untitled binder8 113-144_page_01 113-144_page_02a 113-144_page_03a 113-144_page_03b 113-144_page_04a 113-144_page_04b 113-144_page_05a 113-144_page_05b 113-144_page_06a 113-144_page_06b 113-144_page_07a 113-144_page_07b 113-144_page_08a 113-144_page_08b 113-144_page_09a 113-144_page_09b 113-144_page_10a 113-144_page_10b 113-144_page_11a 113-144_page_11b 113-144_page_12a 113-144_page_12b 113-144_page_13a 113-144_page_13b 113-144_page_14a 113-144_page_14b 113-144_page_15a 113-144_page_15b 113-144_page_16a 113-144_page_16b 113-144_page_17a 113-144_page_17b 113-144_page_18a volume 4 december 1956 part i reinwardtia being a continuation of t h e bulletin du jardin botanique de buitenzorg (bulletin of the botanic gardens, buitenzorg) editors a n w a r i dilmy (herbarium bogoriense) and c. g. g. j. van steenis (flora malesiana) published by herbarium bogoriense kebun raya indonesia reinwardtia vol.4, part 1, pp. 1-118, bogor, december 1956 112 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 1, pp. 113-118 (1956) the generic names proposed for hymenomycetes—vi* brachybasidiaceae, cryptobasidiaceae, exobasidiaceae m . a . donk * * summary 1. in this continuation of the author's nomenclatorial enumeration not only the three families mentioned in the subtitle are taken into consideration: about ten generic names of fungi which at one time or another have been attributed to the exobasidiaceae and which are now excluded from the hymenomycetes, are also dealt with. 2, the name' cryptobasidiaceae is validly published. introduction.—this paper forms the sixth of a series planned to give an annotated nomenclatorial enumeration of all generic names proposed for hymenomycetes. for some introductory remarks to the series and the explanation of some nomenclatorial terms, see part i (donk in reinwardtia 1:199-203. 1951). the three families mentioned in the subtitle represent the strictly 'biophilous' element (strictly parasitic in herbaceous and often green portions of vascular host plants) of the holobasidious hymenomycetes. they have sometimes been considered related to the so-called heterobasidiae, among which the uredinales are reminiscent as regards their parasitism. of the families dealt below, brachybasidiaceae is monotypic. another, cryptobasidiaceae, has recently been delimited and surveyed by malencon (in bull. soc. mycol. france 69: 77-100. 1953). the basidiomycetous nature of this latter family has been doubted, and the information furnished by malencon would seem insufficient to accept it as being basidiomycetous for the present. that author (op. cit. p. 96) called it "cryptobasidieae," which is inadmissible as the required termination is '-aceae.' in addition he did not supply a latin description. since i accept the family taxonomically, its name is validly published herewith: fig 1. iehthyodontum sachlanii scott & prescott, gen. et sp. nov.; 2. ichthyodontum sachlanii var. parorthium scott & prescott var. noy.;; 3-5 dichotypical specimens combining the species and the variety; 6. 7. sachlanit. front, side and basal views of a semicell; 7. idem. larger detail of the polar structure. * part i of the present series ("cyphellaceae") was published in reinwardtia 1: 199-220. 1951; part ii (hymenolichenes), in reinwardtia 2: 435-440. 1954; part iii ( clavariaceae"), in reinwardtia 2: 441-493. 1954; part iv (boletaceae), in reinwardtia 3: 275-313. 1955; part v (" hydnaceae"), in taxon 5: 69-80, 95-115. 1956. ** formerly keeper, herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. — 113 — binder1 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_01 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_58 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_59 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_60 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 5, pp. 539 541 (1969) a new guinea cinnamon used as a contraceptive • . a . j . g . h . k o s t e r m a n s * in 1966 an expedition worked in w. irian to find the sources of vegetal medicaments for practising contraception. dr. w. soegeng reksodihardjo and myself were assigned to locate the plants and to bring the material together. the field testing (vaginal smears of injected white mice) was carried out by dr. r. c. barnett, whereas the office of general hartono of the indonesian army provided transportation. as missionaries were interested in the problem too, we received much help from that side. it proved not too easy to find out, what vegetable products were used in w. irian, as these are kept a secret by the women. most material said to have the desirable properties, proved to be inactive on mice. one bark, that gave some positive results, was collected by us on the slopes surrounding the baliem valley. the local tribe informed us that the bark (chewed) was used as a disinfectant when a woman had to chop one of her fingers off, when one of her children died (a custom still practised). furthermore a decoction of the bark, which has a strong spicy odour of cloves and nutmeg is used against coughs, stomach ache etc. for us the interesting information was, that is was used also as a contraceptive, and well-known under the local name "kami". in order to draw attention to this plant, i decribe it here. cinnamomum kami kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 30 arbor in omnibus pa/rtibus inflorescentiis exceptis glabris tamulis angulatis foiiis oppositis rigide coriaceis ovato-ellipticis acuminatis basi cuneatis utrinque laevis nerviis tres supra filiformis prominulis, subtus prominentibus nerviis secundariis obscuris petioles concavis inflorescentiis brevis apicem versus minutissime pilosis vix ramosis fructus immaturus globoso-ellipsoideus cupula parva margine subintegra. forest research institute and herbarium bogoriense, bogor. — 539 — 540 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 typus: kostermans & reksodihardjo 790 (bo). tree 12 m, diam. 20 cm; bark brown, fissured, peeling off in narrow strips, 2 mm thick, inside smooth; living bark 10 mm thick, orange-brown with pungent clove and nutmeg smell, slimy. branchlets quadrangular, glabrous; end bud glabrous. leaves glabrous, opposite, very rigidly coriaceous, ovate-elliptical, 2 x 5.5 (or less) — 4 x 9 cm, shortly acuminate, base shortly cuneate; both surfaces smooth, midrib and the 2 subbasal lateral nerves (which run out at 1 — 1.5 cm below the acumen) slender, prominulous on the upper surface, prominent on the lower one, where the faint, horizontal secondary nerves connect them. petiole up to 1 cm long, concave above. infructescences axillary, up to 1.5 cm long, hardly, very shortly branched, with 1 3 fruit, minutely pilose at the apex. fruit very shortly stalked; cup semi-globose, up to 4 mm diam, 3 mm high, ribbed, the margin entire; immature fruit subglobose-ellipsoid. w. i r i a n , baliem valley, wellesey near wamena, alt. 2500 m, aug., young fr., kostermans & rcksodihardjo 790 (bo, k, l, u s ) , local name " k a m i " ; t e r r i t o r y o f n e w g u i n e a , sirunki, w . highlands, ridge o f andyuku, alt. 3200 m , walker anu 745 (lae), tree 20 m, diam. 13 cm. •vs.: • ' : " 1969] kostermans : new guinea cinnamon as a contraceptive 541 fig. 30 — cinnamomum kami kosterm. — holo-typus 421_1-1 rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_61a 421_5-5 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 5, pp. 423 424 (1969) berrya roxb. and carpodiptera gris. a. j. g. h. kostermans * in his monographic treatment of tiliaceae, burret (in notizbl. bot. gart. berlin 9: 607. 1926) pointed out the close affinity of berrya and carpodiptera, the former represented in asia and the pacific area, the latter from africa and america. burret accepted as the main differential characteristic the number of ovules per carpel (6-2 in berrya and one in carpodiptera). all other differences are, according to him of minor importance, like the shorter style and broader stigma, the smaller number of carpels (one in carpodiptera, 3 5 in berrya). after having studied all species of berrya and several of carpodiptera, i have come to the conclusion that these two genera cannot be kept separate. the difference in the number of ovules, considered of such importance, is undone by the fact that i found one-ovuled carpels in asian berrya and that most fruit carpels of berrya are one-seeded, like those of carpo diptera. the differences in style and stigma were ascribed by burret to the fact, that carpodiptera is dioecious. i suspect that berrya is also dioecious or polygamous-dioecious, but more field work has to be done to ascertain this (trichospermum, considered so far to have bisexual flowers, could be proved beyond doubt to be dioecious). the characteristic of the smaller number of carpels is upset by the discovery of carpodiptera hexapetala which has 3 carpels. the number of carpels in berrya is not even stable in the same specimen. as in all other respects the two genera are identical, i propose to combine them under the oldest name berrya roxb. (nomen conservandum, against berria roxb.). berrya africana (masters) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera africana masters in oliver, fl. trop. afr. 1: 241. 1868. * herbarium bogoriense and forest research institute, bogor. — 423 — 424 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 berrya ameliae (lundell) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera ameliae lundell in field and lab. 6: 13. 1937. berrya boivinii (baillon) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera boivinii baillon, adansonia 10: 180. 1872. berrya cubensis (gris.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera cubensis grisebach in mem. am. acad. n.s. 8: 164. 1861. berrya floribunda (urban) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera floribunda urban, symb. antill. 5: 412. 1908. berrya hexaptera (urban & ekm.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera hexaptera urban & ekman in arkiv. bot. stockh. 20a (15) : 76. 1926. berrya mariarum (standley) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera mariarum standley in publ. field. mus. nat. hist. chicago, bot. ser. 23: 126. 1944. berrya sansibarensia (burr.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera sansibarensis burret in notizbl. bot. gart. berlin-dahlem 9: 607. 1926. berrya simonis (urb.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera simonis urban, symb. antill. 6: 16. 1909. i suspect that tahitia burret (i.e. 609), based on berrya vescoana baillon and created by burret on the strength of the description of baillon and a plate of drake del castillo, should also be included in berrya; the differences with berrya, as stated by burret are very small indeed and do not merit to be evaluated as being on the generic level. without proper material at hand, however, i prefer to defer a final decision. rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_01a. rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_03b rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_87a 66 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 fig. 1 b. — lansium kostermansii prijanto rfelnwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, p a r t 1, pp. 67 69 (1965) a new species of colona cav. (tiliaceae) ) n. wirawan**) colona kostermansiana wirawan, spec. nov. — fig. arbor mediocris, foliis chartaceis ad subcoriaceis lanceolatis usque ad late ovato-lanceolatis, basi plerumque symmetricis plerumque truncatis vel obtusis utraque facie stellato scabridis, nerviis lateralibus utrinque 7—11, margine denticulatis serratis vel duplo sinuato-serratis, capsulis alatis cjidftaceis obovoideis. tree up to 25 m high and 50 cm diam.; buttresses concave up to 1 m out, 0.5 m high; bark smooth, lenticellate, paperthin, up to 3' mm thick brown outside, dark brown inside; living bark pale brown, dark brown after exposure, 0.7—15 mm thick. branchlets stellate puberulent, glabrescent. stipules early caducous, subulate, asymmetrically auriculate at base, 13 x 2 mm, stellate puberulent. leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous lanceolate to broadly ovate-lanceolate, (3.0-—) 9.3—20.6 (—32.5) x (1.2—) 3.4—7.5 (—13.4) cm, base symmetric, rarely asymmetric, mostly truncate or obtuse, rarely subcordate, apex acuminate (acumen up to 3.9 cm long), margin denticulate, serrate or double sinuate-serrate; both surfaces stellate scabrous, upper surface glabrescent, the conspicuous, filiform lateral nerves raised in a groove, secondary nerves obscure; on the lower surface the midrib and the 7—11 pairs of ascendant lateral nerves strongly prominent, slender; secondary nerves prominent, parallel; tertiary nerves conspicuous! areolate. petiole up to 2 cm long (in young specimens up to 7.5 cm long) 0.2 cm diam., enlarged towards the apex, stellate puberulent. flowers unknown. infructescences axillary and terminal, paniculate, stellate puberulent, main axis up to 14.0 cm long, lower branches up to 4.7 cm long, pedicel c. 1 cm long, articulate. capsule obovoid, up to 2.5 cm long, 2.0 cm diam., 3—5-winged, base cuneate, apex emarginate, wings chartaceous. seed-part subglobose, c. 1 cm diam.; coccus 0—4 seededseeds ascendant, obconical, c. 4 mm long and 2 mm diam., albuminous; albumen meally, almost entirely covering the flat, obovoid or oblong cotyledonsradicle c. 1 mm long, testa coriaceous. typus: kuswata 231 (bo). distribution: islands of sumbawa and rintja (near komodo isl.) *) a revison of colona has been almost completed **) assistant botanist, herbarium bogoriense. — 67 — r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1965] n. wirawan: a new species of colona 69 habitat: monsoon forest, 75—800 m alt. vernacular names: kaju bantin, kaju kamal or kaju kamal selaki. related to c. scabra by its scabrous leaves, but the leaf shape, its base and its margin and the shape of the fruit are different. nusa tesjggara (lesser sunda isl.), w. s u m b a, w a, bangkat munteh, alt. 45 m, april, ster., bb. 14008 (bo); sniga, alt. 400 m, july, ster., de voogd 1619 (bo); mt, seli, near pernek (c. 12 km s. of sumbawa besar), alt. 100 m, may, fr., kuswata 231 (a, bh, bm, bo, canb, g, k, kep, l, lae, ny, pnh, sar, sing, us), type; c. s u m b a w a , mt. tofo, alt. 75—200 m, june, fr., soejarto u (bo, k, l); dompu, trail raba baka-matuatoi, alt. 75—800 m, june, fr., soejarto 59 (bo, k, l); r i n t j a i s l . , sok nelu, along river, june, fr., hoogenverf us (bo). fig. .1. colona kostermansiana wirawan; a, fruiting branch, vs x; b, leaf, lower surface, vs x ; c, basal part of same, showing stellate scabrous hairs, 1x ; d, seeds (3y3x) removed from coccus (e, l x ) ; f, cross section through coccus, showing the central, flat cots (pale), 3% x ; — a,b,c,d,e, after kuswata 231 (type), f, after hoogerwerf 142 (bo). rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_39 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_40 a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors soedarsono riswan mien a rifai elizabeth a. widjaja published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi — lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, 1 55 5 february 1992 io issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, pp. 27 28 (1992) a new species of diplodiscus turcz. (tiliaceae), related to brownlowia roxb. a j . g h . k o s t e r m a n s herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia a b s t r a c t diplodiscus longipetiolatus kosterm. is described based on a specimen collected in east kalimantan. abstrak diplodiscus longipetiolatus kosterm. dipertelakan berdasarkan, spesimen herbarium yang dikoleksi dari kalimantan timur. diplodiscus longipetiolatus kosterm., spec. nov. arbor parva ramulis tenuibus glabris laevibus pallidis foliis alternantibus chartaceis ellipticis vel oblongis longe acuminatis basi rotundatis supra nitids glabris trinerviis filiformibus sub-prominulis subtus obscure minutissime reticulatis minutissime laxe lepidotis, petiolis perlongis gracilibus, infructescentiis terminalibus gracilibus dense minutissime lepidotis, fructus globosus opacis dense minutissime lepidotus pedicellis gracilibus longis. sepalibus elongato-triangularibus acutis sparce lepidotis, petalis membranaceis oblongis longioribus. typus : nooteboom 4392 (l) treelet; twigs slender; stiff, smooth, glabrous superficially smoothly ribbed, grey. leaves scattered, chartaceous, elliptic or oblong, 3 x 7 — 7 x 81 cm, trinerved, conspicuously acuminate (acumen slender, 3 cm), base rounded or almost so, above glossy, glabrous, smooth, nerves filiform, subprominulous, below microscopically reticulate, dull with scattered microscopical flat, adpressed fimbriate round scales, the 2 main nerves thin, prominulous, ascendent, not reaching the acumen base, sometimes at either side with a much shorter, ascendent nerve and with an accesory lateral nerve in the upper part of the lamina. petiole very slender, glabrous, 3—5 cm long, slightly thickened at both ends. inflorescence terminal, a continuation of the twig, sometimes with a few leaves. part lateral inflorescences up to 12 cm long, slender, densely microscopically lepidote, bearing 1—3 cm long secondary thin branches with one or two fruit. fruit globose, dull, whitish green (fresh), densely minutely lepidote, one-celled up to 1 cm in diam. pedicel thin, 5 mm. remnant of flower below the fruit : sepals elongate-triangular, acute, 2 3 mm, outside laxly microscopically lepidote; petals membraneous, oblong, glabrous, ca 3 mm. 28 reinwardtia [vol. 11 distribution : dipterocarp rainforest on bukit raya, east kalimantan, collected once. the species is somewhat in between diplodiscus and brownlowia, although not indicated as such, it is a small tree in moist undergrowth as the leaves have epiphyls. the fruits are without doubt those of a diplodiscus and not of a brownlowia (as it has been identified at leiden). in diplodiscus it is outstanding by its long slender petioles, which makes it intermediate with brownlowia. the fruit is also unusually hard for a diplodiscus, but still thinner than that of brownlowia. diplodiscus is very uniform in its leaves, which are inaequilateral at their base. those of our species fit better those of brownlowia. when the flowers become known, it may be ultimately a representative of an undescribed genus. : • . " contents page rochadi abdulhadi seed banks in a sub-tropical rain forest 1 rochadi abdulhadi floristic changes in a sub-tropical rain forest succession 13 a.j.g.h. kostermans two remarkable lindera species (lauraceae) probably representing an undescribed genus 23 a.j.g.h. kostermans a new species of diplodiscus turcz. (tiliaceae) related to brownlowia roxb 27 n. sasidharan & k. swarupanandan a new species of cassine (celastraceae) from india , 29 a.j.g.h. kostermans reinstatement of pterocarpus echinata pers. (leguminosae — papilionaceae) ., 33 jumaat h adam & gc. wllcock. a new natural hybrid of nepenthes from mt. kinabalu (sabah) 35 a.j.g.h. kostermans durio macrantha kosterm. species nova (bombacaceae) from north sumatra 41 a.j.g.h. kostermans salacia acuminatissima kosterm., spec. nov. (celastraceae) from sri lanka 53 a.j.g.h. kostermans identity of dracontomelum petelotii tardleu -blot (anacard.) 55 printed by c v. bina karya cover rein.vol 11,part 1, 1-55 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_14a rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_29 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 4, p.p. 371-373 (i960) the genus pityranthe thw. (tiliaceae). a. j. g. h. kostermans * summary 1. pityranthe thw. is incorporated in diplodiscus turez. 2. a discussion on the characters of both genera is presented, together with a note, concerning priority. 3. an emendated description of diplodiscus verrucosus (thw.) kosterm., comb. nov. is presented. introduction in my paper on diplodiscus (in reinwardtia 5: 255—-265, july i960), i hinted to the possibility that diplodiscus and pityranthe should be congeneric, but that for lack of the fruit of most species of diplodiscus, a final decission could not be made. since the discovery of d. decumbens in fruiting stage and with mature fruit of d. paniculatus at hand, i now feel safe to combine the two genera. bentham stressed already the close relationship of both genera. k, schumann enumerated several differential characters, none of which i have been able to corroborate. one of the most important should be the nonconfluent anther cells in pityranthe as opposed to the confluent ones in diplodiscus. in the specimen thwaites c. p. 1144 of pityranthe, the anther cells are confluent in exactly the same way as in diplodiscus. the fruit of both genera is alike and so are the flower characters. the leaves of pityranthe verrucosa thw. have lateral nerves ending in a protruding gland, conspicuous in young leaves; this is nowhere mentioned. the leaves are usually entire and not crenate as contended by masters, perhaps this was his way of describing the protruding glands. the number of stamens of pityranthe is cited as 15 (thwaites) and 20 (schumann); in diplodiscus this figure is slightly higher; the filaments are thinner in diplodiscus; these differences are certainly not on the generic level. thanks to the much appreciated help of mr. l. l. forman of the herbarium, kew and mr. marshall, the librarian, the following was discovered on the subject of priority. * d. sc.; forest research institute bogor; collaborator herbarium bogoriense, bogor. — 371 — 3 7 2 r e i n w a r d t i a . [vol. 5 diplodiscus turcz. in bull. soc. nat. moscow 31 (1). — it is stated that permission for printing was given by the censor on 27th may, 1858. similar permission for part 2 was given on 7th september, 1858. there it is most likely that part 1 was printed by june or july, 1858. pityranthe thwaites, enum. pi. zeyl. part (pp. 1—80). — in a letter to hooker, dated 28th november, 1858, thwaites thanks hooker for his letter of 11th october in which hooker praises the first part of the enumeratio. therefore the enumeratio may have appeared shortly before 11th october, 1858. hence diplodiscus turcz. is probably (but not certainly) earlier than pityranthe thw. diplodiscus turcz. d i p l o d i s c u s turcz. in bull. soc. natural. moscow 31 (1) : 235. june-july 1858; bentham & hook, f., gen. pi. 1: 232. 1862; walpers ann. 7: 442. 1868; baillon, hist. pl 4: 184. 1872; pfeiffer, nomencl. 1 (2): 1096. 1874; dumont in adansonia 6: 181. 1887; k. schumann in engl. & prantl, nat. pfl. fam. 3 (6): 17. 1895; burret in notizbl. bot. gart. berlin 9: 618. 1926. pityranthe thwaites, enum. pi. zeylan. 29. oct. 1858; benth. & hook., i.e.; walpers, i.e.; beddome, fl. sylvat. t. 109. 1872; baillon, i.e.; pfeiffer, i.e. 2 (1): 735. 1874; masters in hook, f., fl. brit. ind. 1: 382. 1874; dumont, i.e. 182 (pityranthes); trimen, handb. fl. ceylon 1: 172. 1893; k. schumann, i.e.; burret, i.e. type specimen — diplodiscus paniculatus turcz. distribution. — ceylon, malay peninsula, philippines, borneo. diplodiscus verrucosus (thw.) kosterm., comb. nov. pityranthe verrucosa thwaites (basionym), enum. pi. zeyl. 29. oct. 1858; bentham & hook, f., gen. pi. 1: 232. 1862; walpers ann. 7: 442. 1868; beddome, fl. sylvat. t. 109. 1872; masters in hook, f., fl. brit. ind. 1: 382. 1874; trimen, handb. fl. ceylon 1: 172. 1893; schuman in engl. & prantl, nat. pfl. fam. 3 (6) : 17. 1895; burret in notizbl. bot. gart. 9: 618. 1926. — thwaites c. p. 11u. small tree; branchlets covered with tiny, non-fimbriate scales, glabrescent, grey, slightly sulcate. leaves chartaceous, ovate-elliptical 4—11 by 2—6 cm, acutish to obtuse, base rounded or inconspicuously cordate, margin (in young leaves, at the end of the lateral nerves) gland-bearing, often slightly crenulate in old leaves (concave between two glands), upper surface glabrescent, glossy, smooth, lower surface densely pale brown stellate (hairs slender, horizontal), midrib prominent, nerves 7—8 pairs, straight, erectpatent, running out near margin, lower ones sometimes slightly ascendant; 196#] a. j. g. h. kostermans: the genus pityranthe 373 secondary nerves lax, prominulous. petiole 1—1.5 cm long, covered with tiny, non-fimbriate scales, slightly swollen at apex. panicle terminal, lepidote, up to 18 cm long, many-flowered, branches stiff, bracts caducous. pedicel 3 mm; calyx urceolate, lepidote, ca 4 mm long, base truncate or saccate; lobes ca 1 mm, erect; petals spathulate, twice as long as calyx; filaments free, rather thick, glabrous, slightly longer than the petals; staminodes ligulate, shorter than the filaments; ovary scaly with a single glabrous style with inconspicuous stigma. the species may be differentiated from the other species of diplodiscus by the gland-bearing leaves and the thicker filaments. c e y l o n . — central province, fl., fr., thwaites 1144 (bo). img562_page_1 img562_page_2 img562_page_3 188 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 sample & rayner s.n.: 11. sandkuhl 330: 22c. santos 550u: 22c; 5504: 22c. sapiin 237: 22a; 524: 10; 2454: 10. scheffer s.n.: 10; s.n.: 15; s.n.: 22a; s.w.: 22a; s.n.: 22d. schiffner 2355: 10; 2357: 15; 2350: 15; 2362: 22a; 2566: 15; 23(57: 22a; 2370: 22d; 237.z: 22d; 2176: 15; 2379: 10. scortechini io5: 17; 1345: 22e. sevrens 21: 22c. -yaw slooten 373: 10; 2356: 10; 2563: 10. j.j. smith s.n.: 10; s.n.: 22a. van steenis 1896: 15; 1998: 22a; 2956: 22a; 3675: 15; 5200: 22a; 6105: 22a; 6331: 15; 6521: 22a; 6523: 15; 6893: 15; 7022: 10; 7038: 15; 5374: 6; 5415: 5; 5455: 5; 5535: 7; 8568: 8; 5570: 5; £006: 5; 5643: 2; 5647: 10; 5645: 24; 5653: 22d; 5650: 5; 9550: 2; 9559: 10; 96u3: 7; 9644: 5; 9654: 7; 10617: 22a; 10674: 22d; 11691: 15; 11574: 15; 12345: 10; 1256&: 22a; 17560: 10; 17565: 15; 17613: 10; 17617: 15; 17619: 22a. stomps s.n.: 22d. teijsmann & scheffer s.n.: 15. vanoverbergh 7k-8: 22c. vermeulen 36: 22d. versteeg 2u78: 23a. 376: 22c. sis: 22c; 1529: 22c. voo^d 355: 22c; 512: 22e; 736: 22a; 737: 10; 1125: 15; 1161: 22e; 1561: 10; 1943: 10. vorderman s.n.: 22d. s.n.: 22a. warburg 3293: 15; 3295: 22d; 3314: 10. ward 1540: 22c. whitehead s.n.: 1; s.m,: 22c. williams 951: 22c; 1331: 22c. wilson 11239: 22f. wissel 167: 23b. 579: 17; 1573: 22c; 15s0: 17. yates 96: 22d; 1502: 22d; 1981: 22a; 1974: 15; 2456: 22d; 2465: 15; 2753: 22a; 2796: 10; 2802: 15; 2975: 15. zollinger u37: 10; 565: 15; 1711: 22a; 2126: 10; 2541: 22c; 2541: 22c; 2541a;: 22d. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 2, pp. 189 -191 (1957) a note on the pollen of whiteodendron and kjellbergiodendron (myrtaceae) by kathleen m. mcwhae * (nee pike) summary a description has been given of the pollen grains of whiteodendron moultonianum and kjellbergiodendron celebicum. after this the relationships of both are discussed. introduction the pollen grains of many of the genera of the myrtaceae were investigated and described by the present author (pike 1956), but during this investigation material of the genera whiteodendron and kjellbergiodendron was not available. since the publication of this work dr c.g.g.j. van steenis of leyden has very kindly supplied mature flower buds of whiteodendron moultonianum (w. w. sm.) steen. and kjellbergiodendron celebicum, (koord.) merr. and the purpose of this account is to record the results of the pollen examination of these additional genera. description of pollen grains the pollen of both species studied conforms with that typical of the myrtaceae. the grains are free, isopolar to slightly anisopolar, tricolporate, angulaperturate and have a triangular amb. whiteodendron moultonianum (w. w. sm.) steen. sarawak, beecari p.b. 879. polar diameter range 5-7 µ, average 6 µ, equatorial diameter range 12-15 µ,, average 13 µ. parasyncolpate, with conspicuous polar islands, which are sometimes smaller at one pole than the other. sides of amb straight to convex. exine thin less than 1µ., pattern extremely faint, especially in the mesocolpia. kjellbergiodendron celebicum (koord.) merr. misool isl., west new guinea, pleyte 1050. polar diameter range 8-12µ, average 9 µ ; equatorial diameter range 19-21µ, average 20 µ. coipi shallow, not syncolpate and often torn around * botany school, university of western australia, perth, — 189 — 190 r e i n w a e d t i a [vol. 4 the apertures. sides of amb straight. exine about 1 y.; lo pattern present but pale. discussion van steenis (1952) placed both whiteodendron and kjellbergiodendron, together with basisperma, material of which is still unobtainable, in the tristania complex of the leptospermoideae. the pollen grains of whiteodendron moultonianum agree with this classification, in that they are ± similar to those of choriearpia, eucalyptopsis and tristania, although they are not in exact agreement with those of any other genus. they are of particular interest, however, in that they closely resemble fossil grains described by cookson & pike (1954) from oligoeene brown coal deposits in victoria (austr.). in their description of the sporomorph myrtaeeidites mesonesos cookson & pike, the authors classified the fossils as belonging to the myrtaceae but could not suggest an affinity with any living genus at that time. i would now have little hesitation in suggesting that the sporomorph myrtaeeidites mesonesos bears a very close relationship to the living genus whiteodendron. this discovery parallels another in which the fossil pollen grains were seen and described before the living equivalents had been identified, that of the new guinea species of nothofagus. cookson (1946) described the pollen of a number fossil species of nothofagus from tertiary deposits in australia before similar pollen grains from living species, recently found in new guinea, had been seen. (cookson & pike 1956). the pollen grains of kjellbergiodendron, however, do not support its . placing in the leptospermoideae. the possession of a fleshy fruit would suggest its proper classification in the myrtoideae bat certain other macroscopic features have led van steenis to place it more correctly in the leptospermoideae — leptospermeae — metrosiderinae. burret (1936) has also noted its affinity with tristania in this group and its aberrant position in the myrtoideae. it would appear that a classification on palynological characters supports that based on the characters of the fruit, as the pollen grains of kjellbergiodendron indicate its placing in the myrtoideae — myrteae — myrtineae. acknowledgments the author wishes to render sincere thanks to professor c. g. g. j. van steenis of leyden for so generously supplying the material and for initiating the investigation. 1957] kathleen m. mcwhae: whiteodendron and kjellbergiodendron 191 professor b. j. grieve, of the botany school, university of western australia, very kindly allowed me the use of facilities in his department for the above work. bibliography burret, m. (1936), in notizbl. berl.-dahl. 13: 101-106. cookson, i. c. (1946), in proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 71: 49-63. cookson, i. c. & pike, k. m. (1934), in austr. j. bot. 2: 197-219. cookson, i. c. & pike, k. m. (1955), in austr. j. bot. 3: 197-2c6. pike, k. m. (1936), in austr. j. bot. 4: 13-53. steenis, c. g. g. j. van (1952), in acta bot. necrl. 1:. 435-442. binder11 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_01 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_37 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_38 196 reinwardtia [vol. 1 i have examined the type of p. andaiense at kew. it consists of two detached pinnae, which agree in all characters with christensen s description. this species approaches pleocnemia in venation, owing to the narrow lamina of the pinnules (which admits of little anastomosis of veins), but there can be no doubt that it belongs to arcypteris and not to pleocnemia, owing to its close resemblance to a. brongniartii. it differs from all species of pleocnemia in its adnate pinnules, and in their shallow lobes. . the sinus-teeth (as seen in the type of p. andaiense), occurring m the distal sinuses only, are short and broad. the spores have a folded perispore, with rather much anastomosis of the folds. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 2, pp. 197-198 (1951) malaysian lichens—iii* p. grobnhart ** cyanoporina groenh., an interesting lichen from java amongst the lichens sent by the late mr c. c. schroter at tjibodas (west java), a peculiar blue-grey species drew my attention. at first sight i intended to assign it provisionally to collemaceae indeterminatae, but on closer examination i doubted whether it was really a species of collemaceae. therefore. i examined it more carefully, with the following result. the granular thallus grows in smaller to larger patches over mosses, lichens, and detritus on bark. soredia and isidia are absent and the thallus is not surrounded by a dark hypothalline line. the granular appearance of the thallus is caused by the relatively large gonidia, which belong to stygonemataceae. the yellowish green cells are rounded, angular to semilunate, 8—12µ, wide and 10—15 µ long; one or more of them are enclosed within a gelatinous, colourless to pale citrine sheeth 4—6 µ thick. these clusters of gonidia are held together by the thalline hyphae constituting in this way a homoiomeric thallus. there is some resemblance with the thallus of moriolaceae but in this family the gonidia are totally surrounded with a network of short hyphae lying close together. in the thallus of cyanoporina, as i call this new lichen, such a network does not exist. the hyphae lie irregularly around the gonidia and cover them but partly. these gonidial hyphae are 2—3µ thick and possess very short cells. the thalline hyphae are 3 µ, thick, with inconspicuous lumen. even with the aid of a dissecting microscope the perithecia are almost* invisible. most of them are covered by the granules of the thallus. yet the thallus is abundantly fruiting and in sections perithecia are always present. they are globose, 110—130µ in diameter, pale fulvescent to yellowish, with a pseudoparenchymatic wall 10—12 µ thick, composed of densely interwoven hyphae. i could, not discover a pore. the paraphyses are diffluent and only fragments were found. bull, bot, gdns buitenzorg iii 17:* for the other papers of this series, see 203. 1941 and reinwardtia 1: 33-39. 1950. ** lichenologist, herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. — 197 — • 198 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 each perithecium contains many 8-spored, cylindric, thin-walled asci 7—9 µ wide and 90—120µ long, with thin, rounded top. the spores are uniseriate, colourless, 3-septate, fusiform, tapering towards the tips, 3—4 µ wide, 16—20µ long, with cubic cells. pycnidia are not present. the species under consideration differs from thelidium in its gonidia and the fusiform spores; from porina in its gonidia and the diffluent paraphyses. it represents, it would seem, a new genus. although pyrenotrichaceae have scytonema-gonidia the genus may be provisionally assigned to this family. cyanoporina groenh., gen. nov. thallus crustaceus, homoiomericus, gonidiis stygonemataceis. apothecia pyrenocarpica, globosa; nucleus gonidiis hymenialibus destitutus; asci 8-spori, leptodermatici; sporae decolores, horizontaliter septatae, cellulis cubicis. pycnidia ignota. cyanoporina granulosa groenh., sp.nov.—fig. 1 thallus pulvinato-crustaflg. 1. — a, section of thallus of cyanoporina ceus, homoiomericus, dispersus granulosa groenh. with three perithecia; b, vel continuus granulosus, opatypes of gonidia; c, gonidia with gomdial cus substrato arete adnatus, hyphae; d, ascus; e, spore. hypothallo indisincto, gonidiis stygonemataceis. perithecia numerosa, solitaria, minutissima, globosa, immersa, fulvescentia, 110—130 µ. diametro, poro ignoto; nucleus albidus, iodo non reagens; asci cylindrici, longitudine 90—120µ, crassitudine 1-—9 µ, membrana tenui; sporae 8-nae, decolores, fusiformes, rectae, 3septatae, loculis cubicis, aequalibus 3—4 x 16—20 µ, membrana tenui. ycnidia ignota. type. — java. w e s t j a v a. mt. gegerbentang, on bark of phoebe declinata, over mosses, lichens, and detritus, alt. 1310 m, april 19, 1950, comm. c. c. schroter 5031 (eg. 5758). r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 2, pp. 199-220 (1951) the generic names proposed for hymenomycetes—i "cyphellaceae" m. a. donk * summary 1. the present paper is the first of a series intended to deal from a nomenclatural point of view with all the generic names proposed for hymenomycetes. for each name the following items are considered: (i) its etymology and gender, (ii) the original scope of the corresponding genus, and, in case of the name beingan isonym, also of the group covered by its basinym; (iii) the type species, which when not originally designated, is selected; (iv) its basinym, synisonyms, homonyms, typonyms, and variant spellings, if any, are indicated; (v) its status under the rules is determined; and (vi) supplementary remarks are given when these are deemed useful. 2. this first instalment deals with "cyphellaceae," a group defined in a conventional, rather descriptive, manner, not as a taxonomic unit. 3. a new generic name, stromatoscypha donk, is introduced for porothelium (pr. ex fr.) fr. 4. the following new combinations are made: aleurodiscus digitalis (a. & s. ex fr.) donk [basinym: cyphella digitalis (a. & s.) ex f r . ] , and stromatoscypha fimbriata (pers. ex fr.) donk [basinym: polyporus fimbriatus (pers.) ex f r . ] . introduction to the series.—a few words may be said about the origin of the present series. for about twelve years before world war ii hit java, i was engaged in the preparation of a "genera of hymenomycetes." it soon appeared that the application of many generic names was uncertain and rather than using them in a haphazard manner i tried to find out more about them in order to apply them as correctly as possible. this proved an arduous task. when it was completed, the "genera" were sent to the printer's. as a consequence of the war, the text that went to the printer's, the already printed sheets, as well as the trunk containing the carbon-copy, nearly all of the notes on which the manuscript was based, and about 500 especially prepared illustrations were destroyed. however, a carbon-copy of the nomenclatural part, abandoned several years before the book was finished, was retrieved. it lacked, of course, all the corrections and additions made between its storing-away and the finishing-of the final manuscript. i have not seriously tried to cover once more the entire * keeper of herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia, — 199 — binder3 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_66 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_67 a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors soedarsono riswan mien a. rifai elizabeth a. widjaja published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 3, 153 225 25 march 1998 10 i s s n 0 0 3 4 3 6 5 x reinwardtia vol. 11, part 3, pp. 185 189 (1998) two new species of sphaerulina from india alaka p a n d e & v.g. rao mycology group, division of plant sciences agharkar research institute, pune 411 004, india abstract two new species of the genus sphaerulina (ascomycetesdothideales) collected from india are described and illustrated here. abstrak dua jenis baru marga sphaerulina (ascomycetes—dothideales) di kumpulkan dari india dipertelakan dan digambarkan. among some of the leaf spotting ascomycetous fungi from the peninsular india, we came across two fungi causing necrotic spots on living leaves of dracaena marginata and gymnosporia rothiana. the first host plant is an ornamental herb, planted in gardens and the other one is small tree or a bush growing wild in dry deciduous forest of western ghats of peninsular india, especially maharashtra. the two fungi on the above hosts although distinct from each other, were found to exhibit some commom features which lead to their identity as members of the genus sphaerulina sacc. there are hardly 10 species reported under this genus from india (bilgrami et al. 1979, 1981 & 1991; kamat et al. 1971; bhide et al. 1987). comparative studies showed that the two species at hand are distinct among themselves as well as differ from the type species or other so far known indian species. the fungi produces epiphyllous, buff coloured or light brown, necrotic leaf spots with brown margins. the spots are studded with minute punctate fruit bodies. on dracaena the fungus starts growth at the leaf tips and spreads inwards producing leaf blemishes, while on gymnosporia the small to medium sized scattered, necrotic spots develop on leaf which may coalesce to form larger spots. the two fungi are described here as new taxa with their latin diagnoses. 185 186 reinwardtia [vol.11 sphaerulina dracaenis pande & rao, sp. nov. fig. 1 infectionis maculae foliicoliae, necroticae. pseudothecia dispersa, epiphylla, minuta, immersa, magnit. ca 265 µm in diametro; ostiolo nigro. asci bitunicati, clavati, octospori, magnit. 88-94 x 9.5-10.5 µm. ascopsorae biseriatae, irregulariter ordnatae, hyalinae, transverso spetatae, septo 7, magnit. 29.7735,1 x 5.5-6.7 urn. in foliis viventibus dracaena marginata leg. b. r. d. yadav amh 4112 (holotype), at pune (m.s. india), dec. 1976. infection spots foliicolous, produced at the tips growing backwards, necrotic, dark buff with margin showing chocolate brown coloured rings; spots studded with dark coloured punctate ascocarps. the ascocarps (pseudothecia) scattered, minute, ostiolate, epiphyllous, embedded in leaf tisue, with black ostiole and thin wall made up of few layers of brown, polygonal cells. pseudothecia measure up to 265 µm in diam. asci clavate, pitunicate, 8-spored, thick walled at tip, 88-94 x 9,5-10.5 µm. ascospores irregularly biseriate, hyaline, narrowly elliptical, with up to 7 transverse septa, central cell slightly bigger, 29.7-35.1 x 5.5-6.7 µm. foliicolous on living leaves of dracaena marginata (agavaceae) leg. b. r. d. yadav amh 4112 (holotype), dec. 1976. at pune (m.s. india). remarks. no species of sphaerulina is described on this host. the represent fungus also differed in morphology from other closely resembling species, s. taxi (cke.) massee, in having 7 septate ascospores and also in the size of the asci. sphaerulina gymnosporiae pande & rao, sp. nov. fig.2 infectionis maculae necroticae, foliicolae. pseudothecia innata, ostiolata, globosa, minuta, magnit. 112-144 x 96-128 µm,. asci cylindrici, aparaphysati, fasciculati, octopori, magnit. 52-62 x 10-12 µm. ascosoprae cylindricae, leviter curvatae, hyalinae vel ohvaceae, 3 cellularae, magnit. 36-44 x 4µm. in foliis viventibus gymnosporii rothianae law. (celastraceae); typo loco pande amh.510 (holotypus), mahabaleshwar (m.s. indiaj. infection spots foliicolous; minute, black, compactly arranged in circular necrotic lesions. pseudothecia dark, epipyllous, globose, innate, ostiolate, 112-144 x 96-128 µm. asci cylindrical, aparaphysate, in fascicles, octosporous, 52-62 x 10-12 µm. ascospores cylindrical, slightly curved, hyaline to olivaceous, uniformly 3 celled, 36-44 x 4µm. foliicolous on living leaves of gymnosporia rothiana law. (celastraceae) leg. pande amh 510 (holotype) at mahabaleshwar (m.s. india). other materials: amh 4191 bhimashankar, (m.s. india); amh 4195 lonavla (m.s. india). 581 1998 ] alaka pande & v.g. rao : two species of sphaerulina from india 187 50 µm fig. 1. sphaerulina dracaenis a. habit. b. v.s. pseudothecium. c. ascus. d. ascospores. 188 reinwardtia [ vol. 11 b 50 µm fig. 2. sphaerulina gymnosporiae a.habit. b. v.s. pseudothecium.-c. ascus. d. ascospores. 1998 ] alaka pande & v.g. rao : two species of sphaerulina from india 189 remarks: s. myriadea (dc.) sacc. which is the lectotype for the genus sphaerulina. sphaerulina myriadea is collected on fagus and quercus (fagaceae) with temperate distribution. comparison of the present collections with the type species showed that the present species differed in dimensions, especially in having much bigger ascospores. acknowledgements thanks are offered to dr. a.d. agate, the director, a.r.i, pune for facilities. references bilgrami, k.s. jamaluddin & m.a. rizwi (1979, 1981 & 1991). (revised ed.). the fungi of india, list and references. today & tomorrow's printers and publishers, new delhi. : 467, 268 & 798. kamat, m.n., p.g. patwardhan, v.g. rao & a.v. sathe. 1971. fungi of maharashtra. m.p. agri. univ. publ. : 124. bhide, v.p., alaka pande, v.g. rao, a.v. santhe & p.g. patwardhan. 1987. fungi of maharashtra • suppl. i. m.a.c.s. publ. : 146. contents page ratna widuri & peter van welzen. a revision of the genus cephalomappa (euphorbiaceae) in malesia 153 alaka pande & v.g. rao. two new species of sphaerulina from india 185 kuswata kartawinata. additional notes on planckonia brevistipitata kusw. (lecythidaceae) 191 a.j.g.h. kostermans. the burmese cimiamomum (lauracee) 195 rugayah & w.j.j.o. de wllde. new taxa in malesian cucurbitaceae.. 215 the publication of this issue of reinwardtia is assisted by a grant from the faculty of science, osaka city university (japan) to which an acknowledgement is gratefully made. printed by 78 cover depan rein. vol 11, part 3, 153-225_page_17a tmapakbelkng 280 reinwardtia [vol. 11 distribution borneo (sarawak). collection: banyeng s 44194. habitat & ecology degraded forest edge along logging road in mixed forest; low(?) altitude. acknowledgement we thank the curators of herbaria of a, bm, bo, br, bri, canb, fi, k, kep, klu, l, lae, p, san, sar, sing, tns, u, ukmb, us and w for providing essential study material for composing this survey of trichosanthes. the leiden university, and wotro (the hague) made the visit of rugayah to leiden, respectively the visits of the second author to bogor, financially possible. j.f. veldkamp generously translated the diagnoses of the new taxa into latin. thanks to mr. jan van os (l) and iskak samsoedin (bo) for preparing the illustrations. we thank all colleagues for intensified field collecting, assembling indispensable fresh and well preserved material of various critical taxa. continued field study is requested for many still incompletely known species. reinwardtia vol. 11, part 4, pp. 281-284 (1999) a new species of anadendrum (araceae) from malesia d. s. wldyartini faculty of biology, university of jendral soedirman, purwokerto & elizabeth a. widjaja herbarium bogoriense, r & d centre for biology lipi, bogor abstract a new species of anadendrum ellipticum widyartini & widjaja, collected from malay peninsula, kalimantan, north sulawesi and java proposed. this species is closely related with a. microstachyum but it differs on the structure of leaves, perianth and filament. abstrak sebuah jenis baru dari anadendrum ellipticum widyartini & widjaja, dari semenanjung malaya, kalimantan, sulawesi utara dan jawa dipertelakan. jenis ini sangat berdekatan dengan jenis anadendrum microstachyum tetapi dibedakan dari struktur daun, daun tenda dan tangkai sarinya. anadendrum is one of the genus of araceae which grow widely in malesia. according to engler (1905) there are six species of anadendrum growing in indomalaya, that is a. marginatum, a. affine, a. angustifolium, a. latifolium, a. montanum and a. cordatum. in 1898, koorders described two species of anadendrum from sulawesi namely a. montanum and a. malayanum, whereas in 1920 backer & alderwereld proposed a. superans and a. microstachyum from sumatra. mabberley (1987) estimated that there are 9 species of anadendrum in indomalaya. in revising anadendrum in malesia, the first author encountered that there is a number of specimens which are not identical with the known species. after a long study on the morphological and anatomical aspects, finally it is concluded that those specimens belong to a new species which we herewith name anadendrum ellipticum. 281 282 reinwardtia [vol. 11 1999] d.s. widyartini & e.a. widjaja : a new species of anadendrum 283 note. this new species is very closed to a. microstachyum and can be distinguished by the widely elliptical leaves, cupulate perianth, and club-shaped filament. anadendrum ellipticum widyartini & widjaja, sp.nov. foliorum petolus ad apicem usque vagina, apice truncata; lamina lato elliptico, apice acuminate, basi acuta ad acuminata; cupula perigonialis ovarium longitudine aequans, filamente clavate.—typus: j. h. coerl 1078 (bo-holo; l-iso), java, trawas. herbs, creeping against tree by adhesive roots, adhesive roots 5-7 per internode, stem segmented, internode cylindrical, 1-4 x 0.5-1 cm, node swollen, diameter 0.7—1 cm. leaves single, petiole with developed sheaths, geniculum at the apex; sheath narrowly lanceolate to the apex until the basal of geniculum, 10—13 cm long, deciduous, apex truncate; geniculum cylindrical, along the basal of leaves blade to the apex of the sheath, 2—3 x 0.5—0.6 cm, blackish. leaves blade widely elliptical, 17-22 x 8—10.5 cm, coriaceous, papery, asymetric; apex acuminate; basal acute to acuminate; adaxial surface smooth; abaxial surface scabrous, primary vein pinnate, prominent, 8—10 pairs; secondary nerves reticulate. inflorescence spadix, stalk of spadix cylindrical, terete, 10-19 x 0.5—0.6 cm, basal with scales; scales oblong, 4—6 x 0.5—1 cm, apex acuminate; spathe ovate, 3—4 x 1—1.5 cm, apex long acuminate, both surface smooth, inner part paler; pedicel short, 1—1.5 x 0.5—0.6 cm; spadix shortly cylindrical, 3—5 x 0.5—1 cm. flowers bisexual, perianth cupule as long as ovary, 0.8—1.5 cm tall, sulcate, white coat; stamen 4, free; anthers 2, oblong, 2—2.5 x 0.5—0.7 mm, yellow; filament club-shape, 2—2.3 x 1—1.5 mm; pistil 1, obconical, stigma 1, oblong, 1.5-2.5 x 1-1.5 cm, sessile; ovary 1, 1-celled, apex widely rhomboid, 0.8-1 mm; ovule 1, globose, central-basal. fruit berry, thick walled, light green when young, red when mature, surface smooth; 1 seed ovate, 1-2 x 0.8-1.5 cm. vernacular name oyod manili, oyod jalumpang (javanese), lolo sancang (sundanese) distribution & ecology this species grows widely in malay peninsula, java, kalimantan and north sulawesi, in the humid forests at the altitude of 5-1300 m above sea level. specimen examined malay peninsula. selangor, kuala lumpur, ulu gombak, 12 mile. b.c. stone & p. h. davis 15382 (l). singapore, teluk delima national park, 200 m, 19-5-1956. j.w. purseglove p4993 (l). java. koorders 23655, 27648, 28498, 4369b ^bo); fig. 1. anadendrum ellipticum widyartini & widjaja. a. habit, b. ovary, c. flower, d. transversal section of ovary, e. stamen, f. fruit. 284 reinwardtia [vol. 11 korthals s.n. (l); 24-6-1872 sciffer s.n. (bo). west java. purwakarta, wanayasa, cisasarap, 1000 m. 26-7-1920. backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink 4673 (bo); pogal. mousser 147 (bo); depok, miquel et de miquel (bo); jasinga, 28-11-1919. backer 10377 (bo); preanger, 720 m. 25 26 july 1917. koorders 44363. 44365 (bo); bogor, 250 m. 4-5-1895. hallier f. s.n. (bo); 15-5-1918. backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink 283 (bo); ciampea, 250m. 20-3-1918. backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink 671 (bo, l); sukabumi, g parean (halimun), pucang perak, parung kuda, 1000 m. 18-5-1974. j. dransfield 4251 (l); bandung, dago, 800 m. 19-9-1939. korthals 27648 (bo); c. holstvoogd 165 (bo). central java. baturaden, g. slamet, 1300 m. 14-3-1911. backer 283 (bo); semarang, ambarawa, telomoyo, 6 m. 14-6-1897. koorders 27648 (bo), 8-5-1814. koorders 17648 (bo); jepara, jati, ngarengan, juana, 50 m. 22-5-1899. koorders 35004 (bo). east java. trawas. 3-7-1932. j. coert 1078 (bo, l); madiun, g. wilis. j.d. doyeh 686 (l); kediri, prigi, 5 m. 23-1-1914. c.a. backer 30520 (bo); malang, sumber tangkil, 400 500 m. 27-61896. koorders 23655 (bo); besuki, 18-8-1897. koorders 28498, 28499 (bo); 3-6-1933. a. rant 1040 (bo); curah manis, 2 m. 10-9-1897. koorders 28718 (bo); rawa cangkoang, 5-12-1870. scheffer s.n. (bo); situbondo, prajekan, pancur ijen. koorders 15434 (bo); ampel gading, 600 m. 27-7-1916. koorders 43695 (bo). kalimantan. west kalimantan. simanggang, 2 m. 15-9-1966. j. a. r. anderson 524798 (l). sabah. kinabalu. 1931-1932. c. clemens 26741-27376 (bo). brunei, ulu belait, tempinak, 50 m. 30-12-1988. kessler 355 (l, bo). sulawesi. north sulawesi, kamp. genderan, bukit ulu. september 1912. amdjah 514 (l). acknowledgement the first author would like to thank to all her supervisors (prof. dr. mien a. rifai, prof. dr. edy guhardja, and dr. e. a. widjaja) during her m.sc. course in bogor agricultural university. we would like to express our sincere thanks for to the director of the rijksherbarium, leiden and the keeper of herbarium bogoriense allowing us to examine the specimens under their responsibilities. we also like to thank dr. dan nicolson for encouraging us to publish this paper. reinwardtia vol. 11, part 4, pp. 285-294 (1999) novelties in alysicarpus desv. (fabaceae) from india d. s. pokle department of botany, deogiri college, aurangabad (m.s.), india abstract two new species and two new varieties in the genus alysicarpus desv. (fabaceae) are described. all the new taxa are collected from various parts of maharashtra. a note on their distribution throughout india is also added. abstrak dua jenis dan dua varietas baru dalam marga alysicarpus desv. (fabaceae) diuraikan. semua taksa baru dikoleksi dari berbagai daerah di maharashtra. keterangan tentang distribusinya di seluruh india juga dijelaskan. the genus alysicarpus desv. is represented by 25-30 species in the tropical and subtropical region of world (ohashi et al. 1981). it is concentrated in india, with 15 species and 7 varieties distributed mostly in the dry zones of maharashtra and andhra pradesh states of the country. during the course of investigations since last 6 years, the author has come across several variants. after the detailed morphological investigations some of these have turned out novelties. four such novelties, two of specific status and two of varietal status, are reported in present article. 1. alysicarpus naikianus pokle, sp. nov. maxime simile sed differt a alysicarpus bupleurifolius (l.) d c , plantis statura minor (10 — 20 cm altis) profuse ramosissimus, foliis minoribus ovalis-obovalis vel oblongis quae birsutis infra, inflorescentiis distincte pendunculis, leguminibus minoribus, articulis latiorum quam longioribus, reticulatis. — type: pokle a 104 a (cal-holo), appachiwadi, india, a 104 b (bamu aurangabad-iso), a.104 c (k-iso), a 104 d (l-iso). 285 rein.vol 11,part 4, 227-294_page_28 rein.vol 11,part 4, 227-294_page_29 rein.vol 11,part 4, 227-294_page_30 a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors soedarsono riswan mien a rifai elizabeth a. widjaja published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi — lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, 1 55 5 february 1992 io issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, pp. 35 40 (1992) a new natural hybrid of nepenthes from mt. kinabalu ( sabah ) jumaat h. adam* & c. c. wilcock department of plant . & science, university of aberdeen, cruickshank building, st. machar drive, aberdeen ab9 2ud, scotland. abstract a new natural hybrid of nepenthes, n. x alisaputraiana, from mt. kinabalu sabah is described. abstrak sejenis hibrid asli nepenthes, n. x alisaputraiana dari gunung kinabalu sabah dipertelakan. introduction during the survey by one of us (jha) on 2 february 1988 along the main trail of the mossy montane forest of pig hill, ml. kinabalu we found and collected on our descent a previously unknown natural hybrid of nepenthes. this hybrid occupied a very narrow altitudinal zone of 1900 — 1930 m whereas its putative parental species nepenthes burbidgeae hook. f. ex burbidge and n. rajah hook. fil. were collected and recorded from 1900 — 1950 m, 1950 — 2320 m (the summit) respectively. the hybrid shows intermediate characters between the two putative parents (table 1). we have examined representative specimens of both putative parent species from ukms, sar, san, k, l and descriptions of n. rajah (hooker, 1859) and n. burbidgeae (burbidge, 1882). our speciemens cannot be assigned to either of these taxa. the percentage of stainable pollens in n. x alisaputraiana is very low (24 %) compare with n. rajah (100 %) (table 2). * permanent address: jabatan biologi, fssa, universiti kebangsaan malaysia kampus sabah, lb. 62, 88996, k. kinabalu, sabah, malaysia. 35 3 6 reinwardtia [vol. 11 table 1. comparison of diagnostic characters of n. burbidgeae, n. x alisaputraiana and .n. rajah character 1. habit 2. climbing or upper stem 3. lower stem 4. tendril insertion 5. peristome 6. outer peristome margin 7. glandular crest on lid surface below n. burbidgeae climber triangular cylindrical apical not expanded not wavy present n x alisaputraiana climber triangular cylindrical apical or peltate expanded wavy present n. rajah prostrate cylindrical cylindrical peltate expanded wavy absent f i e l d key to the taxa i. climbing or upper stem and upper pitcher la. stem triangular 2 l b . stem cylindrical n. rajah 2a. peristome of pitcher distinctly expanded; outer peristome margin wavy n. x alisaputraiana 2b. peristome narrower; outer margin not wavy nburbidgeae ii. lower stem and lower pitcher la. peristome of pitcher greatly expanded; outer peristome margin wavy; tendril insertion peltate 2 l b . peristome narrower; not wavy; tendril insertion apical n. burbidgeae 2a. glandular crest on lid below absent n. rajah 2b. glandular crest on lid below present n. x alisaputraiana table 2. percentage of stainable & unstainable pollen of n. x alisaputraiana and jv. rajah stained with lactophenol/cotton blue taxa 1. 2. 3. n . n . n . x alisaputraiana rajah burbidgeae % stainable % pollen 24 100 no pollen available unstainable pollen 0 total pollen count 330 500 1992] j u m a a t h. a d a m & c.c. wllcock : a new natural hybrid of nepenthes 37 nepenthes x alisaputraiana adam & wilcock, nothospedies nova illustrations: plate 1 — male plant, plate 2 upper pitcher, plate 3 —lower stem, plate 4 -lower pitcher. planta scandens. rosulae ignotae. caulis triangularis vel cylindricus folia petiolata, lamina oblonga vel lanceolata, apex acutus vel obtusus et emarginatus vel peltatus, basis obtusa, nervi longitudinales utrinque 3 — 4, basis petioli 2/3 amplectens, in alas 2 decurrens. ascidia inferiora ellipsoidea, costae prominentes cum alis 2 fimbriatis vel per totam longitudinum ascidii extensis vel per partem. os ovatum, fere horizontale, elevatum ad operculum peristomium expansum, margo exterior distincte sinuatus, 5 5 5 mm latus. operculum orbiculatum vel ovatum, basi cordata, appendix basalis glandulosa. calcar 7 1 5 mm longum, 1.5 — 2 mm latum. ascidia superiora infundibuliformia; peristomium 1 6 3 8 mm latum. inflorescentia mascula racemosa, pedicelli biflori, raro triflori. inflorescentia femenei et fructus ignotus. t y p u s : malaysia, sabah, ranau district, kundasang, kinabalu national parks, mt. kinabalu, pig hill, jumaat haji adam, julaihi haji adam, aliosman mahdi, 2442 — 1 (male plant), 2442 — 2 (upper pitcher), 2442 — 3 (lower stem), 2442 — 4 (lower pitcher), altitude 1900—1930 m, 2.2.1988, holotype ukms, isotypes abd, k, l. bo, ukmb, sar, san, sabah national parks herbarium. plant climbing to 5 m high. rosettes unknown. climbing stem triangular, 15 — 16 mm thick, internodes 3 — 13 cm long. leaves coriaceous, petiolate; lamina oblong to lanceolate, 18 — 34 cm long, 6.5 8 cm broad, apex acute to slightly obtuse, base obtuse; longitudinal nerves 3 on each side, originating from the leaf base and lower half of the midrib, pinnate nerves irregular and distinct; petiole winged, 10 — 17 cm long, clasping the stem for 2/3 at the base and decurrent into 2 wings extending over 1/2 1 internode; tendrils curled, 9 20 cm long. lower stem cylindrical, 14 — 15 mm thick, internodes 2.5 3.5 cm long. leaves oblong to lanceolate; lamina 27 41 cm long, 7 13 cm broad, emarginate or peltate with round apex, longitudinal nerves 3 — 4 on each side originating from the lower 1/5. of the midrib; petiole 10 14 cm long, the base decurrent extending slightly beyond one internode; tendrils uncurled, tendrils of pitcher longer than lamina, inserted 3 1 5 mm from the apex. lower pitcher ellipsoidal, 13 33 cm high, 8 19 cm wide bejow the mouth, with 2 fringed wings extended 1/3 to almost the entire length in front, wings 5 1 3 cm long, 3 — 10 mm broad, 15 40 mm apart below the mouth, each wing with 18 — 50 lateral appendages, appendages 2 15 mm long, base 1 2 mm wide; mouth ovate, 5.5— 10.5 cm long, 3.5 12 cm broad slightly horizontal in front and elevated towards the lid; peristome greatly expanded with a distinctly wavy outer margin, 5 3 0 mm wide in front, 10 15 mm wide near the lid, with 312 — 338 ribs, ribs 0.3 3 mm apart, inner peristome teeth 1 — 5 mm long; lid ovate to orbiculate with rounded apex and cordate base, 7 13 cm long, 5 13 cm broad glandular crest on lid surface below present, 2 10 mm high, wholly glandular, with round —elliptic glands, inside 3 8 reinwardtia [vol. 11 : i** photographs of holotype of n . x alisaputraiana adam & wilcock. plate 1. male plant. plate 2. upper pitcher. plate 3. lower stem. plate 4. lower pitcher. from jumaat et al. 2442. 1992] jumaat h. a d a m & c.c. wllcock : a new natural hybrid of nepenthes 39 surface of the pitcher wholly glandular; spur flattened, not branched, or slightly and shortly branched at the apex, 7 — 15 mm long, 1 2 mm broad, inserted 4 — 5 mm from the lid base; upper pitcher generally similar to the lower pitcher, infundibulate, gradually contracted from the mouth towards the base, 20 — 30 cm long 9 12 cm broad, with 2 ribs running over the' whole length sometimes with 2 fringed wings running over 1/3 — 1/2 of the entire length, rib below the mouth 18 27 mm apart; mouth ovate, 5 — 11 cm long, 3 9 cm broad; peristome 18 — 28 mm wide in front, 10 — 38 mm wide near the lid, with 280 — 470 ribs; lid 11 13 cm long, 8 12 cm wide, sparsely hairy toward the apex on the lower lid surface, glandular crest 10 — 13 mm high, inside surface of the pitcher almost wholly glandular, the triangular area immediately beneath the lid base glandless; spur 13 — 14 mm < long, 1.5 — 3 mm broad, inserted 5 — 7 mm below the lid. male inflorescence racemose, axis including peduncle 5 7 9 3 cm long, pedicels 12 — 22 mm long, 2 — flowered, very rarely 3 — flowered, bracteoles absent; sepals 4, 4.5 mm long, 2 — 3 mm wide, glandular above; staminal column 2 — 4 mm long, anther uniseriate. 1 . 5 2 mm thick. female inflorescence unknown. fruits unknown. derivation : the hybrid is named in honour of encik lamri alisaputra, director of sabah national parks. localities : this hybrid has only been recorded from pig hill. it may possibly also be found at marai parai plateau (mt. kinabalu) and mt. 1'ambuyokon, since both the putative parental species are found in these 2 localities. h a b i t a t : m o s s y f o r e s t . d i s t r i b u t i o n : b o r n e o , m t . k i n a b a l u o n l y . acknowledgement we wish to thank universiti kebangsaan malaysia, dept. of plant & soil science university of aberdeen, and sabah parks for financing visits by one of us (jha) to borneo (october 1987 -• march 1988); 2 field assistants aliosman mahdi & julaihi h. adam, herbarium ukms, sar, san, k & l for the use of their specimens; mr. t.e.v. pearce of classic dept. university of' aberdeen for the latin description; mr. david long, keeper of the herbarium, royal botanic garden edinburgh; mr. n. little for the photographs taken. 40 reinwardtia [vol. 11 literature cited burbidge, f.w. 1882. notes on the new nepenthes. the gardeners' chronicle, (new series, xvii) 1, p. 56. danser, r h. 1928. the nepenthaceae of the netherlands indies. bulletin du jardin botanique buitenzorg. ill, 9 : 249 — 428. dan b, b. h. 1935. note on few nepenthes bulletin du jardin botanique buitenzorg. iii, 13 : 4 6 7 4 6 9 . hooker, j.d. 1859. on the origin and development of the pitchers, with an account of some new bornean plants of the genus. transactions of the linnean society of london, 22(4): 415 — 424. kurata, s. 1976. nepenthes of mount kinabalu. sabah national parks publication no. 2. sabah national parks trustees. ' • . / contents page rochadi abdulhadi seed banks in a sub-tropical rain forest 1 rochadi abdulhadi floristic changes in a sub-tropical rain forest succession 13 a.j.g.h. kostermans two remarkable lindera species (lauraceae) probably representing an undescribed genus 23 a.j.g.h. kostermans a new species of diplodiscus turcz. (tiliaceae) related to brownlowia roxb 27 n. sasidharan & k. swarupanandan a new species of cassine (celastraceae) from india , 29 a.j.g.h. kostermans reinstatement of pterocarpus echinata pers. (leguminosae — papilionaceae) ., 33 jumaat h adam & gc. wllcock. a new natural hybrid of nepenthes from mt. kinabalu (sabah) 35 a.j.g.h. kostermans durio macrantha kosterm. species nova (bombacaceae) from north sumatra 41 a.j.g.h. kostermans salacia acuminatissima kosterm., spec. nov. (celastraceae) from sri lanka 53 a.j.g.h. kostermans identity of dracontomelum petelotii tardleu -blot (anacard.) 55 printed by c v. bina karya cover rein.vol 11,part 1, 1-55 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_18 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_29 s74 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 soprunov, f. f. (1958). [predaceous fungi — hyphomycetes and their application in the control of pathogenic nematodes. ashkabad. — in russian]. subramanian, c. v. (1963). dactylella, monacrosporium and dactylina. in j. indian bot. soc. 42: 291—300. sutton, b. c. & pirozynski, k. a. (1965). notes on microfungi. ii. in trans. br. mycol. soc. 48: 349—366. tubaki, k. (1954). studies on the japanese hyphomycetes. i. coprophilous group. in nagaoa 4: 1—20. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 4, pp. 375—381 (1968) kostermansinda rifai genus novum hyphomycetarum mien a. rifai *) summary the conidial development of sclerographium magnum boedijn is described and illustrated; based on this species the new aleuriosporous genus kostermansinda rifai is proposed. the morphology of the conidiophores and conidia of sclerographium aterrimum berk., the type species of the stilbaceous genus sclerographium berk., was described and illustrated in details by hughes (1951). the murif orm conidia of this species are radulaspores because they arise blastogenously and produced on numerous small denticles on the somewhat dilated apices of the fasciculated conidiophores, which during the process of the conidial development elongate slightly by subapical proliferations. therefore this genus has been correctly included in the section ii of hughes' (1953a) experimental system of classification of hyphomycetes or in the radulasporae of tubaki (1963), nilsson (1964) and rifai & cooke (1966). in 1960 boedijn described sclerographium, magnum boedijn, based on a collection of a fungus which he found growing on the decaying petiole of a palm species in bogor botanic garden, java. from boedijn's description and illustration, as well as from the results of my own observations on more recent collections of this species which were made from decaying petioles of several palm species cultivated in bogor botanic garden, it is evident that sclerographium magnum has murogenous conidia produced by simple conidiophores, so that it is an aleuriosporous species which consequently should be referred to the aleuriosporae or to the section iii of hughes' system of classification. although boedijn (1960) was fully aware that this species was not at all related to sclerographium aterrimum, he nevertheless preferred to place it in the genus sclerographium because of the superficial similarity between the two species, and also because of the artificial nature of the classification of deuteromycetes; in recent years, however, substantial evidence are available to show that the system of classification proposed by hughes (1953a), which is based on the methods *) herbarium bogoriense, bogor (java), indonesia. — 375 — 876 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 of the developments of conidiophores and conidia, has great value in indicating the natural affinities of related genera or species of both the hyphomycetes and the coelomycetes. sclerographium magnum appears to have an affinity with acrodictys bambusicola m. b. ellis, the type species of the mononematous and muriform spored genus acrodictys m. b. ellis (ellis, 1961). it seems advisable, however, to assign the present species to a genus other than acrodictys, because of the absence of intermediate forms between the synnematous and mononematous habit of their respective colonies; furthermore the development of the spore septation of sclerographium magnum (vide infra) is somewhat unusual. it must be admitted that in recent years there has been some doubts on the validity of synnemata to serve as a taxonomic evidence for separating genera of hyphomycetes. the genus endophragmia duvernoy & maire (= phragmocephala mason & hughes), for example, now contains both mononematous and synnematous species (mason & hughes, 1951; hughes 1953, 1953a; ellis, 1959), but in this case there are intermediate forms such as endophragmia atra (cooke) m. b. ellis. on the other hand barnett (1960) preferred to reserve the genera endophragmia and phragmocephala for the reception of the mononematous and synnematous species respectively; according to morgan-jones & cole (1964) it might be necessary in the future to rearrange species of endophragmia in some smaller genera, but these should be mainly based on characters other than the habit of the colony. morton & smith (1963) maintained that for practical and other purposes it was best to keep the mononematous genus scopulariopsis maire and the synnematous genus doratomyces corda (= stysanus corda) as two distinct genera, despite the fact that in culture the habit of the colony of some species of both genera may integrade from one to another; the separation of these two genera has always been widely accepted. in the following, therefore, a new genus based on sclerographium magnum is proposed and a detailed illustrated description of its morphology and its conidial development is given. it gives me a distinct pleasure to name this new genus in honour of prof. a. j. g. h. kostermans, d. sc, my teacher and foster father, who — although not a mycologist himself has deliberately spent a prodigous amount of his most valuable time and energy helping and supervising my first attempt to study fungi. kostermanssinda rifai, gen. nov. fungi imperfecti, hyphomycetes, aleuriospori. synnemata erecta, recta, ex hyphis septatis, non-ramosis, brunneis composita. conidiophora simpli1968] rifai : kostermansinda gen. nov. 377 fig. 1. kostermansiyida magna: a—d, stages of the developments ol conidiophores, conidial initials and youngconidia; e, mature conidia (from rifai 351). s78 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1968] rifai : kostermansinda gen. nov. cia, interdum per proliferationes apicales elongascentia. conidia singula in apice conidiophori oriunda, murogena, ellipsoidea, muriformes, brunnea, levia, sicca; vesicula pallide brunnea, subglobosa vel obconica. species generis typica: sclerographium magnum boedijn. kostermansinda magna (boedijn) rifai, comb. nov. sclerographium, magnum boedijn in persoonia 1: 319. 1960 (basionym). the synnemata arise singly and gregariously and stand at a right angle to the surface of the substrate; they are mostly straight, 225r500 [j. long by up to go ,u diameter at the slightly enlarged base, and then gradually attenuate to 20—30µ, diameter immediately beneath the conidial clusters. the shining and dark blackish brown synnemata are composed of bundles of strictly parallel running hyphae which are compactly aggregated to each other, unbranched, brown coloured, smooth walled, sparingly septate (each cell measure about 35 µ long) and have 3—4.5 µ diameter. prior to the conidial formation the synnema usually appears as a small, subulate and paler-tipped pillar; the ultimate cells of its hyphae ara cylindrical or tubular and rounded distally, and these cells ultimately are transformed into the simple conidiophores of kostermansinda magna (fig. 1a). at the beginning of the conidial formation it can often be seen that these ultimate cells usually attenuate slightly towards their apices; aboiut this time the apices will bend away from the long axis of the synnema and at the same time the enlargement process will also begin (fig. ib, g). as a result of the latter process the apical portions of the conidicphores will be blown out into ellipsoidal conidial initials. when this conidial initial reaches a diameter of about 8 µ or more, a transversal septum will be laid down in its middle (fig. id, 2a). the subsesuent development will take place only in the upper half of the conidial initial which in due course will develop into the characteristic muriform conidium; the obconical lower half of the c:nidial initial — termed "vesicle" by boedijn (1980) — usually does not develop any further except for a slight increase in size and a more round outline. since all hyphae that make up the synnema form conidial initials almost simultaneously, at this time the synnema has a reminiscence of a bundle or golf clubs (fig. id). soon after the appearance of that first median septum, two longitudinal septa which stand at a right angle to each other crusiately will be formed in the young conidia (fig. id; 2b, g). though it is not restricted to the present species, the development of these primary — especially the crusiate — longitudinal septa prior to those of the transversal ones is somewhat unusual, as can be seen from the fact that in many muriform spored fungi the longitudinal septa very rarely run continuously from end to end of the spores; this will also explain the considerable difference that can be found in the appearance of the conidia .of kostermansinda magna and those of the true species of sclerographium (cf. the illustrations of the latter given by hughes, 1951; barnett, 1960; deighton, 1960; morris, 1963). a rapid development will follow the formation of these primary longitudinal septa; while the young conidia increase in size, transversal septa will be laid down successively in acropetal sequence (fig. 2d, e, f), similar to the sequence of the septum formation in species of endophragmia (hughes, 1953; morgan-jones & cole, 1964) ; later on secondary longitudinal septa will be formed, also in a succesive acropetal sequence. at this stage the young conidia are mostly pear shaped; their lower parts are composed of small cubical cells, while their upper parts are still undivided except by the primary longitudinal septa (fig. 2g). when viewed singly under the microscope these young conidia are pale brown below, much paler towards their apical portion; when stained with cotton-blue in lactic acid the cells of the apical part will stain much more intensively than those of the lower part. all these seem to indicate that the growing point of these developing conidia lies in their apices. when fig.'2. kostermansinda magna: a—g, stages of the developments of young conidia (from rifai 351). 380 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 examined under a low power binocular microscope or with a hand lens about this time fresh synnemata usually appear to carry distinctive pale greenish grey conidial heads which more or less are globose in outline. fully mature conidia are dark olive brown to dark brown, usually shining under the reflected light, smooth walled, ellipsoidal or oblong ellipsoidal. from side view they can be seen to be almost regularly divided by seven to thirteen transversal septa and by three longitudinal septa, so that on each view the conidia seem to be composed of four rows of mostly cuboidal and regularly arranged cells. examinations of numerous conidia show that the cells of the conidia next to the vesicles are not divided further by longitudinal septa except by the primary crusiate longitudinal septa, so that each conidium has four basal cells (fig. ie, 2g) ; the arrangement and the number of these basal cells have been wrongly illustrated in boedijn's (1960) fig. 1 and 2, but a correct interpretation of them is presented in his fig. 3. excluding the vesicle the conidia measure 50—80 x 25—42 µ. the vesicle itself measure up to 14 µ, diameter by 19 ja long; it is subglobose, hemiglobose or obconical, smooth, paler coloured arid thinner walled than the conidium proper. since the firmly attached conidium usually becomes detached through the break or fracture of the conidiophore wall immediately beneath the vesicle, when shed the conidia always carry away their vesicles. it has been observed that the first formed germ tube originates from one of the four basal cells and emerges through the scar of the vesicle. though very rare, percurrent proliferations of the conidiphores have been observed; through the ruptured conodiophores new cells will proliferate and at their apices a new crop of conidia will be formed in the same manner as has been described above. habitat: on decaying petioles of various species of palms. distribution: known only from the type locality (bogor, west java). illustration: boedijn in persoonia 1: 320, fig. 1—3.1960. java. on decaying petioles of an unknown palm, bogor botanic garden, april 1921, van overeem (bo 639) ; on decaying leafstalks of a palm, bogor botanic garden, march 1950, boedijn (typus, n.v) ; on decaying petioles of arenga microsperma, bogor botanic garden, june 1962, rifai s25; ibid., september 1962, rifai 351; on decaying petioles of raphia peduneulata, bogor botanic garden, september 1962, rifai 360 (all in bo). references barnett, h. l. (1960). illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. minneapolis. boedijn, k. b. (1960). a new sclerographium from indonesia. in persoonia 1: 319deighton, p. c. (1960). african fungi. i. in mycol. pap. 78: 1—43, ellis, m. b. (1959). clasterosporium and some allied dematiaceae — phragmospotae. ... ii. in mycol. pap. 72: 1—75. ellis, m. b. (1961). dematiaceous hyphomycetes. ii. in mycol. pap. 79: 1—23. hughes, s. j. (1951). sclerographium, aterrium berkeley. in indian phytopath. 4: 5—6. 1968] rifai : kostermansinda gen. nov. 381 hughes, s. j. (1953). phragmocephala in pure culture. in trans. br. mycol. soc. 36: 210—214. hughes, s. j. (1953a). conidiophores, conidia and classification. in can. j. bot. 31: 577—659. mason, e. w. & hughes, s.j. (1951). phragmocephala gen. nov. hyphomycetarum. in naturalist, lond. 1951: 97—105. morgan-jones, g. & cole, a. l. j. (1964). concerning endophragmda hyalosperma (corda) comb. nov. in trans. br. mycol. soc. 47: 489—495. morris, e . f . (1963). the synnematous genera o£ the fungi imperfecti. in western illinois univ. ser. biol. sci. 3: 1—143. morton, f. j. & smith, g. (1963). the genera scopulariopsis bainier, microascus zukal and doratomyces corda. in mycol. pap. 86: 1—96. nllsson, s. (1964). freshwater hyphomycetes. taxonomy, morphology and ecology. in symb. bot. upsal. 18(2) : 1—130. rifai, m. a. & cooke, r. c. (1966). studies on some didymosporous genera of nematodetrapping hyphomycetes. in trans. br. mycol. soc 49: 147—168. tubaki, k. (1963). taxonomic study of hyphomycetes. in ann. rep. inst. fermentation, osaka 1(1961-1962) : 25—54. rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_43 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_44 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_45 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_46 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 1, pp. 33-39 (1950) malaysian lichens — i i * p. groenhart ** two new species prom java umbilicaria zollingeri groenh., spec, nov. — fig. 1. the umbilicariaceae are a family of lichens occurring almost exclusively in temperate regions and moreover frequently growing on rocks. nevertheless this family is represented in the tropics; it has been reported from tropical america and africa. as far as data are available they occur on rocks in the upper regions of high mountain-ranges, viz. of the andes of bolivia and peru and of pico d'orizaba in mexico from 10,000 feet upwards. for africa the data are in accordance: mount deschen in abyssinia (14,200 feet) and mount kilimanjaro in kenya (12,000 feet). for the tropics of asia an early record exists of the appearance of a species of umbilicaria; until today, however, this indication has not yet been confirmed and as far as i could gather, it has remained the only one. in zollinger's "systematisches verzeichniss der im indischen archipel gesammelten pflanzen," page 8, 1854, one reads: "ad rupes summi m. ardjuno (11,000') occurrit umbilicariae spec, sed nunc in herbario caret." in moritzi's "systematisches verzeichniss der von h. zollinger in den jahren 1842—1844 auf java gesammelten pflanzen," 1845-1846, umbilicaria is not mentioned, although zollinger climbed mount ardjuno in 1844 and the material was collected probably in that year. later workers on zollinger's lichens did not describe an umbilicaria from his collections either, so that we may assume it has been lost. on july 20, 1932 and some years later, on march 27, 1937, i ascended the summit of mount ardjuno myself and am rather confident that i collected my specimens of umbilicaria from the same rock as zollinger did almost a century ago. up there, just beneath the top at about 3,300 m, there are only a few big rocks on which this species grows. the top itself is 3,339 m. in the somewhat lower surroundings of the top i could not locate any other specimen. on the summits of mount welirang (3,156 m), northern kembar (3,020 m), southern kembar (3,100 m), and mount bakal (2,980 m), which all belong to the mount-ardjuno complex, i failed to discover umbilicaria, too. the same holds true for mount kawi (butak; * for the first paper of this series, see bull. bot. gdns buitenzorg iii 17: 198-203. 1941. ** herbarium bogoriense, kebun eaya indonesia, bogor (buitenzorg). — 33 — 84 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 2 868 m>, and mount andjasmoro (2,282 m) ; while also from the other high mountains in the archipelago umbilicaria has never been recorded. i regret i have not visited the summit of mount semeru (3,676 m), but it is not likely that lichens occur there, for the volcano is still active and this circumstance is not favourable for the development of these plants. generally the lichen flora is very poor in the neighbourhood of active craters and solfataras. from all these data it might now be concluded that umbilicaria does not occur beneath 3,300 or 3,200 m in the tropics. fig. 1. fig. 1. umbilicaria zollingeri groenh. spec, nov., after type specimen (groenhart 422). thallus with apothecia, about 4.5 x; below, apothecia, about 10 x. 1950] groenhart: malaysian lichens—ii by my find, zollinger's statement is confirmed. therefore, i have named this lichen in his honour, as i cannot identify this species as one already previously described. with the already known species from america and africa it completes the circle of tropical species of umbilicaria that links the members of this genus of the northern and southern temperate zones. thallus monophyllus, 1—3 cm latus, gompho centrali ad substratum affixus, rigidus, durus, irregulariter incisus, margine sinuato-lobata, supra griseus, inaequalis, interdum reticulato-rugosus et in centro plus minusve plicatus; subtus laevis vel bullato-inaequalis, carneus, nigro-variegatus et sub margine interdum griseus, rhizinis crassis, simplicibus vel ramosis plus minusve abundanter praeditus, rare nudus; soralia et isidia desunt; medulla alba. apothecia dispersa, 1 mm diam., nigra, sessilia vel substipitata; margo niger, tenuis, laevigatus; discus nudus, non-gyrosus vel circulo praeditus; hymenium 120µ. altum, hyalinum, decolor vel citrinum, j coeruleum; epithecium et hypothecium nigrum; medulla decolor. cortex excipuli in parte inferiore chondroideus, in parte exteriore pseudo-parenchymaticus cellulis minutissimis, strato amorpho, nigro vel brunneo obductus. asci 8-spori, clavati; sporae biseriales, ovoideo-ellipsoideae, muriformae, 6—7,5 x 13,5—17 µ. paraphyses simplices. the small thalli of the species are fixed to the substratum with a short, rather thick stalk. they are monophyllous, almost entire or more or less deeply incised; the margin is somewhat bent upward and wavy; the upper side is greyish white, uneven, somewhat warty, in some specimens reticulately costate and in the centre slightly plicate; soredia and isidia are absent; the lower side is rather smooth or slightly bullateuneven, flesh-coloured, mixed with black, and towards the margins more greyish. in some samples the underside is naked, but generally it is provided with long, rather thick, awl-shaped, unbranched or somewhat branched rhizines. the rhizines are restricted to the underside and never occur at the edges of the thallus. the scattered apothecia have different forms, they may be round and simple, but there are also round apothecia with a central circular insula, while in other apothecia the margin is bent inwards in various ways at one side, but they are never really gyrose. the spores appear simple at first sight, but the older ones show a muriform structure, with very thin and almost inconspicuous septa, especially when they are darkbrown. the structure of the cortical layers agrees with that in other species of the genus. they are rather thick compared with the medullar layer; the inner parts are subcartilagineous, while the outer parts are pseudoparenchymatic with very small cells. the gonidia lie in scattered groups under the upper cortex. the thallus gives no reactions with k, ca, and kca. the species belongs to the subgenus gyrophoropsis. 36 r e i n w a k d t i a [vol. 1 1950] groenhart: malaysian lichens—// type specimen. — java, mount ardjuno, groenhart 422. distribution. — only known from mount ardjuno, java. specimens examined. — java: mt. ardjuno, alt. 3,325 m, 20-vi-1932, groenhart 161, 422 (type), 27-111-1937, groenhart 2092, 7659-7663 (all specimens in herbarium p. groenhart). mycoblastus endoxanthus groenh., spec. nov. thallus epiphloeodes, curstaceus, uniformis, continuus, griseus,. plus minus granuloso-verruculosus, sorediis et isidiis destitutus, pro maxima parte cephalodiis verruciformibus, sordidis praeditus; granulae thalli minutissime flavo-coronatae; marginem non vidi; medulla alba, ex hyphis pachydermaticis, intricatis formata; gonidia protococcoidea. gonidia cephalodiorum scytonemea. apothecia biatorina, ad basin bene constricta, sessilia, dispersa, rotunda, simplicia sed inter cephalodia prolifera et botryoso-aggregata; discus pallide brunneus, planus, opacus, nudus vel leviter pruinosus; vtargo persistens, semper prominulus, laevigatus, osseo-albus vel leviter flavus; hypotkecium nigrum' vel brunneo-nigrum ex hyphis dense intricatis; medulla excipuli ex hyphis crassis, pachydermaticis, radiantibus, materia flava amorpha obductis; cortex excipuli chondroideus, decolor, hyalinus; hymenium 105—110µ.. altum, decolor, hyalinum, purum; asci 4—8-spori, clavati, superne rotundati et hinc membrana incrassata cincti; sporae biseriales, ellipsoideae, membrano duplice et incrassato cinctae, utrinque bene rotundatae, 15—20 x 27—30 µ; endosporium circ. 1 µ,, exosporium circ. 2,5 p. crassum; paraphyses simplices, filif ormes, non capitatae, conglutinatae. reactiones: thallus k —, ca —, kc1 —; margo et medulla apotheciorum k + citrina; hymenium j + flavum, asci coerulei. the thin thallus of this lichen is greyish and shows very small warts, which are yellowish-powdery at the top. the medulla within these warts is of the same structure as that of the apothecia, viz. consisting of thick, loosely interwoven hyphae, covered with a yellowish matter. for the greater part the thallus is covered with a crustaceous, warty, dirty brown layer of cephalodia, which contain clusters of scytonema-gonidia. normal apothecia occur especially on the uncovered parts of the thallus. on the parts of the thallus covered with cephalodia the apothecia are old, bearing 3—20 young apothecia sprouting out of the disc. the dark hypothecium is sharply outlined against the medulla, forming a thin parathecium bordering on the hymenium and gradually becoming thicker in the centre of the apothecium. the medulla consists of thick, colourless hyphae which radiate from the hypothecium towards the cortical layer. they are covered with a yellowish, amorphous matter that becomes citrine in koh. the spores have a thick, double wall, viz. a thin endospore and a thicker exospore. on account of these thick-walled, rather large spores the species belongs to the genus mycoblastus. type specimen. — java: mt. gedeh, forest near rawah gajonggong near tjibeureum above tjibodas, on bark of elaeocarpus sp., l-iv-1950, s. j. van ooststroovi 1su88. note on the genus leprocaulon (nyl.) nyl. the genus leprocaulon was suggested by nylander in a letter to lamy, who published the name without a diagnosis of the genus (in bull. soc. bot. france 25: 352. 1878). it was based on stereocaulon nanum ach., of which nylander (in flora 59: 578. 1876) remarks that this lichen has no affinity with stereocaulon. contrary to lamy's statement (i.e.), nylander did not use the combination leprocaulon nanum in his remark in "flora." a brief english description of the genus, or pseudo-genus, was given by crombie (british lichens 1: 123. 1894). this description is sufficient to embrace all those somewhat leprarioid, fruticulose lichens with protococcus-gonidia, without cephalodia, and of which the apothecia are unknown. though several authors have expressed the opinion that stereocaulon nanum has but little resemblance with a real stereocaulon, the name proposed by nylander has not become popular and is but seldom used by other authors. this circumstance made me lose quite a lot of time when i had to find out the name of a lichen that agrees with crombie's description and it was only by accident that i detected it was stereocaulon arbuscula nyl. for this lichen, too, has no resemblance at all to a stereocaulon, having no cephalodia, no typical phyllocladia and very tender and soft stalks. the yellow reaction with koh, too, is absent. i therefore propose to separate these lichens from stereocaulon and to follow nylander's suggestion. like in leprocaulon nanum all specimens of l. arbuscula are sterile, so that it is impossible to assign a place to this doubtful genus in zahlbruckner's system with any certainty. it certainly cannot be connected with the cladoniaceae, which have well-developed and commonly stiff and hard thalli. the leprarioid character of the thalli of l. nanum and l. arbuscula rather suggest affinity with the chrysothricaceae, of which leprocaulon probably represents a primitive fruticulose state. in this respect zahlbruckner's key (in engler & prantl, nat. pflfam., 2. aufl., 8: 134. 1926) may be changed as follows:— 1. thallus more or less crustaceous. 2, thallus forming small cushions. spores 1—3-septated chrysothrix 2. thallus arachnoid-crustaceous. spores simple crocynia. 1. thallus fructiculose. spores unknown leprocaulon leprocaulon arbuscula (nyl.) nyl. — fig. 2. stereocaulon arbuscula nyl., synops. lich. 1: 253. 1860 (as stereocaulon nanum *s. arbuscula); wainio in philip. j. sci. 4: 662. 1909; zahlbr., cat. lich. univ. 4: 634. 1927. — leprocaulon arbuscula (nyl.) nyl. "lich. ins. guin. p. 8" (cited after hue) ; hue in nouv. arch. mus. i l l 4: 134. 1892. 38 eeinwardtia [vol. 1 the thallus of this lichen consists of small, tender, branched, erect, 1—3.5 cm high and 0.1—0.5 mm thick stalks forming a soft caespitium on the bark of trees. the primary stems are round to somewhat flattened, entire to slightly fissurated, smooth, more or less brownish; they are fixed to the substratum with thin rhizinae. the secundary branchlets are arachnoid and covered with small, greenish granules containing the gonidia in clusters between the loosely interwoven hyphae; these granules are often of a soredious nature. the central axis of the primary stems is chondroid, solid and composed of thick-walled, conglutinated hyphae running parallel to the surface; it is covered with a medullar layer of irregularly interwoven, rather thin-walled hyphae; gonidia and cortex are absent in these stems. there are no cephalodia. fig. 2. pig. 2. leprocaulon arbuscula (nyl.) nyl. at left, thallus, branch, about 4 xabout 2 x ; at right, the species is not rare in the higher mountain forests above about 1,200 m, but it may be easily overlooked on account of its smallness. specimens e x a m i n e d . — j a v a : w e s t j a v a : puntjak pass, telaga warna, alt. about 1300 m, 7-iv-1939, groenhart 3268 (in herb. groenhart) ; mt. gegerbentang, alt. 1600 m, 13-vi-1949, comm. neervoort 1079 (bg s55s) ; ravine of tjibatulawang river, alt. 1600 m, 10-ix-1949, comm. neervoort 2600 pr. p. (bg 3908) ; rawah denok, alt. 1680 m, 8jx-1949, comm. neervoort 2329 (bg 3886) ; mt. gedeh, tjibodas-tjibogo, alt. 1415 m, 24-vii-1949, comm. neervoort 1832 (bg 3771) ; mt. gedeh, n a t u r e reservation, alt. 1495 m, 29-111-1949, comm. neervoort 92 (bg 3219) ; ibid., alt. 1840 m, 6-vii-1949, comm. neervoort 1779 (bg 3748) ; ibid., alt. 2425 m, 14-v-1949, comm. neervoort 61*3 (bg 3374) ; mt. gedeh, lawang saketeng, alt. 2140 m, 12-v-1949, comm. neervoort 385 (bg 3285) ; mt. gedeh, lebak saat, alt. 2390 m, 12-v-1949, 1950] groenhart: malaysian lichens—// comm. neervoort 450 (bg 3308) ; mt. gedeh, t r a i l to mt. pangerango, alt 2740 m, 13-v-1949, comm. neervoort 551 (bg 3344) ; mt. pangerango, summit, alt. 3019 m, 13-v-1949, comm. neervoort 617 (bg 3365) ; mt. tangkubanprahu, hooglandweg, alt. about 1600 m, l l v i i 1 9 4 1 , groenhart 2284 (in herb. g r o e n h a r t ) ; e a s t j a v a : mt. kawi, tjemoro kandang, alt. 2700 m, 16-iv-1929, docters van leeuwen-reijnvaan 12286 (bg 1427); mt. kawi, trail to mt. butak, alt. 2000—2500 m, 21/22-vii-1937, groenhart 657 (in herb. groenhart) ; mt. ardjuno, t r a i l from sumber b r a n t a s to mt. kembar, alt. 2200 m, 26-111-1937, groenhart 373 (in herb. groenhart). — samoa: tutuila, matafao, xii-1894, reinecke 58a (bg 4.90). this lichen is mentioned as occurring in the philippines by wainio. stereocaulon nanum ach. sensu mont. & v. d. bosch., lich. jav. p. 29 junghuhn, plant. junghuhnianae. fasc. 4: 455. 1855, belongs probably to this species. rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_01 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_18 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_19 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_20 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_21 reinwardtia annales bqgorienses treubia published by kebun raya indonesia (botanic gardens bogor, indonesia) subscription agents for domestic and foreign subscribers g.c.t. van dorp & co ltd publishers booksellers djalan nusantara 22 djakarta indonesia van dorp's subscription service includes subscriptions to any periodical published by botanic gardens, bogor sample copies of reinwardtia replacement of missing issues replacement of lost back numbers at lowest prices for exchange of the periodicals of kebun raya indonesia apply to: bibliotheca bogoriensis * 20 djalan raya bogor, indonesia r e i n w a k d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 4, pp. 451-457 (1952) notes on two leguminous genera from eastern indonesia a. j. g. h. kostermans * summary 1. a new monotypic genus, kalappia kostermans, is established for a tree of commercial importance from celebes, k. celebica kostermans. the genus is assigned to caesalpiniaceae (tribus cassiae). 2. the papilionaceous genus desmofischera holth. (only species: d.monosperma holth.) is reduced to a synonym of monarthrocarpus merr. [only species: m. securiformis (benth.) merr.]. additional collections, from morotai, are cited. 1. a new genus from celebes kalappia kostermans, gen. nov. caesalpiniaceae, iribus cassieae.—sepala 5, subaequalia, lata, imbricata. petala 5, unguiculata, erecto-patentia; 2 lateralia (exteriora) maiora. stamina per duas coronas disposita cum sepalis et petalis alternant; stamen decimum probabiliter inter duo stamonidia superiora deest. stamina fertilia 5, plus minusve bilateraliter-symmetrice serta; staminum fertiliorum 2 sinistra et 2 dextra ab ovario posita, 2 stamina superne posita longiora; stamen infimum brevissimum. staminodia 4 (interdum 2), 2 maiora inter stamina f ertilia lateralia; reliqua 2 (si adsunt) superne. antherae basifixae, versatiles, poro apicali dehiscentes; apex minute productus. ovarium sessile, compressum, 3—5-ovulatum; stylus incurvatus, stigmate parvo terminali. legumen elongatum, planum, per suturam ventralem anguste alatum, per suturam dorsalem dehiscens, valvis tenuibus, interne leve. semina 1—2 (raro 3), plana, disciformia, funiculo distincto, brevi; testa coriacea; cotyledones planae, latae, leves; radicula brevis, recta. albumen deest. arbores altae, inermes; foliis imparipinnatis, eglandulis et stipulis inconspicuis. bracteae bracteolaeque ephemerae. type species.—kalappia celebica kostermans. distribution.—celebes, region around malili (north of gulf of bone), the polappi, nanakulahi, or kalappi tree, as it is called by the local tribes in the malili region, is a forest giant yielding a valuable timber. large-scale cutting has considerably diminished the number of these trees around malili; in normal times an appreciable quantity of logs was ex*botanist, division of planning, forest service of indonesia. published with the permission of the director, division of planning. [part 3 of this volume was issued december 14, 1951] — 451 452 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 ported yearly to makassar, where it was sawn into boards and stiles. a variety with a beautiful grain pattern was much sought after for cabinet work. it is in high esteem for ship-building and for the construction of bridges. although it was known for years that this tree represented an undescribed genus in leguminosae, no botanical description has been published so far. as sufficient flowering and fruiting material was at my disposal and as i had the opportunity to study the tree in situ, i feel now justified to describe it. the nearest allies of kalappia are undoubtedly cassia l., koompassia maingay, and uittienia steenis, whereas dialium l. is more remotely related. in flower characters it comes very near to cassia in the broader sense and to the genus cha/maesenna raf., as recognised by britton & rose (in n. amer. fl. 23: 250. 1930). from the former it differs by its oddly pinnate leaves and dehiscent pods; from the latter, moreover, by the number and position of the staminodes and the number of seeds. by the narrow wing, the pod vaguely resembles that of pterocassia britt. & rose, and that of koompassia, but in kalappia the wing is unilateral and hardly developed, whereas in the other two genera mentioned, the seed-part of the pod is surrounded by a well-developed wing and, in addition, the pod is indehiscent; the flower of koompassia is quite different as to the shape and size of petals as well as to the number of staminodes. the genus uittienia, although having the same number of sepals and petals, differs by the number of fertile stamens and, moreover, has unifoliolate leaves. storckiella seem, from the fiji islands and new caledonia, is related, but has an irregular number of calyxand corolla-lobes (3—5, as a rule 4) ; 10 fertile stamens opening by pores contiguous in short slits; and the anthers do not possess an appendage. the fruit shows a striking resemblance but the wing in storckiella is broader. kalappia celebica kostermans, spec. nov.—fig. 1. folia alternata, plerumque 5-foliolata, imparipinnata. foliola alternata, lanceolata vel elliptica, chartacea, 4 x 10 cm, breviter acuminata, explanation of fig. 1. kalappia celebica kosterm.; a, flowering branch, x 0.63; b, fruit, x 0.63; c, flower, x 1.25; d, diagram of flower; e, flower with calyx and corolla removed except for one adaxial sepal, the stamens and staminodes behind the ovary and one stamen at the abaxial end are removed, too (the adaxial fertile stamens are usually smaljer than the abaxial one), x 3.75; /, petals, x 1.25; g, sepals, the lower one not drawn, x 1.25; h, top portion of anther showing pores and excrescence (connective), x 12.5; i, ovary, x 3.1. — drawing after the collection waturandang 19 (cel./iv-87). 1952] kostermans: on two leguminous genera 453 p i g . 1 454r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 basi acuta, utrimque, areolata; supra glabra, nitentia costa canaliculata, nervis primariis 5—8 utrimque, gracillimis, vix elevatis subtus minute pilosa, costa prominente usque ad apicem extremum folioli, nervis primariis paulum elevatis. petiolus 8—10 mm longus. petiolus teres, 3—5 cm longus; rachis glabrescens, 4—8 cm longa. inf lorescentiae axillares, 2—3 aggregatae, dense sericeae, pedunculo brevi communi et rhachi 2—-6 cm longa ramificationibus distantibus, paucis brevibus, dispositis per paria et quae gerunt vicissim ramulos brevissimos secundarios tertiariosque, compositae. bracteae ovatae, parvae, ephemerae. pedicelli 4—6 mm longi, dense sericei. torus brevis, obconicus, sericeus. sepala 5, subaequalia, elliptica, 5—7 mm longa, sericea. petala erecta, aurantiaco-flava, lamina elliptica, tenui, venis brunneis, sensim in unguem coriaceum contracta; petalum maximum 8—10 x 4—6 mm. staminum maximorum filamenta 5 mm longa, glabra crassa, et antherae horizontales. staminodia lateralia crassa; staminodia reliqua graciliora et breviora. ovarium sericeum, lateraliter compressum; stylus glaber, brevis; stigma minutum. legumen planissimum, glabrum basi excepta, apiculatum, sutura dorsali recta vel paulum concava, sutura ventrali convexa, 2 mm late alata. semina singula, raro bina vel terna, usque ad 13 x 11 mm, hilo 3 mm longo, gracili. cotyledones planae, inconspicue venatae; radicula cylindrata, brevissima. tree, up to 40 m high with clear bole of up to 20 m high and 90 cm in diameter; buttresses up to 2—3 m high, 20 cm thick, 2 m over the ground. bark rusty-brown, fissured, rather rough, pealing off in small pieces; dead bark 2 mm thick; living bark 12 mm thick, pinkish red in crosssection, white inside. sapwood 3—5 cm, light brown, abruptly differentiated from the brown heart wood. branches terete, brown, lenticellate; branchlets terete, smooth, or slightly furrowed, black when dried, the apical part minutely pilose. leaves alternate, imparipinnate, as a rule with 5 leaflets (in exceptional cases 6 leaflets), the apical leaves sometimes with only 3 or 2 leaflets. leaflets alternate, rarely (in apical leaves) subopposite, the terminal leaflet as a rule larger than the other ones, chartaceous, lanceolate to elliptic, the largest elliptic one observed 17 x 9 cm, the largest lanceolate one 11 x 3 cm, usually about 10 x 4 cm; apex shortly acuminate; base acute or subacute, rarely (in the broader leaflets) rounded-subacute; both leaf-surfaces concolorous, yellowish brown when dried, conspicuously (below slightly less) areolate; upper surface glossy, the midrib sunken, the primary nerves (5—8 on each side) very slender, rather patent, curved towards margin, hardly raised, the secondary veins laxly reticulate, hardly distinct from areolation; lower surface dull, minutely adpressedly pilose, finally glabrescent, the midrib very strongly prominent as far as the very tip of the leaflet, the primary nerves very slender, slightly raised, the secondary ones hardly conspicuous. petiolules 8—10 mm long, minutely pilose, sulcate above, usually compressed laterally. petiole terete, usually 3—5 cm long (of the higher leaves shorter), slightly thickened at base; rachis usually 4—8 cm long, terete, glabrescent. stipules not seen. inflorescences axillary or subapical on the branchlets, densely silky, usually 2—3 per axil, in bud covered by bracts, usually 8—10 cm long, the sub1952] kostermans: on two leguminous genera 455 apical ones up to 15cm long; common peduncle usually short, rarely more than 4 cm long, rather thick; primary branchlets distant, usually 2 together, few and short, bearing in turn very short secondary and sometimes tertiary branches; all branchlets more or less ascending, broadened and flattened apically. branchlets and pedicels subtended by ovate, 1.5—2 mm long bracts which are soon caducous. bracts concave, silky outside, glabrous inside. pedicels 4—6 mm long, densely silky, merging into the obconical, 0.5—1 mm long torus. flowers about 1 cm long and broad. sepals concave, elliptical, erect-patent, 5—7 mm long, obtusish, densely silky outside, slightly pilose inside, leathery, up to 3 mm wide at base, slightly unequal. petals erect, orange-yellow, the blade thin and transparent with a darker midrib and rather erect, numerous lateral veins which branch near margin; largest petal with broadly elliptic, 8—10 mm long, 4—6 mm wide blade, merging into a stout, leathery claw; other petals with narrower blade. largest stamens with about 5 mm long, stout, glabrous filaments; anthers 2 mm, glabrous, almost horizontal in mature flower (erect in bud) ; apical excrescence horizontal, directed towards lower side of flower. lateral staminodes stout, slightly shorter than the smaller pairs of 4 lateral fertile stamens; other staminodes shorter and more slender. ovary densely silky, laterally compressed, with a short, but distinct, glabrous style and minute, pinhead-shaped stigma, hardly exceeding the largest stamens. pod reddish brown, very flat, glabrous, base excepted, apiculate; dorsal suture almost straight, slightly concave, ventral suture convex, with a 2 mm broad wing; valves thin, smooth inside. seeds usually 1, rarely 2 or 3, disc-like, slightly concave at one side, up to 13 mm long and 11mm wide; testa leathery, smooth; hilus slender, about 3 mm long; cotyledons very flat with faint indication of midrib and lateral veins; radicle short and thick, cylindrical. type.—riman 1 = bb.33693. specimens examined. — celebes. m a l i l i r e g i o n : near malili, alt. 25m, tree of 20 m with 8 m clear bole of 40 cm diam., in bud, april, l.n. polapi wasu (koronsie' language), waturandang 8 = celjiv-87, tree of 25m with 6m clear bole of 70 cm diam., ster., may, l.n. nanakulahi (koronsie and padoe languages), waturandang 38 = cel/iv-108, in bud, may, l.n. polapi wasu (padoe and koronsie languages), waturandang 48 = celjiv-87, fr., feb., tree of 30m with 15 m clear bole of 50 cm diam., waturandang 137 = cel/iv-132, tree of 25 m with 10 m clear bole of 43cm diam., ster., feb., l.n. polapi wasu (padoe and koronsie languages), waturandang 138 = cel.liv-183, flowers yellow, april, l.n. nanakulahi (padoe language) waturandang 168 = cel/iv-108, ster., febr., tree of 30 m with 10 m clear bole of 30 cm diam., l.n. polapi wasu (padoe language), reppie 139 = cel.liv-13h, ster., feb., tree of 25 m with 10 m clear bole of 30 cm diam., l.n. polapi wasu (padoe language), reppie ho — cel.llv-135, fl., fr., may, local name nanakulahi (padoe language), reppie 171 = cel/iv-108; near usu, alt. 10m, in bud, dec, tree of 30m with 20 m clear bole of 50 cm diam., l.n. polapi puteh (padoe and tambee languages), waturandang 109 = cel.hii-59, ster., dec, tree of 30 m with 20 m clear bole of 70cm diam., l.n. polapi tauro or polapi maeto (padoe and tambee languages), watu456 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 randang 121 = cel.liii-67, flowers orange-yellow, aromatic, jan., l.n. polapi tauro (padoe and koronsie languages), waturandang h.5 = cel.1111-67, fruits red, march, l.n. polapi tauro (padoe language), reppie s91 = cel.1111-67, fr., dec, reppie 389 = celjih-67; near lampea, alt. 50 m, ster., april, tree of 23 m with 14 m clear bole of 26 cm diam., hoornstra 7 = bb.13572; near matompi, alt. 300 m, ster., jan., tree of 37 m with 12 m clear bole of 40 cm diam., hoornstra 5 = bb.8557; near pasi manangui, alt. 25m, ster., sept., l.n. kalapi (in luwu district), tree of 30m with 25 m clear bole of 40 cm diam., burki 10 = bb.23260; near margosuko ster., sept., tree of 30 m with 15 m clear bole of 65 cm diam., reppie 16 = bb.32ji.56; near kalaena, fl., dec, tree of 30 m with 12 m clear bole of 53 cm diam., riman 1 = bb.33693 (type). the commercial timber is generally known as kalapi. the local name polapi is a variant of the same name. the suffix puteh or maeto means white and refers to the colour of the trunk, when the latter is reddish the suffix is wasu. the name nanakulahi is composed of nana and kulahi (kalapi). the tree grows from an area behind the seacoast to rather high up in the hills. the soil is usually rocky and contains iron. the tree was found scattered; the number of seedlings was always small. in this region the kalapi is one of the largest trees. it flowers rather irregularly, flowerless years being common. the crown, which is far from dense in medium-sized trees, is thin in large specimens. the timber belongs to the durability class 2. its minimum specific gravity is 0.59, its maximum 0.66, with an average (estimation of 7 samples) of 0.63. 2. on desmofischera holth. the only species of this genus, d. monosperma holth., was described after a specimen, collected by lam (no. 2637) on karakelong island, talaud islands, east indonesia. besides the type, holthuis enumerated several other specimens from karakelong, salebabu, and morotai. comparison of these specimens with monarthrocarpus securiformis (benth.) merr. from the philippines, showed the two to be conspecific. contrary to holthuis' material, the specimens collected by myself on the island of morotai, where the species is common (although scattered) up to 500 m altitude, have always three-foliolate leaves, whereas holthuis' plants were mostly one-foliolate and consequently belong to variety monophylla merr. the pod of these plants from morotai is rather more scabrous-puberulent, as stated by merrill, than minutely pubescent, as indicated by holthuis. in other respects the descriptions of merrill and holthuis agree closely. 1952] kostermans: on two leguminous genera 457 monarthrocarpus securiformis (benth.) m e r r . desmodium securiforme bentham in miquel, pl jungh. 226. 1852; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1 (1) : 255. 1855; f.-vill, nov. app. 62. 1880; vidal, phan. cuming. philipp. 108. 1885; rev. pl vase. filip. 108. 1886. — monarthrocarpus securiformis (benth.) merrill in philipp. j. sc, bot. 5: 89. 1910; enum. phil. fl. pl 2: 291. 1923. desmofischera monosperma holthuis apud holthuis & lam in blumea 5: 189 fig. 5. 1942. additional specimens.—morotai i. sw morotai. totodoku, 30 m alt., limestone, shrub 1 m, june, fl., flowers white, kostermans 1455, may, fr., kostermans s.n., may, fl., fr., kostermans 761; tjao, 30 m alt., limestone, may, fl., kostermans 814. se morotai. mountain slopes along sangowo r., rocky, 200 m alt., shrub 20 cm, may, fl., flowers white, kostermans 900; along sangowo r., 500 m alt., shrub 50 cm, may, fl., flowers white, kostermans 950. binder1 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_01 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_02 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_03 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_04 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_05 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(1) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(1): 1-128.22 july 2002 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 1, pp: 121 – 124 new species of labisia (myrsinaceae) from sumatra bambang sunarno herbarium bogoriense-puslit biologi, lipi, bogor abstract sunarno, bambang. 2002. new species of labisia (myrsinaceae) from sumatra. reinwardtia 12(1): 121– 124. ⎯ three new species l. posthumusiana, l. steenisiana and l. sumatrensis are described. keywords: labisia, myrsinaceae, indonesia abstrak sunarno, bambang. 2002. jenis baru labisia (myrsinaceae) dari sumatra. reinwardtia 12(1): 121–124. ⎯ dipertelakan tiga jenis baru labisia posthumusiana, l. steenisiana dan l. sumatrensis. kata kunci: labisia, myrsinaceae, indonesia. since the monograph of myrsinaceae was published in 1902 some local treatments of the genera, e.g. ardisia (sleumer, 1988; stone, 1982, 1989) for new guinea and borneo, conandrium, discocalyx, embelia, fittingia, grenacheria and maesa had been revised for new guinea (sleumer 1986, 1987, 1988), and labisia was reviewed for peninsular malaysia by stone (1988). this paper concerns with the latter, the genus labisia lindl. with special references to indonesia. the plant resembles ardisia, especially to that of subgen. bladhia. the type species is labisia pothoina lindl. the correct name for this type species, l. pumila was formerly named as ardisia pumila. however its induplicato-valvate petals and imbrication in the margin provide good features distinguishable from ardisia. mez (1902) placed labisia in the tribe myrsineae on the basis of its monoseriate ovules, while ardisia belongs to ardisieae. those the two genera were separated at tribal levels. beside the venation of the leaf which shows numerous lateral main nerves and almost parallel to each other, the reddish brown peltate trichome which is distributed throughout young stem, petiole, midrib, lamina and also peduncle, pedicel, ovary and stamen was also mentioned as a good character for the genus (stone, 1988). morphology of flowers shows a clue to specific distinction, especially on the shape and size of the almost mature corolla bud (flower bud nearly to anthesis). the shape and size of petals, sepals, stamens and styles are here considered as diagnostic characters for specific distinction. in a certain limit, a corelation of flower and leaf characters is considered diagnostic for infrapecific distinction within l. pumila complex. sterile or fruiting specimens may be identifiable to some extend, but satisfactory identification is mostly achieved by flowering specimens. after a thorough study of the genus labisia at herbarium bogoriense, k (royal botanical garden kew herbarium), l (rijksherbarium leiden) to include specimens from java, sumatra, kalimantan (indonesian borneo), moluccas, sulawesi and irian jaya (west new guinea), i examine some species which are not match to the known species, therefore they are to be proposed here as new: 1. labisia posthumusiana sunarno, spec. nov. – fig. 1 a labisia acuto alabastris obclavatis; stamenibus duplo brevioribus ca. 1.2 mm longis, antheris duplo brevioribus ca. 1 mm longis, folia magna, oblonga vel obovata subcoriacea differt. – typus: sumatra, prov. jambi, selemuku, fl. & young fr. aug., 1925. posthumus 777 (l–holo; bo–iso). erect or decumbent undershrub, up to 60 cm high. stem rather stout. leaves many, vaguely alternate, broadly oblong or or broadly obovate, usually large, 16–22 by 6–12 cm, very rarely smaller, subcoriaceous; margin dentate; base acuminate, decurrent; apex acute to obtusely acuminate or rounded, emarginate; midrib sunken above, prominent; lateral main nerves numerous, c. 2 cm, jointed at 5–7 mm margin; petiole 0.5–1 cm, superficially sub-sessile, sligthly winged. inflorescences axillar, paniculate or ra-ceme of corymbose fascicles of 2–5 flowers each, 10–15 cm long, not branched; bracts and bracteoles 121 122 reinwardtia [vol. 12 nearly equal, deltoid, c. 1 mm long; peduncle 4–5 cm long; corymbose peduncles 4–5 mm long. flower white or pinkish white; pedicels c. 2 mm long. sepal 5, connated just only at base; segment valvate; lobes imbricate in mature flower buds, deltoid, slightly cupidate at apex, c. 1 mm long. corola 5, obclavate in mature buds, 4–4.5 mm long; lobes somewhat narrowly ovate or lanceolate, 4.5–5 by 1–1.5 mm. stamens 5, c. 1.2 mm long; filaments c. 0.1 mm long; anthers elliptic, c. 1 mm long, connective appendage c. 0.1 mm long. ovary ovoid; placenta broadly ellipsoid, ovules 6. style filiforms, 4–5 mm long, rarely slightly shorter. fruits drupaceous, young fruit subglobose. fig. 1. labisia posthumusiana sunarno. a. habit. b. flower bud; c. frontside view of a detached petal with enclosed stamen; d. opened ovary; e. enlarged placenta and ovules; f. stamen, backside view; g. calyx shape, projection of inside view (after posthumus 777) distribution. sumatra: jambi in selemuku and pasir mayang. probably also in bukit cengkeembun, inderagiri highland. habitat. primary forest, swampy forest, at 50 300 m alt., probably higher up to 700 m alt. flowering: august and december; fruiting: october, december and february. field notes. leaf dark green, venation red, peduncle red, fruits light green. notes. it is allied to l. acuta which is common in sumatra e.g. riau, jambi, bangka isl. and borneo e.g. sarawak and central kalimantan. however, the new species can be easily distinguished by the shape and size of leaves and stamens. the fruiting specimen buwalda 7081 from bukit cengkeembun at 700 m alt. has smaller leaves and slightly shorter style. it is perhaps a variant of the species due to altitudinal factor. the epithet is after dr. oane posthumus (1898–1945), director of general experimental station for agriculture and professor of agricultural college at bogor in 1939–1941. specimens examined: sumatra. jambi: kab. muara bungo–tebo, pesisip river, near dusun pasir mayang, primary swampy forest 50 m alt., fl. & fr. dec. 1980, franken & roos 351 (l); kab. muara bungo–tebo, pt. ifa concession, pasir mayang, primary forest 100–300 m alt., young. fr. feb.2, 1982. (leaf dark green, venation red, peduncle red, fruits light green.), vreeken-buijs 6 (l); kab. sarolangun, selemuku, 180 m alt., fl. aug.25, 1925, posthumus 777 (bo–iso, l–holo); kab. muara bungo–tebo, bukit cengkeembun, ca. 700 m alt., young. fr., buwalda 7081 (bo). 2. labisia steenisiana sunarno, sp. nov. – fig. 2 labisia pumilo alabstris angusto ovoidea ad aliquanta conica, petalis, sepalis, stylis et antheris differt.. – typus: sumatra, aceh, lintang, 1800 m alt., fl. sept., 1937. van steenis 6310. (bo–holo; l–iso). undershrubs, erect to 20–25 cm high or decumbent up to 50 cm long. stem slender. leaves spirally arranged or apparently alternate; lamina ovate, 5–12 by 2–6 cm, subcoriaceous; margin subentire to crenulate; base acute to obtuse, slightly decurrent or not; apex acute to acuminate; midrib sunken above, secondary nerves numerous, c. 4 cm, widely patent almost parallel, conjunction 4–5 mm from margin; petiole 3-5 cm long, terete or slightly winged base thickened. inflorescences axillar, paniculate, 6–20 cm long, never branched; bracts and bracteoles narrowly triangular, 2–3 mm long; peduncles 3–9 cm long. flowers white or pinkish white; pedicels 2–3 mm long. sepal lobes narrowly ovate to narrowly triangular, c. 1.5 mm long, acuminate. corolla ovoid to vaguely conical in mature buds, 3.5–4 mm long, top acuminates. petals connected near the base; segments valvate; lobes ovate to narrowly ovate, 3.5–4 by 1.5–2 mm, apex acuminate. stamens c. 2 mm long, filaments c. 0.2 mm long; anthers elliptic 0.9–1 mm long; connective appendages 0.9–1 mm long, backside glandular 2002] sunarno: labisia from sumatra 123 pusticulate. ovary ovate; placenta broadly ellipsoid; ovules 6. style filiforms, 3.5–4 mm long. fruit globose, c. 7–9 mm diam. seed globose, 3.5–5 mm diam., ribbed. 0 1 mm 0 1 mm 0 1 mm 0 1 mm 0 1 mm 0 10 cm a b c d e f fig. 2. labisia steenisiana sunarno. a. habit; b. flower bud; c. frontside view of a detached petal with enclosed stamen; d. opened ovary; e. enlarged placenta with ovules; f. stamen, back side view (after van steenis 6310) distribution. sumatra. habitat. usually in moist shady primary forests or damp forests at 1500-2000 m alt. flowering: february, march, and september. notes. it is close to l. pumila in vegetative part, but easily distinguish by the narrowly ovoid corolla in flower buds, much longer styles and connective appendages. in some cases it resembles l. paucifolia but it has distinctive stamen and style. ridley described l. paucifolia as having style c. 1 mm long, but 3.5–4 mm long in l. steenisiana. the former species also has so much longer anther with shorter connective appendage which is different from the latter new species. specimens examined. sumatra. – kab. aceh tenggara, lau alas river, 1000-2000 m alt., fl. feb.7, 1937, steenis 8702 (bo, l); kab. aceh tenggara, lintang, 1800 m alt., damp forest, forested ridge, fl. march, 1937, steenis 6310 (bo–holo, l–iso); kab. aceh tenggara, gayo land, mt. kemiri east slope, camp 1 to 2, 1800 m alt., fl. march, 1937, steenis 9564 (bo, k, l). 3. labisia sumatrensis sunarno, spec. nov. – fig. 3. labisia paucifoliolis antheris breviora, filamentis longiora, connectivo appendicis breviora, et stylis longiora differt.typus: sumatra, aceh, upper mamas river valley, c. 15 km west of kutacane, c. 1500 m alt., g. leuser nature res., camp central, fl. june 24, 1979. de willde & de wilde-duyfjes 19059 (bo– holo; l– iso) 0 1 mm 0 1 mm 0 1 mm 0 1 mm 0 0,5 mm a 0 10 cm d e cb f g 0 1 mm fig. 3. labisia sumatrensis sunarno. a. habit; b. flower bud; c. frontside view of a detached petal with enclosed stamen; d. opened ovary with the shape of placenta (enlarged); e. stamen, backside view ( a–e) after de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 19059); f & g stamen and placenta of labisia paucifolia ridley (after md. haniff & nur 7950). undershrubs, erect up to 25 cm tall. stem slender, striates. leaves spirally arranged; lamina subovate to ovate, 7–8 by 3.5–4 cm, subcoriaceous; margin crenulate; base obtuse, apex acute, rounded or emarginate; midrib sunken above, glandular punctates, prominent underneath; lateral nerves c. 6 cm, conjunction 1–3 mm from margin; petioles terete, 3–4 cm long or more, base thickened. inflorescences axillar, paniculate, or raceme of corymb fascicles, c. 4 cm long; bracts narrowly triangular, c. 3 mm long; bracteoles triangular 1–2 mm long; peduncles c. 2 cm long, corymb peduncles c. 0.5 cm long to nearly sessile. flowers pinkish white, pedicels 1–2 mm long. sepal lobes ovate, c. 0.5 mm long, acuminate. corolla subovoids in mature buds, 3 mm long, top acute. petal lobes ovate, c. 3 by 1–1.5 mm long. stamens 1.7–1.8 mm long; filaments 0.4– 0.6 mm long; anthers c. 1 mm long; connetive appendages c. 0.3 mm long, backside glandular puncticulates. ovary subglobose; placenta broadly ovoid, ovules 6–7. style filiforms, c. 3 mm long, stigma notched. fruits unknown. 124 reinwardtia [vol. 12 distribution. sumatra habitat. montane rainforests on humus rich soils, at 1200-1500 m alt. specimens examined: sumatra. kab. aceh tenggara, gn. leuser nature reserve, upper mamas river valley, c. 15 km west of kutacane, c. 1500 m alt., fl. june 24, 1979, w.j.j.o de wilde & b.e.e. de wilde duyfjes 19059 (bo–holo, l–iso); kab. aceh tenggara, gn. leuser nature reserve, upper mamas river valley, c. 15 km west of kutacane, c. 1500 m alt., fl.june 24, 1979, w.j.j.o de wilde & b.e.e. de wilde duyfjes 18310 (bo, l). kab. asahan, east coast sumatra, aek si tamburak, asahan (region southeast of dolok si manuk manuk, st., oct.28, 1936, rahmat si boeea & bartlett 10660 (l); kab. asahan, aek si tamburak, asahan (region southeast of dolok si manuk manuk, st., oct.26, 1936, rahmat si boeea & bartlett 10633 (l); kab. asahan. vicinity of talun na uli, toba (east of dolok si manuk manuk, near headwater of aek mandosi, fl., oct., 1936, rahmat si boeea & bartlett 10202 (l). acknowledgements the author would like to express his gratitude to the british council and flora malesiana foundation for financial support during his studis in royal botanical gardens, kew, and rijksherbarium, leiden. he is grateful to drs. r.m. polhill and b. verdcourt of kew, drs. p. baas, the late c. kalkman, the late r. geesink for their support and encouragement for the study. he wish to thank drs. mien a. rifai and e. a. widjaja of herbarium bogoriense for their advice and help. his special thank to the late dr. b.c. stone from the department of botany, academy of natural sciences, philadelphia, usa for his encouragement to him for the study of myrsinaceae family. this work was accomplished as a part of msc dissertation submitted gadjah mada university with financial supports to him from lipi (lembaga ilmu pengetahuan indonesia) 1986–1989. references mez, c. 1902. myrsinaceae. in a engler. das pflanzenreich regni vegetabilis. conspectus iv no. 236. konigl. press. akademische der wissensch. weinheim. sleumer, h. 1986. a revision of the genus rapanea aubl. (myrsinaceae) in new guinea. blumea 31(2): 245–269. sleumer, h. 1987. a revision of the genus maesa forsk. (myrsinaceae) in new guinea, the moluccas, and the solomon islands. blumea 32(1): 39–65. sleumer, h. 1988. the genera discocalyx mez, fittingia mez, loheria merr. and tapeinosperma hook.f. (myrsinaceae) in new guinea. blumea 33(1): 81–102. sleumer, h. 1988. a revision of the genus ardisia sw. (myrsinaceae) in new guinea. blumea 33 (1): 115–140. stone, b.c. 1988. notes on the genus labisia lindl. (myrsinaceae). malayan nature journal 42: 43–51. stone. b.c. 1989. new and noteworthy malesian myrsinaceae, iii. on the genus ardisia sw. in borneo. proceed. acad. nat. sc. philadelphia 141: 263–306. instruction to authors taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 1.2002 contents page y. purwanto. gestion de la biodiversite: relations aux plantes et dynamiques vegetales chez les dani de la vallee de la baliem en irian jaya, indonesie 1 tri mulyaningsih & colin ernest ridsdale. the bornean genus hypobathrum (rubiaceae): an investigation of its characters and taxonomic status 95 bambang sunarno & hiroshi ohashi. a new species of dalbergia (leguminosae) from malay peninsula 117 bambang sunarno. new species of labisia (myrsinaceae) from sumatra 121 sri s. tjitrosoedirdjo. four new taxa of asteraceae in sumatra 125 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia dpn 92-186-1-sm new species of labisia (myrsinaceae) from sumatra bambang sunarno abstract sunarno, bambang. 2002. new species of l� abstrak acknowledgements bkgn reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(2): 249-324, december 23, 2015 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirinpartomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia a c b d e g f h cover images: zingiber engganoensis ardiyani. a. habit b. leafy shoot and the inflorescence showing rhizomes, roots and root-tuber c. leaves d. ligule and swollen petiole e. dissection of inflorescence showing fruit f. spike and flowers g. dissection of flowers and fruits showing bract, bracteole, two lateral staminodes, two petal lobes, labellum, and the four appendages of the anther h. flower. source of materials: e190 (bo). photo credits: b, c, d by arief supnatna. a, e, f, g, h by marlina ardiyani. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 14(2): abdul latiff mohamad, faculty of science & technology, universiti kebangsaan malaysia, malaysia abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk campbell o. webb arnold arboretum, university of harvard, usa edwino fernando dept. of forest biological sciences, university of the philippines, los baños, philippines fabian brambach dept. of ecology & ecosystem research, georg august university, gottingen, germany john mood lyon arboretum, university of hawaii, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, chicago, usa mark newman royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk martin dancak faculty of science, palacky university, czech republic mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi) ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 307 ‒ 310 307 numbers for the three barcoding regions are summarized in table 2. species description zingiber engganoensis ardiyani, spec. nov. fig. 1, plate 1. — type: indonesia, bengkulu province, enggano island, jangkar river, 17 m, 5°21'37"s, 102° 16'57"e, 25 april 2015, m. ardiyani, w. wardani & d. rosalina, enggano190 (holo: bo). zingiber engganoensis differs from zingiber spectabile in its thin, and plicate leaves, glaucous leaf underside, structure of labellum which narrows towards the base, rounded and emarginate at the apex, and separated from the lateral staminodes. leafy shoot to 5 m tall, not clumping, with ± 25 leaves; base light green, pubescent, 3 cm in diameter. rhizome light brown externally, cream internally, with a few tubercles. tubercle narrow elliptic, cream to light brown externally, cream internally. leaf sheath covered with pubescent light red scales. ligule bilobed and split to the base, apex acute-round, 0.5−1.7 × 1.2−1.3 cm, pubescent, light green, thin, papery in dried specimen. petiole swollen, tilted to left or right 45o, light green, pubescent. leaves linear-elliptic towards basal, linear-lanceolate towards terminal, 18.5 × 3.5 to 46 × 9.5 cm, pubescent, light green above, glaucous underside, base obtuse-round, oblique, apex acuminate-caudate (cauda 1−1.5 cm long), plicate (seen as thick lines in dried specimen), thin (papery in dried specimen). inflorescence radical, attached introduction in 1936, a dutch botanist, wilhelm jan lütjeharms did a botanical collection on enggano island (van steenis, 1950), located ca. 100 km southwest of bengkulu, sumatra, indonesia. studying the geological history of this island revealed that it was never connected to sumatra, hence its flora is most likely unique. lütjeharms only recorded etlingera hemisphaerica (blume) r.m. sm., but no zingiber. in the intervening years, no further collections have been done on the island. recently, a group of researchers from research center for biology, the indonesian institute of sciences revisited enggano island. the expedition managed to collect one species of zingiber which morphologically resembled z. spectabile. nevertheless, close morphological examination reveal the taxon to be different from z. spectabile. materials and methods the morphology of the new species was described from living plants collected in the field. detailed morphological measurements were made using ruler and a calibrated eye piece under a dissecting microscope. the holotype was obtained from the living plants growing in the field. dna extraction, amplification and sequencing were carried out for three barcoding regions of rbcl and matk, and the nuclear internal trancribed spacer 2 (its2). dna amplification was performed using published primers under standard conditions (see kress and erickson, 2007). genbank accession a new species of zingiber (zingiberaceae) from enggano island, indonesia received july 03, 2015; accepted september 09, 2015 marlina ardiyani herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: marlina.ardiyani@lipi.go.id abstract ardiyani, m. 2015. — a new species of zingiber (zingiberaceae) from enggano island, indonesia. reinwardtia 14 (2): 307 ‒ 310. — a species of zingiber miller (zingiberaceae), z. engganoensis ardiyani, from enggano island, indonesia is described. the species is only known from its type locality. it is similar to z. spectabile griff. but with some morphological differences. three-locus dna barcodes (rbcl, matk and its2) of the new species were generated for its identification purposes. key words: dna bar code, enggano island, z ingiber, zingiberaceae. abstrak ardiyani, m. 2015. satu jenis baru keluarga jahe-jahean (zingiberaceae) dari pulau enggano, indonesia. reinwardtia 14(2): 307 ‒ 310. — satu jenis baru keluarga jahe-jahean (zingiberaceae), zingiber engganoensis ardiyani dari pulau enggano, indonesia dipertelakan. jenis baru ini diketahui dari lokasi tipe saja, menyerupai zingiber spectabile griff., namun memiliki beberapa perbedaan karakter morfologi. tiga buah lokus dna barcode (rbcl, matk dan its2) dari jenis baru ini telah disekuens untuk keperluan identifikasi jenis. kata kunci: dna barcode, pulau enggano, z ingiber, zingiberaceae. reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 307 � 310 307 numbers for the three barcoding regions are summarized in table 2. species description zingiber engganoensis ardiyani, spec. nov. fig. 1, plate 1. — type: indonesia, bengkulu province, enggano island, jangkar river, 17 m, 5°21'37"s, 102° 16'57"e, 25 april 2015, m. ardiyani, w. wardani & d. rosalina, enggano190 (holo: bo). zingiber engganoensis differs from zingiber spectabile in its thin, and plicate leaves, glaucous leaf underside, structure of labellum which narrows towards the base, rounded and emarginate at the apex, and separated from the lateral staminodes. leafy shoot to 5 m tall, not clumping, with ± 25 leaves; base light green, pubescent, 3 cm in diameter. rhizome light brown externally, cream internally, with a few tubercles. tubercle narrow elliptic, cream to light brown externally, cream internally. leaf sheath covered with pubescent light red scales. ligule bilobed and split to the base, apex acute-round, 0.5−1.7 × 1.2−1.3 cm, pubescent, light green, thin, papery in dried specimen. petiole swollen, tilted to left or right 45o, light green, pubescent. leaves linear-elliptic towards basal, linear-lanceolate towards terminal, 18.5 × 3.5 to 46 × 9.5 cm, pubescent, light green above, glaucous underside, base obtuse-round, oblique, apex acuminate-caudate (cauda 1−1.5 cm long), plicate (seen as thick lines in dried specimen), thin (papery in dried specimen). inflorescence radical, attached introduction in 1936, a dutch botanist, wilhelm jan lütjeharms did a botanical collection on enggano island (van steenis, 1950), located ca. 100 km southwest of bengkulu, sumatra, indonesia. studying the geological history of this island revealed that it was never connected to sumatra, hence its flora is most likely unique. lütjeharms only recorded etlingera hemisphaerica (blume) r.m. sm., but no zingiber. in the intervening years, no further collections have been done on the island. recently, a group of researchers from research center for biology, the indonesian institute of sciences revisited enggano island. the expedition managed to collect one species of zingiber which morphologically resembled z. spectabile. nevertheless, close morphological examination reveal the taxon to be different from z. spectabile. materials and methods the morphology of the new species was described from living plants collected in the field. detailed morphological measurements were made using ruler and a calibrated eye piece under a dissecting microscope. the holotype was obtained from the living plants growing in the field. dna extraction, amplification and sequencing were carried out for three barcoding regions of rbcl and matk, and the nuclear internal trancribed spacer 2 (its2). dna amplification was performed using published primers under standard conditions (see kress and erickson, 2007). genbank accession a new species of zingibe r (zingiberaceae) from enggano island, indonesia received july 03, 2015; accepted september 09, 2015 marlina ardiyani herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: marlina.ardiyani@lipi.go.id abstract ardiyani, m. 2015. — a new species of zingiber (zingiberaceae) from enggano island, indonesia. reinwardtia 14 (2): 307 � 310. — a species of zingiber miller (zingiberaceae), z. engganoensis ardiyani, from enggano island, indonesia is described. the species is only known from its type locality. it is similar to z. spectabile griff. but with some morphological differences. three-loci dna barcodes (rbcl, mat k and its2) of the new species were generated for its identification purposes. key words: dna bar code, enggano island, z ingiber, zingiberaceae. abstrak ardiyani, m. 2015. satu jenis baru keluarga jahe-jahean (zingiberaceae) dari pulau enggano, indonesia. reinwardtia 14(2): 307 � 310. — satu jenis baru keluarga jahe-jahean (zingiberaceae), zingiber engganoensis ardiyani dari pulau enggano, indonesia dipertelakan. jenis baru ini diketahui dari lokasi tipe saja, menyerupai zingiber spectabile griff., namun memiliki beberapa perbedaan karakter morfologi. tiga buah lokus dna barcode ( rbcl, matk dan its2) dari jenis baru ini telah disekuens untuk keperluan identifikasi jenis. kata kunci: dna barcode, pulau enggano, z ingiber, zingiberaceae. reinwardtia 308 [vol.14 to the base of the leafy shoot, erect, 40.5−49.5 cm long. scape covered by up to 10 pubescent scales, 35−40 cm long, 2−2.5 cm diameter, pubescent, light green; scales overlapped but free, getting broader towards terminal, 2−5 cm long, light red, with dark brown longitudinal stripes in dried specimen. spike cylindrical and tapering towards terminal, 13.5−18 × 4−4.5 cm, composed of overlapped, spirally arranged bracts. bracts obovate with truncate apex, 2.9−3.5 × 3.1−3.5 cm, pubescent, bright red, getting white towards the base, with yellow-brown lines and black-dotted edge in spirit material, apex curled inward (curly part 2−2.5 mm long). bracteoles cylindrical, split to the base, apex acute, cucullate, 3.6−4 × 0.5 cm, red, getting white towards the base, 3−5 mm top part protruding beyond the edge of the bracts. calyx teethed, deeply split in one side, 1.6−1.7 × 1.3 cm, white transparent. corolla total length 5.7 cm, cream white with reddish-brown tinge, with black-dotted edge and black lines in spirit material; dorsal lobe boat-shaped, elliptic, apex acute, slightly cucullate, 2.4−2.7 × 1 cm; lateral staminodes lobes linear-lanceolate, 2.3−2.4 × 5−6 mm. labellum narrow at the base, getting broader towards the emarginate apex, 2.2 × 1.1 cm, reddish-brown with cream blotch; side lobes lanceolate, deeply incised, 14−16 × 4−5 mm, reddish-brown with cream dots. a nther bent ± 50o, 14 × 4 mm, 2 mm thick, yellow. a nther crest with s-shaped tip, 1.4 cm long, yellow. stigma cup-shaped with fimbriate edge, white transparent. ovary 5 × 4.5 mm, cream. stylodes 2, subulate with acute apex, 9 × 1 mm, white. fruit round, with cream-white calyx remnant, 1.6 × 1 cm, red, getting white towards the base. locule contains 4 seeds, 1.4 × 7 mm. seed oval, 8 × 4.5 mm, black, covered with white aril. distribution. at pr esent this species is known only from the type locality. habitat. gr ows in secondar y for est along the steep river bank on thin soil over coral. etymology. the specific epithet is der ived fr om the locality of the type, enggano island. phenology. zingiber engganoensis was observed in flower and fruit when it was collected at the end of april 2015. conservation status. not assessed. notes. this species from enggano island resembles z. spectabile especially in its inflorescence and red curved inward apex of the bracts. however, the habit is actually different as the enggano species was found almost solitaire separated from other plant. close morphological observation revealed that the species from enggano island have some differences from z. spectabile, tabulated in table 1. acknowledgements i would like to thank kedeputian bidang ilmu pengetahuan hayati (iph), and herbarium bogoriense, research center for biology, the indonesian institute of sciences who let me join the enggano expedition. i am also indebted to dr ary prihardhyanto keim, mr tri, mr trisno utomo, mrs wita wardani, dr ruliyana susanti, mrs dewi rosalina and my other colleagues in the enggano expedition who helped me in the field and in collecting the specimens. i would also like to thank to dr john mood for precious discussion. my thanks are also due to susila in the molecular systematics lab, mr subari, mrs anne and mr wahyu who helped and taught me to make the line drawing. last but not least, i would like to thank the editors and the reviewers who helped me to improve the quality of this paper. references kress, w.j. & erickson, d.l. 2007. a two-locus global dna barcode for land plants: the coding rbcl gene complements the non-coding trnh-psba spacer region. plos one 2: e508. van steenis, c.g.g.j. 1950. flora malesiana. vol. i. noordhoff, jakarta, 639 p. table 1. comparison of morphological characters of z. engganoenis ardiyani and z. spectabile z. engganoensis ardiyani z. spectabile habit non-clumping clumping ligule petiole bilobed, split to the base with rounded apex subsessile, swollen, tilted to left or right 45o entire subsessile, slightly swollen, slightly tilted leaf colour leaf coating light green with no clear greenish-white midrib above glaucous underside dark green with clear greenish-white midrib above glaucous leaf shape linear-elliptic to linear-lanceolate with obtuseround base and acuminate-caudate apex linear-lanceolate with obtuse-round base and acuminate apex leaf surface plicate, thin non-plicate, thick flower labellum narrow at the base with rounded and emarginate apex broad at the base, getting narrow towards the apex with deeply incised side lobes lateral staminodes separated from labellum joined with the labellum 2015] 309 ardiyani: a new species of zingiber from enggano fig. 1. line drawing of zingiber engganoensis ardiyani. a. leaves b. swollen petiole and split ligule c. leafy shoot, inflorescence peduncle and root system d. inflorescence e. a single flower sits on the bract f. bract and bracteole g. whole flower h. flower with labellum and lateral staminodes removed i. calyx j. calyx spread up k. ovary longitudinal section with stylodes l. ovary cross section m & n. anther and appendage o. s-shaped appendage and pistillum p. fruit q. locule containing seeds r. individual seed covered with arils. (line drawing by marlina ardiyani). table 2. voucher information and genbank accession numbers for zingiber engganoensis species gene region genbank accession number voucher (herbarium location) zingiber engganoensis rbcl kt026199 enggano190 (bo) matk kt026200 enggano190 (bo) its2 kt026201 enggano190 (bo) reinwardtia 310 [vol.14 plate 1. zingiber engganoensis ardiyani. a. habit b. leafy shoot and the inflorescence showing rhizomes, roots and root-tuber c. leaves d. ligule and swollen petiole e. dissection of inflorescence showing fruit f. spike and flowers g. dissection of flowers and fruits showing showing bract, bracteole, two lateral staminodes, two petal lobes, labellum, and the four appendages of the anther h. flower. source of materials: e190 (bo). photo credits: b, c, d by arief supriatna. a, e, f, g, h by marlina ardiyani. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id a 2 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_1-1 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_61-61 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_62-62 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_63-63 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_64-64 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_79-79 u b volume 4 december 1956 part i reinwardtia being a continuation of t h e bulletin du jardin botanique de buitenzorg (bulletin of the botanic gardens, buitenzorg) editors a n w a r i dilmy (herbarium bogoriense) and c. g. g. j. van steenis (flora malesiana) published by herbarium bogoriense kebun raya indonesia reinwardtia vol.4, part 1, pp. 1-118, bogor, december 1956 r, e i n w a r d t.i. a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 1, pp. 89-97 (1956) florae malesianae praecursores xiii notes on malaysian and some s. e. asian cyperaeeae iv* j. h. k e e n * * scirpus subcapitatus thw. beetle (in am. j. bot. 3 3 : 664. 1946} classified the malaysian allies of scirpus subcapitatus thw. as follows: culms terete, smooth spikelets single on culms; mucros of sheaths and of outer scale scabrous. . s. clarkei spikelets mostly 2—4; . mucros of sheaths and of outer scale smooth. s. subcapitatus culms trigonous (sometimes obscurely), scabrous on at least one angle (often obscurely). scales 4mm long, lanceolate-acute; spikelets 1—3, rayed. s. clarkei var. pakapakensis the difficulties encountered in this group could not be solved by the application of this key to the numerous specimens i could study. in the type specimen of scirpus pakapakensis stapf from borneo, mt. kinabalu, the stems are not trigonous. although in thwaites cp306 (type collection of scirpus subcapitatus) the mucros of the leaf-sheaths and of the outermost glume are practically smooth, they are scaberulous in several indian specimens otherwise quite agreeing with the type collection. in some specimens from mt. kinabalu the stems are slightly scaberulous at the top; for the rest they agree very well with the type of scirpus clarkei stapf. i also fail to trace dividing lines in this group in the way stapf did. he distinguished s. clarkei from s. subcapitatus by the very slender habit, the more advanced development of the lamina of the leaves, the solitary spikelets, and the more distinctly barbellate perianth-bristles. scirpus pakapakensis was said to differ from s. clarkei by the inflorescence nearly always consisting of 2—3 spikelets and by the longer glumes, and from. s. subcapitatus by the loose inflorescence and the more distinctly barbellate bristles. in his opinion the sumatran and the chinese specimens * part i in reinwardtia 2: 97—130. 1952; ii in reinwardtia 3: 27—66. 1954; hi'in blumea 8: 11.0—109. 1955. ' ** flora malesiana foundation, leyden. — 89 — r e l n w a r d t l a [vol. 4 would represent two other species, all very closely allied but geographically widely separated. as to s. clarkei and s. paka/pakensis, both from mt. kinabalu, the latter remark is obviously not true. in my opinion none of the characters mentioned by stapf are reliable for specific separation. the specimens from mt. pulog, luzon, very slender and always 1-spiculate like s. elarkei, are obviously more clearly distinct by the quite smooth perianth-bristles about as long as the nut. they may be distinguished as a geographical race. a still more pronounced taxon is represented by the specimens from latimodjong range, s. w. celebes, with almost filiform stems, very small solitary spikelets 3—-5 mm long and 1—2 mm wide, much smaller ovate to broadly ovate glumes 1%—2 mm long and lvz—1% mm wide, unequal bristles (the outer ones flat and almost straight, the inner ones filiform and strongly flexuous, all strongly papillose, 2—3 mm long), and small nuts (1.25—1.5 x 0.75—0.9 mm). although they make the impression to represent a separate species, it seems better to treat them also as a geographical race of scirpus subcapitatus considering the extraordinary polymorphy of this species. scirpus subcapitatus thw. ssp. pulogensis (merr.) kern, stat. nov. scirpus pulogensis merr. in philip. j. sci., bot. 5: 333. 1910; enum. philip. fl. pl 1: 118. 1923.—merrill 6650 (us). scirpus subcapitatus thw. ssp. eelebicus kern, subspec. nov.-—fig. 1 culmi graciles, filiformes, obtuse trigoni, (10—) 15—25 cm alti, c. 1/3 mm crassi. spicula solitaria, 3—5 mm longa, 1—2 mm lata. glumae ovatae vel late ovatae, 1 3/4—2 mm longae, i 1/2—1 3/4 mm latae. setae perianthii 5—6, distincte papillosae, 2—3 mm longae, inaequales, exteriores planae, rectae vel subflexuosae, interiores filiformes, valde flexuosae. antherae lineares, c. 1 mm longae. nux 1 1/4—l 1/2 mm longa, 0.75—0.9 mm lata. s. w. celebes. s u b d i v . e n r e k a n g . latimodjong mts, b. rante mario, moist locality, alt. 2700 m, june 1929, kjellberg 3729 (bo) ; masimbollong, alt. 3000 m, june 25, 1937, eyma 981 {type) (l); pokapindjang, open sandy country just below summit, alt. 2800 m, june 16, 1937, eyma 593 (bo, l). scirpus wallichii nees and scirpus juncoides roxb. seirpus wallichii nees in wight, contr. bot. ind. 112. 1834; kunth, enum. 2: 160. 1837; steud., syn. pi. glum. 2: 84. 1855; ohwi in mem. coll. sci., kyoto imp. univ. b18: 113. 1943.—scirpus ereetus var. wallichii (nees) beetle in am. j. bot. 29: 654. 1942.—wallich 8468 (k) ! 1956] j. h. kern: florae malesianae precursores xii 91 6 x c n i l s cfp"s subcapitatus thw. ssp. eelebicus kern: a, habit, 1/2 x; b, spikelet, 12 x h 'fertile glume 12x perianth bristles, 12 x ; e-g, lower (empty) glumes eyma 981 (l) x i, two of tge perianth bristles, strongly enlarged.—from 92 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 closely related to scirpus juncoides roxb. and united with it by most authors, but in my opinion a well characterized, species. the two can readily be distinguished by the following characters : stems inflorescence spikelets glumes bristles anthers stigmas nut scirpus juncoides roxb. rather slender, terete, more rarely angular, 15—75(—120) cm x 1—2(—3) mm. with (1—) 2—7 spikelets. obtusish, stramineous to brownish at maturity, 5—6 mm wide. firm, broadly ovate, obtuse, 3— 3 1/2 mm wide. 5—6, shorter than or the longest ones only slightly exceeding the nut, up to 2(—2 1/2 ) mm long. linear, 1—l 1/2 mm long. 2, not rarely a short additional third one present. unequally biconvex (only lowconvex on the ventral side), about 2 x i 1/2—1 3/4 mm. scirpus wallichii nees very slender, 4—5-angular, 10 —40 cm x 3/4—1 mm. with 1—2(—3) spikelets. acute, greenish, 3—4 mm wide. membranous, ovate to elliptic, acute, about 2% mm wide. 4—5, distinctly longer than the nut, about 3 mm long. oblong-linear, 2. 1/2—3/4 mm long. planoconvex (theventral side flat or slightly concave), usually somewhat smaller, 1 3/4 x \/2 mm. scirpus wallichii is known from japan (hondo, shikoku, kiushiu), korea, formosa, china (jangtze valley, lun hung fan s.n., sing), the mergui archipelago (griffith 6288, k), and malaysia. malay p e n i n s u l a . k e d a h. kepala batas, nov. 10, 1941, corner s.n. (sing); same locality, nov. 11, 1941, corner sfs8108, p.p. (l). m a l a c c a . batu berendam, j a n . 28, 1918, burkill sfs112 (sing) ; sawar, nov. 1890, ridley s.n. (sing). — p h i l i p p i n e s . l u z o n . luzon central, rio tansa, loher 1su9 (k) ; manila and vicinity, dec. 1914, merrill 9797 (bm, bo, ny, us) ; prov. of bulacan, sept. 1913, ramos phil. pi. 1u1, p.p. (bm, bo, l). the intricate synonymy of scirpus juncoides and its allies was discussed by s. t. blake in proc. roy. soc. queensl. 62: 83—88. 1952. i agree with him as to the correctness of the names scirpus lateriflorus gmel. and s. juncoides roxb. for the malaysian species hitherto generally known as s. supinus l. and s. er.ectus poir. however, the citation isolepis (?) juncoides (roxb.) miq. inthe synonymy of scirpus juncoides should. 19561 j. h. kern: florae mnlesianae preeursores xii read isolepis (?) juncoides miq., as this name is not based on roxburgh's binomial. moreover, it should be cited in the synonymy of s. lateriflorus, as appears from the type specimen in the leyden herbarium and from miquel's unambiguous description. scirpus erectus poir. and isolepis uninodis delile are cited by blake in the synonymy of scirpus lateriflorus. in my opinion they belong to a clearly distinct african species (correct name: scirpus erectus poir.), which differs from s. lateriflorus by the larger glumes, the more distinctly bristly connective of the anthers, the bifid style, and the larger biconvex nuts (see also chermezon in arch. bot. 4: 26. 1931). scirpus juncoides extends from india to china and japan, and southward to tropical australia; it is also known from madagascar. the n. american s. purshianus fern. (= s. debilis pursh, non. lamk) is hardly different and in all probability not specifically distinct. scirpus squarrosus l. scirpus squarrosus linne, mant. 2: 181. 1771.—lipocarpha mieroeephala (non kunth) ridl., mat. fl mai. pen. 3 (monoe.) : 82. 1907, p.p.; pi. mai. pen. 5: 163. 1925, p.p. ; the only record of this species for malaysia is that in schumann & lauterbach, fl. deutschen schutzgeb. suds.: 195. 1901: new britain (neu pommern), gazelle peninsula, dahl s.n. i have not seen this collection. in the malay peninsula it has been confused with lipocarpha mieroeephala (r. br.) kunth, to which it is very similar in habit. it can easily be distinguished by the involucral bracts, one of which is usually erect as though continuing the stem, the other if present patent to reflexed, and by the about 1/2 mm long, obovate, trigonous nut not surrounded by perianth-scales. in lipocarpha mieroeephala both involucral bracts are patent to reflexed, and the narrow, cylindrical, 1 mm long nut is surrounded by two thinly membranous perianth-scales. the specimens of scirpus squarrosus in the singapore herbarium were already recognized as such by holttum in 1945. malay peninsula. p e n a n g. botanic gardens, not cultivated, feb. 17, 1919, moh. nur sf4539 (k, sing); cultivated land near 11th mile bayan lepas road, oct. 11, 1951, sinclair sfs929s (k, l, sing); waterfall gardens, sept. 7, 1941, nauen s.n. (sing). s i n g a p o r e . galang, 1899, ridley 10354 (sing) ; geylang, in wet sandy spot, nov. 1934, teruya 2447 (sing) ; off 8th mile west coast road, pasir panjang, feb. 13, 1954, sinclair sf40197 (sing); nursery bot. gardens, weed of beds, alt. 70 ft, feb. 8, 1955, purseglove p4047 (l, sing). f t e i n w a e d f i i [vol. 4 eleocharis parvula (r. & s.) link ex bluff, nees & schauer eleocharis parvula (r. & s.) link ex bluff, nees & schauer in bluff & fingerh., comp. fl. germ., ed. z, l'l; 93. 1836; svens. in rhodora 31: 168, t. 189, f. 18. 1929.— seirpus parvulus r. & s., syst. veg. 2: 124. 1817. eleocharis parvula shows a very remarkable distribution. it is known from salt or brackish stations along the mediterranean coast of europe and n. africa, the atlantic coast of europe north to norway, the atlantic coast of north america from new foundland to the west indies, the pacific coast from northern california to british columbia, brazil (rio de janeiro), and japan (kiushiu; see ohwi in mem. coll. sci., kyoto imp. univ. b18: 35. 1943). sometimes it occurs more inland in salt or brackish lakes. in java it was already collected as early as 1927, but not recognized. e. java. r e s . p a s u r u a n, bangil, floating in saline lakes, abundant, july 1, 1927, backer 37455 (l) ; bangil, iodine wells, oct. 12, 1929, coert 805 (l). eleocharis philippinensis svens. eleocharis philippinensis svens. in rhodora 31: 155. 1929; s. t. blake in proc. roy. soc. queensl. 50: 98. 1939.—eleocharis variegata vat. laxiflora (non c. b. clarke in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 6:. 626. 1893) c. b. clarke in philip, j. sci. 2 bot.: 90. 1907.— eleocharis nuda {non c. b. clarke) svens. in rhodora 41: 8. 1939, p.p. when svenson described this species from the philippines he supposed it might perhaps constitute a variety of the australian e. nuda c. b. clarke in kew bull., add. ser. 8: 21. 1908, into which species he merged it in 1939. after having seen the material of e. nuda in the kew herbarium, it seems to me that blake is right in keeping the two apart. for the differentiating characters see blake, i.e., p. 101. up to the present e. philippinensis is known from hainan (see svenson, 1939), siam (bangkok, a.f.g. kerr 11105 in bo, k, l), western australia, queensland, new caledonia (balansa 3094 in l), and from luzon. it appears to be widely distributed in malaysia, but obviously it is very rare everywhere. i have seen the following malaysian collections: malay peninsula. k e d a h. telok changai padi expt. station, may 25, 1939, j. a. baker s.n. (sing).—java. w. j a v a . djakarta, sunter, inundated ricefield, abundant, alt. 5 m, april 10, 1903, backer 32433 (bo) ; djakarta, kemajoran, inundated ricefield, abundant, alt. 5 m, march 27, 1904, backer 324-34 (bo).—madura. regency pamekasan, dist. bunder, desa tambhung, experimental field, vern. name lob-tolobhan, june 1934, ass. advisory agric. expert of pamekasan 6 (bo).— lesser sunda islands. s ii m b a.; waikabubak, ricefield, alt. 400 m, may 31, 19,50, monod de fr.oideville .1899 (bo). t a n i m b a r i s l a n d s (timor laut). p. jamdena, about 15 km ene. of ottimer, melaleuca forest surrounded by primary forest, low alt., march 31, 1938, buwalda 4540 (bo, l, sing).—philippines. l u z o n . luzon central, san . francisco del monte, loher 738 & 739 (k) ; prov, of 1956] j. h. ke«n: florae malesmnae precur sores xii bulacan, sept. 1913, ramos phil. pl 1461 (bo, gh, l, ny, sing) ; prov. of rizal, caloocan, oct. 1909, merrill phil. pi. 520 (fl, gh) ; bosoboso, june 1906, ramos bs1112 (type coll.)1 (bo, gh, sing); near wack wack country club 3 miles e of manila, in water in riee paddies, aug. 10, 1945, rogerson 1014 (ny); quezon city, university campus, low wet area, dec. 18, 1949, santos 4639 (l). eleocharis variegata (poir.) presl eleoeharis variegata (poir.) presl in oken, isis 21: 269. 1828; svens. in rhodora 41 : 8, t. 5.87, f. 41939. known from tropical africa, madagascar, mauritius, and the seychelles. as far as this can be judged in the herbarium, the stems of the sumatran specimens cited below are obtusely quadrangular with one of the sides narrower than the other ones. they very well agree with the description of eleoeharis ealocarpa cherm. in arch. bot. caen 4, mem. 7: 4. 1931. according to svenson i.e., p. 9, the main distinguishing character of e. caloearpa seems to lie in the 4-angled stems as compared with the cylindrical stems of e. variegata. therefore it is somewhat surprising to see that one of the specimens cited by svenson under e. caloearpa is stated to have terete stems. i do not think the sumatran plants can be separated specifically from the african specimens of e. variegata i have seen. n. sumatra. s. foot of mt. piso-piso, nw of toba lake, swamp, not rare, alt. 1400m, dec. 29, 1922, lorzing 9874 (bo). fimbristylis hispidula (vahl) kunth fimbristylis hispidula (vahl) kunth, enum. plant. 2: 227. 1837; kern in blumea 8: 120. 1955. very rare in malaysia; only recorded from the lesser sunda islands (wetar) and the philippines (luzon). it was also collected in east java. there is some difference of opinion on the question which is the correct name of this species. also the name f. exilis (kunth) r. & s. is used for it. it must be admitted that there is no direct evidence that kunth based his fimbristylis hispidula on seirpus hispidulus vahl. however, he deliberately dropped his own earlier epithet exilis in favour of hispidula, and cited vahl's type-locality "guinea" as the first locality among his records. in accepting these facts as sufficient circumstantial evidence, we can avoid that vahl's name would not be transferable to fimbristylis on account of fimbristylis hispidula. kunth, which certainly belongs to the same species, and in all probability is even based on the same type,. . e. j a v a . r e s . b e s u k 1. situbondo, march 6, 1940, buwalda, 7405 & 7406 {l), reinwardtia [vol. 4 f i m b r i s t y l i s l a w i a n a ( b o e c k . ) k e r n , comb. nov. . . fimbristylis lawiana (boeek.) kern,., comb, nov,—triehelost.ylis digitata hook, f. & thorns, in sched.—scii-'[w&, lawianus boeck. in linnaea 36: 497, 1869/70.—fimbristylis digitata boeck. in flora 61: 35. 1878; c. b. clarke in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 6: 648. 1893; in j. linn. soc. bot. 34: 71. 1898. scirpus laivicmus boeck. is based on " tricheiostylis digitata law in hook, et thorns, herb. indie, or.", and fimbristylis digitata boeck. on "triehelostylis digitata dalz. in hook, et thomson hb. ind. or." these collections are identical,' and scirptts lawianus : and fimbristijlis digitata were rightly treated as synonymous by clarke; the oldest legitimate name of the species being scirpus lawianus, the correct name in fimbristylis is f. lawiana (boeck.) kern. fimbristylis 'signata s; t. blake fimbristylis signata s. t. blake in j. arn. arb. 35: 214. 1954. only known from northern australia and papua. recently it was collected in the philippines. p h i l i p p i n e s . m i n d a n a o . cotabato prov., marbel, along the side of alah river, may 26, 1950, santos 4.896 (l). fimbristylis psammophila kern, nom. nov. fimbristylis psammophila kern, nom. nov. —fimbristylis arenieola, kern in blum e a 8 : 1 4 6 . 1 9 5 5 . when i published fimbristylis arenieola from siam (type: a. f. g. kerr 21361), i unfortunately overlooked the existence of the" name fimbristylis arenieola wiggins in contrib. dudley herb., stanford univ. 4: 15. 1950 for a quite different species" from sonora, mexico. therefore the above name is proposed to replace the illegitimate binomial. llpocarpha debilis ridl. lipocarpha debilis ridl. in trans. linn. soc. ii (bot.) »' : 243. 1916.—dutch new guinea, camp vi c, 5500 ft, boden kloss (bm; dupl. in k). according to ridley allied to lipocarpha microcephala kunth, but with no recurved point to the glumes, and a much weaker and more slender plant. in my opinion the type collection consists of poor young specimens of lipocarpha senegalensis (lamk) th. & hel. durand = l. 10b6] j. h. kern: florae malesiafiae precursores xii rhynchospora malasica c. b. clarke rhynchospora malasica c. b. clarke in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 6: 670. 1893; eidl. in j. str. br. roy. as. soc. 46: 225. 1906; c. b. clarke, illustr. cyp. t. 67, f. 1-4. 1909; merr., bibl. enum. born. pl: 63. 1921; kiik. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 16: 303. 1940; in bot. jahrb. 74: 438. 1949.—rhynchospora nipponiea makino in bot. mag. tokyo 18: 145, 1904; ohwi in mem. coll. sci., kyoto imp. univ. b18: 17. 1943. this rare species extends from japan (hondo, kiushiu) through the riu kiu islands (okinawa) and formosa to malaysia (malay peninsula: malacca, singapore; bangka; erroneously the record for bangka was cited under borneo by kiikenthal, 1949). it was rightly recorded for borneo by clarke, ridley, and merrill; probably all these statements refer to motley 377, after which the figures in clarke's illustrations of cyperaceae were drawn. i have not seen this collection, but another one cited below. borneo. s a r a w a k , saribas, sept. 1907, ,/. hewitt s.n. (sar). rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_01 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_46 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_47 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_48 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_49 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_50 reinwardtia_13_1_101209 + dftar isi+new re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia vol 13, part 1, pp: 87 − 92 87 notes on freycinetia (pandanaceae) from jambi, sumatra with the description of a new species received november 10, 2009; accepted december 8, 2009 nursahara pasaribu1,2 1post graduate school, bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia 2biology department, the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, the university of north sumatra, medan, indonesia. e-mail: nursaharapasaribu@yahoo.com. elizabeth a. widjaja herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research centre for biology – lipi, jl. raya bogor jakarta km. 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail. ewidjaja@indo.net.id. abstract pasaribu, n. & widjaja, e.a. 2009. notes on freycinetia (pandanaceae) from jambi, sumatra with the description of a new species. reinwardtia 13(1): 87–92. — nine species of freycinetia are enumerated for jambi, sumatra, indonesia: f. angustifolia blume, f. berbakensis widjaja, pasaribu & hidayat, f. imbricata blume, f. javanica blume, f. kamiana b.c.stone, f. rigidifolia hemsl., f. sumatrana hemsl., f. winkleriana martelli and f. scabrosa pasaribu & widjaja,. the latest species is newly described. a key to the nine species in jambi is provided. keywords: jambi, freycinetia , pandanaceae abstrak pasaribu, n., widjaja, e.a. 2009. catatan tentang freycinetia (pandanaceae) dari jambi, sumatera berikut pertelaan satu jenis baru. reinwardtia 13(1): 87–92. — sembilan jenis freycinetia diperoleh dari jambi, sumatera, indonesia: f. angustifolia blume, f. berbakensis widjaja, pasaribu & hidayat, f. imbricata blume, f. javanica blume, f. kamiana b.c.stone, f. rigidifolia hemsl., f. sumatrana hemsl., f. winkleriana martelli, dan freycinetia scabrosa pasaribu & widjaja. jenis yang terakhir adalah jenis baru pertama kali dipertelakan. kunci identifikasi untuk sembilan jenis freycinetia di jambi disajikan. kata kunci: jambi, freycinetia, pandanaceae introduction nine species of freycinetia gaudich were reported for jambi (widjaja & hidayat 2007). this number is almost as high as recorded previously by stone (1970a), where he mentioned that there are 10 species occurred in sumatera. during an inventory of this genus in jambi, one more species was found and described here as a new species. the present article briefly discusses the nine species which have been written previously by widjaja & hidayat (2007) and widjaja et al. (2009). a key to the nine species in jambi, nomenclature, habitat, recent new notes of specific morphological characters and specimen examinations are provided. many new specimens of freycinetia for this study were collected by the first authors during an exploration of this genus around sumatra. the collection were deposited in meda, a local university herbarium in sumatera utara, belongs to the university of sumatra utara, medan. meda is proposed to be a herbarium and written in the list of herbaria in indonesia (girmansyah et al 2006). identification key to the species of freycinetia in jambi 1. a. leaves lanceolate, elliptic, oblong to oblanceolata …………………………………………………….2 b. leaves narrow to widely linear …………………..6 2. a. leaves lanceolate to broadly lanceolate …………3 b. leaves elliptic to oblong or oblanceolate ………...5 3. a. pedicels less than 2 cm long; scars of pedicel bracts less than 6 mm long; apex of auricle rounded to truncate, entire or minutely fimbriate at the apex ......................................................f. imbricata b. pedicels more than 3 cm long, scar of pedicel bracts more than 9 mm long, apex of auricle acuminate, fimbriate at the apex ………………………………4 4. a. auricles lobed; length of pedicel bract less than half of pedicel length ……………………...f. sumatrana b. auricle adnate, length of pedicel bract more than half of pedicel length ...............................f. scabrosa reinwardtia 88 [vol.13 5. a. leaves elliptic, apex acute, septae of auricles 4, pedicel robust...…....................................f. javanica b. leaves oblong to oblanceolate, apex acuminate with caudate tip, septae of auricles single,pedicel slender …………………………………………..f. kamiana 6. a. inflorescence racemose, auricles laciniate, horizontal septa present ............…………….f. angustifolia b.inflorescence umbellate, auricles adnate, horizontal sept not seen ……….................................................7 7. a. leaves widely linear, auricle apex tapered to slightly rounded glabrous to scaresely hairy fim briate spinule ..... ..................................................... .8 b. leaves narrowly linear, 14–30 × 0.2–0.4 cm, auricle apex attenuate, densely hairy ............f. berbakensis 8. a. leaves widely linear, 25–63 × 0.5–0.9 cm, densely serrate at the base, auricle tapered to slightly obtuse towards the apex …………...…… ….f. winkleriana b. leaves widely linear, 15–33 × 0.8–2.5 cm denticulate at the base, auricle rounded and abruptly truncate at the apex …………………..……f. rigidifolia species notes 1. freycinetia angustifolia blume freycinetia angustifolia blume, rumphia 1: 157. t. 43, f. 1–7. 1835. —lectotype: java, g. seribu, blume 841 (l, holo, sh. 908. 164–106). freycinetia malaccensis ridl., mat. fl. malay. penins. 2: 233. 1907. —lectotype: malacca, derry 406 (sing!, hololecto), designated by b.c. stone, gard. bull. singapore 25: 197. 1970). freycinetia brunoniana wallich, number. list: 3660. 1831, nom. nud. —voucher: penang, g. porter s.n. (k). freycinetia debregeasiana gaudich., voy. bonite, bot.: t. 37, f. 1–11. 1841(–1852). — type: not stated, probably malacca or singapore (gaudichaud s.n. 1837; p? fragment in fi. n.v.) freycinetia insipida martelli ex elmer, leafl. philipp. bot. 3: 1114. 1911. —type: capiz province, mt. magellanes (giting-giting), may 1910, elmer 12426 (fi, holo n.v.; pnh, lost, edinb n.v.). distribution. malay peninsula (johor, malacca, negeri sembilan, penang, perak, selangor), singapore, sumatra (it is widely distributed in jambi province), java (g. salak), borneo (sarawak, banjarmasin), philippines (sibuyan). habitat. littoral zone, primary and secondary forest, roadsides, swampy areas, lowlands, rarely up to 1800 m altitude. notes. this species was first described by blume from java and again by ridley as a new species from the malay peninsula, which was duly synonymised by stone (1970b). stone (1970b) mentioned that 1–3, rarely 4, very rarely 5 stigma remain, but in the present study it was found that the stigma remain are 1–6, very rarely 7. also, he mentioned that the outermost bracts would be dark to pale yellow or yellow-orange, sometimes flecked with red on the inner surface. however, in fresh plants in the field, the outermost bracts are pale green to greenish with green tips. this species is characterized by its linear leaves, basal leaves with spines, leaf auricles laciniate or finely fibrous with 2 (or 3) horizontal septa across the auricle width, and racemose inflorescences. specimens examined: aceh: simelue, achmad 1708 (bo). sumatera utara: sibayak forest, sibolangit, atthorick 1511 (meda), pasaribu 192 (meda), aek salabat, asahan, siboea 5730 (k), sibolga, teysmann 2011 (bo). jambi: sungai penuh, dransfield 2749 (bo), sungai enam belas, berbak national park, hidayat 1036 (bo), bukit dua belas national park, widjaja 8075 (bo). sumatera barat: gaduik kaciak, padang, arbain 458 (bo), air sirah, solok, de vogel & vermeulen 7331 (bo), pasaribu 224 (meda), sikabaluan, mentawai, van borssum waalkes 2683 (bo, l). riau: bengkalis, de haan 57 (bo). bengkulu: atas tebing village, pasaribu 257 (meda). sumatera selatan: sembilang national park, wi djaja 8786 (bo). bangka belitung: pangkal pinang, teysmann 123, 124 (bo). lampung: kota agung, bukit barisan selatan, widjaja s.n. (bo). 2. freycinetia berbakensis widjaja, pasaribu & hidayat freycinetia berbakensis widjaja, pasaribu & hidayat. reinwardtia 12: 441–442. 2009. type: jambi, berbak national park, widjaja 7629 (bo, holo; k, l). distribution. sumatera, jambi. habitat. swampy areas, c. 50 m altitude. notes. this species differs from f. confusa ridl. by the very slender auricles along the leaf base, of which the apex is slightly rounded and tapering, the margin densely fimbriate and gradually less spinose towards the base, the inner sides of the pedicels scabrous at the apex, glabrous along the edges, and the number of stigma remain 2 or 3 (–7). specimen examined. jambi: rawa laut, muaro, hidayat 987 (bo), berbak national park, widjaja 7629, 8072 (bo, k, l). 3. freycinetia imbricata blume freycinetia imbricata blume, rumphia 1: 157, t. 40, f. 1–11. 1837. — lectotype: java, “silvis intactis mon pasaribu : notes on freycinetia (pandanaceae) from jambi with the description of a new species 2009] 89 tium altissimorum javae occidentalis”, blume 2066 (l, holo, sh. 908. 164–676). freycinetia schefferi solms in linnaea 42: 98. 1878. — syntypes: java, cult. in hort. bog., scheffer s.n. (goet, holo) f. kingiana ridl., mat. fl. malay. penins. 2: 234. 1907. — lectotype: malay peninsula, perak, goping king’s collector = kunstler 4654 (sing!, holo; fi n.v.), designated by b.c. stone (1970b, c: 204). f. imbricata var. hispidula b.c. stone, gard. bull. singapore 25: 204. 1970. —type: stone 5847-a, (klu, holo), malay peninsula, selangor, genting sempah, jul 1966. freycinetia imbricata var. kuchinensis (martelli) b.c. stone, gard. bull. singapore 25: 215. 1970. — freycinetia kuchinensis martelli, webbia 3: 178, 320 (“kutchinensis”). 1910.— lectotype: sarawak, kuching, beccari pb 782-bis (fi, holo), designated by b.s. stone (1970-b: 215, “type”). distribution. malay peninsula (johor, pahang, perak, selangor), sumatra (widely distributed), borneo (sarawak and sabah). habitat. primary and secondary forest, up to 1350 m altitude. notes. this species is characterized by the lanceolate leaves, membranaceous auricles, apex adnate to stem or separate from stem and then slightly rounded to truncated towards, sparsely denticulate, globose syncarp–that are elliptic, terminal, placed on a short and glabrous pedicel. specimens examined. aceh: kloet nature reserve, de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 19668 (l), mount leuser, de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 20443, 20561 (l), ketambe, pasaribu 157, 162, 172, 240 (meda), pantai cermin, aceh jaya, pasaribu 186 (meda). sumatera utara: sibayak forest, sibolangit, pasaribu 198 (meda). jambi: berbak national park, widjaja 7696 (bo). sumatera barat: merapi mountain, bünnemeijer 5031, 5072 (bo), padang, de haan 29 (bo). bengkulu: twa bukit kaba, rejang lebong, pasaribu 249 (meda), bukit daun, kapahiyang, pasaribu 253 (meda). sumatera selatan: isau-isau, lahat, pasaribu 267, 269 (meda). 4. freycinetia javanica blume freycinetia javanica blume, rumphia 1: 157, t. 41, f. 1–3. 1835. — lectotype: java, blume 227 (l, holo, sh.908.164–253). freycinetia bennettii miq., pl. jungh. 1: 167. 1852. — type: java, junghuhn s.n. (l, holo, sh. 908.164–285; u, iso). freycinetia lucens ridl., mat. fl. malay. penins. 2: 232. 1907. — lectotype: singapore, ridley 3703 (sing!, holo, k!), designated by b.c. stone (1970b: 195). freycinetia montana ridl., mat. fl. malay. penins. 2: 234. 1907. — lectotype: malay peninsula, perak, taiping hills, ridley 5194 (sing, holo), designated by b.c. stone (1970b: 195). distribution. south thailand (kra peninsula), malay peninsula (widespread), singapore, sumatera (widespread), java (jawa barat dan jawa tengah), borneo (tarakan). habitat. primary and secondary forests, roadsides, up to 1600 m altitude. notes. ridley (1907) proposed f. lucens, but after a careful study of the specimens showed it to be indistinguishable from f. javanica. the latter can be distinguished by its elliptic to oblong leaves, an acute apex and entire margin with a few small weak teeth, the membranaceous auricle that is adnate, partly early caducous, and has an acute to rounded, entire to minutely denticulate apex, and with four horizontal septae across the width of the auricle. specimens examined. aceh: simeuleu, achmad 946 (bo), kelling talaman, bünnemeijer 998 (bo), mount leuser, de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 12882, 15600 (bo, l), ketambe, pasaribu 174 (meda). sumatera utara: sinabung, atthorick 1430 (meda), sibolangit, lorzing 5665, 12720 (l), aek salabat, asahan, siboea 9631 (l). jambi: air terjun village, kerinci, pasaribu 287 (meda), berbak national park, widjaja 7698, 8103 (bo). sumatera barat: air sirah, padang, de vogel 2850 (bo), community garden (tahura) muhammad hatta, pasaribu 218 (meda). bengkulu: bukit kaba, rejang lebong, pasaribu, 242, 247 (meda), atas tebing village, pasaribu 258 (meda). sumatera selatan: rawas, palembang, dumas 1654 (bo). bangka belitung: lobok besar, kostermans 86 (bo), pangkal pinang, teysmann 128 (bo). kalimantan timur: nunukan, north of tarakan, meijer 2100 (l). 5. freycinetia kamiana b.c. stone freycinetia kamiana b.c.stone, gard. bull. singapore 25: 205, t. 3–c, plate ii. 1970. — type: malay peninsula, selangor, bukit lagong, behind kepong, ms. yie kiew kam s.n. (klu, holo). distribution. malay peninsula (selangor), sumatera (jambi, sumatera utara and sumatera barat). habitat. primary and secondary forest, 275 up to 950 m altitude. notes. this species is closely resembles to f. reinwardtia 90 [vol.13 javanica, but is a larger plant. the stem is rather stiffly erect. leaves slightly long oblanceolate to oblong, cordately tipped, auricles short and broadly adnate with a serrate margins and one horizontal septa; syncarps terminal. stone (1970b) described the species on malaysian plants from bukit lagong, selangor. the plant cultivated in the bogor botanical gardens (xii–b–v–128) was said to have been introduced from bukit tinggi, sumatera barat (stone, 1970b: 206). specimens examined. sumatera utara: tangkahan, atthorick s.n. (meda), bukit lawang, dransfield 3258 (bo, l), pasaribu 244 (meda). sumatra barat: community garden (tahura) muhammmad hatta, pasaribu 222 (meda), andalas university forest, pasaribu 229 (meda). jambi: tapan, sungai penuh, dransfield 4152, 4153 (bo). 6. freycinetia rigidifolia hemsl. freycinetia rigidifolia hemsl., bull. misc. inform. kew 1896: 165. 1896. —type: borneo, sarawak, haviland 436 (k!, holo). freycinetia acuminata ridl., mat. fl. malay penins. 2: 233. 1907. — type: malay peninsula, selangor, ridley 7656 (sing!, holo). distribution. malay peninsula (johor, pahang, perak, selangor, terengganu), sumatera (jambi, riau, and sumatera barat), borneo (sarawak, sabah, and kutai). habitat. secondary forests, roadsides, c. 250 up to 1900 m altitude. notes. this species is very easily recognizable by its very stout leaves with a clearly denticulate basal margin, and rounded auricles with an abruptly truncate apex and fimbriate-spinules. specimens examined. jambi: kerinci, sungai penuh, dransfield 2643 (bo). sumatera barat: community garden (tahura), muhammad hatta, pasaribu, 217 (meda). riau: natuna island, van steenis 1200 (bo). sumatera selatan: linggau, teysmann 126 (bo). borneo: sabah, chew and corner 4269 (k), madani 50583 (k), serawak, fuchs 21014 (k), kinabalu, ranau, mikil 38635 (k). 7. freycinetia scabrosa pasaribu & widjaja, spec. nov.— fig 1. freycinetiae minahassae proxima auriculis apicis marginibus prominentibus fimbriatis, pedicelli angulis subtiliter scabris spinosisque, pedicelli bractearum cicatricibus prominentibus plus quam medio pedicelli longitudinis, syncarpiis 3, baccis lageniformibus differt. — type: jambi, kerinci district, gunung tujuh subdistrict, air terjun village, pasaribu 286 (meda , holo; bo). climber, climbing up to 7 meter high, internodes 1.1–1.4 cm long, 1.9–2.3 cm in diameter. leaves imbricate, very closely crowded, broadly lanceolate, 44–96 x 3.3–4.2 cm, coriaceous, white waxy on the lower surface, margin armed from the base to the apex, densely denticulate at the base, semi– amplexicaul in the basal leaves, apex acuminate, with long tapering tips, underneath in the upper half with an armed midrib, longitudinal veins prominent on both sides. auricles persistent in the upper leaves, chartaceous, 10–13 x 0,9–1.5 cm, adnate, apex acuminate, with fimbriate margins, pale green, horizontal septae 1 across the width of the auricle. inflorescences terminal: peduncle terete, 4.5–6.6 x 0.9–1.2 cm in diameter; pedicels semiterete, 3.4–4.5 x 0.5–0.7 cm in diameter, finely scabrous with spiny angles, light brown; scars of pedicel bracts 2– 2.8 cm long, more than half the length of the pedicel. syncarps 3, elliptic-oblong, 5.4–9.5 x 2.3–3 cm in diameter, dark green (immature), pyramidal and separated berries with rigid pileus, berry 0.5–1.2 cm long, apex obtuse and flat, stigma remain 2 or 3 (– 6). distribution. sumatera, jambi. habitat. roadsides at c.1350 m altitude. notes. this species can be distinguished from f. minahassae by its auricles with the apical margins prominently fimbriate, pedicel semiterete, finely scabrous and spiny along the pedicel angle, pyramidal berries with rigid pileus. this species is different from f. insignis by the presence of its three syncarps and 2 or 3 (–6) stigma remain. etimology. the species epithet scabrosa is given due to its prominent scabrous pedicels specimen examined. jambi: kerinci district, gunung tujuh subdistrict, air terjun village, pasaribu 286 (meda, bo) 8. freycinetia sumatrana hemsl. freycinetia sumatrana hemsl., bull. misc. inform. kew 1896: 167. 1896. —type: sumatra, mt. singgalang, beccari p.s. 211 (k!, holo; l!, fi). freycinetia valida ridl., mat. fl. malays. penins. 2: 233. 1907. — type: singapore, garden jungle, chua chu kang, ridley 3937 (sing!, holo). freycinetia auriculata merr., philipp. j. sci. 3: 312. pasaribu : notes on freycinetia (pandanaceae) from jambi with the description of a new species 2009] 91 1908. — type: palawan, near puerto princesa, may 1906, bs 876 (foxworthy), (pnh, holo, lost; ny, us). freycinetia sumatrana var. penangiana b.c. stone, gard. bull. singapore 25: 202, t. 1-d, 2. 1970. — type: malay peninsula, selangor, kanching, templer park, jun 1965, b.c. stone 5089 (klu, holo). distribution. andaman and nicobar islands (b.c. stone, 1969), widespread in the malay peninsula, singapore, sumatera (widely distributed), jawa (jawa barat), borneo (sarawak, sabah), and the philippines (basilan isl., palawan). habitat. primary and secondary forests, roadsides, rarely up to 1400 m altitude. notes. this species can be identified by its big and fig. 1. freycinetia scabrosa pasaribu & widjaja. (a. leaf, b. syncarp, c. auricle, d. stigma). drawn from pasaribu 286. a b c d reinwardtia 92 [vol.13 long linear-lanceolate leaves, with spines at their base, auricles purplish, long-lobed, triangular with a serrate margins. specimens examined. aceh: mount leuser, de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 18424 (l), ketambe, pasaribu 159 (meda), twa iboih, sabang, pasaribu 190 (meda). sumatera utara: sibolangit, lörzing 12721,11004 (bo), twa daleng lancuk lau kawar, pasaribu 177 (meda), sibolangit, pasaribu 195 (meda), bukit lawang, langkat, pasaribu 243 (meda), asahan, yates 1712 (bo). jambi: sungai penuh, dransfield 2726 (bo), botanical garden bukit sari, hidayat 1069 (bo), gunung tujuh, kerinci, pasaribu 238 (meda), berbak national park, widjaja 7697, 8127 (bo). sumatera barat: siberut, kloss 14565 (k), community garden (tahura) muhammad hatta, pasaribu 215 (meda), air sirah solok, pasaribu 224 (meda). sumatera selatan: bukit sumur, lawang agung, pasaribu 263 (meda), sembilang national park, widjaja 8776 (bo). bengkulu: bukit daun, kapahiyang, pasaribu 252 (meda). 9. freycinetia winkleriana martelli freycinetia winkleriana martelli, webbia 3: 168. 1910. — type: s.e. borneo, djili, 22/8/1908, hubert winkler 3313 (b, holo, lost, fi fragment). distribution: sumatera, borneo (sarawak, banjarmasin) habitat: swamp forest & primary forest rarely up to 50 m altitute. notes. this species is characterized by its linear leaves, margin basally densely serrate, becoming serrate toward the apex, longitudinal veins visible on both sides, chartaceous, slender auricles, adnate, tapering to slightly obtuse toward the apex. inflorescences terminal or axillary. specimens examined: jambi: rawa laut muaro, hidayat 986, berbak national park, widjaja 8067, 8102, 8112 (bo). riau: indragiri hulu, buwalda 6354 (l), 6394, 6534 (bo), lancang kuning, tesso nilo national park, pasaribu 281 (meda). sumatera selatan: banyuasin, endert 1120, 1123 (bo). borneo: brunai, andalau, ashton 21573 (k), kuala temburong, wong 2001 (k). acknowledgements we would like to thank the keepers of bo, k, l, meda, sing for the opportunity to use their specimens for this study. the first author is grateful to the director general of higher education (dghe) of indonesia, for funding her 3 months stay in leiden and 1 month in kew in 2008/2009 for studying freycinetia spp. endatno is appreciated for all his assistance during the field work in kerinci, gunung tujuh, air terjun village. we would like also to thank to prof. dr. mien a. rifai, dr. j. f. veldkamp (l) and prof. dr. peter van welzen (l) for kindly reviewing the first draft of this paper and for helping with the latin description. references girmansyah, d., santika, y. & suratman (eds.). 2006. index herbariorum indonesianum. puslit biologi lipi, bogor. 51pp. stone, b.c. 1969. materials for a monograph of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae) vii. species of ceylon and the andaman and nicobar islands. webbia 23: 591--596. stone, b.c. 1970a. materials for a monograph of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae) xv. the sumatran species. federation museum j. 15: 203-207. stone, b.c. 1970b. materials for a monograph of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae) v. singapore, malaya and thailand. gard. bull. singapore 25: 187–207. stone, b.c. 1970c. materials for a monograph of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae) vi. species of borneo. gard. bull. singapore 25: 209—233. widjaja, e. a. & hidayat, a. 2007. the pandanaceae of jambi province, sumatra, indonesia. seventh international flora malesiana symposium, 17– 22 june 2007, leiden, the netherlands. abstracts: 64. widjaja, e. a., pasaribu, n. & hidayat, a. 2009. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from jambi, sumatra, indonesia. reinwardtia 12: 441–442. cover.pdf reinwardtia_13_1_291209_nursahara.pdf re in w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 1, pp. 1-3 (1965) a new species of hypoestes from the andaman islands by k. thothathri *) hypoestes andamanensis thoth., spec. nov. — fig. affinis h. purpureae (l.) soland. ex roem. & schult. a qua tamen differt inflorescentia, forma bractearum involucri atque magnitudine capsularum. suffrutex herbaceus ca. 60 cm. altus, ramis quadrangularibus, longitudinaliter sulcatis ad latera opposite, glabris, sed ad nodos pubescentibus. folia exstipulata, petiolata, opposita, simplicia, subaequalia, ex ovatis ovatooblonga, 5.4—13.2 x 2.0—4.5 cm., late crenata, acuta, angusta et ad basin decurrentia, puberula in utraque pagina; nervorum lateralium juga 7—-20, ascendentium et prope margines unitorum; petiolis 7—17 mm. longis. inflorescentia axillaris et terminalis, 1.3—3.0 cm. longa; flores aggregati in fasciculos spicularum 3—10; bracteae 4, binae et binae, exteriores quidem connatae infra, et simul cum interioribus efformantes involucrum; involucrum 8—10 mm. longum, sparse vuberulum extus, suffultum structura subulata bracteoidi; involucri bracteae lanceolatae, 1—3 nervae, acutae vel acuminatae, interiores quidem. exterioribus breviores; singula involucra includunt unum fertilem et 1—2 flores rudimentarios, raro 2 fertiles et 1 rudimentarium florem; bracteolae hyalinae, marginibus ciliatis, 3—3.5 mm. longae. calycis sepala 5, unita in tubum, hyalina, puberula, 3—4.5 mm. longa. corolla rosea, extus puberula, 1.5—2.0 cm. longa, tubo infra angusto, bilabiato supra; labium. superius loratum, integrum, acutum, nervis parallelis; labium inferius latius; 3-nervum, 3-lobum, lohis rotundatis, m,edio vero lateralibus maiore. stamina 2, epipetala, 8 mm. longa, filamentis complanatis, distincte nervosis, sparse pilosis infra, antheris unilocularihus muticis. ovarium superius, oblongum,, glabrum, biloculare, ovulis binis in singulis loculis, stylo gracili, stigmate bifido. capsula ellipsoidea, 7—9 x 2— 2.5 mm., stipitata, ad apicem acuta et mucronata, valvulis longitudinaliter sulcatis in latere dorsali, seminibus binis; semina ovoidea vel oblonga, 2—3 x 1—2 mm., glabra, compressa, verrucosa; retinacula ex oblongis conica, alba, bene evoluta. *) central national herbarium, p.o. botanic garden, howrah, india. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 typus, thoth. 9157 a, lectus in silva in insula austin ii in archipelago andamans boreali ad altit. 30 m. die i februarii anni 1959 et isotypi, thoth. 9157 b—h, positi in herbario calcuttensi (cal). a herbaceous undershrub about 60 cm. high; branches quadrangular, longitudinally furrowed on opposite sides, glabrous but puberulous at nodes. leaves exstipulate, petiolate, opposite, simple, subequal, ovate to ovateoblong, 5.4—13.2 x 2.0—4.5 cm., broadly crenate, acute, narrow and decurrent at base, puberulous on both sides; lateral nerves 7—10 pairs, ascending and united near the margin; petiole 7—17 mm. long. inflorescence axillary and terminal, 1.3—3.0 cm.~long; flowers in clusters of 3—10 spikelets; bracts 4, in 2 whorls of 2 each, outer whorl connate below and together with inner whorl form an involucre; involucre 8—10 mm. long, sparsely puberulous outside, subtended by a subulate bract-like structure; involucral bracts lanceolate, 1—3 nerved, acute to acuminate, inner whorl slightly shorter than the outer; each involucre encloses inside 1 fertile and 1—2 rudimentary flowers, rarely 2 fertile and 1 rudimentary flower; bracteoles hyaline, margin ciliate, 3—3.5 mm. long. calyx 5 sepals, united to form a tube, hyaline, puberulous, 3—4.5 mm. long. corolla pink, puberulous outside, 1.5—2.0 cm. long, tube narrow below, bilabiate above; upper lip strap-shaped, entire, acute, parallel-nerved; lower lip wider, 3nerved, 3-lobed; each lobe rounded, middle lobe larger than laterals. stamens 2, epipetalous, 8 mm. long, filaments flat, distinctly veined, sparsely hairy below, anthers 1-celled, muticous. ovary superior, oblong, glabrous, 2-celled, ovules 2 in each cell; style slender; stigma bifid. capsules ellipsoid, 7—9 x 2—2.5 mm., stalked, acute at apex with a mucro, valves longitudinally furrowed on the dorsal side, 2 seeded; seeds ovoid to oblong, 2—3 x 1—2 mm., glabrous, compressed, verrucose, retinacula oblong to conical, white, well developed. the type, collected from the forests of austin ii, north andaman, at an altitude of 30 meters on 1st february, 1959 by thothathri (thothathri 9157a) and isotypes (thothathri 9157 b—h) have been deposited in the central national herbarium, calcutta (cal). notes.—it is interesting to point out that this plant was found growing in association with other acanthaceous plants such as lepidagathis incurva d. don, eranthemum palatiferum nees, and daedalacanthus suffruticosus t. anders. all these plants together form a part of the forest undergrowth in austin ii forests, north andaman. acknowledgements the author expresses his gratitude to dr. c.e.b. bremekamp, botanical museum, utrecht, netherlands for critically examining this plant and there by giving his valuable opinion on the same. 1965] k. thothathri: a new species of hypoestes fig. 1. a branch with flowers; fig. 2. involucre; fig. 3. involucral bract (outer); fig. 4. involucral bract (inner) ; fig. 5. two flowers within an involucre (corolla and other parts removed) ; fig. 6. calyx tube with bracteoles; fig. 7. corolla with stamens; fig. 8. pistil; fig. 9. capsule; fig. 10. seed (in two views). rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_06 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_07 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2, part 3, pp. 425-434 (1954) notes on resupinate hymenomycetes—i on pellicularia cooke m. a. donk* summary the author concludes that pellicularia cooke is to be regarded as the name of an inseparable mixtum compositum (nomen confusum) and hence as illegitimate (impriorable). he believes that, apart from a hypothetical gelatinous medium, cooke's original material consisted of the combination of the vegetative hyphae of a resupinate hymenomycete and the spores of a pervading imperfect fungus. if one of these constituent elements were to be selected as type, the choice would be the spores rather than the vegetative byphae selected by rogers. this genus was established for one species, pellicularia koleroga cooke, received from mysore, india, where it caused a disease (kole roga or black rot) of the coffee plant. it appears to have been mentioned for the first time in "the gardeners' chronicle" of february 19, 1876 (p. 246). all that was published at the time were the following lines: [reports of societies. royal horticultural: february 16. scientific committee.] "mysore coffee-leaf fungus.—dr. m. c. cooke showed a leaf of the coffee plant from mysore affected with a new fungus, different from the hemileia of ceylon, and called pellicularia koleroga (grevillea, iv., 1876) . "mr. berkeley considered that this might be a form of some lichen, or an undeveloped condition of some hymenomycetous fungus." this does not constitute a valid publication (nomen nudum). the next time the fungus was mentioned by cooke was in the cited volume of "grevillea," number 31, of march, 1876. the generic and specific latin diagnoses run: pellicularia: "parasitica. floccis repentibus ramosis, septatis, in pelliculam sutagelatinosam intertextis. sporis sessilibus, simplicibus, hyalinis." pellicularia koleroga: "hypophylla, effusa, griseo-alba, sporis globosis, hyalinis, echinulatis."—cooke (1876a: 116). a more extensive description of the species in english was added, while in the same number of the periodical (pp. 134-135) a two-page discussion was included on the "affinities of pellicularia" in the same year cooke (1876b, 1876c) also published two more accounts of the fungus, both * keeper of herbarium eogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. — 426 — 4 2 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 illustrated. in the first of these the latin descriptions are repeated (except that "hyalinis" was omitted in the specific description) and pellicularia again indicated as "gen. nov."; the illustrations in both papers are similar but not identical. the sequence of the three papers seems to be that given in the "bibliography" of the present contribution: in 1876b no reference is found to 1876a, while in a footnote of 1876c the account in "grevillea" (1876a) is cited first, followed by the "report on diseased leaves of coffee and other plants" (1876b). the label of the type collection gives "grevillea vol. iv. 1876" as the place of publication.1 the true nature of the fungus as a resupinate hymenomycete was not recognized by its author and such a possibility was even deliberately rejected; the presence of basidia was denied. cooke thought that the most tenable conclusion was that the fungus in question belonged to the hyphomycetes. he ascribed to it solitary, globose, hyaline, echinulate spores 7.5 µ. in diameter, scattered and attached along the sides of the hyphae. he did not doubt that the globose bodies were spores ("as spores are undoubtedly present"), but owing to "an investing gelatinous medium" it was exceedingly difficult to obtain a free spore. in the original specific description the fruit-body was described as consisting of creeping threads interwoven into a subgelatinous pellicle which could be stripped off from the substratum (leaf) when moist. a portion of the type has been preserved and was restudied by von hohnel and by miss e. m. wakefield who communicated preparations and her annotations to burt. cooke's descriptions and accounts are defective in some crucial points. for instance, the normal fruit-bodies are not subgelatinous. this was pointed out by burt (1918: 122-123). cooke was led to assume the presence of a gelatinous medium to account for the fact that the spores described did not float loose from the hyphae upon which they were supposed to be borne. later on he seemed to have abandoned the hypothetical gelatinous matrix himself for he wrote a few years afterwards that "the fungus is . . . spreading over the leaves in a compact filamentous film," and that the hyphae are "felted" (cooke, 1881: 461). von hohnel (1910) did not mention the subgelatinous nature of the fruit-bodies in his redescription of what remains of the type collection, and burt concluded that the cell walls of the hyphae of the type portion still perserved of pelliculana koleroga in the preparations received from miss wakefield are not in the least degree gelatinously modified. 1 lindau & sydow (thesaurus 1: 296. 1908) reported 1876b as published in february, but this is the month in which the article was written, rather than the date of publication. 1954] donk : on resupinate hymeno?nycetes—/ 427 this gelatinous medium played a very important role among the considerations that resulted in the publication of the genus. presumably the idea of it was forced upon cooke's attention by a reply made by mr. g. porter: "'kole roga,' or black rot . . . makes its appearance about july, when the leaves of trees affected by it get covered with a slimy gelatinous matter . . ."—cooke (1876b, 1876c). this observation might be consistent with one made by narasimhan (1933: 884) : during later stages of the coffee black rot, the leaves begin to decompose as a result of invasion by bacteria, and a brownish liquid oozes out. films of the fungus that have soaked up this liquid and are observed during rainy weather may well impress one as a slimy gelatinous matter. such films would be an excellent substratum for secondary fungi. yet all this together is hardly enough to explain cooke's gelatinous medium. the following extracts may show how exceedingly important the role of the gelatinous medium was to him. "the threads and spores seem to be agglutinated together into a film by some gelatinous medium, so that not a spore or1 thread can be removed from the mass without difficulty. in this feature the 'rot' differs from all the mucedines, in which the spores are so slightly attached that they float away on the application of moisture, whilst in the present instance no application of fluid avails to disturb a single spore." —cooke (1876b, 1876c). "from the examination of this rot, with a view to the determination of its scientific relationship, the conclusion appears to be that it has no very close affinities —that it is not only specifically new, but will have to be accepted as the type of a new genus. it, doubtless, must be grouped with the mucedines or white moulds, but the presence of the gelatinous element is a novelty. . . . "it is especially desirable that more information should be obtained concerning the method by which the spores are disseminated and whether they ever appear on the surface free from the gelatinous stratum; this can only be determined by a series of carefull observations. . . . "the fact of an epiphytal fungus, which does not penetrate the tissues of the leaf being so destructive to the foster plant, may at first seem strange, until it is remembered that in plants with coriaceous leaves, all, or nearly all, the stomata are confine.d to the under surface of the leaf. if, therefore, a filmy substance like the present fungus overspreads the under surface of the leaf, and securely seals up all the stomata, it is but reasonable to expect, not only that the leaves should fall, but that the plants should suffer injury. . . . it might be worth the experiment to ascertain if a coating of gelatin washed over the under surface of the leaves of a coffee tree, so as to act artificially in the same manner as the 'rot', would produce similar results."—cooke (1876b). "the conclusion at which we have arrived appears to us the most tenable one, that the fungus in question belongs to the hyphomycetcs, or moulds, in habit and external appearance it strongly reminds one of the white moulds which precedes many species of erysipke . . ., or that which precedes uncinula . . .. even under the microscope there seems to be some kind of relationship; the interwoven, septate, 428 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 colourless branched threads are present, but there is an addition of a somewhat gelatinous medium, which binds the threads together into a pellicle. . . . it is very true t h a t the structure, as seen in a drawing, resembles closely that of some species of zygodeamus; but . . . there are two or three features which appear to us conclusive for rejecting the coffee rot from this genus. in all species of zygodesmus the threads are free from any investing medium, the spores are pulverulent, and, moreover, the threads are more or less coloured. . . . "'the presence of the gelatinous element which binds together the threads and spores into a thin pellicle, which is easily separable from the matrix when moist, is an important feature in determining the affinities of the 'coffee r o t / in the genus amphibliatrum of corda there is said to be such a gelatinous medium. in many species of fusisporium there is something of the same kind; in alytosporium as constituted by link, and in some other genera allied to sporotrichum. still, from all these there are manifest points of divergence that no one would venture to associate the present species with any of them."—cooke (1876a, 1876c). the spores, as described by cooke, are a more difficult problem to solve. in one of his figures cooke (1876b, 1876c)' depicted all of the rather numerous spores as lying against the hyphae; in another more detailed figure3 he drew two of them attached to the hyphae, in one case showing the actual attachment as a very narrow and very short, cylindrical connection. in his original account cooke (1876a) stated that the spores were "sessile, scattered over the threads" (p. 116) and that they are "seated, at irregular intervals" on the threads (p. 134). when he published drawings of the fungus, his text (cooke, 1876b; 1876c) is more elaborate on this point and brought into agreement with the figures; on this occasion he wrote of "spores, which are seated upon the threads, without any visible pedicel, although when first formed there appears to be a short stem, which is ultimately absorbed." this mode of attachment is obviously imaginary like the device of the gelatinous matrix. the spores, as drawn by cooke, are strictly globular, minutely wartyspiny, and of about the same size as the diameter of the hyphae; all of these particulars agree with what was said about them in the text of the original publication. von hohnel (1910), burt (1918: 122), and others concluded that the spores were the basidia. this is at first sight a tempting solution, especially if one looks at a drawing of a related species by wolf & bach (1927: f. 10) and the microphotograph published by coleman, venkata rao, & narasimhan (1923: pi. 1 f. 1). these latter authors (1923: 3) were of the opinion that "some of the spherical structures seen and figured by cooke 2 reproduced by delacroix (1900: f. 12). this reproduction is not faithful: it shows all the spores as detached from the hyphae 1 3 reproduced by delacroix (i.e.) and by coleman, venkata roa, & narasimhan (1923: text-f.1). 1954] donk: on resupwate hymertomytetes—/ 4x9 as young spores were simply the spherical basidia upon which the basidiospores are borne." a point in favour of the supposition that the spores described by cooke were the young, still more or less globular basidia of the kole-roga fungus might be sought in the fact that spores did not float in liquid mounts. as we have seen cooke introduced a gelatinous medium to account for this situation. however, in this connection it must be remembered that everything in his preparations appeared to be immobile: even the threads did not separate (cooke, 1867b, 1867c) ! and compare: "owing to the investing medium, it is exceedingly difficult to separate one thread from another, or to obtain a free spore."—cooke (1876a: 134). it is significant that for an explanation cooke did not resort to the "short stem, which is ultimately absorbed," already mentioned, and with which the spores were supposed to be attached to the hyphae. evidently he had his own reasons for having no faith in this device that might have accounted for the short lateral branches on which many basidia are borne, if they had not been depicted as much too slender and too short or were not imaginary. yet, on reconsideration, the conclusion that basidia are the spores seen by cooke seems far-fetched: (i) the basidia are never really, and the young ones often not exactly, globular; (ii) they are smooth (except for the sterigmata), and (iii) they are broadly and permanently attached to the hyphae, being formed rarely in poorly developed clusters or mostly solitary on short side-branches which hardly could have escaped the attention if what cooke described as the spores were in reality basidia; (iv) young basidia are larger than 7.5 u as given by cooke for the diameter of the spores and quite distinctly wider than the hyphae.4 the basidia would never have led him to his statement (cooke 1876a: 135) that they are very similar in size and form to the spores of zygodesmus (e.g. z. fuscus corda), as he stated of the spores he observed. another solution is here suggested. the spores were present, but as foreign elements, that is, as spores from a contaminating fungus. they were also met with by fawcett who described them from specimens collected in mysore, where cooke's original specimens were obtained. this is his account of them: "in the original description pellicularia koleroga is described as possessing spores, hyaline, echinulate, of about the same diameter as the hyphae, in which they 4 the diameter of the hyphae was given as 5—7-5µ. (cooke, 1876a: 134), which is correct; there is no reason to assume that the numerous spores seen were measured incorrectly. 4 8 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 lie without apparent connection. . . . on one leaf of the indian specimen examined, spores were found which agree with the original description . . .. they had no connection with the larger hyphae, but were seen to be attached to very fine hyphae belonging, apparently, to some fungus other than pellicularia koleroga—possibly to some of the saprophytes by which it is sometimes accompanied."—fawcett (1914f: 232-233 /. 3). here then, is the reason why cooke did not see the spores float: the hypothesis, now offered as an explanation, is that they were connected by a system of extremely fine foreign hyphal threads which escaped his attention; as abundant spores were drawn, it is possible that these hyphae were empty and had collapsed. a direct comparison of cooke's and fawcett's cited figures will be highly convincing, i am sure. the spores described by cooke could not be found in the portion of the type that still remains—but neither are young (globular) basidia numerous and distinct (in fact none could be detected in the preparations i made). i accept the foreign spores as having been present in the portion he studied microscopically/1 the contaminating fungus may perhaps have been a smallspored species of sepedonium link ex fr,, or an extremely small-spored species of mycogone link ex pers, not until the present paper was made ready for the press, did i become aware of a very short note in "the gardeners' chronicle" of march 1, 1876 (p. 308), in which the above conclusion proves to have been anticipated more than three quarters of a century ago. this note is here given in full: [reports of societies. royal horticultural: march 1. scientific committee.] "coffee disease.—with reference to the specimens shown on a former occasion (p. 246), mr. berkeley reported that he had examined them, and considered them to be attacked by the spawn of a fungus, probably a species of acremonium." the former occasion referred to dates from two weeks earlier; the note in question is quoted at the beginning of the present paper, that of the collection at his disposal cooke discarded certain portions which he studied can be easily proved. he stated that "in order to examine the specimens in as complete a manner as possible, a portion of a leaf was immersed for 12 hours in water, but this does not dissolve the mucus so as to free the spores" (1876b, 1876c). the single leaf preserved is a complete one and, moreover, bears no marks of having been treated in the manner indicated. thus, it may well be that old fruit-bodies were •'• the type collection {kew herbarium) consists of a single leaf and is labelled: "coffee leaf rot / pellicnlaria koleroga cooke (grevillea vol. iv. 1867 / on coffee leaves. mysore (1875) / m. c. cooke." it is r a t h e r poor. presumably cooke retained only a small portion of the collection. 1954] donk: ov resupinate hymenomycetes—/ 431 studied, such as had become more or less slimy by bacteria and lacked young basidia. personally i do not doubt that pellicularia and p. koleroga are nomina confusa (art. 76). rogers (1951) acted as follows: he said that the suggestion has been made that pellicularia koleroga and pellicularia may be nomina confusa as defined by the article as worded both before and after the stockholm congress. no evidence has been published, he said, that they really are nomina confusa. in spite of this absence of evidence that the names are properly subject to the rule quoted, it seemed advisable to him to preclude any obligation that might arise, from future evidence or opinion, for someone to compile a new set of binomials in pellicularia (in rogers' sense, botrijobasidium donk plus pellicularia). pellicularia koleroga, was therefore typified by the portion of the type specimen that gives rise to and includes the basidia illustrated by burt ("in mo. bot. card. ann. 5:124, fig. la. 1918; 13: 293, fig. la. 1926"). since the type is completely fertile, it is said to be as "satisfactory" as any rule could require. (the illustrations referred to were made by miss wakefield and published by burt.) thus, in spite of the absence of evidence that we are dealing in this case with a mixtum compositum, rogers appointed a specified part of cooke's type specimen as the type! this was done "to preclude any obligation to compile a new set of binomials." this new set he had in mind would be only supplementary. it would partially replace his own set under pellicularia (rogers, 191,3) ; there exists already a considerable, earlier, set under botrijobasidium (donk, 1931; rogers, 1935). previously rogers (1943: 97) regretted that "there was no choice but to reduce botryobasidium to synonymy, and to take up as soon as possible the valid name pellicularia," which he at that time had apparently failed to scrutinize in the light of art. 76. did rogers attain his goal? cooke's original desoiption, not the type specimen, is the principal legal basis for guiding the selection of a type, and, by extension in case this would be required, of the type portion of a type specimen." the description covered three elements, (i) the vegetative hyphae, (ii) the echinulate spores, and (iii) the hypothetical gelatinous medium. if a choice has to be made, and if it would be permissible to disregard the gelatinous medium, it should be made between the one fungus of which only the vegetative hyphae were described (the basidia, (i compare the appendix for the determination of types, which contains in connection with selected types, for instance: "the original description of the taxon concerned should be the basic guide." 4 3 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 which were present but were emphatically stated to be absent and not seen by cooke, do not count at all) and the other one, pervading the first, of which only the spores were described. only by starting from this premise a well-founded choice could have been made, in my opinion; not from one which totally ignores the 'spores,' as was done by rogers. it is evident under these circumstances that one would really arrive at the embarrassing selection of the spores, rather than of the vegetative part (selected by rogers), in view of arts. 19 and 21, and suggestions 4(a), 4(b), and 4(d) of the appendix for the determination of types! what cooke regarded as the essential characters is comprised in his latin description quoted above. at the end of his discussion on the affinities of pellicularia he summarized his views at the time of publication of the (generic and specific) names as follow: flhence no other course appeared to be open to us but to constitute pellicidaria koleroga the type of a new genus allied to those just alluded to [amphiblistrum corda, fusisporium, alytosporium link, and "some other genera allied to sporotrichum"], but distinguished therefrom by its parasitic habit, sessile, echinulate, globose spores, and the freedom with which it separates from the matrix."—cooke {1876a: 135). there is relatively much about the spores in this summary and next to nothing about what rogers selected as the ultimate type. indirectly there is also relatively much about the gelatinous medium, for the genera mentioned were all discussed in relation to this medium, as may be gathered from the pertinent quotations inserted above. the character of the freedom with which the fruit-body separates from the matrix mentioned is not to be found in the two latin descriptions. it was in the first place the gelatinous medium and the spores that induced the introduction of the genus pelliculaha! the hyphae alone would never have contributed to the establishing of the genus, as was exceptionally clearly expressed by cooke: "apropos of the suggestion which has been offered through the medium of a horticultural newspaper, that the 'black rot' appears to be the mycelium of some fungus, it will be sufficient to remark that the term 'mycelium' is, by general consent, confined to productions which consists of barren threads. the presence of spores, in this instance, clearly removes the production beyond the limits of the term 'mycelium.' unless terms are employed with their recognised meaning and limitations, some explanation should accompany their use to prevent misconception."—cooke (1876c). however, it appears indicated to refrain from selecting anything and i would prefer to leave some sense in art. 76/ which otherwise would 7 "a name of a taxon must be rejected if its characters were derived from two or more entirely discordant elements, unless? it is possible to select one of these elements as a satisfactory type."—art. 76, 1964] donk: on resupinate hymenomycetes—i 433 become entirely superfluous. as long as the comparable example of actinotius" has not been deleted from the code, it needs not be explained why one is fully authorized to consider pellicularia and p. koleroga as nomina confusa and hence as impriorable. venkatarayan (1949) has already rejected pellicularia for various reasons. his main argument seems to be that "cooke did not see the basidial state and gave the name pellicularia to the imperfect state" (p. 4), that is, to the vegetative hyphae. this line of reasoning has not been adopted in the above discussion. bibliography bubt, e. a. (1918): corticiums causing pellicularia disease of the coffee plant, hypochnose of pomaceous fruits, and rhizoctonia disease. in ann. missouri bot. gdn 5: 119-132 3 fs. • (1926) : the thelephoraceae of north america. xv. [corticium koleroga (cooke) v. hiihnel.] in ann. missouri bot. gdn 13: 292-293 /. 1. coleman, l. c , m. k. venkata rao, & m. j. narasimhak (1923): black rot or koleroga of coffee in mysore. in bull. dept agr. mysore st., mycol. sej\ no. 5: 12 pp. 1 /., t pis. cooke, m. c. (1876a): some indian fungi [pellicularia. gen. nov.] & affinities of pellicularia. in grevillea 4: 116 & 134-135. march 1876. (1876b) : report on diseased leaves of coffee and other plants. indian museum report (plants of southern india). 1-7 1 pi. (1876c) : two coffee diseases. in popular sci. review 15: 161-168 pi. 135. (1881): the coffee-disease in south america. in j. linn. soc, bot. 18: 461467 pi. is. delacroix, g. (1900): les maladies et les ennemis des cafeiers. [koleroga.] paris. 68-72 /. 13. donk, m. a. (1931) : revisie van de nederlandse heterobasidiomycetae . . . en homobasidiomycetae-aphyllophoraceae. deel 1. [tulasnellaceae.] in meded. nederl. mycol. ver. 18-20: 115-118. fawcett, g. l. (1914): pellicularia koleroga on coffee in porto rico. in j. agr. res. 2: 231-233 s fs. hohnel, f. von (1910): fragmente zur mykologie (x. mitteilung, nr. 468 bis 526). [471. pellicularia koleroga cooke.] in s.b. akad. wiss. wien, math.-nat kl. 119 i: 395-396. narasimhan, m. j, (1933): black rot of coffee in mysore. in phytopathology 23: 875886 o fs. rogers, d. p. (1935): notes on the lower basidiomycetes. [ii. botryobasidium donk.] in univ. iowa stud. nat. hist. 17 (1): 10-19 fs. 5-9. (1943) : the genus pellicularia. (thelephoraceae). in farlowia 1: 95-118 11 fs. . (1951): treckispora and pellicularia. in mycologia 43: 111. s "the characters of the genus actinotinus oliv. . . . were derived from the two genera viburmim and aescnlus, owing to the insertion of the inflorescence of a viburnum in the terminal bud of an aesculue by a native collector. the [name] . . . actinotinus must therefore be abandoned." r b i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 venkatarayan, s.v. (1949): the validity of the name pellicularia koleroga cooke. in indian phytopath. 2: 186-189. wolf, f. a. & w. j. each (1927) : the thread blight disease caused by cortieium koleroga (cooke) hohn., on citrus and pomaceous plants. in phytopathology 17: 689-709 10 fs., pi. 26. 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 7. c. lurida (bl.) copel. — apart from the original collection, i have seen only one other, from west java. in sumatra and the malay peninsula this species is found in ridge forest (not in exposed places) at 1250—1800 m. 8. c. gigantea (wall, ex hook.) holttum — in java at low elevations, in the west only. this species' is very widely distributed, occurring in ceylon and south india, from n.e. india to burma, thailand and indochina to penang and kedah, also in central sumatra. it grows in more open places than c. glabra. 9. c. glabra (bl.) copel. — in forest, to 1650 m, west java; very few collections, and now apparently rare. in borneo, sumatra and the malay peninsula this species occurs in wet lowland forest, and in mountain forest to about 1500 m. 10. c. tripinnata copel. — only two collections known from west java, from forest at 700 m. this species occurs at altitudes of 250—1700 m throughout the philippines, also in n. borneo and ambon; one collection has been made on pulau tioman, off the east coast of the malay peninsula. 11. c. tomentosa (bl.) zoll. & mar. — at 2200 m and above, in ridge forest and in open swampy places in gullies, on mountains from west java to flores. 12. c. persquamulifera (v.a.v.r.) domin — on mountains, 1500— 2500 m, apparently in open places, few times collected; also in central sumatra. 13. c. tenggerensis (rosenst.) domin — in open places at 1500— 2300 m; east java to flores and in s. celebes. locally abundant on mt tengger. 14. c. contaminans (wall, ex hook.) copel. — in clearings and open places in forest, especially near streams, throughout java, 200—1600 m, the commonest tree-fern; also throughout malesia and northwards to mergui. 15. c. squamulata (bl.) copel. — a small tree-fern of forest in lowlands and to 1500 m, west java; also in sumatra, malay peninsula, borneo and sulu archipelago. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 1, pp. 9 18 (1965) the genus acioa aublet (rosaceae chrysobalanoideae) in malesia by a . j . g . h . kostermans *) summary . 1. the first record of aciov, aublet from s.e. asia. 2. three species are described: acioa heteropetala (scortechini ex king) kosterm., based on parinarium heteropetalum scortechini ex king and the new species: acioa malayana kosterm. and a. percoriacea kosterm. 3. parinwrium kunstleri king and p. myriandrum merr. are reduced to synonymy of acioa heteropetala kosterm. acioa aublet acioa aublet, hist. pl guiane fr. 2: 698, t. 280. 1775; scopoli, introd. 291. 1777; lamarck, encycl. meth. bot. 2: 146. 1786; de jussieu, gen. pl 342. 1789 (ed. usteri 378. 1791); gmelin, syst. 1028. 1791 (acioja) ; schreber, gen. 458. 1791; willdenow, spec. pl 3(1): 717. 1800 (as a syn. of adaschreber); batsch, syn., tab. p.4. 1802; st. hilaire, expos. fam. 2: 194. 1805 (ada schr.); hedwig, gen, 25. 1806; persoon, enchir. 2: 238. 1807; poiret, diet. sciences 11: 222. 1818 (coupi); steudel, norn. 9. 1821; ed. 2, 1: 17. 1840; dc, prodr. 2: 526. 1825; sprengel, syst. veg. 3: 84. 1826 (sub ada schr.); gen. 2: 552. 1831; martius, nova gen. & sp. pl 2: 79. 1826 (as a syn. of moquilea mart. & zucc.); reichenbach, consp. 171. 1828; bartling, ordin. nat. 406. 1830; g. don, gen. syst. 2: 478. 1832; spach, hist. nat. veg. phan. 1: 371. 1834; meissner, gen. 102 (72). 1836— 43 (section of moquilea); zuccarini in flora 15(2): 87—93. 1832; endlicher, gen. pl 1252, no 6410. 1840 (sub moquilea mart, et zucc.) ; benth'am in bentham & hooker f., gen. pi. 1: 608. 1865 (as a syn. of couepia, aublet); dietrich, syn. 4: 811. 1847 (avioa); blume, mus. bot. lugd. bat. 2: 92. 1856 (subgenus of moquilea m. & z.) ; miiller in walp. ann. 4: 643. 1857 (subgenus of moquilea m. & z.) ; hooker in martius, fl. bras. 14(2): 40. 1867 (as a syn. of couepia aublet); baillon in adansonia 7: 222. 1867; hist. pl 1: 437 et 482. 1869; diet. bot. 1: 31. 1876; oliver, fl. trop. afr. 2: 371. 1871 (sub griff onia hk. f); pfeiffer, norn. bot. 1: 24. 1873; durand, index 111. 1888 (sub couepia aublet) ; k. fritsch in ann. k.k. naturh. hofmus. wien 4: 36, 37, 38. 1889; focke in engler & prantl, nat. pfl. fam. 3(2): 60. 1891; de dalla torre & harms, gen. siph. 211. 1901; post & kuntze, lexikon 5. 1904; de willdeman in bull. jard. bot. etat bruxelles 7: 188—190. 1920; cardot in mem. mus. hist. nat. paris 191—93. 1922; lemee, diet. genres 1: 38. 1929; hauman in fl. congo beige et ruanda urundi (spermatoph.) 3: 44. 1952. *) d. sc, professor of botany, bandung institute of technology and faculty of mathematics and physics, university of indonesia, bogor; assistant-director forest research institute, bogor; scientific collaborator herbarium. bogoriense. 10 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 ada schreber, gen. 2: 458. 1791; willdenow, spec. pi. 3(1): 717. 1800; st. hilaire, expos. fam. 2: 194. 1805; sprengel, anleit. 2(2): 867. 1818; syst. veg. 3: 84. 1826; steudel, norn. 9. 1821; ed. 2, 1: 16. 1840; meissner, gen. 2: 72. 1836—43 (sub moquilea m. & z.) ; pfeiffer, norn. 1: 24. 1873; durand, index 111. 1888; de dalla torre & harms, gen. siphon. 211. 1901; post & kuntze, lexikon 5. 1904. dilacia (nonvell.) necker, elem. 2: 414, no 1236. 1790; dc, prodr. 2: 526. 1825; g. don, gen. syst. 2: 478. 1832; meissner, gen. 2: 72, 1836—43; steudel, nom., ed. 2, 1: 17. 1840; baillon, hist. pi. 1: 435. 1869 (in adnot.); pfeiffer, nom. 1(2): 1148. 1874; durand, index 578. 1888; post & kuntze, lexikon 188. 1904. dactyladenia welwitsch, apont. phyto-geogr. 1859 in annaes conselho ultramar is58: 572; de dalla torre & harms, i.e.; post & kuntze, lexikon 5 et 161. 1904. griffonia (non baillon) hooker f. in bentham & hooker f., gen. pi. 1: 608. 1865; baillon in adansonia 7: 222. 1867; hist. pi. 1: 437. 1869; durand, index 111. 1888; oliver, pi. trop. afr. 2: 371. 1871; focke in engler & prantl, nat. pfl. fam. 3(2): 60. 1891; de dalla torre & harms, gen. siphon. 211. 1901; post & kuntze, lexikon 257. 1904. the genus was proposed by aublet, who gave a fairly good description, although his figure is bad and full of errors. martius combined moquilea, couepia and acioa in 1826 (nov. gen. et sp. pl). meissner (genera) followed his example, giving couepia and acioa sectional rank. zuccarini (flora 1832), although still combining moquilea and couepia, believed that acioa was a good genus. endlicher included acioa in moquilea. bentham (benin. & hk. f., gen. pl), separated couepia from moquilea, but included acioa in couepia. blume (1856) again included acioa and couepia as subgenera in moquilea. baillon (1869) considered acioa a proper genus. he (adansonia 1867) believed griffonia to be congeneric with acioa. oliver (1871) pointed out the possibility of acioa and griffonia hooker f., being congeneric. focke (1891) maintained acioa and this has been done since by other authors. trees; leaves spirally arranged, simple, entire; petioles short; leaf glands at the leafbase sometimes present; stipules large, early caducous. flowers in narrow, bracteate panicles; calyx tube short or long, empty inside; lobes 5, subequal, imbricate, small; petals 5, strongly unequal; filaments unilateral, numerous, for the greater part connate into a long, narrow strap, circinate in bud; upper parts of filaments free, bearing the oblong or roundish anthers; the connate filaments opposite the style are enveloped at first by three imbricate, erect, large petals (the other 2 petals explanate); the stamens at the side of the style sterile, inconspicuous or present as a toothed margin. ovary attached to the rim of the calyx tube, lateral, pilose, one-celled, two-ovulate; style long, basal with a minute, truncate stigma. fruit a nut or drupaceous, one-seeded; pericarp crustaceous to woody; cotyledons simple or conferrumate; endocarp pilose or glabrous. i 1965] a. j.g. h. kostermans: the genus acioa key to the species l l la. leaves coriaceous . . . . . 2 b. leaves chartaceous; calyx tube long and slender 2. a. malayana. 2a. branch! ets densely yellowish brown pilose; lower leaf surf ace with a lax indumentum of cobweb-like grey hairs, glabrescent 3. a. percoriacea. b. branchlets and lower leaf surface glabrous; calyx tube very short, broad 1. a. heteropetala. 1. acioa heteropetala (scortechini ex king) kosterm., comb. nov.— fig. 1 parinarium heteropetalum scortechini ex king (basionym) in j. as. soc. bengal 66(2): 283. 1897; ridley, fl. malay pen. 1: 670. 1922; nayaranaswami in j. as. soc. bengal,, n.s. 27: 368. 1931. — scortechini 20j,0' (holo-typus); king's coll. 66k, 6899, para-typus (cal). parinarium kunstleri king in j. as. soc. bengal 66(2); 282. 1897; ridley, i.e. 670. 1922. — king's coll. 3747, 6917 (cal). parinarium myriemdrum merrill in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 93. 1929. — elmer 213u, holotypus (uc), elmer 218^8, para-typus (uc). tree, up to 35 m high and 60(—90) cm in diam.; older trees buttressed, the buttresses straight, short, merging into the bole, out 0.5—1 m, 10 cm thick; bark smooth, hard, slightly cracked, brown or grey-brown, 1 mm thick; living bark red to purplish red, 6—15 mm thick, cambium pinkish; sapwood 3—10 cm, pale yellowish; heartwood beafy red, hard. branchlets glabrous, brown, with tiny, oblong lenticels. leaves glabrous, coriaceous, subovate-elliptic (rarely lanceolate, 3 x 10 cm), 2.5—6 x 5—20 cm, base conspicuously decurrent and cuneate or rounded, apex shortly, bluntly acuminate, both surfaces densely, minutely, prominulously reticulate and the veins marked by numerous, tiny, protruding dots, upper surface drying a dark colour, somewhat glossy, midrib prominulous; lower surface drying brown, less glossy, midrib prominent, lateral nerves 6—10 pairs, rather patent, towards margin strongly arcuate, slender, prominent. petioles 6—12 mm long, flat above, margin slightly winged (decurrent leaf margins) or not; in the leaves with rounded leaf bases an indication of glands at the apex. stipules relatively large, foliaceous, ovate, acute or acuminate, glabrous (except apex), 6—7 mm long, partly intrapetiolar, carinate, rather longpersistant. panicles very narrow, raceme-like, axillary and terminal, silky pilose, up to 10 cm long, the lower ramifications up to 1 cm long; bracts and bracteoles ovate, acute, concave, caducous, the largest 3 mm long. pedicel stout and very short. calyx tube very short, rather broad, 2—3 mm high; sepals brownish green, fleshy, unequal, ovate to ovate-elliptical, acutish, silky pilose on both surfaces, up to 7 mm long, after anthesis reflexed and persistant for a considerable period under the fruit. petals white with pink tinge, fleshy, elliptical, obtuse, concave, up to 14 mm long, outside (except base) silky pilose, deciduous; the three petals oposite the filaments 12 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 imbricate, at first erect, pale purplish, concave, elliptical, up to 15 mm long, enveloping the filaments; the other petals explanate, more ovate, 6 mm long; filaments about 25—30, white, slender, glabrous, up to 12 mm long, at the side opposite the style, for 2/3 grown together, erect; sterile stamens none; anthers pilose; ovary one-celled, densely pilose; style stout, densely adpressed strigose (except apical part), up to 15 mm long, stigma slightly broader than the style, truncate. fruit subovoid, mono-locular, brown with scurvey dots and spots, laterally compressed, obtuse, up to 4 cm long and 3 cm in diameter; stalk 2 mm long and 2 mm in diam.; calyx more or less persistant. exocarp 0.5 mm, mesocarp marbled, 2—3 mm, endocarp 0.5 mm; seedcoat redbrown, membranous, cotyledons 1.5 x 3 cm. distribution.—malay peninsula, sumatra, philippines (mindanao), borneo, celebes, from sea level to 500 m alt. vernac. names: selemak (central sumatra); tabena motea (celebes, malili region, tobela, padue language); wua (= fruit) kote (usu, malili); wua dira (bugis language). use: the fruit is edible and eaten in celebes and sumatra. the timber is easy to cut and saw, smells somewhat of hcn, is red when freshly cut, turns later brownred, rots away easily in the open. the one-celled ovary, the filaments which are grown together and the "papilionaceous" flower places this species in acioa, although the tube is extremely short in comparison with american acioa. it has no hairs ip the fruit cell and the cotyledons are flat-convex, contrary to griffonia (= acioa) of africa. no glands were found on the leaves, but for some obscure, perhaps glandular tissue at the top of the petiole of leaves with a rounded leaf base. the number king's coll. 3745 is sometimes cited as 3715. • the description of the colour of the flower shows some discrepancies with different collectors; the petals are described as white, but in one case (elmer) as yellow and he describes the calyx and bracts as having a dull flesh colour; elsewhere the flowers are described as being blue or violet. glands could be observed in the material, formerly described as p. kunstleri and in p. heteropetalum, but they are often lacking, which is not uncommon in the genus. the scabrosity is found in all specimens. the petiole length varies between 5 and 10 mm. p. kunstleri was also described after a fruiting specimen. king differentiated it from p. heteropetalum by the subequal petals and straight flowers in the former as to the unequal and curved ones in the latter. 1965] a. j. g. h. kostermans: the genus acioa 13 this observation may be attributed to the poor condition of the remnants of the flowers, in the fruiting specimens of p. kunstleri. king compared p. kunstleri with p. asperulum, to which it is certainly not allied. malay peninsula: perak, larut, nov., fl., king's collector 6899 (bo, dc, k, l, p, us); ibid., dec, fr., king's coll. 6917 (bo, p, sing); ibid., jan., fr., king's coll. 3745 (bo, dc, k, l, le, sing) ; locality not indicated, fl., scorteehini 2040 (bo, sing) ; sumatra: central sumatra, pakanbaru, tenajan r., aug., buds, soepadmo 147 (bo, l) ; palembang distr., banjuasin & kubu region, bajunglintjir, alt. 15 m, nov., fl., 120 e. ip. 786 (bo, l) ; ibid., jan., ster., 120 e. ip. 786 (bo, l) ; ibid., oct., fl., 120 e. ip. 786 (bo, l); ibid., febr., fr., 120 e. ip. 786 (bo, l) ; nov., fl., 120 e. ip. 1161 (bo, l); ibid., febr., fl., fr., 120 e. ip. 1161 (bo, l) ; ibid., dec, young1 fr., 120 e. ip. 1161 (bo, l) ; ibid., marshy, nov., ster., grashoff 799 (bo, k) et dec. ster., grashoff 871 (bo); ibid., musi hilir, semandai, alt. 25 m., oct., fl., 66. 20209 (bo, l); ibid., ipil, alt. 6 m, ster., t.b. 1117 (bo, l); ibid., musihulu, march, fl., 66. 23965 (a, bo, l, sing); ibid., oct., buds, 66. 20299 (bo, l); ibid., musihulu & rawas, muara lakitan, alt. 40 m, ster., 66. 20289 (bo); ibid., musihulu, lubukpandan, march, fr.., 66. 2s965 (bo, sing); ibid., rawas, tandjong beringin, oct., fl., 66. 13841, (b, bo, k, l, p, sing); north borneo (sabah) : kinabatangan, batuputih, febr., fl., madon 1644 (k); hill 1.5 miles n.e. of beaufort township, alt. 120 m, may, fl., fr., wood san 15499 (a, bri, k, kep, l); ibid., june, fl., wood san 16915 (a, b03 bri, k, kep, l,' sing); sandakan, jalan hujong tg. sepilok for. res., june, buds, san. 37514 (bo, k); locality not indicated, buds, wood 1931 (bo); tawao, fr., elmer 21848 (bish, bo, l, p, sing, uc) et fl., elmer 21344 (bish, bo, l, p, sing, uc); brunei: andulau for. res., kuala belait, cpt. 6., may, fl., san 17561 (a, bo, bri, k, kep, l, sing); ibid., fr., ashton 621 (bo, l, sar); w. kalimantan (indon. borneo) : sanggau distr., sg. labai, alt. 10 m, ster., 66. 7857 (bo); e. kalimantan: isl. nunukan, fr., kostermans 9183 (bo); ibid., may, buds, 66. 29339 (a, bo, l, ny, sing); ibid., forest garden, fl., 66. 39 (bo, l, sing); berau, tdg. redeb, labanan, alt. 25 m, ster., 66. 11540 (bo); sangkulirang distr., r. karangan, aug., fl., kostermans 13630 (a, bm, bo, canb, k, kep, l, ny, pnh); philippines: mindanao, lake lamao, camp keithley, june, fl., clemens 1030 (bo, k, l); sulawesi (celebes) : malili distr., usu, march, fr., cel/it—463 (bish, bo, bri, sing); ibid., nov., fl., cel/ii—463 (bo, l, sing); ibid., ster., cel/ii—463 (bo, l, sing) ; ibid., march, fr., cel/iii—16 (bo); ibid., oct., buds, cel/iii—16 (bo, l); ibid., dec, ster., cel/iii—16 (bo, l); ibid., alt. 300 m., june, ster., cel/ii—100—103 (bo) ; ibid., oct., buds cel/iii—171 et 172 (bo); ibid., nov., buds, cel/iii—173 et 174 (bo); ibid., near la rona, ster., 66. 1817 (bo l); 66. 1820 (bo, l) ; 66. 1838, 1911 (bo, l); ibid., ster., 66. 2323, 2344, 2410 et 2419 (bo). 2. acioa malayana kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 2 arbor m,ediocris ramulis glabris sulcatis foliis chartaceis glabris ellipticis basi cuneatis apice acuminatis supra nervo mediano lato subplano costis filiforrnibus prominulis, reticulatione minute prominulis, subtus dense prominente reticulatis, nervo mediano prominentibus costis 10—12, basi 14 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 glandulosis; petiolis brevis; stipulis lanceolatis acutis glabris; paniculis subracemiformibus paucifloris dense pilosis, tubus calycinis gracilis lobis subaequilongis; stamina fertilia pro parte connata, stylus staminibus superantibus, pilosis. typus: haniff s.f.n. 21059 (sing). tree 8—10 m tall; branchlets glabrous, sulcate; branches with tiny pale lenticels. leaves glabrous, chartaceous, elliptic, 6 x 15—8.5 x 19 cm, base cuneate, often decurrent, apex shortly, broadly acuminate; upper surface dark (dried), midrib broad, hardly prominulous, lateral nerves filiformous, prominulous, reticulation slightly prominulous; below paler, brown (dried), midrib strongly prominent, at base on either side with a round gland, lateral nerves prominent, 10—12 pairs, erect-patent, slightly curved; reticulation conspicuous, slender. petioles about 3 mm long. panicles subterminal, densely pale brown pilose, subracemiformous, few-flowered, little or not branched, up to 5 cm long; bracts ovate, acute, up to 3 mm long, caducous at anthesis. flowers almost sessile; calyx tube slender, 5 mm long; lobes 4—5 mm, ovate, acute, densely pilose outside, inside glabrous except at apex; petals spathulate, 6 mm long, narrowed at base; stamens 8—10, for about half their length grown together in a band, which broadens downward; ovary densely sericeous-strigose; style exceeding the filaments for 2 mm, for the greater part strigose. distribution:—only known from the type locality the species has a more or less decurrent leaf base as in a. heteropetala; the consistency of the leaves, size and flower characteristics are different. malay peninsula: kedah perak boundary, bukit blakang parang, gunong bintang, april, fl., haniff s.f.n. 21059 (sing). 3. acioa percoriacea kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 3 arbor ramulis minute flavo lanuginosis foliis percoriaceis ellipticis basi breve cuneatis subtus glo.ndulis conspicuis orbicularibus moditis, apex obscure acuminatis vel rotundatis supra glabra nitida, nervo mediano subpiano subtus minutissime albopilosis, nervo mediano prominentibus lato, costis utrinque 7—s prominentibus reticulatio deest, petiolis crassis parvis; stipulis lateralibus, ovato-lanceolatis longe acuminatis carinatis extus perdense minutissime pilosis, magnis. t y p u s : bb. 7098 (bo) tree 28 m tall and 50 cm in diam.; free bole 20 m; buttresses 2.5 m high, out 40 cm, thick 15 cm; bole sometimes fluted; bark 2 mm, palebrown, smooth; living bark 4 mm, redbrown; sapwood 2 cm, dark yellow, merging 1965] a. j. g. h. kostermans: the genus acioa, 15 into the red-brown heartwood; branchlets densely minutely yellowish brown pilose; branches glossy, dark redbrown, glabrous. leaves rigidly coriaceous, elliptic, 3.5 7.5 x 6—12 cm, base shortly cuneate or acute, bearing at the lower leaf surface on both sides of the top of the petiole a conspicuous, round, protruding gland; apex obscurely acuminate or rounded; upper surface "glossy, glabrous, minutely, densely impressed reticulate, midrib almost level with the leaf surface, lateral nerves filiformous, slightly impressed; lower surface more dull, covered with a lax indumentum of tiny cobweb-like grey hairs, glabrescent, midrib stout, strongly prominent, more densely pilose; lateral nerves 7—8 pairs, erect-patent, prominent, straight (curved near the margin, the upper ones anastomosing); secondary nerves faint, parallel, rather "spaced, reticulation lacking. petioles stout, densely, minutely pilose, about 5 mm long. distribution: only known from the type locality. although the species is sterile its affinity is manifestly with a. heteropetala, from which it may be distinguished by its indumentum and leaf glands. w. kalimantan (indones. borneo), sambas distr., village sentimo, alt. 20 m, aug., ster., bb. 7098 (bo, k, l). 16 k k i n w a r i) t i a [vol. 7 fig. 1. — acioa hcteropelalu (scort.) kosterm. (after e 1161, bo). 1065] a. j . g . h. kostermans: the genus acioa 17 fig. 2. — acioa inalaijaiui kosterm. 18 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 f i g . s. — acioou percoria-cea kosterm. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 1, pp. 19-46 (1965) new and critical malesian plants vii *) by a.j.g.h. kostermans **) summary 1. anacardiaceao: mangifera caesia jack is combined with m. kemanga bl. and 3 varieties are recognized: caesia, kemanga and wanji. 2. newly described are: m. pajang and m. torquenda. 3. lepidadenia seloang miquel represents: phoebe declinwta bl. 4. new lauraceae: beilschmiedia glabra, b. dictyoneura, b. bangkae, b. raontanoides, b. rivularis; endiandra ochracea, e. magnilimba. 5. in meliaceae are newly described: aphanamixis reticulosa, lansium pedicellatum and l. sepalinum. 6. sterculia minahassae kds. is referred to firmiana. f. philippinensis kosterm. is reduced to synonymy. a n a c a r d i a c e a e 1. mangifera caesia jack jack's type specimen is apparently not extant any more. his description of the fruit points to the variety wanji as described below. the inflorescence of the wild form of m. caesia is more condensed than that of the cultivated varieties; its fruit is very acid; when young it is green and partly dirty red. the two varieties kemanga and wanji differ only by the more elongate and open inflorescences and by the fruit, which are sweet acid and agreeable in taste, when they are fully ripe (fallen from the tree and left to ripen for another one or two days; the pulp becomes then very soft and juicy). mangifera kemanga blume is only grown in west java as far as i know and perhaps in s. sumatra and the malay peninsula. it has pear shaped fruit, that are pale brown in colour and dull, whereas those of the variety *) the first and second part of this series appeared in reinwardtia 2: 357—66. 1953 and 3; 1—25. 1954; part iii and iv ware issued separetely by the planning division of the forestry service of indonesia in febr. and oct. 1955; part iv appeared in reinwardtia 4: 1—40. 1956; part v in garden's bull., singapore 17: 1—10. 1958; part vi in reinwardtia 5: 341—69. 1961. **) d. sc, professor of botany, bandung institute of technology and of the faculty of physics and mathematics, university of indonesia, bogor; assistant director forest research institute, bogor; scientific collaborator herbarium bogoriense. — 1.9 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_10 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_11 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_12 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_13 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_14 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_15 a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors soedarsono riswan mien a rifai elizabeth a. widjaja published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi — lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, 1 55 5 february 1992 io issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 11, part l , p p . 5 5 (1992) the identity of dracontomelum petelotii tardieu-blot (anacard.) a.j.g.h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia abstract dracontomelum petelotii is transfered to spondias as spondias petelotti (tardieu-blot) kosterm. abstrak dracontomelum petelotii dipindahkan ke spondias sebagai spondias petelotti (tardieu-blot) kosterm. some time ago i asked dr. j.e. vidalof the laboratoire de phanerogamic paris, whether there was a specimen of petelot 6384 collected in tonkin in the paris herbarium. the answer was negative. s o l send him the bogor specimen and now, after my revision of spondiadeae appeared, dr. vidal informed me that the specimen was found and had been described by tardieu—blot as dracontomelum petelotii and that mr. l.l. forman of kew herbarium had suggested that it could be conspecific with rhus vernicifera. the latter is certainly incorrect; leaflets, inflorescence and flowers do not correspond to those of rhus vernicifera. i had no access to fruit of this specimen, said to be unilocular. for the time being i prefer to leave it in spondias. spondias petelotii (tardieu—blot) kostermans, comb. nov. dracontomelum petelotii tardieu—blot, adansonia n.s. 1: 57, 1961 (1962) typus: petelot 6384 (p) tonkin. spondias tonkinensis kosterm., kedondong, etc., the spondiadeae in asia and the pacific area: 19 (bogor, febr. 1991). 5 5 contents page rochadi abdulhadi seed banks in a sub-tropical rain forest 1 rochadi abdulhadi floristic changes in a sub-tropical rain forest succession 13 a.j.g.h. kostermans two remarkable lindera species (lauraceae) probably representing an undescribed genus 23 a.j.g.h. kostermans a new species of diplodiscus turcz. (tiliaceae) related to brownlowia roxb 27 n. sasidharan & k. swarupanandan a new species of cassine (celastraceae) from india , 29 a.j.g.h. kostermans reinstatement of pterocarpus echinata pers. (leguminosae — papilionaceae) ., 33 jumaat h adam & gc. wllcock. a new natural hybrid of nepenthes from mt. kinabalu (sabah) 35 a.j.g.h. kostermans durio macrantha kosterm. species nova (bombacaceae) from north sumatra 41 a.j.g.h. kostermans salacia acuminatissima kosterm., spec. nov. (celastraceae) from sri lanka 53 a.j.g.h. kostermans identity of dracontomelum petelotii tardleu -blot (anacard.) 55 printed by c v. bina karya cover rein.vol 11,part 1, 1-55 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_28 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_29 r e i n w a b d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2, part 3, pp. 373-383 (1954) supplement to the genus carex in malaysia e. nelmes • summary this supplement to the author's monograph '"the genus cat-ex in malaysia" enumerates several additional collections. moreover, a revised description of carer, ' pycnothyrsos kukenth. is given, while c. teinogyna boctt, cformosensis lev. & van. (?), and c. gajonum nelmes, three species not dealt with in the main work, are fully treated. part of the important collection of carices made by dr. c. g. g. j. van steenis in sumatra in 1937 came into my hands too late to be included in "the genus carex in malaysia" (in reinwardtia 1: 221-450. 1951). with them, from bogor, were included other malaysian carices; some collected by van steenis earlier (1934) in sumatra, others by endert in borneo, buwalda in java, and eyma in new guinea and the moluccas. while i was considering the question of publishing the determinations of these plants, dr. van steenis sent me a request to borrow from florence, for my work on the carices of malaysia, specimens from erbario beccari (sarawak and sumatra), erbario webb (mainly zollinger type numbers), and others preserved in the erbario centrale, especially early merrill numbers from the philippines. incidentally, to help me in identifying these philippine plants, ten sheets were borrowed from washington. some ol the specimens cited are already to be found in the main work and are given here as from additional herbaria. thus it became clear, with all this hitherto mainly undetermined material, that publication was desirable. in the enumeration which follows b = bogor, f = florence, and w = the u.s. national museum herbarium at washington. the species are numbered as in the main publication. 1. cakex oligostachya nees ex hook. p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; bontoc, 15 march 1914, vanoverbergh 323 ( f ) ! new g u i n e a : n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a ; probably dempta, oct. 1939, anang (b)! l e s s e r sunda i s l a n d s : s u m b a w a ; zollinger 3 4 4 7 ( f ) ! * royal botanic gardens, kew, england. — 373 — 3 7 4 r e i n w a r d t i a . [vol. 2 9. carex ramosii kukenth. p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; rizal, antipolo, june 1910, ramos 5s6 (f) ! 10. carex nodifloka boeck. p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; laguna, los bafios, april 1906, elmer 8306 ( f ) ! ; ibid., june—july 1917, elmer 17,781 (f) ! 12. carex palawanensis kukenth. p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : p a l a w a n ; puerto princosa, pulgar, may 1911, elmer 1s,h6 (f)! 13. carex blepharolepis nelmes. j a v a : zollinger 125h (f) ! — b o g o r (buitenzorg) ; west priangan, tjampaka, near tjidadap, mt. beser, forest, 1000—1800 m, 25 dec. 1937, buwakla 31,76 (b) ! 15. carex horsfieldii boott j a v a : r em b a n g ; mt. lasem, dec. 1940, van stcenis 11,we (b) < 16. carex indica l. java: zollinger sis (f) ! 17. carex dietrichiae boeck. borneo: s a r a w a k ; on the coast at tankalau, nov. 1866, bcccari 2741 ( f ) ! ; ibid., coast or edge oi entabei, oct. 1867, bcccari 387s (f) ! — e a s t e r n d i v i s i o n ; w. kutai, kiham batu bong, steep river-slope, locally common, 20m, 25 july 1925, endcrt 2197 (b)! n e w g u i n e a : n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a ; probably dempta, oct. 1939, anang (b, k ) ! 18. carex oruciata wahlenb. sumatra: a t j e h ; between takingeun (takengon) and baleg, forest margins, 1600 m, 30 aug. 1934, van sternis boss (b, k) ! — w e s t c o a s t ; air mantjur, ± 360 m, aug. 1878, beccari sine num. ( f ) ! 2 1 . carex pycnothyrsos kukenth. carex pyenothyrsos kukenth. in philipp. journ. sci. 6: 60. 1911. — philippine islands, merrill 563. loosely tufted. rhizome descending, woody, clothed with large reddish or blackish-red scales, fraying into fibres. stems erect, trigonous, 55—90 cm tall, 1.25—2 mm thick below, smooth, increasingly hispidulous upwards, especially below the secondary panicles, surrounded, below the leaves, by short, dark-reddish or vinaceous cataphylls or leafless sheaths. 1954] n e l m e s : supplement, cm-ex in malaysia. 875 leaves basal, with 1—3 spaced higher on the stem, shorter or longer than the stems, 2.5—5 mm wide, flat or flattish, stiff, apices iongly attenuated, upper surface sometimes pale-dotted, under-surface sometimes hispidulous; sheaths short, conspicuously reddish or vinaceous, tending to split into herring-bone shaped fibres. inflorescence a narrow, simple or compound, interrupted panicle, occupying the upper 7.5—20 cm of the stem; secondary panicles 3—5, single, oblong-lanceolate, or upper ovate to obovate, 0.8—3.5 cm long, 4—10 mm broad, upper approximate or subapproximate, lowest more or less distant, dense, lower branches again branched into 2—several simple spikes, the few upper branches in the form of simple spikes, erect to patulous, upper panicles sessile or on scarcely to very shortly, lower on shortly to iongly, exserted peduncles; peduncles trigonous, slender, sometimes smooth below, sparsely to densely setulose above. bracts mostly foliaceous, lower exceeding the whole inflorescence, upper much reduced, lower rather shortly, upper scarcely to very shortly, sheathing; sheaths often reddish at the nodes. spikes androgynaeceous, 4—9 mm long, subdense-flowered, sessile, male and female parts equal or male shorter. bracteoles glumiform but small, glabrous or hispidulous, aristate. cladoprophylls more or less utriculiform. female glumes ovate to triangular, cymbiform, apex obtuse to subrotund, 1.4—2.3 mm long, 1.2—2 mm wide, glabrous, pale to rich reddish-brown, whitish-hyaline margined, nervose, midrib usually excurrent in a mucro or awn up to 1 mm long. utricles cuneate-obovoid or ellipsoid, trigonous, 3.5—5 mm long, 1—1.5 mm broad, subcoriaceous, usually strongly plurito multinerved, narrowly marginate, usually glabrous to sparsely subadpressed hispidulous below, hispidulous above, especially on nerves and margins, straight to recurved, becoming patulous, pale to reddish above, pale below, scarcely or very shortly stipitate, gradually or subabruptly beaked above; beak tapering, plano-convex, 1.25—1.75 mm long, narrowly marginate, densely hispid on the margins, dark reddish, bidentulate; mouth not oblique; teeth 0.2—0.4mm long, straight or slightly converging. achene ellipsoid to ellipsoid-obovoid, trigonous, 2—2.75 mm long, about 1 mm broad, stramineous, very shortly stipitate and beaked, beak straight or slightly bent. style-base scarcely or slightly thickened. stigmas 3. p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; nueva eeija, m t umingan, aug.—sept. 1916, ramos & edaiio (bur. sci. se,sos) ( w ) ! ; ibid., bontoc, mt. masapilid, march 1920, ramos & edaiio (bur. sei. 37,881) ( f ) ! ; ibid., rizal, mt. i r i g , feb. 1923, ramos (bur, sci. 41,944) ( w ) ! — n e g r o s ; canlaon volcano, april 1910, merrill phil. pl 543 (f, w ) ! endemic. in my main work ramos & edaiio (bur. sci. 37,881) is erroneously given as the type of c. pycnothyrsos instead of merrill 543. as this latter plant, and other gatherings which i have recently seen and have cited above, bring considerable additional variation, i have written the above emended description of the species. 376 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 22. carex buennemeijeri nelmes. sumatra: 1878, becmri 21 ( f ) ! — a t j e h ; bur ni geredong, forest below laut pupandji, 1650 m, 3—5 sept. 1934, van steenis 6460 (b)! java: b o g o r (buitenzorg); puntjak pass, edge of secondary forest, one plant, ± 1100 m, 27 april 1941, buwalda son (b) ! 2 3 . cakex semiglomerata k u k e n t h . sumatra: a t j e h ; laut pupandji, slightly north-east of takingeun (takengon), swampy meadow, forest-margin, 1000 m, 3 sept. 1934, can steenis 6sss (b)! borneo: e a s t e r n d i v i s i o n ; w. kutai, kiau, low sandy river bank, 700 m, 25 oct. 1925, endert 1,567 (b)! 25. carex rafflesiana boott sumatra: a t j e h ; takingeun (takengon), bur ni lintang, forest, 1800m, 1 sept. 1934, van steenis 6s12 (b)! v a r . macrothyrsa (miq.) k u k e n t h . p h i l i p p i n e islands: 1841, earning 936 ( f ) ! — m i n d a n a o ; davao, todaya, mt. apo, aug. 1909, elmer 11,551, ( f ) ! ; ibid., sept. 1909, elmer 11.s07 (f) ! — l u z o n ; bontoc, sept. 1913, vaiwverbergh oil, (f) !; ibid., laguna, los banos, mt. maquiling, june—july 1917, elmer 17,692 ( f ) ! moluccas: t e r n a t e ; in an ancient crater, nov. 1874, beccari sine num. ( f ) ! 26. carex gembolensis c. b. clarke java: july 1858, zollinger ii, 9 (f) ! — m a d i u n ; mt. lawu, open sunny ground, common, ± 3000 m, 17 june 1941, bawalda s1ss (b)! — b e s u k i; idjen jits., mt. merapi, top zone, in sand, 2700 m, 1—2 may 1940, van steenis 12,100 (b) !; ibid., mt. pendil, flat grassy country, 1700 m, 3 may 1940, van steenis 12,142a (b) ! 28. carex continua c. b. clarke p h i l i p p i n e islands: l u z o n ; benguet, june 1911, merrill 56i ( f ) ! — m i n d a n a o ; davao, todayo, mt. apo, may 1909, elmer 10,782 ( f ) ! 3 1 . carex filicina nees var. angustifolia nelmes sumatra: a t j e h ; gajo lands, camps 6 to 8, mt. leuser (losir), middle peak, east-summit and slope, mountain heaths, 2950—3500 m, 5—6 feb. 1937, van steenis 8059 (b, k) ! p h i l i p p i n e islands : n e g r o s; canlaon volcano, april 1910, merrill su, 51,5 (f)l 38 . carex ceramica nelmes moluccas: c e r a m ; ulompuku, near mt. binaja, high alt., 1937, eyina (b, k)! 1954] n e l m e s : supplement, carex in malaysia 877 40. carex baccans nees sumatra: w e s t c o a s t ; mt. singgalang, ± 1700m, june—july 1878, beceari 21, and sine num. ( f ) ! ; ibid., karobatak plateau, 1938, kerling (b)! p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; benguet, bagnio, march 1907, elmer s355 ( f ) ! ; ibid., benguet, june 1911, merrill 567 (f) ! j a v a : m a 1 a n g; tengger mts., kletak, by hilly tracks, 1500 m, 1911, mmisset sine num. (f) ! 4 1 . carex myosurus nees j a v a : p r i a n g a n ; mt. papaniiajan, tepral paku, in forest, 2200m, 30 june 1940, van steenis 12g67 (b, k ) ! 42. carex lonsebracteata steud. sumatra: a t j e h ; gaj'o lands, summit of mt. lenvbuh, by a rivulet in mossforest, locally common, ± 3000 m, 21—22 feb. 1937, van steenis 9136 (b, k) ! j a v a : p r i a n g a n ; mt. fapandajan, tegal paku, in forest, 2200 ra, 30 j u n e 1940, van steenis 12,26$ (b, k ) ! 46. carex merrillii kiikenth. philippine islands: l u z o n ; benguet, june 1911, merrill sss (f)! 49. carex verticillata zoll. & mor. sumatra: 1880, forbes hti ( f ) ! — a t j e h; gajo lands, mt. leuser (losir), middle peak, camp fi, mountain heath, 3300—3400 m, 4 feb. 1937, van steenis 86h (b, k ) ! ; ibid., mt. kemiri, east side, camp 2, near summit, forested slope on plateau, in under-wcod, 2900—3314m, 7 march 1937, van steenis !)62i (b, k) ! — w e s t c o a s t ; mt. singgalang (singalan), padang highlands, ± 1700m, june—july 1878, beccah sine num. ( f ) ! j a v a : zollinger 1792 ( f ) ! 53. carex kinabaluensis stapf borneo: s a r a w a k ; gunong foe, aug. 18g6, beceari 2434i (f) ! — e a s te r n d i v i s i o n ; w . kutai, kemul, mountain-slope, primary forest, r a r e , 1200m, 27 sept. 1925, endert 3632 (b) !; ibid., heavy mountain country, common in marshy spots, 1800 m, 19 oct. 1925, endert 4372 ( b ) ! 58. carex brunnea thunb. p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; laguna, mt. maquiling, sept. 1911, ramos 1010 ( f ) ! — m i n d a n a o ; davao, todaya, mt. apo, aug. 1909, elmer 11,49 ( f ) ! new g u i n e a : n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a ; sorong, misool island, tip, in primitive forest, many specimens together, 80 m, 23 sept. 1948, pleyte 1009 (b, k) ! 3 7 8 r e i n w a b d t i a [vol. 2 java: b e s u k i; mt. pendil, near djampit, flat grassy country, 1700 m, 3 may 1940, van steenis 12,142 (b, k)! — m a d i o n ; mt. lawu, open sunny ground, common, ± 3000 m, 17 june 1941, buwalda (b)! var. dolichocarpa nelmes. j a v a : b e s u k i ; ijang plateau, taman hidup, forest, common alone; the forest road to the lake, 1700—2100 m, 25 april 1940, von steenis 11,91,8 (b, k)! 58a. cabex teinogyna boott cm-ex teinogynu boott, illustr. 1: 60 (. 158. 1858; kukenth. in engl. pflanzenr. iv 20: 602 t. 102, f-h. 1909. — india, hooker et thomson. tufted. rhizome very short, slender, woody. stems more or less erect, trigonous, 20—60 cm tall, 0.5—1 mm thick, smooth throughout or angles scaberulous on the upper part of the rhachis, surrounded at the base, below the leaves, by spadiceous sheaths or cataphylls, which ultimately fray into persistent fuscous fibres. leaves basal and subbasal, rather numerous, shorter to slightly longer than the stems, 1.5—4 mm wide, flat to conduplicate, stiff, green, upper surface thinly covered with pale asperous protuberances, especially above, apices longly attenuated; sheaths dark brown in front and at the concave mouth. spikes in fascicles of 1—3 at each of about 3—6 nodes, erect or slightly flexuous, androgynaeceous, 0.5—2.5 cm long, lax-flowered, mostly simple but some sometimes bearing 1—few smaller spikes, female part exceeding, usually much exceeding, the male part, upper fascicles subapproximate and overlapping, lower at more widely spaced nodes, upper on scarcely to very shortly-, lower on very shortly to rather longly exserted peduncles; peduncles of each fascicle unequal in length, slender, smooth. bracts of the lower fascicles subfoliaceous, mostly longer than their fascicles but usually shorter than the whole inflorescence, longly sheathing, upper bracts much reduced, shortly sheathing. female glumes oblong-lanceolate or slightly obovateoblong with an acuminate apical part, incurved at the base, otherwise cymbiform, apex acute or sometimes obtuse, 3.5—5 mm long, 1.2—1.8 mm wide, translucent, glabrous, castaneous, sometimes narrowly pale-hyaline on the apical margins, slenderly nervose, muticous or awned, awn up to 1 mm long. utricles elliptic, plano-convex to compressed-biconvex, 3.5— 4(—4.5), less frequently 5 mm long, 1—1.4 mm broad, membranaceous, slenderly or very slenderly multinerved, not or very narrowly marginate, minutely whitish and subadpressed-hispidulous, straight or straightish, erect to patulous, castaneous, up to about 0.4 (0.5) mm, cuneate-stipitate, subabruptly beaked; beak compressed, slightly tapering, 1.25—2 mm long, more or less subadpressed-hispidulous, bidentate or bidentulate; mouth not oblique; teeth straight. athene elliptic or oblong-elliptic, subplanoconvex or compressed-biconvex, 1.8—2.5 mm long, 1—1.25 mm broad, becoming dark brown, not stipitate, scarcely to rather shortly beaked. style-base slightly thickened. stigmas 2, about 7—10 mm long, curved and flexuous, persistent. 1954] nelmes: supplement, carex in malaysia 379 sumatra: a t j e h ; gajo lands, foot of mt. kemiri, camp 1, between gumpang and kungke, shore of the lae alas (river) among stones, region of high water, ± 700 m, 12 march 1937, van steenis 9804 (b, k ) ! ; ibid., sanger valley at camp 2, above elang kedjeren, ravine on forested slope, rocky streamlet-valley, region of high waters, 1050—1150 m, 19 march 1937, van steenis 9839 (b, k) ! india, indo china. i disagreed with kiikenthal's determination of backer 13,298 from java as c. teinogyna boott (in bull. jard. bot. buitenz., ser. 3, lfi: 320. 1940) and i thought that van steenis 9804 and 9839 from sumatra, cited with backer's plant, might also be misidentifications, i therefore excluded the species from nry account of carex in malaysia. when, however, the two van steenis numbers eventually reached me, i found that my assumption was erroneous and that kukenthal had correctly determined the sumatran plant as c. teinogyna. 59. carex buruensis nelmes new g u i n e a : n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a ; wissel lake region, camp on a stony ledg-e of a ridge on slope before the summit, 31 july 1939, eyma £991 (b, k ) ! this collection represents a new variety or perhaps a new species. 61. carex cryptostachys brongn. sumatra: at j e h; takingeun (takengon), bur ni bias, wooded slope, 1300— 1400 m, 31 aug. 1934, van steenis 6175 (b)! borneo: s a r a w a k ; pinindgiao, nov. 1805, bcceari !)s1 ( f ) ! p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; sorsogon, irosin, mt. bulusan, oct. 1915, elmer u,s9s (f) !; ibid., may 1916, elmer 16,110 (f) ! sumatra: bangka; lobok-besar, primary forest, sandy soil, 20m, 7 oct. 1949, a-nta (exp. kostermans) 1101 (b, k ) ! j a v a : zollinger 1152 ( f ) ! — b o g o r (buitenzorg); telagawarna, near puntjak pass, forest, one plant, 1475 m, 3 sept. 1939, van steenis 11,521 ( b ) ! ; ibid., west priangan, tjampaka, mt. beser, 1000—1300 m, 25 dec. 1937, buvmlda 3470 (b, k ) ! 63. carex rhynchachaenium c. b. clarke ex merrill p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; pampanga, mt. arayat. feb. 1906, merrill 512 ( f ) ! 63a. carex ?fokmosensis lev. & van. carex formosciisis lev. et van. in mem. soc. nat. sci. nat. et math. cherbourg, sb: 216. 1905. — formosa, fuurie s27. carex ligata boott var. formosensis (lev. et van.) kukenth. in engl. pflanzenr, iv 20: 474. 1909. 380 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 tufted. stems erect or slightly curved, central, obtusely or compressed-trigonous, 10—25 cm tall, 0.5—0.8 mm thick, weak, smooth. leaves basal, shorter to longer than the stems, 2—3.5 mm wide, flat to flattish, apex longly attenuated; sheaths spadiceous, becoming fuscousbrown. spikes 3—5, subapproximate and subfastigiate, or lowest more distant, cylindric, erect to suberect, subdense-flowered, terminal usually male, paler than the others, 1—2 cm long, 2—3 mm thick, lateral spikes female, 1.5—2 cm long, 3.75—5 mm thick, on shortly (upper) to rather longly (lower) exserted peduncles; peduncles obtusely trigonous, slender, smooth. bracts of the lower spikes foliaceous or subfoliaceous, much longer than the whole inflorescence to scarcely exceeding their own spikes, upper bracts much reduced, sheathing, upper shortly. female glumes more or less oblong to oblong-ovate, flattish to cymbiform, sometimes with slight involute margins below, apex rounded, truncate, or bilobed-emarginate, 1.5—2 mm long, 0.5—1 mm wide, white, thin, and nerveless except a thicker, greenish, strongly 3-nerved central stripe which is excurrent in a wide, tapering, ciliolate-hispidulous-margined awn, 0.5—1.1mm long; male glumes longer, paler. utricles rhomboid and slightly lageniform, trigonous, 3.3—3.5 mm long, about 1 mm broad at the rounded girdling ridge 1—1.4 mm from the base, with a scarcely to slightly inflated apex, 1 mm above, caused by the apex of the achene, membranaceous or subcoriaceous, multinerved, scarcely marginate, sparsely or very sparsely puberulous, straight, suberect to patulous, stramineous below, light greenish above, curved tapering from the ridge to a shortly stipitate base, gradually tapering above except for the slight upper inflation which may be considered the apex; beak slightly tapering, compressed, about 1 mm long, light greenish, bidentate; mouth not oblique; teeth straight, 0.2—0.4 mm long. achene rhomboid, trigonous, faces deeply concave above and below a central horizontal ridge, 1.75—2 mm long, about l m m broad, curved-tapering below to a scarcely or shortly stipitate base, gradually tapering above to a slightly constricted apex and then slightly expanded into a scarcely cylindric neck but rather discoid-annulate apex, 0.3—0.4 mm in diameter. style slender, its scarcely thickened base centred in the slightly hollow apex of the achene. stigmas 3. p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; benguet, june 1911, merrill phil. pl sos (f, w) ! korea, japan, formosa. i have not seen the type of c. formosensis and the species is not represented in the herbarium at kew. merrill's number 562 does not altogether agree with the descriptions of it, but there does not seem sufficient variation to warrant the proposal of a second species. at present, therefore, there is some doubt as to whether c. formosensis belongs to the malaysian flora. 64. caeex breviscapa c. b. clarke n e w g u i n e a : n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a ; j a p p e n i s l a n d , b i a k , w a m i a m i , n e a r s e r u i , 1 a u g . 1 9 3 9 , act cl idjau {exp. l. j. van dyk) 2 3 5 ( b , k ) ! 1s54] nelmes: supplement, carex in malaysia 381 65. carex multifolia ohwi p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; kalinga, lubuagan, feb. 1920, ramos & edano {bur. sci. 37an) (w) !; ibid., rizal, mt. angilog, apr. 1922, ramos {bur. scl. 40,765) (w) ! 70. carex ?rugata ohwi p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; benguet, june 1911, merrill sel ( f ) ! 75. carex loheri c. b. clarke p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; benguet, baguio, march 1907, elmer 8582 (f) !; ibid., benguet, j u n e 1911, merrill 563 (f) ! 76. carex lateralis kiikenth. p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; benguet, baguio, march 1907, elmer 8iu ( f ) ! (a specimen of c. loheri c. b. clarke has been mounted in error on this sheet.) 77. carex speciosa kunth sumatra: a t j e h ; takingeun (takengon) bur ni oentella, edge of forest, 1400 m, 29 aug. 1934, van steenis 5918 (b, k ) ! 8 1 . carex oedorrhampha nelmes sumatra: a t j e h ; gajo lands, leuser (losir) massif, camps 2 to 3 (lau alas, upper course), wet places near streamlet on heathy ground, 2100—2250m, 29 j a n . 1937, r a n steenis 8431(b, k ) ! j a v a : p r i a n g a n ; mt. papandajan, tegal pandjang, grassland, close tufts, 2040 m, 30 june 1940, van steenis 12,253 (b)! 83. carex doniana spreng sumatra: a t j e h ; laut pupandji, north-east of takingeun (takengon), heath-bog around the lake, 1900 m, 3 sept. 1934, van steenis 6375a (b, k) \ 84. carex subtransversa c. b. clarke p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; benguet, may 1914, merrill 17g3 ( w ) ! ; ibid., pauai, apr.—june 1918, santos (rm: sri. 31,684) ( w ) ! ; ibid., apr.—june 1918, santos (bur. sci. 31,958) ( w ) ! 86. carex capillacea boott p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; benguet, pauai, may 1909, merrill 505 (f) ! 94. carex philippinensis nelmes p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; benguet, baguio, march 1907, elmer s5s2 ( f ) ! ; ibid., benguet, june 1911, merrill see ( f ) ! ; ibid., bontoc, may 1913, vmwver382 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 bergh 441 ( f ) ! — n e g r 0 s; dumaguete, cuernos mts., april 1908, elmer 9842 ( f ) ! — m i n d a n a o ; davao, todaya, mt. apo, aug\ 1909, elmer 11,590 (f) ! 98. carex phacota spreng. sumatra: a t j e h ; bur ni pupandji, slightly north-east of takingeun (takengon), 1600 m, 2 sept. 1934, van stecnis 6375 ( b ) ! ; ibid., laut pupandji, north-east of takingeun (takengon), lake-side swamp, 1900 m, 3 sept. 1934, van steenib 6381 (b) ! p h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s : l u z o n ; benguet, june 1911, merrill 565 ( f ) ! 100. carex lacerans kiikenth. new g u i n e a : n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a ; enarotali, wissel lake region, near lake paniai, forming a closed cover on open sandy bank at mouth of rivulet enaro, locally common, 25 jan. 1939, eytna uos (b, k) ! 102. carex niibigena d. don j a v a : zollmger 2554 ( f ) ! 105. carex alta boott j a v a ; zollinger 3192 (f) !; ibid., 1880-82, forbes 1120 (p) ! 107a. carex gajonum nelmes carex gajonum nelmes in kew bull. 1952: 84. 1952. — sumatra, van stcenis 8591. tufted. stems erect, obtusely trigonous, smooth, scaberulous at the apex, just below the inflorescence, 20—90 cm tall, 1—2 mm thick below, ribbed and striate. leaves few, subbasal, shorter to longer than the stems, 1.25—2.5 mm wide, flattish-eanalicu'ate, margins often recurved, apices longly attenuated, lower leaves reduced to bladeless or nearly bladeless sheaths. spikes 5—8, gynaecandrous, but male flowers so few that spikes appear wholly female, ellipsoid in flower, obovoid or oblanceoloid in fruit, 5—10 mm long, 3—5 mm thick in fruit, dense-flowered, suberect to patulous, sessile, all crowded or approximate, or, sometimes, lowest at a node up to 14 mm from that next above, forming a terminal, slenderly or more stoutly oblong or, less commonly, ovoid head, 1.5—4.25 cm long and 4—sum thick. brads of the lowest 1, less commonly 2, spike(s) setaceous to subfoliaceous, remaining spikes ebracteate or bracts represented by large and longly awned glumes. female glumes ovate or ovatelanceolate, cymbiform, base incurved, apex acute, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, translucent, very slenderly plurinerved and bright eastaneous, nerveless on the thinner, wide, whitish-hyaline margins, midrib and 2 adjacent nerves which coalesce with it above more or less extending to the acute whitish-hyaline apex. utricles broadly ovate, or sometimes suborbicular, excluding the beak, plano-convex, or concavo-convex owing to spongythickened margins and base which are slightly ventrally incurved, 3.25— 3.5 mm long, about 2 mm broad, slenderly but distinctly 8—12-nerved 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 198 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 each perithecium contains many 8-spored, cylindric, thin-walled asci 7—9 µ wide and 90—120µ long, with thin, rounded top. the spores are uniseriate, colourless, 3-septate, fusiform, tapering towards the tips, 3—4 µ wide, 16—20µ long, with cubic cells. pycnidia are not present. the species under consideration differs from thelidium in its gonidia and the fusiform spores; from porina in its gonidia and the diffluent paraphyses. it represents, it would seem, a new genus. although pyrenotrichaceae have scytonema-gonidia the genus may be provisionally assigned to this family. cyanoporina groenh., gen. nov. thallus crustaceus, homoiomericus, gonidiis stygonemataceis. apothecia pyrenocarpica, globosa; nucleus gonidiis hymenialibus destitutus; asci 8-spori, leptodermatici; sporae decolores, horizontaliter septatae, cellulis cubicis. pycnidia ignota. cyanoporina granulosa groenh., sp.nov.—fig. 1 thallus pulvinato-crustaflg. 1. — a, section of thallus of cyanoporina ceus, homoiomericus, dispersus granulosa groenh. with three perithecia; b, vel continuus granulosus, opatypes of gonidia; c, gonidia with gomdial cus substrato arete adnatus, hyphae; d, ascus; e, spore. hypothallo indisincto, gonidiis stygonemataceis. perithecia numerosa, solitaria, minutissima, globosa, immersa, fulvescentia, 110—130 µ. diametro, poro ignoto; nucleus albidus, iodo non reagens; asci cylindrici, longitudine 90—120µ, crassitudine 1-—9 µ, membrana tenui; sporae 8-nae, decolores, fusiformes, rectae, 3septatae, loculis cubicis, aequalibus 3—4 x 16—20 µ, membrana tenui. ycnidia ignota. type. — java. w e s t j a v a. mt. gegerbentang, on bark of phoebe declinata, over mosses, lichens, and detritus, alt. 1310 m, april 19, 1950, comm. c. c. schroter 5031 (eg. 5758). r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 2, pp. 199-220 (1951) the generic names proposed for hymenomycetes—i "cyphellaceae" m. a. donk * summary 1. the present paper is the first of a series intended to deal from a nomenclatural point of view with all the generic names proposed for hymenomycetes. for each name the following items are considered: (i) its etymology and gender, (ii) the original scope of the corresponding genus, and, in case of the name beingan isonym, also of the group covered by its basinym; (iii) the type species, which when not originally designated, is selected; (iv) its basinym, synisonyms, homonyms, typonyms, and variant spellings, if any, are indicated; (v) its status under the rules is determined; and (vi) supplementary remarks are given when these are deemed useful. 2. this first instalment deals with "cyphellaceae," a group defined in a conventional, rather descriptive, manner, not as a taxonomic unit. 3. a new generic name, stromatoscypha donk, is introduced for porothelium (pr. ex fr.) fr. 4. the following new combinations are made: aleurodiscus digitalis (a. & s. ex fr.) donk [basinym: cyphella digitalis (a. & s.) ex f r . ] , and stromatoscypha fimbriata (pers. ex fr.) donk [basinym: polyporus fimbriatus (pers.) ex f r . ] . introduction to the series.—a few words may be said about the origin of the present series. for about twelve years before world war ii hit java, i was engaged in the preparation of a "genera of hymenomycetes." it soon appeared that the application of many generic names was uncertain and rather than using them in a haphazard manner i tried to find out more about them in order to apply them as correctly as possible. this proved an arduous task. when it was completed, the "genera" were sent to the printer's. as a consequence of the war, the text that went to the printer's, the already printed sheets, as well as the trunk containing the carbon-copy, nearly all of the notes on which the manuscript was based, and about 500 especially prepared illustrations were destroyed. however, a carbon-copy of the nomenclatural part, abandoned several years before the book was finished, was retrieved. it lacked, of course, all the corrections and additions made between its storing-away and the finishing-of the final manuscript. i have not seriously tried to cover once more the entire * keeper of herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia, — 199 — binder5 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_67 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_68 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_69 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_70 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_71 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_72 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_73 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_74 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_75 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_76 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_77 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_78 a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors soedarsono riswan mien a rifai elizabeth a. widjaja published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi — lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, 1 55 5 february 1992 io issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, pp. 29 32 (1992) a new species of cassine (celastraceae) from india n. sasidharan & k. swarupanandan kerala forest research institute, peechi 680 653, kerala, india. a b s t r a c t the new species cassine kedarnathii sasi. & swarup. is described from the silent valley national park (india) and illustrated. i n t r o d u c t i o n two species of cassine l. (celastraceae) were recorded from peninsular india, viz. c. glauca (rottb.) o. ktze. and c. paniculata (wt. & arn.) lobreau-call. (gamble 1915: under elaeodendron; ramamoorthy 1976). kostermans (1987) in his taxonomic treatment of the genus in asia, restricted the name c. glauca (rottb.) o. ktze. to sri lankan materials and assigned the name c. albens (retz.) kosterm. to indian materials known as c. glauca (rottb.) o. ktze. a giant hollow tree in the silent valley national park attracted the' attention of visitors because of its large size (height ca, 30 m and dbh 13 m) and the hollow bole, from base to top, through which sky is visible. the tree had been identified c. glauca (rottb.) o. ktze. presumably in the absence of flowers and fruits (subrarnanian & singh 1987). on a recent visit to silent valley, we were able to collect flowering and fruiting specimens of the tree. this material did not agree with any of the species treated in kostermans' revision (1987). subsequently, the material was reffered to kostermans and he confirmed the novelty of the species. this species is differentiated and described as new below. 29 30 reinwardtia [vol. 11 cassine kedarnathii sasidharan & swarupanandan, sp. nov., figs. 1—10. affinis c. congylos kosterm. in magnus fructus sed vergens in fructus • ellipsoidus cum crassus mesocarpus et folia eluptico-oblongus acuminatus. differt e c. paniculata (wt. & am.) lobreau-call. in petala oblongo, ovaria 2-loculosus et breviore cymeae. differt e c. albens (retz.) kosterm. et c. glauca (rottb.) o. ktze. in magnus florae et fructus. holotypus : sasidharan 3689 (mh). differs from c. paniculata (wt. & arn.) lobreau-call. in the oblong petals, two celled ovary and smaller cymes. differs from c. albens (retz.) kosterm. and c. glauca (rottb.) o. ktze. in the larger size of the flowers and fruits. allied to c. congylos kosterm. in the larger sized fruits, but differs in the ellipsoid fruit with thick mesocarp and elliptic-oblong acuminate leaves. large trees, up to 30 m tall. bark greyish brown, inner bark reddish. leaves opposite, lamina 5—8 x 2—3.5 cm, elliptic-oblong, obtusely caudate acuminate, base acute, margin crenate, slightly thickened, coriaceaous, glabrous, lateral nerves 5—9 pairs, secondary laterals present, intercostae reticulate, prominulous above, prominent below, petiole 2—2.5 cm long. cymes dichasial, terminal and axillary, glabrous. flowers greenish-yellow, ca. 12 mm across. pedicels 4—5 mm long. sepals 5, 1.5 x 3 mm, imbricate, broadly ovate, obtuse, glabrous. petals 5, 5 x 2—2.5 mm, imbricate, oblong, obtuse, margin slightly revolute stamens 5, inserted along the margins of the wavy annular disc, filaments 2 mm long. ovary immersed in the disc, 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled, ovules basal. styles short, stigma entire. drupe 25— 30 x 18—22 mm, ellipsoid, apiculate, green; epicarp thin, putamen slightly compressed, vertically grooved on both sides, one side 3—4 mm thick, the other 5—7 mm, shining brown within. seed 1. ca. 20 x 17 mm. elliptic, planoconvex, shallowly grooved above, brown. flowering march to june and fruiting october to november. distribution: evergreen forests along the western ghats. etymology: the species is named in honour of dr. s. kedarnath. distinguished forest geneticist. notes: in the larger size of the fruits the species is allied to the sri lankan species c. congylos kosterm. but differs from it in the ellipsoid fruit with thick putamen and the elliptic oblong acuminate leaves. the large size of the fruit easily distinguishes the species from the other south indian species c. albens (retz.) kosterm. and c. paniculata (wt. & arn.) lobreaucall. specimens examined: kerala state: palghat distr. silent valley, ± 800 m, 11—5— 1989, fl. & fr. sasidharan 3689 (mh); locality not known 28—4—1905, young fr. barber 7064(mh). 1992] n. sasidharan & k. swasupanandan : a species of cassine 31 figures 1—10. cassine kedarnathii sasi. & swarup. 1. flowering twig. 2. flower. 8. sepal. 4. petal. 5. stamen. 6. anther. 7. pistil and disc. 8. transection of ovary. 9. fruit. 10. transection of fruit. 32 reinwardtia [vol. 1 acknowledgements the authors are thankful to prof. a. j. g. h. kostermans, herbarium bogoriense for critical comments on the material and latin, to the joint director, madras herbarium, for permitting to examine the relevant specimens, to dr. k. s. s. nair, director, kerala forest research institute, for facilities and encouragements to our colleagues mr. m. balagopalan, scientist, for collecting mature fruits at our request and mr. subash kuriakose, artistphotographer for the illustrations. references g a m b l e , j.s. 1 9 1 5 . flora of the presidency of madras (rep. ed. 1957) vol. 1 : 145—152. (celastraceae). botanical survey of india, calcutta. kostermans, a. j. g. h. 1987. notes on asiatic cassine l. (celatsraceae). gard. bull, singapore 3 9 : 177—191. ramamoorthy, t. p. 1976. celastraceae. pages 316--322. in s a l d a n h a & d h. n i colson (eds.). flora of hassan district, karnataka, india. amerind publ. co., new delhi. .subramanian, k.n. & b.g. slngh. 1987. identity of a controversial tree in the silent valley national park (letters to the editor). indian for. 1 1 3 : 78. contents page rochadi abdulhadi seed banks in a sub-tropical rain forest 1 rochadi abdulhadi floristic changes in a sub-tropical rain forest succession 13 a.j.g.h. kostermans two remarkable lindera species (lauraceae) probably representing an undescribed genus 23 a.j.g.h. kostermans a new species of diplodiscus turcz. (tiliaceae) related to brownlowia roxb 27 n. sasidharan & k. swarupanandan a new species of cassine (celastraceae) from india , 29 a.j.g.h. kostermans reinstatement of pterocarpus echinata pers. (leguminosae — papilionaceae) ., 33 jumaat h adam & gc. wllcock. a new natural hybrid of nepenthes from mt. kinabalu (sabah) 35 a.j.g.h. kostermans durio macrantha kosterm. species nova (bombacaceae) from north sumatra 41 a.j.g.h. kostermans salacia acuminatissima kosterm., spec. nov. (celastraceae) from sri lanka 53 a.j.g.h. kostermans identity of dracontomelum petelotii tardleu -blot (anacard.) 55 printed by c v. bina karya cover rein.vol 11,part 1, 1-55 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_15b rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_29 424 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 berrya ameliae (lundell) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera ameliae lundell in field and lab. 6: 13. 1937. berrya boivinii (baillon) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera boivinii baillon, adansonia 10: 180. 1872. berrya cubensis (gris.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera cubensis grisebach in mem. am. acad. n.s. 8: 164. 1861. berrya floribunda (urban) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera floribunda urban, symb. antill. 5: 412. 1908. berrya hexaptera (urban & ekm.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera hexaptera urban & ekman in arkiv. bot. stockh. 20a (15) : 76. 1926. berrya mariarum (standley) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera mariarum, standley in publ. field. mus. nat. hist. chicago, bot. ser. 23: 126. 1944. berrya sansibarensis (burr.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: carpodiptera sansibarensis burret in notizbl. bot. gart. berlin-dahlem 9: 607. 1926. berrya simonis (urb.) kosterm., comb. nov.; basionym: carpodiptera simords urban, symb. antill. 6: 16. 1909. i suspect that tahitia burret (i.e. 609), based on berrya vescoana baillon and created by burret on the strength of the description of baillon and a plate of drake del castillo, should also be included in berrya; the differences with berrya, as stated by burret are very small indeed and do not merit to be evaluated as being on the generic level. without proper material at hand, however, i prefer to defer a final decision. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 5, pp. 425-431 (1969) kayea wall, and mesua l. (guttiferae) a. j. g. h. kostermans * kayea wallich, pi. as. rar. 3: 5. 1832 and mesua l., spec. pi. 515. 1753 are very closely related. bentham and hooker (gen. pi. 1: 176. 1862) distinguished both genera in this way, that kayea has a one-celled ovarium with one seed and a 4-fid style, whereas mesua has a 2-celled ovary and 4 ovules, the stigma being peltate. this distinction has been maintained by other botanists, but anderson (in hooker f., fl. brit. ind. 1: 259. 1874) encountered already a difficulty with the species m. lepidota anders., which as he says: "might represent a new genus in between kayea and mesua", bringing the two still closer together. some years ago i started to revise kayea and mesua in conjunction with my monograph on, mammea l. (including ochrocarpus). lack of adequate material of several species compelled me to postpone the final revision, untill such materials should be available. meanwhile it has become clear that the two genera cannot be separated. collections from living mesua ferrea trees in the botanic garden in bogor, proved that on the same tree of mesua ferrea l. twoand onecelled fruit may be found with one or two seeds. in other kayea species two-seeded fruit were observed. the shape of the stigma cannot be used as a generic characteristic as between the peltate one of mesua ferrea (which sometimes is ineised) and the more or less 4-fid ones of kayea there are all gradations. as in all other respects the two> genera are completely alike, i had decided long ago to merge them under mesua. as i have been pressed to publish the new combinations, which i have written on the herbarium labels in many herbaria, i herewith give a list of the new combinations, in anticipation of the forthcoming monographic revision. *) forest research institute and herbarium bogoriense, bogor. — 425 — 426 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1. mesua acuminatissima (merr.) kosterm., co-mb. nov.; kayea acuminatissima merrill (basionym) in philip. j. sci. 30: 84. 1926; typus: wood 1831 (coll. goklin), brunei (gh, k); synonym: vauca imbricata van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg, ser. 3, 16: 452, tab. 1940; typus: melegrito 2587, fr. (uc). 2. mesua assamica (king& prain) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea assamica king & prain (basionym) in indian forester 27: 62. 1901 et in notes and papei~s 420. 1901 (reprints); typus: barker, young (bm, g, k). , : ;•:, :w yta s£t1 3. mesua beccariana (baill.) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea beccariana baillon (basionym), adansonia 11: 369. 1876; typus: beccari 3462 (bm, bo, k, p ) ; synonym: kayea laevis kostermans, new & crit. males. pi. 4: 5, fig. 3. 1955; typus: haluer u18 (bo). 4. mesua brevipes (merr.) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea brevipes merrill (basionym) in philip. j. sci. 5: 200. 1910; typus: f,b. 14846, darling (k). . , •• 5. mesua calophylloides (ridley) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea calophylloides ridley (basionym) in kew bull. 1938: 123; typus: haviland & hose 3201 (bo, k), para-typus: haviland 2342 (k, sing), hose 258 (k) ; haviland & hose 3678 (k). 6. mesua catharinae (merr.) kosterm., comb. nov.; kayea catharinae merrill in contrib. arnold arb. 8: 108, t. 6. 1934; typus: bangham 997 (bo, gh, k). 7. mesua caudata (king) kosterm., 'comb, nov.; kayea caudata king (basionym) in j. as. soc. bengal 59(2) : 183. 1890; typus: king 7937 (k). 8. mesua clemensorum kosterm., spec. nov.; kayea clemensorum gagnepain in suppl. fl. indoch., ed. humbert 1: 276, tab. 24. 1943 (invalid); typus: clemens 3339 (bo, p). arbuscula vei arbor parva ramulis pergracilis foliis lanceohms longe acuminatis basi in petiolum. contractis costis utrinque 7-8 obscuris arcuaitis petiolis gracilis bene evolutis inflorescenims apicams nee rartwsis pedunculis gracilis pedicellis crassioribus subaequiloncfis, floribus immaturus 1-2, globosis, sepalibus orbicularibus convexis. 9. mesuâ curtisii (king) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea curtisii king (basionym) in ann. bot. gard. calcutta 5: 144, t. 174 b. 1896; typus: curtis 748 et 805 (bo, k). 10. mesua daphnifolia (ridley) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea daphnifolia ridley (basionym), fl. mai. pen. 5: 290. 1925; typus: berry s.n., dindings (bo, k, sing). 1969] kostermans: kayea wall, and mesua l. 427 11. mesua elegans (king) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea elegans king (basionym) in j. as. soc. bengal 59 (2): 183 et 622. 1890; typus: kings coll. 7346 (bo, gh, k). 12. mesua elmeri (merr.) kosterm., comb, now.; kayea elmeri merrill (basionym) in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 199. 1929; typus: elmer 20851 (bish, bm, br, c, ds, f, g, gh, k, kep, s, uc) ; para-typus: elmer 21368, 21500 (same herbaria). 13. mesua eugeniaefolia (pierre) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea eugeniaefolia pierre (basionym), fl. for. cochinch. t. 98. 1889; typus: pierre 3640 (bo, k). 14. mesua ferruginea (pierre) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea ferruginea pierre (basionym), fl. for. cochinch. t. 99. 1889; typus: pierre 1050 (gh, p) et 4564 (p). 15. mesua floribunda (wall.) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea floribunda wallich (basionym), pi. as. rar. 3: 5, t. 210. 1832; typus: (de silva & gomez) wallich 4840 (bo, br, g, gh, k, le, ny, us). 16. mesua garei&e (villar) kosterm., comb, nov.; vidalia garciae villar (basiooiym) in blanco, fl. filip., ed. 3, nov. app. 18. 1880; typus: vidal2123 (gh). 17. mesua grandis (king) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea grandis king (basionym) in j. as. soc. bengal 59 (2) : 182. 1890; typus: maingay k.d. 178 (k), cantley 2354 (k) ; kings coll.'3897 (k) ; 7294; 7340 (sing). 18. mesiua korthalsiana (pierre) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea korthalsiana pierre (basionym), fl. for. cochinch. sub. t. 98. 1889 (in observ.); typus: k&rthals s.n. (bo, l, p ) . 19. mesua kunstleri (king) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea kunstleri king (basionym) in j. as. soc. bengal 59(2): 182 et 620. 1890; typus: kings coll. 3301 (bo) ; 6850 (bo, gh, k) ; curtis 1419 (sing) ; maingay 176. 20. mesua larrceolata (merr.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: kayea lanceolata merrill (basionym) in philip. j. sci. 17: 290. 1921 (1922); typus: ramos & edano b. sci. 33591 (bo, ch, k, p). 21. mesua larnachiana (f. v. m.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: kayea larnachiana f. v. mueller (basionym) in victor. nat. 3: 126. jan. 1887; typus: w. sayers (bm), trinity bay, queensland. 22. mesua macrantha (baill.) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea macrantha baillon (basionym), adansonia 11: 369. 1876; typus: beccari 2520 (bo, fl, k, l, le, p ) . 428 re i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 23. mesua macrocarpa (pierre) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea macrocarpa pierre (basionym), fl. for. coehinch. t. 100. 1889; typus: pierre 1050 (p). 24. mesua macrophylla (kan. & hat.) . kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea macrophylla kanehira & hatusima (basionym) in bot. mag. tokyo 56: 571, tab. 1942; typus: kanehira & hatusima 12296 (bo, fu, gh). 25. mesua manii (king) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea manii king (basionym) in ann. roy. bot. gard. calcutta 5: 144, t. 174 a. 1876; typus: e.h. man, andaman isl.; para-typus: wauich 4836. 26. mesua megalocarpa (merr.) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea megalocarpa merrill (basionym) in philip. j. sci. bot. 12: 285. 1917; typus: ramos & edano b. sci. 26360 (bo, k). 27. mesua myrtifolia (baill.). kosterm., comb, nov.: kayea myrtifolia baillon (basionym), adansonia 11: 368. 1876; typus: beccari 2535 (bo, fi, k, le, p) ; 2980 (bo, fi, k, p). 28. mesua navesii (vill.) kosterm., comb, nov.; vidalia. navesii villar in blanco, fl. filip., ed. 3, nov. app. 18. 1880; kayea navesii (vill.) vesque in dc., monogr. 8: 628. 1893; typus: vidal, san mateo (an 975 [ k , l ] ? ) . 29. mesua oblongifolia (ridley) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea oblongifolia ridley (basionym) in kew bull. 1938: 122; typus: goodenough; paratypus: creagh s.n. (k), haviland 1833 (k). 30. mesua paludosa (kosterm,) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea paludosa kostermans (basionym), new & crit. males. pi. 4: 7, fig. 4. 1955; typus: beguin 563 (bo). 31. mesua paniculata (blanco) kosterm., comb, nov.; plinia paniculata blanco (basionym), fl. filip., ed. 1: 423. 1837; kayea paniculata , (blanco) merrill in phil. gvt. lab. bur. bull. 17: 29. 1904. 32. mesua parviflora (ridley) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea parviflora ridley (basionym) in j. as. soc, straits br. 82: 170. 1920; typus: burn-murdoch 382 (k). 33. mesua philippinensis (planch, ex triana & pi.) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea philippinensis planchon, ex triana & planchon (basionym) in ann. sci. nat., ser. 4, 15: 298. 1861; typus: cuming 1758 (bm, bo, c, g, k). 34. mesua planigemma kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 1. arbor in omnibus partibus glabris ramulis graeilis stipulis acieumt&s minutis foltisk chartaceis ellipticis vel suboblanceolato-elupticis acuminatis basi breve acutis utrinque nitidis supra nervo mediano costisque 1969] kostermans: kayea wall, and mesua l. 429 filiformibus prominulo-subimpressis subtus nervo mediano gradle prominente costis utrinque 12-17 filiformibus prominulis subpatentibus petiolis graeilis inflorescentiis axillaris pedunculis longis gradlis gemmulis bracteis planis magnis suffultis stigmate peltato quadmngulare obscure b-partitis. typus:san24969(bo) tree 12 m high, free bole 8 m, diam. 30 cm. bark soft, 3 mm thick; inner bark purple, soft; sapwood yellow; all parts glabrous. branchlets very slender. leaves chartaceous, subobovateor oblaneeolateelliptical to elliptical, 3 x 9 6 x 1 6 cm, abruptly acuminate (acumen up to 1 cm), base shortly acute, both surfaces glossy, upper one with filiformous midrib and lateral nerves, prominulous (sometimes in a groove) ; lower one with slender, prominetnt midrib, lateral nerves filiformous, 12 -17 pairs (with shorter ones in between), rather patent, reticulation dense, minute, faint, petioles very slender, 6 10 mm long. inflorescences few-flowered, axillary near the apex of the branchlets; main peduncle slender, 1.5 5 cm long, thickened towards the apex, which bears 2 3, 0.5 -1.5 cm long branchlets, each topped with one flower. the flower completely covered by enormous flat, ovate, acute glaucous bracts, up to 5 x 18mm; the two bracts forming a flat "bud" with a central bulge; petals 5mm, broadly obovate to fanshaped ; stamens numerous, 9 mm long; ovary elongate, merging into a thick, as long style (together 2 mm long) with a thick, cushion-like stigma, obscurely divided into 4 parts. the flowers are indicated as white, these are presumably the large bracts. n. b o r n e o (sabah), tawau, ealabekan, alt. 30 m, may, fl., a. bakar, san 24969 (bo, k, l). 35. mesua racemosa (planchon ex triana & planchon) kosterm., comb. nov.; kayea racemosa planchon ex triana & planchon (basionym) in ann. sci. nat., ser. 4, 15: 297. 1861; typus: wauich s.n. (dc, p ) . 36. mesua rivulorum (ridley) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea rivulorum ridley (basionym) in j. as. soc, straits br. 54: 22. 1910; typus: goodenough 1976 (sing), ridley 7349 (sing). 430 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 37. mesua rosea (ridley) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea, rasea ridley (basionym) in j. as. soc., straits br. 54: 22. 1910; typus: ridley s.n», g. panti (sing). 38. mesua stylosa (thw.) kosterm., comb. nov.; kayea stylosa thwaites (basionym), enum. pi. zeyl. 50. 1858; typus: c.p. 2708 (bm, bo, br, g, gh). 39. mesua sukoeana (bor) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea siikoeana bor (basionym) in indian forest records, n.s., bot. 3: 148, t. 1941. 40. mesua wrayi (king) kosterm., comb, nov.; kayea wrayi king in j. as. soc. bengal 59 (2) : 181. 1890; typus: wray 1568 (k). 1969] kosthbmans: kayea wall, and mesua l. 431 ig. x mesua planigemma kosterm. — holo-typus rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_04 rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_05 rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_06 rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_07 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 4, pp. 459-461 (1952) notes on new guinea plants—iv* saccopetalum koolsii kostermans, sp. nov. (annonaceae) a. j. g. h. kostermans** during the exploration of the momi-ransiki region, about 80 km south of manokwari on the west coast of the geelvink bay in netherlands new guinea in 1948, our party collected several specimens of a rather common, although scattered annonaceous tree, which was locally called mies (pronounce: meece). i was lucky to find one tree in flower in the neighbourhood of the warnapi (war = river), north of ransiki. after examination the species appeared to belong to the genus saccopetalum benn., hitherto unknown from new guinea. in honour of dr. j. kools,'at that time in charge of the division of planning (nowadays professor at the state agricultural university of wageningen, the netherlands), who took a lively interest in the exploration of this area, this species is called: saccopetalum koolsii kostermans, spec. nov.—fig. 1. simillima est s. longipes vidal, species philippinarum insularum, sed nova species basi acuta folii, apice acuminato haud submucronulato, nervis primariis paucioribus et foliis ramulisque glabris differt. petala paenissime glabra, alabastra autem pilosa. tree up to 32 m high with straight, up to 25 m long, clear bole of 40 cm diameter. bark brown; living bark yellowish in cross section. buttresses wanting. branches grey, rough, ridged longitudinally; branchlets glossy, sulcate, slender, glabrous (in newly developed branchlets scattered, minute hairs are present), grey-brown. leaf bud acute, silky-pilose. leaves alternate, papery, glossy, concolorous, lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptical, 4—18 x 1.5—7cm, usually about 9 x 3cm; top acute; base acutish. midrib flattened above, prominent below; primary nerves (6—7 on each side) slender, arcuate, slightly elevated on both surfaces; secondary veins laxly reticulate, prominulous. petioles thick, 2—4 mm long, transversally fissured. inflorescences on youngest, newly developed branchlets or on those of the preceding period, 1—2-flowered; peduncles filiform, usually *part i-iii of this series appeared in bull. bot. gdns buitenzorg iii 18: 435-448. 1950. **botanist, division of planning, forest service of indonesia. published with the permission of the director, division of planning. • — 459 — 460 reinwardt1a [vol. 1 fig. 1 1952] kostermans: new guinea plants—iv 461 not more than 5 mm long, minutely pilose. pedicels up to 40 mm long, filiform, glabrous or nearly so. flower buds pilose. flowers about 7 mm long. sepals ovate, 1 mm long, pilose, obtusish. outer petals lanceolate, acute, 2—3 mm long, patent, pilose; inner petals about 7 mm long, fleshy, erect, ovate-obtusish, glabrous inside, the margin papillose-hairy, the outside glabrous or with a few scattered, minute hairs, the base pocketshaped. anthers many, sessile, oblong, 0.5—0.75 mm long. carpels many, pilose, with sessile stigma. fruit unknown. type. — kostermans 430. distribution. — thus for only known from the momi-ransiki region, new guinea, growing on rather dry and stony hills. specimens examined. — new guinea. n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a . "vogelkop": momi, about 80 km south of manokwari, alt. 10 m, sandy, stony soil, ster., aug., tree of 30 m with 21 m clear bole of 40 cm diam., kostermans 227 = bb.33432; ransiki, 10 km north of momi, ster., july, tree of 32 m with 25 m clear bole of 40 cm diam., suhanda & ilham 17 = bb.33265; warnapi, 8 km north of ransiki, flowers pale green, sept., tree of 22 m with 14 m clear bole of 30 cm diam., kostermans u30 {type). the genus is now represented in the indonesian archipelago by two species. it may be easily distinguished from saccopetalum horsfieldii benn. by its long and slender pedicels and its smaller flowers. the timber is not very durable (class 4—5) ; its specific gravity varies between 0.83 and 0.89 (data communicated by mr. oey djoeng seng of the forest research institute, bogor). explanation to figure 1 fig. 1. saccopetalum koolsii kosterm.; a, branchlet with inflorescens and young leaves, x 0.7; 6, branchlet with mature leaves, x 0,7; c, flower with foremost petal removed, x 4.2. — drawing after the collection kostermans 430. binder2 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_01 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_06 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_07 untitled reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 3, p.p. 233 254 miscellaneous botanical notes 1* k.. j. g. h. kostermans** summary papuodendron c. t. white is reduced to hibiscus l.; the species is renamed: h. papuodendron kosterm. hibiscus hooglandianus represents a new species from new guinea. new species in pentace: p. microlepidota kosterm., p. paludosa kosterm. and p. adenophora kosterm. parapentace gagnepain is included in burretiodendron rehd. as the species of parapentace were published without latin diagnosis, the following new species of burretiodendron are presented: b. tonkinensis kosterm. and b. brilletii kosterm. two new species of heritiera (h. rumphii kosterm. and h. ornithocephala kosterm.) are described; additional notes on h. littoralis from madagascar, h. longipetiolata and h. arafurensis are presented. heritiera burmensis kosterm. is reduced to a synonym of h. macrophylla kurz. sterculia cubensis urb. is referred to hildcgardia; the curious distributional area of hildegardia is stressed. a note on hildegardia erythrosipkon kosterm. is presented. sterculia ankaranensis arenes is relegated to hildcgardia. sterculia heritieriformis arenes represents a mixture of heritiera littoralis and firmiana colorata. sterculia guppyi greenwood is a synonym of firmiana diversifolia a. gray. ficus serp-yllifolia blume belongs actually to apocynaceae and is renamed: micrcchites serpyllifolia (bl.) kosterm. it is suggested that m. radicans markgr. is conspecific with this wide-spread species. ortholobium gagnepain, being inadmissable under the rules (no latin diagnosis) is replaced by cylindrokelupha kosterm. the following new species are presented: c. poilanei kosterm., c. platyphylla kosterm.; c. annamcnse kosterm. and c. chevalieri kosterm. a c k n o w l e d g m e n t s . i wish to express here my gratitude to the ford foundation, new york and the unesco (southeast asia branch), who enabled me by generous grants to visit numerous herbaria and botanical institutes all over the world. the results of this tour, which took place in 1959, will be published in a series of papers, of which this is one. this is the first of series of notes presenting the results of a botanical study tour around the world, sponsored by the ford foundation, new york. d. s c ; advisor forest research institute, bogor; collaborator herbarium bogoriense, bogor. — 233 — 2 3 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 to dr. c. g. g. j. van steenis, i am, as always, indebted for his going through the mss.; his critical remarks eliminated many mistakes and shortcomings. mr. j. van borssum-waalkes, the authority in hibiscus and dr. van steenis commented at length on papuodendron. for this stimulating exchange of ideas, i am very grateful, and although agreement was not reached, it helped to clarify the problem. mr. anwari dilmy, the director of the herbarium, gave his continuous support in matters directly and indirectly connected with my work. i take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude. to messrs soekirno, moh. anwar and damhuri, i am indebted for the drawings and to the harvard university herbarium for the photograph of heritiera ornithocephala. malvaceae papuodendron c. t. white this monotypical genus was published in 1946 (in j. arnold arb. 27: 272) and was included in malvaceae. van steenis (in j. arnold arb. 28: 422. 1947) referred the genus to bombacaceae, although white, quoting dadswell, had pointed out that the wood structure fitted the tribe hibisceae rather than the tribe durioneae, as it lacked "tile cells" in the medullary rays, characteristic for the latter. borssum waalkes (in reinwardtia 4: 41—68. 1956) described several hibiscus species (h. pulvinulifer, h. womersleyanus, h. carrii), which are very close to papuodendron lepidotum and could be easily referred to that genus. the only difference between papuodendron and hibiscus is the position of the anthers. in hibiscus the anthers are rather spaced on the filament tube (which means, that the original filaments differed conspicuously in length) and the staminal tube ends beyond the last anther usually in 5 teeth, which might represent as many sterile filaments. in papuodendron the anthers are closely packed, which means that their filaments are almost equal in length. in papuodendron lepidotum the 5 sterile teeth are lacking or are too small to be detected. altough i personally do not think, that for the time being, this relative character is important enough to draw a line between papuodendron and hibiscus and as the three closely related species, mentioned above, were referred by borssum-waalkes to hibiscus, i include papuodendron in hibiscus. if later it should be proved, that the position of the anthers in hibiscus 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans : miscellaneous botanical notes 1 235 carrii, h. hooglandianus, h. papuodendron, h. pulvinifer and h. womersleyanus should be constant and differing from that in hibiscus the genus papuodendron should be reinstated. for the time being i follow borssumwaalkes, who has revised hibiscus. the character of the stamens is again an argument, that bombacaceae are hardly separable from malvaceae, if at all. in durio, species occur with free filaments, i.e., the filaments are grouped in 5 phalanges, of which the composing filaments slightly adhere at base. in other species a tube is formed, in which the composing filaments are free at different heights, a situation comparable to that in hibiscus; likewise there are sterile filaments interpaced with the fertile ones. sometimes there are single stamens in between the 5 phalanges. this all suggest, that the original number of stamens was 5 (or multiple of that) and as suggested by others, the phalanges could well represent stamens, which have multiplied by division. in some durio species, each filament bears a single cell, but, if indeed these filaments are the result of splitting, this single cell could well represent only half an anther. the same phenomenon occurs in heritiera, pterocymbium and scaphium in sterculiaceae. here again is a staminal tube, where the anthers are placed in a group at the top, but like in papuodendron (and hibiscus), they are either spaced, because of the difference in length of their filaments, and then form a irregular clump, or the filaments are equal in length and their anthers are than placed in a regular ring. especially in the first case, it is often clear, that the apical part of the anther has split and the cells have become separated, which gives the impression of the anthers having one cell only. the number of cells, however, is 10, which fits with the supposition of 5 anthers, each with two cells. hibiscus papuodendron kosterm., nom. nov. — papuodendron lepidotum c. t. white, i.e.). the specific epithet "lepidotum" is not available because of hibiscus lepidotum borssum-waalkes, i.e. 63. an undescribed hibiscus species, which i included temporarily (mss) in papuodendron is treated below. it is named in honour of dr. r. d. hoogland, a well-known collector and botanist of australian new guinea. 1. hibiscus hooglandianus kostermans, spec. nov. — fig. 1. arbor, ramulis foliis inflorescentiisque minute lepidotis; foliis orbiculato-ovatis acuminatis; stippulis magnis; inflorescentiis terminalibus, racemis in paniculam laxam dispositis; floribus in axillis bractearum magnarum. tree 20 m tall. bark greenish grey with pustular lenticels; inner bark straw yellow with vertical wedges of soft white tissue. wood white, fibrous, 236 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 soft to cut. branchlets, leaves and inflorescences covered with minute, scattered, pale, round scales. leaves rigidly chartaceous, ovate-orbicular, 16—19 by 13—18 cm long, base truncate or subcordate, top acuminate; both surfaces covered with scales; upper surface with obscure veins, prominent on lower one; the two lowest lateral nerves starting from the petiole insertion or slightly above it, lower down a pair of almost horizontal, faint, short, lateral nerves, higher up to 5 pairs of distant, rather patent, lateral nerves, connected by distant parallel secondary nerves. petiole 4—7 cm long, thick, subtended by large, foliaceous, ovate-orbicular, ca 1—1.5 cm long, caducous, stellate-pilose bracts. inflorescence terminal, up to 25 cm long, lepidote, consisting of a main rachis and distant racemes; the latter in the axil of reduced leaves; racemes erect-patent, lower part bare, upper part with shortly pedicelled flowers; each pedicel with a large bract at base. flower buds globose, lepidote. typus. — n.g.f. 4160 (bo) the species is close to h. womersleyanus borssum-waalkes, from which it differs mainly by its inflorescence character. papua, central div., vesorogo creek trail, sogeri, july, fl. buds, womersley n.g.f. u60 (a, bish, bo, k). tlliaceae pentace hassk. 1. pentace microlepidota kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 2. arbor, ramulis perparce minute stellato-lepidotis, foliis chartaceis, orbiculatis vel ovato-orbiculatis, basi cordatis vel truncatis, margine crenulatis, supra glabris, nervis impressis, subtus parce stellato-lepidotis, nervis basalibus paucis palmatis; petiolis longis, apice incrassatis, dense stellato-pilosis, sparse minute hirsutis, glabrescentibus; fructum alis semiorbicularibus, sparse minute stellato-lepidotis. tree; branchlets sparsely covered with tiny stellate hair like scales, glabrescent. leaves chartaceous, orbicular to ovate-orbicular, 15—21 cm in diameter, cordate, rarely truncate at base, margin crenulate, above glabrous, smooth, nerves slightly impressed, below covered with a lax layer of greyish, tiny, stellate hair-like scales, midrib prominent, lateral nerves about 5 pairs, basal nerves about 5, palmate, secondary nerves lax, parallel, prominent, tertiairy nerves lax, slender. petiole 8—14 cm, swollen at both ends, the apical swelling covered densely with tiny stellate-hair-like scales, the main stalk sparsely covered with the same scales, glabrescent, base slightly thickened. 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans: miscellaneous botanical notes 1 287 infructescence up to 27 cm long with a long, stout, minutely stellatelepidote main stalk and slender densely stellate-lepidote few ramifications, up to 6 cm long. fruit covered with sparse, minute, stellate hairlike scales, glabrescent. wing semiorbicular, up to 2 x 3 cm. typus: kep. 30305 (kep). the specimen is characterized by the large sparsely scaly leaves and samaras. malay peninsula, perak, tapak, plus forest reserve, sept., fr., kep. 30306 (kep, k), 30305 (kep) and 45220 (kep). 2. pentace paludosa kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 3. arbor (?), ramulis gracilibus adpresse lepidotis; foliis chartaceis, lanceolatis, acuminatis, supra glabris lucidis, nervo mediano impresso, subtus dense adpresse minute lepidotis, nervo mediano prominente, nervis lateralibus teneribus; petiole distincto; inflorescentibus axillaribus, lepidotis, laxe paniculatis; pedicellis distinctis; calycis tubo distincto, lobis ovato-acutis, lepidotis; petalis unguiculatis spathulatis glabris quam sepalis multo longioribus; staminibus numerosis, glabris, liberis; staminodis liguliformibus; ovario dense fimbriato-lepidoto, costato; stylo glabro longo; stigmate inconspicuo. tree (?) with slender, densely, minutely adpressed lepidote branches (scales without fringe, often irregular). leaves chartaceous, lanceolate, 8—12 x 3—3.5 cm, base shortly acute, apex long acuminate with blunt tip, above smooth, glabrous, midrib impressed; lower surface with two layers of minute nonfimbriate adpressed scales, the top scales larger, midrib prominent, nerves very slender, about 12 pairs, arcuate near margin; the lowest pair often opposite. petiole slender 5—7 mm long, lepidote. inflorescences axillary, up to 7 cm long, adpressed lepidote, with few and short ramifications. pedicels ca 5 mm long, slender, lepidote; calyx tube distinct, cylindrical, saccate at base, 2 mm high, densely fimbriate-lepidote, lobes ovateacute, 2—3 mm, rarely very short. petals glabrous, spathulate, unguiculate, ca 7 mm long. stamens numerous, free, ca 4 mm, glabrous, anthers peltate. staminodes liguliformous, glabrous, about as long as stamens. ovary densely fimbriate-lepidote, ribbed, style longer than stamens, glabrous, truncate, slender; stigma small. typus: bejaud 789 (p). the specimen shows some likeness with brownlowia tersa kosterm. in pentace it comes in leafshape near p. laxiflora merr. but has much larger flowers. 238 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 from the shape of the ovary, it may be assumed, that the species belongs in pentace, although biownlowia should not be outruled, before the mature fruit are known. cambodia: trasiet, inundated forest, fl., bejaud 789 (bo, p). 3. pentace adenophora kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 4. arbor, ramulis laxe rufo-hirsutis itemque stellato-pilosis, vel stellatopilosis; foliis rigide chartaceis, suborbicularibus vel ovato-orbicularibus apice rotundatis vel minute apiculatis interdum subemarginatis, basi cordatis, supra glabris, nervis principalibus impressis, subtus densissime minute argenteo-stellato-pilosis, pilis cum setis remotis intermixtis, nervis prominentibus, hirsutis, nervibus lateralibus paucis prope margines in glandulas exeuntibus; petiolis conspicuis, hirsutis, stellato-pilosis, glabrescentibus; infructescentibus terminalibus magnis, glabrescentibus; fructibus alatis, alis hirsutis magnis; inflorescentis dense rufo-stellato-pilosis, ramulis distantibus; bracteis lanceolato-acutis, hirsutis; floribus pedicellatis; sepalis pilosis, ovatoacutis, basi connatis; petalis subspathulatis glabris sepalis longioribus; staminibus in phalangis 5 coalitis; staminodis 5, linearibus glabris. tree 25—35 m, diam. 70 cm. buttresses 1—3 m, thin, out 1—2 m. bark darkbrown, fissured, scaly; living bark 10 m, pink to red-brown, inner layer yellow, fibrous. sapwood yellowish, merging into the redbrown heartwood. branchlets densely rusty stellate pilose, interspaced with stiff bristles or the bristles absent. leaves rigid chartaceous, sub-orbicular or ovate-orbicular, 8—14 x 9—15 cm, apex rounded or emarginate and often apiculate, margin crenulate, glandbearing at the end of the lateral nerves, base cordate; upper surface glabrous, main nerves impressed, lower surface covered with a dense, grey felt of small stellate hairs, interspaced with stiff bristles, the latter more numerous on the main nerves, veins prominent, lateral nerves 3—4 (—5) pairs (the lower pair at petiole insertion), base often 7-nerved; secondary nerves parallel, prominent, reticulation lax, prominulous. petiole 4—8 cm, apical part often with stiff bristles, glabrescent. inflorescence terminal, leafy, up to 40 cm long with distant stiff branches, partial inflorescences hardly branched, about 10 cm long, densely lightbrown stellate-pilose; bracts narrowly ovate-acute, persistant for a long time. calyx lobes ovate-acute, 3—4 mm long, densely pilose, connate at base; petals spathulate, unguiculate, 6—10 mm long, with longitudinal veins. stamens in 5 phalanges of about 15 stamens each, glabrous, base connate for 2 mm, filaments 4—5 mm long; staminodes 5, ligulate, alternating with 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans : miscellaneous botanical notes 1 289 the staminal phalanges. wing of fruit stellate-haired, nut with stiff bristles; wing vieux rose, semi-circular, up to 3 x 6 cm. typus: kostermans 13614(bo) distribution: malay peninsula, sumatra, borneo. the species is easily recognized by the marginal glands of the crenulate leaves and the pilose samaras. in young trees the leaves are toothed and have a long acumen. they are up to 25 x 30 cm with a 15 cm long petiole. malay peninsula: state land dungun, jarangan, 3 miles from police station, flatland. july, fl., kep. 80810 (a, k, l, sing); pahang, k. rompin, alt. 30 m, fr. june, kep. 75895 i(kep); trengganu, 34th mile kuala trengganu besut road, lowland, young tree, sinclair and ktah bin salleh s.f.n. 40771 (a, bo, k, l, sing); indonesia. s u m a t r a , inderagiri, alt. 75 m, sept. ster., 66.30074(a, bo, l); b o r n e o . n. borneo. kabili for. res., sandakan, detached leaves only, symington 35645 (kep); ibid., young tree, sinclair 9317 (bo, k, sing); ibid., ster., b.n.b.f.d. 9294 (bo); ibid., compt. 10, kabili f. r., ster., agama & puasa 9294 (sing); ibid., june, fr., puasa 4871 (sing); temburong, mile % bangar-batu apas road, march, fr., saw 17096 (a, bo, bri, k, kep, sing); indonesian borneo. east borneo, sangkulirang distr., karangan r. region, sandstone, aug., fr., kostermans 1314 (bo, l); ibid., young tree, kostermans 13598 (a, bo, canb, k, l, sing); west kutei, mujup, alt. 50 m, ster., 66.16736 (bo, l) ; east kutei, pengadan, ster., 66.12960 (bo, k, l). burretiodendron rehder and parapentace gagnep. burretiodendron rehder was published in 1936 (in j. arnold arb. 17: 47) and based on pentace esquirolii leveille, which rehder considered to be not related to any other genera of tiliaceae or sterculiaceae by the unisexual flowers, the lack of the 5 staminodes inside the row of stamens, the oblong stamens, and the elongated wings of the fruit and especially by the nectary at the base of the sepals. in 1943 (in bull. soc. bot. france 90: 70) gagnepain created the genus parapentace with two species. no latin diagnosis of the genus was given, which consequently is not considered to be validly published (article 34 of the paris code). as is evident from the descriptions (i had moreover the opportunity to examine all specimens) the two genera mentioned above are synonymous, which make the following renaming necessary. burretiodendron tonkinensis kosterm., spec. nov. — pentace tonkinensis a. chevalier in bull. econ. indochine 20: 803. 1918 (nomen nudum); parapentace tonkinensis (chev.) gagnepain in bull. soc. bot. france 90: 70. 1943 (nomen inval.). chevalier's name, is a nomen nudum; there are only i960] a. j. g. h. kostermans: miscellaneous botanical notes 1 241 tree 30 m. tall, 50 cm diameter. buttresses small. bark dark brown, cracked, peeling off in large pieces. branchlets densely adpressed lepidote, scales very small, fimbriate. stipules aciculate, 1 cm, caducous. leaves chartaceous, elliptical 13—30 x 5—17 cm., top obscurely acuminate, base rounded or obscurely subcordate; above glabrous, smooth, lateral nerves slightly impressed; lower surface densely adpressed, minutely, silvery lepidote, midrib prominent, nerves ca 10 pairs, prominent, running out arcuately towards margin, the lower two pairs opposite, slightly subtriplinerved; secondary nerves prominulous, lax. petiole up to 3.5 cm long, swollen at both ends, lepidote. fruit ellipsoid-ovoid, glossy, smooth, nut up to 7.5 cm long, 3.5 cm wide, a short neck at base, apex with a conspicuous triangular up to 2.5 cm long wing which merges gradually into the basal ridge of the nut. typus. — kuswata & soepadmo 303 (bo). the species was mentioned for the first time by rumphius in 1743, but never collected again. the description of the leaves, as given by rumphius fits, but he described the fruit as being shorter, broader and rounder than those of h. littoralis, which they are certainly not. i formerly included the species hesitatingly in h. arafurensis. when the two botanists kuswata and soepadmo planned to make a collecting trip to the island of amboina, i asked them to be on the look-out for this species. they were very lucky to locate a tree not far from the township of amboina and found plenty of old fruit together with seedlings, the later were brought alive to the bogor gardens. the fruit resembles somewhat that of h. littoralis, but the wing is differently shaped. the leaves resemble those of h. novoguineensis by their long petioles. amboina, road from ambon township to kusukususereh, about 2 km from ambon, manggadua, limestone rocks, alt. 150 m., kuswata and soepadmo 303, old fruit sept. (a, bo, k, l, lae, p, sing, us). 2. heritiera ornithocephala kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 6. brownlowia species, a. c. smith in j. arnold arb. 26: 101. 1945. arbor, ramulis dense lepidotis; foliis alternantibus rigide chartaceis vel coriaceis ellipticis acutis vel subacutis, basi subobtusis, subtus lepidotis, distincte petiolatis; fructibus caputis avis simillimmus, lepidotis. tree up to 35 m tall and 1 m in diameter with low buttresses (mead); branchlets densely, minutely lepidote. leaves alternate, rigid chartaceous or coriaceous, elliptical, 8—9 x 3.2—3.8 cm, apex acute or subacute, base 242 reinwabdtia [vol. 5 slightly narrowed and obtusish; upper surface smooth, somewhat glossy, veins flush with the surface or very slightly raised; lower surface with a dense adpressed layer of tiny, radially striate, aureous, fimbriate scales; midrib prominent, nerves 12—13 pairs, the lowest pair starting at the petiole insertion; secondary nerves scarcely prominulous, laxly reticulate. petiole 1.6—2 cm long. fruit shaped like a birds head, sessile, with a short neck at base, densely, minutely lightbrown-lepidote, the fruit 4.5—5 cm long, 2.5 cm diam., 1.7 cm thick, more or less obliquely ellipsoid-globose; the beak (wing) flattened and obtuse, about 1 cm long. infructescence 4.5 cm long (not including fruit). typus. — home 905 (a). vernac. names. tofaki; rongi (tholo north); thaundamu (savai). apart from the rather poor type specimen, collected between 1877—78 in fiji, no fertile specimens are known. several specimens, collected from young trees, are known. they were not recognized and incorporated in brownlowia, tiliaceae) and one in heritiera littoralis. the leaves of the youngest specimens are up to 30 x 14 cm, the lower leafside being silvery; in older trees the leaves become gradually smaller and the lower leaf surface becomes more aureous. the stipules are up to 1.5 cm long, slender and acute. fiji isl., mandarivatu, alt. 1000 m, march, ster., mead f.n. 1975 (k); viti levu, rewa prov., slopes of korombambu mt., alt. 200 m, aug., ster., gillespie 2372 (gh); namosi prov., near namuamua, alt. 400 m, sept., ster., gillespie 8000 (gh); ibid., ster., greenwood 957 a (a, bish, gh, k, us); tholo north, mt. victoria, alt. 970 m, may, ster., greenwood 1177 (bish, gh) ; mba, lantoka, east of sawmill at navai hills between nggaliwana and tumbeiin dreketi creeks, alt. 800 m, young tree, a. c. smith 6019 (a, gh, k, us); s. slopes of nansori highlands, in drainage of nemosi creek above tubenasole, alt. 400 m., ster., a. c. smith 4580 (a, gh, k, us); locality not indicated, fr., home 905 (a, k) ; tonga isl. kao, may, ster., yuncker 15949 (us) ; niue, alt. 500 m ster., greenwood 957 (a, bish, gh, k, us); mutukau, alt. 65 m, yuncker 10244 (bish, k). 3. heritiera littoralis ait. j. arenes (in mem. inst. scientif. madagascar, ser. b., vol. 7: 76. 1956, fig. iv) recognizes two subspecies, littoralis and ralima. the first should be characterized by the relatively slender branches of the infructescence. this is certainly wrong. we were able to study abundant material, living and herbarium material; the infructescence of h. littoralis is always robust. in all our material and in the field i have never discovered a variety of h. littoralis. all parts of a single individual are enormously variable. 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans: miscellaneous botanical notes 1 243 as to the subspecies ralima i omited to examine (in paris) the specimens closely; the shape of the fruit falls within the variability of h. littoralis: the branch depicted as subspecies littoralis (iv, 2) is aberrant by its long petioles. plate iv, 1 depicts a typical h. littoralis branch. has a mix-up of branches and detached fruit occurred? in that case — if iv. 2 and iv, 7 belong together, an undescribed species is involved. 4. heritiera longipetiolata kanehira. in my paper: "a monograph of the genus heritiera" (publication 1, council for sciences of indonesia, djakarta, april 1959), the citation of the numbers fosberg 26383 and 25404should be deleted. they represent h. littoralis. 5. heritiera arapurensis kosterm. that this species occurs in n. celebes can be proved now by a specimen, collected by riedel (s.n., fruiting, k) in gorontalo; the numbers bb. 32484 and 31884 can now be definitely relegated to this species. 6. heritiera burmensis kosterm. and h. macrophylla kurz. after having been in the position to examine more material of h. macrophylla in the dehra dun, calcutta and kew herbaria, 1 have come to the conclusion, that h. burmensis is conspecific with h. macrophylla and has to be deleted. in the stockholm herbarium i found a specimen of h. macrophylla, marked heritiera grandis fisch., leg. k. forsberg, floret kew 1850; h. macrophylla hortor. belg.). this might represent the base for h. grandis fisch. ex steudel (nomen). it is possible that h. fischeri regel and rach. represents also h. macrophylla. in the baillon herbarium in paris a specimen of h. littoralis is represented, which is marked systemon fischeri regel. this might be the base of h. fischeri (s. fischeri = galipea aubl., rutaceae). hildegardia schott & endl. 1. hildegardia cubensis (urban) kostermans, comb. nov. sterculia cubensis urban (basionym), symbol. antill. 9: 235. 1924. during my stay in santiago de las vegas, south of havana, cuba, i had the opportunity to examine a living specimen of sterculia cubensis, which 244 keinwardtia [vol. 5 is endemic in cuba. the tree with its grey-green, glossy, smooth bark, buttresses, the small crown, the succulent leaves, the branchlets with the large soft pith, reminded me immediately of hildegardia. dr. royg y mesa could provide me with some fruiting material of this tree, collected several years before and it became at once clear, that sterculia cubensis belongs in hildegardia. the fruit are flat, papery, non-dehiscent and have one seed. in leon and alain, flora de cuba 3: 290. 1953, nothing is said about the fruit, which was apparently unknown to these authors. they state that the species is in danger of becoming extinct. the tree occurs in a limited area between the provinces of oriente and camaguey. in stockholm i had the opportunity to examine the type specimen of st. cubensis urban (ekman 4867); although the fruit of h. cubensis strongly resemble those of h. barteri (mast.) kosterm. from africa, a tree cultivated all over the tropics in botanic gardens, the flowers are entirely different. the genus hildegardia has a very peculiar distribution; one species in cuba, two in tropical east africa, three in madagascar, one in continental tropical asia, one in the philippines and one on the island of sumbawa in indonesia. 2. in my paper: a monograph of the genus heritiera (publication of the council for sciences in indonesia, april 1959, djakarta) page 74 two mistakes crept in. the combination hildegardia erythrosiphon (baillon) kostermans was published already in 1954 (in bull. jard. bot. bruxelles 24: 335), whereas the combination h. perrieri (hochreutiner) arenes was made by arenes in 1956 (in mem. inst. scientif. madagascar, ser. b. vol. 7: 122). 3. the type specimen of hildegardia merrittii (merr.) kosterm. (merritt f.b. 8555) could be examined in the new york botanical gardens herbarium (an isotype specimen is deposited in the kew gardens herbarium). the specimens consists of some old, fallen, deteriorated leaves and loose fruit. 4. hildegardia erythrosiphon (baill.) kosterm. arenes (in mem. inst. scientif. madagascar, ser. b. vol. 1: 2—5. 1949; ibid. 7: 122—123. 1956) recognizes no less than 3 subspecies, 7 varieties and even 2 subvarieties of this species. i can hardly imagine that these have any real value in nature. according to my experience in tropical trees it is very difficult, if not impossible, to recognize varieties, unless an enormous quantity of material is available a. j. g. h. kostermans : miscellaneous botanical notes 1 245 one is well acquainted with the variabily in the field. the variation in ingle individual tree is already very large. although i have not examined above mentioned varieties, etc., i am sure that a revision will prove they do not exist or that different species are involved; the chance for latter is, however, very small. 5. hilde gardia ankaranensis (arenes) kosterm., comb. nov. sterculia ankaranensis j. arenes (basionym) in mem. inst. scientif. madagascar, ser. b, 7: 72. 1956. i could examine the type specimen (humbert 18981 bis) in the paris herbarium. the leaves are typical for hildegardia and according to the structure of the follicle (which has been torn open in the type specimen) it must definitely be a hildegardia. sterculia l. 1. sterculia heritieriformes j. arenes. of this species, published in mem. inst. scientif. madagascar, ser. b., vol 7: 71. 1956, fig. ill, i could examine the type specimen in the paris herbarium. i agree with capuron, who made a note on this specimen, that it represents a "mixtum compositum", the leafy branch belongs to heritiera littoralis, the flowers are those of firmiana colorata. the scales of the lower leaf surface of heritiera littoralis are wrongly drawn. 2. sterculia guppyi greenwood this name was published in kew bull. 1929: 240 to replace sterculia diversifolia (a. gray) seemann (fl. vit. 23. 1865), as the latter is a later homonym of sterculia diversifolia g. don, 1830 from australia, as, however, the status of firmiana has been well established now, sterculia guppyi becomes a synonym of firmiana diversifolia a. gray, whereas sterculia diversifolia g. don represents brachychiton diversifolium (g. don) r. br. apocynaceae. ficus serpillipolia blume. ficus serpillifolia blume (bijdr. fl. ned. ind., 9e stuk: 443. 1825) was described after a sterile specimen, collected in java (no precise locality indicated), known under the vernacular name: djuket seriawan (djuket = grass = herb; seriawan is a deficiency illness; apparently the plant was used as a 2 4 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 medicinal herb), of which a fragment is represented in the bogor herbarium. the species has been collected many times since, but all specimens are sterile. because of its opposite leaves, i referred it to apocynacae. after e. h. j. corner (cambridge) expelled it from the genus ficus and referred it tentatively to willughbeia in apocynacae, i reexamined the bogor specimens and i am now able to refer the species definitely to micrechites as micrechites serpyllifolia (bl.) kosterm. comb. nov. (basionym: ficus serpyllijolia bl.). a flowering specimen of micrechites radicans (wall.) markgraf from new guinea (brass 8091) is almost certainly conspecific with our species. the species is widely distributed in malaysia. i collected it in borneo. blume himself altered the orthography of the specific epithet on the label of his type specimen; i believe it advisable to follow this correction. leguminosae ortholobium gagnepain and cylindrokelupha kosterm. as ortholobium gagnepain was published in 1952 (in bull. soc. bot. france 99: 36) without a latin description, and since it does not represent a "descriptio generico-specifica", the name was not validly published and has to be replaced by cylindrokelupha kosterm. (in bull. 20, organis. scient. research indonesia 20, dec. 1954; addit. notes on mimosaceae; the genera mammea l. and ochrocarpos thou. 7, jan. 1956). it is recommended in the rules to avoid the use of nomina nuda which gagnepain's names are not. in the interest of stability of nomenclature it is better to take up his names. 1. cylindrokelupha poilanei kosterm., spec. nov. ortholobium umbellatum gagnep. (nomen inval.) in bull. soc. bot. france 99: 37. 1952. arbor modice elata, pluricaulis, ramis validis brevibus. ramuli validi, 6—5 mm. diam., glabri, pallide rufi. folia bipinnata petiolo brevi, 2—3 cm. longo; pennae 2, oppositae, paris folioli 3 gerentes; foliola obovata, utrinque obtusa, asymetrica, parte superiore latiora, 5—11 cm. longa, 3—5 cm lota, deinde 14 x 8 cm attingentia, glaberrima; nervi secundarii 3—4 utrinque, ad basin decurrentes; venulae transversales reticulatae, petioluli 4—5 mm. longi, basi glandulosi. inflorescentiae umbellulis compositae, sat remotae, sessiles; pedunculi numerosi, capitula 3—5-flora gerentes; floribus sessilibus, alabastro ovoideo-cylindraceo, 8—9 mm. longo, ad apicem calycis constricto. calyx ovoideus, 5-mm. longis, lobis 5, deltoideo-abbreviatis. corolla 15 mm. longa, sursum dilatata; lobis 5.5 mm. longis, glabris, dorso apiceque pilosulis, pilis appressis. stamina numerosissima, filamentis ad 3 mm. coalitis, hi] a. j. g. h. kostermans: miscellaneous botanical notes 1 247 sinuatis; antheris orbicularibus, bast apiceque emarginatis, deinde prominentibus. ovarium 2 mm. stipitatum, 2.5—3 mm. longum, glabrum; ovulis usque 10 et ultra. legumen saepissime solitarium subsessile, 10—12 cm. longum, rectum, cylindraceum, 2.5—3 cm. latum crassumque; seminibus globosis, vel compressim truncatis, 25 mm. diam., saepe medulla dissepimentiiformi disjunctis. typus. — poilane 6328 (p). vernac. names. — cay dai heo; bopla unh. annam. — n. of ninh-hoa, prov. of nhatrang, poilane 6328 (p). 2. cylindrokelupha platyphylla kosterm. spec. nov. ortholobium platyphyllum gagnepain. (nomen inval.) in bull. soc. bot. france 99: 37. 1952. arbor 8—9 m. alta; trunco 15 cm. diam., mox ramoso, ramis numerosis. ramuli glaberrimi, pallide rufi, teretes, 5 mm. crassi, sat virgati vel sinuati. folia pinnata, petiolo communi 4 cm. longo, petiolos secondarios inaequales ad apicem gerente; foliolis in unumquinque 6, ovalibus; supremis 15 cm. longis, 10 cm latis atingentibus, minoribus 10 cm. longis, 7 cm latis, omnibus supra nitidissimis, infra pallidioribus, basi obtusis, apice attenuato-obtusis, symetricis; nervis secundariis 3—4-jugis, ad costam decurrentibus; venulis laxe leticulatis; petiolulo 5 mm. circiter longo. inflorescentiae fructigerae raceviosae, capitula efformantiae, breves, 15—20 cm. longae, oligocarpae. pedunculus ultimus 1—2 cm. longus, legumen immaturum gerens, 6 cm. longum, 3 cm latum, marginibus rectis, compressum, faciebus concaviusculis. legumen maturum (jide poilane) longum crassumque, seminibus crassis. typus. — poilane 11161 (p). veenac. names. — to no chi an. the mature pods should weigh 1 kilogram and the seeds 0.1 kg. according to poilane. annam. s. e. of lang-khoai, prov. of quang-tri, poilane 11161 (p) ; prov. of thanh-hoa, phong-y, poilane 1650 (p); prov. of vinh, bukhang, poilane 1666u (p). 3. cylindrokelupha annamense kosterm., spec. nov. ortholobium annamense gagnepain (nomen invalid.) in bull. soc. bot. france 99: 37. 1952. arbor 5—15 m. trunco 8—30 cm. diam. ramuli validi 4-—6 mm. crassi, pallide rufi, glaberrimi. folia bipinnata, petiolo communi 15 mm. longo; 2 4 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 petiolis secundariis oppositis 1-geminis, 4—5 cm. longis, 2—6 foliolis gerentibus; foliola lanceolato-oblonga, basi attenuata, apice acuminata, suprema ampliora, 7—10 cm. longa, 2—3.5 cm. lata, glaberrima, subsymetrica; nervi secundarii 6—7 utrinque, ad costam decurrentes, intra marginem arcuati confluentesque; petioluli 3—4 mm. longi; glandula cupularis, ad apicem petiolum sita. inflorescentia 10 cm. longa paniculata, capitula gerans, floribus pilosis, pilis appressis; inflor. fructigera axillaris capitula nonnulla saepe legumen solitarium gerens, pedunculo communi 4—6 cm. longo, capitulo circiter 10-floro (id est cicatricibus 10 notato). calyx glaber sessile; corolla appresse pilosa (teste reliquiae). legumen (haud maturum) 10cm. longum, 15—20 mm. latum, crassum sed faciebus planis, rectum; maturum 3.5 cm. latum, 2.5 cm. crassum; semina globosa vel ellipsoidea 15—20 mm. diam. typus. — poilane 24418 (p). vernac. name. — xi ko clio (moi). annam. prov. haute donnai, braian near djiring, poilane 24418 (p) ; prov. darlac, chu-yang-sin mountain range, poilane 32620 (p) ; e. of nhatrang, poilane 4385 (p) ; tonkin, prov. of vinh-yen, tam-das, eberhardt 5029 (p). 4. cylindrokelupha chevalieri kosterm., spec. nov. ortholobium chevalieri gagnepain (nomen invalid.) in bull. soc. bot. france 99: 38. 1952. ramuli grisei, 3 mm. crassi, deinde pulverulenti vel furfuracei. folia bipinnata; petiolus communis 15 mm. longis; petioli secundarii 2.3 cm. longi, bifoliolati, graciles, glabri, foliolis alternis, symetricis, lanceolatis, basi acuto attenuatis, apice acuminato-obtusis, persistentibus, firmis vel subcoriaceis, supra nitidis, in sicco brunnescentibus, 7—9 cm. longis, 3—4 cm. latis; nervis secundariis 3—4 jugis, suboppositis, ad costam decurrentibus, infimis apicem subattingentibus, intra marginem arcuatis confluentibus; venulis transversalibus reticulatisque infra prominulentibus. inflorescentia fructigera 10 cm. longa, capitula nonulla gerens; flores ignoti. legumen monospermum orbiculare, valde convexum, 3 cm. diam; vel 3-spermum, oblonga, 10 cm. longum, circiter 4 cm. latum, 2 cm. crassum, rectum, valde convexum, basi 1 cm. stipitatum, apice abrupte apiculatum, faciebus levibus, venis laxe reticulatis; semina 1—3, subglobosa, vel compressim truncata, 2.5—3 cm. longa, 2—2.5 cm lata false dissepimentis disjuncta. typus. — chevalier 38636 (p). annam. prov. of nhatrang, hon-ba mountain range, chevalier 38636 (p); ct 38682 (p) ; col des nuages, near tourane, poilana 7845 (p). a. j. g. h. kostermans : miscellaneous botanical notes 1 249 fig. 1. — hibiscus hooglandianus kosterm. 250 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol.5 fig. 2. — pentace microlepidota kosterm. a. j. g. h. kostermans: miscellaneous botanical notes 1 251 fig. 3. — pentace paludosa kosterm. 252 reinwardtia [vol. 5 fig. 4. — pentace adenophora kosterm, a. j. g. h. kostermans : miscellaneous botanical notes 1 253 fig. 5. — heritiera rumphii kosterm. 254 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. fig. 6. — heritiera ornithocephala kosterm. img551_page_01 img551_page_02 img551_page_03 img551_page_04 img551_page_05 img551_page_06 img551_page_07 img551_page_08 img551_page_09 img551_page_10 img551_page_11 img551_page_12 img551_page_13 img551_page_14 img551_page_15 img551_page_16 img551_page_17 img551_page_18 img551_page_19 img551_page_20 img551_page_21 img551_page_22 284 reinwardtia [vol. 11 korthals s.n. (l); 24-6-1872 sciffer s.n. (bo). west java. purwakarta, wanayasa, cisasarap, 1000 m. 26-7-1920. backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink 4673 (bo); pogal. mousser 147 (bo); depok, miquel et de miquel (bo); jasinga, 28-11-1919. backer 10377 (bo); preanger, 720 m. 25 26 july 1917. koorders 44363. 44365 (bo); bogor, 250 m. 4-5-1895. hallier f. s.n. (bo); 15-5-1918. backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink 283 (bo); ciampea, 250m. 20-3-1918. backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink 671 (bo, l); sukabumi, g parean (halimun), pucang perak, parung kuda, 1000 m. 18-5-1974. j. dransfield 4251 (l); bandung, dago, 800 m. 19-9-1939. korthals 27648 (bo); c. holstvoogd 165 (bo). central java. baturaden, g. slamet, 1300 m. 14-3-1911. backer 283 (bo); semarang, ambarawa, telomoyo, 6 m. 14-6-1897. koorders 27648 (bo), 8-5-1814. koorders 17648 (bo); jepara, jati, ngarengan, juana, 50 m. 22-5-1899. koorders 35004 (bo). east java. trawas. 3-7-1932. j. coert 1078 (bo, l); madiun, g. wilis. j.d. doyeh 686 (l); kediri, prigi, 5 m. 23-1-1914. c.a. backer 30520 (bo); malang, sumber tangkil, 400 500 m. 27-61896. koorders 23655 (bo); besuki, 18-8-1897. koorders 28498, 28499 (bo); 3-6-1933. a. rant 1040 (bo); curah manis, 2 m. 10-9-1897. koorders 28718 (bo); rawa cangkoang, 5-12-1870. scheffer s.n. (bo); situbondo, prajekan, pancur ijen. koorders 15434 (bo); ampel gading, 600 m. 27-7-1916. koorders 43695 (bo). kalimantan. west kalimantan. simanggang, 2 m. 15-9-1966. j. a. r. anderson 524798 (l). sabah. kinabalu. 1931-1932. c. clemens 26741-27376 (bo). brunei, ulu belait, tempinak, 50 m. 30-12-1988. kessler 355 (l, bo). sulawesi. north sulawesi, kamp. genderan, bukit ulu. september 1912. amdjah 514 (l). acknowledgement the first author would like to thank to all her supervisors (prof. dr. mien a. rifai, prof. dr. edy guhardja, and dr. e. a. widjaja) during her m.sc. course in bogor agricultural university. we would like to express our sincere thanks for to the director of the rijksherbarium, leiden and the keeper of herbarium bogoriense allowing us to examine the specimens under their responsibilities. we also like to thank dr. dan nicolson for encouraging us to publish this paper. reinwardtia vol. 11, part 4, pp. 285-294 (1999) novelties in alysicarpus desv. (fabaceae) from india d. s. pokle department of botany, deogiri college, aurangabad (m.s.), india abstract two new species and two new varieties in the genus alysicarpus desv. (fabaceae) are described. all the new taxa are collected from various parts of maharashtra. a note on their distribution throughout india is also added. abstrak dua jenis dan dua varietas baru dalam marga alysicarpus desv. (fabaceae) diuraikan. semua taksa baru dikoleksi dari berbagai daerah di maharashtra. keterangan tentang distribusinya di seluruh india juga dijelaskan. the genus alysicarpus desv. is represented by 25-30 species in the tropical and subtropical region of world (ohashi et al. 1981). it is concentrated in india, with 15 species and 7 varieties distributed mostly in the dry zones of maharashtra and andhra pradesh states of the country. during the course of investigations since last 6 years, the author has come across several variants. after the detailed morphological investigations some of these have turned out novelties. four such novelties, two of specific status and two of varietal status, are reported in present article. 1. alysicarpus naikianus pokle, sp. nov. maxime simile sed differt a alysicarpus bupleurifolius (l.) d c , plantis statura minor (10 — 20 cm altis) profuse ramosissimus, foliis minoribus ovalis-obovalis vel oblongis quae birsutis infra, inflorescentiis distincte pendunculis, leguminibus minoribus, articulis latiorum quam longioribus, reticulatis. — type: pokle a 104 a (cal-holo), appachiwadi, india, a 104 b (bamu aurangabad-iso), a.104 c (k-iso), a 104 d (l-iso). 285 286 reinwardtia 1999] d.s. polke : novelties in alysicarpus desv. from india 287 erect, much branched, annual herbs 10—20 cm tall. stems brown, substriated, sparsely pubescent; branches slender. stem leaves unifoliate; stipules broadly triangular acute, 4.5—5.5. x 2.5—3 mm, glabrescent; stipels absent; lamina variable in shape, usually ovate to obovate, oblong, 6-7 x 5—8 mm, subcordate at base, obtuse. the leaves subtending the inflorescence linear-oblong. all leaves glabrous above, sparsely pubescent beneath. racemes axillary and terminal, dense, 6— 10 flowered; peduncle distinct, 1.5—2 cm long, much elongating (2.5—6.5 cm) in fruit. bracts cauducous broadly ovate, 3.4—4 x 3—3.5 mm, shortly acuminate, glabrous; bracteoles subulate, ca 2.5 x 1 mm, obtuse. calyx glumaceus, forming distinct, basal 1—1.5 mm long tube; lobes subequal lanceolate acute, 3—3.5 mm long, the dorsal two united with a distinct notch at apex, sparsely ciliated. corolla uniformly pink purple; standard petal broadly ovate, ca 4 x 3.75 mm, distinctly stalked; wings and the keel petals slightly shorter. pods articulated, 4—6 jointed with 5—7 articles; each article subterete, ca 1.5 mm long and broad, faintly reticulated, deep brown at maturity. seeds subglobose, ca 1 mm diam. shining brown. flowers and fruits august to october. ecology— on gravelly soil of hill slopes and plateaus. distribution maharashtra: amaravati, kolhapur and sindhudurg districts; kerala: cannanore distict. etymology specific epithet is in honour of dr. v.n. naik, an eminent taxonomist, who have devoted 30 years for floristic studies of marathwada region. note — allied to alysicarpus bupleurifolius (l.) dc. differing in short habit; small ovate to obovate leaves; dense peduncled inflorescence; smaller pods with fewer, faintly reticulated articles (table 1). table i. comparison of a. naikianus pokle with a. bupleurifolius (l.) dc. fig. 1. alysicarpus naikianus pockle. a—habit, b—stipules, c—bract, d-pod. a. naikianus l.tiny herbs often up to 10 cm long occasionally up to 20 cm long; branches several close. 2.leaves ovate to obovate, sometimes oblong, 6-17 x 5-8 mm, obtuse, sparsely pubescent beneath. 3.1nflorescence, with distinct peduncle, dense even in fruits, up to 6.5 cm long. 4.pods 6-8 mm long. 5.articles 5-7, shorter than broad, ca 1 x 1.5 mm, faintly reticulated. a. bupleurifolius 1. large herbs up to 50 cm tall; branches few distant. 2. leaves linear to lanceolate 30-50 x 3-6 mm, acute or subacute, glabrous on both the surfaces. 3. inflorescence, without distinct peduncle, very lax in fruit, up to 25 cm long. 4. pods 10-12 mm long. 5. ariticles 4—6, as long as longer than broad, ca 2 x 2.5 mm, smooth. 288 reinwardtia [vol. 11 2. alysicarpus saplianus pokle, sp. nov. maxime simile sed differt a alysicarpus heyneanus wight. & arn. plantis statura minore (usque 25 cm altis), foliis minoribus, ovatisoblongis vel oblongis, inflorescentia pauci-florifera, simplici (usque 4 cm long), bracteis minoribus ovatis acutis, glabris, calycibus chartaceis plus minusve hyaunus, lobis ellipticus obtusis qui fructiferis patentibus, vexillo citrino carinis et alis profundis purpureis. — type: pokle a. 77 a (cal-holo), bodhadi, india, a 77 b (bamxj aurangabad-iso), a 77c (k-iso), a 77 d (l-iso). erect annual herbs up to 25 cm tall. stem brown, subtriate, with short hairs; branches slender. leaves unifoliolate; stipules triangular acute, 5-6 x 2—2.5 mm, glabrescent; stipels absent; lamina ovate-oblong to oblong, ca 15-30 x 8-12 mm, subcordate at base, obtuse, glabrous above, sparsely appressed hairy along the nerves beneath. racemes extra-axillary, lax, unbranched, 6—10 flowered, 1—3 cm long, much elongating in fruits ( 3—6 cm). bracts caducous, broadly ovate-acute, 33.5 x 3—4 mm; bracteoles absent. calyx glumaceus, thin, translucent, divided almost to the base; lobes all equal, elliptic obtuse, 6-6.5 mm long, spreading, slightly overlapping at base, the dorsal two united throughout with a shallow notch at apex. corolla bicoloured; standard obovate, slightly notched, 4.5-5 x 2.75-3 mm, without distinct stalk, lemon yellow; wings and keels slightly shorter, deep purple. pods beaded, 1—3 jointed with 2—4 articles, each article two sided, broader than long, ca 3 x 2 mm, transversely ridged, black at maturity. seeds reniform to subglobose, ca 2—2.5 x 1.25—1.5 mm, shining brown. flowers and fruits september to november. ecologynear foot of hills in black soil. distribution maharashtra: nanded and prabhani districts; andhra pradesh: karimnagar districts. etymology — specific epithet is based on locality of first collection i.e. sapli dam in parbhani district. note similar to alysicarpus heyneanus wight & arn. differing in much shorter habit; small thin leaves; unbranched short, few flowered inflorescence; thin and translucent calyx with all equal elliptic-obtuse lobes spreading in fruits; bicoloured corolla and 2-a included articles (table ii). 1999; d.s. polke : novelties in alysicarpus desv. from india 289 •••5 mm fig. 2. alysicarpus saplianus pookle. a-habit, b-stipules, o-bract, d-pod. 290 reinwardtia [vol. 11 table ii. comparison of a saplianus pokle with a. heyneanus wight & arn. a. saplianus 1. tiny herbs up to 25 cm tall, branches wiry. 2. leaves thin, ovate-oblong, 1.5-3 x 0.8-1.2 cm, stipules ca 5-6 mm long. 3. inflorescence, 3-6 cm long, unbranched, dense. 4. calyx membranous, translucent, lobes free almost to the base, equal, obtuse, spreading in fruits. a. heyneanus 1. robust herbs up to 2 m tall, branches stout. 2. leaves thick, ovate-obovate, 3.5-5.5 x 2.5-4 cm, stipules ca 10-12 mm long. 3. inflorescence, 30—50 cm long, often branched, lax. 4. calyx scarious, thick, lobes forming a definite calyx tube, acute, unequal, adhering to fruit. 3. alysicarpus longifolius (rottler ex spreng.) wight & arn. var. pygmaeus pokle, var. nov. maxime simile sed differt a alysicarpus longifolius var. longifolius habitatus minore, ramis debilibus et gracilibus, foliis multo minore comparate tenuibus, stipulis ovatis-oblongis acuminalis ad caudatis, inflorescentiis, bracteiis et calycibus minoribus. type: pokle a 17 a (cal-holo), bodhadi, india, a 17 b (bamu aurangabad-iso), a 17 c (k-iso), a 17 d (l-iso). erect annual herbs up to 40 cm tall. stem striated, sparsely pubescent; branches weak, wiry, procumbent. leaves unifoliate; stipules ovate, acuminate 6-7 x 2.75-3 mm; stipels absent; lamina ovate-oblong to oblong, 2-3.5 x 0.7-1.2 cm, subcordate at base, obtuse, glabrous above, appressed hairy beneath, prominently so along nerves. racemes extra-axillary, dense, many flowered, unbranched, 8-20 cm long in fruits; axis wiry. bract ovate, acuminate, ca 4-5 x 1.5-2 mm, densely short hairy; bracteoles absent. calyx glumaceous; lobes subequal, oblong, ca 4.5-5.5 mm long, ciliated, dorsal two united for two third length forming a prominent notch at apex. corolla uniformly purplish red; standard petal broadly ovate, notched, ca 5-6 x 4-5 mm, distinctly stalked; wings and keels slightly shorter. pods moniliform, 2-4 jointed with 3-5 articles; articles globose, ca 1.5 mm in diam., reticulated, puberulous, straw coloured at maturity. seeds subglobose, ca 1.25 mm in diam., shining deep brown. flowers and fruits september to december. 1999 ] d.s. polke : novelties in alysicarpus desu. from india 291 fig. 3. alysicarpus longifolius (rottler ex spreng.) wight & arn. var. pygmaeus pockle. a-habit, b-stipules, c-bract, d-pod. 292 reinwardtia [vol. 11 ecologynear foot of hills in black soil. distribution maharashtra: nanded district; goa: dolara forest. note — similar to alysicarpus longifolius var. longifolius but differing in over all small size of vegetative parts; small unbranched inflorescence, smaller calyx lobes, and pods with fewer and smaller articles (table iii). table iii. comparison of three varieties of a. longifolius (rottler ex spreng.) wight & arn. var. pygmaeus 1. up to 50 cm tall, branches wiry. 2. leaves ovate-oblong, 2-3.5 x 0.7-1.2 cm. 3. stipules thick, 6-7 cm long. 4. inflorescence 15-20 cm long, unbranched. 5. calyx not accrescent. var. major 1. 1.5-1.7 m tall, branches very thick. 2. leaves ovate-oblong, 10-15 x 2.5-4.5 cm. 3. stipules membranous, 2.75-3.5 cm long. 4. inflorescence 30—50 cm long, often unbranched. 5. calyx accrescent. var. longifolius 1. 1.5-2 m tall, branches stout. 2. leaves linear, subacute to acute, ca 10-15 x 1-2 cm. 3. stipules membranous, 1.75-2 cm long. 4. inflorescence 50-80 cm long, often branched. 5. calyx accrescent. 4. alysicarpus longifolius (rottler ex spreng.) wight et arn. var. major pokle, var. nov. haec varietate praecipne proprium habitu robustis et foliis late ellipticus oblongis apicibus obtuses vet rotundis, foliis et stipulis multo major, inflorescentis minoribus, simplici. aliter velut in var. longifolius. — type. pokle a 150 a (calholo), devalgaonraja, india, a 150 b (bamu aurangabad-iso), a 150 c (k-iso), a 150 d (l-iso). robust herbs up to 1.5 m tall, branched. stem very thick, finely striated. leaves unifoliolate; stipules triangular, acuminate, 2.75—3.25 cm long, membranous, stipels minute; lamina broadly oblong, 10-15 x 2.5—4.5 cm, cordate at base, obtuse to rounded, appressed hairy beneath, prominently veined. racemes axillary and terminal, unbranched, 30-50 cm long, axis stout. bracts ovate acuminate, 7-8 x 2.5-3.5 mm, ciliated, bracteoles absent. calyx glumaceous, forming distinct, basal ca 1-1.5 mm long tube; lobes ovate, acute, ciliated, 3.5-4 mm long. corolla uniformly 1999 ] d.s. polke : novelties in alysicarpus desv. from india 293 fig. 4. alysicarpus longifolius (rottler ex spreng.) wight & arn. var. major pockle. a-habit, b-stipules, c-bract, d-pod. 294 reinwardtia [ v o l . 1 1 purplish red. pods moniliform, 4—6 jointed, articles 5—7, globose, reticulated, minutely puberulous, ca 1.75—2 mm in diam. seeds subglobose ca 1.5—1.75 mm in diam., shining brown. flowers and fruits september to december. ecologyin cultivated fields near hills. distribution maharashtra: jalna district, tamilnadu: coimbatore district. note — very similar to var. longifolius differing in very thick robust stem, large, ovate, oblong leaves, larger stipules and unbranched smaller inflorescence (table iii). acknowledgements author wishes to express his deep sense of gratitude to dr. v. n. naik for his constant encouragement and guidance. he is thankful to the authorities of m.s.p. mandal and principal, deogiri college, aurangabad for facilities. thanks are also due to u.g.c, new delhi for financial assistance. rein.vol 11,part 4, 227-294_page_30 rein.vol 11,part 4, 227-294_page_31 rein.vol 11,part 4, 227-294_page_32 rein.vol 11,part 4, 227-294_page_33 rein.vol 11,part 4, 227-294_page_34 rein.vol 11,part 4, 227-294_page_35 466 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 v. jacquemont 873. — p u n j a b . without exact locality, drummond 24733 (bo, kew) !, 940, 24730, 24734, 24735, 34732; rawalpindi, aug. 1872, aitchison 129; chamba, between kulel and musroond, 4000 ft., sept. 4, 1896, gammie 18476! simla, below t h e cemetary, aug. 25, 1917, h. h. rich 681! — u n i t e d p r o v i n c e s . garhwal, lobha, 5—6000 ft., aug. 31, 1885, duthie 4480; mussoorie, dr. bacon; dehra dun, malapani road, 2000 ft., oct. 1891, gamble 23192; dehra, 2000 ft., aug. 1891, gamble 23852; moradabad, aug. 1843, ? collector. — c e n t r a l i n d i a . gwalior, c. maries 356 (herb. singapore) ! — b o m b a y . poonah, wet fields, v. jacquemont 344. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 4, pp. 467-481 (1952) miscellaneous botanical notes—iv* c. g. g. j. van steenis** summary 1. in connection with the first record from malaysia (atjeh, north sumatra) of a species of schoepfia (olacaceae), viz. s. fragrans wall, in roxb., some notes on the genus are given, including a key to the species of section schoepfiopsis (emended) and to the two indian species of schoepfia. the specimens of the kew and leyden herbaria of these two species are listed. the name schoepfia ffriffithii tiegh. is validly published in the present paper, if this was not done before. 2. smilax pygmaea merr. (liliaceae) is recorded from atjeh, sumatra. 3. the first indigenous species of mivmlus (scrophulariaceae), m. tenellus bunge, is recorded for malaysia from atjeh, sumatra. 4. a new species of macadamia (proteaceae) is described from celebes: macadamia hildebrandii van steenis. it belongs to the same genus as the common australian bush nut, m. ternifolia, with edible seeds. 5. some information, additional to a previous paper on biophytum (oxalidaceae) in malaysia, is given. • 6. some records of plants new to mount pangrango, west java, are mentioned. 7. the recent introduction and the present distribution in malaysia of the weed eupatorium odoratum l. (compositae) is discussed. 8. some additional records of the liana hollrungia aurantioides k. schum. (passifloraceae) from new guinea and from outside this island (ternate, moluccas) are published. 31. notes on asiatic species of schoepfia (olacaceae) the identification of a species of schoepfia collected in the north sumatran highlands, in 1934 and 1937, has necessitated the examination of specimens from continental asia. besides the work of masters (in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 1: 581-582. 1875) there are the treatments of miers (in j. linn. soc. bot. 17: 70-77. 1878), van tieghem (in bull. soc. bot. fr. 43: 550-551. 1896), and valeton (crit. overz. olacin. 123-130. 1886). miers and van tieghem have split the genus into two, respectively three, other genera, treated by engler (nat. pfl. fam. nachtr. i zum ii.-iv. teil 145. 1897) as sections. i agree with the latter's view. the sections appear well defined, but the general characteristics common to all are *the first paper in this series appeared in bull. bot. gdns buitenzorg1 iii 17: 383-411. 1948; the second in blumea 6: 243-246. 1948; the third in bull. bot. gdns buitenzorg iii 18: 457-461. 1950. **director, flora malesiana foundation. — 467 — 468 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1952] van steenis: botanical notes—iv 469 neatly bracketing them and do not warrant a separation into genera. they were defined as follows: sect. codonium (vahl) engl.—flowers in fascicled, axillary spikes (often twinflowered; flowers not rarely concrescent, sometimes shortly pedicelled) ; peduncle without basal perular bracts; flowers subtended by a cupule consisting of 2 bracteoles and 1 bract. central & south america. sect. euschoepfia engl.—flowers in axillary racemes; peduncle provided with basal perular bracts; flowers spread, subtended by a cupule consisting of 2 bracteoles and 1 bract. se asia. sect. schoepfiopsis (miers) engl.—flowers in axillary single spikes; peduncle without perular bracts; flowers mostly opposite, sessile, subtended by 1 bract. se—e asia. the specific delimitation of the south-eastern asiatic species is less satisfactory. even the distinction between the two species enumerated by masters, viz. s. fragrans wall, in roxb. and s. acuminata wall, ex dc. is rather arbitrary. already brandis (ind. trees 149. 1906) expressed some doubt as to the distinctness of the latter species. apart from the fact that i have not found the characters mentioned by masters to hold for his authentic specimens, there is quite some variation in the material at hand, generously put at my disposal by the courtesy of the keeper of the herbarium of the royal botanic gardens at kew. whether the corolla is quadrior pentamerous seems quite unimportant ; both figures can be found in .one specimen. measurements ought to be taken from flowers in full anthesis; those taken from buds are worthless as both ovary and corolla-tube grow considerably towards anthesis and change in size and shape. this is the reason why i have been able to reduce s. miersii pierre (pierre 617 from cambodia). it comes nearest to what has been called s. acuminata. the position of stigma and stamens is, at least in section euschoepfia, rather variable, even in one specimen: sometimes the style exceeds the anthers and the stigma (which is generally three-lobed but is occasionally two-lobed) is slightly protruding from the throat, sometimes the stigma does not reach the stamens. the anthers themselves are sometimes placed quite near the throat, sometimes they are inserted definitely inside the tube, sometimes nearly halfway down the tube. i have not succeeded in tracing a regular flower dimorphism, as urban (symb. ant. 5: 179. 1907) suggested. as already stated i have not been able to verify the differences in size of the flowers as indicated by masters, and the only difference left between s. fragrans and s. acuminata is that in size and shape of the leaves, typical s. fragrans having rather small, lanceolate leaves and s. acuminata rather large, oblong leaves. additional material shows all intermediates between these two extremes and my conclusion is that they are conspecific. section euschoepfia, therefore, appears to consist of one species only. masters (op. cit. p. 582) mentions an other indetermined species, collected by griffith in bhotan (no. 1819, recte 819). this one is, indeed, quite different. masters did apparently not realise that it had already been described and depicted by griffith himself as schoepfia sp. in his posthumous papers. it was later named s. griffithii by van tieghem; he only cited the collection number and this name is formally a nomen nudum. taking the description and plate of griffith into consideration for typification, i think it appropiate to keep van tieghem's name and authority for it. in passing it may be remarked that this species is, of course, not identical with schoepfia griffithiana valeton which was based on griffith 822 from east bengal; this has appeared to represent a stage of s. fragrans beyond anthesis. schoepfia griffithii tiegh. does not belong to section euschoepfia but to section schoepfiopsis and is entirely different from s. fragrans. i have compared it with the two other species of this section, viz. s. jasminodora sieb. & zucc. from japan and with s. chinensis champ. & gardn. from china. it appears that the characters of section schoepfiopsis can be emended by the following characters: ; deciduous. plants nigrescent in the herbarium. flowers on short lateral shoots, not on the main branches, appearing with the flush. spikes nodding. its three species are mutually closely related. though i have not made a very thorough study of them the following key is tentatively proposed:1 key to the species of section schoepfiopsis la. flowers more or less urceolate, broadest below above the ovary, about 1.5 x as long as broad 2 b. corolla tube tubular, slightly broadened towards the throat, about 3 x as long as its basal diameter. (bract about as long as the ovary. leaves ovate. drupe about 10—12 mm long) s. jasminodora s. & z. 2a. leaves ovate. drupe less than 1 cm long. style included. . . s. griffithii tiegh. b. leaves elliptic-oblong. drupe about 1.5 cm long. style exserted. s. chinensis champ. & gardn. iunknown to me is s. gibbosa tiegh. (i.e.), based on a sheet (callery 241) provenant of macao in china. formally this is a nomen nudum. 470 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1952] van steenis: botanical notes—iv 471 for the convenience of indian botanists the following key may serve to distinguish between the two indian species of schoepfia represented in continental south-eastern asia: key to the indian species of schoeppia la. peduncle provided with basal perular bracts. flowers among full-grown foliage on the main shoots in the axils of leaves; spread on the axis of a short raceme. pedicels at the apex provided with a cupule consisting of 1 bract and 2 bracteoles. leaves not nigrescent, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate. evergreen. s. fragrans wall, b. peduncle not provided with basal perular bracts. flowers on short lateral shoots, appearing with the flush; sessile, often opposite or subopposite, in the axil of 1 bract. leaves nigrescent, ovate. deciduous s. griffithii tiegh. the following is the enumeration of the kew and leyden specimens examined: 1. schoepfia fragrans wall, in roxb.—fig. 1 schoepfia fragrans wall, in roxb., fl. ind.r ed. wall. & carey 2: 188. 1824; tent. fl. nep. 18 pi. 9. 1824; masters in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 1: 581. 1875, excl. tab. griff. — schoepfiopsis fragrans (wall, in roxb.) miers in j. linn. soc. bot. 17: 76. 1878. schoepfia acuminata wall. (cat. 486) ex dc., prod. 4: 320. 1830. — schoepfiopsis acuminata (wall, ex dc.) miers in j. linn. soc. bot. 17: 77 pi. 2. 1878. schoepfia griffithiana val., crit. overz. olacin. 128. 1886. schoepfia miersii pierre, fl. for. cochinch. fasc. 17: pi. 265b. 1892. schoepfia fragrans var. shanensis gamble, in sched. nepal. wallich h.i.485 (duplicate of type of s. fragrans) ; pundus, wallich h.i. 486 (duplicate of type of s. acuminata). east bengal. griffith 822 (type of s. griffithiana). assam. lushai hills, nov. 1917, mrs. n. e. parry 295; sarpung, naga hills, dec. 1907, fr., meebold 7295; hundung, ibid., dec. 1907, meebold 6876; king's collector (loan 504) ; mishmi hills, griffith 814; kossyah and jynteah hills, aug. 1878, gallatly 544; simons s.n. (lb). khasia. chuna, aug. 18, 1850, hooker f. & thomson 2107 (as s. acuminata) ; thos. lobb (loan 514) ; moortye, sept. 24, 1850, hooker f. & thomson; myrung, oct. 16, 1850, hooker f. & thomson; mamloo, nov. 13, 1850, hooker f. & thomson; jarani, oct. 18, 1913, fr., kanjilal 2738; below pomnang, sept. 18, 1850, hooker f. & thomson 2315; kyllang rock, sept. 10, 1913, kanjilal 2520. — burma. maymyo plateau, july 30, 1908, lace 4140; oct. 20, 1908, lace 4346; maymyo distr., july 9, 1925, for. bot. coll. 119; s shan states, sept. 3, 1911, robertson 415; sept. 4, 1911, robertson 418; (type of s. fragrans var. shanensis), rutz mines distr., lawa, jan. 30, 1910, fr., lace 5074; bhamo div., lawlaw, sept. 1909, cubitt 299; mandalay distr., nov. 20, 1926, law maung my a 3640. — siam. me-kang, feb. 1, 1936, garrett; chungdao, nov. 9, 1922, fr., kerr 64-85a; pak ki nawn, oct. 29, 1922, kerr 6485; doi angka, july 17, 1922, kerr 6330; khun tan, jan. 5, 1914, kerr 3076; april 1, 1914, kerr 3076a. — indochina. c a m b o d i a , knang repaeu, may 1870, pierre 617 (type of s. miersii). a n n a m, mt. bani, july 5, 1927, clemens 4323. —• sumatra. a t j e h, gajo lands, bur ni geredong, near lake pupandji, about 2000 m alt., treelet in forest border, fls. yellowish, very fragrant, 1 specimen, sept. 3—5, 1934, van steenis 6354; mt. kemiri, mossy forest, 2900—3000 m alt., on ridge, fls. pale rosa-yellowish as thick cream, 4—5-merous, deliciously scented as " melati," shrub 3 m, with yellowish-green foliage, anthers 4—5, 1 specimen, march 11, 1937, van steenis 9719. fig. 1. schoepfia fragrans wall, from north sumatra (van steenis 9719) flowering twig, x 1, flower, opened, x 2. the sumatran specimen figured here (fig. 1), differs slightly from the common type from continental asia by the somewhat thicker leaves and the style being always half as long as the corolla tube. with respect to the variability found in asiatic specimens it seems not advisable to give an infraspecific rank to this outlying post which represents the first record of the genus in malaysia. 472 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1952] van steenis: botanical notes—iv 473 2. schoepfia griffithii tiegh. schoepfia griffithii tiegh. in bull. soc. bot. fr. 43: 551. 1896, nomen nudum, based on griffith 819 typified by griff., not. pl as.' 4: 639-641. 1854; ic. pi. as. 4: pi. 629. 1854. schoepfia sp. mast, in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 1: 582. 1875. corolla fere urceolata, longitudine sesqui majore quam latitudo. folia ovata. drupa minus longa quam 1 cm. stylus inclusus. bhotan. griffith 876; griffith 819 (type of s. griffithii) ; anno 1851, griffith 2487; griffith (lemann 1844). — assam. chiboan delei valley, april 9, 1928, kingdon ward 8040. 32. smilax pygmaea merr. in sumatra (liliaceae) smilax pygmaea merr. in philipp. j. sc. 5 c: 339. 1910.—fig. 2 sumatra. a t j e h. gajo lands, mt. losir, near summit, 3250—3300 m alt., mossy forest, in shade along brook, not in exposed localities, browsed by mountain goat, feb. 3, 1937, van steenis 8627; mt. kemiri, near summit, scrub-forest, 2900— 3300 m alt., berry and underside of leaf glaucous, march 7, 1937, van steenis 9640. though i have not seen either of the two original specimens on which merrill based this species, the sumatran material exactly fits in both with the description and with a topotype (ramos & edaiio, bur. sci. 44903) in herbarium bogoriense and collected on mount pulog, north luzon, in open grasslands above 2700 m altitude. the habit of this unarmed ecirrhiferous species with its stiff, wiry, erect habit is very characteristic by its bifarious zigzag twigs. to the excellent description of merrill can be added that all specimens seen by me are branched, and that the height is not 20—40 cm, but 20—100 cm. though the upper leaves are wholly devoid of tendrils, the lower leaves have often rudimentary caducous ones, which are slightly hook-like curved, measuring 2—10 mm. the leaf-shape is rather variable, viz. from ovate to lanceolate, its dimensions 2—3 by 3—9.75 cm. the umbels are 4—12-flowered. this species apparently belongs to the set of mountain plants common to sumatra and luzon to which belong species of oreobolus, monostachya, potentilla, gentiana, eriocaulon, and patersonia. 33. a native mimulus in malaysia (scrophulariaceae) the genus mimulus is widely distributed; its centre of distribution is north america; it is absent in europe, the greater part of africa and asia, but present in eastern australia and new zealand. hitherto no species has been reported native to malaysia, the generic name mimulus being mentioned only in the synonymy of other scrophulariaceae. fig. 2. smilax pygmaea merr. from north sumatra (van steenis 8627), x 0.7. 474 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1952] van steenis: botanical notes—iv 475 mlmulus tenellus b u n g e mimulus tenellus bunge, pi. en. china 49. 1831; benth. in dc., prod. 10: 373. 1847. mimulus nepalensis benth. in wall., cat. no. 3917. 1828, nomen; scroph. ind. 29. 1835; grant in ann. mo. bot. gard. 11: 206. 1924. sumatra. a t j e h, gajo lands, bur ni geredong, above takengon, above lake pupandji, about 2300 m alt., wet swampy mountain forest, along elephant trail, local, fresh herb with yellow flowers, throat and tube red-speckled, sept. 3—5, 1934, van steenis 6515. the species is widely distributed from the sikkim himalaya to manchuria, japan and formosa. the sumatran specimens exactly match the sikkim ones. the species may be expected to occur somewhere in the mountains of luzon. 34. a new species of macadamia from celebes (proteaceae) ever since 1913, herbarium bogoriense has possessed flowering material of a celebesian species of macadamia. since 1930 additional fruiting material has been obtained and collections have accumulated, especially though the diligence of the forest research institute at bogor and it seems the appropiate moment to name the species. the genus macadamia is allied to helicia but differs in the position of the two ovules which are inserted at the base of the ovary in helicia, and hang from the top in macadamia. additional characters do not hold exclusively: pedicels connate (rarely free) in helicia, free in macadamia (except in m. prealta f. muell.) ; leaves spread in helicia (rarely subopposite, still more rarely in threes), whorled in macadamia (but occasionally partly opposite in m. prealta and m. whelani f. m. bailey) ; anthers inserted at the base of the petal-top in helicia, mostly lower down in macadamia; fruit indehiscent with a fleshy exocarp in helicia and (oneto) two-valved in macadamia but occasionally indehiscent; disk mostly consisting of free glands in helicia and cup-shaped or short-cylindric in macadamia (except in m. prealta and m.youngiana f. muell.). of macadamia, which occurs with about seven species in queensland and new south wales, m. hildebrandii n. sp.2 belongs to the group of of species with a cup-shaped or short-cylindrical disk. among them the alliance seems mostly with m. whelani and m. verticillata f. muell. in having whorled peduncles and fiveto seven-whorled leaves, both species 2named after mr. f. h. hildebrand, forest research institute at bogor, java, whose devoted work in the naming and arranging of (mostly sterile) herbarium material has been of immense value to forest exploration in indonesia, and whose knowledge and services are well recognized by all concerned. differing by smaller flowers (3—4 mm), m. ivhelani having, moreover, filaments inserted near the base of the tepals, and m. verticillata coarsely toothed leaves. it is rather surprising that the material collected in celebes is far from uniform. at first sight this material falls more or less into two groups, one with small, broad, bluntish leaves and relatively short inflorescences and one with long, acute leaves and slender inflorescences. the examination of the flowers shows that this does not coincide with floral characters, and as to the latter there is quite some degree of variation in hairiness of the ovary (in kjellberg 647 even being glabrous), the length of the flower (7—11 mm), and length and hairiness of the inflorescence (kjellberg 647 is glabrous save the puberulous base of the pedicels). as a matter of fact these minor characters appear not to be coupled in the different specimens, and i consider all specimens to belong to one species, without seeing necessity for differentiating varieties. macadamia hildebrandii van steenis, sp. nov. a speciebus descriptis differt disco breviter cylindrico, foliis integris cum racemis verticillatis, perianthiis 7—11 mm longis, filamentis in mediis tepalis insertis. tree, 3—33 m tall; unbranched bole 2—20 m, 10—40 cm in diatneter; crown in small specimens about globular. bark after wounding exuding some sap turning red. twigs terete. leaves in whorls of 5—7, entire, variable in shape, obovate to oblanceolate, the base rounded to cuneate, in the rounded leaves with a distinct petiole, in the elongate leaves either with a distinct petiole or the blade nearly decurrent to the base; petiole up to 2 cm; apex acute or rounded or bluntish; blade in the herbarium distinctly prominently reticulately-veined, 7—10 by 4—6 to 20—40 by 5—17 cm. inflorescences on top of a whorl of 4—7 brachyblasts, emanating from the axils of the apical leaf-whorl; the brachyblasts provided with reduced, 1—2 cm long, bract-like leaves and then each shoot with a whorl of racemes, or, if the reduced leaves are more or less absent, each brachyblast producing one terminal raceme, the peduncle and the internode being demarcated by a thickened articulation. inflorescences generally exceeding the leaves, adpressed-puberulous or glabrous; peduncle up to 10 cm; rhachis 10—40 cm, slender or rather thickish. bracts absent (or minute?). flowers in twos, white or creamy, sweet-scented. buds clubshaped, adpressed-puberulous, or almost glabrous, first opening laterally by a bulging out of the style through a slit. pedicels free, 5—6 mm, spreading, adpressed-puberulous or almost glabrous, reddish (according to collector). tepals ligulate, at last free, rolled outward, 7—11 mm long, 0,5 mm broad, linear. filaments 0.25—1.25 mm long, flat; inserted about the middle of the tepals or somewhat higher; anthers 1.75—2.25 mm long, with pale cells and a dark, broad, protruding connective. ovary sparsely 476 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1952] van steenis: botanical notes—iv 477 adpressed-ferrugineous hairy, rarely glabrous; style glabrous, its apex club-shaped. disk short-cylindrical, faintly 4-lobed or irregularly erenulate, about 0.5 mm high. ovules 2, hanging from the apex of the ovary. fruits 1—2 per raceme, globular, oblique, with a short, hard, conical style-base, and a prominent longitudinal rib, apparently indehiscent, 3.5 cm in diameter, green-brown (according to collector). pericarp very hard, 2 mm in diameter, consisting of a thin, smooth endocarp and a thick fibrous exocarp. seed globular, about 3 cm in diameter, purple brown (according to collector), surrounded by a very thin testa, thicker and of other structure at the micropylar half as compared with the funicular half. type specimen.—rachmat 712 (herb. bogor., duplicate in leyden herb.). specimens examined.—celebes. w e s t c e n t r a l : palu, mt. njilalaki, 1250 m alt., l.n. perande (tado), primary forest, tree 33 m high, 17 m to the first branch, 40 cm in diam., 29 cm at breastheight, bb. 28228. t o r ad j a: makale-rantepao, near kambutu, 1000 m alt., l.n. lila bai (toradja), tree 10 m, bole up to 1st branch 5 m, 13 cm in diam., bb.24-703; tondon near rantepao, 1000 m alt., l.n. tanapu (toradja), fl. may 8, 1936, in young forest, tree 11 m tall, bole 3 m to 1st branch, 10 cm in diam., bb. 20545; madong near rantepao, fl. oct. 13, 1929, 800 m alt., l.n. tinapu or tomaku (toradja), rather rare in young forest, bb. 13905. e a s t c e n t r a l : malili, near lauwoli, fr. march 12, 1938, 25m alt., l.n. kaju balo molaba (padoe), treelet 7m, in primary forest, bb. 23943; malili, near usu, fl. oct. 19, 1931, 5 m alt., l.n. kaju balomotea (tobela), tree 18 m tall, rather common in old forest cel.1111-23; malili, b. tabale kadju, 1500 m alt., l.n. kandjolee (baree), tree 30 m tall, bole 20 m to 1st branch, bb.24091; malili, fr. march 14, 1936, 25 m alt., l.n. balo molaba (tobela), tree 20 m tall, 7 m to 1st branch 20—32 cm in diam., in old forest cel./iv-190; malili, fl. july, 26, 1932, fr. april 14, 1932, 20 m alt., tree 14 m, l.n. balomolaba (tobela), bole to 1st branch 2 m, 32 cm in diam. cel.iiv-92; malili, near lampea, sealevel, tree 6—7 m tall, kjellberg 2082; lake towuti, fl. aug. 25, 1929, 300 m alt., tree 5 m, kjellberg 2173; g. sojo, rachmat 712 {type). s o u t h e a s t : north kendari, fl. march 3, 1929, 150 m alt., one treelet 3—4 m tall in rainforest, kjellberg 647; kendari region, lepolepo, july 24, 1874, o. beccari, sheet no. 8031 (florence). as is well known, a common australian species, macadamia ternifolia f. muell., is praised for its production of edible seeds: it is called the australian bush nut. it has been subjected to various studies3 and has been cultivated far beyond australia in other tropical countries. it was formerly cultivated in its typical form with large, sessile, toothed 3francis, w. d.: the anatomy of the australian bush nut (macadamia ternifolia). in proc. r. soc. queensland 39: 43-53. 1927. kausik, s. b.: studies in the proteaceae ii. floral anatomy and morphology of macadamia ternifolia f. v. m. in proc. ind. ac. sc. 8 b : 45-62. 1938. harting, m. e. & w. b. storey: the development of the fruit of macadamia ternifolia. in j. agric. research 59: 397-406. 1939. compare further queensl. agric. j. 93-95. 1923; current science 9: 22-25. 1940 (floral anatomy); ibid. 9: 130. 1940 (fruit structure). leaves in the mountain gardens at tjibodas, west java, sub no. c.13, now g.56. the form of australian bush nut more commonly cultivated in java is its variety integrifolia (maiden & betche) maiden & betche, earlier assumed to represent a separate species characterized by petioled, entire, smaller leaves. about the usefulness of the celebesian nut nothing is known to me and some simple cultivation experiments ought to be devoted to it. there is reason to assume it to be palatable, and its broad altitudinal range from sealevel to 1500 m altitude will simplify such experiments. it is, possibly, better adapted to indonesian climates than is the queensland species. the structure of the fruit and seed differs considerably from that described for several species by francis (in proc. r. soc. queensl. 39: 43-53. 1927) ; it appears to have a similar structure as m. prealta f. muell. (francis, op cit. p. 50) in that the testa is papery and not hard and connate with the pericarp. 35. additional note on malaysian biophytums (oxalidaceae) the examination of biophytum preserved at bogor gave the following additions to my former paper on this genus (van steenis in bull. bot. gard. buitenzorg iii 18: 449 seq. 1950). biophytum reinwardtii (zucc.) klotzsch.—additional islands: madura and celebes. biophytum dendroides (h. b. k.) dc.—this species seems to be an escape from the botanic gardens at bogor (buitenzorg) where it was already collected by h. hallier, march 24, 1893 (d245). this material was later named b. intermedium wight by boerlage. still later boldingh (lijst der planten, etc. 599. 1916) mentioned it as biophytum sp. under xv.k.b.xxi.8; material of this number was poisoned in 1914. recently my colleague j. h. kern collected fresh material near his house at bogor. from the latter locality specimens are now planted again in the gardens there. biophytum fruticosum bl.—two additional specimens were located, viz. from the philippines, bohol island, august—october, 1923, m. ramos (bur. sci. 42854), and from south-west celebes, pasui, 600 m, open, limestone, may 1929, flowers white (kjellberg 3826). the philippine specimens are dwarfs, as are kjellberg's, and the first-named ones have fewer jugae of leaflets than i mentioned formerly. henderson s. f. 35246 from the malay peninsula has very slender pedicels in fruit, up to 15 mm. these 478 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1952] van steenis: botanical notes—iv 479 features tend to diminish the value of the differentiating characters between b. fruticosum and the papuan b. albiflorum. 36. some mountain plants new to mount pangrango, west-java march 30, 1950, i found in the sterile central hollow (alun-alun) on the summit of mount pangrango, at about 3000 m, local patches of tripogon exiguus trin., a grass which up till 1929 was not found west of mount sumbing in central java; in 1929 we found it also on mount papandajan. on a later excursion a trail was cut from kadangbadak, a hut wellknown to many foreign visitors of bogor, towards the west, between 2400 and 2550 m, which is now about three hours' rather rough going. the aim of this trail was to locate and examine non-forested spots on the pangrango cone which can easily be observed from the tjibodas gardens. the open, green places appeared to represent steep slopes with landslides overgrown with dense thickets, sometimes very large, of paku andam, i.e., species of gleichenia, g. linearis, g. volubilis, and g. longissima. one of these smaller landslips contained moreover a serai of gnaphalium longifolium and g. maximum. the latter java endemic is exceedingly rare and hitherto found only on the mountains tjikuraj, tjareme, dijeng, and sumbing in west and central java. in the surrounding forest many sterile, slender plants could be found of berberis wallichiana, also a new plant for mount gede. at the end of the trail, a peculiar open, not forested slope was reached, which i suppose to represent a lavastream covered by a later landslide. solid, dark andesite rocks line the streamlet in the centre producing a canyon-like effect; the soil of the landslide consists of 'padas,' a kind of soft conglomerate, very sterile, covered in many places by ground lichens (lecidiaceae). the vegetation is half open, heathy, and dwarfed and the miniature shrubs are richly covered by usnea and other lichens. 37. eupatorium odoratum l., an introduced composite in malaysia already a long time ago eupatorium odoratum l. was introduced into south-eastern asia. in 1872 c. b. clarke collected it near dacca (no. 16733) ; it probably grew at that time also in other places. it is probable that it had escaped from the calcutta botanic gardens, in which it was cultivated under the name eu. repandum (clarke, compos. ind. 30. 1876). clarke says: "in java efferata." in siam it was collected in 1910 by the late a. f. g. kerr, but probably occurred at the time in many other places in south-eastern asia. the exact date of its introduction in malaysia is not to be traced with certainty; according to clarke (i.e.) it was present in java in the last century, but i have not seen any material of it. this rather conspicuous tall plant was collected in java for the first time in 1940 (see below). it may have been cultivated much earlier in the botanic gardens at bogor, but no material is present in the garden herbarium. the first record in malaysia dates back to 1934 and was made by j. c. van der meer mohr (de tropische natuur 25: 96-99 s figs. 1936; 27: 226. 1938; chrom. nat. 103: 165. 1947) who observed its locally abundant occurrence in the secondary growth of abandoned tobacco fields in the deli districts, eastcoast of sumatra. he stated that it spread gradually in the thickets. it appeared a dangerous plant there, as it spreads tobacco virus. he alludes to a prior occurrence mentioned (in meded. deli proef st. no. 3: 64. 1909) where a plant was referred to under the name of eu. repandum said to have been introduced from the botanic gardens at bogor (buitenzorg) by dr. p. j. s. cramer. according to backer, however, this plant was probably eu. pallescens = eu. inulifolium. at present eu. odoratum l. is grown at bogor sub no. xv.k.a.xxi.19 raised from seed received from deli in 1934. at the same time it was collected in langkawi islands (1934) and kedah (1938) in the malay peninsula. it is quite probable that it was present in kedah and perlis at an earlier date; cattle breeders complained earlier of an eupatorium as an obnoxious weed converting their pastures into thickets. march 15, 1940, it was also collected in the natuna islands (between the malay peninsula and borneo) ; according to ir. f. k. m. steup it bore the malay name "serunai" and its abundant growth had an unfavourable effect on coconut plantations. the first specimens from java were collected, august 24, 1940, in the southern parts of west priangan, west java, at low altitude near the estate sempora, near sindangbarang, where it was found in clearings. in 1941, mr. s. de meyier planted it intentionally near sindanglaja, north slope of mount gede, west java, for its profuse leaf production, near his dairy farm at an altitude of about 1000 m. during an excursion on june 11, 1950, we found it had indeed covered big stretches of waste land and abandoned tea-gardens from parungkuda and tjibadak southward towards the wijnkoopsbaai (pelabuhanratu) between 1 and 600 m altitude. some weeks later i also observed it locally on the northern slope of mount salak in thickets near imah leutik. 480 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1952] van steenis: botanical notes—iv 481 this species is apparently spreading over big areas in west java. it seems more agressive than eu.inulifolium and it is also named "ki rinju," in the sundanese language, though its habit and the colour of its flowers are different. it suppresses imperata and other coarse grasses, but it may be a nuisance in open tea-gardens and other low cultivations, converting them into thickets by its vigorous growth and sprawling habit, which physiognomically resembles that of lantana. it hangs also down over tali and if the thicket grows dense it even clambers up small trees. in due time it will conquer big areas in the secondary growth areas of java, probably mostly in the everwet regions from the beach up to the montane zone. there is no doubt about its napoleonic ambitions and ability. miss dr. j. koster (in blumea 1: 492. 1935) dit not include it in her account as at that time no material was available to her, and she dit not accept clarke's record of 1876. the species is easily keyed out from her no. 5.a. eu. riparium, a glabrous semi-prostrate or ascendent plant with white flowers and narrow-elliptic-lanceolate leaves, by its coarse habit, stiff ascendent-patent branches, pale lilac flowers, aromatic foliage (if crushed), rhomboid, coarsely dentate leaves hairy and glandular beneath; the flush is pale rosa coloured. 38. the genus hollrungia k. schum. (passifloraceae) this rare new guinea liana has been known for a long time only from the type collection in north-east new guinea. in 1943 merrill & perry published a second record from west new guinea. here two others are reported, viz. from south-eastern new guinea and from the island of ternate, northern moluccas, which extend its area into other parts of the east malaysian province. hollrungia aurantioides k. schum. hollrungia aurantioides k. schum. in bot. j a h r b . 9: 212. 1888; h a r m s -m-engl. & pr., nat. pfl. pam. 3, 6a: 86 fig. 25 e, f. 1893; op. cit., 2nd ed., 2 1 : 495 fig. 218 e, f. 1925; merr. & p e r r y in j. arnold arb. 24: 210. 1943; 30: 44. 1949. n o r t h e r n moluccas. t e r n a t e i., north foramidiahi, 900 m, branched liana 20 m tall, buds yellowish green, march 15, 1921, beffuin 1535 (bo, lb, kew). — n e w guinea. w e s t n e w g u i n e a : bernhard camp, rainforest canopy liana, 1200m, brass 12880 (not seen). n o r t h e a s t n e w g u i n e a : finschhafen, hollrung 62 {type, not seen). p a p u a : boridi, secondary forest, 1200m, flowers pale green, nov. 11, 1935, carr 14876; mafulu, brass 5239 (not seen). the specimens differ slightly mutually. the ternate specimens have hardly any tendrils in the inflorescence. the flowers of both newly recorded collections are slightly smaller than the dimensions given by harms, but most of the material is in bud. in carr's specimens the inflorescences are distinctly supra-axillary, in the ternate sheets they are not or slightly so. the leaves of the ternate specimens are slightly broader elliptic in shape than those of carr's, they measure 6.5—13.5 by 3.5—7 cm, those of carr are 10—10.5 by 3.5—4.5 cm. the petiolar glands were described by harms as "just above the base of the petiole"; in the new specimens they are found higher up, up to the middle of the petiole. in both collections the floral parts (calyx, corolla, anthers) are provided with dark-brown, myrsinaceous-like glandular dots. the anthers are distinctly dorsifixed, their parallel cells are separated by the connective, and their lower part is free. the leaf-margin possesses a distinct nerveless flat extreme edge. the inner corona appears to be somewhat more crisped and complicated than is shown in harm's drawing. in all essential points the specimens agree with the type description. the genus is distinctly allied to adenia, and might be reduced to that genus as another section. binder5 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_01 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_10 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_11 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_12 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_13 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_14 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_15 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_16 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_17 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 3, p.p. 283—286 (i960 pubistylus thoth. — an interesting new genus of rubiaceae from andaman islands k. thothathri *) i n t r o d u c t i o n . the tribe alberteae of rubiaceae consists of genera like cremaspora benth., polysphaeria hook, f., belonophora hook, f., aulacocalyx hook, f., rhabdostigma hook, f., alberta e. mey., nematostylis hook f. and octotropis bedd. all the above mentioned genera are natives of africa and madagascar except octotropis bedd. which is a monotypic indian genus, described from travancore hills. a new genus, pubistylus thoth. from the andaman islands is now added to this tribe. it is interesting to point out t h a t there is no representative genus of this tribe in malaysia whose flora has greatly influenced the andaman and nicobar islands. p u b i s t y l u s t h o t h . , g e n . n o v . pertinet ad alberteas e familia rubiacearum, affinisque est octotropi bedd.., a qua tamen differt cymis axillaribus paniculatis, calycis tubo tenuiter lobato, stylo clavato, ovario biloculari. affinis quoque cremasporae benth., a qua differt inflorescentia sat laxa, corollae lobis intus villosis. frutex glaber, ramis pendulis. folia petiolata, opposita, integra, stipulata. inflorescentia paniculatim, cymosa, axillaris et terminalis; bracteae et bracteolue parvae. calycis tubus turbinatus, indistincte lobatus. corolla campanulata,, 5-loba, lobis ad sinistram^ contortis, extus glabris, intus villosis. stamina 5, petalis alternu, filamentis brevibus, antheris lineari-oblongis, bilocularibus, dehiscentibus per scissuram longitudinalem. ovarium biloculare, ovule unico in singulis loculis, pendulo; stylo clavato, pubescenti; stigmate bifido. frwstus ignotus. species typica sequens. pubistylus andamanensis thoth., spec. nov. — fig. frutex 2—2.5 m altus, ra/mis pendulis glabris, trunco quadrangulari. folia siinplicia, opposita, elliptico-lanceolata, 7.5—10 x 2—3.2 cm, membranacea, integra, ad apicem caudato-acuminata, ad basin cuneata, glabra; nervis lateralibus 6—8 jugis, ascendentibus atque prope marginem unitis; petiolis 5—9 mm longis; stipulis interpetiolaribus, late ovatis, acutis. inflorescentia paniculatim cymosa, axillaris et rarius terminalis, 3.5—5 cm longa. flores albi 3.5—5.5 mm longi, pedicellis gracilibus, u—8 mm longis; bracteis parvis, ovatis, ciliatis; bracteolis sub ipso medio pedicelli. calycis ") central national herbarium, p.o. botanic garden, howrah, india. — 283 — fig. 14. — aglaia chartacea kosterm. — holotypus (bo).*. 284 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 lubus turbinatus, 1.5—2 mm longus, indistincte lobatus, lobis minutis ciliatis. corolla campanulata, 3—3.5 mm longa, 5-loba, lobis ovatis ad sinisiram contortis, extus ylabrii, intus villosis. stamina 5, epipetala, petalis alterna,, filamentis brevibus, anthens lincari-oblongisy 1-—l.u mm, longis, bilocularibus, paulum infra divergcntibus, dehiscentibus per scissuram longitudinalern; connectivis supra antherarum thccas productis in appendicevi brevem conicam. ovarium biloculare, ovulo unico in singidis loculis, pendulo; ovarii disco bene definito, annidari; stylo clavato 2—2.5 mm longo, pubescenti; stigmate bifido. fructus ignotus. in insula interview island, in andaman septentrionali, die 12 febvuavii anni 1!>59 legit thothathri holotypum 920u a, et isotypos 9204. b -g, quos omnes posuit in cal. pubistylus thoth., gen. nov. belongs to the tribe alberteae of rubiaceae and related to the genus octotropis bedd., but differs in having axillary panicled cyme, faintly lobed calyx tube, clavate style and 2-celled ovary. also related to cremaspora benth., but differs in the pedunculate, rather lax inflorescence and corolla lobes being villous within. glabrous shrubs; branches drooping. leaves petiolate, opposite, entire, stipulate. inflorescence a panicled cyme, axillary or terminal. bracts and bracteoles small. calyx tube turbinate, faintly lobed. corolla campanulate, 5-lobed; lobes twisted to the left, glabrous without, villous within. stamens 5, alternate with petals; filaments short; anthers linear-oblong, 2-celled, dehiscence by longitudinal slit. ovary 2-celled; ovule one in each cell, pendulous ; disc present; style clavate, pubescent; stigma bifid. fruit not known. type species the following: pubistylus andamanensis toth., spec. nov. a shrub, 2—2.5 m high; branches drooping, glabrous; stem quadrangular. leaves simple, opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, 7.5—10 x 2—-3.2 cm, membranous, entire, caudateacuminate at apex, cuneate at base, glabrous; lateral nerves 6—8 pairs, ascending and uniting near the margin; petiole 5—9 mm long; stipule interpetiolar, broadly ovate, acute. inflorescence a panicled cyme, axillary or rarely terminal, 3.5— 5 cm long. flowers white, 3.5—5.5 mm long; pedicels slender, 4—8 mm long; bract small, ovate, ciliate; bracteole just below the middle of the pedicel. calyx tube turbinate, 1.5—2 mm long, faintly lobed; lobes minutely ciliate. corolla campanulate, 3—3.5 mm long, 5-lobed; lobes ovate, twisted to the left, glabrous without, villous within. stamens 5, epipetalous, alternate with petals; filaments short; anthers linear-oblong, 1—1.4 mm long, 2-celled, a little divergent below, dehiscence by longitudinal slit; connectives produced above anther cells into a short, conical appendage. ovary 2-celled; ovule one in each cell, pendulous; disc of the ovary well defined, annular; style clavate, 2—2.5 mm long, pubescent; stigma bifid. fruit not known. 1966] thothathri: pubistylus, a new genus of rubiaceae 285 the type was collected at interview island, north andaman at an altituovof 12 m, on 12th february, 1959, by k. thothathri; holotype (thothathri 9204 a) and isotypes (thothathri 9204 b~g) are deposited in the central national herbarium (cal). acknowledgements the author expresses his grateful thanks to dr. c. e. b. bremekamp, botanical museum, utrecht, netherlands for critically examining this taxon and thereby giving his valuable opinion on the same. he is equally indebted to dr. h. santapau, director, botanical survey of india for kindly rendering the latin diagnosis, to dr. k. subramanyam and dr. s. k. mukerjee for encouragement. thanks are also due to sri debi prasad saha for the illustrations. 286 r e i n w a k d t i a [vol. 7 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 3, p.p. 287—290 (1966) a new species of agafetes from bhutan n. p. balakrishnan and s. chowdhury *) agapetes bhutanica balak. & chowdhury, spec. nov. — fig. affinis a. odontdcerae (wight) rook. f. et a. variegatae (roxb.) d. don ex g. don; ab utraque differt pedicellis, ccdycibus et corollis glanduloso-pilosis; ab a. odontocera differt foliis pseudoverticillatis; ab a. vanegata differt corolla breviore. frutex epiphyticus, caule pseudotuberoso ad basin; rami breves, patentes, teretes, 7—15 mm crassi; cortex fvliginosus, conspicuis ornatus l&ntieellis; rami juniores angulati, indistincti, subobtusati; vetustiores teretes; cataphylla plura, depressa in ramulis ju/v embus, subulata, lurida, usque ad 1 cm long a, ca 2 trim lata, marginibus crenulatis, glandulosis ciliatis. folia 5—6 in singulis pseudoverticillis (verticillis 6—10 cm inter se distnntibus), stibsessilia, oblongo-lanceata, 9—20 x 1—4 cm, basi attenuata, apice breviter acuminata, coriacea, sparsim pilosa ad paginam superior em, pilosiora ad margimes; margines undulati, subintegri; costa sat robusta, subtus eminens; nervi laterales 20—25-jugi in nervum intramarginalem distinctum anastomosantes; nervi tertiarii efformantes reticula; petiolis 2—4 mm, longi. inflorescentia subfasciculata, corymbifovmis, e tamo aphyllo vetustiore orta, 7—-ib-flora; pedurtculus vix nullus vel usque 1 mm longus, ciliis glanduliferis atropurpweis ornatus; bracteae congestae, ca1 mm longae,-linefares>, subulatae, atropurpureae, glandulosociliatae ad margines; pedicelli 14—1.8 cm, longi, surswn sensirn ampliati, danse puberuli et glandailoso-setulosi. calyx lobatus usque ad medium,, extus dense glanduloso-pilosus; lobi 5, triangulari-acuminati, ca 2 x 1.5 mm. corolla superne subcylindrica, in feme tubuliari-angustata, sursum levissime ampliata (alabastro apicem versus subconico, 5-angulato), 2.6— 2.8 cm longa (lobis inclusis), superne 9—11 mm diam., inferne 6—7 mm diam., cocdnea, transverse purpurev-vittata, extus superne sparsim glanduloso-ciliata (plus sic in nervis alabastrorum); lobi 5, ca8x5 mm, filiformes revoluti ad apices. stamina 10; filamenta line-aria ca 2.5 x 1 mm, albo-puberula, flexa intrinsecus supra medium; antherarum thecae glabrae, ca 4-5 mm longae, lineates, oblongae; connectivum rostratum; pubistylus wndamuiiensis thoth. fig. 1. a branch with flowers; pig. 2. a flower; fig. 3. corolla spread open showing the stamens; fig. 4. gynoecium showing the disc and the clavate, pubescent style; fig. 5. a vertical section of the ovary showing one pendulous ovule in each cell. *) botanical survey of india, eastern circle, shillong, india. — 287 — rein.vol.7,part 3, pp. 221-290_page_32 rein.vol.7,part 3, pp. 221-290_page_33 rein.vol.7,part 3, pp. 221-290_page_34 a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors soedarsono riswan mien a rifai elizabeth a. widjaja published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi — lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, 1 55 5 february 1992 io issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, pp. 53(1992) salacia acuminatissima kosterm., spec. nov. (celastr ) from sri lanka a.j.g.h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia abstract description is provided for a rare new species of salacia. abstrak pertelaan dikemukakan untuk jenis baru salacia yang jarang. salacia acuminatissima kosterm., spec. nov. liana, ramulis tenuibus griseis, ad nodqs sub-jncrassatis, foliis oppositis coriaceis glabris ellipticis conspicue acuminatis basi breve cuneatis supra laevibus subtus laxe obscure inconspicue reticulatis, costis 5-paribus filiformibus, floribus axillaribus minutis, fructus ellipsoideus, apice acumen curvatis conspicuis munitis. t y p u s : gunatilleke s.n. (pda). woody climber, 10 m long, glabrous in all its parts, diam. ca. 3 cm bark smooth, greyish. branchlets thin, slightly thickened at the nodes. leaves opposite, coriaceous, elliptic, 2 x 4.5 — 2.5 x 6 — 3 x 5 cm, rather broadly distinctly acuminate with blunt tip, base shortly cuneate; above smooth, midrib thin, prominulous, ribs ca. 5 pairs, erect-patent, filiform. flowers white to greenish white, axillary on strongly reduced, up to 2 cm long branches. pedicels slender, 3 mm long. sepals depressed orbicular, stiff, 1—1.5 mm long. petals spathulate, twice as long; ovary brownish green, fruit ellipsoid, 1.5 x 2.5 cm, apically narrowed into a long, bent, sharp acumen, 5 mm long. distribution : sinharaja forest, s.w. sri lanka, wet evergreen iorest alt. 200 m. only known from the type locality. the climber was pointed out to me by dr. nimal gunatilleke of the paradeniya university. i visited the place and tried — in vain — to discover another specimen. the species is outstanding because of the bent, sharp, long fruit acumen, quite different from that of other salacia species of sri lanka. sri lanka, sinharaja forest, near tree 57 (gunatilleke's number), fl-fr gunatilleke s.n. (private collection); same plant, febr., buds, kostermans 27302 (aarh, bo, g.k.p). contents page rochadi abdulhadi seed banks in a sub-tropical rain forest 1 rochadi abdulhadi floristic changes in a sub-tropical rain forest succession 13 a.j.g.h. kostermans two remarkable lindera species (lauraceae) probably representing an undescribed genus 23 a.j.g.h. kostermans a new species of diplodiscus turcz. (tiliaceae) related to brownlowia roxb 27 n. sasidharan & k. swarupanandan a new species of cassine (celastraceae) from india , 29 a.j.g.h. kostermans reinstatement of pterocarpus echinata pers. (leguminosae — papilionaceae) ., 33 jumaat h adam & gc. wllcock. a new natural hybrid of nepenthes from mt. kinabalu (sabah) 35 a.j.g.h. kostermans durio macrantha kosterm. species nova (bombacaceae) from north sumatra 41 a.j.g.h. kostermans salacia acuminatissima kosterm., spec. nov. (celastraceae) from sri lanka 53 a.j.g.h. kostermans identity of dracontomelum petelotii tardleu -blot (anacard.) 55 printed by c v. bina karya cover rein.vol 11,part 1, 1-55 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_27 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_29 reinwardtia_13_1_101209 + dftar isi+new re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia vol 13, part 1, pp: 31 − 32 31 eragrostis dyskritos lasut (gramineae), a new species from sulawesi received july 13, 2009; accepted august 17, 2009 marthen theogives lasut 1, 2 1. postgraduate school (sps) ipb bogor. 2. herbarium wallaceana, department of agronomy, faculty of agriculture, sam ratulangi university (unsrat), kampus kleak bahu manado 95115, indonesia. e−mail: theo_lasut@yahoo.com. abstract lasut, marthen t. 2009. eragrostis dyskritos lasut (gramineae), a new species from sulawesi. reinwardtia 13 (1): 31–32. — a new species of eragrostis dyskritos lasut sp. nov. is described. keywords. eragrostis dyskritos, gramineae, sulawesi. abstrak lasut, marthen t. 2009. eragrostis dyskritos lasut, satu jenis baru dari sulawesi. reinwardtia 13(1): 31–32. — telah dipertelakan satu jenis baru eragrostis dyskritos lasut sp. nov. kata kunci. eragrostis dyskritos, gramineae, sulawesi. introduction during field trips in the soputan mountains of n. sulawesi, a species of eragrostis wolf (gramineae) was collected by mr. onong sabintoe that has defied identification. it may very well be an introduction from somewhere else, although the locality suggests that it isn’t. the site on the internet ‘world grasses species’ maintained at k (with in november 2006 descriptions in delta format of 399 eragrostis species) also gave no satisfactory match. i therefore with hesitation describe it here as a new species naming it ‘dyskritos’, greek for ‘difficult to judge’. if anyone can tell me whether it has been described previously, please do. eragrostis dyskritos lasut, spec. nov. — fig.1. ab omnibus speciebus malesianis in habitu annuo, culmis fasciculatis erectis, vaginae collo piloso, ligulis collariformibus ciliolatis, paniculis contractis laxis, ramis infimis solitariis vel fasciculatis glabris in parte c. 0.23 infima, pedicellis 6–13 mm longi spiculis 4–5 mm longis longioribus, glumis inferioribus lemmatibus inferioribus 0.25−0.3 plo longioribus enervatis, lemmatibus inferioribus acutis, paleis longe persistentibus, caryopsidibus fusiformibus 0.7–0.8 mm longis differt.—type: onong s. 36, (l, holo; bo), n. sulawesi, g. soputan, october 2004. annuals. culms tufted, erect, branching intra– vaginally at base, 0.35–0.55 m long, eglandular. collar of sheaths pilose. ligule a ciliolate rim. blades 9–13 cm by 1–2 mm. panicle contracted to interrupted, 20–23 cm by 5–7 cm, at least the lower axils of the panicle branches bearded, branches appressed to erecto–patent, scaberulous, the lowermost ones solitary or fascicled, 1–5 together, 5–8 cm long, naked in the lower 0.23th part. pedicels 6– 13 mm long, longer than the spikelets. spikelets laterally compressed, 4–5 mm by 1–1.5 mm, disarticulating from the base upward, rhachilla persistent. glumes unequal; lower glume 0.5–0.6 mm long, 0.25–0.3 times as long as first lemma, acute, 0 –nerved; upper glume 1.1–1.2 mm long, acute, 0(– 1)–nerved. rhachilla joints not visible between the lemmas to visible at maturity. first lemma 1.7–2 mm long, acute. paleas long–persistent, keels scaberulous. anthers 3, ca. 0.2 mm long, 0.1–0.13 times as long as the lemma. caryopsis fusiform, laterally somewhat flattened, dorsally not grooved, 0.7–0.8 mm long. pericarp smooth, (dark) tea– coloured. distribution. only known from the type. habitat. not recorded. reinwardtia 32 [vol.13 notes. in malesia it seemed closest to e. pilosa (l.) p. beauv., which differs as follows: • culms tufted, erect. ligule a ciliolate rim. panicle contracted to interrupted, lowermost branches solitary to fascicled. paleas long–persistent. caryopsis fusiform................................................... e. dyskritos • culms tufted, geniculate, with new shoots at the nodes, not rooting. ligule a row of hairs. panicle lax, lowermost branches whorled. paleas caducous. caryopsis ellipsoid...................................... e. pilosa acknowledgements dr. j.f. veldkamp (l) is very much thanked for his assistance in my attempt to identify this collection. reference veldkamp, j. f. 2002. revision of eragrostis (gramineae, chloridoideae) in malesia. blumea 47: 157–204. fig. 1. eragrostis dyskritos lasut. left: habit. bottom right: part of culm, sheath, ligule, and blade. centre right: floret and opened floret. upper right: spikelet. (based on onong s 36, bo). cover.pdf reinwardtia_13_1_291209_theo.pdf r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2, part 3, pp. 435-440 (1954) the generic names proposed for hymenomycetes—ii* hymenolichenes m. a. donk * summary 1. this part deals with the generic names proposed for hymenolichenes, a very limited group of hymenomycetes. 2. in connection with herpothallon tobl. attention is drawn to hypochnus fr. ex ehrenb. (non fr. ex fr.), which seems to be the correct name for the genus. introduction.—the small and heterogeneous group of hymenolichenes contains those lichens of which the fungus component represents, or is supposed to represent, a hymenomycete. being lichens their startingpoint book is linnaeus's "species plantarum," published in 1753, in contrast to all other hymenomycetes, of which the starting-point date is january 1, 1821. apart from the hymenomycete associations which are now nomenclaturely treated as lichens, a few other hymenomycetes have been reported to associate with algae, for instance some species of septobasidium pat. (cf. marchionatto in rev. soc. argentina ci. nat. 19: 345-347. 1943) and certain clavariaceae, like clavaria fossicola corner, c. mucida fr., and c. vernalis schw. (cf. corner, monogr. clav. 233, 442, 394. 1950). i am very much indebted to dr. r. santesson, uppsala, for many valuable suggestions. alphabetical enumeration cilicia fr., syst. orb. veg. 301. 1825. — etymology: cilicium, carpet made of hair. gender: f. — type species (by original designation) & scope. "typus generis est theleph. teztilis spreng.!, sed plures habemus species e tropicis, ubi vulgares videntur . . .." the cited specific name seems not to have been validly published, the original genus not being monotypic. later on fries (in k. vet.-akad. handl., stockh. 1848: 144) published the combination cora textilis (spreng.) fr., but * the first part of this series appeared in reinwardtia 1: 199-220. 1951. * keeper of herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. 436 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 again did not furnish a specific description. when saccardo (syll. fung 6: 687. 1888) listed the species, as "cora textilis (spreng.) fr. fung. nat. p. 24 (nomen), theleph. spreng. in herb.," he added the original generic description of cilicia (emphatically stating this) and remarked "nullibi descriptionem inveni hujus speciei, cujus forte ill. fries specimina habuit a sprengelio." no specimens could be found at uppsala. it may be tentatively accepted that it represents a species of cora: "cora textilis sacc." (with a point of interrogation) and "thelephora textilis sprgl. apud sacc." (without such a point) were listed as synonyms of cora pavonia (sw.) fr. by zahlbruckner (cat. lich. univ. 7: 744. 1931). — remark. cilicia fr. has been cited with doubt as a synonym of the ascolichenous genus chrysothrix mont. (1852) by zahlbruckner (in engl. & pr., nat. pflfam., 2. aufl., 8: 135. 1926) and it will also be found listed with a point of interrogation as a nomen rejiciendum when zahlbruckner (in int. rules bot. nomencl., 3. ausg., 128. 1935) proposed chrysothrix as a nomen conservandum. this apparently incorrect association can be explained as follows. when montagne (in ann. sci. nat., bot. ii 2: 375. 1834) described cilicia noli-tangere mont., he first assigned it to cilicia fr. later on he changed his opinion and placed his species in a genus of its own adding this observation: "obs. j'ai du separer ce genre du cilicia auquel je l'avais d'abord reuni, en modifiant legerement sa definition. car m. fries persistant (v, summ. veget. scaudin., p. 333) a prendre pour type de ce dernier, reuni au genre cora, le thelcphora sericea swartz, dont la fructification, trouvee par mon ami le rev. m.-j. berkeley, est exospore ou basidiophore, il n'y a plus moyen de rapprocher dans le memo genre deux modes de fructification si divers."—montagne (in ann. sci. nat., bot. ill 18: 312-313. 1852). thus the association of cilicia with chrysothrix by zahlbruckner rests on a misapplication of the former name by montagne. — however, it should be noticed that fries, on the place cited by montagne, did not at all insist on thelephora sericea sw. as the type species of cilicia. he indeed relegated that genus to cora, fr., q.v., as a synonym, but did not mention a type. see the index (p. 566) to "summa vegetabilium scandinaviae," where one will find: "cilicia (sub cora)." and compare fries (in k. vet.-akad. handl., stockh. 1848: 143-144): "cora fr. i. c. [= epicr.] p. 556. hujus subgenus est cilicia s. 0. v., cujus mihi cognitae species sunt: 1. cora sericea (swartz!) et 2. cora textilis spreng.! (utraque sub thelephora.) . . . " a few years later fries (in nova acta soc. sci. upsal. ill 1: 113. 1851) was still of the opinion that cora should be divided into two groups, viz., 'eucora* and 'cilicia' — typonyms. compare cora 440 e e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 wainiocora tomaselli in archivio bot., forli 26 (2): 8 (reprint pagination). 1950; in rev. bryol. lichen. ii 20: 213. 1951. — etymology: e. au. wainio (vainio); the genus cora. gender: f. — type species (only original species): waimocora ciferrii tomaselli.—dr. r. santesson (oral communication) thinks this might well be a synonym of cora pavonia (sw.) fr. = c. montana (sw.) santesson. 433 434 435 436 437 438 untitled volume 4 december 1956 part i reinwardtia being a continuation of t h e bulletin du jardin botanique de buitenzorg (bulletin of the botanic gardens, buitenzorg) editors a n w a r i dilmy (herbarium bogoriense) and c. g. g. j. van steenis (flora malesiana) published by herbarium bogoriense kebun raya indonesia reinwardtia vol.4, part 1, pp. 1-118, bogor, december 1956 herbarium bogoriense keeper: anwari dilmy, lecturer in taxonomy, acting director academy of biology. staff : j. van borssum waalkes, botanist. m. jacobs, botanist. honorary collaborators: dr k. b. boedun, professor, faculties of agriculture and veterinary sciences, university of indonesia. dr m. a. donk, leiden, netherlands. dr a. j. g. h. kostermans, forest service of indonesia. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 1, pp. 1—40 (1956) new and critical malaysian plants iv * ** a. j. g. h. kostermans *** summary 1. sixteen new species are described in guttiferae : garcinia longipedicellata, g. segmentata; kayea laevis, k. paludosa. lauraceae : alseodaphne data, a. gigaphylla, a. obovata ; beilschmiedia argentea, b. dilmyana, b. gigantocarpa, b. kinabaluensis, b. myrmecophila, b. rufolanata, b. rufoperulata, b. wieringae ; dehaasia novoguineensis. 2. seven new combinations are coined in lauraceae : alseodaphne archboldiana (allen) (basonym : nothaphoebe archboldiana allen), a. reticulata (gamble) (basonym : nothaphoebe reticulata gamble) ; beilschmiedia cuneata (meissn.) (basonym : persea cuneata meissn.) ; beilschmiedia palembanica (miq.) (basonym : cryptocarya palembanica miq ) ; dehaasia longipedicellata (ridley) (basonym : beilschmiedia longipedicellata ridley), d. oblanceolata (merr.) (basonym : beilschmiedia oblanceolata merrill) ; d. titanophytta (airy shaw) (basonym : beilschmiedia titanophylla airy shaw). 3. two new names are coined in lauraceae : dehaasia membranacea kosterm. (based on dehaasia longipedicellata (non ridley) merrill). sterculiaceae : sterculia perryae kosterm. (based on sterculia clemensiae (non ridley) merr. & perry). 4. eight species are reduced to synonymy in lauraceae : beilschmiedia borneensis merrill = b. maingayi hook, f., b. foxiana. gamble = alseodaphne reticulata (gamble)'kosterm., beilschmiedia longipes hook. f. — b. palembanica (miq.) kosterm., b. lundelliana lasser = b. cuneata (meissn.) kosterm., b. sumatrensis ridley = b. palembanica (miq.) kosterm., b. triplinervis teschner = cryptocarya laevigata bl. ; endiandra sphaerica allen = beilschmiedia novoguineensis teschner. rosaceae : polyalthia pulchrinervia boerlage (annonaceae) = parinari corymbosa miq. g u t t i f e r a e garcinia l. 1. garcinia longipedicellata kostermans, spec. nov. — fig. 1 arbor mediocris in omnibus partibus glabra ; foliis chartaceis in statu sicco virescentibus, oblongis, costis lateralibus gracilibus prominulis, petiolo conspicuo; floribus glomeratis et axiuaribus, perlonge pedicellatis. tree, 7 m tall, glabrous in all its p a r t s , with stiff, very p a t e n t branches; young branches cylindrical, t h i c k ; internodes 2—3 cm long. leaves c h a r t a ceous, dull, green when dried, oblong o r elliptic, 4 x 1 0 — 7 x 2 0 c m ; t o p * the first and second part of this series appeared in : reinwardtia 2 : 357—366. 1953 and 3 : 1—25. 1954 respectively ; the third and fourth (this) part appeared separately, issued by the planning division of the indonesian forest service in febr. and oct. 1955. this fourth partis exactly like the original publication of oct. 1955. ** in this paper one plant from india : beilschmiedia argentea kosterm. and one from south america : beilschmiedia cuneata (meissn.) kosterm. are treated. *** ph. d., botanist, division of planning, forest service of indonesia ; printed with permission of the director, division of planning. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 fig. 2. garcinia segmentata k o s t e r m a n s ; branch and inflorescences (xo,g); a, flower bud (x 3) ; b, female flower without petals (x 3) ; c, section of female flower (x 3) • d, fruit (x 0,6). — a-c after reppie 523 (type), d, after bb. 20272 (para-type). 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. plants iv type. — repptt 523 = celjv-296 (bo); para-type (fruiting): van zijll de jong 33/f.z. = 'bb. 20272 (bo). distribution. — celebes. northern and western part of gulf of bone. / • • the species is related to garcinia rip aria a. c. smith. , s p e c i m e n s e x a m i n e d . — c e l e b e s . m a l i l i d i s t r . , t o l i t o l i . j a n . , fl., reppie •523 = cell'v—296 (a, b o , l) ; r a n t e p a o d i s t r . , m a k a l e , p a n i k i , a l t . 900 m . , febr., fi\, van zijll de jong 33/v.z. = bb. 20272 (bo). kayea wall. 1. kayea laevis kostermans, spec. nov. — fig. 3 arbor in omnibus partibus glabra, ramulis cinereis gracilibus, foliis rigide coriaceis perdense minuteque areolatis (areolis in pagina superiore vix conspicuis) oblongis, basi rotundatis, apice longe acuminatis, nervis lateralibus distantibus gracillimis in pagina superiore vix conspicuis prope marginem incurvatis apicem versus arcuatis evanescentibus; petiolo distincto late canaliculato. paniculae axittares subterminalesque laxae floribus subglobosis. tree, completely glabrous in all its parts; branchlets slender, angular, glossy, grey. leaves rigid coriaceous, oblong, 5 x 15 — 7,5 x 22 cm; base rounded, top acuminate (acumen 1,5 cm long, rather slender); upper leafsurface smooth or very obscurely pitted, midrib slender, prominulous; lower surface more glossy, conspicuously, very densely, minutely areolate, midrib prominent, lateral nerves (about 15—17 paiis) slender, hardly prominent, arcuate and running out towards the incurved margin. petioles 1,5 cm long, broadly channeled above, the channel proceeding (for 5 mm) and very narrowed on the midrib of the upper leaf surface. panicles subterminal, axillary, up to 10 cm long; main peduncle 2—4 cm long, like the short, distant ramifications angular, sulcate. pedicels 2—5 mm long. flowers (old ones?) globose, 5 mm in diameter; outer sepals thick, wrinkeled, glossy, orbicular, very concave, enveloping almost completely the inner,, slightly longer sepals; petals ovateorbicular, membranaceous, shorter than sepals, concave, included. stamens numerous, free. ovary ovoid-acute, glabrous, merging into style. type. — hallier 1418 (bo). distribution. — borneo, only known from type locality. thespecies may be recognized by its large, pitted leaves and distant lateral nerves. it is related to k. beccariana baillon, which has smaller flowers and leaves. when more mateiial is available, it is not unlikely, that it may prove to be but a variety of that species. specimen examined. — borneo. kenapai r., f]., hallier 1418 (bo). reinwardtia [vol. 4 fig. 3. kayea laevis kostermans; flowering branch ( x 0,6). after hallier 1418 (type). 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. plants iv 7 2. kayea paludosa kostermans, spec. nov. —• fig. 4 arbor mediocris in omnibus partibus glabra, ramulis gracilibus, foliis subcoriaceis oblongis, basi rotundatis, apice acuminatis, nervis lateralibus nutnerosis prope marginem ad apicem arcuatis, ftagina superiore subnitida, pagina inferiore nitida, in utraque pagina nervo mediano prominulo nervis lateralibus sub-conspicuis; petiolo breve, canaliculate. infructescentiae axillares, fructus in pedicello longo, depresso-globosus, scaber, 5-costatus, sepalis persistentibus induratus vix amplificatis. flores ignoti. tree 23 m tall, bole 10 m, rather straight, sub-angular, diam. 35 cm ; buttresses and stiltroots 1,20 m high, extending 60 cm over the ground. crown open, 10 m in diameter; branches stiff, erect-patent. bark dark brown, rather smooth, peeling off a little; living bark 0,5mm thick, darkred, no latex. branchlets slender. leaves sub-coriaceous, smooth, with faint, very numerous lateral nerves on both surfaces, more glossy on lower surface (dried), oblong, 2 x 5 — 5 x 1 1 cm; base rounded, apex shortly, broadly acuminate; upper surface with prominulous midrib, lower surface obscurely pitted with prominent midrib, lateral nerves strongly arcuate near margin. petiole very short, 2—3 mm long, deeply channeled (folded) above. stipules spear-shaped, narrow, gradually acute, up to 5 mm long, deciduous. infructescence very short (5—10 mm), pedicel 1,5—3 cm long, slightly thickened towards apex. fruit woody, brown, roughish, depressed globose, 5-ribbed, up to 2,7 cm high and 3,5 cm in diameter, crowned by a woody, up to 3 mm long piece of style; sepals hardened, little or not enlarged, concave, depressed-orbicular, outer ones about 5 mm, inner about 7 mm long. type. — beguin 563 (bo). distribution. — sumatra, only known from type locality. the species belongs in the group, where the fruit is not enveloped by the enlarged sepals. its alliance is not sure. specimen examined: isl. bengkalis (eastcoast sumatra),missigit r., ,,panglong 3 1 " , low, jan., fr., beguin 363 (bo, k, l). panglong is a forest plot, where timber is cut by a special group of chinese wood-cutters. l a u r a c e a e alseodaphne nees 1. alseodaphne archboldiana (allen) kostermans, comb. nov. basonym: nothaphoebe archboldiana allen in j. arnold arbor. 23': 115. 1942. formerly (in bull. bot. gdns. buitenzorg, ser. 3, 18 (4): 441. 1950) i considered this to be a variety of the exteremely variable a. umbelliflora hook, f., but additional material compels me to reverse my former opinion and consequently i refer this as a proper species to its genus. reinwardtia [vol. fig. 4. kayea paludosa kostermans ( x 0,75). — after beguin 563 (type). 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. plants iv 9 2. alseodaphne elata kostermans, spec. nov. — fig. 5, 6 arbor elata ramulis sympodialis crassis dense minuteque ferrugineo-tomentellis, cicatricibus petiolorum magnis; foliis magnis apice ramulorum congestis, coriaceis obovato-sfathulatis, basi cordatis, apice acuminatis, superne nitidis glabris, subtus glabrescentibus opacis; petiolo breve percrasso. paniculae subterminales, dense minuteque ferrugineo-tomentellae, laxae; floribus in pedicellis longis pilosis rubris dense pilosis, tepalis staminibusque sicut in a. gigaphylla kosterm., sed antheris exterioribus stipitatis. tree up to 30 m tall, bole 14 m long, 40 cm in diameter. branchlets very thick, towards apex densely, minutely rusty tomentellous with large, circular, protruding leaf scars. leaves clustered near apex of branchlets (sympodial ramification), coriaceous, obovate-spathulate, 10 x 20 — 13 x 34 cm, top shortly acuminate, base cordate; upper surface smooth, glossy with broad, flat midrib and slightly sunken main nerves, reticulation absent or (in young leaves) obscure; lower surface dull, sparsely, minutely, rusty tomentellous, glabrescent, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves (about 13 pairs) prominent, arcuate towards margin, the upper ones anastomosing 5 mm from margin; secondary nerves scalariform, tertiairy nerves laxly reticulate, prominulous. petioles stout, 1—1,5 cm long. panicles subapical, lax, poorly branched, densely, minutely rusty tomentellous, up to 8 cm long, the few ramifications subtended by minute, ovate, acute, pilose bracts. pedicels 1 cm long, densely tomentellous, flowers (after anthesis) red, densely tomentellous; outer tepals triangular, 0,75 mm high, 1,5 mm wide at base, fleshy; inner ones almost 2 mm long, ovate, acute. stamens pilose; outer ones oblong, 1 mm long; cells small, introrse; filament short, broad, or inconspicuous; inner anthers thick, triangular, truncate, with extrorse-lateral cells, glands none. staminodes large, pilose, sessile, triangular, acute, 1 mm. ovary globose, glabrous, 1 mm high; style as long, distinct; stigma small, discoid. type. — kostermans 269 = bb. 33466 (bo). distribution. — netherlands new guinea. local name. — sbij (dutch ij) in manikiong language. the species resembles a. panduriformis hook. f. and a. gigaphylla kosterm.; from the former it may be distinguished by its larger flowers and long pedicels, from the latter by its coriaceous, pilose leaves and pilose flowers. the species is rather common locally and has a constant local name. specimens examined. — n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a . m a n o k w a r i d i s t r . momi, 80 km. s. of manokwari, bottomland, moist forest, aug., fl., kostermans 269 = bb. 3s466 (a, bo, b r i , k, l, l a e , m, ny, p, sing); ibid., aug., in bud, kostermans 206 (a, bo, k, l, m, sing) ; ibid., young tree, ster., kostermans 2841 (a, bo, l) ; i d o r o , bivouac west rauna, apr., ster., bb. 22s43 (a, bo, l). 3. alseodaphne gigaphylla kostermans, spec. nov. — fig. 7, 8, 9, 10 arbor mediocris ramificatione sympodiale; foliis apice ramulorum confertis, magnis glabris chartaceis obovato-spathulatis, supra basin attenuatis, ad basin latioribus cordatisque. inflorescentiae subterminales glabrae, floribus longe pedicellatis, tepalis glabris. 10 reinwardtia [vol. 4 fig. 5. alseodaphne elata kostermans. — type. 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. plants iv 11 fig. 6. alseodaphne elata kostermans ; a, flower ( x 7,5); b, outer and inner stamen (x30) ; c, ovary (x 20) ; d, staminode (x30). — after kostermans 269 (type) ; f, beilschmiedia wieringae kostermans; young inflorescence (x2,5). —after kostermans 4374 (type). 12 reinwakdtia [vol. 4 1956] kostermans, rit. ma/, plants iv 13 fig. 8. alseodaphne gigaphylla kostermans; fruiting branch (bogor, july 1955). 16 reinwardtia [vol. 4 tree, about 15m high with spreading branches, pyramidal; bole 2 m, 20 cm in diameter. bark smooth, white, like tissue-paper, 1 — 2 mm thick, peeling off a little in small pieces. branchlets sympodial, rough, thick, with very large, round, protruding leafscars; branches thinner, smooth. leaves glabrous, chartaceous, crowded near apex of branches, obovate-spathulate, gradually narrowed towards base, above the cordate base broadened again, 9 x 20 —• 20 x 46 cm, top broadly, bluntly, shortly acuminate; upper surface glossy green, smooth (fresh), in dried condition both surfaces prominulously reticulate; midrib on upper surface smooth, flat; lateral nerves flat, slender; lower surface with strongly prominent midrib, lateral nerves (12—17 pairs) prominent, arcuate at margin, (apical ones) anastomosing in loops, secondary nerves scalariform, prominent. petiole thick, 1—2 cm long, corky, grey ; the grey part extending cuneately on the midrib of the lower surface. inflorescences crowded below the apical leafbud, axillary, sometimes on older wood, glabrous, conical, paniculate, laxly branched, up to 20 cm long; lower branches up to 7 cm long; branchlets and pedicels subtended by minute, ovate, acute, glabrous bracts. flowers white, depressed globose, 2—3 mm high. pedicels 1 cm long, gradually thickened towards apex. outer tepals depressed ovate-triangular, acute, 1 mm long, 1,75 mm wide at base, erect; inner tepals concave, incurved, ovate, acute, 2—2,5 mm long. outer stamens fleshy, ovateorbicular, sessile, acute, 1 mm long, densely covered with microscopical papillose hairs, cells introrse, conspicuous. inner stamens very thick, conglutinate, sessile, subquadrangular, 1—1,25 mm high, top obtuse, cells extrorse or the upper ones lateral, minute. staminodes (if present) 0,5 mm long, elongatetriangular, acute, pilose. ovary white, glabrous, elongate-ovoid, 1 mm long; style 1 mm, rather stout; stigma conspicuous, discoid. fruit ellipsoid, often slightly oblique, about 3,5 x 6 cm., glossy, wine-red, at last black; outer fleshy layer 3 mm thick, dirty greenish white with avocado taste; seedcoat 0,75 mm, darkbrown, brittle; cotyledons white, flat-convex, pressed closely against each other; embryo sub-basal, erect, with distinct, pilose, primary leaves; fruit stalk woody, almost cylindrical, about 1—1,5 cm long, 5 mm in diam. type. — kostermans 9999 (bo). distribution. — isl. batjan in the moluccas the species is described from a living tree (v.a. 19) in the bogor botanical garden, grown from seed, collected by teijsmann in the island of bat j an. the tree bears flowers and fruit at the same time and several times a year. the mature flowers open hardly; from above only star-shaped slits show the cells of the anthers. the waxy flowers have a strong smell of nutmeg; they are very slimy, when damaged. the species is a second story tree of the forest. it is closely related to a. panduriformis hook, f., which has, however, smaller, densely rusty pilose flowers and shorter pedicels. from a. elata kosterm. it differs by its glabrous flowers; glabrous, thinner leaves and the sessile outer stamens. specimen examined. — java, hort. bogor., culta sub no. v.a. 19, july, fl., fr., kostermans 9999 (a, bm, bri, cal, k, l, ny, p, pnh). 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. plants iv 17 4. alseodaphne obovata kostermans, spec. nov. — fig. 11, 12 arbor ramulis crassis glabris, foliis percoriaceis, glabris obovatis vel obovatospathulatis, apice obtusis vel obscure late apiculatis, basi in petiolum longe decurrentibus, pagina superiore laeve. inflorescentiae paniculatae glabrescentes ramulis gracilis paucifloris; floribus sparse minuteque pulverulente pilosis, glabrescentibus, tepalis exterioribus quam interioribus multo brevioribus filamentis pilosis, antheris exterioribus introrsis, interioribus extrorsis biloeulatis; staminodiis ovatis acutis distinctis; ovario glabro stylo subaequilohgo stigmate conspicuo. tree with spreading branches; bark fawn brown, pustulate with rather large lenticels (2—5 mm); inner bark pinkish brown. wood yellowish. branchlets thick, with large scars of fallen leaves, thicker than the smocth, older branches; leaf buds pointed, with large, sericeous scales. leaves stiffly coriaceous, glabrous, obovate to obovate-spathulate, 3 x 6 — 8,5 x 20 cm, top obtuse or shortly, broadly, obscurely apiculate, base gradually tapering into petiole; upper leaf surface smooth with flat midrib and obscure, slender lateral nerves; lower surface glaucous or green, midrib prominent, lateral nerves (6—11 pairs) smooth, prominulous, curved only near margin, secondary nerves obscure. petiole thick, 2—2,5 cm long (part of decurrent blade included). inflorescences axillary, appearing with the new flush, up to 10 cm long; with microscopical, sparse hairs, glabrescent; main peduncle about 5 cm long, branchlets few, slender, up to 2 cm long. flowers 2 or 3 together, subtended by a microscopical bract. pedicels slender, up to 5 mm long, sparsely, microscopically, pulverulently pilose, like outside of tepals. outer tepals 1,5 mm long, broadly triangular-ovate, acute; inner ones 2,5—3 mm long, ovate, acutish, densely sericeous inside. stamens about 1 mm long; outer ones with 0,5 mm long, narrowly ovate, obtuse, introrse anthers (upper cells much smaller than lower ones) and distinct, broad, pilose filaments; inner stamens with narrower, 0,5 mm long anthejs (cells 2, extrorse) and pilose broad filaments; glands subbasal, distinct, globose; protruding part of the connective large, obtuse, ablastic. staminodes 0,5 — 0,75 mm long, pilose outside with distinct stalk. ovary ellipsoid, glabrous, 0,5 mm long; style rather thick, 0,5 mm long with conspicuous, peltate, thick stigma. type. — corner s.f.n. 29370 (sing). distribution. — malay peninsula, borneo. specimens examined. —• malay peninsula. kemaman, ulubendong, kajan, nov., fl., corner s.f.n. 30182 (sing) ; johore, mersing, ster., for. res. init. kepong 70092 (kepong) ; sg. kaju-ara, mamai jemaluang rd., may, fl., corner s.f.n. 29370 (sing). borneo. g. damus, fl., hallier 558 (bo, k, l) ; mt. kinabalu, tenompok, alt. 1500 m., dec, young fr., /. & m. s. clemens 27535 (bo). superficially like a. bancana miq., but leaves different. as only one flower was available for dissection, it is possible that the upper (ablastic) part of the inner stamens may be fertile in other flowers. 18 reinwardtia [vol. 4 fig. 11. alseodaphne obovata kostermans. — type. 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. plants iv 19 fig. 12. beilschmiedia dilmyana kostermans ; a, flower (x 10); b, outer stamen (x 25); c, inner stamen (x 25); d, staminode ( x 25); e, ovary ( x 15).—after n.g.f. 4050 (type) ; alseodaphne obovata kostermans ; f, flower (x 7); g, staminode (x 40); h, inner stamen (x 30); j, ovary (x 30); k, outer stamen (x 30 . —after corner s.f.n. 29370 (type). 20 reinwardtia [vol. 4 5. alseodaplme reticulata (gamble) kostermans, comb. nov. nothaphoebe reticulata gamble (basonym) in kew bull. 1910: 234; in j. asiat. soc. beng. 75: 100. 1912; ridley, fl. mai. pen. 3: 102. 1924; burkill & henderson in gds. bull. s.s. 3: 414. 1925; calder in rec. bot. surv. tnd. (11) 1: 18. 1926. — ridley 2967 (sing). beilschmiedia foxiana gamble in kew bull. 1910: 150; in j. asiat. soc. bengal 75,!: 61. 1912; ridley, i.e. 86; burkill & henderson, i.e. 413; calder, i.e.; deschinmal. forest rec. 15: 242. 1941. — fox 10705 (sing). from the specimens, cited by gamble under nothaphoebe reticulata, i selected ridley 2967 (sing) as the type specimen, as it conforms with the description and the singapore sheet bears sketches in pencil of flowers and stamens, by gamble. beilschmiedia foxiana was based on a fruiting specimen: fox 10705 (sing). the two species are certainly conspecific. among the specimens, identified by ridley, there are some, which do not belong to a. reticulata; the description in fl. malay pen. covers perhaps a mixture of different species. the specimen robinson s.n. (sing), identified by ridley as machilus scortechini gamble, likewise belongs in a. reticulata. beilschmiedia nees 1. beilschmiedia argentea kostermans, spec. nov. — fig. 13, 14 arbor mediocris; foliis alternantibus chartaceis, ellipticis, superne glabris subtus argenteo-sericeis. infiorescentiae axillares perulatae; floribus flavis pro genere magnis, subsericeis. tree, 6—15 m high; apical branchlets sub-angular, densely, minutely greysericeous ; leaf-buds ovoid, acute, densely, minutely, grey sericeous, covered with large scales; branches grey, roughish. leaves alternate, chartaceous or thinly chartaceous, elliptical; top acute or acuminate, base cuneate; upper surface glabrous, rather dull, midrib flattened, primary nerves 8—11 pairs, slightly prominulous, very slender, arcuate and running out at some distance from margin, reticulation inconspicuous or (in the thinner leaves) faint, lax; lower surface densely silvery sericeous, midrib strongly prominent, primary nerves prominulous, slender, reticulation lax, rather inconspicuous. petioles 8—12 mm long, sulcate above, glabrescent. inflorescence at first enveloped in large, ovate-orbicular, acutish or (the upper ones) obtuse, concave (the basal ones narrowly ovate, more acute], outside densely sericeous, inside glabrous scales, deciduous at anthesis, leaving conspicuous, congested scars. mature inflorescences up to 2 cm long, poorly and very shortly branched, densely grey sericeous. flowers pale yellow, densely grey sericeous, about 4—5 mm long. pedicels 2—3 mm long, densely grey sericeous. flower tube small; tepals 3—4 mm long, lanceolate, acute, both faces sericeous. stamens 3—3,5 mm long; filaments slender, pilose; anthers about 1 mm long, ovate, obtuse, with very large cells (of the outer stamens introrse of the inner ones extrorse-lateral); inner stamens with stipitate, globose, acutish glands. staminodes ovate1956] kostermans, new and crit. mal. plants iv 21 fig. 13. beilschmiedia argentea kostermans. —• type. 22 reinwardtia [vol. 4 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. plants iv fig. 14. beilschmiedia argentea kostermans; flowering branch (x 2,5) ; a, stamens (x 15) ; b, staminode (x 15) ; c, ovary ( x 15). — after pokhant 149 (type). cordate, 1 mm long, shortly, pilosely stipitate. ovary glabrous, ovoid, 1 mm high, merging into the rather stout, about 2 mm long style with inconspicuous stigma. . type. — pokhant 149 (dd). distribution. — burma. the species is closely related to b. gemmiflora (bl.) kosterm. by its perulate inflorescences and flowers and is mainly differentiated by its silvery sericeous leaves, which are different in shape. in the copenhagen herbarium two sheets are present, marked: ,,ind. orient., misit voigt" (one with flowers, one with fruit) and identified by oliver as loranthus. i think, that these specimens belong to b. argentea, although the leaves are nearly glabrous, but still show traces of scattered, appressed, silky hairs. it is likely that these specimens were enumerated by voigt (hort. suburb. calc. 309. 1845) under b. roxburghiana nees, which is certainly an error as is evident from the perulate inflorescences. specimens examined. — burma. distr. insein, myanklaing, alt. 30 m, mar., fl., pokhant 196 et 149 (dd) ; hlaing yo ma res., mar., fl., bape 11601 (dd) ; east swa res., north toungoo, mar., fl., (bape 9468 (dd) ; jeni, alt. 90 m., mar., fl,, young fr., forest school s.n. (dd). the young fruit are ellipsoid and are similar to those of b. gemmiflora and b. roxburghiana. 2. beilschmiedia borneensis merrill. merrill described this plant (in univ. california publ. bot. 15: 87. 1929) after the specimen elmer 20171, of which duplicates are conserved in the bogor, copenhagen and singapore herbaria, which were available for examination. the plant is conspecific with b. maingayi hook, f., a species widely distributed in borneo. 3. beilschmiedia cuneata (meissn.) kostermans, comb. nov. persea cuneata meissner (basonym) in dc, prodr. 15(1) : 46. 1864 ; mez in jahrb. bot. gart. berlin 5 : 138. 1889. — jervise s.n. (k). beilschmiedia lundelliana lasser in bolet. tecnico 3, minist. de agric. y cria de venezuela 7. 1942, t. 1 — p. christ 68 (herb. nac. de venezuela). mr sandwith in kew took the trouble to compare the type specimen of meissner's persea cuneata (jervise s.n.) with the figure and description^ of lasser's b. lundelliana. mr. lasser kindly put at my disposal a specimen of his b. lundelliana. the two species are undoubtedly conspecific. 4. beilschmiedia dilmyana kostermans, spec. nov. — fig. 12, 15 arbor ramulis angulatis indumento -pulverulento obtectis; foliis alternantibus glabris chartaceis subovato-oblongis, superne nitidis reticulatis, subtus opacis, apice sensim acutis, basi in petiolum 1,5—2 cm longum subcuneatis vel contractis; gemmis foliorum ovoideis, longe acutis, dense ferrugineo-sericeis. paniculae in axittis foliorum superiorum, minute sericeae (basin versus glabrescentiae); 24 reinwardtia [vol. 4 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. plants iv 25 , type fig. 15. beilschmiedia dilmyana kostermans. — type. floribus longe pedicellatis, minute sericeis, staminibus sericeis, exterioribus introrsis, interioribus sublateraliter dehiscentibus, glandulis distinctis stipitatis ; staminodiis ovalo-cordatis stipitatis ; ovario glabro stigmate inconspicuo. tree, up to 27 m tall and 40 cm in diameter. branchlets angular, towards apex with pulverulent indumentum. leaf buds ovate, acuminate, densely sericeous. leaves alternate, chartaceous (young ones densely sericeous, soon glabrous), subovate-oblong, 8 x 20 — 12 x 27 cm; apex gradually acute or sub-acuminate; base sub-cuneate or contracted into petiole; upper surface glossy, densely, prominently reticulate, midrib broad, flattened towards base, lateral nerves about 10 pairs, slightly curved and running out at some distance from the margin, prominulous; lower surface dull, rather smooth or with obscure, dense reticulation, midrib and lateral nerves prominulous, secondary nerves obscure. petioles 1,5—2 cm long, canaliculate above, soon glabrous. panicles in the axils of apical leaves (appearing with the new flush), minutely sericeous, especially towards apex, up to 5 cm long, with few branches, up to 1,5 cm long. flowers about 3 mm high (tepals still erect), densely, minutely, brown-sericeous. pedicel 6 mm, rather thick, densely sericeous. tepals ovateelliptical, acutish, about 3 mm long, patent at anthesis. stamens about 1,5 mm long, densely sericeous; anthers of outer ones ovate-triangular with large, introrse cells and broad filaments, connective produced; of inner stamens with narrower anthers with sublateral cells and strongly protruding connectives, basal glands globose, acuminate, shortly stipitate. staminodes almost 1 mm long, heartshaped, shortly, broadly stipitate. ovary globose-ovoid, glabrous, 1 mm high; style rather stout, about as long, with inconspicuous stigma. type. — n.g.f. 4050 (bo) distribution. — aru islands and new guinea. the species, which is named in honour of mr. anwari dilmy, acting keeper of the bogor herbarium, is related to b. novoguineensis teschn., from which it may be distinguished immediately by its very large leaves. the material from the aru islands has somewhat smaller leaves and a more conspicuous reticulation on the lower leaf surface; there is only one old flower left (in the singapore specimen), which conforms well with the type specimen. specimens examined. — territory of new guinea. morobe distr., bulolo, febr., fl., n.g.f. 4050 (bo, lae). aru islands. wokam isl., dosinamalau, alt. 15 m., ster., bb. 25281 (bo, sing). 5. beilschmiedia gigantocarpa kostermans, spec. nov. — fig. 16 arbor foliis alternantibus glabris oblongis utrinque rete laxa prominula, basi in petiolum longe decurrentibus. inflorescentiae axillares laxae glabrae floribus glabris antheris connectivo producto cellulis magnis. fructus maximus subglobosus laevis. tree up to 30 m high with bole up to 10 m high and 70 cm in diam. buttresses 1—2 m high, extending 1—1,50 m over the ground, 5—6 cm thick. dead bark grey, 0,5 mm, smooth; living bark 7—13 mm, red to darkred, inside 26 rejnwardtia [vol. 4 * 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. plants iv 27 fig. 16. beilschmiedia giganlocarpa kertermans ; flowering branch and fruit (x 0,5) ; a, flower (x 5) ; b, ovary (x 15) ; c, d, outer stamens (x 15) ; e, inner stamen (x 15). — after burki 47. fr. (type) and reppie 93, fl. (para-type). white. wood white. branchlets smooth, glabrous, darkbrown (dried); buds glabrous, ovoid, acuminate, scales ovate-acuminate, concave, fleshy, 5—10 mm long; branches grey-brown with minute lenticels. leaves thinly coriaceous, glabrous, oblong, 5 x 15 — 15 x 30 cm, top bluntly, broadly, shortly acuminate, base abruptly narrowed, cuneate, more or less decurrent; upper surface glossy, midrib flattened, lateral nerves 8—10 pairs, slightly arcuate, prominent, secondary nerves laxly reticulate, prominent, veins prominulous, reticulate; lower surface less glossy, midrib prominent, other veins as on upper surface. petioles stout, glabrous, 2—2,5 cm long, sulcate above. inflorescences axillary, appearing with the new flush, glabrous, laxly paniculate, up to 10 cm long, broad; main peduncle stout, compressed. flowers yellowish, glabrous, about 3 mm long, base merging into a stout, short pedicel. outer tepals slightly longer than inner ones, fleshy, ovate, acute, about 2 mm long. stamens glabrous; outer ones broadly ovate with extrorse large cells and conspicuously protruding connective, filaments very short; inner ones slightly smaller, narrower, cells extrorse, connective protruding, glands small or none. ovary glabrous, subglobose, 0,5 mm long; style distinct, as long; stigma inconspicuous. fruit sub-globose, brown (fresh and dried) smooth, up to 8 cm long and 7 cm in diameter, on a thick, short pedicel, 5 mm in diameter. pericarp 5 mm thick, rather woody; cotyledons large, flat-comvex. type. — burki 47 = bb 23921 (bo). local name. — tambara (padoe language) ; palumbakuni (koronsie language) distribution. — central celebes, malili district. the leaves somewhat resemble those of b. glabra kosterm. (spec. ined.). the species is outstanding by its large fruit. specimens examined. — c e l e b e s . m a l i l i d i s t r . , near koropapunto, alt. 250 m., village toli-toli, jan., fr., burki 47 = bb. 23921 (a, bo, bzf, k, l, sing) ; near usu, may, young fr., waiumndang 44 = cel/iv—110 (bo, l, p) ; ibid., aug., ster.. reppie 82 = cel/iv—110 ; ibid., oct., fl., reppie 93 = cel/iv—110 (a, bo, l) ; ibid., oct., in bud, reppie 96 = cel/iv—98 (bo) ; ibid., june, ster., reppie 210 = cel/iv—185 (a, bo, l) ; ibid., ster., reppie 211 = cel/iv—186 (a, bo, l) ; ibid., june, ster., reppie 212 = cel/iv—187 (a, bo, l) ; ibid., june, ster., reppie 213 = cel/iv—188 (bo, l) ; ibid., apr., young fr., waturandang 21 = cel/iv—98 (a, bo, l). 6. beilschmiedia mnabaluensis kostermans spec. nov. — fig. 17 arbor magna, b. glabrae kostermans (spec, ined.) et b. lumutensis gamble valde affinis, differt pagina foliorum superiore laeve, pagina inferiore dense reticulata. a b. glabra differt gemmis foliorum minoribus; a b. lumutense differt gemmis majoribus. inflorescentia ignota. tree, up to 30 m tall and 45 cm in diameter, glabrous in all its parts; branches rough, tortuous; branchlets slender, smooth, cylindrical. leaves opposite, rigid. petioles 8—-15 mm long, slightly canaliculate above. leafblade elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, 2,5 x 7 — 6 x 16 cm; base acute or subcuneate; top broadly and obtusely, usually rather inconspicuously acuminate; upper 28 reinwardtia [vol. 4 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. plants iv 29 surface smooth, lower one densely, prominulously reticulate, midrib prominent, lateral nerves 7—9 pairs, slightly arcuate, prominulous. flowers unknown. fruit subglobose, 5 cm in diameter, smooth, base often with a neck, seated on a very thick (10 mm in diameter), short peduncle. type. — j. & m.s. clemens 29524 (bo) distribution. — borneo, mt. kinabalu. specimens examined. — borneo. mt. kinabalu, tenompok, alt. 1900 m., trail to tomis, summit of junglo ridge, may, fr., /. 6m. s. clemens 29524 (a, bo, l, sing) ; penibukan, alt. 1300 m., febr., fr., j. &m. s. clemens 31582 (a, bo). 7. beilschmiedia myrmecophila kostermans, spec. nov. — fig. 18 beilschmiedia bullata allen in j. arnold arbor. 23: 131. 1942, p.p., quoad cit. spec. brass 13693. arbor myrmecophila, foliis suborbicularibus alternantibus glabrescentibus, costa mediana pagina superiore applanata basin versus perlata, petiolo crasso, breve, glabrescente; infrudescentia glabra pauce ramosa; fructus ovoideus glabrus ater. sparsely branched tree, about 20 m tall and 25 cm in diameter; branchlets stout, angular, hollow, myrmecophil'ous, at apex with pulverulent indumentum. leaves alternate (near apex sub-opposite), at last glabrous, stiff, suborbicular or ovate-orbicular, 9 x 11 — 16 x 20 cm; apex obtuse, emarginate or very rarely sub-apiculate; base broadly cuneate, merging into petiole; upper surface rather glossy with obscure reticulation, main nerves with a pulverulent indumentum, glabrescent, midrib'very broad, flattened towards base, lateral nerves 7—8 pairs, sunken, near margin strongly arcuate; lower surface paler, rather glossy, midrib and lateral nerves prominent, secondary nerves scalariformous, areolation distinct under microscope. young leaves with a very dense, very short, aureous indumentum. petiole thick, flattened above, about 10 mm long, in very young leaves with pulverulent indumentum, soon glabrotis. infructescence axillary, glabrous, poorly branched ; main peduncle 4 cm long, one branch 3 cm long (in the iso-type in a., the infrutescence is 17 cm long, according to allen). fruit black, glossy, ovoid, 3 x 2 cm, with a short neck at base. type. — brass 13693 (bo). distribution. — new guinea, only known from type locality. the specimen at hand had been provisionally incorporated in b. bullata by allen. it was collected at an altitude of 850 m and is, according to a field note by brass, frequent in somewhat swampy rain-forest of the river plain. this is a second case of myrmecophily in lauraceae in new guinea, (cf. cryptocarya caloneura (scheff.) kosterm.). specimen examined. — netherlands new guinea, 4 km. s.w. of idenburg r bernard camp., alt. 850 m., mar., fr., brass 13693 (a, bo). fig. 17. beilschmiedia kinabaluensis kostermans. — iso-type. 30 reinwardtia [vol. 4 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. plants iv 31 fig. 18. beilschmiedia myrmecophila kostermans. —• type 8. beilschmiedia novoguineensis teschn. endiandra sphaerica allen (in j. arnold arb. 23: 150. 1942), based on the specimen brass 7512, of which an iso-type is represented in the bogor herbarium is conspecific with beilschmiedia novoguineensis teschn. 9. beilschmiedia palembanica (miq.) kostermans, comb. nov. cryptocarya palembanica (basonym) miquel, fl. ned. ind., suppl. sumatra. 144 & 359. 1862. — teijsmann s.n. ; sumatra (u). beilschmiedia longipes hook, f., fl. brit. ind. 5: 123. 1886; boerlage, handl. fl. ned. ind. 3: 136. 1900 (nomen); gamble in j. asiat. soc. bengal 75: 58. 1912; ridley, fl. mai. penins. 3: 85. 1924; burkill & henderson in gds. bull. s.s. 3: 413. 1925. — maingay 1248, malacca (k). beilschmiedia sumatrensis ridley in j. as. soc. mai. 1: 89. 1923 (sphalm. beilschimiedia) —ridley, berastagi (k). two sheets, marked teijsmann h.b. 3776 and h.b. 4050, belonging to the type collection are preserved in the bogor herbarium. the first bears the local (fancy!) name : medang taai andjing (medang = lauraceae; taai = faeces; and]ing = dog), the latter the local name medang koening (koening = yellow), mentioned by miquel. the type specimen of beilschmiedia longipes was not available for examination, but abundant material, cited partly by gamble, which has been put at my disposal by the singapore herbarium, leaves no doubt that it is conspecific with miquel's species. through the courtesy of the director of the kew gardens i could examine photographs of the two sheets, on which ridley based his b. sumatrensis. the species is outstanding in the genus by its grey upper leaf surface (in dried condition), a character, stressed by different authors. specimens examined. — siam. patten, butat, alt. 300 m, july, fl., kerr 7096 (bangkok). malay peninsula. pahang, camerons highlands, renglet, alt. 1200 m., apr., fl., henderson s.f.n. 23639 (sing) ; boh plantations, apr., fr., nur s.f.n. 32681 (sing) ; temerloh, kemansul reserve, sept., fl., hamin f. d. 10612 (sing) ; fraser hill, near selangor border, alt. 1400 m., sept., ster., burkill & hotttum 7808 & 8895 (sing) ; perak, larut, jan., fl., king's coll. 5465 (sing) ; ibid., mar., young fr., king's coll. 7325 (dd, p) ; ibid., apr., fl., king's colll. 5903 (sing) ; ibid., febr., fl., king's coll. 7238 (bo) ; goping, aug., fl., king's coll. 4765 (bo, dd, p, sing) ; sg. larut, plain, aug., fl., wray 2291 (bo) ; taiping hill, fr., ridley s.n. (sing) ; selangor, ulu gombak, febr., fl., strugnell f. d. 12672 (sing). johore, 14 th mile jemaluang rd., mawai, alt. o m., 'febr., fl., corner s.f.n. 29033 (bo, sing) ; locality not indicated, fl., scortechini s.n. (p). sumatra. berastagi, toba lake, ridley s.n. (k) ; djambi, sg. manan, alt. 160 m, aug., fl., posthumus 691 (bo, l) ; palembang, ogan ulu, fl., teijsmann h.b. 3776 &4050 (bo). 10. beilschmiedia rufolanata kostermans, spec. nov. — fig. 19 arbor ramulis rufolanatis, foliis alternantibus rigide chartaceis obovatooblongis, supra nitidis glabris costis exceptis, venatione prominulo, subtus sparse minuteque pilosis, petiolo longo dense rufo-lanato, inflorescentia gracile rufolanata haud perulata. tree, branchlets cylindrical, densely rusty-pilose; branches smooth, glossy, lenticellate; leaf buds ovoid, acute, densely rusty-pilose. leaves alternate, rigid 32 reinwardtia [vol. 4 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. plants iv fig. 19. beilschmiedia rufolanata kostermans. —type, chartaceous, obovate-oblong, 3,5 x 7 — 6 x 12 cm; apex shortly acuminate; base tapering into the petiole ; above glabrous (but for main nerves), glossy', rather obscurely reticulate, midrib flattened, broadened towards petiole, lateral nerves about 9 pairs, slightly sunken, very slender, arcuate towards margin; lower surface rather laxly, shortly pilose, midrib and lateral nerves prominent; secondary nerves prominulous, scalariformous, reticulation rather dense, prominulous. petiole densely rusty pilose, slender, 1,5—2 cm long. panicles in the axils of the upper leaves, appearing with the new flush, without traces of basal bracts, rusty-pilose, up to 7 cm long, lower branches up to 3 cm long; bracts sub-persistent, ovate-acute, 1 mm long. pedicel 1 2 mm long, densely pilose, slender. ovary subglobose, 1 mm long, glabrous; style very short! type. — amat 17 = bb 2689 (bo). distribution. — riouw archipelago, only known from type locality. the species is perhaps related to b. madang bl., but differs by its leaf shape and inflorescence. in the specimen at hand the stamens had disappeared already. specimen examined. — riouw archipelago. isl. singkep, near ser. sulit tan after anthesis, amat 17 = bb. 26s9 (bo, l). '' i 11. beilschmiedia rufoperulata kostermans, spec. nov. — fig. 20 arbor ramulis gemmisque dense ferrugineo-tomentellis, foliis alter nantibus chartaceis ellipticis vel subobovato-ellipticis glabris costa mediana inferiore excepta, . petiolo dense ferrugineo-tomentello; inflorescentia ante cmthesin perulata, squamis magnis dense tomentellis. tree 30 m tall and 56 cm in diameter; branchlets subangular, densely ferrugineous-tomentellous; leaf buds ovate, acute, thick, densely tomentellous; bud scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, thick, 3—4 mm long. leaves alternate, chartaceous, glabrous, but for the rufo-tomentellous midrib of the lower surface, oblong to elliptical to subobovate-elliptical, 3,5 x 6 —5,5 x 10 cm; apex shortly acuminate or acute, base cuneate; upper surface glossy, midrib slender, prominulous, lateral nerves 8—10 pairs, very slender, slightly impressed, reticulation not visible; lower surface somewhat glossy, midrib prominent, densely rufo-tomentellous, lateral nerves slender, arcuate, prominulous, reticulation slightly prominulous, lax. petioles 1—1,5 cm long, densely rusty tomentellous, somewhat flattened above or cylindrical. inflorescences axillary, before anthesis completely covered by densely rusty tomentellous scales; basal scales thick, triangular, acute, 2 mm long; upper ones thinner, suborbicular or ovateorbicular, acute, i mm long. type. — bb. 2952 (bo). distribution. — sumatra, only known from type locality. the species resembles b. rufolanata kosterm., but differs by its perulate inflorescences and the smooth upper leaf surface. specimens examined. — sumatra. bengkulu, lebong, ulutandjong, on temporarily inundated soil, mar., vn bud, renwarin 104 = bb. 2952 (a, bo, bzf k l) 34 reinwardtia [vol. 4 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. iv 35 12. beilschmiedia triplinervis teschner • fig. 20. beilschmiedia rufoperulata kostermans. — type. this species, based on the specimen schlechter 17890 from new guinea, of which i was able to study a duplicate preserved in the paris herbarium, and which was described by teschner in engler's bot. jahrb. 58: 400. 1923, does not belong to beilschmiedia. it represents cryptocarya laevigata bl. 13. beilschmiedia wieringae kostermans", spec. nov. — fig. 6f, 21 arbor humilis ramulis dense flavo-brunneis, foliis alternantibus chartaceis obovato-oblongis, pagina superiore prominulo-reticulatis, costa exepta glabris, pagina inferiore sparse tomentellis (in nervis majoribus dense tomentellis). inflorescentiae axillares dense flavo brunneo lanuginosae laxae anguste paniculatae, ramulis bracteis magnis subtendis. tree, 6 m high; branchlets stout, subangular, densely rusty lanuginose; apical leaf bud ovoid, acute; scales lanceolate, acute, thick, densely rusty tomentellous, 10 mm long. leaves alternate, chartaceous, obovate-oblong, 7 x 15 — 8 x 20 cm, apex apiculate; base cuneate; upper surface rather glossy with lax, slightly prominulous reticulation, midrib flattened, sunken towards base, densely rusty lanuginose, lateral nerves 9—10 pairs, slender, sunken, densely pilose; lower surface dull, yellowish (dried) with microscopical, sparse hairs, denser on main nerves, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves prominent, arcuate, upper ones arcuately anastomosing about 3 mm from margin, secondary nerves scalariformous, prominent, reticulation lax, prominulous. petioles 3 cm long, flattened above (somewhat sulcate near leaf base), densely rusty lanuginose. inflorescences narrowly, laxly paniculate, axillary, densely rusty lanuginose, (in immature condition) up to 6 cm long, consisting of a main peduncle with distant, very short branchlets; each branchlet subtended by a large, concave, ovate, acute bract. type. — kostermans 4374 (bo). distribution. — borneo, only known from type locality. the alliance of the species may be ascertained only after mature flowers are known; it belongs certainly in beilschmiedia. the species is named in honour of mr. w. wieringa, curator of the leiden herbarium, temporarily attached to the bogor herbarium, who, during several years devoted himself to the routine work of distributing specimens (a.o. my own collections of 100.000 sheets) and who made many obscure, half forgotten collections, preserved in the bogor herbarium, available again for study. specimen examined. — east borneo. balikpapan distr., muan region near riko r., low hills, sandy loamsoil with coral limestone outcrops, nov., in bud, kostermans 4374 (a, bo, k, l, pnh, sing). reinwardtia [vol. fig. 21. beilschmiedia wieringae kostermans. — type. 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. plants iv 37 dehaasia bl. 1. dehaasia longipedicellata (ridley) kostermans, comb. nov. beilschmiedia longipedicellata ridley (basonym) in kew bull. 1926: 475, was described after the specimen: hume 8432, of which the type is conserved in the singapore herbarium. a fruiting specimen: soh f.d. 8170 (sing) shows the flesly, enlarged pedicels, which characterize dehaasia. additionallitterature; henderson in gds. bull. s.s. 4: 310. 1928 et 5: 97. 1930. 2. dehaasia membranacea kosterm., nom. nov. — fig. 22 beilschmiedia longipedicellata (non ridley) merrill in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 83. 1929; airy shaw in kew bull. 1940: 76, was based on the specimens i elmer 20782 and 20875 from n. borneo, of which duplicates in the bogor and leiden herbarium could be examined. the species with its long-pedicelled flowers belongs to dehaasia bl. 3. dehaasia novoguineensis kostermans, spec. nov. — fig. 23 arbor humilis in omnibus partibus glabra, foliis alternantibus chartaceis, nitidis, utrinque conspicue gracillime prominulo-reticulatis, ellipticis, apice longe acuminatis, basi cuneatis. fructus ellipsoideus pedicello incrassato imposito. tree, 8 m tall, glabrous in all its parts; branchlets smooth, slender. leaves alternate, chartaceous, glossy, elliptical, 4 x 14— 10 x 31 cm, apex with along and slender acumen; base cuneate; both surfaces distinctly, prominulously reticulate, with slender nerves; upper surface with flattened midrib, lateral nerves prominulous, very slender; lower surface with prominent midrib, lateral nerves (about 10 pairs) prominent, strongly arcuate. petioles 1,5—2,5 cm long, rather slender. infructescence very short (fruit often more or less sessile); fruit ellipsoid, smooth, up to 1,5 x 2,5 cm on a fleshy, thickened (in shrunken, dried condition at apex 7 mm in diameter), obconical, about 3 cm long pedicel. type. — can 15627 (bo). distribution. — papua, only known from type locality. specimen examined : new guinea. papua, isuarava, alt. 1200 m., secondary forest, febr., fr., carr 15627 (bo, sing). 4. dehaasia oblanceolata (merr.) kostermans comb. nov. beilschmiedia oblanceolata merrill (basonym) in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 84. 1929, was described after the specimen: elmer 20931 from n. borneo. iso-types are conserved in the leiden, new york, paris and singapore herbaria. because of its flower and leaf-characters the species belongs to dehaasia bl. 38 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1956] kostermans, new and crit. mai. plants iv 39 fig. 22. dehaasia mentbvanacea kostermans; flowering branch ( x 0,5) ; inflorescence ( x 3); a, flower ( x 10); b, outer stamen ( x 15); c, inner stamen ( x 15); d, ovary ( x 15); e, staminode ( x 20). — after elmer 20875 (para-type). fig. 23. dehaasia novoguineensis kostermans. — type 40 reinwardtia [vol. 4 5. dehaasia titanophylla (airy shaw) kostermans, comb. nov. beilschmiedia titanophylla airy shaw (basonym) in kew bull. 1939: 534, was described after the specimen: native coll. 2438 from borneo. a fragment of this, conserved in the singapore herbarium, could be examined. although the fruit are still unknown, the close relationship to d. longipedicellata (ridley) kosterm. makes it advisable to relegate this species to dehaasia. r o s a c e a e parinari aubl. polyalthia? pulchrinervia boerlage this species was described by boerlage (catal. hort. bogor., fasc. 1: 20. 1899 and in icones bogor., fasc. 2: 106. 1899) after a sterile specimen, collected from a tree, numbered iv g. 42 in the bogor botanical gardens. in the bogor herbarium there is one sheet labelled: polyalthia ? pulchrinervia boerlage (not in boerlage's handwriting); no date of collecting is indicated; the specimen was from the tree iv g. 42. i consider this the type specimen, as it fits with boerlage's description. duplicates of this have been sent to the arnold arboretum, the kew, the leiden and the singapore herbaria. in 1915 additional flowering and fruiting material was collected from the same numbered tree, which makes it clear that it represents parinari corymbosa miq. of the 1915 collections duplicates have been forwarded to the arnold arboretum, the kew and the leiden herbaria. s t e r c u l i a c e a e sterculia sterculia perryae kostermans, nom. nov. sterculia clemensiae merrill & perry in j. arnold arb. 30: 40. 1949 is, because of its earlier homonym sterculia clemensiae ridley (in kew bull. 1933: 488), renamed here: sterculia perryae kostermans. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 1, pp. 41-68 (1956) notes on malaysian malvaceae—i * j. van borssum waalkes ** summary twelve new species of hibiscus sect. azanza dc. from the malaysian region are described and illustrated. the genus wilhelminia hochr. is reduced to a synonym of this section, which requires the new combination hisbiscus sciadiolepidns (hochr.) borss. for w. sciadiolepida hochr., the only species of the genus. for some years past i have been engaged in studying the malvaceae of the malaysian area. it is intended to publish the new facts and conclusions in a series of papers under the title indicated above, and eventually a concise treatment of the family will be included in the "flora malesiana." the malvaceae will be treated in a strict sense, i.e. the bombacaceae, which is considered a separate family, will be excluded. the bombacaceae are, it is true, very closely allied to the malvaceae, but nevertheless it had better be kept apart, both from a theoretical and from a practical point of view. i hope to discuss the delimitation of the two families in a later publication. a critical revision of the family in the malaysian area has not so far been carried out, although numerous facts and conclusions have been recorded by various botanists, of whom the following may be mentioned here: masters, who gave a concise but accurate elaboration of the indian species in hooker's "flora of british india," gagnepain on malvaceae in french indo-china, merrill especially on philippine malvaceae, f. von miiller, schumann, lauterbach, and ulbrich on new guinea species, e. g. baker, garcke, giirke, and last but not least hochreutiner, who has an all-round knowledge of the malvaceae. for the present paper i have studied specimens from herbarium bogoriense (bo),1 and the forestry research institute at bogor (bzf), as well as from the herbaria of singapore (sing), florence (fi), lae (lae), brisbane (bri), arnold arboretum (a) and the gray herbarium * this article was issued separately in june 1956. ** botanist, herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. 1 the abbreviations are according to lanjouw [in regn. veg. 2 (ed. 2) : 131-144. 1954]. . : : — 41 — 992-1865-3-pb_1-1 992-1865-3-pb_2-2 992-1865-3-pb_3-3 992-1865-3-pb_4-4 992-1865-3-pb_5-5 992-1865-3-pb_6-6 992-1865-3-pb_7-7 992-1865-3-pb_8-8 992-1865-3-pb_9-9 992-1865-3-pb_11-11 992-1865-3-pb_12-12 992-1865-3-pb_13-13 992-1865-3-pb_14-14 992-1865-3-pb_15-15 992-1865-3-pb_16-16 992-1865-3-pb_17-17 992-1865-3-pb_18-18 992-1865-3-pb_19-19 992-1865-3-pb_20-20 992-1865-3-pb_21-21 992-1865-3-pb_22-22 992-1865-3-pb_23-23 volume 4 december 1956 part i reinwardtia being a continuation of t h e bulletin du jardin botanique de buitenzorg (bulletin of the botanic gardens, buitenzorg) editors a n w a r i dilmy (herbarium bogoriense) and c. g. g. j. van steenis (flora malesiana) published by herbarium bogoriense kebun raya indonesia reinwardtia vol.4, part 1, pp. 1-118, bogor, december 1956 r e i n w a r d t . i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 1, pp. 99-104 (1956) scyphostegia borneensis stapf anatomy of stem and leaf in relation to its taxonomic position c. r. metcalfe * . s u m m a r y from an examination of anatomical characters it appears that the genus scyp'hostegia is not related to monimiaceae and moraceae but represents a separate family related to flacourtiaceae. introduction as the taxonomic position of scyphostegia has been disputed, an anatomical examination of the stem and leaf was undertaken at the suggestion of dr van steenis in the hope that the microscopical structure of these organs would afford evidence concerning the affinities of the genus. as was only to be expected with a, genus that exhibits so many characters in the morphology of the inflorescence and flower that are both distinctive in themselves and which cannot readily be matched, in any of the well established families of dicotyledons, anatomical evidence likewise points to the somewhat isolated position of the genus. it is thus reasonable to follow hutchinson (2) in recognising that the genus merits the status of a distinct family. as is shown below,' however, there is little anatomical evidence to suggest that scyphostegia is related either to the monimiaceae or moraceae. the facts indicate rather that its nearest existing relations are to be found amongst the flacourtiaceae, although there is no particular genus in this family, amongst those of which the anatomy has been investigated, that appears to have a specially close relationship. the possibility of a taxonomic relationship of scyphostegia to the flacourtiaceae rests rather on the fact that scyphostegia exhibits a combination of characters that are also to be found in a number of genera and species that are well established as members of the flacourtiaceae. in this article the anatomy of the leaf and stem of scyphostegia is described, and the evidence that suggests that the genus has affinities with the flacourtiaceae, rather than with the monimiaceae or moraceae,. is discussed. leaf. hairs; none seen. adaxial epidermis, in surface view, consisting of variously shaped cells with thin, curved/but not sinuous walls. * jodrell laboratory, royal botanic gardens, kew. . — 99 — 100 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. abaxial surface also composed of variously shaped cells, with thin walls but these are slightly sinuous. stomata confined to the abaxial surface; abundant; paracytic (rubiaceous), each stoma accompanied on either side by a subsidiary cell parallel to the pore. mesophyll dorsiventral, with 2—3 rows of short to tall palisade cells, and a broader zone of slightly spongy parenchyma. in some leaves, e.g. in a leaf from the specimen collected by j. and m. s. clemens 26062, the layer of cells immediately below the adaxial epidermis is differentiated as a distinct hypodermis, but this hypodermal layer was less clearly apparent in material from the penang botanic garden. the height of the palisade cells also varies in different leaves. some of the mesophyll cells, especially those towards the adaxial surface, are filled with amorphous, probably tanniniferous, contents that stain readily with haematoxylin. structure of the large lateral veins obscure in transverse sections of the leaf because of their oblique course in relation to the long axis of the leaf, but each vascular stand is encircled by a fibrous sheath. smallest vascular bundles deeply embedded in the mesophyll, and often accompanied by only a few fibres, mostly on the abaxial side, each small bundle being surrounded by a rather irregular sheath of thin-walled cells. large, solitary, clustered crystals occur sporadically throughout the mesophyll tissue. midrib with a longitudinal ridge that projects prominently from the abaxial, and another that projects slightly from the adaxial surface, the ridges consisting mostly of slightly collenchymatous tissue. vascular system of the midrib surrounded by a narrow, circular, but abaxially flattened cylinder of fibrous cells with wide lumina, and only moderately thickened walls. vascular tissue consisting essentially of adaxial and abaxial parts. the abaxial part appears either as a cylinder of xylem that is somewhat concave on its adaxial side, or as an arc that is not quite closed adaxially. the cylinder or arc of xylem surrounds a central, pithlike tissue, and is itself surrounded externally by thin-walled phloem. the adaxial part of the vascular tissue consists of a collateral strand of xylem and phloem that lies on the adaxial side of the cylinder or arc that has just been described, the phloem of the collateral strand being almost continuous with the phloem on the adaxial side of the abaxial cylinder. the xylem of the adaxial strand abuts directly, or almost directly, on to the fibrous cylinder by which the whole vascular system is surrounded. branches from the adaxial strand pass out into the mesophyll at intervals. the vessels, wherever they occur in the xylem, are mostly in radial multiples. petiole, in transverse sections immediately at the base of the lamina, exhibiting a vascular structure not unlike that of the midrib, but there is no fibrous cylinder surrounding the vascular system. the abaxial vascular cylinder, or almost completely closed arc, that occurs in the midrib, has the form of a deeply u-shaped strand in the distal part of the petiole. situated between the arms of the u there is an adaxially flattened cylinder of xylem and phloem, formed by the amalgamation of the adaxial vascular arc of the midrib with the adaxial part of the abaxial cylinder. 1956] c. r. metcalfe: seyphostegia borneensis stapf 101 the vascular cylinder between the arms of the u consists externally of xylem that surrounds the phloem which has the form of a number of closely placed strands, the somewhat triangular ground tissue surrounded by the phloem consisting of parenchyma. at a lower level in the petiole, the vascular system has the form of an abaxial cylinder of xylem and phloem, accompanied adaxially by an irregularly shaped and complex mass of xylem and phloem. towards the base of the petiole the adaxial mass of xylem and phloem has the form of a rather irregular arc which is, at this level, continuous with the main abaxial vascular strand, so that the whole vascular system appears in transverse section as a somewhat uneven cylinder. towards the base of the petiole the whole vascular system is surrounded by a narrow cylinder of fibrous cells with fairly thick walls and wide lumina, the fibrous ring being similar to that which surrounds the vascular system in the midrib. cluster crystals are abundant in the ground tissue, especially at the centre of the petiole, and smaller, but similar crystals in the phloem. the exact appearance of the vascular system in the petiole, and to some extent in the midrib, varies from section to section, and there also appear to be minor variations from leaf to leaf. stem, (a) stem 2 mm in diameter. stem more or less rectangular in transverse section. hairs; none seen. phloem and xylem in the form of cylinders of about equal width. large cluster crystals occur in the cortex and near the phloem fibres, and smaller but similar cluster crystals in the phloem. other particulars as in (b) below. (b) stem 3 mm in diameter. cork originating in the epidermis; consisting of thin-walled markedly rectangular cells. amorphous, (tanniniferous?) deposits present in some of the cork cells. primary cortex about 7 cells wide, consisting mostly of thin-walled parenehymatous cells, but outer cells locally smaller than those elsewhere, and somewhat collenchymatous. outer boundary of the phloem marked by a continuous sclerenchymatous ring, consisting of thickwalled fibres with narrow lumina and irregularly shaped sclereids with wider lumina. phloem and xylem in the form of closed cylinders traversed by narrow rays. phloem devoid of sclerenchyma apart from the ring at the outer periphery. vessels solitary and in short radial multiples of 2—4 or occasionally more; even those vessels that are solitary are located on definite radii from the stem centre. individual vessels 31—58µ. in internal radial diameter. inner part of the primary xylem consisting of specially small elements that are stained more readily by haematoxylin than by safranin, and are therefore apparently less lignified than those of the rest of the xylem. the occurrence of these unlignified portions of xylem abutting on the pith suggests that there is considerable centrifugal development of xylem before the primary xylem is wholly lignified, and there may be some centripetal lignification of the xylem. pith somewhat stellate in outline, with 4 arms; parenehymatous; thick-walled and lignified at the periphery, and thin-walled and less lignified at the centre. the 102 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 thickening and lignification of the cells continue centripetally as the stem grows older, and the pith ultimately becomes homogeneous in appearance. crystals similar to those described under (a) above, but less numerous. (c) secondary xylem, 1 cm in diameter. vessels sometimes solitary, but mostly in radial multiples of 2—4, or occasionally more; a few irregular multiples also present. individual vessels in each multiple flattened where in contact with one another; those not pressing against one another are circular or oval in outline. vessels 40—100 ja in internal radial diameter. vessel members with simple, but very oblique, perforations; lateral pitting alternate, pits crowded to rather sparse, mostly rounded in outline and with circular to horizontally oval apertures. fibres constituting practically the whole of the ground tissue of the wood; with fairly thick walls and oval to circular lumina; with numerous, fine, transverse septa, and rather large bordered pits with slitshaped apertures in the radial, but not in the tangential walls. parenchyma absent, apart from occasional paratracheal cells. rays very densely crowded, not conspicuous in transverse sections; mostly uniseriate, but a few partly bior triseriate; uniseriate rays composed mostly of tall, narrow cells, but some rays, especially those that are more than uniseriate, are markedly heterogeneous; at least 9—28 cells high, and sometimes appearing higher owing to fusions between rays. taxonomic affinities it seems, from the anatomical evidence, that scyphostegia has no very close affinities with well established families. this is also emphasized by the distinstive morphology of the inflorescence and flower. hitherto the most commonly expressed opinion has been that the genus has affinities with the monimiaceae, although it has always been felt that the affinities cannot be very close. hutchinson (2), on the other hand, has taken the view that the genus should be in a distinct family related to the moraceae. this discrepancy of view largely depends on varying interpretations of the morphology of the flowers and inflorescence, which, in turn have been partly due to lack of adequate material. hutchinson, now that more material has been at his disposal, has changed his views about the relationship of scyphostegia to the moraceae. the varying interpretations of the morphology of the flower and inflorescence have been summarized by swamy (6), who, however, does not make any constructive suggestions concerning the affinities of the genus. a study of the anatomy of the stem and leaf fails to provide any convincing evidence that the genus has any close affinities with either the moraceae or monimiaceaee. on the contrary the anatomical evidence suggests rather remote affinities with the flacourtiaceae or with the euphorbiaceae. the suggestion of a relationship with the euphorbiaceae is, however, of doubtful signifi1956] c. r. metcalfe: scyphostegia borneensis stapf 103 cance, as the euphorbiaceae themselves constitute a large heterogeneous group, in which the range of anatomical structure is correspondingly great. furthermore some genera of euphorbiaceae are themselves not unlike some of the flacourtiaceae, at least so far as their wood structure is concerned. it must be emphasized that there is no particular genus in the flacourtiaceae to which scyphostegia is especially similar. the point is rather that scyphostegia exhibits a number of characters that occur in certain genera of flacourtiaceae, and this combination of characters suggests that scyphostegia may have affinities, although these may be somewhat remote, with the flacourtiaceae. the characters that suggest this relationship include the following: — in the leaf, the paracytic (rubiaceous) stomata and the occurrence of adaxial hypoderm. the midrib structure of scyphostegia. is not unlike that of certain flacourtiaceae such as dipentodon. on the other hand, petiolar vascular structure of the type that occurs in scyphostegia, has not yet been recorded in the flacourtiaceae. the superficial origin of the cork in the stem of scyphostegia, and the thinwalled cells of which it is composed, have their counterparts in the flacourtiaceae. this applies also to the radial multiples of small vessels in the wood; the sparse wood parenchyma; the uniseriate rays composed of hign, upright cells; the ociurrence of vestically fused rays the septate wood are common to both scyphostegia and the flacourtiaceae. fibses, with pits limited to the radial walls. specially large cluster crystals the first anatomical objection to the inclusion of scyphostegia in the monimiaceae came from perkins and gilg (5) who pointed out that the leaves of scyphostegia, unlike those of the monimiaceae, do not contain secretory cells. baehni (1), and, more recently, money, bailey and swamy (4) and swamy (6) have reminded us of this fact. in addition, the last 3 authors have pointed out that scyphostegia differs from the monimiaceae in having trilacunar nodes, and tricolpate pollen grains. a perusal of metcalfe and chalk's "anatomy of the dicotyledons" (3) reveals further anatomical reasons for believing that there are no close affinities between scyphostegia and the monimiaceae. for example the stomata in monimiaceae are usually anomocytic (ranunculaceous) in contradistinction to the paracytic rubiaceous) stomata of scyphostegia. the monimiaceae also differ from scyphostegia in having crystals that are usually needleshaped; vessels that are seldom in radial multiples; a less complex vascular structure in the petiole. the rays in the wood of the monimiaceae are variable in form, but uniseriates of the type that occur in scyphostegia are unknown. 104 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 turning now to the moraceae it may be noted that the family as a whole generally differs from scyphostegia in not usually having paracytic (rubiaceous) stomata, whilst laticiferous canals, unknown in scyphostegia, are characteristic of many members of the moraceae. the wood of the moraceae differs from that of scyphostegia in having vessels that are mostly solitary; parenchyma that is typically paratracheal, and usually aliform or confluent. uniseriate rays are uncommon in the family, and, where they do occur, they are not of the same type as those in scyphostegia. on the other hand the wood of scyphostegia resembles that of both the moraceae and monimiaceae in having septate fibres, but this character, although of diagnostic value because of its restricted occurrence, is to be found sporadically throughout the dicotyledons, and it occurs in families between which there are no close affinities. taking all of these facts into consideration, the anatomical evidence seems to suggest that scyphostegia can best be treated as a distinct family the scyphostagiaceae, having some taxonomic affinities with the flacourtiaceae. references (1) baehni, c. (1938): in ber. schweiz. bot. ges. 48: 22—28. (2) hutchinson, j. (1926): families of flowering plants 1: dicotyledons, london. (3) metcalfe, c. r. & chalk, l. (1950) : anatomy of the dicotyledons, 2 vols. oxford. (4) money, l. l., bailey, i. w. & swamy, b. g. l. (1950); in journ. arnold arbor. 31: 372—404. (5) perkins, i. & gilg, e. (1901) ; in engler, pflanzenreich heft 4 (monim.) : 117. (6) swamy, b. g. l. (1953) : in proc. nat. instit. sci. india 19: 127—142. material examined sample 927 from the botanic gardens, penang. herbarium specimens collected by j. and m. s. clemens, reference no. 26062. acknowledgements the author is indebted to mr j. w. purseglove, director of the botanic garden at singapore, and to mr h. ritchings, horticultural officer at the botanic gardens at penang, through whose courtesy it was possible to obtain material of scyphostegia preserved in formalin acetic alcohol. thanks are also due to dr j. hutchinson for his kindly interest and advice. the microscope slides examined during the investigation were prepared at the jodrell laboratory by mr f. richardson. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 1, pp. 105-112 (1956) notes on indonesian freshwater algae ii. ichthyodontum, a new desmid genus from sumatra. arthur m. scott * and gerald w. prescott ** summary described and figured are ichthyodontum, a new genus belonging to the desmidiaceous algae, with /. sachlanii, a new species with its new variety parorthium, showing a peculiar bipolarity. from southern sumatra. i c h t h y o d o n t u m scott & prescott, gen. nov. cells elongate-cylindric and rectangular in front view, the poles truncate and bearing at each angle a blunt spine or tooth which may be either vertically or laterally directed, the apical margin with a shallow median notch or depression; semicells slightly swollen at the base, with a circumferential supraisthmian row of blunt teeth, the two series of teeth intermeshing and completely enclosing the shallow median incision; side view of cell elongate subfusiform; basal view broadly elliptic. cellulae a fronte visae elongato-cylindricae reetangularesque, polis truncatis et in utroque angulo spinam obtusam vel dentem verticaliter lateraliterve directum ferentibus, margine apicali incisuram mediam non profundam vel depressionem praebente; semicellulae ad basim subinflatae dentibus obtusis in ordine circumferentiali supraisthmiali praeditae, dentibus amborum ordinum implexis et incisionem median non profundam omnino includentibus; cellula a latere visa elongato-subfusiformis; a basi visa late elliptica. ichthyodontum sachlanii scott & prescott, spec. nov.—fig. 1 cells of medium size, length 6 to 7 times the width, in front view elongate-cylindric and decidedly curved, apices truncate with a shallow median subcircular notch with a prominent tubercle at each side on the margin, each apical angle bearing a stout upwardly directed tooth that is prolonged into a sharp fine spine; semicells slightly swollen at the base with one lateral margin more inflated than the other, and bearing a supraisthmian row of 10 longitudinal folds (5 showing) which bear each a prominent basally directed tooth, the teeth of one semicell intermeshing (not interlocking) with those of the other, thus completely enclosing the shallow median incision of the cell; cell wall sparsely punctate and having *2824 dante st., new orleans 18, la., u.s.a. ** dept. of botany, michigan state university, east lansing-, mich., u.s.a. — 105 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_01 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_51 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_52 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_53 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_54 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, p a r t 1, pp. 5 8 (1965) tree-ferns of the genus cyathea in java by r. e. holttum *) a full taxonomic study of the genus cyathea has recently been published in flora malesiana (ser. ii, vol. 1, part 2, dec. 1963). in that work the genus is construed in a broad sense, to include alsophila and hemitelia (also gymnosphaera and schizocaena of copeland's genera filicum), the total number of species being 191, and a new subdivision of this comprehensive genus is proposed. the keys in flora malesiana, dealing with such a large number of species, are complex, and not very easy to use for local purposes. i have therefore made a simpler key to cover the species of java only, and hope this will be of service to botaniists in java. in my opinion, some of the species concerned have not been clearly characterized in earlier publications, and much confusion has resulted. in particular, the species c. junghuhniana and c. raciborskii (hemitelia crenulata), both common in the forest above tjibodas, have never seen clearly distinguished, and the former has also been confused with c. latebrosa, which does not occur in java. cyathea crenulata and c. oinops have also been confused, and c. oinops has not always been clearly distinguished from c. orientalis, though in fact the indusia of c. oinops are of quite different structure. for such reasons, the concepts of species in flora malesiana are different from those in former works (of raciborski, van alderwerelt van rosenburg, .backer & posthumus), references to which are not here given. a full synonymy, with references to these earlier works and to some of what appear to me to be misidentifications, will be found in flora malesiana. in preparing the key, i have not found it possible to use only characters observable with the unaided eye; characters of hairs, scales and indusia need to be distinguished. indusia are never easy to see clearly without a binocular microscope of magnification 25, but it is possible to see the characters necessary for the key with a hand-lens of magnification 10. i hope that some local worker, having learned to identify the species, will be able to find distinguishing characters which can be seen in the field with the unaided eye. for example, i believe that both c. orientalis and c. crenulata have the upper part of the trunk clothed with the pendulous *) 80 mortlake road, kew, surrey, england. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 old fronds, whereas in other species this does not occur; but this needs checking to discover how good a field character it may be. the colour of scales of stipe-bases, and the colour of rachises, of living ferns may also afford good characters; also the size and spacing of the pneumathodes on each side of the stipe (at present known for a few species, and rarely shown by herbarium specimens). key to the species of cyathea in java 1. scales at base of stipe firm, glossy, with thinner fragile edges which are often abraded on old fronds. 2. indusium present (sometimes almost covered by ripe sporangia). 3. lower surface of pinna-rachis closely hairy throughout; indusium a firm disc about as large as base of sorus 1. c. javaniea 3. lower surface of pinna-raehis not closely hairy throughout. 4. indusia at maturity distinctly cup-shaped, cups with smooth rim (sometimes torn when old) 2. c. orientalis 4. indusia not forming a distinct cup. 5. indusia covering sorus almost to maturity, then breaking irregularly. 6. indusium very thin, pale, broken parts often lost from old sori; basal stipe-scales dark with pale edges; flat elongate scales not abundant on costae; some bullate scales on costules 3. c. crenulata 6. indusium rather firm and dark, breaking but persistent; basal stipescales pale; flat elongate scales bearing dark setae abundant on costae; no bullate scales on costules 4. c. oinops 5. indusia not covering sorus, attached only on costular side of receptacle and often inconspicuous. 7. bullate scales abundant throughout lower surface of costae & costules; pinnules usually less than 6% cm long, abruptly narrowed at apex; pneumathodes on stipe 2—5 mm long, usually in a single row. . . . 5. c. raciborskii 7. bullate scales present only on costules; pinnules often 10 cm long, acuminate; pneumathodes on stipe 5—14 mm long, in a double or triple row „ . . . . 6. c. jimghuhnicma 2. indusium lacking. 8. scales on lower surface of costules of sterile pinnules bullate; fertile lobes usually much narrower than sterile and quite covered by sporangia 7. c. lurida 8. scales on lower surface of costules not bullate; fertile lobes not much narrower than sterile. 9. pinnules lobed halfway to costa or more; sori on lowest veins not near costule, those on higher veins progressively nearer to costule; basal basiscopic vein of each group often from costa, not from costule 8. c. gigantea 9. pinnules lobed less than halfway to costa; sori on all veins about equidistant from costa; basal basiscopic vein of each group attached above base of costule 9. c. glabra 1965] r. e. holttum: tree ferns of the genus cyathea 1. scales at base of stipe usually pale and rather thin, edges not of different texture from the rest and bearing rather regular oblique short dark setae. 10. most segments of pinnules free as tertiary leaflets; sori apparently indusiate but actually covered with closely overlapping scales. . . . 10. c. tripinnata 10. most segments of pinnules not free; sori not indusiate. 11. ferns of open places; pinnules lobed almost or quite to costa; veins 10—12 or more, basal basiscopic vein of each group not attached conspicuously below base of eostule. 12. rachises, costae and costules densely scaly throughout; scales on costules bearing long flexuous hairs which become entangled. . . 11. c. tomentosa 12. all parts less densely scaly; costular scales not bearing long tangled hairs. 13. costae and costules beneath conspicuously scaly; some bullate scales always present; mountain plants at 1500—2500 m. 14. scales on costae mostly strongly setiferous, only those near apex bullate; copious long hairs on lower surface of costae and costules 12. c. persquamulifera 14. scales on lower surface of costae throughout bullate, not setiferous; long hairs on lower surface of eostae and costules confined to apices of pinnules 13. c. tenggerensis 13. costae arid costules beneath almost glabrous at maturity; scales never bullate; from low country to 1500 m. 14. c. contaminans 11. ferns of shady forest; pinnules lobed 1/2—2/3 towards costa; veins 6—9 pairs, basal basiscopic vein always attached to costa below base of costule. . . . 15. c. squamulata distribution of species within and outside java 1. c. javanica bl. — in forest, or by shady river-banks, 250—1500 m; west java, sumatra. 2. c. orientalis (kze.) moore — in forest, 1000—1800 m; throughout java, eastwards to flores. 3. c. crenulata bl. — in forest, 1700—2700 m, throughout java, eastwards to flores. 4. c. oinops hassk. — in forest, 2000—2500 m, throughout java; also sumatra, lesser sunda islands (to flores) and s.w. celebes. careful inspection shows that the indusium in this species is hood-shaped, not cupshaped (as often reported), being open on the side towards the edge of the leaflet. 5. c. raciborskii copel. (hemitelia, crenulata mett.) —• in forest, 1200—1600 m; west java and s. sumatra. very abundant in the forest just above tjibodas garden. 6. c. junghuhniana (kze.) copel. — in forest, 1000—2000 m; west java, south and central sumatra. abundant with c. raciborskii above tjibodas, and always distinct. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 7. c. lurida (bl.) copel. — apart from the original collection, i have seen only one other, from west java. in sumatra and the malay peninsula this species is found in ridge forest (not in exposed places) at 1250—1800 m. 8. c. gigantea (wall, ex hook.) holttum — in java at low elevations, in the west only. this species' is very widely distributed, occurring in ceylon and south india, from n.e. india to burma, thailand and indochina to penang and kedah, also in central sumatra. it grows in more open places than c. glabra. 9. c. glabra (bl.) copel. — in forest, to 1650 m, west java; very few collections, and now apparently rare. in borneo, sumatra and the malay peninsula this species occurs in wet lowland forest, and in mountain forest to about 1500 m. 10. c. tripinnata copel. — only two collections known from west java, from forest at 700 m. this species occurs at altitudes of 250—1700 m throughout the philippines, also in n. borneo and ambon; one collection has been made on pulau tioman, off the east coast of the malay peninsula. 11. c. tomentosa (bl.) zoll. & mar. — at 2200 m and above, in ridge forest and in open swampy places in gullies, on mountains from west java to flores. 12. c. persquamulifera (v.a.v.r.) domin — on mountains, 1500— 2500 m, apparently in open places, few times collected; also in central sumatra. 13. c. tenggerensis (rosenst.) domin — in open places at 1500— 2300 m; east java to flores and in s. celebes. locally abundant on mt tengger. 14. c. contaminans (wall, ex hook.) copel. — in clearings and open places in forest, especially near streams, throughout java, 200—1600 m, the commonest tree-fern; also throughout malesia and northwards to mergui. 15. c. squamulata (bl.) copel. — a small tree-fern of forest in lowlands and to 1500 m, west java; also in sumatra, malay peninsula, borneo and sulu archipelago. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 1, pp. 9 18 (1965) the genus acioa aublet (rosaceae chrysobalanoideae) in malesia by a . j . g . h . kostermans *) summary . 1. the first record of aciov, aublet from s.e. asia. 2. three species are described: acioa heteropetala (scortechini ex king) kosterm., based on parinarium heteropetalum scortechini ex king and the new species: acioa malayana kosterm. and a. percoriacea kosterm. 3. parinwrium kunstleri king and p. myriandrum merr. are reduced to synonymy of acioa heteropetala kosterm. acioa aublet acioa aublet, hist. pl guiane fr. 2: 698, t. 280. 1775; scopoli, introd. 291. 1777; lamarck, encycl. meth. bot. 2: 146. 1786; de jussieu, gen. pl 342. 1789 (ed. usteri 378. 1791); gmelin, syst. 1028. 1791 (acioja) ; schreber, gen. 458. 1791; willdenow, spec. pl 3(1): 717. 1800 (as a syn. of adaschreber); batsch, syn., tab. p.4. 1802; st. hilaire, expos. fam. 2: 194. 1805 (ada schr.); hedwig, gen, 25. 1806; persoon, enchir. 2: 238. 1807; poiret, diet. sciences 11: 222. 1818 (coupi); steudel, norn. 9. 1821; ed. 2, 1: 17. 1840; dc, prodr. 2: 526. 1825; sprengel, syst. veg. 3: 84. 1826 (sub ada schr.); gen. 2: 552. 1831; martius, nova gen. & sp. pl 2: 79. 1826 (as a syn. of moquilea mart. & zucc.); reichenbach, consp. 171. 1828; bartling, ordin. nat. 406. 1830; g. don, gen. syst. 2: 478. 1832; spach, hist. nat. veg. phan. 1: 371. 1834; meissner, gen. 102 (72). 1836— 43 (section of moquilea); zuccarini in flora 15(2): 87—93. 1832; endlicher, gen. pl 1252, no 6410. 1840 (sub moquilea mart, et zucc.) ; benth'am in bentham & hooker f., gen. pi. 1: 608. 1865 (as a syn. of couepia, aublet); dietrich, syn. 4: 811. 1847 (avioa); blume, mus. bot. lugd. bat. 2: 92. 1856 (subgenus of moquilea m. & z.) ; miiller in walp. ann. 4: 643. 1857 (subgenus of moquilea m. & z.) ; hooker in martius, fl. bras. 14(2): 40. 1867 (as a syn. of couepia aublet); baillon in adansonia 7: 222. 1867; hist. pl 1: 437 et 482. 1869; diet. bot. 1: 31. 1876; oliver, fl. trop. afr. 2: 371. 1871 (sub griff onia hk. f); pfeiffer, norn. bot. 1: 24. 1873; durand, index 111. 1888 (sub couepia aublet) ; k. fritsch in ann. k.k. naturh. hofmus. wien 4: 36, 37, 38. 1889; focke in engler & prantl, nat. pfl. fam. 3(2): 60. 1891; de dalla torre & harms, gen. siph. 211. 1901; post & kuntze, lexikon 5. 1904; de willdeman in bull. jard. bot. etat bruxelles 7: 188—190. 1920; cardot in mem. mus. hist. nat. paris 191—93. 1922; lemee, diet. genres 1: 38. 1929; hauman in fl. congo beige et ruanda urundi (spermatoph.) 3: 44. 1952. *) d. sc, professor of botany, bandung institute of technology and faculty of mathematics and physics, university of indonesia, bogor; assistant-director forest research institute, bogor; scientific collaborator herbarium. bogoriense. rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_08 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_09 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_10 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 1, pp. 51-60 (1950) notes on the genus cylindrocladium (fungi: mucedinaceae) k. b. boedijn 1 and j. reitsma introduction.—the genus cylindrocladivm was erected by morgan in 1892 for a mucedinaceous fungus with penicillium-like branching and long, cylindrical, two-celled conidia. the original diagnosis runs: — cylindrocladium morgan. "hyphae steriles repentes, fertiles erectae, dichotomice ramosae, septatae, basidia in apice ramorum subterna fusoidea, conidia cylindracea, 1-septata." the type and only species, cylindrocladium scoparium morgan, was found on dead pods of gleditschia triacanthos l. in 1900 the same fungus was reported by ellis and everhart on dead leaves of asimina triloba dun. they considered it a new species of the genus diplocladhim bonord. and described it accordingly as diplocladium cylindrosporum ell. & everh. in 1912 hawley (see rea and hawley) erected the genus candelospora with the following diagnosis: — candelospora hawley. "hyphae steriles repentes. conidiophoris erectis, septatis, hyalinis, irregulariter ramosis vel etiam simplicibus, supra penicillatim divisis. conidiis singulis in ultimis ramulis ortis, hyalinis, multiseptatis." the type species, candelospora ilicicola hawley, was growing on dead leaves of ilex aquifolium l. a similar fungus was found by us on potato tubers. through the kindness of dr j. ramsbottom, we were able to study part of the type material of candelospora ilicicola. a close comparison with our material showed it to be absolutely identical with this species. as can be seen from the description, candelospora and cylindrocladium are the same; the only difference is to be found in the conidia, which in cylindrocladium, are two-celled, and many-celled in candelospora. in our opinion both genera should be fused under the oldest name, cylindrocladium. in 1917 petch mentions a new species found on the leaves of pithecolobium saman (jacq.) benth. [= samanea saman (jacq.) merr.] and gives the following description: — 1 professor of botany, faculties of agriculture and of veterinary science, university of indonesia bogor (buitenzorg). head of phytopathological subdivision, institute for plant diseases and pests general agricultural research station, bogor. — 51 — 52 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1950] boedijn & reitsma: the genus cylindrocladium cylindrocladium pithecolobii petch. "maculis albis, rotundatis, ad 4 mm. diam.; conidiophoris et mycelio albis, hypophyllis; hyp his repentibus, hyalinis, 3 jj, diameter; conidiophoris hyalinis, ad 160 <x alt. basi 8µ, diam., septatis, dichotome furcatis, sterigmatibus apicalibus vel verticillatis; sterigmatibus subovalibus vel fusoideis, curvis vel inaequilateralibus, acutis, 7—16 x 3 µ.. conidiis hyalinis, solitariis, cylindraceis vel subfusoideis, obtusis, uniseptatis, raro leniter constrictis, 36—60 x 5—7 µ,. according to the diagnosis this is no new species, but certainly only cylindrocladium scoparium. massey (1917) found this latter species to be a parasite on roses and the same was stated by anderson (1919). the parasitic nature of cylindrocladium scoparium was furthermore acknowledged by wormald (1943, 1944), who found the species on plums and cherries in britain, and by jauch (1943), who reported the species in the argentine, where it parasitizes roses, apricots, eucalyptus sp., and ilex paraguayensis st. hil. in java we found the species several times, often as a saprophyte. so it seems that cylindrocladium scoparium has a world-wide distribution. anderson (1917) found another species on roses, distinguished by much shorter conidia, which he named cylindrocladium parvum anderson. in 1928 sherbakoff also described a new species under the name of cylindrocladium macrosporum. it was isolated from leaves of the palrn "washingtonia robosta parish." fawcett and klotz (1937) reported a species on citrus-fruit, which they named candelospora citri fawcett & klotz on account of the threeseptate conidia. as was already stated we do not recognize the genus candelospora and consequently consider this a species of cylindrocladium. we now can add two new forms, so that up till the present the actual number of species is seven. they are all very much alike, the distinguishing characters being chiefly found in the dimensions and septation of the conidia. there are species with one-septate, three-septate, and even five-septate conidia. nevertheless we do not place the species with manycelled conidia in the genus candelospora. a similar case is encountered in the genus fusarium link ex fr., in which the species with two-celled conidia are not separated either from the species with many-celled conidia. however, there is more than a superficial resemblance between the genera cylindrocladium and fusarium. in our opinion both genera are closely related. they show the same mycelial growth with abundant formation of chlamydospores, whereas the conidiophores have a similar mode of branching. the most convincing fact to support our view is to be seen in the perfect stage, which in cylindrocladium ilicicola is a species of calonectria. as there are a number of fusarium-species which have a species of calonectria as their ascusform, the relationship between our genera seems well established. the fact that cylindrocladium has been placed in the mucedinaceae, whereas fusarium belongs to the tuberculariaceae, is not of great importance. in the future many changes will be necessary in the arrangement of the deuteromycetes. cylindrocladium citri we only know from the original description. of c. parvum and c. macrosporum we received pure cultures from the "centraalbureau voor schimmelcultures," baarn, but this material, though growing luxuriously, hardly produced any conidia. the remaining species were isolated by us from dead and living plant material. unfortunately some of .these cultures were lost; the rest was placed by us in the collection of the "centraalbureau voor schimmelcultures," baarn. acknowledgements.—the writers take this opportunity of thanking dr j. ramsbottom, british museum (natural history), london, for supplying material of cylindrocladium ilicicola hawley, required in connection with this investigation. acknowledgement is also made to prof. dr j. westerdijk at baarn for her kindness in forwarding us cultures of cylindrocladium parvum anderson and c. macrosporum sherb. moreover we want to express our gratitude to dr h. c. d. de wit, flora malesiana office, leiden, for help with the latin diagnoses. cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum was isolated in indonesia for the first time in 1941 by miss w. ch. slooff, from leaves of clove seedlings. the pathogenecity of this fungus was established and has been the subject of a companion paper by reitsma and slooff (1950). cylindrocladium morgan in bot. gaz. 17: 191. 1892 mutatis charact. candelospora hawley apud eea & hawley in proc. r. irish acad. 31 (13) : 11. 1912. aerial mycelium well developed, at first white and cottony, later on achieving some shade of brown in the center. submerged mycelium brown to red-brown, with numerous chlamydospores either in chains or irregularly arranged. large compact masses of chlamydospores giving rise to sclerotial bodies. conidiophores erect, dichotomously branched near the apex, the ultimate branches bearing the phialides, the main axis mostly forming a long, unbranched thread terminating in a globose to club-shaped apex. in some species this torch-like structure, characteristic for our genus, is often only to be found in a limited number of the conidiophores. conidia solitary on the phialides, cylindrical, one to many-septate, mostly glued together by a colourless substance. in germinating the conidia may anastomose freely. in order to get a description of the cultural characters of our species, we started cultures in petri-dishes with toge-agar. they were then studied seven days after inoculation, especially on the reverse, where the colours show most clearly. the colour notes were made with the aid of r. ridg' way's "color standards and color nomenclature," washington, 1912. 54 reinwardtia [vol. 1 1950] boedun & reitsma: the genus cylindrocladium 55 key to the species of cylindrocladium 1. conidia 1-septate •2. conidia 15—21 x 2—3µ, 1. c.parvum 2. conidia much longer 3. conidia slightly bent 2. c.curvatum 3. conidia straight 4. conidia 50—58 x 5—6 µ 3. c.scoparium 4. conidia 60—131 x 4.5—6µ, 4. c.macrosporum 1. conidia 3—5-septate 5. conidia 3-septate 6. conidia 43—48 x 4—4.8 µ, 5. c. oitri 6. conidia 49—69 x 4.5—6µ 6. c.ilicicola 5. conidia 5-septate 7. c. quinqueseptatum 1. cylindrocladium parvum anderson in mass. agric. exp. sta. bull. no. 183: 37. 1919.. conidiophores erect, about 200 µ, long, 2.5—4µ. broad at the base, septate, dichotomously branched near the apex; primary branches 14—30 x 2.5—3 µ.; secondary branches 15—17 x 2 µ ; ultimate branches bearing 2—4 phialides which are 11—14 x 2—2.5µ.; main axis mostly forming a long thread 1.5—2.5 µ. broad, terminating in a club-shaped part, 25—36 x 4—5 µ.; this thread is distinctly thick-walled except for a small part near the base and the club-like swelling, which are thin-walled. conidia cylindrical, 1-septate, with rounded poles 15—21 x 2—3 µ.. culture about 8 cm in diameter. border rather sharp, white, very finely radiating, 5—7 mm broad. the rest of the colony is brown, between tawny and ochraceous tawny, with a number of narrow, concentrical zones and distinctly radially arranged, darker fibers. in the center granular, caused by sclerotial bodies. habitat.—on dead stems and roots of roses, massachusetts, u.s.a. -— on male flowers of arenga pinnata (wurmb) merr., march 1949, bogor. culture b.r. nr. 34-/49 deposited in the collection of the "centraal bureau voor schimmelcultures," baarn, netherlands. from the "centraal bureau voor schimmelcultures," baarn, we received an original culture of this species. unfortunately it formed only a few conidia, whereas we did not find any conidiophores. in the following subcultures this strain became wholly sterile. nevertheless we consider our isolation from java identical with the american material as the conidia neatly agree in their dimensions, and the colours on the reverse are showing the same arrangement. often rather large numbers of the conidia are not septated. 2. cylindrocladium curvatum boedijn & reitsma nov. spec. conidiophoris 200—250 p. longis, basi 4—5µ, latis, apicem versus dichotome ramosis; rami primarii 25—31 x 2.5—4 µ., secundarii 9—12.5 x 2—2.5 µ., rami ultimi 2—4 phialides gerentes, 7.5—10 x 2.5µ.; axis principalis plerumque continuus ca 2.5 µ. latus, apice globose, 6—7 x 5 µ.. conidia leviter tamen distincte curvata, cylindrica, 1-septata, 40—46 x 3— 4 µ . conidiophores 200—250 µ. long, 4—5 µ. broad near the base, septate, dichotomously branched near the apex; primary branches 25—31 x 2.5—-4µ; secondary branches 9—12.5 x 2—2.5 µ.; ultimate branches bearing 2—4 phialides, which are 7.5—10 x 2.5µ,; main axes mostly forming a long thread about 2.5 i* broad, terminating in a portion of 6—7 x 5 µ.. conidia cylindrica], distinctly bent, 1-septate, 40—46 x 3—4 µ.. culture showing on the reverse a brown colour formed by numerous chlamydospores and sclerotial bodies, which are distinctly radially arranged. habitat.—-on leaves of seedlings of hibiscus sabdariffa l., bogor, march 1941. unfortunately our culture was lost and the species not found again. the species, however, is easy to recognize on account of its slightly bent conidia. fig. scoparium morgan in conidio3. cylindrocladium bot. gaz. 17: 191. 1892. diploeladium cylindrosporum ell. & everh. in bull. torrey bot. cl. 27: 58. 1900. cylindrocladium pitheeolobii petch in ann. r. bot. gard. peradeniya 6: 244. 1917. conidiophores up to 0.5 mm high, 7.5 µ. broad near the base, dichotomously branched near the apex; primary branches 21—45 x 5—7 µ., secondary branches 16—20 x 3.5—5 µ., tertiary branches, if present, 7—12 x 3—4µ.; ultimate branches bearing 2—4 phialides, which are 6—10 x 3—4 µ.; main axis mostly forming a long thread 2.5—3.5 µ. broad, terminating into a club-shaped swelling 19—22 x 8—10 µ.. conidia cylindrical with rounded poles, 1-septate, 50—58 x 5—6µ.. culture about 3.5 cm in diameter with irregular, white margin about 3 mm broad. the remaining part brown, between chestnut brown and hazel. this part finely radially striate on account of thin, darker fibers. central portion, moreover, granular on account of abundant sclerotial bodies. sometimes a few, very indistinct, concentrical zones are formed. habitat.—on seedlings of sesbania sesban (l.) britt., february 1941, bogor. culture b.r. nr. 30/48 deposited in the collection of the "centraal bureau voor schimmelcultures," baarn, netherlands. phore of cylindrocladium ilicicola. the main axis forms a long thread, terminating in a globose swelling. — the various types of swelling occurring in the various species of cylindrocladium are from left to right: 6, c. quinqueseptatum; e, c. curvatum; d, c. scoparium; c. ilicicola; e, c. parvum. 56 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 pig. 2. conidia of the described species of cylindrocladium. from left to right: a, c. quinqueseptatum; b, c. ilicicola; c, c. macrosporum; d, c. scoparium; e, c. curvatum; f, c. parviim with one and nonseptate conidia. 4. cyiindrocladium macrosporum sherbakoff in phytopathology 18: 222. 1928. mycelium, conidiophores and conidia hyaline. conidiophores erect, usually with one, two or more side-branches, each ending in two, three or more slightly curved, cyme-forming sterigmata; some of the branches, instead of producing sterigmata, give rise to very long usually terminal hyphae, which are slightly swollen at the tip; on the sterigmata are produced singly, long, cylindrical, straight, obtuse, often at the ends slightly swollen and at their base somewhat narrower 1-septate conidia, which are apparently glued together with a soluble, colourless substance, so that when placed in water they separate easily. the conidia in strain 1 from seedling palm leaves, measures 103.8 x 5.35 µ (71—131 x 5.15— 5.94 µ) and those in strain 2 from leaf-spots of mature palm, measure 82 x 5.25µ (60—105 x 4.5—6.2µ). description after sherbakoff. the fungus in culture, especially in old cultures, usually produces chlamydospores in clusters and chains and some minute, submerged, brown sclerotia, though the latter were never observed to be so numerous and dark as in c. scoparium. the colour of the species on the same media is noticeably lighter than that of c. scoparium and is free from the red colour of the latter species observed in some cultures. habitat.—found in florida, u.s.a., on leaves of "washingtonia robosta parish," causing leaf-spots. sherbakoff also depicts conidia with 2—3 crosswalls, without mentioning this in his description. 1950] boedijn & reitsma: the genus cylindrocladium 57 in a culture obtained by us from the "centraal bureau voor schimmelcultures," baarn, we also found several conidia with three septae. our measurements are 66—82 x 5—6 µ.. it seems therefore that this species is a transitional form between the species with two-septate and those with many-septate conidia. culture 7 cm in diameter with very irregular, floccose, white-coloured margin, 1 cm broad. remaining portion also with an irregular delimitation, brown, between tawny and ochraceous tawny, radially striate on account of darker fibers. 5. cylindrocladium citri (fawcett & klotz) boedijn & reitsma nov. comb. candelospora citri fawcett & klotz in mycologia 29: 213, 1937. conidiophores 14—23 µ in length, occurring singly or severally on a torch-like hypha which terminates in a swollen cell. fructification beyond the conidiophore 83—93 u, divided into rami, metulae, and sterigmata producing conidia. conidia 3-septate, cylindrical, obtuse at the ends, 43—48 x 4.1—4.8 µ. torch-like projection 240—275µ long and 5—6 µ wide at the base and 2.5—3 ja wide at the narrowest point, with swollen ends which are 19—21 x 11—12.5 µ. no mucus was observed on citrusfruits or on glucose-potato agar. — described from cultures on glucosepotato agar. description after fawcett and klotz. on glucose-potato agar the fungus produces an abundant fluffy cottony growth, both in the media and in the air. viewed from the top, the colour matched ridgway's cinnamon rufous to hazel; seen from the underside the colour was found to vary from hazel to kaiser brown, to hay russet and liver brown. habitat.—on decaying fruits of citrus sinensis osbeck in florida, u.s.a. 6. cylindrocladium ilicicola (hawley) boedijn & reitsma nov. comb. candelospora ilicicola hawley avud rea & hawley in proc. r. irish acad. 31 (13) : 11. 1912. conidiophores 170—350 µ long, 5—6 µ bioad near the base, dichotomously branched near the apex; primary branches 22—25 x 4—5.5 µ; secondary branches 10—25 x 2.5—4µ; tertiary, if present, 9—14 x 2.5—4µ; ultimate branches bearing 2—4 phialides, which are 8—16 x 3—4 µ ; main axis often forming a long, 2.5—3 µ broad thread, terminating in a globose swelling which is 5—8 ja in diameter. conidia cylindrical, with 1—3, mostly 3, crosswalls, 49—69 x 4.5—6 µ culture about 8 cm in diameter with a sharp, white edge about 1 cm wide. remaining part brown, between tawny and zinc orange, with a few, 3—4 mm broad, concentric zones of a darker colour. this part finely radially striate and with central portion granular through the formation of sclerotial bodies. 58 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1950] boedijn & reitsma: the genus cylindrocladium 69 habitat.—on potato tubers, bogor, february 1948. culture b.r. nr. 9/49 deposited in the collection of the "centraal bureau voor schimmelcultures," baarn, netherlands. type from clare island, ireland, on dead leaves of ilex aquifolia l. type material received from dr j. ramsbottom. in our cultures in petri-dishes numerous, orange-coloured perithecia were formed. this perfect fructification is a species of calonectria de not., the description of which is given below. calonectria ilicicola boedijn & reitsma nov.spec. perithecia aurantiacis, ovoideis vel ellipticis, ostio papilliformibus, 400—500 µ. altis, 320—370 µ latis; ostiurn 45—80 µ. diam. paries perithecii pseudoparenchymataceus, cellulis exsertis scabratus; cellulae 11—30 µ. altae. cellulae circumostiolares minores, in orbis concentricis positae. asci clavati, longe stipitati, pariete tenuissimi 8 sporis, 110—140 x 16—18µ., stipite 3—4 µ. lati, sporae irregulariter fasciculatae. sporis fusoideis, leviter curvatis vel inaequilateralibus, intus granulatis in medio septatis, non vel vix constrictis, relictis ascis 4—6, plerumque 4-cellulatis, 38—57 x 5—7 µ paraphyses 0. perithecia oval to elliptical, of an orange colour and provided with a papillate ostiolum, 400—500 µ high, 320—370 µ broad; ostiolum 45—80 µ in diameter. perithecial wall pseudoparenchymatic, the individual cells 11—30 µ. long; this wall distinctly rough on account of projecting cells; round the porus there are a number of concentric rings of much smaller cells. asci club-shaped, longstalked and very thin-walled, 8spored, 110—140 x 16—18 fig. 3. calconectria ilicicola: a, perithecium, b, asci, and c, ascospores. stalk 3—4 µ broad. paraphyses absent. spores irregularly crowded, fusoid, faintly bent or unequal-sided, with granular contents, 2-celled, hardly constricted at the septum, 38—57 x 5—7µ. the extruded spores becoming 4—6-, mostly 4-celled. they readily germinate in water, even in the 2celled stage, by forming a germtube at each pole. habitat.—this perfect state developed in cultures of cylindrocladium ilicicola (hawley), isolated from potato tubers by boedijn and reitsma, bogor, february 1948. type culture b.r. 9/49 deposited in the collection of the "centraal bureau voor schimmelcultures," baarn, netherlands. 7. cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum boedijn & reitsma nov. spec. conidiophores usque ad 0.5 mm longis, basi 5—6µ, latis, apicem versus dichotome ramosis; rami primarii 22—31 x 3.5—5µ; secundarii 17—21 x 3—3.5 µ.; tertiarii 15—17 x 2—µ,; rami ultimi 2—4 phialides gerentes, 11—12 x 2—3 µ; axis principalis interdum continuus, ca 2 µ, latus, ad apicem gradatim expandens, leviter clavatus 12 x 2.5—3 µ.. conidia recta, cylindrica, polis rotundatis 3—6plerumque 5-septatis, 75—106 x 5—7 µ. conidiophores up to 0.5 mm long, 5—8 µ. broad near the base, dichotomously branched near the apex; primary branches 22—31 x 3.5—5 µ,, secondary branches 17—21 x 3—3.5µ,, tertiary branches, if present, 15—17 x 2 — 3 µ ; ultimate branches bearing 2—4 phialides, which are 11—12 x 2—3 µ.; main axis sometimes forming a long thread about 2µ. broad, terminating gradually into a club-shaped part, which is 12 x 2.5—3 µ. conidia cylindrical, with rounded poles and 3—6, mostly 5, crosswalls, 75—106 x 5—7µ. in germinating, the conidia form many mutual anastomoses. culture 8.5—9 cm in diameter. edge white, 5—7 mm broad, of a loose texture. remaining part brown, between tawny and zinc orange. typically radially striate through darker fibers; moreover, with some indistinct concentric zones. habitat.—on leaves of clove seedlings (syzygium aromaticum (l.) merr. & perry), february 1941, tjiomas near bogor. type culture b.r. nr. 31/48 deposited in the "centraal bureau voor schimmelcultures," baarn, netherlands. literature anderson, p. j. (1919) : rose canker and its control. mass. agr. exp. sta., bull. no. 183: 11-46 11 figs. pis. 1-3. ellis, j. b. and b. m. everhart (1900) : new species of fungi from various localities, with notes on some published species. bull. torrey bot. cl. 27: 49-64. fawcett, h. s. and l. j. klotz (1937) : a new species of candelospora causing decay of citrus fruits. mycologia 29: 207-215 6 figs. jauch, c. (1943) : la presencia de cylindrocladium scoparium en la argentina. rev. argent. agron. 10: 355-360 2 figs. 2 pis. massey, l. m. (1917): the crown canker disease of rose. phytopathology 7: 408-417 morgan, a. p. (1892) : two new genera of hyphomycetes. bot. gaz. 17: 190-191 2 figs. fetch, t. (1917) : additions to ceylon fungi. ann. r. bot. gard. peradeniya 6: 195-256. rea, c. and h. c. hawley (1912) : clare island survey. part 13. fungi. proc. r. irish acad. 31 (13) : 1-26 1 pi. reitsma, j. and w. ch. sloofp (1950) : leaf diseases of clove seedlings, caused by gloeosporium piperatum e. & e. and cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum 60 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 boedijn et reitsma. contr. gen. agr. res. sta. bogor no. 109: 50-59 3 figs. . d. (1928): washington* palmleaf spot due to cylindrocladium macherry layers. journ. pomol. 20: 80-83 1 pi. (1944) : a cylindrocladium as the cause of a shoot wilt of v a r i e s o f plum and cherry used for rootstocks. trans. brit. mycol. soc. 27: 71-80 3 figs, pis. 5-8. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 1, pp. 61-66 (1950) note sur les genres paleotropicaux afzelia, intsia et pahudia (legum.-caesalp.) par j. j. g. leonard * s u m m a r y 1. afzelia, intsia, pahudia, and afrafzelia are very close to each other and not well defined genera. 2. intsia is a good genus, but the three, other ones are congeneric with each other. 3. afzelia smith is a nomen conservandum and, therefore, must be maintained against pahudia, generally used in asiatic and malaysian floras. 4. an enumeration of all species of afzelia is given. in this connection some new combinations are made. 1. parmi les leguminosae-caesalpinieae-amherstieae existent des arbres, repandus en afrique, en asie et en malaisie, dont les fleurs sont caracterisees par la presence d'un grand petale onguicule, les 4 autres etant rudimentaires ou nuls ainsi que par des staminodes en nombre variable. ces arbres ont ete ranges dans les genres afzelia smith (1), intsia thouars (2), pahudia miq. (3) et afrafzelia pierre (4) qui presentent entre eux d'etroites affinites et au sujet des delimitations desquels les avis ont ete tres partages. c'est ainsi que de nombreuses especes ont ete classees dans l'un ou l'autre genre selon les auteurs [ex.: afzelia africana smith ex pers., intsia africana (smith ex pers.) o. kuntze, afrafzelia africana (smith ex pers.) pierre et pahudia africana (smith ex pers.) prain] ! la situation s'est compliquee du fait de l'existence de deux genres afzelia anterieurs a celui de smith: afzelia ehrhart (5) et afzelia gmelin (6). 2. examinons tout d'abord les differences existant entre les genres afzelia smith, intsia thouars et pahudia miq. le genre intsia, repandu de la polynesie a madagascar, se caracterise par ses etamines fertiles libres au nombre de 3 seulement et par ses graines non arillees. les genres afzelia (afrique) et pahudia (asie, malaisie), par contre, possedent 7 etamines fertiles et des graines arillees; chez le premier, les filets sont libres tandis que chez pahudia (d'apres la descrip* i.n.e.a.c, bruxelles. . 6 1 — rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_01 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_27 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_28 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_29 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_30 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_31 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_32 binder4 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_01 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_081 reinwardtia_13_1_101209 + dftar isi+new re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia vol 13, part 1, pp: 79 − 86 79 key and checklist of xanthophyllum (polygalaceae) of borneo received december 1, 2009; accepted december 8, 2009 w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e. e. duyfjes nationaal herbarium nederland, universiteit leiden branch, p.o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: dewilde@nhn.leidenuniv.nl abstract de wilde, w.j.j.o & duyfjes, b.e.e. 2009. key and checklist of xanthophyllum (polygalaceae) of borneo. reinwardtia 13(1): 79–86. — a key to and a check list of the 56 xanthophyllum (polygalaceae) species of borneo is presented. one species is newly described, x. albicaulis. xanthophyllum hildebrandii is sunk in x. ellipticum. key words: borneo, check list, new species, polygalaceae, xanthophyllum abstrak de wilde, w.j.j.o. & duyfjes, b.e.e. 2009. kunci dan daftar xanthophyllum (polygalaceae) dari borneo. reinwardtia 13(1): 79–86. — disajikan kunci dan daftar 56 jenis xanthophyllum (polygalaceae) dari borneo. dipertelakan satu jenis baru, x. albicaulis. xanthophyllum hildebrandii dimasukkan dalam x. ellipticum. kata kunci : borneo, daftar jenis, jenis baru, polygalaceae, xanthophyllum introduction since the publication of xanthophyllum roxb. (polygalaceae) for flora malesiana (van der meijden, 1988) and for the tree flora of sabah & sarawak (de wilde & duyfjes, 2007) the study of additional material from borneo, notably that from kalimantan in the leiden herbarium, permitted the description of one more new species: x. albicaulis w.j. de wilde & duyfjes. the 2007 treatment for sarawak and sabah recognized 55 species and 3 species, a, b, c, left unnamed, because of inadequate materials. two keys were presented, one primarily using flower and fruit characters, and one mainly based on vegetative characters. in these keys, already in an early stage, a number of difficult to ascertain characters is used, e.g. (1) leaf papillose or non-papillose beneath, (2) number of axillary buds, (3) presence or absence of nodal glands, (4) position of leaf glands, and (5) number of ovules in the ovary. reconsidering these keys we have now framed one single new ‘easy’ key for fertile specimens, either in flower or in fruit, avoiding the above mentioned ‘difficult’ characters at least in the early couplets of the key. for full descriptions and synonyms see van der meijden (1982, 1988), and de wilde & duyfjes (2005, 2007). a considerably part of the species is confined to borneo, of which many are endemic to the region of sabah, sarawak, and brunei, and only a few to kalimantan. from kalimantan 35 species are known, of which 4 are endemic: x. albicaulis, x. inflatum, x. ionanthum, and x. rheophilum; x. petiolatum is endemic to brunei. in this paper all bornean species are enumerated with a brief indication of their occurrence. for rarely collected species, especially from brunei and kalimantan, the specimens are cited. the character-choice venation ‘scalariform’ versus ‘reticulate’ may cause some problems, but, as emphasized and explained by van der meijden (1982) it appeared sound and practical in almost all cases. key to the species note. whether the leaves are papillose or not beneath should be examined with a magnification of at least x 25. 1. a. leaf intercostal venation (in part of the leaf) scalariform (sometimes only visible in places in smallleaved forms of x. flavescens, occasionally difficult to ascertain in coriaceous leaves of x. ferrugineum, x. flavescens, and x. rhizocarpum)......................…2 b. leaf intercostal venation reticulate (venation sometimes ± scalariform in x. subcoriaceum and x. tenue) …………...……………………………….11 2. a. leaves patently hairy beneath (at least on midrib), hairs 0.3–1 mm long ……………………………..3 reinwardtia 80 [vol.13 b. leaves (thinly) minutely hairy beneath (hairs 0.2 mm or less), or glabrous ……………………..4 3. a. leaves papillose beneath …………….48. x. rufum b. leaves not (or indistinctly) papillose beneath ……...……………………………..55. x. velutinum 4. a. inflorescence branches (including rachis) thickish thickened, densely flowered, with pedicel-scars conspicuously raised and often densely packed...... …………………………………...18. x. havilandii b. inflorescence branches not thickened, not densely flowered, pedicel-scars not or but a little raised….. …………….……………………………………...5 5. a. plant flowering on the older wood………………… ……………….………………….10. x. contractum b. plant flowering at or near the apex of the twigs, among the leaves …………………………..…….6 6. a. leaves beneath pale, mostly papillose and finely appressed hairy. [leaves 4–12 cm long.]................. ………………………………..49. x. schizocarpon b. leaves beneath not papillose, glabrous or hairy… …………………………………………………...7 7. a. leaf midrib flattish beneath. leaves 6–12.5 cm long ……………………….45. x. resupinatum b. leaf midrib protruding beneath. leaves small or large ……………………………………………...8 8. a. inflorescences unbranched. fruit 3.5–4 cm diam ……………………………………..21. x. inflatum b. inflorescence mostly branched. fruit 2 cm diam. or less……….……………………………………….9 9. a. flowers drying blackish. ovary and fruit hairy on 4 ribs in apical half; hairs brown.............................. …………………………….26. x. macrophyllum b. flowers drying grey or yellowish. ovary glabrous, sparsely hairy, or hairs in 2 rows; hairs greyish …………………………………………………..10 10. a. pedicel 1–1.5(–4) mm long. outer sepals sparsely minutely hairy ………………. 15. x. ferrugineum b. pedicel (2–)4–10 mm long. outer sepals (sparsely or) densely hairy ……………..….16. x. flavescens 11.a. plant flowering on the older wood. leaves coriaceous. — peat swamp and kerangas forest........... …………………………..……...42. x. ramiflorum b. plant flowering at or near the apex of the twigs, among the leaves. leaves various………………12 12. a. leaves patently hairy beneath, at least on m i d r i b (hairs (0.3–)0.5 mm long or more ……………..13 b. leaves glabrous beneath (hairs 0.2 mm long on midrib excepted) ……………………………….20 13. a. sepals, pedicels, and rachis with hairs c. 1 mm long …………………….54. x. trichocladum b. sepals, pedicels, and rachis with hairs 0.5 mm long or less ………………………………….....14 14. a. leaves bullate ………………...46. x. reticulatum b. leaves not bullate ……………………….…......15 15. a. pedicels 5(–7) mm long or less ………………..16 b. pedicels 7–15 mm long ………………………..18 16. a. twigs c. 1 mm diam. inflorescence 1 cm long or less ………………………...6. x. brachystachyum b .twigs 1–3 mm diam. inflorescence 2 cm long or more ……………………………..…………….17 17. a. twigs c. 1 mm diam., hairs pale, minute, 0.5 mm long (or less). leaf base short-attenuate …………………………………. ..2. x. albicaulis b. twigs (1–)2–3 mm diam., hairs dark brown, c. 1 mm long. leaf base subcordate or rounded……..…………….……41. x. purpureum 18. a. leaf base long-cuneate. ovules 4 ……………….. ………………………………….22. x. ionanthum b. leaf base short-cuneate, rounded or subcordate. ovules 8–12 …………………………………...19 19. a. leaves more than 10 cm long. twigs 2–3 mm diam….. …………………...….3. x. beccarianum b. leaves 4–10 cm long. twigs 1–2 mm diam………………...………..36. x. pedicellatum 20. a. axillary buds extravagant in shape or position, clove-like or leaf-like or placed above leaf axils …………………………..……………………...21 b. axillary buds less conspicuous, strictly axil lary, up to 10 mm long, ellipsoid or ovoid oblong or long-triangular (at base sometimes with corky outgrowths in x. penibukanense)......... ………………………………………………….23 21. a. axillary buds stalked for 1–2 mm, and inserted (1.5–)3–15 mm above the leaf axils...................... ……………………………...23. x. korthalsianum b. axillary buds sessile, inserted in the axils……..22 22. a. axillary buds 6.5–12 mm long, clove-like shaped ………………………………..9. x. clovis b. axillar buds large and foliaceous, 10–20(– 30) mm long ………...……..19. x. heterophyllum 23. a. petiole long, (20 – ) 25 – 40 mm long……..….24 b. petiole shorter, 2–20(–25) mm long…….……..27 24. a. petiole 2-coloured the distal part paler similar to the midrib of the blade ………………………..25 b. petiole uni-coloured …………………………...26 25. a. petiole 2–3 mm thick. leaf blade pale cinnamon beneath, papillose …………………..4. x. bicolor b. petiole, 1–2 mm thick. leaf blade concolorous, not papillose ……………………....25. x. longum 26. a. leaf base (broadly) cuneate, leaf not papillose beneath. petiole transversely wrinkled ……………………………….8. x. ceraceifolium b. leaf base (broadly) rounded; leaf papillose beneath. petiole not transversely wrinkled. — brunei …………………………38. x. petiolatum 27. a. leaves (blades) large, on the average more than 12 cm long …………………………………….28 b. leaves small, on the average 10(–12) cm long or less …………………………………………….47 28. a. leaves linear, c. 6 times longer than wide ……………………………………..24. x. lineare b. leaves ovate, elliptic or oblong, 4(–5) times longer than wide or less ………………………29 29. a. leaves (20–)25–40 cm long ………….……….30 b. leaves 20(–30) cm long or less………………..31 30. a. inflorescence branched. petiole 10–20 mm long. leaves not papillose beneath ………………….. ………………………1. x. adenotus (2 varieties) b. inflorescence unbranched. petiole 10–12(–15) mm long. leaves papillose beneat …………….. …………………………...39. x. pseudoadenotus 31. a. inflorescence branched ………………………..32 b. inflorescence unbranched ……………………..34 32. a. axillary buds appressed to the twigs, minutely hairy ……………………………..44. x. reflexum b. axillary buds not appressed to the twigs, variably wilde : key and checklist of xanthophyllum (polygalaceae) of borneo 2009] 81 hairy or glabrous ……………………………...33 33. a. leaves papillose beneath ……..20. x. impressum b. leaves not papillose beneath. [check also x. nitidum with leaves c. 10 cm long]……………… …………………………………56. x. vitellinum 34. a. leaves pale (dull or glaucous) beneath ……….35 b. leaves ± concolourous ………………………..37 35. a. ovary and fruit glabrous. ovules 4……………… …………………………………..5. x. borneense b. ovary and fruit hairy. ovules 8–16 …………..36 36. a. petiole transversely wrinkled, gradually passing into the narrowly attenuate leaf base. lower lateral veins usually reaching to over halfway the leaf ... ……………………...37. x. penibukanense b. petiole wrinkled or not, not gradually, but abruptly passing into the leaf base. leaf base attenuate, rounded or cordate. lower lateral veins not usually reaching to halfway the leaf................ …………………………………..40. x. pulchrum 37. a. leaves drying green. petiole short, to 5 mm long. leaf base truncate-rounded or cordate. fruit small …….. ………………..52. x. tardicrescens b. leaves drying green or (grey)brown. petiole comparatively longer. leaf base cuneate. fruit small (1–3 cm diam.) or larger than 4 cm diam. …………………………………………………38 38. a. plant flowering ………………………………...39 b. plant not flowering but fruiting ……………….43 39. a. flowers (especially sepals) not drying black …………………………………………………40 b. flowers (especially sepals) drying black…… ……………………..…………………………..41 40. a. ovules 8–14 ……………………14. x. ellipticum b. ovules 4 …………………………….53. x. tenue 41. a. carina large, boat-shaped ……...31. x. obscurum b. carina small, not boat-shaped ………………...42 42. a. ovary stipitate, stipe 2–3 mm long....…………... …………………………..…….13. x. ecarinatum b. ovary subsessile ……………….14. x. ellipticum 43. a. fruit small, 3 cm diam. or less ………………..44 b. fruit large, 4 cm long (diam.) or more………...46 44. a. fruit bluish-blackish, pericarp inside reddish ………………………………….14. x. ellipticum b. fruit greenish or brown, pericarp inside not reddish ……………………………………………45 45. a. fruit 2–3 cm diam., with a c. 7 mm thick spongy or solid pericarp. [flowers not known]…………. ………………………………33. x. pachycarpon b. fruit c. 1.5 cm diam., pericarp thin.…53. x. tenue 46. a. fruit ± ellipsoid, coarsely wrinkled on drying ………………………………...13. x. ecarinatum b. fruit globose, not wrinkled on drying................ ………………………………….31. x. obscurum 47. a. fruit large, c. 4 cm diam. or more……………..48 b. fruit small, 2 cm diam. or less; or plant flowering …………………………………………………51 48. a. leaves light (green-)brown on drying. fruit pearshaped, c. 4 cm long, much wrinkled on drying …………………………………….7. x. brevipes b. leaves dark brown on drying. fruit usually larger, not wrinkled or but with a few wrinkles …49 49. a. fruit ± ellipsoid, coarsely wrinkled on drying ……………………………..….13. x. ecarinatum b. fruit globose, smooth, not wrinkled …………..50 50. a. fruiting pedicel thicker, 5–10 mm diam………… ….………………………………31. x. obscurum b. fruiting pedicel narrower, 2–4 mm diam……… ………………………………….50. x. stipitatum 51. a. leaves lanceolate-linear, c. 10 times longer than broad. — rheophytic ...……....47. x. rheophilum b. leaves broader ………………………………...52 52. a. inflorescence or infructescence branch .………53 b. inflorescence or infructescence hardly branched or unbranched (or very few-flowered) …..……56 53. a. leaves (usually) pale beneath (papillose or not papillose) .…………..17. x. griffithii (2 varieties) b. leaves concolorous (not pale beneath, not papillose) …………………………………………...54 54. a. leaves dull brownish on drying. intercostal venation coarsely reticulate, areoles 1–5 mm diam… ………………………………………… . … 5 6 . x . vitellinum (including x. species b from sarawak) b. leaves glossy green-yellow or yellow on drying …………………………………………………55 55. a. intercostal venation sharply or faintly coarsely reticulate or venation ± scalariform. ovary glabrous. go back to ……………………………..10 b. intercostal venation sharply very finely reticulate, areoles c. 0.5 mm diam. ovary hairy …………. …………………………………….30. x. nitidum 56. a. inflorescence stout, axis 2–3 mm diam., erect. leaves coriaceous …………………………….57 b. inflorescence more delicate, axis 1(–2) mm diam., not erect. leaves coriaceous, subcoriaceous or membranous ………………………..58 57. a. finer venation beneath faint and hardly raised..... ……………………………………11. x. crassum b. finer venation beneath sharp and raised................ ………………………...............…...43. x. rectum 58. a. plant not fruiting, but flowering ………………59 b. plant fruiting, fruit small (2 cm diam. or less …………………………………………………76 59. a. leaves dark brown on drying. flowers (especially sepals) blackish on drying [sepals occasionally bright (brown) in x. ellipticum......... …………………………………………………60 b. leaves green or pale brown on drying. flowers bright (not black) on drying …………………..64 60. a. pedicel 2–6 mm long. flowers solitary or (occasionally) 2 or 3 together. [carina not boatshaped] ………………………………………..61 b. pedicel 5–15 mm long. flowers or pedicel-scars solitary ………………………………………...63 61. a. ovary (sub)sessile …………………………..62 b. ovary stipitate, stipe 2–3 mm long ……………. ………………………………..13. x. ecarinatum 62. a. leaves ± green on drying. [fruit black, 1.5–2 cm diam.] ..........................................14. x. ellipticum b. leaves (dark) brown on drying. [fruit brown, 1– 1.4 cm diam.] …………………...29. x. nigricans 63. a. carina large, boat-shaped ………31. x. obscurum b. carina smaller or absent, not boat-shaped……..... …………………...................….50. x. stipitatum 64. a. petiole comparatively short. leaves green on dry reinwardtia 82 [vol.13 ing. leaf base rounded, truncate or cordate. flowers in the raceme often 2 or 3 together ………….. ………………………………52. x. tardicrescens b. petiole short or longer. leaves green or brown on drying. leaf base rounded or cuneate. flowers or pedicel-scars in the raceme (almost all) solitary …………………………………………………65 65. a. flowers or pedicel-scars numerous, (4 or) 5 or more, when flowers only 4 or 5, than pedicel 6 mm long or less ……………………………….66 b. flowers or pedicel-scars few, 1–5(–6), when flowers 5 or 6 than pedicel 7 mm long or more… ………………………………………….……...73 66. a. leaves pale beneath (± papillose) …………….67 b. leaves ± concolorous (not papillose)….……...68 67. a. ovary glabrous or ± hairy all over; subsessile …………………………………...5. x. borneense b. ovary hairy; c. 1.5 mm stipitate…………..…… …………………………………....12. x. discolor 68. a. ovary ± black on drying. ovules 8–14. stamens triadelphous. leaves often larger (4–20 cm long) ………………………………………………...69 b. ovary pale brown on drying. ovules 4. stamens ± free. leaves small (12 cm long or less) ………………………………………………...70 69. a. leaves 5–20 cm long, green on drying. — usually in lowland area ……………14. x. ellipticum b. leaves 4–9 cm long, (green)brown on drying. — montane kinabalu area..……….27. x. montanum 70. a. ovary hairy…………………………………….71 b. ovary (sub)glabrous …………………………..72 71. a. leaves membranous, apex acute-acuminate ………………………………….28. x. neglectum b. leaves coriaceous, apex (sub)obtuse. — sabah, bt. silam …. ………………………..x. species a 72. a. ovary stipitate, style persistent after anthesis…... ……………………………...51. x. subcoriaceum b. ovary sessile, style caduceus...……...53. x. tenue 73. a. leaves papillose beneath, subsessile, petiole 1.5– 3 mm long. ovules 18. branches of tree drooping. [flowers 2–5. ovary glabrous. fruit 4–5 cm diam., wrinkled, black on drying] …………….. …………………………………….7. x. brevipes b. leaves papillose or not papillose beneath, comparatively with longer petiole (2–6 mm long). ovules 4. branches of tree patent, not drooping. [fruit c. 1 cm diam., greenish on drying]……..74 74. a. raceme with 1–3 flowers. [leaves papillose beneath, bright brown on drying. ovary (fruit) hairy] …...................................34. x. parvifolium b. raceme with 3–6 flowers ……………………..75 75. a. leaves green on drying, papillose beneath. ovary hairy ………………………….35. x. pauciflorum b. leaves (bright) brown or green-brown on drying, not papillose beneath. ovary glabrous (check also x. subcoriaceum) …………….32. x. ovatifolium 76. a. fruit black on drying, endocarp purplish. axis of infructescence c. 1 mm diam …………………. ……………………………….…14. x. ellipticum b. fruit green or brown on drying, when black, then axis of infructescence stouter, c. 2 mm diam........ …………………………………………………77 77. a. leaves dark brown on drying, concolorous, or sometimes grey bluish, papillose beneath. [fruit c. 1.3 cm diam.] …………………...29. x. nigricans b. leaves green, green brown or bright brown on drying ………………………………………….78 78. a. petiole comparatively short, 3.5–5 mm long. leaf blade oblong, 7–16 cm long, base rounded, truncate or cordate. [mature fruit not known] ……. ……………………………....52. x. tardicrescens b. petiole comparatively longer, 3.5–10 mm long. leaf blade various of length and shape, base rounded or cuneate …………………………….79 79. a. leaves pale beneath (and papillose). [ovules 4 or 8. fruit 1–1.8 cm diam.] ………………………80 b. leaves ± concolorous (concolorous, but papillose in x. pauciflorum) ……………………………..81 80. a. fruit glabrous or (sparsely) hairy. ovary subsessile. ovules 4 …………………....5. x. borneense b. fruit (sparsely) hairy. ovary c. 1.5 mm stipitate. ovules 4 or 8 ………………….….12. x. discolor 81. a. leaves oblong. fruit c. 1 cm diam. ovules 8–12. — mt. kinabalu area; 900–1600 m……………….. ………………………………….27. x. montanum b. leaves ovate, elliptic, or oblong. fruit 1–1.8 cm diam. ovules 4. — lowland or montane, including mt. kinabalu ………………………………82 82. a. leaves on the average c. 6 cm long or less. inflorescence with 1–5 flowers. — three species: 32. x. ovatifolium [leaves not papillose beneath, dull brownish-greenish above, ovary glabrous, fruit not known]; 34. x. parvifolium [leaves papillose beneath, shiny and yellowish or greenish-brown above, ovary appressed hairy, fruit 1–1.2 cm diam., sparsely appressed short-hairy]; 35. x. pauciflorum [leaves papillose beneath, (dull) green above, ovary roughly hairy, fruit 1–1.7 cm diam., glabrescent]. for flowering material of these species see above, with leads ……………….74 & 75 b. leaves on the average more than 6 cm long. [inflorescence with (4 or) 5 or more flowers]........ ………………………………………………...83 83. a. ovary (densely) hairy. fruit (sparsely) hairy, dull ……………………………………………84 b. ovary (sub)glabrous. fruit glabrous, dull or glossy …………………………………………87 84. a. leaves membranous or coriaceous, apex acuteacuminate ……………………………………..85 b. leaves coriaceous, apex (sub)obtuse. — sabah, bt. silam …. ………………………..x. species a 85. a. axis of infructescence less than 1 mm diam. fruit c. 1 cm diam., greenish ………..28. x. neglectum b. axis of infructescence 1–2 mm diam. fruit 1.5–2 cm diam ……………………………………….86 86. a. fruit black, not wrinkled on drying. — sabah ……………………………………...x. species c b. fruit light brown, wrinkled on drying…………… …………………………….5. x. borneense (p.p.) 87. a. fruit smooth, glossy. style-base often subpersistent on growing ovary ……..51. x. subcoriaceum b. fruit ± wrinkled. style early caduceus………….. ………………………………………53. x. tenue wilde : key and checklist of xanthophyllum (polygalaceae) of borneo 2009] 83 enumeration of xanthophyllum species of borneo with each taxon the following is presented: references to pages in van der meijden in flora malesiana i, 10: 455–539 (1988) [indicated as fm], de wilde & duyfjes in gard. bull. singapore 57: 47– 61 (2005). [gbs], and de wilde & duyfjes in tree flora of sabah and sarawak 6: 219–295 (2007) [tfss]. only relevant synonyms are given. 1. xanthophyllum adenotus miq. — fm: 515; tfss: 235, f. 1. key to the varieties a. leaf base cordate or narrowly cordate, margin usually curved upwards…………………………... …………...var. adenotus — tfss: 236. — sumatra, borneo (sabah, sarawak, brunei, and kalimantan). b. leaf base (rounded or) cuneate, margin flat……. …………var. arsatii (c.e.c.fisch.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes — gbs: 47; tfss: 236. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, brunei, and kalimantan. 2. xanthophyllum albicaulis w. j. de wilde & duyfjes, spec. nov. xanthophyllo beccariano et x. purpureo similis, foliis ellipticis glabris praeter costam abaxialiter pilis minus quam 0.5 mm longis, laminae basi cuneate-attenuata differt. — typus: elsener 221 (holo l), west kalimantan. small tree. bark grey-white, smooth. twigs whitish, smooth, 1(–2) mm diam., densely minutely pale hairy, hairs c. 0.2 mm long, glabrescent. axillary buds solitary, 1–2 mm long, short-hairy. leaves discolorous, chartaceous, glabrous, except midrib; petiole 4–5 mm long, hairy, glabrescent, transversely wrinkled on drying; blade flat, green above, pale, papillose beneath, (narrowly) elliptic, 4.5–8 by 2–4 cm, base broadly cuneate, short-attenuate, apex acute-acuminate with narrowly rounded apex; midrib flat, abaxially densely hairy, hairs erect, pale brown c. 0.3 mm long; lateral veins 4–6, pinnate, indistinctly interarching; intercostals venation finely reticulate; glands inconspicuous, few or absent, c. 0.1 mm diameter. inflorescences ± longer than the leaves, 4–6 cm long, unbranched, densely shorthairy, 6–12-flowered, flowers sometimes in pairs; bracts minute, caduceus. flowers: pedicel 3–4 mm long, minutely hairy; outer and inner sepals about equal in length, 3–3.5 mm long, minutely hairy outside, glabrous inside; petals glabrous, creamy with pale lilac tinge, 11–12 mm long; stamens 8, filaments free, c. 12 mm long, glabrous, but very finely hairy at broadened base, anthers narrow, c. 1.5 mm long, glabrous; ovary ovoid, c. 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, c. 2 mm stipitate, densely patently brownhairy, hairs 0.3–0.5 mm long, style 8 mm long, glabrous, stigma minute, ovules 8. fruit not known. distribution. only known from the type: west kalimantan, sanggau, in scrub in rubber-forest, altitude not recorded, flowering in february. collector’s notes. twigs grey-white, sepals brownpurplish toward the tips, and the petals creamcoloured, pale violet tinged. 3. xanthophyllum beccarianum chodat — fm: 522; tfss: 236. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, brunei, kalimantan. 4. xanthophyllum bicolor w. j. de wilde & duyfjes — gbs: 48; tfss: 238. — endemic to borneo: sabah, brunei. 5. xanthophyllum borneense miq. — fm: 508; tfss: 239. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, and se kalimantan. the distinction against x. discolor is not clear. our notion that x. borneense comprises material with a glabrous as well as with a hairy ovary needs further confirmation as the materials for study are restricted. in kalimantan the species is only known from the type, korthals s.n. 6. xanthophyllum brachystachyum w.j. de wilde & duyfjes — gbs: 49; tfss: 241. —endemic to borneo: sabah and sarawak. 7. xanthophyllum brevipes meijden — fm: 536; tfss: 241, f. 2, plate 7a. — endemic to borneo: sarawak and brunei. 8. xanthophyllum ceraceifolium meijden —fm: 517; tfss: 242, f. 3, pl. 7b. — endemic to borneo: sarawak; known only from few collections from the semengoh forest reserve. 9. xanthophyllum clovis meijden — fm: 517; tfss: 244, f. 4. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, brunei, and e kalimantan. 10. xanthophyllum contractum meijden —fm: 532; tfss: 246. — endemic to borneo: sarawak known from the type from upper rejang river, belaga district (clemens 21664), and from another collection from ulu katibas, song district (s 64876). in brunei, represented by one collection (hotta 13348) from temburong district. 11. xanthophyllum crassum w. j. de wilde & duyfjes — gbs: 50, f. 1; tfss: 226. — endemic to borneo: sabah, bt. tawai, where reinwardtia 84 [vol.13 known only from the type: sugau san 134307. 12. xanthophyllum discolor chodat subsp. discolor — fm: 520; tfss: 246, pl. 7c. — peninsular malaysia (johor), singapore, and borneo (sabah, sarawak, and kalimantan). subsp. micranthum meijden throughout the philippines. 13. xanthophyllum ecarinatum chodat — fm: 539; tfss: 247. pl. 7d. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, brunei, and kalimantan. 14. xanthophyllum ellipticum korth. ex miq. — fm: 530; tfss: 248, f. 5. — synonym: x. hildebrandii meijden — fm: 532 — s thailand, sumatra, peninsular malaysia, singapore, borneo (sabah, sarawak, brunei, and kalimantan). 15. xanthophyllum ferrugineum meijden — fm: 503; tfss: 250. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, brunei, and kalimantan. 16. xanthophyllum flavescens roxb. — fm: 500; tfss: 251, f. 6. — synonym: x. affine miq. — fm: 503. — continental se asia (e india, bangladesh, myanmar, thailand, laos, cambodia, vietnam) and w malesia: sumatra, peninsular malaysia, java, borneo (the most common species; sabah, sarawak, brunei, and kalimantan) and the philip p i n e s . a widespread and very variable taxon. 17. xanthophyllum griffithii a.w. benn. — fm: 513; tfss: 254. — se asia and malesia. a widespread species. key to the varieties a. twigs at apex slender, c. 1 mm diameter or less, glabrous; branches of inflorescences finely hairy, glabrescent. leaves (indistinctly) papillose or smooth beneath………………………...…………………….. ...var. angustifolium ng — tfss: 255. — peninsular malaysia and borneo (sabah, sarawak and brunei). b. twigs towards apex 1–2 mm diameter, hairy; branches of inflorescences hairy. leaves distinctly papillose beneath……………………...var. papillosum w.j. de wilde & duyfjes — gbs: 52; tfss: 255. — endemic to borneo: sarawak, e kalimantan. xanthophyllum griffithii subsp. erectum meijden occurs in peninsular malaysia. 18. xanthophyllum havilandii chodat —tfss: 255. — synonym: x. hosei ridl. — fm: 502.— endemic to borneo: sarawak and brunei. 19. xanthophyllum heterophyllum meijden — fm: 519; tfss: 257, f. 7, pl. 8a. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, and brunei. 20. xanthophyllum impressum meijden — fm: 513; tfss: 259. — borneo (sabah and e. kalimantan) and the philippines. 21. xanthophyllum inflatum w. j. de wilde & duyfjes — gbs: 53. — endemic to borneo: central kalimantan, barito river, known only from the type: ambriansyah aa 2772. 22. xanthophyllum ionanthum w.j. de wilde & duyfjes — gbs: 54. — endemic to borneo: west kalimantan, known from only a few collections: susanto & peters 1177 (type), suzuki k9720, k10071. 23. xanthophyllum korthalsianum miq. — fm: 520; tfss: 259. — a rare species, known from a few collections from c sumatra and borneo (sarawak and se k a l i mantan). in sarawak recorded from bt. raya, kapit district (s 24806). also occurring in se kalimantan (korthals s.n.). 24. xanthophyllum lineare (meijden) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes — gbs: 55; tfss: 260. — synonym: x. adenotus miq. var lineare meijden — fm: 516. — endemic to borneo: sabah, where known only from bt. silam, lahad datu district. 25. xanthophyllum longum w.j. de wilde & duyfjes — gbs: 55, f. 2; tfss: 261. — endemic to borneo: sabah, where it is known from the kinabatangan and tawau districts. 26. xanthophyllum macrophyllum baker — fm: 507; tfss: 261. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, brunei, and w kalimantan. 27. xanthophyllum montanum meijden — fm: 532; tfss: 262. — sumatra (doubtful) and borneo (sabah). in sabah confined to mt. kinabalu, ranau district. 28. xanthophyllum neglectum meijden — fm: 509; tfss: 263. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, kalimantan. 29. xanthophyllum nigricans meijden — fm: 508; tfss: 264. — endemic to borneo: sabah and sarawak. 30. xanthophyllum nitidum w.j. de wilde & duyfjes — gbs: 56; tfss: 265. — endemic to borneo: sabah and kalimantan. 31. xanthophyllum obscurum a.w. benn. — fm: 536; tfss: 265. — s thailand, sumatra, peninsular malaysia, singapore, borneo (sabah, sarawak, brunei, and kalimantan). 32. xanthophyllum ovatifolium chodat — fm: 508; tfss: 266. — sumatra (doubtful) and borneo (sabah, sarawak). in sabah known wilde : key and checklist of xanthophyllum (polygalaceae) of borneo 2009] 85 from one collection meyer & leopold san 133095; in sarawak uncommon and known from the kuching and lundu districts. 33. xanthophyllum pachycarpon w.j. de wilde & duyfjes — gbs: 58; tfss: 267. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, and w kalimantan. 34. xanthophyllum parvifolium meijden — fm: 510; tfss: 268, f. 8. — endemic to borneo: sarawak and brunei. 35. xanthophyllum pauciflorum meijden — fm: 509; tfss: 268. — endemic to borneo: sarawak and brunei. 36. xanthophyllum pedicellatum meijden — fm: 522; tfss: 270. — endemic to borneo: sabah and sarawak. 37. xanthophyllum penibukanense heine — fm: 521; tfss: 271, f. 9. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, brunei, and e kalimantan. 38. xanthophyllum petiolatum meijden — fm: 517. — endemic to borneo: brunei, andalau forest reserve, where only known from the type, wood san 17480. 39. xanthophyllum pseudoadenotus meijden — fm: 521, p.p. (excl. syn.); tfss: 272. — endemic to borneo: sarawak and kalimantan. 40. xanthophyllum pulchrum king — fm: 521; tfss: 274. — peninsular malaysia and borneo (sabah, sarawak, brunei, and kalimantan). 41. xanthophyllum purpureum ridl. — fm: 522; tfss: 275, f. 10. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, brunei, and kalimantan. 42. xanthophyllum ramiflorum meijden — fm: 530; tfss: 276, f. 11. — endemic to borneo: sarawak, brunei, and kalimantan. 43. xanthophyllum rectum w.j. de wilde & duyfjes — gbs: 59; tfss: 278. — endemic to borneo, where it is known from sarawak: bako national park and sampadi forest reserve in the kuching district. 44. xanthophyllum reflexum meijden — fm: 519; tfss: 278. — endemic to borneo, where it is known from sarawak: semengoh forest reserve. 45. xanthophyllum resupinatum meijden — fm: 504; tfss: 280. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, brunei, and n & e kalimantan. 46. xanthophyllum reticulatum chodat — fm: 523; tfss: 281. — endemic to borneo: sabah and brunei. 47. xanthophyllum rheophilum w.j. de wilde & duyfjes — gbs: 60. — endemic to borneo: central kalimantan, barito ulu, known only from the type: ridsdale pbu 97. 48. xanthophyllum rufum a.w. benn. — fm: 505; tfss: 282. — sumatra, peninsular malaysia, borneo (sabah, sarawak, brunei, and kalimantan). 49. xanthophyllum schizocarpon chodat — fm: 504; tfss: 285. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, and kalimantan. 50. xanthophyllum stipitatum a.w. benn. — fm: 533; tfss: 285, f. 13. — sumatra, peninsular malaysia, borneo (sabah, sarawak, brunei, and kalimantan). 51. xanthophyllum subcoriaceum (chodat) meijden — fm: 509; tfss: 287. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, brunei, and kalimantan. 52. xanthophyllum tardicrescens meijden — fm: 510; tfss: 289: — endemic to borneo: sarawak and doubtful in brunei. 53. xanthophyllum tenue chodat — fm: 508; tfss: 290, f. 14, pl. 8b. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, and kalimantan. 54. xanthophyllum trichocladum chodat — fm: 523; tfss: 290, f. 15. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, and kalimantan. 55. xanthophyllum velutinum chodat — fm: 505; tfss: 291. — endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, brunei, and kalimantan. 56. xanthophyllum vitellinum (blume) d. dietr. — fm: 514; tfss: 292. — thailand, sumatra, peninsular malaysia, java, borneo (sabah, sarawak, and kalimantan), and the philippines. insufficiently known species xanthophyllum species a. — tfss: 294. — borneo: sabah (lahad datu district, g. silam (san 98132, san 98164, san 98176, san 100814, san 100981); kinabatangan district, imbak (san 138170); keningau district, nabawan forest reserve (san 139139), doubtful in the philippines). xanthophyllum species b. — tfss: 295. — borneo: sarawak, kapit district, bt. raya (s 23996); sri aman district, sg. engkari (s 69725). xanthophyllum species c. — tfss: 295. — borneo: sabah (labuk sugut district, bt. meliau (san 39311), sg. meliau (san 99667), sg. tinumbukan (san 90482); sandakan district, bt. malawati (san 46638), bt. takunan (san 92417). acknowledgements we thank dr. j.f. veldkamp (l) for providing the latin diagnosis of the new species, and for reading the manuscript. references de wilde, w.j.j.o. & b.e.e. duyfjes. 2005. gard. bull. singapore 57: 47–61. de wilde, w.j.j.o. & b.e.e. duyfjes. 2007. polygalaceae. in e. soepadmo, l.g. saw, r.c.k. chung & r. kiew (eds.). tree flora of sabah and sarawak 6: 219–295. ampang press, kuala lumpur. van der meijden, r. 1982. systematics and evolution of xanthophyllum (polygalaceae). leiden bot. ser. 7: 1–159. e.j. brill / university press, leiden. van der meijden, r. 1988. polygalaceae. fl. males. i, 10: 455–539. kluwer academic publishers, dordrecht / boston / london. reinwardtia 86 [vol.13 cover.pdf reinwardtia_13_1_291209_de wilde.pdf r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2, p a r t 1, pp. 97 -130 (1952) notes on malaysian cyperaceae j. h. kern* this is the first paper of a series, in which preparatory to a more comprehensive treatment for "flora malesiana," some noteworthy malaysian cyperaceae will be dealt with. it is based on the material of this family in the herbaria at bogor (bo), leiden (l), and singapore (s). my sincere thanks are extended to the directors of these institutions for giving me the opportunity to study their rich collections. in 1935—36 kiikenthal's excellent monograph on the genus cyperus in engler's "pflanzenreich" appeared. unfortunately that author revised only a few specimens of the herbaria already mentioned, so that the basis for the distribution of the genus in malaysia, as given in his invaluable work, compares unfavourably with that of the species of other regions. kiikenthal's delimitation of the genus is readily accepted; in general his arrangement of the species is also followed, although i cannot agree with kiikenthal's assertion that his system should be in close accordance with the genetic development of the genus. on the whole only the synonymy important for the malaysian region is given below. for a more complete account the reader is referred to kiikenthal's monograph, in which of course the literature of merely regional interest could not always be fully considered. the accompanying plates are part of a series, drawn under my supervision by two of the draughtsmen of herbarium bogoriense, sukirno and md. anwar. cyperus ohwii kiikenth.—fig. 1 cyperus ohwii kiikenth. m fedde, repert. 29: 197. 1931; in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 60 f. s a-e. .1935; ohwi in mem. coll. sci. kyoto 18: 127. 1944. — k i u h i u , fukuoka, y. doki. cyperus elahis var. macronux c. b. clarke in j. linn. soc, bot. 21 : 190. 1884; in hook. 1, fl. br. ind. 6: 618. 1893; kukenth. in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 60. 1935, pr. p . ; non nensu e. g. camus in lecomte, fl. gen. indo-ch. 7: 72. 1912. — bengal, comilla, c. b. clarke 14188. up to now this beautiful species is only known from southern japan: kiushiu, fukuoka (type collected by y. doki). among the sheets of *botanist, herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. — 97 — r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 f i g . 1. cypenis ohwii kukenth. 1952] kern: malaysian cyperaceae 99 cyperus elatus l. in the bogor herbarium i found some javanese specimens, obviously belonging to it. although i have not seen the type specimen, the characters given by kukenthal and ohwi are so clear that in my opinion there can be no doubt as to this identification. cyperus ohwii is very near to c. elatus; usually the plant is still more robust, the leaves are still broader (up to 18mm wide), the keels of the cladoprophyll usually quite smooth (scabrous in c. elatus), the spikes thicker (6—8 mm), the spikelets somewhat broader, obliquely patent, not linear but linear-oblong, about 1.5 mm wide, the crest of the connective is longer (about half the length of the anthercells), the achene oblong-elliptic, 1.1—1.2 mm long (in c. elatus elliptic, 0.8—0.9 mm). since the spikelets are more patent than in cyperus elatus, and the achene larger, there is some resemblance to c. digitatus roxb., especially to its variety hookeri (boeck.) c. b. clarke. however, apart from the general habit, it may always be distinguished by the long setulose appendix of the anthers. on account of the characters of cyperus elatus var. macronux given by clarke i concluded from literature that this taxon might be identical with c. ohivii, and this supposition was supported by the examination of the spikelets of clarke 14188, which were kindly sent to me by mr. e. nelmes at kew. later on i found an isotype at bogor under cyperus spectabilis link, the name which clarke applied to it in 1871. it seems that clarke at first took the plant for a distinct species (i.e., 1884), and this would have been the correct course to follow. to my mind the cochinchina specimen, determined by e. g. camus as cyperus elatus var. macronux, of which also some spikelets could be studied, does not belong to c. ohwii, not even to c. elatus. i take it for one of the numerous forms of c. exaltatus retz. the specimen in the singapore herbarium, collected at saigon by j. s. goodenough (1892), i would refer to c. ohwii, although one keel of the cladoprophyll is scaberulous at the top. java. b a n t e n. danau swamp, here and there on sudds, 90—100 m, aug. 9, 1937, van steenis 10483 (bo)! d j a k a r t a . rawah tembaga near bekasi, among floating colocasia esculenia and eichhornia crassipes, scattered but not rare, 1940, van der meer 91,5 (bo) !, den hoed & van der meer ce.7 (bo)! cyperus exaltatus retz.—fig. 2 cyperus exaltalvs retz., observ. 5: 11. 1789: miquel, fl. ind. bat. 3: 276. 1855; boeck. in linnaea 36: 319. 1870; valck. snr., gesl. cyperus mai. arch. 139 pl.i f.io. 1898; 7c. b. clarke in philip. j. sci. 2 bot.: 86. 1907 (cf. merrill, enum. phil. fl. pi. 1: 109. 1923); koorders, exkursionsfl. j a v a 1: 191. 19111; 4 (atlas); /. 227. 1922; koorders interchanged the descriptions of cyperus imbricatus and c. exaltatus. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 fig. 2. cypents exaltatus retz. 1952] kern : malaysian cyperaceae 101 kiikenth. in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 64 f.9 a-e. 1935; backer, bekn. fl. j a v a , nooduitg., fam. 246: 37. 1949. cyperus venustus e. br., prodr. pl nov. holl. 217. 1810; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 3: 280. 1855; ridley in forbes, nat. wand. 520. 1885. cyperus altus nees in wight, contr. bot. ind. 84. 1834; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 3 : 276. 1855. ?cyperus iwasakii makino in bot. mag., tokyo 6: 47. 1892 (nomen) ; 17: 49. 1903; nakai in bot. mag., tokyo 26: 193. 1912; ohwi in mem. coll. sci. kyoto 18: 129. 1944. cypertts digitatus {-non roxb.) sensu valck. sur. in nova guinea 8: 699. 1912, pr. p. (versteeg 1917), non al. cyperus exaltatus is closely allied to c. imbricatus retz., from which it is sometimes hardly to be distinguished, as both species are very polymorphous. usually it is more robust than c. imbricatus, the spikes are less dense, the internodes of the rhachilla longer. in habit the specimens cited below resemble c. digitatus roxb. (the new guinea specimen was accordingly determined by valckenier suringar), but the spikelets are broader, the glumes broader, distinctly mucronate, and the achenes smaller. the malaysian specimens are not quite identical with the indian ones i saw, and possibly belong to c. iwasakii from korea and japan, from which i did not see any specimen. whether or not the latter is really a distinct species i cannot decide. the only record for java, without exact locality, is to be found in boeckeler. recently i found the species in abundance near djakarta. the specimen from sumatra (leg. waitz; l!), according to valckenier suringar representing c. exaltatus, is in my opinion much too young for identification. java. d j a k a r t a . muara anke, near djakarta, embankment in tidal forest, abundant, april 28, 1951, kern 8413 (bo) ! — new guinea. merauke, 1907, versteeg 1917 (bo)! cyperus alopecuroides rottb. cyperus alopecuroides rottb., descr. et icon. 38 pl 8 f,2. 1773; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 3: 261. 1855; valek. sur., gesl. cyperus mai. arch. 72 pl.2 f.sl. 1898; koorders, exkursionsfl. j a v a 1: 186. 1911 [non 4 (atlas): /. 200. 1922]; kukenth. in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 71. 1935; in bull. j a r d . bot. buitenz. t6: 300. 1940. — jitncellus alopeeuroides (rottb.) c. b. clarke in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 6: 595. 1893; backer, bekn. fl. j a v a , nooduitg., fam. 246: 42. 1949. cyperus alopecuroides var. digynus boeck. in linnaea 36: 322. 1870. it is remarkable that this species, which occurs both in continental tropical asia and in tropical australia, is so extremely rare in the malaysian region. kiikenthal (i.e., 1935) mentions it from the malay peninsula r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 7ig. 3. cyperus scariosus r. br. 1952] kern: malaysian cyperaceae 103 ("penang and kelantan, according to ridley"), but neither in the "materials" nor in the "flora of the malay peninsula" it is to be found. malaysian specimens are lacking in the singapore herbarium. in java it was not collected recently. the only statement for this island reaches back to junghuhn ("swamp behind the dunes near depok, close by mouth of opak river"). of late it was only collected in the lesser sunda islands bali and sumba1 by van steenis and dammerman respectively (cf. kiikenthal, i.e., 1940). additional specimens from sumba were encountered in the bogor and leiden herbaria: nabeso, swamp, march 23, 1925, iboet 94! although clarke (in j. linn. soc, bot. 21: 30. 1884) and kiikenthal {i.e., 1935) expressly state that there are two stigmas in this species, i always found some to several trigynous flowers among the digynous ones, also in the few indian and african specimens i had the opportunity to examine. undoubtedly the genus juncellus, solely based on the dorsiventrally compressed ovary with two stigmas, is still more artificial than cyperus scariosus r. br.—fig. 3 cyperus scarwsus e. br., prodr. fl. nov. holl. 216. 1810; c. e. clarke, illustr. cyper. pi 16 f.2-8. 1909; non sensu valck. sur. in nova guinea 8: 699. 1912. — cyperus corymbosus var. scariosus (r. br.) kiikenth. in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: s3. 1935. — trop. australia, r. brown 5893. cypenis diphyllus (non retz.) sensu valck. sur. in nova guinea 8: 698. 1912. the specimen koch xi la, cited by valckenier suringar under the herbarium-number "herb. lugd. bat. 909,89-756" and by kiikenthal as "koch 909," originating from netherlands new guinea, is the only record of cyperus scariosus from malaysia. however, it does not belong to this species, but is a juvenile specimen of the widely spread cyperus zollingeri steud. on the other hand the specimens cited below, referred by valckenier suringar to cyperus diphyllus retz., represent typical c. scariosus. they perfectly agree with the published descriptions and with the figure in clarke's "illustrations," drawn after r. brown 5893. as far as i know the species has not been collected in new guinea afterwards. new guinea. n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a . merauke, oct. 31, 1907, g. m. versteeg 1s5s (valckenier suringar erroneously cites 1857\) (bo)! s-coast, 1904—05, koch cc40 (l no. 909, 89—33) ! 1kukenthal erroneously indicates "sumbawa". r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 f i g . 4. cyperus babakan steud. 1952] kern: malaysian cyperaceae 105 cyperus babakan steud.—fig. 4 cyperus babakan steud., syn. plant, glum. 2: 6. 1855; backer, bekn. fl. java, nooduitg., fam. 246: 34. 1949 java, tjikoja, zollinger h93. cyperus babakensis steud. in zoll., syst, verz. ind. arch. heft 1: 62. 1854 (nomen nudum); ex miq., fl. ind. bat. 3: 257. 1855; boeck. in linnaea 35: 521. 1868; c. b. clarke in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 6: 610. 1893; illustr. cyper. pl.15 f.l-s. 1909; e. g. camus in lecomte, fl. gen. indo-ch. 7: 61. 1912; ridl., fl. mai. pen. 5: 144. 1925; kukenth. in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 94. 1935. — cyperus pilosus var. babakensis (miq.) c. b. clarke in j, linn. soc, bot. 2 1 : 151. 1884. — cyperus pilosits i. babakensis (miq.) valck. sur., gesl. cyperus mai. arch. 129 pi. i f.ss. 1898. — dnvaljouvea babakensis (miq.) h. pfeiff. in mitt. inst. bot. hamburg 7: 167. 1928. cyperus benghalensis c. b. clarke ill j. linn. s o c , bot. 2 1 : 151. 1884. cyperus babakan differs from the closely allied c. pilosus vahl mainly by the simple inflorescence, the dense spikes, the scabrous keels of the glumes, and the somewhat larger achenes. in the malay archipelago it was only known from the type collection ("ad paludem pr. babakan terrae tjikoya," zollinger 693), and from an old collection from borneo (korthals s.n.). some supplementary specimens were found among the material of cyperus pilosus in herbarium bogoriense. the general distribution is still insufficiently known. up to the present it has only been recorded from a few localities in hindustan, farther india, the malay peninsula, and the malay archipelago. steudel and miquel wrongly placed this plant in their section and subgenus pycreus respectively, not under "stylus trifidus," as valckenier suringar (op. cit. p. 130) says they did. the name c. babakensis steud. ex miq. and its variant c. babakan steud. were both validly published in 1855. as miquel cited "c. babakan steud. syn. glum, t.c.p. 6 (nomen rectius adjectivi more adhib.)," the form c. babakensis, accepted by nearly all authors, was still a nomen nudum when c. babakan was already validly published. therefore it can not be upheld. malay p e n i n s u l a . w e l l e s l e y . aor gading, burkill 6ss1 (s) ! p e r i l . talang test station, [illegible] 21 (s) ! pa h a n g : ridley 1s19 (s) ! s e l a n g o r . kuala lumpur, ridley s.n. (s)! m a l a c c a . chabau, alvins still (s)! p. p e n a n g. marsh at airport, 11th mile, bayan lepas road, sinclair s.fj9287 (bo) ! — java. without exact locality, blume s.n. ( l ) ! b a n t e n. rangkasbetung, backer 2167 (bo)! d j a k a r t a , tjikoja, zollinger 69s (l) ! djakarta, backer 32.160 (bo) ! — borneo. without exact locality, korthals a.n. ( l ) ! s o u t h b o r n e o . bajar, landb. consulent tlandiernmsin s.n, (bo)!; between bandjermasin and m a r t a p u r a , bhmenvisserij s.n. (bo)! — c e l e b e s . lasoa, kjellbery 1179 (bo)! the singapore specimens were already referred to this species by prof. r. e. holttum. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 fig. 5. cyperus sphacelatus rottb. 1952] kern: malaysian cyperaceae 107 cypeeus bulbosus vahl cyperus bulboaus vahl, enum. 2: 342. 1806; miquel, pi. ind. bat. 3: 274. 1855; valck. sur., gesl. cyperus mai. arch. 116 pi. 4 f.27, pi. 5 f.8. 1898; kiikenth. in. engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 125 f.15 c-e. 1935. zippelius collected cyperus bulbosus in timor (cf. valck. sur., i.e.). up to now this locality has remained the only one known in malaysia. in the bogor herbarium i came across a few specimens from one of the coral islands in the bay of djakarta, and from madura. although cyperus bulbosus is much less wide-spread in malaysia than is c. hyalinus vahl, its distribution shows agreement with that of the latter species, which is known from the same localities, and moreover from the kangean islands and the moluccas. java. p. damar besar (i. of edam, bay of d j a k a r t a ) , neighbourhood of lighthouse, common, 1921, boscknw, slt2, 352 (bo)!; open p a r t of southern coast, r a t h e r common, 1921, boachma 353 (bo)! — madura. sapulu, sea-shore, 1915, backer 19495 (bo)!; sandy fields behind sea-shore, abundant, backer 19425 (bo, l ) ! — timor: seashore, zippelius 11 (l) ! cyperus sphacelatus rottb.—fig. 5 cyperus sphacelatus rottb., descr. et icon. 26. 1773; kiikenth. in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 129. 1935; backer, bekn. fl. j a v a , nooduitg., fam. 246: 39. 1949. a species of cyperus, found among the material of c. zollingeri steud. and the indeterminata of the bogor herbarium, turned out to be cyperus sphacelatus rottb., previously known only from tropical africa and america. the malaysian specimens agree perfectly with the american ones studied, except for the new guinean specimen, which has much larger epikelets, about 50-flowered. kukenthal calls the spikelet 8—24-flowered. prof. r. e. holttum informed me that some years ago he already determined a cyperus from the malay peninsula as c. sphacelatus. the specimens in the singapore herbarium identified by him are indeed identical with those in the bogor herbarium. the only record of cyperus sphacelatus in malaysia is to be found in backer (i.e.), where it is mentioned as having been collected by molhuysen at lawang (east java) in 1905. backer doubts this statement, since the collections of molhuysen include several plants from africa etc., which certainly are not native to east java (see also flora malesiana 1: xxiii, 366. 1950). cyperus sphacelatus greatly resembles c. zollingeri (fig. 6) but it can easily be distinguished by the smaller glumes (2.5—3 mm long, in the other species about 3.5 mm), which are distinctly imbricate, the internodes of r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 fic. i). cyprrna zollingeri steud. 1952] kern: malaysian cyperacetie 109 the rhachilla being but 0.75—1 mm long (in c. zollingeri the glumes are not or hardly imbricate, the internodes 1.5—1.75 mm), the oblong anthers (linear in c. zollingeri), the somewhat smaller achene, and the purple spot on either side of the lower portion of each glume (sometimes only on one side), giving the impression that there is a red stripe along the centre of the spikelet. the plant has very likely been introduced into malaysia, but the occurrence in new guinea is rather surprising, the more so as it is represented here by such a striking form. sumatra. e a s t c o a s t . seidang, pantaitjermin, 1—2.5 m alt., swampy or at least moist localities near the sea, nov. 5, 1922, lorzing 9205a (bo) !; same locality, may 19, 1928, lorzing 13135a (bo) ! — malay p e n i n s u l a . p. p e n a n g. penang hill, 2000 f t , aug. 20, 1941, nanen s.f38063 (bo, l, s)'. jo ho r e . pengkalan raja, pontian, low elevation, common on peat by forest edge, july 5, 1939, ngadiman s.f36776 (bo, s)j s i n g a p o r e : sept. 20, 1943, ohwi s.n. (bo)! dec. 14, 1948, sinclair s.n. (l)! — new guinea. n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a . vogelkop, mcciuer-golf, babo, 10 m, aug. 14, 1941, aet 671 (exp. lundquist) (bo)! cyferus ramosii kukenth.—fig. 7 cyperiis ramosii kukenth. hi fedde, repert. 2 1 : 326. 1925; in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 186. 1935; m bot. jb. 69: 2551938. — luzon, ilocos norte, ramos 7672. ?cyperus rubroviridis chermez. in bull. soc. bot. france 66: 350. 1919; i» ann. mus. colon. marseille 30 (iii. 10): 38. 1922; kukenth. in engl., pflanzenv., heft 101: 135 pi. 16 f.g-j. 1935. ?cyperus sphacelate var. tenuior c. b. clarke in durand & schinz, et. fl. congo 1: 577. 1896; in thiselt.-dyer, fl. trop. afr. 8: 347. 1902. according to kiikenthal cyperus ramosii is known only from the philippines, new guinea, and north queensland. the specimens, collected by van steenis in bali, prove that it also occurs in the lesser sunda islands. i am nearly convinced that c. ramosii is not specifically distinct from the african c. rubroviridis chermez. and that hence the name cypenis ramosii should be referred to synonymy. unfortunately i have not seen the type specimens of either c. ramosii or c. rubroviridis. cyperus ramosii is said to be distinguishable by its shorter culms, the shorter involucral bracts, often shorter than the inflorescence, the narrower, in cross-section not rhomboidal, spikelets, the hardly flexuous, blackish rhachilla with oblong (not lanceolate-elliptic) wings, the nearly uni-coloured, muticous, more obtuse glumes with narrower green keels, and by the shape of the achene, which is not truncate at the top. presumably ramos 7672, the type, cited by merrill (enum. philip, fl. pi. 1: 108. 1923) under c. zollingeri r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 j f i g . 7. cyperus ramosii kukenth. 1952] kern: malaysian cyperaceae 111 steud., is a depauperate, immature specimen, for carr 11414 and 11869, both referred by kiikenthal to his cyperus ramosii, comprise specimens with stems up to 3 dm tall, involucral bracts much overtopping the inflorescence, spikelets about 1.5 mm wide, distinctly rhomboidal in cross-section, strongly flexuous rhachilla, glumes with slightly excurrent midrib, the short mucro setulose at the top, and distinctly truncate achenes (usually even somewhat depressed), fully agreeing with those of the madagascar specimens of c. rubroviridis i examined, and with kiikenthal's figure (pi. 16 f. j), representing the achene of c. rubroviridis. there may be some slight differences between c. ramosii and c. rubroviridis, but i greatly doubt whether they justify specific separation. in the examined specimens of the latter the keels of the glumes are somewhat broader and one side of them is often tinged with red, the internodes of the rhachilla are somewhat shorter, and the wings of the rhachilla spotted with red. lesser sunda islands. b a l i . nw peninsula, perapatagung, forest on lime-stone rocks, 100m, april 2, 1936, van steenis 76u (bo)! — p h i l i p p i n e s . l u z o n , llocos norte, ramos 7672 {type of c. ramosii, not seen). — new guinea. p a p u a . port moresby, sea shore, april 12, 1936, carr 11869 (l, s) ! hisiu, open sandy places, sealevel, feb. 17, 1935, carr 11414 (l, s ) ! cyperus eleusinoides kunth cyperits ehusinoides kuntb, enum. 2: 39. 1837; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 3: 270. 1855; valck. sur., gesl. cyperus mai. arch. 1s8 pi. i f.sl. 1898; c. b. clarke in philip. j. sci. 2 bot.: 84. 1907; merrill, enum. philip, fl. pi. 1: 105. 1923; kiikenth. •in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 144. 1935. — cyperits nuums var. eleusinoides (kunth) haincs, bot. bihar orissa 5: 898. 1924. as i saw only a few specimens of cyperus eleusinoides, i follow clarke, valckenier suringar, and kiikenthal, who all treated it as a distinct species, although i think haines might be right in considering it a mere form of c. nutans with more fascicled, denser, shorter spikes and with denser anthelas. obviously neither clarke nor kiikenthal succeeded in finding well-marked differences. in the "flora of british india" clarke distinguished c. eleusinoides by the 20—40-flowered spikelets, scarcely becoming red or chestnut-brown as in c. distans and c. nutans. in the "flora of tropical africa," however, the spikelets are said to be about 10-flowered, the spikes shorter, and the glumes mucronate, the species otherwise very much resembling c. nutans. i agree with valckenier suringar that the javanese specimen from kotabaru (leg. boerlage), determined by clarke in 1897 as c. eleusinoides, belongs to c. nutans. so up to the present c. eleusinoides was not really known from the malay archipelago. the specimens cited below differ from c. nutans by the 1 1 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 compound anthela with subereet primary rays, and secondary ones spiculate nearly to the base. the spikes are shorter, denser, about 2 cm long, 7 mm wide, about 30-spiculate. the glumes are 2 mm long, less remote because of the shorter (about 0.5 mm long) internodes of the rhachilla, and often more distinctly mucronate. the achene is more obovate, shorter, 1.1—1.2 mm long. l e s s e r sunda islands. t i m o r . supul, swamp, 750m, abundant, march 8, 1929, walsh 212 ( b o ) ! ; without exact locality, ass. resident timor e.n. (bo!, incomplete specimen, doubtful determination). cypebus luzulab (l.) e e t z . cyperus htzulae (l.) retz.; valck. sur., gesl. cyperus mai. arch. 89 1.4 f.h. 1898; kukenth. tn engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 170. 1936. courtoisia cyperoldes (non nees) sensu miquel, fl. ind. bat. 3: 295. 1855. the specimen upon which the statements of miquel and valckenier suringar are based (herb. lugd. bat. 902,9-407), belongs undoubtedly to c.luzulae, not to c.pseudokyllingoides kukenth. (= courtoisia cyperoides nees), as was assumed by miquel and kiikenthal. any authentic indication by junghuhn is wanting and i greatly doubt whether the specimen originates from java or sumatra. the species has never turned up again from malaysia; so it would seem that it should be excluded from the flora of this region. cyperus platystylie. r. br.—fig. 8 cyprrus platystylis r. br., prodr. fi. nov. holl. 214. 1810-; valck. sur., gesl. cyperua mai. arch. 103 pi. 4 f. 21. 1898; kidl., mat. 3: 63. 1907; koorders, exkursionsfl. j a v a 1: 189. 1911; 4 (atlas): f.214 1922; merrill, bibl. enum..born. pi. 55. 1921; ridl., fl. mai. pen. 5: 141. 1925; backer, onkruidfl. j a v . suikerrietgr. 134 pi. iso. 1928; kukenth. in engl., pflanzenr. heft 101: 185 pi 21. 1936: s. t. blake in 3. arn. arb. 28: 215. 1947; backer, bekn. fl. java, nooduitg., fam. 246: 31. 1949. — n. s. wales, r. brown 5907. kiikenthal (i.e.) mentions only a few localities in malaysia of this rare species (only wallich 3359d, scheffer 6471, edeling 6494, nagler s.n., and motley 995 are cited). therefore it may be useful to give a survev of the distribution in this region more in accordance with our actual knowledge. malay archipelago. w i t h o u t e x a c t l o c a l i t y ; 6373hb (bo)! 6410hb (bo)! — sumatra. a t j e h . takingeun (takengon), swamp along the lake, 1180m, 1934, van steenis 6049 (bo)! p a l e m b a n g . bandingagung, nw side of lake ranau, flooded rice-field, 500 m, 1929, van steenis 3975 (bo) ! — malay p e n i n s u l a . p e r a k . p a r i t buntar, 1941, agrie. officer s.f.z7284 (bo, s ) ! ; same 1052] kern : malaysian cyperaceae 113 fig. 8. cyperm platystylis e. br. h4 reinwardtia [vol. 2 locality, common in rice-fields, 1941, agric. officer k121 (s) ! n e g r i s e m b i l a n . kuala pedas, 1898, ridley 10068 ( s ) ! m a l a c c a . ching, 1882, ridley s.n. (s) ! p. p e n a n g . kampong paya n e a r genting-, r a r e , 1951, sinclair s.f. 39414 ( b o ) ! — java. b a n t e n . danau swamp, deepest p a r t of lake, gregarious, 100 m, 1912, koordcrs 40488ft (bo)!; same locality, on sudd, 90—100 m, van steenis 10484, 10485 (bo) '. d j a k a r t a . gunung sahari sentiong, pool, 10m, 1928, backer 24146 (bo)! bidaratjina, edelmg 64.14 (bo) ! d j a k a r t a , very swampy places, olivier 2 (bo)! bekasi, kawah tembaga, 1940, van der meer 834 (bo)!; same locality, on sudd, 2 0 m , 1941, van sttenis 12546 (bo)!, 1951, kern 8455, 8654 (bo)! b o g o r . kuripan, scheffer 6471 (bo)! p r i a n g a n . eawah tjipangang, 1939, polalc s.n. (bo)! — l e s s e e sunda islands. s u m b a . kanangar, waterside, local name kebuamba, 1925, iboet s66 (bo)! — borneo. bandjermasin, motley 395 (cited by clarke and kiikenthal); w. kutai, n e a r danau siran, shore, common, 10 m, 1925, endert 2029 (bo) ! _ c e l e b e s . m a n a d o. tondano lake, sudd, 19s2, wisae 20 (bo) ! — moluccas. c e r a m. waesamu, telaga sawan, forming ridges in swamp, 1—2 m, 1938, eyma -294!) (bo) ! — new guinea. p a p u a . western division: lake daviumbu. middle fly r., common on swamp margins and floating islands of lake, 1936, brass 7631 (cited by blake, i.e.). cypeeus multispicatus boeclc.—fig-. 9 cyijertts inultispicatus boeck. in linnaea 38: 36'2. 1874; c. b. clarke in j. linn. s o c , bot. 2 1 : 129. 1884, in hook, f., fl. brit. ind. 6: 604. 1893; illustr. cyper. pi. 13 f. 1—3. 1909; valclt. sur., gesl. cyperus mai. arch. 102. 1898; kukenth. in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 213. 1936. — tenasserim et insul. andaman, heifer 6163. cyperus multispicatus is obviously a very rare species. it is known only from the type collection [tenasserim or andamans, heifer 6163 (l) !] and from assam, cachar (keenan). it now appears that backer collected it in java (banten, west java). his specimens agree very well with that of heifer in the rijksherbarium at leiden, although the inflorescence is not so copiously developed. boeckeler named the species after the innumerable spikelets, but he himself already stated "variat umbella depauperata," and the javanese specimens are far from being depauperate. among the 'diffusi,' cyperus multispicatus is characterized by the often solitary spikelets, the nerveless, slightly sulcate sides of the glumes, the single stamen (it is incomprehensible that clarke indicates "stamina 2"), and the small achene. however, the correct allocation of the species is still questionable. it can not be denied that there are strong affinities to section haspani, although clarke and kiikenthal place it in section diffusi. in my opinion the occurrence in java is highly interesting for phytogeographic reasons. java. b a n t e n . mt. halimun near nirmala, swampy open locality in primary forest, abundant, alt. 1500 m, dec. 22, 1913, backer 10946(bo) ! 1952] kern: malaysian cypcracca fig. 9. cyperus multispicatus boeck. 116 r e i n w a r d t i a t v ° i 2 cypebus tenuispica steud. cypems tenuispica steud., syn. pi. glum. 2: 11. 1855; c. e. c. fischer in kew bull. 1931: 262. 1931; in gamble, fl. madras 9: 1640. 1931; kiikenth. in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 24b t. 28 f.a-d. 1936; ohwi in mem. coll. sci. kyoto 28: 145. 1944. — mangalore, hohenacker 1670. cypems haspan var. indicus boeck. in linnaea 35: 574. 1868, etiam quoad plant. jav. et born, cit.? cyperus flavidus (non retz.) serum c. b. clarke in 1. linn. soc. 21: 122. 1884; in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 6: 600. 1893; in philip. j. sci., 2 bot: 82. 1907; haines, bot. bihar orissa 5: 893. 1924. — cyperus kaspan f. flavidus (retz.) valck. sur., gesl. cyperus mai. arch. 92 pl.4 f. 10. 1898, quoad specim. cit., non tamen quoad synon. retz. cyperus haspan (non l.) sensu merrill, enum. philip, fl. pi. 1: 105. 1923, pr. p. the characters of cyperus tenuispica, as given by clarke, valekenier suringar, haines, kiikenthal, and other authors, are so evident that in my opinion they undoubtedly justify specific distinction from c. haspan l. i cannot understand why boeckeler (in flora 42: 65-66. 1859) says that "sie sich von kleinen stumpfschuppigen formen des c. haspan l. in nichts unterscheidet," and why merrill (i.e.) fails to see how the philippine specimens referred to c. flavidus by clarke can be distinguished from c. haspan. the species is widely distributed in the warm regions of the eastern hemisphere; it occurs in africa, india, farther india, china, southern japan, and north australia. in malaysia, however, it has practically been overlooked. valekenier suringar mentions it only from bogor (buitenzorg). kiikenthal did not see any specimen from the malay archipelago, and he cites but a few specimens from the philippines. as far as i know, it has been collected at the localities cited below. it is remarkable that c. tenutepica could not be found among the numerous specimens of c. haspan from the malay peninsula i revised. sumatra. without exact locality, wails s.». ( l ) ! — java. d j a k a r t a . bidaratjina, edeling 6344 ( b o ) ! (cited by valck. sur., op. cit. p. 94 as c. kaspan); krawang, blume s.n. (l) ! (cited by valck. sur. op.cit. p. 93 as c. haspan); b o g o r , arsin s.n. (bo)!, botrlage s.n. (l)!, hallier 593a (bo)!, ken 7360 (bo)!; maseng, s of bogor, backer 9422 (bo)! p r i a n g a n. plain of bandung, horsfield s.n. (s)!; buahbatu, popta 21 (bo) ! s e m a r a n g. kedungdjati, koorders 25263β (bo)! s u r ak a r t a . klaten, achin es (bo)! m a d i u n. saradan, beumce 2233 (bo)! s u r ab a j a. brangkal, mt. ardjuno, arendsen hein 27 (bo) ! m a 1 a n g. malang, groenhart 8 (bo)!; alkmaar, mousset 776 (bo)! — kangean arch. kangean i., ardjasa, backer 27362 (bo)!; se of ardjasa, backer 27060 (bo)!; tjangkramaan, backer 27658 (bo)!; sabunten i., backer 29881 (bo)! — madura. between rapa and pamekasan, backer 20189 (bo, l ) ! ; n of sumenep, backer 20710 (bo)! — lesser sun1952] keek: malaysian cyperaceae 117 da islands. t i m o r . without exact locality, monod de froidevilh 1710 (bo)! — p h i l i p p i n e s . without exact locality, llanos s.n. (cited by clarke, 1907), ramos 7446, 14520 (cited by kukenthal, 1936). l u z o n : loher 718 (cited by clarke, 1907); bangui, ilocos norte, ramos 27624 (bo) !; prov. of bulacan, ramos 1448 (bo, l, s) !; calooean, prov. of rizal, merrill 3657 (bo, l) !; antipolo, rizal prov., merrill spec. blanc. hi)'.) (bo, l ) ! — c e l e b e s . without exact locality, noerkas 50 (exp. van vuuren) (bo) ! cyferus castaneus willd. cyperus castaneus willd., spec. pi. 1: 278. 1797; vahl, enum. 2: 317. 1806; roemer & schultes, syst. veg. 2: 177. 1817; roxb., fl. ind. (ed. wall.) 199. 1820; nees in wight, contr. bot. ind. 79. 1834; kunth, enum. 2: 21. 1837; steud., syn. plant, glum. 2: 13. 1855; boeck. in linnaea 35: 496. 1868 (excl. wallich 3376b); benth., fl. austr. 7: 267. 1878; c. b. clarke in j. linn. s o c , bot. 2 1 : 87. 1884; in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 6: 598. 1893; valck. sur., gesl. cyperus mai. arch. 81 pi. 4 f.4. 1898; f. m. bailey, queensl. fl. 6: 1737. 1902; ridl., mat. 3: 63. 1907; e. g. camus ti! lecomte, fl. gen. indo-ch. 7: 46 / . 4 , 8-11. 1912; domin m bibl. bot., heft 85: 421. 1915; haines, bot. bihar orissa 5: 894. 1924; ridl., fl. mai. pen. 5: 141. 1925; c. e. c. fischer in gamble, fl. madras 9: 1639. 1931; kttkenth. in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 264. 1936. of the specimens cited by kukenthal i could examine heifer 6202, king 10805, ridley 14038, wallich 3323, wight 1821, besides a specimen from ceylon, collected by koenig, and the malaysian ones cited below. in my opinion cyperus castaneus remains a critical species, and many of the characters given by kukenthal (op. cit. pp. 262, 264) will not hold. even without mucros the spikelets of cyperus castaneus are not 0.75 mm, but about 1.5 mm wide, inclusive of the mucros about 2 mm; the spikelets of c. cuspidatus are usually somewhat broader, 2.5(—3) mm. in c cuspidatus the glumes are often, but not always, more patent, and the mucros often more curved. clarke already stated, that the colour of the glumes fails us as a diagnostic mark. in general the chestnut colour of c. castaneus can be used as an auxiliary character, but sometimes we find nearly the same colour in c. cuspidatus; on the other hand in king 10805 (although in my opinion true c. castaneus) the glumes are ferrugineous. the difference in length of the mucro is often difficult to observe. probably one of the best characters is furnished by the number of stamens. all specimens of c. castaneus i examined were monandrous, which agrees with the statements of roxburgh and kunth, but clarke, camus, ridley, and kukenthal say that there are either two stamens or one. cyperus cuspidatus (according to clarke also with two to one, according to kukenthal with three to one stamens), however, i found to be usually triandrous, rarely diandrous. clarke thinks that, if the two species are to be distinguished, it should be done solely by the length and the shape 118 r e i n w a r d t i a [ v o l . 2 fio. 10. cyperus pachycephalus kern 1952] kern: malaysian cyperaceae 119 of the achene, as boeckeler did. at the same time he says (rightly i think) that this character, though well marked in many specimens, becomes very obscure in others. as a rule the achene of c. castaneus is oblong with exactly parallel sides, about 0.9 mm long, 0.25(—0.3) mm wide, but in symington 37944 only 0.6—0.7 mm long and more obovate, in ridley 14038 even about 0.5 mm long and in shape hardly distinguishable from that of c. cuspidatus, which is usually obovate, (0.7)—0.75 mm long, 0.35—0.4 mm wide. valckenier suringar distinguished c. castaneus by the longer, castaneous glumes (1.25 mm), the shorter mucro, and the oblong achene, but he judged only by wallich 3323. cyperus castaneus is rare throughout its area. as to the malaysian legion, it was only mentioned from the malay peninsula (perak); it occurs also in banka and borneo however. sumatra. banka. sungei liat, ladang, 70 m, oct. 23, 1917, bunnemeijer 1679 (bo, l ) ! — malay p e n i n s u l a . p e n t tapah, near river, nov. 1908, ridley 14038 (s)\; sand soil, open ground, 400—600 ft., aug. 1886, king's collector 10805 (s)! k e l a n t a n . gong kedah, oct. 16, 1934, symington 37944 (s)! — borneo. c o l o n y o f n o r t h b o r n e o . mt. kinabalu, koung t o kabayo, bridle trail hill, 1000 ft., dec. 28, 1931, clemnm 27671, (bo, l ) ! cyperus pachycephalus kern, spec. nov.—fig. 10 subgen. cyperus, sect. dichostylis (p. beauv.) baillon. — annuus, radicibus fibrosis. culmi plures, dense eaespitosi, basi haud bulbosi, erecti, usque ad 75 cm alti, 1—3 mm crassi, rigiduli, compresso-triquetri, laeves, inferne paucifoliati. folia culmo breviora vel aequilonga, laete viridia, plana, longe acuminata, nervis marginibusque distincte spinulososcabra, (2—)3—4(—5) mm lata, vaginis basilaribus bruneis partim rubrosuffusis. anthela in capitulum subtriangulare-ovatum vel subglobosum lobatum, 1,5—3 cm diametro, e glomerulis pluribus compositum, contracta, perdense multispiculata. bracteae involucrales plures, inferiores 4—5 inflorescentiam longe superantes, foliis consimiles, usque ad 4 dm longae, patentes, basi dilatata rufescentes. spiculae saepe incurvatae aut tortae, lanceolatae, valde compressae, 4—8 mm longae 1,5—2(—3) mm latae, pallidae, 6—12-florae. rhachilla recta, tenuis, exalata, 0,4—0,5 mm lata, internodiis 0,4—0,5 mm longis. glumae 1/2—2/3 parte imbricatae, bifariam dispositae, carinato-naviculares, explanatae oblongae, absque mucrone 2—2,25 mm longae, 1 mm latae, distincte 7—9-nerviae, pellucidomembranaceae, lateribus pallide stramineae, nervis viridis percursae, saepe punctulis lineolisque fuscis conspersae, e carina laevi in mucronem subexcurvum validum laevem vel apice vix setulosum 0,15 mm (in glumis inferioribus) usque ad 0,6(—0,8) mm (in glumis superioribus) longum desinentes. stamina 3; filamenta anguste ligulata, alba, denique ca. 2 mm longa; antherae parvae, oblongae, thecis ca. 0,3 mm longis, connectivo in appendicem ovatam laevem ca. 0,1 mm longam producto. stylus 0,7—1 1 2 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 mm longus, 0,08—0,1 mm latus, epapillosus, stigmatibus 3 (interdum 2) 1,5—2 mm longis valde exsertis. achenium dimidio glumae aequilongum, oblongum, biconvexum, valde compressum, facie in rhachillam obversa, angula dorsali plerumque carens, seetione transversa ellipticum, 1,1—1,4 mm longum, 0,45—0,55 mm latum, 0,25 mm crassum, pallide bruneum, fusco-lineolatum, haud quasi-marginatum. typus.—lam 902 (in herb. bogor.). a cypero pygmaeo rottb. differt culmis et capitulis plerumque multo robustioribus, foliis latioribus, glumis latioribus minus imbricatis distincte mucronatis 7—9-nervatis carina laevibus, staminibus 3 antheris oblongis apiee ovato-productis, stylo latiore stigmatibus fere semper 3, achenio majore. in cyperus as a rule the number of the stigmas corresponds with that of the carpels: the style is trifid or bifid according aa the achene is trigonous or lenticular. in some trigynous species the achene is strongly flattened indeed, but then there is a raised dorsal angle. kukenthal (in engler, pflanzenr., heft 101: 17. 1935) mentions c. subtrigonus (c. b. clarke) kiikenth., with two stigmas and almost trigonous fruits as an anomaly in this respect. i think some species of sect. dichostylis are very anomalous too. to be sure, in c. nipponicus franch. et sav. the number of the stigmas seems to correlate with that of the carpels. in many specimens of c. pygmaeus rottb. and c. michelianus (l.) link, however, distinctly trigonous achenes are more common than planoconvex ones, but usually there are also two stigmas to the trigonous achenes. i can not agree with bentham (fl. austr. 7: 262. 1878), who described the achene of c. pygmaeus as follows: "the broad flat inner face next the rhachis, the back convex or, when the style is 3-cleft, with a dorsal raised angle." kukenthal's plate 35, figures d-e, shows planoconvex achenes of c. michelianus and c pygmaeus with two stigmas, and trigonous ones with three stigmas, but this is far from being the rule. on the other hand in c. pachyceph'alus i found the achenes nearly always lenticular, although trigynous flowers by far prevail in it. brass 14083 was cited by s. t. blake under c. pygmaeus rottb. (in j. arnold arb. 28: 219. 1947) as greatly elongated plants "answering more or less to c. michelianus subsp. pygmaeus f. filifolius (franch. & sav.) kiikenth." it seemed to him quite unnecessary to distinguish them taxonomically. in my opinion they are somewhat slender specimens of c. pachycephalus. the numerous important differences undoubtedly justify specific separation; the glumes, the fruits, the style, the rhachilla etc. are quite unlike those of c. pygmaeus. i have not seen specimens of the other collection (brass 8439), also cited by blake under c. pygmaeus. 1952] kern: malaysian cyperaceae 121 fig. 11. cypents teveriffae poir. 122 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 specimens examined.—new g u i n e a . n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a . mamberamo r.( sept. 29, 1914, fenilletau de bniyn 128; near prauwen-bivouac, in mud along small river, alt. 60 m, aug. 25, 1920, lam 902 {type); same locality, alt. 90 m, sept. 8, 1920, lam 1104, bernhard bivouac, mud-bank along river, in flmbristylisvegatation, alt. 50 m, aug. 6, 1938, meyer drees 543; bernhard camp, idenburg r., on legs floating in lagoons, april 1939, brass 14083. all specimens, bo. istsand p a r a t y p e specimens will be distributed to the following h e r b a r i a : leiden, kew, arnold arboretum, singapore, manila, brisbane, p a r i s , sydney, calcutta, and honolulu. cyperus teneriffae poir.—fig. 11 cyperus teneriffae poir. in lam., encycl. 7: 245. 1806; kiikenth. in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 306 f.sa h-k. 1936; s. t. blake in proc. roy. soc. queensl. 5] : 40. 1940. cyperus calcicola domin in bibl. bot., heft 85: 422 pi. 17 f. 10-13. 1915 ("calcicolus"), non c. calcicola britt., 1915. according to kiikenthal the distribution of cyperus teneriffae extends from africa to india. blake (i.e.) referred c. calcicola domin, which he re-discovered at the type locality, chillagoe (queensland), to c. teneriffae. as the plants were observed at chillagoe on only one of the numerous karst hills, he supposed it to have very likely been introduced into queensland. in this connection it is interesting that c. teneriffae has been collected several times in timor, where it is obviously not rare on calcareous rocks, associated with c. anstatus rottb. and c. hyalinus vahl. timor. without exact locality, ass. resident timor; soe, abundant on calcareous rocks, 800 m, march 1929, walsh 107, 442; near rainforest nasimetan, 6 km s of kapan, on calcareous soil, 900 m, local name pun metan, march 11, 1939, bloembergen 3449b, 3450; between soe and kapan, cattle-grounds on calcareous soil, 800m, scattered, july 27, 1949, monod de froideville 1237; all specimens, bo! cyperus lanceus thunb. cyperus lanceus thunb., prodr. pi. capens. 18. 1794; valck. sur., gesl. cyperus mai. arch. 70 pi. 2 f.20. 1898; kiikenth. in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 333. 1936. cyperus lanceus, a native of africa, is very near to c. unioloides r. br. it can be distinguished by the distinct, robust stolons, the blunt glumes, the geniculate style, and the more oblong achene; usually its glumes are castaneous, in c. unioloides yellowish to brown. valckenier suringar mentions c. lanceus from the malay archipelago on the basis of one collection: "specimina sine indicatione ulteriore." this record has been nowhere accounted for in kukenthal's monograph. to my surprise the specimens cited belong indeed to c. lanceus. they were found by valckenier 1952] kern: malaysian cyperaceae 123 f i g . 12. cypenis unioloides r. br. 124 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 suringar among the indonesian indeterminata in the rijksherbarium. however, i am fairly well convinced, that they do not originate from malaysia, the more so as there is no accompanying authentic label. an analogous case is mentioned by valckenier suringar for c. alternifolius l., also a native of africa, and also found among the malaysian indeterminata (op. cit. p. 103). in this second case he did not treat the species as a malaysian one, and i think we should do the same with c. lanceus. cyperus unioloides r. br.—fig. 12 cyperus unioloides r. br., prodr. fl. nov. holl. 216. 1810; valck. sur., gesl. cyperus mai. arch. 71. 1898; kukenth. in bot. jb. 59: 42. 1924; in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 338. 1936; ohwi in bot. mag., tokyo 56: 200, 1942. — pycreus unioloides (it. br.) urb., symb. antill. 2: 164. 1900; merrill, enum. philip, fl. pi. 1 : 111. 1923. — queensland, r. brown 5900. in malaysia this species is known from the philippines (luzon, mindanao; cf. merrill, i.e.). as to the rest of the malaysian archipelago, up to now it has only been recorded from new guinea (schlechter 1389s, kanehira & hatusima 13680). although rarely, it proved to occur also in sumatra and java. on account of the description and figures published i at first believed that the specimens mentioned by valckenier suringar as c. lanceus thunb. ("arch. mai.: specimina sine indicatione iilteriore") might belong to the asiatic c. unioloides. after having seen them in the leiden herbarium, i am convinced that they are true c. lanceus, but, in my opinion, wrongly recorded for the malaysian area. sumatra. a t j e h . takingeun (takengon), frequent in swampy margin of lake, 1180 m, aug. 30, 1934, van steenix 6058 (bo)! e a s t c o a s t . karo highland, lau bedimbo (e siosar), swamp, not r a r e , 1250 m, nov. 12, 1921, lorzing 8549 (bo) ! timor highland, near seribudolok, 1400—1420 m, nov. 21, 1928, hiirzing 14668 (bo) ! mid habinsaran, near sibosov, moist sunny soil in ravine, scattered, 1250 m, nov. 12, 1920, lorzing 7748 (bo)!; same locality, march 18, 1929, horsing 15480 (bo)!; sw foot of mt. piso-piso (nw of toba lake), scattered, 1500m, dec. 29, 1922, lorzing 9358 (bo)! — java. p r i a n g a n. danu tjiharus, round the lake, common, 1500 m, dec. 6—7, 1937, hoogenverf s.n. (bo)! — new guinea. n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a . anggi, arfak mts., in open marsh by iray, anggi giji (lake), 1900 m, april 6, 1940, kanehira & hatusima 13680 (not seen); wissel lake region, swamp ne and e of bubeiro, 1750 m, march 24, 1939, eyma 4761 (bo)! p a p u a . ramu r., jan. 1902, schleehter 13898 (bo) ! cyperus latespicatus boeck.—fig. 13 cyperus latespieatus boeck. in flora 42: "433" [441]. 1859; in linnaea 35: 467. 1868; c. b. clarke in j. linn. soc, bot. 2 1 : 40. 1884; kukenth. in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 392. 1936. — pycreus latespicatus (boeck.) c. b. clarke in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 6: 590. 1893; illustr. cyper. pi. s. 1909. — bengal, griffith. 1952] kern: malaysian cyperaceac 125 fig. 13. cypents latespicatus boeck. 126 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 according to kiikenthal this species occurs from central asia to india and farther india. up to the present it has not been recorded from malaysia. in the bogor herbarium i found some specimens originating from sumatra and celebes. cyperus latespicatus much resembles c. unioloides but may easily be distinguished from this species by the two stamens1 (three in c unioloides) and the longitudinal-celled outermost layer of the achene (in c. unioloides the cells are isodiametric). i doubt whether the varieties of c. latespicatus, enumerated by kiikenthal, possess any systematic value. like most cyperi, this species is variable in the dimensions of nearly all its parts. the malaysian specimens, too, vary fn size; lbrzing 15405a and 8021 are small, about 3 and 2 dm high respectively, with narrow spikelets (about 2.5 mm wide). they may belong to variety gracilescens kukenth. (op. cit. p. 393). the celebes specimen is much more robust, about 4 dm tall, with large spikelets, nearly 4 mm wide, and well-developed primary rays of the anthela (up to 7 cm long). possibly it comes near to var. laxus kukenth. (i.e.). sumatra. t a p a n u 1 i. uluan, hills between p e r a p a t and porsea, 925—1000 m, march 16, 1929, lbrzing 15405a (together with c. gfobosits all., b o ) ! ; w batuhuda, in grassy wilderness, 1350 m, nov. 18, 1920, lbrzing 8021 (bo) ! w e s t c o a s t . mt. talang, laias talang, in rice-fields, 1500m, oct. 26, 1918, biinnemeijer 5206a (l, s)!, 5209 (bo, l ) ! — c e l e b e s . mt. galesong near malino, in rice-field, 310 m, april 9, 1921, biiimemeyer 10934 (bo)! cyperus compactus var. pauciflorus (h. pfeiff.) kukenth. mariscus microcephalus var. pauciflorus h. pfeiff. in mitt. inst. bot. hamburg 7: 167 f.l. 192s. — cyperus compaotits var. paueiflorus (h. pfeiff.) kiikenth. in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 424. 1936. — west borneo, lebang hara, hans winkler 418. the specimens upon which this variety was based are said to differ from c. compactus retz. (= mariscus microcephalus presl) by the twoto three-flowered spikelets and two stamens. this is indeed the case, as 13 not surprising, because they do not belong to c. compactus at all, but represent typical c. cyperoides (l.) o. kuntze, at least as far as the specimen hans winkler 418 in the bogor herbarium, and the figure given by pfeiffer are concerned. !the figure of the achene and the diagram in clarke's "illustrations" show 3 stamens, very likely an error as clarke himself (i.e., 1884) says "filamenta 2." plate 4 depicts the triandrous c. unioloides as having 2 stamens. there is no question of interchange of figures. 1952] kekn: malaysian cyperaceae 127 f i g . 14. cyperus crypsoides kern 1 2 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 cyperus crypsoides kern, spec. nov.—fig. 14 subgen. kyllinga, sect. kyllinga, subsect. pingues kukenth. —. perennis. rhizoma lignosum, horizontaliter repens, usque ad 5 cm iongum, 2—3 mm crassum, vaginis ovato-lanceolatis cuspidatis fuscis multistriatis puncticulatisque imbricatim obtectum, internodiis brevibus. culmi plures, approximati, rigidi, 10—25 cm alti, 1—1,5 mm crassi, angulati, compressi, sulcati, laeves, apice trigoni, inferne vaginis stramineo-bruneis ferrugineopuncticulatis opacis elaminatis vestiti; vagina summa in laminam brevem cuspidatam plerumque 1—2 cm longam (nonnunquam longioram) exeurrens. bracteae involucrales 3—4, erectae, breves, lanceolatae vel lineares, rigidae, pungentes, 1—2 (interdum usque ad 6) cm longae, 1—3 mm latae, apice scabrae. capitulum solitarium, ellipsoideum, compactum, 5—12 mm iongum, 3—5 mm latum, rhachis cylindrica. spiculae parvae, numerosae, suberectae, ovato-ellipticae, ca. 2 mm longae 1 mm latae, valde compressae, uniflorae. bracteola spiculae (gluma vacua inferior) membranacea, fere 1 mm longa; prophyllum spiculae (gluma vacua superior) ovatum, membranaceum, tenuiter 3—5-nervatum, 1 mm iongum. glumae membranaceae, hyalinae, parce ferrugineo-lineolatae, ovatae, 2 mm longae, breviter mucronatae. in carina viridi serrulato-spinulosae, gluma inferior utroque iatere tenuiter 2-nervia, superior utroque 1-nervia. stamina 1—2. antherae lineares, 1 mm longae. stylus 0,25—0,5 mm longus; stigmata stylo multo longiora. achenium ellipticum, 1 mm iongum, 0,6—0,7 mm latum, breviter apiculatum, luteo-bruneum. typus.—eyma 4106 (bo). among the malaysian species of cyperus subgen. kyllinga this species stands rather isolated because of the reduced leaves, the short involucral bracts, the small spikelets, and the minute achenes. the american-african species of subsection pingues may be its nearest allies. the species has been named after the resemblance of the inflorescences with those of the genus crypsis ait. (gramineae). celebes. pendolo, shore of lake posso, oct. 27, 1938, eyma 4106 (bo)!; duplicates sent to arnold arboretum, kew, leiden, and singapore. 1952] kern: malaysian cyperaceae 129 explanation of figures f i g . 1. cyperus ohwii kukenth.: a, p a r t of inflorescence, 0.5 x; b, spikelet, 9 x ; c, anther, 20 x ; d, achene, dorsal and lateral view, 9 x ; c, p a r t of leaf, 0.5 x. — after den hoed & van der meer ce 7. fig. 2. cyperus exaltatus retz.: a, habit, 0.5 x; b spikelet, 10 x ; c, glume, lateral view, 10 x ; d glume, opened out, 10 x ; e, f, achenes, 10 x ;g, p a r t of rhachiha, 10 x; h, flower, 10 x; ;', stamen, 30 x. — after kern 8413. fig. 3. cyperus scanosus r. br.: a, habit 0.5 x; b, spikelet, 10 x; c, glume, opened out, 10 x ; d, flower, 15 x ; e, f, pistils, 10 x ; g, achene, 10 x ; h, p a r t of rhachilla, 10 x ; j, involucral bracts, 25 x— after versteeg 1859. fig4. cyperns babakan steutj.: a, habit, 0.5 x; b, spikelet, 5 x : c, glume, lateral view, 10 x ; d, achene, 10 x ; f, pistil, 10 x ; f. p a r t of rhachilla, 7.5 x ; g stamen, 25 x; h, cross-section of achene 12.5 x— after "landb. consilient van bandjermasin" s.n. (bo 13776). f i g . 5. cyperus spliacelatus eottb.: a, habit, 0.7 x ; b spikelet, 7 x ; c, glume, id x ; d, rhachilla 18 x ; e, anther, 35 x ; f, achenes, 18 x. — after ohwi s.n. f i g . 6. cyperus zouingeri steud.: a, habit, 0.5 x; b, spikelet, 5 x ; c, glume, opened out, 10 x; d, same, lateral view, 10 x; e, rhachilla, 10 x ; f, deflorate flower, 10 x ; 9, achene, 10 x ; h, stamen, 10 x. — after eakhuizen van den brink *4105 f i g . 7. cyperus ramosii kukenth.: 1, habit, 0.5 x; 2 spikelet, 7.5 x ; 3, rhachilla, 10 x ; a, glumes. 10 x ; 5, deflorate flower, 10 x ; 6, stamen and anther, 10 x ; 7, achenes, 10 x. — after carr 11414. f i g . 8. cyperus platystylis r. br.: a, habit, 0.5 x ; b, spikelet, 10 x ; c, glume, opened out, 10 x ; d, rhachilla, 10 x ; e, stamen, 20 x; f, achene, 7.5 x. — after wisse 20. f i g . 9. cyperus multispicatus boeck.: a, habit, 0.5 x; b, spikelet, 10 x ; c, glume, opened out, 10 x; d, p a r t of rhachilla, 10 x; e, deflorate flower, 10 x"; f, stamen, 25 x ; 9, tip of anther. — after backer 10946. f i g . 10. cyperus pachycephalus kern: a, habit, 0.5 x; b, spikelet, 10 x; a, glumes, 10 x ; d, apex of glume, with mucro, 25 x ; e, young flower, 10 x; f, anther, 50 x ; 9 achenes, 10 x; h, same, with cross-section, 10 x. — after lam 902. f i g . 11. cyperus teneriffae poir.: a, habit, 1 x ; h, spikelet, 7.5 x; c, glume, opened out, 12.5 x; d, rhachilla, -with persistent filaments, 12.5 x; c, stamen; f, pistil, 20 x. — after walsh 167. f i g . 12. cyperus uniohides r. br.: a, habit, 0.5 x ; b, spikelet, 7.5 x ; c, glume, opened out, 10 x ; d, part of rhachilla, 10 x; e, pistil, 10 x; /, stamen, 25 x. after lorzing 8549. 1 3 0 r e i n m v a r d t 1 a [vol. 2 fig. 13. cyperus tatespicatus boeck.: a, habit, 0.5 x; b, spikelet, 5 x; c, glume, opened out, 10 x ; d, part of rhachilla, with persistent filaments, 5 x ; e. stamen, 25 x ; /, achene, 10 x. — after bimnemeijer 10934. fig. 14. cyperus aypsoides kern: a, habit, 0.7 x; 6, inflorescence, 3.5 x; c, spikelet, without bracteole and prophyll; d, spikelet, without bracteole; e, lower glume; /, upper glume; g, h, achenes; c—h, all, 15 x. — after eyma 4106. 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 5, pp. 543 560 (1969) the asiatic species of lindenbergia lehm. (scrophulariaceae) b. prijanto * summary lindenbergia is represented in asia by 7 species. based on the hairiness of their ovaries l. muraria (roxb.) briihl (= l. urticifolia lehm.) and l. indica (l.) vatke (= l. polyantha benth.) are reinstated as distinct species. i follow bentham in including1 lindenbergia in the tribe gratioleae. objection to the use of the aestivation of corolla as the only positive character for distinguishing subfamilies of the scrophulariaceae is put forward; it is shown that several genera (lindenbergia, isoplexis, lagotis, erinus, freylinia, phygelius and mimulus) considered to belong to one subfamily actually have the aestivation character of the other subfamily. the occurrence of resupination of the flower in dopatrium junceum (roxb.) buch.-ham. ex benth. is recorded for the first time. acknowledgements the present paper represents part of a thesis submitted for the degree of doctor of philosophy at the university of edinburgh, scotland. the study is based on the specimens from the herbaria of the royal botanic garden, edinburgh, the royal botanic gardens, kew, the british museum (natural history), london, the rijksherbarium, leyden, the herbarium of naturhistoriska riksmuseet, stockholm, the herbarium of the uppsala university, uppsala, and the herbarium bogoriense. my thanks are due to the directors and curators of these herbaria for placing these specimens at my disposal. i wish to express my gratitude to dr p. h. davis of the university department of botany, edinburgh, who kindly supervised this study, to mr b. l. burtt of the royal botanic garden, edinburgh, whose criticism and advice have been invaluable, and to dr a. j. g. h. kostermans of the forest research institute, bogor, for reading the manuscript and suggesting many improvements. this work has been carried out with the aid of a maintenance grant from the british council (the colombo plan technical assistance cooperation scheme) to which an aknowledgement is also made. forest research institute, bogor. — 543 544 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 introduction the 7 old world species of lindenbergia occur in w. pakistan, india, burma, siam, s.w. china and the philippines. the delimitation of the species has been somewhat inconstant and there has been no agreement whether or not l. muraria (roxb.) briihl and l. indica (l.) vatke should be united; lindenbergia is one of a few genera whose position within the scrophulariaceae has often been disputed. it is generally accepted that the distinction between the two subfamilies scrophularioideae and rhinanthoideae lies solely in the aestivation of the corolla lips. from time to time, however, the aestivation character has become the source of controversy. because of its affinity with the other genera of subfamily scrophularioideae the genus lindenbergia is placed in this subfamily, despite the fact that the aestivation of its corolla is similar to that of the rhinanthoideae. the genus and a few more genera discussed in the present paper give evidence to the inadequacy of the currently accepted classification of the scrophulariaceae. lindenbergia lehm. lindenbergia lehmann in link & otto, ic. pi. rar. 95. 1831; bentham, scroph. ind. 21. 1835; in dc, prodr. 10: 376. 1846; in bentham & hooker f., gen. pi. 2: 948. 1876; lindley, nat. syst. bot., ed. 2, 292. 1836; endlicher, gen. 679. 1839; enchir. 339. 1841 (nomen) ; walpers, rep. 3: 365. 1845; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 2: 677. 1857; drury, hatidb. ind. fl. 2: 358. 1866; loudon, encyel. 1416. 1872; boissier, fl. or. 4: 424. 1879; hooker f., fl. brit. india 4: 261. 1884; wettstein in engler & prantl, nat. pfl. fam. 4(3b) : 73. 1891; collett, fl. simlensis 351. 1902; prain, bengal pi. 2: 760. 1903; cooke, fl. bombay 2: 306. 1905; hemsley & skan in thiselton-dyer, fl. trop. afr. 4(2): 311. 1906; thonner, bl. pfl. afr. 524, 1908; duthie, fl. upper gangetic plain 2: 519. 1911; merrill, fl. manila 422. 1912; muschler, man. fl. egypt. 2: 872. 1912; blatter in rec. bot. surv. india 7: 177. 1913 et 8 (1) : 347. 1919; bruhl in j. dep. sci. univ. calcutta (bot.) 2: 11-16 et 17-30. 1920; haines, bot. bihar orissa 4: 623. 1922; gamble, fl. madras 947. 1923; fyson, fl. s. india hill stations 1: 426. 1932; lemee, diet. genres 4: 105. 1932; post, fl. syria (ed. dinsmore) 2: 297. 1933; pennell, scroph. w. himalaya 27. 1943; hartl in osterr. bot. -zeitschr. 102: 80 83. 1955; in beitr. biol. pfl. 33: 265-277. 1957. brachycorys sehrader, ind. sem. hort. gotting. 1830 (n.v.) ; in linnaea 6, litt. 72. 1831. bovea decaisne in ann. sci. nat. ii, 2: 253. 1834. hemiorchis ehrenberg ex schweinfurth, beitr. fl. aethiop. 241. 1867. omania moore in j. bot. 39: 258. 1901. annual or perennial herbs, sometimes woody below; stem terete, erect or ascending, simple or branched, glabrous or pubescent; branches erect, straggling or ascending, pubescent or more rarely glabrous. leaves simple, opposite or the uppermost alternate, long or shortly petiolate, rarely sessile, 1969] prijanto: asiatic species of lindenbergia 545 pinnately nerved, margin toothed. flowers yellow or violet, usually with brown or orange marks on the corolla tube, sessile or subsessile, solitary in the axils of the leaves, or terminally racemose; bracts foliaceous, similar or smaller than the main leaves. bracteoles absent. calyx campanulate or crateriform, 5-lobed. corolla elongate, bilabiate; tube cylindrical; posterior lip internal in aestivation, erect, pubescent in the middle; anterior lip longer than the posterior one, galeate, base with two plaits, apex 3-lobed, spreading, lobes rounded or subrotundate. stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments filiform, attached to the corolla tube above the base; anther thecae distinct, separate, stipitate, all with pollen, longitudinally dehiscent. pollen grains small, 3-colporate, rarely 2-colporate, oblate spheroidal to prolate spheroidal (polar axis 12—19 µ. long, equatorial diameter 13—18 µ ; apocolpium diameter 3—5µ; exine about 0.8—15µ. thick, sexine as thick as nexine, reticulate. ovary globose, ovoid, ellipsoidal or elongate ovoid, glabrous or pubescent; style filiform, stigma capitate. capsule oblong, ovoid or ellipsoidal, loculicidally dehiscent, valves entire, separating from the placentiferous axis. seeds numerous, minute, elongate ovoid or ellipsoidal, oblique, testa reticulate. type species: l. uriicifolia lehm. etymology: named in honour of j.b. lindenberg, a 19th century german botanist. scope and distribution: some 15 species, distributed in tropical africa and asia. ecology: common on walls, rocks and river banks in the lowland region, ascending to more than 3000 m in the himalayas. the scrophulariaceae are traditionally divided into two subfamilies, scrophularioideae (including antirrhinoideae, pseudosolanoideae and selaginoideae) and rhinanthoideae, based on the aestivation of the corolla; in the scro-phularioideae the posterior corolla lobes are external in aestivation, whereas in the rhinanthoideae they are internal (cf. bentham in dc., prodr. 10: 186 586. 1846; in benth. & hook, f., gen. pi. 2: 913 980. 1876; wettstein in engl. & prantl, nat. pfl. fam. 4(3b) : 39107. 1891; pennell, scroph. e. temp. n. am. 1935; scroph. w. himalaya 1943; melchior in engler's syll. 2: 448-452. 1964). bentham, hooker f., wettstein, pennell and others placed lindenbergia in the tribe gratioleae (subfam. antirrhinoideae) near limnophila, stemodia and adenosma, because of the supposed external posterior, corolla lobes. cooke and duthie assumed that lindenbergia had the posterior corolla lobes internal, and hence incorporated it in gerardieae (subfam. rhinanthoideae), near centranthera and sopubia. although muschler and haines agreed to this, they placed the genus in gratioleae, near adenosma and dopatrium. briihl found that in all species of lindenbergia the posterior lip of the corolla is internal in aestivation. briihl stated that the rela5 4 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 tionship of lindenbergia with sopubia and other gerardieae was not at all close. he was sure about the close relationship of lindenbergia with gratioleae, but at the same time admitted that if the aestivation is taken into account the inclusionof lindenbergia in rhinantheae is not unwarranted. by takingother characters (anthers, pistil, seed, endosperm development and indumentum) into consideration, hartl (in beitr. biol. i.e.) concluded that lindenbergia should be retained in gratioleae, despite its rhinanthoid aestivation of the corolla. moore described omania with the posterior corolla lobes internal, and accordingly placed it in the rhinanthoideae. the genus was later reduced by hartl (in osterr. bot. zeitschr. i.e.) to lindenbergia. i have found in livingand cured material that in lindenbergia the posterior corolla lobes are internal in aestivation and hence should be in rhinanthoideae rhinantheae, but if we take other morphological characters into consideration, the relationship between lindenbergia and the other genera of rhinantheae is very remote. the outstanding character of lindenbergia are its separate, stipitate anther thecae (only in gratioleae) . moreover, the opposite leaves, solitary, axillary, or racemose flowers, campanulate calyx, bilabiate corolla, 2-lobed posterior lip, 3-lobed anterior lip, 4 didynamous stamens, filiform style, manyseeded capsule and reticulate seeds conform with gratioleae, hence inclusion in gratioleae seems justified. in several other genera we find the same phenomenon; the aestivation does not fit. isoplexis and digitalis are two closely related genera of digitaleae; they are readily distinguished by the position of the posterior corolla lobes, external in isoplexis and internal in digitalis. using the conventional system, we should place them in different subfamilies. lagotis has been placed in rhinanthoideae veroniceae, although it has external posterior corolla lobes. likewise in most characters erinus shows a relationship with the manuleae, but it has the posterior corolla lobes internal. in scrophularieae i have observed that the posterior corolla lobes of freylinia and phygelius are internal, while other genera of the same tribe have the posterior lobes external. mimulus has as a rule the upper lip of corolla external, but haines (bot. bihar orissa 4: 623. 1922) described m. gracilis br. with the lower lip external in bud. bentham described the flower of dopatrium as having the posterior lip of corolla small, external in bud, the anterior one large, and the 1969] prijanto: asiatic species of lindenbergia 547 fertile stamens posterior. almost all botanists after bentham accepted this. contrary to bentham, yamazaki (in j. jap. bat. 28(5) ; 129 133. 1953) stated that the larger corolla lip is posterior, and the fertile stamens anterior. in indian material of dopatrium junceum (roxb.) buch.-ham. ex benth. fixed in faa, i found that resupination occurs. in the young flower bud, the posterior lip of the corolla is external, it is shortly 2lobed or emarginate, smaller than the deeply 3-lobed anterior lip; the posterior stamens are fertile, the anterior ones are absent or staminodial. in more mature flower the pedicel is twisted for 180 degrees, the posterior part of the flower becoming lower than the anterior one, and in the mature flower, the lower lip of the corolla is external in aestivation. in some specimens of d. junceum' {horsfield s.n. (k), from java and milne-redhead & taylor 10036 (k), from tanganyika) the pedicels are very short and there is no possibility of the pedicels to become twisted. this explains the contradiction between bentham and yamazaki. bentham apparently made his description from non-resupinate flowers. consequently the use of the aestivation as a subfamily diagnostic character is debatable and the distinction between scrophularioideae and rhinanthoideae based solely on the aestivation character is unsatisfactory and misleading. . k e y t o s p e c i e s l a . s t e m d e n s e l y c o v e r e d w i t h l o n g , s o f t , s i l k y , h a i r s ; s t y l e h a i r y t h r o u g h o u t . . . . 1. l. griffithii b . s t e m p i l o s e o r g l a b r a t e ; s t y l e h a i r y o n l y a t b a s e o r c o m p l e t e l y g l a b r o u s . . . 2 2 a . o v a r y h a i r y ; b a s e o f f i l a m e n t s h a i r y 3 b . o v a r y g l a b r o u s ; b a s e o f f i l a m e n t s g l a b r o u s 4 3 a . c a l y x l o b e s a c u t e ; c o r o l l a t u b e 4.5 — 8 mm l o n g ; l e a v e s 0.7 — 3.8 x 0.4 — 2.5 c m ; a n n u a l h e r b s 2. l. muraria b. calyx-lobes obtuse or rounded; corolla-tube 1.2 — 2 cm long; leaves 4.5 — 9 x 3.5 — 7 cm; perennial herbs 7. l. grandiflora 4a. flowers oppositely secund in raceme; calyx crateriform . . . 6. l. hookeri b. flowers alternate or if opposite, not secund in raceme; calyx campanulate . . 5 5a. style hairy at base; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate with sharp tips 4. l. philippensis b. style glabrous; calyx-lobes ovate or triangular, obtuse or acutish 6 6a. leaves ovate, crenate, apex obtuse, pilose on both surfaces; annual herbs . . . 3. l. indica b. leaves elliptic, dentate, apex acute, lower surface pilose, upper surface glabrous or scarcely pilose, glabrescent; perennial herbs . . . . . . 5. l. macrostachya 548 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1. lindenbergia griffithii hook. f. — f i g . 1. lindenbergia griffithii hooker f., fl. brit. india 4: 262. 1884; das in kanjilal & das, fl assam 3: 378. 1939. — typus: griffith, k.d. 3882 (k). perennial herbs or small weak shrubs, almost all parts of the plant, except the inflorescence, densely covered with long, soft, silky hairs. stems simple, erect or subscandent. leaves opposite, shortly petiolate, 7 — 11 x 2.5—5 cm, elliptic, margin serrate, base cuneate, apex sharply acute or tapering with a sharp tip. racemes simple or fascicled at the leaf-axils, often branched. peduncle 1 — 3 cm long, ca 1 mm in diam., cylindrical. rachis 5 — 10 cm long, slender, pilose. bracts 2.5— 4 x 1 — 2 mm, sessile, ovate, acute. flowers opposite, sometimes subalternate near apex, pedicels up to 3 mm long. calyx 3 — 5 mm long, 2.5 — 3.5 mm in diam.; lobes shortly triangular, acute. corolla tube 3 — 4 mm long, 1.5 — 2 mm in diam., both sides sparsely pilose, glabrescent; upper lip 2 — 2.5 mm long, deltoid, base 2.5 — 3 mm wide, abruptly tapering towards the apex, apex ca 0.5mm wide, emarginate, inside along the middle densely pilose; lower lip 2 — 2.8 mm long, 3-lobed, lobes rounded, the middle lobe somewhat larger than the other two. stamens inserted at ca 1.5 mm above the base of the corolla tube, the posterior filaments 3.5 — 4 mm long, the anterior filaments 4 — 4.5 mm long, connectives ca 0.2 mm long, anther thecae subglobose, ca 0.3 mm in diam. ovary subglobose-oblong, 1.5 — 2 mm long, 0.9 — 1.3 mm in diam., glabrous, style 5 — 5.5 mm long, hairy throughout. capsule broadly ellipsoidal or subglobose, 2.6 — 2.9 mm long, glabrous throughout except the loculicidal ridge sparsely pilose, glabrescent ; seeds ca 0.4 mm long and ca 0.2 mm in diam., elongate ovoid or obovoid. distribution: eastern himalayas. a readily distinguished species because of the simple stem, often fascicled and branched racemes, and the long, soft, silky hairs except on the inflorescence. in the other species the hairs are usually short and erect. bhutan, griffith, k.d. 3882 (k, s) ; e. bhutan, lat. 26°30' e, 1200 m, 19 febr. 1925, kingdon-ward 6435 (e) ; assam, dewangang hills, simons s.n. (bo, l). 2 . l i n d e n b e r g i a m u r a r i a ( r o x b . ) b r i i h l — f i g . 2 a — c . lindenbergia muraria (roxb.) briihl in j. dep. sci. univ. calcutta 2: 27. 1920. — stemodia muraria roxburgh in don, prodr. fl. nepal. 89. 1825.—typus: hamilton s.n., nepal. stemodia ruderalis (nee blanco, nee retzius) bentham in wallich, cat. 3923. 1831 (p.p.); bot. reg. 17: sub tab. 1470. 1832. — typus: wallich s.n. (k). lindenbergia urtieifotia lehmann, ind. sem. hort. hamb. 5. 1830 (urticaefolia, nomen) ; in link & otto, ic. pl rar. 95, t. 48. 1831; bentham, scroph. ind. 22. 1835; in dc, prodr. 10: 377. 1846; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 2: 677. 1857; dalzell & gibson, bombay fl 176. 1861; brassier, fl or. 4: 425. 1879; hooker f., fl brit. india 4: 262. 1884; 1969] prijanto: asiatic species of lindenbergia 549 forbes & hemsley in j. linn. soc. bot. 26: 184. 1890; collett & hemsley in j. linn. soc. bot. 28: 100. 1890; nairne, fl. pl w. india 215. 1894; collett, fl. simlensis 352. 1902, wood in rec. bot. surv. india 2(1) : 50. 1902; prain, bengal pl 2: 760. 1903; cooke, fl bombay 2: 307. 1905; strachey, cat. pi. kumaon 126, 1906; duthie, fl. upper gangatic plain 2: 519. 1911; craib, contrib. fl. siam 144. 1912; dunn & tutcher in kew bull., add. ser. 10: 185. 1912; bambsr, pl punjab 198. 1916; blatter & hallberg in j. bomb. nat. hist. soc. 25: 424. 1918 (p. p.) ; saxton & sedgwick in rec. bot. surv. india 6 ( 7 ) : 286. 1918; haines, bot. bihar orissa 624. 1922; gamble, fl. madras 948. 1923; bonati, fl. gen. indo-chine 4: 361. 1927; sayeedud-din in j. as. soc. bengal sci. 1: 68. 1935; pennell, scroph. w. himalaya 127. 1943; santspau in j. bomb. nat. hist. soc. 49(1): 45. 1950 (p.p.) — typus: sine coll. (?b), nepal. brachycorys parviflora schrader in linnaea 6, litt. 72. 1831. annual herbs, 10 — 40 cm tall, most part of the plant densely or sparsely covered with long, simple or glandular hairs, stems usually branched from the base, rarely simple. branches 6 — 25 cm long, stout or slender, erect or ascending. leaves uniform throughout the stems and branches, or gradually becoming smaller upwards and forming leafy bracts, 0.7 — 3.8 x 0.4 — 2.5 cm, petiolate, membranous to chartaceous, rarely coriaceous, ovate, margin crenately serrate from the apex and becoming entire near the base, bass cuneate, apex obtuse or more often acutish, both surfaces sparsely covered with long simple hairs. petiole 0.5 — 2.5 cm long, linear. flowers solitary, axillary. pedicels up to 3 mm long, cylindrical. calyx slightly zygomorphic, 4 — 5 mm long, 2 — 3 mm in diam., lobes ovate, acute, the mid posterior lobe 0.8 — 2.6 x 0.6 — 1.5 mm, the other four 1.2 — 3.6 x 1 — 2.2 mm, usually covered with short, glandular or simple hairs on both sides. corolla tube 4.5 — 8 mm long, 1.5 — 2.5 mm in diam,; posterior lip 2 — 4 mm long, inside along the middle covered with short simple hairs, apex obcordate or bilobed, lobes rounded, 0.8 — 2.2 mm in diam.; anterior lip 2.5 — 7.5 mm long, inside along the middle densely covered with long glandular hairs, spreading, apex three-lobed, lobes rotundate, 0.9 — 2.6 mm diam. posterior filaments 3 — 6 mm long, inserted at 1.5 — 3 mm above the corolla base, anterior filaments 4 — 7.5 mm long, inserted at 1 — 2.2 mm above the corolla base, the base of the filaments hairy; connectives 0.4 —• 0.6 mm long, anther thecaa oblong, 0.4 — 0.7 mm long, 0.2 mm in diam. ovary densely covered with long, simple hairs, ovoid to elongated ovoid, 1.1 — 1.6 mm long, 0.7 — 1.2 mm in diam., style hairy at base, 3.3 — 6.4 mm long. capsule ovoid, densely pilose, 2.6 — 4.1 mm long, 2.5 — 3.5 mm in diam.; seeds ellipsoid to elongate ovoid, ca 0.3 mm long, ca 0.1 mm in diam. distribution: from afghanistan through india and burma to s.w. china; ascending to 3000 m in the e. himalayas. l. urticifolia was described by lehmann, with a good illustration. the type specimen was probably lost in berlin, but the original description and illustration fully agree with the material at hand. the species was considered to be conspecific with stemodia muraria roxb. by bruhl. 550 r e i n w a r d t i a [ v o l . 7 l. muraria is so closely related to l. indica (l.) vatke that some have united them. stemodia ruderalis wall, ex benth. based on wallich 3923 (k), is a mixture of l. muraria and l. indica. 3923 a. h. ham. e raymahl l. indica 3923 b . napalia 1821 n o t g e e n 3923 c. hurdwar 1825 not seen 3923 d. ripa irawaddi ad prome, pingee, pagham, segam, 1826 l. muraria 3923 e. ripa akan propi agromi 1827 l. muraria 3923 f. tavoy w. g. l. muraria in 1835 bentham incorporated stemodia ruderalis "vahl" (= s. ruderalis retz.) in l. muraria. i have had the opportunity to examine the type specimen of s. ruderalis retz. from lund herbarium and found that the characters of this specimen agree in most respects with l. indica. thwaites' record of l. muraria of ceylon (enum. pi. zeylan. 218. 1864, sub l. urticifolia) represents an adenosma. india. punjab, dalhousie, 1500 m, aug. 1879, drummond 13a3 (e) ; uttar pradesh, mussorie, below gracemount, 1900 m, july 1915, anderson s. n. (e) ; w. bengal, calcutta, mungpoo, 12 febr. 1900, cave 64 (e) ; s. india, madras, shevaroy hills, soleur, wight 2444 (e) ; nepal. hatair, n. of num, arum valley, 2100 m, in forest, 21 aug. 1956, stainton 1418 (e) ; burma. n. shan states, goktsik gorge, 400 1000 m, 8 oct. 1911, laos 5484 (e) ; siam. meping, 400 m, 13 febr. 1905, hosseus 888 (e, k) ; doi sootep, chiengmai, 300 800 m, 2 jan. 1910, kerr 923 (k, l) ; w. china. mo-tsou, 800 m, may 1913, maire 836 (e) ; yunnan, kani pass mekong-yangtze divide, 27°40' n, 3000 m, open sandy pasture by streams, aug. 1914, forrest 13077 (e) ; c. china, hupeh, henry 323 (e) ; s. china, kwangtung, near fung wah, north river region, july 1924, herb. c.c.c. 12843 (e). 3. lindenbergia indica (l) . v a t k e — f i g . 2d — f. lindenbergia indica (l.) vatke in osterr. bot. zeitschr. 25: 10. 1875; kuntze, rev. gen. pi. 462. 1891; briihl in 3'. dep. sci. univ. calcutta 2: 27. 1920; santapau, fl. purandhar 93. 1953 (p.p.). — dndartia indica linnaeus, sp. pi. 633. 1753. — typus: sine coll. (linn), india. lindenbergia ruderalis (retz.) voigt, hort. suburb. calcutt. 501. 1845; kuntze, i.e.; das in kanjilal & das, fl. assam 3: 378. 1939 (p.p.). — stemodia ruderalis retz'us, obs. bot. 5: 25. 1789; vahl, symb. bot. 2: 69. 1791. — typus: konig s. n. (ld), india. lindenbergia polyantha royle ex bentham, scroph. ind. 22. 1835; in dc, prodr. 10: 377. 1846; hooker f., fl. brit. india 4: 262. 1884; prain, bengal pl 2: 760. 1906; cooke, fl. bombay 2: 307. 1905; misra & rao in j. ind. bot. soc. 27: 186 199. 1948. — typus: royle s, n. (k), india. 1969] prijanto: asiatic species of lindenbergia 551 annual herbs, most parts of the plant usually densely covered with pilose hairs. stem erect, ascending or sometimes decumbent, often branched from the base, very rarely simple. branches 6 — 23 cm long, stout or slender, lateral or ascending. leaves 0.7 — 2 (— 3.5) x 0.5 — 1.4 (— 2.5) cm, opposite, chartaceous to coriaceous, ovate, crenate, base cuneate, apex obtuse, pilose on both surfaces. petiole 0.5 — 1 cm long. flowers sessile or subsessile in the axils of the leaves from the base to the apex of the branches, forming an uninterrupted leafy spike. calyx zygomorphic, 4 — 5 mm long, 2.5 — 3.5 mm in diam., pilose on both sides, lobes triangular, obtuse or acutish, the posterior lobes 0.8 — 1.4 mm long, 0.6 — 1.1 mm wide, the anterior lobes 1.7 — 2.2 mm long, 1.5 — 1.8 mm wide. corolla tube 4.5 — 7.5 mm long, 0.9 — 2.2 mm in diam., posterior lip deltoid, 3.0 •—6.5 mm long, base 4 —4.5 mm wide, abruptly tapering towards apex, apex 1 — 1.5 mm wide, retuse or more often 2-toothed, teeth ca 0.6 x 0.3 mm; anterior lip spreading, 3.5 — 8.5 mm long, apex 3-lobed, lobes rotundate, 1 — 3 mm in diam., inside along the middle densely covered with long, simple, pilose hairs. posterior filaments 4.5 —• 6.5 mm long, inserted at 1.5 — 2.5 mm above the corolla base, anterior filaments 5.5 •—• 7.6 mm long, inserted at 2 — 3 mm above the corolla base; connectives ca 0.2 mm long, anther thecae oblong, 0.4 — 0.6 mm long, ca 0.2 mm in diam. ovary glabrous, subovoid, 1.3 — 2 mm long, 0.9 — 1.4 mm in diam., style 6 — 7 mm long. capsule ovoid, 4 — 5 mm long, 2.5 —3.0 mm in diam., sparsely pilose at apex, tip exserted; seeds ca 0.3 mm long, 0.2 mm in diam. distribution : west pakistan and northern india, extending eastwards to bengal. examination of the type specimens of l. polyantha royle ex benth. (royle s.n. hab. ad delhi secus ripos jumma, royle) and dodartia indica l. confirmed bentham's statement {in dc, i.e.) that they are conspecific. when bentham (i.e. 1835) described l. polyantha, he realized that his new species had a very close affinity with l. muraria (roxb.) briihl (l. urticifolia lehm. in bentham's nomenclature). according to bentham the corolla of l. indica (as we must now call l. polyantha) was twice as long as the calyx, whereas in l. muraria it was three times as long. hooker (1884) found that both had corollas twice as long as the calyces. nevertheless, hooker maintained the two species as they differed by their general habit; l. indica had stems 30 50 cm with erect or ascending, stout or slender branches, whereas l. muraria had brittle stems, 10 —25 cm high. prain (1903) considered the length of petioles and pedicels to be the distinguishing character; he said that l. indica has leaves very shortly petiolate, leaf-blades only about 1.2 cm long, and flowers sessile, whereas; l. muraria should have leaves long petiolate, leaf-blades 2.5 cm or longer and flowers pedicellate. cooke (1905) agreed that l. indica had smaller 5 5 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 leaves and shorter petioles than those of l. muraria. he furthermore found that in l. indica the leaves were ovate or elliptic, acute, serrate-dentate, softly villous on both sides, whereas in, l. muraria they were ovate, subacute, crenate-serrate, usually glandular-villous on both sides. blatter & hallberg (in j. bomb. nat. hist. soc. 25: 424. 1918) included l. indica in l, muraria because of intermediate forms; ten. forms were listed, in which each form consisted of a group of plants having similar habit. blatter & hallberg's view was not accepted by briihl (1920). l. indica was described by him as having the mid anterior corolla-lobe overlapping the lateral lobes, whereas l. muraria should have the mid anterior lobe overlapped by the lateral ones. das (1939) and santapau (cf. l. muraria) followed blatter & hallberg's view. das used l. ruderalis as the uniting name; santapau at first used l. urticifolia, but later changed it to l. indica. despite the resemblance in general appearance, as to shape and size of leaves, l. indica and l. muraria differ in the following and merit to be kept as distinct species. (since i have only dried specimens at my disposal, it has not been possible to confirm bruhl's statement about the aestivation of the corolla). l.indica . l. muraria 1. calyx-lobes unequal, triangular, ob1. calyx-lobes somewhat equal, ovate, tuse or acutish. acuta. 2. ovary ovoid or subglobose, glabrous; 2. ovary elongated ovoid, always hairy; style glabrous throughout. styla hairy at base. 3. posterior lip of the corolla sharply 3. posterior lip of the corolla obcordate, , tapering from the wide base to the or obovate, broadly bilobsd. emarginate apex. ' 4. hairs inside the anterior lip eglan4. hairs inside the anterior lip glandular. dular. 5. base of the filaments glabrous. 5. base of the filaments hairy. 6. capsule ovoid or subglobose, apex acu6. capsule ovoid, apex acute; densely minate; sparingly hairy in the middle, hairy throughout from the base to the the base and the apex glabrous. apex. w. pakistan. hazara distr., between darband and shergarh, e. bank of indus, rocky roadside, 23 aug. 1958, burtt b. 1183 (e) ; india. punjab, dadam, 22 march 1904, drummond 15271 (e) ; suray kund, 8 miles s. of delhi, arable plain with rock outcrop, 300 m, 25 febr. — 9 mar. 1962, bowen 402 (k) ; agra, tajmahal, 4 jan. 1810, hamilton 1421 (e); bengal, calcutta, barrackpore, on old walls, 17 aug. 1945, sinclair 4396 (e). 4. llndenbergu philippensis (cham.) b e n t h . — f i g . 3a — c. lindenbergia philippensis (cham). bentham in dc, prodr. 10: 377. 1846; f.villar, nov. app. 147. 1880; hooker f., fl. brit. india 4: 261. 1884; vidal, phan. 1969] peijanto: asiatic species of lindenbergia 553 cuming. philip. 130. 1885; rev. pl vase. filip. 198. 1886; forbes & hemsley in j. linn. soc. bot. 26: 184. 1890; collett & hemsley in j. linn. soc. bot. 28: 99. 1890; prain in j. as. soc. bengal 72(2) : 15. 1903 (philippinensis); williams in bull. herb. boiss. 5: 437. 1905 (philippinensis) ; merrill in philip. j. sci. bot. 5: 384. 1910; fl. manila 422. 1912; sp. blanco. 344. 1918; enum. philip, fl. pi. 3: 432. 1923; craib, fl. siam 144. 1912; dunn & tutcher in kew bull., add. ser. 10: 185. 1912 (philippinensis); handelmaazetti, symb. sin. 7(2) : 836. 1936; das in kainjilal & das, fl. assam 3: 378. 1939; craib & kerr, fl. siam. enum. 3(2) : 53. 1954. — stemodia philippensis chamisso in linnaea 3: 5. 1828. — typus: sine coll. (ib), luzon. stemodia ruderalis (nee bentham, nee retzins) blanco, fl. filip. 498. 1837; ed. 2, 348. 1845; ed. 3, 2: 281, t. 378. 1878. lindenbergia macrostachya (non bentham) hance in j. bot. 16:111. 1878; collett & hemsley, i.e.; williams, i.e.; craib, i.e. lindenbergia giamensis teijsmann & binn. in nat. tijd. ned. ind. 25: 411. 1863; miquel ex hooker f., 1. c. 4: 262. 1884; williams, 1. c. — typus: teijsmann s.n. (l), siam. lindenbergia melvillei moore in j. of bot. 43: 144. 1905. — typus: melville s.n. (bm), manders u7 (k). perennial herbs, woody below. stems 50 — 100 cm high, terete, stout, erect, much branched from base to the apex; stems and branches densely covered with short or long, eglandular or glandular hairs, glabrescent. leaves 2.5 — 6 x 1 — 3.5 cm, elliptic or elliptical-ovate, dentate, the teeth usually acuminate, base attenuate, apex sharply acute or rarely acuminate. petiole 0.5 — 1 cm long. racemes 4 — 10 cm long, terminal. flowers numerous, alternate or rarely opposite, sessile or shortly pedicellate, aggregate into a compact raceme with hardly any internodes. bracts 5 — 8 x 1 — 2.5 mm, lanceolate, sharply acute, denticulate or subentire. calyx slightly zygomorphic, 4 — 6 mm long, 3 — 4 mm in diam., lobes 2.5 — 4 x 1 — 1.5 mm, ovate-lanceolate with sharp tips, pilose on both sides. corolla tube 6 — 8 mm long, 2 — 3 mm in diam., glabrous or sparsely pubescent on both sides; posterior lip more or less glabrous, 4 — 6 mm long, base 5 — 8 mm wide, abruptly curved and tapering towards the apex, apex 1.1 — 2.6 mm wide, minutely bilobed, lobes wavy or subentire; anterior lip 5 — 8 mm long, obovate, base 3.7 — 5.6 mm wide, slightly widened upwards, apex 4 — 6.1 mm wide, 3-lobed, lobes rounded, 1.4 — 1.9 mm in diam., subentire, the middle part of the lip densely covered with short pilose hairs. stamens inserted at ca 2 mm above the base of the corolla, the posterior filaments 6 — 7 mm long, the anterior filaments 8 — 10 mm long, connectives ca 0.3 mm long, thecae ellipsoid or subglobose, ca 0.5 mm long and ca 0.3 mm in diam. ovary ca 1.5 mm in diam., subglobose or ovoid, glabrous; style 8 — 10 mm long, pilose at base. capsule ovoid, 4 — 5 mm long, 2.5 — 4 mm in diam., pilose, glabrescent, tip exserted; seeds ellipsoid, ca 0.2 mm long, 0.1 mm in diam. distribution: from the eastern himalayas eastwards to the philippines, and from central china throughout the whole of indochina. 5 6 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 india. darjeeling, cowan, s.n. (e); upper burma. tuping valley, 24°20' n, open rocky, forrest 9658 (e) ; s. shan states, keng tung, macgregor 182 (e) ; china. w. yunnan, 1200 m, shady habitat on the margin of (the thickets in the shweli valley near lung ling, 24°35' n, march 1906, forrest 4986 (e); kwangtung, tseh an wai, yun fou distr., 120 m, foot hill, 20 jan. 1928, wang 453 (e) ; slam. mekok, chiengmai, summit of dai tam yup, 510 m, 9 march 1924, garret 156 (k, l) ; laos. g. nape-, nunku, jan. 1930, shaik mokim 1095 (e); philippines. luzon, pampanga prov., camp stotsenburg (mt. pinatubo), may 1927, elmer 21996 (bm, l) ; paluan, mindoro, april 1921, ramos 89757 (bm). 5, llndenbergia macrostachya b e n t h . — f i g . 3d — f. lindenbergia macrostachya bentham, scroph. ind. 22. 1835; in dc, prodr. 10: 376. 1846; hooker f., fl. brit. india 4: 262. 1884; collett, fl. simlensis 351. 1902; prain in j. as. soc. bengal 72(2): 14. 1903; strachey, cat. pl kumaon 126. 1906; duthie, fl. upper gangetic plain 2: 519. 1911; bamber, pi. punjab 198. 1916. — stemodia macrostachya bentham in wallich, cat. 3925. 1831 (nomen).— typus: wallich s.n. (k), india. adenosma cuspidatum bentham in wallich, cat. 3852. 1831 (nomen). perennial herbs; stems erect, stout or slender, many branched. branches ascending, slender, glabrous or pubescent, more often glabrous at base and becoming pubescent at the apex. leaves 2.5 — 5 x 1 — 2.5 cm, elliptic, dentate, base cuneate, apex acute, upper surface glabrous or scarcely pilose, glabrescent. petiole 0.5 — 1.5 cm long, linear. flowers alternate or sub-opposite, sessile or very shortly pedicellate in an elongated raceme. racemes 7 — 19 cm long, terminal. leafy bracts 5 — 9 x 2 — 3.5 mm, elliptic, denticulate, the uppermost leaves often gradually passing upwards into bracts. calyx pilose on both sides, 4 — 5 mm long, 3 — 5 mm in diam.; lobes 1 — 2 mm, triangular, tip acutish, the three posterior lobes usually uniform, slightly shorter but higher in position than the other two. corolla tube glabrous, 3 — 4 mm long, ca 1.5 mm in diam.; the posterior lip 2 — 4.5 mm long, more or less triangular or elongated triangular, base 3.5 — 4.5 mm wide, apex 0.6 — 1.4 mm wide, obcordate, glabrous throughout; the anterior lip spreading, 4 — 5.5 mm long, obovate or elongated obovate, base 1.8 — 3.2 mm wide, apex 2.5 — 3.9 mm wide, 3-lobed, sunken along the middle of the lip, densely covered with long, simple or subclavate hairs. posterior stamens inserted at 1.4 — 2.6 mm above the corolla-base, filaments 3 — 4 mm long, anterior stamens inserted at 1.6 — 3 mm above the base, filaments 3.5 — 5 mm long, glabrous; connectives ca 0.2 mm long, thecae globose or subglobose, ca 0.3 mm in diam. ovary ovoid, ca 1.5 x 1 mm, glabrous, style 3 — 3.5 mm long, glabrous. capsule ovoid, 4.5 — 6 x 3 — 4 mm, sparsely pilose, glabrescent, subexserted; seeds elongate ovoid, ca 0.3 mm long, 0.1 mm in diam. distribution: west pakistan, northern india and nepal, ascending to 1800 m. 1969] prijanto: asiatic species of lindenbergia 555 l. macrostachya is confined to the northern part of w. pakistan, india and nepal. all collections from burma, siam and china, which look very much like this, are l. philippensis. w. pakistan. peshawar, near akora,, ca 4 miles west of attock bridge, nullah leading to kabul r., earth bank, 15 april 1958, burtt b. 554 (e); india. punjab, kernal to daha bajuda, 2.9 march 1886, drummond 25911 (e) ; kumaon, kalapathar, 900 m, strachey & winterbottom, s (bm) ; nepal. mayangdi khola, 1800 m, steep dry south facing stony slope, 27 may 1954, stainton, sykes & williams 1890 (e, bm). 6. lindenbergia hookeri clarke ex hook. f. — fig. 4a — c. , lindenbergia hookeri clarke ex hooker f., fl. brit. india 4: 261. 1884; fischer in kew bull. 93. 1934; das in kanjilal & das, fl. assam 3: 378, 1939. — typus: hooker s.n. (k), sikkim, himalaya. perennial herbs; stems erect, stout, glabrous, many branched. leaves 1.4 — 3 x 0.7 —• 1.2 cm, shortly petiolate or sub-sessile, elliptic, serrate or serrulate, base cuneate, apex acute or acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces. racemes 6 — 9 cm long, terminal, mostly covered with minute, subclavate hairs. flowers oppositely secund, pedicellate. bracts 4 — 6 x 2.5 — 3.5 mm, sessile, ovate, acute, subentire, sparsely pubescent. calyx slightly zygomorphic, crateriform, 7 — 9 mm long, 5 — 8 mm in diam., sparsely pubescent on both sides, lobes triangular, acuminate, 2 — 2.3 mm long, 1.3 — 2.4 mm wide. corolla tube 7 — 14 mm long, 3.5 — 4.5 mm in diam., broadened upwards, outside glabrous, inside pilose glabrescent; upper lip ca 4 mm long, triangular, more or less glabrous, base ca 7 mm wide, abruptly tapering towards the apex, apex ca 1 mm wide, emarginate; lower lip ca 6 mm long, spreading, broadly obovate, deeply galeate at the middle, densely pubescent inside the galea, apex broadly 3-lobed, lobes subrotundate, ca 2 mm in diam., glabrous. stamens inserted at ca 2 mm above the base of the corolla, the posterior filaments 6 —10 mm long, the anterior 12 — 15 mm, connectives ca 2 mm long, theeae sausage-shaped, 1.1 — 1.6 mm long, 0.4 — 0.6 mm in diam. ovary globose or subovoid, 1.9 — 2.2 mm long, 1.2 — 1.3 mm in diam., glabrous, style 1.4 — 1.6 cm long, hairy at base. capsule ovoid, 6 — 8 mm long, 3.5 — 4.5 mm in diam., included, sparsely pilose, glabrescent; seeds elongate ovoid, ca 0.4 mm long, ca 0.2 mm in diam. distribution: eastern himalayas, from 600 to 1200 m. s. e. bhutan. pintsogong, 1200m, 6 march 1936, ludlow & sherrif 1151 (bm), india. sikkim, foot hills, 900 1200 m, hooker s. n. (k) ; assam. denning, lohit valley road 28°0' n, 96°15' e, 660 m, march 1928, kingdon-ward 7901 (k). 7. lindenbergia grandiflora (ham.) benth. — fig. 4d — f. lindenbergia grandiflora (ham.) bentham, scroph. ind. 22. 1835; in dc, prodr. 10: 376, 1846; hooker f., fl. brit. india 4: 261. 1884; in bot. mag. 126: t. 7738. 1900; collett, fl. simlensis 351. 1902; prain in j. as. soc. bengal 72(2) : 14. 1903; strachey, 556 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 cat. pl kumaon 126. 1906; gamble, pl madras 948. 1923. — stemodia grandiflora hamilton in don, prodr. fl. nepal. 89. 1825. — t y p u s : wallich s.n. (k), nepal. perennial herbs, erect or subscandent, with somewhat flexuous stems and branches. leaves 4.5 — 9 x 3.5 — 7 cm, elliptic-ovate, oblique, serrate, often with acuminate teeth, base obtuse, abruptly tapering into a linear, 0.8 — 2.5 cm long petiole, apex acuminate; both surfaces densely covered with simple and glandular hairs. flowers axillary, solitary or racemose. leafy bracts usually smaller than the main leaves, 1 — 2.5 x 0.7 — 1.5 cm, subsessile, oblong-ovate or ovate, serrate, base cuneate, apex slightly acuminate. calyx 6 — 8 mm long, 3.5 — 5 mm in diam., densely hairy on both sides; lobes 2 — 3 mm long, 3.5 — 5 mm wide, broadly ovate, obtuse or rounded. corolla tube 1.2 — 2 cm long, gradually broadened upwards, outside glabrous at base but becoming hairy near the throat, inside sparsely hairy; posterior lip broadly obcordate, 3 — 6 mm long, 2.5 — 7 mm wide, both sides hairy; anterior lip spreading, broadly 3-lobed, lobes rotundate, 3 — 7 mm in diam. stamens inserted at 6 —-8 mm above the corolla base, posterior filaments 4 — 10 mm long, anterior 9 — 14 mm, filaments hairy at base; connectives ca 0.6 mm long, thecae ca, 0.7 mm long. ovary 2 — 3 x 1 —1.5 mm, globose, densely covered with long, simple hairs, style 19 — 20 mm long, pilose at base. capsule 8 — 10 x 3 — 5 mm, ovoid, pilose, tip exserted; seeds elongate ovoid, ca 0.4 mm long, 0.2 mm in diam. distribution: subtropical himalayas, 500 — 2000 m. l. grandiflora can be easily separated from the other perennial species by its hairy ovary. its other distinguishing characters are the shape and the hairiness of the leaves, and the size and form of the flowers. nepal. kumak ridge, n. of sallyana, banks around cornfields, 1800 m, 30 march 1952, polunin, sykes & williams 1803 (bm) ; arun valley, num, 1500 m, on river bank, 22 sept. 1956, stainton 1733 (e, bm) ; india. riang, 600 m, 7 nov. 1913, cave s.n. (e) ; sikkim, 1500 m, nov. 1875, kuntze 6701 (e) ; s. e. bhutan. chungkar, clearings in evergreen jungle, 1950 m, 23 febr. 1936, ludlow & sherriff 1129 (bm). 1969] prijanto : asiatic species of lindenhergia 557 fig. 1a — d. lindonbergia griffithii hook. f. 558 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 fig. 2a — c. lindenbergia muraria (roxb.) bruhli. — fig. 2d — f. lindenbergia indica (l.) vatke. 1969] prijanto: asiatic species of lindenbergia 559 5 mm fig1. 3a — c. lindenbergia philippensis (cham.) benth. — fig. 3d — f. lindenbergia macrostachya benth. 421_1-1 rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_63a 421_5-5 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 3, p.p. 293 — 317 serianthes benth. (leguminosae-mimosoideae-ingeae) f. r. fosberg* introduction the genus serianthes was erected by bentham to accomodate plants which wallich had called inga grandiflora, from singapore, and those which bertero had called acacia myriadenia, from tahiti. it has been accepted from the first, as it is amply distinct from acacia and reasonably so from inga. though it is usually placed in the tribe ingeae. serianthes is widespread in the southwest pacific, usually, though not always, occurring on islands, frequently on calcareous or serpentine rocks or their derived soils. it is seldom abundant, though in places common. in habit it varies from a dwarf tree or large shrub to a forest giant. it is reported to be an excellent timber tree, but seems nowhere to be abundant enough to be important commercially. since bentham's original description in 1844, eleven additional species and one variety have been ascribed to it in addition to the original s. grandiflora. three of these do not belong in serianthes. most of the specimens in herbaria, excepting those called s. grandiflora, have been misidentified, usually being placed in s. myriadenia. although i first saw this genus growing and collected it in raivavae and rurutu in 1934, my interest in it was aroused by failure, in 1950, to find a satisfactory disposition for specimens collected in palau, similar to those that kanehira had referred to s. grandiflora, which they clearly were not. the more i tried to make sense of the herbarium material available in a number of herbaria the more frustrating the problem became. notes were accumulated in a most haphazard and unsystematic manner, as i had no intention of doing more than identifying my micronesian material. finally it became evident that over half of the entities discernible in the material examined were undescribed, and i felt a certain obligation to work up at least a synopsis of the genus. two factors, other than lack of time, have made this task drag out to an inordinate length of time. one is the fact that several of the entities described lack either flowers or fruit. the other is that i have hesitated * botanist, u.s. geological survey, washington, d.c., u.s.a. — 293 — 294 reinwardtia [vol. 5 about borrowing material, because, as with so many leguminous genera, specimens shatter very easily and may be seriously damaged in the mail, even though properly packed. after this was realized i did not ask for more loans and waited until i could visit the herbaria containing the essential material. i have been able to see most of the collections available, but still the material extant is far from that necessary for anything approaching a monograph. the present admittedly inadequate treatment is offered as an aid to more satisfactory identification of specimens and in the hope that it will stimulate more careful and adequate collecting and especially the gathering of field data on habit, flower color, range of variation of all characters on the same tree and within local populations, and on the habitats of the various entities, especially in places like new caledonia, new hebrides, and fiji, which possess more than one species or variety. the entities described are in some cases by no means homogeneous, but it is felt that most of them represent actual populations of closely related individuals. history: bentham described the genus in 1844, including only one species, s. grandiflora, but included in it bertero's acacia myriadenia as a synonym. he based s. grandiflora on inga grandiflora wall, which sees to be a nomen nudum. planchon immediately pointed out (probably in a letter to bentham) that acacia myriadenia was a distinct species, which bentham acknowledged in 1846, publishing serianthes myriadenia planch. gray added s. vitiensis in 1854. in 1875 bentham added two further species, s. tenuiflora and s. calycina. in 1913 guillaumin reviewed the genus briefly and added s. germainii and s. petitiana. harms described s. ledermannii, which seems to belong in albizia, in 1917 and merrill s. nelsonii in 1919. harms, in 1930, described s. inopinata, from a plant cultivated in the rio de janeiro botanic garden, but his specimen does not belong in serianthes. in 1935 brown described s. myriadenia var. rurutuensismerrill and perry, in 1942, transferred albizia minahassae koord. to serianthes, seriously weakening the distinction between serianthes and albizia. in 1953, kostermans described s. gigalobium which he now refers to sympetalandra borneensis. finally, in 1959, i proposed s. dilmyi to replace the illegitimate name s. grandiflora benth. systematic treatment serianthes benth. in hooker's london jour. bot. 225—226, 1844. there is no generic synonym, so far as i know. 1960] f . r. posberg: serianthes benth. 295 description: large to small trees, rarely shrubs, twigs usually warty with crowded leaf scars, young growth usually rusty tomentulose; leaves bipinnately compound, with usually many pairs of pinnae and leaflets, the rachis with disk-like circular or oval more or less elevated glands, leaflets sessile, usually somewhat unequal at base, oblong, apex rounded to emarginate, rarely somewhat pointed; stipules obsolete; inflorescence a stout sparsely branched axillary corymbiform panicle, generally somewhat brown tomentose, with caducous scale-like bracts at the nodes and articulations, large concave ones subtending the ultimate glomerules, triads, diads or monads of sessile or almost sessile flowers, the whole panicle thickening greatly and somewhat elongating in age; calyx cylindric to cup-shaped, funnelform, or campanulate, thick, with short lobes, calyx in some species circumcissile at base and caducous, also tardily splitting longitudinally; corolla of five equal coriaceous petals, the claws coherent into a tube, weakly so above, the lobes oblong, reflcxed at maturity, densely sericeous or tomentulose outside, glabrous within; stamens many, filaments fused in their lower, included portions, usually about twice the length of the corolla, long exserted, usually colored, anthers minute; style elongate, ovary glabrous; pod thick, woody, indehiscent, usually densely brown tomentose or tomentulose, variously cross veined, margin often slightly to notably thickened, valves firmly coherent between seeds; seeds oblong, oval, or elliptic, hard, glossy, compressed, arranged transversely in pod. relationships: within the tribe ingeae of the mimosoideae serianthes is very close to both wallaceodendron and albizia. wallaceodendron has flowers almost identical with those of serianthes and fruits similar in consistency and appearance so the possibility of combining the two was seriously entertained. however, the racemose inflorescence and the different leaves and fruit cause me to maintain these as separate genera. the fruit is tardily dehiscent with parchment-like endocarp separating into transverse rectangular segments which (acc. kostermans, in litt., 1959) are dispersed with included seeds from the dehiscent pods which remain on the tree. actually, wallaceodendron rather weakens the distinction between serianthes and albizia, as its racemose inflorescence and dehiscence are closer to those of albizia, while its flowers and the consistency and appearance of the fruit are very close to those of serianthes. serianthes differs from albizia in having thick woody indehiscent pods and an inflorescence which is a thick bracteate panicle with corymbosely arranged ultimate groups of sessile or subsessile flowers, enclosed by concave bracts. albizia has a slender panicle of heads or spikes. the rather broad bracts subtending the budding heads of albizia falcata (l.) backer, 296 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 as shown by brass 8359 (bo) show a slight resemblance to those of serianthes. the usually larger, thick-textured flowers, densely sericeous or tomentulose on the outside, are also very distinct in appearance from those of albizia. albizia minahassae koord. (serianthes minahassae (koord.) merr., serianthes ledermannii harms) stands in a rather intermediate position between albizia and serianthes. one may appropriately quote from kosterman's discussion of the generic situation in the ingeae (org. sci. res. indonesia, bull. 20: 4, 1954), "how difficult matters are may be demonstrated with albizia minahassae koorders, which has been transferred to serianthes by merrill. the ripe pod is dehiscent and although it is slightly thicker and more woody than that of albizia species, the former character excludes this species definitely from serianthes." there is now some question as to whether the valves of the pods of a. minahassae ultimately separate, though the margins certainly do. kostermans now regards the pods of this species as indehiscent. in addition, the definitely spicate flowers of a. minahassae seem to indicate that it should better go in albizia. in albizia the flowers are usually sessile, but in a. lebbeck (l.) benth. and a. pedicellata backer they may be somewhat pedicellate, further weakening the distinction between albizia and wallaceodendron. there is no doubt that these genera are weak and that, unless different and more fundamental distinctions are discovered, a conservative botanist treating the tribe as a whole might combine them. this paper, considering in any detail only serianthes, does not seem the place to do this. such facts as are evident to me make it possible to retain the three genera tentatively, but without strong conviction that they will ultimately stand. therefore, serianthes may for the present be regarded as a genus divergent from albizia in the features given above, probably derivative from it, but possibly of ancient, coordinate derivation from a common ingoid ancestral stock. the peculiar fruit structure of wallaceodendron sets it apart somewhat satisfactorily, but it must be regarded as intermediate in many respects. distribution: the genus is found almost exclusively on islands, excepting only the occurrence of s. dilmyi on the malay peninsula. the range extends from the malay peninsula through the malay archipelago and the philippines eastward in the pacific to the marianas, palau, yap, new guinea, the solomon islands, new hebrides, new caledonia, fiji, tonga, to the society islands, austral islands, and the marquesas. the main center of diversity seems to be melanesia, especially new caledonia. 1960] f . r. fosberg: serianthes benth. 297 t a x o n o m y : little can be said at this stage about the relationships between the species of serianthes. most of them are known from so little material that the relative constancy of even the characters used to distinguish them is uncertain and it is not sure in some cases that flowering and fruiting material are correctly associated. although three species, s. dilmyi, s. kanehirae, and s. robinsonii seem closely related, other such groups are more vague and probably nothing would be gained at this time from establishing them as poorly defined sections. the arrangement adopted here is mostly arbitrary. almost all features in this genus seem to be more than usually variable. contrasts in the key are mostly, of necessity, between the main ranges of variation. sterile material is usually much more luxuriant than fertile, and accounts for some of the more extreme figures in the descriptions. leaflet size, shape, and pubescence were found to be useful in distinguishing entities. the direction of the midrib in relation to the margins, actually a function of leaf shape, is very helpful. the distribution of the disk-like glands on the petiole, rachis, and rachillae, though given much attention in all previous work, and though recorded for all species described here, seems to be completely inconstant, even between leaves on the same specimen. these glands have, therefore, not been mentioned in the descriptions of species and varieties, as it is felt that to mention their distribution when only a leaf or two were available for study might be more misleading than useful. it would be of great interest to make a special field study of these foliar glands in a locality where many trees were available, to determine if there is any order underlying the occurrence and distribution of these structures, or if possibly they result from some external cause. within certain limits the size and degree of ramification of the inflorescence help in classification. there seems, however, to be considerable enlargement of the panicle between flowering and fruiting stages. the size and shape of the calyx, too, is variable, but since calyces are frequently available, and since the range of variation is reasonably known for many species, these features have been useful. measurements of length of calyx indicate total length, including lobes. likewise, with the corollas, measurements are of total length, including the lobes which become patent or recurved with age. there are probably significant variations in the shape of the corolla lobes, but these are not too satisfactorily evident in dried material and may change with degree of maturity. the lower limits of length as given may be inaccurate due to measurement of immature flowers, likewise with the occasional figures given for degree of exsertion of the corolla "tube". the fruits provide some of the most useful characters, in size, shape, degree 2 9 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 of thickening of margins, and in the type of venation on the sides. however, the usefulness of these characters is lessened by the fact that not all fruits available are fully mature and that it is difficult to be sure if they are mature. usually a specimen bears at most one fruit and one hesitates to open it up to determine if the seeds are fully developed. seed characters would doubtless be very useful, but mature seeds have seldom been examined, for the same reason. even after handling a large amount of material i must admit having developed little feeling as to relative importance of any of these characters in indicating relationship between species. no clear pattern of evolution has become evident. obviously varying degrees of isolation have permitted differentiation to varying degrees. no evidence has appeared as to means or effectiveness of dispersal between islands. floating and hurricanes are suggested, but with no observational basis. the genus would provide some support for those who favor the notion of former continental connections or land bridges in the pacific, as the apparent pattern could have resulted from breaking up of a former variable widespread species with genetic drift producing the observed differentiation. this pattern could, of course, equally well result from sporadic oversea dispersal. from the material at hand it seems reasonable to distinguish 13 species, of which one is divided into 2 varieties, one into 3, and one into 6. these may usually be separated by the following key, though it is realized that a key calling for both flowers and fruits in such a genus may be of little use for some material. most of the species must be regarded as weak and some may fall when more abundant material is available. they seem as good as many of those recognized in albizia. they will at least serve to bring like material together so that a better idea of the pattern of variation may be gained than from a heterogeneous mass of specimens thrown into two or three broad species which would be even more difficult to distinguish than are the present narrower ones. all specimens examined are cited under the appropriate descriptions. however, it is possible that some studied some years ago, before an adequate idea had been formed of the species, may be wrongly placed. herbarium abbreviations used are those in the index herbarium of lanjouw and stafleu, 1952, except that the abbreviation fo indicates specimens still in my own possession which have not yet been distributed to herbaria. i appreciate very much the courtesy of the authorities of these herbaria in permitting me to study this material. 1 9 6 0 ] f . r . f o s b e r g : serianthes b e n t h . k e y t o s p e c i e s and v a r i e t i e s a . l e a f l e t s a v e r a g i n g l e s s t h a n 8 m m . l o n g a n d l e s s t h a n 2 5 m m . w i d e . . . . 1 . 1 . c a l y x t u b e n a r r o w l y c y l i n d r i c , 3 m m . o r l e s s w i d e s . nelsonii. 1. calyx tube broadly funnelform, 12 mm. or more wide at top . . . s. petitiana. a. leaflets averaging 10 mm. or more long, 3 mm. or more wide 2. 2. midvein of leaflets appearing to be diagonal across at least middle third of leaflet r a t h e r than parallel with margins, calyx circumcissile a t base . . . 3 . 3. midrib strongly diagonal, across more than the middle third of leaflet, calyx strongly dilated upward, campanulate, corolla more t h a n 30 mm. long . . . s . dilmyi, 3. midrib diagonal only across about the middle third of the leaflet, calyx generally 30 mm. or less long 4. 4. fruit over 6 cm. wide, corolla about 30 mm. long . . . . s. robmsonii. 4. fruit less than 6 cm. wide, corolla 20 cm. or less long (s. kanehirae) . 5. 5. leaf rachis subglabrous var. hooglandii. 5. leaf rachis tomentulose or pilosulose 6. 6. leaf rachis thinly brown tomentulose var. kanehirae, 6. leaf rachis sparsely pilosulose var. yapetisis. 2. midvein of leaflet parallel with sides of leaflet or only very slightly diagonal, usually nearer upper margin 7. 7. pod relatively thin, 5.5 cm. wide, veins few (about 6) but prominent, running from upper margin, branching; leaflets almost glabrous, about half as wide as long s. vitiensis. 7. pod with veins much more numerous and not so prominent, other characters various 8. 8. calyx 2—6 mm. long 9. 9. calyx 2—3 mm. long, 4 mm. wide s. tenuiflora. 9. calyx 4—6 mm. long 10. 10. leaf rachis mostly less than 10 cm. long, pinnae 3—5 pairs . . s. gennainii. 10. leaf rachis mostly over 10 cm., pinnae more than 5 pairs. . . 11. 11. leaflets glabrous or almost so, about 8—11 mm. long, 2—3 mm. wide; corolla less than 25 mm. long . . . s. ebudarum. 11. leaflets sparsely sericeous-tomentulose beneath, mostly 10— 25 mm. long, 5—11 mm. wide; corolla 25 or more mm. long. s. myriadenia. 8. calyx averaging 8 or more (rarely as little as 6) mm, long 12. 12. calyx about 15 mm. long s. calycina. 12. calyx 6—14 mm. long . 13. 13. pod 5—7 cm. wide; conspicuously heavy and woody, margin notably thickened . s. sachetae. 13. pod 3—4.5 cm. wide, margins usually not conspicuously thickened (s. melanesica) 14. 14. leaf rachis 17—25 cm. long 15. 15. margins of pod conspicuously thickened, var. samoensis. 15. margins only slightly thickened . 1 6 . 16. calyx somewhat campanulate, 10 mm. wide at top; pod 4—4.5 cm. wide var. lifouenais. 3 0 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 14. leaf rachis 16 cm. long or less 17. 17. calyx broadly turbinate or campanulate, 8—9 mm. wide and long; leaflets up to 9 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide . . var. macdanielsii. 17. calyx narrow, not strongly dilated, cylindric to campanulate, up to 7 mm. across 18. 18. calyx usually about half as wide as long, tubular; leaflets usually pilosulous or minutely sericeous on both surfaces var. yunekeri. 18. calyx usually well over half as wide as long, at least at top, cupshaped to campanulate; leaflets usually glabrous or only slightly sericeous above . var. melanesica. systematic arrangement scrianthes dilmyi fosberg, taxon 8: 65, 1959. lnga grandiflora wallich, cat. 5285, 1828, nom. mid. (mow ducke 1922). serianthes grandiflora benth., hook. lond. jour. bot. 3: 225, 1844 (nom illegit.). young parts minutely ferruginous-tomentulose; leaves with rachis slightly tomentulose, pinnae 6—8 pairs, leaflets 12—20 pairs, curved-oblong, strongly oblique at base, the midrib appearing to run diagonally across the blade, blade (14)—17—20 mm. long, (6)—7—8 mm. wide, glabrous except sometimes at extreme base; inflorescence notably paniculate, 10—25 cm. long; calyx narrowly campanulate, 15 mm. long, 10—12 mm. wide at top, lobes ovate, circumcissile at base, rarely splitting down the side, corolla 32—38 mm. long, tomentose, adherent part included to slightly exserted, "grayish yellow" (kostermans 2783); legume oblong, up to 18 cm. long, 4—6 cm. wide, cross-reticulate, margins slightly thickened; seeds transversely oblong. the name serianthes grandiflora, by which this species has commonly been known, is unfortunately illegitimate under article 70(1) of the international code. the name was based on lnga grandiflora wall., a nomen nudum, and the epithet from the available earlier name, acacia myriadenia bert, ex guillem. cited in synonymy, was not taken up, rendering the binomial serianthes grandiflora superfluous when published. the fact that bertero's name went with its type when that was removed from the species under discussion does not change the situation except to leave this species without an available name. this was rectified in taxon (8: 65, 1959). it gives me great pleasure to dedicate it to mr. anwari dilmy, the first dyak botanist, now keeper of the bogor herbarium. this species occurs from the philippines through malaysia to malaya and new guinea. the easternmost collection, womersley and gray 861 i, has rather small flowers. type locality: singapore. 1960] f . r. fosberg: serianthes benth. 301specimens examined: p h i l i p p i n e i s . : s.l. aiming 1592 (k, p, ny, sing, a). l u z o n : prov. batangas, cuming 1592 (k); prov. tayabas, vidal 2697 (k). m i nd o r o , cuming 1592 (bm). paragua i., vidal 2698 (k). p a l a w a n i., s.l. fenix 1166 (us, z) ; mouth of molinao river, curran 3800 (k, p ) . tawitawi, sulu prov., ramos & edano u336 (us, p, ny, sing, bo). m i n d a n a o i.: prov. surigao, ponce 22829 (us, bo); distr. of lanao, negros occidental, everett 5616 ( u s ) ; agwma 23321 (us, n y ) ; d i n a g a t i., ahem 447 (or 147) ( u s ) ; u79 (bo); p a n ay i.: prov. capiz, cortes & knapp 23939 ( p ) ; distr. zamboanga, foxworthy, demesa & villamil 13298 (p). (the cuming 1592 sheet at harvard bears the pencilled note "mindoro! edm."). malay p e n i n s u l a : s.l. griffith s.n. (k, p) ; johore: tanjong sedili kenhil, pasir saruang, corner 28089 (sing, k ) . malacca, maingay 2391 (k), griffith s.n. (k, p ) , kurz s.n. (bo); selangor: sendang exp. station, brown in 1939 (sing). s i n g a p o r e : wallich cat. kerb. 5285 (k, type) ; tanjong behala kuda, pulau pawai, sinclair 38902 (sing); pulau serangoon, sinclair 38956 (sing) ; bukit timah (?) ridley (k). malay archipelago: s u m a t r a : enggano, poeloe merbau, lutjeharnis 4652 (k, us, bish, p, ny, sing, bo), 5161 (bo); p o e l o e s i b i s j i e lampong, teysmann 4472, h.b. (bo); riouw, steup s.n. in 1946 (bo); k r a k a t a u g r o u p , verlaten i., van leeuwen-reynvaan 3761 (bo). j a v a : pallae, tanjian, teysmann s.n. (k) ; p o e l o e s a n g i a n (dwars in de weg) [in sunda s t r a i t ] , teijsmann 297 a h.h.b. (bo) ; n o o r d o o s t eil. [in sunda s t r a i t ] , penjalian s.n. in 1906 (bo); buitenzorg (cult.) s. coll., s.n. ( k ) ; bogor, botanical garden, cult, (seeds from jaheri 2211) (bo); "cult, in hort. bog.", s. coll., s.n. (bo). c e l e b e s : manado, gorontalo, pantei monano, uno u (bo) ; manado, poso, s. coll. b.b. 28,735 (bo) ; manado, poso, kalora, tangkilisan 17 (bo); tanjoeng sapiri, kjellberg 2453 (bo). m o l u c c a s : key is., warburg 20319 (bm), jaheri s.n. (bo), jaheri 322 (bo), toewal 2211 (bo) ; soela is., mangola i., lampaoe (n. mangoli), b.b. 29890 (bo, sing) ; m i s o o 1 i., salafen, malessy 8 (bo); salafen, waigawa, s. coll. b.b. 14,380 (bo); tengah i., w. coast of boeroe, fairchild 299 (us) ; rawak, gaudichaud s.n. ( p ) ; ambon, koorders & oldenburg 29484 (k) ; aru is., wokam, beccari s.n. in 1873 (k). n e w g u i n e a : sorong, beccari s.n. in 1872 (k, a ) ; sorong, s. coll. b.b. 14,380 (bo); jobie is., barclay 3585 (bm); waren, 60 mi. s. of manokwari, kanehira & hatusima 13188 (bo, t, a) ; warnapi r., dessa, seacoast s. of manokwari, kostermans 2783 (bo, sing, a ) ; normanby island, waikaiuna bay, 50 ft., womersley and gray 8614 (a). serianthes robinsonii fosberg, sp. nov. costa foliolae vix obliqua; calyx 11—12 mm. alta circumcissa; corolla 30 mm. longa; legumen valde lignosum, 7—8 cm. latum. this species is close to s. dilmyi but differs in the smaller leaflets, up to 12—13 mm. long and 4.5—6 mm. wide, with the midribs only slightly diagonal, the upper margin scarcely curved; calyx (8)—11—12 mm. high, not much dilated upward, 10—13 mm. wide at top, circumcissile at base, tending to split down one side and become caducous; fruit very woody, 15—34—(38) cm. long, (5)—7—(8) cm. wide, margins thickened, much 302 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 like that of s. sachetae, venation prominent, widely spaced, scarcely anastomosing; seed oblong, transverse, 2 cm. long, 1 cm wide, ends rounded. this plant may not be sufficiently distinct from s. dilmyi, but its leaves do not have the strikingly diagonal midribs of that species and the large woody pods would unduly stretch the limits of s. dilmyi. it is, in fact, almost exactly between s. dilmyi and skanehirae, from which latter it differs in the larger fruit and also in larger flowers. known from the moluccas and new guinea. specimens examined: m o l u c c a s : amboina, hatiwe, alt. 200m. robinson 204.5 (us, type). ceram, kairatoe, strand, oldenburg 263 (bo); ceram, teijsmann 1952 h.b. (bo). j a v a : j a r d . bot. bogor, cult., oldenburg 37 (ny, sing, bo); bogor, cult., /. /. 18 (us). n e w g u i n e a : madang distr., terr, of new guinea, near jal village, gogol river valley, ca. 200 m., hoogland 4-968 (a) (this specimen could be s. kanehirae, but its fruit is more t h a t of s. robinsonii). the oldenburg 37 sheet in new york is marked "patria: ambon", the other buitenzorg collection has no data and is sterile and referable here only with doubt. the teijsmann 1952 h.b. sheet has the calyx campanulate, only 8 mm. high. otherwise it seems identical with the rest of the material examined. serianthes kanehirae fosberg, sp. nov. costa foliolae vix obliqua; calyx cylindrica vel vix dilata, ad 10 mm. alta; corolla 20—27 mm. longa; legumen grande oblongum venulosum. large tree; leaves with 4—10 pairs of pinnae; leaflets oblong, midrib diagonal only across central third of leaflet; inflorescence notably paniculate, rusty tomentulose; calyx cylindric to slightly dilated upward, about 9—12 mm. high, lobes ovate; corolla 15—27 mm. long, tube somewhat exserted, yellowish white; pod oblong, venulose, margins somewhat thickened. this species, named for the late professor ryozo kanehira, forest botanist and authority on the flora of micronesia, was referred by earlier collectors to s. grandiflora (s. dilmyi). it is related to that species, but differs in much smaller flowers and in the midrib of the leaflet giving much less the appearance of being diagonally across the blade. it is found in palau and yap in micronesia, and in the milne bay district of papua, new guinea. three rather weak varieties are distinguishable. serianthes kanehirae var. kanehirae fosberg, var. nov. folia rachibus tomentellis, joliolis 12—15 mm. longis -4—-5 mm. latis; paniculus ad 10 cm. longus; calyx 6—8 mm. lata; corolla 20—27, mm. longa; legumen 13—15cm. longum, 4.5—5 cm. latum. . p . r. fosberg: serianthes benth. 303 leaf rachis brown tomentulose, 13—18 cm. long; leaflets 12—15 mm. long. 4—5 mm. wide, almost glabrous except for a few hairs at base; panicle up to 10 cm. long; calyx 6—8 mm. wide at top; corolla 20—27 mm. long; pod 13—15 cm. long, 4.5—5 cm. wide, sides irregularly cross veined, margins somewhat thickened. found on palau, at low altitudes, where it is called "ukar". specimens examined: p a l a u i s . : s.l. ledermann h218 (k). korror i., ngar•sid , in old temple grounds, july 22, 1946, fosberg 25770 (us, type, bish, ny, po, l ) : c o r a l i s l a n d , kanehira 176 ( f u , t , ny) . b a b e l d a o b l , garudokku, takamatsu 1368 (bish) ; a r u m o n o g u i , kanehira 2091 (fu, k, p, ny, t, p n h ) ; k a m s e t s u , hatusima 4900 (fu, t); m a r y o k u , kanehira and hatusima 5031 (fu, t, a). serianthes kanehirae var. yapensis fosberg, var. nov. rachis longior, sparse pilosula, foliolis 22—30 jugis, calycis 10 mm. latis, corollis breviore, var. kanehirae differt. differs from var. kanehirae in the longer leaf rachis, to 30—35 cm. long, pinnae 15 pairs, leaflets about 22—30 pairs on a pinna, 12 mm. long, 5 mm. wide; calyx about 10 mm. wide at top; corolla small, 15—18 mm. long. endemic on yap island, where it is called "gumel'* or "gumor". specimens examined: c a r o l i n e i s . , y a p i.: s.l. volkens i36 (z), volkeiis 357 (z); alvis 99 (us, type). serianthes kanehirae var. hooglandii fosberg, var. nov. rachis vix tomentella, foliolis 20 mm. longis 9 mm. latisque, paniculis ad 5 cm. longis; calycis 10 mm. latis; legumine 19 cm. longo var. kanehirae differt. differs from var. kanehirae in almost glabrous leaf rachis, larger leaflets, up to 20 mm. long and 9 mm. wide, slightly more tomentulose beneath, especially toward base; inflorescence much smaller, to 5 cm. long; calyx tending to be more dilated, to 10 mm. wide tardily circumcissile; pod somewhat larger, 19—22.5 cm. long, 5.5—6.4 cm. wide. found in milne bay district, territory of papua, new guinea, where it is called "behrehber" (onjob language), "uiamani" (gabobora language), or "behjan" (miniafia language). specimens examined: n e w g u i n e a : territory of p a p u a : milne bay distr. cape vogel peninsula: between tapio and kaiyo bay, limestone country, 10 m, hoogland 4331 (us, type, bish, bo, a ) ; 2 km. inland of mendine, on river flood plain, 25m., hoogland 4 7 2 4 ( u s , bo, a ) ; merapi, 100m., brass 22010 (a). 3 0 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 serianthes nelsonii merr., phil. jour. sci. 15: 542, 1919. large tree, to 20 m. tall, trunk to 2 m. diam.; leaves to 23 cm. long, rachis ferruginous-tomentulose, pinnae 10—20 pairs, tending to be alternately arranged on rachis; leaflets 22—30 pairs, oblong to oblong-ovate, 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, glabrous above, glaucous and sparsely to densely sericeous-tomentulose beneath, midrib nearer the distal margin, parallel with it; inflorescence 5 to (in fruit) 10 cm. long, of this about half is peduncle, corymbosely branched in upper half; calyx narrowly cylindric to slightly dilated upward, 7—10 mm. high, 2—3 mm. wide at top, lobes deltoid, 2 mm. long; corolla 15—23 mm. long; pods 12 cm. long, 2—2.5 cm. wide, brown tomentulose, slightly constricted between seeds; seeds hard, shining, smooth, brown, flattened, elliptic, about 1 cm. long, 8 mm wide. type locality "guam, upe district and hills back of abu, nelson s.n., 23, 34, 240 (type), in flower in july and in fruit in december." unfortunately all of the specimens collected by nelson were distributed without exact locality data. the holotype, with the data, was undoubtedly destroyed with the manila herbarium. the native name "hayun lago" (spelled "hayurangi" by kanehira and "joyonlago" by marche) is translated "foreign wood" or "wood from the north", leading to the suggestion by merrill and kanehira that the tree is not native in the marianas. however, since the species has not been found elsewhere and since trees of enormous size were found in the forest, remote from villages, this suggestion must be discounted. confined to guam and rota so far as known. at least at present, on guam it is found only on the north end. specimens examined: m a r i a n a s i s . : guam, s.l. nelson in 1916 (p, bish, k, a), nelson 23 (k, us, ny, a), nelson 34(p, bm, sing, bo, a), nelson 240 (bish, bo, a, isotypes), marche 288 (p, f o ) ; tailalo, moran 4583 (ny, fo, uc, b i s h ) ; north of northwest field, steere 9 (us); ritidian point, fosberg 39369 (us, bish, fo, ny, l ) . rota, s.l. kanehira 1794 (fu, t, p ) . serianthes petitiana guill., not. syst. 2: 376, 1913. small tree, to 3 m. tall, twigs rather thick, young parts brown tomentose; leaves stiff, 15—30—(37) cm. long, rachis thinly tomentulose, pinnae 19—27—(30) pairs, not quite opposite, leaflets up to 30—(35) pairs, not quite opposite, oblong, 4—6 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, rounded at both ends, somewhat oblique at base, sparsely pilosulous or with a few hairs above, glaucous and sparsely appressed hirtellous or hispidulous beneath, midrib 1/3 the way from distal margin, parallel with it; inflorescence stout, 9 cm. long, peduncle 5 mm. thick, thickly dark brown tomentose, branches 15—20 mm. long, bearing diads of flowers at summits; calyx 12 mm. high, scarcely to strongly dilated upward, 12—16 mm. wide at top, lobes 4 mm. long, triangular; corolla 20—21 mm. long, tube not exserted; fruit not seen. endemic to new caledonia. 1960] f. r. fosberg: serianthes benth. 305 specimens examined: n e w c a l e d o n i a : s.l., petit 2 (p, t y p e ) ; prony, f.p. 1548 (p) ; cours moyen de la riviere des pirogues, virot 1109 ( p ) ; yate river, doniker 221 (z) ; riviere bleue. 200 m., forests along river on laterite, guillaumin et baumann 10, 850 (z). serianthes galycina benth., trans. linn. soc. bot 30: 600, 1875. leaves with 10—12 pairs of pinnae, rachis thinly tomentose, leaflets 10—20 pairs on a pinna, oblong, sparsely tomentulose on upper surface, glaucous and tomentulose to sericeous beneath, about 14 mm., (rarely to 20mm.?) long, 6(7.5?) mm. wide; inflorescence 9 (to 15?) cm. long, somewhat ramified above; calyx campanulate, 15 mm. long, 12 mm. wide; corolla to 30 mm. long, adherent part not or scarcely exserted; pods oblong, falcate, to 16 cm. long, 2.5—3 (or 5.5?) cm wide, brown tomentose, sides weakly striate transversely, margins not much thickened. this is a confused species, based by bentham on two collections from new caledonia, vieillard 419 and deplanche 344, both of which have few rivals as bases for confusion. of the deplanche collection i have seen possibly three sheets, all from port boise. one in paris is marked "deplanche 344", but has the calyx only 6—9 mm. long. one in kew is labelled "deplanche herb, no 344" but no collector is indicated. a similar sheet, from the same locality, also at kew, is labelled "lenormand 344"*. both of these have similarly small calyces, much smaller than described by bentham. the vieillard 419 collection is an extraordinarily mixed one, containing plants of at least two species and from at least two localities, and probably including or being the same as lenormand 419. although bentham cites vieillard 419, the specimen in kew marked by him as new is lenormand 419. the latter sheet, as well as one of vieillard 419 in the british museum, two in paris, one at harvard, and one at chicago, are all from gatope, and have the large calyx described by bentham. three other sheets of vieillard 419 in paris, one from gatope, the others from balade, have much smaller calyces. the plants with small calyces of vieillard, lenormand, and deplanche are here referred to s. sachetae, as the one really distinctive character mentioned in bentham's description is the large calyx "calyx amplus, 8—9 lin. longus". this restricts the selection of a lectotype to the lenormand sheet at kew and the vieillard sheets with large calyx at the british museum, chicago, and paris. the fruit of the kew sheet corresponds much better with bentham's description than does that on one of the vieillard sheets, being 2.5 cm. wide and "arcuate", though a bit longer than the "semipedale" of the description. one half of a detached fruit on the chicago sheet is 3 cm. or less wide. because of the narrow fruit (that of the vieillard sheet is 5.5 cm. wide) and the fact that the lenormand sheet is indicated as new, i venture to designate it as lectotype, in spite of the definite citation 3 0 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 of vieillard 419. a decision either way would be open to criticism, and the chance that the large detached fruit with the vieillard 419 collection belongs to s. sachetae would add to this. with the lenormand 419 sheet as type the interpretation of s. calycina adopted here rests on a much firmer foundation than with any other selection. dr. george taylor kindly writes (27 november 1957), "the specimen in the type cover [at kew] is that of vieillard 419 collected at gatope and com. m. lenormand ... the vieillard specimen is the obvious one to select as a lectotype ...". apparently lenormand distributed plants collected by others and his name was, in some cases, associated with the specimens instead of those of the collectors. of the material referred to this species one collection, caldwell in 1871, is placed here with much doubt. it may eventually be found that it may go to the much more common and widespread s. sachetae. no notes were made on flowers of the caldwell collection in kew, but its fruit, only 3 cm. wide, almost surely places it in s. calycina, even though the inflorescence is 15 cm. long. s p e c i m e n s examined : n e w c a l e d o n i a : s.l, caldwell i n 1871 ( k ) ; g a t o p e , lenormand 419 (k, type), vieillard il9 (bm, f, a, p). serianthes vitiensis gray, u s. expl. exped. bot 1: 485, 1854. leaf rachis thinly brown tomentose, pinnae 6—8, leaflets 11—13 pairs, broadly oblong, 10—15 mm. long, 5.5—7 mm. wide, glabrous, upper margin straight, or nearly so, midrib not quite parallel to it, lower margin convex, apex slightly emarginate; flowers not seen; pod oblong, 12 cm, long, 5.5 cm wide, thinly woody, margins twisted, sides closely brown tomentulose, venulose with 6 branching veins issuing from the dorsal margin; seeds transversally oblong, about 16 mm. long. type locality: "feejee islands, at sandalwood bay, vanua levu". only the type collection seen, "feejee islds.", 17. s. expl. exp. (us, type, k, gh). no modern material has been collected that corresponds very well with this, especially in the fruit characters, leaflet shape, and lack of pubescence on leaflets. the venation of the fruit is suggestive of that of s. kanehirae. serianthes germainii guillaumin, not. syst. 2: 375, 1913. shrub 2 m. tall; twigs closely zig-zag, scarcely tomentulose, dark brown only on youngest parts; leaves 10—15 cm. long, rachis 5 cm. long, very thinly and minutely brown tomentulose, with 3—5 pairs of pinnae, each with 4—10 pairs of leaflets, these not always exactly opposite, leaflets oblong, emarginate at apex, oblique at base, very coriaceous, glossy above, 1960] f . r. fosberg: serianthes benth. 307 dull, glabrous or essentially so beneath, up to 22 mm. long, 10(13) mm. wide, midrib nearly in middle, nearly parallel to sides; inflorescences 3—12 cm. long, thinly but closely tomentulose, irregularly corymbose 2—5 times branched near summit, main branches 15—25 mm. long; calyx more or less turbinate, 4—6 mm. long, irregularly lobed to as deeply as half or more its length; corolla 10—14 mm. long, lobes ovate; fruit unknown. a very distinct species known only from the isle of pines, on serpentina soil. the label of the type gives no locality, but germain collected on the isle of pines and the plant likely came from there. specimens examined: n e w c a l e d o n i a , isle of pines: s.l. germain in 1874— 1876 (p, t y p e ) ; au dessus de la prise d'eau du pic meunier, virot 1044 ( p ) ; pic nga, bawmann 13,518 (z). serianthes tenuiflora benth., trans. linn. soc. bot. 30: 599, 1875. leaves with rachis tomentose, pinnae 10—? pairs, leaflets 15—20 pairs on a pinna, oblong, slightly curved, 15 mm. long, 5 mm. wide, midrib straight to somewhat curved, tending to be parallel with the concave upper margin, closer to upper than lower margin, blade thinly sericeous beneath, tomentulose on lower part of midrib above and beneath, apex rounded; inflorescence tomentulose, up to 13 cm. long, branched near summit, branches bearing triads of flowers at their apices; calyx cup shaped, 2—3 mm. high, 4 mm. wide, teeth low triangular; corolla narrow, 2—3 mm. wide, up to 21 mm. long, adherent part exserted up to 1 cm., many flowers opening when only partly developed; fruit unknown. this plant seems to be a distinct species, but it has never been recollected and it is not known where the type came from. bentham says, "hab. 'pacific islands, cunningham' in herb. hooker. i do not know the history of this specimen. alan cunningham never visited the pacific islands." specimens examined: " i n s . p a c i f.", cunningham (k, type). serianthes ebudarum fosberg, sp. nov. folia pinnis 10-jugis foliolis glabris, inflorescentia compacta, calyx 5—6 mm. longa, corolla 15—23 mm. longa gracilis, legumen oblongum 13 cm. longum 3 cm. latumque. leaves with raches 10—20 cm. long, thinly tomentose, pinnae about 10 pairs, leaflets 13—20 pairs, 8—11 mm. long, 2—3 mm. wide, glabrous, oblong, slightly curved to straight, apex rounded, midrib straight to slightly curved, nearer distal margin, slightly diagonal; inflorescence thinly tomentose, long pedunculate, compactly corymbosely branched near apex, in flower 5—7 mm. long, in fruit 10 cm. long; calyx tubular 5—6 mm. long, 3.5—4 mm. wide at apex, sericeous tomentose; corolla slender, 15—23 mm, long, pink, adherent part somewhat exserted; pod oblong, straight, up to 13 cm. long, 3 cm. wide, tomentose, cross venation obscure, moderately close. 308 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 this species is closest to s. tenuiflora benth. and is known only from the new hebrides. native name "ney-aroney" in erromanga. specimens examined: n e w h e b r i d e s : erromanga, i., dillon bay, 300m., kajewski 312 (k, us, ny, b i s h ) . aneityum i., anelgauhat bay, 200 m., kajewski 743 (k, us, ny, type, a, b i s h ) . serianthes myriadenia (bert, ex guillem.) planch, in benth., hook, london jour. bot. 5: 108, 1846. acacia myriadenia bertero ex guillemin, zeph. tait., ann. sci. nat. bot. ii, 7: 359, 1837. tree; leaves with rachis thinly tomentulose, up to 34 cm. long (to 0.5 m. ace. guillemin), pinnae up to 17 cm. long, leaflets 13—20 pairs on a pinna, oblong, usually somewhat curved, apex rounded, midrib nearly parallel to long axis of leaf, slightly closer to distal margin; inflorescence corymbiform, 5—15cm. long (to 27cm. in wilder 1222); calyx tubular, scarcely dilated; corolla 20—30 mm. long, thinly tomentose; pod oblong, brown tomentose, thinly woody, usually somewhat cross venulose. this species was included in the original serianthes grandiflora by bentham, but planchon promptly pointed out to him that acacia myriadenia was a distinct species. this must have been in a letter, as no reference to a published statement has been found. gray, in the botany of the u. s. exploring expedition, p. 485, 1854, refers to it as "serianthes myriadenia, planchon, ined." it is apparently confined to the society, marquesas and austral islands, though much of the material cited here as s. sachetae, s. ebudarum, and s. melanesica has generally been referred to it. these species are undeniably close, but together form an incoherent aggregation, almost undefinale as a single species. the ample leaves, narrow tubular calyces, large corollas, and wide, thinly woody fruits with margins not much thickened, serve to distinguish smyriadenia. a specimen in paris, collected by moerenhout in 1834 is marked as type, but this sheet has a twig with several leaves, while guillemin in his original publication, discussed "une seule feuille". this, as well as the size of the leaf and the fact that the collection is ascribed to bertero and moerenhout, suggests that the actual type is the sheet in paris bearing a single fragmentary rachis and three pinnae, labelled tahiti, 1831, bertero et moerenhout, and this sheet is here regarded as type. the rest of the pinnae may be what are enclosed in an envelope attached to another sheet, with no collector indicated. guillemin asks whether this species may not be the same as mimosa glandulosa forst. or mimosa granulosa labill., but in my opinion is merely expressing a reasonable doubt, rather than actually in1960] f . r. fosberg: serianthes benth. 309 eluding these earlier names as synonyms. mimosa glandulosa forst. is a nomen nudum applied to the plant now known as leucaena insularum (guillem.) dan. and mimosa granulosa labill. is albizia granulosa (labill.) benth. two varieties are recognized, one from the society and marquesas islands, the other from the austral islands. serianthes myriadenia var. myriadenia leaflets 13—18 mm. long, 5—7 mm. wide, glaucous and sparsely sericeous tomentulose beneath, sparsely sericeous tomentulose on midrib above, 14—20 pairs on a pinna; inflorescence 7—27 cm. long; calyx 7 mm. high, 3 mm. wide, scarcely expanding upward, lobes triangular, 1 mm. high; corolla 25—30 mm. long; pods up to 15 cm. long, 6.5 cm. wide, margins not thickened. probably confined to the society and marquesas islands, though a collection by banks and solander in 1769 is labelled "friendly islands". this matches exactly material from tahiti and has a much longer rachis, larger leaflets, and larger pods than any other known tonga material. it is probably mislabelled. this collection and that by setchell and parks 494, from tahiti, have the leaflets almost glabrous beneath. the native name in tahiti, as recorded on a number of collections and by henry, bishop mus. bui. 48: 57, 1928, is "faifai". this is spelled "fa'ifa'a" by chabouis, petite hist. nat. des e. f. 0. 37, 1954. chabouis, indicating considerable confusion, gives mimosa glandulosa as an alternative name for this, and also gives acacia myriadenia with the native name "taroire". the name given in the marquesas, as noted on the mumford and adamson specimen, is "haihai". specimens examined: s o c i e t y i s . : s.l. banks and solander (bm); tahiti: s.l., bertero and moerenhout in 1831 (p, type), moerenhout in 1834 (p), in 1835 (f), barclay s.n. (k), hinds in 1841 (k), nadeaud 508 (p), s.n. (p), vesco s.n. (p), dupetitthouars s.n. (p), "savatier?? lepine?" (p), lepine 4 (p), savatier s.n, (p), u.s. expl. exped. (us, gh), savatier s.n. in 1877 (p), savatier 915 (p); mt. torea, wilder in 1932 (ny), wilder 1222 (a, bish); above the falls, maara valley, setchell & parks 494 (bish, gh, p, us). moorea: s.l. vesco s.n. (p); taiarabu, 600—700 m. lepine s.n. (p). m a r q u e s a s i s . : nukuhiva, tehaihai, adamson and mumford 607 (ny, bish). " f r i e n d l y i s l a n d s", banks and solander s.n. in 1769 (us). serianthes myriadenia var. rurutensis f. brown, bishop mus, bull. 130: 105. 1935. rachis of leaves 11—28 cm. long, pinnae 7—13 pairs, leaflets sparsely sericeous tomentulose above, up to 20 mm. long and 9 mm. wide, usually 3 1 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 much smaller; inflorescence 5—13 cm. long; calyx 9 mm. long, scarcely dilated upward, lobes triangular ovate, 2 mm. long, tending to dehisce transversely at base; corolla 21—25 mm. long, white; pod at least to 13 cm. long and 4 cm. wide (immature), irregularly torulose, rather closely and obscurely cross veined, margins somewhat thickened. the description of this variety is taken from plants from two islands, rurutu and raivavae, and may, when more material becomes available, be shown to include two varieties. the variety, as originally proposed by brown, depended mostly on the remarkable character of a double series of corolla lobes, probably not matched otherwise in the leguminosae. only one flower is available on the type. the flowers on the raivavae collection do not show this character. until it is shown to occur on other specimens i shall regard it as a case of teratology, and the variety will have to rest on its other less spectacular characters. this variety is by no means clearly set off from var. myriadenia except in the rather trivial character of the puberulent or sericeous upper surface of the leaflets. the two seem to overlap in practically all characters, but the ranges of variation differ. var. rurutensis usually has shorter leaves with only 7—11 pairs of pinnae, the leaflets more subcoriaceous, the calyx 7—9 rather than 6—7 mm. long, calyx lobes longer, the corolla shorter, and the fruit, not known in mature condition, seems to be narrower, more torulose, and with more of a tendency to thickened margins. it seems best, for the present, to maintain this variety. further collecting may show either that it will not stand, that two varieties exist, one on rurutu and one on raivavae, or that the rurutu material may be a distinct species because of its peculiar corolla. the latter possibility seems unlikely, however, the native name on rurutu is given by stokes as "ai ai". specimens examined : a u s t r a l i s l a n d s : r u r u t u : mato arei, 10 m., stokes 185 (bish, type), st. john 16739 (bish) ; mato naa, 60m., st. john and fosberg 16559 (bish). raivavae: northeast side of pic rouge, 140m., st. john and fosberg 159i9 (bish). serianthes sachetae fosberg, sp. nov. foliola utrinque sparse sericea; calyx 6—14 mm. longus; corolla 20— 35 mm. longa, legumen grande valde lignosum marginibus valde incrassatis. tree up to at least 20 m. tall; leaves with rachis 10—25 cm. long, thinly tomentose with 4—10 pairs of pinnae, leaflets up to 21 pairs on a pinna, oblong, straight, up to 20 mm. long, up to 10 mm. wide, usually smaller, sparsely sericeous or sericeous tomentulose beneath, less so above, midrib parallel to margins or very slightly diagonal, margins straight; inflorescence stout, 8—18 cm. long, corymbosely branched near top; calyx campanulate i960] f.r. posbeeg: serianthes benth. 311 to cup-shaped or tubular, 6—14 mm. long, 6—9 mm. wide, lobes ovate-triangular; corolla rose to purple or white, (20)—25—35 mm. long; stamens reddish; pods large, oblong, 14—25 cm. long, 5—7 cm. wide, very thick and woody, the margins usually conspicuously thickened, sides more or less cross-veined. i take pleasure in naming this species for my research assistant, miss marie-helene sachet, in recognition of her competence in pacific botany. this is by far the commonest species in new caledonia, usually found on serpentine or peridotite soil, and is variable. specimens have in tne past generally been referred to s. myriadenia or to s. calycina, which latter they most resemble. the plants coming within the above circumscription can be sorted into about 5 more or less discernible groups differing in size and shape of calyx, and size and shape of fruit. individual specimens differ more strikingly in one or more characters. with the material at hand these groups can scarcely be characterized firmly enough to be convincing or to be recognized again. we are apparently dealing with a widespread variable population which has not been adequately sampled to be segregated into varieties, though some will probably be recognized when more collecting has been done. the salient feature by which this species can be recognized is the large woody fruit with thickened margins, in combination with a small calyx. it is entirely probable that some of the variability is the result of hybridization locally with s. calycina, with which it grows in at least one locality. of the specimens cited below daniker 1233 and 1581 represent a form with extraordinarily small fruits and leaves. baumann ±4,446 has the margins of the fruits scarcely thickened; flowers are lacking; in habit it somewhat resembles s. germainii, but in most respects it seems to be closest to s. sachetae. a pancher sheet in the paris herbarium with new caledonia crossed out on the label and with a smaller label partly torn off that may say tahiti, does not much resemble the tahiti s. myriadenia. it has a large woody cross striate fruit, 25 cm. long, 6 cm. wide, larger tubular calyces 2—11 mm. long, and corolla up to 30 mm. long. its inflorescences are only 4—9 cm. long. its leaflets are definitely like those of s. sachetae. it is very likely that this plant came from new caledonia and is s. sachetae. s p e c i m e n s e x a m i n e d : n e w c a l e d o n i a : s.l. pancher 4 (k, p ) , s.n. ( p ) , i n 1864 (p), mueller s.n. (p), petit 2 (p), lebcrt. et founder 2 (p, bm), montrouzier s.n. (p), lecard s.n. in 1879 (bm, p, bo) ; baie de prony, balansa 322 (p, type) ; prony, balansa322 (bm, a, us), franc 1762 (p) ; port boise, deplanche 344 (p), herb. deplanche, s. coll. su (k), lenarmand 344 (k), thiebault in 1867 (p) ; yate, west shore of river, buchholz 1495 (us) ; balade, vieillurd bin (p) ; mt. mou, balansa 2811 (bm) ; 350 m. guillaumin et baumann 10,093 (z) ; baie vie, compton 85b (bm); le long des berges du cours inferieur de la taughene, virot 763 (p) ; gatope, vicillard 312 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 419 (p) ; hermitage, noumea, franc 741 (p), 200m., mckee 2310 (us, a ) ; hermitage valley, 400 m., baumann 1216u (z) ; between the peaks of mt. kaala, ddniker 123s (z); boh valley, 250 m., baumann 12,16h (z) ; yate, sarasin 680 (z); st louis, near noumea, daniker 2801 (z) ; goro, 2 m., virot 657 (a); dumbea, white 2041 (a, p) ; i s l a n d o f y a n d e , ddniker 1581 (z) ; 11 e d e s p i n s, gerwain s.n. in 1874—1876 (p) ; l o y a l t y i s . , mare, daniker 2867 (z). a u s t r a l i a : new south wales, sydney, cult, in botanic garden, cheel s.n. in 1932 (us). serianthes melanesica fosberg, sp. nov. folia pinnis 4—12 jugis, foliolis rectis vel vix curvatis, calyx 6—10 mm. altus, corolla 18—30 mm. longa, legumen 3.5—4.5 cm. latum. leaves with rachis 8—30 cm. long, tomentose to pilosulous, pinnae 4—12 pairs, leaflets 8—26 pairs, oblong, straight to very slightly curved, midrib closer tc distal margin, parallel to it when margin is straight; inflorescence corymbiform, 5—15 cm. long; calyx tubular or cylindric to cup shaped or campanulate, 6—10 mm. high; corolla 18—30 mm. long; pods 9.5—18 cm. long, 3.5—4.5 cm. wide, brown tomentose, closely but usually not conspicuously cross veined. this is an unsatisfactory, heterogeneous species, too close to s. myriadenia, s. sachelae, and s. ebudarum, but if combined with them making the whole undefinable. arguments might equally well be advanced for combining these species or for recognizing at least all the varieties of s. melanesica as separate species. the middle course adopted here may be best, at least until more ample and more complete material is available of some of the entities discernible in s. melanesica. it is not absolutely certain that some of the specimens here associated really belong together. this species centers in fiji, but extends to samoa, tonga, the new hebrides and the loyalty islands, and at least six varieties are recognizable. the plants here associated were formerly mostly placed in either s. myriadenia or s. vitiensis. serianthes melanesica var. melanesica. folia rachibus 8—15 cm. longis foliolis supra glabris vel subglabris, calyx cupulifoimis vel campanulata, legumen viarginibus leviter incrassatis. leaves with rachis 8—15 cm. long, pinnae 4—8 or more pairs, leaflets 8—20 pairs, 8—20 mm. long, 3.5—6 mm. wide, (7 mm. by 2.5 mm. in degener 14,657), glabrous to sparsely sericeous or pilosulous beneath, usually glabrous, rarely slightly sericeous above; inflorescence 5—15 cm. long, up to 7—8 cm. wide at top; calyx cylindric or cup shaped to campanulate, 6—10 mm. high, 5—7 mm. wide; corolla 20—30 mm. long, adherent part well exserted; pod 9—11 cm. long, 3.5—4.5 cm. wide, margins somewhat thickened. 1960] f . r. fosberg: serianthes benth. 313 this is the common serianthes in fiji and is well distributed through the group. possibly more than one variety are represented. a sterile specimen from a high altitude, degener 14,657, especially may prove to be distinct when better material is collected. the native name is "vaivai". specimens examined: f i j i i s l a n d s : s.l., u.s. expl. exped. (ny); waindoi, near beach, mead 1962 (k). viti levu: tholo west, near sovi bay, 0—60 m., degener 15,041 (ny, type, a, us, k, bish) ; sigatoka, phillips (greenwood) 657 a (k) ; mba, vicinity of nalotawa, east base of mt. evans range, 550—600 m., smith 4489 (us, bish, a) ; sami, suva, mcdaniels 133 (k); sovutwambu, 5 miles from nandarivatu, 2500 feet, degener 14,657 (ny, a). vanua levu: masuata coast, sea level, greenwood 657 (k). ovalavt: s.l. storck 887 (k, gh, bm) ; port tuimairo, seemann 145 (k, bm, a, p ) . vanua mbalavu, malatta, 0—100 m., smith 1447 (us, ny, p, k, a, bish, bo). fulanga, 0—80 m., smith 1212 (k, us, ny, a, bish, p, bo). ongea ndriti, 5—15 m., bryan 415 (bish), bryan (by beck) 404 (bish). serianthes melanesica var. macdanielsii fosberg, var. nov. folia rachibus ad 15 cm. longis, foliolis maxime 9 mm. longis 3.5 mm. latisque; calyx late turbinata vel campanulata, 9 mm. alta lataque. leaves with rachis up to 15 cm. long, 8—11 pairs of pinnae, leaflets 20—26 pairs on a pinna, very small, up to 9 mm. long and 3.5 mm. wide; inflorescence up to 9 cm. long; calyx broadly turbinate or campanulate, 9 mm. high, 9 mm. wide at top; corolla 22—23 mm. long; pod 12 cm. long, 4.5 cm. wide. named for the collector of the type, prof. l. h. macdaniels of cornell university, noted for his studies of bananas and experienced in the botany of the south facific. in its small leaflets this variety resembles var. yunckeri and s. ebudarum. its characters fall mostly almost within the extremes of var. melanesica but there these extremes do not occur in this combination. specimens examined: f i j i : s.l. home 367 (gh) ; viti levu, 5 miles west of suva, 4m., macdaniels 1067 (bish, type, a). serianthes melanesica var. yunckeri fosberg, var. nov. folia rachibus 12—16 cm. longis foliolis utrinque sericeis; calyx cylindrica 8—10 mm. alta, corolla ad 30 mm. longa. leaves with rachis 12—16 cm. long, tomentose, leaflets 8—16 pairs, up to 15 mm. long, 3—6 mm. wide, sparsely sericeous or sericeous-pilosulous on both sides; inflorescence 6—9 cm. long; calyx tubular, 8—10 mm. high, 3.5—7 inm. wide at apex, corolla up to 30 mm. long, adherent part exserted 7—8 mm., pink (in the kajeivski specimen); pod unavailable. named for the collector of the type, the distinguished professor t. g. yuncker, of depauw university, widely experienced in pacific botany. 3 1 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 distinguished from var. melanesica by the narrower calyx and the leaves sparsely hairy on both sides. the native name "mohemohe" is recorded for vavau by crosby. specimens examined: t o n g a i s l a n d s : s.l. matthews 66 (k). vavau i., s.l. crosby 57 (k) ; summit of talau, west of neiafu, 130 m., yuncker 16,141 (us, type). late i. (or tate 1.) grubbe t3 (bm). n e w h e b r i d e s : tanna i., lenakel, kajewski 41 (k, a, bish). serianthes melanesica var. samoensis fosberg, var. nov. folia rachibus 17—18cm. longis tomentosis; calyx tubularis 10 mm. altus; corolla 30 mm. longa; legumen 17—18 cm. longum marginibus valde incrassatis. leaf rachis 17—21 cm. long, tomentose, leaflets not available; inflorescence 10—12 cm. long; calyx tubular, slightly dilated upward, 10 mm. long, 7 mm. wide at top, lobes triangular; corolla 30 mm. long, adherent part exserted 5—7 mm; pod 17—18 cm. long, 3.5—4 cm. wide, beaked, margins conspicuously thickened. close to var. meeboldii but differing in the much longer pod with strongly thickened margins. s p e c i m e n examined: s a m o a ; s.l., whitmce 177 (k, t y p e ) . serianthes melanesica var. meeboldii fosberg, var. nov. folia rachibus 25—30 cm. longis foliolis 15—26 jugis glabris vel glabratis costis sparse sericeis, calyx tubularis leviter dilata 3—12 mm. alta. leaves with rachis 25—30 cm. long, loosely tomentulose-pilosulous, leaflets 15—26 pairs, 6—14 mm. long, 2—4.5 mm. wide, glabrous or glabrate excepting the midrib sparsely sericeous beneath; inflorescence 8—10 cm. long; calyx tubular, somewhat dilated upward, 8—12 mm. long, 6—7 mm wide at top, lobes triangular; corolla up to 25 mm. long; pod 9 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide. named for the collector of the type, mr. alfred meebold. the three collections placed here differ markedly in size of leaflets, but seem to go together in the glabrous or glabrate leaflets, long rachises, and narrow somewhat dilated calyces. specimens examined: f i j i : s.l., home 267 (k), u.s. expl. exped. (ny). viti levu, lamy, 6 m;les from suva, meebold 16,465 (k, type, bish). serianthes melanesica var. lifouensis fosberg, var. nov. folia rachibus 24—25 cm. longis pinnis 9—11 jugis, foliolis supra leviter hirtellis infra glabratis, inflorescentia angusta, calyx campanulata 10 mm. alta, legumen 13—14 cm. longum marginibus vix incrassatis. i960] f. r. fosberg: serianthes benth. 315 young parts dark brown tomentose; leaves with rachis 24—25 cm. long, thinly brown tomentose, pinnae 9—11 pairs, leaflets up to 17 pairs, glabrate beneath, very slightly hirtellous above, especially near base of midrib; inflorescence about 8 cm. long in flower, 12 cm. fruit, very narrowly corymbose, branches little over 1 cm. long, dark brown tomentose; calyx (in bud) somewhat campanulate, 10 mm. high, 10 mm. wide at top, lobes triangular, 2.5—3 mm. long; corolla unavailable; pod straight to slightly falcate, 13—14 cm. long, 4—4-5 cm. wide, margins only slightly thickened; seeds irregularly transversally oblong, 15—17 mm. long, 7—9 mm. wide, dark brown, margin darker, testa very hard. rather different looking, but from its characters to be associated with s. melanesica rather than with s. sachetae as might otherwise have been expected from its occurrence in the loyalty islands. specimen examined: n e w c a l e d o n i a [ l o y a l t y i s l a n d s ] : lifou, balansa 2458 ( p , t y p e ) . excluded species and specimens. 1. serianthes gigalobium kosterm., reinwardtia 2: 357, 1953. this is sympetalandra borneensis stapf. see gard. bull. s.s. 5. 2. serianthes inopinata harms, notizbl. 11: 55, 1930. this is a pithecellobium (sensu lato) in most respects not especially dissimilar to p. saman (jacq.) benth. (samanea saman (jacq.) merr.) but with a much thicker much woodier pod, this about 2 cm. thick and 4 cm. wide, broadly oblong in cross section, slightly curved, apparently indehiscent but disintegrating by transverse fissuring along the prominent transverse rugosity. i have not placed it. the specimen came from the botanical gardens at rio de janeiro, ducke 15248 (us). 3. serianthes minahassae (koord.) merr. & perry, jour. arn. arb. 23: 393, 1942. this should, in my opinion, be referred back to albizia, where the correct name is albizia minahassae koord., med. 's lands plant. 19: 416, 1898; suppl. fl. n. 0. celebes 1 (1): 13, t. 4, 1918. merril and perry made their transfer without comment, but gave a good description of the tree. two important characters make this species seem out of place in serianthes. it has an inflorescence which is a panicle of pedunculate spikes and a definitely margined somewhat dehiscent pod, (see kostermans 1954, p. 4), both of which relate it to albizia, rather than serianthes. the pod seems to split along the edges but not to come apart. the parchment-like endocarp separates from the mesocarp, a character out of place in serianthes. •81 8 . r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 4. serianthes ledermannii harms, bot. jahrb. 55: 43, 1917. this is undoubtedly a form of albizia minahassae koord. 5. serinnthes sp. tahiti, tilden 397 (k) has been referred to serianthes. it is a single leaf not too dissimilar to that of serianthes, but with slight whitish tomentum near the bases of the pinnae. the leaflets are oblong, rounded a', apex, 10 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide. it does not match serianthes myriadenia and i have not placed it, though it might conceivably be leucaena glauca. 6. serianthes sp. new caledonia, franc 618 (bm, ny) was named serianthes but is albizia granulosa (labill.) benth. list of collector's numbers adamson & mumford 607 = s. myriadenia, myriadenia; agama 23321 = s. dihnyi; ahern 447 (= 147) et 4479 — s. dilmyi; alvis 99 = s. kanehirae, yapensis ; balansa 322 et 2811 = s. sachetae; 2458 = s. melanesica, lifouensis; banks & solander s.n. = s. myriadenia, myriadenia; barclay 3585 = s. dilmyi; s.n. = s. myriadenia, myriadenia; baumaim 13518 = s. germainii; 12164 = s. sachetae; bb. 14380, 28735, 29890 = s. dilmyi; beccari s.n. = s. dilmyi; beck 404 = s. melanesica, melanesica; bertero & moerenhout s.n. = s. myriadenia, myriadenia; brass 22010 = s. kanehirae, hooglandii; brown s.n. = s. dilmyi; bryan 404 et 415 = s. melanesica, melanesica; buchholz 1495 — s. sachetae; caldwell s.n. = s. calycina; cheel s.n. =: s. sachetae; compton 854 = s. sachetae; corner 28089 = s. dilmyi; cortes &. knapp 23939 = s. dilmyi; crosby 57 = s. melanesica, yunckeri; cuming 1592 = 5. dilmyi; cunningham s.n. = s. tenuiflora; curran 3800 = s. dilmyi; daniker 221 = s. petitiana; 1233, 1581, 2801, 2867 = s. sachetae; degener 14657 et 15041 = s. melanesica, melanesica; deplanche 344 = s. sachetae; ducke 15248 =; samanea saman; dupetit-thouars s.n. = s. -myriadenia, myriadenia. everett 5616 = s. dihnyi; pairchild 299 = s. dilmyi; fenix 1166 = s. dilmyi; fosberg 25770 = s. kanehirae, kanehirae; 39369 = s. nelsonii; foxworthy, demesa & villamil 13298 = s. dilmyi; franc 618 = albizia granulosa; 741 et 1762 = s. sachetae. gaudichaud s.n. = s. dilmyi; germain s.n. = s. germainii; s.n. = s. sachetae; greenwood 657 et a = 5. melanesica, melanesica; griffith s.n. = s. dilmyi; grubbe t. s — s. melanesica, macdanielsii; guillaumin & baumann 10093 = s. sachetae; 10850 = s. petitiana; hatusima 4900 = s. kanehirae, kanehirae; hoogland 4331 et 4724 = s. kanehirae, hooglandii; 4968 = s. robinsonii; home 267 = s. melanesica, mceboldii; 367 = s. -melanesica, macdanielsii. jaheri s.n., 322, 2211 = s. dilmyi; kajewski 312 et 743 = s. ebudarum; 41 = s. melanesica, macdanielsii; kanehira 176 et 2091 = s. kanehirae, kanehirae; 1794 = s. nelsonii; kanehira & hatusima 2783 et 13188 = s. dilmyi; 5031 = s. kanehirae, kanehirae; kjellberg 2453 1960] f. r. fosbekg: serianthes benth. 317 = s. dilmyi; koorders & oldenburg 29484 = s. dilmyi; kostermans 2783 = s. dilviyi; kurz s.n. = s. dilmyi; lebert & pournier 2 = s. sachetae; lecard s.n. = s. sachetae; ledermann 14218 = s. kanehirae, kanehirae; leeuwen-reynvaan 3761 = s. dilmyi; lenormand 344 = s. sachetae; 419 = s. ealyeina; lepine s.n. et 4 = s. myriadenia, myriadenia; lutjeharms 4652 et 5161 = s. dilmyi; macdaniels 133 = s. melanesica, melanesica; 1067 = s. melanesiea, macdanielsii; maingay 2391 = s. dilmyi; malessy 8 — s. dilmyi; marche 288 = s. nelsonii; matthews 66 = 5. melanesiea, yunckeri; mckee 2310 = s. sachetae; mead 1962 = s. melanesica, melanesica; meebold 16465 = s. melanesica, meeboldii; moerenhout s.n. = is. myriadenia, myriadenia; montrouzier s.n. = s. sachetae; moran 4583 = s. nelsonii; mueller s.n. = s. sachetae; nadeaud 508 et s.n. = s. myriadenia, myriadenia; nelson s.n., 23, 34, 240 = s. nelsonii; oldenburg 37 et 263 = s. robinsonii; pancher s.n. et 4 = s. sachetae; panjalian s.n. = s. dilmyi; petit 2 et 1548 = s. petitiana and s. sachetae; philips 657a = s. melanesica, melanesica; ponce. 22829 = s. dilmyi; ramos & edano 44336 = s. dilmyi; ridley s.n. — s. dilmyi; robinson 2045 = s. robinsonii; sarasin 680 = s. sachetae; savatier s.n. et 915 = s. myriadenia, myriadenia; seemann 145 = s. melanesica, melanesica; setchell & parks 494 = s. myriadenia, myriadenia; sinclair 38902 et 38956 = s. dilmyi; smith 1212, 1447, 4489 = s. me-, lanesica, melanesica; steere 9 = s. nelsonii; st. john 16739 — s. myriadenia, rurutensis; st. john & fosberg 15949 et 16559 = s. myriadenia, rurutensis; steup s.n. = s. dilmyi; stokes 185 = s. myriadenia, rurutensis; storck 887 = s. melanesica, melanesica; takamatsu 1368 = s. kanehirae, kanehirae; tangkilisan 17 = s. dilmyi; teijsmann s.n., 2974, 4472 = s. dilmyi; teijsmann 1952 = s. robinsonii; thiebault s.n. = s. sachetae; tilden 397 = ? leueaena glauca; toewal 2211 = s. dilmyi; uno 44 = s. dilmyi; u.s. explor. exp. s.n. = s. melanesica, melanesica; id., vav. meeboldii; id., s. myriadenia, var. myriadenia; id., s. vitiensis; vesco s.n. = s. myriadenia, myriadenia; vidal 2697 et 2698 = s. dilmyi; vieillard 419 = s. sachetae and s. ealyeina; virot 657 et 763 = s. sachetae; virot 1044 — s. germainii; virot 1109 = s. petitiana; volkens 357 et 436 = s. kanehirae, yapensis; wallich 5285 = s. dilmyi; warburg 20319 = s. dilmyi; white 2041 = s. sachetae; whitmee 177 — s. melanesica, samoensis; wilder s.n. et 1222 = s. myriadenia, myriadenia; womersley & gray 8614 = s. dilmyi; yuncker 16141 = s. melanesica, yunckeri. img556_page_01 img556_page_02 img556_page_03 img556_page_04 img556_page_05 img556_page_06 img556_page_07 img556_page_08 img556_page_09 img556_page_10 img556_page_11 img556_page_12 img556_page_13 img556_page_14 img556_page_15 img556_page_16 img556_page_17 img556_page_18 img556_page_19 img556_page_20 img556_page_21 img556_page_22 img556_page_23 img556_page_24 img556_page_25 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 4,' pp. 483-486 (1952) on generic type species indicated by misapplied names m. a. donk* when the type method was introduced in the "international rules of botanical nomenclature," it was stated that "a nomenclatural type is that constituent element to which the name of a group is permanently attached" and, further, that "the type of . . . a generic name is a species and that of a species . . . is usually a specimen or preparation. in some species, however, the type is a description or figure given by a previous author" (art. 18) .1 no doubt, the type of a generic name is a species and that of a specific name a specimen (or its substitute). a species may be variously interpreted as to its limits; it may be narrowly or broadly conceived. it may receive a name, but it remains a species even if it has no name. it frequently occurs that a specific name is misapplied to a quite different species. hence it is also evident that a species and a specific name are two intrinsically different notions, not at all identical and interchangeable. as quoted above, art. 18 positively says that the type of a generic name is a species and does not refer to specific names. i believe this article really states what it wanted to convey in this respect, and is not an instance of unfortunate wording. a species comprises a vast number of 'individuals plants' and of these some are preserved often only in part, or are subject to taxonomic study without preservation, and represent the 'specimens' of the rules; when the species is given a name, one of these is or afterwards becomes the 'type specimen.' thus a (type) species and a (type) specimen are different notions. in the binomial system a specific name is a combination of two words. the first part, or generic appellation, stands for a generic description, the second part, or specific epithet, for a specific description2: a specific name roots in two different descriptions. far more often than not these two are published on different occasions by different authors. •keeper of herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. i'group' has now become 'taxon.' 2only exceptionally one description is permitted under heavily restricted circumstances to repressent both the generic appellation and the specific description (art. 43). — 483 — 486 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 rogers, in addition, concluded: "ergo, cristella = sebacina."'0 patouillard published, first, a new generic name, cristella, for a new taxon accompanied by a description drawn up from the specimens he actually studied; among these the type specimen of merisma cristatum pers. was not represented. secondly, he published a new combination ("crist, cristata") for an 'old' species, basinym, merisma cristatum pers.6; this recombination has to be treated as a synonym of persoon's name given to the species of sebacina. these two simple and easily extricable facts would seem a very slender basis for confusion. example 3.—following the same unsupportable line of reasoning, rogers identified the species he selected as the type of soppittiella mass. (brit. fung. fl. 1: 106. 1892) not according to what massee understood by that name, but what he, rogers, understood by it, and so soppittiella became to him another synonym of sebacina tul. the fungus described and illustrated by massee as soppittiella cristata mass. ("thelephora cristata, fr.") is presumably also the same as corticium fastidiosum (cristella cristata sensu pat.), although some allowances for errors in his description should be made: for instance, the spores are not "pale vinous." the generic diagnosis of soppittiella does not agree well with massee's description of this selected type. it states that the fruit-body is "soft, fleshy, and subgelatinous when growing, collapsing when dry" and (in the general discussion) "soft, fleshy, and subgelatinous when moist." on the other hand, massee's accounts of the genus and the species he attributed to it are so confused, inaccurate, and even evidently erroneous that the proper selection of a different species agreeing more closely with the generic description would be a complicated matter with a subjective and debatable result. i, therefore, wholeheartedly support rogers' choice of the indicated species, which makes, to me, soppittiella a later synonym of cristella, but not of sebacina as was concluded by him! "he proceeds to draw attention to the later name phlebiella p. karst. which he considers the correct one for the genus in an emended circumscription. there are signs that some other mycologists are inclined to accept this view; compare h. s. jackson (in canad. j. res. 26 c: 144, 155. 1948) and john eriksson [in symb. bot. upsal. 10 (5): 6. 1950]. this unexpected development induced the present note. srather than thelephora cristata (pers.) ex fr. whether or not the new recombination cristella cristata was validly published is again a different matter. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 4, pp. 487-500 (1952) notes on malesian fungi—ii* on the genera auricularia, hirneola, and laschia m. a. d o n k * * summary 1. after discussing the outer characters of the three genera auricularia bull, ex merat, hirneola fr. (1848), and laschia fr., now often combined into a single genus, the author concludes that there is every reason to follow bresadola and to keep auricularia and hirneola apart as distinct genera, and to enter laschia into hirneola. 2. it is pointed out that in hirneola the hymenophore is not invariably inferior. 3. the author once more discusses the desirability of conserving the name hirneola fr. 1848. he withdraws his previous proposal for conservation of auricularia bull, ex brongn. 1824. 4. the new combination hirneola nigricans (sw. ex fr.) donk is proposed. 5. it is possible that the correct name for the judas' ear is hirneola auricula (l. ex mexat) h. karst. historical outline.—the three auriculariaceous genera auricularia bull, [ex merat 1821], laschia fr., and hirneola fr. (1848), kept apart by fries, are now often combined into a single genus under the name of auricularia. when introduced, the earliest of these three names, auricularia, covered various fungi now considered not closely related, among which auricularia mesenterica (dicks, ex fr.) fr. (as au. tremelloides bull.) and stereum hirsutum (willd. ex fr.) s. f. gray (as au. reflexa bull.) were the most noteworthy representatives. bulliaird did not include tremella auricula l. = t. auricula-judae bull. = hirneola auricula (l. ex merat) h. karst. (see p. 499), the well-known judas' ear. in fact there was not much difference between auricularia bull, and thelephora ehrh. as the latter genus was emended by persoon. certain authors even replaced the name thelephora by auricularia, retaining the persoonian genus unaltered (merat, see p. 498). the first to combine au. mesenterica and h. auricula into one genus, exclusive of other species (like stereum hirsutum), was link (1809), who was followed by a respectable line of mycologists such as persoon, duby, secretan, link himself, and others. this genus, too, was called auricularia; *the first part appeared in bull. bot. gdns buitenzorg iii 17: 473-482 1948 **keeper of herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. 487 binder6 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_01 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_18 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_19 rei nwardt i a published by herbarium bogoiiense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2, part 1, pp..69-96 (1952) a revision of the genus archidendron f. muell. (mimosaceae) h. c. d. de w i t * summary 1. the present paper is the author's second revision of the genus archidendron. the validity of the genus is briefly discussed. 2. the genus has its centre of speciation in new guinea. the number of species treated is 31, not counting a few insufficiently known species. a key is given to the species and varieties, which are described. 3. the following are new species or varieties: archidendron affine de wit, a. calliandrum de wit, a. dies-christi de wit, a.nervosum de wit, a. parviflorum . var. lovgipes de wit, and a. trifoliolatwm de wit. 4. new combinations are; archidendron gogolense (k. schum. & laut.) de wit (basonym: hansemannia gogolense k, schum, & laut.) and a.incyi var. scklechteni (harms) de wit (basonym: archidendron sckleckterii harms). introductory remarks.—the striking character in the mimosaceous genus archidendron lies in its having more than one ovary. it is, however, undesirable from a phylogenetic point of view to attach much value to the plurality of carpels and many authors have preferred to consider the groups of polycarpellate species in mimosaceae as subgenera. many years ago, f. von mueller, the publishing author of archidendron, pointed out (fragm, phytogr. austr. 5: 10-11. 1865) that a plurality of carpels is occasionally found in leguminosae (wistaria, gleditschia, swartzia, affonsea, caesalpinia digyna rottl, dialium divaricatum vahl). i myself collected at bogor (buitenzorg) a specimen of cassia mimosoides l. which had two carpels in each flower. on the other hand, the presence of more than one carpel in leguminosae is, generally speaking, a rarity and so unambiguous a character, that for practical reasons polycarpelly seems in this case acceptable for generic distinction. a further argument for recognizing archidendron as a genus is, in my opinion, the unisexual flowers occurring in many (if not all) species which points to considerable antiquity and stresses the isolated position of archidendron in leguminosae. other differences between archidendron and pithecellobium mart., its closest ally, i have outlined before (de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. ill 17: 257. 1942). f. von *botanist, flora malesiana foundation. — 69 — 70 r e i n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 2 mueller, however, wished to include pithecellobium in albizzia, and to maintain archidendron as a section of albizzia,, named pleiophaca (cf. baillon, hist. pi. 2: 50. 1870, note 1). o. kuntze preferred to unite archidendron and affonsea a. de st. hil., the latter genus representing south american polycarpellate mimosaceae, but i consider the general appearance and further morphology of affonsea sufficiently different from archidendron to maintain both as separate genera. the geographic distribution of archidendron and affonsea suggests that the (generic) character of polycarpelly originated independently (bitopical), a view which agrees very well with a slight phylogenetic importance and the occurrence of polycarpelly in various places in the leguminosae. the natural affinity among species of archidendron seems to be close. i was unable to subdivide the genus into supraspecific taxa. the presence of extra-floral nectaries ("glands"), sometimes on the twigs at the insertion of the leaves, generally near the top and often near the base of the petiole, and always on the rachis between the rachillae and on the rachillae between the petiolules, the bracts often changing into similar large glands, linked as it is with myrmecophily and hollow branches, is biologically interesting. the characters of the nectaries are also valuable in distinguishing species, if used with caution. i found that distinctly raised petiolar and rachillar glands in young leaves may change into indistinct, practically flat, glands in old leaves. on the other hand very marked glands were observed which remained intact in old leaves, the general shape of the glands appearing stable and not changing much with age. the somewhat fleshy-thickened tips of the corolla in many species suggest in their appearance that there, too, nectaries are present. archidendron, as revised here, is by no means exhaustively studied, not even from a morphological point of view. the specimens in the herbaria are often poor. collectors often failed to recognize the importance of having complete leaves and were too often satisfied when a fragment had been secured. in the majority of species either the fruits or the flowers are unknown; the distribution and proportion of the sexes is practically unknown, and i may have failed sometimes to unite conspeeific maic and female specimens as there may exist a pronounced sexual dimorphy that i was unable to evaluate in the absence of adequate specimens and collector's data. i have applied the following terminology for the foliar characters. petiole: the stalk from the insertion of the leaf to the first pair of pinnae 1952] de w i t : revision of archidendron . 71 or jugum; rachis: the petiole prolonged beyond the insertion of the first jugum; rachilla,: one of the paired stalks bearing the leaflets. a grooved petiole or rachilla indicates that the stalks are actually furrowed or bear parallel rims suggesting a furrow. i began this revision expecting that many binomials would appear to be synonyms. aided this time by many types, i came to the conclusion that only few species had been described as new without reason, though there exists a close relationship among several of them, a comparatively large number of new species of archidendron remain to be discovered. it is a pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness to the directors of the herbaria of the arnold arboretum, bogor, the british museum, brussels, florence, kew, leyden, melbourne, paris, utrecht, and wroclaw who kindly supplied me with the material required. a r c h i d e n d r o n f. muell. archidendron f. von mueller, fragm. phytogr. austr. 5: 59. 1865; in j. of bot. 10: 10. 1872; bentham in benth. & hook., gen. pi. 1: 1004. 1867; in trans. linn. soc, bot. 30: 349. 1875; o. kuntze, rev. gen. pi. 1: 158. 1891; taubert in engl. & pr., nat. pflfam., 3: 3. abt.: 102. 1891; bailey, queensland fl. 522. 1900; pulle in nova guinea 8: 371. 1910; harms in bot. jb. 55: 39. 1917; de wit in bull, bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 256. 1942. hansemannia k. schumann in bot. jb. 9: 201. 1887; taubert in engl. & pr., nat. pflfam. 3: 3. abt.: 102. 1891; "hausemannia" f. muell. in proe. linn. soc. m.s. wales ik 5: 20. 1890 (misspelt). trees or shrubs, rarely large, usually cauliflorous, often with hollow branches. leaves compound, bipinnate, bearing glands (extra-floral nectaries) on the petiole, rachis, and rachilla, sometimes the nectaries are little developed, never quite absent. petiole (or rachis) and rachillae usually produced into a caducous or persistent mucro. leaflets opposite, as a rule markedly unequal-sided. flowers on simple or branched racemes, monoecious or dioecious. calyx variable in shape, margin nearly entire to lobed or deeply split. corolla tubular in the lower part, lobed. stamens numerous, monadelphous. anthers small; thecae containing 4 massulae of 16 pollen grains each. ovaries more than one; style often longer than the filaments; stigma either inconspicuous or small, knob-shaped. pods more or less fleshy, valves thick-walled, contorted, dehiscent, often constricted between seeds, as a rule brightly coloured. seeds usually numerous, ovoid or ellipsoid, not or little compressed, black and as a rule with a whitish bloom, up to the size of a walnut. aril absent. type species.—archidendron vaillantii (f. muell.) f. muell. local names.—se central new guinea: bawbata (manki tribe), wishiga (nauti tribe). distribution.—new guinea (centre of speciation), moluccas, north queensland, solomon islands, bismarck islands, louisiade archipelago. 72 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 economic use.—the bark is burnt to make a substitute for lime, chewed with areca nut (fide blackwood in proc. sixth pacific sci. congr. 4: 120. 1940). key to the taxa in archidendbon 1. corolla wholly or partly tomentose or puberulous. 2. corolla puberulous. 3raceme simple. 4. raceme 3—6 cm long. lower surface of leaflets sparsely rusty pubescent. 20. a. megapkyllum 4. raceme about 35 cm long, filiform. lower surface of leaflets (except the midrib) entirely glabrous 15, a. glabrum 3. raceme compound, thick. leaflets subcoriaceous, glossy, reticulate. . 4. a.bellum 2. corolla wholly or partly tomentose. 5. corolla glabrescent on the tube and on the lobes densely velvety tomentose. raceme branching 8.-4. calliandrum 5. corolla wholly tomentose. raceme simple or branching. 6. ovaries tomentose or pubescent. raceme stout. corolla 1—3 cm long. 7. calyx appressed puberulous to tomentose. 8. leaflets narrowly oblong. stamens about 1.5 cm long. axis of the raceme glandular-puberulous. flowers yellow or orange 24. a. oblongum 8. leaflets broadly ovate, very unequal-sided. stamens about 6 cm long. axis of the raceme puberulous 31. a.vaillantii 7. calyx glabrous 14. a. forbesii 6. ovaries glabrous. raceme slender, pendent, about 25 cm long. corolla 6—7 mm long 11. a. dies-ckristi 1. corolla glabrous or nearly so (with a few solitary hairs). ,9. raceme simple. 10. leaflets softly and sparsely pubescent on both surfaces. petiolules golden hirsute. corolla about 11mm long 21. a. molly 10. leaflets glabrous or on the lower surface sparsely softly puberulous. petiolules glabrous or appressed puberulous. 11. raceme glabrous, not over 5 cm long. corolla more than 2 cm long. 12. leaves 1-jugate. corolla papery, 2.5 cm long1 9. a.calycinum 12. leaves 1-jugate. corolla fleshy, 1.8 cm long 25. a. pachycarpum 12. leaves 3—4-jugate. corolla fleshy, a t least 4 c m long. . . . 3 . a.beguinii 11. raceme puberulous to glabrescent, up to more than 15 cm long. corolla less than 2 cm long. 13. leaves 2-jugate; leaflets in 2—5 pairs. stamens not more than 2.5 cm long. 14. pedicels very short, 1—2 mm long. foliar glands depressed, very small. calyx broadly cupular, 3.5—4.5 mm long. ovaries about 4. . . 17. a.incurvaiwm 14. pedicels slender, 4—5 mm long. foliar glands well developed, raised. calyx truncate a t base, 7—8 m m long. ovaries 11—8. . . . 12. a . effeminatum 13. leaves 1-jugate; leaflets in 3—6 pairs. stamens up to 4(—5) cm long. 15. calyx minutely puberulous to glabrous. pedicels not over 2 mm long. raceme up to 15 cm long 2. a. (intense 15. calyx glabrous or with few solitary hairs. pedicels 2—8 mm long. raceme up to 7 cm long. 1952] de wlt: revision of archidendron 73 16. stipules persistent. foliar glands small, not raised. 17. styles short. pods in upper part with 5 mm thick septs, cylindrical. seeds glossy brown. stipules 1 cm long. leaflets lanceolate. . 25. a. pachycarpum 17. styles long. stipules 2.5—3.5 cm long. leaflets oblong to lanceolate. 18. a. ledermannii 16. stipules caducous. styles exceeding or equalling the stamens. pods not septate, lobed. seeds black. 18. leaflets ovate to obovate; base not acute. foliar glands strongly raised. 19. raceme up to 2.5 cm long:. corolla c—8-lobed, 15—17 mm long. calyx distinctly 6-lobed, 5 mm long 23. a. nervosum 19. raceme about 4 em long. corolla 4—5-lobed, 17—10 mm long. calyx 5-lobed, about 2 mm long 26a. a. parviflorum var. longipes is. leaflets lanceolate to more or less ovate, base narrow, usually acute. foliar glands small depressed, at any rate not conspicuous. corolla 4—5-lobed. calyx vaguely 4—5-lobed. 20. raceme 1.5—2.5 cm long. pedicels 2—4 mm long. calyx more or less cupular. leaflets long acuminate 7. a. brevipes 20. raceme 3—6 cm long. pedicels up to 7 mm long. calyx very broadly cupular. leaflets vaguely acuminate 6. a. brevicalyx 9. raceme compound. 21. leaflets on the upper surface softly pubescent. petiolules densely golden hirsute. 21. a.molle 21. leaflets glabrous on the upper surface, possibly the midrib side-nerves partly appressed minutely puberulous. 22. six leaflets to a leaf, rarely two additional spurious leaflets. 30. a. trifoliolatum 22. twelve leaflets to a leaf, very rarely eight. 23. leaflets sessile. calyx papery, 14—20 mm long. raceme up to 1 cm long. 27. a. sessile 23. leaflets distinctly petioluled. calyx if more or less papery very short, otherwise not papery. raceme up to more than 30 em long. 24, pedicel, calyx (and corolla) puberulous or with sparse hairs. axis of inflorescence shortly puberulous. 25. leaf-rachis, raehillae, petiolules, and lower surface of midrib pubescent. raceme 2.5—8 cm long. pod about 5 cm long. . . . 5.-4. brackycarpum 25. leaves glabrous. raceme 10—25 cm long. 26. flowers 2—4 together in nearly sessile umbels along a slender, puberulous axis 13. a. fallax 26. flowers 2—4 together on 1—2,5 cm long peduncles. . 22. a. mucronatum 24. calyx and corolla quite glabrous, 27. calyx 1.5—2 cm long. 28. raceme about 15 cm long. stamens about 5 cm long. base of leaflets narrow, surfaces reticulate, coriaceous a. a. bellum 28. raceme up to 2 cm long. stamens 6.5—7.5 cm long. base of leaflets broad, surfaces not markedly reticulate, chartaceous 3. a.beguinii 27, calyx up to 1 em long. 29. leaves 1-jugate. petiole and rachillae more or less puberulous, not quite glabrous; raehillae grooved (at least in upper part). 30. leaflets 2—3 pairs 1. a.affine r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 30. leaflets 4—6 pairs. 31. foliar glands strongly raised. calyx about 2 mm long. pedicels about 5 mm long. corolla up to 9mm long; stamens 18—20mm long. raceme glabrous or nearly so 26a. parviflorum 31, foliar glands small, not or scarcely raised. calyx 3—5 mm long. pedicels 2—5 mm long. corolla 10—13 mm long; stamens 25—35 mm long. raceme green-yellow, pubescent 7. a. brevipes 29. leaves 2or more-jugate. 32. foliar glands strongly raised, sauceror cup-shaped. corollar tube free or adherent to the stamina! tube. 33. calyx about 1 cm long. inflorescence up to 30 cm long. leaflets 6.5—9.5 cm wide, chartaceous, pods (when dry) golden green. seeds compressed, in orbicular lobes, or disc-shaped 10. a. chrysocarpum 33. calyx about 5 mm long. 34. inflorescence up to 8 cm long. leaflets 3—4 cm wide, coriaceous, on the lower surface with small solitary scales 16. a. gogolense 34. inflorescence up to over 50 cm long. leaflets chartaceous. pods (when dry) black 19a. a.lucyi var. schlechterii 32. foliar glands flat, not or scarcely raised. staminal tube partly adherent to the corollar tube. 35. inflorescence up to about 30 cm long with up to 2.5 cm long side-branches. stamens 3.5—4.5 cm long. leaflets broad, about 10 cm wide. petiole plus rachis about 60 cm long 19. a. htcyi 35. inflorescence up to about 10 cm long, side-branches not over 4 mm long. stamens about 3,5—6 cm long. leaflets narrow, not over 6 cm wide. petiole plus rachis up to 30 cm long. calyx 7—8 mm long. orolla papery coherent bundstamens about 3.5 cm long, upper part in 5 coherent bundles. ovaries about 5 28. a.sogerense 36. leaflets 3—5 pairs; top more or less acuminate. corolla not papery when dry, thickish. stamens 5—6 cm long, monadelphous. ovaries about 8. 29. a. solomonen.se 1. archidendron affine de wit, sp. nov. maxime affine generi pithecellobio. foliis 1-jugatis, foliolis 2—3jugatis, anguste ovatis vel late lanceolatis, basi et apice acutis, inflorescentiis delicate ramosis, glabris, pedicellis circa 7 mm longis, corollis 3,5 mm longis, ovariis 2 {quoad flores femineos) distinctum. foliorum glandulae inconspicuae, obsoletae. leaves 1-jugate; petiole 6—8.5 cm long, terete, minutely puberulous, soon glabrous, mucro nearly absent; rachilla slender, 8—15cm long, in the upper part shallowly grooved, finely puberulous; leaflets 2—3 pairs, narrowly ovate to broadly lanceolate, unequal-sided, 8—13.5(—24) cm long and 15—4.5(—7.5) cm wide, sparsely minutely puberulous on the lower surface (slightly denser so on the nerves) or locally glabrescent, base acute, top slender, tapering, sometimes subacuminate; petiolules about 3 mm long; glands absent except for a minute glandlet between the upper1952] de w i t : revision of arckidendron 75 most petiolules and, sometimes, a similar halfaborted glandlet between the lower petiolules. stipules early caducous, not seen. inflorescence branched, up to 17 cm long; axis slender, glabrous; branches slender, about 1 cm long, bearing small, umbellately arranged clusters of 4—6 flowers. bracts minute. pedicels capillary, about 7 mm long; calyx about 2mm long, erose-truncate, glabrous, cupular; corolla 3.5mm long (lobes l m m long), corollar tube free from the very short staminal tube. stamens (in young flowers) shortly exserted. ovaries 2, about 7-ovulate. pods slender, over the seeds 15 mm wide, deeply constricted between. type.—kostermans 601; herb. lugd. bat., holotype. distribution.—moluccas: morotai (totodoku). ecology.—a tree, 4 m tall. archidendron affine is most suggestive of pithecellobium and is closely related to that genus. the presence of two ovaries, however, is to be taken as decisive. the foliar glands are here reduced to a minimum. the male flowers (kostermans 616) have a single abortive ovary and seem for that reason to belong to pithecellobium. 2. archidendron aruense (warb.) de wit hansemannia aruensis warburg in bot. jb. 13: 1891; "h.arvensis warb." in j u s t ' s bot. jber. 19 (2): 141, 500. 1891 (misspelt). — arckidendron aruense (warb.) de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 261. 1942. archidendron racemosum pulle in nova guinea 8: 370. 1910. archidendron laxiflormn kanehira & hatusima in bot. mag., tokyo 56: 355 fig.l. 1942. leaves 1-jugate; petiole about 15 em long, mucronate; rachillae 12—17 cm long, grooved, mucronate, minutely puberulous to glabrous; leaflets 3—5 accrescent pairs, first pair often a single leaflet, lanceolate to (ob) ovate, unequal-sided, up to 25 cm long and 4—8(—15) cm wide, glabrous, or sometimes on the lower surface on the nerves a minute, sparse puberulousness, top (long) acuminate to caudate or cuspidate; glands on top of petiole and between petiolules small, nearly level, not sharp-rimmed. stipules 1.5—2 cm long, lanceolate-falcate, tardily caducous. raceme simple, up to 18 cm long, minutely puberulous, sturdy. bracts 1 mm long, ovate; bracteoles reflexed, linear, 4 mm long, persistent, often changing into nectaries. pedicels short, up to 2 mm long; calyx 5—6mm long, minutely puberulous to glabrous, cupular, erose or twice shallowly and twice deeply cut; corolla about 13 mm long (lobes about 7 mm), corollar tube near the base shortly adnate to the staminal tube. stamens 4.5—5 cm long (partly connate). ovaries 4—8; style about 4cm long; stigma small, knob-shaped. pods about 10 cm long, 1.5 cm wide over the seeds, and 76 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 constricted between, 1—3 from a single flower; seeds black, ellipsoid, 13 mm long. type.—warburg 20323; wroclaw herb., lectotype. distribution.—moluccas: aru islands [wokam, trangan (lutor), giabu-lengan]. new guinea: south-west: poelau faoer; south: fakfak; north-west: geelvink bay (nabire, patema, momi). ecology.—a shrub or small tree (or "half climber," fide kostermans), 3—8 m tall, from sea-level to medium altitude, in dense rainforests, also on stony hills; myrmecophilous. flowers throughout the year from old wood, white or yellowish green. fruit orange-red. warburg collected the type in 1889 on the aru islands. the holotype was lost at berlin and i appointed therefore the isotype at wroclaw, a female specimen containing four ovarial remnants in the flower, as the lectotype. i previously reduced (de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. ill 17: 262. 1942) a. racemosum to a. aruense without having seen the type of a. aruense because the data available in literature furnished no argument to maintain a. racemosum as a distinct species. the type material from wroclaw confirmed my decision. 0. beccari collected april 11, 1872, a hermaphrodite specimen in flower and in fruit (herb. florence) on poelau faoer (rijklof van goensbaai [teloek sebakor], opposite south-west new guinea; piante papuane no. 38). the flowers are somewhat larger than in the type and the calyx is truncate-erose and minutely puberulous, not glabrous and lobed as in the type. the fine set of specimens gathered by beccari (herb. florence) satisfied me as to the constancy of the one-jugate leaf at least in one species. it also demonstrated that within the limits of a single species the calyx may vary from deeply dentate to truncate and entire, the corollar lobes may number from five to eight, the calyx and the nerves of the leaflets may be glabrous or minutely puberulous, the axis of the inflorescence may be puberulous or glabrous, and that all these characters may occur in various combinations. stable characters proved to be the presence and shape of an acumen to the leaflet, a grooved rachilla, the appearance of the foliar glands and the bracteoles, the arrangement of the flowers on the axis, and its being simple. i am under the impression that the characters of the fruit are also stable but much more material is needed before this can be proved. the first specimen of archidendron collected for scientific purposes was secured by a. zipelius (triton exp., 1828, herb. lugd. bat.) but, being a leaf only, not recognized as an, at the time, undescribed mimosaceous genus. it belongs to a. aruense. 1952] de w i t : revision of archidendron 77 • 3. archidendron beguinii de wit archidendron beguinii de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 262, 263. 1942. leaves 3—4 jugate; petiole plus rachis 80—85 cm long; rachillae in the third jugum up to 50 cm long; leaflets 3, 4—6, and 5 pairs, broadly ovate to ellipsoid, more or less unequal-sided, 12.5—17.5 cm long and 8—10.5 cm wide, glabrous, base rotundate, oblique, top bluntly and shortly acuminate; petiolules 4—6.5 mm long. stipules early caducous. racemes simple or with very short branches; peduncle glabrous, stout, up to 2cm long; flowers crowded near the top. bracts minute, caducous. pedicels nearly absent; calyx about 2 cm long, tubular-infundibuliform, irregularly dentate, glabrous; corolla 40—45mm long (lobes recurved, more or less fleshy). stamens 6.5—7.5 cm long. ovaries 3; style as long as the filaments; stigma inconspicuous. pods coiling into nearly 2 completed rings, about 24 cm long and 3 cm wide over the seeds, shallowly constricted between; seeds up to 11, dark blackish blue, with a white bloom. type.—beguin 2263; herb. bogoriense, holotype. distribution.—moluccas: halmahera (west pitu); ternate. ecology.—a low, 2m tall "tree"; bark grey, not peeling. in forest at about 80 m altitude, rare; also cultivated by the local people. local name.—bere-berete (halmahera). the type specimen was collected by v. m. a. beguin in halmahera. the ternate specimen was found by w. h. de vriese on his trip to the moluccas with teysmann in 1860. 4. archidendron bellum harms archidendron bellum harms in bot. j b . 55: 40. 1917. leaves ?-jugate; petiole ? cm long; rachillae about 35cm long; leaflets 3—4 pairs, elliptic, subcoriaceous, about 25 cm long and 7—8 cm wide, glabrous, glossy, reticulate on both surfaces, base narrowed, cuneateacute, top gradually tapering, more or less short, blunt-acuminate; petiolules about 3 mm long; glands not raised. raceme compound, stout, glabrous, about 15 cm long; branches simple, carrying the flowers aggregate on top. bracts unknown. pedicels 2—5 mm long; calyx about 1.5cm long, tubular-infundibuliform, broadly dentate; corolla 3—3.5 cm long (lobes about 1.5 cm), at first minutely puberulous, soon glabrous. stamens about 5 cm long, more than half connate. ovaries 2—3. type.—schlechter 16754; paris herb., lectotype. distribution.—north-east new guinea: kani mountains. ecology.—forest; flowering in november, a small tree at about 700 m altitude. the holotype was lost at berlin-dahlem. a good isotype is preserved at paris and is appointed to replace the holotype. in the florence herbarium is a specimen of o. beccari's piante papuane, collected at andai (sept. 1872), which probably belongs here; 78 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 it consists of one leaf only. this leaf has two juga, of" which the upper conforms to a. helium, and the lower has two leaflets on top of a 2.5 cm long rachilla. 5. archidendron brachycarpum harms archhlewiron brachycarpum harms in notizbl. bot. gart, berlin-dahl. 10: 273. 1928. leaves 1-jugate (?); petiole about 15 cm long; rachillae about 15 cm long; leaflets 3—5 pairs, more or less ovate, acuminate, 10—15 cm long and 4—8 cm wide; rachis, rachilla, petiolules, and lower surface of midrib pubescent; glands strongly raised, saucer-shaped, sharp-rimmed. raceme compound, 2—8 cm long, slightly hairy, rather slender. pedicels 2 mm long; calyx 3—4 mm long, nearly glabrous; corolla about 13 mm long (lobes about 5 mm), nearly glabrous. stamens about 3 cm long, partly connate, tube somewhat adherent to the corolla. ovaries 3. pod bright red, about 5 cm long, 2—4 em broad, very thick; seeds as a rule 2. type.—(peekel 989.) lauterbach 456; wroclaw herb., neotype. distribution.—new guinea: gogol district, bumi mouth. bismarck archipelago: new ireland (neu-mecklenburg), at lamekot, lakurafanga. ecology.—coastal plain, sandy soil; small tree 5 m tall; flowers white; flowers and fruits may—july. myrmecophilous. harms observed (original description) a pulvinate disc in the male flower and a tubular disc round the ovaries in the female flower. the species has apparently dioecious flowers. the holotype was lost at berlin-dahlem. a neotype had to be selected when material came at hand; i appoint lauterbach 456. lauterbach noted that it was a myrmecophilous, 5 m tall tree, with white flowers. harms discussed both a male and a female specimen but quoted only one specimen (or collector's number). this leads to the assumption that harms found male and female flowers on a single plant. i found in the neotype male and female flowers in one specimen, the male ones having three reduced ovarial remnants and a tubular disc around them and the male ones four swollen and three reduced ovaries; the swollen, apparently not fertile, ovaries were present as a result of some insect stimulus, it seemed. the pedicel in the neotype is very sparsely short hairy, with short, patent, fine hairs, the calyx similarly provided but glabrescent. the corolla was glabrous. brass 5215 (oak forest, substage, alt. 1250 m., mafulu, central div., papua) may also belong here. the leaflets are sparsely pubescent on the lower surface and in seven pairs. 1952] de w i t : revision of archidendron 79 6. archidendron brevicalyx h a r m s archideiulrou brevicalyx harms in bot. jb. 55: 41. 1917; de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 263. 1942. leaves 1-jugate; petiole ? cm long; rachillae ? cm long; leaflets 5—6 pairs, lanceolate-oblong, unequal-sided, 13—20 cm long and 5—7 cm wide, glabrous, base acute or obtuse, top acuminate; petiolules rather long, 4—7 mm. stipules unknown. raceme simple, about 3—6 cm long, very shortly puberulous. bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 1—3 mm long. pedicels 3—7 mm long, glabrous; calyx 3—4mm long, very broadly cupular, glabrous or nearly so; corolla about 1.5 cm long, glabrous. stamens about 4 cm long, connate in lower part. type.—schlechter 17558. distribution.—south-east new guinea: djamu river. ecology.—forest near river. flowering in april. although i expressed doubts (de wit, i.e.) as to whether a. brevicalyx were to be kept separate from a. incurvatum, i now hold that it is a good species, distinguished not by the length of the calyx but by its shape (width) and by a number of characters in the leaves and flowers. i have not seen any authorized specimen belonging to a. brevicalyx; the holotype was destroyed at berlin, i think lauterbach 911 (north-east new guinea, gogol river, lower reaches; in forest) belongs here, though the flowers are rather small (calyx 2—2.5 mm, corolla 12—14 mm long). 7. archidendron brevipes (k. schum.) de wit hansemannia brevipes k. schumann, fl. kaiser wilhelmsland 103. 1889; k. schum. & laut., fl, deut. sehgeb. siidsee 343 pi. 9. 1901; "hausemannia brevipes f. muell." in index kew. suppl. 1: 16. 1906 (misspelt). — albizzia brevipes (k. schum.) f. von mueller in proc. linn. soc. n. s. wales ii 5: 20. 1890. — archidendron brevipes (k. schum.) de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 263. 1942. hansemannia gawadensis baker 1. in j. of bot. 61 (suppl.): is. 1923; harms in notizbl. bot. gart. berlin-dahl. 10: 275. 1928. — archidendron gawadense (baker f.) de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 266. 1942; merr. & perry in j. arn, arb. 23: 392. 1942. leaves 1-jugate; petiole 20—30cm long, furcate; rachillae 30—50 cm long, furcate; leaflets 5 pairs (or with one leaflet of a 6th pair), lanceolate to ovate, long acuminate, up to 20 cm long, up to 7 cm wide, unequalsided; rachilla, petiolules, and lower surface of the nerves minutely (grey) sparsely papillose-puberulous; glands small, inconspicuous, not or scarcely raised. stipules unknown. raceme compound, 1.5—2.5 cm long, green-yellow pubescent. bracts deflexed, as a rule changing into glands. pedicels 3—5 mm long, slender; so r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 calyx 3—5 mm long, campanulate-cupular; corolla 10—13 mm long, glabrous. stamens 2.5—3.5 cm long, connate in lower half. ovaries 3—5 ; style slightly exceeding the stamens. pods about 30 cm long, 5 cm wide, thickvalved, not septate; seeds about 10, 4—5 cm long and 2.5 cm broad, apparently not compressed, glossy black. type.—hollrung 763; wroclaw herb., holotype. distribution.—east new guinea: mountain ridges near 2nd augusta camp; palmer river (3km below black river junction). ecology.—myrmecophilous. a small tree, flowers white. brass found it at palmer river, in the undergrowth of river flood plain forest; a small tree, 5 m tall, leaves on upper 2 m of stem, scattered, flowers white. 8. archidendron calliandrum de wit, sp. nov. ex affinitate a. belli tamen foliolis latioribus conspicue amoninatis, inflorescentia breviore, calyce minore, lobis velutinis corollae distincta. leaves glabrous, 2-jugate; rachillae stout, terete, with or without a tiny gland between the pairs of petiolules, 25 cm long, glabrous or very nearly so, more or less produced into a mucro; leaflets 3 pairs, the lower much the smaller and very unequal, slightly unequal-sided, coriaceous, pallid-olive(-brown) when dry, elliptic or obovate, up to 26 cm long and 12.5 cm wide, reticulate, glossy, base rounded to acute, top broadly rounded with a sharp, short acumen, midrib flat-rounded, raised on both surfaces, on the lower with minute, sparse puberulous hairs like the nerves but soon glabreacent; petiolules sturdy, glabrous, 6 mm long. inflorescence along the stem, a sparingly branched, open, thinly rusty puberulous, 8—9 cm long panicle, somewhat glandular; flowers few, scattered, on 3—4mm long, puberulous pedicels; calyx erose-dentate, cylindrical to subcampanulate, puberulous, 9 mm long; corolla 2.5 cm long, rather fleshy, glabrous on the tube but towards the lobes and the top of the lobes gradually more densely puberulous, finally tawny velvety tomentose, tube free from the calyx, lobes 5, acute, about 6 mm long. stamens 5—7 cm long, one third connate. ovaries (3—)4, glabrous; styles more or less equalling the stamens. pods 30—50 cm long, 6 cm wide, 3.5— 4 cm thick, sutures strongly striate, twisted and undulate near the apex, apparently not constricted between the seeds, about 10-seeded; seeds irregularly globular, about 3 cm through. type.—bauerlen 608; melbourne herb., holotype. distribution.—new guinea (papua): fly river. w. bauerlen collected the type in october 1885; the tree was about 10 m tall, the flowers were found lying on the ground. the tree is said to be of singular beauty. l. j. brass collected a specimen in fruit (no. 6665) at fly river (may 1936), 528 mile camp, a single example found in ridge forest substage, altitude 80 m. a single pendent fruit (unripe) on the lower trunk of a slender, erect, sparsely foliaged tree, 12 m tall. 1952] de w i t : revision of archidcndrov 81 9. aechidendron calycinum pulle archkletidron calycinum pulle in nova guinea 8: 370. 1910. leaves 1-jugate; petiole about 12cm long; rachillae about 14cm long; petiole and rachillae grooved; leaflets 2 pairs, ovate-oblong, sessile, about 15—20 cm long and 8—9 cm wide, glabrous, pallid yellow-green when dry, base broadly acute, top abruptly caudate-acuminate; glands near base and on top of petiole, and between leaflets very strongly developed. stipules early caducous. raceme very short, up to 5 mm long, glabrous, simple. bracts linear, papery, about 2 mm long. pedicels about 3 mm long; calyx campanulate, much widening towards the mouth, 1.7—2 cm long, glabrous; corolla about 2.5 cm long, papery, glabrous. stamens not known fully developed. ovaries 3. type.—versteeg 1702; utrecht herb., holotype. distribution.—netherlands new guinea: noord river, on top of mount resi. ecology.—shrub or small tree, occurring at 800 m altitude, flowering in september; the rachillae are provided with 2.5 cm long, probably early caducous, flagelliform tips. dried leaves very pallid and by their appearance suggestive of a. sessile. 10. aechidendkon chrysocarpum k. schum. & laut. archidendron chrysocarpum lauterbach & k. schumann apud k. schum. & laut. fl. deut. schgeb. siidsee 344. 1901. leaves 4-jugate; petiole up to 20cm long, glabrous; rachillae up to 8 cm long, glabrous; leaflets 3—5 pairs, ovate to oblong, more or less unequal-sided, 12—20 cm long and 6.5—9.5 cm wide, glabrous, base rounded to broadly acute, top vaguely and broadly acuminate; glands between leaflets strongly developed. raceme sturdy, sparingly branched, glabrous. bracts usually changing into glands. pedicels 3—4 mm long; calyx about lcm long, campanulate, glabrous, dentate; corolla 2.5—3.5 cm long, glabrous. stamens 6 cm long. ovaries 7. pods up to 8 cm long, between seeds often deeply constricted, glabrous, the seeds in orbicular lobes 2 cm in diameter, golden green when dry, inside red; seeds disc-shaped, 2—3, 1.5cm through, black. type.—lauterbach 2869; kew herb., lectotype. distribution.—north-east new guinea: nuru river, sepik region. ecology.—at 300 m altitude in tall forest, a tree, flowers and fruits in september. the inflorescences become finally very sturdy; the bracts often change into nectaries. the flowers are fragrant. 11. archidendron dies-christi de wit, sp. nov. species haec nova, a. dies-christi, primum collecta est die natali christi. ex affinitate earn iudico a. glabri tamen differt nereis puberulis foliolorum utraque facie, longitudine racemorum, calyce subdentato, corolla 82 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 non zonata dense tomentosa, staminibus possibiliter semper paulo exsertis, ovariis duobus. leaves 2-(or more ?)jugate; petiole and about 20 cm long rachillae nearly terete (in the male plant slightly grooved), densely minutely puberulous (male plant somewhat more densely so), carrying thick-walled, nipple-shaped, raised glands which open by a narrow pore; leaflets 4 pairs, (narrowly) ovate, caudate, unequal-sided, glabrous but on either surface of the midrib and side-nerves minutely puberulous, more densely so on the upper surface, 12—18 cm long (including the 2 cm long acumen) and 5—7 cm wide; petiolules sturdy, glabrous, 4 mm long. raceme simple, pendent, slender, about 25 cm long, like the filiform, 2.5 cm long pedicels glandular-puberulous. bracts early caducous, minute, acute. calyx glandular-puberulous, 3 mm long, triangular-cupular (base narrow), very shallowly dentate; corolla rather fleshy, on the outside densely tomentose, 6—7 mm long. stamens in the male plant possibly never exserted, ovarial remnants 2—4; stamens in the female plant similar but though containing pollen-like grains apparently sterile. ovaries 2, 12ovuled. type.—carr 14014, male specimen; herb. british museum, holotype. distribution.—new guinea (papua): lala river. ecology.—carr noted that the female plant (carr 15690) was a 10 m tall tree in the forest, the male plant a shrub in the forest (carr 14014); both were secured at about 1500—1600 m altitude in the lala river basin. the male plant flowered december 25, the female plant february 21. anhidendron glabrum, a close ally, occurs at low altitudes. 12. archidendron effeminatum de wit arckideudron effeminatum de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. ill 17: 265. 1942. leaves 2-jugate; petiole about 10 cm long; rachis about 10cm long; rachillae about 20 cm long; leaflets 2—4 pairs, (very broadly) ovate, often unequal-sided, glabrous, 9—18 cm long and 4—9 cm wide, base broad, top blunt or acute, vaguely acuminate; glands well developed between juga and leaflets. raceme simple, 2—7 cm long, stout, not quite glabrous. bracts deflexed, linear, 3—6 mm long. pedicels 4—5 mm long, glabrous; calj'x 7—8 mm long, glabrous; corolla 15—18mm long, glabrous. stamens about 2.2 cm long, shortly exserted. ovaries 11 (sometimes 10, rarely 8), glabrous. type.—rutten 2119; herb. bogoriense, holotype. distribution.—moluccas: ceram, basin of western nief river in eastern ceram. ecology.—a 10 m tall tree, at 1—100 m altitude; flowers white, in april. 1952] de w i t : revision of archidendron 83 13. archidendron fallax h a r m s archidciidron fallax harms in notizbl. bot. gait. berlin-dahl. 10: 274. 1928. leaves 3-jugate; petiole (plus rachis) up to 40 cm long; rachillae 8—15cm long, glabrous; leaflets 2—4 pairs, ovate to (lanceolate-)oblong, more or less unequal-sided, 10—15 cm long and 6—7.5 cm wide, glabrous, base acute to rotundate, top slightly acuminate. raceme compound, length of the slender axis unknown, with many nearly sessile umbels of 2—4 flowers. pedicels 4—5 mm long; calyx 4—5 mm long, cupular-tubular, shallowly lobed, very shortly puberulous; corolla 23—25 mm long, nearly glabrous. length of stamens unknown, the tube long adherent to the corolla, basal disc shortly tubular. ovaries 2—3. type.—peekel 988. distribution.—bismarck archipelago: new ireland (neu-mecklenburg), lamekot. ecology.—a small tree, 8 m tall on the slope to panamangaf, in primary forest, flowers white, in may. allied to a. peekelii which has larger flowers on longer peduncles. a fruiting specimen in the melbourne herbarium (se new guinea, rev. j. chalmers, anno 1878) agrees rather well with the above description. in this specimen the midrib is on the lower surface shortly tomentellous, the slender rachillae have strongly raised glands; the inflorescence (in fruiting stage) is about 25 cm long, the much constricted pods are twice looped, minutely tomentellous, 2 cm across the seeds, eight-seeded. see further "species excludendae vel imperfecte notae" under a. kubaryanum. 14. archidendron forbesii baker f. archidendron forbesii baker f. in j. of bot. 61 (suppl.) : 12. 1923. leaves 2-jugate; petiole ? cm long; rachillae about 20 cm long, minutely puberulous to glabrescent; leaflets 4 pairs (the first pair a single leaflet), oblong or ovate-oblong, unequal-sided, shining on either surface, reticulate, glabrous except for the sparsely minutely puberulous midrib on the lower surface, 10—15 cm long and 4—7 cm wide, base acute, top gradually tapering into a broad acumen, glands strongly raised. raceme with strong, 3—5 cm long branches, 8—12 cm long, minutely puberulous to glabrescent. bracts not seen. buds globular, 7 mm through. pedicels about 5mm long, glabrous, stout; calyx 12—14mm long, broadly campanulate, glabrous, erose-lobed; corolla 2.2—3 cm long, densely short tomentose, rather fleshy. stamens about 4 cm long. ovaries about 5, pubescent. type.—forbes 395; kew herb., holotype. distribution.—new guinea (papua): sogere. baker described the leaflets as alternate but the type proved them to be opposite. 84 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 15. archidendron glabrum (k. schum.) laut. & schum. hansetnannia gluhra k. schumann in bot. jb. 9: 201. 1888; taubert in engl. & pr, nat. pflfam. 3: 3. abt.: 102 fig. 59c. 1891; "hansemmmia glabra k. schom." in ind. kew. suppl. 1: 16. 1906 (misspelt). — archidendron glabrum (k. schum.) lauteibach & k. schumann apud k. schum. & l a u t , fl. deut. schgeb. siidsee 343. 1901. albizzia "hausemannii" f. von mueller in proc. linn. soc. n. s. wales ii 5: 20. 1890 (also in ind. kew. suppl. 1: 16. 1906, both misspelt for a. hansemanni). leaves 2(or more-) jugate; petiole unknown; rachillae slender, more or less terete, about 20 cm long, minutely glandular-puberulous; leaflets 4 pairs, ovate to obovate, acuminate, more or less unequal-sided, glabrous except for the basal part of the midrib on the lower surface which may be minutely puberulous, 7—20 cm long and 4—8 cm wide; petiolules slender, 4 mm long; glands thick-walled, nipple-shaped, opening by a narrow pore. raceme simple, slender, about 35(—67!) cm long, like the filiform, about 2.5 cm long, pedicels minutely glandular-puberulous; calyx cupshaped, minutely glandular-puberulous, dentate, 3 mm long; corolla deeply split, each lobe with a longitudinal, central stripe, externally minutely appressed puberulous, about 6 mm long. stamens about 2 cm long, partly connate. ovaries 3—6, glabrous. pods on slender stalks, about 8 cm long, over the seeds 1.5 cm, between the seeds 3 mm wide, with a velvety sheen, dull red. type.—hollrung 130; kew herb., lectotype. distribution.—north-east new guinea (morobe district: boana). ecology.—small tree in the forest at 250—1500 m altitude. archidendron glabrum is closely allied to a. dies-christi. it differs in the minutely puberulous (not tomentose) corolla, the strongly dentate calyx, the much longer inflorescence and the striped corolla, possibly also in the pods. a male specimen (clemens no. 10883, morobe distr., kajabit mission) had four to five rudimentary ovaries and racemes of up to 67 cm long. 16. archidendron gogplense (k. schum. & laut.) de wit, comb. nov. hansemaimia gogolctisis lauterbach & k. schumann apud k. schum. & laut., fl. deut. schgeb. siidsee 34s. 1901. — archidendron gogolense de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 266. 1942, num. prov. leaves glabrous, 3-jugate, petiole and rachis terete, pustulate by many enlarged and raised lenticels, the petiole with a large gland near the insertion, the rachillae between the leaflets with raised, disc-shaped glands, mucronate; petiole about 50 cm long; rachillae about 40 cm; leaflets 7 pairs (on the lower juga about 4 pairs), more or leas coriaceous, glabrous, reticulate on both surfaces, 12—15 cm long and 3—4 cm wide, narrowly ovate to lanceolate, vaguely acuminate; petiolules slender glabrous, about 6 mm long. stipules early caducous. 1952] de w i t : revision 0/ archidciidron 85 inflorescences compound, slender, 3.5—4.5 cm long branches'inserted along a somewhat sturdier, 6—8 cm long, main axis, entirely glabrous. bracts minute, ovate, acute. calyx narrowly eampanulate, glabrous, about 5 mm long, margin more or less erose; corolla long and narrowly tubular, 16—20 mm long including the about 5 mm long lobes (tips incrassate, ?with nectaries), glabrous, tube entirely free from the stamina] tube. stamens up to 5 cm long. ovaries (in male specimens) 1, apparently sterile, a few mm long; style about 1 mm long; stigma absent. type.—lauterbach 1093; wroclaw herb., lectotype. distribution.—north-east new guinea: upper reaches of gogol river. ecology.—a 15 m tall tree, flowering in november; flowers white. only a male specimen 13 known, found at 30 m altitude. on the lower surface of the leaflets (and also on the rachillae) minute, purple scales suggest the excretion of a resinous or waxy matter. owing to the unsatisfactory first publication, i reduced a. gogolense to a. pachycarpum on a previous occasion (de wit, i.e.). the isotypes of both species (now appointed to lectotypes as the holotypes were destroyed at berlin), preserved in the wroclaw herbarium, were sent for examination and enabled me to correct my erroneous reduction. 17. archidendron incukvatum k. schum. & laut. archidfrdroil iyicitrvutum lauterbach & k. schumann apud k. schum. & laut., fi. deut. schgeb. siitisee 344. 1901. leaves 2-jugate; petiole about 12cm long, angular; rachillae about 30 cm long, shallowly grooved, angular, delicately puberulous, mucronate; leaflets 3—-5 pairs, ovate to obovate or more or less oblong, 15—25 cm long and 5—10 cm wide, glabrous, base acute or rounded, top acuminate; glands depressed, very small. stipules caducous. raceme short, 2—4.5 cm long, simple, pubsrulous (finally glabrescent), carrying flowers along the axis but mostly near the top. bracts deflexed, ovate-acute, persistent, 1—2 mm long. pedicels very short, 1—2 mm long; calyx 3.5—4.5mm long, cupular (base narrow), glabrous or very nearly so, very shallowly rounded-dentate; corolla with long triangular lobes, wide, 1.2—1.4 cm long, glabrous. stamens about 2.5 cm long; tube not adherent to the corolla. ovaries about 4. pods glabrous, constricted between the seeds, up to 8 cm long, red outside, yellow inside, about 1.5 cm wide accros the seeds, more than 10-seeded, 1—4 from a single flower; seeds greyish black, glossy, 1 cm long. type.—lauterbach 2321; kew herb., lectotype. distribution.—north-east new guinea; szigaun plateau; gogol river (oertzen mountains). ecology.—at 600 m altitude; apparently common in the sepik region. in my previous paper on archidendron (de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. ill 17: 267. 1942) i supposed that the axis of the inflorescence 86 re i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 would be slightly hairy. on examining the isotype at kew i found the fruit-bearing axis not quite glabrous and flowering specimens (ledermann 6816) proved my surmise to be correct, as the flower-bearing axis was densely puberulous; the latter bore male flowers containing two reduced ovaries. a specimen (leaf only) preserved in the wroclaw herb. (lauterbach 1080) is from gogol river. 18. archidendron ledermannii harms archidendron ledermannii harms in bot. jh. 55: 42, 1917. leaves glabrous, 1-jugate; rachillae more than 50cm long; petiole about 20cm long, in upper part furrowed as are the rachillae; leaflets 4—5 pairs (lowest pair a single leaflet), oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, up to 30 cm long, 4—5 cm wide; petiolule 7—10mm long; glands small, not raised, inconspicuous. stipules 2.5—3.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, more or less falcate, persistent. raceme simple, 4—6 cm long, axis very shortly puberulous. pedicels glabrous, 2—4 mm long, equalling the glabrous calyx; corolla glabrous, about 1.5 cm long, lobes about 7 mm long. filaments at least 3.5 cm long. type.—(ledermann 8197.) brass 13822; herb. arnold arboretum, neotype. distribution.—north-east new guinea: hunstein spitze, camp 5; netherlands new guinea: idenburg river (bernhard camp). ecology.—the type was collected on a rocky riverside in primary forest. the species was also noted to be frequent in rain forest on lowlying, alluvial soils; a 2—3 m tall tree, bearing inflorescences on the lower part of the stem (brass 13882). ledermann stated that the flowers were white, pink-tipped, and the fruit coralline; the seeds were black. archidendron ledermannii is closely allied to a. pachycarpum; it is possible that after discovery of the fruits of either or both the two may prove to be conspecific. 19. akchidendron lucyi f. muell. archidendron lucyi f, von mueller, fragm. phytogr. austr. 6: 201. 1868; bailey, queensland fl. 522, 1900; taubert in engl. & pr., n'at. pflzfam. 3: 3. abt.: 103 fig. s8e, 1891; de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. hi 17: 26s. 1942; merr. aperry in j. a m . arb. 23: 392. 1942. — albizzia lucyi (f. muell.) f. von mueller, ic. austr. sp. acacia, dee. 13: [pi. 6 ] . 1888. — affmisea lucyi (f. muell.) o. kuntze rev. gen. pi. 1: 158. 1891. a. peekelii lauterbach in bot. jb. 45: 360. 1911; de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. hi 17: 270. 1942. leaves 2-jugate, glabrous; petiole plus rachis about 60cm long, like the rachillae more or less terete; leaflets 2—3(—4) pairs, unequal-sided, broadly ovate, 12—20(—27) cm long, base variable, top more or less 1952] de w i t : revision of archiilrndroit 87 acuminate; petiolules about 5mm long and 9—12(—17) cm wide; glands ovoid, flat, scarcely raised. inflorescence lateral from the branches, compound racemes up to 30 cm or even longer, glabrous. bracts deflexed, glabrous, 4 mm long, fleshy. pedicels 4—5 mm long; calyx infundibular to campanulate, shallowly dentate, glabrous, up to 4 mm long; corolla long exserted, 2—2.5 cm long, finally revolute. stamens 3.5—1.5 cm long; tube partly adherent to the corolla. ovaries 3—5(—6) ; style about 5 cm long. pods deeply lobed, in pairs, rufous to dull red, up to 12 cm long; seeds black, ovoid, up to 1.8 cm long. type.—dallachy s.n.; melbourne herb., holotype. distribution.—moluccas: kai islands (groot kai); north-west ceram (near hatu saweli). queensland: roekingham bay. bismarck archipelago: new ireland (namatanai). local name.—a hulale (new ireland). ecology.—a 6—10 m tall tree occurring near streams from sea-level to nearly 500 m altitude. dallachy reported the flowers to be fragrant. flowers greenish or whitish. kajewski (1420; daintree river, north queensland) found it as a 30 m tall tree, flowering and fruiting in november; the stamens were white and showy. var. schlechterii (harms) de wit, va,r. nov., st.at. nov. archidendron schlechterii harms in bot. jb. 55: 40. 1917. pedicels, calyx, and corolla generally somewhat narrower and longer, the inflorescence may be over 50 cm long. foliar glands, on the axis and bracts in the inflorescence much larger and strongly developed, in the inflorescence also more numerous. type.—schlechter 18370; kew herb., holotype. distribution.—new guinea: malia river; veyia; koitaki; lower fly river; idenburg river. the variety schlechterii is connected by many transitions to the remainder of the species, though occasionally specimens are distinctly different in appearance. 20. archidendron megaphyllum merr. & perry archidendron megaphyuum merrill & perry in j. arn. arb. 23: 343. 1042. leaves 1-jugate; rachis about 20 cm long; rachillae about 70 cm long, minutely pubescent; leaflets 5 pairs, broadly elliptic, 25cm long and 15 cm wide, rather bluntly apieulate, both surfaces sparsely rusty pubescent, densely so on the nerves; petiolules 1 cm long. raceme simple, sturdy, 3—4(—6) cm long. bracts tardily caducous. calyx 2—4 mm long, pubescent to glabrescent; corolla delicately puberulous. pod 7 cm long, 2 cm wide, inconspicuously short tomentose, with 7—8 oblong seeds, 1.5 cm long, hardly 1 cm wide. type.—brass 7227; herb. arnold arboretum, holotype. 8 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 distribution.—north-east new guinea: palmer river, 2 miles below black river junction. the type specimen was collected at 100 m altitude, in a substage of rain-forest; it is described as a rare, unbranched tree, 14 m tall, with few, large, about 1 m long, leaves, forming a scanty crown and bearing several thick, twisted pods in fascicles on the stem. in the appearance of the leaves a. megaphyllum is somewhat similar to a. molle. 2 1 . archidendkon molle (k. schum.) de wit hansem ami ia mollis k. schumann in bot. j b . 9: 202. 1888; "hamemannia mollis f. muell." in index kew, suppl. 1 : 16. 1906 (misspelt). — albizzia, mollis (k. schum.) f. von mueller in proe. linn. soc. n. s, wales ii 5: 20. 1890. — archidendron molle (k. schum.) de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 269. 1942; archidendron mollis (k. sehum.) kan. & hat. in bot. mag., tokyo 56: 357. 1942. leaves 1-jugate; petiole about 20cm long, pubescent; rachillae 30(—40) cm long, woolly pubescent; leaflets 5—6 pairs (the first pair represented by a single one), more or less elliptic, (shortly) acuminate, 12—18 cm long and 7.5—10 cm wide, side-nerves numerous, softly and sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, more densely so on the nerves; tretiolules 3—5 mm long, densely golden hirsute; glands occurring on the base and top of the petiole and between the petiolules, large, strongly raised, cup-shaped, sharp-rimmed. inflorescence compound, 1—2.5 cm long, axis slender, like the branches fulvous pubescent. pedicels slender, 2 mm long, at first with a few fugacious hairs; calyx (?not always) glabrous, cupular, dentate; corolla 11 mm long, at first with a few fugacious hairlets but soon entirely glabrous. stamens about 3 cm long. the male plant has 5 reduced carpels surrounded by a striate disc. pods 6.5—8 cm long, septate, about 1.5 cm wide: seeds 1.5cm ions' and 1 cm wide, flattened laterally. type.—hollrung 249; kew, lectotype. distribution.—north-east new guinea: upper augusta river. ecology.—white flowers in june—september; the seeds are black. the pods fiery red. a small tree in (marshy) forest at low to medium altitude. warburg reported to have found this species (sterile) near finschhafen (in bot. jb. 13: 333. 1891). the holotype was lost at berlin; at kew is preserved an isotype consisting of a few leaflets and two flowers. this is to be the lectotype as the isotype at wroclaw consists of leaves only. at first i took carr 12659 and 12766 (male) to be a. brevipes. i am now of opinion that these specimens are referable to a. molle. the pubescence (on both surfaces of the leaflets) is thinner than in the type of a. molle but otherwise entirely of the same appearance though more 1952] de w i t : revision of arckidendron 89 fuscous, not 'golden.' the puberulous pedicel and calyx, and the puberulous corolla lobes and, especially, the raised foliar glands (which are smaller than in the type of a. molle but of similar structure) have made me decide that the carr specimens (papua, koitaki; forest, at about 500 m alt.) belong to a. molle. this implies that the inflorescence of a. molle is of similar size and shape as that of a. brevipes but fulvous, not green-yellow, pubescent. carr's specimens have elliptic-oblong, slenderly acuminate leaflets. 22. archidendron mucronatum harms arckidendron mucronatum harms in notizbl. hot. gart. berlin-dahl. 10: 274. 1928. leaves 2—3 jugate, glabrous; petiole and rachis 25 cm long or longer; leaflets 2—4 pairs, ovate to oblong, more or less oblique, 15—20 cm long, 9—13 cm wide, base broad, top acuminulate. inflorescence paniculate, many-flowered, 10—25 cm long, 2—4 flowered umbellulae on puberulous, about 1—2.5 cm long peduncles along a puberulous axis more or less closely arranged. pedicels 4—6 mm long, puberulous; calyx nearly glabrous, 6—8 mm long; corolla about 3 cm long, two thirds connate. disc short, tubular; ovaries 4 (or 3?), stipitate, very narrow, glabrous, style very long and slender. type.—peekel 1022. distribution.—bismarck archipelago: new ireland (neu-mecklenburg), lamekot, parabina. ecology.—a small tree, 6 m tall, in primary forest. the holotype was lost at berlin; i have seen no specimens referable to .4. mucronatum. 23. archidendron nervosum de wit, sp. nov. ex affinitate a. aruensis differt tamen petiolo et rachilla sparse patente pubescentibus, glandibus foliorum alte elevatis, racemis usque ad 2 cm longis, pedicellis i—8 mm longis. leaves 1-jugate; petiole about 11cm long, like the 20—30 cm long rachillae thinly pubescent with spreading hairs, rachillae shallowly grooved; leaflets 4—5 pairs, the lowest pair usually a single leaf, ovate to obovate, unequal-sided, up to 20 cm long and 6—10 cm wide, glabrous except on part of the nerves on the lower surface which are thinly puberulous, base rounded to subacute or retuse, top acuminate, nerves numerous and strongly developed; glands, saucer-shaped, strongly raised, on top of petiole, base of rachilla, and between petiolules. stipules not seen. raceme simple, 1.5—2.5 cm long, puberulous. bracts deflexed, linear, 2 mm long, bracteoles 5 mm long, linear-acute, puberulous. pedicels slender, glabrous, 4—8 mm long; calyx cupular, lobed, 5 mm long, f ugaciously sparsely puberulous; corolla broadly cylindrical, 6—8-lobed, glabrous, 90 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 15—17 mm long. stamens 3.5 cm long, half connate, the tube adherent to the corolla. disc slightly raised. ovarial remnants uncertain. type.—eeccari, piante delle isola aru, s.n.; kew herb., holotype. distribution.—moluccas: aru archipelago (wokam). only the type (a male plant) is known, collected by o. beccari in march 1873, on vokan (or wokam), the northermost island of the aru group. the hollow twigs and the strongly developed glands suggest that the species is myrmecophilous; glands are also found on the branches at the insertion of the leaves. archidendron nervosum is a close ally of a. aruense but differs by its hairier leaf-axes and strongly raised, more numerous foliar glands. the inflorescence is much shorter and the flowers much less numerous; the calyx is much larger, the corolla wider and more fleshy, the stamens are decidedly shorter and more numerous, and the pedicels much longer. the bracteoles and bracts often bear nectaries, and these occur also on the branches near the insertion of the leaves. in one flower, apparently attacked by some insect, i found five ovaries, apparently half-developed, possibly caused by some stimulus induced by the insect. i observed the same phenomenon in male specimens of a. aruense. a specimen collected by buwalda (no. 5294, "pansul," on pulau kobroor, djierlaaj near selibatabata, in old secondary forest) probably belongs here. 24. archidendron oblongum (hemsl.) de wit hansemannia oblonga hemsley in kew bull. 1892: 125. — archidendron oblongum. (hemsl.) de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 269. 1942. leaves 1—2-jugate; young parts glandular-rusty-puberulous; petiole 3—4 cm long, glabreseent; rachillae 15—20 cm long, puberulous, glabresant; leaflets 4—5 pairs, strongly accrescent, very thin, early glabrous but midrib at first on lower rusty-glandular-puberulous, narrowly oblong, up to 20 cm long and less than 7 cm wide, more or less unequal-sided, top acute to subacuminate. base more or less rounded; petiolules about 2 mm long, glandular-puberulous but soon glabrescent; glands large but flat and only in young leaves partly raised. stipules early caducous, not seen. inflorescence about 20 cm long, densely flowered, a simple raceme; axis stout, glandular-puberulous. pedicels 8—15 mm long, rusty tomentose; calyx cupular, deeply 3-lobed, rusty tomentose; corolla 4-lobed, about 1 cm long, thickish, densely tomentose outside. stamens about 1.5 cm long. ovaries 3—5, nearly sessile, densely villose; styles about 0.5 cm longer than the stamens. type.—comins 102; kew herb., holotype. 1952] de w i t : revision of arckidendron 91 distribution.—solomon islands: malaita, san christoval, guadalcanal. local name.—lame-lame (malaita, guadalcanal). ecology.—comins described this species on malaita as a handsome tree, overhanging water up a creek; the flowers were a rich orange. the same collector noted of his san christoval specimen (no. 304) that the flowers were yellow. it flowered in march. f. s. walker and c. t. white collected it near the hebo river on malaita, in secondary rain-forest. it was a 23 m tall tree, with small buttresses, brown bark roughened by numerous lenticels; a "leguminous" odour was noticed when cut. on guadalcanal (beaufort bay, kombau river), in riverine rain-forest, walker found it as a nearly 40 m tall tree, with plank-like buttresses up to 2.5 m high. the bark was yellow brown with prominent, corky lenticels tending to form raised, longitudinal lines. a detailed description of bark and wood accompanies walker's specimen (b.s.i.p. no. 248). 25. archidendron pachycarpum (warb.) de wit hansemannki pachyarpa warburg in bot. jb. 13: 333. 1891. — archklendron jmchyearpum (warb.) de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 269. 1942. leaves glabrous, probably 1-jugate, petiole about 25 cm long, with small, not raised glands; rachillae 30 em long, only locally with some minute puberulous hairs, mucronate; leaflets 4(—5?) pairs, lanceolate, 13—16cm long, 5—6 cm broad, glabrous, top shortly acuminate; petiolules 6—8 mm. stipules persistent, more or less falcate, about 1 cm long. inflorescence a (simple) 2 cm long raceme. pedicels 2 mm long; calyx 5—7 mm long, shallowly dentate, cup-shaped, glabrous; corolla glabrous, about 18 mm long (lobes about 9 mm, tips thickened, more or less fleshy), not narrowly tubular but widely campanulate. filaments 4—5 cm long. reduced ovaries 3—6; style 1—2 mm long; stigma small, knob-shaped. pods 7—9 cm long, basal part rugose, stalk-shaped, 2.5 cm long, upper part cylindrical, apparently not dehiscent, containing 5 oblong, glossy brown seeds, separated by up to 5 mm thick septs. type.—warburg 20324; wroclaw herb., lectotype. distribution.—north-east new guinea: constantinhafen. ecology.—in coastal forest. apparently warburg collected flowers and leaves of a male plant, at least the only remaining isotype (lectotype) preserved at wroclaw is male. as he described also the pods (now lost) it would be interesting to know whether warburg obtained a pod from the same plant or found it on a neighbouring individual. see also notes sub a. gogolense and sub a. ledermannii. 26. archidendron parviflorum pulle archidendron parviflorum pulle hi nova guinea 8: 370. 1910; de wit hi bull, bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 264. 1942, in nota sub a. brevipes. archidendnm gracilifloruvi h a r m s in bot. jb. 55: 42. 1917. 92 r e 1 n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 2 archidendron warenense de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 264. april 1942, noraen prov. in nota sub a. bievipes; kanehira & hatusima in bot. mag., tokyo 56: 359 fig. 3. aug. 1942. leaves 1-jugate, petiole 20—25 cm long, puberuloua, mucronate, in the upper part grooved; rachillae 25—40 cm long, puberulous, mucronate, grooved to angular; leaflets 4—6 pairs, first pair often a single leaflet, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, unequal-sided, up to 20 cm long and 4—7 cm wide, glabrous but the nerves on both surfaces minutely puberulous, top (long) acuminate; petiolules puberulous, short; glands raised, large to mediumsized, on base and top of petiole and between petiolules. stipules more or less subulate, falcate, 5—8 mm long, caducous. raceme branched, 1.5 cm long, sparsely minutely puberulous, slender. bracts and bracteoles minute, caducous, reflexed. pedicels slender, about 5 mm long, glabrous or with a sparse minute puberulousness; calyx about 2 mm long, glabrous, widely cupular, entire to aubdentate; corolla 7—9 mm long (lobes about 3 mm), thin, corollar tube adnate to the staminal tube. stamens 18—20 mm long. ovaries slightly longer than the stamens, 2—5; stigma inconspicuous. pods about 10 cm long, over the seeds 12 mm wide, between the seeds constricted; seeds ellipsoid, l c m long. type.—versteeg 1781; herb. bogoriense, holotype. distribution.—netherlands new guinea: lorentz river (noord river) near bivouaq island; andai; waren (south of manokwari). ecology.—in marshy forest; flowers and fruits in october; pods fiery red. i have suggested previously (de wit, i.e.) that a. parviflorum might be reduced to the synonymy of a. brevipes. at present it seems better to me to keep a. parvifloruni as a related species distinguished from a. brevipes by its stronger foliar glands, different stipules, slender, more glabrous inflorescence, decidedly shorter and wider calyx, shorter corolla and stamens, and much smaller pods and seeds. the type specimen has both bisexual and male flowers on a single tree. o. beccari collected a fine specimen (piante papuane 756) in flower september 10, 1872 (andai); he noted that the pods were red inside. var. longipes de wit, var. nov. ab a. parvifloro typico differt foliolis maioribus, ad 12 cm latis, pedicelis circa 10 mm longis, gracilibus, racemis simplicibus (an semper?) type.—clemens 141; herb. lugd. bat., holotype. distribution.—north-east new guinea: morobe district, sattelberg. the variety shows affinity to a. brevicalyx. the type has large, raised, foliar glands at the base and top of the petiole and between the petiolules. 1052] de w i i : revision, of archidendron 93 27. archidendron sessile (scheffer) de wit pithccolobium {clypeavia) sessile scheffer in ann. j a r d . bot. buitenz. 1: 22. 1876. — albizzia sessilis (schett.) f. von mueller, deser. not. pap. pi. 1: 24. 1876. — ai-chidendron sessile (scheff.) de wit in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 270. 1942. leaves glabrous, 3-jugate (on the female plant); rachis about 60 cm long, terete, and slightly grooved, with large, suborbicular, raised glands; leaflets 3—4 pairs, sessile, unequal-sided, ovate to ovate-oblong, 15—20 cm long and 8—9 cm wide, glabrous, pallid yellow-green when dry, base (broadly) acute, top acuminate to caudate. stipules early caducous. inflorescence a short, sturdy, glabrous panicle, less than 1 cm long; flowers in small clusters, nearly sessile. bracts linear, about 2 mm long. calyx cylindrical, loose-papery, glabrous, in the female greatly widening towards the mouth, 14—20 mm long; corolla much exserted, about 2.5 mm long, papery, with long, narrow, revolute lobes, tube entirely free from the staminal tube, glabrous. stamens represented in female flowers by 4—5, about 1 mm long, rounded, flat bodies round the ovaries. ovaries 2 (in female plants), glabrous. pods apparently not deeply constricted, glabrous, about 10 cm long. type.—teysmann 7834; melbourne herb., lectotype. distribution.—north-west new guinea: andai. i appoint the specimen representing teysmann 7834 preserved in the melbourne herbarium as the lectotype as it is much better than the specimen preserved in the herbarium bogoriense. the melbourne specimen has a number of flowers whereas the bogor specimen is without. teysmann's plant is female. 28. archidendron sogerense baker f. archide-ndron sogerense baker f. in j. of bot. 61 (suppl.) : 12. 1923. archidendron papuammi merrill & perry in j. arn. arb. 23: 392. 1942. leaves at least 2-jugate; petiole plus rachis 20—30 cm long, having flat glands between the rachillae; rachillae 6—11 cm long, grooved, with depressed glands between the petiolules, produced into a short mucro; leaflets 2—3 accrescent pairs, oblong or elliptic, unequal-sided, 8—12.5 cm long and 3—5 cm wide, base acute, top acute; petiolules 3 mm long. stipules unknown. raceme with few, very short (2—3 mm long), lateral branches (peduncle stout), glabrous, smooth, 4—5(—7) cm long. bracts not seen. pedicels stout, glabrous, 3—4 mm long; calyx 7—8 mm long, glabrous, shallowly 4—5-dentate, cylindrical; corolla 1.5—2 cm long (lobes long, revolute, papery). stamens about 3.5 cm long, in the upper part in about 5 semi-coherent bundles, tube adherent to the corolla. ovaries 5. type.—forbes 615; kew herb., holotype. distribution.—new guinea (papua): sogere; vailala river, ihu. ecology.—a white-flowered, 8 m tall tree, leaves very dark green. 94 r e i n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 2 baker stated that his a. sogerense was closely related to a, helium but different in "that the petals are higher connate and there are mostly 5 ovaries." i suggest that the calyx and corolla are considerably shorter, the leaves smaller. i reduced a. papuanum to the synonymy of a. sogerense after examinating the holotypes. a. papuanum was based on brass 1110 (herb. arn. arb.). obviously, a. sogerense is very close to a.hicyi. 29. aechidbndron solomonense hems!. archidendrnn soltymonense hemsley in hook. ic. pi. 28: pi. 2735. 1902. leaves 2(or more-?) jugate, entirely glabrous; petiole plus rachis more than 15 cm long, glands not raised; rachillae up to 25 cm long, with small, inconspicuous, sunken glands; leaflets 3—5 pairs, ovate, thin, distinctly unequal-sided, 8—12 cm long and 5—6 cm wide, base often strongly oblique, top slightly acuminate; petiolules about 4 mm long. raceme with few, extremely short branches, glabrous, sturdy, 7.5—10 cm long, few flowered. pedicels glabrous, sturdy, 5—6mm long; calyx broadly cylindrical (base truncate), glabrous, broadly lobed, 7—8 mm long: corolla 2.7—3 cm long (lobes long, narrow, acute), glabrous. stamens 5—(5 cm long; staminal tube adnate to the corollar tube. ovaries about 8, glabrous, at their base surrounded by a slightly raised disc; styles somewhat longer than the filaments; stigma small, capitate. pods 1—5 from a single flower, lively red, curved, up to 15 cm long and about 2 cm broad, irregularly lobed; seeds 2—5, black. type.—comins 249; kew herb., holotype. distribution.—solomon islands: uluwa (madoa), "one tree near a village"; san christoval (star harbour). local name.—ai mahai (also used for pongamia glabra in the solomons) . ecology.—a tree, up to 6 m tall. the rev. r. b. comins wrote: "the peduncles of the flowers rise out of the solid stem in quite an abrupt way. and there are 5—6 flowers on one headthe pods were a handsome bright red, and the seeds black or nearly s0." 30. archidendron trifoliolatum de wit, nov. sp. foliis 1-jugatis, foliolis 2-jugatis (jugo primo ex foliolo singulo consistente), inflorescentia laze racemosa graciliore et floribus parvis distincta. probabiliter ex affinitate a. brachycarpi sed foliolis 2-jugatis, minoribus, angustioribus, pedicellis longioribus et floribus lutescentibus differt. branchlets light brownish-grey. leaves glabrous, 1-jugate; petiole 2.5—4 cm long, terete, produced into a tardily caducous, about 3 mm long mucro; rachillae 4.5—6 cm long; leaflets 2 (sometimes 1) pairs, distinctly unequal-sided, ovate-oblong to almost lanceolate, pallid on the upper surface, 8—12 cm long and 3.5—4.5 cm wide, laxly reticulate on both surfaces, base obliquely acute to cuneate, top smoothly subacuminate. petiolules short. inflorescences along twigs and on the ultimate branchlets (axillary), often fascicled, laxly branching, short (2—4 cm), open; flowers somewhat 1952] de w i t : revision of arehklenilrou 95 closer at the top of the peduncles; axes very slender, with some sparse hairs and minute glands. pedicels glabrous or nearly so, about 4 mm long", calyx more or less entire or indistinctly shallowly lobed, cylindrical, slightly longer than the pedicel, (nearly) glabrous; corolla 4-lobed (lobes acute, rather narrow, top distinctly thickened), glabrous, about half connate, 12—14 mm long. stamens less than half connate; connective very minutely rough. ovaries reduced, abortive, 2, on a small, more or less pulvinate disc. type.—carr 13482; herb. british museum, holotype.g distribution.—new guinea (papua): boridi. ecology.—a shrub in the forest, about 4 m tall, at about 1250 m altitude, flowering in november. in carr 14463, collected in october near the type locality, the ovaries are entirely reduced. the collector noted that this number was from a tree, about 6.5 m tall, in the forest at about 1350 m altitude, with green flowers and white stamens. only male plants are known so far. as a rule, the lower pair of leaflets is represented by a single leaflet, the other not being developed or caducous, which suggested the epithet 'trifoliolatum.' this may be allied to a. brctchycarpum harms, but the latter is a species of the coastal plain in new ireland, whereas the present species was found above 1200 m altitude in east new guinea. 31. archidendron vaillanth (f. muell.) f. muell. pitheeolobium vaillantii f. von mueller, fragm. phytogr. austr. 5: 60. 1s65. — archidendron vaillantii (f. muell.) f. von mueller, fragm. phytogr. austr. 5: 60. 1865; taubert in engl. & pr., nat. pllfam. 3: 3. abt.: 103 fig. s8a-d. 1891. — albizzia vaillantii (f. muell.) f. von mueller, ic. austr. sp. acacia, dec. 13: [pi. 7]. 1888. — affonsea vaillantii (f. muell.) o. kuntze, rev, gen. pi. 1: 158. 1891. leaves 1-jugate; rachillae about 25 cm long, grooved, stout, mucro short; leaflets 3—4 pairs, broadly ovate, very unequal-sided, strongly nerved, subcoriaceous, glabrous except for some sparse puberulous hairs locally on either surface of the midrib, base broad, very unequal-sided, top broad-acute; petiolules stout, not quite glabrous, about 4 mm long; glands between the petiolules strongly raised. raceme simple; axis stout, puberulous, about 3cm long, carrying 5—7 flowers crowded at the top. bracts thick, fleshy. calyx broadly cylindrical, 8—12 mm long, striate, densely appressed puberulous, margin nearly entire; corolla tomentose outside, about 2.5 cm long, sparsely pubescent inside, fleshy, lobes long, acute. stamens about 6 cm long. ovaries s—15, appressed shortly hairy; style pubescent in lower half, exceeding the stamens. pods thick, with raised sutures, more than 10-seeded, about 10 cm long, glabrous. type.—dallachy s.n.; kew herb., holotype. distribution.—queensland: rockingham bay (seaview mountain range). 96 r e i n w a r d 1 i a [vol, 2 ecology.—this is described as a splendid tree, about 15 m tall, bark smooth, wood hard. s p e c i e s e x c l u d e n d a e v e l i m p e r f e c t s n o t a e archidendron harmsii von malm = pithecellobium sp. (cf. de wit in bull. hot. gdns buitenz. ill 17: 266-267. 1942). archidendron sp. nov. specimen archidendron speciei novae distinctae tamen imperfecte notae in herbario melbournensi servatur: antheris filamentisque hirsutis; foliolis ad 17.5 cm longis, 7.5 cm latis, subsessilibus, glabris, sed inferne consperse puberulis costa et nervis lateralibus, basi rotundatis tamen proxime petioluli conspicue inaequalibus, apice acutis; legumine toto dense et alte pustulato. sir w. macgregor in 1889 collected on the louisiades a new species of archidendron of which some scraps are preserved in the melbourne herbarium. the material certainly belongs to an undescribed species—of which an analysis is given above—to which i wish to draw attention although i have refrained from publishing an epithet on account of the inadequate material. it is preferable to base a new binomial on a satisfactory holotype. archidendron kubaryanum (warb.) k. schum. & laut. archidendron kubaryanum (warb.l lauterbach & k. schumann apttd k. sehum. & laut., fl. deut. schgeb. siidsee 344. 1901, an isonym of pitheeellobium kubaryanum warburg m bot. jb. 13: 335. 1891 (cf. de wit m bull. bot. gdns buitenz. ill 17: 267. 1942). it is uncertain wthether a. kubaryanum belongs in archidendron; in literature i have never seen evidence and the holotype was destroyed at berlin. there seem to exist no duplicates. assuming that it really belongs in archidendron, it might be the correct name for a. fallax harms, but the type of a. fallax has also been lost and in this case, too, there are no duplicates. i expect that this question can never be solved and consider it best to reject a. kubaryanum and to maintain a. fallax, which is indubitably a species of archidendron and was well described. archidendron tenuiracemosum kaneh. & hat. archidendron icmiiracemosum kanehira & hatusima in bot. mag., tokyo 56: 857. 1942. the general appearance of this species, based on kanehira & hatusima 1325, is suggestive of archidendron but the flowers have only one ovary. it may represent a distinct species of pithecellobium. 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(2): 249-324, december 23, 2015 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirinpartomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia a c b d e g f h cover images: zingiber engganoensis ardiyani. a. habit b. leafy shoot and the inflorescence showing rhizomes, roots and root-tuber c. leaves d. ligule and swollen petiole e. dissection of inflorescence showing fruit f. spike and flowers g. dissection of flowers and fruits showing bract, bracteole, two lateral staminodes, two petal lobes, labellum, and the four appendages of the anther h. flower. source of materials: e190 (bo). photo credits: b, c, d by arief supnatna. a, e, f, g, h by marlina ardiyani. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 14(2): abdul latiff mohamad, faculty of science & technology, universiti kebangsaan malaysia, malaysia abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk campbell o. webb arnold arboretum, university of harvard, usa edwino fernando dept. of forest biological sciences, university of the philippines, los baños, philippines fabian brambach dept. of ecology & ecosystem research, georg august university, gottingen, germany john mood lyon arboretum, university of hawaii, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, chicago, usa mark newman royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk martin dancak faculty of science, palacky university, czech republic mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi) ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 311 ‒ 316 311 schum., a . versicolor k. schum. and a . warburgii k. schum. during an inventory of the gingers in bogor botanic garden, five species of a lpinia subsection cenolophon were recorded, namely a. padacanca, a. rubricaulis, a. warburgii and two species which proved to be new to science. the new species which we describe as a lpinia macrocrista below had originally been collected sterile in west sulawesi province while a lpinia pusilla, also collected sterile, came from natali baru village, north sulawesi province. both were cultivated at bogor botanic gardens until they flowered and are described formally here. the two new species increase the number of alpinia subsection cenolophon in sulawesi to seven species which are all endemic. descriptions of the new species are presented and key morphological characters separating the seven species of the subsection are tabulated in the present paper. materials and methods the morphology of the new species was characterized from living plants collected at bogor botanic gardens. detailed morphological measurements were made using a ruler and a calibrated eyepiece under a dissecting microscope. herbarium specimens to serve as types were taken from plants introduction alpinia is a large genus consisting of about 230 species distributed across south asia to australia (kress et al., 2005). alpinia subsection cenolophon (blume) r. m. sm. was proposed by smith (1990), adopting the original generic name of the type species, cenolophon rubrum blume (1823; = alpinia rubricaulis k. schum.). the subsection is characterized by erect and branchless inflorescences which produce flowers singly, never in cincinni, and the absence of bracteoles (occasionally) minute and caducous very early. phylogenetic analysis shows that the group is embedded in clade zerumbet-iv showing an affinity with a lpinia zerumbet (pers.) b. l. burtt & r. m. sm. (kress et al., 2005). as alpinia is not monophyletic and the type of the genus, a . galanga (l.) willd., is not included in the zerumbet clade, a new generic name is expected to be given to this in the future. alpinia subsection cenolophon is a relatively small group which belongs to subgenus a lpinia section a lpinia and comprises about 24 species distributed in southern china, indo-china, peninsular malaysia, and indonesia. in indonesia, they are restricted to sulawesi, borneo and the sula islands (sanana). five endemic species belonging to this subsection are found in sulawesi, namely a lpinia orthostachys k. schum., a. hulstijnii valeton, a. padacanca valeton ex k. heyne, a. rubricaulis k. two new species of alpinia (zingiberaceae) from sulawesi, indonesia received september 03, 2015; accepted september 18, 2015 wisnu h. ardi centre for plant conservation – botanic gardens, lipi. jln. ir. h. juanda no. 13 bogor, 16122. indonesia. e-mail: wisn001@lipi.go.id marlina ardiyani herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: marlina.ardiyani@gmail.com abstract ardi, w. h. & ardiyani, m. 2015. two new species of a lpinia (zingiberaceae) from sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 14(2): 311 ‒ 316. — two new species of a lpinia section a lpinia subsection cenolophon, alpinia macrocrista ardiyani & ardi, and a lpinia pusilla ardi & ardiyani, from sulawesi, indonesia, are described. colour plates are provided, and four-locus dna barcodes have been generated for the purpose of identification. tabulated key to species of alpinia subsection cenolophon in sulawesi is also presented. key words: a lpinia, endemic, ginger , new species, subsection cenolophon, sulawesi, taxonomy, zingiber aceae. abstrak ardi, w. h. & ardiyani, m. 2015. dua jenis baru a lpinia (zingiberaceae) dari sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 14(2): 311 ‒ 316. — dua jenis baru a lpinia (zingiberaceae) dari a lpinia seksi a lpinia subseksi cenolophon, alpinia macrocrista ardiyani & ardi sp. nov., dan a lpinia pusilla ardi & ardiyani sp. nov., dari sulawesi, indonesia telah dipertelakan. gambar berwarna dari kedua jenis baru tersebut, dan empat lokus dna barcode telah dihasilkan untuk keperluan identifikasi. kata kunci: a lpinia, endemik, jahe, jenis bar u, subseksi cenolophon, sulawesi, taksonomi, zingiber aceae. reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 311 � 316 311 schum., a . versicolor k. schum. and a . warburgii k. schum. during an inventory of the gingers in bogor botanic garden, five species of a lpinia subsection cenolophon were recorded, namely a. padacanca, a. rubricaulis, a. warburgii and two species which proved to be new to science. the new species which we describe as a lpinia macrocrista below had originally been collected sterile in west sulawesi province while a lpinia pusilla, also collected sterile, came from natali baru village, north sulawesi province. both were cultivated at bogor botanic gardens until they flowered and are described formally here. the two new species increase the number of alpinia subsection cenolophon in sulawesi to seven species which are all endemic. descriptions of the new species are presented and key morphological characters separating the seven species of the subsection are tabulated in the present paper. materials and methods the morphology of the new species was characterized from living plants collected at bogor botanic gardens. detailed morphological measurements were made using a ruler and a calibrated eyepiece under a dissecting microscope. herbarium specimens to serve as types were taken from plants introduction alpinia is a large genus consisting of about 230 species distributed across south asia to australia (kress et al., 2005). alpinia subsection cenolophon (blume) r. m. sm. was proposed by smith (1990), adopting the original generic name of the type species, cenolophon rubrum blume (1823; = alpinia rubricaulis k. schum.). the subsection is characterized by erect and branchless inflorescences which produce flowers singly, never in cincinni, and the absence of bracteoles (occasionally) minute and caducous very early. phylogenetic analysis shows that the group is embedded in clade zerumbet-iv showing an affinity with a lpinia zerumbet (pers.) b. l. burtt & r. m. sm. (kress et al., 2005). as alpinia is not monophyletic and the type of the genus, a . galanga (l.) willd., is not included in the zerumbet clade, a new generic name is expected to be given to this in the future. alpinia subsection cenolophon is a relatively small group which belongs to subgenus a lpinia section a lpinia and comprises about 24 species distributed in southern china, indo-china, peninsular malaysia, and indonesia. in indonesia, they are restricted to sulawesi, borneo and the sula islands (sanana). five endemic species belonging to this subsection are found in sulawesi, namely a lpinia orthostachys k. schum., a. hulstijnii valeton, a. padacanca valeton ex k. heyne, a. rubricaulis k. two new species of alpinia (zingiberaceae) from sulawesi, indonesia received september 03, 2015; accepted september 18, 2015 wisnu h. ardi centre for plant conservation – botanic gardens, lipi. jln. ir. h. juanda no. 13 bogor, 16122. indonesia. e-mail: wisn001@lipi.go.id marlina ardiyani herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: marlina.ardiyani@gmail.com abstract ardi, w. h. & ardiyani, m. 2015. two new species of a lpinia (zingiberaceae) from sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 14(2): 311 � 316. — two new species of a lpinia section a lpinia subsection cenolophon, alpinia macrocrista ardiyani & ardi, and a lpinia pusilla ardi & ardiyani, from sulawesi, indonesia, are described. colour plates are provided, and four-loci dna barcodes have been generated for the purpose of identification. tabulated key to species of alpinia subsection cenolophon in sulawesi is also presented. key words: a lpinia, endemic, ginger , new species, subsection cenolophon, sulawesi, taxonomy, zingiber aceae. abstrak ardi, w. h. & ardiyani, m. 2015. dua jenis baru a lpinia (zingiberaceae) dari sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 14(2): 311 � 316. — dua jenis baru a lpinia (zingiberaceae) dari a lpinia seksi a lpinia subseksi cenolophon, alpinia macrocrista ardiyani & ardi sp. nov., dan a lpinia pusilla ardi & ardiyani sp. nov., dari sulawesi, indonesia telah dipertelakan. gambar berwarna dari kedua jenis baru tersebut, dan empat lokus dna barcode telah dihasilkan untuk keperluan identifikasi. kata kunci: a lpinia, endemik, jahe, jenis bar u, subseksi cenolophon, sulawesi, taksonomi, zingiber aceae. reinwardtia 312 [vol.14 cultivated in the garden (see taxonomic treatment). dna extraction, amplification and sequencing of four barcoding regions, namely rbcl, matk, the intergenic spacer between trnh and psba, and its2 were carried out using published primers under standard conditions (see kress and erickson 2007). genbank accession numbers for the four-locus barcode regions are summarized in table 1. taxonomy 1. alpinia macrocrista ardiyani & ardi, spec. nov. — type: indonesia, cultivated in bogor botanic garden from vegetative material collected in the wild (mamuju district, inhutani palade, west sulawesi province, indonesia) 14 iv 2013, w isnu ardi & marlina ardiyani wi 80 (bo; isotype bohb). plate 1. the new species resembles alpinia macrostephana (baker) ridl. in the flowers and anther crest shape and size, but differs consistently by the shorter leafy shoots (up to 80 cm tall), subsessile leaflets, smaller leaf size (21.5−34 × 4−8 cm), and symetrically cuneate leaf base. in contrast, in a lpinia macrostephana the length of leafy shoots are up to 2.5 m tall, petioles up to 11 cm long, leaf size 60 × 9 cm and strongly assymetric, cordate leaf base. a . macrocrista differs from all other species of alpinia subsection cenolophon in sulawesi by its subsessile coriaceous lamina, large flowers (> 4.5 cm long) and large, broadly ovate anther crest which is more than twice the length of the anther (10 × 12−14 mm). description. per ennial her b. r hizom e ca. 10 mm diameter, scales cream greenish externally, 2−3 cm long. leafy shoots 4 cm apart forming a loose clump of few shoots, shoot 60−80 cm long with 6−11 leaves, green, base slightly swollen; leaf sheath green with red-brown margin. ligule 5−10 mm long, red-brown, margin sparsely ciliate, apex deeply bilobed; leaf epetiolate or sessile. leaves elliptic-oblong, 21.5−34 × 4−8 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, adaxially green, shiny, abaxially pale green, margin entire from the middle part to the base, hairy towards the apex, slightly undulating, base cuneate, apex acuminate. inflorescence terminal, racemose, flower bearing part 13 cm long, densely set with 10−20 flowers, 1−2 flowers open at a time. peduncle 2−2.5 cm long, pubescent, bracts absent. flowers 5−5.5 cm long. pedicel ca. 1−2 mm long, red. calyx reaching shorter than corolla, tubular, up to 19-23 mm long, apex three-lobed, split unilaterally, pubescent, white. corolla tube 15−17 mm long, white; corolla lobes oblong, reaching shorter than filament, pubescent, white tinged pink, dorsal lobe oblong mucronate, 2.2−2.5 × 0.5−1.0 cm, lateral lobes 2.4−2.7 × 0.7−1.0 cm. labellum broadly obovate, 3.1−3.3 × 2.5−2.8 cm, adaxially pink with two broad, yellowish green lines between the middle band and red stripes on the middle band, apex tinged yellow, margin entire from base to the middle part and crenate from the middle part to the apex, apex obtuse. stamen 2.1−2.7 cm long, pinkish, outer surface sparsely covered with glandular hairs. filament 16−20 mm long. a nther 5−7 × 4−4.5 mm, pink; anther crest broadly obovate, apex crenate, 10 × 12−14 mm. lateral staminodes subulate, 10−15 mm long, green with red blotches. ovary spherical, pale green, tomentose, ca. 2−4 × 4 mm. style 4−4.5 cm long, glabrous. stigma funnel-shaped. nectary gland entire, split to the base in one side close to the base of the style, 2−3 mm long, clasping the base of the style. fruit and seeds unknown. distribution. at pr esent this species is only known from the type locality in west sulawesi and is probably endemic to sulawesi. etymology. the specific epithet is der ived fr om table 1. voucher information and genbank accession numbers for a lpinia macrocrista and a . pusilla species gene region genbank accession number voucher (herbarium location) alpinia macrocrista rbcl kt280458 wi 80 (bo, hbbo) matk kt280460 wi 80 (bo, hbbo) trnh-psba kt280462 wi 80 (bo, hbbo) its2 kt280464 wi 80 (bo, hbbo) a. pusilla rbcl kt280459 wi 81 (bo, hbbo) matk kt280461 wi 81 (bo, hbbo) trnh-psba kt280463 wi 81 (bo, hbbo) its2 kt280465 wi 81 (bo, hbbo) , taxonomic treatment 2015] 313 ardi & ardiyani: two new species of alpinia from sulawesi macro (latin – large) and crista (latin crested) referring to the large anther crest. phenology. alpinia macrocrista has been observed in flower at bogor botanic garden from may to june. conservation status. data deficient (dd). alpinia macrocrista is known from one collection from a single location which could not be georeferenced with certainty. further exploration is required to assess the current range of the species on the island. plate 1. a lpinia macrocrista ardiyani & ardi. a. habit in cultivation at the bbg b. inflorescence c. ligule d. leaf e. rhizome and base of leafy shoot f. two whole flowers and one dissected showing calyx, corolla lobes, labellum with lateral staminodes, ovary with corolla tube, stamen and pistillum g. anther. photographs of wi 80 (bo) by wisnu ardi. reinwardtia 314 [vol.14 plate 2. a lpinia pusilla ardi & ardiyani. a. habit in the cultivation in the bbg b. ligule c. lamina d. rhizome, roots and two leafy shoot bases e. two whole flowers and one dissected showing calyx, corolla lobes, ovary with corolla tube, lateral staminodes , stamen and pistillum, labellum f. anther. photographs of wi 81 (bo) by wisnu ardi. notes. at fir st, this species was misidentified in the garden as a momum abendanoni, which was a nomen nudum of valeton. a specimen of amomum abendanoni was found in herbarium bogoriense but the species had never been published. when the living material in bogor botanic garden flowered, we could identify it as a species of alpinia. 2. alpinia pusilla ardi & ardiyani, spec. nov. — type: indonesia, cultivated in bogor botanic garden from vegetative material collected in the wild (natali baru village, north sulawesi province, indonesia) 14 iv 2013, w isnu a rdi & marlina ardiyani wi 81 (bo, isotype bohb). plate 2. this species differs from all other species of a lpinia subsect. cenolophon in its considerably small stature, few-flowered inflorescence and relatively large size flower. description. per ennial her b. r hizom e 5−8 mm diameter, scales cream greenish externally, 2−3 cm long. leafy shoots 3–4 cm apart forming a dense clump of up to 10 shoots, shoot 25−30 cm reinwardtia 314 [vol.14 plate 2. a lpinia pusilla ardi & ardiyani. a. habit in the cultivation in the bbg b. ligule c. lamina d. rhizome, roots and two leafy shoot bases e. two whole flowers and one dissected showing calyx, corolla lobes, ovary with corolla tube, lateral staminodes, stamen and pistillum, labellum f. anther. photographs of wi 81 (bo) by wisnu ardi. notes. at fir st, this species was misidentified in the garden as a momum abendanoni, which was a nomen nudum of valeton. a specimen of amomum abendanoni was found in herbarium bogoriense but the species had never been published. when the living material in bogor botanic garden flowered, we could identify it as a species of alpinia. 2. alpinia pusilla ardi & ardiyani, spec. nov. — type: indonesia, cultivated in bogor botanic garden from vegetative material collected in the wild (natali baru village, north sulawesi province, indonesia) 14 iv 2013, w isnu a rdi & marlina ardiyani wi 81 (bo, isotype bohb). plate 2. this species differs from all other species of a lpinia subsect. cenolophon in its considerably small stature, few-flowered inflorescence and relatively large size flower. description. per ennial her b. r hizom e 5−8 mm diameter, scales cream greenish externally, 2−3 cm long. leafy shoots 3–4 cm apart forming a dense clump of up to 10 shoots, shoot 25−30 cm 2015] 315 ardi & ardiyani: two new species of alpinia from sulawesi long with 3−5 leaves, brownish to red, pubescent. ligule 3−5 mm long, reddish to brownish, margin ciliate, apex bilobed. petiole 1.5−4.5 cm long, green or red, glabrous. leaves elliptic, 8.5−15 × 3−8 cm, pubescent on both surfaces, adaxially green, abaxially pale green, slightly plicate, margin entire, base slightly oblique, sub-rounded, apex acuminate. inflorescence terminal, a simple raceme, branchless, flower-bearing part 6−7.5 cm long with 4−5 well-spaced flowers, 1−2 open at a time. peduncle 1−2 cm long, pubescent. flowers 4.0−4.5 cm long. pedicel ca. 1−2 mm long, red. calyx reaching shorter than corolla, tubular, up to 19 mm long, apex three-lobed, split unilaterally, white pinkish, pubescent. corolla tube 11−14 mm long, cream; corolla lobes oblong, reaching shorter than filament, white, pubescent, dorsal lobe oblong 1.6−2.5 × 0.4−0.6 cm, lateral lobes 1.7−2.4 × 0.5−0.6 cm. labellum obovate, curved outward 2.8−3.3 × 1.8−2.3 cm, adaxially white pinkish with red stripes in between of two yellow bands, margin entire, apex three-lobed. stamen 3.2−3.7 cm long, pink, outer surface covered with glandular hairs. filament 27−30 mm long. a nther 6−7 × 3.5−4 mm, pink with red strips on the upper surface, pink creamy underneath; anther crest ovate, apex crenulate, 5 × 5.5−6 mm. lateral staminodes subulate, 7−10 mm long, red. ovary spherical, dark red, tomentose, ca. 4−4.5 mm long, 3−3.5 mm diameter; style glabrescent; stigma 4 mm long, funnel-shaped; nectary gland entire, split to the base in one side close to the base of the style, 2−3 mm long. distribution. at pr esent a lpinia pusilla is only known from the type locality, endemic to north sulawesi. etymology. the specific epithet is der ived fr om pusillus (latin – very small), referring to the small stature of the plant which, at only 30 cm tall, is the smallest of all the species of subsection cenolophon. phenology. alpinia pusilla has been observed in flower at bogor and cibodas botanic gardens from may to june. conservation status. data deficient (dd). alpinia pusilla is known from one collections from single location which could not be georeferenced with certainty. further exploration is required to assess the current range of the species on the island. notes. a. pusilla is distinct from all other species not only in its short leafy shoots but also in the number of flowers per inflorescence and the size of the flower. even if cultivation outside its naturally habitat may have prevented it from growing to its maximum size, it will still be easy to distinguish it even if taller plants would be collected in nature in the future. notes on alpinia subsection cenolophon in sulawesi the number of the member of a lpinia subsection cenolophon in sulawesi reaches seven species which are all endemic. this number may increase as new species are likely to be found. table 1 shows the comparison of morphological characters of a lpinia subsect. cenolophon. the leafy shoot of a . pusilla is up to 30 cm long, while all other species reach more than 50 cm. the number of flowers per inflorescence vary from 4 flowers in a. pusilla to 40 flowers in a. warburgii. the flower size also vary from less than 4 cm to 5 cm or more. the largest flowers are found in a . macrocrista. the size and the shape of the labellum vary, a. pusilla has an obovate labellum with entire margin which is relatively big (3.3 × 2.3 cm) compared to the other species from sulawesi. a lpinia macrocrista is unique and distinct from others because of its subsessile and coriaceous leaf blades, large flower (5−5.5 cm long) and conspicuously large, broadly obovate anther crest (10 × 12−14 mm) compared to other species. acknowledgements we would like to thank dr mark f. newman for discussion and assistance in preparing the manuscript. we also thank bogor botanical garden and herbarium bogoriense for their facilities. the second author is indebted to the sibbald trust of the royal botanic garden edinburgh which funded a visit to examine herbarium specimens and the living collections there. thanks are also due to susila who helped in the molecular lab. the dna sequencing was funded by the dipa project "konstruksi pustaka referensi sekuen dna fauna dan flora indonesia melalui dna barcode dan forensik" or "construction of the dna reference library of the indonesian fauna and flora using dna barcode and forensic. last but not least, we would like to thank the editors and the reviewers who helped us to improve the quality of this paper. references kress, w. j. & erickson, d. l. 2007. a two-locus global dna barcode for land plants: the coding rbcl gene complements the non-coding trnh-psba spacer region. plos one 2: e508. kress, w. j., liu, a. -z., newman, m. f. & li, q. -j. 2005. the molecular phylogeny of a lpinia (zingiberaceae): a complex and polyphyletic genus of gingers. a mer. j. bot. 92(1): 167-178. smith, r. m. 1990. alpinia (zingiberaceae) a proposed new infrageneric classification. edinb. j. bot. 47(1): 1-75. 2015] 315 ardi & ardiyani: two new species of alpinia from sulawesi long with 3−5 leaves, brownish to red, pubescent. ligule 3−5 mm long, reddish to brownish, margin ciliate, apex bilobed. petiole 1.5−4.5 cm long, green or red, glabrous. leaves elliptic, 8.5−15 × 3−8 cm, pubescent on both surfaces, adaxially green, abaxially pale green, slightly plicate, margin entire, base slightly oblique, sub-rounded, apex acuminate. inflorescence terminal, a simple raceme, branchless, flower-bearing part 6−7.5 cm long with 4−5 well-spaced flowers, 1−2 open at a time. peduncle 1−2 cm long, pubescent. flowers 4.0−4.5 cm long. pedicel ca. 1−2 mm long, red. calyx reaching shorter than corolla, tubular, up to 19 mm long, apex three-lobed, split unilaterally, white pinkish, pubescent. corolla tube 11−14 mm long, cream; corolla lobes oblong, reaching shorter than filament, white, pubescent, dorsal lobe oblong 1.6−2.5 × 0.4−0.6 cm, lateral lobes 1.7−2.4 × 0.5−0.6 cm. labellum obovate, curved outward 2.8−3.3 × 1.8−2.3 cm, adaxially white pinkish with red stripes in between of two yellow bands, margin entire, apex three-lobed. stamen 3.2−3.7 cm long, pink, outer surface covered with glandular hairs. filament 27−30 mm long. a nther 6−7 × 3.5−4 mm, pink with red strips on the upper surface, pink creamy underneath; anther crest ovate, apex crenulate, 5 × 5.5−6 mm. lateral staminodes subulate, 7−10 mm long, red. ovary spherical, dark red, tomentose, ca. 4−4.5 mm long, 3−3.5 mm diameter; style glabrescent; stigma 4 mm long, funnel-shaped; nectary gland entire, split to the base in one side close to the base of the style, 2−3 mm long. distribution. at pr esent a lpinia pusilla is only known from the type locality, endemic to north sulawesi. etymology. the specific epithet is der ived fr om pusillus (latin – very small), referring to the small stature of the plant which, at only 30 cm tall, is the smallest of all the species of subsection cenolophon. phenology. alpinia pusilla has been observed in flower at bogor and cibodas botanic gardens from may to june. conservation status. data deficient (dd). alpinia pusilla is known from one collections from single location which could not be georeferenced with certainty. further exploration is required to assess the current range of the species on the island. notes. a. pusilla is distinct from all other species not only in its short leafy shoots but also in the number of flowers per inflorescence and the size of the flower. even if cultivation outside its naturally habitat may have prevented it from growing to its maximum size, it will still be easy to distinguish it even if taller plants would be collected in nature in the future. notes on alpinia subsection cenolophon in sulawesi the number of the member of a lpinia subsection cenolophon in sulawesi reaches seven species which are all endemic. this number may increase as new species are likely to be found. table 1 shows the comparison of morphological characters of a lpinia subsect. cenolophon. the leafy shoot of a . pusilla is up to 30 cm long, while all other species reach more than 50 cm. the number of flowers per inflorescence vary from 4 flowers in a. pusilla to 40 flowers in a. warburgii. the flower size also vary from less than 4 cm to 5 cm or more. the largest flowers are found in a . macrocrista. the size and the shape of the labellum vary, a. pusilla has an obovate labellum with entire margin which is relatively big (3.3 × 2.3 cm) compared to the other species from sulawesi. a lpinia macrocrista is unique and distinct from others because of its subsessile and coriaceous leaf blades, large flower (5−5.5 cm long) and conspicuously large, broadly obovate anther crest (10 × 12−14 mm) compared to other species. acknowledgements we would like to thank dr mark f. newman for discussion and assistance in preparing the manuscript. we also thank bogor botanical garden and herbarium bogoriense for their facilities. the second author is indebted to the sibbald trust of the royal botanic garden edinburgh which funded a visit to examine herbarium specimens and the living collections there. thanks are also due to susila who helped in the molecular lab. the dna sequencing was funded by the dipa project "konstruksi pustaka referensi sekuen dna fauna dan flora indonesia melalui dna barcode dan forensik" or "construction of the dna reference library of the indonesian fauna and flora using dna barcode and forensic". last but not least, we would like to thank the editors and the reviewers who helped us to improve the quality of this paper. references kress, w. j. & erickson, d. l. 2007. a two-locus global dna barcode for land plants: the coding rbcl gene complements the non-coding trnh-psba spacer region. plos one 2: e508. kress, w. j., liu, a. -z., newman, m. f. & li, q. -j. 2005. the molecular phylogeny of a lpinia (zingiberaceae): a complex and polyphyletic genus of gingers. a mer. j. bot. 92(1): 167-178. smith, r. m. 1990. alpinia (zingiberaceae) a proposed new infrageneric classification. edinb. j. bot. 47(1): 1-75. reinwardtia 316 [vol.14 a . h ul js tin ii a . o rt ho st ac hy s a . p ad ac an ca a . r ub ri ca ul is a . v er si co lo r a . w ar bu rg ii a . pu si lla a . m ac ro cr is ta le af y sh oo t 0. 40. 6 m 2 m 0. 9 m 1. 6 m 3 m 0. 7 m 0. 3 m 0. 60. 8 m pe tio le ; p et io le le ng th pe tio la te ; 2 -7 cm pe tio la te ; 8 m m pe tio la te ; 1 .5 -4 cm pe tio la te ; 1 -5 cm pe tio la te ; 2 c m pe tio la te ; 1 .2 c m pe tio la te ; 1 .5 -4 c m su bs es si le sh ap e of le af o va te -o bl on g o bl on g e lli pt ic -o bl on g e lli pt ic e lli pt ic -o bl on g n ar ro w ly o bl on g e lli pt ic e lli pt ic -o bl on g si ze o f l ea f 20 -4 0 × 78 cm 30 -3 5 × 7. 5 cm 12 -2 4 × 48 cm 18 -4 0 × 8. 512 cm 50 × 1 4 cm 40 × 5 c m 8. 515 × 3 -8 c m 21 -3 4 × 48 cm n um be r o f f lo w er p er in flo re sc en ce 410 17 -2 5 14 -4 0 35 10 -2 0 fl ow er s iz e (l en gt h) 34 cm 33. 5 cm 3. 23. 5 cm 33. 5 cm 44. 5 cm 55. 5 cm sh ap e of la be llu m o bo va te o bo va te b ro ad ly o bo va te o bo va te o bo va te o bo va te o bo va te b ro ad ly o bo va te si ze o f l ab el lu m 32 × 2 0 m m 22 -2 4 × 19 -2 1 m m 22 -2 4 × 14 -1 6 m m 25 m m lo ng 14 m m lo ng 33 × 2 3 m m 31 -3 3 × 25 -2 8 m m a nt he r c re st o va te e cr is ta te o va te o va te o va te o va te b ro ad ly o bo va te a nt he r c re st s iz e 4 m m lo ng 3 × 2. 5 m m 34 × 2. 53 m m 1. 5 m m lo ng 67 × 3. 5 m m 10 × 1 214 m m t ab le 2 . c om pa ri so n of m or ph ol og ic al c ha ra ct er s of a lp in ia s pp . i n a lp in ia s ub se ct . c en ol op ho n in s ul aw es i reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id a 2 311-316_1-1 311-316_3-3 311-316_4-4 311-316_5-5 311-316_6-6 311-316_7-7 311-316_8-8 u b reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(2): 249-324, december 23, 2015 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirinpartomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia a c b d e g f h cover images: zingiber engganoensis ardiyani. a. habit b. leafy shoot and the inflorescence showing rhizomes, roots and root-tuber c. leaves d. ligule and swollen petiole e. dissection of inflorescence showing fruit f. spike and flowers g. dissection of flowers and fruits showing bract, bracteole, two lateral staminodes, two petal lobes, labellum, and the four appendages of the anther h. flower. source of materials: e190 (bo). photo credits: b, c, d by arief supnatna. a, e, f, g, h by marlina ardiyani. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 14(2): abdul latiff mohamad, faculty of science & technology, universiti kebangsaan malaysia, malaysia abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk campbell o. webb arnold arboretum, university of harvard, usa edwino fernando dept. of forest biological sciences, university of the philippines, los baños, philippines fabian brambach dept. of ecology & ecosystem research, georg august university, gottingen, germany john mood lyon arboretum, university of hawaii, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, chicago, usa mark newman royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk martin dancak faculty of science, palacky university, czech republic mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi) ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 249 – 258 249 the asian conservation ecology is recognized to develop global conservation science and integrated research group for establishing new integrated research trends emphasizing biodiversity-ecosystem links. furthermore, a network of biodiversity observation is created in asia as research fields to carry out integrative biodiversity observations which located in japan, china, cambodia, thailand and indonesia. hence, ecology conservation strategies designed by sharing information and integrating data, play important role in defining interconnections and interdependencies in research introduction there are many factors that are linked in complex ways to human population increase as well as transformation of the land for human use and global change in climate (battrick, 2006; letcher, 2009). these processes are resulting in the reduction of biodiversity, including the loss of entire ecosystems and the extinction of many species. currently, biodiversity changes are eminent in asia where the most serious biodiversity loss in the world is observed (yahara, 2009). recently, the program of geographic information system (gis) web server for biodiversity information system received february 28, 2015; accepted march 30, 2015 ibrahim djamaluddin faculty of engineering, hasanuddin university, jl. poros malino km 6, bontomarannu, gowa, south sulawesi, 92171. e-mail:ibedije@gmail.com poppy indrayani & yasuhiro mitani faculty of engineering, kyushu university, motooka 744, nishi-ku, fukuoka 819-0395 japan. email:poppy@doc.kyushu-u.ac.jp; mitani@doc.kyushu-u.ac.jp shuichiro tagane & tetsukazu yahara faculty of sciences, kyushu university. hakozaki 6-10-1, fukuoka 812-8581, japan. e-mail: stagane29@gmail.com; tet.yahara@gmail.com abstract djamaluddin, i., indrayani, p., mitani, y., tagane, s. & yahara, t. 2015. geographic information system (gis) web server for biodiversity information system. reinwardtia 14 (2): 249 – 258. — ecological protection strategies, designed by sharing information and integrating data, play an important role in defining interconnections and interdependencies in research as well as in increasing global awareness. the geographic information system (gis) web server is one technology solution to improve the interoperability and sharing between the biodiversity databases of an organization and the databases of other research groups. in this paper, a database system integration framework based on gis technology and a gis server system using the latest cloud-based technology have been developed to incorporate biodiversity databases in asian region. a gis server is a gis web platform integrating multiple geodatabases and provides data display and query, allowing users to apply internet browsers to manipulate the functions and query the data, etc. to demonstrate the effectiveness of a gis web server, plant biodiversity survey dataset of mt. gede pangrango, west java in indonesia, was given as a case study for development and utilization of biodiversity information system in asian region. key words: biodiver sity infor mation, database system, gis, inter oper ability, web ser ver . abstrak djamaluddin, i., indrayani, p., mitani, y., tagane, s. & yahara, t. 2015. server web gis untuk sistem informasi keanekaragaman hayati. reinwardtia 14 (2): 249 – 258. — strategi perlindungan ekologi, disusun berdasarkan pembagian informasi dan data yang terintegrasi, memegang peranan penting dalam mendefinisikan interkoneksi dan interdependensi pada penelitian, demikian juga halnya dalam meningkatkan kesadaran global. server web sistem informasi geografi (sig) merupakan salah satu solusi teknologi untuk meningkatkan interoperabilitas dan pembagian antara pangkalan data keanekaragaman hayati dari suatu lembaga dengan lembaga penelitian lainnya. dalam makalah ini, kerangka integrasi sistem pangkalan data didasarkan pada teknologi sig dan sistem server sig yang menggunakan teknologi berbasis cloud terbaru yang telah dikembangkan untuk menyatukan pangkalan data keanekaragaman hayati di kawasan asia. server sig merupakan web sig gabungan dari berbagai macam pangkalan geodata dan menyediakan tampilan data dan isian, memungkinkan pengguna untuk mengajukan mesin pencari di internet untuk memanipulasi fungsi dan isian data dan lain sebagainya. untuk mendemonstrasikan keefektifan server web sig, seperangkat data survei keanekaragaman tumbuhan di gunung gede-pangrango, jawa barat, indonesia disajikan sebagai contoh studi kasus bagi pengembangan dan penggunaan sistem informasi keanekaragaman hayati di kawasan asia. kata kunci: infor masi keanekar agaman hayati, inter oper abilitas, ser ver web, sistem pangkalan data, sig. reinwardtia 250 [vol.14 as well as in increasing global awareness. the geographic information system (gis) web server is one technology solution to improve the interoperability and sharing between the biodiversity database of the organization and the database of other research groups (john & donald, 1994). to support sustainable data-sharing for asian conservation ecology, a gis database is desirable to construct by using storage system using spatial database engine (sde) based on a gis web server. sde can managed spatial data in a integrated database management system (rdbms) and enables it to be accessed by many clients (bradley et al., 1994). any sde database that deals with biodiversity information has to be geographically based and able to predict where new populations of species with a limited recognized range might be expected, indicating potential hot spots. locating biodiversity features associated with their attributes allows diverse data to be combined, compared and analyzed in a single gis database server. gis technology for ecological assessment tool gis is a system that processes digitized geographic information in an integrated manner on digital maps to provide visual expressions and high-level analyses. massive amounts of biodiversity information acquired through the use of gis can be used to “visualize” changes in complex phenomena in the world that occur moment by moment (pollock & mclaughlin, 1991). furthermore, high-level analyses can enable the accurate sharing of information and help to resolve problems. gis can be used as an effective tool for monitoring biodiversity changes. data on species or habitat distribution from different dates allow monitoring of the location of change (where) to be identified and the extent (how much) measured. the variety of data potentially able to be entered into a gis is large. in addition, gis can be applied as geospatial model tools for assessing biodiversity. generally, assessment of biodiversity is based on availablelity data on the range of species. for instance, a species range is the area occupied by a species, and is used to refer to a distribution area. to determine species range, biologists record the geographic location of their observations and collect specimens. these data can be plotted on maps to represent species range using various way of mapping techniques. for a comprehensive assessment of biodiversity, environmental factors such as climate, vegetation, soils and geology should be considered. models of the distribution can be constructed in gis to assess where study efforts may be targeted, to be used as substitutes for full investigations of species in biodiversity analysis at a regional scale and to assess possible impacts of environmental changes. in respect to our current research, gis can be utilized as an advanced cloud computing technology to develop a web server application to distribute species distribution maps, share biodiversity databases and delivering biodiversity information services to improve internal workflows, communicate vital issues and engage stakeholders in asian region. an illustration of a gis web server managed by using a geodata for utilizing biodiversity information is shown in fig.1. a framework for databases and system integration an advanced research has been performed to create and design geodata integration which makes full use of the capabilities of a gis web application and a server. fig. 2 shows designing framework to fig. 1. geodata can manage biodiversity information djamaluddin et al.: gis web server for biodiversity information system 2015] 251 fig. 2. framework of designing biodiversity integration databases and services system fig. 3. architecture of a gis server system for biodiversity information reinwardtia 252 [vol.14 integrate biodiversity databases and biodiversity related geospatial databases for enabling the comprehensive searching, acquisition, development and utilization of biodiversity information services. in this framework, the geodata for biodiversity information are not just another spatial data format that can be used; it is an integral part of the gis web server system. biodiversity datasets from research groups and public organizations will be collected to develop datasets, data modeling and geodata by utilizing gis workflow process and interoperability functions. by storing biodiversity datasets from many database resources, geospatial relationships will be modeled between observation researches data (feature datasets), enabling more advanced analysis to contribute a useful component for ecological forecasting. development of gis web application of client side nowadays, it is ordinary to observe maps or other geographic information integrated seamlessly into web sites (peterson, 2005). a gis-based server can be used to share the gis resources across an enterprise and across the gis web resources are the maps, globes, address locators, geodata and tools. the main advantages of sharing gis resources on a gis server are the same as sharing any data through any kind of server technology (goodchild, 1993). components of the gis server system demands are rising for easy-to-use biodiversity information that is geared toward the diverse and intensive needs of users. fig. 2 shows the framework of designing biodiversity integration databases and services system. the following components comprise a gis base server system site that exposes the scalability and functionality (esri, 2007) (fig. 3). 1. gis server, the gis server does the work of fulfilling requests to web services. it draws biodiversity maps, runs tools, queries species data and performs any other action with a biodiversity information service. the gis server can consist of one machine or many machines working together. 2. web adaptor, is to integrate gis servers with existing enterprise web server. the web adaptor receives web service requests through a common url and sends them to the various gis servermachines in a site. 3. web server, a web server can host biodiversity web applications and provide optional security and load balancing benefits to gis server site. 4. data server, biodiversity databases as a geodata can be stored directly on each gis server, or access it from a central biodiversity database repository. methods development of a gis web application for utilizing biodiversity information services at present, our research is developing a gis web application using silverlight technology to investigate the capability and functionality of a gis web application for utilizing biodiversity information services for client-side. once biodiversity data resource has been created, it can be published rapidly as a biodiversity information service and it can be shared by a gis web application. the interface of the web application created by silverlight technology that mainly uses to increase the quality and convenience by, for example, providing easy access to a high level of useful biodiversity information services, ecological analysis tools and other biodiversity related geospatial information services. fig. 4 shows the tool interface functions of the developed gis web application in which user can access the services for searching and utilization of biodiversity information. fig. 5 shows the interface of the developed gis web application using silverlight technology and interface of tools to provide easy access of biodiversity information. detail explanation of the tool functions are described as follows. 1. layer tools (scalability) layer tools are established to provide the user-side for integrating other biodiversity information services or base map which is provided by the developed gis server or other available server. the operation tool is set according to the content of the operation such as add layer is used to add data to the biodiversity distribution map by browsing to an gis server endpoint, and add web map services (wms) layer is used to add ogc (open geospatial consortium) web map services. the base map and search services are provided as a common tool to add a base map and online map services. 2. map tools (functionality) map tools are basic function for the map and the data that makes the users uses it in the exploration of biodiversity information. the map function tools of the content, the printing, the measure and the zoom & pan is provided as a user function to the comprehensive searching, acquisition. a content function is included in the map tools to give biodiversity information about the data services, and layers. 3. access data tools (accessibility & interoperability) access data tools are commonly function to access the biodiversity databases on a gis server that provides the authorized users to download biodiversity and other geospatial dataset in different format, and the biodiversity database is able to be edited via a web browser. the access data functions djamaluddin et al.: gis web server for biodiversity information system 2015] 253 fig. 5. interface of the developed gis web application layout and tools for biodiversity information system select base add layers search geodata services table contents attribute tables query database layers spatial analysis (an example) download, measure & print add open layer (wms) services fig. 4. tool interface functions of the developed gis web application for utilizing biodiversity information services. reinwardtia 254 [vol.14 fig. 7. data of species occurrence, plant habit and height recorded in the field. fig. 6. the location and shape of transect 3 and landmarks near the transect. djamaluddin et al.: gis web server for biodiversity information system 2015] 255 fig. 8. four examples of power point slides in a draft pictured guide. fig. 9a. developed web application model for biodiversity information system. reinwardtia 256 [vol.14 fig. 9b. basemap provides geographical context and background for the content in a map. fig. 10. species richness in eight transects. bars show cumulative numbers of species in ten sections of the transects. (access feature and data update, etc.) are prepared, and web browser can be used properly according to user roles and the authority. accessible biodiversity datasets and the function are limited by the user account at login. results and discussion biodiversity data sharing using a gis web application (a case study) a botanical survey at mt. gede-pangrango, west java, indonesia was conducted from september 27 to october 5, 2011, in order to describe patterns of plant distribution along the altitudinal gradient on the northern slope of mountain. we recorded presence of vascular plant species in ten transects of 100 m × 4 m placed along the altitudinal gradient. transect 1 is placed in a reserve of cibodas botanical garden (outside of the national park) and other nine transects are located in the national park area. geo-reference records of these transects are as follows. we placed each transect along a mountain trail, and thus the shape of transect is not rectangular. we divided each djamaluddin et al.: gis web server for biodiversity information system 2015] 257 transect to ten sections of 10 m × 4 m (see fig. 6 as an example) and recorded all the vascular plant species in the first section. from the second to tenth section, we recorded vascular plant species that we found for the first time in that transect and did not record species occurrence at the section for species that were already recorded in previous sections. we made 1705 records of species occurrence and made 1099 voucher specimens to identify species. for most specimens, we took pictures in the field to edit a pictured guide for the flora of mt. gede-pangrango. for epiphytes, we collected species occurring below 8 m height using a pole with a cutter on the top. thus, some species growing on tree trunks or branches higher than 8 m may be unrecorded. fig. 7 shows a part of data recorded in transect 1 as an example of raw data structure. in addition to these species occurrence records, we recorded the approximate height of trees higher than 3 m in each section to the nearest 1 m for trees lower than 10 m and to the nearest 5 m for trees higher than 10 m. we used a pole of 8 m as a reference. this data provides the number of trees belonged to a height class in each section. identification we tried to identify as many species as possible in the field using taxonomic literature at hand including the flora taman national of mt. gedepangrango (sunarno & rugayah, 1992) in which 844 taxa are listed with a short description. after the field survey, we identified species of urticaceae, ficus, lasianthus and some other plant groups. however, most specimens remain to be identified or their identifications remain to be verified. thus, the results described below are based on tentative identifications that should be revised by further studies with specimens. pictured guide we prepared a pictured guide of the plants we collected by editing pictures that we took for 1099 specimens in the field using the software power point (fig. 8). this power point files will be used to give the detail information about the species. biodiversity information services for preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of the developed gis web server application, plant survey datasets of the mt. gede-pangrango (microsoft excel spreadsheet, raster image, power point files, geo-reference data, etc.) was used to create, integrate and utilize biodiversity information as geodata. using a geodata, a gis web server can be used to collect primary biodiversity data, share and integrate biodiversity data and aggregate the integrated biodiversity data from many sources of data. fig. 9a shows the interface of the gis web application that contains the biodiversity information services of the mt. gede-pangrango. moreover, the interface of the gis web application shows the biodiversity database on spreadsheet, picture of specimens and photos. with this application, users can add, edit and manage biodiversity data and ready to use basemaps (topography, geology, vegetation cover, etc.) through internet access. a basemap provides geographical context and background for the content that want to display in a map (fig. 9b). the gis web server application for silverlight provides with several basemaps from which to choose suitable backgrounds for geospatial data of the mt. gede-pangrango in which other technology platforms (e.g. mapserver, or geoserver) do not provided. charting species richness using biodiversity information services by using the distribution of topography data from biodiversity information services, species richness was the highest in t2 at 1270 m and the lowest in t7 at 2300 m. species richness continuously decreased with altitude in 8 transects placed along the trail to themt. gede-pangrango (fig. 10). species richness of t1 at the lowest elevation (in the reserve of cibodas botanical garden) was the second highest. cumulative numbers of species showed saturating trends in t1 and t7, but increased nearly proportionally in other transects. conclusions in this paper, a gis web server for biodiversity information system that is a synthesis of individual systems and services has been developed. moreover, a gis web application using silverlight technology has been established for client-side that enabling the comprehensive searching and utilization of biodiversity information. to demonstrate the effectiveness of the gis web server application, plant biodiversity survey at the mt. gede-pangrango, west java in indonesia, as one of important ecological protection areas has been studied for utilizing biodiversity information services. with the developed gis web server, users can query the survey data of each species, view the location and photo of the species, and find the data of each species, etc. the advantages of the developed gis web server system is, like the intelligent spatial query functions and analysis, species distribution map services, and integrating other biodiversity related services from such as topography map service, climate data service and remote sensing data services. consequently, the developed gis web server can provide a framework for delivering reinwardtia 258 [vol.14 internet-based biodiversity information services that support cooperation among public research organizations, university researchers, community residents, npos and others. using a gis web application makes sharing biodiversity database about important biodiversity information services and ecological conservation decisions more efficient and effective. acknowledgements this work was supported in part by global coe program (center of excellence for asian conservation ecology as a basis of human-nature mutualism), mext, japan. we thank ristek for issuing the national research permits and the research centre for biology-lipi in their field research and provided facilities for laboratory analysis. references battrick, b. 2006. the changing earth, esa publication division, the netherlands. bradley, c. r., thomas, r. l., louis, t. s., jesslyn, f. b., james, w. m. & donald, o. o. 1994. designing global land cover databases to maximum utility: the us prototype. environmental information management and analysis: ecosystem to global scales. taylor & francis, london. pp. 299 – 314. esri (environmental systems research institute), geospatial service-oriented architecture (soa), an esri white paper. retrieved june 2007 from: http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/ geospatial-soa.pdf. goodchild, m. f. 1993. sharing imperfect data, sharing geographic information. new brunswick, new jersey. pp. 363 – 374. john, j. k. & donald, l. p. 1994. global environmental characterization: lessons from the noaa-epa global ecosystems database project. environmental information management and analysis: ecosystem to global scales. tailor & francis, london. pp. 315 – 327. letcher, t. 2009. climate change, observed impacts on planet earth. elsevier, the netherlands. peterson, m. p. 2005. maps and the internet. elsevier, the netherlands. pollock, r. j. & mclaughlin, j. d. 1991. databased management system technology and geographic information systems. j. of surveying engineering 117 (1): 9 – 26. sunarno, b. & rugayah. 1992. flora taman nasional gede pangrango. herbarium bogoriense, puslitbang biologi – lipi, bogor. yahara, t. 2009. climate change, biodiversity loss and challenges of the asian conservation ecology program. the 1st international symposium on aquatic environment and biodiversity conservation. the lake taihu basin. shanghai-china. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id a 2 249 – 258_1-1 249 – 258_3-3 249 – 258_4-4 249 – 258_5-5 249 – 258_6-6 249 – 258_7-7 249 – 258_8-8 249 – 258_9-9 249 – 258_10-10 249 – 258_11-11 249 – 258_12-12 249 – 258_13-13 u b 286 r e i n w a k d t i a [vol. 7 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 3, p.p. 287—290 (1966) a new species of agafetes from bhutan n. p. balakrishnan and s. chowdhury *) agapetes bhutanica balak. & chowdhury, spec. nov. — fig. affinis a. odontdcerae (wight) rook. f. et a. variegatae (roxb.) d. don ex g. don; ab utraque differt pedicellis, ccdycibus et corollis glanduloso-pilosis; ab a. odontocera differt foliis pseudoverticillatis; ab a. vanegata differt corolla breviore. frutex epiphyticus, caule pseudotuberoso ad basin; rami breves, patentes, teretes, 7—15 mm crassi; cortex fvliginosus, conspicuis ornatus l&ntieellis; rami juniores angulati, indistincti, subobtusati; vetustiores teretes; cataphylla plura, depressa in ramulis ju/v embus, subulata, lurida, usque ad 1 cm long a, ca 2 trim lata, marginibus crenulatis, glandulosis ciliatis. folia 5—6 in singulis pseudoverticillis (verticillis 6—10 cm inter se distnntibus), stibsessilia, oblongo-lanceata, 9—20 x 1—4 cm, basi attenuata, apice breviter acuminata, coriacea, sparsim pilosa ad paginam superior em, pilosiora ad margimes; margines undulati, subintegri; costa sat robusta, subtus eminens; nervi laterales 20—25-jugi in nervum intramarginalem distinctum anastomosantes; nervi tertiarii efformantes reticula; petiolis 2—4 mm, longi. inflorescentia subfasciculata, corymbifovmis, e tamo aphyllo vetustiore orta, 7—-ib-flora; pedurtculus vix nullus vel usque 1 mm longus, ciliis glanduliferis atropurpweis ornatus; bracteae congestae, ca1 mm longae,-linefares>, subulatae, atropurpureae, glandulosociliatae ad margines; pedicelli 14—1.8 cm, longi, surswn sensirn ampliati, danse puberuli et glandailoso-setulosi. calyx lobatus usque ad medium,, extus dense glanduloso-pilosus; lobi 5, triangulari-acuminati, ca 2 x 1.5 mm. corolla superne subcylindrica, in feme tubuliari-angustata, sursum levissime ampliata (alabastro apicem versus subconico, 5-angulato), 2.6— 2.8 cm longa (lobis inclusis), superne 9—11 mm diam., inferne 6—7 mm diam., cocdnea, transverse purpurev-vittata, extus superne sparsim glanduloso-ciliata (plus sic in nervis alabastrorum); lobi 5, ca8x5 mm, filiformes revoluti ad apices. stamina 10; filamenta line-aria ca 2.5 x 1 mm, albo-puberula, flexa intrinsecus supra medium; antherarum thecae glabrae, ca 4-5 mm longae, lineates, oblongae; connectivum rostratum; pubistylus wndamuiiensis thoth. fig. 1. a branch with flowers; pig. 2. a flower; fig. 3. corolla spread open showing the stamens; fig. 4. gynoecium showing the disc and the clavate, pubescent style; fig. 5. a vertical section of the ovary showing one pendulous ovule in each cell. *) botanical survey of india, eastern circle, shillong, india. — 287 — 288 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 rostris linearibus, elongatis, ca 2 cm longis, glabris, circa medii dorsum bicalcaratis; calcaribus ca 1 mm longis, puberulis, recurvis. stylus filiformis, ca 2.9 cm longus, glaber, stamina superans, supra rostra antherarum eminent; stigmate discoideo-capitato. fructus ignotm. typus, balakrishnan 41943 a, lectus ad deothang in bhutania orientali (91° 35' e & 26° 55' n), ad alt. ca 500 m, die 29 martii 1965 positus in cal; imtypi, balakrishnan 4194-3 b c, posiu in herbario kanjilal ad shillong (assam). epiphytic shrub; stem pseudotuberous at base; branches short, spreading, terete, 7—15 mm thick; bark brownish-grey, conspicuously lenticellate; young branchlets obscurely bluntly angled, older ones terete; cataphylls many, scattered on young branches, subulate, dark brown, up to 1 cm long, ca 2 mm broad, with crenulate glandular ciliate margins. leaves 5—6 in each pseudoverticel (verticels 6—10 cm apart), subsessile, oblong-lanceate, 9—20 x 1—4 cm, attenuate at base, shortly acuminate at apex, coriaceous, sparsely pilose on dorsal surface, more at margins; margins undulate, subentire; midrib moderately thick, distinctly raised beneath; lateral nerves 20—25 pairs, anastomosing into a distinct intramarginal nerve; tertiary nerves forming reticulations; petiole 2—4 mm long. inflorescence subfasciculate, corymbose, arising from leafless old branches, 7—15-flowered; peduncle almost lacking, or about 1 mm long with brownish-purple glandular hairs; bracts congested, ca 1 mm long, linear-subulate, brownish-purple, glandular-hairy at margins; pedicels 1.4—1.8 cm long, gradually enlarged to top, densely puberulous and glandular-pilose. calyx lobate up to middle, densely glandular-pilose outside; lobes 5, triangular-acuminate, ca 2 x 1.5 mm. corolla subcylindric above, narrowly tubular at base, slightly enlarged upwards (in buds subconic, 5angled at apex), 2.6—2,8 cm long (including lobes), 9—11 mm in diam. above, 6—7 mm in diam. below, scarlet-red with purplish transverse lines, sparsely glandular-ciliate outside towards apex (more so on nerves of buds); lobes 5, ca 8 x 5 mm, filiform, revolute at apex. stamens 10; filaments linear, ca 2.5 x 1 mm, white-puberulous, bent inwards above the middle; anther cells glabrous, ca 4.5 mm long, linear-oblong; connective beaked; beak linear, elongate, ca 2 cm long, glabrous, dorsally spurred at about middle; spur ca 1 mm long, puberulous, recurved. style filiform, ca 2.9 cm long, glabrous, longer than stamens, projecting above the beaks of anthers; with discoid-capitate stigma. fruit not known. e a s t b h u t a n : deothang (91° 35' e & 26° 55' n), alt. ca 500 m, 29 march 1 9 6 5 , f l . , b a l a k r i s h n a n 419/+3 a ( c a l ) e t u19us b c ( a s s a m ) . 1966] balakrishnan & chowdhury: a new species of agapetcs acknowledgements 289 the authors express their thanks to rev. fr. h. santapau, director, botanical survey of india, calcutta for kindly correcting the latin description. note of the editor this issue of eerawarcltia appears in a much reduced form because of financial difficulties. 290 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 note to contributors general: manuscripts should be submitted typewritten and double spaced throughout, preferably without any underlining and without the use of capitals to indicate particular letter press, except for names of genera, species, subspecies to be indicated by drawing a single line under the entire word. copies can not be accepted if they have been reproduced in a way that they become illegible in handling. captions for textfigures and plates should be written, on a separate sheet. illustrations: illustrations need not be more than two to three times the size of the desired reproduction. half tone illustrations can not be accepted. line drawings should be of sufficient thickness to reproduce well and the dotting should be sufficiently spaced to stand the reduction desired. drawings should be carefully made with iridia ink on white drawing paper. photographs should be made on glossy paper with strong contrasts. tables: titles should be given for all tables which should be numbered in roman numerals. column heads should be brief and textual matters in tables confined to a minimum. reprints: twenty five reprints of each paper are supplied free. joint authors will have to divide these copies between them at their discretion. additional reprints will be furnished at cost; the order should be placed before the final printing. the prices of the issues vary according to the number of pages and illustrations. all correspondence on editorial matters should be addressed to the publishing institutes. for exchange, subscriptions, request of missing numbers and all publications from the above institutes, please apply to: bibliqtheca bogoriensis, djalan raya 20, bogor. agapetes bhutanica balak. & chowdhury 1. a branch with flowers; 2. flower; 3. corolla split open; 4. pedicel with calyx tube; 5. staminal column; 6. stamen; 7. beak of anther showing spurs; 8. l. .s of ovary with style; 9. t. s. of ovary. — all after balakrishnan 41943 a (cal). ' rein.vol.7,part 3, pp. 221-290_page_34 rein.vol.7,part 3, pp. 221-290_page_35 rein.vol.7,part 3, pp. 221-290_page_36 lipi a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(4) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(4): 261 337, 31 march 2008 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondece on the reinwardtia journal and subscriptions should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia the correct name for the tetrastigma (vitaceae) host of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) in malesia and a (not so) new species received september 25, 2007; accepted october 11, 2007. j.f. veldkamp nationaal herbarium nederland, universiteit leiden branch, p.o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail:veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl abstract veldkamp, j.f. 2008. the correct name for the tetrastigma (vitaceae) host of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) in malesia and a (not so) new species. reinwardtia 12(4): 261 – 265. –– the correct name for tetrastigma lanceolarium auct. non planch. or t. leucostaphylum (dennst.) alston ex mabb. (vitaceae) in malesia is t. rafflesiae miq. the name t. lawsonii is superfluous and has been misapplied to a species here described as new. key words: rafflesia, tetrastigma, malesia abstrak veldkamp, j.f. 2008. nama tepat untuk tetrastigma (vitaceae) tumbuhan inang rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) di malesia, dan suatu jenis (yang tidak terlalu) baru. reinwardtia 12(4): 261 – 265. –– nama yang benar untuk tetrastigma lanceolarium auct. non planch. atau t. leucostaphylum (dennst.) alston ex mabb. (vitaceae) di malesia adalah t. rafflesiae miq. nama t. lawsonii adalah berlebihan dan telah disalahgunakan pada jenis yang di sini dipertelakan sebagai jenis baru. kata kunci: rafflesia, tetrastigma, malesia introduction it is well-known that rafflesia spp. (rafflesiaceae), native to malesia, parasitise species of tetrastigma planch. (vitaceae), especially one that has been known under various names, usually t. lanceolarium (roxb.) planch. and more recently t. leucostaphylum (dennst.) alston ex mabb. however, the latter is a species from bangladesh, bhutan, india, and nepal, the first is a superfluous name for it, misapplied to t. nilagiricum (miq.) b.v. shetty, a south indian/ sri lanka species (shetty & singh 2000). latiff (2001) regarded these as synonymous. in his paper he tried to sort out the nomenclature of the malesian species and concluded that the correct name should be t. tuberculatum (blume) latiff. i have here relied on his synonymy. unfortunately, this was not the end of the quest: the name has to be changed again, for its javanese basionym, cissus tuberculata blume (1825), is a later homonym of the south american c. tuberculata jacq. (1797) (see also king 1896). the international code of botanical nomenclature (icbn, 2006) requires that basionyms should be legitimate and, if not, their epithets can only be used again (without ascription) in a different combination if there is no alternative at that rank. 58.1. the epithet in an illegitimate name if available may be used in a different combination, at the same or a different rank, if no other epithet is available from a name that has priority at that rank. the resulting name is then treated as new, either as a nomen novum with the same type as the illegitimate name (see also art. 7.5 and art. 33 note 2), or as the name of a new taxon with a different type. its priority does not date back to the publication of the illegitimate name. since latiff cited four legitimate synonyms, he should have selected one of these for the correct name, and the combination he made is therefore superfluous. tetrastigma tuberculatum [blume] latiff fol. malays. 2 (2001) 186, nom. superfl. — cissus tuberculata blume, bijdr. 4 (1825) 1899, non jacq. reinwardtia vol 12, part 4, pp: 261 265 261 latiff mentioned as the type “java, bogor, blume s.n. (l)”, apparently selecting between the syntypes indicated by blume: “buitenzorg et tjanjor”. however, in l there is no specimen from “buitenzorg” (bogor), but there are two from the gunung (mountain) parang near the town “tjanjor” (cianjur): l. sh. 897,348—8 and –14, labelled as cissus tuberculatus by blume. willem meijer, the well-known rafflesiaceae specialist, labeled both as isotypes. king gave the following reasons for the name change to “vitis lawsonii”: “this is the plant which blume called cissus tuberculata; but it is not the vitis tuberculata of wallich which becomes vitis rumicisperma, lawson. for this species mr. lawson keeps blume’s specific name, but he changes its generic name to vitis – a course which i regret to be unable to follow, first because there is an earlier cissus tuberculata than blume’s (viz., that of jacquin dating from the years 1797 to 1804 during which that author ’s hortus schoenbrunnensis was published, and which therefore the plant to which any author who reduces cissus to vitis ought to give the name v. tuberculata); second, because blume did not call his plant vitis tuberculata but cissus tuberculata.” it will be clear that he thought that blume’s species and that of lawson were the same and that the epithet “tuberculata” was inapplicable because of the homonymy and he therefore proposed “lawsonii”. however, lawson had validated the combination, because in vitis the epithet “tuberculata” was still available and the combination is permitted by art. 58.1; thus, king was not allowed to change it and his combination vitis lawsonii is therefore superfluous. as king himself was one of those who reduced cissus l. to vitis l., king here casually made the new combination vitis tuberculata (jacq.) king, which of course is a later homonym of that of lawson (1875). gagnepain (1911) reported the presence of an isotype of cissus tuberculata blume in p, with a “superb” tendril, a pedate 5-foliolate leaf, and 2 seeds in each berry. unfortunately he gave no locality. this would seem to be a much better candidate for a lectotype, but could not be found. tetrastigma lawsonii was mentioned as a synonym of v. lawsonii by burkill (1935) and the former name therefore is not valid. this reference was copied verbatim by hill (1938), and then still remained invalid, although from the typography it is not clear whether he regarded it as a synonym or an accepted name. latiff (1984: 220) unwittingly 262 reinwardtia [vol.12 (1797). — vitis tuberculata [blume] m.a. lawson in hook. f., fl. brit. india 1 (1875) 656, pro comb., nom. legit.! — vitis lawsonii king, j. asiat. soc. bengal 65, 2 (1896) 394 (“lawsoni”), pro comb., nom. superfl. — tetrastigma lawsonii [king] [herb. kew ex burkill, dict. econ. prod. mal. penins. 2 (1935) 2245, in syn.; burkill ex a.w. hill, index kew. suppl. 9 (1938) 280, nom. inval.] burkill ex latiff, gard. bull. singapore 36 (1984, “1983”) 220, pro comb., nom. superfl. —lectotype: blume s.n. [“g. parang”, which is near the town “tjanjor” (cianjur) that blume mentioned] (l, holo, sh. 897,348—8), here designated, but see note. notes. wallich (1831—1832) used vitis tuberculata for his no. 6014 and like most of the names there it is a nomen nudum. in the 19th century, however, many regarded the c. 4250 wallich names as validly published. this error persists to this day for they have been included without warning or comment in the index kewensis, now ipni on the internet. the combination vitis tuberculata was therefore available for use by m.a. lawson and is legitimate according to art. 58.1 since no other alternative was available. the only reference he gave was to blume’s basionym with which it is therefore homotypic. from his words it is obvious that he did not intend to describe a new species. he merely tried to match material with existing literature, as we still do today, with all the dangers of that. in 1875 a latin diagnosis or the appointment of a type were not yet required. had latiff cited this combination when proposing tetrastigma tuberculata, it would have been legitimate in 2001. but he didn’t, so it isn’t. the only specimen lawson cited was mcclelland s.n. from burma, pegu, and he clearly based his description on that. whether it really belongs to blume’s species is an entirely different matter, which will be discussed below. merely changing the authorship from “(blume) latiff” to “(m.a. lawson) latiff”, thus retaining the combination with the same name and type and so validating the combination at a later date would be a nice trick and would maintain at least the continued use of the combination itself. however, doing so would result in an isonym, a name with the same combination, with the same type, but with different author(s), for which the icbn (art. 6, note 2) states that “the name is always to be cited from its original place of valid publication”, i.e. the earliest one. it does not cover the curious case where it would be the same author, but i think the meaning is clear. the icbn only in exceptional cases allows you to mend your ways at a later date. 2008] veldkamp: the tetrastigma host of rafflesia 263 a code for this date). backer & bakhuizen f. (1965) ambivalently echoed its uncertain status: “hardly to be distinguished from the preceding species [t. lanceolarium]; insufficiently known”. perhaps modern analyses can solve this problem, but they are beyond my means and powers and i therefore regard this name as a nomen dubium. the next candidate, according to latiff, is: vitis rafflesiae miq. ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1 (1863) 76. — tetrastigma rafflesiae planch. in dc., monogr. phan. 5 (1887) 443. — type: korthals s.n. [l, sh. 897,348—162, —163 (2 sheets), west sumatra, mt. malintang (15 may 1835, according to korthals’s unpublished diary in the archives of l)]. notes. in leiden there are only three sheets under this name. although miquel described floral parts, these collections have no inflorescences. however, the pieces of stem have the typical small tubercles. the derivation of the epithet seems obvious: a rafflesia must have been found on it. unfortunately, korthals in his diary was more interested in the growth of the rafflesia than in what he called cissus. in l there are three drawings of r. hasseltii suringar in the korthals icones collection (l sh. 941,23—19, —20, —21). it is tempting to think that they depict the specimen after which the species was named. meijer (in latiff, 1984) said that this is the commonest host for this species. latiff labelled all three herbarium sheets merely as “tetrastigma” and in 2001 cited as the type korthals s.n. xi/63. i have found no such a note (“xi/63”) on any label, possibly it is an error for “163”. he also said “s. loc.”, which is correct as far as the labelling goes, but miquel said it came from west sumatra, mt. malintang, again information that may have been lost in the remounting. meijer added to this on one of the 163 sheets: “g(unung = mountain) malintang, where r. arnoldii is rather common”. i therefore conclude that the host of rafflesia should have the most appropriate name: tetrastigma rafflesiae (miq.) planch. the later synonyms latiff provided then are of lesser interest. made the combination attributing it to burkill, but as he should have used “tuberculata”, it is superfluous. the earliest synonym according to latiff is: cissus mutabilis blume bijdr. 4 (1825) 190; miq., fl. ned. indië 1, 2 (1859) 605. —vitis mutabilis miq., ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1 (1863) 75. — tetrastigma mutabile planch. in a. dc., monogr. phan. 5, 2 (1887) 440. — type: “in humidis, praecipue in calcareis provinciarum septentrionalium javae insulae. floret: julio — sept., etc. nomen: aroij kibarera”. notes. latiff mentioned as the type: “java, s. loc., blume s.n. (l)”. i have found no collections in l with this name so labelled by blume himself. there are two sheets (l. sh. 897,348—44, —45) on which he wrote “cissus montana bl. 747”, an unpublished name. to the first blume added on the label “salak decbr.”, which is in conflict with the flowering period he mentioned. on the second sheet meijer added “type. tetrastigma mutabilis” in february 1981. neither sheet was labelled by latiff. miquel (1863) proposed “vitis mutabilis miq.” both sheets contain only loose leaflets, a few petioles, and one piece of stem, which is not tuberculate, but completely smooth. one can only hope that all came from the same plant. miquel (1859) more or less extracted his diagnosis from blume’s description and in 1863 complained that there was too little material to identify the name properly: “specimina suppetentia prorsus manca, cirrhis floribusque plane deficientibus. v(itis) landuk accedere videtur. pauca itaque habeo quae diagnosi citata addam. stigmatis forma et seminum numerus characteres essentiales praebere videntur”. my translation: “the specimens available surely are incomplete, with the tendrils and flowers being totally absent. it seems close to v. landuk. i have therefore little to add to the diagnosis cited. the form of the stigma and the number of seeds seem to provide the essential characters”. except for miquel’s labeling there is no indication at all that this is blume’s original material of cissus mutabilis. there may have been some note to this effect on the original covers in 1862, when miquel became director of the rijksherbarium and had to clean up an awful mess, but these were not included when the specimens were remounted on 17 december 1897 (the leiden sheet numbers are 264 reinwardtia [vol.12 vitis kunstleri king j. asiat. soc. bengal 65, 2 (1896) 396. — tetrastigma kunstleri craib, fl. siam enum. 1 (1926) 313. — lectotype: king’s collector 8027 (cal, holo; k, sing), malay peninsula, perak, larut, near batang padang river, designated here. tetrastigma encephalospermum ridl. bull. misc. inform. kew 1926 (1926) 62. — type: sf 14643 (boden kloss) (k, holo; sing), sumatra, mentawai arch., sipora isl. notes. the island of sipora is not in sarawak. the collector is boden kloss, not ridley. a new species as stated above, the only specimen lawson cited under v. tuberculata was mcclelland s.n. the name may have been misapplied, but as can be seen from the descriptions subsequent authors since 1875 have recognized it as a distinct species. i hope to have shown above that the epithet “lawsonii” cannot be used because it was published as a superfluous name for v. tuberculata lawson, which causes this not-so-new species to be without one. still, the icbn requires one to describe it as new. tetrastigma latiffii veldk., spec. nov. tetrastigma lawsonii auct. non latiff: [herb. kew ex burkill, dict. econ. prod. mal. penins. 2 (1935) 2245, in syn.; burkill ex a.w. hill, index kew. supp. 9 (1938) 280.] burkill ex latiff, gard. bull. singapore 36 (1984, “1983”) 220, pro specim. vitis lawsonii auct. non king: king, j. asiat. soc. bengal 65, 2 (1896) 394 (“lawsoni”), pro specim. vitis tuberculata auct. non m.a. lawson: m.a. lawson in hook. f., fl. brit. india 1 (1875) 656, pro specim. cirri desunt vel pauci. petioli 2.2—4.3 cm longi, foliola 3 coriacea, basi decurrenti, subtus glabra, terminalia 10.7—13.8 cm longa. inflorescentiae subsessiles. flores glabris apice plano. stigmatis lobi acuminati glabri. infrutescentia baccis 1—3 globosis 1.7—2 cm in diam. luteis. semina 3 vel 4 oblonga testa laevi endospermio m-formi in sect. transv. — type: king’s collector 6287 (cal, holo; bm, k, l, sing), malay peninsula, perak, larut. tendrils absent to few. petioles 2.2—4.3 cm long. leaflets 3, coriaceous, base decurrent, underneath glabrous; terminal leaflet 10.7—13.8 cm long. inflorescences subsessile. flowers flat-topped, glabrous. stigmas-lobes pointed, glabrous. berries 1—3 per infructescence, globose, 1.7—2 cm diam., yellow. seeds 3 or 4, oblong; testa smooth; endosperm m-shaped in transverse section. habit. lowland forest margins. distribution. burma (pegu = myanmar, bago), malay peninsula (kedah, penang, perak, selangor), singapore, sumatra (aceh). eponymy. with pleasure i dedicate this species to the long-time student of the family and genus in se asia, my good friend prof. dato’ dr. abdul latiff mohamad. notes. the diagnosis above is based on the descriptions by lawson (1875), gagnepain (1911), ridley (1922), suessenguth (1953), and latiff (1984), which all clearly refer to the same species. the earliest specimen mentioned that belongs here is mcclelland s.n.. as it was only a voucher for v. tuberculata, and not its type i felt free to appoint the collection selected by latiff who was under the impression that t. lawsonii had not been typified. acknowledgements i am very grateful to dr. j. skornickova for checking the sing holdings to find relevant specimens. references backer, c.a. & r.c. bakhuizen van den brink f. 1965. flora of java 1: 89. noordhoff, groningen blume, c.l. 1825. bijdragen tot de flora van nederlandsch indië 4:189—191. lands drukkerij, batavia. burkill, i.h. 1935. a dictionary of the economic products of the malay peninsula 2: 2245. crown agents for he colonies, london. gagnepain, f. 1911. essai de classification du genre tetrastigma. in h. lecomte, not. sys. 1: 320—321. gilg, e. 1896. vitaceae, in engl. & prantl, nat. pfl.fam. 5 (3): 427—454. engelmann, leipzig. hill, a.w. 1938. index kewensis, supplementum 9: 280. clarendon, oxford. 2008] veldkamp: the tetrastigma host of rafflesia 265 jacquin, n.j. 1797. plantarum rariorum horti caesari schoenbrunnensis descriptiones et icones. pl. hort. schoenbr. 1: 14, t. 32. wappler, vienna; etc. king, g. 1896. materials for a flora of the malayan peninsula 3. j. asiat. soc. bengal 65 (2): 394—395. latiff, a. 1984, “1983”. studies in malesian vitaceae vii. the genus tetrastigma in the malay peninsula. gard. bull. singapore 36: 217—218, 220—223. latiff, a. 2001. studies in malesian vitaceae xii: taxonomic notes on cissus, ampelocissus, nothocissus and tetrastigma and other genera. fl. malays. 2: 185—187. lawson, m.a. 1875. ampelideae. in j.d. hooker. fl. brit. india 1: 656—657. reeve & co., brook nr ashford. miquel, f.a.w. 1859. flora van nederlandsch indië 1, 2: 604—605. van der post, amsterdam, utrecht. miquel, f.a.w. 1863. ampelideae novae. ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1:75. planchon, j.e. 1887. monographie des ampélidées varies. in a. & c. dc. monogr. phan. 5: 440441. masson, paris. shetty, b.v. & par. singh. 2005. vitaceae. fl. india 5: 314—315. botanical survey of india, calcutta. ridley, h.n. 1922. the flora of the malay peninsula. 1: 474—475. reeve & co., london. suessenguth, k. 1953. vitaceae. in engl. & prantl, nat. pfl.-fam. 20d: 325. duncker & humblot, berlin. wallich, n. 1831—1832. list of dried plants: no. 6014. london. miquel, f.a.w. 1863. ampelideae novae. ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1:75. instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles wich have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processes further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author (s) attestingto its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation autohrs should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for paper in french or german) of not more than 250 words.keywords should be given below each abstract, on a peparated paper author(s) sholud the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanica monenclatural is observed, so that taxonamix and nomenclatural novelties sholud be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illistration sholud be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free og charge, any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 4. 2008 contents page j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for the tetrastigma (vitaceae) host of rafflesia (rqfflesiaeeae) in malesia and a (not so) new species ... 261 wj.j.ode wilde &b.e.e. duyfes. miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news 267 m.a. rifai. endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai,spec. nov (hyphomycetes) 275 m.a. rifai. another note on podoconismegaspemiaboedijn(hyphomycetes) 277 topik hid a w ; m. ito; t. yukawa. the phylogenetic position of the papuasian genus sarcochilus r.br. (orchidaceae: aeridinae): evidence frommolecular data 281 c.e. ridsdale. notes on maiesiznneonaucleea 285 c.e. ridsdale. thorny problems in the rubiaceae: benkara, fagerlindia andoxyceros 289 kuswatakartawinaia, purwaningsih, t. partomihardjo, r. yusuf, r. abdulhadi, s. riswan. floristics and structure of a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, east kalimantan, indonesia 301 rugaiah & s. sunarti. two new wild species of averrhoa (oxalidaceae) from indonesia 325 atikretnowati. anew javanese species of marasmius (trichlomataceae ) 334 reinwardtia is a lepi acredited journal (80/akred-lipi/p2mbi/5/2007) herbarium bogoriense bidang botani , pus at penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia depannnn 61-126-1-sm blkngg reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(2): 249-324, december 23, 2015 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirinpartomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia a c b d e g f h cover images: zingiber engganoensis ardiyani. a. habit b. leafy shoot and the inflorescence showing rhizomes, roots and root-tuber c. leaves d. ligule and swollen petiole e. dissection of inflorescence showing fruit f. spike and flowers g. dissection of flowers and fruits showing bract, bracteole, two lateral staminodes, two petal lobes, labellum, and the four appendages of the anther h. flower. source of materials: e190 (bo). photo credits: b, c, d by arief supnatna. a, e, f, g, h by marlina ardiyani. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 14(2): abdul latiff mohamad, faculty of science & technology, universiti kebangsaan malaysia, malaysia abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk campbell o. webb arnold arboretum, university of harvard, usa edwino fernando dept. of forest biological sciences, university of the philippines, los baños, philippines fabian brambach dept. of ecology & ecosystem research, georg august university, gottingen, germany john mood lyon arboretum, university of hawaii, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, chicago, usa mark newman royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk martin dancak faculty of science, palacky university, czech republic mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi) ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 287 ‒ 295 287 chionanthus (oleaceae) in sulawesi, indonesia, including three new species received april 06, 2015; accepted may 08, 2015 ruth kiew forest research institute malaysia, 52109 kepong, selangor, malaysia. e-mail: ruth@frim.gov.my abstract kiew, r. 2015. chionanthus (oleaceae) in sulawesi, indonesia, including three new species. reinwardtia 14(2): 287 ‒ 295. ― the genus chionanthus (oleaceae) in sulawesi is revised. nine species are described of which c. kostermansii kiew, c. sordidus kiew and c. sulawesicus kiew are new species. four species are endemic, c. celebicus koord., c. sordidus, c. stenurus (merr.) kiew and c. sulawesicus. the geographic range of c. cordulatus koord. extends to borneo and mollucas, while c. kostermansii also occurs in sumbawa and flores, and the range of c. rupicolus (lingelsh.) kiew extends to sumbawa, mollucas, new guinea and the bismarck archipelago. chionanthus polygamus (roxb.) kiew and c. ramiflorus roxb. are both widespread species, the former from sumatra to new guinea and the latter from continental asia to the solomon islands. a key to identify the species is provided. chionanthus gigantifolius koord. remains incompletely known. key words: chionanthus, distribution, endemic, key, new species, sulawesi. abstrak kiew, r. 2015. marga chionanthus (oleaceae) di sulawesi, indonesia, termasuk didalamnya tiga jenis baru. reinwardtia 14(2): 287 ‒ 295. ― marga chionanthus (oleaceae) di sulawesi telah direvisi. sembilan jenis telah dipertelakan, tiga diantaranya, c. kostermansii kiew, c. sordidus kiew dan c. sulawesicus kiew merupakan jenis baru. empat jenis diantaranya merupakan jenis endemik, c. celebicus koord., c. sordidus, c. stenurus (merr.) kiew dan c. sulawesicus. wilayah geografi dari c. cordulatus koord. meluas hingga ke borneo dan maluku, sementara c. kostermansii ditemukan di sumbawa dan flores, selain itu wilayah geografi c. rupicolus (lingelsh.) kiew melebar hingga sumbawa, maluku, papua nugini dan kepulauan bismark. chionanthus polygamus (roxb.) kiew dan c. ramiflorus roxb. mempunyai wilayah persebaran yang luas, c. polygamus dapat ditemukan dari sumatera hingga papua nugini dan c. ramiflorus mulai dari daratan asia hingga kepulauan solomon. kunci identifikasi jenis juga disajikan. status jenis chionanthus gigantifolius koord. masih belum diketahui sepenuhnya. kata kunci: chionanthus, distribusi, endemik, jenis baru, kunci, sulawesi. introduction chionanthus with about 100 species worldwide is most biodiverse in malesia but is widespread in the tropics and subtropics from asia to madagascar and africa with a few species in the americas. most are small to medium-sized trees recognised by their opposite, exstipulate leaves with an entire margin. the petiole often dries black. the flowers are small with four, white or yellow, narrow petals less than 1 cm long. the two stamens and superior ovary are characters of the family. the fruits are usually drupes with a fleshy layer that ripens deep purple or black but sometimes the outer layer is hard, brown and has a rough surface. chionanthus fruits are very variable in size and shape and are important in species identification. chionanthus occupies a wide range of habitats from lowland to montane forest, with some species in coastal or swamp forest or on substrates, such as limestone or ultramafic rock. nine species are known from sulawesi. two are widespread species, chionanthus polygamus (roxb.) kiew and c. ramiflorus roxb., one c. rupicolus (lingelsh.) kiew is a new record for a species formerly known only from new guinea; c. cordulatus koord. also occurs in borneo (sabah and e kalimantan) and n maluku, and c. kostermansii kiew occurs in sumbawa and flores. four species, c. celebicus koorders, c. sordidus kiew, c. sulawesicus kiew and c. stenurus (merr.) kiew are endemic in sulawesi. recently sulawesi has been the focus of several expeditions, so a key to and description of these nine species is presented here to encourage collection and identification of chionanthus specimens. considering the diverse biogeographic origins of the flora, the different climatic regions, and diversity of substrate, no doubt further new species can be expected. key to chionanthus species in sulawesi 1a. leaf base cuneate, the very base cordate ………………………………...c. cordulatus b. leaf base not cordate ………………………2 2a. inflorescence paniculate …………………...3 b. inflorescence racemose ……………………6 3a. calyx grey hairy; fruits pear-shaped, apex pointed ………………………..c. polygamus b. calyx if hairy not grey; fruit globose or reinwardtia 288 [vol.14 ovoid, apex rounded ……………………….4 4 a. axillary buds large and globose; lamina narrowly lanceolate, subcoriaceous, 2.3‒4 cm wide, veins plane beneath; fruit globose, 1.1 cm long ………………………...c. rupicolus b. axillary buds small and pointed; lamina lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, membranous, 4‒10.5 cm wide, veins prominent beneath; fruit ellipsoid or ovoid, 1.6‒2 cm long ………………………………………...5 5 a. lamina lanceolate, apex acute, drying chestnut brown, veins black beneath; petiole 1‒1.5 cm, thickened; inflorescence with second order branching; fruit ovoid 1.6 × 1.4 cm, pedicel not conspicuously thickened …………………………………. c. celebicus b. lamina oblong to lanceolate, apex acuminate, drying kaki or greenish brown, veins prominent beneath; petiole 1.5‒3 cm, not thickened; inflorescence with third order branching; fruit ellipsoid, 2 × 1 cm, pedicel conspicuously thickened ……………………... c. ramiflorus 6 a. lamina narrowly lanceolate, more than three times longer than wide ……………………..7 b. lamina narrowly ovate or broadly elliptic, less than three times longer than wide ……...8 7 a. veins prominent beneath, 7‒8(‒10) pairs; inflorescence 1‒2.3 cm long; fruits 2.2 × 1.8 cm, surface flakey with distant warts …………………………………... c. sordidus b. veins plane beneath, (8‒)11‒12 pairs, inflorescence 0.3‒1 cm long; fruit less than 2 cm long and surface not flakey with distant warts ……………………………..c. stenurus 8 a. lamina narrowly ovate, coriaceous, petiole not thickened, drying black; fruit ellipsoid, smooth, sometimes with a white bloom ……………………………. ...c. kostermansii b. lamina broadly elliptic, subcoriaceous, petiole thickened, drying whitish; fruit ovoid without a whitish bloom. ……. c. sulawesicus taxonomy 1. chionanthus celebicus koord. chionanthus celebicus koord., meded. lands plantentuin. 19 (1898) 526, 637; koorders-schumacher, systematisches verzeichnis der zum herbar koorders (1914) 104. ― type: n celebes, minahasa, ratahan koorders 18382β (holo l), 18382 iso bo). tree to 10(‒20) m tall, bole to 20 cm diam. bark grey or dark brown, more or less smooth. twigs moderately slender, drying greyish brown, lenticellate, finely pubescent, nodes flattened. leaf: petiole 1‒1.5 cm long, slightly thickened, drying black; lamina lanceolate, glabrous, (16.5‒) 20.5(‒28) × (4‒)6.5(‒8.5) cm, membranous, base acute, margin recurved, apex acute or sometimes shortly acuminate, drying chestnut-brown; midrib flat above; lateral veins (10‒)12‒13 pairs, slightly impressed above, midrib and veins prominent and finely pubescent beneath, marginal vein obscure, ca. 3 mm from margin. inflorescence paniculate with second order branching, axillary, solitary or sometimes with 2 per axil, 1.5‒5 cm long of which peduncle is (0.5‒)2‒3 cm long, densely pubescent, lowest branch 0.5‒2 cm long, flowers crowded at the tips of the branches; bracts scarious, ca. 2 mm long, densely pubescent, persistent; pedicel 1‒2 mm long. flowers bisexual, fragrant. calyx ca. 1.5 mm long, divided almost halfway, lobes acute, pubescent, margin ciliate. corolla yellow, 2‒4 mm long, divided almost to base, lobes narrowly linear, twisted at anthesis. stamens 2 or sometimes 4, sessile, attached to base of corolla; anthers ca. 1 mm long, oblong, orange. ovary globose, less than 1 mm long, glabrous, stigma bilobed, red. infructescences to 6 cm long; pedicel slightly thickened, ca. 3 × 2 mm long. fruit globose at maturity, ca. 1.6 × 1.4 cm; apex rounded, pericarp smooth, woody, on drying ca. 2 mm thick. seed with endosperm. distribution. endemic in sulawesi. ecology. secondar y for est including eucalyptus deglupta forest, from 100-1450 m altitude. trees are found in flower and fruit at the same time but there are insufficient collections to judge whether flowering and fruiting is aseasonal. etymology. named for its pr ovenance, sulawesi was formerly known as the celebes. notes. it is the only chionanthus species that has been found to sometimes have four instead of two stamens. within the malesian region, the only other species of oleaceae where this has been recorded is osmanthus scortichinii king & gamble. in its leaves that dry chestnut brown, it resembles c. pluriflorus (knobl.) kiew from borneo but its smaller, smooth fruits with a white bloom are very different from the large, verruculose ones of c. pluriflorus. specimens examined. sulawesi. sulawesi utara (n sulawesi). bogani nani wartabone np: ilanga river burley et al. 3676 (k), 3992 (kep); toraut dam de v ogel & v ermeulen 6567 (k, kep, l). minahasa: loempias [lumpias] boschproefst. (netherlands indies forest service) bb 14542 (l), ratahan koorders 18382β (l, holo), 18382 (bo, iso). without locality koorders 18378 (bo, l), 18379 (l), 18384 (bo, l), w ullur 83 (bo). – sulawesi tengah (c sulawesi). lore lindu np: sopu valley van balgooy 3514 (bo, k, l), 3538 (bo, k, l); tongoa johansson et al. 211 (k, l); wuasa brambach et al. 1502 (b, bo, ceb, reinwardtia 288 [vol.14 ovoid, apex rounded ……………………….4 4 a. axillary buds large and globose; lamina narrowly lanceolate, subcoriaceous, 2.3�4 cm wide, veins plane beneath; fruit globose, 1.1 cm long ………………………...c. rupicolus b. axillary buds small and pointed; lamina lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, membranous, 4�10.5 cm wide, veins prominent beneath; fruit ellipsoid or ovoid, 1.6�2 cm long ………………………………………...5 5 a. lamina lanceolate, apex acute, drying chestnut brown, veins black beneath; petiole 1�1.5 cm, thickened; inflorescence with second order branching; fruit ovoid 1.6 × 1.4 cm, pedicel not conspicuously thickened …………………………………. c. celebicus b. lamina oblong to lanceolate, apex acuminate, drying kaki or greenish brown, veins prominent beneath; petiole 1.5�3 cm, not thickened; inflorescence with third order branching; fruit ellipsoid, 2 × 1 cm, pedicel conspicuously thickened ……………………... c. ramiflorus 6 a. lamina narrowly lanceolate, more than three times longer than wide ……………………..7 b. lamina narrowly ovate or broadly elliptic, less than three times longer than wide ……...8 7 a. veins prominent beneath, 7�8(�10) pairs; inflorescence 1�2.3 cm long; fruits 2.2 × 1.8 cm, surface flakey with distant warts …………………………………... c. sordidus b. veins plane beneath, (8�)11�12 pairs, inflorescence 0.3�1 cm long; fruit less than 2 cm long and surface not flakey with distant warts ……………………………..c. stenurus 8 a. lamina narrowly ovate, coriaceous, petiole not thickened, drying black; fruit ellipsoid, smooth, sometimes with a white bloom ……………………………. ...c. kostermansii b. lamina broadly elliptic, subcoriaceous, petiole thickened, drying whitish; fruit ovoid without a whitish bloom. ……. c. sulawesicus taxonomy 1. chionanthus celebicus koord. chionanthus celebicus koord., meded. lands plantentuin. 19 (1898) 526, 637; koorders-schumacher, systematisches verzeichnis der zum herbar koorders (1914) 104. � type: n celebes, minahasa, ratahan koorders 18382β (holo l), 18382 iso bo). tree to 10(�20) m tall, bole to 20 cm diam. bark grey or dark brown, more or less smooth. twigs moderately slender, drying greyish brown, lenticellate, finely pubescent, nodes flattened. leaf: petiole 1�1.5 cm long, slightly thickened, drying black; lamina lanceolate, glabrous, (16.5�) 20.5(�28) × (4�)6.5(�8.5) cm, membranous, base acute, margin recurved, apex acute or sometimes shortly acuminate, drying chestnut-brown; midrib flat above; lateral veins (10�)12�13 pairs, slightly impressed above, midrib and veins prominent and finely pubescent beneath, marginal vein obscure, ca. 3 mm from margin. inflorescence paniculate with second order branching, axillary, solitary or sometimes with 2 per axil, 1.5�5 cm long of which peduncle is (0.5�)2�3 cm long, densely pubescent, lowest branch 0.5�2 cm long, flowers crowded at the tips of the branches; bracts scarious, ca. 2 mm long, densely pubescent, persistent; pedicel 1�2 mm long. flowers bisexual, fragrant. calyx ca. 1.5 mm long, divided almost halfway, lobes acute, pubescent, margin ciliate. corolla yellow, 2�4 mm long, divided almost to base, lobes narrowly linear, twisted at anthesis. stamens 2 or sometimes 4, sessile, attached to base of corolla; anthers ca. 1 mm long, oblong, orange. ovary globose, less than 1 mm long, glabrous, stigma bilobed, red. infructescences to 6 cm long; pedicel slightly thickened, ca. 3 × 2 mm long. fruit globose at maturity, ca. 1.6 × 1.4 cm; apex rounded, pericarp smooth, woody, on drying ca. 2 mm thick. seed with endosperm. distribution. endemic in sulawesi. ecology. secondar y for est including eucalyptus deglupta forest, from 100-1450 m altitude. trees are found in flower and fruit at the same time but there are insufficient collections to judge whether flowering and fruiting is aseasonal. etymology. named for its pr ovenance, sulawesi was formerly known as the celebes. notes. it is the only chionanthus species that has been found to sometimes have four instead of two stamens. within the malesian region, the only other species of oleaceae where this has been recorded is osmanthus scortichinii king & gamble. in its leaves that dry chestnut brown, it resembles c. pluriflorus (knobl.) kiew from borneo but its smaller, smooth fruits with a white bloom are very different from the large, verruculose ones of c. pluriflorus. specimens examined. sulawesi. sulawesi utara (n. sulawesi). bogani nani wartabone np: ilanga river burley et al. 3676 (k), 3992 (kep); toraut dam de v ogel & v ermeulen 6567 (k, kep, l). minahasa: loempias [lumpias] boschproefst. (netherlands indies forest service) bb 14542 (l), ratahan koorders 18382β (l, holo), 18382 (bo, iso). without locality koorders 18378 (bo, l), 18379 (l), 18384 (bo, l), w ullur 83 (bo). – sulawesi tengah (c. sulawesi). lore lindu np: sopu valley van balgooy 3514 (bo, k, l), 3538 (bo, k, l); tongoa johansson et al. 211 (k, l); wuasa brambach et al. 1502 (b, bo, ceb, . kiew: chionanthus in indonesia 2015] 289 goet, k, kep, l). – sulawesi selatan (s sulawesi). malili area: oesoe [usu] boschproefst. (nifs) cel/ii-310 (k, l). makassar area. bonthain boschproefst. (nifs) cel/i-55 (l). – sulawesi tenggara (se sulawesi). kendari: poendidaka [pondidaha] kjellberg 1206 (bo). 2. chionanthus cordulatus koord. chionanthus cordulatus koord. meded. lands plantentuin. 19 (1898) 527, 638; koorders-schumacher, systematisches verzeichnis der zum herbar koorders (1914) 104; kiew, tree flora sabah & sarawak 4 (2002) 138; kessler et al., checklist woody plants of sulawesi, indonesia. blumea, suppl. 14 (2002) 100. ― type: n celebes, minahasa, ratahan koorders 19592 (lecto bo, here selected; iso l). small tree to 2‒5(‒15) m tall, bole to 30 cm diam. bark greenish, inner bark pink-yellow. sapwood yellowish. twigs moderately slender, drying white, glabrous, lenticellate, nodes slightly flattened. leaf: petiole (0.4‒)0.8(‒1.5) cm long, thickened, drying white; lamina slightly obovate to oval, chartaceous, glabrous, (16‒)22(‒36) × (6‒)8 (‒13) cm, narrowing to cordate base, margin not recurved, apex acuminate or sometimes acute, acumen to 1.5 cm long, drying greenish-brown to light chestnut brown; midrib and lateral veins flat above and prominent beneath; lateral veins (9‒)12 (‒17) pairs, marginal vein 2‒3 mm from margin. inflorescence ramiflorus or axillary, 3 or more fascicled together, racemose with 3-6 pairs of well -spaced flowers or racemose panicle with lowest branch to 1 cm long, pubescent, 1‒4 cm long of which peduncle is 3‒5 mm; bracts scarious, acute, 2‒3 × 1.5 mm long, densely pubescent, persistent. pedicel 1‒2 mm long. flowers bisexual. calyx ca. 0.5 mm long, divided almost halfway, lobes acute, minutely pubescent. corolla white, sometimes yellowish green, 6‒8 mm long, divided almost to base, lobes narrowly linear, straight or twisted at anthesis. stamens sessile; anthers oblong, ca. 0.7 mm long. ovary globose, ca. 1 mm long, glabrous, stigma capitate. inflorescences [from bornean specimens] ramiflorus or axillary, 3 or more fascicled together, racemose with 3-6 pairs of flowers or a racemose panicle, 1‒4 cm long, lowest branch to 1 cm long; flowers well-spaced, pubescent; peduncle 3‒5 mm long. infructescences thickened; fruit stalk 5 × 2 mm. fruit ovoid, 2.7 × 2.3 cm, apex rounded; pericarp greyish green, rough with brown warts, on drying 2 mm thick, leathery. seed with endosperm. distribution. bor neo (sabah and east kalimantan), north-east sulawesi and north maluku (obi and bacan is.). ecology. lowland for est by r iver s or on hillsides, limestone (where it is sometimes very common) or in montane forest at 1150 m altitude. etymology. appositely named for its cordate leaf base being the only chionanthus species in malesia with this character. notes. it is mor e common in bor neo. it is a distinctive species with thin, papery leaves with a cordate base. its fruits are borne on old twigs ca. 5 mm thick as well as in the leaf axils. other specimens. k oorders 18387β, 18735β, 19616β and 19569β (cited by koordersschumacher, systematisches verzeichnis der zum herbar koorders (1914) 104. 3. chionanthus kostermansii kiew, spec. nov. — type: w sumbawa, mt batulante kostermans 18626, 1 may 1961 (holo bo (fruits); iso k, l). diagnosis. the combination of its cor iaceous, lanceolate leaves that dry grey above and chestnut brown below and its smooth, ellipsoid fruits to 2 × 1.6 cm that often dry with a white bloom distinguish chionanthus kostermansii from other species. among chionanthus species in sulawesi, it most resembles c. sulawesicus in its racemose inflorescence and broader not narrowly lanceolate leaves but it is different in its narrowly ovate leaves to 13 × 4.5 cm (not broadly elliptic to slightly oblanceolate and to 16.5 × 7 cm), its longer inflorescence 1‒1.5 cm long (not 0.3‒1 cm long), and ellipsoid fruit to 20 mm long, 14 mm diam. (not broadly ovoid, to 22 mm long and 18 mm diam.). tree to 25 m tall, bole to 30 cm diam., with small buttresses, flowering at 8 m tall with a bole 15 cm diam. bark smooth, whitish grey, inner bark pale brown. twigs slender, drying grey-white, lenticels not conspicuous, nodes flattened, glabrous. leaf: petiole 0.7‒1.3 cm, not thickened, drying black; lamina coriaceous, glabrous, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, (8‒)10.5(‒13) × (2.5‒)3.7(‒6) cm, drying greyish-green above and chestnut brown beneath, slightly glossy above, base rounded, margin slightly recurved, apex acuminate, acumen to 1 cm long; midrib raised above, prominent beneath, lateral veins (5‒)7‒8(‒9) pairs, plane above and beneath, marginal veins 2‒3 mm from margin. inflorescence axillary, racemose, solitary, 1‒1.5 cm long, minutely pubescent, with ca. 5 pairs of flowers, flowers spaced, peduncle 1‒2 mm long; bracts scarious, ovate, ca. 2 mm long, persistent, minutely pubescent; lowermost pedicels 3 mm long, uppermost 1.5 mm. flowers bisexual. calyx ca. 1 mm long, divided ca. halfway, lobes acute, pubescent, margin ciliate. corolla white, 3 mm long, divided almost to base, narrowly linear, kiew: chionanthus in indonesia 2015] 289 goet, k, kep, l). – sulawesi selatan (s. sulawesi). malili area: oesoe [usu] boschproefst. (nifs) cel/ii-310 (k, l). makassar area. bonthain boschproefst. (nifs) cel/i-55 (l). – sulawesi tenggara (se. sulawesi). kendari: poendidaka [pondidaha] kjellberg 1206 (bo). 2. chionanthus cordulatus koord. chionanthus cordulatus koord. meded. lands plantentuin. 19 (1898) 527, 638; koorders-schumacher, systematisches verzeichnis der zum herbar koorders (1914) 104; kiew, tree flora sabah & sarawak 4 (2002) 138; kessler et al., checklist woody plants of sulawesi, indonesia. blumea, suppl. 14 (2002) 100. – type: n. celebes, minahasa, ratahan koorders 19592 (lecto bo, here selected; iso l). small tree to 2�5(�15) m tall, bole to 30 cm diam. bark greenish, inner bark pink-yellow. sapwood yellowish. twigs moderately slender, drying white, glabrous, lenticellate, nodes slightly flattened. leaf: petiole (0.4�)0.8(�1.5) cm long, thickened, drying white; lamina slightly obovate to oval, chartaceous, glabrous, (16�)22(�36) × (6�)8 (�13) cm, narrowing to cordate base, margin not recurved, apex acuminate or sometimes acute, acumen to 1.5 cm long, drying greenish-brown to light chestnut brown; midrib and lateral veins flat above and prominent beneath; lateral veins (9�)12 (�17) pairs, marginal vein 2�3 mm from margin. inflorescence ramiflorus or axillary, 3 or more fascicled together, racemose with 3-6 pairs of well -spaced flowers or racemose panicle with lowest branch to 1 cm long, pubescent, 1�4 cm long of which peduncle is 3�5 mm; bracts scarious, acute, 2�3 × 1.5 mm long, densely pubescent, persistent. pedicel 1�2 mm long. flowers bisexual. calyx ca. 0.5 mm long, divided almost halfway, lobes acute, minutely pubescent. corolla white, sometimes yellowish green, 6�8 mm long, divided almost to base, lobes narrowly linear, straight or twisted at anthesis. stamens sessile; anthers oblong, ca. 0.7 mm long. ovary globose, ca. 1 mm long, glabrous, stigma capitate. inflorescences [from bornean specimens] ramiflorus or axillary, 3 or more fascicled together, racemose with 3-6 pairs of flowers or a racemose panicle, 1�4 cm long, lowest branch to 1 cm long; flowers well-spaced, pubescent; peduncle 3�5 mm long. infructescences thickened; fruit stalk 5 × 2 mm. fruit ovoid, 2.7 × 2.3 cm, apex rounded; pericarp greyish green, rough with brown warts, on drying 2 mm thick, leathery. seed with endosperm. distribution. bor neo (sabah and east kalimantan), north-east sulawesi and north maluku (obi and bacan is.). ecology. lowland for est by r iver s or on hillsides, limestone (where it is sometimes very common) or in montane forest at 1150 m altitude. etymology. appositely named for its cordate leaf base being the only chionanthus species in malesia with this character. notes. it is mor e common in bor neo. it is a distinctive species with thin, papery leaves with a cordate base. its fruits are borne on old twigs ca. 5 mm thick as well as in the leaf axils. other specimens. k oorders 18387β, 18735β, 19616β and 19569β (cited by koordersschumacher, systematisches verzeichnis der zum herbar koorders (1914) 104. 3. chionanthus kostermansii kiew, spec. nov. — type: w. sumbawa, mt batulante kostermans 18626, 1 may 1961 (holo bo (fruits); iso k, l). diagnosis. the combination of its cor iaceous, lanceolate leaves that dry grey above and chestnut brown below and its smooth, ellipsoid fruits to 2 × 1.6 cm that often dry with a white bloom distinguish chionanthus kostermansii from other species. among chionanthus species in sulawesi, it most resembles c. sulawesicus in its racemose inflorescence and broader not narrowly lanceolate leaves but it is different in its narrowly ovate leaves to 13 × 4.5 cm (not broadly elliptic to slightly oblanceolate and to 16.5 × 7 cm), its longer inflorescence 1�1.5 cm long (not 0.3�1 cm long), and ellipsoid fruit to 20 mm long, 14 mm diam. (not broadly ovoid, to 22 mm long and 18 mm diam.). tree to 25 m tall, bole to 30 cm diam., with small buttresses, flowering at 8 m tall with a bole 15 cm diam. bark smooth, whitish grey, inner bark pale brown. twigs slender, drying grey-white, lenticels not conspicuous, nodes flattened, glabrous. leaf: petiole 0.7�1.3 cm, not thickened, drying black; lamina coriaceous, glabrous, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, (8�)10.5(�13) × (2.5�)3.7(�6) cm, drying greyish-green above and chestnut brown beneath, slightly glossy above, base rounded, margin slightly recurved, apex acuminate, acumen to 1 cm long; midrib raised above, prominent beneath, lateral veins (5�)7�8(�9) pairs, plane above and beneath, marginal veins 2�3 mm from margin. inflorescence axillary, racemose, solitary, 1�1.5 cm long, minutely pubescent, with ca. 5 pairs of flowers, flowers spaced, peduncle 1�2 mm long; bracts scarious, ovate, ca. 2 mm long, persistent, minutely pubescent; lowermost pedicels 3 mm long, uppermost 1.5 mm. flowers bisexual. calyx ca. 1 mm long, divided ca. halfway, lobes acute, pubescent, margin ciliate. corolla white, 3 mm long, divided almost to base, narrowly linear, . reinwardtia 290 [vol.14 fleshy, more or less straight at anthesis. stamens subsessile, attached at base; anthers broadly oblong, 1 mm long. ovary ovoid, 2 mm long, glabrous; stigma bilobed. infructescence thickened, 2‒4 cm long, pedicels ca. 7 mm long, 2 mm thick. fruit broadly ellipsoid, apex rounded, to 2 × 1.6 cm; pericarp pale greenish red with thin bittersweet juicy pulp (kostermanns 19133), smooth, often drying with a white bloom, ca. 2 mm thick, leathery. seed with endosperm. distribution. sulawesi, w sumbawa and flor es. kostermans called the w sumbawa locality ‘batulante’, but wiriadinata et al. (2013) refer to it as batu linting “batu lante”. ecology. koster mans (1965) r epor ted that in w sumbawa it is very common in transition forest intermediate between dry deciduous lowland forest up to ca. 800 m and in the evergreen, moist, semi-wet submontane forest above 800 m on andesite or granitic soil. his collections in april, may and november bear fruits, only the november collections have flowers as well. in flores, it was collected at 1000 m altitude. etymology. it is named for ‘dok’ a.j.g.h. kostermans, whose botanical exploration of gunung linting [batulante], w sumbawa, discovered this species. notes. although common in w sumbawa, chionanthus kostermansii is known from a single collection each from flores and sulawesi (habitats not recorded). within malesia, chionanthus is most poorly represented in the lesser sunda islands. for sumbawa, apart from c. kostermansii, there is a single collection of c. rupicolus (lingelsh.) kiew (kostermans 19169) and several of c. ramiflorus, a tree of seashores that is widespread from india to australia. on the other hand, olea (olea paniculata r. br. in particular, as well as o. rubrovenia (elmer) kiew) is well represented in dry deciduous forest (kostermans, 1965). the same is true for flores where olea is common but apart from the single collection of c. kostermansii, the only other species of chionanthus recorded is c. ramiflorus. recently, wiriadinata et al. (2013) reported that c. polygamus is a component of the tall forest canopy on the mt pasak complex of which batu linting is one peak. it is possible that these specimens belong to c. kostermansii. specimens examined. sulawesi. sulawesi selatan (s sulawesi). malili area: oesoe [usu] boschproefst. (nifs) cel/ii 363. w sumbawa. mt batulante april 1961 kostermans 18310 (bo, k, l), 18313 (bo, l), 18324 (bo, k, l), 18442 (bo, k, l), may 1961 – 18626 (bo, k, l, type), nov 1961 19133 (bo, k, l). flores. waezebo village schmutz 3548 (bo, l). 4. chionanthus polygamus (roxb.) kiew chionanthus polygamus (roxb.) kiew, tree flora of sabah & sarawak 4, app. (2002) 350, ibid 151, fig. 4. basionym: samara polygama roxb., fl. ind. 1 (1820) 435, ibid. 2nd ed. 1 (1832) 414. ― type: maluku roxburgh 2603 (bm). homotypic synonyms: ardisia polygama (roxb.) a.dc., prod. 8 (1844) 138; linociera polygama (roxb.) s. moore, j. bot. (london) 51 (1913) 216. heterotypic synonyms: chionanthus laxiflorus blume, mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1 (1850) 319; kiew, malay. for. 42 (1979) 270, ibid. 43 (1980) 377, ibid. 44 (1981) 151, tree flora malaya 4 (1989) 287, coode et al. (eds.) checklist flowering plants and gymnosperms of brunei darussalam (1996) 247, argent et al. (eds.) manual larger and more important non-dipterocarp trees of central kalimantan, indonesia 2 (1997) 489, kessler et al., checklist woody plants of sulawesi, indonesia. blumea, suppl. 14 (2002) 100; linociera laxiflora (blume) knoblauch, bot. centralbl. 61 (1895) 87. type: ― borneo, martapuera korthals s.n. (holo l, iso k). tree, 12‒20(‒32.5) m tall, to 40 cm diam., bole rarely buttressed, flowering at 4 m. bark grey; inner bark orange-brown. sapwood white or pale ochre. twigs slender, drying pale grey, glabrous, lenticellate, nodes flattened. leaf: petiole 0.5‒1.5 cm long, not thickened, drying black; lamina lanceolate (to slightly obovate), coriaceous, glabrous, (5‒)8‒12(‒17) × 1.5‒6.5 cm, base cuneate to slightly rounded, margin not recurved, apex acuminate to cuspidate, acumen to 1.5 cm long, rarely apiculate, drying slightly glossy and greyish green, sometimes brownish above; midrib and veins flat above, obscure or puckering along veins on drying; midrib slightly prominent beneath; lateral veins (5‒)7‒11(‒13) pairs, plane beneath, marginal vein 1‒2 mm from margin. inflorescence axillary or extra-axillary, solitary or fascicled, many-flowered panicle with second and third order branching, (1.5‒)3‒6.5 cm long of which peduncle is (1‒)4‒7 cm long, finely pubescent, lowermost branch ca. 3 cm long, branches with 6‒10 flowers clustered at the tips; bracts scarious, ovate 1‒2 mm long, minutely pubescent, persistent. flowers polygamous, yellow -green or creamy white; buds pointed; pedicel 0‒1 mm long. bisexual flowers: calyx ca. 1 mm long, divided about halfway, lobes acute, densely grey hairy. corolla 1‒3 mm long, divided almost to base, lobes narrowly linear, twisted at anthesis. stamens subsessile, anthers oblong, less than 1 mm long. ovary ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm long, glabrous, stigma bilobed. male flowers: buds less than 1 mm across and pedicel strongly reflexed, other characters similar to bisexual flowers but without vestige of ovary. infructescences not thickened. fruit pear-shaped, to 1.2 × 0.8 cm; pericarp reinwardtia 290 [vol.14 fleshy, more or less straight at anthesis. stamens subsessile, attached at base; anthers broadly oblong, 1 mm long. ovary ovoid, 2 mm long, glabrous; stigma bilobed. infructescence thickened, 2�4 cm long, pedicels ca. 7 mm long, 2 mm thick. fruit broadly ellipsoid, apex rounded, to 2 × 1.6 cm; pericarp pale greenish red with thin bittersweet juicy pulp (kostermanns 19133), smooth, often drying with a white bloom, ca. 2 mm thick, leathery. seed with endosperm. distribution. sulawesi, w sumbawa and flor es. kostermans called the w sumbawa locality ‘batulante’, but wiriadinata et al. (2013) refer to it as batu linting “batu lante”. ecology. koster mans (1965) r epor ted that in w sumbawa it is very common in transition forest intermediate between dry deciduous lowland forest up to ca. 800 m and in the evergreen, moist, semi-wet submontane forest above 800 m on andesite or granitic soil. his collections in april, may and november bear fruits, only the november collections have flowers as well. in flores, it was collected at 1000 m altitude. etymology. it is named for ‘dok’ a.j.g.h. kostermans, whose botanical exploration of gunung linting [batulante], w sumbawa, discovered this species. notes. although common in w sumbawa, chionanthus kostermansii is known from a single collection each from flores and sulawesi (habitats not recorded). within malesia, chionanthus is most poorly represented in the lesser sunda islands. for sumbawa, apart from c. kostermansii, there is a single collection of c. rupicolus (lingelsh.) kiew (kostermans 19169) and several of c. ramiflorus, a tree of seashores that is widespread from india to australia. on the other hand, olea (olea paniculata r. br. in particular, as well as o. rubrovenia (elmer) kiew) is well represented in dry deciduous forest (kostermans, 1965). the same is true for flores where olea is common but apart from the single collection of c. kostermansii, the only other species of chionanthus recorded is c. ramiflorus. recently, wiriadinata et al. (2013) reported that c. polygamus is a component of the tall forest canopy on the mt pasak complex of which batu linting is one peak. it is possible that these specimens belong to c. kostermansii. specimens examined. sulawesi. sulawesi selatan (s sulawesi). malili area: oesoe [usu] boschproefst. (nifs) cel/ii 363. w. sumbawa. mt batulante april 1961 kostermans 18310 (bo, k, l), 18313 (bo, l), 18324 (bo, k, l), 18442 (bo, k, l), may 1961 – 18626 (bo, k, l, type), nov 1961 19133 (bo, k, l). flores. waezebo village schmutz 3548 (bo, l). 4. chionanthus polygamus (roxb.) kiew chionanthus polygamus (roxb.) kiew, tree flora of sabah & sarawak 4, app. (2002) 350, ibid 151, fig. 4. basionym: samara polygama roxb., fl. ind. 1 (1820) 435, ibid. 2nd ed. 1 (1832) 414. � type: maluku roxburgh 2603 (bm). homotypic synonyms: ardisia polygama (roxb.) a.dc., prod. 8 (1844) 138; linociera polygama (roxb.) s. moore, j. bot. (london) 51 (1913) 216. heterotypic synonyms: chionanthus laxiflorus blume, mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1 (1850) 319; kiew, malay. for. 42 (1979) 270, ibid. 43 (1980) 377, ibid. 44 (1981) 151, tree flora malaya 4 (1989) 287, coode et al. (eds.) checklist flowering plants and gymnosperms of brunei darussalam (1996) 247, argent et al. (eds.) manual larger and more important non-dipterocarp trees of central kalimantan, indonesia 2 (1997) 489, kessler et al., checklist woody plants of sulawesi, indonesia. blumea, suppl. 14 (2002) 100; linociera laxiflora (blume) knoblauch, bot. centralbl. 61 (1895) 87. type: � borneo, martapuera korthals s.n. (holo l, iso k). tree, 12�20(�32.5) m tall, to 40 cm diam., bole rarely buttressed, flowering at 4 m. bark grey; inner bark orange-brown. sapwood white or pale ochre. twigs slender, drying pale grey, glabrous, lenticellate, nodes flattened. leaf: petiole 0.5�1.5 cm long, not thickened, drying black; lamina lanceolate (to slightly obovate), coriaceous, glabrous, (5�)8�12(�17) × 1.5�6.5 cm, base cuneate to slightly rounded, margin not recurved, apex acuminate to cuspidate, acumen to 1.5 cm long, rarely apiculate, drying slightly glossy and greyish green, sometimes brownish above; midrib and veins flat above, obscure or puckering along veins on drying; midrib slightly prominent beneath; lateral veins (5�)7�11(�13) pairs, plane beneath, marginal vein 1�2 mm from margin. inflorescence axillary or extra-axillary, solitary or fascicled, many-flowered panicle with second and third order branching, (1.5�)3�6.5 cm long of which peduncle is (1�)4�7 cm long, finely pubescent, lowermost branch ca. 3 cm long, branches with 6�10 flowers clustered at the tips; bracts scarious, ovate 1�2 mm long, minutely pubescent, persistent. flowers polygamous, yellow -green or creamy white; buds pointed; pedicel 0�1 mm long. bisexual flowers: calyx ca. 1 mm long, divided about halfway, lobes acute, densely grey hairy. corolla 1�3 mm long, divided almost to base, lobes narrowly linear, twisted at anthesis. stamens subsessile, anthers oblong, less than 1 mm long. ovary ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm long, glabrous, stigma bilobed. male flowers: buds less than 1 mm across and pedicel strongly reflexed, other characters similar to bisexual flowers but without vestige of ovary. infructescences not thickened. fruit pear-shaped, to 1.2 × 0.8 cm; pericarp . . . . . kiew: chionanthus in indonesia 2015] 291 smooth, ripening purplish red or bluish black; on drying ca. 0.3 mm thick, thin and brittle, fruit stalk 1‒5 mm. seed with endosperm. distribution. sumatr a, peninsular malaysia, borneo, sulawesi, moluccas and new guinea. ecology. pr imar y or distur bed for est, often in swamp forest below 500 m altitude, in borneo often in kerangas forest up to altitudes of 1950 m. in central sulawesi, it is one of the co-dominant trees in montane fagaceae-myrtaceae forest at 1400 m (culmsee & pitopang, 2009) and about 2000 m elevation (van balgooy & tantra, 1986). etymology. having both unisexual and bisexual flowers. notes. its pear -shaped fruits with a pointed apex are unique among malesian chionanthus. the polygamous condition is also unusual among chionanthus species but it is also seen in c. rupicolus and c. macrobotrys (merr.) kiew, the latter from borneo and the philippines. its male flowers are minute. specimens examined. sulawesi. sulawesi tengah (c sulawesi). lore lindu np: bariri brambach et al. 0831 (bo, ceb, goet, kep, l); mt dali culmsee r2166 (bo, ceb, goet, kep, l); mt roroka timbu [rorekautimbu] van balgooy 3190 (bo, k), 3401 (bo, k), tantra 1580 (bo), 1582 (bo); soroakes van balgooy 3859 (bo, k); watukilo brambach et al. 0317 (b, bo, ceb, goet, k, kep, l), 0620 (ceb, goet, kep); wuasa brambach et al. 1604 (ceb, goet, kep); tongoa johansson et al. 329 (k); ― sulawesi selatan (s sulawesi). malili area: wawoendoela [wawundula] kjellberg 2306 (bo). tana toraja: todjamboe [tojambu] kjellberg 1834 (bo). maluku. roxburgh 2603 (bm, type). 5. chionanthus ramiflorus roxb. chionanthus ramiflorus roxb., fl. ind. 2nd ed. 1 (1832) 107; kiew, malay. for. 42 (1979) 274, ibid. 43 (1980) 388, ibid. 44 (1981) 150, tree flora malaya 4 (1989) 289; coode et al. (eds.) checklist flowering plants and gymnosperms of brunei darulssalam (1996) 248; kiew, tree flora sabah & sarawak 4 (2002) 155; kessler et al., checklist woody plants of sulawesi, indonesia. blumea, suppl. 14 (2002) 101. ― type: wight icon. no. 734. homotypic synonym: linociera ramiflora (roxb.) wall. ex a.dc. prodr. 8 (1844) 297; backer & bakhuizen f. flora java 2 (1965) 214. tree to 21 m tall, bole to 30 cm diam. bark greybrown, smooth, lenticellate; inner bark brown. sapwood whitish yellow. twigs slender, drying white or light grey, glabrous, lenticels conspicuous, nodes flattened. leaf: petiole 1.5‒3 cm long, not thickened, drying black; lamina oblong-lanceolate, elliptic or obovate, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, glossy above, glabrous, (6.5‒)9‒ 15(‒29) × (2‒)4‒7‒10.5) cm, base cuneate, rounded or sometimes decurrent, margin slightly recurved, apex acuminate, rounded or sometimes acute, drying green-brown on both surfaces; midrib impressed above, prominent beneath; lateral veins 8-12 pairs, plane above, prominent beneath, marginal vein ca. 2 mm from margin, intercostal venation conspicuous. inflorescence axillary, solitary, paniculate with second and third order branching and 3-6 distant branches, (0.5‒)3‒13 cm long of which peduncle is 1.5‒3.3 cm long, lowest branch (0.5‒)1.5‒3(‒5) cm long, flowers spaced, glabrous; bracts foliaceous, spathulate, 3‒15 mm long, glabrous, persistent. pedicel 1‒3 mm long. flowers bisexual, fragrant, buds rounded. calyx less than 1 mm long, divided almost to the base, lobes acute, glabrous. corolla white or pale yellow, 2‒3 mm long, lobes oblong, divided almost to base where joined in pairs for a quarter of their length, more or less straight at anthesis. stamens sessile; anthers yellow, ca. 1 mm long, oblong. ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm long, glabrous, stigma bilobed. infructescences to 12 cm long and thickened; pedicel 3‒5 mm long. fruit ellipsoid at maturity, 2(‒4) × 1(‒2) cm, apex blunt or apiculate, often galled; pericarp smooth, ripening purple-black, drying thin and brittle, fruit stalk 2‒5 mm long, conspicuously swollen. seed without endosperm, cotyledons fleshy. distribution. e india, indo-china, taiwan, throughout malesia to australia (queensland) and the solomon islands. ecology. pr imar y and secondar y for ests, frequently in coastal and riverine vegetation at altitudes below 300 m, but occasionally found in lower and upper montane forest at altitudes to 2200 m. in sulawesi it grows on a variety of substrates, granite, limestone and ultramafic, and in c sulawesi it occurs in submontane forest at 1200 m. etymology. flower ing on the br anches. notes. chionanthus ram iflorus is the most common and widespread chionanthus species in malesia. it often grows in coastal forest and has been collected from all islands in the archipelago. specimens examined. sulawesi. sulawesi tengah (c sulawesi). lore lindu np: rompo brambach et al. 1184 (ceb, goet, kep); sopu valley de v ogel 5602 (k, l). – sulawesi selatan (s sulawesi). malili area: lake matano van balgooy 3681 (k, kep, l), hennipman 5761 (k, . . . . . . reinwardtia 292 [vol.14 kep, l), de v ogel 5922 (k, l), malili sidiyasa 1309 (k, l). 6. chionanthus rupicolus (lingelsh.) kiew chionanthus rupicolus (lingelsh.) kiew, blumea 43 (1998) 475; kessler et al., checklist woody plants of sulawesi, indonesia. blumea, suppl. 14 (2002) 101. basionym: l inociera rupicola lingelsh., bot. j ahr b. 61 (1927) 9, nova guinea 14 (1927) 330, t. 37; kobuski, j. arnold arbor. 21 (1940) 333. ―type: new guinea, mt doorman lam 1912 (‘192’ holo l; iso bo, k). heterotypic synonyms: linociera novoguineensis lingelsh., bot. jahrb. 61 (1927) 9. ―type: new guinea, finisterre range schlechter 18198 (holo b+; lecto k, here selected, isolecto a, bm). linociera ramiflora var. coriacea lingels., nova guinea 14 (1927) 329. linociera ovalis knobl., notizbl. bot. gart. berlin-dahlem 11 (1934) 1029. ― type: new guinea gjellerup 704 (holo bo). shrub or tree 18(‒35) m tall, bole to 40 cm diam., rarely with buttresses, flowering at 2 m. bark grey or grey-brown, rough, fissured and peeling; inner bark light brown mottled amber, turning redbrown on exposure. sapwood pale yellow reddening on exposure. twigs moderately slender, drying dark grey, glabrous, lenticellate, nodes slightly flattened, leaf scars prominent and horseshoe-shaped, axillary buds globose, large and conspicuous. leaf: petiole 1‒2.5 cm long, not thickened, drying black; lamina narrowly elliptic, sometimes elliptic, subcoriaceous or sometimes coriaceous, glabrous, (5‒)9(‒18.5) × 2‒7.5 cm, base narrowed or cuneate to somewhat decurrent, margin slightly recurved, apex acuminate, acumen to 2 cm long, drying greenish-grey above and reddish brown beneath; midrib flat or impressed above, prominent beneath; lateral veins 5‒11 pairs, finely impressed or obscure above, slightly prominent beneath, marginal vein obscure, ca. 1 mm from margin. inflorescence axillary, solitary, a lax panicle with third order branching, (2.5‒)6‒7(‒ 9) cm long of which peduncle is 1.7‒3 m long, lower branches 1‒2 cm long, twice the length of the upper, glabrous, flowers clustered at the tips of the branches, often produced on new shoots; bracts foliacous, spathulate, 7‒10(‒20) × 2‒4 mm, glabrous, persistent. pedicel 0-1 mm long. flowers polygamous, fragrant, white or pale yellow, sometimes pale green. bisexual flowers: calyx ca. 1 mm long, divided more than halfway, lobes acute, glabrous with ciliate margin. corolla 3‒4 mm long, divided almost to base, lobes narrowly linear, twisted at anthesis. stamens subsessile; anthers orange, broadly oblong, ca. 1 mm long, connective apiculate. ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm long, glabrous, stigma bilobed. male flowers different in calyx ca. 0.5 mm long, divided almost to base; corolla ca. 2 mm long; ovary totally lacking. infructescences 1.7‒9.5 cm long and scarcely thickened; fruit stalk 2‒3 × 1 mm long. fruit globose, 0.8‒1.1 × 0.7‒1.1 cm, apex minutely apiculate; pericarp smooth, reddish ripening deep purple, drying less than 1 mm thick, brittle. seed with endosperm. distribution. sulawesi, sumbawa, maluku (morotai and obi), new guinea and bismarck archipelago (new britain and new ireland). ecology. mossy for est to 2500 m altitude, or in swamps at 2100 m, sometimes in lowlands on river banks or on seashores. in sulawesi at low altitudes (to 400 m) on limestone or ultramafic substrates. etymology. living in r ocky places. notes. chionanthus rupicolus is basically a new guinea species where it is common. it is a variable species. for example, the population at lake matano, sulawesi, has leaves that are particularly narrow, 8‒13 × 2.3‒4 cm. besides c. rupicolus, another four chionanthus species are known from maluku, two are widespread species (c. polygamus and c. ramiflorus), c. sessiliflorus (hemsl.) kiew is more common in new guinea and is not known from sulawesi, while the fifth is c. cordulatus. specimens examined. sulawesi. sulawesi selatan (s sulawesi). malili area: lake matano van balgooy 3791 (k, l), de v ogel 5835 (k, l); lake towuti de v ogel 6325 (k, l), 6328 (k, l). new guinea. mt doorman lam 1912 (bo, k, l, type). 7. chionanthus sordidus kiew, spec nov. kessler et al., checklist woody plants of sulawesi, indonesia. blumea, suppl. 14 (2002) 101, nomen. type: s sulawesi, bonemaitu, lake matano de v ogel 6244, 14 july 1979 (holo l; iso k, kep). diagnosis. among species fr om sulawesi, it most resembles chionanthus stenurus in its narrowly lanceolate leaves and racemose inflorescences, but it is distinguished by its longer petioles 7‒10 mm long (not 3‒5 mm as in c. stenurus), longer racemes 10‒25 mm long (not 5‒12 mm long) and its large ovoid, thicker-walled fruit 2.2 cm long, 1.8 cm diam. (not globose, 1.5‒ 1.8 cm diam.). the fruit surface of c. sordidus is distinctive, apart from the distant warts, the whole surface cracks into flakes and unlike the majority of chionanthus species, which are reported to ripen purple-black, it ripens brownish-grey. in its leaves that dry chestnut brown underneath it resembles c. celebicus from which it is . . kiew: chionanthus in indonesia 2015] 293 immediately distinguished by its narrower leaves more than three times longer than wide and its racemose inflorescence. shrub or tree, 2‒10 m tall. twigs slender, white or grey, nodes slightly flattened, glabrous, lenticels conspicuous. leaf: petiole (0.7‒)0.8(‒1) cm, not thickened, drying black; lamina thinly coriaceous, matt, glabrous, narrow lanceolate, (10.5‒)14(‒19) × (2.5‒)4(‒5) cm, base cuneate, margin slightly recurved, apex acute, frequently cuspidate, acumen to 3 cm, drying green-brown or greygreen above, dark chestnut brown beneath; midrib impressed above, prominent beneath; lateral veins 7-8(-10) pairs, plane or slightly impressed above, prominent beneath, marginal vein 2‒3 mm from margin. inflorescence axillary, solitary, racemose, with 3-4 spaced pairs of flowers, 1‒2.5 cm long, sparsely pubescent; bracts foliaceous, ca. 7 × 4 mm, glabrous. flower: corolla and stamens unknown in flowers where corolla has fallen: pedicel 1‒2 mm long; calyx 1 mm long, divided almost halfway, lobes broadly ovate, glabrous with ciliate margin; ovary globose, ca. 1 mm long, glabrous, stigma bilobed. infructescence thickened, pedicel to ca. 3 mm long, ca. 2 mm thick. fruits ovoid, ca. 2.2 cm long, ca. 1.8 cm diam., apex rounded; pericarp rough, flaking with distant warts, brownish grey, drying ca. 2 mm thick, leathery; fruit stalk thickened, ca. 2 mm thick. seed unknown. distribution. endemic in s. sulawesi (malili area and near makassar). ecology. pr imar y lowland for est, sometimes on ultrabasic soil, 100‒430 m altitude. etymology. the species is named for the r ather shabby appearance of its leaves, which dry a dingy green-brown and grey-green and wrinkle along the veins. notes. thr ee species, chionanthus rupicolus, c. sordidus and c. stenurus recorded from lake matano, have narrowly lanceolate, almost stenurous leaves. chionanthus rupicolus is distinct from the other two by its longer petiole (0.7‒2 cm long), paniculate inflorescence (2.5‒9 cm long) and its smaller, globose fruit, which on drying has a thin brittle pericarp. (elsewhere in its range, c. rupicolus has broader leaves). chionanthus sordidus is distinct from c. stenurus by its longer petioles and raceme and fruit characters. in addition, at lake matano field notes (where given) indicate that these three species are separated ecologically. chionanthus rupicolus has been collected from low lakeshore vegetation (now rather disturbed), c. stenurus from limestone outcrops on the shore of lake matano, and c. sordidus from ultramafic soil. van balgooy & tantra (1986) report a pronounced difference in the vegetation and flora of ultramafic soil compared with that on limestone, both on the lake shore and inland. specimens examined. sulawesi. sulawesi selatan. malili area: oesoe [usu] boschproefst (nifs). cel/ii-260 (l), cel/ii-310 (l, k), ; lake matano de v ogel 6244 (kep, l, type), meijer 11436 (l). makassar area: lokka, bonthain teysmann [teijsmann] 13941h.b. (bo, l). 8. chionanthus stenurus (merr.) kiew chionanthus stenurus (merr.) kiew, blumea 43 (1998) 477; kessler et al., checklist woody plants of sulawesi, indonesia. blumea, suppl. 14 (2002) 101. basionym: linociera stenura merr., j. arnold arbor. 35 (1954) 151. ― type: celebes, malili district, waraoe kjellberg 2120 (holo s; iso a, bo, l). treelet to 5 m tall. twigs slender, drying greybrown, lenticellate, glabrous, nodes slightly flattened. leaf: petiole 0.3‒0.5 cm long, not thickened, drying black or brown; lamina subcoriaceous, glabrous, narrowly lanceolate, (7.5 ‒)10(‒15) × 2‒4 cm, base cuneate, margin recurved, apex narrowly attenuate to cuspidate, acumen to 2 cm, sometimes glossy above, drying grey-green above; midrib slightly impressed above, prominent beneath; lateral veins (8-)11-12 pairs, flat and obscure above and beneath, marginal vein faint, ca. 1 mm from margin. inflorescence axillary, solitary, racemose with 1-4 well-spaced pairs of flowers, glabrous, 0.5‒1.2 cm long of which peduncle is 1‒2 mm; bracts foliaceous, spathulate, 4‒7 × 2‒3 mm, glabrous, caducous. pedicel ca. 1 mm long. flowers bisexual. calyx ca. 0.7 mm long, divided almost to base, lobes acute, spreading, glabrous. corolla white, ca. 4 mm long, divided almost to base, lobes narrowly linear, twisted at anthesis. stamens subsessile, attached at base of corolla, anther oblong, ca. 1 mm long. ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm long, glabrous, stigma bilobed. infructescence thickened, fruit stalk ca. 1.5 × 1.5 mm. fruits globose, ca. 1.5‒1.8 cm diam., apex rounded; pericarp ripening purple, minute rugose, drying leathery, ca. 1 mm thick. seed with endosperm. distribution. endemic in sulawesi in the malili area. ecology. fr om coastal for est or for est at the edge of lakes, on limestone outcrops or on limestone derived soil, at 50‒450 m altitude. etymology. the species is named for its nar r ow leaves with an attenuated narrow apex. kiew: chionanthus in indonesia 2015] 293 immediately distinguished by its narrower leaves more than three times longer than wide and its racemose inflorescence. shrub or tree, 2�10 m tall. twigs slender, white or grey, nodes slightly flattened, glabrous, lenticels conspicuous. leaf: petiole (0.7�)0.8(�1) cm, not thickened, drying black; lamina thinly coriaceous, matt, glabrous, narrow lanceolate, (10.5�)14(�19) × (2.5�)4(�5) cm, base cuneate, margin slightly recurved, apex acute, frequently cuspidate, acumen to 3 cm, drying green-brown or greygreen above, dark chestnut brown beneath; midrib impressed above, prominent beneath; lateral veins 7-8(-10) pairs, plane or slightly impressed above, prominent beneath, marginal vein 2�3 mm from margin. inflorescence axillary, solitary, racemose, with 3-4 spaced pairs of flowers, 1�2.5 cm long, sparsely pubescent; bracts foliaceous, ca. 7 × 4 mm, glabrous. flower: corolla and stamens unknown in flowers where corolla has fallen: pedicel 1�2 mm long; calyx 1 mm long, divided almost halfway, lobes broadly ovate, glabrous with ciliate margin; ovary globose, ca. 1 mm long, glabrous, stigma bilobed. infructescence thickened, pedicel to ca. 3 mm long, ca. 2 mm thick. fruits ovoid, ca. 2.2 cm long, ca. 1.8 cm diam., apex rounded; pericarp rough, flaking with distant warts, brownish grey, drying ca. 2 mm thick, leathery; fruit stalk thickened, ca. 2 mm thick. seed unknown. distribution. endemic in s. sulawesi (malili area and near makassar). ecology. pr imar y lowland for est, sometimes on ultrabasic soil, 100�430 m altitude. etymology. the species is named for the r ather shabby appearance of its leaves, which dry a dingy green-brown and grey-green and wrinkle along the veins. notes. thr ee species, chionanthus rupicolus, c. sordidus and c. stenurus recorded from lake matano, have narrowly lanceolate, almost stenurous leaves. chionanthus rupicolus is distinct from the other two by its longer petiole (0.7�2 cm long), paniculate inflorescence (2.5�9 cm long) and its smaller, globose fruit, which on drying has a thin brittle pericarp. (elsewhere in its range, c. rupicolus has broader leaves). chionanthus sordidus is distinct from c. stenurus by its longer petioles and raceme and fruit characters. in addition, at lake matano field notes (where given) indicate that these three species are separated ecologically. chionanthus rupicolus has been collected from low lakeshore vegetation (now rather disturbed), c. stenurus from limestone outcrops on the shore of lake matano, and c. sordidus from ultramafic soil. van balgooy & tantra (1986) report a pronounced difference in the vegetation and flora of ultramafic soil compared with that on limestone, both on the lake shore and inland. specimens examined. sulawesi. sulawesi selatan. malili area: oesoe [usu] boschproefst (nifs). cel/ii-260 (l), cel/ii-310 (l, k), ; lake matano de v ogel 6244 (kep, l, type), meijer 11436 (l). makassar area: lokka, bonthain teysmann [teijsmann] 13941h.b. (bo, l). 8. chionanthus stenurus (merr.) kiew chionanthus stenurus (merr.) kiew, blumea 43 (1998) 477; kessler et al., checklist woody plants of sulawesi, indonesia. blumea, suppl. 14 (2002) 101. basionym: linociera stenura merr., j. arnold arbor. 35 (1954) 151. � type: celebes, malili district, waraoe kjellberg 2120 (holo s; iso a, bo, l). treelet to 5 m tall. twigs slender, drying greybrown, lenticellate, glabrous, nodes slightly flattened. leaf: petiole 0.3�0.5 cm long, not thickened, drying black or brown; lamina subcoriaceous, glabrous, narrowly lanceolate, (7.5 �)10(�15) × 2�4 cm, base cuneate, margin recurved, apex narrowly attenuate to cuspidate, acumen to 2 cm, sometimes glossy above, drying grey-green above; midrib slightly impressed above, prominent beneath; lateral veins (8-)11-12 pairs, flat and obscure above and beneath, marginal vein faint, ca. 1 mm from margin. inflorescence axillary, solitary, racemose with 1-4 well-spaced pairs of flowers, glabrous, 0.5�1.2 cm long of which peduncle is 1�2 mm; bracts foliaceous, spathulate, 4�7 × 2�3 mm, glabrous, caducous. pedicel ca. 1 mm long. flowers bisexual. calyx ca. 0.7 mm long, divided almost to base, lobes acute, spreading, glabrous. corolla white, ca. 4 mm long, divided almost to base, lobes narrowly linear, twisted at anthesis. stamens subsessile, attached at base of corolla, anther oblong, ca. 1 mm long. ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm long, glabrous, stigma bilobed. infructescence thickened, fruit stalk ca. 1.5 × 1.5 mm. fruits globose, ca. 1.5�1.8 cm diam., apex rounded; pericarp ripening purple, minute rugose, drying leathery, ca. 1 mm thick. seed with endosperm. distribution. endemic in sulawesi in the malili area. ecology. fr om coastal for est or for est at the edge of lakes, on limestone outcrops or on limestone derived soil, at 50�450 m altitude. etymology. the species is named for its nar r ow leaves with an attenuated narrow apex. reinwardtia 294 [vol.14 notes. it is a ver y distinctive species by its narrow leaves. it appears to be a rare and local species restricted to limestone substrates. specimens examined. sulawesi. sulawesi selatan (s sulawesi). malili area: lake matano de vogel 5792 (k, l), 5892 (k, l); waraoe [warau] kjellberg 2120 (a, bo, l, s, type); warare kjellberg 3169 (bo). 9. chionanthus sulawesicus kiew, spec. nov. kessler et al., checklist woody plants of sulawesi, indonesia. blumea, suppl. 14 (2002) 101, nomen. — type: sulawesi, sopu valley, lore lindu national park, nr. palu van balgooy 3046 27 april 1979 (holo bo; iso k, l). diagnosis. in its leaves, which dr y pale gr eenish -brown, and have thickened petioles, which dry white, and its short racemes, chionanthus sulawesicus most closely resembles c. sessiliflorus (hemsl.) kiew of maluku, new guinea and the solomon islands, and c. spicatus blume of borneo. it is different from these species in its pedicellate flowers that have short corolla lobes compared (not sessile or subsessile flowers with corolla lobes 4‒11 mm long). in addition, c. sessiliflorus has ellipsoid, ridged fruits up to 7 cm long, while c. spicatus has globose fruits with a thin pericarp. tree to 25 m tall, bole to 30 cm, without buttresses, flowering at 5 m tall. bark grey or dark brown, ca. 1 mm thick, not fissured but warty with conspicuous lenticels; inner bark yellow brown, ca. 10 mm thick. sapwood brown-yellow. twigs slender, white, nodes flattened and expanded laterally, glabrous, with conspicuous horseshoeshaped leaf scars. leaf: petiole 0.5‒1 cm long, thickened, drying white; lamina broadly elliptic to slightly oblanceolate, subcoriaceous, glabrous, (8.5‒)12(‒16.5) × 3‒7 cm, base cuneate, margin slightly recurved, apex acuminate, acumen to 1 cm long, drying greenish-brown; midrib impressed above, prominent beneath; lateral veins 7-8(-9) pairs, plane above, prominent beneath, marginal vein 2‒4 mm from margin. inflorescence axillary, solitary, racemose with ca. 4-5 crowded pairs of flowers, 0.3‒1 cm long, glabrous; bracts scarious, acute 2‒3 mm long, glabrous with ciliate margin, persistent; pedicel 1‒2 mm long. flowers bisexual. calyx ca. 1 mm long, divided almost to the base, lobes acute, glabrous with ciliate margin. corolla yellow, 3‒5 mm long, divided almost to base, lobes narrowly linear, fleshy, strongly recurved at anthesis. stamens sessile, attached to base of corolla; anthers oblong, less than 1 mm long. ovary ovoid, less than 1 mm long, glabrous, stigma bilobed. infructescences to 2 cm long and thickened; pedicel 3‒5 mm long. fruit ovoid becoming globose at maturity, 1.3‒3 cm long, 1.1‒ 3 cm diam.; pericarp ripening violet, smooth, on drying 2‒3 mm thick, leathery. seed with endosperm. distribution. endemic in centr al and south sulawesi. ecology. ripar ian or mixed for est on wet or poorly drained alluvial soil, depleted forest on gentle slopes near streams from 200‒2200 m altitude. most collections are from riparian eucalyptus deglupta forest where c. celebicus is also found. ecological enumerations by van balgooy & tantra (1986) showed that it is one of the three co-dominant understorey tree species in terms of frequency in mixed forest on flat poorly drained soil. (in that account, this species is referred to as chionanthus sp. ‘d’). at higher elevations (above 1700 m altitude), c. sulawesicus is replaced by c. polygamus, which at about 2000 m is one of the co-dominant species. trees are found in flower and fruit at the same time but there are insufficient collections to judge whether flowering and fruiting is aseasonal. etymology. named for its pr ovenance, it is endemic in sulawesi. specimens examined. sulawesi. sulawesi utara (n sulawesi). bogani nani wartabone np: mt mogogonipa de v ogel & v ermeulen 6951 (k, kep, l), milliken 995 (k); ilanga river burley et al. 3820 (kep). – sulawesi tengah (c sulawesi). lore lindu np: lake tambing ramadhanil et al. 439 (ceb, k); mt dali culmsee y2052 (bo, ceb, goet, kep, l), y2086 (ceb, goet, kep); mt nokilalaki [lake lindu] meijer 9563 (l); mt rorekautimbu darnaedi 1623 (k, l); sopu valley de vogel 5096 (k, l), 5503 (k, l), 5534 (k, l), 5535 (l, k), 5568 (bo, l), van balgooy 3046 (bo, k, l, type), van balgooy 3068 (bo, k, l); tongoa johansson et al. 552 (k, l). – sulawesi selatan (s sulawesi). malili area: toli-toli w aturandang 364 (=boschproefst. (nifs) cel/v-256) (bo, l), 373 (=boschproefst. (nifs) cel/v -256) (bo). excluded species chionanthus? gigantifolius koord. chionanthus gigantifolius koord., meded. lands plantentuin 19 (1898) 527, 638; koorders-schumacher, systematisches verzeichnis der zum herbar koorders (1914) 104. ― type: n celebes, minahasa, g. lolomboelan (koorders 18573β (lecto l). the lectotype is a single very large spathulate leaf, 38 × 11 cm, narrowed to the base. among the sulawesi species only c. cordulatus approaches it reinwardtia 294 [vol.14 notes. it is a ver y distinctive species by its narrow leaves. it appears to be a rare and local species restricted to limestone substrates. specimens examined. sulawesi. sulawesi selatan (s sulawesi). malili area: lake matano de vogel 5792 (k, l), 5892 (k, l); waraoe [warau] kjellberg 2120 (a, bo, l, s, type); warare kjellberg 3169 (bo). 9. chionanthus sulawesicus kiew, spec. nov. kessler et al., checklist woody plants of sulawesi, indonesia. blumea, suppl. 14 (2002) 101, nomen. — type: sulawesi, sopu valley, lore lindu national park, nr. palu van balgooy 3046 27 april 1979 (holo bo; iso k, l). diagnosis. in its leaves, which dr y pale gr eenish -brown, and have thickened petioles, which dry white, and its short racemes, chionanthus sulawesicus most closely resembles c. sessiliflorus (hemsl.) kiew of maluku, new guinea and the solomon islands, and c. spicatus blume of borneo. it is different from these species in its pedicellate flowers that have short corolla lobes compared (not sessile or subsessile flowers with corolla lobes 4�11 mm long). in addition, c. sessiliflorus has ellipsoid, ridged fruits up to 7 cm long, while c. spicatus has globose fruits with a thin pericarp. tree to 25 m tall, bole to 30 cm, without buttresses, flowering at 5 m tall. bark grey or dark brown, ca. 1 mm thick, not fissured but warty with conspicuous lenticels; inner bark yellow brown, ca. 10 mm thick. sapwood brown-yellow. twigs slender, white, nodes flattened and expanded laterally, glabrous, with conspicuous horseshoeshaped leaf scars. leaf: petiole 0.5�1 cm long, thickened, drying white; lamina broadly elliptic to slightly oblanceolate, subcoriaceous, glabrous, (8.5�)12(�16.5) × 3�7 cm, base cuneate, margin slightly recurved, apex acuminate, acumen to 1 cm long, drying greenish-brown; midrib impressed above, prominent beneath; lateral veins 7-8(-9) pairs, plane above, prominent beneath, marginal vein 2�4 mm from margin. inflorescence axillary, solitary, racemose with ca. 4-5 crowded pairs of flowers, 0.3�1 cm long, glabrous; bracts scarious, acute 2�3 mm long, glabrous with ciliate margin, persistent; pedicel 1�2 mm long. flowers bisexual. calyx ca. 1 mm long, divided almost to the base, lobes acute, glabrous with ciliate margin. corolla yellow, 3�5 mm long, divided almost to base, lobes narrowly linear, fleshy, strongly recurved at anthesis. stamens sessile, attached to base of corolla; anthers oblong, less than 1 mm long. ovary ovoid, less than 1 mm long, glabrous, stigma bilobed. infructescences to 2 cm long and thickened; pedicel 3�5 mm long. fruit ovoid becoming globose at maturity, 1.3�3 cm long, 1.1� 3 cm diam.; pericarp ripening violet, smooth, on drying 2�3 mm thick, leathery. seed with endosperm. distribution. endemic in centr al and south sulawesi. ecology. ripar ian or mixed for est on wet or poorly drained alluvial soil, depleted forest on gentle slopes near streams from 200�2200 m altitude. most collections are from riparian eucalyptus deglupta forest where c. celebicus is also found. ecological enumerations by van balgooy & tantra (1986) showed that it is one of the three co-dominant understorey tree species in terms of frequency in mixed forest on flat poorly drained soil. (in that account, this species is referred to as chionanthus sp. ‘d’). at higher elevations (above 1700 m altitude), c. sulawesicus is replaced by c. polygamus, which at about 2000 m is one of the co-dominant species. trees are found in flower and fruit at the same time but there are insufficient collections to judge whether flowering and fruiting is aseasonal. etymology. named for its pr ovenance, it is endemic in sulawesi. specimens examined. sulawesi. sulawesi utara (n. sulawesi). bogani nani wartabone np: mt mogogonipa de v ogel & v ermeulen 6951 (k, kep, l), milliken 995 (k); ilanga river burley et al. 3820 (kep). – sulawesi tengah (c. sulawesi). lore lindu np: lake tambing ramadhanil et al. 439 (ceb, k); mt dali culmsee y2052 (bo, ceb, goet, kep, l), y2086 (ceb, goet, kep); mt nokilalaki [lake lindu] meijer 9563 (l); mt rorekautimbu darnaedi 1623 (k, l); sopu valley de vogel 5096 (k, l), 5503 (k, l), 5534 (k, l), 5535 (l, k), 5568 (bo, l), van balgooy 3046 (bo, k, l, type), van balgooy 3068 (bo, k, l); tongoa johansson et al. 552 (k, l). – sulawesi selatan (s. sulawesi). malili area: tolitoli waturandang 364 (=boschproefst. (nifs) cel/v-256) (bo, l), 373 (=boschproefst. (nifs) cel/v -256) (bo). excluded species chionanthus? gigantifolius koord. chionanthus gigantifolius koord., meded. lands plantentuin 19 (1898) 527, 638; koorders-schumacher, systematisches verzeichnis der zum herbar koorders (1914) 104. � type: n celebes, minahasa, g. lolomboelan (koorders 18573β (lecto l). the lectotype is a single very large spathulate leaf, 38 × 11 cm, narrowed to the base. among the sulawesi species only c. cordulatus approaches it . kiew: chionanthus in indonesia 2015] 295 in leaf size, 16‒36 × 6‒13 cm, but its leaf narrows to a cordate base. no flowers or fruits were available to koorders and the question mark is his and indicates his doubt that this is even a species of chionanthus. since it does not resemble any chionanthus species, it is excluded from the genus. acknowledgements i thank the flora malesiana foundation, universiti pertanian/putra malaysia, and the flora of peninsular malaysia project under the ministry of natural resources and environment for financial support, and to the curators of a, bm, bo, gce, k, l, lae, san, sar and sing for permission to examine specimens in their care, to fabian brambach, whose recent collections spurred me to complete this account and to the anonymous reviewer whose knowledgeable suggestions greatly improved the manuscript. references blume, c. l. 1850. oleaceae. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1: 310‒320. culmsee, h. & pitopang, r. 2009. tree diversity in sub-montane and lower montane primary rain forests in central sulawesi. blumea 54: 119‒123. kessler, p. j. a, bos, m. m., sierra daza, s. e. c., kop, a., willemse, l. p. m., pitopang, r. & gradstein, s. r. 2002. checklist of woody plants of sulawesi, indonesia. blumea, suppl. 14. pp. 160. kiew, r. 1998. name changes for malesian species of chionanthus (oleaceae). blumea. 43: 471‒477. kiew, r. 2002. oleaceae. tree flora of sabah & sarawak. 4: 129‒168; 347‒351. koorders, s. h. 1898. oleaceae. meded. lands plantentuin. 19: 526‒527, 637‒638. kostermans, a. j. g. h. 1965. notes on the vegetation of w sumbawa (indonesia). in: kostermans, a. j. g. h. & fosberg, f. r. symposium on ecological research in humid tropics vegetation. unesco science coperation office for se asia, jakarta. pp. 15‒22. lingelsheim, a. v. 1927. beiträge zur flora von papuasien. 111. die oleaceaeen papuasiens. bot. jahrb. syst. 61: 1‒22. van balgooy, m. m. j. & tantra, i. g. m. 1986. the vegetation in two areas in sulawesi, indonesia. forest research bulletin – special edition. forest r&d centre, bogor. pp. 45‒56. wiriadinata, h., girmansyah, d., hunter, j. m., hoover, w. s. & kartawinata, k. 2013. floristic study of west sumbawa, indonesia. reinwardtia. 13: 391-404. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1672-3292-1-sm_1-1 1672-3292-1-sm_2-2 1672-3292-1-sm_4-4 1672-3292-1-sm_6-6 1672-3292-1-sm_7-7 1672-3292-1-sm_8-8 1672-3292-1-sm_9-9 1672-3292-1-sm_10-10 1672-3292-1-sm_11-11 1672-3292-1-sm_12-12 4 5 1672-3292-1-sm_13-13 1672-3292-1-sm_14-14 1672-3292-1-sm_15-15 a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors elizabeth a. widjaja mien a.rifai soedarsono riswan johanis p.mogea published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 5, 295 419 29 september 2000 10 issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 11, part 5, pp. 419 (2000) validation of trichosanthes kinabaluensis rugayah (cucurbitaceae) rugayah herbarium bogoriense, botany division, r. & d. centre for biology, bogor, indonesia in the revision of the cucurbitaceous genus trichosanthes in malesia by rugayah & w.j.j.o. de wilde (reinwardtia 11(4): 262. 1999), the type of the proposed new species t. kinabaluensis rugayah was erroneously indicated as consisting of two collections, viz. chew, corner & stainton 2830 and de wilde & duyfjes san 139472. this latter appeared to be contrary to art. 37.3 of the international code of botanical nomenclature (tokyo code, 1994), rendering the new species invalid. this species is validated below by indicating a single type. i am grateful to dr. dan h. nicolson (us washington), who kindly made me aware of the mistake. trichosanthes kinabaluensis rugayah, sp. nov. trichosanthes kinabaluensis rugayah, in rugayah & w.j.j.o. de wilde, reinwardtia 11(4): 262. 1999. —nom. invalid. caulis 5-angulatus rubelle suffusus, florum masculorum bracteae grosse incisae, semen oblongum c. 10 mm longum 3-4 mm latum, basi cuneate. type: chew, corner & stainton 2830 (bo holo, k, l, san iso). 419 contents page eko baroto walujo. les ecosystemes domestiques par l'homme dans l'ancien royaume insana timor 295 rugayah. validation of trichosanthes kinabaluensis rugayah (cucurbitaceae) 419 c.v. printed by zsr dpn rein.vol 11,part 5, 295-419_page_63 blkng reinwardtia annales bogorienses treubia published by kebun raya indonesia (botanic gardens bogor, indonesia) subscription agents for domestic and foreign subscribers g, c t. van dorp & co ltd publishers booksellers djalan nusantara 22 djakarta indonesia van dorp's subscription service includes subscriptions to any periodical published by botanic gardens, bogor sample copies of reinwardtia replacement of missing issues replacement of lost back numbers at lowest prices r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 1, pp. 1-25 (1950) icones orchidacearum malayensium: addit amenta j. j. smith * editorial note a few weeks after the publication of the final instalment of the late dr j. j. smith's "icones orchidacearum malayensium," volume 2 (bulletin du jardin botanique de buitenzorg, serie iii, supplement: volume 3. 1949), a dozen more plates of this work were submitted to the herbarium at bogor (buitenzorg) from the author's estate. as inclusion in the aforementioned volume, which was definitely closed last year, appeared undersirable for technical reasons, these additional plates are now issued separately from the "icones." they still represent an undoubtedly valuable contribution to the correct understanding of no less than 54 species of orchids all (except one) previously described by dr smith as new. the explanations were all prepared by the author himself. if the present plates had been incorporated in the main work (which ends with plate 176) in their proper sequence, they would have been numbered 178-189. of plate 177 only the explanation could be found; the plate itself is missing. the species represented by it are: liparis arcuata j. j. s., l. endertii j. j. s., l. lycopodioides j. j. s., and l. biglobulifera j.j. s. january 1950. the editor * formerly keeper of the herbarium, 's lands plantentuin (now: kebun raya indonesia), bogor. 1 — reinwaedtia [vol. 1 flgura 1 (tabula 178) i. liparis murkelensis j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 127. a. flos. b. sepalum dorsale. c. sepalum laterale. d. petalum. e. labellum et gynostemium. f. labellum supra visum. g. idem, subtus visum. h, i. gynostemia. ii. liparis kerintjiensis j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 50. a. flos. b. sepalum dorsale. c. sepalum laterale. d. petalum. e. labellum supra visum. f. idem, subtus visum. g. labellum expansum. h. gynostemium. i. anthera. iii. liparis togensis j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. ix (1928), 457. a. flos. b. sepalum dorsale. c. sepalum laterale. d. petalum. e. labellum supra visum. f. idem, subtus visum. g. gynostemium. h. anthera. 1950] i smith: icones orchidaoearum f i g . 1 (tab. 178). i. liparis murkelensis j. j. s. — ii. liparis kerintjiensis j . j . s . — i i i . liparis togensis j. j, s, r e i n w a k d t i a [vol. 1 flgura 2 (tabula 179) i. liparis bibullata 3.j.s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. ix (1927), 143. a. flos. e. labellum. b. sepalum dorsale. f. gynostemium dorso visum. c. sepalum laterale. g. pollinia. d. petalum. ii. liparis kemulensis j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. xii (1932), 149. a. flos. e. labellum. b. sepalum dorsale. f, g. gynostemia. c. sepalum laterale. h. anthera. d. petalum. iii. liparis auriculifera j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 1. a. bractea. g. labellum supra visum. b. flos. h. idem, subtus visum. c. sepalum dorsale. i. gynostemium a latere visum. sepalum laterale. j. idem, antice visum. petalum. d. e. k. anthera. f. labellum et gynostemium. iv. liparis spiralipetala j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. ix (1927), 145. a. bractea. f. idem, expansum. b. flos. g. labellum.. c. sepalum dorsale. h. gynostemium. d. sepalum laterale. i. anthera. e. petalum. v. liparis aptenodytes j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 53. a. bractea. f. labellum et gynostemium. b. flos. g. labellum supra visum. c. sepalum dorsale. h. idem, subtus visum. d. sepalum laterale. i. gynostemium. e. petalum. j. anthera. 1950] i smith: icones orchidacearum ii fig. 2 (tab. 179). i. liparis bibullata j. j. s. — ii. liparis kemulensis j. j. s. iii. liparis auriculifera j. j. s. — iv. liparis spiralipetala j. j. s. — v. liparis aptenodytes j. j. s. 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 flgura 3 (tabula 180) i. aglossorrhyncha longicaulis j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 128. a, b. bracteae. c. flos. d. sepalum dorsale. e. sepalum laterale. f. g. petala. h. labellum et gynostemium. i. labellum supra visum. j . idem, expansum. k. gynostemium. 1. apex gynostemii. m. idem, subtus visus. n. anthera. ii. glomera connexiva j. j. s. in bot. jahrb. lxv (1933), 472. a. bractea. b. sepalum dorsale. c. sepala lateralia. d. e. petala. f. labellum et gynostemium. g. labellum. h. anthera. iii. glomera secunda j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 130. a. flos. b. sepalum dorsale. c. sepala lateralia. d. petalum. e. labellum et gynostemium. f. labellum supra visum. g. gynostemium. h. anthera. iv. glomera pumilio j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 131. a. bractea. b. petalum. c. labellum et gynostemium. d. labellum. e. sepala lateralia, 1 partim deest. f. gynostemium. g. idem, antice visum. smith: icones orehidacearum fig. 3 (tab. 180). i. aglossorrhyncha longicaulis j. j. s. — ii. glomera connexiva j. j. s. — iii. glomera secunda j. j. s. — iv. glomera pumilio 3.3. s. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 flgura 4 (tabula 181) i. glomera lancipetala j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 133. a. flos. b. pars sepali dorsalis. c. sepala later&lia. d. petalum. e. labellum et gynostemium. f. labellum expansum. g. gynostemium antice visum. ii. glomera plumosa j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 134. a. vaginula. b. flos. c. sepalum dorsale. d. sepala lateralia. e. petalum. f. labellum et gynostemium. g. labellum expansum. h. gynostemium antioe visum. iii. ceratostylis baliensis j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. ix (1927), 147. a. flos, b. sepalum dorsale. c. sepalum laterale. d. petalum. e. labellum expansum. f. gynostemium. ceratostylis steenisii j. j. s. in blumea v (1943), 307. a. sepalum dorsale. b. sepalum laterale. c. petalum. d. labellum. e. idem, expansum. f. petalum (var. latipetala j. j. s.). smith: ieones orchidacearum iii i . _ fig. 4 (tab. 181). i. glomera lancipetala j. j. s. —. ii. glomera plumosa j. j. s iii. ceratostylis baliensis j. j. s. — iv. ceratostylis steenisii j. j. s. 10 reinwardtia [vol. 1 flgura 5 (tabula 182) 1. ceratostylis malintangensis j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. ix (1927), 148. a. flos. b. sepalum dorsale. c. sepalum laterale. d. e. petala. f. labellum et gynostemium. g. labellum expansum. h. gynostemium. i. anthera. ii. ceratostylis truncata j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. ix (1927), 149. a. flos. b. sepalum dorsale. c. mentum. d. sepalum laterale. e. petalum. f. labellum et gynostemium. g. labellum expansum. h. gynostemium. i. anthera. iii. ceratostylis scariosa ridl. in journ. mai. br. r. as. soc. i (1923), 96. a. pedunculus. b. flos. c. sepalum dorsale. d. sepalum laterale. e. petalum. f. labellum et gynostemium. g. labellum expansum, h. gynostemium. iv. ceratostylis succulenta j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. ix (1927;, 151. a. inflorescentia partialis. b. flos. c. sepalum dorsale. d. sepalum laterale. e. petalum. f. labellum et gynostemium. g. labellum expansum. 1950] i a smith: icones orchidacearum ii a fig 6 (tab. 182). i. ceratostylis malintangensis j. j. s. ii. ceratostylis truncata j.j.h. — 111. ceratostylis scariosa ridl. — iv. ceratostylis succulenta 3 j. s. 12 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 flgura 6 (tabula 183) i. ceratostylis lombasangensis j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 13. a. flos. f. labellum et gynostemium. b. sepalum dorsale. g. labellum expansum. c. sepala lateralia. h. gynostemium dorso visum. d. sepalum laterale expansum. i. anthera. e. petalum. ii. ceratostylis selebensis j. j. s. in bot. jahrb. lxv (1933), 475. a. flos. e. labellum et gynostemium. b. sepalum dorsale. '. f. labellum. c. sepalum laterale. g. anthera. d. petalum. iii. ceratostylis todjambuensis 3. j. s. in bot. jahrb. lxv (1933), 474. a. flos. e. labellum et gynostemium. b. sepalum dorsale. f. labellum. c. sepalum laterale. . g. anthera. d. petalum. iv. ceratostylis nalbesiensis j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. ix (1928), 461. a. flos. d, e. petala. b. sepalum dorsale. f. labellum et gynostemium. c. sepalum laterale. h. anthera. v. ceratostylis sarcostomatoides j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. ix (1927), 150. a. flos. f, g. labella. b. sepalum dorsale. h. gynostemium dorso visum. c. sepalum laterale. i. idem, subtus visum. d. petalum. j. anthera. e. labellum et gynostemium. k. pollinia. vi. ceratostylis brevicostata j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 55. a. flos. e. labellum et gynostemium. b. sepalum dorsale. f. labellum expansum. c. sepalum laterale. g, h. gynostemia. d. petalum. i. anthera. 1950] i smith: icones orchidacearum ' • * • i fig. 6 (tab. 183). i. ceratostylis lombasangensis j. j. s. — ii. ceratostylis selebensis j.j.s. — iii. ceratostylis todjambuensis j.j.s. — iv. ceratostylis nalbesiensis j.j.s. — v. ceratostylis sarcostomatoides j. j. s. — vi. ceratostylis brevicostata j. j. s. 14 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 plgura 7 (tabula 184) i. ceratostylis trinodis j. j. s. in bull. dep. agric. ind. neerl. xlv (1911), 14. a. flos, b. sepalum dorsale. c. sepalum laterale. d. petalum. e. labellum et gynostemium. f. labellum expansum. g. anthera. h. polinia. ii. epiblastus seranieus 3.3. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 136. a. flos. b. sepalum dorsale. c. sepalum laterale. d. petalum. e. labellum et gynostemium. f. labellum expansum. g. anthera. iii. epiblastus buruensis j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. ix (1928), 460. a. flos. b. sepalum dorsale. c. sepalum laterale. d. petalum. e. labellum et gynostemium. f. labellum expansum. g. anthera. iv. epiblastus accretus j. j. s. in bot. jahrb. lxvi (1934), 176. a. flos. b. sepalum dorsale. c. sepalum laterale. d. petalum. e. labellum et gynostemium. f. labellum expansum. smith: icones orchidacearum ii c 15 fig. 7 (tab. 184). i. ceratostylis trinodis 3. 3. s. — ii epiblastus seranieus j .j. s. iii. epiblastus buruensis 3. 3. s. — iv. epiblastus accretus j. j. . s. 16 be i n-w a r d t i a [vol. 1 smith: icones orchidacearmn 17 flgura 8 (tabula 185) i. mediocalcar selebieum j. j. s. in bot. jahrb. lxv (1933), 476. a. flos. b. sepala expansa. c. petalum. d. labellum et gynostemium. e. labellum expansum. f. anthera. ii. mediocalcar ternatense j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. ix (1927), 146. a. flos. b., sepala expansa. c. petalum. d. labellum et gynostemium. e.. labellum expansum. f. gynostemium. g. idem, subtus visum. h . a n t h e r a . iii. mediocalcar seranicum j..j..s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 135. a. flos. :. ' . • :ib. sepala expansa.. c. petalum. d. labellunij et gynostemium. e. labellum expansum f. a n t h e r a . . iv. podochilus uniflorus j. j. s. in brittonia i (1931), 109. a. folium. b . flos. e, sepalum dorsale. d. sepalum l a t e r a l e . e. petalum. f. labellum. g. idem, expansum. , fig. 8 (tab. 185). i. mediocalear selebieum j. j. s. — ii. mediocalcar ternatense j. j. s. — iii. mediocalcar seranicum j. j . s . — iv. podochilus uniflorus j. j. s. 18 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 flgura 9 (tabula 186) i. podochilus mentawaiensis j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. xii (1932), 118. a. folium. g. labellum. b. flos. . h. idem, expansum. c. sepalum dorsale. d. sepalum laterale. e. f, petala. i. gynostemium. j . anthera. ii. podochilus lamii j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. xi (1930), 72. a. ramulus florens. f. labellum. b. bractea, g. idem, expansum. c. sepalum dorsale. h. gynostemium. d. sepalum laterale. i. freniculum. e. petalum. iii. podochilus lobatipetalus j. j. s. in bot. jahrb. lxv (1933), 477. a. bractea. . e. labellum et gynostemium. b. flos. f. labellum expansum. c. sepala expansa. g. anthera. d. petalum. iv. appendicula linearis j. j. s. in bot. jahrb. lxv (1933), 481. . a, b. apices foliorum. g. petalum. c. flos. h. labellum et gynostemium. d. bractea. . i. labellum expansum. e. sepalum dorsale. j. gynostemium. f. sepalum laterale. k. anthera. v. appendicula verruculifera j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 57. a. bractea. b. flos. c. sepalum dorsale. d. sepalum laterale. e. petalum. f. labellum et gynostemium. g. labellum. h. idem, expansum. i. gynostemium. j . anthera. k. freniculum et pollinia. 1950] smith : icones orchidacearum 19 c fig. 9 (tab. 186). i. podochilus mentawaiensis j.j.s. — ii. podochilus lamii j.j.s.— iii. podochilus lobatipetalus j. j. s. — iv. appendicula linearis j. j. s. — v. appendicula verruculifera j. j. s. 20 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 flgura 10 (tabula 187) i. appendicula crispa j. j . s . in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. xi (1931), 127. a, b, bracteae. c. sepalum dorsale. d. sepalum laterale. e. petalum. f. labellum expansum. g. gyncstemium. h. idem, dorso visum. i. anthera. ii. appendicula salieifolia j, j. s. in bot. jahrb. lxv (1933), 482. a. sepalum dorsale. b. sepalum laterale. e, d. petala. e. labellum et gynostemium. f. labellum expansum. g. anthera. iii. appendicula seranica j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 139. a. braetea. b, c. sepala dorsalia. d. sepalum laterale. e, f. petala. g. labellum. h. idem, expansum. i. anthera. iv. appendicula kjellbergii j. j. s. in bot. jahrb. lxv (1933), 483. a. flos. b. sepalum dorsale. c. d. sepala lateralia. e. petalum. f. labellum expansum. g. gynostemium. h. anthera. v. appendicula baliensis j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. ix (1927), 152. a. flos. b. sepalum dorsale. c. sepalum laterale. d. petalum. e. labellum et gynostemium. f. labellum expansum. g. anthera. smith: icones orchidacearum c fig. 10 (tab. 187). i. appendicula crispa j.j.s. — ii. appendicula salieifolia j.j.s. iii. appendicula seranica j. j. s. — iv. appendicula kjellbergii j. j. s. — v. appendicula baliensis 3. j. s. 22 r e.i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 flgura 11 ( t a b u l a 188) i appendicula theunissenii j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. se ser. v (1922), 63. a. flos. b. sepalum dorsale. c. sepalum laterale. d. petalum. e. labellum et gynostemium. f. labellum expansum. g. gynostemium. h. anthera. i. freniculum. j . pollinia. ii. appendicula jacobsonid j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. xii (1932), 121. a. bractea. b.flos. c. sepalum dorsale. d. sepalum laterale. e. petalum. f. labellum et gynostemium. g. h. labella. i. anthera. j. freniculum et pollinia. iii. appendicula recondita j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. xi (1931), 128. a. inflorescentia. b. flos. c. sepalum dorsale. d. sepalum laterale. e. petalum. f. labellum expansum. g. gynostemium. iv. appendicula spathilabris j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. xi (1931), 129 a. bractea. b. flos. c. sepalum dorsale. d. sepalum laterale. e. petalum. f. labellum et gynostemium. g. labellum expansum. h. gynostemium. i. anthera. j. frenieulum et pollinia. smith: icones orchidaocariim fig. 11 (tab. 188). i. appendicula theunissenii j. j. s. — ii. appendicula jacobsonii j. j. s. — iii. appendicula recondita j. j. s. — iv. appendicula spathilabris 3. 3. s. 24 r e i n w a r i d t l a . [vol. 1 flgura 12 (tabula 189) i. octarrhena vanvuurenii j . j . s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 2e ser. xxv (1917), 83. a. planta florens. e. sepalum laterale. b. bractea. f. petalum. c. flos. g. labellum et gynostemium. d. sepalum dorsale. h. labellum. ii. octarrhena hastipetala j. j. s. in bot. jahrb. lxv (1933), 499. a. bractea. e. petala. b. flos. f. labellum et gynostemium. c. sepalum dorsale. g. labellum. d. sepalum laterale. h. anthera. iii. phreatia asciformis j . j . s. in bot. jahrb. lxv (1933), boo. a. bractea. e. petalum. b. . flos. f. labellum et gynostemium. c. sepalum dorsale. g. labellum expansum. d. sepalum laterale. h. anthera. iv. plocoglottis seranica j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 105. a. bractea. e. petalum. b. flos. f. labellum expansum. c. sepalum dorsale,, g. gynostemium. d. sepalum laterals. v. calanthe reconditiflora j, j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buit. 3e ser. x (1928), 108. a. flos. d. petalum. b. sepalum dorsale. e. labellum et gynostemium. c. sepalum laterale. f. labellum expansum. vi. calanthe caulodes j. j. s. in bot. jahrb. lxv (1933), 468. a. flos. d. petalum. b sepalum dorsale. e. labellum et gynostemium. c. sepalum laterale. f. labellum expansum. smith: icones orchidacearum 25 fig. 12 (tab. 189). i. octarrhena vanvuurenii j. j. s. — ii. octarrhena hastipetala j. j. s. —• iii. phreatia asciformis 3.3. s. — iv. plocoglottis seranica j. j. s. — v, calanthe reconditiflora 3. 3. s. — vi, calanthe caulodes j. j. s, binder1 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_01 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_02 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_03 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_04 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_05 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_06 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_07 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_08 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_09 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_10 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_11 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_12 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_13 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_14 reinwardti a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 3, p.p. 255 265 a monograph of the genus diplodiscus* turcz. (tiliaceae) a. j. g. h. kostermans** summary . . . . 1. seven species of the genus diplodiscus are described, of which three (d. microlepis, d. parviflorus and d. decumbens) are new to science, and one (d. hookerianus) was formerly described as pentace (for the description of d. decumbens cf. p. 264). 2. the area of distribution of the genus covers the malay peninsula, borneo and the philippines. 3. the affinities of the genus are discussed. 4. a key to the species is presented. introduction turczaninow (1858) based the genus diplodiscus on a single species (d. paniculatus). with exception of pierre (1889), who included the genus in brownlowia, the generic status of diplodiscus has been accepted generally by subsequent authors. from broumlowia the genus differs mainly by its fruit characters, instead of being apocarpous as in brownlowia, the fruit of diplodiscus is an exalate capsule, which dehisces probably valvately. vegetatively the known species of diplodiscus can be distinguished from those of brownlowia by their asymmetrical leaf base and the short petiole. pentace differs by its winged capsule. by the presence of an inner row of foliaceous staminodes diplodiscus is placed in the tribe brownlowieae; in this tribe it is very close to pityranthe thw. from ceylon. further study should decide, whether it should be fused with the latter genus or kept separate. only of d. paniculatus the fruit are known. as far as i could ascertain, it has a 3-fid style top; turczaninow mentioned 4—5 styles. d. microlepis has 4 styles, d. hookerianus should have 5 free styles, whereas d. longifolius has only one style. like in pentace, the unbranched or branched style is apparently not a generic character. i had no access to specimens of d. sulu*) diplodiscus; diplous = double. **) advisor forest research institute, bogor; collaborator herbarium bogoriense, bogor. — 255 — 2 5 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 ensis warb. and consequently i am not able to key it out properly. as the genus is mainly characterized by its fruit and as the fruit of only one species is known so far, the status of the genus needs confirmation. dr. c. bakhuizen van den brink (leiden) corrected the latin diagnosis, for which i express my gratitude. diplodiscus turcz. diplodiscus turczaninow in bull. soc. natural. moscou 31 (1): 235. 1858; benth. & hook, f., gen. pl 1: 232. 1867; walpers ann. 7: 442. 1868; baillon, hist. pl 4: 184. 1872; k. schum. in engler & prantl, nat, pfl. pam. 3 (6) : 17. 1895; burret in notizbl. bot. gart. berlin 9: 618. 1926. type species. — d. paniculatus turcz. trees or shrubs. leaves alternate, chartaceous or rarely sub-coriaceous, margin entire, base asymmetrical, usually cordate; lower surface lepidote; lowest pair of lateral nerves starting from the petiole insertion, ascendant. petiole short, lepidote, stellate-haired or both. inflorescences terminal in leafy panicles, lepidote or stellate-haired-lepidote, branches usually stout. calyx funnelshaped or campanulate, outside lepidote or stellate-haired, after anthesis often saccate at base; lobes 5 (or less). petals 5, glabrous, spathulate to obovate, much longer than the calyx, explanate or reflexed. stamens numerous; filaments slightly connate at base, forming 5 phalanges or free; anthers versatile, 2-celled, thecae spreading, confluent at apex. staminodes 5, foliaceous, forming an inner row inside of the stamens. ovary sessile, usually ribbed, lepidote or pilose; style one, below the apex divided into 3—5 branches or simple; stigma minute. fruit a 1—3-celled capsule, each compartment with one seed; wall brittle; separating septs thin. distribution. — malay peninsula, philippines, borneo. key to the species l a . petioles adpressed lepidote 6. d. microlepis b. petioles stellate-pilose or stellate-pilose-lepidote 2 2a. leaf base cuneate (exceptionally with one auricle) 1. d . paniculatus b. leaf base cordate 3 3a. lower leafsurface densely lepidote 4 b. lower leaf surface with scattered fimbriate scales 5 . d. parviflorus 4 a . l e a v e s c o r i a c e o u s , o v a t e o r b r o a d l y l a n c e o l a t e ; f l o w e r s 6 m m l o n g , 4 m m w i d e ; s t y l e u n k n o w n 4 . d . suluensis b . l e a v e s c h a r t a c e o u s , o b l o n g ; f l o w e r s 1 0 m m l o n g , 8 m m w i d e ; s t y l e o n e . . . . _ 3. d. longifolms c. leaves subcoriaceous, oblong to subobovate; flowers 6 mm long, 5 mm wide; style 5-branched 2. d. hookerianus 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans: a monograph of the genus diplodiscus 257 1. diplodiscus paniculatus turcz. — fig. 1 diplodiscus paniculatus turczaninow in bull. soc. imper. natural. moscou 31 (1) : 235. 1858; walpers ann. 7: 742. 1868; villars, nov. app. 29. 1880; vidal, sinops., atlas 17, t. 20, f. d. 1883; phaner. cuming. philip. 98. 1885; revista pl vascul. philip. 69. 1886; merrill in philip. bur. forestry bull. 1: 36. 1903; enum. philip, fl. pi. 3: 22. 1921; perkins, fragm. fl. philip. 102. 1904; c. b. robinson in philip. j. sci. bot. 3: 202. 1908; wester, food pi. philip, ed. 3: 40. 1924; burret in notizbl. fig. 1. — diplodiscus paniculatus turcz.; after sulit 22897 (bo). 268 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 bot. gart. berlin 9: 619. 1926; erdtman, pollenmorphol. 434. 1952. — brownlowia paniculata (turcz.) pierre, fl. forest. cochinch., fasc. 2: t. 130. 1889. — cuming 1686 (k). tree; branchlets densely stellate-haired-lepidote, soon glabrous; branches grey, striate. leaves rigid-chartaceous, oblong, 4 x 14 to 8 x 20 (up to 12 x 31) cm, base asymmetrical, sometimes with one auricle, apex shortly acuminate or obtuse; upper surface glossy, glabrous; main nerves prominulous; lower surface dull pale brown (dried), densely covered with fimbriate scales, midrib prominent, lateral nerves c. 5—6 pairs, arcuate, prominulous, secondary nerves parallel, prominulous (usually horizontal), nervation dense, prominulous or inconspicuous. petiole densely stellate-hirsute, glabrescent, 5—10 mm long. panicles terminal, stellate-haired-lepidote, 5—30 mm long. pedicels up to 3 mm long. calyx campanulate, 4—6 mm high (the 2—3 mm long, triangular, acute lobes included), often saccate at base after anthesis, densely stellate-haired-lepidote outside. petals narrowly spathulate, 10 mm long, glabrous. filaments 5 mm long, shortly (1 mm) connate at base in 5 phalanges; anthers peltate; ovary elongate-ovoid, stellate-lepidote; style 3 mm long, glabrous, apical 1 mm 3—5 branched; stigma minute. capsule 1—3-celled, obovoid, clubshaped or subglobose, up to 1.5 cm long, densely stellate-pilose-lepidote, provided with 5 longitudinal ribs of small knobs. fruitwall thin, brittle, dividing septa very thin. distribution. — philippines, common in forests at low and medium altitudes. vernac. names. — badabo (bag.); balabo (s. l. bis.); balabo (tag., lan., mag., mbo.); balubo (tag.); balubu (yak.); balugo (ilk.); banago (tag.); barobo (bik., s. l. bis); barubo (p. bis.); barubu (ibn., s. l. bis.); bukad (lan.); bulolo (bik.); bulubu (mag.); bulugug (mag.); bulugai (mag.); bukad (lan.); buru (lan.); dupdupan (sul.); kamiling (tag.); kideng (ilk.); malubo (tag., bis.); manaring (ibn.); mangabu (sul.); maobo (c. bis.); maramani (ilk.); marobo (p. bis.); marubo (s. l. bis.); mayobo (p. bis.); puyus (tag.); tagpam (mag.); talu-talu (sul.). it is still unknown, how the fruit dehisces and whether they dehice. at all. there are 1—3 compartments, usually only one seed developes, the others abort. in the submature fruit there are distinct longitudinal ribs, made up by rows of small knobs. the leafbase only exceptionally shows an auricle. in practically all specimens examined, the leaf apex is damaged. i found only 3 style branches; turczaninow mentioned 4—5. philippines; l u z o n , manila, balabac, fl., barthe, medecin de la fregatte la sybille s.n., anno 1857 (p); prov. of camarines, may, fl., alvarez f. b. 21435 (bo); camarines sur subprov., mt. isarog, june, fl., convocar p.n.h. 2888 (bo, moj; i960] a. j. g. h. kostermans: a monograph of the genus diplodiscus 259 tayabas prov., march, fl., curran f.b. 10262 (bo), 10218 (bo) et 10135 (mo); lucban, may, fl., elmer 9195 (bo, mo); prov. of laguna, los banos, mt. maquiling, june, fl., elmer 17503 (bo, mo, uc); ibid., apr., fl. buds, elmer 8294 (bo); ibid., may, fr., sulit p. n. h. 22897 (bo); ibid., febr., fl., buds, mabanag p. n. h. 9554 (bo); prov. of sorsogon, irosin, mt. bulusan, july, fl., elmer 16659 (bo, mo, uc); prov. of cagayan, pagikpik, may, fl., edano b. sci. 79493 (bo); june, fl., bernardo f.b. 26892 (mo); prov. of isabella, mt. moises, apr., fl., clemens 16612 a (bo, uc); surigao prov., june, fl., wenzel 2618 (bo, mo, uc); apayo subprov., may, fl., fenix b. sci. 28212 (mo); rizal prov., june, fl., maneja f. b. 25979 (mo) ; apr., fl., loher 14092 (bo); locality not indicated, fl., ahern 105 (bo); fl., cuming 1686 (mo); leyte, may, fl., franco f.b. 25760 (mo); ibid., sept., fl., wenzel 1033 (mo); m i n d a n a o , lamao prov., marenao, saguiran mt., febr., fl., native coll. 1118 (bo); prov. of agusan, cabadbaran, mt. urdaneta, ster., elmer 13267 (bish, bo, mo, uc); agusan prov., sept., fl., miras, soriano & mariano f. b. 24430 (bo); todaya, mt. apo, distr. of davao, june, fl., elmer 10929 (bish, bo, mo); ibid., may, fl., elmer 10790 (bish, bo, mo); ibid., july, fr., elmer 11151 (bish, bo, mo); ibid., june, fl., elmer 10924 (mo); bukidnon subprov., july, fl., escritor b. sei. 2139k (mo) ; zamboanga, july, fr., miranda f. b. 2il65 (mo); lake lanao, camp keithley, june, fr., clemens 616 (bo); bubuan subprov., sept., fl. buds, raphael & ponce f.b. 20747 (bo); davao prov., mati, march, fl., ramos & edano b. sci. 49182 (bo, uc); m i nd o r o, mt. halcion, jan., fl., edano p. n. h. 3596 (mo); samar, coronian, apr., fl., rosenbluth f.b. 15062 (bish): ibid., mt. mahagna, oquendro, march, fl., sulit p.n.h. 14317 (bo); basilan, sept., fl., reilo b. sci. 16343 (bo); p a n a y, apr., fl., achacoso f.b. 25360 (bo). 2. diplodiscus hookerianiis (king) kosterm., comb. nov. pentace hookeriana king in j. asiat. soc. bengal 60 (2): 101. 1891; ridley, fl. mai. pen. 1: 294. 1922. — king's coll. (kunstler) 815 (cal). tree 10—15 m tall, 25 cm through; branchlets soon glabrous; branches grey, striate. leaves alternate, rigid chartaceous, oblong or elliptic to obo vate-oblong, up to 6 x 19 cm, top obscurely acuminate, base rounded, unequal; upper surface glabrous, glossy, veins prominent; lower surface covered with a dense layer of tiny fimbriate, adpressed scales, midrib prominent, lateral nerves about 7 pairs, arcute, prominent, the lowest pair starting at the petiole insertion, more ascendant; secondary nerves lax, prominulously reticulate; reticulation slightly prominulous. petiole densely minutely stellate-lepidote, stout, c. 1 cm long. panicles terminal, densely grey-brown, scurfy, stellate-pubescent, up to 20 cm long. pedicels 1 mm. calyx campanulate, densely, minutely stellatepubescent, 2—3 mm high, the 1—1.5 mm long triangular, acute lobes included. petals yellow, 3—4 mm long, narrowly obovate, glabrous, rather fleshy. stamens many, hardly connate at base in 5 bundles, filaments 1—2 mm long, "staminodes thick, orbicular" (n.v.). ovary depressed-globose, densely stellate pubescent. "styles 5, free, shorter than the ovary" (n.v.). distribution. — only known from type locality. 260 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fig. 2. — diplodiscus parviflorus kosterm.; after a. 2603 (bo). 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans: a monograph of the genus diplodiscus 261 the leaves are similar to those of diplodiscus paniculatus, but the latter has stellate-lepidote scales (scales with long and slender arms); the indumentum of the inflorescences is also different; the flowers are much smaller with very short filaments. i have not seen any staminodes in the material at hand, of which most of the flowers are still in bud. in the few opened flowers the style had disappeared. by its unequal base, the species could be referred without doubt to diplodiscus. king rightly described the lower leaf-surf ace as dull; this was uncritically copied by ridley as glabrous; actually there is a dense layer of scales; ridley, moreover, failed to mention the free styles. malay peninsula. — p e r a k, banks of kinta k., oct., fl., king's collector (kunstler) 815 (bo, k, sing). 3. diplodiscus longifolius (merr.) b u r r e t burret in notizbl. bot. gart. berlin 12: 161. 1934. — broivnlowia longifolius merrill in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 185. 1929. — elmer 21312 (uc). tree up to 60 cm in diam.; branchlets with scattered scales, soon glabrous; branches grey, striate. leaves chartaceous, elliptical or oblong, up to 15 x 40 cm, base asymmetrical, cordate, apex acuminate; upper surface rather smooth, glossy, veins visible, flush with the surface, lower surface with a dense layer of tiny fimbriate palebrown scales, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves 9—10 pairs, prominent, erect-patent, arcuate, secondary nerves prominulous, lax, parallel; reticulation faint. petiole stout, transversally cracked, 6—12 mm long, densely stellate-haired, whereas the midrib is almost glabrous. panicles terminal, densely lepidote, interspaced with stellate hairs, up to 10 cm long, branches thick. flowers sessile or almost so; calyx yellowgreen, broadly funnel-shaped, densely lepidote outside (scales shortly fimbriate) , 5 mm high, lobes triangular, acute, c. 3 mm long. petals 5, rose-red, glabrous, spathulate, c. 10 mm long, 4.5 cm wide; stamens numerous, glabrous, filaments c. 5—6 mm long, slightly connate at base, forming phalanges. staminodes 5, lanceolate, glabrous, acuminate, 3 mm long. ovary depressed-globose, ribbed, densely stellate-lepidote; style 5 mm, towards top glabrous, near base stellate lepidote. stigma inconspicuous. distribution. — n o r t h b o r n e o . only known from the type locality. elmer states that the specimen was picked from a tree of 60 cm diam. this is rather unusual and needs checking. the specimens puasa b.n.b.f.d. 3143 (k) might belong here. the style consists of 5 twisted styles, grown together. 2 6 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 the flowers are in a very old stage in the type specimen, it cannot be made out, whether the top of the style is simple or divided. in the specimens examined by me, the style is simple. north borneo. t a w a o , fl., elmer 21312 (bish, bm, bo, ds, g, k, l, uc). 4. diplodiscus suluensis (warb. ex perk.) burret diplodiscus suluensis (warb. ex perkins) burret in notizbl. bot. gart. berlin 9: 619. 1926. — brownlowia suluensis warburg ex perkins, fragm. fl. philip. 1: 102. 1904; merrill, enum. philip, fl. pi. 3: 22. 1921; burret, i.e. — warburg u927. tree; branches glabrous. leaves coriaceous, ovate or broadly lanceolate, up to 16 x 28 cm, base asymetrically subcordate or cordate, apex acute, above glabrous, beneath densely lepidote, lateral nerves c. 6 pairs, arcuate, prominent, reticulation prominulous. petiole short, thick, 1 cm long. panicles terminal, rusty tomentellous. pedicels 2 mm. flowers 6 mm long, 4 mm wide; calyx densely lepidote-tomentellous; lobes triangular, acute, 2 mm long. petals glabrous, spathulate, twice the length of the calyx lobes. stamens numerous, glabrous, anthers sphaeroid. staminodes filiform, ovary densely tomentose, not sulcate; style filiform, not thickened at apex, 2 mm long. distribution. — only known from the type locality. i had no opportunity to examine material. the description is copied from warburg's. s u l u i si., jolo, fl., warburg u927. 5. diplodiscus parviflorus kosterm., spec. nov. arbuscufa; foliis chartaceis oblongis, bast obliquis cordatis, supra glabris, subtus sparse minute lepidotis (squamis fimbriatis), nervis lateralibus utrinque 6, basalibus adscendentibus; petiolis brevibus; paniculis terminalibus vel axillaribus, dense griseo-stellato-lepidotis, alabastris globosis, dense griseo-stellato-lepidotis. shrub, up to 7 m high and 5 cm in diam.; branchlets lepidote, interspaced with bristle-like stellate hairs; branches grey, striate. leaves chartaceous, oblong or elliptical, up to 8 x 24 cm, base oblique, cordate, apex obscurely acuminate; above glossy, glabrous, veins prominulous; lower surface with scattered, tiny, long-fimbriate scales, densely prominulousiy reticulate, midrib prominent, glabrous, lateral nerves c. 6 pairs, erect-patent, the lowest pair starting from the petiole insertion, more ascendant, prominent; secondary nerves lax, prominulous. petiole short, stout 5 mm, densely lepidote and with stellate-hair-bristles. panicles axillary and terminal, densely grey stellate-haired, up to 7 cm long, without bracts. flower buds globose with the same indumentum. typus: kadir a. 2603 (bo). 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans: a monograph of the genus diplodiscus 263 the species is allied to d. suluensis (of which i have not seen material), but differs by its chartaceous leaves with scattered scales on the lower leaf surface and the shape of the leaves. north borneo. — elopura, sandakan, gomantong for. res., june, in bud, kadir a. 2603 (bo, kep); ibid., sapagaja reserve, may, in bud, cuadra a. 2282 (bo, kep). 6. diplodiscus microlepis kosterm., spec. nov. arbuscula; ramulis perparce lepidotis (squamis non fimbriatis); foliis chartaceis, oblongis, basi cordatis, apice acuminatis, supra glabris nitidis, venis teneris, subtus opacis, dense prominulo-reticulatis, parce minutissime lepidotis (squamis fimbriatis); petiolis dense lepidotis; paniculis terminalibus, dense minute lepidotis (squamis vix fimbriatis); alabastris dense lepidotis; floribus parvis; petalis basi glandulis munitis; filamentis connatis, ovario lepidoto; stylis i, liberis, stigmate inconspicuo. shrub-like tree; branchlets slender, sparsely lepidote, scales small, nonfimbriate), soon glabrous. leaves chartaceous, oblong, up to 9 x 26 cm, base oblique, slightly cordate, apex shortly acuminate, above glabrous, glossy, venation slightly prominent, slender; lower surface dull, densely prominulously reticulate, covered with scattered, very small, fimbriate scales, midrib prominent, glabrous; lateral nerves c. 6—7 pairs, arcuate, erect patent, prominent, the lowest pair ascendant, secondary veins lax, prominulous, parallel. petiole 8—13 mm, densely lepidote. panicle terminal, narrow, densely lepidote, 4—8 cm long. pedicel stout, 2 mm. flower buds globose, densely lepidote. flowers yellowish, calyx tube 2—3 mm long, funnel-shaped, merging into the thick, 2 mm long pedicell; lobes 3 mm, ovate, acute. petals narrowly obovate with tapering base, glabrous, 5 mm long, with a transverse narrow gland at base inside. stamens numerous; filaments connate for ca 1 mm at base, 3—4 mm long; anthers versatile, thecae two, confluent at apex. staminodes lanceolate, acute, 2 mm long. ovary elongate ovoid, densely lepidote, merging into 4 free styles, which surpass slightly the filaments; base of style lepidote, upper part glabrous; stigma minute. typus. — sales 3836 (uc). distribution. — n o r t h b o r n e o . only known from type locality. the species resembles d. longifolius burr, in its general appearance; it has entirely different scales and no bristles, its flowers are much smaller. north borneo, tawao, tandjong batu, second growth forest, alt 15 m, nov., fl., j. g. sales 3836 (bo, uc). 264 reinwardtia [vol. 5 7. diplodiscus decumbens kosterm., spec, nov.* — fig. 3. arbor mediocris decumbens, foliis rigide chartaceis vel coriaceis, elongato-oblongis magnis acuminatis, basi rotundatis, subsymmetricis, supra glabris nitidis nervo mediano valde prominente vents prominulis, subtus perdense minutissime fimbriato-lepidotis; petiolis crassis; inflorescentiis axillaribus vix ramosis, lepidotis; floribus pedicellatis, stylo 4-5-fido, breve. decumbent tree, 7 m high, 20 cm diam. bark smooth, brown, thin. living bark 5 mm, yellowish. wood pale yellowish brown. branchlets slender, glabrous, but for the apex, which has a few, very tiny scales. leaves rigidly chartaceous to coriaceous, elongate-oblong, up to 45 by 15 cm (other leaves 19—35 by 5—7 cm), acuminate, base rounded or contracted into the petiole, somewhat unequal; upper surface glabrous, glossy, midrib strongly prominent, nerves ca 7—10 pairs, slender, arcuate, slightly raised in a groove; lower surface densely covered by small, long-fimbriate scales, midrib strongly prominent, nerves prominent; reticulation lax; basal nerve ascendent. petioles densely lepidote, of the largest leaf 2 cm long, 6 mm in diam., of the smaller leaves 1 cm long, slender. panicles axillary and terminal, up to 25 cm long, sparsely, very minutely lepidote (denser towards apex), branches few, distant, up to 5 cm long. pedicels 5 mm long. calyx densely lepidote, scales small, fimbriate; tube 3 mm, bell-shaped, lobes 3 mm, triangular, acute; petals oblanceolate, 5—6 mm long; stamens 4 mm, free, in 5 phalanges. staminodes not seen. ovary (post anthesin) densely fimbriate-lepidote; style of 4—5 very short (1 mm) branches. fruit ovate-globose, acutish, faintly ribbed, densely brown-lepidote, 15 mm long. distribution. — borneo, only known from the type locality. the species is close to d. longifolius, but differs by its narrower leaves with more nerves and the slightly asymmetrical leafbase, and especially by the 4—5 short style arms. indonesian east borneo. mt. has bunga-an, n.w. of sangkulirang, alt. 400 m, rather dry sandstone ridge, common, sept., fr., kostermans 13923 (l). *) after the paper on diplodiscus was already in the press, i received (on request) a specimen from leiden (which i collected myself). as i had anticipated, this specimen represents an undescribed species of diplodiscus. 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans : a monograph of the genus diplodiscus 265 fig. 3. — diplodiscus deenmbens kosterm. img553 img552_page_01 img552_page_02 img552_page_03 img552_page_04 img552_page_05 img552_page_06 img552_page_07 img552_page_08 img552_page_09 img552_page_10 lipi a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(4) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(4): 261 337, 31 march 2008 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondece on the reinwardtia journal and subscriptions should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 4, pp: 335 – 337 335 a new javanese species of marasmius (trichlomataceae) received november 21, 2007; accepted february 27, 2008. atik retnowati herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology–lipi, bogor, indonesia abstract. retnowati, a. 2008. a new javanese species of marasmius (tricholomataceae). reinwardtia 12(4): 335 – 336. — marasmius xenopellis is described as a new species based on material collected from mt. halimun national park, west java. keywords: maramius xenopellis, mt. halimun national park, java abstrak retnowati, a. 2008. suatu jenis baru dari marga marasmius (tricholomataceae) dari jawa . reinwardtia 12(4): 335 – 336. — marasmius xenopellis dipertelakan sebagai jenis baru berdasarkan material yang dikoleksi dari taman nasional gunung halimun, jawa barat. kata kunci: maramius xenopellis, taman nasional g. halimun, jawa introduction during a fieldwork to mt. halimun national park, west java (indonesia), an interesting collection of a species of marasmius was made, which at first sight appeared to belong to section globulares, but upon further closer examination revealed that it had also siccus-type pileipellis. it seems that the present species is allied with another species that has intermediate pileipellis type, viz. marasmius nexus desjardin & horak from papua new guinea (desjardin & horak 1997) which they placed in section sicci. the latter species differs in forming smaller basidiomata (pileus 10–50 mm, stipe 20–75 x 1.5– 3 mm) and smaller basidiospores (5.5–8 x 2.5–3 μm). since the combination of these macroscopic and microscopic characters cannot be matched with any described taxa, this colletion is proposed to be made the type specimen of a new species. marasmius xenopellis retnowati, spec. nov. –– fig. 1. pileus 43–87 mm latus, convexus ad umbonatus, sulcatus, glabrus. lamellae adnexae, subdistances, brunneus marginatae. stipe 135–195 x 4–6 mm, eccentricus, aequalis, pruinosus, ad basim tomento albo. odor saporque nulli. basidiosporae (10.4)11.2– 12 x (5.6)6.4–7.2(8) μm, ellipsoideae, leves, hyalinae, inamyloideae, tenui-tunicate. cheilocystidia a) cellulae typi sicci, 5.6–32 x 4.8–8 μm, setulosae, cylindricae, 2–4 setulae ad apicem 5.6–17.6 x 2.4–3.2 μm, crassetunicatae; b) cheilosetae 32–144 x 2.4–5.6 μm. pleurocystidia rarus, 8–16 x 3.2–4 μm, cylindricae. pileipellis hymeniformis, a) polymorphicae (clavatae, pyriformae vel subglobosae), 12–17.6 x 9.6–16 μm; b) cellulae typi sicci, 9.6–14.4 x 4.8–9.6 μm, crassetunicate; c) setae 9.6–14.4 x 1.6 μm. trama pilei irregulare. stipes cellulis typy sicci et caulosetis obtectus. fibulae presentes. gregarius ad terram. holotypus: indonesia, java, west java, mt. halimun national park, 8 july 2000, a. retnowati 288 (bo). pileus 43–87 mm diameter, convex with broad umbo, sulcate, hygrophanous; margin crenate, straight to wavy; surface moist, wrinkle, glabrous; pale brown to brown (6–e7) (kornerup & wanscher 1978). context moderately thick up to 2 mm, off-white. lamellae adnexed, subdistant (16–18 reaching stipe) with 1 series of lamellulae; brown marginated, up to 11 mm breadth; pale brown. stipe 135–195 x 4–6 mm, eccentric, equal, hollow, central, smooth, pruinose mostly at the apex; reddish brown; with a very thick white tomentose base. odor and taste not distinctive. basidiospores (10.4)11.2–12 x (5.6)6.4–7.2(8) μm, ellipsoid, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid. basidia unobserved. basidioles unobserved. cheilocystidia abundant in the form of 1) siccustype broom cells with 2–4 setulae; main body 5.6– 32 x 4.8–8 μm, cylindrical, thick-walled; setulae 5.6-17.6 x 2.4-3.2 μm, cylindrical, thick-walled, yellowish brown.; 2) setae with pointed apex, 32– 144 x 2.4–5.6 μm, thick-walled, yellowish brown. pleurocystidia uncommon, 8–16 x 3.2–4 μm, cylindrical, capitate, thick-walled, perpendicular, yellowish brown. pileipellis hymeniform, composed of 1) globulares-type, smooth cells, clavate to broadly clavate, pyriform or subglobose reinwardtia [vol.12 336 a. d. b. c. 1 . 2 1 . 3 2. e. f. 2. 1 . fig. 1. marasmius xenopellis (a. retnowati 288, holotype): a. basidiomes (1/2 x); b. basidiospores ; c. cheilocystidia : 1. siccus-type cheilocystidia ; 2. cheilosetae ; d. pleurocystidia; e. pileipellis: 1. globulares-type of pileipellis; 2. siccus-type of pileipellis; 3. pileosetae. f. stipe vesture: 1. siccus-type caulocystidia; 2. caulosetae. scale bar = 12 μm for figure b and scale bar = 15.7 μm for figures c, d, e and f. cells, thin-walled,12–17.6 x 9.6–16 μm, hyaline to yellowish brown; 2). siccus-type broom cells with 2–4 setulae; main body 9.6–14.4 x 4.8–9.6 μm, cylindrical, thick-walled; setulae 9.6–14.4 x 1.6 μm, cylindrical, thick-walled, yellowish brown; 3) setae with pointed apex, 20–30.4 μm long, thickwalled, yellowish brown. pileus trama irregular, 3.2–12 μm diam, hyaline to yellowish brown. stipe tissue monomitic; cortical hyphae 4.8–13.6 μm diam, parallel, cylindrical, dextrinoid, yellowish brown; medullary hyphae 5.6–8.8 μm diam, parallel, hyaline, thin-walled, strongly dextrinoid. stipe vesture common, composed of numerous siccus-type broom cells and caulosetae; siccustype broom cells similar to those of cheilocystidia; main body 15.2–38.4 x 2.4–4 μm, irregular shaped, cylindrical, thin-walled to thick-walled, yellowish brown; setulae 5.6–16.8 x 1.6–2.4 μm, irregular, cylindrical, clavate, with pointed apex; caulosetae often present at the upper part of stipe, 29.1–31.4 μm, lanceolate to fusoid-ventricose, acute, dextrinoid, thick-walled, pale yellow. clamp connection present. habit, habitat and distribution. gregarious on soil of mountain forest in west java. specimen examined. indonesia: java, west java, mt. halimun national park, 8 july 2000, a. retnowati 288. 2008] retnowati: a new species of marasmius 337 etymology. – xeno (l.): strange; pellis (l.): pileipellis, referring to the presence of two types of pileipellis, globulares and siccustypes. acknowledgement the research was supported by japan international cooperation agency (jica) in 1999-2000. thank to dr. mien a. rifai for his very useful comments. references desjardin, d.e . & horak, e. 1997. marasmius and gloiocephala in south pacific region: papua new guinea, new caledonia, and new zealand taxa. bibl. mycologica 168: 152 p. kornerup, a. & wanscher, j.h. 1978. methuen handbook of colour. 3rd. ed. eyre methuen, london. 252 p. instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles wich have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processes further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author (s) attestingto its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation autohrs should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for paper in french or german) of not more than 250 words.keywords should be given below each abstract, on a peparated paper author(s) sholud the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanica monenclatural is observed, so that taxonamix and nomenclatural novelties sholud be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illistration sholud be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free og charge, any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 4. 2008 contents page j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for the tetrastigma (vitaceae) host of rafflesia (rqfflesiaeeae) in malesia and a (not so) new species ... 261 wj.j.ode wilde &b.e.e. duyfes. miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news 267 m.a. rifai. endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai,spec. nov (hyphomycetes) 275 m.a. rifai. another note on podoconismegaspemiaboedijn(hyphomycetes) 277 topik hid a w ; m. ito; t. yukawa. the phylogenetic position of the papuasian genus sarcochilus r.br. (orchidaceae: aeridinae): evidence frommolecular data 281 c.e. ridsdale. notes on maiesiznneonaucleea 285 c.e. ridsdale. thorny problems in the rubiaceae: benkara, fagerlindia andoxyceros 289 kuswatakartawinaia, purwaningsih, t. partomihardjo, r. yusuf, r. abdulhadi, s. riswan. floristics and structure of a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, east kalimantan, indonesia 301 rugaiah & s. sunarti. two new wild species of averrhoa (oxalidaceae) from indonesia 325 atikretnowati. anew javanese species of marasmius (trichlomataceae ) 334 reinwardtia is a lepi acredited journal (80/akred-lipi/p2mbi/5/2007) herbarium bogoriense bidang botani , pus at penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia depannnn 63-130-1-sm received november 21, 2007; accepted february 27, 2008. atik retnowati blkngg r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2, part 1, pp. 131 -132 (19521 an additional note on viburnum clemensae kern j. h. kern" in "reinwardtia" (1: 157. 1951) i published a new species of viburnum from mount kinabalu, borneo, under the name of v. clemensae. the description was drawn up after fruiting specimens in the herbarium of the arnold arboretum. unfortunately flowers were wanting in the specimens available. some time ago dr. a. j. g. h. kostermans came across much more complete material among the indeterminata of the bogor herbarium, profusely flowering as well as fruiting. this enables the amplification of the description. fig. 1. viburnum clemeusae kern: a, flower; 6, ovary; e, part of corolla; d, stamen; e, flower-bud; /, fruit; g, cross-section through fruit; a — e, 20 x ; f — g, 3 x. evergreen shrub or small slender tree, up to 7.5 m tall. branchlets crooked, terete, hardly lenticellate, glabrous, with greyish brown, crackingbark. petioles channelled above, glabrous, 1—2.5 cm long. leaf-blades coriaceous, dull, in dry state olivaceous or brownish olivaceous above, yellowish or brownish green beneath, glabrous on both sides, minutely papillose-rugulose all over (under a magnifying glass), glandular pitted at the under side both in the axils of the primary and of the secondary side-nerves, elliptic to lanceolate or slightly obovate, 9—12 cm long, 2.5—5.5 cm wide, often inequilateral and somewhat falcate; apex abruptly short-acuminate to nearly caudate, rarely rounded; base cuneate and ::;) botanist, herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. — 131 — 1 3 2 r e 1 n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 slightly decurrent on the petiole; margin entire, cartilaginous, somewhat revolute in dry state; midrib and primary side-nerves rather indistinct above, prominent beneath, the latter ones arcuately ascending, evanescent and arcuately anastomosing near the margin, 4—5 on each side of the midrib; veins indistinct. inflorescence terminal, nearly sessile, loose, up to 8 cm long and 10 cm wide, paniculate, 2—3 times paniculately branched, the lowest branches 2—5 together, the middle ones opposite, the upper ones alternate; bracteoles minute, ovate to lanceolate, sparsely setulose, caducous, leaving ciliate scars. calyx-limb distinctly lobed; lobes ovatetriangular, rather obtuse, glabrous, about 0.5 mm long and wide. corolla glabrous, white or creamy, small, about 3 mm wide, rotate, globular in bud; tube very short, about 0.25 mm long; lobes ovate, somewhat cucullate at the top, about 1.25 mm long, 1 mm wide. stamens exserted, but much shorter than the corolla-lobes; filaments adnate near the base of the corolla, flattened, tapering towards the apex, about 1 mm long, 0.25 mm wide, in bud inflexed at the top: anthers broad, anthercells ovate, about 0.5 mm long. ovary obconical; style very short, depressed-conical; stigma obcurely 3-lobed. drupe ellipsoid or oblong-obovoid, not compressed, slightly grooved on the ventral side, (8—)9—11(—12) mm long, 6—8 mm across, shining; mesocarp thin, scantily fleshy; endoearp thin, strongly incurved, the dorsal side orbicular in cross-section, the edges touching, the ventral side folded to an internal longitudinal crest which is 2—2.5 mm broad, slightly widened at the upper margin, here embracing a cavity of 0.5—1 mm in diameter. seed dorsiventrally compressed, reniform in cross-section, 2—3 mm thick. in the first key to viburnum, published in "reinwardtia" on page 113, v. demensae may be distinguished by an alteration in the choices provided under no. 6 as follows: 6. corolla not distinctly tubular, the tube less than 3 times as long as the lobes, the latter usually more than 1 mm long: 6 b f . leaves entire 14. v. demensae 6 his leaves crenate-dentate: 8. inflorescence shortly pyramidal, etc. specimens examined.— borneo. c o l o n y o f n o r t h b o r n e o . mt. kinabalu: tree, fruit red, aug. 3, 1937, ./. a. griswold jr. 96 ( a ) ; gurulau spur, nov. 1915, clement! 10826 (bo) ; tenompok, summit jungle trail to tomis, shrub, flower-buds green, fruit light green, 5000—5600 ft., may 2, 1932, clemens 29466 (a, bo) ; below lumu, jungle ridge, 5600 ft., slender tree 20 ft., fruit red, june 9, 1932, clemens "9978 (a, bo); tenompok, tomis summit, tree 15 ft., fruit pink, turning red, may 3, 1932, clemens :3o356 {a, bo) ; penibukan, 4000—5000 ft., ridge \v of camp, tree 25 ft., flower-buds creamy, feb. 7, 1933. clemens 31500 (a, bo); marai parai, trail to sadikan h., forest with gnetum, r a t t a n , and admamha (?), 5000 f t , slender tree 25 ft., flowers white, fruit green turning to red, march 23, 1933, clemens 32320 (bo). 132 133 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriensej kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 2, pp. 75-106 (1951) the genus teijsmanniodendron koorders (verbenaceae) a. j. g. h. kostermans* summary 1. the present notes on teijsmanniodendron are based on a study of the specimens from herbarium bogoriense and the herbarium of the singapore botanic garden. • 2. the taxonomic value of the principal characters and their variation are discussed. each of the species recognized is annotated. 3. a delimitation and subdivision of the genus in two sections, 'plurifoliolatae kosterm.' and 'unifoliolatae kosterm.,' is proposed. 4. a key to the 12 species and 1 variety distinguished, is included. 5. one new species is provisionally described (but not named), and one new variety, teijsmanniodendron pteropodum var. auriculatum kosterm., is published. 6. the following new combinations are made: teijsmanniodendron coriaceum b. clarke) kosterm., t. hollrungii (warb.) kosterm., t. holophyllum (bak.) kosterm., t.novoguineense (kan. & hatus.) kosterm., t. sarawakanum (h. h. w. pears.) kosterm., t. smilacifolium (h. h. w. pears.) kosterm., and t. subspieatum (hallier f.) kosterm. 7.. the genus xerocarpa h. 3. lam (non spach) is rejected; its only species, x. avicenniaefoliola h. j. lam, is referred to teijsmanniodendron ahernianum (merr.) bakh. in addition, the following reductions are made: teijsmanniodendron monophyllum kurata = t. hollrungii (warb.) kosterm.; vitex bankae h. j. lam = t. ahernianum (merr.) bakh., v. bogoriensis h. j. lam = t. ahernianum (merr.) bakh.; v. koordersii h. j. lam t= t. pteropodum (miq.) bakh.; v. tetragona hallier f. = t. sarawakanum (h. h. w. pears.) kosterm.; v. venosa h. j. lam = t. coriaceum (c. b. clarke) kosterm. possible identity of t. longifolium (merr.) merr. and t. bogoriense is suggested: the identity of t. simplicifolium merr. and t. smilacifolium (h. h-, w. pears.) kosterm. is indicated as probable. 8. vitex subspicata hallier f. and v. holophylla bak., included by lam in hollrungii warb., are reinstated as distinct species of teijsmanniodendron. 1. introduction my attention was drawn to this genus when identifying a specimen of vitex (= teijsmanniodendrov) hollrungii warb. from a collection, made in 1948 in new guinea, geelvink bay, where an extensive forest-area was strip-surveyed by the forest service of indonesia. at the same time, * botanist, division of forest survey, forestry service of indonesia. published with permission of the director and with financial support of the division of forest purvey, bogor. . . • . ' . . . • . — 75 — 76 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 i encountered a publication of kurata,1 who described vitex hollrungii as a new species in teijsmanniodendron (t. monophyllum kurata). it soon became evident that a revision of the genus was desirable. during the course of this study i was informed that dr h. n. moldenke of new york had accepted the elaboration of verbenaceae for "flora malesiana"; therefore, i closed this study after having examined only the material from herbarium bogoriense and the singapore herbarium. specimens from singapore are indicated by "s," those from bogor (buitenzorg) are not further marked, or indicated by "bg." local names are taken from field-labels; only a fraction of them is reliable. wood classes (durability) have been indicated in accordance with den berger (in meded. proefsta. boschw. 13: 3-5. 1926). history. — the genus teijsmanniodendron was founded by s. h. koorders2 with one species, t. bogoriense, of which the description was based on material collected from a couple of trees of unknown origin in the botanic garden at bogor (buitenzorg). koorders carried out a very thorough investigation of all parts of these trees and laid down his conclusions in an extensive publication, accompanied by excellent drawings. he concluded that teijsmanniodendron represented a separate subdivision (teijsmanniodendrae) of the viticoideae (verbenaceae), characterised by a non-dehiscent, capsular fruit with a single seed. except for its fruit characters the genus cannot well be distinguished from its nearest relative vitex l. the original spelling of the generic name is teijsmanniodendron, with 'ij'. perhaps this should be corrected into 'y' in view of what may be the correct spelling of the name teysmann. in the botanical names the original spelling is retained because i have not yet satisfied myself completely as to how teysmann's name must be spelled precisely. in "the verbenaceae of the malayan archipelago," lam recognised only one species (t. bogoriense). the genus was.again revised by bakhuizen van den brink sr.3 this revision was rather incomplete for reasons that become evident from a short note by the author, attached to a herbarium sheet of xerocarpa avicenniaefoliola h. j. lam in herbarium bogoriense. he explained in this note that, when he revised teijsmanniodendron, lam was working on vitex, and thus the revision of these two genera became a little arbi1 in bull. tokyo univ. forests 35: 203. 1947. 2 in ann. jard. bot. buitenzorg 19: 19. 1904. 8 in lam & bakh. in bulj. jard. bot buitenzorg iii 3: 29. 1921. 1951] kostermans: on the genus teijsmanniodendron 77 trary and confused. according to this note several species of vitex should be transferred to teijsmanniodendron and apparently he already had his doubts, too, about xerocarpa h. j. lam as a proper genus. bakhuizen van den brink's death in 1945 put an untimely end to his investigations. several specimens of vitex in herbarium bogoriense have been indicated in his handwriting as actually belonging to teijsmanniodendron. in his publications bakhuizen van den brink4 transferred two species to the • genus, viz. vitex pteropoda miq. and later on vitex aherniana merr. the taxonomic value of certain characters. — the number of the leaflets in the multifoliolate species usually varies between three and five. this makes the number of leaflets unsuitable for delimiting species in this group. i had the opportunity of studying several species in living condition; it became clear that also the absolute length of leaves and petioles had little or no specific value. the inflorescence of all species thus far known is built along the same principle: a lax panicle with distant, short, and not or very shortly branched, lateral branchlets. sometimes the panicle is more or less spike-like. the flowers are either sessile or stalked and grouped in more or less condensed cymes and more or less reduced glomerules. the calyx is always distinguished by well-developed teeth before and during anthesis. as the teeth do not grow along with the rest of the calyx after anthesis, the calyx-cup in mature flowers has either hardly visible and distant traces of the original teeth, or its margin may become completely entire. the corolla does not show much variation in the different species. its lobes may be narrower or broader and the incision in the lower lip more or less pronounced. the number of stamens is four as a rule; they are didynamous. the only exception thus far observed i found in teijsmanniodendron ahernianum, in which five stamens are present which are almost equal in size and alternate with the petals. occasionally one of the five stamens is lacking. the ovary with four ovules grows out into a one-celled fruit. only one ovule develops into a seed which is attached to the roof of the cavity. the exocarp of the fruit is either thick, with scattered sclerenchymatic cells (t. bogoriense, t. pteropodum), or thin and very brittle (t. ahemianum, t. hollrungii). intermediate stages may be found in other species. 4 in lam & bakh. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii 3: 29. 1921; in j. arnoldarb. 16: 74. 1935. briq. in 'axillares briq.' and 'terminates briq.,' according to the inflorescences being axillary or terminal. this mode of division is abandoned here, as almost all species treated in this paper have both kinds of inflorescences, even with the same specimen. moreover, the method of grouping followed by lam results, in my opinion, in distancing allied species. i prefer to arrange the species with one leaflet and those with multifoliolate leaves in two distinct groups. distribution. — the centre of distribution is apparently to be found in borneo, where all species except t. ahernianum and t. novoguineense are represented. the genus is absent in java and the lesser sunda islands. borneo is especially rich in representatives of the section unifoliolatae. the species of this group are mainly restricted to sumatra and borneo; t. hollrungii, as an exception, occurs almost throughout malaysia. some species show a disjointed area of distribution. in figure 1 the geographical distribution of the genus and the number of species known from each region are indicated. it is quite possible that additional localities will be found represented among material now ascribed to other genera, e.g. to vitex. 2. key to the species of teijsmanniodendeon 1. leaves palmately compound. 2. petiole conspicuously winged or auricled at its base. s. petiole winged entirely or for the greater part 4. t. pteropodum 3. petiole auricled at the base 4a. t. pteropodum var. auriculatum 2. petiole not winged or auricled. 4. lower leaf-surface inconspicuously pilose, glabrescent or glabrous. 5. stamens 4, didynamous. 6. flowers pale pink. mature fruit 4—5 cm long, with thick exoearp. 3. t. bogoriense 6. flowers dark violet. fruit 1—1.5 cm long, with thin exoearp. 1. t. coriaceuin 5. stamens 5, arranged in a whorl. 2. t. ahernianum 4. lower leaf-surface densely rusty tomentose 5. t. spec. 1. leaves unifoliolate. 7. lower leaf-surface with numerous tiny holes 12. t. hollrungii 7. lower leaf-surface without holes. 8. p r i m a r y nerves in 3, rarely in 4, pairs. 9. peduncles and branchlets slender. flowers stalked. . • . . 7. t. simplidfolium 9 . peduncles and branchlets thickish. flowers sessile. . . . 6 . t . smilacifolium 8. p r i m a r y nerves in more t h a n 4 p a i r s . 10. flowers sessile. 11. leaves rigid-coriaceous; base rounded; p r i m a r y nerves in 7—10 pairs, spreading, sharply curved and more or less anastomosing along the margin. 9. t. subspicatum 80 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 11. leaves thin-coriaceous; base acutish; primary nerves in 5—6 pairs, obliquely spreading, slightly curved, not anastomosing along the margin. 11. t.novoguineense 10. flower pedicelled. 12. young fruit-calyx urceolate, with reflexed teeth. leaf-base rounded; young leaves pilose below. 8. t. holophyllum 12. young fruit-calyx campanulate, with erect teeth. leaf-base acutish, rarely somewhat obtuse; young leaves glabrous 10. t. sarawakanum 3. notes on the species sect. i. plurifoliolatae kostermans, sect. nov. (species 1—5) . folia 3—5-foliolata. • type species. — teijsmanniodendron bogoriense koord. 1. teijsmanniodendron coriaceum (c. b. clarke) kostermans, comb, nov. — fig. 2, 3. vitex coriacea c. b. clarke in hook, f., fl. br. india 4: 586. 1885 (basinym of new combination); gamble in king & gamble in j. as. soc bengal 74: 846. 1909; lam, verben. malayan arch. 200. 1919; in lam & bakh. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii 3: 58. 1921; ridley, fl. malay pen. 2: 632. 1923. vitex venosa h. j. lam in lam & bakh. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii 3: 61. 1921. this species was described after the specimens of griffith, kew distribution no. 6065, and maingay, kew distribution no. 1203, from the malay peninsula. gamble gave an excellent description of it and indicated the fruit as having a thin pericarp and being apparently one-seeded. the specimens which he enumerated were all from the malay peninsula. lam's description (1919) more or less agrees with that of gamble, but the fruit is called a drupe here. he mentioned this species as occurring only in the malay peninsula (1921). ridley also called the fruit a drupe. although no original specimens of vitex coriacea were at my disposal, the specimens from the malay peninsula enumerated below agree perfectly with clarke's description. vitex venosa h. j. lam was described after the specimen grashoff 890, collected in palembang (sumatra). according to lam's key, it could be distinguished from v. coriacea by the position of the inflorescence (axillary in v. venosa, terminal in v. coriacea). in other respects the respective descriptions only differ, as to minor details. in the specimen 1951] kostermans: on the genus teysmanniodendron made after van der zwaan 82 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1051] kosteemans: on the genus teijsmanniodendron van der zwaan t.576, however, both kinds of inflorescences occur on the same branch. (these types of inflorescences might be indicated as penultimate and terminal.) i, therefore, consider v. venosa conspecific with teijsmanniodendron coriaceum. i had the opportunity of collecting t. coriaceum in bangka. on the slopes of mount maras (altitude 50—400 m) it is a common tree of medium size. the bark is grey, slightly fissured, the wood pale brown, not very hard; buttresses are absent or hardly developed. in this locality it is very common, but the bole seldom exceeds 30 cm in diameter. on the mangkol hills (altitude 200 m) near pangkalpinang it is very rare. it does not occur in southern bangka. in borneo i discovered it on the low, sandy hills at the sources of sungai wain, north of balikpapan on borneo's east coast. here it grows under the same conditions as in bangka. it is restricted to the upper part of the about 100 m high hills, where it is common, but avoids the lower, moister parts, as well as the valleys. the flowers are dark blue-violet with a bright yellow, hairy spot on the inner side of the lower lip. the fruit is black when ripe, with a brittle, thin exocarp and a one-seeded cavity. the leaves are rigid and conspicuously reticulate on both surfaces; the three leaflets, with usually distinctly swollen articulations, are as a rule 5—10 cm long, although they may occasionally become up to 20 x 9 cm. in young specimens (up to 1 m high), unifoliolate leaves are not uncommon. the heartwood has a density varying between 0.73—0.87, it is rather durable (durability class ii/iii) and comparatively strong (strength-class ii). specimens examined. — malay p e n i n s u l a . k e d a h . lower woods of kedah peak, alt. 150 m, june, fl., ridley 5555 (s). p e n a n g. penang gardens, sept., fr., symington s. f. 28013 (s) ; government hill: july, fr., curtis s.n. (s), july, fl., nauen s. f. 3581*7, haniff s.n. (s) ; government hill road, alt. 150 m, sept., fr., fruits yellow or orange-salmon, burkill 3287 (s) ; ayer hitam, sister's bungalow, alt. 200 m, j u n e , fl., haniff 3735 (bg, s ) . s e 1 a n g o r. 19th mile ginting-simpah road, june, fl., strugnell s. f. 11176 (s). p a h a n g. temerloh, d e c , fr., hamid 5727 (s). m a l a c c a . ayer panas, aug., fr., fruits yellow, goodenough 1285 (s), july, fl., local name jali batu, holmberg 861 (s) ; merlimau, j u n e , fl., berry s.n. (s). j o h o r e. bukit bruang, fl., berry 1029 (s). l o c a l i t y n o t i n d i c a t e d : wray s.n. (s). — sumatra. a t j e h. wassenar, alt. 80 m, clay soil, july, fl., battenexplanation op figure 3 fig. 3. teijsmanniodendron coriaceum (c. b. clarke) kosterm.: a, flowering branch, about natural size; 6, flower-bud, x 5; c and d, flower, x 6; e and /, stamens, x 30; g, calyx, x 6; h, ovary, x 6. — drawings made after grashoff 890. 83 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] kostermans: on the. genus teijsmanniodendron 85 pooll s.n. (s). p a l e m b a n g . lematang-hilir subdivision: gunungmegang, alt. 75 m, july, fl., tree 25 m high with bole of 35 cm in diameter, local name tindjau blukau, van der zwaan s.n. = t. ill, jan., fl., flowers purple, base of lower lip yellow inside, calyx pinkish brown, stigma pale purple, style purple, ovary cremeous, febr., young fruits, march, fr., fruits black, all, van der zwaan s.n. = t.3 p. 529, march, fr., seedlings, van der zwaan s.n. = 172 t.3 p. 529, april, fr., van der zwaan s.n. = t. 576; semangus, alt. 100 m, july, ster., tree 24 m high with clear bole of 9 m and 43 cm in diameter, local name kaju gading, versteegh & noerkamal 308 = bb. 32232. banjuasin and kubu lands subdivision: alt. 20 m, dec, fl., flowers heliotropium-coloured, the scent not very agreeable, tree up to 18 m high, local name krindjing daun talang, grashoff 890 {type of vitex venosa) ; bajunglentjir, 15 m alt., april, fl., tree 23 m high with clear bole of 12 m and 35 cm in diameter, local name kerintjing daun, dorst s.n. = 172 t.i p.706. musi-hilir subdivision: ipil alt. 9 m, april, fl., fr., young fruits orange, tree about 23 m high with clear bole of about 16 m and 30 cm in diameter, local name kaju kfasak, verduyn lunel 8 = t.b.1072. — bangka. w e s t b a n g k a . batubalai near muntok, ster., teysmann s.n.; aerlimaii, 25 m alt., march, ster., tree 20 m high with clear bole of 10 m and 50 cm in diameter, local name melabumbong, oetoei 76 = bb. 8060. s u n g a i l i a t : ster., teysmann s.n.; mt. maras, 200 m alt., oct., fr., tree of 6 m, wood pale brown, kostermans & anta 1337, o c t . , f l . , kostermans & anta 1350. c e n t r a l b a n g k a . mt. mangkol near pangkalpinang, alt. 5 m, granitic sandy soil, rare, sept., ster., kostermans 756. — borneo. e a s t b o r n e o . balikpapan subdivision: n of balikpapan, upper part of low hills near sources of sg. wain, alt. 100 m, common, oct., fr., kostermans 4411. 2. teijsmanniodendron ahernianum (merrill) bakhuizen van den brink vitex aherniana merr. in publ. bur. govt. lab.,1 manila no. 6: 18. 1904; lam, verben. malayan arch. 206. 1919; merr., enum. philipp. fl. pl 3: 394. 1923.— teijsmanniodendron ahernianum (merr.) bakh. in j. arnold arb. 16: 74. 1935. xerocarpa avicenniaefoliola h. j. lam, verben. malayan arch. 99. 1919; white in j. arnold arb. 31: 113. 1950. vitex ourranii h. j. lam, verben. malayan arch. 207. 1919. vitex bogoriensis h. j. lam in lam & bakh. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii 3: 60. 1921. vitex bankae h. j. lam in lam & bakh. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii 3: 62. 1921. • the species was based on a collection by merrill (f.b. 1007) from luzon, philippines. it was stated to occur abundantly there. its local name in tagalog language is igang. lam's description of the species deviates in some (minor) details from the original one. he stated that the leaves are 3(rarely 4-) foliate, whereas merrill described them as 3—5-; mostly 5-, digitate. in the material at my disposal, the number of folioles varied between three and five, both numbers occurring about equally frequent and both kinds often represented on the same branch. furthermore, lam described the leaves as chartaceous. as far as i can see the smaller (younger) leaves are chartaceous, the larger ones coriaceous. the young leaves are pubescent on the lower surface; in older leaves this pubescence disappears completely (last on midrib). the upper leaf-surface may be either smooth or in some cases densely, but rather inconspicuously, areolate. as in other species the size of the leaves is very variable. the dimensions given by merrill are 5—7 x 2—2.5 cm, whereas those by lam are 10—24 x 6—10 cm. merrill described a small-leaved specimen. the largest leaves are found in the specimen brass 3441 from the solomon islands (up to 30 x 13 cm). the length of the petiolule varies accordingly from 5 to 40 mm; that of the petiole from 3 to 9 cm. the number of lateral nerves varies from 8 to 15. the discrepancy in the description of the pubescence of the flowers (densely fulvous-pubescent calyx, according to merrill; sparsely pubescent and glandular, according to lam) must be ascribed to the age of the flowers. the calyx becomes glabrous, especially in its upper half, after the corolla has dropped off. lam furnished a description of the flower; merrill mentioned only its colour (purple). the fruit of this species was unknown to both authors. vitex curranii was correctly reduced to the synonymy of v. aherniana by merril.7 this species was based on the specimen curran 17463 from negros, philippines. the monotypic genus xerocarpa h. j. lam,s with x. avicenniaefoliola h. j. lam, was described after ledermann 9510, 9789, 9792, 10828, and 9667 from new guinea. its author included the genus in teijsmanniodendreae because of its capsular, non-dehiscent fruit and* separated if from the only other genus of that group, teijsmanniodendron, on account of the following features: (i) corolla-lobes narrow, four of which are nearly equal, (ii) five stamens, instead of four, (iii) inflorescence consisting of lax spikes. . as to the corolla-lobes, in teijsmanniodendron bogoriense the two lateral ones and the posterior one are also nearly equal. these lobes are ovate, but not so wide as pictured by koorders.9 figures 6 and 10 of his plate 2 give a better impression of the size of the flower parts, which i could study in living condition. the character of the lobes should not be considered as being of generic importance. 7 in philipp. j. sci. 20: 439. 1922; enum. philipp. fl. pi. 3: 394. 1923. 8 verben. malayan arch. 98. 1919: not xerocarpa spach hist. nat. veget. phaner. ": 583. 1840 = scaevola l. (goodeniaceae). a in ann. jard. bot. buitenzorg19: pi. 2 f.7. 1904. r e i n w ardt i a [vol. 1 as to the five stamens, in several flowers of t. ahernianum i observed that sometimes only four stamens were present with no trace of the fifth one. these four or five stamens are almost equal in length and inserted alternately with the petals. as the number of stamens is not constant in several genera of verbenaceae (petraea jacq., geunsia bl., callicarpa l., etc.) and as they may be didynamous or subequal in premna l., the number of stamens does not warrant the separation of xerocarpa from .teijsmanniodendron. when comparing the original descriptions of vitex aherniana with that of x. avicenniaefoliola, one will not discover any difference of importance but for the inflorescence, which is called a spike or panicle in xerocarpa and a cyme in v. aherniana. the inflorescences in the abundant material before me represent panicles, consisting of reduced cymes of sessile flowers. the description of the flowers of either species fits in perfectly, also as to dimensions and pubescence. the lower lip is indicated by lam as flat; in my specimens it is hollow. the number of stamens in v. aherniana is not mentioned by lam. although i did not see th"e type of x. avicenniaefoliola, i am convinced that it is conspecific with t. ahernianum. vitex bankae was described after the specimens teijsmarm s.n. and grashoff 36, collected in bangka. its author pointed out its relation with v. aherniana (= t. ahernianum), from which it was said to differ in its smaller calyx and the usually solitary peduncles of the inflorescence in its the leaf-axils. in the same paper vitex bogoriensis was described after specimens collected from a tree (no. xi.h.37) growing in the botanic garden at bogor (buitenzorg), imported from bangka. about the differences between these two last mentioned species of vitex, the author is rather vague (p. 61) ; according to the key the main difference should be the size of the terminal leaflet (10—31 x 4—13.5 cm in v. bogoriensis and 9.5—15.5 x 3—8 cm in v. bankae) and of its petiolule (1—4.7 cm in v. bogoriensis and 3—8.5 cm in v. bankae). it is already evident from these figures that it is impossible to separate the species in this way. the size of the leaflets is very variable (as in all other species of teijsmanniodendron), and material collected from the original tree of v. bogoriensis, which is still alive, shov/s a variation in length of the terminal leaflets from 6 to 35 cm. minor differences stated by lam are in the number of lateral nerves (10—16 in v. bogoriensis and 7—10 in v. bankae) and the pubescence of the branchlets (densely pilose in v. bogoriensis, glabrous in v. bankae). 1951] kostermans: on the genus teijsmanniodendron 87 comparison of abundant material made it clear that these differences, too, are not convincing. the number of flower-peduncles per leaf-axil cannot be used as a differential character either, in my opinion. according to lam's own statement the peduncles should be paired in v. bogoriensis and solitary in v. bankae, but in the four specimens of v. bankae he had at hand, one already had two peduncles per axil. the herbarium specimens of v. bogoriensis bear a note by bakhuizen van den brink, that he also considered it conspecific with v. bankae. curiously enough the flowers and fruit of v. bogoriensis were still unknown. all specimens had been collected after the corollas had dropped off. after observing the living tree in the botanic garden at bogor during a period of several months, i was lucky to find some full-grown flowers. the corollas drop within 12 hours after the buds open. the flowers are* dirty pale yellow, the tip of the petals is dirty pale violet, they are slightly concave with the hollow part below. the lip is cup-shaped with the hollow turned upward and distinctly unguiculate, its margin irregularly fringed ; it is thinner than the other petals and covers the stamens and pistillum until the last phase of anthesis. the five stamens are erect with stiff, rather thick, white filaments and black anthers. they are arranged in a whorl. the throat of the corolla is densely covered by long, white hairs. the pistil is white, slightly longer than the stamens with a short bifurcate pistil, the tips of which are curved outward and downward. it may now be safely assumed that v. bankae and v. bogoriensis both belong to t. ahernianum. the only difference with the flowers of the other specimens of the latter species which i have been able to find, is in the pubescence of the corolla and the calyx. in the specimens from bangka the calyx is more glabrous than that of specimens from elsewhere, whereas the corolla-lobes are glabrous; in typical t. ahernianum the four equal petals are appressed-pilose outside. the unopened corolla of the specimens from bangka shows the same kind of hairs. the calyx is slightsmaller, but this depends on its maturity. teijsmanniodendron ahernianum is known thus far from the philippines, bangka, new guinea, and the solomon islands. it is quite likely, *hat it has been collected already under a different name in intermediate regions. according to merrill the timber is very valuable, being exceedingly hard and taking an excellent finish. the sapwood is white, with a density 0.47; the heartwood is blackish brown. the specimen, collected by in bangka (kostermans 706) had yellowish sapwood and rather r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] kostermans: on the gevus teijsmanniodendron 89 hard and very dark heartwood. the dead bark is very thin (less than 1 mm) greyish and smooth; the living bark is about 6 mm thick, pale brown in cross-section. neither in bangka, nor in borneo, did the tree attain large dimensions. trees with a bole of 30 cm diameter and more are an exception there. specimens examined.-bangka: fl., teysmann s.n. w e s t b a n g k a . mt. menumbing, fl., teysmann s.n.; djebus, ster., local name kaju melak, teysmann 8« n o r t h b a n g k a . belinju, f l . , teysmann s.n. (toctotype f™™ ^ ^ 25 m, oct., fl., tree 20-25 m high, local name melak, grashoff * % ~ jf fr merrill f.b.1007. l u z o n . cagayan province: may, fl., ponce f.b.2 2u37 albay province: june, ster., curran f.b.10571. l e y t e. dagami aug., ±1., ft ramos b.sci. 15377. m i n d a n a o . surigao, july, fl., foxworthy, demeses & vulwmil f.b.1327u & 13536.-obi i. (moluccas). a. kasina, alt. 100 m, nov., ster tree 21 m high with clear bole of 16 m and 38 cm in diameter local name kaju tehe de haan 296 = bb. 23798. biak i.: sept., ster., tree 20 m high with cleazbole ot 10 m and 40 cm in diameter, local name asiowarris (bosnik language) van dyk53, = bb. 30726. new guinea. n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a hollandia subdivision: hill n of hollandia, alt. 50 m, july, fl., fr., tree.22 ui high with dear bote of 13 m and 33 cm in diameter, meyer drees 150 = bb. w solomon is. ysabel i.: tataba, alt. 50 m, jan., fl., flowers white, brass 3u1. guadalcanal i. soivorhio basin, alt. 200 m, febr., fr., fruit purple-green when ripe, tree 50 [.] m high, local name seupa, kajewsh 2715. c u l t i v a t e d . hortus bogonensis xi.h.37 (from bangka, type of vitex bogoriensis). 3. teijsmanniodendron bogoriense koorders teijsmanniodendron bogoriense koord. in ann. jard. bot. burtenzorg 19: 20 1904pilg in engl. & pr., nat. pflfam. nachtr. i l l zu teil. ii-iv, erganzhft 2. 308 a47 908; hall. f. in meded. rijks-herb. leiden no. 37: 55. 1918; lam, verben malayan arch! 97. 1919; bakh. in lam & bakh. in buh jard^bot. buxtenzorg iii 3: 29! 1921; beer & lam in blumea 2: 228. 1936; kaneh. & hatus. m bot. mag., tokyo 56: 115. 1942. 1 9 l g . vitex fldbeuiflora hall. f. in meded. rijks-herb. • leiden no. 3 k 50. 1918, lam in lam & bakh. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii 3: 58. 1921 teijsmanniodendron glabrum merr. in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15. 263. 18m». this was the species of the genus teijsmanniodendron described firstit was extensively treated by koorders. index kewensis (suppl. 1908) incorporated it at first in araliaceae, later (suppl. 1929) in verbenaceae. " a short description is given by pilger in engler & prantl's "die naturliche pflanzen-familien." hallier f. described a specimen from borneo. lam did not add new localities. bakhuizen van den brink, too, only mentioned borneo merrill10 reduced vitex merrillii h. j. lam" (type: femx 1590b, 10 in philipp. j. sci., bot. 11: 310. 1916. 11 verben. malayan arch. 212. 1919. mindanao) to v. longifolia merrill, transferring it at the same time to teijsmanniodendron (actual combination not made) and stating that it might not be distinct from t. bogoriense. in his "enumeration," however, merrill12 kept t. longifolium (merr.) merr. separate from t. bogoriense. i liad no access to the authentic specimen to form an opinion of myself in this matter. beer & lam enumerated as the localities known of t. bogoriense: borneo, ceram, ambon, and new guinea. kanehira & hatusima mentioned a specimen from new guinea. teijsmanniodendron bogoriense was described originally from a couple of trees of unknown origin, growing in the botanic garden at bogor (buitenzorg). these trees have since disappeared, but have been replaced by two other ones, grown from seed derived from the original tree. they are in the prime of their growth nowadays (no. xi.g. 82) and bloom and fruit profusely. additional collections of wild growing trees make it acceptable that the original material was imported from new guinea, perhaps from andai near manokwari (geelvink bay), where teysmann collected seeds and where the species is very common. vitex flabelliflora, described after the specimen jaheri 1539 from borneo, which specimen is represented in herbarium bogoriense, was reduced to t. bogoriense by bakhuizen van den brink (identification on herbarium labels). i agree with bakhuizen van den brink, that the two are conspecific. teijsmanniodendron glabrum was published and described after the specimens elmer 21616 and 21320 (type) from tawao, colony of north borneo. merrill gave as differential characters as compared with t. bogoriense, the glabrous or neai'ly glabrous inflorescences and the smaller fruit. in the material, enumerated below, glabrous inflorescences are not uncommon (specimens from celebes). merrill's specimens are rather small-leaved ones, such as are found also among the numerous other collections. consequently bakhuizen van den brink reduced this species to the rank of a variety of t. bogoriense, as may be found indicated on herbarium labels in herbarium bogoriense. i myself am of the opinion that the difference in pubescense does not even has varietal merit and i suggest, therefore, to refer this species to t. bogoriense as a straight synonym. thus far the species has not been recorded from the philippines. i strongly doubt, however, whether t. longifolium merr. is a separate species. in case it is conspecific with t. bogoriense, the distribution of tbogoriense completely covers the central and eastern parts of the 12 enum. philipp. fl. pi. 3: 398. 1923. 90 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] kostermans: on the genus teijsmanniodendron 91 unknown, too, from the malay peninsula,malay archipelago. it is sumatra and bangka. the trunk of t. bogoriense is either devoid of buttresses (on dry soil) or the latter are well-developed (in marshy soil: borneo!). the dead bark is about 1 mm thick, greyish; the living bark is about 10 mm thick, white or yellowish. the sapwood is white to yellowish; it has a density of 0.46 on an average (between 0.49 and 0.43) ; the durability is low (class v) ; the strength little (class iii). heartwood is rarely present; it is dark yellow. '. . s p e c i m e n s e x a m i n e d : — b o r n e o . c o l o n y o f n o r t h b o r n e o . e l p h i n stone province, tawao, fl., elmer 21320 {type of teijsmanniodendron glabrum), fr., elmer 21616; sandakan, fresh water swamp, july, fl., flowers whitish green, matusop b.n.b.f.s.7417 (s). s a r a w a k . ivth. division: mt. dulit (ulu tinjar), near long kapa, alt. 800 m, febr., fl., tree of 19 m, richards 2570. w e s t b o r n e o . sg. landak, ster., teysmann s.n.; liang gagang, fr., hallier b.s0s2; sg. talut, penikem, fl., jaheri 15-39 (exped. nieuwenhuis; type of vitex flabelliflora). s o u t h b o r n e o . sampit subdivision: sg. sampur, terantang, nov., fl., fr., flowers rose-red, fragrant, fruits green, tree 15 m high with clear bole of 12 m and 35 cm in diameter, local name saluang, ramlie 6 = bb. 139u. lower dajak subdivision: kahajan, muara nusa, febr., fl., flowers purplish white, fragrant, tree 5 m high and bole of 40 cm in diameter, local name gragai, sevieroe 17 = bb. 2105. puruktjau subdivision: muara djaan, alt. 100 m, oct., ster, tree 26 m high with clear bole of 18 m and 40 cm in diameter, local name bulunasu, atjil 85 = bb. 10504. e a s t ' b o r n e o . beraii subdivision: betemuair, alt. 5 m, may, ster., tree with bole of 14 m high and 40 cm in diameter, local name manuk-manuk, van der zwaan 1085 bb. 19044; longlanuk, alt. 100 m, april, ster., tree 24 m high with clear bole of 14 m and 42 cm in diameter, local name gading batu (gading — ivory; batu = stone), van der zwaan 772 = bb. 18518. west kutei subdivision: sg. kelesan, djembajan, alt. 6 m, june, ster., tree 30 m high with clear bole of 8 m and 75 cm in diameter, local name mara beliung, pankeij 41 = bb. 25135. east kutei subdivision: sangkulirang, gunung sungeitapianlobang, alt. 40 m, june, ster., tree 12 m high with clear bole of 10 m and 24 cm in diameter, local name langsat behuang, abdulhamid 70 = 66. .zs5s0.— celebes. gorontalo subdivision: tuloa, alt. 75 m, febr., fr., fruits pale red, greenish red when older, fetid, bitter, tree 26 m high with clear bole of 15 m and 35 cm in diameter, local name polajopo, monoarfa 1 = bb. 13677. poso subdivision: poso, alt. 50 m, dec, ster.. tree 26 m high with clear bole of 16 m and 48 cm in diameter, local name pongoli, laleno 39 = bb. 19434. makassar subdivision: pankadjene, f l , teysmann 11785 hb. masamba subdivision: kawanga, alt. 300 m, march, f r , tree 15 m high with clear bole of 7 m and 35 cm in diameter, tobing e264 = bb. 24197. malih buddivision: malili r, alt. 0 m, nov., f l , f r , flowers pale violet with blue lower up, tree 10 m high, kjellberg 2746; kawata, tolitoli, march, f l , local name .tompua molaba (molaba = white), waturanduny 323 = cel/v-244, alt. 200 m, fr., tre • 20 m high with clear bole of 8 m and 36 cm diameter, local name tompirapuw (puti = white), waturandang 260 = ceuv-244. ceram. west ceram subdivisionwest nari alt 0—100 m, febr, f l , flpwers white to blue-white, upper hp pale blue, tree 10 m high, rutten 2066; west kawa, alt. 0—100 m, nov., f l , flowers blue-white, tree 10 m high, rutten 1898. wahai subdivision: ninama, between pasahari and kaloa, alt. 20 m, dec, f l , flowers pale purple, tree 7 m high, komassi 743; roho, alt. 100—200 m, nov., f l , flowers blue, tree 10 m high, komassi 497.— amboina. hatu, hatupotue, alt. 150 m, dec, ster, tree 15 m high with clear bole of 7 m and 50 cm in diameter, local name gandarusa putih, huka 18 = bb. 14274.— japen. i: alt. 700 m, july, ster, tree 8 m high with clear bole of 4 m and 18 cm in diameter, local name kumang (ambai language), van dijk 69 = bb. 30294, alt. 350 m, aug., ster, tree 13 m high with clear bole of 7 m and 20 cm in dameter, local name ampinoi (ambai language), van dijk 277 = 66.30498, alt. 350 m, aug., ster, tree 18 m high with clear bole of 12 m and 38 cm in diameter, same local name, van dijk 290 = 66. 30.111, alt. 350 m, aug., ster, tree 18 m high with clear bole of 12 m and 30 cm in diameter, local name ampinoi (menawi language), van dijk 308 = 66. 30529, alt. 350 m, aug., ster, tree 17 m high with clear bole of 10 m and 30 cm in diameter, local name ampinoi (ambai language), van dijk 314 = 66. 30535, alt. 350 m, aug., ster, tree 19 m high with clear bole of 12 m and 30 cm in diameter, local name wanu (menawi language), van dijk 325 = bb. 30545, alt. 250 m, sept, ster, tree 16 m high with clear bole of 12 m and 27 cm in diameter, local name raenggapi, van dijk 464 = bb. 30662; mariattu, alt. 370 m, aug., ster, tree 21 m high with clear bole of 14 m and 62 cm in diameter, local name pirok (ambai language), van dijk 210 = bb. 30431; watibu, alt. 300 m, july, ster, tree 16 m high with clear bole of 7 m and 40 cm in diameter, local name aniai (mentenbu language) or kauba (ambai language), van dijk 11 = bb. 30237. — biak i.: alt. 50 m, sept, ster, tree 19 m high with clear bole of 13 m and 42 cm in diameter, local name keram (bosnik language), van dijk 563 = bb. 30749. — new guinea. n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a . manokwari subdivision: woosi, alt. 25 m, sept, ster, tree 25 m high with clear bole of 10 m and 35 cm in diameter, local name insune (nomfur language), tetelepta 21 = 66. 15905; momi, alt. 10 m, aug., ster, tree 25 m high with clear bole of 15 m and 40 cm in diameter, local name kossijdzj (manikiong language), kostermans 180 = 66. 33398, alt. 10 m, aug., fl, tree 23 m high with clear bole of 12 m and 40 cm in diameter, kostermans 215 = bb. 33423, alt. 10 m, aug., f l , tree 15 m high with clear bole of 5 m and 30 cm in diameter, kostermans 312 = bb. 33499; ransiki, alt. 10 m, july, ster, tree 22. m high with clear bole of 11 m and 40 cm in diameter, local name kesoi (atam language), soehanda & ilham 38 = bb. 33285; ransiki, warsui, alt. 10 m, july, f r , tree 23 m high with clear bole of 16 m and 50 cm in diameter, local name besoh (atam language), ilham 6" = 66. 33255; warnapi, alt. 10 m, july, f r , tree 20 m high with clear bole of 8 m and 40 cm in diameter, kostermans 2724 = 66.33671; sennen, 40 km inward of nabire, alt. 300 m, may, f r , fruits reddish purple, tree 6 m high, kanehira & hatnsima 12405. hollandia subdivision: oloefle depapre, alt. 2 m, nov., ster, tree 14 m high with clear bole of 4 m and 46 cm in diameter, local name kamadin (depapre °f tanahmerah dialect), malessy 1 = bb. 14560; mamberamo region, pionier-bivak, alt. 30 m, oct., ster, tree 20 m high with clear bole of 12 m and 40 cm in diameter, wai name kotar (kaowerawetj language), van eechoud 10 = bb. 31074, alt. 30 m, nov., ster, tree 20 m high with clear bole of 8 m and 35 cm in diamete-r, local name etak (kaowerawetj language), van eechoud 63 — bb. 31125. a u s t r a l i a n n e w g u i n e a . papua, central division, dieni, onongo road, alt. 500 m, apr.—may, f l , tree 30 m high with grey lenticellate bark, peduncles, pedicels and calyx whitish, 92 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] kostermans: on the genus teijsmanniodendron 93 corolla violet, brass 3837; borabere, alt. 200 m, nov., fl., tree 14 m high, local name wena dahita, brass 723. — cultivated. hortus bogoriensis, oct., fl., jan., fl., xi.g.s2, fl., koorders 427 54 j) (collected from daughter trees of 78 & 78a, the type). 4. teijsmanniodendron pteropodum (miquel) bakhuizen van den brink vitex pteropoda miq., fl. ind. bat., suppl. • sumatra 242 & 567. 1862; gamble in king & gamble in j. as. soc. bengal 74: 851. 1909; lam, verben. malayan arch. 170. 1919; ridley, fl. mai. pen. 2: 633. 1923. — teijsmanniodendron pteropodum (miq.) bakh. in lam & bakh. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii 3: 29. 1921; merr., enum. philipp. fl. pl 3: 398. 1923; in univ. calif. publ. bot, 15: 262. 1929.. vitex philippinensis merr. in but. forestry, manila, bull. 1: 52. 1903. vitex peralata king in kew bull. 1908: 112. vitex koordersii h. j. lam in lam & bakh. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii 3: 64. 1921. vitex pteropoda was rather superficially described after specimens collected in sumatra (palembang, on dangku lematang, local name sepungang, teijsmann s.n.). gamble mentioned some specimens from the malay peninsula. he called the fruit a drupe. lam accepted the species and expressed as his opinion that vitex peralata (original specimens wray 2029, 2254, and 2305 from perak, king's collector 2064, 6187, 6874, and 8299, from larut) might be conspecific with it, but as lam had no access to these specimens, a difinite conclusion in this matter was postponed. bakhuizen van den brink transferred the species to teijsmanniodendron. adding as synonyms vitex peralata and v. philippinensis (type.: f.s. 387, mindanao, zamboanga province, taganaan, march, flowering, local name buli-cahoy) and giving an extensive description. the combination under teijsmanniodendron was accepted by merrill (1923), together with the synonyms enumerated by bakhuizen van den brink. ridley, apparently unaware of this transfer, still retained the name vitex pteropoda and copied verbatim its differences with vitex peralata from gamble's publication. merrill (1929) cited a specimen from the philippines. the distribution of this species consequently covers now the philippines, the malay peninsula, borneo, sumatra, and bangka. vitex koordersii was described after the specimens jaheri s.n. from borneo, buurman van vrede 158, and koorders 10483 (expedition ljzerman) from sumatra. these specimens are all sterile and differ from t. pteropodum in their very narrowly lanceolate, sometimes almost linear leaflets. as • is evident from the accompanying labels, they have been collected from young trees and, accordingly represent, in my opinion, only youthforms of t. pteropodum. a note on the sheet of the type of vitex koordersii by bakhuizen van den brink indicates that he was of the same opinion. a specimen (ridley 6752a) from singapore is more or less intermediate, whereas the specimen corner s.n., from bukit kajang, kemaman, collected from a shrub 1 m high, is exactly like the original, specimens of v. koordersii. teijsmanniodendron pteropodum is cultivated in the botanic garden, bogor (no. xi.k.9). dissection of the living fruit revealed that they are built along the same principle as those of t. bogoriense koord. the jellylike, clear substance which fills the central part of the cotyledons in early stages, disappears later than in t. bogoriense. in the latter it has disappeared in a fruit of 4 cm long, in t. pteropodum it was found to be still present in a fruit of 5 cm length. the fruit is deeply furrowed outside. the flowers are pale blue-violet, almost white, the lower lip, however, being darker with yellow base inside. the anthers are dark violet. the wood contains particles (called ma-ing in borneo) which cause itching and skin eruptions. for this reason the wood is not cut. the trees usually have large buttresses which continue upwards as ridges on the bole. the dead bark is grey, smooth, and very thin; the living bark may be up to 15 mm thick, and is yellow and often has a disagreeable smell. the sapwood is yellow, gradually merging into the dark yellow heartwood; the density of the sapwood varies from 0.55 to 0.37 (on an average 0.48); it is not strong (class iii/iv) and not durable (class v). specimens examined. — mala*y peninsula. k e d a h . sg. terap, selama, low alt., may, fr., henderson s.f. 35439 (bg, s). p e n a n g. ayer hitam, may, fr., ridley 258o'-(s), t r e n g g a n u . kemaman, bukit kajang, nov., ster., corner s.n. (s). p a h a n g . kota tongkat, july, fl., evans s.f.13173 (s). jo ho r e . sg. tebrau, aug., fl., flowers blue, ridley s.f. 13493 (s); 2nd. mile, kota ting'gi-mawai road, april, fl., corner s.f.32771; sg. sedili, low alt., aug., fr., comer s.f.2-1980 (s), july, fl., corner s.n. (s). s i n g a p o r e . chua chakang-, ster., ridley 6752a (s). p. d a m a r : fr., max 6752 (s). l o c a l i t y n o t i n d i c a t e d : cantley's collector 2092 (s). — p. simeulufi (p. simalur) : march, fl., flowers white with pale blue spot, bole 13 m high, local name tjempana, achmad 1013, april, fl., fr., fruit green, bole 14 m high, local name tjempana pajo, achmad 10.74; tapah, dec, fl., flowers pale blue, bole 17 m high, local name sipanuh-pajo, achmad 1545, febr., fl., flowers pale blue with brown spot, bole 15 m high, local name sipanuh-alafai, achmad 1702. — sumatra. a t j e h . singkil subdivision: near semardua, alt. 50 m, sept., ster., tree 20 m high with clear bole of 12 m and 42 cm in diameter, thabranie 74 = bb. 12809. e a s t c o a s t . asahan subdivision: tandjongpasir, fl., yates 2553. t a p a n u 1 i. sibolga subdivision: near barussambung, alt. 0 m, nov., ster., tree 30 m high with clear bole of 10 m and 54 cm in diameter, local name djandjung bukit (toba-batak language), de haan 881 = bb. 29567. b e n g k a 1 i s. kampar r., langgam, march, ster., koorders 1048 p (exp. ijzerman) ; rawang 94 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 sigati, local name punggung, ster., koorders 10483 ft (exp. ijzerman). i n d e r ag i r i. upper inderagiri subdivision: near muaraserangge, alt. 75 m, sept., ster., tree 30 m high with clear bole of 20 m and 48 cm in diameter, local name tanggunan, buwalda 648 = bb. 30056. p . a l e m b a n g : febr., fl., fr., endert e.828; menduduan forest, febr., ster., buurman van vrede s.n. (type of vitex koordersii). lematang-hilir subdivision: near gunungmegang, alt. 75 m, nov., ster., tree 24 m high with clear bole of 12 m and 61 cm in diameter, local name sepunggung, van der zwaan s.n. = t. 3 p. 825; lematang r., dangku, ster., local name sepungang, teysmann 3680 hb. banjuasin & kubu lands subdivision: near bajunglentjir, alt. 15 m, j u n e , fl., flowers purple, tree 27 m high with 17 m clear bole and 57 cm in diameter, dorst s.n. = t.i p.728. — p h i l i p p i n e s . l e y t e. palo, jan., fl., elmer 7096. m i n d a n a o . district of davao, aug., fr., fenix b.s. 1326. surigao province: aug., fl., wenzel 3163; mt. cantugas, march, fl., ramos & convocar b.s.83466.— borneo. c o l o n y o f n o r t h b o r n e o . elphinstone province, tawao, fl., elmer 2169$ (bg, s ) ; mt. kinabalu, koang, alt, 500 m. may, fl., carr s.f. 24-256 (s). e a s t b o r n e o . west kutai subdivision: l. petak, alt. 450 m, oct., fl., tree 18—20 m high and 35—60 cm i n diameter, endert u717, nov., ster., endert 3333. l o c a l i t y n o t i n d i c a t e d : ster., jaheri s.n. (syntype of vitex koordersii), fl., beccari 429. — cultivated. hortus bogoriensis, apr. & oct., fl., xi.k. 9. var. auriculatum kostermans, var. nov. ab varietatis typica petiolo basi auriculato differt. type.—abdulhamid 47. = bb.12563. in herbarium bogoriense there are some specimens from borneo bearing the manuscript name teijsmanniodendron auriculatum bakh. the leaves of these specimens, which are all sterile, differ from t. pteropodum in the small wings (auricles) at the base of the petioles. in the specimen bb. 14752 these auricles are even absent. in other respects the leaves are not different from those of t. pteropodum. as in the latter species the dimensions of the wings of the petiole vary considerably (in the specimen corner s.f. 32771, the wing reaches only half way the petiole) and in the specimens mentioned below, traces of the remainder of the wings are sometimes found as small ridges along the petiole, or as narrow winglets near the top of the petiole, i do not dare to describe these specimens as representing a new species, but will call them by the above name, until supplementary material becomes available. specimens examined. — borneo. e a s t b o r n e o . beraii subdivision: betemuair, alt. 50 m, may, ster., tree 25 m high with clear bole of 19 m and 45 em in diameter, local name rarak gunung, van der zwaan 954 = bb. 18932, ster., tree 20 m high with clear bole of 12 m and 40 cm in diameter, local name lapak gari, van der zwaan-961 = bb. 18939; longlanuh, alt. 300 m, april, ster., tree 17 m high with clear bole of 13 m and 40 cm in diameter, van der zwaan 810 = bb.18550. eastkutei subdivision: sangkulirang, gunung sungeitapianlobang, alt. 30 m, june, ster., tree 12 m high with clear bole of 10 m and 35 cm in diameter, local name kaju gedang 1951] kostermans: on the genus teijsmanniodendron 95 (bassap-dyak language), abdulhamid 47 = bb.12563; manubar, takat, alt. 15 m nov., ster., tree 22 m high with clear bole of 18 m and 45 cm in diameter, local name ingkuh-ingkuh, abdulhamid 115 = bb. 14752. 5. teijsmanniodendron species folioles obovate-oblong, 8—9 cm long-, 3—10 cm wide, thinly coriaceous with obtusely and shortly acute apex and acute or cuneate base; upper surface glabrous except midrib, smooth, dull grey in dried condition, the midrib slightly impressed, the lateral nerves hardly visible; lower surface densely rusty-pilose, the midrib strongly prominent, the 4—7 pairs of lateral nerves arcuate, prominent; secondary veins rather few, laxly reticulate; veinlets slightly visible, densely reticulaie. petiolule carinate above. flowers and fruits unknown. the dead bark is smooth, grey, 0,5 mm thick; the living bark is 7 mm thick, light yellow in cross-section. the sapwood is white, heartwood is lacking. differs from the other species of this section in the dense rusty tomentum of the lower leaf-surface. to my belief it represents a new species. without flowers or fruit being available i refrain, however, from describing it formally. the articulations are very conspicuous. specimens examined. — borneo. s o u t h b o r n e o . puruktjaii subdivision: near m a t a r a djaan, 100 m alt., oct., ster., r a r e , local name kohokontak (siengmurungdyak language), lot obi 75 = bb. 10495. sect. ii. unifoliolatae kostermans, sect. nov. (species 6—13) folia 1-foliolata. type species. — teijsmanniodendron hollrungii (warb.) kosterm. 6. teijsmanniodendron smilacifolium (h. h. w. pearson) kostermans, comb. nov. vitex smilacifolia h. h. w. pearson in kew bull. 1907: 159 (basinym of new combination); lam, verben. malayan arch. 175. 1919. this species was described after the specimens beccari 1097 and 1137 from borneo. lam gave a description based on the specimen hallier b. 219 from borneo, cited below, it is the only specimen of this species present in herbarium bogoriense. the species is very close to t. simplicif olium merr., from which it differs mainly in its larger leaves, the stout inflorescences, and the pedicelled flowers. it is quite possible that it represents only a luxuriously developed specimen of t. simplicifolium. merrill13 al~ 13 in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 264. 1929. 96 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 ready pointed out that, but for the fruit, the latter species would bey out in the group with vitex smilacifolia. specimen examined. — borneo. w e s t b o r n e o . kapuas r., above sukalanting, sept., fl., flowers pale blue, hallier b.219. 7. teijsmanniodendron simplicifolium merrill teijsmanniodendron simplicifolium merr. in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 263. 1929. merrill described this species after the specimens elmer 21837 (type) and 21618 from borneo, stating that it was the first teijsmanniodendron with unifoliolate leaves and that but for the fruit characters he would have placed it among the simple-leaved species of vitex in the group with vitex smilacifolia h. h. w. pears. this species is close to t. smilacifolium (h. h. w. pears.) kosterm. and to t. holophyllum (bak.) kosterm. from the latter it may be easily separated by its few (three, rarely four) pairs of lateral nerves and its slender inflorescences, the tiny broadly campanulate (not urceolate) calyces with erect teeth, and the almost sessile flowers. the flowers and young branchlets are glabrous. from t. smilacifolium it differs in its sessile flowers and more slender inflorescences. in the shape of the calyx it agrees with t. subspicatum (hall, f.) kosterm., which also has sessile flowers and erect calyx-teeth; the branchlets are also glabrous in the latter species. the shape of the leaf, however, is different, the base in t. subspicatum being rounded, not acute, the lateral nerves more numerous. moreover, the inflorescences are not slender and the flowers slightly larger. the bole has small or large buttresses; its bark is rather smooth and greyish; the sapwood is about 2 cm thick and of almost the same colour as the brownish yellow heartwood (endert). the very fragrant flowers are pale yellow or white; the lower lip has a dark yellow spot at the base inside; the tube has blue-purple longitudinal stripes; the calyx is yellow; the anthers are dark purple (endert). note.—two specimens (bb. 11204 and bb. 19034), collected in east borneo, beraii subdivision, near salimbatu and betemuan respectively, differ from t. simplicifolium in the densely ferrugineous-hirsute pubescence of the petioles and the apical part of the branchlets. as no flowers or fruits are available and the plant is very close to t. simplicifolium, these specimens, although perhaps representing a new species, are not described here more fully. 1951] kostermans: on the genus teijsmanniodendron 97 specimens examined. — sumatra. i n d e r a g i r i . upper inderagiri subdivision: near keritang, alt. 40 m, july, ster., tree 19 m high with clear bole of 9 m and 35 cm in diameter, local name anggal, buwalda u31 = bb. 2865k. — borneo. c ol o n y of n o r t h b o r n e o . elphinstone province, tawao, fl., elmer si618 & 21837 {type). s a r a w a k . ivth division: mt. dulit (ulu tinjar), near long kapa, alt. 600 m, feb., fl., corolla white, yellow spot on lip, fragrant, local name ubah sirih, richards 2568. w e s t b o r n e o . tajan subdivision: near sg. tebede, june, ster., tree 16 m high with clear bole of 11 m and 25 cm in diameter, local name butun, frijd 19 =: bb. 1356k. e a s t b o r n e o . bulungan subdivision: sg. bengalun, near kabinsaran, alt. 150 m, july, ster., tree 22 m high with clear bole of 14 m and 40 cm in diameter, local name kaju gading, van der zwaan s19 = bb. 1167k. west kutei subdivision: near petak, alt. 700 m, rare tree, 18 m high and deeply furrowed trunk 40 cm in diameter, highly buttressed, sept., fl., endert 3287; near keuwul, alt. 1200 m, tree 8 m high, sept., fl., endert 3625. 8. teijsmanniodendron holophyllum (baker) kostermans, jsomb. nov. — fig. 4. vitex holophylla bak. in kew bull. 1896: 25 (basinym of new combination); gamble in king & gamble in j. as. soc. bengal 74: 844. 1909; lam, verben. malayan arch. 176. 1919. this species was described after the specimens greagh s.n, and hugh low s.n. from sandakan, borneo. gamble enumerated in addition ridley 4031 from johore and beccari 1111 from sarawak. vitex holophylla was originally maintained by lam with the distribution johore (malay peninsula) and borneo, but later on he incorporated it in v.hollrungii warb., although with some doubt.14 none of the original specimens have been at my disposal. clarke's description deviates slightly from the specimens examined in the branchlets which should be glabrous. this condition is represented in a specimen from borneo (jaheri s.n.), whereas in the specimen henderson s.f. 20408 they are slightly pubescent and in the specimen lake and kelsall s.f. 4031, both from the malay peninsula, they are conspicuously hirsute. the same may be said about the hairiness of the lower leaf-surface. in the specimen henderson s.f. 20408 only the young leaves bear a tomenturn, the older ones are completely glabrous. usually the leaves are slightly bullate. the sterile specimen bb. 12144 from borneo has the same leaves and tomentum as the specimen lake & kelsall s. f. 4031 from the malay peninsula. the inflorescences of the flowering specimens, although varying considerably in size, have the same appearance; as a rule they possess two lateral and almost opposite, spreading branches near the basal part 14 lam in lam & bakh. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii 3: 52. 1921. 98 reinwardtia [vol. 1 fig, 4 1951] kostermans: on the genus teijsmanniodendron 99 of the peduncle. in the specimen from the malay peninsula they are hirsute, in the specimen from borneo, collected by jaheri, they are almost glabrous; in the other specimens cited, the pilosity is intermediate between the two mentioned above. the petioles may differ considerably in size in the same specimen (2—6 cm). specimens examined. — malay p e n i n s u l a . j o h o r e. sg. kahang, fl., lake & kelsall s.f. 4031 (s). anambas i s . p. djemada: above letang, alt. 70 m, april, fl., shrub in secondary growth, henderson sjf. 20408.— borneo. e a s t b o r n e o . beraii subdivision: i n a r a n , alt. 100 m, oct., ster., tree 25 m high with clear bole of 19 m and 43 cm in diameter, van der zwaan 609 — bb. 12144 (perhaps not typical). l o c a l i t y n o t i n d i c a t e d : f 1., jaheri s.n. d. teijsmanniodendron subspicatunt (hallier f.) kostermans, comb. nov. vitex subspicata hall. f. in meded. rijks-herb. leiden no. 37: 52. 1918 (basi|mym of new combination) ; lam, verben. malayan arch.. 177. 1919. this species was described after the specimens forbes 3204, from ifsumatra, hallier b. 1064 & b. 1122 from sambas r, borneo, and korthals s.n. from southern borneo. no type specimen was designated. i select hallier b. 1064 as such. hallier stated the differential characters of this species and its closest relation vitex (= teijsmanniodendron) hollrungii warb., as follows: "foliorum articulatione valde tumida, nervis subtus valde prominentibus internerviisque subbullatis, paniculae ramis subspicatis." these characters are indeed insufficient to separate the two species and consequently lam separated them on the strength of the difference in the size of the fruit (see his key, p. 166). afterwards he included vitex subspicata in v. hollrungii, although hesitatingly.15 he stressed the more gradually acuminate apex of the leaves in v. subspicata. the specimens, cited below, differ from t. hollrungii (warb.) kosterm. in the glabrous, or almost glabrous, inflorescences, and in the presence of the numerous tiny holes (glands) on the lower leaf-surface. i consider the latter character, which characterises t. hollrungii, of sufficient importance to keep t. subspicatum as a distinct species. the • species comes very close to t. sarawakanum (bak.) kosterm. the scanty 15 lam in lam & bakh. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii 3: 52. 1921. explanation op figure 4 pig. 4. teijsmanniodendron holophyllum (bak.) kosterm.: a, flowering branch, x 0.6; b, fruiting branch, x 0.6; c, flower, x 2.6; d, calyx after anthesis, x 1.8; e, inside of corolla, x 2.6; /, ovary, x 2.6; g and h, anther, x 2.6; j, ripe fruit, about natural ,size. — drawings made after jaheri s.n. from borneo. 100 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] kostermans: on the genusteijsmanniodendron 101 material is not sufficient to decide conclusively whether these two are perhaps conspecific. the flowers have blue or pale bluish purple corolla lobes (darker inside) ; the lower lip has a yellow band with white hairs; tube and calyx are dark red-purple; style and filaments are white, pale blue at the base; the anthers are almost black. specimens examined. — sumatra. l o c a l i t y n o t i n d i c a t e d : fr., forbes 3204 (s). — borneo. w e s t b o r n e o . sg. sambas, nov., fl., hallier b.1064 (lectotype) ; terussan between sg. sambas and lesser sg\ sambas, hallier b. 1122. e a s t b o r n e o . west kutei subdivision: near hoet, alt. 130—150 m, r a t h e r common, small tree, aug., fl., endert 2819, aug., fl., fr., endert 2529, nov., fl., fr., endert 4746. 10. teijsmanniodendron sarawakanum (h. h. w. pearson) kostermans, comb. nov. — fig. 5. vitex sarawakana h. h. w. pears, in kew bull. 1907: 60 (basinym of new combination). vitex tetragona hall. f. in meded. rijks-herb. leiden no. 37: 53. 1918; lam, verben. malayan arch. 202. 1919. vitex sarawakana was described after the specimens beccari 2280, 2506, and 2851 from sarawak, borneo. none of them were examined by me. a sterile branch (clemens 21826) collected in sarawak, fits in with pearson's description but for the larger leaves; this difference may be ascribed to the fact, that the specimen was collected from a young tree. in comparing pearson's description with the diagnosis of vitex tetragona and with the material of the latter species (the type of which is represented in herbarium bogoriense), i could not find sufficient differential characters to keep the two species separate. the leaf-base of v. sarawakana is indicated as rotundate or subcuneate, whereas in the specimens examined the bases are as a rule acute. hallier's species was described after the specimen amdjah 955 from borneo. according to hallier it comes close to v. subspicata, differing by thinner and shorter, tetragonous branchlets, smaller leaves, and alternating axillary panicles. lam, who put much stress on the position of the inflorescences in vitex put v. tetragona in the subsection axillares briq. whereas v. subspicata was incorporated in the subsection terminates briq. and keyed them out • accordingly. explanation op figure 5 pig. 5. teijsmanniodendron sarawakanum (h. h. w. pears.) kosterm.: a, flowering branch, about natural size; b, top of leaf, about natural size; c, flower, x 7; cl. inside of flower, x 7; e, stamens, x 30; /, fruit, x 2. — drawings made after amdjah 955. fig. 5 102 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 the type already mentioned of v. tetragona, as represented in herbarium bogoriense, has the smallest leaves of all specimens (up to 19 cm long). it has very poorly developed penultimate inflorescences (up to 5 cm). the specimen clemens 21825 has leaves up to 29 cm long with the same characteristic, very long and gradually narrowed acumen as is found in the type. the number of lateral nerves, their position, the intramarginal nerve, the texture of the leaves and their shape, exactly match hallier's type. the inflorescences are better developed in clemens' specimen; they are terminal (up to five) and lateral (one) per axil, usually very shortly branched, and narrow, up to 15 cm long, glabrous except for the pedicels and the flowers. the flowers are up to 10 mm long. the specimen beumee a. 494 from sumatra has undeveloped penultimate inflorescences, 6 cm long. the flowers match those of the type of v. tetragona. the leaves are up to 42 cm long, with up to 14 pairs of lateral nerves; in some leaves the intramarginal vein is very conspicuous. although there are slight differences in the number of lateral nerves and the size of the leaves, all the specimens mentioned above belong to the same species in my opinion. the specimen daud & tachun 36053 has fully developed inflorescences, which may be up to 17 cm long; the peduncles and the branchlets are slender and broadened and flattened conspicuously at the ramifications. the shape of the calyx and the indumentum do not differ from those of the type of v. tetragona. the leaves possess strongly developed articulations; the upper nerves are connected by loops. the ripe calyx is 8 mm high and up to 12 mm in diameter, its margin is entire (daud & tachun 36068). the fruit is almost globular, up to 18 m in diameter (daud & tachun 35638) and one-seeded by abortion. a specimen from cochinchina, from a region quite outside the distribution-area of the other specimens, has leaves which are smoother than those of the typical ones. as i could find no differences in other respects, i provisionally, accept it as belonging to this species. specimens examined.— ?indochina. south cochinchina: mt. dinh at baria, march, 11., fr., local name cam-tao or kum-tao (annamite language), pierre 37. —• sumatra. e a s t c o a s t . langkat divison: serangan r., alt. 100 m, april, fl.> beumee aiw.— borneo. s a r a w a k . upper rejang r., gat, small tree, flowers purple, juvenile, clemens 21825 & 21826; sg. sama, aug., fl., flowers green, daud & tachun 36052 (s) ; nanga pelagos, july, young fruit, daud & tachun 35638 (s); sg. senyarek, aug., fr., daud & tachun 36068 (s). e a s t b o r n e o . bulungan subdivision: pembeliangan, nov., in bud, amdjah 955 (type of v. tetragona). 1951] kostbrmans: on the genus teijsmanniodendron 103 11. teijsmanniodendron novoguineense (kanehira & hatusima) kostermans, comb. nov. vitex novoguineensis kaneh. & hat. in bot. mag., tokyo 56: 116 /. 8. 1942 (basinym of new combination). vitex novoguineensis was described after the specimen kanehira & hatusima 12578 from new guinea and cited below. the species is very close to t. hollrungii (warb.) kosterm., but can easily be distinguished from the latter by the absence of the numerous holes (glands) of the lower leaf-surface and by the fewer lateral nerves. in addition, the leaves are less rigid. on the duplicate of the type, deposited in herbarium bogoriense, hatusima already made a note in 1943, that v. novoguineensis belongs to the genus teijsmam.niodendron. although the fruit is still unknown, the close resemblance of this species to t. subspicatum (hall, f.) kosterm. and t. hollrungii leaves, in my opinion, little doubt that it properly belongs in the present genus. the species seems to be rather rare, as, besides the type, i found only one other specimen in herbarium bogoriense (thomson s.n.). it differs from the type in its larger, paniculate inflorescence (20—30 cm) which is densely tomentose (more laxly so on the peduncles), and the larger flowers. i consider it, however, conspecific, as the leaves are identical and the type has a poorly developed inflorescence, which even shows the same pubescence in some parts; calyx and corolla are of the same shape, the ovary in both species has the same indumentum. * s p e c i m e n s examined. — n e w g u i n e a . n e t h e r l a n d s n e w g u i n e a . geelvink b a y , " a y e r j a t " n e a r n a b i r e , fl., kanehira & hatusima 12578; m a m b e r a m o r-, p i o n i e r b i v a k , fl., s e p t . , thomson s.n. nov. 12. teijsmanniodendron hollrungii (warburg) kostermans, comb. vitex simplicifolia clarke in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 4: 586. 1885; not vitex simplicifolia oliver 1875. vitex hollrungii warb. in engl. bot. jb. 18: 208. 1894 (basin'ym of new. combination); hall. f. in meded. rijks-herb. leiden no. 37: 51. 1918; lam, verben. malayan arch. 179. 1919; white in j. arnold arb. 31: 113. 1950. vitex clarkeana gamble in king & gamble in 3. as. soc. bengal 74: 845. 1908. teysmanniodendron monophyllum kurata in bull. tokyo univ. forests 35: 203te*pl. 2. 1947. the description of vitex hollrungii was based on the specimen holljmg 377, from former german new guinea, cited below. of this number sheet is avialablesheet is available in herbarium bogoriense, representing a fruiting 104 j i e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 the species is very widely distributed, occurring from the malay peninsula to new guinea. from the labels one gathers that it prefers marshy banks of rivers. it may be either shrub-like or grow out into a small tree. the most conspicuous character is the presence of numerous tiny holes (glands) in the lower leaf-surface. these holes are usually surrounded by a slightly elevated margin. in leaf-shape and leaf-texture the species is very close to t. subspicatum (hall, f.) kosterm., but besides the differences in .pilosity of the inflorescence, the gland-holes of the lower leafsurface are not present in the latter species. hallier added vitex punctata schauer sensu merrill to the synonymy of v. kollrungii. (v. punctata schauer has been reduced to vitex cofassus reinw.) the sterile specimen robinson 1867, which i had the opportunity of examining, and which merrill16 wrongly identified as v. punctata, basing his opinion merely on the fact that both robinson's specimen and the type of v. punctata came from the moluccas, certainly belongs to t. hollrungii. after hallier, lam identified is as v. hollrungii, although he did not mention the synonym v. punctata sensu merrill. superficially it is difficult to refer sterile material either to t. hollrungii or to v. cofassus, however, a closer examination of the lower leaf-surface with a dissecting microscope will immediately show the difference: in v. cofassus tiny flat circular scales are present, in t. hollrungii there are minute holes. teijsmanniodendron monophyllum was described from a specimen collected in netherlands new guinea by inokuma & hara (no. 679), bumu river near nabire, local name paimi munor tato. the excellent drawing and the ample description do not leave the slightest doubt that this species is identical with t. hollrungii. the characteristic, glandular lower leaf-surface is mentioned by kurata. according to kurata's drawing, the fruit contains two seeds, pendulous from the roof of the cavity. in reality they are the two cotyledons of the single seed. in most seeds, which i dissected from the specimens of t. hollrungii in herbarium bogoriense the fruit-capsule was empty. in the specimen corner s.f. 33693 from singapore, i found an exact replica of the fruit as drawn by kurata. vitex unifoliolata merrill,17 based on the specimen ramos & edano b. sc. 37048 from mindanao,. philippines, and of which merrill, stated that its alliance with vitex clarkeana gamble (= t. hollrungii) is manifest, 1951] kosteemans: on the genus teijsmanniodendron 105 in philipp. j. sci., bot. 11: 310. 1916. in philipp. j. sci., bot. 20: 438. 1922. is likely to be conspecific with t. hollrungii. the densely punctilate lower leaf-surface, indicated by merrill, points in this direction. the fragrant flower has white corolla-lobes; the lower lip is pale bluepurple with a yellow spot at the base inside; the filaments are pale purplish red; the calyx is dirty dark grey. the fruit is dark grey, almost black. specimens examined. — malay peninsula. p e n a n g. ayer hitam, june, fl., flowers yellowish, ridley 2151 (s). p e r a k. sg. krian estate, july, fr., common riverside shrub, spare s.f. 36010 (s) ; dindings, teloksera, march, fl., ridley 7990 (s) & s.n. (s) ; bruas, dec, fr., curtis s.n. (s); pankor, pankalan bham, july, fr., curtis 1611 (s). pa h a n g . pianggu, endau, aug., fl., evans s.f. 13174 (s); sg. pau, fl., ridley s.f. 11325 (s) ; near rompin, aug., fl., mohamad s.f. 17132 (s). j o h o r e. sg. bahan, june, fl., frequent in brackish tidal zone of river, corner s.f. 28642 (bg, s); sg. sedili, sg. gembut, oct., fr., corner s.f.33693; sg. sembrong, oct., fr., lake & kelsall 4-059 (s);. mawai, flowers mauve with a pale yellow spot in the throat, corner s.n. (s), jan., fr., ngadiman s.f. 34711 (s). — sumatra. e a s t c o a s t . batubaru, fl., fr., yates 2133. — bangka. s u n g a i 1 i a t. sg. lajang, oct., fl., fr., brackish river, teysmann s.n. — borneo. c o l o n y of n o r t h b o r n e o . sandakan, april, fl., sales 3731. s a r a w a k . tandjong kibong, aug., fl, fr., fruit black, daud & tachun s.f. 36085 (s). w e s t b o r n e o . landak, fl., fr., teysmann 11629hb; sg. landak, fr., teysmann 11596hb; kapuas r., fl., fr., teysmann 8372hb; sukalanting, sept., fr., hallier b.134; sg. sambas, nov., fr., hallier b. 1138. s o u t h b o r n e o . p. kembang, sept., fl., hub. winkler 3436. sampit subdivision: ketingan, telokbuluh, sept., fl., fr., on tidal river, local name luhampit, van wijk 3. lower dajak subdivision: kualakapuas, may, fr., local name kaju (ta)kolok ampit (head of rice-bird), "zendings-hospitaal." — celebes. g. sungkuwatawo, fl., rachmat 792 (expedition van vuuren). — sula is. p. mangole, fl., hulstijn 32. •— buku. okie, fr., teysmann 1831hb. — ceram. east ceram: near turn, alt. 0 m, jan., fl., fr., tree 7 m high, kornassi 878. — amboina: ster, robinson 1867 (bg, s). — misool. waigama, aug., fr., teysmann s.n. — japen i. marioti near serui, aug., fl., local name metatari, .van dijk 351; sg. papoma near serui, aug., fl., van dijk 705. — new guinea. n e t h e r l a n d s n ew g u i n e a . may, fl., lip blue with whitish hairs, lobes pale purple, calyx brownish, shrub 4 m, versteeg 1025. manokwari subdivision: andai, fr., teysmann 17470hb & 17471hb; . momi, alt. 10 m, aug., ster., local name sagotby (manikiong language), kostermans 258 = bb. 33457. inanwatan subdivision: kamundan r., dec, fl., tree 15 m high with clear bole of 10 m and 35 cm in diameter, matatula 150 = bb. 21941. hollandia subdivision: mamberamo r., mouth of river, sept., fl., fr., tree 3 m, janowsky 491; pionier-bivak, 60 m alt., july, fl., tree 9 m high with clear bole of 4 m, bark grey, peeling off in large, irregular flakes, corolla-lobes pale cremeous, throat yellow, lip uac with yellow base and pale lilac centre, calyx dirty yellowish green with pale bellow tube, flowers fragrant, lam 617; near prauwenbivak, alt. 100 m, sept., fl., ree 25 m high, corolla white, lip yellowish with central lilac spot, calyx pale green, lam 1224. south new guinea subdivision: lorentz r., jan., fl., fr., flowers lilac, fuits bluish black when ripe, tree 15 m high with bole 12 cm in diameter, salverda 3 0 = 66.22105. a u s t r a l i a n n e w g u i n e a . mandated territory: hatzfeldhafen, bank of daigun r., oct., fr., hollrung 377 (type). 106 callicarpa 86 geunsia 86 petraea 86 premna 86 r e i n w a k d t i a [vol. 1 index m i i o d e n d r o n 75-78, 79, 85 86, 88 89,92,96, 103; sect. plurifoholatae 75, 78 80sect. unifoliolatae 75, 78, w, 95; ahernianum 75, 77, 79, 84,86; auri* . 94; bogoriense ^ 7 j 9 80, 85, 88 90 93; coriaceum 75, 79, 80, 81 , 8z, •83*; 'glabrum 88-90; hollrungii 75, 77, 79 95, 99, 103-105; holophyllum 75, 80, 96 97' 98*, 99; longifolium 75, 89; mono'phyllum 75, 76, 103, 104; novoguineense 75, 79, 80, 103; pteropodum 75, 77 79 92-94; var. auriculatum 75, /», 94sa'rawakanum 75, 80, 99, 100, 101*; simplicifolium 75, 79, 95, 96; smilacifolium75, 79, 95, 96; spec. 7 9 , 9 5 ; s u b spicatum 75, 79, 96, 99, 103, 104. vitex 76-79, 86, 96, 100; sect. agnuscastus 78; sect. a.-c, axillares 79, 100; sect. a.-c, terminates 79 100; aherniana 77, 84-86; bankae 75, 84, 86-88bogoriensis 75, 84, 86-88; clarkeana 103, 104; cofassus 104; coriacea 80curranii 84, 85; flabelhflora 88-90; u r w 7 5 , 7 6 , 9 7 , 9 9 , 1 0 3 , 1 0 4 ; h o l o phylla 75, 97; koordersii 75, 92-94; longifolia 89; merrillii 88; novoguineensis 103peralata 92; philippinensts 92; pteropoda 77, 92; punctata 104; sarawajcana 100; simplicifolia clarke 103; simplicifolia oliver 103, smdacxfoha 95, 96; subspicata 75, 99, ^ ' ^ gona 75, 100, 102; venosa 75, 80, 82, 84unifoliolata 104. xerocarpa 75, 77, 85, 86; avicenniaefoliola 75, 76, 84-86. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 2, pp. 107-170 (1951) the genus viburnum (caprifoliaceae) in malaysia j. h. kern * summary 1. in the following pages an account of the genus viburnum in malaysia is presented. 2. the distribution of its species is briefly discussed and a map relating to it added. 3. the main part of the present paper consists of keys to the sections and species, followed by a systematic treatment of the 16 species admitted for the region. 4. three new subsections are proposed, viz. viburnum subsect. punctata kern, subsect. sambucina kern, and subsect. lutescentia kern. viburnum subseries coriacea maxim, is reduced to the rank of a subsection. 5. three species and two varieties are described as new, viz. viburnum amplificatum kern, v. clemensae kern, v. hispidulum kern, v. coriaceum, var. longiflorutn kern, and v. sambucinum var. subglabrum kern. 6. the following species are reduced to the rank of varieties: viburnum floribundum merr. has become v. luzonicum var. floribundum (merr.) kern, and v. sinuatum merr. has become v. luzonicum var. sinuatum (merr.) kern. 7. the following reductions'to synonymy are made: viburnum longistamineum ridl. to v. sambucinumvar. subglabrum kern; v. sumatranum miq., v.villosum ridl., and v. inopinatum craib all to v. sambucinum var. tovientosum hallier f.; v. forbesii fawc. partly to v. sambucimim bl., partly to v. coriaceum bl; and v. zippelii miq. to v. japonicum (thunb.) spr. 8. emended descriptions of viburnum beccarii gamble and of v. junghuhnii miq. are given. introduction in the present paper i have tried to give a critical survey of the malaysian material of viburnum, put at my disposal by the directions of the following herbaria: herbarium of the arnold arboretum, harvard university, jamaica pjain, mass. (u.s.a.) (a) ; herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia, bogor (b) ; the gray herbarium of harvard university (g) ; rijksherbarium (national herbarium), leiden (l) ; herbarium of the botanic gardens, singapore (s) ; botanisch museum & herbarium (herbarium of the state university), utrecht (u). botanist, herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. — 107 — rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_05 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_06 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_07 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_08 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_09 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_10 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_11 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_12 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_13 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_14 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_15 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_16 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_17 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_18 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_19 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_20 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_21 461-463_page_1 461-463_page_2 461-463_page_3a 461-463_page_3b a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(1) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(1): 1-128.22 july 2002 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 1, pp: 125 – 128 four new taxa of asteraceae in sumatra sri s. tjitrosoedirdjo seameo biotrop, p.o. box 116, bogor, indonesia abstract tjitrosoedirdjo, sri s. 2002. four new taxa of asteraceae in sumatra. reinwardtia 12(1): 125–128. ⎯ four new taxa of asteraceae in sumatra are described: prenanthes l. (2 species), senecio l. (1 species) and emilia sonchifolia (l.) dc. (1 variety). keywords: prenanthes, senecio, emilia sonchifolia, asteraceae, sumatra. abstrak tjitrosoedirdjo, sri s. 2002. empat takson baru asteraceae di sumatra. reinwardtia 12(1): 125–128. ⎯ diusulkan 4 taxon baru asteraceae sumatera, yakni: dua jenis prenanthes l., 1 jenis senecio l. dan satu varietas emilia sonchifolia (l.) dc. kata kunci: prenanthes, senecio, emilia sonchifolia, asteraceae, sumatra. the asteraceae of sumatra were revised as part of a phd dissertation at the bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia. there are 133 species of 74 genera belonging to 11 tribes. four new taxa were discovered, three species and one variety: 2 species of prenanthes l. (out of 4 occuring in sumatera), 1 species of senecio l. (out of 2) and 1 variety of emilia sonchifolia (l.) dc. (out of 3 varieties) 1. prenanthes steenisii tjitrosoedirdjo, sp. nov. – fig. 1 folia basi rosulata. petioli 5–15 cm longi. lamina in petiolo alato angustata, sagittata vel hastata vel ovato-rhomboidea. inflorescentiae terminales paniculatae. involucri squamae 2–vel 3–seriatae. corolla lilacina ad alba, c. 11 mm longa. achenia apice breviter prolongato, c. 1–2 mm longo. – typus: sumatra, mount kemiri,, alt. 2900–3300 m, van steenis 9603 (bo–holo; l–iso) herbs, 0.7–0.9 m tall. basal leaves polymorphous, base sagittate, acute, hastate or ovaterhomboid, 4–9 by 2–4.5 cm, margin den-ticulate, apex acute; petiole winged, 5–15 cm long. upper leaves alternate, smaller and lanceolate, petiole c. 2.5 cm, blade c. 3 by 0.5–0.75 cm. heads ligulate, terminal, pedunculate, combined into panicles, nodding, cylindric, 1.5–2 cm by c. 2 mm. receptacle flat, naked. corolla 5–dentate at the apex, c. 11 mm long, lilac to white. involucre dirty green. phyllaries 2– or 3–seriate, herbaceous, outer phyllaries oblong, c. 4 mm long, the inner linear lanceolate, c. 12 mm long. achenes obovate to elliptic, flat, gradually narrowing toward the apex, shortly prolonged into a disc, c. 1–2 mm long; pappus c. 1.2 mm long. fig. 1. prenanthes steenisii tjitrosoedirdjo. a. habit; b. leaf variations; c. head; d. flower; e. achene; a, c, d and e, after van steenis 9603 (bo); b. after de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 16301(l). distribution. endemic to mountainous areas of aceh (mount kemiri and mount leuser). 125 126 reinwardtia [vol. 12 habitat. in shaded mossy places along a streamline, in thickets, 2900–3314 m altitude. notes. the specimens were previously identified by koster as lactuca sp., though the apex of the achenes is not filiform, as it is usually found in lactuca, but only shortly prolonged. jeffrey annotated on the specimen of van steenis 6516 (l, k) that the species appears to be closest to l. rostrata (blume) kuntze of an asian group of species which are probably neither lactuca nor prenanthes. this was probably the basis for van steenis’s remark in mountain flora of java (1972) that l. rostrata might occur in sumatra. specimens examined: van steenis 9603 (bo– holo, l–iso); van steenis 6516 (l, k); de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 16301 (bo, kep, l) 2. prenanthes sumatrana tjitrosoedirdjo, sp. nov. – fig. 2 perennis subscandens. lamina basi sensim in petiolo attenuata. petiolus 0.8–2 cm longus. folia basalia ovato-elliptica. capitula paniculata terminali racemifera amplem disposita. involucrum cylindraceum, squamis intimis elongatis, 0.9–1.2 cm longis, exterioribus gradatim brevioribus. achenia c. 1 mm longa. –typus: de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 16282 (bo–holo; l–iso). fig. 2. prenanthes sumatrana tjitrosoedirdjo. a. habit; b. head; c. achene with pappus; all after de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 16282 (bo) subscandent perennials. stems glabrous, woody at base, slender, 0.5–0.7 m tall. leaves alternate, crowded at base. blade ovate elliptic, 3– 6 by 1–2 cm, base gradually attenuate into the petiole c. 0.2–2 cm long, margin serrate, apex acute, upper leaves sessile, narrow. panicle lax, ample. flower lilac, 1.2–1.5 by 0.2 cm. heads numerous, small, slender, pendulous. involucre cylindrical, purplish green with two bracteoles at the base. phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 2– or 3– seriate, inner ones longer, linear-lan-ceolate, 0.9– 1.2 cm long, outer ones oblong. achene c. 1 mm long, pappus up to 1.2 mm long. distribution. endemic in aceh (mount bendahara and mount leuser. habitat. edge of mossy forest, montane shrubs, 3200 m altitude. specimens examined: de wilde & de wildeduyfjes: 13289 (l), 15232 (bo), 15233 (bo), 16282 (bo–holo, l–iso), 16338 (bo). 3. senecio dewildeorum tjitrosoedirdjo, sp. nov. – fig. 3 perennes, basi purpurea arachneosa, stolonifera. caulis erectus, solitarius, 20–75 cm longus. lamina basi sensim in petiolo 1.7–3.7 cm longo, attenuata. folia oblanceolata vel elliptica, subtus tomentosa, 4–7 cm longa, 0.5–2 cm lata, superiora sessilia, amplexicaulia, oblongo-elliptica vel lanceolata, subtus purpurea, 3.5–6 cm longa, c. 0.5 cm lata. capitula pedunculata, 0.8–1 cm longa, 1.2–1.5 lata. flores radii ligulati, tridentata. flores tubulosi, numerosi, flavi. achenia cylindrica c. 2 mm longa, pappus albus c. 6 mm longus. – typus: de wilde & de wilde duyfjes 16174 (l–holo; bo–iso). aceh, climbing mount leuser west top, from penosan via pucuk angasan c. 25 km south–west of blang kejeren perennial herbs, stoloniferous, rooting at the decumbent nodes, 0.2–0.6 m tall. stem solitary, purplish-red arachnoid at the base. basal leaves petioled, crowded, oblanceolate to elliptic, 4–7 by 0.5–2 cm, densely white tomentose beneath, base tapering to the petiole, margin dentate, apex acute. petioles 1.7–7 cm long. stem leaves smaller, sessile, amplexicaul, elliptic oblong to oblanceolate, 3.5–6 by 0.4–0.5 cm, purplish beneath. peduncled 1.2 cm long, bracteate, bearing 2–4 linear bracteoles. heads erect then ascending, 0.8–1.1 by 1.2–1.3 cm, radiate. involucre broadly campanulate, 8–10 by 11–15 mm. ray flowers female, 8–10, corolla 3–denticulate, 0.8–1 cm long. disk flowers campanulate, 5–lobed, limb shorter than the tube, 5–6 mm long. anthers c. 9 2002] tjitrosoedirdjo: asteraceae in sumatra 127 mm. style arms c. 7 mm, apex without a central appendage of fused papillae. achenes cylindric, 2 mm long; pappus white, c. 6 mm long. fig. 3. senecio dewildeorum tjitrosoedirdjo a. habit; b. flowers; c. head; d. ray flower; disk flower; f. style-arms; g. anther; all after de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 16174, (l). distribution. endemic to mountainous areas of aceh. habitat. mountain shrubs, 2750–3150 m altitude. specimens examined. de wilde & de wildeduyfjes 16026 (bo, kep, l), 16174 (bo, kep, l), 16198 (bo, kep, l), 16271 (bo, kep, l). 4. emilia sonchifolia var. lanceolata tjitrosoedirdjo, var. nov. – fig. 4 folia alterna, sessilia vel subsessilia, lanceolata, marginibus dentatis. phyllaries quam floribus lilacini 0.25⎯0.5-plo breviora. – typus: bünnemeÿer 8964 (bo), mount kerinci, west sumatera. herbs, 0.6–0.8 m tall. stem glabrous. leaves alternate, sessile or subsessile, lanceolate, 7–9 by c. 1.5 cm, margin dentate. heads corymbose, base of the pedicel with a bracteole. phyllaries 0.25– 0.5 as long as the flowers. corolla 1 cm long, lilac, lobes shorter than the tube. achene 3 mm long, with 5 or 6 prominent pilose ribs, with c. 3 glabrous ribs in between them, pappus 12–14 mm long. distribution. endemic to sumatra. habitat. in mountain bush. figure 4. emilia sonchifolia (l.) dc. var. lanceolata tjitrosoedirdjo. a. habit; b. head; c achene with pappus; all after bünnemeijer 8964 (bo). notes. this specimen was previously identified by van steenis in 1930 as gynura sarmentosa (blume) dc. in this treatment the specimen is included in emilia since the specimen is bractless at the base of the involucre which is not a typical character of gynura and also the flowers is lilac, not yellow as in gynura. in sumatra there are 3 varieties of emilia sonchifolia. key to the varieties of emilia sonchifolia found in sumatera as follows: 1a. leaves sessile or subsessile, margin entire, subentire; or dentate 2 b. leaves petiolate margin; lyrate or lobed, lobes of the lower part acute a. var. sonchifolia 2a. phyllaries as long as flowers. leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong-obovate, 2.5–6.5 cm by 1–3 cm; margin entire, sub-entire, or dentate b. var. sagittata b. phyllaries 0.25–0.5 times as long as flowers. leaves lanceolate, 7–9 cm by 1.5 cm; margin dentate c. var. lanceolata specimens examined. bünnemeÿer 8964 (bo). known only from the type specimen. 128 reinwardtia [vol. 12 acknowledgements i would like to express my sincere appreciation to all of my supervisor committee especially to dr. j.f. veldkamp (l) who critically read the manuscript and provided the latin descriptions and prof. dr. mien a. rifai (bo) for his suggestions and comments. thank are due to dr. j. p. mogea (bo) for reading and editing the manuscript. my sincere thanks are due to the curators and directors of the various herbaria (anda, bo, kep and l) from which through their courtesy, the specimens used for this work were obtained. instruction to authors taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 1.2002 contents page y. purwanto. gestion de la biodiversite: relations aux plantes et dynamiques vegetales chez les dani de la vallee de la baliem en irian jaya, indonesie 1 tri mulyaningsih & colin ernest ridsdale. the bornean genus hypobathrum (rubiaceae): an investigation of its characters and taxonomic status 95 bambang sunarno & hiroshi ohashi. a new species of dalbergia (leguminosae) from malay peninsula 117 bambang sunarno. new species of labisia (myrsinaceae) from sumatra 121 sri s. tjitrosoedirdjo. four new taxa of asteraceae in sumatra 125 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia dpn 93-188-1-sm sri s. tjitrosoedirdjo abstract abstrak habitat. in mountain bush. acknowledgements bkgn reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 4, pp. 463-466 (1952) a neglected indian species of cyperus j. h. kern* cyperus alulatus kern, spec. nov.—fig. 1 cyperus iria var. rectangularis ktikenth. in engl., pflanzenr., heft 101: 152. 1935. — lectotypus: duthie 23284 (herb. kew.). cyperus iria (non l.) sensu clarke, illustr. cyper. pi. h f. 1. 1909, non al. — duthie 4480. subgen. cyperus; sect. iriae kunth. — annuus. culmi erecti, tenues, triquetri, laeves, 1—7 dm alti, 1—2 mm crassi, inferne paucifoliati. folia culmo breviora vel aequilonga, plana, flaccida, longe acuminata, in superiore parte scabra, 1—5 mm lata. anthela simplex vel subcomposita, laxa. bracteae oblique patentes, 2—4 longissimae, foliis consimiles, anthelam valde superantes. anthelae radii 3—9, e cladoprophyllis tubulosis ore oblique truncatis postice cuspidatis vel bidentatis basi bruneis 0.5—1.5 cm longis emergentes, inaequales, oblique patentes, graciles, compressi, laeves vel apice hispiduli, ad 16 cm longi, longiores nonnunquam apice pauciramosi; radioli brevissimi ab ochreolo caudato suffulti. spicae ovatae vel oblonga-ovatae, laxae vel subdensae, 1—3 cm longae, 8—25(—30) mm latae, 5—20-spiculosae, rhachi flexuosa angulis hispida. spiculae compressae, rectangule divaricatae vel imae subreflexae, ovatae usque ad oblongo-lineares, 3—12 mm longae, 2—2.5 mm latae, 4—18-f lorae, basi saepe a seta subuliformi suffultae. rhachilla obscure brunea, recta, subexalata, internodiis 0.6—1 mm longis. glumae membranaceae,1/3—1/2 parte imbricatae, patulae, concavae, fere orbiculatae, (1.75—)2mm longae ac latae, sub apice emarginato mucronulatae, dorso viridi 7-nerviae, lateribus fulvae purpureonotatae uninerviae, carina acuta arcuata superne angustissime alata, spinuloso-ciliata. stamina 2; antherae breves, oblongae, interdum lineares; connectivum in appendicem brevem productum. stylus fere nullus; stigmata 3, achenio multo breviora. achenium ambitu obovatum, triquetrum, lateribus concavis, basi late stipitatum, apice mucronatum, atrobruneum, nitidum, dense puncticulatum, 1.5 mm longum, 0.8—0.9 mm latum. typus.—drummond 24733 (herb. bogor.) cyperus iria l. differt: rhachi glabri; spiculis 1.5—2 mm latis erectopatentibus; glumis minoribus 1.25—1.5 mm longis, dorso 3—5-nervatis, carina exalulatis laevibus; rhachillae internodiis brevioribus (ca. 0.5 mm) ; achenio minore, 1—1.25 mm longo. •botanist, herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. — 463 — 464 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 cyperus orthostachyus franch. & savat. valde quoque similis est; haec species tamen insignis: foliis latioribus, usque ad 8 mm latis; spiculis sanguineo-purpurascentibus, 1.5 mm latis, rhachilla subflexuosa, distincte alata; glumis obsolete 5-nervatis, circa 1.5 mm longis, apice truncatorotundatis non productis, carina laevibus rectiusculis exalulatis; stigmatibus achenio subaequilongis; achenio minore, 1.25 mm longo. if cyperus microiria steud. and c. orthostachyus franch. & savat. are recognized as specifically distinct from c. iria l. (which, the author believes, is their correct treatment), specific status should also be granted to the taxon described above. cyperus iria var. rectangularis kiikenth. was described as follows: "radii anthelae saepe patentissimi. spiculae rectangule patentes 2—2% mm latae. squamae longiores 2 mm latae. nux major 1%—2 mm longa." this variety is mentioned from a few localities in india. its identity with cyperus alulatus is evident from the specimen duthie's collector inayat 23284, which number is cited by kiikenthal. the present author had the opportunity to study several of the numbers cited by clarke (in j. linn. soc, bot. 21:138-139. 1884) under cyperus iria. they proved clarke's conception of c. iria to be fully in accordance with the current one. therefore it is remarkable that exactly duthie 4480 was figured in the "illustrations of cyperaceae" as "exemplum typicum" of cyperus iria. perhaps haines (botany of bihar and orissa 5: 896. 1924) had this species in view, when he said: "glumes [of c.iria] 7— 9-nerved on and dose to keel; keel sometimes scabrid." the author is particularly grateful to mr. e. nelmes, who searched for further specimens of the new species in the herbarium of the royal botanic gardens, kew, england, after it had been recognized among the specimens of cyperus iria in the singapore herbarium. the fragments from several of the kew sheets sent to bogor and the data furnished by mr. nelmes enabled him to amplify the description. specimens examined by mr. e. nelmes and/or by the author (the latter ones designated by !); unless otherwise indicated preserved in the kew herbarium. india and pakistan. w i t h o u t e x a c t 1 o c a 1 i t y, thomson 279'.— n.w. h i m a l a y a s . hazara, shinkiari, siran range, aug. 29, 1899, duthie's collector inayat 23281; hazara, abbottabad, 4500 ft., sept. 9, 1890, trotter 161g. — k a s h m i r . tawi valley, wet places, 3000 ft., aug. 25, 1891, gammie s.n., chalebagh, rice fields, explanation of figure 1 fig. 1. cyperus alutatus kern: habit; spikelet; part of rhachilla; two glumes, lateral view; deflorate flower; stamens; nut, not fully ripe; habit 0.7 x, details 14 x. — after maries 356. 1952] kern : on a new species of cyperus 465 fig. 1 466 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 v. jacquemont 873. — p u n j a b . without exact locality, drummond 24733 (bo, kew) !, 940, 24730, 24734, 24735, 34732; rawalpindi, aug. 1872, aitchison 129; chamba, between kulel and musroond, 4000 ft., sept. 4, 1896, gammie 18476! simla, below t h e cemetary, aug. 25, 1917, h. h. rich 681! — u n i t e d p r o v i n c e s . garhwal, lobha, 5—6000 ft., aug. 31, 1885, duthie 4480; mussoorie, dr. bacon; dehra dun, malapani road, 2000 ft., oct. 1891, gamble 23192; dehra, 2000 ft., aug. 1891, gamble 23852; moradabad, aug. 1843, ? collector. — c e n t r a l i n d i a . gwalior, c. maries 356 (herb. singapore) ! — b o m b a y . poonah, wet fields, v. jacquemont 344. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 4, pp. 467-481 (1952) miscellaneous botanical notes—iv* c. g. g. j. van steenis** summary 1. in connection with the first record from malaysia (atjeh, north sumatra) of a species of schoepfia (olacaceae), viz. s. fragrans wall, in roxb., some notes on the genus are given, including a key to the species of section schoepfiopsis (emended) and to the two indian species of schoepfia. the specimens of the kew and leyden herbaria of these two species are listed. the name schoepfia ffriffithii tiegh. is validly published in the present paper, if this was not done before. 2. smilax pygmaea merr. (liliaceae) is recorded from atjeh, sumatra. 3. the first indigenous species of mivmlus (scrophulariaceae), m. tenellus bunge, is recorded for malaysia from atjeh, sumatra. 4. a new species of macadamia (proteaceae) is described from celebes: macadamia hildebrandii van steenis. it belongs to the same genus as the common australian bush nut, m. ternifolia, with edible seeds. 5. some information, additional to a previous paper on biophytum (oxalidaceae) in malaysia, is given. • 6. some records of plants new to mount pangrango, west java, are mentioned. 7. the recent introduction and the present distribution in malaysia of the weed eupatorium odoratum l. (compositae) is discussed. 8. some additional records of the liana hollrungia aurantioides k. schum. (passifloraceae) from new guinea and from outside this island (ternate, moluccas) are published. 31. notes on asiatic species of schoepfia (olacaceae) the identification of a species of schoepfia collected in the north sumatran highlands, in 1934 and 1937, has necessitated the examination of specimens from continental asia. besides the work of masters (in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 1: 581-582. 1875) there are the treatments of miers (in j. linn. soc. bot. 17: 70-77. 1878), van tieghem (in bull. soc. bot. fr. 43: 550-551. 1896), and valeton (crit. overz. olacin. 123-130. 1886). miers and van tieghem have split the genus into two, respectively three, other genera, treated by engler (nat. pfl. fam. nachtr. i zum ii.-iv. teil 145. 1897) as sections. i agree with the latter's view. the sections appear well defined, but the general characteristics common to all are *the first paper in this series appeared in bull. bot. gdns buitenzorg1 iii 17: 383-411. 1948; the second in blumea 6: 243-246. 1948; the third in bull. bot. gdns buitenzorg iii 18: 457-461. 1950. **director, flora malesiana foundation. — 467 — binder3 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_01 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_081b rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_09 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_10 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 1, pp. 71 90 (1965) revision of albizia sect. pachysperma (leguminosae-mimosoideae) by f. r. fosberg *) in the course of revising the genus serianthes benth. (reinwardtia 5: 293—317. 1960) it was necessary to account for several names which had been proposed in serianthes but which applied to species belonging to a group that seems better placed in the genus albizia. **) after some further study, the present treatment of this group, here regarded as constituting albizia section pachysperma, was brought together. owing to the scarcity of material of most of the species concerned, as well as to the difficulty in understanding inflorescence morphology in some of the species from herbarium specimens alone, this paper is of necessity to be regarded as only preliminary. it may, however, serve to direct attention to the fact that the species involved do form a coherent group, with a number of common characters as well as a most peculiar inflorescence that needs much further study. two new species and two new varieties, as well as two transfers, are proposed. albizia is a large and complicated pantropical genus, the taxonomy of which is not yet very firm. like most genera of the mimosoideae, it is ill-separated from its relatives (see fosberg, reinwardtia 5: 295—296. 1960). its close relation to the much smaller and more coherent genus serianthes is through a small group of australian-malaysian-papuasian species, the best known of which are albizia lophantha (willd.) benth. and albizia falcataria (l.) fosb. (usually called a. jalcata (l.) backer or a. moluccana miq.). the group also includes a. montana (jungh.) benth. ex miq., a. minahassae koord., a. fulva white & francis, and two new species described below. *) pacific vegetation project, u.s. geological survey, washington d.c. **) this name has usually been spelled albizzia, but it was originally published albizia durazz. mag. tosc. 3, 4: 11. 1772. the wording of the current version of the code gives such enormous latitude in correcting orthographic "errors" that, if taken at face value, a chaotic condition would result. hence, it seems the part of wisdom to adhere to strict priority unless an apparently erroneous spelling, or a spelling that one dislikes, is clearly the result of a typographic error. in this case the spelling with one z is clearly intentional, as this spelling is consistently used, although the name of the man in whose honor it was proposed is consistently written with two z's, "n sig. cavalier pilippo degl' albizzi". s— 71 — 72 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 these species are characterized by leaves with many very small leaflets, and more especially by having the ultimate branchlets of the inflorescence spicate or racemose in the distal portion, rather than capitate or glomerate as is the case with the majority of species of albizia. the whole inflorescence is commonly a panicle or reduced panicle, or solitary or paired racemes. at least two of the species, possibly three, have a curious tendency to produce a vegetative innovation at one or more of the principal nodes of the inflorescence. the flowers are subtended by linear-lanceolate to broadly ovate bracts, in some species resembling, somewhat, the concave bracts that subtend the ultimate glomerules in serianthes. the spicate or racemose arrangement of the flowers is not unique to this group in albizia. a number of new caledonian species have simple spikes, often lax and elongate (sect. spiciflora). there is also a tendency in this group to have large, thick pods, tardily dehiscent or even possibly indehiscent. the fruits of the group, except those of a. falcataria, are not abundantly represented in the collections available, so the full range of fruit characters is not well enough known. however, enough is known so it can be said that if the commonly cited "key" character of an indehiscent fruit were the only thing separating serianthes from albizia the two genera would have to be combined. an indehiscent fruit, however, is not unique in albizia to this group, as the fruit of a. salomonensis white is definitely indehiscent, having the margins strongly thickened as in some specigs of serianthes, but definitely not woody. this species does not resemble the group here considered in any other important respect, nor does it resemble serianthes (specimens examined walker and white 83 (bri) (type), walker and white b.s.i.p.. 11, (bri), and n.g.f. 588 (lae, bri)). this lack of correlation of fruit characters together, with combinations of other characters, is not only found in this genus but seems all too frequent in the mimosoideae. it makes fruit characters rather unreliable for separation of groups above the rank of species, a conclusion which was quite evidently held by bentham and which strongly influenced his work on the leguminosae. the seeds are generally transversally oval or oblong, and thickish, but they are not known for several of the taxa included in section pachysperma. bentham in 1844 (lond, j. bot 3: 85. 1844) placed all the species of albizia known to him to have inflorescences with elongate axes in the ultimate flower clusters in his section spiciflorae. this included two new caledonian species, a. fulgens (labill.) benth. and a. granulosa (labill.) benth. and an australian species, a. lophantha (willd.) benth. walpers, 1965] f. r. fosberg: revision of albizia sect. pachysperma 73 in his repertorium 5: 595. 1845—6, adopts this name and lists the same three species. in walpers' ann. bot. syst. 4: 633. 1857, c. mueller first used the name albizia sect. lovhanta, but with no diagnosis, only including in it a. montana benth. and a. benthamiana bl. this is, therefore, according to art. 34 (5) of the international code, not considered validly published. fournier (ann. sci. nat. 4, 15: 172. 1860) took up this name as albizia sect. lophantha walp., supplying a diagnosis and listing seven species, including the three originally placed by bentham in his sect. spiciflorae. inclusion of these makes albizia sect. lophantha a superfluous name for sect. spiciflorae, thus preventing its further use. in a much more comprehensive treatment of the mimoseae in 1875 (trans. linn. soc. 30: 558. 1875), bentham put the same three species, with a number of additional ones, in a new sect. lophantha benth., not mentioning fournier's use of the name. as this also included the type of sect. spiciflorae benth. (as well as all of its other species), and as it is a later homonym of albizia sect. lophantha walp. ex fournier, the name is doubly illegitimate and may not be used. included, however, were two series, ser. platyspermae benth., including a. lophantha and a. montana (jungh.) benth. these names were validly published and are legitimate. taubert, in engler & prantl, nat. pfl. fam. 3(3): 106. 1894, adopts bentham's 1875 arrangement, using the name albizia sect. lophantha benth. essentially without change except to list fewer species. as bentham's two series are not here regarded as particularly closely related to each other and not close to any other section in the genus, they are here treated as separate sections. for the new caledonian species with spicate inflorescences it is convenient to use the name albizia sect. spiciflora *) benth., which can be done by designating a. fulgens as the type of the section. this section would include at least: albizia guillainii guill., a. granulosa (labill.) benth., a. lentiscifolia benth., a. comptonii e. g. baker, a. subfalcata benth., a. fulgens (labill.) benth., a. rivularis fourn., a. glandulosa guill., a. streptocarpa fourn., a. callistemon guill. & beauv., a. obovata benth., a. paivana fourn. these are the species with spicate inflorescences listed in guillaumin's flore de la nouvelle caledonie 160, 1948, and two others, also from new caledonia, that seem to belong here. their nomenclature and taxonomy have not been checked. the other section, with a geographic range extend*) it seems preferable to use the singular substantive form for sectional names, and there seems to be no prohibition in art. 21 of the code against making the change in ending of bentham's epithets. 74 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 ing from sumatra to west australia, new guinea, and the solomon islands, can be typified by albizia lophantha (willd.) benth. as the sectional name albizia sect. lophantha is illegitimate because superfluous when published, the epithet pachysperma *) is elavated from series to sectional rank for this group. albizia sect. pachysperma (benth.) fosberg, stat. nov. albizia sect. lophanta c. muell. in walp. ann. bot. syst. 4: 633. 1857, nom. nud. —albizia, sect. lophantha walp. ex fourn., ann. sci. nat. 4, 15: 172. 1860. — albizia sect. lophantha series pachyspermae benth., loc. cit. — type species albizia lophantha (willd.) benth. trees or shrubs, leaves bipinnate with small leaves; flowers in bracteate spikes or racemes, these paniculate umbellate, paired or solitary in axils, the panicles or umbels often bearing a rudimentary vegetative branch; seeds not strongly flattened. range: indigenous from sumatra to western australia, new guinea, and the solomon islands. the seven species making up this section may be separated by the following key: a. indument very close or very sparse, the plant appearing superficially almost glabrous or very minutely and closely tomentose. b. leaflets pointed, ovate-oblongto lanceolate; inflorescence a panicle of spikes 7. a. falcataria bb. leaflets blunt, oblong; inflorescence of one to several pedunculate spikes or spicate racemes at a node. c. pinnae usually 7—12; flowering racemes 3—6 cm long hairy 1. a. lophantha cc. pinnae about 14, flowering racemes 9—10 cm long, almost glabrous. 4. a. melanesica aa. indument on young parts abundant, often brownish, plant appearing definitely pubescent. d. flowers in solitary or paired spicate racemes 2. a. montana dd. spikes paniculate or umbellate. e. calyx teeth unequal, about half the length of the tube 3. a. minahassae ee. calyx teeth equal or subequal, about onefourth the length of the tube. f. midrib of leaflet very close to distal margin, calyx 2—2.5 mm long, corolla lobes 2—2.5 mm long 6. a. eymae ff. midrib of leaflet about % the way from distal to proximal margin, calyx 3—4 mm long, corolla lobes 3—5 mm long . . . 5, a. fulva *) cf. note on page 73. 1965] f. r. fosberg : revision of albizia sect. pachysperma 75 1. albizia lophantha (willd.) benth., lond. j. bot. 3: 86. 1844. mimosa distachya vent., descr. pi. nouv. jard. j. m. cels 5.20. 1800. (non m. distachya cav. 1795). — albizia distachya (vent.) macbr., contr. gray herb. 59: 3. 1919. acacia lophantha willd., sp. pi. 4: 1070. 1806. — mimosa lophantha pers., syn. pi. 2: 264. 1807. mimosa elegans andrews, bot. repos. 9: t. 563. 1809. acacia insignis hoffmannsegg, verz. pflanzenkultur 159. 1824. albizia lophanthoides dc., prodr. 2(2) : 457. 1825.? shrub or small tree, young growth very minutely and closely golden sericeous tomentulose, branchlets prominently longitudinally striate, the ridges flat-topped, mostly subglabrous, but some tomentulose, the grooves mostly tomentulose, but occasionally glabrous; leaves bipinnate, pinnae (6)7—12(13) pairs, leaflets (16)20—40, narrowly oblong, base strongly oblique, apex slightly or scarcely mucronulate, with 3 strong nerves palmate from base, the strongest close to but somewhat diverging from distal margin, petiole with an elongate gland 1—2 cm from base; inflorescence a spicate raceme 3—6 cm long, paired, axillary, fairly densely flowered, bracts minute, about 1 mm or less long, ovate, caducous while buds are still very small, peduncle 10—12 mm long, pedicels very short, about 1 mm; flowers with calyx (1) 2—2.5 mm long, thinly sericeous, lobes triangular to ovate, 1/3 to 1/2 the total length, corolla somewhat more sericeous than calyx, (4) 6—7 mm long, lobes oblong-ovate, somewhat acute, with a tiny dense tuft of wool at apex, thinly white-tomentulose within distally, stamens to 15 mm long, yellowish or chartreuse green; mature pod oblong, usually acuminate, stipitate, thin, dehiscent, 7—10 cm long, about 1.5 cm wide, 3—8 seeds in each pod, causing swellings; seed transversely arranged in pod, oval, swollen, black, faintly margined. native of western australia, and widely cultivated in greenhouses and in tropical and warm temperate areas of the world. s. loc, s. coll., "herb. pers." (l), "h. gron. v. h." (l), s. loc, basil in 1865 (ny) ; nova hollandia, " herb. splitgerberianum" (l, 3 sheets); western australia: s. loc, kaspiciv 1 (ny) ; albany, meebold 11703 (ny) ; horton's siding, denmark railway, white 5396 (ny) ; swan district, darling' range, pritzel 404 (l) ; kelmecott, canning river, morrison 104.35 (l). in addition, bentham, fl. austr. 2: 421—422. 1864, cites the followingcollections which i have not seen: w. a u s t r a l i a : goose island bay, r. brown; king george's sound, baxter; geographic bay, fraser; cape naturaliste, oldfield; swan river?, drummond. f. von mueller adds "s.w. bay" oldfield. cultivated specimens: c a l i f o r n i a : berkeley, bracelin 1822 (l) , 2267 (l) ; ocean beach, san diego, klawe 1591 (ny) ; h a w a i i a n i s . , oahu, makiki, heller 1949 (ny). m e x i c o : distr. federal: mixcoac, arsene 8816 (us) ; city of mexico, rose & hay 5281 (us); valley of mexico, guadalupe, rose & hough 76 e e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 4 5 3 8 ( u s ) ; g u a n a j u a t o , d u g d s i n 1 8 9 1 ( u s ) . v e n e z u e l a : c o l o n i a t o v a r , 1 8 0 0 — 2 0 0 0 m , a l l a r t 487 ( n y , u s ) , p i t t i e r 9 3 0 2 ( n y , u s ) . c o l o m b i a : b o g o t a , dugand 3687 (us), guevara amortegui 140 (us), appollinaire s.n. (us); antioquia, s a n p e d r o , daniel 1543 ( u s ) . e c u a d o r : p i c h i n c h a , c h i l l o g a l l o , firmin 449 ( u s ) p e r u : c a j a m a r c a [ p r o b a b l y e r r o r f o r j u n i n ] , s a t i p o , [ e a s t o f ] h u a n c a y o , soukup 3373 ( u s ) ; j u n i n , p u c a r a , ferreyra 2821 ( u s ) . e n g l a n d : l o n d o n , s . coll. " t o r r e y h e r b . " i n 1821 ( n y ) . f r a n c e : h y e r e s , h o r t . h u b e r , s . coll. 4692 ( n y ) , 4691 ( n y ) . the two last specimens cited are given horticultural varietal names. the differences between them and other material examined are not very obvious. two vaguely defined forms are apparent in the material examined, one with leaflets 8—15 mm long and 1.5—3.5 mm wide (e.g., the herb. persoon and two of the herb. splitgerberianum sheets at leiden), and one with leaflets mostly 4—6, or rarely 9, mm long, and 1—2 mm wide (e.g., the bracelin sheets and one of the herb. splitgerberianum ones at leiden). they run together and are probably of no importance. the klawe sheet at new york is peculiar. the branchlets are more closely striate than usual, leaves reach 20 cm long, the 11—12 pairs of pinnae are almost patent, to 8 cm long, the leaflets small, to 7 mm long, 1—1.5 mm wide, slightly pointed, patent; pods 8 cm long, 16—18 mm wide, with 10—11 seeds, the base shortly stipitate, apex rounded, with a slight, reflexed stylar mucro. if there were any evidence that this specimen represented a population it would be amply distinct for varietal recognition. arsene 8s16 from mexico is similar. both willdenow and persoon cite the later homonym, mimosa distachya vent., in synonymy, so that both must be regarded as simply renaming that species, and the type of m. distachyum vent., if it can be found, must be considered to be that of both acacia lophantha willd. and mimosa lophantha pets. neither willdenow nor persoon mentioned the other's publication of the epithet, so the names must be regarded as independently coined, though if transferred to the same genus they could not be regarded as homonyms because of the curious wording of the present international code. the plant has been in cultivation a long time but has apparently never become very common. edwards, bot. reg. 5: t. 361, 1819, says it was discovered by robert brown and introduced in 1803 by peter good. that this could not have been its first introduction into horticulture is shown by the fact that ventenat's description of it from cels' garden is dated 1800. excellent plates of it have been published by edwards, loc. cit, loddiges, bot. cab. t. 716, 1823, curtis bot. mag. ns 5: t. 2108, 1820, and, as mimosa elegans andrews, bot. rep. 9: t. 563, 1809. acacia insignis hoffmansegg, 1965] f. r. fosbekg: revision of albizia sect. pachysperma 77 briefly described from australia, seems to be the same. his specimen may have been from a cultivated plant, but this is not clear. the brief description of a. lophanthoides dc, from jamaica, fits a. lophantha so far as it goes, except for "foliolis 12-jugis." de candolle places it next to a. lophantha. neither fournier nor bentham disposes of it effectively. perhaps it is a cultivated plant of a. lophantha. 2. albizia montana (jungh.) benth. ex miquel et al., pl jungh. 1: 267. 1853. acacia montana jungh., tijdschr. ned. ind. 5: 626. 1842; 7(1): 163—164, 186. 1845; natuur. & geneesk. arch. ned. ind. 2: 22—23, 35—36. 1845. — inga montana jungh., topog. et naturw. reisen 288, 305. 1845. acacia vulcanica korth., flora 5: 705. 1847. albizia benthamiana bl. in miq., fl. nederl. ind. 1(1) : 30. 1855. small tree to 10 m, rarely 15 m, tall, to 20 cm, rarely 30 cm diameter, bark gray, young parts densely, coarsely, and somewhat flocculently rusty tomentose, pubescence tending to be lost in age, branchlets irregularly longitudinally ridged, the ridges not conspicuously flat topped; leaves up to 20 cm long, rachis rusty or grayish tomentose, pinnae 4—10 (12) pairs, 8—10 cm long, leaflets (26) 32—37 pairs, narrowly oblong, very oblique at base, apex rounded to somewhat acute, (6) 8—10 (11) mm long, 2—3 mm wide, very sparsely appressed puberulent beneath or completely glabrous, palmately 3or 4-nerved from base, main nerve or midrib1/3—1/4 the way from anterior margin; an elliptic raised gland near middle of petiole; stipules triangular, scalelike; inflorescence a spicate raceme, axillary, 1—2 at a node, 7—9(12) cm long, peduncle 1—2(3) cm, bracts subtending flower buds ovate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, densely golden appressed pubescent and ciliate, very early caducous, pedicels short but evident; flowers with calyx about 2.5 mm long, sparsely appressed golden pubescent, glabrate, teeth 5, triangular,1/3 to 1/2 the length of calyx; corolla 5—6 mm long, appressed pubescent, tube somewhat exserted, lobes oblong, obtuse to acutish, apex papillate within but without a tuft of wool; stamens about 15 mm long, bright lemon yellow, anthers minute, orbicular or even broader than long; pods stipitate, narrowly oblong, 8—11 cm long, about 2 cm wide, slightly apiculate at apex, margin somewhat thickened, constricted between seeds when poorly developed, 8—11 seeded; seeds transversely arranged, oval, black, faintly margined, somewhat compressed, 4—6 mm long. a common component of the low forest at higher elevations, usually between 1500 and 3300 m, on mountains of sumatra and especially java, with a variety on flores. junghuhn (reisen, 1845 p. 139, 148, etc.) uses the vernacular name ,,kamalandingang." *) junghuhn cited no specimens, *) note of the senior editor: kamlandingan is the common vernacular name for leucaena leueocephala; a. montana has similar leaves. 78 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 but it seems practical to select his collection from tjerimas in leyden as lectotype, as three duplicates of it exist. this species has been reduced by some to a. lophantha, which, indeed, it resembles very closely. the principal differences are in the abundant flocculent rusty tomentum on all young parts, irregular, wrinklelike ridges, rather than regular, flattish-topped ridges, on the twigs, different leaflet venation with the midrib away from the margin, much longer racemes with much larger and longer persistent bracts, corolla lobes without a tuft of wool at apex but papillose within, pods broader, with 8—11 seeds, rather than 3—8. the variety from flores is in some respects intermediate, but unquestionably belongs with a. montana. 2a. albizia montana (jungh.) benth. var. montana as described above. s u m a t r a : s. loc. korthals (l, 2 sheets); pajakumbuh, central sumatra, mt. merapi, near bukittinggi, above "amor naturae," 1500—1000 m, meijer 64.32 (l). w e s t j a v a : mt. gedeh: la riviere s.n.(l) ; blume [ ?] (l, 4 sheets); 2135 m, hallier 513 (bo, l) ; 2135—2600 m, hallier 535 (bo, l) ; 2900 m, kuntze 4727 (ny) ; top, harreveld 3443 (l, 2 sheets) ; sapiin in 1896 (bo); 2800 m, van steenis 1999 (bo) ; 2390 m, bruggeman (2) 3717 (bo); backer 31306 (bo); 2500 m, kostermans in 1964 (bish, us, fo) ; 2900 m, fosberg u635 (us, fo); 2600—2800 m, fosberg u627 (bish, l, ny, us, fo); m629 (bish, ny, us, fo) ; m63o (fo). mt. pangarango, koorders 3865 (bo); tjibodas: 1400—2900 m, raap 82b (l); koorders 766 (bo); koordes 2215b (bo). mt. wajang, smith & rant 589 (bo). mt. kantjana, santosa tea estate, s. coll. in 1953 (bo)."*slt. papandajan, van rijckevorsel 8 (bo); koens us (bo) ; 2650 m, van steenis 11670 (bo) ; ± 2650 m, scheffer c. 29 (bo). garut, koorders 3883 (bo); near garut, s. coll. 3ms (l). mt. tjikuraj, 1500 m, backer 5378 (bo). mt. tjeremai, junghuhn (l, 3 sheets lectotype) ; 2600—3775 m, backer 5127 (bo); 3600 m, docters v. leeuwen 2532 (bo); houter 87 (bo); 2600—3000 m, backer 5049 (bo). central java: mt. slamet, 2800—3100 m, van steenis 11643 (bo, l); koorders 3886 (bo); 2900 m, koorders 3887 (bo); 2700—3100 m, backer 500 (bo). dieng plateau: junghuhn 80 (l); 2100 m, brinkman 327 (bo) ; 2000 m, backer 21677 (bo). mt. prahu, 1500 m, koorders 13348 (bo, l). batang surdjo, koorders 13388 (bo, l). mt. sumbing, 2100 m, lbrzing 26 (bo). mt. telomojo, koorders 27827 (bo). mt. merbabu: 1500 m, koorders 3885 (bo); top, ± 3125 m, docters v. leeuwen — reynvaan 1165 (bo); 2800 m, docters v. leeuwen (bo); docters v. leeuwen in 1912 (bo); 1800—2000 m, backer 30258 (bo). mt. merapi: 1900 m, den berger 97 (bo); hemken 13 (bo); warburg 4642 (ny). mt. lawu: de voogd 809 (l); top, 3200 m, "alg" 3443 (l); 2900—3200 m, elbert 155 (l) ; coert 361; 3265 m, 998 (l) ; 3100 m, 17am slooten 2558 (bo) ; 1650 m, backer 6821 (bo); east java: ponorogo, mt. manjutan, t. ngebel, 1450 m, koorders 3884 (bo, l); 1275 m, koorders 23154 (bo); 2400 m, koorders 3888 (bo). mt. pitjis, koorders 29280 (bo). mt. sewu, koorders 3868 (bo). mt. wilis, backer 11396 (bo); 1500 m, kuntze 5853 (ny, 3 sheets). mt. andjasmoro; winckel 26 (l) ; 1980 m, winkel 49 b. (bo). 1965] f. r. fosberg: revision of albizia sect. pachysperma 79 mt. kawi, junghuhn s.n. (l); 2850 m, van leeuwen 12232 (bo) ; mt. welirang, top, ± 3150 m, posthumus 357 (bo). mt. ardjuno: top, ± 3300 m, posthumus 331 (bo), 2800 m, arens 28 (l) ; 2500 m, rant in 1923 (bo); 3000 m, koorders 43790 (bo). mungal-penandjaan (tengger mts.), 2000—2500 m, kobus in 1899 (bo); 2500 m, popta 20 (bo); roomo, rant 925 (bo). mt. kukusan 1500—1700 m, elbert 154 (l). mt. semeru, 2500 m, backer 3736 (bo, l). tengger mts., koorders 13807 (bo) ; koorders 13806 (bo; l) ; 2000 m, koorders 37836 (bo); 2500 m, koorders 37635 (bo); tjemaralawang, 2225 m, koorders 37633 (bo) ; ajas ajas, 2200 m, gisius 45 (l). mt. batok, 2200 m, koorders 37634 (bo) ; widodaren, keduwon, 2300 m, koorders 37632 (bo) ; ngadisari, koorders 37635 (l) ; koorders 12821 (bo, l). jang plateau, mt. argapura, 2900m, v. steenis 10954 (bo) ; 3020 m, koorders 43540 (bo). pantjur idjen, koorders 28562 (bo); koorders 3889, 3890 et 3891 (bo); 2160 m, koorders 3892 (bo). idjen complex, 1550 m, backer 24875 [or 24175] (bo); teijsmann in 1854 (bo). idjen, mt. sukat, 2500—2900 m, van steenis 12177 (bo). mt. merapi, 2600 m, koorders 43061 (bo). kawah idjen, clason-laurman e. 58 (bo); van steenis 12116 (bo). j a v a , location doubtful: bangu, 2150 m, coert 1020 (l) ; "alp. orient." waitz (l) ; tjipannas, a warm spring on slopes of gedeh, blume (l) ; s. loc. backer s.n. (bo). completely without locality: s. loc. s. coll. (l); herb. reinwardtianum (l); "herb, variorum bot." (l); s. coll. iblumel] (ny); junghuhn s.n. (l) ; "r or z" (l). 2b. albizia montana var. kostermansii fosberg, n. var. ab var. montana differt in racemis longioribus, floribus minoribus, leguminibus angustioribus. leaflets 4—8 mm long, 2 mm wide; racemes 8—14 cm long; flowers with calyx 2—2.5 mm long, corolla 4—5 mm long, lobes ovate; pods narrow, 15 mm wide, with thick margins. l e s s e r s u n d a i s l a n d s : f l o r e s , keli m u t u , 1400 m , o . jaag 1517 ( l , t y p e ) . the differences shown by this specimen, together with its geographical separation from the range of var. montana probably justify the assumption that it represents a distinctive population. an attempt to establish the exact place and date of publication of acacia montana jungh. led us into a seldom-equalled bibliographic rat's nest. this we were able to clear up partially largely through the efforts of my associate, dr. m.-h. sachet. the places of publication indicated by both miquel and bentham were completely erroneous. examination of a myriad of papers published by junghuhn on his explorations of the volcanoes of java yielded many places where the name acacia montana mihi was used, mostly with no descriptive information at all. most of these uses were in articles dated 1845, as were two articles where the name was accompanied by ample descriptive material in both dutch and latin. there seems to be little chance of more precision as to the order in which r e l n w a r b t i a [vol. 7 these papers appeared during that year. to complicate matters junghuhn (or perhaps his editor, nees), in at least four places, in one of these series of papers, called the plant inga montana or inga (acacia) montana, thus effecting a transfer. however, it is not certain whether the transfer was subsequent or prior to the publication of the name with a description. a solution providing a definite date and place of publication may be reached by really straining at a technicality and regarding as validly published an earlier use of the name acacia montana by junghuhn, in 1842, accompanied by the statement ,,10 hoog en hadden stammen van 4—5 duimen dikte." many botanists will refuse to regard this as a description, but perhaps if they are faced with the problem of determining in what order the various 1845 uses of the name appeared they may be more inclined to be technical and admit that for nomenclatural purposes a description does not have to be diagnostic. the name acacia vulcanica presents some of the same sort of problems, but fortunately it cannot be regarded as anything but a nomen nudum before 1847. the bibliography of these names, so far as we have been able to verify it, is as follow: acacia montana jungh., tijdschr. ned. ind. 5(1) : 199 (n. mid.), 622 (n. raid.), 626 (accompanied by the "description" quoted above). 1842. — acacia montana jungh., topogr. naturw. reisen durch java, 135, 139, 206, 345, 392, 484 (all nomina nuda), magdeburg, 1845. — inga montana jungh., topogr. naturw. reisen durch java 288 (with a few words of incidental description), 289, 476, magdeburg, 1845. — inga (acacia) montana jungh. ibid., p. 305. — inga montana jungh., bot. zeit. 3: 703. 1845 •—• acacia montana jungh., natuur. & geneesk. arch. ned. ind. 2: 22—23 (short but adequate description in dutch), 35—36 (ample diagnosis in latin). 1845. whether this or the following appeared first is not known, but the editor of this journal says the material in this article will be published in tijdschrift van neerlands indie. the time elapsed between writing and printing is not known; in tijdschr. ned. ind. 7(1): 163—164. 186. 1842 (treatment identical with that in natuur. & geneesk. arch.). neither of these gives any locality nor cites a specimen, but footnotes in both papers indicate that where no locality is given, the plants grow on all of the volcanoes. acacia vulcanica korth. ex zollinger & moritzi, natuur. & geneesk. arch. ned. ind. 3: 72. 1846 (n. nud., based on zoll. & mor. 1939, from java). — acacia vulcanica korth. ex hassk., flora 5: 705. 1847 (no description but the following reference: ,,zoll. ill 72.5 herb. 1939, mortz. verz. p.l. (a. montana jungh. arch. ii, 22.4. hasskl.)) •" the zoll. ill reference is that quoted above, but the reference to junghuhn's species validates the publication of a. vulcanica and also makes it a superfluous name.) inga tengerensis zoll. (albizia tengerensis (zoll.) miq.) has been included by some in the synonymy of a. montana, but its original description (natuur. & geneesk. arch. ned. ind. 4: 13, 81. 1845) indicates that it has umbellate flowers on filiform pedicels. if the description is accurate the 1965] p. r. fosberg: revision of albizia sect. pachysperma plant must belong elsewhere *). acacia saltuum junghuhn (bot. zeit. 3: 703. 1845) has also generally been placed in a. montana. this plant was only vaguely and incidentally described in a translation of one of junghuhn's accounts of his explorations. in the statement cited there seems to be insufficient basis for identifying a. saltuum with albizia montana, though i can suggest no other disposition of it. until a specimen can be found labelled thus by junghuhn, acacia saltuum may best be regarded as a nomen dubium. 3. albizia minahassae koord. flora n. o. celebes, in med. s'lands pl.tuin 19: 417—419. 1893; suppl. flora n.o. celebes 1: 13—15, pi. 4a, 4b. 1918. — serianthes minahassae (koord.) merrill and perry, j. arn. arb. 23: 393. 1942. serianthes ledermannii harms, bot. jahrb. 55: 43. 1917. koorders in the two references cited above gives a very full description of this species and an excellent illustration, drawn from the original material. what little can be added to this, or is especially pertinent to the present study, is given in the descriptions of the varieties below. koorders had available material only from celebes. subsequent collecting has shown that the species is widely distributed in new guinea. as might be expected in such a widely distributed forest species there is considerable local variation. it has been possible to characterize the known local populations as varieties, though the paucity of material, the fact that parts of it were examined before the whole series of varieties has become apparent, and the lack of opportunity for direct comparison of some specimens with the others, make the status of these varieties somewhat doubtful. further collecting will probably turn up many more such varieties, or it could show that some or all of them could not be maintained. in any event, the proposed arrangement will provide a frame of reference in which to study future collections and will emphasize the characters and trends that seem significant. the main trend seems to be toward reduction of the complex inflorescence and suppression of the curious vegetative branchlets in the inflorescence as one goes eastward in the range of the species. this reduction culminates in the umbellate to solitary spikes of the related a. melanesica of the. solomon islands, which seems distinct enough to be considered a separate species. it is realized that these varieties are very *) note by the senior editor. this species has been included in abarema sapindoides (a. cunn.) kosterm.; the type specimen is zollinger 2521 (p) (cf kostermans, bull 20, organ. sci. res. indon. 39. 1954). 82 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 closely related and that some students may prefer to ignore them and merely use the binomial albizia minahassae for the entire assemblage. the species as a whole may be briefly characterized as follows: trees, said to reach 60 m tall, young growth brownish pubescent, leaves bipinnate 12—16 jugate, pinnules multijugate, leaflets small, more or less oblique at base, petioles and rachises with disklike glands; inflorescence an umbel, or a proliferating panicle, of pedunculate spikes, with a tendency to produce a rudimentary vegetative branchlet at one or more ramifications; flowers sessile or subsessile, subtended by caducous bracts; calyx campanulate, corolla with petals united into a tube below, up to 8 mm long, stamens many, conspicuous, up to 25 mm long; pod very large, up to 25 cm long, 4 cm wide, subligneous, splitting along margins when mature but valves not separating. koorders, in both of his descriptions, emphasizes the relationship of a. minahassae to a. moluccana (a. falcataria) as does harms in his discussion of serianthes ledermannii. as noted above, they are similar in the general type of inflorescence, not duplicated in other parts of the genus. however, a. minahassae differs greatly from a. moluccana in the pubescence, the umbelloid branching of the inflorescence, the vegetative branchlet in the inflorescence, the more deeply and irregularly lobed calyces, the thicker, more densely sericeous corollas, and in the larger, thicker, incompletely dehiscent pods which lack a dorsal keel. it is the character of these pods, which approach the completely indehiscent woody ones of serianthes, as well as a similarity in habit, that has led some workers to place this species in serianthes. the following artificial key may aid in separating the varieties of albizia minahassae as they are at present understood: , a. inflorescence a proliferating panicle b. leaflets with midrib equidistant or nearly so from both margins, about 9. mm long and 4 mm wide 3a. var. minahassae bb. leaflets with midrib about twice as far from lower margin as from upper, 5—7 mm long, 1.5—2 mm wide 3b. var. proliferata aa. inflorescence not conspicuously proliferating, spikes usually umbelloid c. inflorescence with a rudimentary vegetative branch at the point of origin o f the rays o f the umbel; midrib o f leaflet close t o upper margin . . . . 3c. var. umbellata cc. inflorescence umbelloid but lacking vegetative branchlet; midrib of leaflet subcentral or slightly nearer upper margin . . . 3d. var ledermannii 3a. albizia minahassae koord. var. minahassae leaf up to 16—18 cm long, one or two disklike glands near base of petiole, also on rachis, one at base of each pair of pinnae, pinnae 13 pairs, 1965] f.r. fosberg: revision of amzia sect. pachysperma 83 each with up to 20 pairs of leaflets, these about 9 mm long, 4 mm wide sericeous beneath, tending to be glabrate in age, very slightly hirtellous above, somewhat oblique, slightly pointed, midrib subcentral or slightly nearer the upper margin. inflorescence a proliferating panicle of pedunculate spikes, varying m degree of development but usually 2—3 times branched rarely reduced to a single umbel of spikes, normally 2—5 spikes at each ramification along with a vegetative branch, this usually rudimentary occasionally with a fully developed leaf; flowers sessile or subsessile disposed along the ultimate 15 mm of the spikes; calyx, 4—5 mm long' 5—6 mm wide, broadly campanulate, 2—3 (rarely 4—5) dentate, appearing rather bilabiate, teeth strongly unequal; corolla white, 7—8 mm long, tube not exserted, lobes ovatetriangular, 3—4 mm long; stamens 20—23 mm long; fruit straight, 11—25 cm long, 23—40 mm wide, subligneous, with somewhat thickened margins, subindehiscent, splitting along margins when very mature, but valves not separating, endocarp parchmentlike, tending to separate from mesocarp when pod is opened, cross veining on sides of pod visible, veins 3—8 mm apart, tending to anastomose in central region of pod. endemic to celebes, apparently known only from menado, in the minahassa region on the northeast paninsula, and from malili, on the southeast peninsula, ranging from 5 to 500 m elevation. vernacular names recorded: ,,paka," ,,teduhu mopute," ,,teduhu pute," and ,,teduhu puti." koorders cites two specimens, his nos. 17650 and 17654 with his original description. of these the first has been indicated as lectotype. c e l e b e s : minahassa: menado, koorders 17542, 17552, 22617, 294x2, (all l) ; 50 m, 17541 (l), 200 m, 17654 (l), 317 m, 22620 (l), 500 m, 17548 (l), 17650 (l, isolectotype); malili, 450 m, cel./v-225 (bo, 9 sheets, l, 4 sheets); 5 m, 6.6. 32805 (bo, l) ; malili, kampong angkona, 10—50 m, 6.6. 23972 ( l ) ; 32808 ( l ) ; 32809 ( l ) ; 32810 (l, s i n g ) ; 32811 ( l ) ; 32814 (l); 20806 (bo, l, s i n g ) ; 30 m, 32807 (l, 2 sheets); malili, kawata, 400 m, cel./v-s70 ( l ) ; cel./v-371 (bri, sing). j a v a : cultivated in hortus bogoriensis: s. coll. i.k. 24 (sing); i.b. 50a ( s i n g ) ; koorders 42809 (l, sing, 2 sheets) ; koorders in 1915 (l); de wit in 1941 (l) ; s. coll., s.n. (l, 2 sheets). 3b. albizia minahassae var. proliferata fosberg, n. var. ramuli, foliorum rhachides paniculaeque ferrugineo-pubescentes, folio orum laminae subtus ferrugineo-pubescentes, costae propius marginibus anterioribus; svicae paniculatae umbellatae cum ramulis sterilibus dispositae. tree 20—30 m tall; branches eventually horizontally spreading from a short gray trunk; young parts and leaf rachises densely rusty-brown pubescent; leaf rachises 17—18 cm long, pinnae 12—15 or more pairs, 6.5—9 cm long, with disklike glands on rachis between most pairs of pinnae, leaflets 24—28 pairs, oblong, slightly curved upward, 5—7 mm long, 1.5—2 84 r e l n w a r d t l a [vol. 7 mm wide, apex rounded, upper surface glabrous, lower densely brown sericeous-tomentose, midrib 1/3 the distance from distal margin; inflorescence a pedunculate umbellate panicle, peduncle about 35 mm long, several pedunculate spicate branches arising at summit along with a sterile vegetative branch which originates at the same point, and develops, usually giving rise to a further umbel of pedunculate spikes, often with a vegetative branch; fertile part of spikes about 20 mm long; flowers with calyx campanulate, densely sericeous, 4 mm long, lobes 3—4, ovate, about 2 mm long but unequal, corolla white, densely sericeous without, glabrous within, about 8 mm long; lobes oblong, 5 mm long; fruit (almost mature) 15—18 cm long, 3.5—4 cm wide, apparently indehiscent, not woolly, margin somewhat thickened. n e w g u i n e a : papua: lower fly river, east bank, opp. sturt island, in rain forest, brass 8076 (a, bm, bo, type, l, lae, us); ihu-vaitata river, brass 1107 (a, bri); palmer river, 2 m. below junction of black river, 100 m, brass 7349 (a, l). 3c. albizia minahassae var. umbellata fosberg, n. var. ramuli, rhachides, paniculaeque ferrugineo-tomentosi, foliola 4—6 mm long 1—2 mm lataque vel parviora, subtus sericea leviter obliqua, costa propius margini anteriori, inflorescentia umbellata vix proliferata ramulis sterilibus ferme rudimentaribus; calycis lobi rotundi. tree 16—32 m tall, flat-topped; young parts, leaf rachises and panicles closely brown pubescent or tomentulose, rachises up to 21.5 cm long, with few disklike glands, only 1-2 near apex and a large one near middle of petiole, pinnae 12—16 pairs, 5—6 cm long; leaflets about 22 pairs, stiff, glabrous above, densely sericeous beneath, 4—6 mm long, 1—2 mm wide, oblong, straight, but the blunt apex toward distal side, midrib close to distal margin; inflorescence usually umbelloid, a peduncle 6 cm high bearing 3—6 branches up to 7 cm long, the ultimate 1—2 cm spicately floriferous, a small more or less abortive vegetative branchlet originating at the same point as fertile rays of umbel (this not evident on nearly mature fruiting inflorescence; on others it is well developed and leafy, making the pods appear to be on simple axillary spikes; on brass & versteegh 13182 and koster bw 1449 the inflorescences are well developed and show 2 clusters of 3—4 spikes arising one just above the other, the vegetative branchlet arising between them but from the adaxial side of the upper cluster); flower with calyx about 4 mm long, divided more than halfway into 3—4 rounded unequal thinly sericeous lobes; corolla 6—8 mm long, lobes oblong-ovate, densely sericeous without, glabrous within; fruit straight, thinly tomentose, 9—17 cm long, 2.7—3.5 cm wide, rather more closely cross-veined than in var. minahassae, with deep transverse grooves between seed cavities; seeds oblong, 12—13 mm long, 6—7 mm wide, faintly margined, rarely 2 in a cavity, cavities otherwise definitely separated. 1965] f.r. fosberg: revision of albizia sect. pachysperma 85 found in west irian in primary rain forest on flood plains and lower mountain slopes from sea level to 750 m. w e s t i r i a n : idenburg r., bernhard camp, 100 m, brass & versteegh 1351,6 (bo, type, l, lae) ; 50 m, brass 13970 (bo, l, lae) ; 50 m, 6.6. 25681 (bo, l, sing), 2 km s.w. of bernhard camp, 750 m, brass & versteegh 13182 (bo l' lae). mimika, siere (uta) , 5 m, 6.6. 32841 (l). manokwari, oransbari, 50 m, mangold bw 2086 (l, lae); momi, 25 m, kostermans 322 (l, 2 sheets, sing). salawati island: 6 m, koster bw 1u9 (bo, l, lae) ; saloal, 0 m, versteegh bw 4670 (l, lae). 3d. albizia minahassae var. ledermannii (harms) fosberg, n. comb. serianthes ledermannii harms in bot. jahrb. 55: 43. 1917, tree 20—25 m tall; leaves with glands on rachis between upper pinnae and at middle or above base of petiole; leaflets oblong to oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 5—7 mm long, 1.5—2.5 mm wide, glabrous or almost so above, puberulent and pale beneath, midrib subcentral or a little nearer the anterior margin; inflorescence ferruginous villous, umbelloid(?), branches 2—5, 6—7 cm long; flowers white, subtended by small broadly ovate acute early caducous bracts. (description extracted from that of harms, no specimens available). "nordostl. neu-guinea: pionierlager am sepik, sumpfwald (ledermann 7311)" type, not seen. this description agrees in every important respect with that of albizia minahassae, and i have no hesitation in including serianthes ledermannii in that species, even though i have not seen specimens of it. in the absence fruit, harms expressed some doubt whether this plant should be in albizia or serianthes and remarked on its resemblance to albizia moluccana miq. (a. falcataria (l.) fosb.) 4. albizia melanesica fosberg, n. sp. foliorum rhachides spicaeque subglabrae, rhachides 15—21 cm longae, foliola maxime 8 mm long a 2.5 mm lataque infra minute sericea; spicae solitariae vel umbellatae; calyx 3—5 mm longus, lobi rotundi; corolla 8 mm longa; fructus maxime 21 cm longus 7 cm latusque. giant tree 35 m tall, with straight trunk; leaf rachis 15—21 cm long, almost glabrous, with circular glands at base of distal pinnae, pinnae about 14 pairs, leaflets about 20 pairs on a pinna, oblong, up to 8—10 mm long, 2.5—3 mm wide, minutely sericeous beneath and on midrib above, midrib 1/3 distance from anterior margin; spikes solitary to umbellate, up to 5 86 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 originally at a node, to 9—10 cm long, almost glabrous; flowers with calyx 3.5 mm long, deeply divided into 2—3 (?) rounded lobes, thinly sericeous, corrolla up to 8 mm long, sericeous lobes linear-oblong (?), fruit about 21 cm long, 7 cm wide, distinctly veined, margins thickened, probably indehiscent. the material on which this species is based is inadequate for full characterization, but its subglabrous rachises and spikes and the reduced inflorescence suggest that it should be distinguished. unfortunately when the specimens were examined, the arrangement of the inflorescence of albizia minahassae was not understood, and the notes recorded were not as full as they should have been. s o l o m o n i s l a n d s : bougainville: koniguru, buin, 900 m i n rain forest, kajewski 2143 (bish, type, bri, l, sing). new georgia group, vanganu i., keli river, in riverine rain, forest, walker & white 147 (bri, k). san christoval i., logie 355 (lae), 351 (lae). malaita i. near buma mission, walker & white bsip 72 (bri). f.s. walker, in "forests of the british solomon islands protectorate," p. 136, 1948, has given a description of this plant under the name serianthes minahassae (koord.) merr. & perry, and merrill and perry have referred it to albizia minahassae koord. which they transferred to serianthes, incorrectly in my opinion. two sterile (one with detached pod) specimens from new britain possibly belong here, though their leaves are larger, reaching 30 cm long, up to 20-jugate. *) a detached^'pod on the sheet with white 10964 in leiden is somewhat smaller, 15 x 5.5 cm. the spacimens cannot be assigned definitely until re-collected with flowers and fruit. n e w b r i t a i n : near urin, 50 ft. white 10016 (lae); ridge top east of old mahararu village, 3 mi. s. of mt. otto, talasea subdistr. 1000 ft., white 10964 (l, lae). 5. albizia fulva white and francis, proc. roy. soc. queensl. 38: 250. 1927. large tree, to 43 m tall; branchlets conspicuously zig-zag, angled, leaf scars prominent, lenticels noticeable, young parts strongly brown-tomentose; leaves up to 25 cm long, rather stiff, pinnae 10 to 13-jugate, densely fulvoustomentose, except on upper surface of leaflets, these up to 22-jugate, oblong or oblong-ovate" straight or rarely slightly falcate, slightly or not at all, *) note of senior editor: leaves of pole stage of a. minahassae have leaves of 60 cm long, and are up to 24-jugate. 1965] f. r. fosbekg: revision of albizia sect. pachysperma, 87 cuspidate up to about 12 mm wide 3/4 mm wide, midrib very near distal margin, blade sparsely appressed hirtellous above, densely pubescent beneath; panicle axillary, heavy, up to 16 cm long, irregularly or racemosely twice-branched, no trace of vegetative branch (except in hoogland & schodde 6771), ultimate ramifications shortly spicate, pedunculate, spicate portion elongating to at least 2.5 cm in fruit, whole panicle pedunculate or sessile (in type one panicle has a spike at base, other has not), densely fulvous tomentose, bracteoles ovate, slightly acuminate, 3—4 mm long, very early caducous; flowers with calyx 3—4 mm long, sparsely to densely sericeous, subequally toothed to 1/4 total length; corolla about 7—8 mm long, lobes oblong-lanceolate to ovate, 3—5 mm long, brownish green outside, pale green within; stamens about 15 mm long, white, style about 20 mm long; fruit straight, linear-oblong, 12—13 cm long, 21—27 mm wide (no fruit on type, but a note says pods 1/2 inch by 5 inches), sides very thinly brown tomentose, margins somewhat thickened, surrounded by a wing less than 1 mm wide on one side, 2—3 mm on other; seeds elliptic, 6 by 3 mm, up to 14 in pod. n e w g u i n e a : 3000—5000 ft. in owen stanley range, trail from kokoda to the gap, lane-poole 263 (bri, type); papua: boridi, 5000 ft., carr 14580 (canb, ny, sing); lala river, 5500 ft., carr 15838 (sing); territory of new guinea: morobe distr., bulolo valley, 300o ft., mcveigh & ridgwell 7343 (canb, eae); western highlands distr., upper wahgi valley, komum valley, kulikenda village, hoogland & pullen 6271 (canb, lae). a specimen from western highlands distr., wahbag subdistr., upper tar valley, near wahpanamanda, 6800 ft., hoogland & schodde 6771 (canb) differs in having the panicle only once ramified and in having a small, scarcely developed vegetative branch in the panicle, the spicate portions of the ultimate ramifications up to 3.5 cm long. it probably should be included in a. fulva, at least until enough material is collected to show that it is consistently different. the original drawing of a. fulva appears to show a vegetative branchlet in the inflorescence, but examination of the type, from which the drawing was obviously made, shows that this is simply due to the rachis of the panicle being pressed against an ordinary vegetative branchlet. dr. a. kostermans has suggested in conversation and on several herbarium sheets that this species be reduced to albizia falcata (=a. falcataria). this is certainly the correct disposition of the specimens which he has so annotated, but they are not identical with the material cited above as a. fulva. 6. albizia eymae fosberg, n. sp. ramuli, rhachides vaniculaeque, dense ferrugineo-tomentoso-pilosi, folia bipinnata 13—14-juga, foliola 22—24-juga mavcime 8—9 mm longa r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 3 mm lataque sericea; vanicula 13—20 cm longa biramificata cum ramulo sterile valde reducto: calyx 2—2.5 mm, longus 5-dentatus dentes minuti subaequales, corolla extus valde sericea 5—7 mm longa, lobi 2—2.5 mm longi ovato-lanceolati acuti. young parts, leaf rachises, secondary rachises and inflorescence densely brown tomestose-pilose; leaves bipinnate, rachises 21—23 cm long, pinnae 13—14 pairs, 8—9 cm long, widely separated, with disklike glands on rachis at bases of most pairs of pinnae, leaflets up to 22—24 pairs, to 8—9 mm long, 3 mm wide, sparsely sericeous above, more densely so beneath, midrib vs the distance from the anterior to posterior margins, tomentose-pilose beneath; inflorescence definitely paniculate, twice ramified, thyrsoid in appearance but ultimate ramifications umbelloid, each umbel bearing a very much reduced vegetative branch; flowers with calyx 2—2.5 mm long, thinly tomentose, divided about % to base into 5 subequal teeth; corolla 5—7 mm long, densely sericeous without, glabrous within, lobes 2—5 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, acute; stamens about 1 cm long. this species seems about intermediate between a. falcataria and a. minahassae. it differs from a. falcataria in the umbelloid ramifications and vegetative branchlets in the inflorescence and from a. minahassae in the greater ramification and thyrsoid appearance of the panicle, the more remote pinnae and the form of the corolla, and from both of them in the almost regular dentation of the calyx. it is closer to a. minahassae but seems sufficiently^ distinct. unfortunately the fruit is unavailable. named for the collector, the late pierre joseph eyma, who died in a prisoner-of-war camp in singapore during world war ii. w. i r i a n: wissel lake region, environs of enarotallf, 23-11-1939, eyma 54.38 (bo, type, duplicates said to be in k. and l.). 7. albizia falcataria (l.) fosberg, comb. nov. adenanthera falcataria l., sp. pl, ed. 2: 550. 1762 (based on clypearia alba rumph. herb. amb. 3: 176., t. 111. 1743.) albizia'! rnoluccana miq., fl. nederl. ind. 1: 26—27. 1855. albizia falcata (l.) backer, voorl. schoolfl. j a v a 109. 1908; schoolfl. j a v a 437. 1911; merr., int. rumph. herb, amb. 249. 1917. — adenanthera falcata l. in stickm., herb. amb. 14. 1754; amoen. acad. 4: 124. 1759 (ed. 2, 1788); syst. nat., ed. 10: 1020. 1759. (based on clypearia rubra rumph. herb. 3: 176, t. 112. 1743). large, fast-growing tree, youngest tips appearing tomentulose, when older, puberulent, twigs irregularly angled, with conspicuous white lenticels; leaves to 40 cm long, petiole with (rarely without) an oval or elongate diskshaped gland 2—3 cm "from base, pinnae (4—7) 8—10 (11—12) pairs, 1965] f. r. fosberg : revision of albizia sect. pachysperma 89 rachises of both orders more or less rusty tomentulose, leaflets 15—25 pairs, or less, obliquely oblong tending to be slightly falcate, midrib near distal margin, blade slightly puberulent above, more densely so beneath, acute to slightly acuminate or subcuspidate at apex, appearing paler beneath: inflorescence a closely pubescent to glabrate panicle 10—15 cm long, 3—5 times irregularly branched, ultimate branchlets spicate, the spikes elongating, as flowers mature and drop, to 1—2 cm long, or even longer; flowers with calyx sericeous, turbinate, 1—1.5 mm long, teeth triangular, 0.5 mm long; corolla sericeous, 3—4.5 mm long, lobes oblong-ovate, acute; stamens to at least 1 cm long; flower colour variously described as white, cream, pale yellow or light green; fruits straight, to 12 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, usually smaller, with a wing 3 mm wide on ventral margin, shortly stipitate, slightly beaked, with up to 1.5 seeds. a common, widespread tree of the moluccas, new guinea, new britain, and the solomon islands, widely planted elsewhere as a very fast-growing tree used in reforestation. i n d o n e s i a : moluccas: ternate i.: toramadiahi 300 m, beguin 1228 (l).; molulu u t a r a , dessa, fola-madiahe, 150 m, bish 6 (l, sing). ambon i.: s. loc. oldenburg 21 (l) ; de vriese in 1859—1860 (l). morotai i.: mangowo r., kostermans 1372 (lae). ceram i.: oost ceram, artafela, 60 m, 6.6. 25812 (l, sing). banda i . : g. api 5 m, 6.6. 13444 (l) ; pohon siekat, s. coll. (l), buru i.: wae mole 4 m, 6.6. 24452 ( l ) ; balos 50 m, 6.6. 31356 (l) ; hat 5 m, 6.6. 2u56 (l). halmaheira i . : raruba, djailolo, 100 m, b.b. 23729 (l). sula i.: sanana, tandjung baleha, 175 m, 6.6. 28767 (l, sing). mangoli, n. mangoli, 75 m, 6.6. 29793 (l, s i n g ) , 29863 (l). west i r i a n : lorentz r. behind kloof bivouac, 30 m, pulle 95 (l) ; bendawaja 2, i. japen, 10 m, malinka bw 7023 (l) ; jappen-biak, mt. hirong near serui, 10—150 m, oet & idjan 755 (l) ; taniba b.b. 22506 (l) ; pikpik 200 m, 6.6. 22225 (l) ; baho, 20 m, 6.6. 21830 (l) ; 4 km s.w. bernhard camp, idenburg r., 800 m, brass & versteegh 1314.1 (l, l a e ) ; 6 km s.w. bernhard camp, idenburg r., 1340 m, brass & versteegh 12575 (l, lae) ; balim river, 1600 m, brass & versteegh 11176 (l, lae) , 11176a (l, l a e ) ; manokwari, prafi, 150 m, bouwer s3 (l) ; schram bw 468 (canb, l . l a e ) . t e r r i t o r y o f n e w g u i n e a : near wau, white 1455 (l, l a e ) . sepik distr., mapik subdistr: prince alexander range, s. side of mt. turu, pullen 1585 (canb, 2 sheets) ; ,,sepik", ledermann 6773 (sing). madang distr. n e a r mawan village, gogol valley (ca. 25 km inland), 60 m, hoogland 4903 (a, canb 2 sheets, l, l a e , u s ) . morobe d i s t r : umi r., markham valley, 480 m, brass 32547 ( n y ) ; sattelberg, 1000 m., clemens 935 (l). t e r r i t o r y o f p a p u a : sogeri, heather 2835 ( l a e ) ; lower fly r., gaima, brass 8359 (bo, l, l a e ) . northern distr., tufi subdistr: along kopwei r. bet. aku and kuruaku, 5—10 m, hoogland 4388 (a, bri, canb 4 sheets, l 2 sheets, lae, u s ) ; near ridubidubina camp, 400 m, hoogland 4519 (a, bri, canb, l 2 sheets, lae, u s ) . fergusson i., angamoia, 200 m, brass 27251 (a, canb, l, l a e ) . koitahi, 1500' ft., cwrr 12833 (canb 2 sheets, l, sing 3 sheets, n y ) . bisiatavu, 1500 ft., brass 576 (bri). kaiser-wilhelmsland, s . loc. schlechter 16812 (sing). n e w b r i t a i n : siwai, waterhouse 9 4 (ny). s o l o m o n i s l a n d s : bougainville i., kugu-maru, bum, 150 m , 90 r b i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 kajewski 1987 (bri, l). ysabel i., tiratona, 600 m, brass 3223 (bri, l ) . malaita i., near auki, walker & white 69 (bri 2 sheets, cnb, l). specimens from planted t r e e s : m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : selangor: wild hill reserve, cabin's coll., cf 857 (sing); kepong plantation, hamid 16918 (sing). s i n g a p o r e : lornie road, sinclair i n 1951 (l). p h i l i p p i n e s : mindanao: cinchona plantation, koatoam, malaybalay, bukidnon, for. employee 2590 (l, sing). luzon: laguna, mt. makiling, 120 m, canicosa 22874 (l). i n d o n e s i a . s u m a t r a : kaban bjahe, 1420 m, batten pooll in 1940 (sing). j a v a : s. loc. koorders 15643 ( l ) ; tandjong priok, 1 m, backer 32837 ( l ) ; tjibinong near bogor, van heeteren in 19s8 (l, sing) ; mt. gedeh, tjibodas, boerlage ( l ) ; 1s00 m, van ooststroom 13990 ( l ) ; hort. bogor in 1903, s. coll. i.b. 60 (ny) ; kostermans 11152 ( l ) ; durttnd 2000 (l). b o r n e o : sabah: sandakan: 250 ft., agama 6715 (l, s i n g ) ; 100 ft., keith 4964 (sing) ; near headquarters forest office, 100 ft., hepburn in 1960 (l). w e s t i n d i e s : cuba, cienfulgas, atchison 190 (us). s o u t h a m e r i c a : trinidad, p o r t of spain, broadway 7687 ( n y ) ; broadway 10547 (ny). h a w a i i a n i s l a n d s : oahu and hawaii, seen growing but not collected. i n d i a : the type locality of adenanthera falcataria l. is given as " i n d i a . " this plant was widely known as albizia moluccana miq. until backer in 1908 applied to it the name albizia falcata (l.) backer, based on adenanthera falcata l. (1754). this was originally based on clypearia rubra rumph. but the plate of clypearia alba rumph. was also cited without mention of the latter name. linnaeus in 1762 proposed adenanthera falcataria, citing clypearia alba and its plate (111) as its basis, thus leaving clypearia. rubra as clearly the type of adenanthera falcata. so there seems no choice but to use the epithet falcataria rather than falcata for the plant typified by clypearia alba, which is the common albizia under discussion. clypearia rubra, with spiral pods and different leaflets, is clearly a pithecellobium (or abarema). kostermans, in his monograph of the old world pithecellobium and its allies (bull. no. 20 of the organisation for scientific research in indonesia, dec. 1954) includes adenanthera circinalis dc, which is based solely on clypearia rubra rumph., in the synonymy of abarema clypearia (jack) kost., thereby, by inference including clypearia rubra in that species. rumphius' plate has leaflets much more like those of a. angulata benth. than of p. clypearia. it is certainly an abarema rather than an albizia. rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_41 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_42 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_43 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_44 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_45 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_46 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_47 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_48 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_49 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_50 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_51 untitled 18 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 f i g . s. — acioou percoria-cea kosterm. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 1, pp. 19-46 (1965) new and critical malesian plants vii *) by a.j.g.h. kostermans **) summary 1. anacardiaceao: mangifera caesia jack is combined with m. kemanga bl. and 3 varieties are recognized: caesia, kemanga and wanji. 2. newly described are: m. pajang and m. torquenda. 3. lepidadenia seloang miquel represents: phoebe declinwta bl. 4. new lauraceae: beilschmiedia glabra, b. dictyoneura, b. bangkae, b. raontanoides, b. rivularis; endiandra ochracea, e. magnilimba. 5. in meliaceae are newly described: aphanamixis reticulosa, lansium pedicellatum and l. sepalinum. 6. sterculia minahassae kds. is referred to firmiana. f. philippinensis kosterm. is reduced to synonymy. a n a c a r d i a c e a e 1. mangifera caesia jack jack's type specimen is apparently not extant any more. his description of the fruit points to the variety wanji as described below. the inflorescence of the wild form of m. caesia is more condensed than that of the cultivated varieties; its fruit is very acid; when young it is green and partly dirty red. the two varieties kemanga and wanji differ only by the more elongate and open inflorescences and by the fruit, which are sweet acid and agreeable in taste, when they are fully ripe (fallen from the tree and left to ripen for another one or two days; the pulp becomes then very soft and juicy). mangifera kemanga blume is only grown in west java as far as i know and perhaps in s. sumatra and the malay peninsula. it has pear shaped fruit, that are pale brown in colour and dull, whereas those of the variety *) the first and second part of this series appeared in reinwardtia 2: 357—66. 1953 and 3; 1—25. 1954; part iii and iv ware issued separetely by the planning division of the forestry service of indonesia in febr. and oct. 1955; part iv appeared in reinwardtia 4: 1—40. 1956; part v in garden's bull., singapore 17: 1—10. 1958; part vi in reinwardtia 5: 341—69. 1961. **) d. sc, professor of botany, bandung institute of technology and of the faculty of physics and mathematics, university of indonesia, bogor; assistant director forest research institute, bogor; scientific collaborator herbarium bogoriense. — 1.9 20 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 wanji has fruit of the same shape, same texture and same taste, but they are glossy greenish white with partly a red coloration. the wani (bali) or wanji (east indonesian borneo) or beluno (sabah) is not grown in west java. rumphius' wani (mangifera foetida ii) was perhaps from bali. the leaves of mangifera caesia (with its 2 varieties) have a decurrent leaf base. the flowers of the var. kemanga and wanji are certainly not smaller than those of the wild m. caesia. the size of the fruit in all three varieties is the same and varies considerably. mangifera caesia jack a. var. caesia b. var. kemanga (bl.) kosterm., comb, nov.; cultivar. fructus pyriformis subrugosis pallide brunneis (basionym: mangifera kemanga blume). c. var. wanji kosterm., var. nov. fructus pyriformis, nitidis, albo-viridis, rubescentibus. typus: kostermans s.n. (bo). 2. mangifera pajang kosterm. spec. nov.—fig. la et b. arbor magna foliis glabris, magnis, rigide coriaceis oblongo-ovatis basi sensum, attenuatis apice perobsfrure acuminatis, supra nitida nervo mediano costisque prominulis subtus pallidiora nervo mediano magna prominentibus costis utrinque ca 20—25 patentibus prominulis ad marginem arcuatis; petiolis longis basi incrassatis; inflorescentiis apicalibus multifloribus, magnis, sepalibus elongato-ovatis, petalibus elongato-ovatis magnis, staminibus fertilibus 5, ovario albo, stylo longo; fructus globosus magnus. large tree, 33 and more m tall with a tall clear bole of 50 cm and more in diam. bark grey, superficially, broadly cracked, rather smooth; sap of the living bark causing skin-eruptions when touched. buttresses none. crown rather open, round. leaves crowded at the end of the thick branchlets, glabrous, rigidly coriaceous, oblong-obovate, 8 x 28 to 15 x 40 cm (and x 45 cm) (leaves of a sapling are narrower (10 x 40 cm) with up to 12 cm long petioles), base gradually tapering, contracted into the petiole, apex rounded with a short broad acumen; upper surface smooth, glossy darkgreen (fresh), midrib and lateral nerves prominulous; lower surface smooth, somewhat paler, the very strong midrib prominent; lateral nerves 20—25 pairs, patent, prominent, strongly arcuate at margin. petioles stout, 5—7 cm long, grooved, swollen at base. 1965] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical malesian plants vii 21 inflorescences apical, appearing with the new flush, dark brick red, glabrous, paniculate, many-flowered, ca 30 cm long, consisting of a very stout main rachis and patent branches; bracts and bracteoles partly present at anthesis. calyx lobes dark purple, oblong-ovate, 2—2.5 mm long, rather fleshy. petals oblong-ovate, 5—6 mm long, inside purple, outside pinkish white. fertile stamens consisting of one very long one (5 mm), two somewhat smaller ones (3—4 mm) and 2 short ones; filaments broad, purple; ovary ellipsoid to ovoid, white; style white, ca 5 mm with a small capitellate stigma. fruit ca 15 cm in diarn. (often more), globose, roughish, brownish; rind very thick (10 mm) (when eaten pealed off like a banana); pulp yellowish white, sweet acid. stone rather flattened. typus: kostermans 12534 (bo). the species is a well known cultivated and wild one, related to mangifera foetida. it is easily recognized by the dark brickred inflorescences with the purple flowers and the white ovary. the fruit are the largest of the genus mangifera and may reach dimensions of a small coconut. the local name in sabah and indonesian east borneo is everywhere asem (= manggo) pajang. e a s t k a l i m a n t a n (indones. borneo), west kutei, tundjung plateau padang luwai, july, fl., kostermans 12534. (a, bo, canb, k, l, ny, sing). s a b a h (n. borneo) : sipitang, ulu mendalong, 6 miles s.s.e. of malaman, alt. 500 m, sept., fr., wood, san 16783 (bo). 3. mangifera torquenda kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 2 arbor magna foliis longe petiolatis rigide coriaceis glabris, ellipticis usque ad subobovato oblongis, inflorescentiis apicalibus parce minute tomentellis, floribus parvis, staminibus fertilibus unicus, discus distinctis. large tree, up to 30 m tall and 40 cm in diam. bark smooth, light brownred; sap not itching. leaves rigidly coriaceous, concave (fresh), glabrous, aggregate near the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong to elliptic, 5 x 12 to 9 x 21 cm, base gradually attenuate, apex obscurely acuminate, above glossy green, smooth, midrib and lateral nerves prominulous; lower surface paler, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves patent, ca 20 pairs, at margin arcuate, prominulous; secondary nerves rather obscure. petioles 3—6 cm long, rather slender, thickened and black-green (fresh) at base. inflorescences white, terminal, dense, paniculate, up to 15 cm long (the tops of the side branches often almost in the same level); the thick main peduncle slightly, sparsely, minutely pilose towards apex, bearing slender, short branchlets; flowers sweetly fragrant, greenish white 22 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 on a short pedicel, articulate with a slender up to 8 mm long branchlet, with a bract at its base. flowers small; sepals elongate-ovate, 2—2.5 mm long; petals elongate ovate, 4 mm long. fertile stamen one, 4—5 m long; ovary ovoid on a disk. fruit globular, smooth, yellowish green, about 10 cm diam. with a rather thin rind; pulp pale yellowish, sweet acid. it is consumed by making a transverse cut through the rind and pulp and twisting the two halves which then loosen completely from the seed. seed biconvex, about 4 cm thick. typus: kostermans 12533 (bo). e a s t k a l i m a n t a n (indones. borneo), west kutei, tundjung plateau, padang luwai, july, fl... kostermans 12533 (a, bm, bo, bri, cal, canb, k, l, lae, ny, p, sing). also cultivated. l a u r a c e a e lepidaoenia seloang miq. lepidadenia seloang miquel, fl. ind. bat., suppl. sumatra 145. 1860 et 361. 1861; meissner in d c , prodr. 15(1): 515. 1864; van eeden, catal. houtsoorten ned. o. ind. 43. 1872; hasselt & boerlage, bijdr. fl. midden sumatra 19. 1884; filet, plantk. woordenb. ned. ind., ed. 2: 206. 1888; kostermans, bibliogr. laur. 722. 1964. — cylicodaphne seloang (miq.) meissner in d c , i.e.; kostermans, i.e. this species is represented in the bogor herbarium by two iso-type sheets (numbered 3573 h.b. and 3905 h.b.), collected by teijsmann near muara dua (moeara doewa) near palembang; the label bears the local name: medang selowang. these sterile specimens represent: phoebe declinata bl. 1. beilschmiedia glabra kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 3 arbor in omnibus partibus (fioribus exceptis) glabris foliis oppositis coriaceis ellipticis vel subovato-ellipticis basi cuneatis in petiolum subdecurrentibus apice acuminatis, gemmis ovatis acuminatis, paniculis parvis paudfloris, fioribus longe pedicellatis tepalibus ovato-lanceolatis starninibus gracilibus filamentis longis parce pilosis antheris elongatis glandulis stipitatis staminodiis longis gracilis; fructus brunneis scabriusculis magnis. tree up to 35 m high and 80 cm in diam.; buttresses none or small (up to 50 cm high), thin. bark dark redbrown, rather smooth, cracked or peeling off in papery pieces. living bark 3—10 mm thick, light brown to orange brown. wood moderately hard, white. branchlets glossy dark green, drying brown. leaves coriaceous, very glossy, glabrous, subobovate-elliptic, (2 x 5.5) 3.5 x 10 to 6 x 15 cm (in saplings 10 x 30 cm), base cuneate, 1965] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical malesian plants vii 23 slightly decurrent, apex with a blunt or sharp acumen, both surfaces with a lax, prominent reticulation, upper surface glossy dark green (pale grey brown, when dried), midrib broad, flat, usually impressed or at least impressed along its centre, lateral nerves slender, 8—9 pairs, arcuate, prominulous on both surfaces, lower surface drying dark chocolate brown. leaf buds ovate, acuminate, glabrous, 5—9 mm long. petiole glabrous, superficially sulcate on its upper surface, 2—3 (—4) cm long. panicles .axillary in the new flush, glabrous, few-flowered, hardly branched, 1—2 cm long; pedicel slender, up to 10 mm long, sparsely, minutely pilose. flowers pale green to greenish white; tepals lanceolate, acute, 3 mm long, inside sparsely, minutely pilose. stamens slightly shorter than the tepals with slender, slightly pilose filaments; anthers narrow, elongate; cells of the outer ones introrse, of the inner ones lateral; glands globose, shortly stipitate. staminodes cordate, acute. fruit ellipsoid, up to 2.5 x 3.5 cm; chocolate brown, roughish (scaly), pointed at apex, base with a conspicuous neck of 5—10 mm long. typus: kostermans 7313 (bo). distribution: malay peninsula, sumatra, borneo. the leaves vary considerably in size; those near the inflorescence are 3 x 6 cm, others 10 x 25 cm. the tree prefers wet places, but remains small in periodically for long times inundated areas; on better drained soils they become much taller. the sumatran and malayan material matches the bornean perfectly, except for the specimens kiah s.f.n. 32424 and burkill & holttum 8694, which have a fruit of 3 x 4.5 cm of yellowish brown colour with a very conspicuous neck at the base; the leaves have a slightly different texture. the species has leaves similar to those of b. gigantocarpa kosterm. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : p a h a n g , f r a s e r hill upon the selangor border, alt. 1200 m, sept., fr., burkill & holttum 86u (k, sing) ; perak, mt. batu p a t a h , fr., wray 1067 (k, s i n g ) ; johore, sg. sedili, march, young fr., corner s.n. (sing) ; sg. kayu, march, fr., kiah, s.f.n. 32uu (k, s i n g ) ; s u m a t r a : djambi, simpang, alt. 45 m, ster., bb. 13123 (bo); b o r n e o : sarawak, fl., beccari p.b. 1156 (bm, bo, g, k, l e ) ; kuching, sg. mohon, dec, fl., beccari p.b. 3971 ( f l ) ; west kalimantan (indones. borneo), landak, young fr., teijsmann h.b. 1124.0 (bo, f l ) ; e a s t kalimantan, nunukan isl., s. p a r t , simengkadu, marshy, alt. 2 m, jan., young fr., kostermans 9194 (a, bo, k, l, s i n g ) ; ibid., alt. 25 m, ster., bb. 3u560 (a, bo, k, l ) ; e. kutei, mt. medadem, n.w. of sangkulirang, alt. 100 m, aug., buds, kostermans 13288 (a, bo, k, l, sing) ; menubar r., n.e. of sangkulirang, j u n e , young fr., kostermans 5u38 (a, bo, k, l, p n h , s i n g ) ; ibid., sapling of 6 m on ridge, alt. 20 m, kostermans 5195 (a, bo, k, l, p n h , s i n g ) ; ibid., mt. tepianlobang on menubar r., alt. 100 m, limestone, aug., fl., kostermans 6012 (a, b i s h , bo, k, k e p , l, l a e , p, sing, s y d ) ; ibid., tokot on menubar r., ster., 24 rein w ardtia [vol. 7 66. 14749 (bo, k, l); pelawan r., n.w. of sangkulirang, alt. 50 m, sept., fl., fr., 66. 11861 (bo) ; w. kutei, belajan r., mt. kelopok near tabang, alt. 50 m, april, fl., kostermans 10433 (a, b, bo, canb, p, sing) (leaves of 2 x 5.5 cm!); loa djana'n, near samarinda, ster., kostermans 6509 (bo, k, l) ; tdg. bangko, mouth of mahakam r., ster., kostermans 7227 (a, bo, k, l, pnh, sing); balikpapan distr., sg. wain, alt. 40 r a s t e r . , kostermans 4426 (bo, k, l) ; ibid., oct., young fr., kostermans 4234 (a, bo, k, l, sing) et 4214 (a, bo, bri, k, l, pnh, sing) ; ibid., aug., young fr., kostermans 4.020 (bo, l); ibid., sept., ster., kostermans 4445 (bo, k, l) ; peak of balikpapan (mt. beratus), beul, alt. 600 m, july, fl., kostermans 7313 (a, bo, bri, k, l, lae, ny, p, pnh, sing); ibid., july, fl., kostermans 7421 (a, bish, bm, bo; bri, cal, canb, k, l, lae, mel, p, pnh, sing) ; ibid., july, young fr., kostermans 7505 (bo). 2. beilschmiedia dietyoneura kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 4. arbor gemmis adpresse pilosis foliis coriaceis glabris lanceolatis conspicue reticulatis, costis utrinque 6—10 petiolis glabris gracilibus profunde sulcatis, paniculis gracilibus multifloris, tepalibus late ovatis pilosis, filamentis latis brevis pilosis, antheris triangularibus cellulis introrsis, staminodiis sessilis triangularibus, ovario glabro stylo aequilongo, stigmate inconspicuo. tree up to 34 m high and 57 cm in diam., buttresses none or very small. bark darkbrown, roughish, 0.5 mm, smooth or peeling off in irregular pieces; living bark darkbrown, "timer layer dark yellow, 5—10 mm thick. wood white. branchlets slender, glabrous. leafbuds conical, densely, minutely, grey adpressed pilose, small. leaves coriaceous, glabrous, lanceolate to broadly or narrowly lanceolate, 1 x 7 to 5.5 x 20 cm, base cuneate, apex gradually acuminate, sharp; both surfaces laxly prominulously, conspicuously reticulate; upper surface glossy, darkgreen (fresh), midrib slender, prominulous, lateral nerves very slender, slightly prominulous; lower surface pale green (fresh), dull, midrib rather slender, prominent, lateral nerves 6—10 pairs, slender, arcuate, prominulous, often arcuately anastomosing at some distance from the margin. petiole glabrous, slender, 5—20 mm long, deeply and narrowly sulcate above. panicles axillary, narrow, 2—8 cm long, minutely pilose. flowers greenish white, rather flat, 1.5—2 mm in diam., 1 mm high; tepals fleshy, ovate, acute, broader than long, pressed together, the tips recurved, pilose on both surfaces; anthers protruding beyond the perianth, 0.5—0.75 mm long, ovate, acute with introrse cells; filaments broad, very short, pilose; staminodes triangular or sagittate, flat, sessile, 0.25 mm; ovary globose, glabrous, 1—1.5 mm long with 1 mm long style with inconspicuous stigma. flower tube shallow, infundibuliformous, wide. fruit ellipsoid, obtuse, up to 12 x 15 mm, glossy green, smooth (fresh), covered with small warts (dried), pericarp soft, green, 2 mm, acid and biting on the tongue; cotyledons white, flat-convex. 1965] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical malesian plants vii 25 typus: kostermans 4464 (bo). t distribution: fairly common but scattered in the malay peninsula, sumatra and borneo from 20—850 m. altitude. the leaves show some resemblance with those of micropora curtisii. the warts on the fruit appear after drying and are very characteristic. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : kemaman, hulu bendung, alt. 200 m , oct., ster., corner, s.f.n. 30037 (sing) ; malacca, bukit sidenan, alt. 200 m, febr., buds, pun bebas (derry) 128 (sing); s u m a t r a : e a s t coast, lower langkat, sg. sedapan, alt. 20 m, ster., 66. 9367 (bo) ; west coast, lubuk sikabing, sawah mudoh, ster., 66. 3960 (bo, l ) ; palembang distr., lematang hilir, gunungmegang, alt. 75 m, d e c , ster., t. 3p. 851 (bo); ibid., nov., fr., t. 851 (bo, l) ; ibid., semangus, ster., 66. 32023 (bo, k, l, n y ) ; bencoolen, redjang, kepahiang, alt. 650 m, oct., ster., 66. 15951 (bo) ; w e s t k a l i m a n t a n (indon. borneo), melawi, tjatit, alt. 410 m, ster., 66. 264.60 (a, bo, k, l, n y , s i n g ) ; e a s t kalimantan , tdg. bangko, mouth of mahakam r., alt. 40 m, j u n e , fr., kostermans 7266 (a, bo, bri, c a l , k, l, n y , p, p n h , s i n g ) ; balikpapan distr., sg. wain, alt. 40 m, ster., kostermans 4.570 (a, bo, k, l) et 1,075 (a, bo, k, l) ; ibid., oct., fl., kostermans 4524 (a, bish, bm, bo, bri, k, l, n y , p, p n h ) ; ibid., alt. 90 m, oct., buds, kostermans 4048 (a, bm, bo, bri, k, l, lae, p, p n h , s i n g ) , ibid., sept., fl., kostermans 4464 (a, bish, bm, bo, bri, canb, k, k e p , l, l e , n y , p, p n h , san) ; ibid., maridan, jan., fl., 66. 14985 (bo, k, l, sing) ; south kalimantan , puruktjahu , biha, alt. 90 m, ster., 66. 10602 (bo, l ) . 3. beiischmiedia bangkae kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 5 arbor foliis coriaceis suboblanceolatis usque ad late ellipticis, paisi gradatim attenuatis apice breve acuminatis supra nitida reticulatio prominentibus laxis subtus glabrescentia costis utrinque 6—8, petiolis 5—8 mm; paniculis parvis minute tomentellis paucifloris bracteis ad anthesis persistentibus, tepalis oblongis pilosis, antheris exterioribus ovatis acutis cellulis introrsis filamentis distinctis perparce pilosis, antheris interioribus oblongis cellulis extrorso-lateralibus, glandulis basalibus magnis sessilis, staminodiis parvis ovatis acutis sessilis, ovario glabro, stylo staminibus aequilongo. fructus ellipsoideus glabris. tree 8—26 m tall, 15—40 cm in diam. bark smooth, brownish. branchlets and young flush densely pulverulently grey pilose. leaves coriaceous, suboblanceolate to broadly elliptical, 2 x 5 to 4 x 7.5 (to 5 x 10) cm, base gradually narrowed, apex shortly or distinctly, broadly acuminate; margin thickened; upper surface glossy with lax prominent reticulation, midrib prominulous (impressed near the base), lateral nerves slender, prominulous; lower surface with adpressed very tiny hairs, glabrescent, midrib promi26 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 nent, lateral nerves 6—8 pairs, slender, slightly arcuate, prominent; reticulation »lax, prominulous. petiole 5—8 mm long, flat or slightly concave above. panicles axillary, short, 0.5—3 cm long with few, short branches, densely pulverulently pilose. bracts and bracteoles ovate or lanceolate, acute, persistent at anthesis, up to 1 ftm long. pedicel ca 1 mm long. flowers yellowish green, 2 mm in diam. tepais elliptic, acutish, densely pilose, 1.5—2 mm long; stamens 1—1.5 mm long; outer anthers ovate, acute, cells introrse, filaments as long as the anthers, rather slender, very sparsely, minutely pilose; inner anthers oblong, cells extrorse-lateral; basal glands large, sessile; staminodes ovate, acute, sessile, 0.4 mm long; ovary glabrous, globose, with a style as long as the stamens; stigma inconspicuous, truncate. fruit (immature) ellipsoid, acute, glossy, up to 5 x 10 mm with slightly curved, slender notch at the apex. typus: grashoff 69 (l). the species is closely related to b. rivularis kosterm., from which it differs by the coriaceous leaves with lax reticulation, the shorter petioles, the glabrous ovary and the differently shaped, glossy fruit. the local name in bangka is medang bakul. s u m a t r a : isl. bangka, lobok besar, alt. 20 m, aug., fr., kostermans & anta 71 (a, bo, k, l) ; ibid., aug., fr., kostermans & anta 135 (a, bo, canb, k, kep, l, p, pnh, sing, syd) ; ibid., sept., fl., kostermans & anta 421 (a, bo, k, l, lae, p, pnh, sing), 849 (a, bo, k, l, lae, pnh, sing), 272 (a, bish, bm, bo, canb, k, kep, l, l a ^ f p, pnh, sing, syd); ibid., oct., young fr., kostermans & anta 1043 (a, bo, k, l, p., pnh); ibid., oct., ster., kostermans & anta 1317 (a, bo, k, kep, l, lae, p, pnh, sing, syd); locality not indicated, fl., grashoff 69 (l) ; blinju, ster., teijsmann s.n. (bo) ; djambi, simpang, alt. 45 m, ster., 66. 13152 (bo). 4. beilschmiedia montanoides kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 6 arbor mediocris gemmis minute dense adpresse pilosis, foliis rigide coriaceis glabris lanceolatis sensim acuminatis reticulatio laxe prominulo, petiolis gracilis distinctis, panicuus paucifloris subglabris axillaribus parvis, floribus subplanis, antheris triangularibus, filamentis brevis latis, staminodiis cordatis acutis sessilis, ovario basin versus pilosis stylo aequilongo, stigmate inconspicuo; fructus ellipsoideus acutis. tree 12 m high with 8 m clear bole of 15 cm diam. bark scaly, reddish brown, lenticellate, thin; living bark 2—4 mm, dark reddish; sapwood pale ochre yellow. branchlets glabrous. leafbuds densely grey adpressed pilose. leaves rigidly coriaceous, glabrous, lanceolate, 1.5 x 5.5 to 3 x 10.5 cm, base acute, apex gradually acuminate; upper surface glossy smooth, midrib 1965] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical malesian plants vii 27 and primary nerves hardly prominulous, lower surface paler, midrib prominulous, lateral nerves 6—7 pairs, very slender, rather obscure, arcuate; reticulation lax, rather obscure. petiole slender, glabrous, 5—10 mm long, flat or shallowly sulcate above. panicles axillary, few-flowered, narrow, almost glabrous (except for tiny, scatterred adpressed hairs on the base of the main peduncle), 1—3 cm long, with few, short, stiff, erect-patent ramifications. pedicels 1—2 mm long, slender. flowers rather flat, 1.5—2 mm diam.; tube shallow, broad; tepais ovate, acute, 1.5 mm long, rather fleshy. anthers elongate triangular, 0.75 mm long on 0.25—0.5 mm long, slightly pilose, broad filaments; cells of the outer anthers introrse, of the inner extrorse; basal glands small. staminodes sessile, heart shaped, acute, 0.25 mm long. ovary globose, pilose at base; style as long as the stamens; stigma truncate, inconspicuous. fruit ellipsoid or ovoid, pointed, apiculate, smooth, up to 1.5 x 2.5 cm. typus: singh, san 28273 (bo); para-typus: singh, san 24203 (bo). the alliance of this species is with b. dictyoneura kosterm., from which it differs by its non-reticulate, narrow, stiff leaves, different flowers and smooth, acute fruit. s a b a h (n. borneo) : distr. ranau, sg. letong, kundasang, kinabalu, alt. 1800 m, march, fl., singh, san 24203 (bo) ; ibid., corner's path, e. of kundasang, alt. 1400 m, nov., fr., singh, san 28273 (bo). 5. beilschmiedia rivularis kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 7 ryparosa borneensis (nee van slooten) boerlage ex hallier in beih . bot. centralbl. 39(1): 161. 1921. — korthals s.n. (l). arbor gemmis gracilis acutis ferrugineds pulverulente pilosis, foiiis chartaceis glabris ellipticis usque ad suboblanceolatis vel lanceolatis basi acutis apice obscure acuminatis reticulatione laxe prominulo, costis utrinque 6—8, petiolis gracilis longis, subsulcatis; paniculis axillaribus dense pulverulente pilosis bracteis bracteolisque mox caducis, pedicellis conspicuis; antheris late ovatis acutis, cellulis antheris exterioribus magnis introrsis, interoribus minoribus extrorsis, filamentis parvis, glandulis magnis sessilibus, staminodiis ovatis acutis minutis sessilis; fructus globosus rugosis apiculatis, endospermum ruminatus. tree, up to 30 m high, with 15 m free bole and 50 cm in diam. bark smooth, soft, pale redbrown, slightly cracked, 0.5 mm thick; living bark 6—10 mm, redbrown with a sweet taste and a little clear sap when cut. wood white with a faint sweetish smell. branchlets at apex and the slender, acute leafbuds minutely rusty, pulverulently pilose. branches slender, glabrous. leaves glabrous, chartaceous, elliptical to subobovate-elliptical and lanceolate (3.5 x 11 cm) to suboblanceolate, 2.5 x 8 to 6 x 13.5 cm, 28 reinwardtia [vol. 7 base acute, apex rather obscurely acuminate (in seedlings long and gradually acuminate), rather laxly, prominulously reticulate on both surfaces; upper surface dark glossy green (fresh), drying rather dull with flat or slightly raised midrib and lateral nerves; lower surface paler, somewhat glaucous (fresh), drying dull brown with 6—8 pairs of erect-patent, somewhat arcuate, slender, prominulous lateral nerves. petiole slender, 8—12 mm long, shallowly sulcate above. panicles axillary near the new flush, lax, many-flowered, up to 13 cm long, densely, pulverulently pilose; bracts minute, ovate-acute, pilose, caducous before anthesis. pedicels slender, 2—5 mm long, pilose. flowers greenish white; tube very shallow; tepals orbicular-ovate, acutish, 1.5 mm long, densely minutely pilose; anthers 0.5 mm long, broadly ovate with acute protruding connective, the outer row with very large, introrse cells and 0.25 mm long, slightly pilose filaments; the inner row with broadly oblong, obtuse anthers with smaller, extrorse cells and slightly longer, pilose, rather broad filaments; glands large, sessile; staminodes ovate, acute, sessile. ovary glabrous, 0.75 mm; style 0.5 mm long, truncate. fruit globose, up to 29 mm in diam., apiculate or with an up to 1.5 mm long notch at apex, brown, roughish. pedicel cylindrical, 3 mm in diam. endosperm ruminate. typus: kostermans 8005 (bo). distribution: usely along rivers and rivulets from 20—800 m alt., locally common. the species is outstanding by its globose, rough, brown fruit with ruminate endosperm. the latter characteristic is so unusual in lauraceae, that the species might be considered to represent a separate genus. the specimen endert 3665 differs by its slightly, minutely pilose, lower leafsurface. e. k a l i m a n t a n (indon. borneo) : w. kutei, belajan r., fl., kostermans 1024-5 et 10317 (a, bo, g, k, l, mel, syd) ; ibid., near kembang djangut, may, fl. and young fr., kostermans 10688 (a, bo, gal, canb, k, l, ny, sing); ibid., muara antjalong, july, fl., fr., endert 2128 (a, bo, k, l); telen r., batu bong falls, aug.. fr., endert 23u (a, bo, k, l) ; ibid., aug., buds, endert 3635 (a, bo, k, l) ; peak of balikpapan (mt. beratus), sambuni, alt. 650 m, july, fr., kostermans 7639 (a, bo, k, l, sing); ibid., july, buds, kostermans 7641 (a, bish, bo, bri, cal, k, l, lae, ny, p, pnh) ; ibid., alt. 600 m, july, young fr. and fl., kostermans 763jf (a, b, bri, cal, k, l, p, pnh, sing); ibid., 800 m alt., july, young fr., kostermans 7493 (a, bo, bri, cal, k, l, lae, pnh, sing); ibid., 1000 m alt., july, fl., kostermans 7682 (a, bish, bo, bri, cal, k, l, lae, ny, p, pnh); ibid., 800 m alt., seedling, kostermans s.n. (bo); s.e. kalimantan: sampit distr., kuala kuajan, july, fl., fr., kostermans 8005 (bo, bri, cal, g, k, kep, l, lae, p, pnh); locality not indicated, ster., korthals s.n. (l, 3 sheets), type of ryparosa borneensis boerl. \ 1965] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical malesian plants vii 29 6. endiandra ochracea kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 8 arbor ramulis sulcatis gemmis minute sericeis, foliis chartaceis glabris oblongis vel lanceolatis acuminatis petiolis longis sulcatis, infructescentibus parvis unifructus, fructus ellipsoideus. tree up to 30 m high and 55 cm in diam. bark rather smooth, light red-brown, paperthin; living bark 5—10 mm thick, outside green, inside light redbrown, without smell. wood white, soft, without smell. branchlets furrowed, minutely, laxly pilose. leafbuds minutely sericeous. branches smooth, stout, sulcate, glabrous. young leaves pinkish. leaves chartaceous, glabrous, oblong to lanceolate, 3.5 x 11 to 6 x 18 cm with a usually long acumen, base acute; both surfaces densely, finely, prominently reticulate (areoles ca 0.5 mm in diam); midrib flat on upper surface, prominent on lower one; lateral nerves 8—10 pairs, filiformous, prominulous on both surfaces, strongly arcuate near the margin. petiole slender, up to 2 cm long, glabrous, deeply sulcate above. infructescence axillary, 0.5—3 cm long, very minutely, densely pilose unbranehed, bearing one ellipsoid, smooth, up to 2 x 5 cm long, obtuse, glossy fruit; pedicel cylindrical or somewhat obconical, 2—3 mm long and broad. typus: kostermans 9572 (bo). the species is related to e. rubescens from which it differs by its unbranehed short infructescence and by the leaves which dry a yellowish colour (ochre on the lower surface). e. k a l i m a n t a n (indon. borneo) : sangkulirang distr., mt. tepianlobang on manubar r., alt. 40 m, ster., bb. 12565 (bo) ; w. kutei, kelindjau r., segoi, alt. 20 m, june, fr., kostermans 9572 (a, bo, k, kep, l, lae, p, pnh, sing); balikpapan distr., sg. wain, along rivulet, alt. 5 m, aug., young fr., kostermans 4031 (bo); ibid., alt. 10 m, sept., fr., kostermans 4h79 (bo) ; s. east kalimantan, puruktjahu, muara djaen, alt. 100 m, ster., bb. 10505 (bo). 7. endiandra magnilimba kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 9a et b. arbor ramulis crassis gemmis minutis acutis minute sericeis, foliis permagnis glabris late ellipticis chartaceis glabris basi rotundatis apice obscure acuminatis perdense reticulatis (areolis 1 mm diam.), petiolis longis crassis late sulcatis, fructus ellipsoideus permagnis. tree up to 17 m high and 20 cm in diam. bark brown, smooth; living bark light pink. sapwood brown-creamy, heartwood pink. branchlets stout, glabrous. leaf buds small, slender, acute, laterally flattened, finaly, densely, minutely sericeous. leaves stiffly chartaceous, glabrous, broadly elliptical, 30 r b i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 up to 16 x 30 cm, base rounded, contracted into the petiole; apex obscurely, shortly acuminate; both surfaces densely prominently reticulate; areoles ca 1 mm in diam.; midrib prominulous, broad on upper surface, prominent on lower one; lateral nerves slender, about 9 pairs, erect-patent to rather patent, slightly arcuate, prominulous on upper, prominent on lower surface. petiole up to 3 cm long, stout, glabrous, widely sulcate above. fruit ellipsoid, up to 5 x 10 cm, smooth. typus: white, n.g.f. 10270 (bo). except for e. eusideroxylocarva kosterm. this is the largest-fruited endiandra species known. it is related to e. macrophylla teschn. by the shape and size of its leaves. t e r r i t o r y o f n e w g u i n e a : m a d a n g d i s t r . , j o s e p h s t a l , a l t . 80 m, l a t . 4.45 s., l o n g . 145.00 e . , s e p t . , fr., white, n.g.f. 10283 et 20270 ( b o ) . m e l i a c e a e 1. aphanamixis reticulosa kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 10. arbor ramulis glabris striatis foliis 5-foliolatis, foliolis lanceolatoellipticis membranaceis glabris utrinque nitidis et prominule reticulatis, basi acutis apice conspicue acuminatis, costis 10—12 paribus, petiolulis gracilibus, spicis glabris, fructus globosus, lignosus, glabris, sub-costatis. tree 25 m high with 8 m free bole. bark smooth, greyish green; outer bark thin; cork cambium green; inner bark pale yellow. branchlets grey, striate, glabrous. leaves with 5 (rarely 3) glabrous, membranaceous, alternate or sub-opposite leaflets; rachis slender, up to 20 cm long, glabrous; petiolar part ca 8 cm, thickened at base; folioles lanceolate-elliptic, 6.5 x 20 (top leaflet) to 3.5 x 10 cm (basal leaflet), base gradually tapering, acute, apex conspicuously acuminate; both surfaces glossy and prominulously reticulate; upper surface darkgreen, midrib impressed, lower surface paler (drying pale brown), midrib prominent, lateral nerves 10—12 pairs, prominent, arcuate; petiolule slender, 5—10 mm long, deeply sulcate above, not or hardly thickened at base. spikes glabrous, 11 cm long, solitary behind the leaves; fruit globular, pulverulently pilose, ca 25 mm in diam., pale grey brown, woody with slender, protruding longitudinal ribs; pedicel 3 mm long and 3 mm in diam.; sepals (under the fruit) triangular, acute, 1 mm long seated on a narrow rim. seeds 3, the size and shape of coffeebeans surrounded by a thick arillus. typus: san 24030 (bo). the species is outstanding by its ribbed, glabrous, woody fruit and the typical leaf venation; the jaheri specimen has a fruit without ribs. 1965] a. j. g. h. kosteemans: new and critical malesian plants vii 31 b o r n e o : sabah (n. borneo), ranau distr., above hot springs, alt. 800 m, febr., fr., j. singh, san 24030 (bo) ; k a l i m a n t a n : bukit batu milir, fr., jaheri 37 s (bo, l ) . 2. lansium pedicellatum kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 11 frutex ramulis juvenilis dense tomentellis, mox glabris, foliis 5-vel 7-foliolis; foliolis membranaceo-chartaceis glabris subobovato-lanceolatis basi acutis apice acuminatis, utrinque 7—8, petiolulis gracilis conspicuis basi pulvinatis; racemis gracilis glabris, pedicellis floribus conspicuis gracilis. shrub, ca 4 m tall; youngest branchlets densely, minutely browntomentellous, soon glabrous. leaves glabrous (base of rachis in young leaves somewhat pilose), rachis up to 10 cm long, petiolar part up to 4 cm long, slender, thickened at base. folioles 5 or 10, glabrous, subobovate-lanceolate (apical leaflet) to sub-ovate (basal ones), up to 4.5 x 14 cm (top leaflet) to 2.5 x 6 cm (basal one), base gradually acute, often asymmetric, apex distinctly acuminate; upper surface glossy, midrib slender, impressed; lower surface paler, duller, midrib prominent; lateral nerves 7—8 pairs, prominent, arcuate. petioles slender, 3—4 mm long, pulvinate at base, slightly sulcate or flat on their upper surface. racemes in fascicles on old wood, glabrous, slender, up to 11 cm long. flower 2 mm. pedicel 1 mm, slender, subtended by a minute, pilose bract. sepals ca 1 mm in diam., rounded, fringed at margin. petals 2 mm, ovate-orbicular. stamens in one row, the anthers protuding beyond the rim. ovary angular, pilose; stigma truncate. typus: van steenis 3444 (bo). the species is related to lansium humile hassk., which is, however, a large tree. it differs from l. humile by the fewer lateral nerves, the thinner and narrower leaves and the pedicelled flowers. s o u t h s u m a t r a : n . slope o f mt. pakiwang, n.w. o f lake ranau, alt. ca 600 m, oct., fl., van steenis hu (a, bo, k, l, u ) . 3. lansium sepalinum kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 12 arbor humilis ramulis dense minute tomentellis, foliolis 9, chartaceis glabris lanceolatis vel lanceolate-ellipticis basi acutis vel in petiolulum contractis apice obscure acuminatis utrinque prominulo-reticulaus costis utrinque 10—12, spicis dense minutissime pilosis, sepalibus magnis dense pilosis; fructus dense pilosis. treelet 4 m tall, branchlets rather stout, densely, minutely palebrown tomentellous. rachis of leaves up to 17 cm long, densely, minutely pilose; 32 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 petiolar part ca 5 cm. folioles 9, chartaceous to chartaceous-membranaceous, lanceolate to narrowly elliptical or subobovate-lanceolate (apical leaflet), 5 x 17 (apical leaflet) to 3 x 8 cm (basal leaflet), base acute or rounded, often oblique, apex rather inconspicuously acuminate; both surfaces glossy, prominulously reticulate; upper surface glabrous, midrib pilose, slightly impressed; lower surface soon glabrous, midrib prominent, lateral nerves 10—12 pairs, prominent, arcuate. petiolule 3—5 mm, pulvinate at base. spikes densely, minutely pale-brown pilose, up to 16 cm long, on old wood. sepals depressed orbicular 4 mm long, densely pilose. fruit globular, 2—2.5 cm in diam., densely, velvety tomentellous, one-seeded. typus: jacobs 4456 (bo). the species is related to l. aqueum miq., from which it differs by its narrow, glabrous folioles, the much larger sepals with a more dense indumentum. c e n t r a l s u m a t r a : w . side o f mt. tudjuh complex, 1 ° 40's, 101° 20'e, alt. 1400-—1600 m, aug., fr., jacobs u56 (a, k, l, sing). s t e r c u l i a c e a e firmiana minahassae (kds.) kostermans., comb. nov. dr. w. soegeng pointed out to me that sterculia wiinahassae koorders (basionym) (suppl. fl. n.o. celebes 2:-33, t. 8. 1922) might belong to firmiana. it belongs indeed in that genus and is conspecific with f. philippinensis kosterm. the type specimen (koorders 18070) is represented in the bogor herbarium by two loose leaves, a flowering branch with immature flowers and a branch with young fruit. after this specimen koorders' drawing was made. it may consequently be considered to represent the holo-type. 1965] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical malesian plants vii 33 j , fig. l a . — mangifera pajang kosterm. 34 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1965] a. j. g. h. kostermans : new and critical malesian plants vii 35 fig. 1 b. — mangifera pajang kosterm. fig. 2. — mangifera torquenda kosterm. 36 reinwardti a [vol. 7 fig. 3. — beilschmiedia glabra kosterm.; after kostermans 7313; floweringbranch; flower (x 10); inner stamen, staminode, ovary (x 20). 1905] a.j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical malesian plants vii 37 fig. 4. — beilschmiedia dictyoneura kosterm. 38 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1965] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical matesian plants vii 39 fig. 5. — beilsohmiedia bangkae kosterm. pig. 6. — beilschrmedia montanoides kosterm. 40 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1965] a . j . g. h. kostbrmans: new. and critical malesian plants vii 41 fig. 8. — endiandra ochraeea kosterm. fig. 7. — beilschmriedia rivularis kosterm. 42 r e i n w ardtia [vol. 7 fig. 9 a. — endiandra ma.gnilvrn.ba kosterm. 1965] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical malesian plants vii 43 ••:$ pig. 9 b. — endiandra magnilimba kosterm. 44 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 fig. 10. — aphanainixis reticulata kosterm. 1965] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical malesian plants vii 45 fig-. 11. — lansium pedicella-tum kosterm. — holo-typus. rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_15 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_16 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_17 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_18 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_19 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_20 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_21 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_22 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_23 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_24 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_25 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_26 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_27 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_28 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_29 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 3, p.p. 319 321 jarandersonia* kosterm. a new bornean genus of tiliaceae — brownlowieae. a. j. g. h. kostermans** jarandersonia paludosa kosterm., nov. gen., nov. spec. — fig. 1. arbor mediocris foliis alternantibus petiolatis subtus lepidotis stipulis conspicuis, inflorescentiis subterminalibus paniculatis lepidotis bracteatis, floribus pedicellatis, calycis tubo 5 lobato, petalis 5 glabris calycem superantibus, staminibus numerosis liberis, antheris bilocellatis, thecis supra confluentibus, staminodiis 5 ligulatis, ovario lepidoto, stylo distincto, stigmate inconspicuo. small tree, 5 m high, 5 cm in diameter in peat swamp forest; branches cylindrical, grey brown, covered by tiny non-fimbriate scales. leaves alternate, stiffly chartaceous or subcoriaceous, elliptical, up to 11 x 32 cm (those near the inflorescence 6 x 15 cm); top acuminate, base rounded, above glossy, smooth, main nerves impressed; lower surface densely covered by coppery, non-fimbriate, tiny scales, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves up to 20 pairs, rather patent, prominent, near margin arcuately anastomosing; in between two lateral nerves a parallel one which runs out; the lowest pair slightly ascendant; secondary nerves lax, prominulous. petiole stout, up to 2 cm. stipules lanceolate, lepidote, acute, 1 cm long. inflorescences axillary near apex of branchlets, broadly paniculate, coppery, roughly (loosely) lepidote, much branched, up to 13 cm long; bracts large, the lower ones ovate, acute, 8 mm long, the upper ones at base of the pedicel carinate, narrow, 4 mm long. pedicel 3—4 mm. calyx lepidote (scales non fimbriate), tube shallow, lobes erect, ovate, acute, 6—7 mm long. petals pale pink, glabrous, spathulate, up to 12 mm long. stamens free, numerous; filaments slender, 8 mm, anther versatile with two separate pollen sacks, spreading at base, confluent near apex, lengthwise dehiscent. between stamens and ovary a row of 5 ligulate, 5 mm long staminodes. ovary sessile, ovoid, densely lepidote; style glabrous, 3 mm, stigma inconspicuous. young fruit covered with a dense layer of slender spines. typus. — j. a. r. anderson 6554 (k). distribution. — only known from type locality. the genus belongs to the tribe brownlowieae by its spreading and at apex confluent anther cells and presence of a calyx tube. because of *) named in honour of mr. j. a. r. anderson, forestry service, sarawak, a wellknown student of the vegetation of peat swamps in borneo. **) d. sc, advisor central forest research institute, bogor; cooperator herbarium bogoriense, bogor; professor of botany, institute of technology, bandung. — 319 — s20 reinwardtia vol. 5 its 5 staminodia it comes near the brownlowia group and nearest to diplodiscus, from which it differs by its spiny fruit. the leaves resemble strongly those of broivnlowia purseglovei. borneo, s a r a w a k , distr. lundu, 3 miles up river from lundu in peat swamp forest, alt. ca 3 m , aug., fl., young fr., j. a. r. anderson g55u (bo, k, l, sing). 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans: jarandersonia 321 fig. 1. — jarandersonia paludosa kosterm img557_page_1 img557_page_2 img557_page_3 a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors soedarsono riswan mien a. rifai elizabeth a. widjaja published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 3, 153 225 25 march 1998 10 i s s n 0 0 3 4 3 6 5 x reinwardtia vol. 11, part 3, pp. 215-225 (1998) new taxa in malesian cucurbitaceae rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia & w.j.j.o. de wilde rijksherbarium/hortus botanicus, p.o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands abstract in the wide-spread cucurbitaceous se asian genus trichosanthes 5 new malesian taxa are described by rugayah, viz trichosanthes auriculata rugayah, t. beccariana cogn. subsp. pusilla rugayah, t. montana rugayah, t. pendula rugayah, and t. rotundifolia rugayah. the new monotypic genus borneosicyos, with the sole species b. simplex de wilde, endemic of sabah, is described by de wilde. abstrak anggota suku cucurbitaceae yang tersebar luas di kawasan asia tenggara, telah dipelajari kembali dan hasilnya dipertelakan lima taksa baru marga trichosanthes yaitu t. auriculata rugayah, t. beccariana cogn. subsp. pusilla rugayah, t. montana rugayah, t. pendula rugayah, dan t. rotundifolia rugayah. selain itu dipertelakan pula marga baru borneosicyos yang monotipik dengan jenisnya yang endemik di sabah yaitu b. simplex de wilde. introduction the on-going research in malesian cucurbitaceae, notably on trichosanthes, including its taxonomy, by the first author, and on the taxonomy of the remaining genera, for flora malesiana, requires the publication of names for new taxa. since the commencement of revising the family in 1992, the malesian material of cucurbitaceae in various international herbaria has been checked, supplemented with intensified field investigations directed to the family. provisionally, in this publication it concerns the description of 4 new species and 1 new subspecies in trichosanthes by rugayah, and 1 new monotypic genus by de wilde. 215 216 reinwardt1a [vol.11 trichosanthes auriculata rugayah, spec. nov. scandens dioecia. folii basis auriculis binis. racemi masculi 10-20 cm longi, bracteis lanceolatis 1-2 cm longis pedicello insertis, floribus c. 3 cm longis, calycis lobis linearibus c. 5 mm longis. fructus c. 10 cm longus 7 cm latus, seminibus numerosis planis margine late radiatim costatis. —typus1 paul choi s 36193 (l; iso k, kl), sarawak. climber to 15 m, sometimes creeping and rooting on the nodes, at first with minute hairs, glabrescent, drying greenish; dioecious (?). leaf blade ovate-oblong, base cordate, apex acute-acuminate, not lobed, margin entire or towards the base shallowly sinuate, with remote minute dents c. 0.5 mm; glands small, several, scattered, and 3-7 inside conspicuous concave auricles c. 5 mm across at the base of the blade at both sides at apex of the petiole. probract absent. tendrils 2-fid. male raceme slender, 10-20 cm long, including peduncle 1-5 cm; bracts subpersistent, lanceolate, 10—20 mm long, inserted high on the pedicels, with few glands and distinct midnerve; female raceme similar to male but stouter, to 25 cm, with larger bracts, 2-3 cm long. male flower: puberulous, pedicel slender, 1-2.5 cm, the bracteole inserted ± half-way; receptacle tube 2-2.7 cm, widened towards the throat to c. 5 mm, calyx lobes linear, 4-7 mm, petals (excluding threads of fringe) c. 2 cm long; synandrium 6—7 mm, at apex with pale appendages c. 0.5 mm, filaments short, inserted at c. 1/3 from the throat within the tube. female flower resembling male; pedicel stouter, with larger bract (to 3 cm long); ovary ellipsoid-fusiform, c. 8 mm long, puberulous. fruit 1--4 in the basal part of stout racemes, broadly ellipsoid, c. 10 x 7 cm, green with paler or yellowish stripes; seeds numerous, flat, elliptic, with broad radiately ribbed margin, 8-10 mm long. distribution: borneo (w, c, and e kalimantan, sarawak, sabah). habitat & ecology: scrambling in forest edges and at riversides; up to 600 m altitude; fl. & fr. throughout the year. notes: it is not sure whether this plant is monoecious or dioecious. the limited material available shows completely male flowering collections, one with male racemes and detached fruit, and one with strong fruiting racemes with fruit in the basal portion and towards the apex a damaged female flower, with numerous stout persistent pedicels in between. the male flower buds and flowers, particularly the elongated shape in which the petals are folded before anthesis, show much resemblance to gymnopetalum (but in that genus the petals are not fringed). it also has the habit of creeping and rooting on the nodes in common with that genus. the present species occupies an isolated position within the genus trichosanthes, and possibly deserves the status of a related separate 1998 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewllde : new taxa in malesian cucurbitacea 217 genus. rare or unique features are e.g. the separate male and female racemes, the position of several fruits in one inflorescence, the long slender racemes with pedicels with the bracts conspicuously shifted upwards, the seeds with radiately ribbed margin, and the conspicuous, unique auricles at the blade base, with several glands inside. specimens seen: sarawak: clemens 21707, 21708; haviland 2944; s 36193 —sabah: clemens 27529 (bo, for the fruit only) —kalimantan: afriaslini 958; amdjah 416; church cs. 702; endert 3014; ruiten 112. trichosanthes beccariana cogn. subsp. pusilla rugayah, subsp. nov. scandens monoecia. folia integra vel 3(-5)-lobata vel margine sinuate. flos masculus receptaculi tubo c. 1.5 cm longo. fructus ovoideus 2.5-4 cm longus, seminibus 7-10 mm diam. —typus: mogea (with de wilde) 4372, male fl. (bo; iso k, l), central kalimantan. subherbaceous perennial climber to 15 m long, drying greenish, grey puberulent; monoecious. leaves: petiole 1-2 cm; blade ovate(-oblong), membranous, 4—11 cm long, entire or 3(-5)-lobed, or margin sinuate; basal nerves 3 or 5, main lateral ones highly arching up, reticulation prominent below, base cordate, apex blunt or acute(-acuminate); glands small, few to many, scattered. probract absent. tendrils simple or 2 or 3fid. racemes male or mixed with a few female flowers towards base, ± slender, 2-6 cm long, including peduncle 0.5-3 cm long, few to manyflowered, bracts elliptic, 2-3 mm, to 0.5 cm up the pedicel, with several minute glands on upper surface. male flower: pedicel 5-10 mm (with bracts below half-way), receptacle tube slender, c. 15 mm long, at throat 3-4 mm wide, calyx lobes linear, c. 2 mm long; petals (excluding slender threads) c. 1 cm long, white. female flowers solitary at the nodes, with pedicel c. 2 cm long, or a few mixed with male flowers towards the base m the raceme, with pedicel 0.5—1 cm long; perianth as in male; ovary ellipsoid-fusiform, puberulent, incompletely known. fruit ovoidellipsoid, green paler flamed, maturing orange-red, when dry 2.5-4 x 2-3 cm; pulp of endocarp leaving coarse fibres, fruiting pedicel slender, 2-3 cm on the nodes, 0.5-1 cm long in the raceme; seeds several to many, flat, with two lateral inflated parts, 7-10 mm diam., bright brown, not ornamented. distribution: whole of borneo. habitat & ecology: lowland forest edges, roadside scrub, at low altitudes; 0-350 m; fl. & fr. throughout the year. notes: 1. this subspecies is generally a mini-replica of the typesubspecies, which differs by stouter habit, larger subcoriaceous, not or but rarely lobed leaves up to 21 x 11 cm, larger flowers (receptacle-tube c. 20 mm long), and larger fruit, 5-8.5 x 3-6 cm, with larger seed, 10-12 218 reinwardtia [vol.11 cm across. peculiarly the subsp. beccariana is known only from sumatra by the type collection (west central sumatra, at c. 360 m) and from a restricted area (crocker range & kinabalu) in sabah, at altitudes between 1000 and 1500 m. 2. trichosanthes beccariana subsp. pusilla very much resembles t. nervifolia l. (1753) from sri lanka and india, in general appearance, but this has different fruit and seed, the latter devoid of the inflated lateral parts. 3. cogniaux in a. dc, mon. phan. prod. 3 (1881) 380, says that this species is dioecious, but we think this is erroneous. specimens seen: sarawak: s 19341, 43748, 48874 —sabah: san 31691, 87357, 88171, 88428, 95877, 113306, 113922, 120388—w. kalimantan: laman (with ismail) tl 492; ruspandi k 165 —c. kalimantan: church c.s. 852; mogea (with de wilde) 4372 —e. kalimantan: kessler et al. pk2030. trichosanthes montana rugayah, spec. nov. scandens monoecia. racemi masculi crassi c. 25 cm longi, pedunculo 2—3 cm longo, rhachide c. 5 mm diam, bracteis distaliter grosse dentatis. fructus globosus pyriformisve. —type: de wilde & duyfjes 21841, west java (bo; iso l), west java. climber, to 12 m, monoecious, brown puberulous. leaf blade circular in outline, 15-25 cm diam., 5-lobed to 2/3-3/4, margin entire; glands absent. probract ellipsoid-oblong, 10-15 mm. tendril 2-4-fid. male raceme drying dark brown, stout, to 25 cm long, peduncle 2-3 cm, rachis stout, c. 5 mm diam., bracts largely persistent, with thickened bases, 24.5 cm long, coarsely dentate up to 1/5 in apical portion, brown puberulous, without glands. male flower: pedicel 1—1.5 cm, receptacle tube c. 3.5 cm, calyx lobes narrowly triangular, subentire, c. 1 cm, petals white. female flower: either solitary on the node, or beside a male raceme, or a few mixed with male flowers in the raceme; pedicel c. 3 cm long in solitary flowers, c. 1 cm in the raceme. fruit 12—14 cm long, globose when solitary on the nodes, pear-shaped in the raceme, bright orange-red; seed flat, glossy, ± oblong, 1.7—2 cm long. distribution: sumatra, w. java, borneo (sabah), n. sulawesi, and halmahaira; doubtful in the philippines. habitat & ecology: a montane species of forest edges at (900-) 1000-1500 m altitude. notes: the type (de wilde 21841) is depicted in blumea 42 (1997) 480, f. 4, erroneously under the name trichosanthes sumatrana cogn. re-examination of the type of t. sumatrana, beccari fi 4427 a acutiloba, has now shown that this belongs to what at present is known as t. 1998] rugayah & w.j. j o . dewilde : new taxa in malesian cucurbitacea 219 borneensis cogn., s.l. and to which also belong the specimens known under the name t. wallichiana in peninsular malaysia. it is noteworthy that the fruit on the nodes is different of shape (globose) from those in the raceme (pear-shaped). fruit in the field was frequently eaten by rodents or birds. specimens seen: sumatra: bunnemeyer 4299; jacobs 8106. —w. java: van steenis 11693; de wilde & duyfjes 21703b, 21841, 21865; (with rugayah) 21888 —sabah: clemens 34152; —sulawesi: ? koorders 13613q, 16611/3, 16613$; (possibly) de vogel & vermeulen 6989 —halmahera: idjan & mochtar 229; sidiyasa & whilmore 6989. trichosanthes pendula rugayah, spec. nov. — fig. 1, 2, 3. liana, caule 5-costato; dioecia. racemi pendentes 5-12 cm longi atrofusci pilosi (i.s.). flores pendentes, receptaculi tubo curvato, calycis lobis gracilibus 10-15 mm longis. semina lata c. 10 mm longa 20 mm lata 5 mm crassa partibus lateralibus 2 inflatis. —type: joseph b et al. san 120771 (male fl.) (kep; iso l), sabah. climber to 15 m high, drying greenish, with hairs drying rusty, lateglabrescent, stem conspicuously angular ox ribbed; dioecious. leaf blade ovate-cordate or sub-5-angular in outline, 1020 cm diam, scabrous; glands scattered, and 1 at each side near the insertion of the petiole, probract absent. tendrils 2 or 3-fid. male raceme 1 to several in a kindle on a short shoot, pendent, together with persistent pedicels and (immature) flowers forming a tassel 5-12 long, when dry rusty hairy (hairs c. 1 mm) all over, including most of flowers; bracts ± linear, c. 5 mm, on the pedicel, caducous; flowers pendent, but tube curved horizontally atanthesis. male flower: pedicel slender, 2-4 cm; receptacle tube 5-6 cm, calyx lobes ± linear, 10-15 mm, petals (excl. threads of the fringe) oblong, c. 2 cm long, white. female racemes and flowers as in male; ovary oblong-fusiform, pubescent, 10-12 mm long, stigma (4-)5lobed. fruit ovoid-oblong, c.10 x 6—7 cm, green paler flamed, glabrous, fruiting pedicel 3-5 cm; seeds many, much broader than long, with two laterally inflated parts, c. 10 x 20 x 5 mm, not ornamented. distribution: e sabah. habitat & ecology: in lowland forest, on ridges, in roadsides; 0400 m altitude; fl. feb. -aug.; fr. feb., april. notes: 1. this species is isolated within trichosanthes and possibly deserves the status of a new genus. it is outstanding by e.g. the dioecious flowers, in both male and female in compound, pendulous racemes grouped into tassels, the possibly absent probract, the prominently 5-ribbed stem, the synandrium with many whitish appendages in between the thecaet the (4-)5-lobed stigma, the presence 220 reinwardtia [vol. 11 fig. 1. habit of the pendent female inflorescences in early morning, when the flowers are closing; note the curved receptacle tubes; x 1. 1998 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. d e w i l d e : new taxa in malesian cucurbitacea 221 222 reinwardtia [ vol. 11 fig. 3. mature fruit, opened to show creamy-white pulp containing whitish seeds; x 1 1998 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewllde : new taxa in malesian cucurbitacea 223 of a disc consisting of 3 line-shaped thickenings adnate to the base of the receptacle tube, and the (compound ?) broad seeds with peculiar inflated lateral parts. 2. the whole inflorescence, including flowers, dries dark rusty in the herbarium, but in the living state all parts including the hairs (are whitish, and the petals are pure white). specimens seen: (kodoh tarodop) san 87769; (aban g. & dewol s.) san 91628; (joseph b. et al.) san 120771; (de wilde & duyfjes) san 139041; (meijer c.s. for nci) san 141744. trichosanthes rotundifolia rugayah, spec. nov. scandens dioecia. lamina late cordata 10-20 cm lata, margine integro denticulis minutis dispersis. racemus masculus gracilis 4—10 cm longus pauciflorus, bracteis integris vel vadoselqbatis 7-10 mm longis. fructus solitarius oblongus 8—10 cm longus, seminibus planis c. 20 mm longis 15 mm latis 4 mm crassis, margine lato. —type: lorzing 5284 (bo; iso l), sibolangit, n sumatra. climber to 10 m, dioecious, glabrescent, at first with minute indumentum. leaf blade broadly cordate, 6-20 cm diam., membranous, unlobed, margin with remote minute dents c. 0.5 mm.; glands small, predominantly close to the insertion of the petiole. petiole slender, with systoliths. probract elliptic, acute, 5-7 mm. tendrils 2-fid. male raceme slender, 4-10 cm (peduncle 3-7 cm included), 5-10 flowered, bracts subpersistent, subentire or shallowly few-lobed, 7-10 mm, with minute glands; flowers minutely pubescent. male flower: pedicel 0.5-1.5 cm, receptacle tube 1.5—2 cm, calyx lobes narrow, acute, entire, c. 4 mm, petals white, excl. fringe c. 1 cm. female flower: solitary at the nodes; pedicel 1—2 cm, resembling male flower; ovary c. 1 cm, at first minutely pubescent. fruit ± ellipsoid or oblong, 8-10 cm long, smooth, green with yellowish stripes; seed flat, subcircular or subellipsoid, with thin, broad margin, c. 20 x 15 x 4 mm, dull yellow-brown. distribution: s, c, and northern sumatra. habitat and ecology: river sides, scrub, foothill and lower montane forest, 150-1200 m altitude; fl. throughout the year, fr. jul.— dec. . specimens seen: ajoeb 323; bunnemeijer 3772, 8220; dayar arbain da-468; lorzing 5146, 5284, 5783, 11291; robinson & kloss 15, 20-031914; rijksen 20-121973; de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 12412,21793. 224 reinwardtia [vol.11 borneosicyos w. j. de wilde, gen. nov. graciliter scandens, dioecia. lamina integra ovato-oblonga petiolo comparative brevi, probractea minuta. cirrhi simplices. fructus solitarius ad nodos oblongus c. 10 cm longus pedicello longo gracili, seminibus numerosis horizontalibus compresso-globosis c. 10 mm diam. albidis. — type species: borneosicyos simplex w. j. de wilde. climber, dioecious. leaves herbaceous; petiole proportionally short, 1-1.5 cm long; blade ovate-oblong, unlobed, 8-13 cm long, base rounded, apex acute-acuminate, margin entire, without dents; glands minute, numerous. tendrils simple, rrobract small, c. 3 mm. male inflorescences and flowers not known; female flowers solitary at the nodes. fruit solitary at the nodes, oblong, c. 10 cm long, fruiting pedicel long and slender, 3.5-5 cm long; seeds c. 30, horizontal, rounded, c. 10 mm diam., not ornamented. borneosicyos simplex w. j. de wilde, spec. nov. ad 10 m scandens dioecia. petiolus brevis 1—1.5 cm longus, lamina 8— 13 cm longo 3.6-6 cm lata basi rotundata, glandulis minutis numerosis dispersis. rrobractea c. 3 mm longa. cirrhi 6-15 cm longi. fructus 8-10 cm longus 4—4.5 cm latus rostro 2-3 mm longo, seminibus c. 30 compresso-globosis c. 10 mm diam. obscure albidis. —type: chow & aban san 65050 (kl; iso k, san), sabah. subglabrous climber to 10 m, stem slender, 1-3 mm diam.; dioecious. petiole 1-1.5 cm long, leaf blade membranous, ovate-oblong, entire, 8-13 x 3.5-6 cm, base rounded, apex acute-acuminate, margin entire, not dented; basal nerves 3(-5)-palmate, arching upwards to half-way the blade, lateral nerves 2-4 per side; glands numerous, less than 0.5 mm diam., scattered; cystoliths absent. tendrils simple, 6-15 cm. probract cartilaginous, oblong, acute, c. 3 mm. male inflorescences and flowers not known. female flower (according to fruit) solitary at the node, pedicel slender, c. 3 cm; ovary and perianth not seen. fruit solitary at the nodes, red, smooth, glabrous, oblong, 8-10 x 4-4.5 cm, base rounded, apex acute, 2-3 mm beaked; exocarp drying thin, endocarp juicy, on drying leaving thin membranes around the seeds; fruiting pedicel slender, 3.5-5 cm long, c. 1 mm thick; seeds c. 30, compressed globose, subcircular in outline, somewhat flattened, c. 10 x 8—9 x 4 mm, with narrow margin (c. 0.5 mm), whitish, smooth, not ornamented. distribution: endemic of the montane forest of the kinabalucrocker range area, sabah. habitat & ecology: climber on forest trees, at 1500-1600 m altitude; fr. in oct. . 1998 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewllde : new taxa in malesian cucurbitacea 225 notes: this new genus with one species is only known in fruit, from two collections from sabah, collected at wide intervals, in 1931 and 1969. they were named as cucurbitaceae indet. and as possibly trichosanthes. closer examination made it clear that they cannot go satisfactorily in any known malesian genus. they differ from trichosanthes in many details, of which the comparatively short petiole, the entire, elongated leaf blades with rounded base, the simple tendrils (rare in trichosanthes), the slenderly pedicelled fruit containing many compressed-globose whitish seeds (resembling cherry stones) are the most apparent. there may be relationship with zehneria, which are smaller plants, with smaller fruit and seed. the comparatively short petiole reminds of solena. flowering material is needed to establish its position among the other malesian genera. specimens seen: sabah: mt. kinabalu, j. & m. s. clemens 26751; mile 28 crocker range road, chow & aban san 65050. acknowledgement the authors are grateful to dr j.f. veldkamp and mr b.n. kieft (both leiden) for rendering the diagnoses of the new taxa into latin, and for preparing the photographs (taken by de wilde), respectively. the netherlands organization for the advancement of tropical research, wotro, the hague, funded the visiting travels to indonesia of the second author. contents page ratna widuri & peter van welzen. a revision of the genus cephalomappa (euphorbiaceae) in malesia 153 alaka pande & v.g. rao. two new species of sphaerulina from india 185 kuswata kartawinata. additional notes on planckonia brevistipitata kusw. (lecythidaceae) 191 a.j.g.h. kostermans. the burmese cimiamomum (lauracee) 195 rugayah & w.j.j.o. de wllde. new taxa in malesian cucurbitaceae.. 215 the publication of this issue of reinwardtia is assisted by a grant from the faculty of science, osaka city university (japan) to which an acknowledgement is gratefully made. printed by 78 cover depan rein. vol 11, part 3, 153-225_page_32 tmapakbelkng untitled 280 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 272; pteridifolia presl 276; truneata willd. 261, 271. platyzoma r. br. 257. polypodium dichotovvum thunb. 261, 277; glaucum, thunb. 261; lineare burm. 261, 275. subfam. sticherioideae nakai 260. sticherus presl 258, 259, 260, 261, 266; caudatus copel. 270; habbemensis copel. 268; hirtus var. candidus nakai 269, var. virescens nakai 270; lamianus copel. 269; myriapoda nakai 271; perpaleaceus copel. 272; pinnatus copel. 267, 270; jmlcher copel. 271. stromatopteris mett. 257, 260, 261; moniliformis mett. 261. subfam. stromatopteroideae nakai 261. addendum in gleichenia subgenus diplopterygium the following species must be placed: gleichenia deflexa holtt., sp. nov. rami rhacheos 120 cm vel ultra longi, maximi 35 cm lati, rami minores (steriles) interdum 18 cm lati; pinnulae omnes angulo c. 75° deflexae; pinnulae maximae 16—20 cm longae, 3.5—3.8 cm latae, costae 4—5 cm inter se distantes (costae ramorum minorum sterilium 2.5—3.5 cm inter se distantes) ; costulae 4—5 mm inter se distantes, medii rectangulariter patentes, infimae interdum leviter deflexae; lamina tenuis, segmenta c. 20 paria basi leviter constricta (i.e., supra basin ampliata), ala angustissima laminae conjuncta, segrnentum infimum foliolum disjunctum constatum; venae utroque basi prominentes, cetera planae; sori sporangiis 3—5 constati; f oliola stipulif ormia.ad 4 cm longa, bipinnatif ida, segmenta 1 mm lata. paleae apicis rhacheos c. 10 mm longae, haud 1 mm latae, pallidae, margine brunneo setis brevibus obliquis nitidis praeditae; rami rhacheos costaeque utroque primo paleis parvis et pilis stelliformibus coarctis paleis elongatis angustis intermixtis vestiti, demum plus minusve glabri et verruculosi; venae infra pilis stelliformibus pallidis adspersis praeditae. new guinea. p a p u a . fergusson island, 800 m, climbing to 6 m in rather open rain forest in steep ravine, brass 27171 (l, typs). normanby island, mt palinama, 850 m, scrambling to 7 m in tall mossy forest, brass 25736 (l). r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part. 2, pp. 281-310 (1957) the genus firmiana marsili (sterculiaceae) a. j. g. h. kostermans * summary 1. firmiana marsili and erythropsis lindley are congeneric. 2. firmiana marsili links sterculia l. and scaphium schott & endl. 3. eight species are recognized: firmiana eolorata (roxb.) r. br.; f. diversifolia a. gray; f. fidgens (wall, ex king) corner; f. hainanensis kosterm.; f. major hand.-mazz.; f. papuana mildbr.; f. philippinensis kosterm.; f. simplex (l.) w. f. wight. 4. seventeen binomials are referred to other genera. while a paper on firmiana was in the press, i received some additional, important information from the kew herbarium and from mr. j. e. dandy of the british museum. these "additional notes" were placed at. the end of the article. in a subsequent letter that reached me when the article already had been printed and issued**, the problem of firmiana simplex was solved, thanks to the tenacity of mr. dandy. moreover, f. fulgens came into flower in the bogor botanical garden, which enabled me to add some field notes and photographs. we had in mind to incorporate the paper in "reinwardtia" in its original form, but due to the additions, mentioned above, it was considered better that it should be rewritten to this new, separate publication. f i r m i a n a * marsili firmiana marsili in saggi scientifici e letterari dell' accademia padova 1: 106-116, tab. 1 & 2. 1786; lamarck-podret, encycl. meth. 7: 432. 1806 (as a syn. under sterculia platanifolia l.f.; excl. syn. culhamia forsk.) ; steudel (firmiana medic.), nomencl. 343. 1821; ed. 2, 1: 642. 1840 (as a syn. cf sterculia l.) ; dc, prodr. 1: 481. 1824 (as a syn. of sterculia l.); bartling, ordin. 340. 1831 (as a syn. of sterculia l.) ; schott & endlicher, melet. bot. 33. 1832; spach, hist. veg. phan. ' d. sc.j botanist, forest service of indonesia; cooperator herbarium bogoriense. * published under the title "the genus firmiana marsili" as communication no. 54̂ of the forest research institute, indonesia, in december 1956, p. 3-33. *** named for count k. j. von firmian, born 1716 at deutsch-metz in tirol, died 1782 milan, an austrian statesman who was governor of lombardy under maria theresia. — 281 — 282 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 3: 516. 1834; meissner, gen. 31 (25). 1837; reichenbach, handb. 291. 1837; nomencl. 202. 1841; r. wight, illustr. ind. bot. 1: 77. 1840; endlicher, gen. 994. 1840 (as a submenus of sterculia l.); suppl. 4 (3): 61. 1857; enchir. 516. 1841 (as a submenus of sterculia l.); r. brown in bennett & brown, pl jav. rar. 235. 1844; walpers, rep. 5: 104. 1846; lindley, veg. kingd., ed. 3: 362. 1853; miquel. pi. nederl. ind. 1 (2) : 178. 1859; bentham in benth. & hook, f., gen. pi. 1: 218. 1867 (as a subgenus of sterculia l.); baillon, hist. pi. 4: 60. 1872 (as a section of sterculia l.; excl. syn. carpophyllum miq.); pfeiffer, nomencl. 1 (2): 1353. 1874; masters in hook, f., fl. brit. ind. 1: 359. 1874 (as a section of sterculia l.); pierre, fl. for. cochinch. 3, fasc. 13: t. 198. 1889 (as a syn. of sterculia l.); schumann in engl. & prantl, nat. pfl. fam. 3 (6) : 97. 1895 (excl. syn. hildegardia schott & endl. and scaphium schott & endl.); koorders & valeton in meded. lands pi. tuin buitenz. 14: 160. 1895; de dalla torre & harms, gen. 313. 1903; hutchinson & dalziel, fl. w. trop. afr. 1: 251. 1928; alston in trimen, handb. fl. ceylon 6 (suppl.) 31. 1931; lemee, diet, descr. 3: 126. 1931 (excl. syn.); kanjilal & das, fl. assam 1 (1) : 154. 1934; ridley in kew bull. 1934: 214 (as a syn. of erythropsis endl.); gamble, fl. madras 1: 106. 1935; shun ching-lee, for. bot. china 824. 1935; corner, ways. trees mai. 1: 610. 1940; little, checklist trees u.s.a. 185. 1953; kostermans in bull. jard. bot. bruxelles 24: 335-338. 1954; comm. for. res. inst. bogor 54: 3 33. 1956. — erythropsis lindley in brandes, quart. j. sci. lit. arts 1: 112. 1827; in bot. reg. t. 1236. 1829; veg. kingd., ed. 3: 362. 1853 (as a syn. of firmiana marsigli); schott & endlicher, melet. 33. 1832; spach, hist. veg. phan. 3: 517. 1834; meissner, gen. 31. 1837; r. wight, illustr. ind. bot. 1: 77. 1840; endlicher, gen. 994. 1840 (as a subgenus of sterculia l.), enchir. 516. 1841 (as a section of sterculia l.); suppl. 5: 61. 1850; steudel, nomencl. ed. 2, 1: 597. 1840; reichenbach, nomencl. 202. 1841; bentham in benth. & hook, f., gen. 1: 218. 1867 (as a syn. of the subgenus firmiana mars.); pfeiffer, nomencl. 1 (2): 1259. 1874; boerlage, handl. fl. ned. ind. 1: 123. 1890 (as a syn. of sterculia l.); ridley, fl. mai. pen. 1: 277. 1922; in kew bull. 1934: 214-217 (erythropsis endl.); lemee, diet, descr. 3: 15. 1931 (excl. descript.); burkill, diet. econ. prod. mai. pen. 1: 950. 1935; adelbert in backer, fl. java, (nooduitg.) 4b, fam. 107: 25. 1944; kostermans in bull. jard. bot. bruxelles 24: 335-338. 1954. — clompanus [rumphius] 0. kuntze, rev. 1: 77. 1891. — karaka rafinesque, sylv. tellur. 72. 1838; merrill, index rafin. 167. 1949. (p.p.). type species.—firmiana, simplex (l.) w. f. wight. trees. leaves often cordate, glabrous or with stellate hairs, with long petioles. flowers often in coralliform panicles, brightly coloured, covered with stellate hairs, unisexual (perhaps sometimes polygamous); calyx with a more or less developed tube with nectarial disc at base inside; corolla none. androgynophore growing out of the tube after anthesis; androecium consisting of usually 10 shortly stipitate or sessile, 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally; the filaments attached to the margin of the sunken top of the androgynophore; ovaries 5 (enveloped by the stamens), conglutinate; styles short, stigmas curved outwards. after anthesis the ovaries soon separate and expand, opening in an early state of development, one or two pairs of ovules at the margins. male and female flowers differ only slightly in size and in development of the 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans : the genus firmiana 283 androecium or gynaecium. follicles papery, dispersed with the adhering seeds. distribution.—asiatic continent, malaysia, pacific islands. the genus was originally included in the older genus sterculia l. (sp. pi. 1007. 1753; gen. pi., ed. 5: 438. 1754). created as a separate genus by marsili (sometimes wrongly spelt marsigli) in 1786, firmiana has been alternately included in sterculia l. and reinstated again as a proper genus. endlicher (gen. pi., i.e.) considered firmiana mars., like erythropsis lindley, a subgenus of sterculia l.; in his suppl. (i.e.), he adopted r. brown's view in accepting it as a proper genus and dividing it into two sections: eufirmiana endl. (type species: sterculia platanifolia l.f.) and erythropsis (lindl.) endl. (type species: sterculia colorata roxb.), differing in the size of the flower tube in comparison to the lobes. this subdivision was generally accepted, but not the status of firmiana. — r. brown (1844) recognized firmiana as a proper genus; bentham (1867) reduced the genus again to a subgenus, herein followed by baillon (1872), masters (1874) and brandis (1874). — pierre (t. 198. 1889), although enumerating the specimens under sterculia l., emphatically stated that firmiana was a proper genus. schumann (1893) reinstated firmiana, incorporating hildegardia and scaphium. into that genus. ridley (1922 and 1934) not only considered firmiana a good genus but also erythropsis, a view formerly presented by pierre. lemee (diction, descript. 3: 15. 1931) gives a wrong description of erythropsis lindl., which he confused with pterygota. the present author (1954) accepted firmiana as a proper genus; erythropsis was considered to be congeneric with it. firmiana is closely related to sterculia and may be differentiated from that large genus only by its membranous fruit, which is dispersed with the adhering seeds, whereas in sterculia the follicles are leathery and the seeds are dispersed separately; furthermore the inflorescence is often different. on the other hand firmiana. is also related to scaphium and pterocymbium, the difference being in the usually 2-seeded fruit (the seeds are marginal) of the former, as contrasted with the basal, one-seeded fruit of the latter. in this sense scaphium and pterocymbium are closer to hildegardia of which the fruit does not open at all and reminds one of a samara, as found in tariettia and heritiera. in flower characters the above-mentioned genera cannot be separated. saunders (in ann. bot. 45: 97-103. 1931), after examining the vascular bundles, came to the conclusion that the calyx actually represents 284 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 a combination of calyx and corolla. her ingenious hypothesis that each carpel represents actually1/2 -l-1/2 carpel, which would explain the peculiar venation, is however not in agreement with the position of the ovules. the position of the radicles, often serving to point out affinity of genera, is so variable in stercniliaceae that it is not of much use (see pierre). culhamia forskal (fl. aeg.-arab. 96. 1775), formerly included in firmiana mars., was relegated to cola by pfeiffer (nomencl. 1: 289. 1870), although not definitely. kuntze (rev. 1: 78. 1891) remarks that the shape of the leaf and the inflorescence, as described by forskal, point to firmiana. rafinesque (sylv. tellur. 73. 1838, descr. op. cit. 158. 1838) coined the name culhamia triloba. merrill (index rafin. 167. 1949) considers this species to be identical with stercuua setigera delile. in his lengthy article *, marsili discussed the tree, flowers and fruit of a specimen of f. platanifolia grown in the botanical garden of padua. on page 116 he gives a latin diagnosis of the genus. the two drawings are exceptionally good, the first one represents an inflorescence accompained by drawings of male and female flowers, the second one depicts the young and opened fruit. in a note on page 116 he remarks that stercuua platanifolia l.f. (suppl. plantarum 423) is the same species. linnaeus fil. received a specimen from alstroemer, who in turn got it perhaps from marsili; alstroemer brought it to sweden. the contention of linnaeus fil. that the flowers are hermaphroditic, is, according to marsili, attributable to the poor state of the dried material available to linnaeus fil. marsili apparently did not intend to describe a species or to procure a specific epithet, but his drawings manifestly represent f. platanifolia ,and he mentioned stercuua platanifolia as being identical with his plant; hence i follow the current custom to attribute the combination to marsili. much controversy exsists in the matter of the sexes. in a recent flora (kanjilal) the flowers are considered hermaphroditic, although most botanists are of the opinion that they are unisexual. in all species i could examine there are male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. in the male flowers we find minute, sterile ovaries. the anthers in the female flower are not smaller (sometimes even larger) than those in the male flower, but they do not open. i have not been able to make sure whether their pollen are viable. the number of anthers indicated by different authors varies between * i obtained a photographic reproduction through the courtesy of prof. c. g. g. j. van steenis. dr. 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans: the genus firmiana 285 10 and 30. i suppose that there are only 10 anthers, each with two cells, as in other sterculiaceae the anther cells are either parallel, which results in a regular ring of anthers, or the cells are not at the same level and often one is turned in another direction than the other, (upwards or downwards), which results in an irregular globular clump of cells, somewhat resembling a knot of wool. key to the species la. carpels and follicles densely pilose . 1 2 b. carpels and follicles glabrous or nearly so 4 2a. leaves entire 3 b. leaves deeply lobed 6. f. simplex 3a. lower leaf-surface glabrous 3. f. philippinensis b. lower leaf-surface densely pilose (matted) 7. f. papuana 4a. calyx lobes very short, erect or incurved 5 b. calyx lobes long, reflexed, lanceolate-oblong 6 5a. lobes vs of the tube length. lower leaf surface softly pilose. flower tube inside and androgynophore glabrous 2. f. fulgens b. lobes % of the tube length. lower leaf surface glabrous, but for the axils of the main nerves. flower tube inside and androgynophore sparsely pilose. 1. f. colorata 6a. leaves lobed; lower surface grey, densely pilose (matted); follicle up to 15 cm long. leaf-base cordate 4. f. major b. leaves entire; lower leaf surface densely pilose (matted), follicles up to 7,5 cm long. leaf base truncate or subcordate 8. f. hainanensis c. leaves entire or lobed. lower leaf surface practically glabrous. follicles up to 7 cm long 5. f. diversifolia 1. firmiana colorata (roxb.) r. br.—fig. 1, 2, 3 firmiana colorata (roxb.) r. brown in bennett & brown, pi. jav. rar. 235. 1844 (quoad var. a ) ; walpers, rep. 5: 104. 1845-46, p.p.; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1 (2): 178. 1859 (excl. var. ft (?) et y et spec. korthalsii) ; thwaites, enum. 29. 1864 (nomen); trimen, fl. ceylon 1: 166. 1893 (as a syn. of stercuua colorata roxb.); masters in hook, f., fl. brit. india 1: 360. 1874 (as a syn. of stercuua colorata roxb.) ; king in j. as. soc. bengal 60 (ii) : 71. 1892; k. schumann in engl. & prantl, nat. pfl. fam. 3 (6): 97. 1893; koorders & valeton in meded. pi. tuin buitenzorg 14: 160. 1895 (excl. spec. korthalsii); atlas t. 406. 1914; koorders, exkurs. fl. java 2: 598. 1912; koorders-schumacher, syst. verz., fam. 178: 20. 1913; gagnepain in lecomte, 1gen. indoch. 1: 459. 1911 (as a syn. of stercuua colorata roxb, excl. var.); backer, bcnoolfl. java 1: 135. 1911 (as a syn. of stercuua colorata roxb.); gamble, fl. 1 s 1 t 1 : 1 0 7 ' 1 9 3 5 ; m e r r i u i n p h i l i p p j s c l * 4 : 2 4 6 1 9 1 9 ; enum. born. p l 380. 9^1 (quoad nomen tantum); in lingnan sci. j. 13: 63. 1934; adelbert in backer, • java, (nooduitg.) 4b, fam. 107: 25. 1944 (as a syn. of erythropsis colorata (roxb.) irk.) ; kosterm., comm. for. res. inst. bogor 54: 7-16, /. 1, 2, 3. 1956. — stercuua oiorata roxburgh, pl coromand. 1: 26. 1795 (quoad tab. 25, descript. excl.) ; hort eng. 5. 1814 (nomen); fl. ind. 3: 146. 1832 (reprint 3: 507. 1874), quoad nomen; wumenow, sp. pi. 2: 873. 1799; lamarck-poiret, encycl. meth. 7: 432. 1860, p.p.; 286 reinwardtia [vol. 4 persoon, synops. 2: 240. 1807; steudel, nomencl. 814. 1821; ed. 2, 2: 639. 1841; dc, prodr. 1: 483. 1824, p.p.; sprengel, syst. veg. 3: 83. 1826, p.p.; g. don, gen. hist. 1: 517. 1831; schott & endl., melet. 33. 1832 (as a syn. of erythropsis roxburghiana schott & endl.); spach, hist, veg. phan. 3: 516. 1834 (as a syn. of erythropsis roxburghiana schott & endl.), p.p.; wight & arnott, prodr. 63. 1834; in hooker's icon. 2: t. us. 1837; r. brown in bennett & brown, pi. jav. rar. 235. 1844 (as a syn. of firmiana colorata r. br., quoad var. a ) ; moritzi, verz. 28. 1845-46 (nomen) ; hasskarl in tijdschr. nat. gesch. 12: 115. 1845 (nomen); dalzell & gibson, bombay fl. 23. 1861 (n.v.); thwaites, enum. 29. 1864 (nomen); bentham in benth. & hook., gen. pi. 1: 218. 1867; m. r. brown, pi. wild fl. s. & w. india tl 8 (n.v.) ; beddome, fl. sylv. 32. 1869 (n.v.); pfeiffer, nomencl. 1 (2): 1353. 1874; masters in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 1: 359. 1874; brandis, for. fl. 34, 1874 (excl. syn. sterculia wallichii falc.) ; ind. trees 84, fig. 40, 190,6, p.p.; kurz in j. asiat. soc. bengal 43 (ii) : 117. 1874; for. fl. burma 1: 138, 1877; pierre, fl. for. cochinch. 3, fasc. 13: t. 199. 1889; king in j. asiat. soc. bengal 60 (ii) : 71-72. 1892; watt, diet. 6: 361. 1893 p.p.; talbot, trees bombay 22, 1894 (n.v.); for. fl. bombay 1: 141-142. 1909; woodr. in j. bomb. nat. 11: 129. 1897; koorders & valeton, i.e. 160. 1895 (as a syn. of firmiana colorata mars.); trimen, handb. fl. ceylon 1: 166. 1893; id. 6: (alston): 31. 1931; cooke, fl. bombay 1: 125. 1903; backer, schoolfl. java 1: 135. 1911; gagnepain in lecomte, fl. gen. indoch. 1: 459. 1911 (var. bracteosa gagn. excl.); tardieu-blot, suppl. 1: 401. 1945; h. a. clerx in trop. natuur 1: 10-13. 1912, cum fig.; haines, fl. bihar & orissa 2: 76. 1921; gamble, man. ind. timb. 96. 1922; ridley in kew bull. 1934: 215 (as a syn. of erythropsis colorata ridley) ; parkinson, for. fl. andam. isl. 101, fig. 16. 1923; craib, fl. siam. enum. 1: 166. 1925; kanjilal, kanjilal, & das, fl. assam 1 (1): 151. 1934; gamble & fischer, fl. madras 107. 1935; l. h. bailey, stand. cyclop. hort. 3: 3239. 1947. — erythropsis colorata (roxb.) burkill in gard. bull. s.s. 5: 231. 1931; ridley in kew bull. 1934: 215; adelbert in backer, fl. java, (nooduitg.) 4b, fam. 107: 26. 1944; mooney, suppl. haines, bot. bihar & orissa 28. 1950 (quoad nomen tantum). — clompanus colorata (roxb.) 0. kuntze, rev. gen. pi. 1: 78. 1891. — karaka colorata, (roxb.) rafinesque, fl. tellur. 72. 1838; merrill, index rafin. 167. 1949. — erythropsis roxburghiana schott & endl., melet. 33. 1832; spach, i.e. 517, p.p.; sprengel, syst. veg. 3: 83. 1826; spach, hist. veg. phan. 3: 517. 1834; steudel, nomencl. ed. 2, 1: 597. 1840 et ed. 2, 2: 639. 1841 (as a syn. of sterculia colorata roxb.) ; voigt, hort. suburb. calcut. 104. 1845; masters, i.e. (as a syn. of sterculia colorata roxb.); koorders & val., i.e. (as a syn. of firmiana colorata r. br.). — tab. 25 in roxburgh, pi. corom. 1. erythropsis colorata, var. bracteata (a. dc.) ridley in kew bull. 1934 :215. — firmiana bracteata a. dc. in bull. herb. boiss., ser. 2, 3: 369. 1903. — balansa 3743 (g). sterculia rubicunda wall., catal. 1119 d, f, g, ex masters in hook, f., fl. brit. ind. 1: 360. 1874. — wallich 1119 d, f. g. (k). sterculia fulgens (non wall.) kurz in j. asiat. soc. beng. 43 (ii) : 117. 1874 (p.p.) ; for. fl. br. burma 1: 139. 1877 (p.p.) ; king in j. asiat. soc. beng. 60 (ii) : 72. 1891 (p.p., quoad specim.) ; kostermans, comm. for. res. inst. bogor 54: 11. 1956 (p.p.). — erythropsis fulgens (wall, ex mast.) ridley, fl. mai. pen. 1: 277. 1922 (p.p., quoad specim.) ; burkill, diet. econ. prod. mai. pen. 1: 950. 1935 (p.p., quoad specim.). — firmiana fulgens (wall, ex king) corner, wayside trees mai. 1: 610. 1940 (p.p., quoad specim.). 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans : the genus firmiana 287 pig. 1. firminia colorata (roxb.) r.br. — flowering branch (photo: huysmans, bogor). 288 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 fig 2. firmiana eolorata (roxb.) r.br. different leaves (x 0.5). after living material. 1957] a. j. g. h. kostbrmans : the genus firmiana 289 tree up to 25 m high with smooth grey or grey-green bark. buttresses up to 2 m high, out 50 cm. branches glossy dark brown. branches and the grey or greenish grey branchlets with many lenticels. terminal bud rather flat, surrounded by densely rusty pilose, ovate-triangular, acute, deciduous bud-scales measuring 1-2 mm. petiole 10—20 cm long, glabrous, base pulvinate. leaf-blade glabrous (axils of main nerves pilose below; in very young leaves scattereed stellate hairs on lower surface), variable in size and shape, entire or deeply incised, ovate, 6-25 cm long, 6—20 cm wide; top acuminate, base cordate or subcordate; palmately veined; dark green on upper, paler green on lower surface; primary veins slightly raised on upper, raised on lower surface, pale; main ribs 5, rarely 7, arcuate; secondary nerves lax, at right angles from primary nerves, pale; reticulation rather dense. pig. 3. firmiana eolorata (roxb.) r.br. — (from left to right) female flower before anthesis; female flower after anthesis; male flower before anthesis; male flower after anthesis; top of androgynophore of female flower before anthesis; young follicle (below); young follicles; (below) top of male androgynophore (all parts slightly less than natural size; tops of androgynophore x 3.3). — after living material. flowers in axillary panicles or racemes from the axils of previous year's fallen leaves (as a rule they appear when the tree is bare) ; main peduncle stout, up to 7 cm long, yellowish orange; ramifications slender, short (up to 1 cm long), coralliform. flowers 3 cm long, densely covered with minute orange stellate hairs and scales; calyx funnel-shaped, somewhat inflated towards apex, slightly curved; teeth triangular, acute, 5—6 mm long, with a conspicuous, flattened, grey-pilose margin; inside of calyx with sparse stellate hairs; above the base a ring of glistening, long bundles of strigose hairs. androgynophore in mature flowers extending 5 10 mm beyond calyx, covered with very small scale-like stellate hairs. anthers 10, two-celled; the cells curved; filaments very short, attached to the rim of the shallow tube at the top of the androgynophore. ovaries 5, flask-shaped (at base knee-like), glabrous, white (red towards the top) later turning pale green, merging into the short, curved, red styles; stigma 290 reinwardtia [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans : the genus firmiana 291 bent outside, peltate, pellucid, reddish. follicles up to 7 cm long, membranous, glabrous, veined, stipitate, opening at an early stage; ovules 2-4, ellipsoid, glossy, black, alternate at the margins of the follicle. the flowers are hermaphroditic in appearance but one sex apparently remains sterile. the male and female flowers occur on the same branch, in the male ones the anthers are smaller than in the female ones, but in the latter the anthers do not open. the anthers of the male flower already open when it is still closed. after dehiscence of the flower the androgynophore stretches. in this stage the disc of anthers is about 1.5 to 2 mm in diameter; the pollen is smooth; the antherial disc is always bent to one side at an angle of almost 90°. in the female flower the antherial disc is about 1.5 to 2 times as large as that in the male flower; it is not bent (or hardly so) ; the anthers contain pollen, but do not open, even after the stretching of the androgynophore. the styles and stigmas gradually turn red during their development, like the top of the ovary. the male flowers develop earlier than the female ones. burkill's specimen 6990 is accompanied by a note, that in many flowers the flower tube is partly ripped open from base to top; apparently this is done by birds looking for honey. distribution.—indian peninsula, burma, ceylon, andamans, siam, malay peninsula, sumatra; introduced in java. use.—the inner bark yields a fibre; twigs and leaves are used as cattle fodder in the western part of the indian peninsula. the wood is dingy greyish white in colour, very soft, marked with conspicuous medullary rays. the roots (tubers) are eaten by the lepchas. ecology.—the tree is frequent in deciduous forests; it is bare in winter (dry season) ; in w. java it becomes partly or completely leafless before coming into bloom (october, november). in burma it flowers in march-april (kurz, brandis). in ceylon it flowers in june-july (trimen). local names (these are probably applicable both to f. colorata and f. fulgens. — india: bodula, walena, samarri (hind) ; nustruk (ajmere) ; sisi (kol., sonth) ; khowsey (mar., berar) ; maraka, karu boppaji (tel.) ; samari (oudh) ; kowsey, bharkoi, bheckhol, samarri, walena, bhai-koi (bomb.) ; bodala, bodal (kumaon) ; mutruk (merwara) ; mula (beng.) ; pisi, sisi (kol.) ; bolazong, bolajun, chengsu, walgem (caro) ; sito udal, phirphiri omra (nepal) ; kanklyem (lepcha) ; jhari-udal, jari udal, kath udal (assam) ; sangkru-aromy (mik.) ; bohog-odla (mech.) ; dieng-symphlor, dieng-sangkhlor (kli) ; lersima (kharna) ; burma: wetshaw, yaseng-shaw; andamans: berda; siam: paw kao (loas, chiengmai) ; karaka (telingas) ex roxb., fl. corom. india. c h i t t a g o n g : kodala hill near chittagong, apr., fl., fr., badul khan 496 (cal); manbhum, fl., rev. j. campbell s.n. (cal). a s s a m : south lushai, hills near fort lungleh, apr., fl., gage 111 (cal); naga hills, ster., anon. s.n. (cal). s i k k i m: locality not indicated, ster., anderson s.n. (cal, l). s o u t h i n d i a : shevaron hills, fr., perrottet 34 (cal); travancore, santhanpora, dec, ster., meebold 565 — 13257 (cal) ; ibid., feb., fl., bourdillon 91 (cal) ; harsleyhondochittoor distr., may, fr., fischer 4647 (cal). lower siam. pingah, dec, fl., haniff & nur 3940 (sing) . a n d a m a n i s . : south andaman, fl., kurz s.n. (cal) ; southpoint, fl., kurz s.n. (cal.). malaysia. — m a l a y p e n i n s u l a . p a h a n g : near jerantut, feb., fl., corner s.n. (sing). p e r a k : fl., ridley 14640 (cal, sing); ulu kuching, on river bank, mar., fl., king's coll. 8673 (cal, sing); kuala lumpur, batu rd., mar., fl., foxworthy 1709 (sing); ibid., feb., fl., burkill 4415 (sing); july, fl., curtis 232,2 (cal, sing). p e n a n g : govt hill, jan., in bud, curtis 144 (sing); head of waterfall gardens, mar., fl., burkill 6990 (sing); ayer hitam, alt. 70 m, ster., nov., haniff s.n. (sing) ; penara bukit, feb., fl., for. guard s.n. (sing). k e l a n t a n : sg. ketah, gua nanah, feb., fl., nur 12131 (sing). s e l a n g o r : kepong plantations, may, fl., hussin f.d. 15360 (sing). locality not indicated, fl., scortechini s.n. (cal, sing). — s u m a t r a . hoch ankola, fl., junghuhn s.n. (l); ranau lake, alt. 600 m, fl., forbes 2105 (l); r. warkau, alt. 600 m, fl., forbes 2106 (cal). — j a v a . w e s t j a v a : no loc, fl., kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (l); no loc, fl., zollinger ad 494 (l) ; bantam, fl., spanoghe s.n. (l) ; bandung, alt. 700 m, fl., sep., popta 866 (l); southcoast sukapura, low nits, fl., junghuhn s.n. (l). cultivated. hort. calc, fr., von mueller s.n. (l) ; fl., pierre 2849a (p). hort. bogor. sub xi c 105, fl., (sing). the original publication of sterculia colorata roxburgh consists of a description and a coloured drawing. the description, which is slightly emendated in roxburgh's flora, indicates the leaves as being broader than long, villose with soft lobes and downy petioles. this part of the description certainly refers to the species, which in our paper is called firmiana fulgens. the description of the flowers is insufficient to' make out, whether the flowers are those of f. fulgens or of f. colorata, as nothing is said about the length of the lobes of the flower tube. roxburgh's plate 25 (which is preserved in the kew herbarium, no. 46), depicts without doubt f. colorata with tubular flowers with short lobes; a leaf is added in outline, which also belongs to f. colorata in our sense, as it is not broader than long. moreover, in the figure the flowers are orange; those of f. fulgens are white. consequently roxburgh's description covers a mixture of two species. in order to prevent the abolishing of a well-established name for a plant, currently interpreted as f. colorata, i adopt here roxburgh's 292 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans: the genus finniana 293 plate 25 as the basis of his sterculia colorata, with exclusion of the description (at any rate with exclusion of the description of the leaves; the flower description is so incomplete, that it may cover both species). through the courtesy of the kew herbarium, i received photographic reproductions of a sheet, marked sterculia, colorata r. br. with the number 1119, the specimen on which r. brown based his variety a of firmiana colorata. it consists of a leafy branch; a branch with fruit and a branch with young flowers. this specimen is certainly firmiana. colorata in our sense. a second sheet consists of 4 branches with inflorescences and a couple of loose inflorescence-branches and two loose follicles. the sheet bears four labels, all different. the right hand top label gives the following: 1119 sterculia colorata roxb. and three different habitat indications, which make it evident that there are three different specimens, one collected in silhet in 1823, one in hundnar in 1825, and one from mungger hills (marked herb. calcutta). the original labels from hundnar and silhet are present. the fourth label bears the numbers 1119 d sterculia colorata hb. wight; 1119 g sterculia colorata herb. roxburgh; 1119 f. sterculia rubicunda hb. hamilton (mt. mongher). a third sheet, marked sterculia rubicunda, mungger 20 july 1811 and 5 april 1811 with an added number 1119a represents firmiana colorata. sterculia wallichii falconer, enumerated by brandis under f. colorata, belongs certainly to f. fulgens. the specimen is conserved in the kew herbarium and consists of inflorescence bearing branches only. korthals' specimen from mt. sakumbang in borneo, is preserved in leiden. it represents a young twig of scaphium macropodum. this specimen was cited by miquel and by merrill. ridley (flora mai. pen., i.e.) under erythropsis fulgens gives a description of the species, called f. fulgens in our paper. all material from the malay peninsula (autographed by ridley), however, belongs to f. colorata with glabrous leaves. i have not seen a single specimen of f. fulgens from the malay peninsula. f. fulgens does not occur in java. brown's third variety king (i.e.) under sterculia fulgens enumerated represented in the british museum, belongs to f. colorata. forbes 2105 from sumatra. this specimen is manifestely f. colorata with glabrous leaves, contrarily to king's description,. the same holds true for the specimens scortechini s.n. and king's collector 8673 from the malay peninsula, i think masters was right in indicating that f. fulgens occurs in the tropical western himalayan; the species, occuring in malay, sumatra and java is f. colorata, with glabrous leaves. the specimen wallich 1135 represents f. fulgens. corner's (i.e.) description of f. fulgens covers indeed that species; but his specimens from the malay peninsula all represent f. colorata with glabrous leaves. 2. firmiana fulgens (wall, ex mast.) corner — fig. 4, 5, 6 firmiana fulgens (wall, ex mast.) corner, ways. trees mai. 1: 610. 1940 (p.p., quoad descr.). — sterculia fulgens wallich, cat. 1135 ex masters in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 1: 360. 1874; kurz in j. asiat. soc. beng\ 43 (ii) : 117. 1875, et for. fl. br. burma 1: 139. 1877 (quoad nomen et descr.) ; kingin j. asiat. soc. beng. 60 (ii) : 72. 1891 (quoad descr., p.p.) ; k. schumann in engl. & pr., nat. pfl. fam. 3 (6) : 97. 1895; haines, bot. bihar & orissa 2: 77. 1921 (as a syn. of s. pollens). — clompanus fulgens (wall.) o. kuntze, rev. 1: 78. 1891. — erythropsis fulgens (wall. ex mast.) ridl., fl. mai. pen. 1: 277. 1922 (quoad descr., p.p.); in kew bull. 1934: 215; burk., diet. econ. prod. mai. pen. 1: 950. 1935 (quoad nomen). — firmiana colorata var. ft fulgens r. brown in benn. & br., pi. jav. rar. 235. 1844. — wallich 1135 (k). sterculia colorata roxburgh, pl corom. 1: 26. 1795 (quoad descr., tab. 25 exclud.); fl. ind. 3: 146. 1832, (repr. 3: 507. 1874). — firmiana colorata (roxb.) r. brown in benn. & br., pl jav. rar. 235. 1844 (quoad var. jj) ; walpers, rep. 5: 104. 1846 (p.p.). sterculia wallichii falconer (non g. don) ex brandis, for. fl. nw. & c. ind. 34. 1874. — coll. unknown no 26 (k). firmiana pallens f. von mueller in viet. nat. 3: 48. 1866 (combination indicated, bat not made); (wall, ex king) kostermans, comm. for. res. inst. bogor 54: 16. 1956. — sterculia pallens wallich ex voigt, hort. suburb. calc. 105. 1845 (nomen); king in j. asiat. soc. beng. 60 (ii) : 73. 1891; hochreut. in bull. inst. btzg. 19: 22. 1904 (nomen); brandis, ind. trees 84. 1906; haines, bot. bihar & orissa 2: 77. 1921. — erythropsis pallens (wall, ex voigt) ridl. in kew bull. 1934: 215. — falconer 289 (k). tree up to 20 m high and 1 m in diameter (haines). branches thick, densely pilose (matted stellate hairs with short horizontal branches) with large round leaf scars. leaves palmately veined, chartaceous or papyraceous, more or less reniform (broader than long), up to 30 x 25 cm, shallowly 3—4-lobed, the lobes acutish, base cordate; upper surface soon glabrous, lower surface laxly pilose (stellate hairs with long, more or less erect branches) ; veins flat above, prominent below; the 3 main ribs with a 4 pairs of arcuate secondary nerves; tertiary nerves lax, somewhat prominent reticulation inconspicuous. petioles up to 15 cm long, densely pilose (stellate hairs with erect, short branches), base swollen. flowers in panicles up to 25 cm long; peduncle and branches stout. flowers white or pale yellowish, the female ones slightly smaller and more slender than the male ones,or te reverse (both in the same inflorescence and flowering at the same time), subcampanulate, 1.5—2.5 cm long, denselly pilose (stellate hairs with long, erect branches) ; lobes 4—6 mm long, 294 reinwardtia [vol. 4 -.?-). . i . 3 . . . . 1957] a. j. g. h. kostekmans : the genus firmiana 295 f i g . 4. firmiana fulgens (wall, ex mast.) corner — flowering branch. — after h. b. xv j. b. ix 2. f i g . 5 firmiana fulgens (wall, ex mast.) corner. — leafy branch and dart of inflorescence (x 0.4); flowers (x 2). after h.b. xv jb'ix\ (bo) 296 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 fig. 6. firmiana fulgens (wall, ex mast.) corner. — flowering branch (x v2) ; two types of flowers (nat. size; top of male androgynophore (x 5) ; the same but anthers removed (x 5). — after h. b. xv j. b. ix 2. fleshy, the inside with a few hairs (stellate hairs with shorter branches) or glabrous; tube inside glabrous, the base with a fleshy, glossy,̂ dark yellow part (nectary) ; immediately above this glossy part a broad ring ot long, strigose hairs." androgynophore at last exsert, glabrous. male flowers with large anther-cells (about 20) and undeveloped carpels; female ilowers with smaller anthers and flask-shaped carpels, with a few, white stellate hairs at the ventral suture; stigmas slender, recurved. fruit glabrous, not seen. distribution. — western himalaya. 1957] local names. ex haines). a. j. g. h. kostermans : the genus firmiana 297 khardala, n.w. provinces (ex brandis) ; phap (th., the first description of sterculia pallens wallich should be attributed to king (i.e.) who in a note under s. fulgens, differentiated it from the latter species. no type specimen was indicated by king. ridley gave the first extensive description under erythropsis pallens ridley and indicated falconer 289 (k) as type specimen. roxburgh's description of sterculia colorata in his pi. coromand. and in his flora fits firmiana pallens (lower leaf surface and petioles pilose), but the typical funnel-shaped flower with long tube lobes is not indicated. roxburgh's plate 25 refers certainly to our firmiana colorata. masters enumerated the specimens falconer 289 and strachey & winterbottom 2 (k), which are also mentioned by ridley under firmiana pallens. furthermore masters cited: wallich 1135 and 1119 2. the latter is perhaps wallich 1119/2, which represents f. colorata. kurz {in j. as. soc. beng. 43 (ii) : 117. 1875) under sterculia fulgens, already suggested, that masters described actually sterculia pallens, which he considered specifically different. king's and kurz' description cover each other completely, but the material, cited by king is certainly f. colorata. i do not know, why king described the lower leaf surface as densely stellate pubescent, as the specimens, which he enumerated (king's coll. 8673; scortechini, and forbes 2105) have completely glabrous leaves. sterculia wallichii brandis is based on the specimen falconer 289, which is the type specimen of erythropsis pallens ridley. the sheet is preserved in the kew herbarium and consists of flower-bearing branches nly. the label bears the indication: sterculia wallichii and the number 26, nd the distributing label falconer 289 from the kew herbarium. the inside of the flower tube in f. fulgens is glabrous, like the androgynophore; in f. colorata these parts are pilose. w. himalaya. gurhwal, fl., falconer 289 (bo, cal, k, l, p) ; ibid., herb. hook. f. & thorns. 58045 (cal) : ibid., king s.n. (cal). missoorie, 1000 m alt., apr., fl-, mackinnon s.n. (cal); ibid., may, fr., maekinnon s.n. (cal). rajpoor. fl., anon. (cal). — cultivated. hort. bogor sub xv j b ix 2. fl. * (e horto saharum'°re). hort. calc. s.n. (bo, cal); ibid., fl., pierre 3780 (p). * in flower in january and february 1957: flowers almost white; there are wo kinds of flowers, the male ones are smaller and more slender than the female ones; both occur in the same inflorescence (see fig. 4, 6). 298 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 3. firmiana philippinensis kosterm.—fig. 7 firmiana philippinensis kostermans, comm. for. res. inst. bogor 54: 19. 1956. — firmiana simplex (non w. f. wight) merrill in philip. j. sci., bot. 13: 308. 1918; enum. philip, fl. pl 3: 56. 1923. — fenix 29858 (bo). tree. branchlets thick, soft, filled with soft pith, glabrous, covered with large leaf scars. leaves entire, crowded near apex of branchlets, soon glabrous, chartaceous, ovate, acute, base subcordate, 9 x 14 cm; nerves fig. 7. firmiana philippinensis kosterm. — leafy_ branch and inflorescence (x 0.5); flower (x 2.5). — after femx 29858 (bo). 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans: the genus firmiana 299 palmate. petioles 7 cm long, glabrous. inflorescence and flowers as in f. platanifolia. local name.—bitnong (pang.), according to merrill. the leaves of this species are different from those of f. simplex. as the follicles are unknown and the leaves of the type specimens are rather young, these is a possibility that it represents hildegardia merrittii (merr.) kosterm. of the latter species i have never seen a specimen. philippines. l u z o n . prov. pangasinan, mt. san isidro, fenix 29858, fl. nov. (bo). 4. firmiana major hand.-mazz. firmiana major handel-mazzetti in anz. akad. wiss. wien; mat.-nat. 60: 96. 1923. (1924); ridley in kew bull. 1934: 214. (nomen; maior); kosterm., comm. for. res. inst. indon. 54: 20. 1956. — sterculia platanifolia var. major w. w. smith in notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 9: 130. 1916. — hildegardia major (hand.-mazz.) kostermans in bull. jard. bot. bruxelles 24: 338. 1954. — g. forest 10820 (e). small tree or shrub. branchlets stout, glabrous, with large, round leaf scars; apical buds with small, densely rusty pilose, ovate-lanceolate budscales. leaves crowded near apex of branchlets, palmately veined, subreniform (broader than long), chartaceous, shallowly 3-lobed, the lobes either acuminate or very shortly acute; base cordate; up to 30 x 25 cm; upper surface glabrous, ribs rather flat; lower surface densely, woolly pilose (stellate hairs with short ramifications) ; of the 7 main ribs, the 3 or 5 central ones have 3—4 pairs of secondary nerves, tertiary nerves ladder-shaped, lax; upper leaf-surface slightly pitted (in dried condition) under the lens. petiole up to 20 cm long, very minutely grey woolly at base or completely glabrous. inflorescence 11 cm long, glabrous, but for the ends of the branches. pedicels 0.5—1.5 cm long, grey-woolly; flower tube funnel-shaped, 3—4 mm long, woolly outside; inside with a dense layer of long, strigose, glossy hairs, protruding from the tube; lobes lanceolate, up to 1.5 cm long, reflexed, fleshy, inside glabrous, outside woolly. androgynophore glabrous; male (?) one with a pinhead-like top of 10—15 anther-cells. infructescence with dense felt-like, minute, woolly tomentum towards end of ramifications, glabrescent. follicles 5, glabrous, up to 15 cm long and 6 cm wide (opened) with 3—5 subglobose, smooth seeds (10~ 15 mm in diam.) ; androgynophore 1 cm long, glabrous; stalk of follicles 2 cm, glabrous; pedicel 1 cm, densely pilose. the species is manifestly related to f. simplex, from which it differs by its glabrous, larger carpels and its larger flowers. c h i n a . yunnan, near dali (talifu), alt. 1750 m., may, fl., handel-mazzetti 1132 (a); in thickets on the tong shan in the yangtze bend, lat. 27°20' n., alt. 3000 m, f r-, forest 10820 (a, e); locality not indicated, fr., delavay s.n. ,(p). 300 rein wardtia [vol. 4 5. firmiana diversifolia a. gray.—fig. 8 firmiana diversifolia a. gray, botany u.s. expl. exped. 1: 185, t. 13. 1854; ridley in kew bull. 1934: 214 (nomen) ; a. c. smith in j. arnold arb. 36: 283. 1955; kosterm., comm. for. res. inst. indon. 54: 21, /. 6. 1956. — sterculia diversifolia (non g. don) seemann, pl vit. 23 (viti, append. 433) 1865 (nomen) ; drake del castillo, illustr. flor. ins. pacif. 122. 1886. — pickering s.n. (us). fig. 8. firmiana diversifolia a. gray. — leaves and infructescence (x 0.5). — after pickering s.n. (p). 1957] a. j. g. h. kostebmans : the genus firmiana 301 tree of considerable size (pickering'). leaves ovate, palmately nerved, entire or three-lobed (lobes short, triangular, acute or acuminate), 15—24 x 12—20 cm, base cordate, thinly chartaceous or membranaceous, glabrous (or the lower surface and the branchlets etc, very minutely stellate puberulent under the lens) ; upper surface smooth, nerves flat; lower surface with 5 prominent main nerves, the 3 central ones with 3 pairs of lateral nerves (arcuate and running out at margin) ; tertiary nerves lax, laddershaped; veins inconspicuous. petioles 10—12 mm long, rather slender, glabrous, hardly swollen at base. infructescence glabrous, 14 cm long with few, distant, patent ramifications, up to 6 cm long. pedicel densely pilose, 5 mm long. androgynophore 5—6 mm long-, glabrous, broadened at apex into a pateriform cup. stalks of follicles 5—10 mm long, almost glabrous. follicles oblong-lanceolate, up to 2 x 7 cm, glabrous or nearly so, obtuse at both ends, abruptly tipped with a small mucroniform style. seeds globular, glossy, 6 mm in diameter. the species differs from f. eoiorata because of the few hairs on leaves and the lack of hairs in the axils of the main nerves. it is perhaps related to f. papuana, which has the same tomentum on branchlets and petioles, but differs by its cordate leaves and densely pilose fruit and lower leafsurface. feejee isl. ovalau, fr., pickering s.n. (p, us.). 6. firmiana simplex (l.) w. f. wight—fig. 9 firmiana simplex (l.) w. f. wight in u.s. dept. agr. bur. pl industr. bull. 142: 67. 1909; f. n. meyer in bull. 204: 56. 1911; rehder & wilson in sargent, pl wilson. 2 (2): 377. 1915; arnold arb. exped. e. asia 1917-18, t. n-691. 1920; nyi in contr. biol. lab. sci. soc. china 5 (3): 17-20, fig. 1929; sasaki, catal. herb. taihoku 343. 1930; liu, syst. bot. fl. fam. n. china 73. 1931; yen in bot. gaz. 93: 206, 210. 1932; chow, fam. trees hopei (fan mem. inst. biol. peiping, handb. n. 4) 324. 1934; shun ching lee, for. bot. china 825. pi. 230, 1935; kostermans in bull. jard. bot. bruxelles 24: 335. 1954; comm. for. res. inst. 54: 26. 1956; petelot, i.e. 125 (as a syn. of sterculia platanifolia l.f.) ; chittenden, diet. gard. 2, 2: 824. 1956. — clompanus simplex (l.f.) o. kuntze, rev. 1: 77. 1891. firmiana platanifolia (l.f.) marsili in sagg. sci. lett. ace. pad. 1: 106-116. 1786; schott & endlicher, melet. 33: 1832; spach, hist. veg. phan. 3: 516. 1834, atlas, t. 69. 1846; steudel, nomencl, ed. 2, 1: 642. 1840; id. 2 (2): 640. (as a syn. of sterculia platanifolia l.f.); r. brown in bennet & brown, pl jav. rar. 235. 1844; walpers, rep. 5: 104. 1845-46; voigt, hort. suburb. calcut. 104. 1845; seemann, bot. h.m.s. herald 365. 1857; miquel, ann. mus. lugd. bat. 3: 92. 1867; prolus. 256. k. schumann in engl. & prantl, nat. pfl.fam. 3 (6) : 97, fig. 49 b. 1895; hemsley in j. linn. soc. 23: 90. 1886 (as a syn. sterculia platanifolia l.f.) ; diels in engl. bot. jahrb. 29: 470. 1900; britton, n. amer. trees 694. 1908; shirasawa, icon. ess. for. j a p . 2: t. 51 f. 10-34. 1908; makino, illustir. fl japan 969. 1924; yushun kudo, etc. (usef. trees of japan), ed. 2: 310. 1930; terasaki, nippon shokubutsu zufu 636, 302 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1609. 1933; small, man. s. eastern pi. 864. 1933 (cum fig.); coker, totten, trees s.e. un. states 322. 1934; burkill, diet. econ. prod. mai. pen. 1: 1019. 1935. — sterculia platanifolia l.f., suppl. pl syst. veget. 423. 1781; buchoz, grand jard. univ. t. 94. 1785; marsili in saggi scient. e lett. acad. padova 1: 116, t. 1 et 2 (in nota). 1786; cavanilles, diss. 5: 287, no. 417, t. 1u5; ibid. 6: 352. 1788; vahl. symb. 1: 80. 1790 (excl. culhamia porsk.); de jussieu, gen. (ed. suteri) 309. 1791; houttuyn, linn. pl syst. 4: 152. 1773-83; willdenow, sp. pl 2 (2): 873. 1799 (excl. syn. culhamia forsk.); persoon, syst. veg. 910. 1791; synops. 2: 240. 1807; thunberg, icon. pl japon, decas iv: tab. 8. 1802; lamarck-poiret, encycl. meth. 7: 431. 1806 (excl. culhamia forsk., diagn. p.p.) ; steudel, nomencl. 814. 1821 (exel. syn. culhamia forsk.); dc, prodr. 1: 483. 1824 (excl. culhamia forsk.); sprengel, syst. veg. 3: 83. 1825 (excl. culhamia forsk.); g. don, gen. hist. 1: 517. 1831 (excl. culhamia forsk.) ; schott & endlicher, i.e. (as a syn. of firmiana platanifolia r. br.); endlicher, gen. 994. 1840; suppl. 4 (3): 61. 1847 (under subgenus eryt'firopsis of firmiana); loudon, arb. frut. britt. 363. 1838; ed. 2, 1: 363, fig. 90. 1844; r. brown, i.e. (as a syn. of firmiana platanifolia r. br.) ; walpers, rep. 5: 104. 1845-46; bentham, pi. hongkong. 36. 1861; bentham in benth. & hook, f., gen. pl 1: 218. 1867; le maout & decaisne, traite gen. bot. 344. 1868; le monnier in ann. sci. nat. bot., ser. 5, 16: 260-61. 1872; baillon, hist. pl 4: 60, fig. 85, 86, 87. 1873; traite bot. medic. 2: 792. 1844; kurz in j. bot. 11: 193. 1873; franchet & savatier, enum. pl japan. 1: 65. 1875; dai-nohon ju-moku thio rio yaku (jap. trees, fig. & expl.) t. 85. 1878; debeaux in act. soc. linn. bordeaux 30: 73. 1875; ibid. 33: 36. 1879 (pl tientsin 13; fl. shanghai 21); godfrin in ann. sci. nat. bot., ser. 6, 19: 155, pi. 3. 1884; saccardo in inst. veneto sci. atti, ser. 6, 5: 881-86. 1886; hemsley in j. linn. soc. 23: 90. 1886; in kew bull. 1891: 248; pierre, fl. for cochinch., fasc. 3, t. 198. 1889; mouilefert, traite arbres et arbr., atlas t. 73. 1892-98; usef. pl jap. 2: t. 599. 1895; ramaley in minnesota bot. studies 2: 79-80, pi. 3. 1899; kawakami, list pl formosa 13. 1910 (ao-gori); gagnepain in lecomte, fl. gen. indoch. 1: 464. 1911; tardieu-blot. suppl. 1: 403. 1945; schneider, 111. handb. laubh. kunde 2: 392. 1909; wilson in publ. arnold arb. 2: t. 480. 1911; arnold arb. exped. china .1910-11, t. 0263. 1912; dunn & tutcher in kew bull., add. ser. 10: 49. 1912; bull. soc. dendrol. france 79: 218. 1913; shaw, chin. for. trees & timb. supply 256. 1914; leveille, fl kouy-tcheou 406. 1915; sargent, pl wilson. 2 (2): 377. 1915; ridley in kew bull. 1934: 215; petelot, pl medic. cambodge, laos & vietnam 1: 125. 1952 (arch. recherch. agron. 14) ; l.h. bailey, stand. cyclop. hort. 3: 3239, fig. 3691. 1947 (cum var. variegata bailey); little, check list trees u.s.a. 185. 1953. — caucanthus platanifolia (l.) rafinesque, sylva tellur. 72. 1838; merrill, index rafin. 166. 1949. — sterculia fiorniana j. f. gmelin, syst., ed. 13, 2 (2) : 1034. 1791. — sterculia firmiana j. f. gmelin, i.e. 1633. — firmiana chinensis medic, ex steudel, nomencl. 814. 1821; ed. 2, 1: 642. 1840; ed. 2, 2: 640. 1841 (as a syn. of sterculia platanifolia l.f.) ; sargent, i.e. (as a syn. of firmiana simplex wight). — sterculia tomentosa thunb., mus. uppsal. app. 19: 168. 1796 (nomen) ; jap. icon. dec. iv: 38, t. 8, 17. 1802; g. don, i.e. 517; r. brown, i.e. (as a syn. of sterculia platanifolia l.f.); juel, pl thunb. 294. 1918; petelot, i.e. (as a syn. of sterculia platanifolia l.f.). — sterculia pyriformis de bunge in mem. sav. etrang. ac. sci. st. petersbourg 2: 83. 1835 (enum. pl chin. 9. 1833); walpers, rep. 1: 335. 1842; r. brown, i.e. (as a syn. of firmiana platanifolia r. br.) ; hemsley, i.e. 90 (as a syn. of sterculia platanifolia l.f.); sargent, i.e. (as a syn. of firmiana 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans : the genus firmiana 303 pig. 9. firmiana simplex (l.) w. f. wight. — leafy branch and inflorescence (x 0 4) • male and female flowers (x 2) ; follicles (x 0.4). 306 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. icostermans : the genus firmiana 307 surface. pinned to sheet 875/12 in the linnean herbarium is another sheet (875/13), which bears a single leaf mounted with the under surface showing; this leaf, also larger and less markedly lobed than the one on sheet 875/12, is obviously of the same species and presumably came from the same plant. neither of these sheets bears a determination by the elder or younger linnaeus, but smith has named sheet 875/12 hibiscus simplex and has further suggested that it is stercuua platanifolia. this sheet also bears an inscription by linnaeus indicating that the specimen was from hortus upsaliensis". as mr. dandy points out, that hibiscus simplex was described from a living plant that had not flowered, and that sterculia platanifolia was described from a flowering specimen, it is possible that the plants on sheets 875/12, 13 could be the type of hibiscus simplex and even of sterculia platanifolia also, if the flowering plant described by the younger linnaeus was the mature stage of the young plant earlier described by the elder linnaeus. mr. dandy suggested to find out, whether in the living plant the domatia contain moisture, "in which case they could represent linnaeus' poris melliferis." as this is really the case, we now may accept the plants on the two sheets mentioned above as the type of hibiscus simplex l., which is conspecific with firmiana platanifolia. thanks to the tenacity of mr. dandy, this problem now has been solved. china. north china, peking: de bunge s.n., fl. (male) (p) (type of s. pyriformis bunge) ; ibid., fl. (female), fortune s.n. (p) ; tsingtao, fl., (female). zimmermunn 463 (p) ; szechuan, young fr., fang 2275 (p) ; yunnan, may, fl. (female), ducloux 3486 (p); shensi, ster., maximowiez s.n. (p) ; hongkong, fl. (female), hanee 5,12 (p); tonkin, near xinh binh, fl. (female), bon 3893 (p) ; cult, near ben hue, fl., pierre 3205 (p) ; japan. nagasaki, cult., fr., maximowiez s.n. (bo, petrop.);" kurachibishi, uno s.n. (a). s. domingo, cult, fl., herb. piret s.n. (p) ; mauritius, cult., herb. sieber fl. maurit. exciscc. part. ii no 298, female (p) ; n. america, locality not indicated, cult., fl. (female), bon s.n. (p). use. — from the bark of young trees a fibre is obtained. 7. firmiana papuana mildbread—fig. 10 firmiana' papuana mildbread in engl. bot. jahrb. 62: 365. 1929; ridley in kew bull. 1934: 214 (nomen) ; kosterm., comm. for. res. inst. indon. 54: 28, /. 8. 1956. — schlechter 17614 (isotype in l). tree about 30—35 m tall; bole 20 m, buttressed up to 1 m, out 2 m. bark greyish, mottled with green; when the outer dead corky layer of i fig. 10. firmiana papuana mildbread. — leafy branch and inflorescence (x 0.6), after gray 4093 (bo) ; male flower (x 3), after gray 4093 (bo), female flower (x 3), after cavenaugh n.g.f. 4053 (bo). 3—5 mm is scraped off a green layer is revealed; living bark 15—20 mm, very pale straw coloured or orange with white streaks, yielding a little sap. sapwood and heartwood not different, very pale straw yellow to nghtbrown. branchlets rather slender, densely pilose (ramifications of stellate hairs rather long, somewhat appressed). leaves palmately veined, chartaceous, dark-green, slightly squamose above, grey-green below (floyd), ovate, not lobed, 12—20 x 10—16 cm, base as a rule truncate, top acute or subacuminate; above glossy green, soon glabrous (pilosity on nerves tardily disappearing), pitted or densely reticulate (when dried), nerves flat; lower surface covered with a dense, pale felt of woolly stellate hairs; the 5 main nerves prominent; the 3 central ones with 2—3 pairs of rather straight secondary nerves (at margin arcuate and running out) ; 310 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 i have not seen the specimens h. fung 20056 and liang 61719, enumerated by merrill under f. colorata. they may eventually belong to f. hainanensis. 1. f. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. f. f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f e x c l u d e d s p e c i e s acerifolia voigt, hort. suburb. calc. in index xxii. 1845 (sphalm.) = sterculia acerifolia wall. affinis (mast.) terr. = scaphium macropodum (miq.) beumee. barteri (mast.) k. schum. = hildegardia barteri (mast.) kosterm. beccariama (pierre) k. schum. = scaphium macropodum (miq.) beumee. borneensis merrill = seaphiwm macropodum (miq.) beumee. campanulata voigt, hort. suburb. calc. in index p. xxii (sphalm.) 1845 = pterocymbium javanicum r. br. heterophylla pasq. = cola heterophylla schott & endl. guttata voigt, hort, suburb. calc, index xxii. 1845 (sphalm.) = sterculia guttata roxb. umceaefolia voigt, i.e. (sphalm.) = sterculia lanceaefolia roxb. linearicarpa terr. = scaphium linearicarpum (mast.) pierre. lychnophora (hance) k. schum. = scaphium macropodum (miq.) beumee. merrittii merrill = hildegardia merrittii (merr.) kosterm. migeodii exell = hildegardia migeodii (exell) kosterm. ornata voigt, i.e. xxii = sterculiaornata wall, ex voigt. populifolia (roxb.) terr. = hildegardia populifolia, (roxb.) kosterm. villosa voigt, i.e. xxii = sterculia villosa roxb. wallichii terr. = scaphium scasphigemm (g. don) guibourt. rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_01 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_83 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_84 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_85 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_86 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_87 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_88 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_89 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_90 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_91 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_92 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_93 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_94 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_95 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_96 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_97 herbarium bogoriense acting head: mien a. rifai, m . s c , ph.d., mycologist. anwari dilmy, dipl. for. (on prolonged leave) staff: w. soegeng reksodihardjo, ph.d., botanist. e. soepadmo, ph.d., „ e. kuswata kartawinata, m . s c , „ djaja djendoel soejarto, ph.d., „ n. wirawan, b.sc, assistant botanist i. soejatmi, b.sc, „ „ collaborators: a. j. g. h. kostermans, d.sc, forest research institute, bogor. b. prianto, ph.d., forest research institute, bogor. idzin peperda no. 169/smtr,/th. 1961 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 5, pp. 421 422 (1969) atuna rafin. versus cyclandrophora hassk. (rosaceae — chrysobalanoideae) a. j. g. h. kostermans *) atuna rafinesque (sylva tellur. 153. 1838) with a single species atuna racemosa rafin. has priority over cyclandrophora hasskarl (in flora 25(2), beibl. 1: 47. 1842) and as it has been described properly it has precedence over cyclandrophora. i formerly (in candollea 20: 118. 1965) preferred to reinstate cyclandrophora as there is a generic name atunus [rumph.] lamarck 1797, a synonym of heritiera. dryander (sterculiaeeae). after sounding out some experts in this matter, it has become evident, that the chances to conserve cyclandrophora against atuna are slight and hence i give here the new combinations of the species of this genus. atuna rafin. a t u n a rafinesque, sylva tellur. 153. 1838; merrill, index rafin. 136. 1949; eostermans in candollea 20: 119. 1965. cyclandrophora hasskarl, flora 25(2), beibl. 1: 47. 1842; tweede catal pi. tuin buitenzorg 209. 1844 (as a syn. of parinarium) ; kostermans, i.e. 118. [atuna rumphius, herb. amboin. 1: 171. 1741 (nee 3: 95-96. 1743, quoad heritiera)']; kostermans, i.e. 119. type species: atuna racsmosa rafin., i.e. 153; merrill, i.e. 136; kostermans, i.e. 136 (as a syn. of cyclandrophora laurina (a. gray) kosterm.). 1. atuna elliptica (kosterm.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: parinari elliptica kostermans in reinwardtia 7: 48, t. 2. 1965. — typus: parhani s.n. [k] ; cf. kostermans in candollea 20: 120. 1965. 2. atuna latifolia (hend.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: parinarium latifolium (non exell) henderson in gard. bull. straits settl. 7: 102. 1933. — typus: haniff s.f.n. 21119 [sing] ; cf. kostermans, i.e. 121. 3. atuna elata (king) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: parinarium elatum king in j. as. soc. bengal 66 (2) : 280. 1897. — typus: king's coll. 3436 [cal] ; cf. kostermans, i.e. 122. *) herbarium bogoriense and forest research institute, bogor. __ 421 — 422 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 4. atuna nannodes (kosterm.) kosterm., comb. nov.; basionym: parinari nannodes kostermans in reinwardtia 7: 50, t. 4. 1965. — typus: beccari p.b. 2955 [bo] ; cf. kostermans, i.e. 122.' 5. atuna penangiana (kosterm.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: cyclandrophora penangiana kostermans in candoiiea 20: 124, fig. 9: 1965. — typus: curtis 203 [sing]. 6. atuna indica (bedd.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: entosiphon indicum beddome in madras j. litt. ser. 3, 1: 45. 1864. — typus: beddome s.n [k] ; cf. kostermans, i.e. 124. 7. atuna travancorica (bedd.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: parinariurn travancoricum beddome, icon. pi. ind. or. 1: 43, t. 189. 1874. — typus: beddome 292 [cal, k] ; cf. kostermans, i.e. 125. 8. atuna villamilii (merr.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: parinarium villamilii merrill in philip. j. sci. bot. 10: 308. 1915. — typus: villamil f.b. 21863 [uc] ; cf. kostermans, i.e. 126. 9. atuna scabra (hassk.) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: parinarium scabrum hasskarl in tijdschr. nat. geschied. physiol. 10: 147. 1843; tweede cat. 269. 1844; flora 27(2). 585. 1844; cf. kostermans, i.e. 126. 10. atuna excelsa (jack) kosterm., comb, nov.; basionym: petrocarya excelsa jack, malay miscell. 2(7) : 68. 1822; cf. kostermans, i.e. 128. 11. a t u n a r a c e m o s a rafin., sylva tellur. 153. 1838; syn.: cyclandrophora laurina (a. gray) kosterm., i.e. 135; parinarium laurinum a. gray, bot. cpt. wilkes u.s. explor. exped. 1: 490, t. 55. 1854. rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_01a. teti rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_87a r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 5, pp. 433 449 (3969) new and critical malesian plants viii* a. j. g. h. kostermans ** m e 1 i a c e a e aglaia neotenica kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 2 arbor ramulis gracillibus apicem versus dense minutissime ferrugineo stellato-pilosis foliis membranaceis unifoliolatis lanceolatis longe acuminatis basi acutis supra laevia glabra nervo mediano prominulo costis filiformibus vix prominulis subtus glabris pallidioribus nervo mediano prominentibus glabrescentibus costis utrinque ca 13 gracilis prominulis marginem versus arcuatis nerviis secundariis laxis satis obscuris petiolis pergracilis parte apicalibus incrassatis infructescentiis axillaribus fructibus unicus subsessillibus subobovoideus dense minutissime ferrugineo stellato pilosis. typus: hallier 2810 (bo). tree; branchlets very slender, striate, glabrous, at apex densely, minutely, rusty, stellate-pilose. leaves membranaceous, lanceolate, 3 x 1 0 5 x 17cm, long-acuminate, base acute; upper surface dull, smooth, glabrous, midrib and the filiformous lateral nerves prominulous; lower surface paler, glabrous, smooth, midrib prominent, soon glabrous, lateral nerves ca 13 pairs, slender, erect-patent, near the margin arcuate; secondary nerves lax, prominulous. petioles very slender, densely, minutely stellate-pilose, glabrescent, 2 3.5 cm long, consisting of a slightly swollen apical part of 3 5 mm, rather distinctly articulated with the basal part. infructescences consisting of a single subsessile, axillary fruit near the top of the branchlets, subobovoid, up to 28 x 37 mm, slightly tapered at base, densely, minutely, rusty stellate-pilose. sepals ovate, acute, 2 mm long, densely stellate-pilose, longitudinally ribbed. allied to a. submonophylla miq. i n d o n e s i a n b o r n e o , liang gagang, fr., hallier 2810 (bo, k, l). * part vii was published in reinwardtia 7: 19-46. 1965. ** forest research institute and herbarium bogoriense, bogor. — 433 — 434 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 aglaia sterculioides kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 3 arbor? ramulis gracilibus apicem versus dense minutissime ferrugineo stellato pilosis mox glabris foliis unifoliolatis alternantibus membranaceis lanceolato-ellipticis longe acuminatis basi acutis supra glabra laevia nervo mediano longitudinaliter canaliculatus costis filiformibus subtus subglabra sublaevia nervo mediano prominentibus stellato pilosis costis utrinque ca 13 filiformibus prominulis petiolis longis dense pilosis infructescentiis subterminalis pergracilis fere glabris fructus sterculioideus indumentum pulverulentum ferrugineum obtectus seminibus unum. typus: hallier 3114 (l) tree (?) ; branchlets very slender, striate, glabrous, near the apex densely, minutely, brown stellate pilose. leaves alternate, simple, membranaceous or thinly chartaceous, lanceolate-elliptical, 5 x 15-10 x 25 cm, long and gradually acuminate (up to 3 cm), base shortly acute; upper surface smooth, glabrous, midrib channeled lengthwise; lateral nerves filiformous; lower surface practically glabrous, smooth, midrib prominent, stellate-pilose; lateral nerves filiformous, ca 12 15 pairs, prominulous. petioles 1.5 2.5 cm long, pilose, the apical part slightly thickened and channeled above. immature panicles axillary, densely, rusty stellate tomentose, up to 11cm long, few-branched, ramifications up to 2.5 cm long; bracts and bracteoles minute. peduncle 6 cm. flowers densely pilose, 1 mm diam., depressed; calyx lobes 5, ovate. infructescences very slender, glabrous, up to 11 cm long, hardly, shortly branched. fruit shaped like the fruit carpel of sterculia, oneseeded, up to 7 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, acute, covered with a pulverulent, rusty indumentum, base often narrowed into a neck-like part; seed without aril, asymmetric, ellipsoid, 1.5 x 4 cm; cots transversal; seedcoat thin. the fruit consists of two valves, marked on the outside by a strong rib. the possibility is not excluded that the fruit is non-dehiscent and that the opened condition on the herbarium sheet is due to pressure. i n d o n e s i a n b o r n e o , amai ambit, fl., fr., hallier 3 1 1 4 (bo, k , l ) . a p h a n a m i x i s r e t i c u l a t a kosterm. this species (kostermans in remwardtia 7: 30. 1965) belongs in chisocheton. 1969] kostermans: new and critical malesian plants viii 435 d y s o x y l u m a c u t a n g u l u m miq. dysoxylum acutangulum miquel, fl. ind. bat., stappl. 196. 1860 et 503. 1861; ann. 4: 26. 1869; d c , monogr. 1: 525. 1878; valeton, icon. bogor. 1: t. 11. 1897; koorders, atlas baumarten java t. 169. 1913; heyne, nuttige pl ned. ind. 892. 1927 — teijsmann s.n., prope djebus, isl. bangka (u). new synonym: dysoxylum undulatum henderson in gard. bull., straits settl. 7: 90. 1933 — henderson 23484 (fl.) et 23624, fr. (bo, sing). the species does not occur in java. the javanese specimens, enumerated by koorders belong to another (undescribed ?) species. the species is close to d, schultzii which differs by its visible lateral nerves (invisible in mature leaves of d. acutangulum) and by the presence of tiny domatial cavities along the midrib. there are also floral differences. the timber is excellent and one of the most superior of the endemic meliaceae. the characteristic of opposite leaves in d. acutangulum does not hold true absolutely; in some specimens they alternate. d y s o x y l u m a 1 a t u m harms dysoxylum alatum harms in schum. & ltb., fl. deutsche schutzgeb. siidsee 381. 1901; dc. in bull. herb. boissier, ser. 2, 3: 166. 1903 (nomen) ; epicharis alata (harms) harms in engler & pr., nat. pfl. fam., ed. 2, 19b. 1: 167, 169. 1940 et 1980; in engl. bot. jahrb. 72: 191 et 203. 1942. new record: w. i r i a n , mccluer golf, jakatu near babo, alt. 50 m, small tree, fls. white, may, act 145 (bo). the specimen is poor and the 2 detached flowers differ from harms' description by having an irregularly tearing calyx of 6 mm high; the glabrous tepals are connate and the tubular disc of 1.5 2 mm high is free from the corolla. d y s o x y l u m s c h u l t z i i c. dc. dysoxylum schultzii (schulzii) c. dc. in a. dc, monogr. 1: 502'. 1878; typus: schultz 573 (k), port darwin; harms in engl. bot. jahrb. 72: 199. 1942 (schultzii); dysoxylum foveolatum radlkofer in sitz. ber. math.-phys. akad. muenchen 9: 598. 1879; typus: teijsmann 10579 (sphalm. 10770) (bo). the number of the type specimen of d. foveolatum is misquoted by radlkofer, as it was very unclearly written on the label; it should be 10579. of dysoxylum enantiophyllum harms (in engl. bot. jahrb. 72: 192. 1942) i could examine only the specimen lam 1564 (bo) ; this represents d. schultzii; although the domatia are obscure, they are indicated. 4 3 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 additional specimens: a r u i s 1., ngaibor, isl. trangan, alt, 30 m, ster., 66. 25455 (a, bo, l) ; ibid., isl. watubakar, dosinamalu, alt, 5 m, may, buds, 66. 25310 (a, bo, k, l, ny, sing) ; dosinamalu, may, buds, buwalda 5038 (a, bo, bri, k, l, ny, p, pnh, sing) ; t a n i m b a r i s 1., ilgnei, ottimer, ster., 66. 24-802 (bo) ; f 1 o r e s, puumere wawa, alt. 500 m, ster., 66. 9639 (a, bo, l) ; timor, tamini (or timini), teijsmann h. b. 10579 (bo); n e w g u i n e a , lake daviambu, middle fly r., common: canopy tree, sept., fr., brass 7781 (bo) ; upper digul, alt. 25 m, oct., buds, 66. 14535 (bo, k, l) ; t e r r i t. of n w. g u i n e a , morobe distr., oomsis, aug., fl., ngf 13056 (bo). d y s o x y l u m p a c h y r h a c h e merr. dysoxylum pachyrhache merrill in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 20. 1929; harms in engler & pr., nat. pfl. fam., ed. 2, 19b. 1: 170. 1940 et i960; epicharis pachyrhachis (merr.) harms, i.e. 177; elmer 21692 (typus) et 20989 (paratypus). additional specimens: s u m a t r a , riau, lingga isl., d e c , fl., ri/i-189 (bo, l) ; e. i n d o n e s i a n b o r n e o , balikpapan distr., sgv mentawir region, low, sandy ridge, july, fl., kostermans 9779 (a, bo, canb, k, l, p, pnh, sing), tree 10 1 2 m, diam. 10 20 cm, bark dark to lightbrown, 1 mm, superficially fissured, peeling off in narrow s t r i p s ; living bark 5 mm; sapwood 2 cm, yellowish, heartwood dark to light brown; fls. ivory, calyx pale brown; inflorescences up to 14 cm long; loa djanan, w. of samarinda, sandy, april, fr., kostermans 6523 (a, bo, bri, k, l, p, pnh, sing), fr. orange, inside yellow. d y s o x y l u m g j e l l e r u p i i c . dc. this species (c. dc. in lorentz, new guinea 8: 1012. 1914) is based on gjeuerup 408 (bo, k, l). it is comspecific with d. arborescens miq. . . d i d y m o c h e t o n g a u d i c h a u d i a n u m a . d e jussieu didymocheton gaudichaudianum a. ds jussieu in mem. mus. hist. nat. paris 19: 272. 1830; typus: p. rawah, papua isl. (p) ; dysoxylum gaudichaudianum (juss.) miquel, ann. 4: 15. 1868. synonyms: dysoxylum amooroides (miq.) harms in engler & prantl, nat. pfl. fam., ed. 2, 19b. 1: 157, 176. 1940; dysoxylum spanoghei miquel, ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 4: 14. 1868; didymocheton spanoghei (miq.) harms, i.e. 157, 176; dysoxylum cerebriforme f.m. bailey in bot. bull. dept. agr. queensland 14: 7; white in n. queensl. naturalist 3: 34. 1935; harms, i.e. 157; dysoxylum decandrum (blanco) merrill in philip. gvt. lab. publ. 27: 30. 1905; fl. manila 276. 1912; spec. blancoanae 1969] kostermans: new and critical malesian plants viii 437 209. 1918; in philip. j. sci. 11: 279. 1916; enum. phil. fl. pl 2: 363. 1923; elmer, leaflets phil. bot. 9: 3362. 1937; harms, i.e. 157; turraea decandra blanco, fl. filip. 347. 1837; didymocheton decandrum (blanco) harms, i.e. 157, 176, 1940; turraea virens (non l.), blanco, fl., ed. 2: 243. 1845; ed. 3, 2: 88, t. 130. 1878; dysoxylum blancoi vidal, cat. pi. manila 22. 1880; dysoxylum pubescems t. & b., catal. hort. bogor. 211. 1866 (nomen). in the bogor herbarium material is conserved collected from tree no 77/ c 29 (sterile) and from / / / b 81 (flowering1 branch and sterile branch), collected in jan. 1890; both ara labeled d. pubescens. another specimen of teijsmann's time was later numbered 14666. they all represent didymocheton gaudichaudianum a. juss. didymocheton sessile (miq.) kos'term., comb. nov. dysoxylum sessile miquel (basionym), ann. mus. lugd, bat. 4: 15. 1868; dc, monogr. 1: 527. 1878; typus: teijsmann h.b. 1915 (u). dysoxylum urens valeton in icones bogor. 1: t. 12. 1897; hochreutiner, pi. bogor. exsiec. no. 156; didymocheton urens teijsm. & binnendijk, cat. hort. bogor. 391. 1866 (nomen); typus: culta in hort. bogor. e insula batjan (bo). dysoxylum hirturn ridley in trans. linn. soc. bot. 9: 26. 1916; didymocheton hirtum (ridley) harms in engl. bot. jahrb. 72: 191. 1942. m i q u e l cites a specimen zippel from amboina and another collected by teijsmann. from batjan isl. and saparua. in bogor 3 sheets collected by teijsmann in saparua are conserved, marked 1915 h. b.t another sheet is marked as having1 been, collected by de vriese in saparua. these specimens represent iso-type material. dysoxylum urens t. & b. (nomen) wa;s based on a living specimen in the bogor botanic garden, originating from batjan isl. this name was taken up by valeton. the bogor herbarium has a specimen of teijsmann & binnendijk and two other sheets collected from the tree numbered / / / c. 13, after which valeton's plate probably was nu.de. didymocheton pruriens zippel is cited by miquel under his dysoxylum setosum; miquel mentioned also a specimen of zippel from amboina under d. sessile. as d. setosum is not prurient at all, there remains the possibility that d. pruriens is identical with our didymocheton sessile. additional material; m o r o t a i i s l . , sangowo r., may, young fr., kostermans 708 and 1006 (bo, l) ; b u r u, kajeli, buds, teijsmann s.n. (bo); w. c e r a m, manusa — rembatu — honitatu trail, jan., fl., eyma 2663 (bo) ; kanusela, road to hoale pass, dec, fr., eyma 2353 (bo) ; i s l . o b i , buds and fr., atasrip 61 (bo, l) ; lawui, village bau, alt. 400 m, 4 3 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 . oct. fr., nedi 517 (bo, k, l); b a t j a n i s 1., spanoghe 5894 h. b. (bo, k); culta in hort. bogor., teijsmann s.n. (bo), type of d. urens t. & b.; ibid, sub / / / c 13 (bo, l) and pi. ho-chreutiner. no: 156 (bo). t r i c h i l i a c o n n a r o i d e s (w. & a.) bentvelzen bentvelzen (in acta bot. neerl. 11: 17. 1962) recognized variety microcarpa (pierre) bentv., which differs by the smaller fruit, ca 0.5 cm in diam. but the specimens: tsang waai tak 417 and lei 172 (bo) cited by him have fruit of 1 cm diam. and hence fall within the size of var. connaroides (1-2.5 cm). c h r y s ob a 1 a n a ce a e e l a e o c a r p u s p u n c t a t u s wall, ex masters. cf. kostermans in reinwardtia 7: 185. 1965. this is based on wallich 2676 (k); it is a mixture; the unattached, solitary flower belongs indeed to elaeocarpus, the two leafy branches, and the fruit represent parinari costata bl. kurz (in. j. as. soc. bengal 43: 183. 1874) published elaeocarpus punctatus, but did not make the combination in parinari, as wrongly cited by me (in reinwardtia, i.e.). king (in j. as. soc. bengal 60: 140. 1891) quoted kurz and added that the specimens maingay k. d. 621 and 621/2 were conspecific with wallich 2676. a n g e l e s i a p a p u a n a baker f. baker f. in j. of bot. 61, suppl. 13. 1923; typus: forbes 257. this represents a species of licania, recently recollected. it is renamed here licania papuana (baker f.) kosterm., comb. nov. (basionym: angelesia papuana baker f., cf. above). prance is of opinion (in litt.) that it should be referred to hunga. s t e r c u l i a c e a e p t e r o c y m b i u m n i c o b a r i c u m didr. described by didrichsen in vidensk. meddel. kjoebnhavn. 199. 1854 and based on the specimens didrichsen 2911 (bo, c), collected in sambelong, nicobar isl. and on a collection of kamphovener of the galathea expedition, presumably no. 2371, kaonikobar and chowry, jan, 18461969] kostermans: new and critical malesian plants viii 439 (bo, c) represents, according to me a mixture of pterocymbium javanicum r. br. (the flowers) and a species of stercuua (the leaves). arguments in favour of this are: pterocymbium flowers, when the tree is completely leaf-less, hence collectors take recourse usually to seedlings as an addition, to the flowering material. pterocymbium has always almost rounded, cordate leaves (rarely oval). additional material from the nicobar and andaman islands proves that only pterocymbium javanieum occurs there, which are the flowers of pt. nicobaricum; the leaves of later collections are always those of the real pt. javanieum. the flowers of pt. javanicum from burma, siam, nicobar and andaman isl. are slightly smaller than those from the malesian area. eventually they might prove to belong to a separate species, originally named: sterculia campanulata wallich. a clue to this might be the colour of the flower. some javanese material has the same: small-sized flowers. additional records: andamans, guitar isl., febr. march, fl,, kirat ram 3772 [dd] with a flowering bunch, matching. didrichsen's material perfectly and a leafy branch of pterocymbium javanieum; stewart isl., n. andamans, april, fl., balasubramanian s.n., as above; bedapur valley, march, fl., parkinson 1110 [dd] ; great nicobar, sakni 23040 [dd], leafy branch of pt. javanicum, and some loose fruit; n. baratang, parkinson 308 [dd]. i suspect thaf pt. dussaudii tardieu (in not. syst. 10: 240. 1942) is likewise based on two discordant elements; the specimen dussaud 117 (p) has flowers of pt. javanicum and detached leaves of a sterculia-. p t e r o c y m b i u m s p l e n d e n s kosterm. this species, described from a single collection from borneohas now been recorded from t h e moluccas and w. new guinea. new records: e . i n d o n e s i a n b o r n e o , berau distr., mt. njapa on,kelai r., limestone, alt. 100 m, oct., fl., kostermans 21533 (a, bo, g, k, l) ; moluccas, b a. t j a n i s 1., saoran domut, alt. 100 m, s.ter., bb. 23203 (a, bo, l) and 23192 (a, bo, l, sing) ; w. c e r a m , honitetu-wae-tuba, febr., fl., eyma 2779 (a, bm, bo, cal, k, l, lae, ny, p) ; i s l : b u r u, djikumerasa, alt. 5 m, ster., bb. 22788 (a, bo, l) ; m o r o t a i i s l . , tobelo subdistr., toitodoku, alt. 30 m, ster., bb. 33743 (bo, k, l) ; w. i r i a n, manokwari distr., maepi ii, alt. 5 m, oct., fl., bw 1091 (bo, l) ; oransbari, oct., fl., bw 2080 (bo, l) ; ransiki, alt. 10 m, ster., bb. 33293 (bo, k, l). ; misool isl., sorong distr., near fakal,; alt. 50 m, sept., fl., pleyte 1067 (bo, k, l) ; babo rariesi, fakfak subdi-i 4 4 0 r e i n w a e d t i a [vol. 7 str., alt. 75 m, ster., bb. 32712 (bo, l) ; hollandia (kotabaru), berap, nimburan, ster., bb. 28938 (a, bo, k, l, ny, sing) ; australian new guinea, p a p u a , n. div., pongani valley, between dareki and ondoro, managalase area, aug., fl., pullen 5744 (a, bo, canb, k, l, lae), fls, pink, apex pale green, interior of corolla streaked red, this is a young stage. p t e r o c y m b i u m j a v a n i c u m r. br. and p t . t i n c i t o r i u m merr. i have considered pt. javanicum a variety of pt. tinctorium. since i have been able to study both species in the field, it has been proved that these belong to two different species, not only differing in the colour of the flowers-, but also in the size of the flowers and differences in the androgynophore. moreover, the areas of distribution exclude each other. p t e r o s p e r m u m b l u m e a n u m korth. and p t . j a v a n i c u m jungh. in backer and bakhuizen's flora of java (1: 409 410. 1963) these two species are treated as being conspecific, following koorders & valeton. the latter recognized a variety montanum, which, according to them, was restricted to the mountain regions of central and east java. i have discovered, that var. montanum is a good species, not only differing by the persistent indumentum of the fruit, but also by the shape of the fruit and the leaves and that the species also occurs in w. java and goes as far as sumbawa isl. i suspect, that pt. javanicum junghuhn is this (there is a specimen of junghuhn from w. java in the bogor herbarium) and that pt. blumeanum (which has been broken up by miquel in pt. blumeanum proper, based on the specimen from nagara, java and pt. sumatranummiquel, based on the korthals specimen from sumatra) is the common lowland species on sumatra, borneo and java. p t e r o s p e r m u m c e l e b i c u m miq. abundant material of this species (miquel, 111. fl. arch. ind. 1: 87. 1871) has become available, which makes it certain that pt. niveum vidal (rev. pi. vase. filip. 67. 1886) falls within the variability. the young leaves are rusty sublanuginose on their lower surface; this tomentum is superposed on a closely adpressed, matted, grey white tomentum; when the former wears off, the latter remains and the leaves look whitish underneath, 1969] kostermans: new and critical malesian plants viii 441 p t e r o s p e r m u m e l o n g a t u m korth. this (korthals in nederl. kruidk. arch. 1: 312. 1848) was based on a fruit bearing specimen, collected by korthals in s.e. borneo near bandjarmasin (banjermassing) along the river. the description is very poor, but the type specimen (of which a fragment is in bogor) makes it possible to place the species as a very common one in borneo and sumatra. pt. perrinii elmer (leaflets philip. bot. 5: 1840. 1913), based on the specimen elmer 1284,1 (bo), collected in palawan, is conspecifie with it. p t e r o s p e r m u m s t a p f i a n u m ridley ridley (in kew bull. 1933: 489) based the description on the specimen haviland 2125, typus (bo:, k, sar) and on several other specimens of which wood 2253 is represented in bogor. the latter represent pt. elongatum korth. pt. stapfianum has peltate leaves, those of pt. elongatum are not. scaphium borneensis (merr.) kosterm., comb. nov. firmiana borneensis merrill (basionym) in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 192. 1929; typus: elmer 21759 (uc). new records: w. c o a s t s u m a t r a , bangkinang, simpangdarah, alt. 500 m, ster., bb. 23617 (a, bo, l) ; b r u n e i , andulau forest res., alt. 50 m, july, fl., ashton brim. 272 (bo) ; ibid., yellow sandy loam hills, alt. 70 m, oct., fr., ashton brim. 2620 (bo) ; bukit patoi, alt. 10 m, yellow clay hillside, fr., ashton brim. 3189 (bo) ; s ab ah, beaufort, beaufort hill, lyz miles n. e. of beaufort township, alt. 160 m, july, fr., san 16966 (a, bo, bri, k, kep, l, sing) ; beaufort, pangi, 5 miles w.n.w. of tenom at mile 79 on n. borneo railway, june, fl., wood san 16901 (a, bo, bri, k, kep, l, sing) ; sandakan, kabili for. res., cpt. 17, june, fl., bnbfd a 814 (bo, k) ; sepilok for. res., cpt. 3, elopura, alt. 15 m, aug., fr., cuadra bnbfd a 907 (bo, k) ; e. k a l i m a n t a n (indonesian borneo), tidung lands, mengku, ster., bb. 17757 (bo, l) ; bulungan, kabiran, sg. simendurut, alt. 200 m, ster., bb. 11761 (bo, l); mensapa, alt. 2 m, ster., bb. 26247 (bo, l) ; berau, betemu aer, alt. 150 m, ster., bb. 18934 (bo, l) and 18987 (bo) ; e. kutei, sangkulirang distr., rantau bahan, alt. 20 m, ster., bb. 15218 (bo) ; tepian lobang on menubar r., alt. 40 m, ster., bb. 24676 (bo, l) ; ibid., buds deo., bb. 14669 (bo, l) ; pengudan, sg. bee, ster., bb. 12955 (bo) ; balikpapan distr., sg. niki, alt. 442 r e i n w a r d t i a • '"' [voli 7 25 m, ster., bb. 25625 (bo) ; sg. tiram, mouth of mahakam r., alt. 30 m, ster., 66. 35029 (a, bo, k, l) ; w. kutei, mujup, alt, 40 m, ster., 66. 16859 . (bo) ; s. borneo, puruktjahu, alt. 200 m, ster., 66. 10980 (bo, l) ; ibid., kelapeh, alt. 200 m, ster., 66. 11007 (bo, l) ; pleihari, sg. alang, ster., 66.14201 (bo) ; ibid., jan., fl., 66.14097 (bo) ; tanah bumbu, kampong baru, ster., 66. 13319 (bo). s c a p h i u m l o n g e p e t i o l a t u m (kosterm.) kosterm. new records: e . k a l i m a n t a n . (indonesian borneo), tidung lands, banusan, alt. 12 m, ster., 66.18148 (bo, l) ; ibid., bulungan, kabiran, sg. bengalun, alt. 150 m, ster., 66. 11693 (bo, l) ; b r u n e i , ster., ashton s.n. (bo). s c a p h i u m v . e l u t i n u m kosterm. this species is conspecific with scaphium lomgiflorum ridley. ridley omitted in his description the important character of the pilosity of the lower leaf surface, which is unique in scaphium. new record: e. k a l i m a n t a n (indonesian borneo), sangkulirang distr., sg. mandu, low, july, fl, kostermans 13244 (a, bm, bo, k, l, ny, p, sing). t i l i a c e a e b e r r y a p a p u a n a merr. & perry new records: e. new guinea, p a p u a, central distr., 1 mile north of brown r. station, alt. 100 m, in marginal monsoon forest on bank of a creek with garuga and vitex, febr., fl., ngf. 17376 (a, bish, bo, bri, canb, k, l, sing, syd) ; ca 1 mile e. of kwihilu, rigo subdfetrv alt. 70 m, gallery rainforest, aug., fr. schodde 2746 (bo). colona grandiflora kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 4 arbuscula ramulis gracilis minute sparse stellatopilosis foliis alternantibus chartaceis lanceolatis longe subacuminatis bast rotundatis subaequalis margins glanduloso-serratis supra glabrescentia venis vix conspicuis subtus nervulis sparse minute stellato pilosis nervo mediano costisque utrinque ca 6 prominulis costig basalibus adscendentibus petiolis brevis inflorescentiis terminal's foliosis perdense griseo stellato pilosis pedicellis brevis floribus pro genere magnis. 1969] kostermans: nevj and critical malesian plants viii 443 t y p u s : dee bunpheng 105 ( b k ) ' .•" . shrub; branehlets slender, sparsely, minutely stellate-pilose with scattered longer hairs. leaves alternate, chartaceous, lanceolate, up to 3 x 8 cm, apex long-subacuminate, base almost symmetric, rounded to subcordate, margin distantly serrate, the teeth glandular, ca 0.5 0.75 mm long, acute, ascendent; upper surface glossy, glabrescent, the pilosity persistent on the midrib; main, nerves obscure, slender; lower surface with sparse, tiny stellate hairs on the nervules and nerves, midrib and the ca 6 pairs of lateral nerves prominulous, the basal pair of lateral nerves ascending to 1/3 v2 the leaf length, secondary nerves prominulous, lax. petioles 2 3 mm long, densely stellate pilose. inflorescences terminal, leafy, densely grey stellate pilose; the partial inflorescences few-flowered, up to 1 cm long. flowers subtended by large, lanceolate, almost glabrous, 8 mm long bracts. pedicels 5 mm. sepals elongate ovate, acute, 10 mm long, inside grey velvety stellate pilose. petals shorter than the sepals, ca 7 mm long, ligulate obovate, gradually tapered towards the base, glabrous, except for a semi-oblong ring of hairs at the base inside; a large round gland at the base inside. stamens as long as the petals. ovary 5 ribbed, densely stellate pilose. t h a i l a n d , s.e. trat, distr. khao saming, dong tabang, common in open, evergreen forest in the lowland, aug., fl., dee bunpheng 105 (bk). bark yields a fibre used in roping. catena velutinosa kosterm., spec. nov. arbor ramulis longe setosis foliis alternantibus chartaceis laneeolatis vel ellipticis acuminatis basi obliqvis auriculatis supra grisea sparse minute stellato-pilosis venulis subimpressis subtus dense stellato-pilosis margine obscure serratis apicem versus conspicue serratis costis utrinque 6 petiolis setosis infructescentibus terminalibus setosis fructibus 3-alatus dense longe setosis. typus: manalo f.b. 7416 (us). tree 22 m tall, 55 cm in diam.; branchlets long-setose with underneath tiny stellate-hair like scales. leaves alternate, chartaceous, lanceolate to elliptic, acuminate, base oblique, auriculate; upper surface grey with sparse, tiny, stellate, adpressed hairs; veins slightly impressed; lower one very densely stellate-pilose, soft, velvety to the touch, margin remotely, obscurely serrate (conspicuous near the apex), lateral nerves 6 pairs, at base 4 nerves of which one pair in the auricles. petiole 1 cm, setose, rather 4 4 4 . r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 thick. infructescence terminal, 25 cm long (the partial ones 15 cm), setose with slender stellate hairs underneath. fruit 3-winged, densely, softly, long stellate pilose with setae on the nut, the wings half an ellips, up to 2 cm 1., 8 9 mm wide. related to c. sinica of the 3-winged group of species. p h i l i p p i n e s : palawan, 1 mile n.e. tanabag, alt. 6 m, very common, manalo f.b. 7416 (us), fr. dec. grewia raorotaiensis kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 5 arbor magna ramulis dense minute stellato-pilosis' foliis amernantibus chartaceis ellipticis margine serratis apice breve acuminntis basi cordatis supra glabrescentia nitida dense minute reticulatu nervo mediano costisque prominulis sparse minute stellato pilosa nervo medianoprominemtibus dense piles-is costis utrinque ca 10 prominentibus erecto-patentibus vix arcuatis petiolis dense stellato pilosis, stipulis magnis inflorescentiis axillaris brevis paudfloris dense stellato pilosis bracteis subulatis longis floribus in umbellulis bracteis lanceolatis fructus irregidariter subglobosus apiculatus stellato pilosus pedicellis longis, t y p u s : bb. 33752 ( b o ) . tree up to 36 m tall with 23 m free bole, 70 cm diam. at 2 m; buttresses 2 m, out 2.5 m, thick 20 25 cm. branchlets densely, minutely palebrown stellate pilose. leaves alternate, chartaceous, elliptical, 6.5 x 139 x 22 cm, shortly acuminate, base cordate, margin serrate, teeth 0.5 mm long; upper surface glossy, densely, minutely reticulate, glabrescent, main nerves prominulous; lower surface laxly, minutely stellaite pubescent, midrib prominent, lateral nerves ca 10 pairs, erect-patent, rather straight, secondary nerves prominulous, lax, somewhat parallel. petioles densely stellate pilose, 10-15 mm long, subtended by large (1 cm diam.), suborbicular stipules, that clasp the stem. inflorescences axillary, densely stellate pilose (short and longarmed hairs intermingled) consisting of a short (1 cm) main peduncle, subtended by an acicular slender bract of 5 mm, bearing an umbel of a few flowers, subtended by small lanceolate, acutish 1.5 mm long bracts. one or two inflorescences in one axil. flower buds globose. fruit irregularly subglobose, slightly broader than high with an indication of consisting of two 1969] kostermans: new and critical malesian plants viii 445 parts at the apex, apiculate, up to 12 mm diam., covered with very tiny, short-armed scale-like stellate hairs interspaced by longer-armed stellate hairs. the stipules remind those of trichospermum. indonesia: m o r o t a i i s 1., distr. tobelo near totodoku, alt. 30m, kostermans & tangkilisan 44 (= 66. 88752) (a, bo, bm, k, l, lae, p, pnh, sing), fr. may; ibid., may fl., kostermans & tangkilisan 101 (= 66. 33795) (a, bo, k, l, sing). 446 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 pig. 2 —aglaia neotenica kosterm.; after hallier 2810 (bo) 1969] kostermans: new and critical malesian plants viii 447 fig. 3 — aglaia slercuuoid.es kosterm. — holo-typus 448 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 fig. 4 — colona grandiflora kosterm. — holo-typus 1969] kostermans : new and critical malesian plants viii 449 fig. 5 — grewia morotaiensis kosterm.; after 66. 33752 (bo), fruit after 66. 33752 (bo) rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_01a. rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_08a rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_87a a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(3) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociolog y and ecolog y vol. 12(3): 205-259. 22 desember 2006 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lip1, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 3, pp: 219 – 222 anangia, a new monotypic genus of cucurbitaceae from east moluccas w.j.j.o. de wilde, b.e.e. duyfjes & r.w.j.m. van der ham nationaal herbarium nederland, universiteit leiden branch, p.o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands summary de wilde, w.j.j.o; duyfees, b.e.e. & van der ham, r.w.j.m. 2006. anangia, a new monotypic genus of cucurbitaceae from east moluccas. reinwardtia 12(3): 219 – 222.– a new monotypic genus of cucurbitaceae from morotai (indonesia) is described. the genus is defined by unique characters, including large sepals, much longer than the petals, and it has distinctly cucurbitoid pollen features. the only species is anangia macrosepala w.j. de wilde & duyfjes. keywords: cucurbitaceae, anangia, new monotypic genus, pollen, se asia. abstrak de wilde, w.j.j.o; duyfees, b.e.e. & van der ham, r.w.j.m. 2006. anangia, suatu marga monotipe baru cucurbitaceae dari maluku timur. reinwardtia 12(3): 219 – 222.– suatu marga monotipe baru cucurbitaceae dari morotai dipertelakan dicirikan oleh daun kelopak besar yang jauh lebih panjang dari daun mahkota dan mempunyai serbuk sari yang khas untuk cucurbitaceae. satu-satunya jenis adalah anangia macrosepala w.j. de wilde & duyfjes. kata kunci: cucurbitaceae, anangia, marga monotipe baru, pollen, asia tenggara. introduction material of the here described monotypic new cucurbitaceous genus remained for a long time unidentified and its belonging to that family was even uncertain. it consists of a single collection (in bo and l) made on 20 march 1938 at wajaboela, west coast of morotai (northern east moluccas) and perhaps of a second collection also in 1938 from yamdena (southern east moluccas). the latter concerns a branch of anangia of the same appearance as the morotai material, possibly erroneously mounted together with a collection of neoachmandra backeri (buwalda 4057, bo). the collection from morotai (anang 325) consists of several separate suberect branches with only a few tendrils on the lower nodes. apparently the shoots were cut-off from a low herbaceous plant with several suberect shoots, possibly sprouting from a tuber. nothing is known from its habitat. morotai has a rather evenly wet climate (holthuis & lam, 1942), and march belongs to the wettest season. the herbarium label gives no further information. the collector anang was a mantri (assistant) from the botanic gardens at bogor. he attended an exploration tour by g.a.l. de haan to morotai in search for the coniferous resin ‘damar’ during which he also collected herbs for the herbarium (kruseman, 1950, xxx). anangia w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, gen. nov. herba humilis suberecta monoecia. flores receptaculi tubus minutus vadosus. discus abest. flores masculi: sepala magna c. 10 mm longa petalis circa duplo longiora, stamina 5 libera omnia unitheca, thecae sinutae. flores foeminei: stylus columnaris brachiis longis 3 quibusque stigmato bifurcato. –– typus: anangia macrosepala w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, spec. nov. low suberect herb, tuberous(?), monoecious. probract present in association with flowers. tendrils 2-branched. leaf blade simple, not lobed or shallowly lobed. flowers solitary, erect, longpedicelled; perianth large, sepals much longer than petals; disc absent; receptacle tube small, shallow. male flowers: stamens 5, free, inserted at base of receptacle, erect, four in two pairs and one solitary, anthers all 1-thecous, thecae sinuate; disc (pistillode) absent. female flowers: ovary elongate, ovules numerous, horizontal, style 1, 219 220 reinwardtia [vol.12 columnar, 3-armed, each with bifurcate stigma. one species in indonesia (morotai). anangia macrosepala w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, spec. nov. –– fig. 1, 2 herba ramosa 20–30 cm alta subglabra. flores solitarii. pedicellis longis. flores masculi sepalis c. 10 mm longis, petalis c. 5 mm longis, staminibus erectis, antheris; foeminei ovario longe fusiformi c. 15 mm longi, stylo c. 4 mm longo, brachiis gracilibus. –– typus: anang 325 (holo bo; iso l), morotai. fig. 1. anangia macrosepala w.j. de wilde & duyfjes. a. portion of sterile branch; b. lower node showing 2-branched tendril; c. node with female flower, possibly erroneously mounted on buwalda 4057. –– neoachmandra backeri w.j. de wilde & duyfjes subsp. backeri. d. node with male flower (a, b: anang 325; c, d: buwalda 4057 (bo)). herb, several-stemmed, c. 30 cm tall, subglabrous, possibly tuberous; monoecious; stems suberect, much branched, sparsely minutely hairy, (1–)2 mm diameter. probract present at base of pedicels, oblong-spathulate, 1(–1.5) cm long. tendrils only seen on lower nodes, 2branched from below the middle. leaves blade membranous, elliptic-rhomboid or sub-triangular, 1.5—2 by 1.5—2.5 cm, base truncate or ± cuneate, narrowly decurrent on the petiole (and thence the basal nerves branching off from above the base of the blade), apex acute, margin sparsely minutely dentate, both surfaces minutely harshly hairy, cystoliths minute, inconspicuous; petiole 1—3 cm long. flowers subglabrous; mature buds not known. male flowers: pedicel 35—40 mm long, at apex not articulate; receptacle-tube c. 1.5 by 3 mm, papillose inside; fig. 2. anangia macrosepala w.j. de wilde & duyfjes. a. male flower, showing large sepals and small petals; b. male flower opened, showing irregularly sinuate thecae; c. female flower, showing large sepals and small petals; d. female flower opened, showing style and forked stigmas (a–d: anang 325 (bo)). sepals large, much larger than petals, ellipticoblong, 10—12 by 5—6 mm, base ± narrowed and ± clawed, apex acute, glabrous but margin very finely hairy (hairs 0.1 mm long or less), adaxial surface sparsely papillose; petals free, shape similar to sepals, 5—6 by 2.5—3 mm, 2006] de wilde et.al.: anangia, a new monotypic genus of cucurbitaceae from east mollucas 221 g w g 2 a ‘ 2 o t l s 4 m l m m s d o h d 1 n l a t w b o j m p 3 f ig. 3. anangia macrosepala w.j. de wilde & duyfjes. a. pollen grain, polar view. b. pollen grain, equatorial view. bar = 10 µm. labrous, the main veins ending in the margin ith a minute dot; filaments c. 1.5 mm long, labrous, anthers irregularly long-ellipsoid, 1.5— mm long, theca irregularly sinuate, at one side long the margin of a broad and thin glabrous connective’ (see fig. 2). female flowers: pedicel 5—30 mm long, indistinctly articulate at apex; vary oblong-linear, subfusiform, broadest above he middle, 15—17 by 2.5—3mm, with 0.2 mm ong hairs; perianth as in male flowers but maller; receptacle tube 1 by 3 mm; sepals c. 8 by mm; petals (estimated because of incomplete aterial) c. 2.5 by 1.5 mm; style slender, c. 4 mm ong, glabrous, at apex 3-armed, each arm 2—2.5 m long ending in a deeply forked stigma c. 1 m long, finely papillose; disc absent. fruit & eeds unknown. istribution. moluccas: morotai, known nly from the type; possibly also yamdena. abitat & ecology. only the collecting ate of the flowering plant is known: march 938. ote. the flower-colour of this remarkable arge-flowered plant is unrecorded. ffinities. the stamens are reminiscent of hose of forms of luffa cylindrica (l.) m. roem. ith free stamens. therefore, possibly, anangia elongs in the tribe luffeae (c. jeffrey) c. jeffrey f subfamily cucurbitoideae, as defined by effrey, 2005, but see also under pollen orphology. ollen morphology pollen grains of anangia macrosepala (anang 25; fig. 3) are large, 3-colporate monads with long colpi and circular to elliptic (lalongate) endopores. each endopore is surrounded by a very distinct costa. the exine ornamentation is finely reticulate. dimensions: polar axis (p) 73 µm, equatorial diameter (e) 73 µm. the pollen fits very well in the cucurbitaceae, and because of the considerable size of the pollen grains, and the presence of very distinct costae surrounding the endopores, it should be accommodated in the subfamily cucurbitoideae. according to khunwasi (1998), members with 3colporate, reticulate, relatively large pollen with long colpi and distinctly costate endopores are found only in the subtribe benincasinae of the tribe benincaseae (acanthosicyos, coccinea, eureiandra, lagenaria). the pollen of luffa is comparable, but has less distinct costae around the endopores. acknowledgements we thank the curators of bo and l who enabled us to study their herbarium collections used for the present treatment of anangia, bertie joan van heuven (l) for preparation and photography of the pollen, jan frits veldkamp (l) for the translations into latin of the diagnoses of the new taxa, jan van os (l) for the beautiful informative drawing, and ben kieft (l) for the scanning of the drawing. references haan, g.a.l. de. 1939. verslag van een tournee naar de eilanden ternate, morotai en halmaheira in het jaar 1938. mimeographed: 1—20. holthuis, l.b. & lam, h.j. 1942. a first contribution to our knowledge of the flora of the talaud islands and morotai. blumea 5: 93–256. jeffrey, c. 2005. a new system of cucurbitaceae. 222 reinwardtia [vol.12 bot. zhurn. (st. petersburg) 90, 3: 332—335. khunwasi, c. 1998. palynology of the cucurbitaceae. dissertation naturwissenschaftlichen fakultät der leopold-franzensuniversität, innsbruck. 270 pp. steenis-kruseman van, m.j. 1950. cyclopedia of botanical exploration. fl. males., ser. 1, 1. spermat.: 14. noordhoff-kolff n.v., jakarta. instruction to authors taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 3. 2006 contents page benito c. tan, boon-chuan ho, virgilio link, eka a.p. iskandar, ipah nurhasanah, lia damayanti, sri mulyati and ida haerida. mosses of gunung halimun national park, west java, indonesia ,.... 205 s. dewi. stachylidium pallidum dewi sp. nov. from java 215 w.j.j.o. de wilde, b.e.e. duyfjes and r.w.j.m. van der ham. anangia, a new monotypic genus of cucurbitaceae from east mollucas 219 topik hidayat, tomohisa yukawa and motomiito. evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology of subtnbe aeridinae (orchidaceae) 223 dolly priatna, kuswata kartawinata and rochadi abdulhadi. recovery of a lowland dipterocarp forest twenty two years after selective logging at sekundur, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia 237 marthen t. lasut. a new species of ischaemum from sulawesi 257 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia haldepan 62-128-1-sm w.j.j.o. de wilde, b.e.e. duyfjes & r.w.j.m. van der ham nationaal herbarium nederland, universiteit leiden branch, p summary halbel reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun eaya indonesia volume 1, part 1, pp. 41-49 (1950) notes on pterocymbium r. br. (sterculiaceae) a. j. g. h. kostbrmans * contents 1. summary and conclusions. 2. the malaysian species of pterocymbium r. br. 3. on pterocymbium gigantifolium elmer. 1. summary and conclusions 1. for the malaysian region three species and one variety of pterocymbium are recognized, viz. p. beccarii k. schumann, p. tinctorium (blanco) merrill, with var. javanicum (r. brown) kostermans and p. tubulatum (masters) pierre. pterocymbium parviflorum merrill is reduced to p. tubulatum; p. eamvanulatum pierre, p. macrocrater warburg, and p. viridiflorum koorders are reduced to p. tinctorium; p. stipitatum white & francis is reduced to p. beccarii; whereas p. javanicum r. brown is reduced to a variety of p. tinctorium, pterocymbium tinctorium var. javanicum (r. brown) kostermans var. nov. an enumeration of the specimens examined follows upon the annotations to each of the species recognized. 2. pterocymbium gigantifolium elmer is referred to sterculia l. under the name of sterculia membranifolia kostermans nom. nov. the present article is based on a study of the specimens from the herbaria at bogor (buitenzorg), leiden, and singapore. those from leiden and singapore are indicated with "l" and " s " respectively; all other material is in herbarium bogoriense and only occasionally marked "bg" where such a differentiation is needed to avoid confusion. 2. the malaysian species of pterocymbium r. br. key to the malaysian species of pterocymbium 1. leaves pinnately nerved p. tubulatum 1. leaves palmately nerved 2. flowers campanulate; segments of mature flowers half or more than half the length of the broad, cup-like tube p. tinctorium 2. flowers tubular; segments of mature flowers hardly one third the length of the narrow tube p. beccarii * botanist, division of forest survey, forest service of indonesia, bogor (buitenzorg) . published by permission of the director, division of forest service. — 41 — 42 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1. pterocymbium beccarii k. schumann pterocymbium beccarii k.schumann in engl. bot. jb. 24: beibl. 58: 21. 1897; schum. & lauterb., fl. deuts. schutzgeb. siidsee 444. 1901; mildbraed in engl. bot. jb. 62: 365. 1929. pterocymbium stipitatwm white & francis in proc. roy. soc. queensl. 38: 241 fig. 8. 1927. k. schumann (i.c.) published a description of this species, based on a flowering but leafless specimen, collected by beccari (pl papuan. no. 899) near putat on the lower slopes of the arfak mountains in netherlands new guinea, october 1872. the species was collected again by lauterbach (schum. & lauterb. i.c.) along the ramu river in "kaiser wilhelmsland" (no. 2619, local name apo, flowers greenish white). it was also mentioned from astrolabe bay, north-eastern new guinea by mildbraed (i.c.). although i had no access to the type, nor to the material mentioned by schumann and lauterbach, and mildbraed, schumann's description, although far from complete, leaves little doubt that the specimens collected by myself in the region of momi and ransiki at the foot of the arfak mountains, westcoast of geelvink bay, do belong to the present species. the material was taken from a tree in leaf with flower-buds just appearing, and from two other trees in full bloom but entirely leafless. fallen leaves were collected for comparison. mature fruits were collected from a fourth tree. the shape of the calyx ("clavato-infundibuliformis"), its dimensions (18 mm long, lobes 5 mm), its pubescence, the length and shape of the androgynophore and the subglobose androecium, as described by schumann, fits in completely with our material. in the specimens, to be listed below, the petioles are 3.5—4.5 cm long. young inflorescences are 6—8 cm long, but they grow considerably larger during anthesis. the calyxlobes are slightly smaller than in schumann's specimen (2—5 mm). the columna in our specimens is 20 mm long. for pterocymbium beccarii the length given is 16 mm, but in p. stipitatum the columna is 25 mm long. the length of the columna depends largely on the size of the flower, which increases considerably after the fruit has set. one (minor) difference should be stressed here: schumann described the calyx-tube as being pubescent only at its base at the inside, whereas in our specimens the entire inner surface of the calyx-tube is sparsely and very minutely pilose. however, as our specimens originated from the same region as the type came from, and the intensively explored area revealed no other species of pterocymbium, it may be safely assumed that they should be referred to p. beccarii. the fruiting specimen of the tree already mentioned was spotted along the banks of the momi river, at an altitude of about 200 m. the 1950] kostermans: notes on pterocymbium 43 wings of the fruit were pinkish or pinkish white, the calyx green or greenish white. this colour corresponds with mildbraed's description. this author mentioned an (incomplete) specimen with greenish flowers, which he only hesitatingly referred to p. beccarii. as the flowers are green when young and only the wings pinkish, it is quite likely, that his specimen also belongs to p. beccarii. in comparing our specimens with the diagnosis of p. stipitatum white & francis (i.c.), based on a specimen collected by lane poole (no. 279) along the baroi river, purari delta (new guinea), it became evident that this species is doubtless synonymous with p. beccarii. the excellent drawing agrees perfectly with our specimens. specimens examined. — netherlands new guinea: geelvink bay, momi, about 80 km s of manokwari, alt. 10 m, loam soil, in bud, august, kostermans 211 (bb. 33420); warnapi, n of ransiki, about 70 km s of manokwari, alt. about 10 m, fl., september, tree of 30 m with 25 m clear bole, 150 cm in diameter, flowers white, kostermans 461 (bb. 33614). — key is.: fr., jaheri 456. 2. pterocymbium tinctorium (blanco) merrill heritiera tinetoria blanco, fl. filip. 653. 1837; ed. 2: 456. 1846; ed. 3, 3: 59. 1879. — pterocymbium tinctorium (blanco) merr. in bur. govt lab., manila, publ. no. 27: 24. 1905; in philip. j. sci. 1, suppl.: 94. 1906; spec. blanc. 262. 1918; enum. philip, fl. pi. 3: 57. 1923. pterocymbium javanicum r. br. apud benn., pl jav. rar. 219 pi. 45. 1844; miq., fl. ned.-ind. 1 (2) : 179. 1859; koord. & val., bijdr. booms. java 2: 162. 1895; merrill in philip. bur. forestry, bull. no. 1: 38. 1903; ridl., fl. mai. penins. 1: 276. 1922; tardieu-blot in lecomte, fl. gen. indochine, suppl. 1: 397. 1945. pterocymbium columnare pierre, fl. forest. cochinchine 3 (fasc. 17) : text to pis. 193-195 pi. 195 b. 1889 (as p. " columnaris"). — sterculia columnaris pierre, op. cit., text to pi. 202. pterocymbium viridiflorum koord. in meded. 's lands pltuin 19: 362, 640. 1898; suppl. fl. n.o. celebes 2: 33 pi. 67. 1922; koorders-schum., syst. .verzeichn. 3: 84. 1914. pterocymbium macrocrater warb. apud perkins, fragm. fl. philip. 117. 1904. this species was originally described under the name heritiera tinetoria blanco. it was called "heritiera de tintes" because its bark was used to improve the dying (black) of cotton cloth. blanco described the leaves as lanceolate, with a gland near the base of the midrib on the undersurface of the leaf, and with a short petiole. thus far only one species of pterocymbium is known from the philippines, which has ovate-cordate leaves, no glands, and a very long petiole. from north borneo p.parviflorum merrill (= p. tubulatum pierre) is known, it has oblanceolate, pinnately nerved leaves. as no species of pterocymbium are known to possess glands, i assume that the description of the leaves of heritiera tinetoria refers to another species (probably of sterculia) than the description of the flower and the fruit. the flower (campanulate) excludes p. tubulatum pierre, although the fruit is undoubtedly that of a species 44 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1950] kostermans: notes on pterocymbium 45 of pterocymbium. likewise the properties of the bark probably do not coincide with pterocymbium, as nothing of the kind is mentioned on the collecting labels of the numerous specimens studied. in one case, it is stated that the bark excudes a resin, somewhat like traganth, but it is not indicated whether it is put to some use. as the species which nowadays is called p. tinctorium (blanco) merrill is not very uncommon in the philippines, and the characters of its flower and fruit agree with the description of blanco's heritiera tinctoria, we may well accept merrill's interpretation that heritiera tinctoria blanco belongs to pterocymbium with the exception of the leaves and bark. this discrepancy in the characters of the leaf was not mentioned by merrill. p. tinctorium of merrill is completely bare when it flowers and sets fruit; this might perhaps account for blanco's error. merrill, when making the new combination, at the same time included as synonyms p. javanicum r. brown and p. campanulatum (masters) pierre (sterculia campanulata masters). these reductions were and are not universally accepted. koorders & valeton (i.c.) kept p. javanicum separated from p. campanulatum, although masters (in hook, f., fl. brit. india i: 362. 1874) and f.-villar (noviss. app. 27. 1880) had already before contended that the two were indentical. koorders and valeton's example has recently been followed by tardieu-blot (i.c.) i suppose on the strength of pierre's example (i.c., text to pis. 193-195), who made the new combination under pterocymbium, without mentioning p. javanicum. this example was followed by gagnepain (in lecomte, fl. gen. indochine 1: 479. 1911, sub sterculia campanulata). according to the descriptions of different authors and notes on herbarium labels, the sole difference between p. javanicum and p. campanulatum is in the colour of the flower (violet or red in the former, green in the latter). pierre (i.c.) also described p. columnare pierre (sterculia columnaris pierre), based on a specimen from tri-huyen near the donai in indochina (pierre s. n.), and which differs from p. campanulatum, according to his description and figure, on account of the completely glabrous columna of the androgynophore. this is also the one deviating character mentioned by tardieu-blot (op. cit., p. 395). as in the numerous specimens to be listed below, the columna, although usually pilose near its base, is not uncommonly sparsely pilose to completely glabrous, i suggest reducing p. columnare pierre to p. campanulatum (masters) pierre = p. tinctorium (blanco) merr., too. the pubescence of the base of the androgynophore seems to be correlated with the pilosity of the lower part of the calyx-tube at the inside around the fleshy disc; when the columna is glabrous this part is also glabrous. in pierre's drawing of p. columnare the calyx-lobes are slightly reflexed. this was never observed in the specimens studied, but is also indicated in the drawing of p. viridiflorum koorders (see below). masters (i.e.) described the follicles of p. campanulatum as glabrous. in our specimens they are very sparsely pilose with very minute, short, stiff hairs (at any rate in the lower part of the follicles). this pubescence may easily have escaped attention. koorders & valeton indicated the wings as being glabrous, which they are not. although the authentic specimen of p. campanulatum pierre (kurz s.n. from pegu) was not available for study, the specimens from the malay peninsula and the philippines that were at my disposal, leave little doubt that they all belong to the same species, which should be called p. tinctorium (blanco) merrill. for the malaysian region two closely allied species were described, viz. p. javanicum r. br. and p. viridiflorum koorders. as nientioned above, p. javanicum differs from p. tinctorium merely in the colour of its flowers. as this deviating character does not warrant specific status, i suggest, like merrill (i.c.), including this species in p. tinctorium, although as a distinct variety, pterocymbium tinctorium var. javanicum (r. br.) kosterm. var. nov. (basinym: pterocymbium javanicum r. br. apud benn., pl jav. rar. 215. 1844). the specimen from borneo cited below is said to have violet flowers. p. viridiflorum has the same green flowers as p. tinctorium. its glabrous leaves do not separate it from the latter species either, as glabrous leaves, along with pubescent ones, are not uncommon in p. tinctorium and its variety. according to the figure of koorders (suppl. i.c.) the leaves were pubescent; this is in disagreement with his description. as in other respects p. viridiflorum falls within the limits of p. tinctorium, i suggest including it in the latter species, too. merrill (enum. philipp. fl. pl 3: 57. 1923) also suggested the identity of p. macrocrater warburg with p. tinctorium. it was based on the specimens warburg 11855 and 12406 from luzon. the authentic specimens have not been studied by me, but considering the main deviating characters enumerated by warburg, namely the large and truncate calyx with longitudinal ribs (warburg himself stated that in specimen 12406 the ribs are rather inconspicuous), which are also found in the javanese specimens of p. tinctorium, where i measured calyces of 3 x 3 cm with the ribs faintly indicated, i think it advisable also to include p. macrocrater in p. tinctorium. specimens examined. — malay p e n i n s u l a : p e r l i s : fl., march, ridley 15075 (s) ; p e n a n g : road to balik pulau, fr., march, fr. white, curtis 2783 (s, l) ; p e r a k: sg. brotal, f 1., february, local name melembu, tachin 39259 (s) ; n e g r i s e m b i l a n : fr. and leaves, march, local name poko kulunot, alvins 1099 (s) ; l o c a l i t y * u n k n o w n : f 1., scortechini 1756 (s). — s u m a t r a : w e s t c o a s t : 46 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 huta p a d a n g e s t a t e near kesaren, ster., krukoff 337; b e n c o o l e n : redjang near tabah penandjung, cape serawai, ster., olivier 46 (bb. 1804) ; redjang tuin konak, 2 km from kepahiang, alt. 550 m., ster., de voogd 1014 (bb. 15439); lais, talong benal, ster., local name gelumbah, idris 34 (bb. 8807) ; e a s t c o a s t : sibolangit, fr., april and may resp., fl. green, lorzing 5105 and 5696; p a l e m b a n g : simelungun, bandar pulan, alt. 50 m, ster., october, gasa 37 (bb.4924) ; l a m p o n g s : telokbetong near hadjimenah, ster., local name kelumbak, abuhasan 36 (bb. 8097) ; kaliandak near kota dalem, ster., march, local name kerumbuh, saleh 34 (bb.8002) ; semangho river, fr., august, witkamp s.n.; i s l . s e b e s i e : alt. 400 m., ster., april, boaters van leeuwen-reynvaan 5306. — j a v a (all specimens cited from j a v a represent var. javanicum (r. br.) kosterrnans) : c u 11 a: bogor, imported from calcutta as sterculia eampanulata mast., hort. bog. iv. 1,150b, formerly iv, 1 124a; bogor, tjikeumeuh garden, ster., koorders 12163 ft and s.n.; b a t a v i a : mr. cornelis (culta), juvenile plant, leaves palmately cleft, backer 35288; djasinga near bogor (culta), fr., september, backer 1132, 26031; b a n t a m : danau marsh, alt. 100 m, fl., august, local name tongtolok, van steenis 10530; same locality, fl., september, fl. dirty red, sine coll. s.n.; tukan gedeh forest, on dry slopes, fl. wine-red, local sundanese name tongtolok, sine coll. s.n.; near serang, ster., september, endert 1182; near menes, batu lideung, ster., august, koorders 1565 ft; p r i a n g a n : pelabuhan ratu, fr., august, koorders 11833 ft; tomo near sumedang, ster., may, koorders 7872 ft; djampang kulon near sukabumi, ster., july, koorders 1567 ft; c h e r i b o n : mt tjermai near lingga djati, fl., october, beumee 4871; kuningan, ster., houter 147; p e k al o n g a n : near subak, koorders 11598 ft, 11618 ft; near brebes, koorders 7891 ft; prupuk, fl., october, local name winong, noltee 4036; b a n j u m a s : bandjar, rawah lakbok, fl., august, beumee 4227; along djagagonda river, n of segara anak, ster., juvenile form, backer 31462; tjilatjap near tjikorol, ster., leaves palmately cleft, juvenile form, local name wunong, verduyn lunel 12 (ja. 2924) ; gladagan river, n coast of nusa kambangan, fl., meindersma 6; nusa kambangan, fr., november, koorders 7892-7897 f t , 20148 f t , 20322 f t , 24722 f t ; s e m a r a n g : f o r e s t d i s t r i c t o f k r a denan, teak forest, lime soil, ripe fr. yellowish, local name iwil-iwil or sriwil, sine coll^ s.n,; same locality, fr., october, beumee 3419; forest distr. of ngarengan, ster., beumee 5369; mt muria near dudakawa along rivulet, alt. 600 m, rare, ster., december (ja. 3717) ; kedung djati and karang asem, fl., fr., koorders 7874-7890 ft, 21,942 ft, 25234 ft, 25316 ft, 251+72 ft, 28147ft; telawa, fl., october, noltee 4603; d j o k j a k a r t a : mt sewu, klimpit, ster., august, burgers 2067; mt kidul, kutungan on limestone, ster., november, kalshoven 27; r e m b a n g: forest district of ngo1 ro-gunung, alt. 75 m., fl., september, beumee 1103; ngandang, ster., koorders 36453 ft, 36116 ft; djapara, ngarengan, ster., koorders 52975 ft; m a d i u n : klino on mt pandan, alt. 500 m, fr., local name sriwil kutil, kalshoven 28; same locality, ster., local name munung, kartodihardjo 132 (ja. 1987) ; p a s u r u a n : near tangkil, ster., koorders 23663 ft; probolinggo near lumadjang, ster., koorders 7908 ft; malang, kalipose, ster., october, local name munung, kalshoven 3; mt watangan near puger, alt. 100—300 m, fl., august, common, fl. violet, local name wining, beumee a. 73 & 2915; perigi, ster., january, lorzing 1053; se besuki, ster., october, becking 58; bondowoso, mt andong, ster., local name birring, de veer 46 (ja. 3298) ; forest distr. tubukan, boerrigter 208; djember, idjen, fl., fr., koorders 7899-7906 ft, 7910 ft, 10250 ft, 13055 ft, 13064 ft, 13067 ft, 14721 ft, 21886 ft, 38427 f), 38575 ft, 39812 ft, 39924 ft; banjuwangi near rogodjampi, koorders 7907ft, 7909 f t , 29091ft; l o c a l i t y u n k n o w n (presumably java) : fl., de vriese s. n. ( l ) ; fl., herb, name busca calopteris l., zippelius s.n.; fl., july, herb, name sterculia atrojmrpurea, blume 1321. — madura: bangkilan, ster., january, backer 19166. — kangean isl.: duki, fl., september, dommers 34; sambakati, dommers 112; batu putih ster., backer 27789._— bali: prapat agung, alt. 20 m, ster., march, becking 47. — sumbawa: sekonkang, alt. 1950] kostermans: notes on pterocymbium 47 300 m, ster., may, de voogd 1706. — borneo: b r i t i s h n o r t h b o r n e o : sandakan near ramaguian, fr., april, fl. blue, this may perhaps represent var. javanicum, goklin 347 (t.b. 2448, s) ; isl. lombokutan, fr., hallier 396. — celebes: m e n a d o: pangi, malekosa, alt. 60 m, ster., bish 220 (bb. 18806) ; tondano, isl. lembeh, alt. 100 m, ster., local name talu-utu, steup 48 (bb. 17042) ; poso near kalora, ster., local name kojara, tangkilisan 4 (bb 28722); boalemo, alt. 90 m, ster., local name tolutu, moha 23 (bb. 13818); same locality, ster., april, uno 35 (bb. 15388) ; near bolaang, mongondon, ster., april, local name tolutu, verhoef 125 (bb. 19610) ; alt. 10 m, ster., maengkom 20 (bb. 7517); fl., teysmann 5736 (type of p. viridiflorum kds.); near kajuwatu, forest of pingsung, alt. 50 m, ster., local name talutu, koorders 18073 ft; totok near ratatato, alt. 10 m, fl., march, koorders 18059 ft, 19451ft, 19465 ft; rataka near liwutung, ster., koorders 18060 ft; s. c e l e b e s : pankadjene near makassar, fl., teysmann 11759; malili near wala-ipi, alt. 120 m, ster., local name toli-toli in bela-padoe language, burki 123 (bb. 25542); kawata near malili, alt. 250 m, ster., january, local name toli-toli, reppie 515 (cel. v-301) ; same locality, fl., fr., september, waturandang 13 (cel. v-131) and 442 (cel. v-131). — isl. muna: raha, ster., local name habangka-bangka, waturandang 108 (bb. 21353). — sula isl.: mangoli, ster., august, local name kaju kuki, asda & anta 17 (bb. 29674) ; same locality, ster., october, local name senteri, bloembergen 480. — tanimbar is.: near otimmer, ster., march, local name katjetburi, buwalda 71 (bb. 24290). — philippines: l u z o n : bataan prov., lamao river, mt mariveles, respectively ster., may and fl., march, borden 780, 2909 (bg, l, s) ; camarines sur, pasacao, fl., fr., a^hern 124 (bg) ; laguna prov., merrill spec. blancoana 870 (bg) ; m i n d a n a o : camaguin, fr., march-april, ramos 14601 (l) ; s. ramon, zamboanga prov., ster., february, hallier 4668 (l). an enumeration of local names may be found in merrill, enum. philip, fl. pl 3: 57. 1923; the most common name is taluto (tagalog) and balulo or baguo (mbo). 3. pterocymbium tubulatum (masters) pierre sterculia tubulata masters in hook, f., fl. brit. india 1: 362. 1874; king in j, asiat. soc. bengal 60: 76. 1891. — pterocymbium tubulatum (masters) pierre, fl. forest. indochine 3 (fasc. 17): text to pis. 193-195. 1889; ridley, fl. mai. penins. 1: 277. 1922. pterocymbium parviflorum merr. in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 193. 1929. this species was originally described as sterculia tubulata masters after a specimen collected in the malay peninsula (maingay s. n.). king (l.c.) gave an ample description of the species, which was accepted by ridley (i.e.). the latter author, apparently unaware of the same earlier combination under pterocymbium by pierre (l.c.1) transferred sterculia tubulata once more to pterocymbium. the species is very characteristic in comparison with the other known species of this genus by its pinnately nerved leaves; most other species have palmately nerved leaves. the two other malaysian species, pterocymbium beccarii k. schumann and p. tinctorium (blanco) merr., have, moreover, a cordate or subcordate leaf-base, which in p. tubulatum is rounded. the shape of the flower comes very close to p. beccarii, which however has palmately nerved leaves. 'tubulcua's s p e c i e s is e r r o n e o u s l y cited here as sterculia 'tubulosa' instead of 48 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 its closest ally seems p. parviflorum merr. (i.e.) based on specimen elmer 21894 from british north borneo. as was stressed by merrill, the only difference is found in the pubescence of the inflorescences, the latter being glabrous in p. tubulatum. (i had no access to the type specimen of p. tubulatum; masters did not mention anything about the indumentum of the inflorescence.) specimens collected in the malay peninsula enumerated below, have pubescent inflorescences, the pilosity consisting of scattered, minute tufts of hairs. since in all other material, which could be studied, the same pubescence was found, i assume that either ridley committed an error in his description, or that maingay's specimen has glabrescent inflorescences. the tufts of hairs become easily detached in herbarium specimens. therefore, i suppose p. parviflorum to be synonymous with p. tubulatum. thus far specimens of this tree have been collected in the malay peninsula, sumatra, and borneo. specimens examined. — malay p e n i n s u l a : k e l a n t a n : base of bukit batu papan, libir river, fl., july, henderson f. n. 29584 (bg, s ) ; selandas, fr., september, local name kluet, sine coll. s.n. (s). — s u m a t r a : b e n c o o l e n : near taba penandjung, cape serawai, distr. redjang, alt. 400 m., ster., march, local name remiding, bemvarin s. n. (bb. 1809) ; near kroe, alt. 1000 m., ster., october, local name menimar, mesurip 9 6 (bb. 4094); e a s t c o a s t : i n d r a g i r i , muara serangge, alt. 75 m., ster., september, leaves slightly cordate, local name bajur, buwalda 668 (bb. 30076) ; p a l e m b a n g : lematang ilir, semangus, alt. 75 m., ster., may, local name kelumbuk, buwalda 88 (bb. 31760); same locality, ster., j u n e , local name kelumbuk, versteegh & nurkamal 12 (bb. 31946), 117 (bb. 32043), 202 (bb. 32127) ; lemat a n g ilir, mt. megang, fr., local name tengkaras, fr. yellowish-green, calyx dark green below, above paler green, dorst 99 t. 3 p. 226 & t.3 p. 957 (both f e b r u a r y ) , and 128 e.p. 892 (october) ; same locality, ster., july, local name bajur talang, van der zwaan 128 e.3 p. 892 & t.u2s; ogan ulu, ster., august, affiah t.b.u68; banjuasin & kubu region near bajung lintji, fr., december, local name kelampang, endert 128 e.ip.797. — b o r n e o : b r i t i s h n o r t h b o r n e o : tawao, elphinstone province, j u n e , elmer 21894. (fr., type of p. parviflorum merr.), 2180u (fl.) ; w e s t b o r n e o : melawi, n a n g a betung, alt. 475 m., ster., october, local name panaloba, budding u09 (bb. 29621) ; same locality, ster., j a n u a r y , local name belebu, sudarsono 18 (bb. 31636) ; same locality, alt. 175 m., ster., february, local name tenoro, budding 211 (bb. 26868) ; b u l u n g a n : sumbatu, rumah river, alt 75 m., ster., april, van der zwaan 220 (bb. 11272) ; s o u t h e a s t b o r n e o : t a n a h bumbu, kampong b a r a , alt. 25 m, on clay soil, common tree with pale green fruit, local name bilungkaan in bandjar language, verhoef 1/239 (bb. 13391, fr., j a n u a r y ) , 1/187 (bb. 13079, fl., december); muara teweh, on sandy clay soil, ster., may, local name borang k a r u n g in dyak language, ukup 51 (bb. 11435) ; pleihari near asem-asem, mangala river, alt. 45 m, on sandy soil, in bud, november, local name djuwe luk langit in bandjar language, hildebrand 61 (bb. 9486). 3. on pterocymbium gigantifolium elmer this species was described after a specimen collected by elmer (no. 9424) in the philippines, island of leyte, near palo, january 1906, and 1950] kostermans: notes on pterocymbium 49 described in his "leaflets of philippine botany" (1:320. 1908). a duplicate of the type collection was available from the leiden herbarium and consists of two sheets, each with one leaf, and one with a detached inflorescence and flowers, the other with a detached fruit and the top of a branch. if this material was picked from the same tree (which may be reasonably assumed, as elmer did not state otherwise), the specimen is no pterocymbium but should be referred to sterculia because of its podlike mesocarp and the large scales at the apex of the branches. in pterocymbium the tree is leafless when it flowers or bears fruit and the scales are absent. as the epithet in sterculia is occupied by that of stercuua gigantifolia warburg ex mildbraed {in engl. bot. jb. 61: 354. 1929) i propose to call this species sterculia membranifolia kosterman nom. nov. (basinym: pterocymbium gigantifolium elmer, leafl. philip. bot. 1: 320. 1908). hfg rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_01 binder3 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_22 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_23 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_24 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_25 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_26 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 3, p. 267 a new species of anisoptera (dipterocarpaceae) ii anwari dilmy anisoptera kostermansiana dilmy some new material of anisoptera kostermansiana dilmy, described by the present author in reinwardtia 3: 347. 1956, was put at his disposal by the kindness of mr. j. s. womersley, chief, division of botany at lae, t.n.g. anisoptera kostermansiana dilmy, reinw. 3: 347. 1956. — anisoptera sp. (2) van slooten, reinw. 2: 14. 1952. from a. polyandra bl. distinguishable at once by the character of the lower leaf surface, which is densely covered with minute, sessile, entire orbicular scales with a membranous margin; they are darker and somewhat depressed in the centre. to these scales the lower leaf surfaces ows its yellowish aspect. in a. polyandra the leaves are quite glabrous. the specimen bb. 22351, mentioned by van slooten under the "specimina inquiranda" agrees perfectly with our species. van slooten suggested that perhaps it might be conspecific with a. aurea foxw. from the philippines but this species, of which the following specimens are at bogor, bb. 10700, 8985 and 28359 differ at first sight from a. kostermansiana by the smaller leaves which are ferruginous underneath, with thinner nerves. a. marginata korth., to which van slooten also refers, has still smaller leaves than a. aurea, and the wings of the fruit are much narrower than in a. kostermansiana. specimens examined: new guinea. w. n e w g u i n e a bomberai peninsula, taire, fakfak, primary forest on dry hilly ground on clay, ster., bb. 22351 (bo). t e r i t o r y of n. g., lower waria rd., red hill, july, fr., womersley, n.g.f. 3228 (lae) ; buna hinterland, about 7 miles north of embi lakes, march, fr., l. s. smith, n.g.f. 1266 (lae) ; milne bay-area, about ½ mile north of waigani plantation on an ironstone gravel-capped ridge in comparatively open forest, ster., l. s. smith, n.g.f _ 1297 (lae) ; cape nelson, near kasiawa village, tufi subdistrict, secondary forest on edge of grassland, aug., fl., saunders i6 (lae) ; morobe distr., june, fr., womersley, nig.f. 3147 (lae) ; oomsis creek, ster., white, n.g.f. 9557, 9558, 9559 (bo, lae); yaka, w. lae, ster., womersley, n.g.f. 3221 (lae). • — 267 — r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 4, p.p. 375-411 (i960) miscellaneous botanical notes 2* a. j. g. h. kostermans** summary 1. durio cupreus ridley is considered to represent a distinct species. 2. durio wyatt-smithii kosterm. is reported from borneo. 3. machilus nervosa merr. represents meliosma bontoeensis merr. 4. beilschmiedia brassii allen represents vavaea brassii (allen) kosterm. 5. the author of the generic name heritiera is aiton. 6. heritiera macrophylla (non wall.) merr. is conspecific with h. ungustata pierre. 7. some specimens from n. celebes, attributed formerly to h. sylvatica merr., belong to h. arafurensis kosterm. 8. additional note on heritiera littoralis ait. and h. macrophylla wall, ex kurz. 9. heritiera montana kosterm., nov. spec, from new guinea and h. khidii kosterm., nov. spec, from northern siam. 10. additional note on heritiera, novoguineensis kosterm. and h. pereoriacea kosterm. and an undescribed species. 11. heritiera acuminata wall, ex kurz represents a distinct species. 12. heritiera solomonensis kosterm., nov. spec, from the solomon isl. 13. a note on firmiana bracteata a. dc. 14. firmiana fulgens (wall, ex king) corner is based on a mixtum compositum and has been the source of constant confusion. for the element, which occurs in malaysia a new name is coined: f. malayana kosterm. it does not occur in tenasserim. 15. a revised bibliography of firmiana colorata r. br., f. pallens stearn and f. malayana kosterm. is presented. 16. additional note on firmiana hainanensis kosterm. 17. firmiana kerrii (craib) kosterm., comb, nov., based on sterculia kerrii craib. 18. additional specimens of firmiana papuana mildbr. 19. cryptocarya hintonii allen is referred to primus as primus hintonii (allen) kosterm. 20. beilschmiedia wallichiana (g. don) kosterm., based on sideroxylon wallichianum, g. don, is described. formerly it was relegated to litsea by kurz. 21. new species in lauraceae: beilschmiedia aborensis kosterm., b. elegantissima kosterm., b. lanatella kosterm., persea pomifera kosterm., ocotea scandens kosterm. and actinodaphne auricolor kosterm, * the first part appeared in reinwardtia 5: 233-254. 1960. this paper represents the result of a world tour in 1959, sponsored by the ford foundation. ** d. sc, central forest research institute, bogor; collaborator herbarium bogwiense, bogor. . — 375 — 3 7 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 22. persea inaequalis a. c. smith represents beilschmiedia inaequalis (a. c. sm.) kosterm. 23. new names in cryptocarya: cr. lanceolata (panch. et seb.) guill. = cr. guillauminii kosterm.; cr. pallida kosterm. = cr. pallidifolia kosterm.; cr. parvifolia (f. m. bailey) domin = cr. microphylla kosterm.; cr. vacciniifolia kosterm. = cr. vaccinioides kosterm. 24. cryptocarya kostermansiana allen represents beilschmiedia mexicana (mez) kosterm.; cr. lucidula miq. = beilschmiedia zeylanica trim.; cr. mucronata (poir.) spr. = ocotea mucronata (poir.) kosterm., comb. nov. 25. garcinia graminea kosterm., a new species from new guinea. acknowledgments i repeat here my expressions of gratitude to the ford foundation, and the unesco, south east asia scientific cooperation office, who enabled me by generous grants to visit numerous herbaria all over the world; the following represents part of the results. i am extremely grateful to dr. c. g. g. j. van steenis, who took the trouble to go through the mss and made many valuable remarks and pointed out several errors. for the drawings i express my indebtendness to messrs soekirno, damhuri and md. anwar. bombacaceae durio cupreus ridley following bakhuizen v.d. brink sr. and wyatt-smith, i included this species formerly (in reinwardtia 4: 88. 1959) in d. carinatus mast. recently i could examine a specimen in the kepong herbarium, collected in the setapok for. reserve in peat-swamp forest (sarawak, borneo), numbered for. dept. 364, which matches exactly the type specimen of d. cupreus ridley (haviland 1803) and i have concluded, that this species is different from d. carinatus. r, durio wtatt-smithii kosterm. some specimens from brunei, borneo (flemmich n.n.b.f.d. 48139, fl. aug.; from b. paku, kep. 80131, fr. july; from sebatu-arur mangan watershed), formerly included by me with doubt in d. graveolens becc. (kep. 80131 was identified as d. conicus by wyatt-smith) most likely represent d. wyatt-smithii kosterm. more material is necessary to corraborate this. it would provide further evidence that the flora of the eastern malay peninsula is related to that of 196*] a. j. g. h. kostermans: miscellaneous botanical notes 2 877 west and n. borneo. the specimens cited above were obtained on loan from the kepong herbarium. sabiaceae machilus nervosa merr. merrill (in philip. j. sci., bot. 4: 262. 1909) based the description of machilus nervosa on two specimens (curran f.b. 10846 and merritt 13099) of which i could examine many specimens of curran f.b. 10846. they conform excellently with the description and consequently i accept curran f.b. 10846 as the type specimen. the specimen merritt 18009 could be examined in the united states nat. herb. it is conspecific with the specimen curran f.b. 10846. i believe that the species is conspecific with meliosma bontocensis merrill (in philip. j. sci. 20: 403. 1922) of which i could examine an isotype sheet (ramos & edano b. sci. 37756) in the kew herbarium. as the specific epithet nervosa is occupied already (m. nervosa koord. & valet.), the name m. bontocensis merr. stands. meliaceae beilschmiedia brassii allen beilschmiedia brassii allen (in j. arnold arb. 23: 130. 1942) was based on the specimen brass 3930. this fruiting specimen represents vavaea. on the label is a note, that the fruit exudes a milky sap when cut, which never occurs in lauraceae. the species is consequently renamed: vavaea brassii (allen) kosterm., comb. nov. (basionym beilschmiedia brassii allen). additional material. — w. n e w g u i n e a . wermudena r., ster., hb. 22489 (bo, l, s i n g ) ; north r., may, fl., vcrsteeg 1024 (bo). sterculiaceae on the authority of the name heritiera in my monograph on heritiera (publication, 1, council for sciences of indonesia, apr. 1959) i attributed the generic name to dryander (in aiton, hort. kew., ed. 1, 3: 456. 1789); van steenis (in litt.) criticised this and i obligingly in reinwardtia (4: 465. 1959) changed the author's name to aiton. 378 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 in j. botany, london 50, suppl. 3 (1912) britten discussed the authority of names in aiton's hortus kewensis. he stated categorically that neither of the aitons wrote the botanical description of the new species (with exception of a few ones), as they did not possess botanical knowledge sufficient to enable them to undertake this. the editors of the two editions were dryander and r. brown. but, as dryander is in most cases not definitely mentioned as the author, and, apart from unpublished information, his name is not attached to the new species, i agree to accept aiton as the author of the new names in hortus kewensis, unless there is published evidence to the contrary. heritiera angustata pierre in my monograph of heritiera (reinwardtia 4: 504. 1959) i suggested, that the hainan specimen referred to h. macrophylla merrill (in lingnan sci. j. 14: 38. 1935; lau 243, also cited in chun & how, fl. canton 238. 1956), might belong to h. angustata pierre. this specimen lau 243 could be examined and i am now able to refer it definitely to h. angustata. the occurrence of h. macrophylla in indochina and hainan becomes improbable. additional material of h. angustata pierre. — h a i n a n . j a i chow, march, fl., how 70302 (hk), tree, fls, pink; ibid., apr., young fr., how 70601 (hk), shrub, 2.5m t a l l ; ibid., naam shan leng, july, fr., lau 21,3 (hk, uc), tree 6 m , skin of fruit eaten with ping long; ibid., ue lam, aug., ster., chn vong may 57 et 58 (uc). heritiera arafurensis kosterm. the following specimens, formerly attributed to h sylvatica should be referred here: koorders 18052, 18053, 18054 (bo, l); teijsmann 12747 (l); locality unknown, fr., riedel s.n. (k). heritiera littoralis ait. in the male flower the sterile ovaries surrounding the ring of anthers may be sometimes twice as long as the anthers. in the specimen van royen 4050 (bo, l) from w. new guinea, northwest peninsula, steenkool, the flowers match those of h. littoralis, but the single (detached) fruit in the bogor herbarium is rather different from that of h. littoralis. however, without more material at hand, i better leave this in h. littoralis, in which the fruit varies considerably. 1964] a. j. g. h. kostermans: miscellaneous botanical notes 2 379 heritiera macrophylla wall, ex kurz. i had the opportunity to examine material of this species in the dehra dun herbarium and could inspect a living tree in the calcutta botanical garden, which makes it possible to complete the description. the ripe fruits are up to 5,5 cm long and 3.5 cm in diam., subellipsoid, dorsal part straight, ventral part strongly convex, the apical wing long and narrow with parallel margins, up to 5 x 25 mm. additional material. — a s s a m . lakkinpura ladrya distr., jan., fr., purkayastha 11 (dd) ; chittagong, thainkali new reserve, teknaf cox's bazaar, jan., fr., rao 5551 (dd) ; b u r m a . maymyo plateau, ani sakau, alt. 1000 m, may, fr., lace 611)9 ( d d ) . heritiera montana kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 1. arbor ramulis lepidotis, foliis sub-coriaceis, subobovato-ellipticis vel ellipticis, supra glabris, nitidis, subtus perdense aureo-lepidotis, basi rotundatis vel subcordatis, apice rotundatis vel obscure acuminatis; paniculis apice ramulorum congestis, axillaribus, dense stellato pilosis, multifloris, floribus dense pilosis, breviter pedicellatis; lobis calycibus tubum latum subaequantibus, androgynophorio in floribus masculinis breve, magnis, stellato-lepidotis, antheris in annulo regulare dispositis, ovariis reductis. conspicuis, disco magno convexo, dense stellato-lepidoto. tree 22 m high, 40 cm diam.; bark like that of pinus or araucaria. wood hard, white in outer parts, pinkish to dark red in centre; branches densely, minutely, greyish lepidote (scales not fimbriate); branches brownish grey, smooth, glossy. stipules aciculate, small, early deciduous. leaves alternate, subcoriaceous, subobovate-elliptical to elliptical, 4—8 x 2—4,5 cm, base rounded or subcordate, apex rounded or obscurely acuminate; upper surface glabrous, olive-green (fresh), main nerves rather inconspicuous; lower surface densely covered with an adpressed layer of tiny, coppery, fimbriate scales, midrib strongly prominent, nerves 7—8 pairs, slender, prominulous, arcuate, secondary nerves rather obscure, the lowest pair of lateral nerves sometimes more ascendant. petioles slender, 5—20 mm, lepidote. panicles axillary, congested near the apex of the branchlets, multiflowered, densely brown stellate-pilose, up to 8 cm. flowers dark-yellow with sweet, slightly unpleasant smell. pedicels 1—2 mm, slender. calyx-tube broad, 1,5—2 mm high with 1,5 mm long, rather fleshy, elongate-triangular lobes; inside of lobes densely pilose, inside of tube towards base glabrous; throat blackish red (fresh); torus large, convex, densely lepidote; andro380 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 gynophore in male flower short, 0,5—1 mm, conical, lepidote; anthers rather small in a regular ring, surmounted by the conspicuous conical clump of rudimentary ovaries. female flowers not seen. typus. — van royen 5017 (bo). distribution. — west new guinea, only known from the type locality. the species may be differentiated from other new guinean heritiera species by the small leaves, the leafshape and especially by the very short androgynophore, the lepidote torus and the very broad calyx tube; the buds are almost ovoid-globose. w e s t n e w g u i n e a . kebar valley, ca 100 km w. of manokwari, alt. 550 m., in quercus castanopsis araucaria forest, in hills s. of andjai airstrip, alt. 790 m., nov., fl., van royen 5017 (bo, l). heritiera khidii kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 2. arbor foliis subcoriaceis, subovato-ellipticis glabris apice obtusis basi cuneatis petiolis longis, samaris magnis, nucis ellipsoides. tree; leaves thinly coriaceous, glabrous, subovate elliptical, obtuse, base shortly cuneate, 16—25 x 9—14 cm, concolorous, midrib and the slender nerves prominulous on the upper surface, more prominent on the lower one; nerves 12—14 pairs, slender, rather patent, near margin running out arcuately; petiole rather slender, glabrous, 4—7 cm long, both ends thickened. infructescence broad, 11 cm long, lax, glabrous; nut of samara ellipsoid, 3,5—4 cm long, 15—18 mm in diam, on a 1,5 cm long, towards apex flattened stalk; wing like a rudder, upper margin in one line with the longitudinal axis of the nut, up to 11 cm long; the widest part of the wing 4,5 cm, ventrally the wing carries on to the base of the nut; dorsally the nut has an obscure broad ridge. distribution. — northern siam, phrae. the species is characterized by its large samaras, the spindle-like nut and the glabrous leaves. the type specimen consists of an infructescence and two loose leaves. the leaves may be either complete or represent foiioles of a compound leaf; mr. smitinand informed me, that the leaves are simple. although the material is poor, it represents without doubt a new species, which i have named in honour of nai khid suvarnasuddhi, deputy director of the royal siamese forest department, who collected the specimen. s i a m . northern part; phrae, mae sai, detached infructescence and two leaves, khid suvarnasuddhi 5409 (bo, bkp). 196p] a. j. g. h. kostermans: miscellaneous botanical votes 2 381 heritiera spec. nov. — fig. 3. in the singapore herbarium a specimen is conserved, collected by hamid (c. f. field no. 6377, 31-5-1921), in selangor, ranching for. reserve, which consists of loose samaras and loose leaves. whereas the leaves belong most likely to a species of pentace, the samaras (cf. figure) are certainly those of an undescribed heritiera. the samaras are almost as large as those of heritiera khidii, but the nuts are much thicker and shorter, lacking the dorsal ridge. heritiera percoriacea kosterm. — fig. 4. of this species i discovered 2 more trees growing on the banks of a rivulet on the south java seacoast, between pelabuhanratu and tjisolok. these trees measure ca 20 m in height, they have a dark deeply fissured bark; the leaves are less coriaceous than those of the type species (which carne from a very old specimen) and are larger. the flowers are described below. a living specimen was transplanted in the bogor botanical garden. inflorescences many flowered, 5—15 cm long, branches usually slender, covered with a dense layer of lightbrown to silvery, bushy, shortly armed stellate hairs. pedicel slender, short. flowers dirty reddish, suburceolate, densely shortly stellate-haired outside, with longer and towards base often simple hairs inside; up to 4 mm long, 2—2,5 mm in diam., the lobes acute, 0,75—1 mm long, somewhat reflexed at anthesis. male flower with a flat torus, androgynophore glabrous, 1,5—2 mm long, slender, tapering, anthers in an irregular clump, topped by the small rudimentary ovaries. female flower slightly wider with sessile, 5-ribbed, densely stellate-pilose ovary with 5 groups of sessile two-celled, sterile anthers at base; style short, glabrous, the 5 stigmas cylindrical, reflexed. young fruit with a conspicuous wing; the wing is shorter in the older fruit. heritiera novoguineensis kosterm. from recent collections it is possible to give a description of the flowers. the panicles are densely rusty, stellate pilose, axillary, up to 7 cm long, many-flowered. flowers shortly pedicelled, densely pilose; calyx with acute, triangular lobes. gynaecium in female flower sessile, lepidote, with short, styles and large stigmas, bent outwards. the flowers are submature, hence it is not possible to give the size of the flowers; they are apparently much smaller than those of h. littoralis. the specimen jaheri 344 from the key isl. (bo) and the specimen jensen 22 from tual, key isl. (bo, c, l) might also represent h. novo3 8 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [ v o l . 5 guineensis. they have male flowers only, of which the androgynophore resembles that of h. littoralis, but the stalk is stellate-lepidote and the anthers are larger. additional material. — w e s t n e w g u i n e a . bomberai peninsula, fak-fak distr., budidi r., sealevel, van der zee 11 (= bw 3133), june, buds (l); tree 23 m tall, buttresses 170 cm, 250cm out, 7 cm thick; bark 1—1,5mm thick; greybrown, superficially fissured, peeling off in small flakes; living bark 5 mm, pink (inside yellow-white) ; sapwood 4 cm, yellowish white; heartwood light red-brown; flowers yellow-green, inside velvety red; fruit globular, 15cm circumference; fruitwall 1—6 mm thick; mature fruit brown, local name rahe; tami, res. of hollandia, alt. 2m, jan., ster., b.w. 778 (l), tree 25 m tall, 40 cm in diam., butresses 190 cm high, out 180cm; bark peeling off in elongated flakes; local name: he; ibid., jan., ster., b.w. 774 (l). heritiera papilio beddome and h. acuminata wall, ex kurz. in my monograph (i.e. 511), i combined these two species, as the descriptions were identical. since than i have had the opportunity to examine the type specimen of h. papilio (beddome 204), of which the ovaries in the female flowers are glabrous, but for their apices, which are covered with long-armed stellate hairs; the stigmas are curved outwards and are almost horizontal. it is distinct from h. acuminata. the species is restricted to the western ghats (travancore). a specimen (meebold 12907 (s) collected in peermade, travancore, at an altitude of 4000 ft., belongs here. in sterile condition it is impossible to differentiate h. papilio from h. acuminata. the material of h. papilio is too scanty to verify, whether the leaves are perhaps less acuminate than those of h. acuminata. the androgynophore in both species is similar, consisting of a glabrous stalk, topped by a flattened disc, of which the rim consists of a ring of 10 large anther-cells. of h. acuminata wall, ex kurz more material became available for examination. so far it was known from assam and burma. the ovaries in the female flowers are densely lepidote and so are the samaras (which are glabrous in h. papilio). the wing seems to be wider than that in h. papilio (i saw only a figure of the samara of h. papilio). additional material of h. acuminata wall & kurz: a s s a m . caehar, barak res., alt. 900 m, dec, ster., kanjilal 4796 (dd) ; n. c. hill, above jating, alt. 800 m, may, fl., fr., kanjilal 5674 (dd); lushai, lengti, fr., prazer s.n. (dd); sylhet, lougai distr., may, fr., fl., kanjilal i.934 (dd); b u r m a . myitkyina distr., gwimarit burma hill tract, alt. 1200m, pebr., fl., f.n. 2"z8u (dd). 196(1] a. j. g. h. kostermans: miscellaneous botanical twus 2 383 the largest leaves are ovate, acute, up to 6 x 17 cm.; according to kanjilal the stigmas are red. heritiera solomonensis kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 5. arbor ramulis dense minutissime griseo-lepidotis, glabrescentibus, ramis griseis; foliis alternatibus, chartaceis, oblongis, basi rotundatis, npice rotundatis vel sub-acuminatis, supra glabris, nervis principalis prominulis, subtus perdense minute lepidotis, squamis fimbriatis, nervo mediano pro minente, nervis lateralibus utrinque 8—10, erecto-patentibus, prominulis, nervis secundariis sub-prominulis; petiolo gracile, longo; stipulis induplicatis, parvis, lepidotis, caducis. tree 25 m tall. buttresses plank-like, up to 130 cm high; bark brown, shed in small ragged pieces. branchlets slender, smooth, densely, minutely grey-lepidote, branches glabrous, grey. leaves alternate, chartaceous, oblong, 4—7,5 x 7—14 cm, base rounded, apex rounded or sub-acute; upper surface glabrous, midrib and nerves prominulous; lower surface under a high-power lense densely lepidote (scales fimbriate); midrib and 3—10 pairs of erect-patent nerves prominent; secondary nerves parallel, prominulous. petiole rather slender, 1,5—2,5 cm, densely lepidote, swollen at both ends. stipules 5—8 mm, acute, lengthwise folded, lepidote, soon caducous. type. — walker b.s.i.p. 245 (l). although the specimen is sterile, it may be easily recognized by its oblong leaves. s o l o m o n i s 1. guadalcanal, beaufort bay, alt. 70 m, foothill rainforest, febr., ster., walker b.s.i.p. 245 (k, l). flrmiana bracteata a. dc. firmiana bracteata a. dc. was based on the specimen balansa 3743, (collected near tu-phap, june, fls. chrome-yellow; tree 7—8 m) and described in bull. herb. boissier, ser. 2, 3: 369. 1903. ridley (in kew bull. 1934: 214) referred it to erythropsis colorata as var. bracteata (a. dc.) ridley, but the reduction to varietal rank was already made by gagnepain in lecomte, fl. gen. indochine 1 : 460. 1911, who called it var. bracteosa, without mentioning de candolle, but basing his variety on the same specimen as de candolle's firmiana bracteata. i could examine de candolle's type specimen in his herbarium at geneva, and gagnepain's specimen in paris. 3 8 4 r e i n w a r d t i a . [vol. 5 as gagnepain pointed out, the specimen does not only differ from firmiana (sterculia) colorata by the persistent, aciculate, up to 8 mm long pilose, slender bracts of the inflorescence, but also by the truncate leaf base. in the abundant material, which i could examine, f. colorata has also often leaves with a truncate base, which leaves only the bracts as a differential character. i believe, that this is not a varietal character, but may be found in all f. colorata trees, depending on development and circumstances. firmiana colorata (roxb.) r. br., firmiana fulgens (wall, ex king) corner, firmiana pallens stearn and firmiana malayana kosterm. in my monograph of firmiana (communic. for. res. inst. bogor 54: 7—9. 1956 and in reinwardtia 4: 281—310. 1957), i have expounded on the three first species mentioned above. the conclusions were based solely on herbarium material at my disposal and on information of wallich's and roxburgh's material, provided by mr. l. l. forman (kew). since i have had the opportunity to examine in lucknow f. colorata in living condition and many specimens from siam and indochina, i am compelled to alter my former conclusions radically. no tree of f. colorata occurs any more in the calcutta botanical garden. the type specimen of sterculia colorata roxburgh is conserved in the brussels herbarium. king, in his treatment of st. fulgens (in j. asiat. soc. beng. 60: 73—74. 1891), rightly stated, that there should be two firmianas, one restricted to india, the other (which he called sterculia fulgens) "is never found in india proper, having its most nothering limit in tenasserim and extending then southward into the malayan archipelago". firmiana (sterculia) colorata was described rightly by king; the species has densely stellate pubescent leaves when young and smaller flowers than those of his sterculia fulgens, in older leaves the pilosity becomes scarce, although in leaves near the inflorescence exceptionally the dense pilosity carries on; the stellate hairs have slender, horizontal arms. my own conclusion, that roxburgh's description should be a mixture of two species was wrong. the pilose leaves, as described by roxburgh, certainly belong to the flowers, although the expression "villous" by roxburgh should refer only to very young leaves. sterculia fulgens wallich ex masters (in hook, f., fl. brit. ind. 1: 360. 1874) is a mixture, representing partly a species of sterculia and partly a species based on wallich 1136. as the latter should be considered the type specimen, we have to define sterculia fulgens wallich ex masters as pro parte, referring only to wallich 1135, the remainder being sterculia pallens. 19(50] a. j. g . h . kostermans: miscellaneous botanical votes £ 385 this was already stated by king. it should be stressed h ere, th at m asters' description refers for th e greater part to st. pattens (see below). examination of wallich's sterculia fulgens 1135 in th e kew h erbarium revealed th at it consists of 3 different specimens, represen tin g—accordin g to me — 2 or 3 different species; th e specimens n um bered 1 and 2 are from india, th ey are sterile and consist of large leaves with a densely pilose lower surface. most likely they represen t firmiana (sterculia) pattens, but th e possibility th at they are some kind of sterculia should not be excluded. the th ird collection is from p en an g, but it is again a m ixture of a leaf similar to that of the first 2 parts (and apparen tly from th e same plan t as th e i ndian part of wallich 1135) and a package of loose flowers, which is certain ly from th e species which occurs in th e malay p eninsula (which king called st. fulgens). one of the flowers of th e package of wallich 1135 has been displaced and is glued to th e specimen no. 901 from moulmein of f. colorata. as wallich's 1135 is a mixtum compositum, of which part of one sheet (a package of loose flowers) belongs to th e m alaysian species and as it has become a source of continuous confusion and as moreover th e iden tity of th e sterile sheets if this n um ber will be very difficult or even impossible to establish, i suggest to discard sterculia fulgens wallich ex m asters completely. king  (i.e.  72)  described  th e  leaves  of  his sterculia fulgens  as  pilose, apparen tly having  wallich  1135  in  mind,  but  he  en um erated  specimens  from sum atra  (f orbes  2105)  and  p erak  (king's  coll.  8673)  which  have  completely glabrous  leaves.  i  was  completely  puzzled  by  king's  conception  of st. fulgens, which  actually  represen ts:  1. firmiana malayana  (description  of  the  flowers; th e  synonym firmiana colorata,  var. .β r.  brown;  th e  citation  of  miquel  and th e  specimens  en um erated,  with  exception  of  wallich  1135,  p.p.)  2. st.  pallens,  or  a  species  of  sterculia  (description  of  th e  leaves  and  bran ch es;  part of  wallich  1135,  viz  the  leaves  and  the  citation  of  wallich  1135,  p.p.)  3. st.  colorata  r.  br.  (citation  of  kurz,  f or.  f l.  br.  burma  1:  139  and  in  j.  as. soc.  beng.  2:  117.  1874). i  have  not  seen  authen tic  m aterial,  examined  by  kurz,  but  specimens from  tenasserim,  which  i  could  examine  were  all  f.  colorata;  f.  colorata exten ds  th rough out  india  to  indochina. i  propose  to  name  th e  m alaysian  plan t:  f irm ian a  m alayan a. st.  fulgens  wallich  ex  m asters  represen ts  1.  st.  pollens  (description; part  of  wallich  1135  and  th e  specimens  strachey  &  winterbottom  and f alconer)  2.  f.  malayana  (part  of wallich  1135,  th e  synonym:  firmiana  colorata,  var.β  r.  brown  and  th e  citation  m iquel,  f l.  ind.  bat.  1  (2):  178). 3 8 6 . r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 the  improved  bibliography  of  f.  colorata  and  pollens  and  a  short differential  diagnosis  of  f.  malayana  and  f.  colorata  are  given  below. f irmian a  colorata  (roxb.)  r.  brown firmiana  colorata  (roxb.)  r.  brown  in  bennett  &  brown,  pl  jav.  rar.  235. 1844  (quoad  var.  α   )  ;  walpers,  rep.  5:  104.  1845—46,  p.p.;  thwaites,  enum.  29.  1864 (nomen)  ;  trimen,  f l.  ceylon  1:  166.  1893  (as  a  syn.  of  sterculia  colorata  roxb.)  : m asters  iv  hook,  f.,  pi.  brit.  ind.  1:  360.  1874  (as  a  syn.  of  sterculia  colorata  roxb.)  ; king  in  j.  asiat.  soc.  bengal  60  (2)  :  71.  1892;  k.  schuman  in  engl.  &  p ran tl,  n at. pfl.  pam.  3  (6):  97.  1893;  g agnepain  in  lecomte,  f l.  gen.  indoch.  1:  459.  1911  (as a  syn.  of  sterculia  colorata  roxb.);  g amble,  f l.  m adias  1:  107.  1935;  kostermans, communic.  f or.  res.  inst.  bogor  54:  7—16.  1956  et  in  reinwardtia  4:  285.  1957,  p.p. (descript.  exelud.;  bibliogr.  p.p.).  —  sterculia  colorata  roxburgh,  pi.  coromand.  1: 26.  1795;  h ort.  bengal.  5.  1814  (nomen)  ;  p i.  ind.  3:  146.  1832  (reprint  3:  507.  1874)  ; willdenow,  sp.  pi.  2:  873.  1899;  poiret  in  lamarck,  encycl.  meth.  bot.  7:  432.  1806; persoon,  synops.  2:  240.  1807;  steudel,  n omencl.  814.  1821;  ed.  2,  2:  639.  1841;  d c , p rodr.  1:  483.  1824;  sprengel,  syst.  veget.  3:  83.  1826,  p.p.;  g .  don,  h ist.  i:  517. 1831;  schott  &  endl.,  melet.  bot.  33.  1832  (as  a  syn.  of  erythropsis  roxburijhiana sch.  &  e n dl.);  spach,  h ist.  veg.  phan.  3:  516.  1834  (as  a  syn.  of  erythropsis  roxburghiana  sch.  &  endl.),  p.p.;  wight  &  arnott.  p rodr.  63.  1834;  in  hook.  icon.  2:  t. 143.  1837;  r.  brown  in  bennett  &  brown,  pi.  jav.  rar.  235.  1844,  p.p.  (as  a  syn.  of firmiana  colorata  r.  br.,  quoad  var.  a ) ;  dalzell  &  gibson,  bombay  pi.  23.  1861; thwaites,  enum.  29.  1864  (nomen) ;  bentham  in  benth.  &  hook,  f.,  g en.  pi.  1:  218. 1867;  m.  r.  brown,  f l.  wild  f l.  s.  &  w.  india  t.  8  (n.v.);  beddome,  f l.  sylvat,  32. 1872;  pfeiffer,  n omencl.  1  (2):  1353.  1874;  m asters  in  hook,  f.,  f l.  brit.  ind.  1: 359.  1874;  brandis,  f or.  f l.  34.  1874,  p.p.  (excl.  sterculia  wallichii  f alcon er);  ind. trees  84,  f.  40.  1906,  p.p.;  kurz  in  j.  asiat.  soc.  beng.  43  (2)  :  117.  1874;  king  in j.  as.  soc.  beng.  60  (2):  71  —72.  1892;  watt,  d iet.  econ.  prod.  ind.  6:  361.  1893, p.p.;  talbot,  list  trees  bombay  22.  1894;  f or.  f l.  bombay  1:  141—42.  1909;  woodr. in  j.  bombay  n at.  h ist.  soc.  11:  129.  1897;  trimen,  h andb.  f l.  ceylon  1:  166.  1893; id.  6  (alston):  31.  1931;  g amble,  man.  ind.  timb.  96.  1902;  cooke,  f l.  bombay  1: 125.  1903;  g agnepain  in  lecomte,  f l.  gen.  indoch.  1:  459.  1911  (cum  var.  bracteom g agn.);  tardieublot,  suppl.  1:  401.  1945;  h aines,  f l.  bihar  &  orissa  2:  76.  1921; ridley  in  kew  bull.  1934;  215  (as  a  syn.  of  erythropsis  colorata  ridley);  parkinson, f or.  f l.  andaman  isl.  101,  f.  16.  1923;  craib,  f l.  siam.  enum.  1:  166.  1925;  kanjilal, f l.  assam  1  (1):  151.  1934;  g amble  &  f isher,  f l.  m adras  107.  1935;  blatter  and m illard,  some  beautif.  indian  trees  102,  figs.  1937;  ed.  2  (ed.  stearn)  79—82.  1955; l.  h .  bailey,  stand.  cyclop.  h ort.  3:  3239.  1947;  kostermans  11.  cc,  p.p.  —  erythropsis  colorata  (roxb.)  burkill  in  g ard.  bull.  s.s.  5:  231.  1931;  ridley  in  kew  bull. 1934:  215;  benthall,  trees  of  calcutta  52.  1956,  f.;  mooney,  suppl.  h aines,  bot. bihar  &  orissa  28.  1950  (quoad  nomen)  ;  kostermans  11.  cc,  p.p.  —  karaka  colorata (roxb.)  rafinesque,  f l.  tellur.  72.  1838;  m errill,  index  rafin.  167.  1949;  kostermans, 11.  cc. —  clompanus  colorata  (roxb.)  o.  kuntze, rev.  g en.  pi.  1:  78.  1891;  kostermans, 11.  cc.  —  erythropsis  roxburghiana  schott  &  endl.,  melet.  bot.  33.  1832;  sprengel, syst.,  i.e.  83;  spach,  i.e.  517;  steudel,  n omencl.,  ed.  2,  1:  597.  1840  et  2:  639.  1841 (as  a  syn.  of  sterculia  colorata  roxb.);  voigt,  h ort.  suburb.  calcut.  104.  1845;  m asters, i.e.  (as  a syn.  of sterculia  colorata roxb.) ; koatermana, 11.  cc.  roxbtirgh  o.n.  (b). a  j .  g.  h.  kostermans:  miscellaneous  botanical notes  2  387 sterculia  rubicnnda  wall.,  cat.  1119  d ,  f,  g ,  ex  m asters  in  hook,  fl.,  f l.  brit. ind.  1:  360.  1874;  kostermans,  11.  cc.  —  w allich  1119  d,  f,  g  (k). sterculia  fulgens  (non  wall.)  kurz  in  j.  asiat.  soc.  beng.  43  (2)  :  117.  1874, p.p.;  f or.  f l.  br.  burma  1:  139.  1877;  kostermans,  11.  cc,  p.p. the  species  is  closely  related  to  f.  malayana,  differs  by  its  (at  least in  younger  stages)  laxly  pilose  lower  leafsurface  (very  dense  in  young leaves)  and  th e  smaller  flower  with  different  tom en tum .  the  leaves  are larger th an those  of f.  malayana  and  are  m ore  acum in ate.  it  occurs  in  india, burma,  siam  and  indochina.  the  type  specimen  is  conserved  in  th e  brussels' h erbarium . ad d it io n a l  m a t e r i a l .  —  i n d i a .  n a t .  b o t .  g a r d .  l u c kn o w,  d e c ,  fl.,  ram  n ath verma  s.n.  (a,  bo ,  c an b ,  k ,  l ,  s i n g :  p ) ;  s i a m .  s a r a b u r i ,  p h r a  b u d d h a b a t ,  m a r c h , fl..  dee  blum  peng  21  ( b k h ,  bo ) .;  ibid .  m a r c h ,  fl.,  dee  bun  pheng  17  ( b k h ,  b o ) ; lo c a lit y  n o t  in d ic a t e d ,  f e b r . ,  fl.,  ken  s5o5  (c ,  p )  ;  c a m b o d i a ,  p r o v.  k g.  c h a m , st e r . .  bejand  s.n.  ( p ) ;  id.,  fl.,  bejaud  s.n.  ( p ) ;  l a o s .  m a r c h ,  fr.,  poilane  13653  ( p )  ; b a si n  o f  t h e  se m o u n,  f e b r . ,  fl.,  harmand  s.n.  ( bo ,  p ) ;  t o n k i n ,  fl.,  bov  47.x)  ( p ) ; c o e h i n c h i n a .  b a r i a ,  fl.  pierre  s.n.  ( p ) . f irmian a  pallen s  (wallich  ex  king)  stearn . firmiana  pallens  (wallich  ex  king)  stearn  in  blatter  and  millard,  some  beautiful  ind.  trees.  80.  1955;  kostermans,  comm.  f or.  res.  i n st.  bogor  54:  16.  1956  et  in reinwardtia  4:  293.  1957,  f.  4—6;  f.  v.  mueller  in  victor.  n at.  3:  48.  1866  (combination  indicated,  but  not  prin ted).  —  sterculia  pallens  wallich  ex  [voigt,  h ort.  suburb. calcutta.  105.  1845,  nomen];  king  in  j.  asiat.  soc.  bengal  60  (2) :  73.  1891;  h ochreutiner  in  bull.  inst.  buitenzorg  10:  22.  1904  (nomen);  brandis,  ind.  trees  84.  1906; h aines,  bot.  bihar  &  orissa  2:  77.  1921;  kostermans,  11.  cc.  —  etythropsis  pallens (wall,  ex  voigt)  ridley  in  kew  bull.  1934:  215;  kostermans,  11.  cc.  —  falconer  289 (k). sterculia  fulgens  wallich,  catal.  1135,  p.p.  ex  m asters  in  hook,  f.,  f l.  brit.  ind. 1:  360.  1874;  kurz  in  j.  asiat.  soc.  beng.  43  (2)  :  117.  1875  et  f or.  f l.  brit.  burma 1:  139.  1877,  p.p.;  king,  i.e.,  p.p.,  quoad  specim.  wallich  1135,  p.p.;  k.  schumann  in engl.  &  p ran tl,  n at.  pfl.  f am.  3  (6):  97.  1895,  p.p.;  h aines,  i.e.,  p.p.  (as  a  syn.  cf sf.  pallens) ;  kostermans,  11.  cc,  p.p. (?)  firmiana  colorata  (roxb.)  r.  brown  in  benn.  &  brown,  pi.  jav.  rar.  235. 1844  (p.p.,  quoad  var.  β ) *;  walpers  rep.  5:  104.  1846,  p.p.;  kostermans,  ill.  cc,  p.p. sterculia  wallichii  f alconer  (non  g .  don)  ex  brandis,  f or.  f l.  n.w.  and  centr. india  34.  1874.  —  unknown  coll.  26  (k). erythropsis  fulgens  (wall,  ex  kurz)  ridley,  f l.  mai.  pen.  1:  277.  1922  (quoad nomen  tan tum ). firmiana  fnlgens  (wall,  ex  mast.)  corner,  ways.  trees  mai.  1:  610.  1940  (quoad nomen tan tum ). clompanus  fulgens  (wall.)  o.  kuntze,  rev.  1:  78.  1891;  kostermans,  11.  cc. (quoad nomen). the  description  of  f.  pallens  as  given  in  my  monograph,  still  stan ds. *  if  the  leaves  of  wallich  1135  are  indeed  f.  pollens. 3 8 8 r e i n wa r d t i a [vol. 5 firmiana malayana  kosterm an s,  spec.  nov. firmiana  colorata  (non  r.  br.)  miquel,  f l.  ind.  bat.  1  (2):  178.  1859  (excl.  var. β  et  y  et  spec.  korthalsii);  king  in  j.  asiat.  soc.  bengal  60  (2) :  71.  1892,  p.p.  (quoad cit.  spec.  king's  coll.  et  f orbes);  (non  r.  br.)  koorders  &  valeton  in  meded.  plantentuin  buitenzorg  14:  160.  1895  (excl.  spec.  korthalsii);  atlas,  t.  406.  1914;  koorders, exk.  f l.  java  2:  598.  1912;  koorders — schumacher,  syst.  verz.,  f am .  178:  20.  1913; backer,  schoolfl.  java  1:  135.  1911;  merrill  in  philip.  j.  sci.  14:  246.  1919;  enum. born.  pi.  380.  1921;  adelbert  in  backer,  f l.  java  (n ooduitgave)  4  b,  f am.  107:  25. 1944;  kostermans,  communic.  f orest  res.  i n st.  bogor  54:  7—16,  f.  1—3.  1956  et  in reinwardtia  4:  285.  1957,  f.  1—3  p.p.  (quoad  descript.  et  synon.  p.p.).  —  sterculia colorata  (non  roxburgh)  moritzi,  verzeichn.  28.  1845—46  (nomen);  h asskarl  in  tijdschr.  n at.  g esch.  12:  115.  1845  (nomen);  m asters  in  hook,  f.,  f l.  brit.  india  1:  359. 1847,  p.p.  (quoad  cit.  j a va ) ;  king,  i.e.,  p.p.;  koorders  &  valeton,  i.e.,  p.p.;  backer, schoofl.,  i.e.;  ridley  in  kew  bull.  1934:  215  (as  a  syn.  of  erythropsis  colorata).  — erythropsis  colorata  (roxb.)  burkill  in  g ard.  bull.  s.s.  5:  231.  1931;  ridley  in  kew bull.,  i.e.;  adelbert,  i.e.  —  sterculia  fulgens  (non  wall.)  kurz  in  j.  as.  soc.  beng. 43  (2) :  117.  1874, p.p.;  f or.  f l.  brit.  burma  1:  139.  1877,  p.p.;  king, i.e.,  p.p.;  kostermans,  11.  cc.,  p.p.  —  erythropsis  fulgens  (wall,  ex  mast.)  ridley,  f l.  mai.  pen.  1: 277.  1922,  p.p.  (quoad  specim.) ;  burkill,  d iet.  econ.  prod.  mai.  pen.  1:  95(7.  1935, p.p.  (quoad  spec.);  n ayaranaswami  in  j.  as.  soc.  bengal  n .s.  27:  346.  1931.  — firmiana  fulgens  (wall,  ex  king)  corner,  wayside  trees  malaya  1:  610.  1940  p.p. (quoad  specim.). arbor foliis  ab  initio  glabris,  axillis  nervorum  primariis  pagina inferiore pilosis  exceptisj  forma  variabilis,  palmatinerviis;  inflorescentiis  racemiformibus  dense  rufo  stellato  pilosis,  floribus  usque  ad  3  cm  longis. tree  up  to  25 m  tall;  leaves  (also  th e  very  young  ones)  glabrous,  but for th e  axils of th e  main  nerves on th e lower leafsurface.  f lowers up  to 3 cm long  (in  f.  colorata  1—2 cm  lon g);  th e  stellate  h airs  are  less  bushy  th an those  of  f.  colorata. an  extensive  description  may  be  found  in  my  m onograph. t yp u s.  —  kostermans  s.n.  (bo). d istribu tion .  —  malay  p en in sula,  sum atra,  java,  borneo. the  species  was  found  by  me  native  in  java  in  th e  u djung  kulon reserve  (s.w.  java),  where  it  occurs  scattered,  at  sealevel. it  has  been  collected  once  only  in  sum atra,  twice  in  borneo,  s.  of kuching  (n.  slope  of  mt.  p en rissen  alt  700—900 m,  aug.,  fl.,  jacobs  5007 (g,  k,  l,  sar,  us)  and  a  sheet,  m arked:  n ative  collector  25  (sarawak) in  p aris  which  consists  of  a  package  of  flowers  of  f.  malayana  and  two loose  leaves  of  mallotus  albus  m.a.;  in  th e  malay  p en in sula  it  is  not  uncommon  especially  not  in  th e  n orth ern  part. 196fc]  a.  j.  g.  h.  kostermans:  miscellaneous  botanical  notes  2  389 apart  from  the  glabrous  leaves  and  the  larger  flowers,  it  may  be  also distinguished  from  f.  colorata  by  the  shape  of  the  leaves;  the  apex  of  the lobes  is  shortly,  broadly  acuminate;  in  f.  color  ata,  which  has  larger  leaves, the  tips  end  in  a  long  and  very  slender  acumen.  lobed  leaves  are  the  rule in  f.  colorata,  they  are  the  exception  in  f.  malayana. all  the  specimens  from  india  and  siam,  as  enumerated  in  my  monograph represent true  f.  colorata. b o g o r , culta, dec, fl.,  koatermane  a.n. (a, bo, bri, bm, cal, canb, g, k, kep, l, ny, p, pnh, sing, us). flrmiana hainanensis kosterm. firmiana  colorata (non r. br.) merrill in lingnan sci. j. 13: 63. 1934. of this species, flowering material has come to my attention, which enables me to complete the discription. the flowers have about the same size of those of f.  colorata (up to 17 mm long) and are smaller than those of f.  malayana. they differ from both species by the much shorter-branched stellate hairs (hence the flowers do not look so woolly). the inside of the calyx and the androgynophore are covered with stellate hairs with such small arms that those on the androgynophore are almost scale-like. h a i n a n , between t'ang k'in (din-kio) and po t'eng chi (bo dang), ngai distr., apr., fl.,  h.  fung  20056 (bo, ti, uc), tree 13m tall, flowers red; yaichow, apr., fl.,  how  70591 (hk). firmiana kerrii (craib) kosterm.,  comb.  nov. sterculia  kerrii craib (basionym)  in kew bull. 1915: 424. —-  kerr  2866 (k). tree ca 15 m tall, branches thick, densely pale yellowish-brown stellate pilose; leaf scars large; branches glabrous, smooth. bark greyish black, cut brown with yellow streaking, 0,5 cm thick. leaves (old, deteriorated ones picked from the ground) chartaceous, broadly ovate, 9—15 x 8—13.5 cm, 5-lobed, the two lower lobes short, rounded, the 3 upper ones longer, acute or acuminate, base shallowly cordate, both surfaces rather densely prominently reticulate; upper surface glabrous, smooth, the slender nerves prominulous; lower surface densely stellate-pilose, 7 nerves radiating from the petiole insertion, midrib and the 2 almost as long upper lateral nerves each with about 4, rather erect, prominent lateral nerves, arcuately anastomosing at the margin. petiole glabrescent, slender, 8 cm, slightly thickened at both ends. 3 9 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 inflorescences  congested  near  apex  of  the  leafless  branchlets,  up  to 4  cm  long,  densely  dirty  whitish,  lanuginose stellate-pilose, hardly or not branched, main peduncle thick, bracts not seen. pedicel 2—3 mm, densely stellate-pilose. female flower: calyx cream-coloured, tubular or campanulatetubular, ca 1 cm long; lobes lanceolate, up to 12 mm long, inside glabrous but for the throat which has a broad collar of long stiff hairs, outside densely stellate-lepidote. androgynophore glabrous, 15 mm long, bearing at its top a pateriform, almost flat to cupshaped thin disc on which the 5 two-celled anthers are attached; the usually 3—5 ovaries free, glabrous, slender, merging into glabrous styles which are as long as the ovaries, topped  lay the reflexed, conspicuous almost clubshaped stigmas; disc flat. carpels glabrous, pendulous, pale brown, partly purple-red, papery, reticulately veined, ca 4 cm long on a 5 mm long stipe with one or 2 cream-coloured seeds at the margin near the base; fully opened they are almost flat, ovate with an apiculate top, ca 2 cm in diameter. distribution. — doi chiengdao, chiengmai, northern siam, alt. 1100— 1770 m. vernac. name. — paw tap. this seems to be an ornamental species of  firmiana, characterized by its woolly, dense stellate tomentum, the very long calyx lobes and the peculiar disc on which the anthers are attached. the fruit are likewise ornamental by their purplish red colour. . as all firmianas this one flowers on the bare tree. s i a m . northern part, chiengmai, mt. chiengdao, e. slope, alt. ea 1100 m, scattered in dry deciduous forest on rocky ridges, pebr., fl., fr.,  smitinand  4s303  ( — for  dept.  siam  10935) (bkf, bo, l) ; ibid., alt. 1770 m, fl.,  kerr  2866 (k). firmiana papuana mildbr. the following additional specimen could be examined:  van  roy  en  3780, oct., fr., in quercus forest between waterfall camp and ifar, west new guinea, distr. hollandia, cycloop mts, alt. 600 m (bo, l); tree 22 m, bole c. 17 m, diam. 60 cm. leaves dark green above, light greyish green below. seeds olive green, along brownish yellow capsule. bark soft, light grey. wood cream, relatively hard. buttresses up to 2 m by 0,8 by 0,2 m, stem with horizontal ridges. rosaceae. cryptocarya hintonii allen. this species, published in j. arnold arbor. 26: 423. 1945, was based on the fruiting specimen hinton 13737. it represents a species of  primus, a.  j.  g.  h.  kostermans:  miscellaneous  botanical  notes  2  .  391 which  i  was  unable  to  match  with  one  of  the  named  specimens  of  this  genus, represented  in  the  u.s.  national  herbarium.  i  therefor  venture  to  rename it:  prunus  hintonii  (allen)  kosterm.,  comb.  nov.  (basionym:  cryptocarya hintonii  allen). lauraceae. beilschmiedia  wallichiana  (g.  don)  kosterm.,  comb.  nov.  —  fig.  6 sidero.rylon  wullichianum  g.  don  (basionym),  gen.  hist.  4:  28.  1838;  d c , prodi-. 8: 185. 1844; hook, f., fl. br. ind. 5: 180. 1886. —  sideroxylon  rugosum wallich, catal. 4158 (nomen nudum) ; hook, f., i.e. —  litsea  rugosa (wall.) kurz in flora 55: 172. 1872 (excl. syn.  tetranthera  ochrascens miq.) ; hook, f., i.e. (excl. syn.  t. ochrascens miq.) ; curtis, catal. fl. pi. and ferns penang 66. 1892. —  malapoenna rugosa (wall.) 0. kuntze, rev. gen. pi. 2: 573. 1891. — wallich 4158 (k). small tree, 1,5 m tall; branches grey, irregular; branchlets densely pale-brown, minutely pilose; apical buds acute, 3 mm long, densely adpressed strigose. leaves crowded near apex of branchlets, alternate (the top ones whorled), papyraceous, subobovate-elliptical, 18—30 by 7—10 cm, base acute, top usually with a long, rather slender acumen, both surfaces densely, prominulously reticulate, glabrous, except the midrib, which is minutely adpressed strigose; nerves 9—12 pairs, rather patent, arcuate, prominent. petioles densely, minutely pilose, 10—15 mm. upper leaf surface rather harsh to the touch. inflorescences axillary below the new flush, consisting of very short, few-branched panicles, up to 2 cm long, densely, minutely adpressed strigose; main peduncle up to 1 cm with (soon caducous) bracts, leaving large scars; basal bracts 1—2 mm long, ovate-orbicular, concave. pedicels 2—3 mm, rather slender. flowers sparsely, minutely pilose, tube short, 1 mm, lobes 3 mm long, acutish. stamens glabrous; filaments about 2 mm (inner ones slightly longer), pilose at base; anthers elongate, larger, those of the outer stamens introrse, of the inner row extrorse; basal glands large, globose, shortly stipulate. staminodes almost sessile, large, depressed ovate-triangular, leafy, acute. ovary glabrous, merging into the slender, long style; stigma inconspicuous. distribution. — siam, northern malay peninsula. the species is related to  beilschmiedia  clarkei hook, f.; it is a small tree. the iso-type sheet in calcutta still shows the remains of the short inflorescence. curtis already remarked, that this obscure specimen was probably not a  litsea. s i a m . kuan po, salut, alt. 20 m., jan., fl.,  kevr 13820 (k, p); m a l a y p e n i n s u l a . penang, fl.,  wallich  4158 (cal, k, l) ; perak, larut, alt. 300 m, nov., fl., king's  coll.  2570 (cal). 3 9 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [\6h. 5 beilschmiedia elegantissima kosterm.,  spec.  nov. — fig. 7. arbor parva ramulis dense minute villosis; foliis chartaceis, ellipticis, glabris (bast nervo mediano sparse pilose exceptis), conspicue prominuloreticulatis, basi breve, apice conspicue acuminatis; paniculis glabris, perlaxis, gracillimis, longis; pedicellis ramulisque filiformibus; petalibus aequilongis, glabris, filamentis brevis; ovario glabro. slender,  small  tree,  7 m  high;  branchlets  near  apex  densely,  minutely villose; apical buds villose, slender, acute, up to 8 mm long. leaves alternate, chartaceous,  glabrous  (except  base  of  midrib  below),  elliptical  or  oblong, 6—16  by 2,5—7 cm,  base  acute,  apex  acuminate  (but  often  rounded),  both surfaces  conspicuously,  prominulously  reticulate  and  glossy;  midrib  on upper  surface  somewhat  impressed;  nerves  12  pairs,  densely,  minutely villose,  up to 15 mm. panicles  axillary,  very lax,  glabrous  (a  few  hairs  at base),  up to  20 cm long,  branches  very  slender,  pink  (fresh),  the  lowest  up  to  7 cm.  pedicels filiform,  4—7 mm.  flowers  glabrous;  tepals  equal, ovate-triangular, 1,5—2 mm long, acutish, inside with a few hairs; tube shallow, silky pilose. stamens 1 mm, glabrous; anthers oblong, filaments less than half the length of the anthers; outer ones with introrse, inner with extrorse cells; basal glands large; staminodes heart-shaped, acute, 0,5 mm; ovary glabrous, style as long as ovary; stigma inconspicuous. typus. — parkinson 5216 (k). distribution. — burma, dawna range. by the conspicuous leaf reticulation and the pilosity of the branchlets, the species resembles b. tsangii merr., which has, however, much smaller and differently shaped leaves and smaller panicles. the specimen lace 5642 belongs here, although it has leaves of 20 by 11 cm, petioles almost 3 cm long and slightly thicker leaves. the infructescence has some tiny hairs. the young fruit is ellipsoid, 2 by 1 cm. b u r m a . distr. amherst, mekhrein chaungkya, dawna range, alt. 1000 m, febr., fl., parkinson 5216 (dd, k); kaw ngaw strawn, dawna range, alt. 1200 m jan., young fr., lace 5642 (k); ibid., west face, alt. 700 m, march, fl., burkill 80254 (bo, cal). beilschmiedia lanatella kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 8. arbor vel frutex, ramulis et inflorescentiis et foliis pagina inferiore dense pilosis; foliis chartaceis, ellipticis, acuminatis; floribus dense pilosis, pedicellatis; staminibus 6 exterioribus breviter stipitatis, antheris ovatoacutis, introrsis, staminibus 3 interioribus subaequilongis, gracilioribus, 1961  a.  j.  g.  h.  kostermans:  miscellaneous  botanical  notes  2  393 introrsis,  glandulis  globosis  sessilibus  ornatis;  staminodiis  magnis,  cordatis, acutis,  breviter  stipitatis,  ovario  piloso  in  stylum  aequilongum sensim attenuato; stigmate inconspicuo. shrub,  2—5  m,  or  small  spreading  tree  about  7 m  high.  branches slender,  grey,  branchlets  densely  brown  pilose.  leaves  alternate,  elliptical, 8—15  by  3—7  cm,  base  shortly  cuneate,  apex  acuminate  with  sharp  tip; upper  surface  glabrous,  glossy,  smooth,  midrib  and  lateral  nerves  slightly impressed;  lower  surface  with  a  rather  lax  to  dense  indumentum  of  brown hairs,  midrib  prominent,  nerves  about  8  pairs,  prominent,  curved  near margin,  other  venation  obscure.  petiole  densely  pilose,  glabrescent,  1—1,5 cm. inflorescences  axillary  below  the  new  flush,  laxly  paniculate,  1—3  cm long,  densely  pilose, few-flowered. flowers pale yellow, about 2,5 mm long, densely sericeous; tube shallow, short, tepals ovate-acute; stamens about 1 mm, the outer 6 ones with ovate-acute anthers with introrse cells, filaments, broad, shorter than anthers; inner 3 more slender, connective protruding beyond the extrorse large cells; basal glands small, globose, sessile; staminodes conspicuous, cordate, acute, on a very short stalk; ovary subglobose, pilose, merging into an as long style with inconspicuous stigma. fruit (of para type) ellipsoid, smooth, 4 cm long. typus. — winit 1711 (bk). s i a m . muang kawng, cheng dao, alt. 900m., may, fl., fr., kerr u32 (bo), para-type; lampong me peng, alt. 1200 m, june, fl., winit 1711 (bk). beilschmicdia aborensis kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 9. arbor, ramulis apicem versus dense minutissime sericeis, mox glabns; foliis suboppositis chartaceis oblanceolatis, apice obscure acuminatis, basi sensim acutatis, utrinque conspicue laxe prominule reticulatis, supra glabns nitidis, subtus perparce minutissime adpresse pilosis; petiolis distinctis; fructus subobovoideus glabris. tree; branchlets towards apex minutely sericeous, soon glabrous. leaves sub-opposite, chartacous, oblanceolate to obovate-elliptical, 2,5—5 by 8—14 cm, top obscurely acuminate or rounded, base gradually acute; both surfaces prominulously, rather laxly reticulate; upper surface glabrous, glossy; lower dull with scattered very small adpressed hairs, midrib prominent, lateral nerves 7—9 pairs, slender, prominulous, arcuate towards margin; petiole 5—-10 mm long. fruit (detached) ellipsoid to subovoid, 4 by 3 cm. typus. — burkill 36742 (k). 3 9 4 r e i n w a r d t l i [vol,. 5 perhaps  related  to  b.  clarkei,  the  leaves  different. e a s t e r n  h i m a l a y a .  outer  abor  hills,  than  arryat,  sibpur,  fr.  burltill 36742  (bo,  k). beilschmiedia inaequalis  (a.  c.  smith)  kosterm.,  comb.  nov.  —  fig.  10. persea inaequalis  a.  c.  smith  (basionym)  in  phytologia  1:  118.  1935  — krukoff  4770  (ny). a  species  characterized  by  the  chartaceous  leaves  and  especially  by  the unbranched  very  slender  inflorescences  with  opposite  flowers  subtended  by small  bracts.  the  flowers  are  certainly  those  of  a  beilschmiedia  and  this  is strengthened  of  the  opposite  leaves. the  sterile  specimen  ecuador,  rosario,  eggers  15791  (c,  ny)  has  glabrous leaves, but corresponds in other respects with the type specimen. it was tentatively included in  persea  americana by kopp, but this in certainly not justified. persea pomifera kosterm.,  spec.  nov. — fig. 11. arbor  ramulis  juvenilibus  sericeis;  ramis  glabris  lenticellatis;  foliis alternantibus,  coriaceis,  glabris,  ellipticis vel subobovato-ellipticis vel oblanceolatis, basi cuneatis, apice rotundatis; supra obscure minute areolalo-reticulatis vel sublaevibus, nervo mediano impresso, subtus glaucis, dense minute areolate-reticulatis; nervis lateralibus tenuibus; petiolo gracile, conspicuo; paniculis paucifloris vix ramosis, foliis subaequilongis vel minoribus, glabris; fructu globoso, pedicello vix incrassato tepalis persistentibus imposito. tree, up to 20 m high. branchlets minutely sericeous, apical bud with many depressed budscales at base; branches greyish brown, lenticellate, glabrous. leaves spirally arranged, glabrous, coriaceous, elliptical to subobovate-elliptical or oblanceolate, 5—12 by 2—5 cm, base cuneate or acute, apex obtuse or rounded, upper surface obscurely areolate-reticulate, midrib impressed, nerves very faint; lower surface glaucous, densely minutely areolate-reticulate, midrib prominulous, nerves about 10 pairs, rather straight, very slender. petioles up to 2.5 cm, slender. panicles below the new flush, 2—9 cm long, few-flowered, hardly branched near apex, minutely, sparsely sericeous. pedicels 3—-5 mm. flowers 3—4 mm long, sparsely, minutely sericeous; tepals elongate, acutish, equal, 3—4 mm long; anthers oval, 1 mm; filaments slightly longer, glabrous (except at base); glands large, shortly stipitate; staminodes thick, ovateacute, pilose, shortly stalked; ovary glabrous merging into the 1,5 mm long 196ft]  a.  j.  g.  h.  kostermans:  miscellaneous  hot ant.  al  notes  2  395 style  with  inconspicuous  stigma.  fruit  globose,  3 cm  in  diam  on  a  hardly thickened,  up  to  7  mm  long  pedicel,  crowned  by  the  persistent,  patent  or later  reflexed,  about  3  mm  long  broadly  ovate,  acutish,  glabrous  tepals. typus.  —  wang  36377  (ny). distribution.  —  hainan. h a i n a n .  locality  not  indicated,  jan.,  fr.,  wang  30377  (ny);  sept.,  fl.,  wang 34142  (g)  et  34302  (g); ling-hui, alt. 600 m, oct. young fr.,  how  73798 (g). cryptocarya kostermansiana a l l e n . this species (j. arnold arbor. 26: 423. 1945) was based on the specimen: smith p. 2418 (a), which represents  beilschmiedia  mexicana (mez) kosterm. cryptocarya lanceolata (panch. et seb.) guill. guillaumin's combination (bull. soc. bot. france 71: 1105 (1924). 1925) is a later homonym of  cr.  lanceolata merrill (philip. j. sci. bot. 12: 12v 1917) and is consequently renamed: cryptocarya guillauminii kosterm. nom.nov, cryptocarya lucidula miq. this species, published by miquel in 1856 (fl. ind. bat. 1 (1): 922), was based on a specimen, collected by horsfield near banjumas, java. the type specimen is preserved in the horsfield herbarium in the kew herbarium and represents a  beilschmiedia species, probably  b.  zeylanica trim. miquel himself already remarked that the flowers were not unlike those of  beilschmiedia. cryptocarya mucronata (poiret) spr. sprengel, syst. 2: 271. 1825; nees, syst. laur. 657. 1836; meissner in dc, prodr. 15 (1): 258. 1864; kostermans in receuil trav. bot. neerl. 34: 575. 1937; lemee, fl. guyane fr. 1: 656. 1955 (basionym:  laurus mucronata poiret) should be referred to  ocotea as ocotea mucronata (poiret) kosterm.,  comb.  nov. cryptocarya pallida kosterm. as  cr.  pallida kosterm. (bull. jard. bot. bruxelles 27: 182, f. 15. 1957) is antedated by  cr.  pallida merrill 1909, it is renamed: cryptocarya pallidifolia kosterm.,  nom.  nov. 3 9 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 6 cryptocarya  parvifolia  (f.  m.  bailey)  domin as  this  name  (biblioth.  bot.  22  (89):  676  (=  122).  1925)  is  antedated by  cr.  parvifolia  merrill  1925,  it  is  renamed  cryptocarya  microphylla  kosterm.,  nom.  nov. ' cryptocarya vacciniifolia kosterm. as this name (bull. jard. bot. bruxelles 27: 187. 1957) is antedated by cr.  vacciniifolia stapf, 1915, it is renamed: cryptocarya vaccinioides kosterm.,  nom.  nov. o c o t e a s c a n d e n s k o s t e r m . , s p e c .  nov. — f i g . 1 2 . arbuscula (?)  scandens;  ramulis  gracilibus,  glabris  laevibus, innovationibus minute pilosis; foliis rigide chartaceis, glabris, oblanceolatis, cuspidato-acuminatis. utrinque dense prominulo-reticulatis, petiolatis, costis arcuate anastomosantibus, supra impressis, subtus prominentibus. infructescentia axillaris subapicalis, glabra; cupula semiglobosa, verrucosa, margine dentata; bacca ellipsoidea, laeve, cupula multo superante. climbing or trailing treelet or shrub. branchlets slender, smooth, glabrous. apical bud acutish, covered with adpressed, minute hairs. leaves alternate, rigidly chartaceous, glabrous, oblanceolate, 5—11,5 x 2—3,5 cm, base acute, top caudate-acuminate, both sides densely prominulously reticulate; upper surface glossy, midrib prominent, nerves impressed; lower surface paler, dull, midrib prominent, nerves prominulous, ca 8—10 pairs, arcuately anastomosing at some distance from the margin. petiole 3 mm, canaliculate above. infructescence appearing before and just below the new flush, glabrous, hardly or not branched, 5 cm long. fruit-cup semi-globose, about 1 cm high, covered with rusty warts, margin with subpersistent tepais; berry ellipsoid, 1,5—2 cm long. typus. — benoist 982 (p). distribution. — french guiana. the species is characterized by the caudate, reticulate leaves, the warty cups and the scandent habit. it is said on the label that it is a climber. i believe, that it was a trailing shrub. french guiana, st. jean, march, fr., benoist 982 (bo, p). actinodaphne auricolor kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 13. arbor parvis; ramulis gracilis dense minute aureo-sericeis; foliis verti cillatis, rigide coriaceis, late obovato-ellipticis, basi cuneatis, apice abrupte acuminatis; supra glabris, obscure subareolatis, subtus dense aureo-sericeis. 196d]  a, j.  g. h.  kostermans:  miscellaneous  botanical  notes  2  397 nerviis  valde  prominentibus,  lateralibus  paucis;  petiolis  longis; inflorescentis sessilis, glomeratis, bracteatis; floribus sessilibus, sericeis; femineis tubo gracilis; ovario glabro, stylo longo, stigmate inconspicuo. treelet,  12 m,  diam.  10 cm,  little  and open-branched at apex; bark smooth, brown; living bark 3 mm, pale. wood dirty white; branehlets slender, densely minutely aureo-sericeous. leaves verticillate, rigidly coriaceous, obovate-elliptical, 6,5 x 10 to 12 x 18 cm, base cuneate, apex abruptly acuminate, tip sharp; upper surface glabrous, smooth or obscurely areolate-pitted; midrib and lateral nerves prominulous; lower surface densely bronze or golden sericeous; midrib strongly prominent; lateral nerves 3 pairs, erect-patent (the lowest pair often more or less ascendant) strongly prominent; secondary nerves faint, parallel. petiole densely, minutely sericeous, up to 3 cm long, sulcate above; the dried leaves are somewhat bullaie. inflorescence clusters sessile, bracteate, up to 1 cm in diameter. bracts concave, ovate-acute, sericeous outside. female flowers sessile, 4—5 mm long, trumpet-shaped, silky outside; tepals 1—2,5 mm, ovate-acute; tube slender; ovary glabrous, style long, stigma inconspicuous; sterile stamens 1—1,5 mm long with slender, glabrous filaments and oval anthers. typus. — kostermans 12929 (bo). a species easily recognizable by the dark golden lower leaf surface and the few lateral nerves. the species is confined to the "elphin forest" zone on mt. palimasen. it occured scattered. e a s t b o r n e o , west kutei, mt. palimasen near tabang on belajan r., alt. 800 m., sept., fl., kostermans 12929 (a, bm, bo, cal, canb, k, kep, l, lae, ny, p, sing, us). guttiferae. garcinia graminea kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 14. arbor (?) in omnibus partibus glaber; ramulis gracilis, in sicco rubrobrunneis, nitidis; joliis papyraceis linearis petiolatis, nervis obscuris, floribus flavus, flos femineis sub inovationis axillaribus, subsessilibus; sepalis quator, petalis quator; ovario cylindrico, stigma magno, verrucosa; fructus globosus (?), stigmate sessilibus ovalis, verrucosis, sepalis persistentibus. tree (?) glabrous in all its parts; branehlets slender, smooth, glossy, redbrown (dried), slightly flattened and enlarged at the nodes. leaves papyraceous, linear, 3—7 cm long, 1,5 mm wide; midrib slightly raised, other veins obscure; lower leafsurface paler than upper one. 8 9 ? r ei n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 flower  solitary,  almost  sessile,  axillary  in  the  apical  leaves.  mature flowers  not  seen.  buds  yellow,  globular,  2 mm;  sepals  4;  inner  ones  depressed orbicular, 2 mm; outer ones orbicular-obovate, 2 mm; margins somewhat fimbriate; marginal part very thin, towards base fleshy; petals 4, suborbicular; female flower with a broad conical ovary, topped by the ellipsoidorbicular warty stigma, one stamen present with a broad spoonlike anther and a thick filament. fruit globose (?), green, juicy, about 2 cm in diameter; stigma oval, warty, sessile, about 4 mm long; seeds flat. typus. —  versteegh  b.w.  910 (bo). distribution. — west new guinea, cycloop mts. a species easily recognizable by its leaves. in the specimen at hand only a single flowerbud was present. the fruit was flattened out completely during the process of drying. w e s t n e w g u i n e a . res. hollandia, cycloop mts. (ifar ormu), alt. 1050 m., nov., fl., fr.,  versteegh  b.w.  910 (bo, l). 1961 a.  j.  g.  h.  kostermans:  miscellaneous  botanical  notes  2 399 fig.  1.  —  heritiera  montatana  kosterm. 400 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol.>  5 pig.  2.  —  heritiera  khidii  kosterm. 3 961)1 a.  j.  g.  h.  kostermans:  miscellaneous  botanical  notes  2 pig.  3.  —  heritiera  spec.  —  after humid  f.n.  6377  (bo). 4,  heritiera  percoriacea kosterm. 402 reinwardtia [vol. 5 pig.  5.  — heritiera  solomonensis  kosterm., leaf  and  (enlarged)  stipules. 196ft] a.  j.  g.  h.  kostermans:  miscellaneous  botanical  notes  2 403 fig. 6. — beilschmiedia wallichiana (g. don)  kosterm. — after ken13820 (bangkok) a  and  b  respect,  outer  and  inner  anther;  c.  ovary;  d.  staminode. a.  j.  g.  ii.  kostermans:  miscellaneous  botavical  notes  2 pig.  8.  —  beilschiniedia  lanatella  kosterm. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol.  5 fig. 9. — beilschmiedia  aborensis  kosterm. 1960] a.  j.  g.  h.  kostermans:  miscellaneous  botanical  notes  2 407 \ r fig.  10.  — beilschmiedia  inaequalis  (a.  c.  smith)  kosterm.  —  after kruhoff  4770  (bo). 408 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol.  5 pig.  11. — persea  pomifera  kosterm. 196»] a.  j.  g.  h.  kostermans :  miscellaneous  botanical  notes 409 fig.  12.  —  ocotea  scandens  kosterm. 410 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fig.  13.  —  actinodaphne  auricolor  kosterm. 190(1] a. j. g. h. kostermans:  miscellaneous botanical notes 2 •ill '  *  u fig.  14.  —  garcinia  graminea  kosterm. img563_page_01 img563_page_02 img563_page_03 img563_page_04 img563_page_05 img563_page_06 img563_page_07 img563_page_08 img563_page_09 img563_page_10 img563_page_11 img563_page_12 img563_page_13 img563_page_14 img563_page_15 img563_page_16 img563_page_17 img563_page_18 img563_page_19 img563_page_20 img563_page_21 img563_page_22 img563_page_23 img563_page_24 img563_page_25 img563_page_26 img563_page_27 img563_page_28 img563_page_29 img563_page_31 img563_page_32 img563_page_33 img563_page_34 img563_page_35 img563_page_36 img563_page_37 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2, part 3, pp. 385-402 (1954) malaysian lichens—iv* p. groenhart'* summary 1. the first part deals with and illustrates 4 species of which one, from java, is described as new. 2. in the second part 26 new species from java are described. r a r e indonesian lichens 1. gymnoderma coccocarpum nylander—fig. 1 gymnoderma coccocarpum nyl., synops. 2: 26. i860. thallus composed of irregularly palmately incised, small, foliaceous scales of about 10 mm length and 12 mm breadth; laciniae about 1 to 2 mm wide with rough margins; scales imbricate, more or less ascending at the tips and loosely attached to the substratum by means of a loose tissue of hyphae, within which more or less distinct strings can be distinguished; this tissue produced by the medulla of the basal part of the scales; upper side of the scales bright green when fresh, becoming more or less olivaceous when dry, the surface dull and somewhat scrobiculate; lower side, formed by the medulla and the above mentioned tissue, white and towards the tips with fine nerves. cortex of the upper side chondroid, 25—30 µ. thick, colourless, composed of thick-walled, branched and connected hyphae running mainly perpendicularly to the surface; gonidia bright green, globose, 1-celled, 9—12 µ. in diameter, forming a continuous layer beneath the cortex; medulla composed of loose hyphae, mainly running parallel to the surface. apothecia biatorine, subglobose to lentiform, 0.3—0.8 mm in diameter, marginal, on the very brim of the thallus or attached to the tips of small thalline laciniae; apothecia often abnormal, forming clusters of small, more or less globose apothecia of 0.2—0.3 mm in diameter; hymenium colourless, 60 µ. thick, hyaline, dark blue with j; epithecium colourless; excipulum composed of densely intricate hyphae, running perpendicularly to the surface in the marginal zone, pale ferrugineous coloured especially under the hymenium and in the centre; asci 8-spored, cylindrical, with thin walls; spores colourless, oblong-ellipsoidal, straight, simple, 3—4 x 12—25 µ; paraphyses rather thick, simple and conglutinated. this description answers very well to that of nylander. i found my specimen in the rain forest above tjibodas at an altitude of about 1575 m •for parts i-iii, see in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. ill 17: 198-203. 1941; in reinwardtia 1: 33-39. i960; 197-198. 1951. *"* lichenologist, herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia, 3 8 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 above see level, growing over mosses on the trunk of a tree in company with leprocaulon arbuscula (nyl.) nyl. these are quite the same circumstances under which the original specimen must have been growing. the species seems to be very rare. after the specimens from the collection hooker fil. & thomson (nos. 2101 and 2124) no other specimens have been mentioned in literature as far as i know. it was also found by kjellberg (no. 58 = bo 1619) on celebes about 2500 m above sea level on mount pokapindjang in june 1929 (det. by sandstede, 1933), so that my specimen (groenhart 8813 = bo 7834) may be the third find within a century,' though leprocaulon is rather common in the forest above tjibodas, i failed to detect another specimen of gymnoderma. the genus has been referred to the cladoniaceae by zahlbruckner, which is probably based on reinke's "abhandlungen iiber flechten" (in jb. wiss. bot. 28:109.1895.) this author considers the genus gymnoderma to be an "auszweigung des phylogenetischen stammbaumes in gleicher hohe" of sphyridium (baeomyces). i cannot share this view. in the cladoniaceae a crustaceous or squamulose primary thallus is distinguished from a cylindrical secundary thallus, the podetia, to which the apothecia are attached. these podetia are always more or less cylindrical, solid or hollow. reinke gives no anatomical particulars about the podetia and writes only: "die friichte stehen auf dem rande des thallus, sind kurz gestielt und haufig zerteilt bis zur bildung traubenformiger agglomerate." zahlbruckner's diagnosis (in naturl. pflfam. 1. abt. 1*: 142. 1907; 2. aufl., 8: 208, 1926) runs: "podezien kurz, randstandig. apothezien an den spitzen derselben, traubig gehauft, fast kugelig"; this is in accordance with reinke's statement. these podetia of the apothecia of gymnoderma have nothing to do with real podetia, they are mere elongations of the margin of the thallus and composed in the same way as the thallus, namely: an upper cortex, a gonidial layer and a medulla, without any trace of a radial development. moreover the apothecia are often directly attached to the very brim of the thallus. as the podetium, which is the main characteristic of the cladoniaceae, is lacking, we cannot refer the genus gymnopoda to that family. nylander also did not think of a relation to the cladoniaceae. neither in his diagnosis of the genus nor in that of the species he uses the word podetium. in the. former we find only, "apothecia marginalia," and in the latter, 1 when this paper was in preparation, mrs. p. g. h. allen, kuala lumpur, kindly sent to me a specimen (no. 1209 = bo 7949) collected near pine tree hill, frasers hill, pahang, ca. 4,000 feet, on forest floor, probably fallen from forest tree, locally common in tall primitive rain forest. 1954] groenhart: malaysian lichens—iv figs. 1-4..— fig. 1, gymnoderma coccocarpum nyl.; 1, thallus, 2 x ; la, apothecia, 5 x. — fig. 2, thysanothecium easuarimtm groenh.; 2, thallus, 2 x; 2a, section through podetium, 30 x ; 2b, podetia, 6 x. — fig. 3, siphula dickotonia vain., nat. size. — fig. 4, siphvla ceratitis (wahl.) fr. var. simplex (tayl.) mtill.-agr.; 4, thallus, 2 x ; 4a, podetia, 2 x. 3 8 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 "apothecia . . ., podicello brevi, tenui thallino portata, saepius agglomerato-aggregata."2 this is in accordance with my own observations. nylander placed the genus in the neighbourhood of psoroma and erioderma from which gymnoderma differs in its primitive cortex and other characteristics. it is most closely related to phyllopsora of which it only differs in the marginal apothecia and the much larger thalline scales. the drawing is made after a piece of my specimen no. 8813, collected november 20, 1952 (bo 7834). 2. thysanothecium casuarinarum groenhart, spec. nov.—fig. 2 thallus primarius epiphloeodes, squamulosus, imbricatus, adscendens; squamulae usque 2 mm longae, incisae vel crenatae, ad marginem albidosorediatae, supra iaevigatae, olivaceae, opacae, subtus albae, iaidiis destitutae. cortex superior 30—50 µ crassus, hyalinus, decolor, ex hyphis pachydermatieis, conglutinatis, superficio parallelis, formatus, in parte inferiore hinc inde cavis dispersis; gonidia globosa, viridia, stratum subcontinuum formantia; medulla ex hyphis intricatis, sat pachydermaticis, 3—5 µ. crassis formata, decolor. podetia 1,5—5 mm longa, ca. 1 mm crassa, longitudinaliter striata vel sulcata, cylindrica vel applanata, ad apicem dilatata, subnitida, fulva, inter rugas pseudocyphellis, striiformibus, albidis, nuda, vel basin versus granulis vel lobulis praedita. cortex podetiarum 25—30 µ crassus, in parte exteriore subflavicans, in parte interiore decolor, ex hyphis pachydermaticis, fasciculato-conglutinatis, superficio parallelibus, formatus. gonidia agglomerata, sub cortice et hypothecio stratum incontinuum formantia. medulla stuppea. apothecia ad apices podetiarum affixa, in juventute orbicularia, disco concavo margineque integro, elevato, demum obliqua, orbicularia, elliptica vel irregularia, integra vel incisa, 1—3 mm lata, disco carneo, opaco, subtiliter pruinoso, piano vel convexo et margine tenui, indistincto; hymenium decolor, 20—30 µ. altum, j. coerulescens; epithecium decolor, strato plus minusve granuloso, amorpho obductum, hypothecium laete flavidum, ex hyphis intricatis, formatum; asci 8-spori, clavati; sporae simplices, 2,5 x 7,5—8 µ, decolores, ellipsoideae; paraphyses simplices, arete cohaerentes, ad apicem non incrassatae. typus.—groenhart 5414. java. idjen plateau, trail from kawah idjen to the trifurcation k. idjen-litjensempol, ca. 1860 m, june 9, 1932, groenhart 107, 108, 783; mt. kawi, mt. butak, ca. 2600 m, july 21-22, 1937, groenhart 5ili; mt. ardjuno, near the camp of the sulphur porters above lalidjiwo, 2500m, march 28, groenhart 51,11-51,13, 7385-7389; mt. ardjuno, above tretes, ca. 1800 m, oct. 14, 1938, groenhart 51,10; mt. ardjuno, mt. slamet, ca. 2000 m, oct. 18, 1938, groenhart 1,196, 7391, 73s2. all specimens were collected on trunks of tjemara (casuarina spec), which were damaged by fire and of which the bark was more or less 2 italics are mine. 1954] groenhart: malaysian lichens—iv 389 charred. i could never find the species on other substrata neither in east nor in west java. thysanothecium hyalinum (tayl.) nyl. is characterized by its hyaline podetia and granular, somewhat yellowish thallus; th. indicum harm, has an ash-coloured, granular and somewhat cottonny thallus, while the podetia bear small soredia; th. hookeri berk. & mont, has a granular, effuse thallus, the podetia are much longer and the apothecia are often deeply incised and lobate. all three species are terrestrial. thysanothecium casuarinarum has a persistent, squamulose primary thallus, which may depauperate into a more or less granulose mass. the new species is probably most closely related to th. hookeri. 3. siphula ceeatites (wahlenberg) fries var. simplex (taylor) muller-argov.—fig. 4 the only known specimens of this species found in indonesia were collected by dr. c. g. g. j. van steenis no. 10145 = bo 1885, feb. 4, 1937, on mount leuser (n. w. sumatra, gajo luens) at 3250 m above sea level. according to nylander it should also occur in the himalaya mountains (j. d. hooker 2122) at an altitude of 15,000 feet. the podetia, growing in dense tufts, are 1—2 cm high and about 1 mm thick, simple or furcate, pale grayish white or pale brownish beneath and white at the tips, which are bluntly rounded. as the podetia are rather i brittle in a dry state, they are easily broken off. the flat top of such podetia resembles an apothecium with a concave, somewhat flesh-coloured disc and a thin, entire margin, not unlike the apothecia of thtjsanothecium. in sections, however, nothing can be found that suggests an apothecial structure (cf. muller-argov. in flora 71: 130. 1888 and taylor in lond. j. of bot. 6: 185. 1847). at the sides of some podetia i found outgrowths resembling fleshcoloured, botryose cephalodia. sections of these outgrowths showed the same structure as that of the podetia, but the medullary hyphae were less regularly arranged. the anatomical structure of the podetia is in accordance with nylander's description (synops. 1: 262. 1860). the cortex is about 45 µ thick, composed of rounded, thin-walled, 4—5 µ. wide cells; the gonidia are globose, 7.5—9 µ in diameter, forming a layer of about 75—90 n thick. but they are not "intense viride." probably the material has been treated with alcohol, by which the algae were damaged and the protoplasts shrivelled. with the help of koh they become yellowish and can be 3 9 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 distinguished from the hyphae. the central axis is solid, composed of thin-walled hyphae. most of the podetia are sprouting from older ones, which are covered with soil; others seem to have a broken off base and are not connected with other podetia. some of these podetia, but not all of them, send branched, rather thick rhizinae into the soil. with k the podetia become brownish, with j the cortex becomes violet-brown (sub microscopic/). 4. siphula dichotoma vainio—fig. 3 . thallus caespitose, decumbent to ascendent, up to 2.5 cm high, 5 mm wide, compressed, brittle, palmately or dichotomously divided into sublinear, 0.2—0.8mm broad laciniae with blunt tips; upper side white, smooth, without soredia or isidia; lower side white, warty, the warts depressed and often arranged into longitudinal rows. cortex pseudoparenchymatic, with round to angular, rather thin-walled cells, colourless, hyaline; the upper cortex 30—40 µ thick, the lower one 20—30 µ thick; gonidia pale yellowish green, globose, 7.5—9 µ. in diameter, laying in scattered groups beneath the upper cortex; medulla colourless, composed of branched, loosely interwoven, rather thin-walled hyphae, running mainly parallel to the axis, intensely yellow with k. this species has been rapported by vainio from sarawak, borneo. [in ann. acad. sci. fenn. a 19 (15): 28. 1923], growing over mosses on rock. i found it in east java on the idjen plateau at about 1860 m above sea level, amongst mosses on the trunk of a species of casuarina, alongside the trail from the trifurcation kawah idjen-litjen-sempol to the kawah idjen, june 8, 1932 (grh. 103) and on mount gede, west java, near lebak saat at about 2175 m above sea level, on rotten bark oi' a fallen tree, march 19, 1952 (grh. 8498 = bo 7480). new lichens from java 1. staurothele (willeya) australis groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epilithicus, uniformis, crustaceus, areolato-diffractus, fissuris hiascentibus, sordide viridis (in herbario isabellinus), subnitidus, laevigatus, sat crassus, sorediis et isidiis destitutus, in margine zona laetiore, linea hypothallina non cinctus, k —, ca —, kca —; zona corticalis 15 µ crassa, decolor; zona gonidialis 50—65 µ crassa, gonidiis globosis, viridibus, 6 n latis; zona medullaris et hypothallina brunnea 200—250 µcrassa. perithecia immersa, numerosa; ostiolum nigrum vel brunneum thallum leviter superans, 0,2 mm latum, poro tenuissimo; excipulum urnaeforme, ferrugineum, circa 320 n altum, 280 µlatum; nucleus globosus vel subpyriformis, albidus, impurus, guttulas oleosas continens, j — ; periphyses septatae, usque 25 µ. longae, 1,5 µ crassae; sporae decolores, ovoideae vel ellipsoideae, 11,2—12,8 x 19—25,6 µ; gonidia hymenialia numerosa, laete 1954] groenhart: malaysian uchene—iv 891 viridia, bacilliformia, recta vel leviter curvata, apicibus rotundatis, 5— 10 it longa, 1,5—2 n iata. typus.—groenhart 94. east java. malang, falls of the brantas riveinear sengguruh, ea. 200 m, oct. 16, 1936, groenhart 9i. i have not seen asci and paraphyses, which probably dissolve. 2. microglaena javanica groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epiphloeodes, crustaceus, uniformis, tenuis, effusus, substratum arete obducens, 0,05 mm crassus laevigatus vel minutissime rugulosus granulosusque, subnitidus laete melleus, sorediis et isidiis destitutus, linea obscuriore pro parte limitatus, k —, ca —, kca —, ecorticatus; gonidia globosa, laete virida, 5—10 µ iata. perithecia in verruculis thallinis, numerosis, 0,5 mm latis, subgloboais, ad basin bene constrictis dispersis vel 2—3 confluentibus, thallo concoloribus vel obscurioribus, innata; excipulum integrum globosum, decolor; basis et ostiolum interdum obscuratum; paries pseudoparenchymaticus, 30—35 µ crassus, cellulis minutissimis; nucleus globosus, decolor, hyalinus, impurus, j — ; asci 4—6-spori, ellipsoidei, circa 150—160 µ. alti, 40—45 µ crassi, superne rotundati, membrana tenui superne bene incrassata, cincti; sporae in ascis biseriales, decolores, fusiformes, murali-divisae, membrana tenui cinetae, 16—20 x 50—64 µ cellulis numerosis angulatis; paraphyses filiformes, ad basin ramosae, ceterum simplices. typus.—groenhart 1602. east java. malang, in the garden of the agricultural school, 450 m, 1936-40, on trunks of erythrina lithosperma miq. and ceiba penlandra gaertn., groenhart 1318, 1602, 4602, 1,895, 4995, 5074, 5089, 56s8, 5s89, 5690, 5691, 56,12, 5769, 5110, 5773, 6432, 6s1o, 7278, 7279, 7280; mt. andjasmoro, pengadjaran estate, 750 m, july 27, 1938, on erythrina litkosperma miq., groenhart 6811. 3. microglaena marginata groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epilithicus, crustaceus, uniformis, tenuis, 1—1,5 cm latus, substratum arete obducens, 0,1—0,2 mm crassus avellaneus, in margine plus minusve albidus, minutissime areolatus vel granulatus, opacus, sorediis et isidiis nullis, linea hypothallina non limitatus, k—, ca—, kca —; gonidia globosa, laete viridia. perithecia globosa, sessiila, sat numerosa, dispersa, 0,2 mm iata, nuda, ad basin constricta et a thallo plus minusve obducta, poro terminali tenuissimo pertusa, brunnea vel nigrobrunea, epruinosa, opaca; excipulum integrum, in parte inferiore decolor, in parte superiore ochraceum vel obscuratum; nucleus globosus, decolor, purus, j — ; asci 8-spori, ellipsoidei, circa 150 µ longi, 33 µ. crassi, superne rotundati, membrana tenui, superne incrassata, cincti; sporae in ascis uni-vel biseriales, laete citrinae, ellipsoideae vel ovoideae utrinque bene rotundatae, murali-divisae, membrana tenui cinetae, 12—15 x 39—45 µ, cellulis numerosis, angulatis vel subglobosis; paraphyses filiformes, ad basin ramosae, ceterum simplices. typus.—groenhart 7134. ss2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 east java. near lawang, along the trail from desa tjowek to sempu, oa. 450 m, jan. 15, 1939, on piece of volcanic rock, groenhart 7js4. 4. porina (segestria) isidiosa groenhart, spec. nov. thalhis epiphloeodes, crustaceus, sat expansus, uniformis, sat crassus, olivaceo-viridis, continuus vel diffractus, bullato-inaequalis, totaliter denseque isidiis minutissimis obsitus, hinc inde albo-marginatus et albomaculatus, linea hypothallina, tenui, nigra cinctus, intus albus, subtus (in bullis) nigrescens; k brunnescens, ca —, kca —. gonidia subglobosa vel oblonga, 9—12 µ. longa, 5—8 µ lata, pro parte concatenata, guttulas oleosas aurantiacas continentia, ad trentepohliam pertinentia. perithecia sessilia, dispersa, ad apicem nigra, ceterum thallo vestita, 0,6—0,8 mm lata, poro tenuissimo, terminali pertusa, ad basin constricta vel dilatata; excipulum integrum, globosum, diametro circa 350 µ, decolor vel laete ferrugineum, ad apicem nigro-fuscum; paries excipuli egaliter 30 µcrassus; nucleus decolor, globosus, hyalinus, j flavescens; asci 8-spori, fusiformes, circa 120 µ alti, 20 µ lati, membrana tenui cincti; sporae univel biseriales, fusiformes, decolores, 7—9-septatae, 6—9 x 27—30 µ loculis cubicis, fere aequalibus; paraphyses filiformes, simplices, persistentes. typus.—groenhart 8889. west java. bogor, 275 m, feb. 5, 1953, on the trunk of spondias spec, groenhart ssss — bo 7980. the species is characterized by the small isidia densely covering the thallus and the perithecial warts; the bullae of the thallus are brittle, which is caused by the mass of crystals within the medulla. 5. opegrapha (enopegrapha) aggregata groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epiphloeodes, tenuis, uniformis, continuus vel diffractus, sat expansus, albidus vel flavo-viridis, opacus, laevigatus, soridiis et isidiis destitutus, linea hypothallina, brunnea pro parte cinctus; medulla alba; gonidia flavo-viridia, cellulis concatenatis, 12—15 µ. longis, 9—10 µ latis, guttulas oleosas includentibus, ad trentepohliam pertinentia. apothecfia numerosa, sessilia, solitaria vel varie aggregata, recta vel eurvata, simplicia aut furcata, 0,8—2 mm longa, 0,2—0,3 mm lata, ad basin abrupta, nuda, apicibus rotundatis vel plus minusve attenuatis; discus planus vel leviter convexus, opacus, niger, nudus vel leviter flavo-viridi-pruinosus, margo tenuis, integer, niger; excipulum integrum; labia erecta vel divergentia, integra, tenuia; hypothecium 60—70 n crassum; hymenium 65 µ altum, hyalinum, impurum, laete citrino-sulphureum, j — ; asci 8spori, clavati, membrana tenui ad apicem incrassata, cincti; sporae biseriales, decolores, oblongo-ellipsoideae vel subdactyliformes, membrana tenui cinctae, 3-septatae, ad apices rotundatae, 12 —16 x 3—4 µ, cellulis cubicis; paraphyses simplices, filiformes, ad apicem non incrassatae. typus.—groenhart 8849. west java. mt. gede, tjibodas, 1450 m, nov. 21, 1952, on trunk of cupresms spec, groenhart 8849 = bo 7870. 1964] groenhart: malaysian lichens—iv 803 6. graphis (eugrapkis) psidii groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epiphloeodes, crustaceus, uniformis, continuus, tenuis, albidus, laevigatus, opacus, sorediis et isidiis destitutus, effusus aut lineam griseam tenuem contra lichenes alios formans, k — vel leviter flavescens, ca—, kca—; medulla alba; gonidia ad trentepohliam pertinentia. apothecia sessilia, simplicia, recta vel curvata, 0,4—2,5 mm longa 0,3—0,4 mm lata, nuda, nigra, ad basin thallo leviter obtecta, nitida, apicibus rotundatis; discus rimiformis; excipulum dimidiatum, nigrum; labia erecta, integra, apicibus incurvis, conniventibus, ad basin extrorsum dilatata, sub hymenio plus minusve evanescentia; hymenium usque 130 µ altum, decolor, hyalinum, purum, j flavescens; asci 8-spori, oblongo-ellipsoidei, membrana tenui ad apicem incrassata, cincti; sporae bivel triseriales, decolores, oblongo-fusiformes, 15—19-septatae, ad apices attenuatae rotundatae, 10,5—13,5 x 65—75 µ, j violascentes, cellulis lentiformibus; paraphyses filiformes, simplices, ad apicem non incrassatae. typus.—groenhart 8744. west java. mt. gede, tjibodas, 1450 m, sept. 24, 1952, on branchlets of psidium cattleyanum sab., groenhart 8744 = bo 7743. 7. phaeographis (chiographa) ramulicola groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epiphloeodes, crustaceus, uniformis, continuus, cremeo-albidus, saepe laete fulvo-punctatus, laevigatus, subnitidus, sorediis et isidiis distitutus, contra lichenes alios lineam hypothalinam, atram, formans, k rubescens, ca—, kca —; medulla alba; gonidia ad trentepohliam pertinentia. apothecia semiimmersa, sat crebra, simplices, recta, curvata vel flexuosa, 0,4—1,3 mm longa, 0,3 mm lata, apicibus rotundatis aut attenuatis; discus planus, niger, nudus aut griseo-pruinosus; margo tenuis, integer, niger, discum superans, thallo vestitus; excipulum integrum, fuligineum, tenue; labia erecta vel divergentia, integra; hymenium 140— 145(i altum, decolor, hyalinum, guttulis oleosis inspersum, j flavescens; epithecium fuligineum; asci 8-spori, oblongo-ellipsoidei, membrana tenui ad apicem incrassata, cinti; sporae bivel triseriales, fumosae, oblongae, rectae, 9—11-septatae, ad apices rotundatae, 7,5—9 x 3 0 — 4 µ ; sporae juveniles j violescentes; paraphyses simplices, filiformes, ad apicem non incrassatae. typus.—groenhart 8485. west java. mt. gede, tjibodas, 1450 m, march 18, 1952, on branchlets of calliandra brevipes bth., groenhart 8485 = bo 7470. 8. lecanactis (eulectinactis) albida groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epiphloeodes, crustaceus, uniformis, tenuis, continuus, albus, opacus, sat laevigatus, plus minusve farinaceus, sorediis et isidiis destitutus, linea nigra, tenui, cinctus; gonidia laete flavo-viridia, cellulis subglobosis vel elongatis, 9—15µ longis crassisque, ad trentepohliam pertinentia. apothecia sessilia vel substipitata, orbicularia, sat numerosa, dispersa, biatorina, subolivaceo-nigra, 0,3—0,5 mm lata, ad basin bene constricta; 3 9 4 r e i n w a h d t i a [vol. 2 discus convexus, nudus, opacus; margo indistinctus; epithecium fuligineura; hymenium 70 n altum, decolor,j —, guttulis oleosis inspersum; hypothecium (stratum subhymeniale) decolor vel laete ferrugineum ex hyphis intricatis formatum; excipulum nigro-fuligineum, ex hyphis intricati3 formatum; parathecium tenuissimum; asci 8-spori, clavati, membrana tenui ad apicem non incrassata, cincti; sporae in ascis fasticuiatae, decolores, oblongo-fusiformes, apicibus attenuatis, leviter curvatae vel sigmoideae, 7—9-septatae, 4,5—6 x 37—45µ., cellulis cubicis, aequilongis; paraphyses, laxe cohaerentes, ad apicem non incrassatae. typus.—groenhart 8698. west java. mt. gede, tjibodas, 1450 m, sept. 24, 1952, on branch of cinnamoman camphora kees & eberm., groenhart 8698 = bo 7696. 9. diploschistes centrifugus groenhart, spec. nov. thalhis epilithicus, crustaceus, sat tenuis, uniformis, continuus, verruculoso-inaequalis, in centro diffractus, emoriens evanescensque, ad marginem plus minusve areolato-dispersus vel continuus, flavido-cremeus, opacus vel leviter nitidulus, zona albida einctus, isidiis et sorediis destitutus, k havens, ca et kca rubescens; superne strato corticali, 20—30 µ crasso, decolcre, ex hyphis dense intricatis formato, tectus; gonidia globosa, viridia, 7,5—15 µ. lata in strato 30 µ. crasso conglomerata; medulla alba. apothecia subimmersa, 0,5—1,2 mm lata, dispersa vel approximata, rotunda aut plus minusve irregularia, basin versus leviter conatricta vel abrupta; margo thallinus thallo concolor, bene prominulus, integer vel plus minusve verruculosus; margo proprius, tenuis, fisso a margine thallino plus minusve separatus; discus concavus vel planus, niger, leviter caesio-pruinosus; epithecium flavo-brunneum; hymenium 100—105 µ altum, decolor, purum, j — ; hypothecium 25—30µ. crassum, decolor vel plus minusve laete fulvescento-striatum, ex hyphis horizontalibus, conglutinatisque formatum, in parathecium laterale badium, strato ex hyphis pachydermaticis, verticalibus, conglutinatis tectum, vergens; asci 8-spori, cylindrici, hymenio aequilongi; sporae biseriales (depauperatae uniseriales), ellipsoideae, murali-divisae, murinae, septis transversalibus 4—5, verticalibus 1, membrana tenui cinctae, 10,5—13,5 x 25—30µ.; paraphyses simpliees, filiformes, ad apicem leviter clavatae, bene cohaerentes. typus.—groenhart 8570. west java. mt. gede, tjibodas, 1450 m, sept. 10, 1952, on volcanic rock, groenhart 8570 = bo 7567. 10. ionaspis (euionaspis) badia groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epilithicus crustaceus, uniformis, continuus vel dispersus, sat tenuis, griseo-albidus, diffractus, sat laevigatus, opacus, sorediis et isidiis destitutus, linea hypothallina non einctus, k flavescens, ca —, kca rubescens, intus albus; gonidia viridia, cellulis elongatis angulosisque, pro parte concatenatis, 7,5—12 µ longis, 6—10 µ. latis, ad trentepohliam pertinentia. apothecia sessilia, orbicularia, dispersa, sat numorosa, 0,3—0,4 mm lata; discus badius, planus, nudus aut plus minusve albo-pruinosus; margo 1954] groenhart: malaysian lichens—iv 395 primum supra discum productus, laceratus, demum integer, tenuis, discum leviter superans, thallo concolor; epithecium decolor vel laete coloratum; hymenium 110—120 µ altum, decolor vel laete citrinum, hyalinum, irapurum, j flavescens; hypothecium in centro 30—35µ. crassum, laete citrinum; excipulum egaliter 16µ crassum, badium, extus thallo vestitum; asci clavati, 8-spori, membrana tenui cincti; sporae biseriales, decolores, ovoideo-ellipsoideae, simplices, membrana tenui cinctae, 10—12 x 20—22 µ; paraphyses filiformes, simplices, ad apicem non incrassatae. typus.—groenhart 3634. east java. lawang, mt. wedon, ca. 500 m, dec. 12, 1937, on volcanic rock, . groeukart 863b. 11. gyalecta (eugyalecta) recedens groenhart, spec.nov. thallus epilithicus, crustaceus, uniformis, tenuis, continuus vel inter fragmenta substrati dispersus, albus vel testaceo-albidus, opacus, sorediis et isidiis destitutus, in margine linea obscuriore non limitatus, substratum arete obducens, ecorticatus, k—, ca—, kca —; gonidia subglobosa, laete viridia, 7—9 µ lata 8—12 µ. longa, pro parte concatenata, ad trentepohliam pertinentia. apothecia sessilia, dispersa, orbicularia, basin versus constricta, 0,4—0,5 mm lata; discus primum concavus, demum planus, nudus vel minutissime albo-pruinosus, laete fulvus vel prasinus, opacus; margo integer, tenuis, prominulus, demum inconspicuus, albus; excipulum decolor ex hyphis tenuibus et dense conglutinatis formatum, gonidia includens; epithecium decolor; hymenium 100—110 µ. altum, decolor, purum, j asci et sporae flavescentes; hypothecium decolor ex hyphis dense intricatis marginem versus radiantibus, formatum; asci 8-spori, ellipsoideo-clavati, circa 100µ. alti, membrana tenui ad apicem incrassata, cincti; sporae in ascis irregulariter dispositae, decolores, ellipsoideae-oblongae, utrinque rotundatae vel uno apice angustatae, rectae, murali-divisae, septis transversalibus 4—6, verticalibus 1,8—9 x 25—27µ.; paraphyses filiformes, simplices, eseptatae, ad apicem non incrassatae, liberae. typus.—groenhart west java. mt. gede, tjibodas, 1450 m, j a n . 21, 1953, on piece of rock in the borders near the emplacement, groenhart s8ss = bo 7d2s. 12. gyalecta (eugyalecta) misera groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epilithicus, tenuis, uniformis, albidus, opacus, continuus vel fissuris plus minusve hiantibus diffractus, isidiis et sorediis non praeditus; linea obscuriore non cinctus, k—, ca—, kca —; gonidia viridia, cellulis elongatis, concatenatis, 6—8 µ. iongis, 4—6 µlatis, ad trentepohliam pertinentia. apothecia immersa, dispersa, orbicularia vel irregularia, 0,25—0,5 mm lata, demum margine tenui, integro, discum superante, thallo concolore, circumdata; discus planus, epruinosus vel leviter albidopruinosus, testaceus; epithecium flavido-ferrugineum vel fusco-nigrum; hymenium 75 µ altum, decolor, purum, j—; hypothecium decolor ex hyphis intricatis formatum; asci 8-spori, ellipsoideo-clavati, membrana tenui ad apicem beneincrassata rotundataque, cincti; sporae biseriales, decolores, 3 9 6 b e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 ellipsoideae, murali-divisae, septis transversalibus 3—5 verticalibus 1, membrana tenui, 9—12 x 16—21 ,u; paraphyses simplices, filiformes, bene cohaerentes. typus.—groenhart 8747. west java. mt. gede, tjibodas, 1450 m, sept. 25, 1952, on volcanic rock, groenhart 3767 — bo 7746. 13. heppia (pannariella) pulchra groenhart, spec. nov. thallus in terra habitans, subsquamosus, ca. 2 cm latus, substrato arete adhaerens, radiatim vel irregulariter lobatus; lobi contigui vel subimbricati, plani, 0,6—1,2 mm lati, usque 3 mm longi, supra laevigati, opaci, coeruleo-virides (in herbario mellei), marginibus leviter adscendentibus, apicibus rotundatis, k —, ca —, kca —; thallus 250—3001µ crassus, supra et in media parte pseudoparenchymaticus, cellulis leptodermaticis, circa 15 µ latis; zona superior gonidiis destituta, decolor vel in parte exteriore laete ferruginea; zona media gonidia continens; gonidia scytonemea, subglobosa, 10—15 µ. lata, aeruginosa, in vagina gelatinosa sat tenui glomerata; zona inferior ex hyphis leptodermaticis, 3—4 n crassis, ferrugineis, intricatis et subtus liberis, formata. apothecia subimmersa, vel sessilia, orbicularia, dispersa, circa 1 mm lata; discus planus, castaneus, opacus, nudus; margo thallinus integer, discum leviter superans; epithecium ferrugineum; hymenium 120—130µ altum, decolor, hyalinum, purum, j flavescens; hypothecium decolor, ex hyphis intricatis formatum, j coerulescens; asci 8-spori, ellipsoidei vel clavati, membrana tenui, ad apicem non incrassata, cincti; sporae univel biseriales, ellipsoideae, simplices, decolores, membrana tenui cinctae, 6—7,5 x 14—16µ; paraphyses filiformes, simplices, ad apicem non incrassatae. typus.—groenhart 648. east java. s malang, near desa tawangredjeni near the bridge over the lesti river, ca. 350 m, july 2, 193s, groenhart 648, idem, july 9, 1939, groenhart 3i21. 14. heppia (peltula) scabra groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epilithicus, squamulosus; squamae primum rotundatae, demum irregulares, contiguae, discretae aut leviter imbricatae, 2—3 mm diametro, planae vel subconcavae, adpressae, supra olivaceae, nitidulae (in herbario aeruginosae, opacae), hinc inde supra et ad marginem subsoredioso-scabridae, intus albae, subtus sordide griseae vel carneae, sat laevigatae vel leviter verrucosae plicataeque, gompho subcentrali substrato affixae, saepe in cavernis parvis saxi sitae, k —, ca —, kca —. thallus pseudoparenchymaticus; zona superior decolor, cellulis leptodermaticis, 6—12µ. latis, gonidiis destituta, 15—30 µ crassa; zona media 60—100 [j. crassa, gonidiis scytonemeis, aeruginosis, subglobosis, ca. 10 n latis, in vagina gelatinosa sat tenui glomeratis, praedita; zona inferior 30—65 µ. crassa, gonidiis destituta, decolor vel laete flavida, cellulis minutis; gomphus ex hyphis parallelis, septatis, conglutinatis, formatus, flavidus vel laete violascens. apothecia, immersa, rotunda, 0,3—0,4 mm lata, dispersa; discus planus, opacus, laete brunneus, margine thallino, integro, tenui circumdatus; 1964] groenhabt: malaysian lichens—iv sot excipulum cupuliforme, pseudoparenchymaticum, cellufis elongatis minutis, in parathecio 16 µ et in hypothecio 50 p. crassum, decolor; epithecium flavum; hymenium 200µ crassum, decolor, hyalinum, purum, j—; asci multispori, clavati, membrana tenui, ad apicem non incrassata, cincti; sporae simplices, decolores, ellipsoideae, 2—2,5 x 3—4µ; paraphyses simplices, ad apicem incrassatae conglutinataeque. pycnidia globosa vel pyriformia; paries decolor; fulcra exobasidialia; pycnoconidia 1—1,5 µ lata, 2—3µ longa, recta vel leviter curvata, in centro leviter constricta. typus.—groenhart 84. east java. s malang, near the falls of the brantas river near sengguruh, ca. 250 m, oct. 16, 1936, on volcanic rock, groenhart 84 15. lecidea (eideeidea) pertusarioides groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epilithicus, crustaceus, sat crassus, uniformis, continuus, griseus, plicato-verrucosus, verrucis semiglobosis, depressis vel convexis, ad basin plus minusve constrictis, sorediis et isidiis destitutus, linea hypothallina non cinctua, k flavens, ca —, kca —; gonidia globosa, flavoviridia, 7,5—9 µ lata, protococcoidea. apothecia lecideina, dispersa, sessilia, orbicularia, 0.5—1 mm lata, ad basin constricta; discus niger, planus, nudus, leviter nitidus; margo disco coneolor, integer, tenuis, discum vix superans; epithecium laete fuligineum; hymenium 60µ altum, hyalinum, purum, decolor, j — (asci coerulescenti); hypothecium decolor, ex hyphis intricatis formatum; excipulum nigrum; asci 8-spori, clavati, membrana tenui ad apicem incrassata, cincti; sporae simplices, biaerialea, ellipsoideae, decolores, membrana tenui cinctae, 7,5—9 x 15—16,5 µ; paraphyses simplices, ad apicem non incrassatae. typus.—groenhart 8556. west java. mt. gcde, tjibodas, 1450 m, sept. 10, 1952, on volcanic rock, groenhart 8556 = bo 7553. the thallus resembles a species of pertusaria. 16. mycoblastus grisomagrinatus groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epiphloeodes, parvus, ca. 10 mm latus, crustaceus, uniformis, tenuissimus, continuus, sordide griseus, opacus, sublaevigatus, sorediis et isidiis destitutus, linea hypothallina non cinctus; gonidia globosa, laete viridia, 7—5 µ lata, protococcoidea. apothecia biatorina, sessilia, ad basin bene constricta, orbicularia, dispersa vel plus minusve aggregata, 0,5—0,8 mm lata; discus concavus vel planus, opacus, castaneus, nudus; margo integer, crassus, discum bene superans, thallo coneolor; epithecium laete ferrugineum vel decolor; hymenium 130 µ. altum hyalinum, purum, decolor, j coerulescens; hypothecium nigro-castaneum, ab excipulo non separatum; excipulum hymenium versus nigro-castaneum, in zona exteriore hyalinum, subdecolor ex hyphis intricatis subradiantibusque, formatum; asci 8-spori, clavati, membrana tenui ad apicem incrassata, cincti; sporae univel biseriales, ellipsoideae, simplices, decolores, membrana dupla, 3 µ crassa, cinctae, 15—18 x 24—30µ; paraphyses 3 9 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 simplices, filiformes, numerosissimae, ad apicem non incrassatae, arete cohaerentes. typus.—groenhart 8658. w e s t java. mt. gede, trail to tjibeureum, 1450 m, sept. 20, 1952, on branch, groenhart 8658 = bo 76s6. 17. megalospora flavidula groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epiphloeodes parvus, 12 mm latus, crustaceus, uniformis, tenuis, continuus, flavido-albus, sat laevigatus vel leviter inaequalis, sorediis et isidiis destitutus, linea nigra pro parte cinctus; gonidia globosa, flavo-viridia, 8—9 µ. lata, protococcoidea. apothecia lecideina, late sessilia, orbicularia, ad basin abrupta, dispersa, 0,7—1,2 mm lata; discus planus, niger, opacus, epruinosus; margo tenuis, integer, disco aequans, sat distinctus; epithecium nigrum vel nigro-f errugineum; hymenium 160 µ altum, hyalinum, griseum, guttulis oleosis inspersum, j coerulescens; hypothecium decolor, ex hyphis dense intricatis formatum, subchondroideum; excipulum sordide inspersum ex hyphis intricatis, in margine radiantibus, formatum, ad basin zona hyalina pura, subchondroidea, eeliulis minutissimis, in margine plus minusve nigratum; asci monospori, cllipsoidei; sporae decolores, oblonge-ellipsoideae, rectae, 1-septatae, ad septum non constrictae, apicibus bene rotundatis, 25,5—37,5 x 97—120 µ; paraphyses simplices, filiformes, ad apicem non incrassatae, numerosissimae, arete cohaerentes, in k facile liberae. typus.—groenhart 8746. west java. mt. gede, tjibodas, 1450 m., sept. 24, 1952, on branchlet of paklium cattleyanuvi sab., groenhart 8746~ bo 7745. 18. bacidia (weitenwebera) modesta groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epilithicus, crustaceus, uniformis, continuus, laevigatus vel minutissime granulatus, laete isabellinus, sorediis et isidiis destitutus, linea hypothallina non cinctus, k—, ca—, kc —; gonidia globosa vel subglobosa, viridia, protococcoidea. apothecia biatorina, sessilia, dispersa, basin versus constricta, 0,1—0,2 mm lata; discus planus, nudus, flavoochraceus; margo tenuis, integer, nigricans, discum non, vel leviter superans; excipulum decolor, in zona exteriore obscuratum, ex hyphis dense intricatis, conglutinatisque, cellulis minutis, in zona exteriore radiantibus, formatum; epithecium decolor vel laete isabellinum; hymenium 65—75µ altum, decolor, purum, j flavens; asci 8-spori, clavati, membrana tenui ad apicem bene incrassata rotundataque, cincti; sporae biseriales, decolores, membrana tenui, 3-septatae, oblongae, utrinque bene rotundatae, 6—7,5 x 15—21 µ; paraphyses simplices, liberae, ad apicem non incrassatae. typus.—groenhart 8575. w e s t java. mt. gede, tjibodas, 1450 m, sept. 10, 1952, on volcanic rock, groenhart 8575b = bo 7573. 1964] groenhart: malaysian lichens—iv s99 the specimen is not a good one and leas fit for a type specimen. it is partially covered with colonies of cyanophyceae and mixed with a lead-grey sterile thallus. the small apothecia are scattered and rather inconspicuous. 19. bacidia (weitemvebera) elegantula groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epiphloeodes, parvus, 25 mm latus, crustaceus, uniformis, continuus, griseus, tenuis, isidioso-verruculosus, sorediis destitutus, linea hypothallina non cinctus, k bene flavescens, ca,—, kca—; medulla alba; gonidia globosa, flavo-viridia, 7—10µ lata. apothecia sessilia, orbicularia, dispersa, 0,3—0,5 mm lata ad basin constricta; discus niger, opacus, nudus, leviter convexus; margo albus vel griseus, tenuis, integer, persistens vel plus minusve exclusus; epithecium decolor vel nigratum; hymenium 85—95µ altum, hyalinum, pro parte nigratum, j coerulescens; hypothecium nigro-fuligineum; excipulum decolor, ex hyphis intricatis radiantibusque, cellulis minutissimis, formatum; asci 8-spori, clavati, membrana tenui ad apicem incrassata, cincti; sporae biseriales, decolores, oblongae, utrinque rotundatae, ad unum apicem angustata; rectae vel subrectae, 3-septatae, 4—4,5 x 18—15 µ, vel 5-septate, c x 21—25µ; paraphyses simplices, gelatinam hyalinam percurrentes, ad apicem non incrassatae, filiformes. typus.—groenhart 8531. west java. mt. gedc, tjibodas, 1450 m, march 24, 1352, on branches of psidium cattleyanum sab., grocnhurt s531 = bo 7522. 20. bacidia (weitemvebera) aspera groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epilithicus, sat crassus, uniformis, albus, opacus, verrueulosoinaequalis, irregulariter et minutissime diffractus, granulis subsorediosis hinc inde obsitus, soralits et isidiis destitutus, k — vel flavescens, ca —, kca —; medulla alba; gonidia globosa, viridia, 8—10µ lata protococcoidea. apothecia sessilia, biatorina, dispersa, orbicularia, ad basin constricta, 0,7—1,2 mm lata; discus niger, opacus, planus, demum plus minusve convexus, nudus; margo integer, tenuis, persistens, fumosus vel atroniger; epithecium fuligineum vel nigrum; hymenium 70 µ. altum, hyalinum, purum, j coerulescens; stratum subhymeniale ca. 30 u crassum, f uligineum, in k purpurascens; excipulum nigro-fuligineum, ex hyphis dense intricatis subradiantibusque, cellulis minutissimis, formatum; asci 8-spori, clavati, membrana tenui ad apicem incrassata, cincti; sporae biseriales, oblongae, decolores, 5-septatae, rectae, utrinque rotundatae vel uno apice angustatae, 5—6 x 21—24 µ; paraphyses simplices, arete cohaerentes, ad apicem non incrassatae. typus.—groenhart 8673. w e s t java. mt. gede, tjibodas, 1450 m, sept. 23, 1952, on volcanic rock, groenhart 8671 = bo 7671. when fresh the species is characterized by a greenish marginal zone and & dirty white centre. after it has dried up this green zone disappears. 4 0 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 21. bacidia (weitenioebera) avellanea groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epilithicus, crustaceus, uniformis, diffracto-areolatus, subleprose-inaequalis, avellaneus, opacus, sorediis et isidiis destitutus, linea hypothallina non cinctus, k —, ca —, kca —; gonidia globosa, viridia, 9— 12µ lata; protococcoidea. apotheeia lecideina, sessilia, dispersa, nigra, orbicularia, 0,8—2 mm lata, simplicia vel aggregata; discus planus, opacus, nudus demum convexus; margo integer, tenuis, leviter prominulus, disco concolor; excipulum nigrum vel fulvo-nigrum (in koh aurantiaco-ferrugineum), pseudoparenchymaticum, cellulis minutis, 3—5 µ latis, materiam nigro-fulvam continentibus, in zona marginal! plus minusve radiantibus; epithecium tenue, fuligineum; hymenium 70—75 µ. altum (in apotheciis latioribus usque 90µ), hyalinum, decolor vel laete coloratum, j coerulescens; hypothecium fulvo-nigrum, ex hyphis dense intricatis formatum; asci clavati, 8-spori, membrana tenui ad apicem incrassata, cincti; sporae biseriales, oblongae, decolores rectae vel leviter curvatae, utrinque rotundatae, 5-septatae, 7,5—9 x 25—28µ.; paraphyses filiformes, simplices, ad apicem non incrassatae. typus.—groenhart 8577. w e s t java. mt. gede, tjibodas, 1450 m, sept. 10, 1952, on volcanic rock, groenhart 8577 = bo 757s. 22. bacidia (scolicosporum) sorediosa groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epiphloeodes, crustaceus, sat tenuis, uniformis, albido-griseus, continuus vel plus minusve areolato-diffractus, sorediis, flavo-viridibus copiosis, obsitus, linea hypothallina non cinctus, k—, ca—, kca —; medulla alba; gonidia globosa, flavo-viridia, 5—8 µ . lata, protococcoidea. apotheeia biatorina, numerosa, dispersa, sessilia, ad basin constricta, orbicularia; discus castaneus, planus, vel leviter convexus, opacus, nudus; margo tenuissimus, integer, niger, aut inconspicuus; epithecium decolor; hymenium 45µ altum, hyalinum, purum, decolor, j coerulescens; asci clavati, copiosi, membrana tenui ad apicem incrassata, cincti; sporae ignotae; excipulum castaneum vel nigro-castaneum, ex hyphis dense intricatis, formatum; paraphyses simplices, paucae, ad apicem non incrassatae. typus.—groenhart 8670. w e s t java. mt. gede, tjibodas, 1450 m, sept. 22, 1952, on trunk of noronhia emarginata thou., groenhart 8670 = bo 7668. though the thallus bears many apotheeia, i could not find asci with ripe spores. in only a few asci i found a structure suggesting a spirally wound bundle of needle-like spores. 23. thelocarpon algicola groenhart, spec. nov. thallus crustaceo-squamulosus, parvus, 0,2—0,5 mm latus, orbicularis vel plus minusve irregularis, subplanus, adpressus, avellaneus vel avellaneo-melleus, in centro saepe castaneus, laevigatus, opacus, sorediis et isidiis destitutus; cortex 30—45 µ crassus, hyalinus, pseudoparenchymaticus. 1954] gboenhabt: malaysian lichens—iv 401 cellulis orbicularibus, 3—4,5 µ. latis, intus decolor, zona iguperiore circum apothecium castanea, ad marginem thalli nigra, ceterum griseo-inapersa; gonidia globosa, viridia, 7—14 n lata, stratum 30—45 µ. crassum formantia aut spatium inter apothecium et corticem deplentia; medulla alba, hyalina, pura ex hyphis intricatis formata, tenuis vel evanescens; zona inferior super substratum nigra, tenuis vel crassa. apothecia immersa, in sectione subglobosa, solitaria, in centro thalli sita; discus primum punctiformis, demum apertus, parvus, margine tenuissimo, integro, subnigro, thallum leviter superante, circumdatus; excipulum integrum, decolor vel in apice castaneum, 30—35 n crassum, ex hyphis subparallelia, conglutinatis, formatum, chondroideum; hymenium hyalinum, 110 µ altum, purum, j laete coerulescens; epithecium decolor; asci multispori, ellipsoideo-clavati, membrana tenui, ad apicem incrassata, cincti; sporae simplices, decolores, bacilliformes, rectae, utrinque rotundatae, 1,5 x 6; µ; paraphyses filiformes, simplices, ad apicem non incrasatae, ascis longiores. tyfus—groenhart 8887. w e s t java. mt. gede, tjibodas, 1450 m, j a n . 21, 1953, over cyanophyceae on volcanic rock, groenkart 8887 — bo 7927. 24. acarospora (euacarospora) confusa groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epilithicus, biformis, ex hypothallo tenuissimo vel fere inconspicuo griseoque, et verrucis, solitariis vel contiguis, depresso-globosis, usque 1 mm latis, ad basin constrictis abruptisve, castaneis, opacis, formatus, k —, ca —, kca —; cortex verrucarum 25—30 a crassus, decolor, hyalinua, zona exteriore brunnea, ex hyphis intricatis, cellulis minutis, formatus; gonidia globosa, viridia, 12—15 µ lata, stratum 30—60 µ crassum formantia; medulla alba. apothecia in apice verrucarum immersa, 0,2—0,3 mm lata; discus planus, ater; margo tenuissimus, integer, discum thallumque leviter superans, thallo concolor vel obscurior, saepe indistinctus; excipulum cupuliforme, hyalinum, decolor vel ochraceum, in parathecio saepe brunnescens; hymenium 120—150 µ altum, hyalinum, decolor, purum, j —; asci multispori, clavati; sporae decolores, simplices, globosae. 2—3 µ. latae; paraphyses filiformes, simplices, ascis longiores. typus.—groenhart 7063. east java. mt. ardjuno, mt. welirang, ca. 3100 m, march 28, 1937, on volcanic rock, groenhart 7o6s, 7064. as the pale grey hypothallus is almost inconspicuous, the brown verrucas seem to grow isolated and suggest a species of thelocarpon. 25. blastenia olivacea groenhart, spec. nov. thallus epilithicus, crustaceus, tenuis, uniformis, olivaceus, nitidus, continuua vel plus minusve diffractus, laevigatus, sorediis et isidiis destitutus, linea hypothallina non cinctus; gonidia globosa, flavo-viridia, 6—10 µ lata; medulla alba. apothecia 0,2—0,4 mm lata, sessilia, biatorina, dispersa, obscure fuliginea, numerosa, nuda, opaca, convexa; margo inconspicuus; epithecium fuligineum, k violascens; hymenium 60—70 µ 402 r e i x w a r d t i a [vol. 2 altum, decolor, hyalinum, purum, j coerulescens; asci 8-spori, clavati, raembrana tenui art apicem bene incrassata, cincti; sporae biseriales, polaridiblastae, decolores, ellipsoideae, cellulis isthmo connectis, 7—7,5 x 12—15 µ.; paraphyses simplices, septatae, ad apicem incrassatae et saepe furcatae; hypothecium decolor; excipulum ex hyphis intricatis, radiantibus formatum, in margine nigro-fuligineum, pseudoparenchymaticum, cellulis orbicularibus 3—4 µ. latis, nulla gonidia continens. typus.—groenhart 8522. w e s t java. bogor, kedung halang, 260 m, july 27, 1952, on paling of fence, groenhart 8522 = bo 7511. 26. buellia (eubuellin) dissipata groenhart, spec.nov. thailus epilithicus, crustaceus, areolatus; areolae rotundae irregularesque, 0,3—1 mm iatas, dispersae vel contiguae, supra planae, opacae, laete stramineae, laevigatae, k flavescentes demum rubescentes. sorediis et isidiis destitutae, 0,4 mm crassae, substrate arete adhaerentes, linea hypothallina non cinctae; stratum corticale 35 µ crassum, decolor, griseoinspersum, ex hyphis intricatis formatum; stratum gonidiale 36—50 µ crassum, continuum, gonidiis globosis, viridibus, 7—9 µlatis, protococcoideis; medulla alba in k pr. p. rubescens, circa medium strato nigrobrunneo, tenui praedita. apothecia sessilia, iecideina, nigra, opaca, nuda, 0,3—0,6 mm lati, in juventute plana, margine tenuissimo, integro, cincta, demum convexa et margine indistincto; epithecium laete badium, k —; hymenium 75 µ altum, hyalinum, purum, j coerulescens; hypothecium badio-nigrum, ex hyphis intricatis formatum; asci clavati, 8-spori, membrana tenui ad apicem incrassata, cincti; sporae biseriales, diblastae, brunneae, ellipsoideae, 6—7 x 12—14 µ; ad septum non constrictae; paraphyses simplices ad apicem clavatae septataeque et brunneae. typus.—groenhart 8582. w e s t java. mt. gede, tjibodas, 1450 m, sept. 10, 1952, on volcanic rock, groenhart 8582= bo 7580 the structure of the apothecium is somewhat confusing. beneath the hymenium lies a dark coloured hypothecium shaped like a half lens resting with the flat side on a hyaline tissue. the parathecium beside the hymenium is connected with the hypothecium by a very thin, dark tissue. the parathecium seems to be built up of septate hyphae with round cells not unlike the apical cells of the paraphyses as far as this is visible in a crushed mount. the dark colour is not suitable for a more profound investigation without the help of a microtome. the parathecium rests on the same tissue as the hypothecium on the same level. as the gonidial layer is absent under the apothecium, the base of the apothecium, the cortex, and the medulla form together one hyaline tissue without any apparent differentiation. 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 reinwardtia_13_1_101209 + dftar isi+new re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia vol 13, part 1, pp: 33 − 44 33 an undescribed lowland natural forest at bodogol, the gunung gede pangrango national park, cibodas biosphere reserve, west jawa, indonesia received june 8, 2009; accepted june 16, 2009 nelva helmi, jurusan biologi, fmipa, universitas indonesia, depok 16424 kuswata kartawinata, unesco jakarta office, jl. galuh (ii) no. 5 , kebayoran baru, jakarta 12119, indonesia; herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, lipi, jl. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia; botany department, field museum, chicago, il, usa. e-mail: kkjak@indo.net.id (all communications should be sent to this address) ismayadi samsoedin pusat penelitian hutan dan konservasi alam, badan penelitian dan pengembangan kehutanan, jl. gunung batu, bogor 16610. e-mail: i.samsoedin@yahoo.com. abstract helmi, n., kartawinata, k., & samsoedin, i. 2009. an undescribed lowland natural forest at bodogol, gunung gede pangrango national park, cibodas biosphere reserve, west java, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(1): 33–46. — an analysis of the structure and floristic composition of trees with diameters at breast height ≥ 10 cm in a one– hectare plot in a lowland natural forest at the elevation of 800 m at bodogol, the gunung gede pangrango national park, cibodas biosphere reserve, recorded 70 spesies and 30 families with a density of 350 trees/hectare and a total basal area of 23.36 m2. as high as 37 tree spesies (52.86 %) were not recorded in the flora of mt.gede pangrango; they were species of upper lowland forest and dominated the plot. among 10 main species, only altingia excelsa and ficus ribes are montane forest species. thus the forest plot represents a transition between lowland forest and lower montane forest, which may be called an upper lowland forest. this is a new phenomenon which has not been recorded previously at the gunung gede pangrango national park. the most prominent species with importance value (vi) > 10 % are schima wallichii, pternandra caerulescens, neesia altissima, luvunga sarmentosa and maesopsis eminii; the latter is an exotic species invading the natural forest. dipterocarpus hasseltii is present in the area. key words: species composition, structure, lowland and montane forests abstrak helmi, n., kartawinata, k., & samsoedin, i. 2009. hutan alam pamah dataran rendah yang belum pernah dipertelakan di bodogol, taman nasional gunung gede pangrango, cagar biosfer cibodas, jawa barat, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(1): 33–46. — analisis struktur dan komposisi floristik pohon dengan diameter setinggi dada ≥ 10 cm dalam petak satu hektar di hutan pada elevasi 800 m di bodogol, taman nasional gunung gede pangrango, cagar biosfer cibodas, mencatat 70 jenis dan 30 suku dengan kerapatan 350 pohon/hektar dan luas bidang dasar total 23,36 m2. sebanyak 37 jenis pohon (52,86 %) tidak tercatat dalam flora gunung gede pangrango dan merupakan jenis pohon hutan pamah, yang mendominasi petak ini; dari 10 jenis utama hanya tercatat dua jenis hutan pegunungan, yaitu altingia excelsa dan ficus ribes. hutan di sini dapat dikatakan transisi antara hutan pamah dan hutan pegunungan bawah, yang dapat dinamakan hutan pamah atas. ini merupakan fenomena baru yang belum tercatat sebelumnya bagi taman nasional gunung gede pangrango. jenis yang paling menonjol dengan nilai penting (np) > 10 adalah schima wallichii, pternandra caerulescens, neesia altissima, luvunga sarmentosa dan maesopsis eminii; jenis terakhir ini adalah jenis eksotik, yang menginvasi hutan alam. dipterocarpus hasseltii terdapat juga di hutan ini. kata kunci: komposisi floristik, struktur, hutan pamah dan pegunungan reinwardtia 34 [vol.13 introduction the gunung gede pangrango national park (ggpnp) or the taman nasional gunung gede pangrango (tnggp) is one of the first national parks established in indonesia in 1980, comprising the entire mt. gede pangrango complex (departemen kehutanan, 1994; rustiami, 2004). the ggpnp along with the man–made ecosystems around it bordered by encircling inter–city highway between ciawi, sukabumi, cianjur, and cipanas (figure 1) was designated as the cibodas biosphere reserve in 1977 and has been a member of the the world network of biosphere reserves (rustiami, 2004). since the establishment of the botanic gardens in bogor in 1817, especially after the cibodas botanical garden was instituted in 1840, a large number of research activities, including qualitative assessment of vegetation, were conducted by many botanists in the forest of the mt.gede pangrango behind the botanical garden (steenis–kruseman 1953) and the most prominent result is that of docters van leeuwen (1933). steenis et al. (1971, 2006 a & b) based his book on the mountain flora of java mainly on the data collected from this area. after the 2nd world war quantitative vegetation studies in the same area were undertaken by abdulhadi et al. (1998), meijer (1959), rollet et al. (1976), sadili et al. (2009), sriyanto (1987), and yamada (1975, 1976a & b, 1977). the studies were carried out on sites located between the botanical garden (1400 m ) and the top of mt. pangrango (3019 m), while the natural vegetation of the ggpnp extend from the altitudes of 700 m to 3019 m. it is surprising that after more than one and a half century research in the area no one has paid attention to the lowland section of the mt. gede pangrango at the altitude of less than 1000 m. to date no vegetation data are available for the forest area below the altitude of 1400 m, except for floristic records made recently (ismail et al. 2000, sadili et al. 2007). the present paper deals with the floristic composition and structure of an undescribed lowland natural forest at an altitude of 800 m at bodogol, on the western side of the ggpnp. study site and method the study was conducted in april 2005 at the edge of a lowland natural forest bordering with the planted forest at the bodogol section in the south– western part of the ggpnp, in the bogor regency (figure 1). the topography of the area is hilly with steep slopes. the soils belong to the red–yellow podsolic soil (soepraptohardjo, 1975). the rainfall in the study area belongs to the type a of the rainfalll classification system of schmidt & ferguson (1951). the nearest meteorological station at tapos with an elevation of 806 m (lmg 1969), about 10 km north of bodogol, shows a rainfall variation of the mean monthly rainfall over a 12 month period from january to december, based on data for 32 years (figure 1), the mean annual rainfall is 2094 mm and the mean monthly rainfall show the driest (196 mm) in august and the wettest (446 mm) in december. we established a one–hectare plot to analyze the floristic composition and structure of the forest on a slope of a ridge near the aerial observation bridge. we laid down 25 quadrats of 20 m x 20 m each, side by side in such away so as to form a plot of 100 m x 100 m (one hectare). we measured the diameter of all trees with dbh (diameter at breast height) ≥ 10 cm and determined their positions within the plots and identify their identities to species level. a voucher specimen for each tree was collected for identification at the herbarium bogoriense, bogor, and the nomenclature of plant names followed backer & bakhuizen van den brink, jr. (1958– 1965). analysis of data on density, frequency and dominance (expressed with basal area) and importance value for each species follows mueller– dombois & ellenberg (1972). results and discussion floristic composition the enumeration of trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm reveals that the one–hectare plot of a bodogol lowland forest contains 70 species of 30 families represented by 350 trees, with the total basal area of 23,36 m2. appendix 1 shows the list of all tree species arranged according to families and species, complemented with data on density (d), relative density (rd), frequency (f), relative frequency (rf), basal area (ba), relative basal area (rba) and importance value (iv). the sum of ivs of all species within a family indicates the total species importance values for families (tsivf), calculated using the method applied by kartawinata et al. (2004). out of 70 species listed in appendix 1, 37 species (52.86 %) were not recorded in the “flora taman nasional gede pangrango” (sunarno & rugayah, 1992). they include actinodaphne glomerata, actinodaphne angustifolia, aglaia argentea, alangium javanicum, antidesma velutinum, beilschmiedia madang, blumeodendron kurzii, cana rium littorale, diospyros frutescens, evodia latifo helmi et al. : an undescribed lowland natural forest at bodogol, gede pangrango national park 2009] 35 sukaraja selabintanaselabintana cimungkat nagrak bodogol cimande tapos cisarua gunung mas puncak bogor ciawi cisaat karang tengah gadog cimacan cipanas gn. putri gedeh gekbrong mt..pangrango situgunungsitugunung cibodas botanical garden study site n mt..gede cianjur cicurug 0 5 10 km indonesia sukabumi –– 60 40’ –– 60 55’ 1060 50’ 1070 00’ highway sarrongge mean monthly rainfall at tapos 439 408 424 435 325 230 201 196 222 236 371 446 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 j f m a m j j a s o n d month m e a n r a in f a ll ( m m ) figure 1. map of the gunung gede pangrango national park–cibodas biosphere reserve, (redrawn and modified after tnggp in rustiami, 2004), showing the study site at bodogol and the mean monthly rainfall at tapos, the nearest rainfall station to bodogol (lmg 1969). reinwardtia 36 [vol.13 lia, ficus callosa, garcinia lateriflora, gnetum cuspidatum, knema intermedia, macaranga triloba, mallotus paniculatus, neesia altissima, pternandra caerulescens, and radermachera gigantea. observation outside the plot reveals also the presence of dipterocarpus hasseltii in the area, and this species along with other two dipterocarps, anisoptera costata and vatica sp. were recorded by ismail et al. (2000). the presence of these species justifies to call the forest in this area as one of the remnants of the more widespread lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of jawa (mirmanto & simbolon. 1998; suryanti, 2006; wardani & kalima, 2008). appendix 1 shows that the forest contains also a number of species characterizing montane forest, but with low ivs. the species of castanopsis and lithocarpus (fagaceae), that are usually present abundantly in montane forests do not occur in the study area. quantitatively, the floristic composition locality elevation (m) plot size (ha) density (trees.ha) number of species reference west java gunung gede–pangrango national park bodogol cibodas 1 cibodas 2 gunung halimun national park gunung kendeng gunung . malang gunung panenjoan citalahab: secondary forest citorek: plot 1 plot 2 plot 3 cikaniki cikelat 806 1500–1900 1600 1000 1000 1000 1000–1200 905–1127 761–893 784–939 850–1500 1000–1600 1.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 5 x 0.1 5 x 0.1 2 x 0.1 26 x 0.09 352 889 427 406 421 405 395 530 384 106 601 624 70 93 57 64 69 69 51 56 61 26 73 80 present study abdulhadi et al. (1998) yamada (1975) suryanti (2006) suryanti (2006) suryanti (2006) rahayoe (1996) mirmanto & simbolon (1998) mirmanto & simbolon (1998) mirmanto & simbolon (1998) simbolon & mirmanto (1997) simbolon & mirmanto (1997) east kalimantan sungai barang site 1 site 2 700–770 850–930 4 x 0.16 4 x 0.16 719 838 179 78 bratawinata (1986) bratawinata (1986) north sumatra batang gadis national park aek nangali 660 1 583 182 kartawinata et al. (2004) papua wamena: wanduga wamena:tengon wamena: kurulu yapen tengah. 2800 1600 1600–2350 600–1200 0.5 0.15 0.7 14 x 0.1 528 813 564 799 28 38 76 235 partomihardjo & supardiyono (1993) partomihardjo (1991) partomihardjo (1991) partomihardjo (2001) table 1. the comparison of density and number of tree species with dbh of ≥10 cm in the forest at bodogol and other montane forests at ggpnp, mt. halimun national park in west java, sungai barang in east kalimantan, batang gadis national park in north sumatra and in yapen and wamena, papua. of the plot differs from that of yamada (1975, 1976), located at the altitude of 1600 m, with jaccard index of similarity (based on the species presence) of only 8.26 %. it may be implied that the forest at bodogol is the transition between lowland and montane forests. compared with other areas (table 1) in the montane forests of java (mt. gede pangrango and mt. halimun) and papua it is clear that the number of species is comparable to that in gunung kendeng in mt halimun and greater than those in cibodas 2 and wanduga (papua), but smaller than that in kurulu (papua). the number of species in bodogol is much smaller than that in lowland forests of kalimantan and sumatra (see kartawinata 2005). ten most important families in descending order of the number of species are shown in table 2, where the euphorbiaceae recorded as the richest family. it differs from the findings of abdulhadi et helmi et al. : an undescribed lowland natural forest at bodogol, gede pangrango national park 2009] 37 al. (1998) at 1500–1900 m altitude and yamada (1975) at 1600 m altitude in the montane forest of mt. gede pangrango as well as of simbolon & mirmanto (1997) and suryanti (1996) at mt. halimun, where euphorbiaceae occupies lower orders in the 10 most important families. the high number of species of euphorbiaceae in bodogol is attributed to the presence of macaranga rhizinoides, m. semiglobosa, m. triloba and mallotus paniculatus, filling up the gaps of the forest. the presence of these species along with an exotic species, maesopsis eminii, indicates that the forest at bodogol has been disturbed. ten most important species are shown in table 3. it differs from those at the altitude of 1400 m in 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 area (ha) n u m b e r o f s p e c ie s no. families number of spesies 1 euphorbiaceae 8 2 melastomataceae 6 3 meliaceae 6 4 moraceae 6 5 rubiaceae 5 6 rutaceae 4 7 theaceae 4 8 araliaceae 3 9 lauraceae 3 10 myrtaceae 3 the montane forest at mt. gede pangrango (abdulhadi et al. 1998; yamada 1975) and at mt. halimun (simbolon & mirmanto 1997; suryanti 2006). the most important species is, schima wallichii, while at the same elevation in mt gede pangrango and mt. halimun, s. wallichii occupies a lower position in the species order. the species–area curve (figure 2) shows the cumulative increase of the number of species in the one–hectare plot, where it increases rapidly and there is no indication of flattening up. the pattern is comparable to the curve in the same montane forest but at altitudes of 1400–1900 m, which slightly flattens when the plots were extended to 4 hectare table 2. ten most important families according to the total species importance values for families (tsivf) in one–hectare plot of a lowland forest at bodogol, ggpnp no species iv 1 schima wallichii (**) 19.03 2 pternandra caerulescens (*) 11.78 3 neesia altissima (*) 11.71 4 luvunga sarmentosa (*) 11.60 5 maesopsis eminii (**) 10.5 6 gynotroches axillares 9.16 7 dysoxylum parasticum (**) 9.09 8 altingia excelsa 8.35 9 radermachera gigantea (*) 7.77 10 ficus ribes (**) 7.18 total 97.08 (32.3 %) figure 2. species–area curve for trees in a one–hectare plot of a lowland forest at bodogol, ggpnp. table 3. ten leading tree species based on important value (iv) in a one–hectare plot of a lowland forest at bodogol, ggpnp. (*) strictly lowland forest species; (**) lowland to montane forest species) reinwardtia 38 [vol.13 forest structure it is apparent that the ten species with highest density and basal area (tables 4–6) are mostly lowland forest species, including species whose distribution ranges from low to high altitudes, such as dysoxylum parasiticum, gynotroches axillaris, meliosma pinnata, schima wallichii and maesopsis eminii. the order of ten most important species according to frequency, density and basal area and even the species combination differ. table 1 shows that tree density in bodogol is the lowest (350 trees/ha) compared to those in the montane forests in java and papua and even is very much lower in comparison to those in the lowland forests in indonesia (kartawinata 2005). in bodogol the species with the highest density is pternandra caerulescens and schima wallichii (each 15 trees/ hectare), which differs from that in montane forest in gede pangrango at an altitude of 1400, where the highest was schima wallichii (47 trees/ha) and saurarua pendula (46 trees/ha) (yamada 1975), while at mt. halimun, they are castanopsis acuminatissima (87 trees/ha) and schima wallichii (42 trees/ ha) (mirmanto & simbolon, 1998). it is interesting to note that schima wallichii occurs abundantly (53 trees per hectare) in the upper montane forest at an altitude of 2400 m (yamada 1977). from the density perspective schima wallichii is the species that can be implied as spesies characterizing the upper lowland to upper montane forest at the elevation of 800–2400 m. appendix 1 shows that no species is distributed evenly whitin a one–hectare plot of forest and the frequency values of most species are low. the frequency of 24–44 % are considered high in this forest and shared by the following species: aglaia argentea, neesia altissima, pternandra caerulescens, meliosma pinnata maesopsis eminii, luvunga sarmentosa, knema intermedia, gynotroches axillaris, dysoxylum parasiticum and schima wallichii. other species with low frequency may be considered uncommon, such as alangium javanicum, garcinia lateriflora and bridelia insulana, or gregarious, such as symplocos costata and altingia excelsa. the total ba of the 350 trees within one hectare plot is 23,36 m2. it is smaller than that in the forest at cibodas at the altitude of 1400 m (abdulhadi et al. 1998; yamada 1975) and at mt. halimun (suryanti 2006). table 5 shows ten species with highest ba, totaling 11.841 m² (52,68 % of the total ba). the low ba is attributed to the absence of trees with large diameters (figure 3), which may be lost due to illegal cutting or natural catastrophe such as severe rainstorms that took place in 1983. it is clear also that most of the trees with highest ba are no. species density (trees/ha) 1 schima wallichii (**) 15 2 pternandra caerulescens (*) 15 3 dysoxylum parasiticum (**) 14 4 gynotroches axillaries (**) 12 5 knema intermedia (*) 10 6 luvunga sarmentosa (*) 10 7 meliosma pinnata (**) 10 8 neesia altissima (*) 9 9 maesopsis eminii (**) 9 10 memecylon excelsum (*) 8 total 112 (32,0 %) no. species density (trees/ha) 1 schima wallichii (**) 15 2 pternandra caerulescens (*) 15 3 dysoxylum parasiticum (**) 14 4 gynotroches axillaries (**) 12 5 knema intermedia (*) 10 6 luvunga sarmentosa (*) 10 7 meliosma pinnata (**) 10 8 neesia altissima (*) 9 9 maesopsis eminii (**) 9 10 memecylon excelsum (*) 8 total 112 (32,0 %) table 4. ten leading species according to the density (d) of trees in a one–hectare plot of a lowland forest in bodogol, ggpnp; (*) lowland forest species; (**) lowland– montane forest species. table 5. ten leading tree species according to the basal area (ba) in a one–hectare plot of a lowland forest at bodogol, ggpnp; (*) lowland forest species, (**) lowland–montane forest species. lowland species, including three species which occurs also at higher elevation, i.e., orophea hexandra, ficus ribes, dan schima wallichii. this indicates the dominance of the lowland species. most of the trees have diameters of less than 50 cm, especially in diameter class of 10–20 cm. the diameter–class distribution does not exactly follow the inverted j shape of typical primary tropical forest. no trees with diameters of 60–70 cm , 90–100 cm were recorded in the plot. this may be implied that the forest in this plot has been disturbed, which, as mentioned above, could be attributed to illegal cutting and natural death, as indi helmi et al. : an undescribed lowland natural forest at bodogol, gede pangrango national park 2009] 39 cated by the presence of gaps and decaying dead trees on the ground within the plot. planting the african exotic spesies, maesopsis eminii, carried out by the state forest corporation, perum perhutani, and local people around the park has allowed this species to invade the natural gaps and disturbed areas within the primary forest and established itself as one of the important components of the lowland forest at bodogol. observations outside the plot show that it has spread widely along the edges of the park and that the javan gibbons eat the fruits voraciously and disperse the seeds widely. it has been reported also that the seeds are dispersed by bats (mirmanto, personal communication). conclusion the botanical research in the mt. gede pangrango area has been going on since at least 1817 and yet it is surprising that no one has paid attention to the lowland section of these twin mountains. from the present study it may be concluded that the tree species recorded in the plot are mainly the lowland species that have not been recorded in the flora of mt. gede pangrango (sunarno & rugayah, 1992) and constitute a new set of scientific data for the ggpnp. the forest at bodogol is a disturbed forest and can be considered as the transition between upper lowland forest and the lower montane forest. undisturbed forests of this kind occur over a relatively large area at ggpnp at the altitude of 700 m and 1000 m, extending at least on the lower western and south– western slopes of mt. gede pangrango (sadili, personal communication). the presence of anisoptera costata, dipterocarpus hasseltii and vatica sp. (ismail et al. 2000) justifies to call the forest in this area as one of the remnants of the more widespread mixed dipterocarp forest of java. the fast growing exotic tree species, maesopsis eminii, has appar167 59 35 42 26 7 9 7 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 10 -1 9.9 20 -2 9.9 30 -3 9.9 40 -4 9.9 50 -5 9.9 60 -6 9.9 70 .79 .9 80 -8 9.9 90 -9 9.9 > 10 0 diameter class (cm) n u m b e r o f t r e e s figure 3. diameter class distribution of trees in a one –hectare plot of a lowland forest at bodogol, ggpnp ently invaded the primary forest in the area for some time and will continue to spread filling up suitable open habitats and in the long run may threaten the purity of the natural forest ecosystem in the park. acknowldegement we thank the ggpnp authority at bodogol for allowing us to undertake the study in the area and for the provision of facilities. we also appreciate conservation international indonesia that in various ways has provided support to this study. we are also grateful to the smithsonian institution team, edy mirmanto and scott hoover for reading the manuscript and comments. refferences abdulhadi, r., srijanto, a. & kartawinata, k. 1998. composition, structure, and changes in a montane rain forest at the cibodas biosphere reserve, west java, indonesia. in dallmeier, f. & comiskey, j. a. 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(2006b). flora pegunungan jawa. lipi press untuk pusat penelitian biologi, lipi, bogor (edisi terjemahan). steenis, c. g. g. j. van & m. j. van steenis– kruseman. 1953. a brief sketch of the tjibodas mountain garden. flora malesiana bulletin 10: 312–351. sunarno, b & rugayah, 1992. flora taman nasional gede pangrango. herbarium bogoriense, puslitbang biologi – lipi, bogor. suryanti, t. 2006 ekologi lansekap dalam managemen dan konservasi habitat owa jawa (hylobates moloch audebert 1797) di taman nasional gunung halimun, jawa barat. disertasi doktor, universitas indonesia, depok. wardani, m. & kalimah, t. 2008. dipterocarpaceae in central java: their conservation and their future. flora malesiana bull. 14(3): 193–197. yamada, i. 1975. forest ecological studies of the montane forest of mt. pangrango, west java. i. stratification and floristic composition of the montane rain forest near cibodas. the southeast asian studies 13: 402–426. yamada, i. 1976a. forest ecological studies of the montane forest of mt. pangrango, west java. ii. stratification and floristic composition of the forest vegetation of the higher part of mt. pangrango. the southeast asian studies 13: 513–534. helmi et al. : an undescribed lowland natural forest at bodogol, gede pangrango national park 2009] 41 yamada, i. 1976b. forest ecological studies of the montane forest of mt. pangrango, west java. iii. litter fall of the tropical montane forest near cibodas. the southeast asian studies 14: 194–229. yamada, i. 1977. forest ecological studies of the montane forest of mt. pangrango, west java. iv. floristic along the altitude. the southeast asian studies 15: 226–254. reinwardtia 42 [vol.13 no. spesies family & species sr d (trees//ha) dr (%) f (%) rf (%) ba (m²) rba (%) iv (%) 1. alangiaceae 1 alangium javanicum (k. & v.) wang x 1 0.28 4 0.43 0.01 0.020 0.71 tsivf 0.71 2. annonaceae 2 orophea hexandra bl 6 1.7 20 2.16 0.84 3.720 7.58 tsivf 7.58 3. araliacea 3 macropanax dispermus (bl.) o.k. 6 1.7 8 0.86 0.32 1.420 3.98 4 macropanax undulatus (wall. ex g. don) seem. 5 1.4 16 1.73 0.30 1.131 4.44 5 trevesia sundaica miq. 3 0.85 8 0.86 0.28 1.250 2.96 tsivf 11.38 4. bombacaceae 11.71 6 neesia altissima (bl.) bl. x 9 2.5 24 2.59 1.49 6.620 11.71 tsivf 11.71 5. bignoniaceae 7 radermachera gigantea (bl.) miq. x 7 1.9 16 1.73 0.93 4.140 7.77 tsivf 7.77 6. burseraceae 8 canarium littorale bl. x 5 1.4 16 1.73 0.23 0.480 3.61 tsivf 3.61 7. clusiaceae 9 garcinia lateriflora bl. x 1 0.28 4 0.43 0.02 0.070 0.78 tsivf 0.78 8. crypteroniaceae 10 crypteronia paniculata bl. x 5 1.4 16 1.73 0.23 1.030 4.16 tsivf 4.16 9. ebenaceae 11 diospyros frutescens bl. x 4 1.1 12 1.29 0.34 0.150 2.54 tsivf 2.54 10. euphorbiaceae 12 antidesma velutinosum bl. x 7 1.9 20 2.16 0.17 0.690 4.75 13 blumeodendron kurzii (hook.f.) j.j.s. x 3 0.85 8 0.86 0.17 0.760 2.47 14 bridelia sp. x 1 0.28 4 0.43 0.01 0.004 0.75 15 glochidion rubrum bl. 5 1.4 12 1.29 0.13 0.580 3.27 16 macaranga rhizinoides (bl.) m.a. 2 0.85 8 0.86 0.23 1.020 2.73 17 macaranga semiglobosa j.j.s. x 6 1.7 16 1.73 0.22 0.960 5.25 18 macaranga triloba (reinw. ex bl.) m.a. x 3 0.85 12 1.29 0.39 1.740 3.88 19 mallotus paniculatus (lmk) m.a. x 4 1.1 4 0.43 0.11 0.460 1.99 tsivf 25.09 11. gnetaceae 20 gnetum cuspidatum bl. x 2 0.56 4 0.43 0.05 0.190 1.18 tsivf 1.18 appendix 1. list of families and species with density (d), relative density (rd), frequency (f), relative frequency (rf), basal area (ba), relative basal area (rba), importance value (iv) and total species importance values for family (tsivf) in one–hectare block of lowland natural forest at bodogol, ggpnp – cibodas biosphere reserve. sr indicates that the species is not listed in the flora taman nasional–gede pangrango (sunarno & rugayah 1992). helmi et al. : an undescribed lowland natural forest at bodogol, gede pangrango national park 2009] 43 no. spesies family & species sr d (trees//ha) dr (%) f (%) rf (%) ba (m²) rba (%) iv (%) 12. hamamealidaceae 21 altingia excelsa noroña 9 2.5 8 0.86 1.13 4.990 8.35 tsivf 8.35 13. hydrangeaceae 22 dichroa sylvatica (reinw. ex bl.) merr. 5 1.4 16 1.73 0.20 0.860 3.99 tsivf 3.99 14. lauraceae 23 actinodaphne angustifolia (bl.) nees x 6 1.7 16 1.73 0.33 1.480 4.29 24 actinodaphne glomerata (bl.) nees x 3 0.85 12 1.29 0.10 0.460 2.6 25 beilschmiedia madang (bl.) x 3 0.85 4 0.43 0.14 0.600 1.88 tsivf 25.52 15. magnoliaceae 26 magnolia candollii (bl.) keng 4 1.1 16 1.73 0.39 1.740 4.57 tsivf 4.57 16. melastomataceae 27 astronia macrophylla bl. x 5 1.4 16 1.73 0.18 0.810 3.94 28 astronia spectabilis bl. 4 1.1 16 1.73 0.21 0.900 3.73 29 bellucia axinanthera triana x 5 1.4 12 1.29 0.23 1.020 3.71 30 memecylon excelsum bl. x 8 2.2 12 1.29 0.25 1.090 4.58 31 pternandra caerulescens jack x 15 4.2 24 2.59 1.13 4.990 11.78 tsivf 27.74 17. meliaceae 32 aglaia argentea bl. x 8 0.82 24 2.59 0.18 0.780 5.57 33 aglaia sp. x 4 1.1 4 0.43 0.15 0.670 2.2 34 dysoxylum nutans (bi.) merr. 2 0.56 4 0.43 0.03 0.120 1.11 35 dysoxylum parasiticum (osb.) kostem. 14 3.9 40 4.32 0.20 0.870 9.09 36 sandoricum koetjape (burm. f.) merr. x 4 1.1 12 1.29 0.15 0.650 3.04 37 toona sureni (bi.) merr. x 3 0.85 4 0.43 0.33 0.150 2.48 tsivf 23.49 18. moraceae 38 artocarpus gomeziana wall. ex tréc. x 2 0.56 4 0.43 0.02 0.930 1.19 39 ficus callosa willd. x 2 0.56 4 0.43 0.17 0.760 1.75 40 ficus fistulosa reinw. ex bl. 4 1.1 8 0.86 0.37 1.630 3.59 41 ficus montana burm. f. 5 1.4 20 2.16 0.60 2.670 6.22 42 ficus punctata thunb. 4 1.1 12 1.29 0.34 1.510 3.9 43 ficus ribes reinw. ex bl. 6 1.7 16 1.73 0.85 3.750 7.18 tsivf 23.83 19. myristicaceae 44 knema intermedia (bl.) warb. x 10 2.8 36 3.89 0.36 1.580 8.27 tsivf 8.27 20. myrtaceae 45 syzygium chloranthum (duthie) merr. & perry x 4 1.1 12 1.29 0.26 1.130 3.52 46 syzygium gracile (korth.) amsh. 2 0.56 8 0.86 0.27 0.290 1.71 47 syzygium rostratum (bl..) dc. 5 1.4 12 1.29 0.30 1.300 3.99 tsivf 9.22 21. rhamnaceae 48 maesopsisi eminii engl. x 9 2.5 32 3.46 1.03 4.540 10.50 tsivf 10.50 reinwardtia 44 [vol.13 22. rhizophoraceae 49 gynotroches axillaris bl. 12 3.4 40 4.32 0.33 1.440 9.16 tsivf 9.16 23. rosaceae 50 prunus gricea (c. muell.) kalkm 3 1.4 16 1.73 0.11 0.480 3.61 tsivf 3.61 24. rubiaceae 51 canthum didymum (gaertn.) t. & b. x 6 1.7 8 0.86 0.06 0.250 2.81 52 neanotis hirsuta (l.f.) w.h. lewis x 4 1.1 4 0.43 0.07 0.320 2.13 53 neonauclea lanceolata (bl.) merr 3 0.85 8 0.86 0.37 1.650 3.36 54 urophyllum arboreum (reinw. ex bl.) korth x 2 0.56 4 0.43 0.02 0.100 1.09 55 urophyllum macrophyllum (bl.) korth. x 3 0.85 12 1.29 0.62 2.750 4.89 tsivf 14.28 25. rutaceae 56 acronychya laurifolia bl. 3 0.85 12 1.29 0.06 0.240 2.38 57 euodia latifolia dc. x 4 1.1 8 0.86 0.07 0.320 2.28 58 luvunga sarmentosa (bl.) kurz. 10 2.8 32 3.46 1.20 5.340 11.6 59 zanthoxylum scandens bl. 6 1.7 12 1.29 0.12 0.540 3.53 tsivf 19.79 26. sabiaceae 60 meliosma nitida bl. x 3 0.85 4 0.43 0.04 0.160 1.44 61 meliosma pinnata (roxb.) maxim. ssp. ferruginea (bl.) beus. 10 2.8 0.14 0.590 6.42 tsivf 7.86 27, symplocaceae 62 symplocos costata (bl.) choisy 7 1.9 4 0.43 0.14 0.620 2.95 63 symplocos fasciculata zoll. 3 0.85 12 1.29 0.05 0.220 2.37 64 symplocos odoratissima (bl.) choisy 2 0.56 8 0.86 0.03 0.110 1.53 tsivf 6.85 28. sterculiaceae 65 sterculia oblongata r. br. x 5 1.4 12 1.29 0.08 0.350 3.04 tsivf 3.04 29. theaceae 66 eurya acuminata dc. 3 0.85 4 0.43 0.20 0.880 2.16 67 gordonia excelsa (bl.) bl. 2 0.56 8 0.86 0.03 0.140 1.56 68 laplacea integerrima miq. 2 0.56 4 0.43 0.02 0.093 1.08 69 schima wallichii (dc.) korth. 15 4.2 44 4.76 2.27 10.070 19.03 tsivf 23.83 30. urticaceae 70 villebrunea rubescens (bl.) bl. 4 1.1 12 1.29 0.98 4.320 6.71 tsivf 6.71 total 350 23.36 no. spesies family & species sr d (trees//ha) dr (%) f (%) rf (%) ba (m²) rba (%) iv (%) 47 syzygium rostratum (bl.) dc. 5 1.4 12 1.29 0.30 1.300 3.99 tsivf 9.22 21. rhamnaceae 48 maesopsisi eminii engl. x 9 2.5 32 3.46 1.03 4.540 10.50 tsivf 10.50 cover.pdf reinwardtia_13_1_291209_nelva.pdf reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(2): 249-324, december 23, 2015 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirinpartomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia a c b d e g f h cover images: zingiber engganoensis ardiyani. a. habit b. leafy shoot and the inflorescence showing rhizomes, roots and root-tuber c. leaves d. ligule and swollen petiole e. dissection of inflorescence showing fruit f. spike and flowers g. dissection of flowers and fruits showing bract, bracteole, two lateral staminodes, two petal lobes, labellum, and the four appendages of the anther h. flower. source of materials: e190 (bo). photo credits: b, c, d by arief supnatna. a, e, f, g, h by marlina ardiyani. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 14(2): abdul latiff mohamad, faculty of science & technology, universiti kebangsaan malaysia, malaysia abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk campbell o. webb arnold arboretum, university of harvard, usa edwino fernando dept. of forest biological sciences, university of the philippines, los baños, philippines fabian brambach dept. of ecology & ecosystem research, georg august university, gottingen, germany john mood lyon arboretum, university of hawaii, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, chicago, usa mark newman royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk martin dancak faculty of science, palacky university, czech republic mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi) ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 297 ‒ 298 297 leaf-opposed flowering heads at alternate nodes (wong, 1984). two climbing taxa from sumatra, morinda lanuginosa suratman and morinda wongiana suratman (suratman, 2011), belong to the same group as the other climbing morinda species now transferred to gynochthodes (razafimandimbison & bremer 2011). as they have not been transferred to gynochthodes, this is here effected. two name changes 1. gynochthodes lanuginosa (suratman) k. m. wong & razafim., comb. nov. basionym: morinda lanuginosa suratman, blumea 56 (1): 24 (suratman 2011). type: p. buwalda 6744, sumatra, indragiri uplands, kuala belilas (holo bo; iso a, k, l, sing). 2. gynochthodes suratmanii k. m. wong & razafim., nom. nov. replaced name: morinda wongiana suratman, blumea 56(1): 24 (suratman 2011). type: h.f. sun 9937, sumatra, baturadja (holo bo). the epithet honours suratman, who named m. wongiana; that epithet cannot be used in combination with gynochthodes as it would form a later homonym of g. wongii razafim. & b. bremer in adansonia 33(2): 29 (razafimandimbison & bremer, 2011). introduction the morindeae is a tribe recognised in the psychotrieae alliance of the rubiaceae subfamily rubioideae (razafimandimbison et al., 2008). members of this tribe are distinguished by having massive tshaped placentae inserted in the middle of the septum, two anatropous ovules in each carpel, and pyrenes with a single lateral germination slit (razafimandimbison et al., 2009). within the tribe, morinda l. s.s. is recognisable by its arborescent habit and basally or completely fused flowers and syncarpous fruit-heads, distinguishing it from the other arborescent genus, a ppunia hook.f., which has free flowers and fruits. the tribe also includes three typically lianescent genera, among which gynochthodes blume is distinct by its nonpaniculate inflorescences and partly exsert anthers (razafimandimbison et al., 2009). following molecular phylogenetic studies that established the circumscription of the morindeae (razafimandimbison et al., 2008) and a new circumscription of gynochthodes blume and morinda l. (razafimandimbison et al., 2009), many taxa from morinda were transferred to gynochthodes (razafimandimbison & bremer, 2011). the transfers represented taxa with a climbing or lianescent habit, which were originally placed in morinda but characterised by 2-many flowering heads arranged in terminal pseudoumbels, as opposed to the type alliance (morinda s.s.) which are trees typically with branch sequences having a new combination and a new name in gy nochthodes (rubiaceae) received april 09, 2015; accepted may 08, 2015 k. m. wong singapore botanic gardens, 1 cluny road, singapore 259569. e-mail: wkm2000@gmail.com sylvain g. razafimandimbison swedish museum of natural history, department of botany, p.o. box 50007, se-10405 stockholm, sweden. e-mail: sylvain.razafimandimbison@nrm.se abstract wong, k. m. & razafimandimbison, s. g. 2015. a new combination and a new name in gynochthodes (rubiaceae). reinwardtia 14(2): 297 ‒ 298. — the new combination gynochthodes lanuginosa (suratman) k. m. wong & razafim. and the new name gynochthodes suratmanii k. m. wong & razafim., the latter in place of morinda wongiana suratman, are proposed. key words: gynochthodes, morinda, new combination, new name, replaced name, rubiaceae. abstrak wong, k. m. & razafimandimbison, s. g. 2015. kombinasi baru dan nama baru pada gynochthodes (rubiaceae). reinwardtia 14(2): 297 ‒ 298. — kombinasi baru gynochthodes lanuginosa (suratman) k. m. wong & razafim. dan nama baru untuk gynochthodes suratmanii k. m. wong & razafim. yang menggantikan morinda wongiana suratman diusulkan. kata kunci: gynochthodes, morinda, kombinasi baru, nama baru, nama pengganti, rubiaceae. reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 297 � 298 297 leaf-opposed flowering heads at alternate nodes (wong, 1984). two climbing taxa from sumatra, morinda lanuginosa suratman and morinda wongiana suratman (suratman, 2011), belong to the same group as the other climbing morinda species now transferred to gynochthodes (razafimandimbison & bremer 2011). as they have not been transferred to gynochthodes, this is here effected. two name changes 1. gynochthodes lanuginosa (suratman) k. m. wong & razafim., comb. nov. basionym: morinda lanuginosa suratman, blumea 56 (1): 24 (suratman 2011). – type: p. buwalda 6744, sumatra, indragiri uplands, kuala belilas (holo bo; iso a, k, l, sing). 2. gynochthodes suratmanii k. m. wong & razafim., nom. nov. replaced name: morinda wongiana suratman, blumea 56(1): 24 (suratman 2011). – type: h.f. sun 9937, sumatra, baturadja (holo bo). the epithet honours suratman, who named m. wongiana; that epithet cannot be used in combination with gynochthodes as it would form a later homonym of g. wongii razafim. & b. bremer in adansonia 33(2): 29 (razafimandimbison & bremer, 2011). introduction the morindeae is a tribe recognised in the psychotrieae alliance of the rubiaceae subfamily rubioideae (razafimandimbison et al., 2008). members of this tribe are distinguished by having massive tshaped placentae inserted in the middle of the septum, two anatropous ovules in each carpel, and pyrenes with a single lateral germination slit (razafimandimbison et al., 2009). within the tribe, morinda l. s.s. is recognisable by its arborescent habit and basally or completely fused flowers and syncarpous fruit-heads, distinguishing it from the other arborescent genus, a ppunia hook.f., which has free flowers and fruits. the tribe also includes three typically lianescent genera, among which gynochthodes blume is distinct by its nonpaniculate inflorescences and partly exsert anthers (razafimandimbison et al., 2009). following molecular phylogenetic studies that established the circumscription of the morindeae (razafimandimbison et al., 2008) and a new circumscription of gynochthodes blume and morinda l. (razafimandimbison et al., 2009), many taxa from morinda were transferred to gynochthodes (razafimandimbison & bremer, 2011). the transfers represented taxa with a climbing or lianescent habit, which were originally placed in morinda but characterised by 2-many flowering heads arranged in terminal pseudoumbels, as opposed to the type alliance (morinda s.s.) which are trees typically with branch sequences having a new combination and a new name in gy nochthodes (rubiaceae) received april 09, 2015; accepted may 08, 2015 k. m. wong singapore botanic gardens, 1 cluny road, singapore 259569. e-mail: wkm2000@gmail.com sylvain g. razafimandimbison swedish museum of natural history, department of botany, p.o. box 50007, se-10405 stockholm, sweden. e-mail: sylvain.razafimandimbison@nrm.se abstract wong, k. m. & razafimandimbison, s. g. 2015. a new combination and a new name in gynochthodes (rubiaceae). reinwardtia 14(2): 297 � 298. — the new combination gynochthodes lanuginosa (suratman) k. m. wong & razafim. and the new name gynochthodes suratmanii k. m. wong & razafim., the latter in place of morinda wongiana suratman, are proposed. key words: gynochthodes, morinda, new combination, new name, replaced name, rubiaceae. abstrak wong, k. m. & razafimandimbison, s. g. 2015. kombinasi baru dan nama baru pada gynochthodes (rubiaceae). reinwardtia 14(2): 297 � 298. — kombinasi baru gynochthodes lanuginosa (suratman) k. m. wong & razafim. dan nama baru untuk gynochthodes suratmanii k. m. wong & razafim. yang menggantikan morinda wongiana suratman diusulkan. kata kunci: gynochthodes, morinda, kombinasi baru, nama baru, nama pengganti, rubiaceae. reinwardtia 298 [vol.14 descriptions of these two species are available in the recent publication by suratman (2011). references razafimandimbison, s. g. & bremer, b. 2011. nomenclatural changes and taxonomic notes in the tribe morindeae (rubiaceae). a dansonia, sér.3, 33 (2): 283‒309. doi: 10.5252/a2011n2a13. razafimandimbison, s. g., rydin, c. & bremer, b. 2008. evolution and trends in the psychotrieae alliance (rubiaceae): a rarely reported evolutionary change of many-seeded carpels from one -seeded carpels. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 48: 207–223. razafimandimbison, s. g., mcdowell, t. d., halford, d. a. & bremer, b. 2009. molecular phylogenetics and genetic assessment in the tribe morindeae (rubiaceae-rubioideae): how to circumscribe morinda l. to be monophyletic? molecular phylogenetics and evolution 52: 879–886. suratman. 2011. two new species of morinda (rubiaceae) from sumatra and borneo. blumea 56: 24–27. wong, k. m. 1984. a synopsis of morinda (rubiaceae) in the malay peninsula, with two new species. malayan nature journal 38: 89–98. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id a 2 297-298_1-1 297-298_3-3 297-298_4-4 297-298_5-5 u b eeinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 1, pp. 27-31 (1950) further notes on the fern-genus heterogonium presl r. e. holttum * in the "sarawak museum journal," volume v (1949), pages 156-166, i gave a revised account of the genus heterogonium presl, based on specimens in the singapore herbarium. dr m. a. donk wrote subsequently pointing out that specimens at bogor (buitenzorg) add materially to the information contained in that paper. the present paper gives the result of a study of the bogor specimens. i am glad to express my gratitude to dr donk for calling my attention to species which i had overlooked when searching literature on malaysian ferns for indications of affinity to heterogonium. the bogor material includes the type specimens of acrostichum teysmannianum bak., phegopteris schizoloma v. a. v. r., dryopteris sagenoides forma contracta v. a. v. r., polybotrya nieuwenhuisii racib. and polybotrya nieuwenhuisii var. brooksii v. a. v. r., also many sheets of h. giganteum, and material of h. sagenoides from a wider geographic range than i had previously seen. summarizing the results of the present paper, i have united h. nieuwenhuisii and h. stenosemioides of my former paper, and have also united h. saxicola with h. giganteum. further, i now recognize a second exindusiate species allied to h. sagenoides; but the variation in pubescence among exindusiate specimens, as within the species h. sagenoides proper, is very considerable, and i find it very difficult to draw specific limits. it is likely that there are local races, but much more field work in many localities is necessary before one can speak with certainty about this or define their status taxonomically. one interesting fact is that no exindusiate specimens of this alliance have been found in the malay peninsula, whereas peninsular collections of indusiate h. sagenoides are more abundant than from any other area. it is especially the variation in pubescence among specimens of h. sagenoides, and the lack of clear-cut varieties or subspecies within the malay peninsula, that deters me from distinguishing more species outside the peninsula, based on few specimens. another generalization based on many specimens is that fertile fronds are always much less hairy on the lower surface than sterile fronds of the same plant. as regards another kind of character, namely venation, i have noted that fronds of immature plants may not show the low * professor of botany, university of malaya, singapore. — 27 — 28 febtswaftdtia [vol. l attachment of the basiscopic veinlets characteristic of this genus and tectaria. revised key to the species of heterogonium 1. veins free 2. sori indusiate 1hsagenoides 3. lower surface of veins and costules hairy; sterile pinnae lobed to 2—3 mm from costa typical form 3. lower surface of veins and costules glabrous; sterile pinnae lobed to 4—5 mm from costa forma contracta 2. sori without indusia 4. fertile pinnae not acrostichoid; sori separate from each other 2. h. teysmannianum 4. fertile pinnae acrostichoid, or at least some sori confluent 5. fronds to at least 70 by 30 cm 2. h. teysmannianum 5. fronds not over 25 cm long 3. h. stenosemioides 1, veins anastomosing 6. fertile fronds acrostichoid or subacrostiehoid 7. sori indusiate ' . , . 4. h. alderwereltii 7. sori not indusiate 5. h. pinnatum 6. fertile fronds with distinctly separate sori which do not almost or entirely cover the lower surface 8. sori elongate, exindusiate 9. veins anastomosing in costal and costular arches only 6. h. aspidioides 9 . v e i n s m o r e c o p i o u s l y a n a s t o m o s i n g . . . . . 7 . h . profereoides 8 . s o r i r o u n d , r a t h e r l a r g e , o r o n l y s l i g h t l y e l o n g a t e , a p p a r e n t l y s o m e t i m e s i n d u s i a t e 8. h. giganteum 1. h, sagenoides (mett.) holtt. in saraw. mus. journ. 5: 161. 1949. this species is very variable in the shape of its pinna-lobes, and somewhat in its hairiness, even among plants growing in the same locality. fertile fronds are always much less hairy than sterile. sterile fronds have scattered hairs on the upper surface, sometimes also with numerous shorter papillae, and the costae are densely hairy; the lower surface normally has longer slender hairs on costae, costules and veins only, but specimens from ginting simpah (s.f.n. 31192, holttum) have very finely hairy surfaces between the veins, in sterile fronds only. forma contracta v. a. v. r. in bull. buitenz. ser. ill, 2: 147. 1920. differs from the typical form of the species as follows: pinnae of sterile fronds lobed to 4—5 mm from the costa, the lobes commonly 5 mm wide; lobes of fertile pinnae about 2.5 mm wide, widely spaced; lower surface, veins and costules of sterile pinnae quite glabrous, costae bearing sparse very short hairs only, upper surface of costae bearing copious very short hairs, surface glabrous except for a small group of very short hairs at each sinus. distribution. — only known from sibolangit in sumatra (between medan and brastagi) ; the specimens are remarkably uniform. lorzing 5520, 5529, 6339 (all herb. bog.) ; s.f.n. 6iu (md nnr). 1950] bolttum; notes on heterogonium if this proves as distinct as these specimens indicate, it may rank as a distinct species, or at least as a distinct variety of h. sagenoides. pending further information about the latter species in sumatra however, it seems preferable not to propose a new name or new status for these specimens. 2. h. teysmannianum (bak.) posthumus (ms in herb. bog.), comb. nov. basinym: acrostichum teysmannianum bak. in malesia 3: 56. 1886. polypodium obscurum hook., sp. fil. 4: 237. 1862 (not p. obscurum mett. 1857). — phegopteris obscura chr. in bull. herb. boiss. 6: 196 t. 5. 1898. acrostichum teysmannianum bak. in malesia 3: 56. 1886. — stenosemia teysmannianum diels in eng. & pr., nat. pflanzenfam. 1/4: 198. 1899. phegopteris schizoloma v. a. v. r. in bull. buitenz. ser. ii, 16: 24. 1914. ipolybotrya nieuwenhuisii var. brooksii v. a. v. r. in bull. buitenz. ser. ii, 23: 19. 1916. the type collection of this species, made by teysmann in sumba, is a rather large fern, with sterile fronds (excluding stipes) some 70 cm long and 30 cm wide, the middle sterile pinnae rather more than 3 cm wide and lobed to 2 mm from the costa with lobes 4—5 mm wide, the lobes of fertile pinnae about 12 mm long and 2 mm wide, completely covered beneath with sporangia; the pubescence is slight, about as in h. sagenoides forma contracta. from the island of sumba also is a collection by iboet (no. 314) with fronds somewhat smaller in all parts and the sori mostly separate, not acrostichoid; the pubescence is like that of the type. the type of phegopteris schizoloma (northern part of s.e. borneo, bukit sungai tempilan, amdjah 595) is very similar in all respects to iboet 314 except that it is slightly hairy all over the lower surfaces, with fairly long hairs in costae and costules; the sori are mostly separate but the distal ones on some lobes coalesce to a subacrostiehoid condition. polybotrya nieuwenhuisii var. brooksii v. a. v. r. (bencoolen, brooks 195/s) from south sumatra is similar in general aspect to the type of p. schizoloma, but is nearer a fully acrostichoid condition, with rather longer hairs on costae and costules of the lower surface of sterile fronds but no hairs on the upper surface. the type of polypodium obscurum hook, (as figured in hook. & bauer, gen. fil. t. 9u, fig. 5, 6) had quite separate sori, but evidently did not differ in frond form from all the above; the specimen came from leyte (cuming 302, not seen). in view of the lack of sharply distinguishing characters between the above specimens, i think it best to unite them, and the oldest epithet which can be used is "teysmannianum." i have provisionally kept h. stenosemioides separate, though perhaps further collections will show intermediates between it and the specimens above discussed; possibly polybotrya nieuwenhuisii var. brooksii is such an intermediate. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 8. h. stenosemioides (bak.) c. chr.; holtt. in saraw. mus. journ. 5: 161. 1949. h. nieuwenhuisii (racib.) c. chr.; holtt., i.e. the type collection of baker's species is not at singapore, but we have a specimen from the type locality (mt matang) by e. s. hose, and one from mt gading collected by bishop hose and labelled "stenosemioides n. sp." the matang specimen has rather many scattered hairs on the upper surface, the (smaller) gading specimen has few, but they are not confined to the sinuses, and i see no other difference. kloss's specimen from bettotan (see below) is closely similar to that from matang. the type of h. nieuwenhuisii was a plant cultivated at bogor (buitenzorg), brought from borneo by nieuwenhuis. the type specimen shows only quite small fronds (including fertile ones). later specimens taken from the same plant have larger fronds, and are closely similar to the specimens of h. stenosemioides above mentioned, but the upper surfaces have no hairs except near the sinuses. the specimens collected by amdjah, referred to this species at bogor, are sparsely hairy on the upper surface, and winkler's specimen is more hairy. it seems therefore that in this species hairiness of the upper surface is variable; and in any case such hairiness does not constitute a difference between h. stenosemioides and h. nieuwenhuisii. as noted under h. teysmannianum, var. brooksii may be an intermediate bridging the gap between h. teysmannianum and h. stenosemioides. borneo: c u l t . h. b o t. b o g . 2 k. xiii. 2: nieuwenhius (several specimens); northern p a r t of s. e. b o r n e o : bukit sungai tempilan, amdjah 576; bukit ulu sebulu, amdjah 414; between kundim baru and batu bali, hubert winkler 2761; b r i t i s h n o r t h b o r n e o : near sandakan, kloss s.n. 4. h. alderwereltii holtt. in saraw. mus. journ. 5: 163. 1949. i have now examined the type of pleocnemia stenosemioides v.a.v.r., on which this species was based. the sori are indusiate, in which the specimen differs from h. pinnatum, but the specimen is smaller than the peninsular specimens upon which my description was based. i still think this is a good species, but one ought to get specimens and grow them side by side with h. pinnatum. 5, 6, 7. h. pinnatum, h. aspidioides and h. profereoides. the bogor (buitenzorg) specimens add no significant information concerning these species. 8. h. giganteum (bl.) holtt. in saraw. mus. journ. 5: 166. 1949. h. saxieola (bl.) holtt., i.e., with synonyms. there are ten collections of this species in the bogor (buitenzorg) herbarium; in three of these there are indications of the presence of in1950] holttum: notes on heterogonium 31 dusia, but in no case are the indusia well preserved. apart from the indusia, i can see no clear distinction between these and the other specimens referred to h. giganteum; variation occurs in the shape and lobing of pinna-lobes among exindusiate specimens and does not appear to me significant. i therefore include all under the epithet "giganteum" (backer and posthumus have united the species and prefer this epithet; the two names aspidium giganteum and a. saxieola were simultaneously published). specimens from outside java at bogor are: ceram: rutten 2210 (this has very large sori). — celebes: s. w. celebes, lambasing, biinnemeijer 11171. doubtful specimens. — two small specimens are not clearly referable to any of the above species, and might represent new species. i believe however that the specimens, though partly fertile, are immature as regards size, and it therefore seems undesirable to use them as types for the description of new species. the celebes specimen has the lowest basiscopic veinlets borne above the bases of the costae, but (as above noted) i think this may be a juvenile character. the specimens are: celebes: s. celebes, between makassar and maros, van steenis 10432. — philippines: luzon, irosin, prov. sorsogon, elmer 17230. binder2 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_01 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_15 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_16 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_17 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(2): 249-324, december 23, 2015 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirinpartomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia a c b d e g f h cover images: zingiber engganoensis ardiyani. a. habit b. leafy shoot and the inflorescence showing rhizomes, roots and root-tuber c. leaves d. ligule and swollen petiole e. dissection of inflorescence showing fruit f. spike and flowers g. dissection of flowers and fruits showing bract, bracteole, two lateral staminodes, two petal lobes, labellum, and the four appendages of the anther h. flower. source of materials: e190 (bo). photo credits: b, c, d by arief supnatna. a, e, f, g, h by marlina ardiyani. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 14(2): abdul latiff mohamad, faculty of science & technology, universiti kebangsaan malaysia, malaysia abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk campbell o. webb arnold arboretum, university of harvard, usa edwino fernando dept. of forest biological sciences, university of the philippines, los baños, philippines fabian brambach dept. of ecology & ecosystem research, georg august university, gottingen, germany john mood lyon arboretum, university of hawaii, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, chicago, usa mark newman royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk martin dancak faculty of science, palacky university, czech republic mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi) ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 259 ‒ 263 259 notes on morphological characteristics of eury coma spp. and its status in peninsular malaysia received april 03, 2015; accepted may 02, 2015 tan ai lee natural products division, forest research institute malaysia (frim), 52109 kepong, selangor, malaysia. e-mail: tanal@frim.gov.my nurnida mohd kamal pusat pengajian sains sekitaran dan sumber alam, fakulti sains dan teknologi, universiti kebangsaan malaysia. 43600 bangi, selangor, malaysia. e-mail: nurnidakamal@gmail.com tan hooi poay senior business development fisher scientific malaysia, 3 jalan sepadu, 25/123 taman perindustrian axix, seksyen 25, 40400 shah alam, selangor, malaysia. e-mail: tanhooipoay@yahoo.com.my izlamira roslan mardi jerangau, km50, jalan ajil-jerangau, 21800 ajil, terengganu, malaysia. e-mail: izlamira@mardi.gov.my abstract tan, a. l., kamal, n. m., tan, h. p. & roslan, i. 2015. notes on morphological characteristics of eurycoma spp. and its status in peninsular malaysia. reinwardtia 14 (2): 259 ‒ 263. — a study had been carried out on the genus eurycoma jack that aimed to ascertain the diagnostic characteristics of the two species that occur in peninsular malaysia. samples were collected from 15 localities comprising of forest reserves and plantations throughout peninsular malaysia covering the 5 regions i.e. northern, western, eastern, southern and central. the sampling was done to capture the morphological variations from different habitat. in general, morphologically both species were very similar. they could be clearly distinguished using their fertile parts. eurycoma longifolia jack had long, drooped inflorescences while in e. apiculata a.w. benn was usually short, pointed upwards. small differences were also noted on the leaflet of e. apiculata where the apex of the leaflet was often abruptly pointed while its base was rounded with conspicuous petiolule. on contrary, e. longifolia leaflet apex was usually subacute with its base asymmetrical and decurrent to its petiolule. in addition, anatomical transverse section of e. longifolia leaflet midrib outline and margin were dissimilar with e. apiculata by having convex abaxial surface and blunt tip margin compared to the slightly arc-shape abaxial and tapered margin in e. apiculata. the abundancy of eurycoma spp. had decreased. key words: eurycoma, morphological characters, peninsular malaysia. abstrak tan, a. l., kamal, n. m., tan, h. p. & roslan, i. 2015. catatan karakteristik morfologi eurycoma spp. dan statusnya di semenanjung malaysia. reinwardtia 14 (2): 259 ‒ 263. — penelitian marga eurycoma jack telah dilakukan untuk memastikan karakter diagnostik dua jenis eurycoma yang ditemukan di semenanjung malaysia. sampel telah dikoleksi dari 15 lokasi yang meliputi hutan alam dan perkebunan di seluruh semenanjung malaysia. lokasi tersebut mencakup 5 kawasan yaitu bagian utara, timur, barat, selatan dan tengah. pengambilan sampel ini dilakukan untuk merekam variasi morfologi yang tampak pada habitat berbeda. secara umum, kedua jenis tersebut mempunyai karakter morfologi yang hampir sama. keduanya hanya bisa dibedakan dengan menggunakan bagian fertilnya. eurycoma longifolia jack mempunyai perbungaan yang panjang dan menjulur ke bawah sedangkan perbungaan e. apiculata a.w. benn pendek dan tegak ke atas. perbedaan kecil lainnya dapat dilihat pada anak daunnya. anak daun e. apiculata melancip secara mencolok dengan pangkal yang membulat dan tangkai anak daun yang jelas. sebaliknya, ujung anak daun e. longifolia pada umumnya agak lancip dengan pangkal yang asimetris dan melanjut hingga ke tangkai anak daun. selain itu, anatomi dari sayatan melintang permukaan tulang daun dan tepi anak daun e. longifolia berbeda dengan e. apiculata. hasil pengamatan anatomi dari sayatan melintang permukaan tulang daun dan tepi anak daun e. longifolia menunjukkan permukaan bawah yang cembung dan tepi yang tumpul, sedangkan pada e. apiculata permukaan bawah tulang daunnya hampir berbentuk seperti busur dengan tepi yang runcing. penelitian ini juga mencatat bahwa keberadaan eurycoma spp. telah berkurang. kata kunci: eurycoma, karakter morfologi, semenanjung malaysia. reinwardtia 260 [vol.14 introduction the root of eurycoma longifolia jack, international trade name longjack or malaysian ginseng is a very popular medicinal herb that is claimed to be able to increase the libido and virility of men. in malaysia, it is locally known as tongkat ali, setunjang bumi or pasak bumi. traditionally, its root decoction had also been used as a febrifuge while the pounded root poultice can be pasted on wounds, ulcers and sores (uji, 1999). in brunei, the leaves are eaten raw to relieve stomach ache while its decoction is used for washing itchiness (kochummen, 1983). the genus of eurycoma is confined to tropical south-east asia which consists of 3 species. only 2 species can be found in the malesian region; namely the quite variable, widespread e. longifolia occurring from myanmar through indo-china and thailand to peninsular malaysia, sumatra, borneo and the phillipines; and e. apiculata a.w. benn which is confined to peninsular malaysia and sumatra (uji, 1999). eurycoma is a common understorey plant occurring from beach forest to lower montane forest (kochummen, 1983). since both species were very similar in habit and could occur simultaneously in primary and secondary forests, microscopic characteristics had been incorporated for additional assurance to distinguish them especially when the plants were sampled sterile. besides that, the diagnostic anatomy characteristics of eurycoma species might be able to help in confirming the presence of eurycoma root in products with ground eurycoma root. thus, it was timely to establish the diagnostic morphological (macro and micro) characteristics of e. longifolia and e. apiculata. materials and methods morphological characterization collections of eurycoma spp. were sampled from forest reserves and plantations covering the five regions (northern, southern, western, eastern and central) in peninsular malaysia. a total of 16 localities had been sampled. an average of 5 individuals sampled in each localities were used for morphologically characterization and anatomical analysis. the leaves and fertile materials found were sampled for morphological characterization and preparation of herbarium specimens for species identification. notes on the habitat and morphological characters of each sampling sites were made. the fertile specimens representative from the localities collected were then deposited at kep while the sterile specimens were kept at natural products division, frim specimen room. furthermore, diagnostic characteristics of both e. longifolia and e. apiculata were determined. specimens of eurycoma species from frim herbarium (kep) had been also examined to have a better understanding on the species that occur in peninsula malaysia. specimens collected from field during this study. e. apiculata: taa-bk-001 (batu kurau, perak); taa-ers-001 (endau rompin np (selai, segamat, johor), taa-blg-002 (bukit lagong f.r., selangor), taa-teb-001 (taman etnobotani, frim). e. longifolia: ta-sgj-001 (labis f. r., segamat, johor), ta-sgj-011 (moakil f. r., comp 293, segamat, johor), ta-lg-001 (gunung raya f. r., lubuk semilang, langkawi, kedah), ta-lg-011 (pulau singa besar f. r., langkawi, kedah), ta-blr-003 (bukit larut f. r., taiping, perak), ta-bk-002 (pondok tanjung f. r., batu kurau, perak), ta-ers-001 (endau rompin np (selai), segamat, johor), ta-bh-001 (bukit hari, frim), ta-mrn-004 (stesen penyelidikan frim maran, pahang), ta-stu-003 (stesen penyelidikan frim setiu, terengganu), ta-stu-013 (hutan bris setiu, terengganu), ta-pap-0012 (pantai acheh f. r., pulau pinang), ta-pjp-005 (pulau jerejak f. r., pulau pinang), ta-sm-007 (semangkok f. r., selangor), ta-psh-003 (pasoh f. r., negeri sembilan). kep specimens examined: e. apiculata: 5887 (sungai kahang, johor), 11602 (ulu kenderong, gerik, ulu perak), 12707 (maxwell hill, perak), 20210 (rotan tunggal f. r., raub, pahang), 21054 (weld hill f. r., k. l.), 22743 (sungai lalang f. r., kajang, selangor), 24175 (bukit enggang f. r., kajang, selangor), 33862 (near boundary lagong f. r., selangor), 36212 (cameron highland, valley of bertam), fri 1951 (ulu gombak v. j. r., selangor), fri 2903 (maxwell hill, tea garden, perak), fri 3860 (peta border, ulu endau, pahang/johore), fri 6109 (sungai wang, bubu f.r., perak), fri 8686 (banks of sg. kahang, kluang forest v. j. r., johore), fri 11892 (ulu sg. pukin, lesong f. r., sw pahang), fri 56627 (jeram toi, berembun f. r., jelebu, negeri sembilan), kep 94643 (bukit lagong f. r., selangor), sk 511 (kuala depang f. r., perak), kl 425/kl 1443/kl 147 (k. pansom, bukit tangkol, ulu langat, selangor), kl 1255 (kg. lui, ulu langat, selangor). e. longifolia: fri 23666 (sg. pinang f. r., pulau pangkor, perak), 75m68 (bukit bauk), fri 4723 (taman negara pahang), fri 7641 (tg. penawar, johor coast), 104600 (trolak f. r.), 2641 (weld hills, k. l.), fri 13963 (bubu f. r., perak). plant anatomy leaflet anatomy fixation, embedding and sectioning were made following johansen (1940) and sass (1958) with suitable modifications. fresh leaf materials were lee et al. : notes on the morphological characteristics of eurycoma spp. in peninsular malaysia 2015] 261 fixed in aa (1:3), of 25 % acetic acid and 70 % ethanol. leaf transverse section of the specimens were sectioned with a sliding microtome at 20–30 µm thickness and stained in 1 % safranin in 50 % alcohol and 1 % alcian green in 100 ml purified water with three drops of acetic acid. sections were made from the middle and marginal parts of the leaflets lamina using a reichert sliding microtome. all slides were mounted in euparal after dehydration using alcohol series 50 %, 70 %, 95 % and 100 %. finally, digital photos of the slides were taken for image analysis. results and discussion collections of eurycoma species were sampled from 16 localities comprising of forest reserves and plantations throughout peninsular malaysia covering the 5 regions i.e. northern, western, eastern, southern and central. eurycoma longifolia had been sampled from 14 localities while e. apiculata had been sampled from 3 localities i.e. bukit lagong f.r. (blg), pej. renjer sg. sega, batu kurau (bk) & endau rompin np (selai), segamat (ers) (table 1). both eurycoma species were noted to be small to big treelet, dioecious, with spiral, imparipinnate/ paripinnate leaves, condensed on the top. the stems were usually covered with large rounded leaf scar, not branching when young to many branching on large treelet. the leaflets were opposite to subopposite, elliptic to lanceolate with very short petiolule (nearly sessile), with lobed secondary veins (kochummen, 1983). the inflorescences are of axillary panicles, pubescent with many small pedicellate valvate flowers with 5-6 pubescent flower lobes. the male flower consists of 5-6 stamens with yellow anther while the female flowers with 5-6 adnate green carpels with reddish peltate, 5 lobed stigmas. meanwhile, the fruits consist of 2-5 drupe nutlets on a stalk, green when young and turning red when riped. eurycoma longifolia could be differentiated from e. apiculata using its fertile material (table 2). the inflorescences of e. longifolia were usually of long green (young) or red (mature) panicles, drooping (fig. 1a & 1b) as opposed to e. apiculata with short or slightly compact green (young) or maroon (mature) panicles that were always pointed upright (fig. 2a & 2b). the petals of e. longifolia were red, small, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, the opening rather constricted, puberulous on both lobe surfaces (fig. 1a inset). on the other hand, the petals of e. apiculata were pinkish-cream, slightly bigger and longer, linear or oblong, the opening reflexed, puberulous on the outer lobes but glabrous inside (fig. 2a). meanwhile, the young fruit nutlets of e. longifolia were usually light green in comparison to e. apiculata which were usually yellowish green (fig. 2b). these characteristics also coincide with the findings by nooteboom (1972). table 1. sampling localities of eurycoma spp. in peninsular malaysia no locality (code) region remarks 1 bukit hari research plot, frim (bh) central planted 2 pantai acheh f.r., pulau pinang (pap) northern wild 3 pulau jerejak f.r., pulau pinang (pjp) northern wild 4 stesen penyelidikan frim setiu, terengganu (stu) eastern planted & wild 5 pasoh f.r., negeri sembilan (psh) central wild 6 endau rompin np (selai), segamat, johor (ers) southern wild 7 labis f.r., segamat, johor (sgj) southern wild 8 moakil f.r., comp 293, segamat, johor (sgj) southern wild 9 gunung raya f.r., lubuk semilang, langkawi, kedah (lg) northern wild 10 pulau singa besar f.r., langkawi, kedah (lg) northern wild 11 bukit larut f.r., taiping, perak (blr) western wild 12 pondok tanjung f. r., batu kurau, perak (bk) western wild 13 stesen penyelidikan frim maran, pahang (mrn) eastern/ central planted 14 bukit lagong f.r., selangor (blg) central wild 15 pej. renjer sg. sega, batu kurau, perak (bk) western planted 16 semangkok f.r., kuala kubu baru, selangor (sm) western wild characteristics e. longifolia e. apiculata inflorescence type long, rather complex, drooped panicle short, usually compact, pointed upright panicle flower: petal colour opening rather constricted, ovatelancolate, puberulous on both lobes surfaces red opening reflexed, linear or oblong, puberulos on outer lobes, glabrous on the inside lobes surface pinkish cream or reddish cream fruit colour light green turning red to maroon when ripen yellowish green turning red to maroon when ripen leaflet: apex base subacute or acute to acuminate asymmetrical, cuneate, often decurrent to petiolule; petiolule not conspicuous abruptly pointed or acuminate rounded/ obtuse, occasionally asymmetrical, not decurrent with conspicuous petiolule table 2. diagnostic morphological characteristics fertile parts and supporting characters that could differentiate both eurycoma spp. that occur in peninsular malaysia reinwardtia 262 [vol.14 vegetatively, both species were very similar. however, certain characteristics on the leaflet could be used to distinguish these two species during the absence of fertile materials. the leaflet apex of e. longifolia was often subacute or acute to acuminate where the leaflet base was usually asymmetrical, cuneate, decurrent with very short petiolule (1−2 mm) (fig. 1b inset). in comparison, the leaflet apex of e. apiculata was always abruptly pointed/acuminate while the leaf base was rounded, seldom asymmetrical, not decurrent with conspicuous short petiolule, 1‒2 mm (fig. 2b – red rings). the leaflet of e. apiculata also tend to be larger and wider, while the leaf was shorter compared to e. longifolia (kochummen, 1983). however, these characteristics have to be used with caution as the leaves of e. longifolia could be short when they were young/cultivated and may varies in different habitats and the juvenile leaves of e. longifolia might be very large and wide with rather rounded basal. microscopically, the presences of simple, unicell trichomes were noted at the leaflet midrib and petiolule of both eurycoma spp. (table 3). abundance of foliar sclereids were also found at the leaflet lamina tranverse section. in addition, the leaflet midrib transverse section also showed the presence of sclerenchyma sheath at the vascular bundles. these findings coincide with those reported by khatijah (2006). both species could be distinguished using the outline of the leaflet midrib and margin transverse section. e. longifolia midrib had convex abaxial (fig. 3a) compared to slightly arc-shape abaxial (fig. 3c) in e. apiculata. moreover, e. longifoila had blunt tip, slightly pointed downwards (fig. 3b) margin as opposed to e. apiculata with tapered, pointed downwards (fig. 3d) margin. meanwhile, the presence of unicell trichomes (fig. 3e) in abundance at leaflet lamina, midrib and petiolule were noted in e. apiculata. this characteristic was absent in e. longifolia samples. preliminary findings showed that the abundancy of eurycoma spp. had greatly decreased due to overharvesting. much of the populations of eurycoma at the forest edges from the localities visited were noted to be gone or with few individuals left. therefore, some of the eurycoma spp. could only be found at limited isolated area in the forest (e.g. pondok tanjung f. r., bukit larut f. r., endau rompin (selai) national park). several localities (i.e. bukit larut f. r., pulau jerejak f. r.) where e. apiculata were sighted and collected in the past based on the herbarium records (kep specimens) were no longer found in the area during our sampling visits. on the other hand, some robust populations of e. longifolia were also noted at pulau singa besar f. r., a b fig. 1. e. longifolia jack a. drooping inflorescences, flower petals rather constricted opening, pubescent on both surfaces (flower inset-scale 5 mm) and b. drooping infructescences; leaflet with acute to acuminate apex and asymmetrical base that tapered towards petiolule (b inset). fig. 2. e. apiculata a.w. benn. a. pointed upright inflorescences, flower petals reflexed, pubescent on outer surface, glabrous inside and b. pointed upright infructescences, leaflets with abruptly acuminate apex and rounded base with conspicuous petiolule (marked with red rings). table 3 anatomical characteristics noted that could be used to distinguish both eurycoma spp. in peninsular malaysia in the absence of fertile materials characteristics e. longifolia e. apiculata midrib outline convex abaxial surface slightly arc-shape abaxial surface margin shape blunt tip, slightly pointed downwards tapered tip, pointed downwards lamina trichomes (unicell) absent / few present present in abundance petiolule trichomes (unicell) absent / few present present in abundance a b lee et al. : notes on the morphological characteristics of eurycoma spp. in peninsular malaysia 2015] 263 a b c d e fig. 3. transverse section (ts) of e. longifolia jack a. midrib with convex abaxial (scale 50 µm) and b. margin with blunt tip, slightly pointed downwards (scale 50 µm). ts of e. apiculata a.w. benn. c. midrib with slightly arc-shape abaxial (scale 50 µm) and d. margin with tapered tip, pointed downwards (scale 50 µm). e. the presence of simple, unicell trichomes (scale 20 µm) in abundance was noted at lamina, petiolule and midrib of e. apiculata leaflet. gunung raya f. r., pantai acheh f. r. (teluk bahang national park) and moakil f. r. conclusions in conclusion, both macroscopic and microscopic characteristics could be used in combination to distinguish both eurycoma species especially when fertile materials were unavailable. both species could be morphologically distinguished using the fertile materials (inflorescences) and microscopically distinguished using the characteristics of the leaflet midrib and margin outline. preliminary findings showed that the population of eurycoma spp., especially e. apiculata had greatly decreased. acknowledgements the authors would like to thank frim-mfrdb for the funding of this project. apart from that, we would also love to share a token of appreciation to frim research stations (maran, setiu, segamat, pasoh) & pasoh r&d committee board, jpsm & state forestry departments, johor national park corporation (jnpc) and perhilitan where we were granted the permission and permits to do our sampling in the forest reserves and plantations. last but not least, we also thanked kep herbarium and all frim’s staff who had contributed directly (i.e. tfbc, npd) and indirectly to this project’s findings. references johansen, d. a. 1940. plant microtechnique. mc graw-hill book. co. inc., usa. 523 p. khatijah, h. 2006. anatomical atlas of malaysian medicinal plants. vol. 1. universiti kebangsaan malaysia. bangi, malaysia. pp. 71 – 81. kochummen, k. m. 1983. simaroubaceae. in: whitmore, t. c. 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(eds). plant resources of south-east asia no. 12 (1): medicinal and poisonous plants 1. backhuys publisher, leiden, the netherlands. pp. 272 – 275. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. 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[phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id a 2 259 263_1-1 259 263_3-3 259 263_4-4 259 263_5-5 259 263_6-6 259 263_7-7 259 263_8-8 u b 138 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 fig. 7. fig. 8. fig. 9. fig. 11 fig. 10. plate ii. pollen (schematic) x 450. fig. 7. s. glomerata, subsp. peregrina; fig. 8. s. buurmanii; fig. 9. s. kunstleri; fig. 10. s. corneri; fig. 11. £. kostermansii. r e i k w a e d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 2, p.p. 139—140 (1965) the identity of hornera jungh. (thymeleaceae) a. j. g. h. kostermans *) dr. airy shaw (van steenis, fl. males. ser. i, 6(1): 48. 1960), referred hornera jungh. (tijdschr. natuurl. geschied. & physiol. 7: 314. 1840) tentatively to lauraceae. hornera was described in an article with the misleading title: nova genera et species plantarum javanicum, as the species numbered 22 to 27 are from japan. under no. 22 there is a remark: "siccatam e regius japonico accepi". flora malesiana gives no clue where this japanese collection came from; no collecting localities and no collectors are mentioned by junghuhn **). according to maximowicz (in bentham & hooker f., gen. pi. 3: 188— 189. 1880) the genus should not be japanese; this wrong statement is apparently due to the fact, that maximowicz could not attribute the genus in its circumscription to any japanese plant. hornera junghuhn, according to the author related to gnidia, is described with two species. as the type specimens so far have not been located, identification has to be based entirely on the descriptions, which are, luckily, very extensive. hornera umbellata (i.e. 314) represents without doubt a species of neolitsea merr. the flowers are dimerous and the flower described is a female one. the stalked glands were mistaken by junghuhn for stamens. there are 6 "fila sterilia". which represent the 6 sterile stames, which in neolitsea are arranged in 3 cycles of 2 opposite stamens each. the description fits neolitsea perfectly and the lengthy and adequate description will make it possible to identify even the species, when neolitsea of japan is revised. the second species: hornera glomerata (i.e. 316) belongs either in litsea, lindera or actinodaphne. as nothing is stated about the leaves being verticillate, me may exclude actinodaphne. as lindera has usually triplinerved leaves, the best guess is litsea. *) d.sc, professor of botany, bandung institute of technology (university) and of the faculty of mathematics and physics, university of indonesia, bogor; assistant director forest research institute, bogor; honorary scientific collaborator herbarium bogoriense. *s;) perhaps junghuhn received his material from h. burger (cf. van steenis kruseman in blumea 11: 495. 1962). — 139 — 140 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 again a female specimen is described having 6 stalked glands, wrongly described as the stamens and 9 sterile stamens ("9 fila"), which fits litsea perfectly. here too, the description of the vegetative parts leaves little doubt, that litsea is meant. consequently hornera represents a mixture of neolitsea merr. (1906) and litsea lam. (1791) and may be discarded already for that reason. moreover neolitsea and litsea are both nomina conservanda. the specific names, however, might have priority over current names. reinwardtia published by herbarium bog'oriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 2, p.p. 141—146 (1965) miscellaneous botanical notes 4 *) a. j. g. h. kostermans **) l a u r a c e a e the oldest scientific name for the cinnamon tree cinnamomum zeylanicum bl, 1826, has been currently considered to be the proper name for the common cinnamon tree. this name was already in use during the pre-linnean period (cf. kostermans, bibliogr. laur. 364. 1964). the oldest valid name, however, is cinnamomum verum j.s. presl, 1825, this is not a pharmaceutical name, as is evident from the references cited by presl and by the treatment of other species. for complete references cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 360, 1964. laurus caesia rwdt. ex blume, the oldest name for acer laurinum hassk. (acer niveum bl.) the oldest description of this tree, common in western malesia, is laurus caesia rwdt. ex blume (bijdr. fl. n.i. 553. 1826). the description was based on a specimen, collected by reinwardt, apparently in w. java, as blume cites the sundanese name: huru (= lauraceae) madum (perhaps a misspelling of madu = honey). blume cited this specimen already in 1823 in his catalogue. duplicates of the type specimen, which are sterile, may be found in numerous herbaria (kopenhagen, leiden, leningrad, etc.). this is the plant alluded to by junghuhn in his travels (reizen) in java, where he remarked, that blume was not able to distinguish an acer from a laurus! nees, 1836, referred the specimen (with a question mark) to daphnidium (cf. kostermans, bibliogr. laur. 578, no. 5a. 1964). villar, 1880, on the authority of nees, referred the species to lindera (cf. kostermans, i.e. 744). *) 1—3 appeared in reinwardtia 5: 233—54. 1960; 5: 375—411 1061 and 6155—169. 1962. **) d. sc, professor of botany, bandung institute of technology and of the faculty of physics and mathematics, university of indonesia, bogor; assistantdirector forest research institute, bogor; scientific honorary collaborator herbarium bogoriense. — 141 — rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_25 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_26 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 5, pp. 537 538 (1969) the identity of some burman species a . j . g . h . kostermans * n u x m o s c h a t a , e t c . burman (thesaurus zeylanicus, 1737) depicted on tab. 79 nuxlmoschata, spuria, sylvestris, caryophylli arboris, oppositis, nobis. the plate depicts a sterile branch with conspicuous, stalked, perulate leaf buds. the local name is given as iryaghedhi (cited from mus. zeyl., p. 58). linnaeus edumerated the species in fl. zeyl., p. 590 under "barbarae annihilatae". in the geneva herbarium, i found a sheet of the burman collection, which might well have served as base for the plate. the perulate buds are not stalked, but this was perhaps a liberty of the draughtsman. it represents machilus glaucescens wight, var. zeylanica meissn., which was considered to be conspecific with persea (machilus) macrantha (nees) kosterm. by hooker. the vernacular name is fixed in myristica iryaghedhi gaertn. d a w e 1 c o r o n d e this is the seventh species of what burman (i.c. 63) considered to be the cinnamomum group. there are three sheets in the burman collection in geneva marked dauwoel koeroendoe in large, caligraphed letters, one sheet with a leafy branch with axillar buds bears (in another hand) the identification: machilus angustifolia rumf., p. 60, t. 26, an erroneous disposition, the other sheets are not further marked, except one, which bears the identification laurus involucrata retz. (which is also wrong). these three sheets represent neolitsea cassia (l.) kosterm. (syn.: neolitsea zeylanica (nees) merr.). there is a fourth sheet of neolitsea cassia, consisting of a sterile branch, mounted in a paper flower pot and marked schinoba. but there are also two sheets of neoutsea cassia, marked nica-curundu (nieke coronde of the thesaurus zeyl.), the sixth "species" of burman; one sheet marked: nieke coronde vociatur in acta phys. medic, acad. caes. *) forest research institute and herbarium bogoriense, bogor. — 537 — 538 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 leop. in app. 5 vol. 1; the other one: nica-curundu. laurus camphora n.b. arbor camphorif era jaiponica dicta, etc. ab hacr quia in nomine zeylanicia ad cinnamomum pertinent. laurus eamphora descr. thunberg. l a u r u s f o l i i s o v a t i s , etc. laurus foliis ovatis venosis coriaceis transverse venosis perennantibus burman is represented by one sheet which is ocotea bullata meyer of s. africa. [ ' . •hi: j rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_01a. rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_60a rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_87a reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(2): 249-324, december 23, 2015 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirinpartomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia a c b d e g f h cover images: zingiber engganoensis ardiyani. a. habit b. leafy shoot and the inflorescence showing rhizomes, roots and root-tuber c. leaves d. ligule and swollen petiole e. dissection of inflorescence showing fruit f. spike and flowers g. dissection of flowers and fruits showing bract, bracteole, two lateral staminodes, two petal lobes, labellum, and the four appendages of the anther h. flower. source of materials: e190 (bo). photo credits: b, c, d by arief supnatna. a, e, f, g, h by marlina ardiyani. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 14(2): abdul latiff mohamad, faculty of science & technology, universiti kebangsaan malaysia, malaysia abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk campbell o. webb arnold arboretum, university of harvard, usa edwino fernando dept. of forest biological sciences, university of the philippines, los baños, philippines fabian brambach dept. of ecology & ecosystem research, georg august university, gottingen, germany john mood lyon arboretum, university of hawaii, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, chicago, usa mark newman royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk martin dancak faculty of science, palacky university, czech republic mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi) ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 317 ‒ 322 317 notes on rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) in sumatra with a new record rafflesia gadutensis meijer received april 09, 2015; accepted september 23, 2015 ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: ridhamahyuni@gmail.com yayan wahyu c. kusuma & wihermanto center for plant conservation – botanic gardens, lipi. jln. ir. h. juanda no. 13 bogor, 16122, indonesia. j. f. veldkamp naturalis biodiversity center, section botany, p.o. box 9517, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: jef.veldkamp@naturalis.nl abstract mahyuni, r., kusuma,y. w. c., wihermanto & veldkamp, j. f. 2015. notes on rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) in sumatra with a new record rafflesia gadutensis meijer. reinwardtia 14(2): 317 ‒ 322. ― pulau mursala is a small island west of the sibolga, tapanuli tengah district, north sumatra, indonesia. the occurrence of the genus rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) there has never been reported before. however, during a visit in april 2013 three populations are located close together with more than twenty buds and some rotting blooming flowers, tetrastigma sp. was detected. field observations could be made and material was collected for comparison with that in the herbarium bogoriense (bo). it was concluded that they are r. gadutensis meijer, which is known from padang, ulu gadut. notes on its morphology are given. the distribution of species is discussed. keywords: mur sala, r afflesia, r . gadutensis, rafflesiaceae, sumatra. abstrak mahyuni, r., kusuma,y. w. c., wihermanto & veldkamp, j. f. 2015. catatan rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) sumatera dengan rekaman baru rafflesia gadutensis meijer. reinwardtia 14(2): 317 ‒ 322. ― pulau mursala adalah pulau kecil yang berada di bagian barat sibolga, tapanuli tengah, sumatera utara. sebelumnya tidak pernah dilaporkan keberadaan marga rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) di lokasi ini. namun, selama kunjungan pada april 2013, ditemukan tiga populasi rafflesia dengan jarak saling berdekatan dengan lebih dari 20 kuncup bunga dan bunga mekar yang hampir membusuk dengan inang tetrastigma sp. pengamatan lapangan dilakukan dan spesimen dikoleksi serta dibandingkan dengan koleksi yang ada di herbarium bogoriense (bo). disimpulkan bahwa itu adalah r. gadutensis meijer, yang dikenal dari ulu gadut, padang. catatan mengenai morfologi disajikan. persebaran jenis didiskusikan. kata kunci: mur sala, r afflesia, r. gadutensis, rafflesiaceae, sumatera. introduction the island of sumatra, indonesia, is the home of more than 10 of more than 30 recognized species of rafflesia r. br. ex gray (rafflesiaceae) and three of them are incompletely species (meijer 1997, barcelona et al. 2011; pelser et al. 2013). it could be called the “island of rafflesia”, not in the least because what is generally considered the first species known to western science, r. arnoldi r. br., was discovered there by joseph arnold (1782—1818), sir thomas stamford raffles (1781—1826), lady olivia mariamne raffles (1771—1814), and mr. palsgrave (? presgrave, fide winkler, 1927: 89), resident of manna, on may 20, 1818, on pulau lebar in the passummah ulu manna, south of bengkulu, just before arnold’s death in july. it was of course long known to the local people who called it krubut, ambun-ambun, or peliman sikuddi, the devil’s siri-box. actually, the first species of rafflesia probably was seen by louis auguste deschamps (1765−1842), a french naturalists, probably in august 1797, in nusa kambangan island, just off the southern coast of java, of which he described and collected herbarium specimens. it was locally known as bunga patma. unfortunately, due to the napoleontic war between france and great britain, his manuscripts were captured in 1802 by the british and are now in bm, while his specimens seem to have been lost. his writings have remained unpublished until today, although this spectacular finding and descriptions circulated in the early 19th century. his drawing of r. patma blume was reproduced by van steenis et al. (1954). arnold’s male flower was sent to sir joseph banks (1743−1820) in the uk, who referred it to robert brown (1773−1858). the latter delivered a speech at the linnean society on june 30, 1820, in which he named the genus rafflesia and its only species r. arnoldi, thus honouring both its discoverers. however, names merely mentioned in lectures never were validly published under the various nomenclatural codes (mcneill, et al., , ,, reinwardtia 318 [vol.14 2012: art. 29.1: “publication ... is not effected by communication of new names at a public meeting”). he effectively published the names in 1821a. apparently, minutes had been made and these were published by samuel frederick gray (1766−1828). in the first publication (1820a) of august no name was mentioned, and the plant was said to have come from java, in the second one (1820b) of september the name rafflesia and a description were given based on sumatra specimen materials. the latter publication may have been the source of notes in dutch (anonymous, nov 1820; j.c. kraus?) and in german by kraus (28 nov 1820). hereby the correct author citation of rafflesia is r. br. ex gray, and not r. br. (mabberley, 1999: 343). brown, himself, distributed a preprint in april 1821 while the publication in the journal usually cited was between 23 may and 21 june 1821. here two species are described, one from sumatra (r. arnoldi) and one from java (r. horsfieldii). as the genus had already been described on the sumatra species, r. arnoldi is the type, not the lectotype. the correct orthography of the epithet is “arnoldi”, as was used by brown, not “arnoldii” as is usually found. arnold may be considered as a personal name with a well-established latinised form under rec. 60c.2. saint arnoldus of soissons (ca. 1040–1087) is the patron of hop-pickers and belgian brewers, honoured for saving many people from the 11th century until today, as beer made from boiled water is safer than ordinary water then and now. the american thomas horsfield (1773−1859) also found a rafflesiaceae in java: the enigmatic r. horsfieldii r. br. (1821a: 25; 1821b: 225) of which the provenance is unknown, type is lost, a drawing mislaid, whereby its identity is uncertain. backer & bakhuizen f. (1964) have suggested that this might be rhizanthes zippelii (blume) spach, but meijer & veldkamp (1988: 329−330) said that “it obviously is a true rafflesia”. the meticulous brown surely would have noted the great differences between rafflesia and a rhizanthes, even when in bud. interestingly, its name is not mentioned at all by meijer (1997) and nais (2001). mabberley (1999: 348) thought it was rafflesia patma, but did not rule out that it might be rhizanthes zippelii. this seems unlikely, as the flower is much too small for both, and it might be a species now extinct. william jack (1795−1822) collected additional material, among which a female flower, that was sent to brown who used both for a lecture in 1834, of which he distributed a preprint in1844. jack in 1820 published a paper with many new taxa, e.g. of dryobalanops c.f. gaertn., sagus rumph. ex gaertn, nepenthes l., stagmaria jack, and also the combination r. titan. this was based on his own observations and not on the specimens collected by arnold et al., which are now in the bm. the combination is therefore not superfluous for r. arnoldi as mabberley has stated (1999: 347). in a letter to home dated april 10th,1820 (see hooker, 1835: 135), jack wrote “i lately sent to england a short account of some of my most interesting plants including the sumatran gigantic flower to mr. marsden”. [william marsden (1754−1836), author of “an account of the natural history of sumatra” (1783−1811)]. burkill (1916: 27) and merrill (1952: 203) noted that a copy must have been present among the papers that jack’s mother had kept. in another letter of 1 may 1821 to wallich in calcutta he noted “you must observe that though called an appendix to the malayan miscellanies it had been kept back till we hear what is done at home about the great flower”. if it is brought forward in england, then this is to be suppressed and not published; if not, then this may be used in the event of the french getting hold of it, as a proof of priority of publication. so you understand that it is at present ‘inedita’, dost thou comprehend”. apparently he wanted to have his bread buttered on both sides! if the species has been published in england, then his publication is to be “suppressed” destroyed, but if the french (deschamps!) would dare to take priority, he then triumphantly could hold up his copy and claim that he was first. this is of course legally impossible, and even then not really decent and proper. clearly there was a copy of this paper with this letter which must have been printed earlier and this letter of 10 april 1820 may be regarded as the moment of effective distribution. it is tempting to think that he sent one even earlier to marsden as well, but finding out is far beyond the scope of this paper. wallich’s copy is in the library of the calcutta botanical garden. another one was donated on 14 july 1821 by major general thomas hardwicke (1755−1835) to the library of the asiatic society of bengal (merrill, 1952: 203). jack sent a letter to robert brown on 23 may 1821 with a copy of his paper (mabberley, 1999: 343). this fulfils the requirement of art. 29.1 of the code (mcneill et al., 2012) that printed matter was distributed. another copy of the appendix was reviewed by anonymous in an edinburgh journal (1822a, on april 12) in which brown’s paper is noted, but the name rafflesia is attributed to jack, and only r. titan is mentioned. this copy should be looked for in either aberdeen or edinburgh libraries. most of the stock was lost in a fire for which reason it was reprinted by e.g. hooker (1835), griffith (1843), trench & trübner (1887), and the boerhaave press (1977, but without the appendices). hooker (1835: 259) cited r. titan with r. arnoldi in its synonymy. bastin (1973) in vain has tried to pinpoint any 1820 publication date for the giant flower to mahyuni et al.: notes on rafflesia from sumatra 2015] 319 prevent the ultimate priority of r. titan jack. in conclusion it is clear that r. titan was published probably before 10 april 1820, and certainly before april 1821 and thus has priority over r. arnoldi (apr 1821). obviously the latter combination needs conservation. the next species to be described for sumatra was r. hasseltii suringar (1879, 1884), found between the liki and lampatan andjang rivers, west sumatra, around the end of december of 1877 by a. l. van hasselt, veth & snelleman (http://www.nationaal herbarium.nl/fmcollectors/h/hasseltalvan.htm). koorders (1918) described r. atjehensis from lokop, aceh. meijer (1997) regarded this as a variety of r. arnoldi. susatya (2011) recognized that it is a distinct species based on ramenta structure. ramenta of r. atjehensis are tuberculate and those of r. arnoldi are filiform. this species is known only from lokop, aceh. in 1984, meijer published five new species of rafflesia two of them are from sumatra: r. gadutensis and r. micropylora. the first occurs in west sumatra, the second in aceh, in the gunung leuser national park. until 2006 no new species of rafflesia from sumatra were described. rafflesia patma blume has been reported for lampung (meijer, 1997), but due to the absence of material, susatya et al. (2005) believed that it probably refers to r. bengkuluensis susatya, arianto & mat-salleh from southern bengkulu because of the similarity in distribution. in 2010 two species of rafflesia were described for north sumatra, i.e. r. lawangensis (mat-salleh et al., wiriadinata & sari) from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park. jfv saw three localities there in september 2010. rafflesia meijeri occurs in the taman wisata alam sicike-cike, district of samosir. it is very similar to r. rochusenii teijsm. & binn. meijer (1997) recognized that distribution of r. rochussenii in west java, north sumatra and further south in tapanuli and it probably still occurred in berastagi in 1980 and this site was logged and destroyed in 1981. rafflesia gadutensis meijer based on ramenta shape, r. gadutensis may be included in the r. hasseltii complex together with r. azlanii latiff & m. wong, r. cantleyi solms, and r. hasseltii. latiff & wong (2003) compared the last three species, and found that they were distinguished by size, perigone lobes, warts, pattern of perigone lobes, size and diameter of the diaphragm, circular dots, ramenta, number of processes, position of the windows, and the number of anthers. rafflesia gadutensis has pale maroon red perigone lobes and a pale red diaphragm. the ramenta are crateriform and swollen. it can be distinguished from r. arnoldi and r. hasseltii by the ornamentation on the perigone lobes, the size of the flowers, the form of the ramenta, and the number of anthers. rafflesia hasseltii has larger warts on the perigone lobes compared to other species and was known to suringar as “cendawan matahari” (= sun mushroom). rafflesia gadutensis also has larger warts than r. arnoldi and sometimes one wart and another overlap near the base of the perigone lobes. discovery of rafflesia gadutensis in mursala island rafflesia gadutensis previously had been misidentified as r. arnoldi e.g. by olah (1960; 2n = 12) and hotta et al. (1984). the latter ones for specimens found in the gajah buih plot in ulu gadut. in 1984 meijer (1984) regarded it as distinct and named it after the location where it had been collected. recently it has been reported for a number of localities in west sumatra (meijer, 1997). schäfer (1940) reported about 20 places within a range of a ca. 2 hours walk around lebong tandai, north bengkulu. meijer (1997: 24) equated his photographs with r. gadutensis. a specimen from kejora, batang toru district, south tapanuli, sih kahono 2003 (bo), originally identified as r. arnoldi, after inspection turned out to be r. gadutensis as well. the species has also been recorded for sibolga, central tapanuli district, by jeremy holden (part time fauna & flora international staffer) whose photograph can be found on the internet (http://www.parasitic plants.siu.edu/rafflesiaceae/raff.gad.page.html). mursala is a small island located fwest off the sibolga coast, tapanuli tengah district, north sumatra, at ca. 1o 37’60” n, 98o 31’60” e. it can be reached by a two-hour boat from sibolga. the entire island mainly is covered by lowland primary forest dominated by dipterocarpaceae, myrtaceae, euphorbiaceae, anacardiaceae, etc. sarcotheca diversifolia miq. (oxalidaceae) has been found here by teijsmann in february 1856, a curious disjunction, as otherwise the species is widespread in borneo. it has been visited by botanists before, e.g. by jack in march 1820, and more recently by centre for plant conservation-botanic gardenin april 2013. an infected tetrastigma sp. was found on the slope of a mountain in kuala hantu. there are three population located close together. the distance between first populations and the second population of approximately 10 meters. meanwhile, the distance to the third population about 150 m. approximately more than twenty small flower buds ranging from 2 to 7.8 cm in diameter were present. the temperature was 28.1º−29.3º c and the surrounding vegetation was composed of cyrtandra picta blume (gesneriaceae), dacryodes reinwardtia 320 [vol.14 rostrata (blume) h. j. lam (burseraceae), dipterocarpus sp. and hopea sp. (dipterocarpaceae), ficus sp. ( m o r a c e a e ) , h o m a l o m e n a s p . (araceae), laportea sp. (urticaceae), and syzygium sp. (myrtaceae). after close inspection of a partly opened flower and some rotten flowers, we conclude that it agreed with r. gadutensis, but that it was smaller (± 29 cm) in size than the description r. gadutensis by meijer (1997), flowers 40−46 cm and there were fewer processes. they are arranged in two rings, 14 or 15. (but see description below and fig. 1, map 1). usually, the number of processes is over 15, and they are arranged in three rings. the transition to the next is not clear: that is the number of ridges around the column of the male and female flowers. this has been reported for a few species, e.g. r. gadutensis, r. hasseltii, r. patma, and r. rochusenii. the ridges of the male flower are wider than in the female one. meijer (1984) observed that the female flowers have about 80 ridges around the column, but the flowers from mursala have ca. 67. r. gadutensis in mursala mature female flower bud, up to 14 cm in diameter. perigone lobes 15−16.2 cm long, 12−12.2 cm wide. opening in diaphragma 5.6−5.8 cm in diameter. diaphragma 8.4−8.6 cm in diameter. lower face of diaphragma with 5 concentric rings of white blots, the two rings with a flat 0.2−2.2 cm wide. disc 8 cm in diameter, rim disc 2.2 cm high, with soft hairs. processes arranged in two rings, of 14 or 15 in the outer, 4 or 5 in the central rings (but see above and fig. 1b), 2.2−2.4 cm long, simple cone-shaped, and flat, with the same colour as the disc, apex with hairs. ramenta toadstoolshaped or with many branches, swollen at apex 0.3−1 cm long. column with about 67 ridges, protruding for about 1 by 4 mm. a nnulus between exterior and interior 0.9 cm. male flower unknown. (collection numbers yy 437, yy 442 in bo spirit). acknowledgements the authors are grateful to the dinas kehutanan dan kelautan sibolga for permitting us to conduct the fieldwork. high appreciation goes to selin siahaan, rahmat, eddy, nduru and other people in mursala island who accompanied us during the field wok. this research was supported by dipa 2013 centre for plant conservation-botanic garden. the manuscript was critically reviewed by dr. agus susatya, forestry department, agriculture faculty, university of bengkulu (unib). map 1. mursala island, sibolga. mahyuni et al.: notes on rafflesia from sumatra 2015] 321 references anonymous (j. c. kraus). 1820 (10 nov). natuurkundige bijzonderheden. een nieuwe ontdekte bloem van buitengewone grootte. a lg. konst.-lett.bode 1820, 2, 46: 318−319. anonymous. 1822a (12 apr.). 53. rafflesia titan. edinburgh philosophical journal 6: 398. anonymous (j. c. kraus?). 1822b (5 jul.). natuurkundige bijzonderheden. nader bericht wegens de rafflesia arnoldi, de grootste tot hier bekende bloem. a lgemene konst en letterbode 1822. 27: 8−10. backer, c. a. & bakhuizen van den brink, f. r. c. 1964 (“1963”). flora of java 1: 166. noordhoff, groningen. barcelona, j. f., fernando, e. s., nickrent, d. l., balete, d. s., & pelser, p. b. 2011. an amended description of rafflesia leonardi and a revised key to philippines rafflesia ( rafflesiaceae). phytotaxa 24: 11−18. bastin, j. 1973. dr. joseph arnold and the discovery of rafflesia arnoldi in west sumatra in 1818. j. soc. bibliogr. nat. hist. 6: 305−372. boerhaave press. 1977. descriptions of malayan plants: facs. edition of jack, mal. misc. (1820— 1822). leiden. brown, r. (apr). 1821a. an account of a new genus of plants, named rafflesia. trans. linn. soc. london 13: 1-34. taylor, london. brown, r. 1821b (may−jun). an account of a new genus of plants, named rafflesia. trans. linn. soc. london 13: 201−234, t. 15−22. brown, r. 1844a (sep). on the female flower and fruit of rafflesia arnoldi and on hydnora africana: 1−27. taylor, london. trans. linn. soc. 19: 221−247 (nov 1844). brown, r. 1844b (nov). on the female flower and fruit of rafflesia arnoldi and on hydnora africana. trans. linn. soc. 19:221−247. burkill, i. h. 1916. william jack’s letters to nathaniel wallich. j. straits branch roy. a siat. soc. 73: 226−231. jack, w. 1820. descriptions of malayan plants, appendix: 1−26, sumatran mission press, bencoolen. gray, s. f. 1820a (aug). physical science during the year 1819. iv. botany. a nn. philos. mag. chem. 16: 129. gray, s. f. 1820b (sep). proceedings of philosophical societies. a nn. philos. mag. chem. 16: 225−226. grififth, w. 1843. descriptions of malayan plants by william jack arranged according to their natural families, etc. calcutta j. nat. hist. 4: 215−218. copy in l fide merrill 1952: 205. reprinted 1843 separately paged iii, 230 pp, no plates, but without the appendix. hooker, w. j. 1835. description of malayan plants by william jack with a brief memoir of the author and extracts from his correspondence. compan. bot. mag. 1: 121−272. (259−264, t. xiv, xv). hotta, m. 1989. miscellanea. in hotta, m. (ed.), diversity and plant-animal interaction in equatorial rain forest: report of 1987-1988 sumatra research. kagoshima university, kagoshima. hotta, m. tamin, r & ito, m. 1984. flora of g. gadut area. in hotta, m. (ed.), forest ecology and flora of g. gadut; report of 1980−1984. sumatra nature study (botany). kyoto. jack, w. 1820. descriptions of malayan plants. malayan miscellanies 1, appendix: 1−26. kooders, s.h. 1918. botanisch overzicht der rafflesiaceae van nederlandsch-indië. batavia: g. kolff and company. kraus, j. c. 1820 (28 nov). botanische notizen. 1. rafflesia, eine neue pflanzengattung. flora 3: 699−700. latiff, a. & wong, m. 2003. a new species of rafflesia. folia malaysiana 4: 135-146. fig. 1. rafflesia gadutensis meijer in mursala. a. windows, b. procesess, c. perigone lobes, d. annulus, e.ramentaupper, f. ramenta-middle, g. ramenta-lower. photo: r. mahyuni & y. kusuma. 5 cm 5 cm 5 cm e f g (ed.), reinwardtia 322 [vol.14 mabberley, d. j. 1999. robert brown on rafflesia. blumea 44: 343−350. marsden, w. 1783−1811. the history of sumatra (ed. 1−3). marsden, london. ed. 1. mat-salleh, k., mahyuni, r., susatya, a. & veldkamp, j. f. 2010. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae) a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park. reinwardtia 13 (2): 159−166. mcneill, j., barrie, f. r, buck, w. r., demoulin, v., greuter, w., hawksworth, d. l., herendeen, p. s., knapp, s., marhold, k., prado, j., prud'homme van reine, w. f., smith, g. f., wiersema, j. h. & turland, n. j. 2012. international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (melbourne code). regnum v eg. 154: xxx, 1−208. meijer, w. 1984. new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae). blumea 30: 211. meijer, w. 1997. rafflesiaceae. flora malesiana i, 13: 1−42. meijer, w. & veldkamp, j.f. 1988. a revision of rhizanthes (rafflesiaceae). blumea: 31: 329-342 merrill, e. d. 1952. william jack's genera of malaysian plants. j. a rnold a rbor. 23: 242. nais, j. 2001. rafflesia of the world: xvi, 243 pp. sabah parks, kota kinabalu. olah, l. v. 1960. cytological and morphological investigations in rafflesia arnoldii r. brown. bull. torrey bot. club 87: 406−416. pelser, p. b., nickrent, d. l., callado, j. r. c.& barcelona, j. f. 2013. mt. banahaw reveals: the ressurection and neotypication of the name rafflesia lagascae (rafflesiaceae) and clues to dispersal of rafflesia seeds. phytotaxa (131):35−40. schäfer, h. 1940. nieuwe rafflesia vindplaatsen in benkoelen. trop. natuur 29: 21−23. stafleu, f. a. & r. s. cowan. 1979. taxonomic literature, ed. 2, 2: regnum v eg. 98: 395−396. suringar, w. f. r. (post “25 oct 1879”). rafflesia hasseltii. acta soc. reg. sci. neerl. =verslagen & mededeelingen van de koninklijke akademie van wetenschappen (afd. natuurkunde) 14, verslag 25 oct. 1879 (in dutch). suringar, w. f. r. 1884. fam. cytinaceae tribus rafflesiaceae in a. l. van hasselt & j. g. boerlage, bijdragen tot de kennis der flora van middensumatra, in p. j. veth (ed.), midden-sumatra, reizen en onderzoekingen der sumatra-expeditie, 1877-79. part 4 (natural history), 2nd part, flora: 26−30. susatya, a. 2011. rafflesia pesona bunga terbesar di dunia. direktorat kawasan konservasi dan bina hutan lindung. departemen kehutanan. jakarta. susatya, a., arianto, w., & mat-salleh, k. 2005. rafflesia bengkuluensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from south sumatra, indonesia. folia malaysiana. 6 (3&4): 139−152. susatya, a., wahyudi, a., sofyan, a., ashari, a & dunner, a. 2002. kajian distribusi dan ekologi jenis-jenis rafflesia di taman nasional kerinci seblat provinsi bengkulu. departemen kehutanan dan yayasan kehati. jakarta. trench, k.p. & trübner, n. 1887. miscellaneous papers relating to indo-china. trübner’s oriental series. reprinted for the straits branch of the royal asiatic society. ser. 2, 2: 1−313. van steenis, c. g. g. j., van steeniskruseman, m. j. & backer, c. a. 1954. louis auguste deschamps, a prominent but ill-fated early explorer of the flora of java. 1793-1798. bull. brit. mus. nat. hist. i, 2: 61. wiriadinata, h. & sari, r. 2010. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra. reinwardtia 13 (2): 95−100. winkler, h. 1927. über eine rafflesia aus zentral borneo. planta 4: 1−97. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 317 322_1-1 317 322_2-2 317 322_3-3 317 322_4-4 317 322_5-5 317 322_6-6 317 322_7-7 317 322_8-8 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_76-76 317 322_9-9 317 322_10-10 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2, p a r t 2, pp. 185-224 (1953) the genus tetracera (dilleniaceae) in the eastern old world (with plate 1) r . d . hoogland* summary 1. an account of the genus tetracera l. in the eastern old world (asia, malaysia, australia, new caledonia) is given. the malaysian species have already been included in the revision of the dilleniaceae in "flora malesiana" (i 4: 141-149. 1951). 2. the main part of the present paper consists of a key to the species, followed by a systematic treatment of the 15 species admitted for the region. 3. latin diagnoses are given for three new subspecies under tetracera asiatica (lour.) hoogl. and two new varieties under tetracera nordtiana f. muell. 4. a number of species are reduced either to the rank of variety or to synonymy. 5. distribution-maps are provided for the species of which a relatively large; number of specimens has been studied. introduction.—the present paper forms an extension of my revision of the genus tetracera l. in "flora malesiana" (i 4: 141-149. 1951) and the revision now covers, besides malaysia, continental asia (ceylon and hainan included), australia, and new caledonia. the study was made possible by the loan of specimens from several herbaria, which have been indicated in the citation of type specimens by the abbreviations proposed by lanjouw [inreg. veg. 2 (ind. herb. 1): 106-117. 1952] as follows: a arnold arboretum herbarium, harvard university, jamaica plain, mass. bm department of botany, british museum (natural history), london. bo herbarium bogoriense, bogor, java, br herbier du jardin botanique de l'£tat, bruxelles. brt botanical museum and herbarium, brisbane. brsl botanical institute, wroclaw (formerly breslau). c universitetets botaniske museum, copenhagen. cal the indian botanic garden and herbarium, calcutta, cge botanical museum and herbarium of the university, cambridge (england). dd forest research institute herbarium, dehra dun. e herbarium of the royal botanic garden, edinburgh. fi erbario del instituto botanieo dell' university, firenze. g institut de botanique systematique de l'universite, geneve. gh gray herbarium, harvard university, (jambridge, mass. •botanist , flora malesiana foundation, now c. s. i. r.o., canberra, a. c.t., australia. -; [reinwardtia, vol. 2, p a r t 1 was issued september 12, 1952] reinwardtia [vol. 2 gl botanical department herbarium, glasgow. gro botanisch laboratorium der rijksuniversiteit, afdeling plantensystematiek, groningen. i f i herbarium of the imperial forestry institute, oxford. k the herbarium, royal botanic gardens, kew, surrey. l rijksherbarium, leiden. linn herbarium of the linnean society of london, london. m ' botanische staatssammlung, miinehen. mel botanic gardens and national herbarium, melbourne. mich herbarium of the university of michigan, ann arbor, mich. mo herbarium of the missouri botanical garden, st. louis, mo. ny herbarium of the new york botanical garden, new york, n. y. oxf oxford university herbarium, oxford. p laboratoire de phanerogamie du museum national d'histoire naturelle, paris. 5 naturhistoriska riksmuseet, stockholm. sing herbarium of the botanic gardens, singapore. u botanisch museum en herbarium, utrecht. uc university of california herbarium, berkeley, calif. u p s botaniska museet, uppsala. us united states national herbarium, washington, d. c. i wish to express here my indebtedness to the directors and keepers of these herbaria for their valuable help in putting their specimens at my disposal. the detailed citation of specimens examined has been omitted and in its place distribution-maps have been prepared for the species of which a relatively large number of specimens have been studied. all specimens studied by the author have been provided with an identification-label. tetracera l. tetracem l., sp. pi. 533. 1753; gen. pi., 5th ed., 237. 1754; d c , syst. 1; 397. 1818; prod. 1: 67. 1824; roxb., f l . ind., ed. carey, 2: 646. 1832; hook. f. & thorns., pi. ind. 1: 62. 1855; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1 (2): 8. 1859; benth. & hook, f., gen. pi. 1: 12. 1882; drury, handb. ind. fl. 1: 9. 1864; miq. in ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 4: 74. 1868; hook. f. & thorns, in fl. br. ind. 1: 81. 1872; kurz, for. fl. br. burma 1: 22. 1877; eichl., blutendiagr. 2: 251. 1878; martelli in becc, malesia 3: 150. 188g; king in j. as. soc. beng. 58 (2) : 362. 1889; k. schum. & hollr., pi. kais. wilhelmsl. 47. 1889; boer]., handl. 1 (1) : 6. 1890; trim., handb. fl. ceyl. 1: 6. 189s; gilg in engl. 6 prantl, nat. pflfam. 3, 6: 110. 1895; pritzel in bot. jb. 24: 352. 1897; f. m. bail., queensl. fl. 1: 8. 1899; ridl. in j. s t r . b r . r. a. s. 33: 37. 1900; k. schurn. & l a u t , fl. deut. schutzgeb. sudsee 444. 1901; brand., ind. trees 4. 1906; fin. & gagnen.in fl. gen. ind.-ch. 1: 12. 1907; back., fl. batavia 1: 3. 1907; schoolfl. j a v a 8. 1911; koord., exkfl. j a v a ' 2 : 600. 1912; ridl. in saraw. mus. j. 1: 68. 1913; merr., bibl. en. born. pi. 281. 1921; ridl., fl. mai. pen. 1: 4. 1922; drels in bot. j b . 57: 439. 1922; merr., en. philip, fl. pi. 3; 58. 1923; craib, fl. siam. en. 1: 19. 1925; gilg & werderm. in engl. & prantl, nat. pflfam., 2nd ed., 2 1 : 16. 1925; back., b e t a . pi. j a v a (nooduitg.) 4 (fam. 80) : 1. 1942; hoogl. in pl mal. i 4: 141. 1951. 1853] hoogland: tetmcera 187 delima l., gen. pi., 5th ed., 231. 1754; syst., 10th ed., 1076. 1759; d c , syst. 1: 397. 1818; prod. 1: 67. 1824; hook. f. & thorns., fl. ind. 1: 61. 1855; miq., fl. intl. bat. 1 (2); 7. 1859; benth. & hook, t., gen. pi. 1: 12. 1862; triana & planch. in ann. sci. nat., bot. iv 17: 20. 1862; drury, handb. ind. fl. 1: 11. 1864; miq. in ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 4: 73. 1868; hance in 3. of bot. 7: 115. 1869; hook. f. & thorns, in fl. br. ind. t : 31. 1872; kurz, for. fl. br. burma 1: 22. 1877; king in j. as. soc. beng. 38 (2): 361. 1889; boerl, handl. 1 (1) > 6. 1890; trim., handb. fl. ceyl. 1: 5. 1893; brand., ind. trees 5. 1906; ridl. in saraw. mus. j. 1: 58. 1613; fl. mai. pen. 1: 3. 1922; burk., diet. econ. prod. mai. pen. 776. 1935. korosvel adans., fam. des pi. 2: 442. 1763. assa houtt., nat. hist. 5: 275. 1776; christm. & panz., pflsyst. 1: 40. 1779. enryandra foist., char. gen 81. 1776. wahlbomia thunb. in vet. akad. handl., stockh., 215. 1790; eafin., sylva tellur. 105. 1838 ("valbomia"). roehlingia dennst., schluess. hort. malab. 31. 1818. bleiastis rafin., sylva tellur. 165. 1838. leontoglossttm hance in walp., ann. 2: 18. 1859. delimopsis miq., fl. ind. bat. 1 (2): 9. 1859. t y p e species.—te t ra ce ra: t. volubilis l., 1753, i.e. (central america).— delima: d . sarmentosa l . , 1 7 5 9 , i.e. r = t . scandens ( l ) . m e r r . — korosvel: "korosvel. herm. zeyl. 19." 1717 = t. asiatica (lour.) hoogl. subsp. zcylanica hoogl. — ass a: a. indica houtt. ex christm. & panz., 1779, lc. — t. indica (houtt. ex christm. & panz.) merr. — euryandra: e. scandens forst., 1776, i.e. = t. euvyandra vahl. — wahlbom i n : w. indica thunb., 1790, i.e. = t. indica (houtt. ex christm. & p a n z . ) m e r r . — roehlingia: r. suaveolens d e n n s t . , 1 8 1 8 , i.e. = t. akara ( b u r m . f.) m e r r . — e l e i a s t i s : e . laevis ( v a h l ) r a f i n . , 1 8 3 8 , i.e. = t . indica ( h o u t t . ex c h r i s t m . & p a n z . ) m e r r . — leontoylussu m: l. scabrum h a n c e , 1 8 5 1 , lc. = t. asiatica ( l o u r . ) h o o g l . s u b s p . asidtica. — delimopsis: d. hirsnta m i q . , 1859, i.e. = t. askitica (lour.) hoogl. subsp. sumatrana hoogl. shrubs, sometimes straggling, or lianas, with flexuous branches; older branches with flaky bark with longitudinal fissures. leaves spirally arranged, simple, petiolate, without stipules; base decurrent; margin manifestly dentate, most distinctly so in upper half of leaf, with teeth at apex of nerves to entire; leaves penninerved, often scabrid on one or both sides; petiole short, slightly channelled above. inflorescences fewto many-flowered panicles, terminal or axillary, often with bracts; peduncle distinct or not. flowers fragrant, actinomorphic, bisexual. sepals 4—6, rarely up to 15, imbricate, persistent, often reflexed when flowering and fruiting, circular to oval with rounded apex and base and usually ciliate margin. petals 3—5, caducous, obovate-spathulate with slightly emarginate apex, narrowed towards the base, whitish, often slightly reddish. stamens ~ (about 60—500) ; filament thin; anther with broadened connective; thecae divergent towards the base, touching each other at the apex or more or less separated (connective in the latter case often emargrinate between thecae), usually lateral, rarely more or less on outer side of connective, opening with longitudinal slit. carpels 4—1, free, each with short style ending in hardly differentiated stigma; placentae marginal, adaxial, each with single row of 1—10 ovules. fruits coriaceous 1 8 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 capsules, opening with longitudinal slits along ventral and dorsal suture into two valves, with short beak, oneto few-seeded. seeds glossy darkbrown to black with abundant endosperm and microscopically small embryo (cf. pritzel, 1897, i.e.), arillate; aril fleshy, fimbriate or laciniate at margin for 1/3 to nearly the whole length. history of the genus. — the genus tetracera was founded by linnaeus (1753, 1754) on a single species from central america. the genus delima, already mentioned by linnaeus in 1748 (fl. zeyl. 92) was not included in the first edition of "species plantarum" (1753), though it was included in the fifth edition of "genera plantarum" (1754); a single species was described in the tenth edition of "systema naturae" (1759). triana & planchon (1862) were the first to reduce delima to tetracera, as the only differential character (the single carpel, to which in some flowers a second is added) does not justify its distinction as a separate genus. nevertheless, it was still treated as such by ridley (1922) and, following him, by burkill (1935). the other generic names, proposed for species from the region concerned, have hardly been taken up after their first publication. relationships.—the genus tetracera was included by gilg & werdermann (1925) in the tribus tetracereae; in my opinion it is justifiable to raise this tribus to the rank of a subfamily {cf. blumea 7: 7. 1952). related genera within this subfamily are found only in the new world (davilla, guratella, doliocarpus). the subfamily is primarily characterized by the structure of the stamens (broadened and, sometimes, thickened connective). within the genus, gilg & werdermann distinguished three sections. the first of these, empedoclea (st. hi].) gilg, is found only in the new world (brazil). the other two sections agree with the former genera tetracera l. s.s. (section "eutetracera" gilg) and delima l. [section delima (l.) gilg.]. as far as the species revised here are concerned, these sections do not form natural taxa; i can not judge about the new world species. according to the principal characters of these two sections (the number of carpels) the first four species of the present revision would belong to delima. for tetracera, scandens and t. asiatica i am not able to indicate any relationship with other species; t. glaberrima, is most closely related to t. akara,. and t. maingayi to t. fagifolia, thus both to species with a greater number of carpels. distribution.—the genus is pantropical with the exception of the pacific islands east of new britain and new caledonia. the species themselves all have a more or less restricted area. none of those considered here has been found outside the region concerned. 1953] hoooland: tetracera 189 all species occur in the lowland, rarely above 600m altitude; the highest collection known to me is from about 1500 m (t. asiatica, cambodia). no general habitat can be indicated for the genus, some species occurring in forests, others in scrub or even more open places. vernacular names.—the malay name mempelas (ampalas, ampelas, empelas, mumplas) is in general use in western malaysia, often with epithets which are not specific. akar (= root or liana) is found in some names. the sundanese name is assahan. uses.—the scabrid leaves of some species are used as sandpaper; hence the malay name for sandpaper has been derived from the plant name: mempelas. the stems are sometimes used as cordage. note.—the generic description above has been based on the species studied, thus exclusive of the african and american species. the following additions to the description are taken from the generic description by gilg & werdermann: sometimes trees. sepals 3—15, "usually 5." petals 1—6, "usually 5." filaments very rarely more or less highly united to fascicles. "anthers usually extrorse, very rarely introrse." the parts between inverted commas certainly do not hold for the species studied here; the other parts are additions outside the variability of the genus in the region treated in the present revision. key to the eastern old world species of tetracera 1. carpels in most flowers solitary, but often in some flowers of the same plant 2 carpels. 2. carpels and capsules glabrous or with minute scales. ',i. sepals 4; inflorescences up to 5-flowered, usually axillary; flowers about 2.5 cm across d. t. glaberrima 3. sepals 5; inflorescences loand mure-flowered, terminal; flowers about 1—1.5 cm across. 4. sepals glabrous inside 2. t. asiatica 4. sepals sericeous inside 4. t. maingayi 2. carpels and capsules hirsute 1. t, scandens 1. carpels in all flowers 2—4. 5, carpels and capsules hirsute all over their whole surface. 6. indument of carpels consisting of rather thin villous hairs, caducous. species from w malaysia 14. t. arborescens g. indument of carpels consisting of rather rigid, straight hairs, persistent. species from e malaysia. 7. inflorescenses 2—4-flowered; hairs of the carpels about 2 mm long. 5. t. lanuginosa 7. inflorescenses 15—50-flowered; hairs of the carpels about 0.5 mm long. 6. t. uordtiana 5. carpels and capsules glabrous, with minute scales, or with few strigose hairs on the back only. 190 reinwardt1a [vol. 2 8. sepals 4; inflorescenses few(up to 12-) flowered, terminal or axillary, without leaves in the basal p a r t ; flowers about 2.5—3 cm across. 9. sepals glabrous inside 1. t. indica 9. sepals sericeous inside 8. t, akara 8. sepals 5—6; inflorescenses many(15and more-, rarely less-) flowered, terminal, often with small leaves in basal part, sometimes on short axillary few-leaved branch; flowers about 0,8—2.5 cm across. 10. sepals all glabrous inside. 11. branches of inflorescenses strigose 9. t. loureiri 11. branches of inflorescenses with single appressed to distant hairs as well as stellate groups of shorter hairs 12. t. korthalsii 10. sepals, at least 3 inner ones, sparsely to densely sericeous inside. 12. two outermost sepals glabrous inside 13. 7". macrophylla 12, all sepals sericeous inside. 13. stamens extrorse; apex of leaves usually rounded; flowers r a t h e r large (15—20 mm across) 11. t. curyandra 13. stamens latrorse; apex of leaves usually obtuse to acute; flowers r a t h e r small (8—15mm across). 14. younger sterile branches absolutely glabrous. 10. t. daemeliana 14. younger sterile branches always more or leas hairy. 15. younger branches villous; leaves immediately below the inflorescences small (about 4 x 3 cm), obovate; sepals subequal 14. t. arborescens 15. younger branches strigose; leaves immediately below the inflorescences larger, elliptic to oblong; two outer sepals distinctly smaller than inner ones. . . 15. t. fagifolia 1. tetracera scandens (l.) merr. — fig. 1 [fmtis urens aepera rumph., herb. amb. 5: 13 pi. 9*1 1747.] tragia scandens l. in stickm., herb. amb. 18. 1754; amoen. acad 4: 128. 1759. delima sarmentosa l-, syst., 10th ed., 1076. 1759; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1 (2): 7. 1859; vill., nov. app. 2. 1880; ridl., fl. mai. pen. 1: 3. 1922. tetracera, sarmodosa (l.) vahl, symb. bot. 3: 70. 1794; roxb., fl. ind., ed. carey, 2: 645. 1832, p.p.; blanco, fl. filip., 2nd ed., 320. 1845; 3d ed., 2: 227. 1878; merr. w govt lab. philip. publ. 27: 15. 1905; hunter (ed. by ridl.i hi j. str. br. r. a. s. 5 3 : 97. 1909; merr., fl. manila 331. 1912. delima hebecarpa d c , syst. 1: 407. 1818; deless., ic. sel. pl 1: pi 72* 1821; d c , prod. 1: 70. 1824. delima intermedia bl.f bijdr. 1: 4. 1825; schlecht. in linnaea 1: 492. 182g; hassk., pi. jav. r a r . 176. 1848. delima tripetala bl. ex spreng., syst veg. 2: 597. 1825; g. don, gen. hist, dichl. pi. 1: 71. 1831. delima frangulaefolia presl, rel. haenk. 2: 73. 1835—6; vill., nov. app. 2. 1880. delima aspera blanco, fl. filip. 429. 1837; 2nd ed., 299. 1845; 3d ed., 2: 191 pi. 190** 1878. tetracera monocurpa blanco, fl. filip. 459. 1837. an asterisk indicates an uncoloured illustration; a double asterisk a coloured one. 1953] hoodland: tetracera 191 delima sarmentosa var. hebecarpa (dc.) hook. f. & thorns., f l . ind. 1: 61. 1855; miq., pi. ind. bat. suppl. 618. i860; in ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 4: 73. 1868; hook. f. & thorns, in pl br. ind. 1: 31. 1872; kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 43 (2) : 45. 1874; king in j. as. soc. beng. 58 (2) : 362. 1899. delima sarmentosa var, jl miq., fl. ind. bat. 1 (2) : 7. 1859 (= delima hebecarpa d c ) . tetracera sarmentosa var. hebecarpa (dc.) martelli in becc, malesia 3: 150. 1886; vid., rev. pi. vase. pilip. 36. 1886; pin. & gagnep. « bull. soc. bot. f r , mem. 4: 4. 1906; in f l . gdn. ind.-ch. 1: 16. 1907. tetracera hebecarpa (dc.) boerl., cat. hort. bot. bogor. 3. 1899; back., fl. batavia 1: 4. 1907; schoolil. j a v a 8. 1911; koord., ejtkfl. j a v a 2: 600. 1912; ciaib, fl. siam. en. 1: 19. 1925. tetracera xcaudens (l.) merr., int. rumph. herb. amb. 365. 1917; brown, minor prod. philip. for. 3: 59. 1921; merr., bibl. en. born. pl 382. 1921; en. philip, fl. pi. 3: 59. 1923; back., bekn. fl. j a v a (nooduitg.) 4 (fam. 80): 2. 1942; henders., mai. wild flow. 1: 19. 1949; hoogl. in fl. mal. i 4: 143. 1951. tetracera vnlubilis auct, (non l.); merr., spec, blanc. 362, 1918, in error, t. scandens being intended. tetracera scandens var. hebecarpa (dc.) heyne, nutt. pl ned. ind., 2nd ed., 1070. 1927. delima scandens burk., diet. econ. prod. mal. pen. 1: 776. 1935, doubtlessly based on tragia scandens l., though not expressly stated. types.—tragia scandenx: rumphius, i.e. pi. !}. — delima sarmentosa: lectotype in linn. — delima hebecarpa: la haye s.n., j a v a ; lectotype in g (original of delessert's figure, 1821). — delima intermedia: blume s.n., j a v a ; leetotype in l. — delima tripetala: j a v a ; unknown to me. — delima fra,ngnlaefolia: haenke s.n., luzon; holotype in herb. prague, not seen. — delima as]tera & tetracera monocarpa: blanco s.n., malinta, philippines; probably lost. small shrub (up to 2 m high) or climbing or creeping woody vine (up to 30m long), much-branching; trunk up to 16cm thick; branches strigose, glabrescent, younger ones light brown, older ones with light grey bark. leaves oblong to obovate, (3.5—)6—15(—20) x (1.5—)3—7 (—9) cm, with (6—)10—14(—20) nerves on either side; apex rounded to obtuse; base obtuse; margin entire to distinctly dentate, most so in saplings; nerves slightly curving upward, ending in apex of teeth; leaves above sometimes slightly glossy, sparsely strigose to glabrous on intervenium, sparsely pubescent on midrib, beneath dull, sparsely pubescent to glabrous on intervenium, strigose on nerves and midrib, without or with slightly to distinctly developed hairy domatia in axil of nerves, particularly upper ones, scabrid on both sides; petiole (4—)6—12(—i5) mm, sparsely pubescent above, strigose beneath. inflorescences terminal, up to 40 x 20 cm, up to 200-flowered, often in basal part with 1—5 small leaves; branches strigose, extreme ones most densely so; bracts usually caducous, lanceolate, 3 x 1 mm, acute at apex, attached with broad base, glabrous above, strigose beneath. flowers 6—8 mm across; pedicel 2—6 mm, rather densely strigose, without or with 1—2 bracteoles; bracteoles 1 x 0.5 mm. sepals 4, on same plant in about 5% of flowers 5, reflexed, about 3 x 2 mm, scabrid, slightly strigose outside, smooth, glabi'ous r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 inside, ciliate at margin. petals 3, 3—5 x 2—3.5 mm, white, yellowish white, or reddish white. stamens about 65—80, 3 mm long, white, with thecae touching each other at apex. carpels 1(—2), densely hairy with rigid, appressed, 0.4—0.7 mm long hairs, ovoid, 0.75—1 x 0.5—0.75 mm with 3 mm long style, with about 10 ovules. f r u i t s ovoid, about 1 0 x 6 mm, acute with 1—3 mm long beak, with 0.5—2 mm long rigid, appressed haira, reddish brown, glossy, 1(—2)-seeded. seeds ovoid, about 4 x 3 mm, (flossy black; aril 2—3 mm long, scarlet, fimbriate for 3/4 9/10 of its length. distribution.—southern china (yunnan), burma (arracan, tenasserim), peninsular siam, indo-china (cambodia, cochinchina), nicobar islands, sumatra, malay peninsula, banka, java, borneo (only kuching and british north borneo), philippines, celebes, kangean islands, and lesser sunda islands (bali, sumbawa, flores). ecology.—common at low altitudes (up to 500 m), in yunnan at 950 m; in thickets, scrub, hedges, secondary forests, open primary forests, and teak-forests (central & east java), on moist to rather dry soil, often on riverbanks. vernacular names.—siam: kapot (prachuap), pet kai (songkla), pot (puket), pot kai (patalung). s u m a t r a : akar ampala (priaman), akar (am) pelas (palembang), ampelas padang (bengkalis), baik sipi hendak. 1953] hoogliand: tetracera 193 hasahan (lampung), galinggin (asahan), ompe (atjeh). m a l a y p e n i n a u l a : akar ampelas hari betina, ampelas hari (malacca), akar ampelas tikus (pahang), akar ampelas puteh, ampelas tikus (sungei ujong state), akar pelah (trengganu), ampelas (kuala lumpur, pahang, p e n a n g ) , ampelas hari betina (fide ridley), ampelas kasap (taiping), ampelas putih (fide ridley), ampelas rimau (kuala l u m p u r ) . j a v a : (akar) ampelas hari betina, (akar) ampelas ojod, (akar) ampelas putih, (akar) ampelas tikus (malay), areuj ki assahan, areuj ki assahan lalaki, kaju as(s)ahan, ki asahan, asahan areuj (sundanese), bo, debo, dembo, kroko, kroko ojod, ojal, roko, rokokan, singaran (javanese). b o r n e o : agupit, kerubkerub (bajau), akar ampelas (kudat, membakut), akar pampan (kinabatangan), ampelas (bajau, bingawa, papan, tawao), ampelas akar (bukit p a d a n g ) , kariskaris, panpan (sungei). p h i l i p p i n e s : anggi'git (tagb.), dangilian (bag.), eses na bagin, malbastigbalang, tagbalang (tag.), malakatmon (pamp., tag.), pakiling (sbl.). c e l e b e s : lumpiwi apaelae (galiraeng). k a n g e a n: ampelas. b a l i : bun api-api. u s e s . — t h e leaves are used for polishing wood and (fide rumphius) metal. the stems may be used as cordage. the medical use is unimportant (cf. burkill, 1935). the glabrous-fruited form, in the present paper considered to represent a distinct species, tetracera, asiatiea (lour.) hoogl., was formerly included in the present species. the genus delima was first proposed by linnaeus in his " f l o r a zeylanica." the species which occurs in ceylon is not the present one, but tetracera asiatiea (lour.) hoogl. the specimen in the linnaean herbarium, however, is a fruiting specimen of the present species of unknown provenance. this specimen is considered to represent the lectotype of delima sarmentosa l. rumphius' illustration is not very good. after comparison of his description and plate with the present species it is however safe to identify rumphius' plant with the present species rather than with tetracera nordtiana f. muell., the only species which is known from amboina. tragia scandens l. antedates delima sarmentosa l., which was erroneously omitted from the first edition of the "species plantarum." 2. tetracera asiatica (lour.) hoogl. — fig. 2 [fructus indicus savuieutosus burm., thes. zeyl. 101. 1737.] {delima. l., fl. zeyl. 92. 1748.] scauieria asiatica lour., fl. cochinch. 341. 1790. leontogloesum ecabrum hance in walp., ann. 2: 18. 1851. delima sarmentosa var. glabra hook. f. & thorns., fl. ind. 1: 61. 1855; in fl. br. ind. 1: 31. 1872; king in j. as. soc. beng. 58 (2) : 362. 1889. detimopsis kirsuta miq.., fl. ind. bat. 1 (2i : 10. 1859; ibid. suiipl. 152, 618. 1860. delivia sarmentosa f. liirsutio-r miq. hi ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. f: 73. 1868. tetracera hirsuta (miq.) boerl., cat. hort. bot. bogcr. 3. 189s. 194 re1nwardt1a |v0l. 2 tetracera sarmentosa var. hirsuta (miq.) fin. & gagnep. lit bull. soc. bot. fr., mem. 4: 4. 1906. tetracera levinei meit. in philip. j. sci., bot. 8: 147. 1918. tetracera asiatica (lour.) hoogl. in fl. mal. i 4: 143. 1951. delima sarmentosa auct. (nov l.); burm. f., fl. ind. 122 pi. 37." 1768; gaertn., fruct. sem. pi. 2: 112 pi. 106.'" 1791; dc, syst. 1; 407. 1818; lara., illustr. 3: pi. 1,75* 1823; dc, prod. 1: 69.1824; hook, in curt., bot. mag. 58: t. sons.*" 1831; drury, handb. ind. fl. 1: 12. 1864; schnizl., iconosx 3: vl177." 1843-70; kurz, for. fl. br. burma 1: 22. 1877; trim., handb. fl. ceyl. 1; 5. 1893; gamble, list darjeeling distr. beng. 1. 1896; man. ind. timb., 2nd ed., 3. 1902; prain, beng. pi. 195. 1903; brand., ind. trees 5. 1906; parkinson, for. fl. andam. isl. 72. 1923; kanjilal, kanjilal, & das, fl. assam 1: 10. 1934. tetracera sarmentosa auct. [von (l.) vabl]; roxb., fl. ind., ed. carey, 2; 645. 1832, p.p.; hanee in j. linn. soc, bot. 8; 99. 1873; forb. & hemsl. in j. linn. soc, bot. 23; 22. 1886; fin. & gagnep. in bull. soc. bot. fr., mem. 4: 3. 1906, p.p.; in fl. gen. ind.-ch. 1; 15. 1907, p.p.; crev. & petel. in bull. econ. ind.-ch. ii 32: 19. 1929; cowan & cowan, trees n. bens. 8. 1929; crook, fl. pi. hongkong, ran.—meliac. 22." 1930; gagnep. in fl. gen. ind.-ch., suppl. 1; 20. 1938. tetracera scandens auct. [non (l.| merr.]; merr. in lingn. sci. j. 5: 128. 1927; alston in trim., handb. fl. ceyl. 8 (suppl.) : 3. 1931; merr. in trans. am. phil. soc. ii 24 (2): 264. 1935; masamune, fl. kainant. 205. 1943. types.—seguieria asiatica: d'alleizette s.»., tonkin, near jen hay, april 1908; ' neotype in l. — leontoglossum scabnim: seemann 2461, china; holotype in bm. — delima sarmentosa var. glabra: wallich 6632, sylhet, february 1829; lectotype in k, isotypes in bm, cal, cge, g. — delimopsis kirsuta: "davilla hirsuta t.'& b."; holotype in u, isotype in l; probably from cultivation in the botanic garden, bogor, or from the lampung, sumatra. — delima sarmentosa i. hirsntior: is based on the preceding. — tetracera levinei: levine 1794, canton & vicinity, october 22, 1927; holotype in a, isotypes in e, gh, mo. small shrub (up to 3 m high) or climbing or creeping liana (up to 6 m long), much-branching; branches scabrid, sparsely strigose with 1 mm long hairs with or without sparsely to profusely distributed, small, divergent tufts of 3—12, shorter (0.3—0.5 mm) hairs or hirsute to sparsely so with 1 mm long hairs and also profusely distributed, small, divergent tufts of 3—12, shorter hairs, glabrescent, older branches smooth, brown or reddish brown. leaves oblong, (3—)5—11(—15) x (1.5—)2—5(—7.5) cm, with (5—)10—14(—20) nerves on either side; apex obtuse to acute, sometimes rounded; base acute; margin slightly emarginate at end of nerves or entire to distinctly dentate; nerves ending mueronately in margin, or in apex of teeth where present; leaves above deep lustrous green, more or less shining, sparsely strigose with 1 mm long hairs on intervenium, glabrous to hirsute with up to 2 mm long hairs, particularly in basal part, on nerves and midrib, beneath light green, glabrous to sparsely stellate-hairy with some solitary hairs on intervenium, sparsely strigose with or without rather sparsely distributed tufts of 3—8, short hairs, or hirsute with 1.5—2.5 mm long hairs as well as rather sparsely distributed tufts of short haira on nerves and midrib; petiole 5—10(—15) mm, strigose or hirsute and with tufts of shorter hairs beneath, glabrous 1953] hoooland: tetracera 195 to hirsute above. inflorescences terminal, 10—25 x 5—15 cm, 30—150flowered, often with 1—4 small leaves in basal part; branches scabrid, sparsely strigose or strigose with (sometimes profusely distributed) tufts of smaller hairs, or hirsute with tufts of small hairs; bracts usually caducous, lanceolate, 3 x 1 mm, acuminate at apex. flowers 7—10 mm across; pedicel 1—5 mm, the indument like that of extreme branches of inflorescences, without or with 1—2 bracteoles; braeteoles 1 x 0.5 mm. sepals 5, reflexed, 2 outermost ones about 2 x 1.5 mm, 3 inner ones about 4 x 3 mm, scabrid, sparsely hirsute with 0.2—0.4 mm long hairs outside, smooth, glabrous inside. petals 3, 3—4 x 2—3 mm, white, yellowish white, or greenish white. stamens about 100—125, 3—4 mm long, whitish yellow, the thecae slightly separated at apex. carpels 1(—2), glabrous, 0.75—1 x 0.5—0.75 mm with 0.3 mm long style, with about 10—12 ovules. fruits ovoid, 6—10 x 4—6 mm, acute with 2—5 mm long beak, glabrous, purplish, shining, 1(—2)-seeded. seeds ovoid, 4 x 3mm, glossy black; aril up to 5mm long, fimbriate for 1/2—2/3 of its length with rather broad fringes. subsp. asiatica. segitieria asiatica lour. — leontoglossnm scabrum hance. — tetracera levinci ,merr. — tetracera asiatica (lour.) hoogl. branches sparsely strigose with 1 mm long hairs. leaves glabrous on intervenium, sparsely strigose on nerves and midrib beneath; petiole strigose beneath. branches of inflorescences sparsely strigose. subsp. andamanica hoogl., subsp. nov. tetracera asiatica subsp. andamanica hoogl. in fl. mal. i 4: 144. 1951, cum desev. angl. delima sarmcntosa var. fflabra hook. f. & thorns., p.p., lectotypo incluso. type.—dr. king's collector 337, port bhing, andamans, july (5, 1884; holotype in l, isotypes in cal, g, k. ramis novellis et ramis inflorescentiarum strigosis et pilis stellatofasciculatis; foliis nervis facie inferiore strigosis, intervenio glabris. branches sparsely strigose together with sparsely to profusely distributed small divergent tufts of about 3—12, shorter (0.3—0.5 mm long) hairs. leaves glabrous on intervenium, sparsely strigose on nerves and midrib beneath; petiole strigose beneath. branches of inflorescences sparsely strigose to strigose, with also on thicker branches, very sparsely distributed, and on extreme branches, up to densely distributed tufts of smaller hairs. subsp. sumatrana hoogl. tetracera asiatica subsp. sumatrana hoogl. in fl. mal. i 1: 144. 1951. delimopsis hirsnta miq. — delima sarnientoea f. hirsutior miq. — tetracera hirsuta (miq.) boerl. — tetracera sarmentosa var. hirsata (miq.) fin. & gagnep., quoad typ. tvpe.—same as for delimopsis hirsuta miq. 190 r e i n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 2 branches hirsute to sparsely so, with in addition profusely distributed, small, divergent tufts of about 3—12, shorter hairs. leaves with sparsely distributed tufts of 3—8, divergent hairs of 0.3—0.5 mm, as well as with a smaller number of identical, but solitary hairs on intervenium, on nerves and midrib beneath hirsute with 1.5—2.5 mm long hairs as well as (particularly on the sides) rather sparsely distributed tufts of hairs like those on intervenium; petiole hirsute beneath, together with tufts of shorter hairs like those on midrib, hirsute above. branches of inflorescences hirsute with 1.5—2.5 mm long hairs as well as tufts of smaller hairs, the latter on extreme branches up to densely distributed. subsp. zeylanica hoogl., subsp. nov. [fructus indicus sarmentosus burm.] — [delima l.] type.—anonymus g9, ceylon; holotype in l. ramis novellis et rwtnis inflorescentiarum strigosis et pilis stellutofascicvlatis; foliis nervis facie inferiore strigosis et pilis stellato-fasciculatis, intervenio facie inferiore pilis stellato-fasciculatis. branches sparsely strigose as well as with sparsely to profusely distributed, small, divergent tufts of about 3—12, shorter (0.3—0.5 mm long) hairs. leaves with sparsely distributed tufts of 3—8 divergent hairs of 0.3—0.5 mm, as well as with smaller number of identical, but solitary hairs on intervenium, sparsely strigose with about 1 mm long hairs, particularly on central part, as well as rather sparsely distributed, small tufts like those on intervenium, particularly on sides, on nerves and midrib, beneath. branches of inflorescences sparsely strigose, with also rather densely to densely distributed tufts of smaller hairs. distribution.—ceylon and from assam and south china to borneo and south sumatra. subspecies asiatica in south china (kwangsi, kwangtung, and hainan), indo-china, and siam; subspecies andamanica in darjeeling, assam, bengal, andaman islands, south burma (tenasserim), and malay peninsula (perak, selangor); subspecies sumatrana in sumatra, the malay peninsula, and borneo; subspecies zeylanica in ceylon. the subspecies are geographically isolated except subspecies andamanica and subspecies sumatrana, which are both found in the malay peninsula. ecology.—subspecies asiatica along roadsides, in scrub, hedges, thickets, open forests, and, rarely, in woods; generally at low altitudes, up to 1500 m (cambodia) ; flowering from march to november, fruiting from may to february. subspecies andamanica in evergreen forests (assam) and "hill jungle" (andamans), up to 650m altitude; flowering from may to october, fruiting from june to february. subspecies sumatrana in primary forest, up to 1300 m (atjeh). subspecies zeylanica rare in woods at low altitude; flowering in august and september. vernacular names.—i n d i a: ou-lota, oua-lota, panilewa (ass.), bau-taruk (daff.) , samphot-rikang (mik.) , aithlang shrui (kuki) , hruisen (tipp.) , tiegdi-douka (cach.) (fide kanjilal, kanjilal, & das). c h i n a : sahan yau ma (cantonese), shap ip t'ang, sut t'ang (hainan). i n d o c h i n a : cay chay chiu (annamese: vinh), cay giay chiu (annamese: ba 1953] hoogland: tctracera ngoi), chong kho (tonkin, yen vuc), dak kuon (fide gagn'epain), day chiu (annamese: quang t r i and n h a t r a n g ) , day sanh (mg, rhanh hoa), gaysac, gay-trieu (tonkin), giay chieu (annamese: bien hoa and vinh yen), giay chiu (annamese: hue and thua thien), sang at (moi, quang t r i ) , vie chieu (annamese: tourane). c e y l o n : corose-wel, korasawel, korese wel, korosse (singhalese). m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : memplas rimau (kemaman ; noted under subspecies sumatrana). pig. 2. tetrucet-a abialica(lour.) hoogl.: ssp. aeiatica ( •) , ssp. andamavica hoogl. ( + ) , ssp. mntatrava hoogl. ( x ) , ssp. zeylctniea hoogl. ( o ) . uses.—the stems of subspecies asiatica are used for binding purposes in indo-china, its leaves are used for cleaning tin-ware in china. subspecies sumatrana is used in the malay peninsula for polishing wood. i have preferred to give the infraspecific taxa the rank of subspecies rather than of varieties for the following reasons: (i) the marked geographical distribution of each, centering in the malay peninsula, where three of the subspecies occur; (ii) the absence of intermediate forms; (iii) in addition to the differences in the composition of the indument the subspecies show a markedly different habit of the leaves. 198 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 merrill (1935, i.e.), in his discussion of the binomials proposed by loureiro, gives under tetracera scandens (from which i have separated the present species) the following of loureiro's names as synonyms: actaea aspera, calligonum asperum, and seguieria asiatica. of these actaea aspera and cailigonum asperum are excluded here on account of the fruit, said to be a berry in both of them. for cailigonum asperum, loureiro expressly stated the difference from seguieria asiatica and delima sarmentosa burm. f. (fl. ind.) : "minime vero ad istas aceedit ratione fructus"; for seguieria asiatica the fruit is indicated to be a capsule. the axillary flowers in spicate racemes and the quadrifid calyx and corolla in actaea aspera, the hispid fruit and deeply bipartite stigma in cailigonum asperum can only give more support to my opinion. the only point likely to raise doubt as to seguieria asiatica is the absence of a corolla, which is, however, considering the caducous corolla of the dilleniaceae, not a point to which great value can be attached. the species is here separated from tetracera scandens (l.) merr. (formerly usually known as delima, or tetracera, sarmentosa), in which it has been currently included, on account of the following distinctive characters: (i) its glabrous carpel and fruit (t. scandens, hirsute) and (ii) its pentamerous calyx (t. scandens, tetramerous or in a few flowers on the same plant pentamerous). tetracera scandens has the centre of its distribution in malaysia, t. asiatica in continental asia. from borneo the species is known only from sterile specimens, having slightly larger leaves than the specimens of the same subspecies from sumatra. the specimens from korthals are provided with the manuscript name "tetracera setigera khs," mentioned by miquel {in ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 4: 75. 1868) under t. scaberrima miq. 3. tetracera glaberrima martelli tetracera glaberrima martelli m becc, malesia 3: 150. 1886; boerl., cat. hort. bot. bogor. 3. 1899; merr., bibl. en. born. pi. 381. 1921; hoogl. in fl. mal. i 4: 148. 1951. type.—beccari piante bornensi 298, kuching, sarawak, august 1865; bolotype in f l , isotypes in bm, g, k, m, ny, s. scandent shrub; branches glabrous, younger ones brown, older ones greyish white. leaves elliptic to obovate, (2.5—)5—9(—15) x (1.5—)2—4 (—0) cm, with (8—)5—7(—9) nerves on either side; apex distinctly acuminate; base acute; margin entire; nerves slightly curving upward, ending in margin mucronately; leaves glossy, glabrous above, less glossy, glabrous on intervenium, sparsely strigose along midrib and nerves beneath, smooth on both sides; petiole 3—8 mm, glabrous. inflorescences axillary, up to 4 x 2.5 cm, 1—-5-, usually 3-flowered; peduncle 0.5—1 cm, 1953] hoogland: tetracera 199 like branches sparsely strigose, without bracts. flowers about 2.5 cm across; pedicel 7—12 mm, sparsely strigose to glabrous, without or with 1—2 minute bracteoles. sepals 4, 8—10 x 5—7 mm, glabrous outside, glabrous to sparsely sericeous inside, not ciliate at margin. petals 4, 10—12 x 6—8 mm, white. stamens about 100, 5 mm long, the thecae touching each other at apex. carpels 1(—2), glabrous, 1.5 x 1 mm with 0.5—4 mm long style, with about 10 ovules. fruits with 1(—2) capsules developed in each flower; capsules ovoid, 15 x 10mm, acute with 2—3mm long, slightly lateral beak, glabrous, glossy, 1(—3)-seeded. seeds ovoid, glossy black, 3—4 x 2—3 mm; aril 5 mm long, laciniate with broad slips to about 1/2 of its length. distribution.—borneo (kuching), once collected; formerly cultivated in the botanic garden of bogor from unknown provenance. vernacular name.—in the botanic garden, bogor, the sundanese name aroy kiasahan was noted. the species is closely related to t. akara (burm. f.) merr. the characters in common are the sericeous inner side of the sepals, the structure of the inflorescences, the tetramerous calyx, and the large flowers; the differences are the less dense sericeous indument on the inner side of the sepals, the slightly broader leaves, and the solitary carpels. 4. tetracera maingayi hoogl. delimit laeuis maing. it king in j. as. soc. beng. 5s (2) : 362. 1889, nun tetracera hevis vahl. tetracera muingayi hocgl. in fl. mal. i 4: 144. 1951 (= delima laevis maing. ex king). tetracera borncenaw auct. (noil miq.l; kidl., fl. mal. pen. 1 : 8. 1922. tetracera. sumatrana auct. (non miq.l ; ridl., fl. mal. pen. 1: <>. 1922, p.p. t y p e — m a i n g a y 1570 (kew distribution 10), malacca, april 10, 1867; holotype in cal, isotype in k. scandent shrub; branches strigose-hirsute with solitary hairs and hairs in divergent tufts of 2—5 each, glabrescent, younger ones scabrid, later smooth. leaves oblong, (3.5—)7.5—15(—20) x (1.7—)3—6(—9) cm, with 8—11 nerves on either side; apex acute, somewhat acuminate; base rounded to obtuse; margin entire; nerves curving upward, not reaching margin; leaves shining, glabrous or sparsely strigose only on base of midrib above, dull, hirsute with divergent tufts of 2—5, 0.2—0.4 mm long hairs to glabrous on intervenium, rather densely strigose-hirsute with 0.75—1.5 mm long hairs on midrib and nerves beneath, smooth on both sides; petiole 10—20 mm, slightly winged, 2—3 mm broad, glabrous to sparsely strigose along the middle above, glabrous to strigose-hirsute . beneath. inflorescences terminal, 15—20 x 10—20 cm, up to 250-flowered, often with 1—3 small leaves in basal part; branches strigose-hirsute like younger sterile branches, slightly scabrid; bracts caducous, lanceolate, 3—6 x 1—2 mm, acute at apex, attached with broad base, glabrous above, strigose beneath. flowers 12—15 mm across; pedicel 1.5—4mm, strigose-hirsute like branches of inflorescences, without bracteoles. sepals 2 0 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 5, 2 outermost ones 3.5 x 3 mm, 3 inner ones 5 x 3.5—4.5 mm, all scahrid, 2 outermost ones sparsely strigose in central part, 3 inner ones completely glabrous outside, all with smooth inner surface, densely sericeous except for 0.5—1 mm broad glabrous margin. petals 3, about 7 x 4 mm. stamens about 110, 2.5 mm long, with thecae distinctly separated at apex, connective not emarginate between thecae. carpels 1, glabrous, 1.8 x 1.4 mm, gradually tapering into 1.2 mm long style, with about 6 ovules. f r u i t s oblong, 8—12 x 3—4 mm, acute with 2—3 mm long beak, glabrous, dull, 1—2-seeded. seeds unknown to me. distribution.—malay peninsula (penang, malacca, selangor), ?borneo. ecology.—climber in low altitude (up to 200 m) forests. vernacular names.—m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : akar mempelas (selangor), akar mempelas betina (alvins 1066, without locality). b o r n e o : a k a r amplas. the species is more closely related to tetracera fagifolia bl. than to the other species with single carpels. the borneo record is uncertain. the only specimen bears the indications : "borneo, no 1703, remow, no information" (sing). 5. tetracera lanuginosa diels tetracera laimginosa diels in bot. jb. 57: 439. 1922. type.—ledermann 8586, april river, sepik region, new guinea, september 8. 1912; leetotype (isotype) in bm, isotype in k. scandent s h r u b ; branches hirsute with single, up to 2 mm long and stellately grouped, about 0.1 mm long hairs, slightly scabrid. leaves elliptic, 5—6 x 3—3.8 cm, with 9—12 nerves on either side; apex and base rounded; margin e n t i r e ; nerves curving upward, ending close to or in m a r g i n ; leaves slightly shining, r a t h e r sparsely hirsute with thin, r a t h e r rigid, up to 2 mm long hairs above, the under surface dull, sligthly more densely hirsute t h a n above, with stellate groups of about 0.1 mm long hairs, mainly on n e r v e s ; petiole 10—15 mm, long-hirsute with single hairs above, hirsute with long and stellate groups of very short hairs beneath. inflorescences axillary, 2—4-flowered; branches hirsute like younger sterile branches; bracts lanceolate, about 4 x 2 mm, glabrous above, hirsute beneath with long and stellate groups of small hairs. flowers about 18 mm across (or more?). sepals 5, 2 outermost ones 4 x 4 mm, 3 innermost ones 6 x 7 mm, lanuginose outside with in addition stellate groups of small hairs, glabrous to very sparsely and shortly strigose inside. petals 3. 9 x 6 mm, on outer side on central p a r t with stellate groups of hairs as well as a few lanuginose hairs. stamens about 500, 2.5—3 mm long, the thecae strongly separated at apex. carpels 2—3, densely covered, mainly in basal part, with 2 mm long, r a t h e r thin, ferrugineous hairs, each carpel 1.5 x 1 mm with 2 mm long style. f r u i t s unknown. distribution.—new guinea (april river, sepik region), only knowr. from the type collection. ecology.—in primary forest, at 50—100 m altitude. 1863] hooglabd: tetracera 201 in the original description diels indicates that the number of sepals is seven to eight. the only flowerbud i studied had five sepals and three petals, the latter not much differing from the first. the fact that the petals, which are somewhat larger than the innermost sepals, are slightly hairy outside may have confused diels. in some other species, e.g. t. fagifolia bl., the differences between the innermost sepals and the petals also hardly exist, except that there the indument on the inner and outer side is found only in the sepals. 6. tetracera nordtiana f. muell. — fig. 3 tetracera nordtiana f. muell., fragm. 5: 1. 1865; f. m. bail., synops. queensl. pi, 3. 1883; k. schum. & hollr., fl, kais. wilhelmal. 47. 1889; f. m. bail., queensl. fl. 1: 9. 1899; k. schum. & laut., fl. deut. sehutzgeb, siidsee 444. 1901; f. m. bail., compr. cat. queensl. pi. 18 f. 3." 1909; hoogl. in fl. mal. 1 4 : 144. 1951. tetracera wuthiana f. muell., fragm. 10: 49. 1876; f. m. bail., synops. queensl. fl. 3. 1883; queensl. fl. 1: 10. 1899; compr. cat. queensl. pi. 18. 1909; in dept agric. brisb. bot. bull. 18: 3. 1916. tetracera everillii f. muell., descr. notes papuan pi. 7: 25. 1886. tetracera moluccana martelli hi becc, malesia 3: 153. 1886; kaneh. & hatus. in bot. mag., tokyo 57: 63. 1943. tetracera coivleyana f. m. bail, in dept agric. brisb. bot. bull. 5: 7. 1892; queensl. fl. 1: 9. 1899; compr. cat. queensl. fl. 18 /. sbis.' 1909. tetracera boerhgei merr., int. rumph. herb, ami), 366. 1917. tetracera floribunda diels in bot. jb. 57: 440. 1922. tetracera pilophylla diels in bot. jb. 57: 440. 1922. tetracera euryandra auct. (nom vahl) ; eoxb., fl. ind., ed. carey, 2: 646. 1832. tetracera volubilis auct. (no« l.); kendle in j. of bot. 59 (suppl.) : 2. 1923. types.—tetracera nordtiana: dallachy s.n., rockinghams bay, meunga creek, january 4, 1846; lectotype in mel, isotype in bm. — tetracera wuthiana: dallachy s.n., rockingham's bay, november 21, 1865; lectotype in mel, istotypes in bm, bri, k. — tetracera everillii: bauerlen 472, fly river (branch), october 1885; holotype in mel, isotype in bri. — tetracera inohiccana: beceari s.n., piante delle molucche, amboina, 1873; holotype in f l . — tetracera cowleyana: cowley s.n., cairns, queensland (cook distr.); holotype in bri, isotype in mel. — tetracera boerlagei: robinson plantae rumphianae amboinenses 485, amboina, july—november 1913; isotypes in bo, k, l. — tetracera floribunda: ledermann 10723a, malu, sepik region, january 1913; probably lost. — tetracera pilophylla: ledermann 8937, etappenberg, sepik region, october 2, 1912; isotypes in k, sing. shrub or large climber (up to 10 m long) ; branches often slightly scabrid, strigose to hirsute, sometimes together with stellate groups of very short hairs, glabrescent, older branches smooth. leaves elliptic or ovate to oblong or lanceolate, (3—) 5—10(—15) x (2—) 3—5(—7) cm, with (6—)12—16(—24) nerves on either side; apex and base rounded to acute, margin entire to distinctly dentate; nerves curving upward, ending in margin, or in apex of teeth where present; leaves above glabrous or hirsute with single hairs or shortly hirsute with stellate groups of hairs together with longer solitary hairs on intervenium, nerves, and midrib, beneath 2 0 2 r e i n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 2 glabrous or hirsute with solitary hairs or shortly hirsute with stellate groups of hairs, together with longer solitary hairs on intervenium, sparsely strigose to strigose or strigose-hirsute or hirsute on nerves and midrib; petiole 5—15 ram, as to indument like leaves. inflorescences terminal, often on short axillary few-leaved branches, 5—15(—30) x 3—6(—15) cm, 15—50-flowered; branches as to indument like younger sterile branches; bracts partly caducous, lanceolate, 2 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex. flowers 6—10 mm across; pedicel 0.5—2 mm, as to indument like extreme branches of inflorescences. sepals 4—5, reflexed, 2 outermost ones 1.5—2 x 1.5—2 mm, 2—3 inner ones 3—4.5 x 2—3.5 mm, densely and shortly stellate-hairy or strigose or densely villous outside, glabrous or, rarely, slightly sericeous in central part inside, ciliate at margin. petals 3, 5—6 x 3—4 mm, white. stamens about 140, 4—5 mm long; thecae strongly separated at apex; connective slightly to deeply emarginate between thecae. carpels 2—4, usually 3, densely covered with rather rigid, about 0.5 mm long hairs, ovoid, 2 x 1.5 mm with 1—2 mm long style, with about 10 ovules. fruits with 2—3(—4) capsules developed in each flower; capsules ovoid, 5—8 x 3—5 mm, rounded to acute with ]—2 mm long beak at. apex, rather rigidly hairy, slightly glossy, usually 1-seeded. seeds ovoid, about 3 x 2.5 mm, glossy black; aril about 5 mm long, red or crimson, laciniate at margin to 2/3i—4/5, of its length with rather broad slips. var. nordtiana. tctracera nordtiana f. muell. var. nordthina; hoogl. in fl. mal. i 4: 145. 1951. tetraccra nordtiatia f. muell. — tctracera pilophylla diels. younger branches strigose or strigose-hirsute with up to 1 mm long hairs together with stellate groups of much shorter, 0.1—0.2 mm long hairs, sparsely to profusely distributed (up to nearly covering whole surface). leaves sparsely to rather densely covered with stellate groups of 8—15 very short, 0.1—0.2 mm long hairs (in transitional 'forms to variety molnccana groups of 2—6 hairs of 0.2—0.5 mm) together with 0.4—0.8 mm long single hairs above, intervenium of lower surface as upper, on nerves strigose with up to 1 mm long hairs. sepals densely covered with stellate groups of very short hairs accompagnied by fewer solitary 0.2—0.5 mm long hairs outside, glabrous inside. capsules rather small, about 5 x 3 mm. var. wuthiana (f. muell.) hoogl. tetracera nordtiana var. wutkiana (f. muell.) hoogl. in fl. mal. i 4: 145. 1951. tetraccra wuthiana f. muell. younger branches strigose with up to 1.5 mm long hairs. leaves glabrous above, beneath glabrous on intervenium, sparsely strigose on nerves and midrib. sepals strigose with 0.2—0.5 mm long h a i r s outside, glabrous inside. capsules r a t h e r small, about 5 x 3 mm. var. louisiadica hoogl., var. nov. tetracera nordtiana var. louisiadica hoogl. in fl. mal. i 4: 145. 1951, cum descr. angl 1953] hoogland: tetruceru 203 type.—macgregor s.n., joannet island, louisiades, 1888; holotype in mel, isotype in l. ramis inflorescentiarum et ramis novellis hirsutis et villosis; sepalis intus glabris, extus villosis; foliis facie superiore intervenio sparsim hirsutis, nervis hirsutis, facie inferiore intervenio villosis, nervis strigosis. younger branches strigose-hirsute with up to 0.8 mm long hairs and a rather dense, closely appressed indument of shorter, villose hairs. leaves above hirsute with up to 0.5 mm long hairs, moat densely so on nerves and midrib, beneath densely shortly villose on intervenium, strigose-hirsute on nerves and midrib. sepals densely villose outside, glabrous inside. capsules rather small, about 5 x 3 mm. var. mo1uccana (martelli) hoogl. tetracera nordtiana var. mohiccaim (martelli) hoogl, in fl, mal. i 4: 145. 1951. tetracera moluccana martelli. — tetraceru cowleyana f. ii. bail. — tetracera boerlagei merr. — ftetracera floribuvda diels. younger branches strigose to hirsute with up to 1.5 mm long hairs. leaves sparsely hirsute with rather rigid, up to 1.5 mm long hairs on intervenium, slightly more densely so on nerves and midrib above, beneath glabrous to hirsute with up to 1.2 mm long hairs on intervenium, strigose to hirsute with up to 1.5 mm long hairs on nerves and midrib. sepals strigose with up to 0.7 mm long hairs, solitary or in groups of 2—5, outside, glabrous inside. capsules rather large, about 8 x 5 mm. var. everillii (f. muell.) hoogl. tetracera nordtiana var. crcrillii (f. muell.) hoogl. in fl. mal. i 4: 145. 1951. tetracera everillii f. muell. younger branches hirsute with up to 2 mm long hairs as well as a closely appressed indument of shorter, villose hairs. leaves hirsute with up to 3 mm long hairs on both sides, slightly more densely so on midrib beneath. sepals densely villose outside, glabrous inside. capsules rather large, about 8 x 5 mm. var. celebica hoogl., var. nov. tetracera nordtiana var. celebica hoogl. in fl. mal. 1 4: 145. 1951, cum deser. angl. type.—elbert 3s82, kabaena island, se celebes, october 26, 1909; holotype in l. ramis inflorescentiarum et ramis novellis dense hirsutis; sepalis intus partim sparsim senceis, extus strigoso-hirsutis; foliis hirsutis ambis faciebus. younger branches rather densely hirsute with up to 0.7 mm long hairs. leaves hirsute with up to 1 mm long hairs on both sides, most densely so on midrib beneath. sepals strigose-hirsute with 0.1—0.3 mm long hairs, partly in groups of 2—5, outside, slightly sericeous in central part inside. capsules unknown. distribution.—from south-eastern celebes (kabaena island) eastward to the louisiades and. north-eastern queensland; variety nordtiana 204 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 in new guinea and queensland; variety moluccana in the moluccas, am islands, new guinea, and queensland; variety wuthiana in queensland and a transitional form to variety nordtimm in se new guinea (koitaki); variety everillii in se new guinea (fly river); variety celebica in kabaena island (se celebes); variety louisiadica in the louisiades. a single sterile collection is known from new britain (kew herbarium) ; it probably belongs to variety moluccana. fig. 3. tetracera nordtiana f. muell.: var. n o r d t i a n a (•) , vai. wutniana (f. muell.) hoogl. (x), var. everillii (f. muell.) hoogl. ( + ), var. moluccana (martelli) hoogl, (c), var. celebica hoogl. (•) , var. louisiadica hoogl. (t . ecology.—climber in rain forest, from sea-level to about 1000 in altitude. vernacular names.—a m b o i n a: talir hassat, hassat, and hassat cotel. probably also gumi uccu in t e r n a t e (fide rumphius). the species is remarkably polymorphic, but the varieties as distinguished here mainly on the character of the indument do not appear to deserve higher taxonomic rank, many intermediate forms occurring. most typical variety nordtiana has an indument of stellate groups of very short hairs on intervenium and young branches; this typical form i have seen only from australia. most of the new guinea collections which i refer to this variety have the hairs in the stellate groups longer and in smaller groups, and often mixed. with single hairs as in variety moluccana. tetracera pilophylla, of which i have seen only an infructescence (and no leaves), may come nearest to the most typical variety nordtiana. carr 12832 (koitaki, territory of papua) represents an intermediate form between variety nordtiana and variety wuthiana. in variety celebica an 1963] hoooland: tetracera 205 additional character is found in the indument on the inner side of the sepals. though this character is often of specific value in tetracera, i prefer to keep the specimen within t. nordtiana in view of the great variability of the species, in which variety celebica is inserted easily, and the imperfect condition in which it is known. variety nordtiana and variety wuthiana have in general smaller, elliptic, variety moluccana larger, oblong, leaves. variety louisiadica in this respect is nearest to variety nordtiana, but is only known from a single collection; variety everittii and variety celebica, both also known only from single collections, are nearest to variety moluccana. however, this character of the leaf is not constant and, as in the case of the indument, many intermediates occur. the varietal status of t. floribunda diels cannot be decided with certainty from the description. funis urens glabra rumph. (herb. amb. 5: 12. 1747) may be this species as has been suggested by merrill. the description, however, is very defective. 7. tetracera indica (houtt. ex christm. & panz.) merr. — plate 1, fig. 4 assa houtt., nat. hist. 5: 275 pi. 21 f. 1." 1776. asm indica houtt. ex christm. & panz,, pflsyst. 4: 40, pi. 26 f. 1." 1779. wahlbomia in&iea thunb. in vet. akad. handl., stockh. 216 pi. 9* 1790; lam.. illustr. 3: pi 485.* 182s. assa exotica gmel., syst. 839. 1791. tetracera laevis vahl, symb. bot. 3: 71. 1794. tetracera assa d c , syst. 1; 402. 1818; prod. 1: 68. 1824; hook. f. & thorns., pi. ind. 1: 63. 1855; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1 (2): 8. 1859; drury, handb. ind. fl. 1: 9. 1864; miq. in ann. mus. bot. lugd. eat 4: 74. 1868; hook, f. & thorns, in fl. br. ind. 1: 31. 1872; kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 43 (2): 45. 1874; for. fl. br. burma 1: 22. 1877; king in j. as. soc. beng. 58 (2): 362. 1889; brand., ind. trees 5. 1906; fin. & gagnep. in bull. soc. bot. fr., mem. 4: 3. 1906; in fl. gen. ind.-ch. 1: 14.* 1907; back., fl. batavia 1; 3. 1907; schoolfl. java 9. 1911; koord., exkfl. java 2: 600. 1912; ridl., fl. mai. pen. 1: 5. 1922; craib, fl. siam. en. 1: 19. 1925; gagnep. in fl. gen. ind.-ch., suppl. 1: 18. 1938. tetracera wahlbomia d c , syst. 1; 403. 1818; prod, t: 68. 1824. tetracera malabarica lam., illustr. 3: 32 pi. isr, f. 1." 1823. tetracera dichotoma bl, bjjdr. 1; 4. 1825. tetracera gracilis bl., bijdr. 1: 4. 1825; miq., fl. ind. bat, 1 (2): 9. 1859. tetracera trigyna roxb., fl. ind., ed. carey, 2: 645. 1832; hunter (ed. by ridl.) in j. str. br. r. a. s. 53: 98. 1909. eleiastis laevis (vahl) eafin., sylva tellur. 165. 1838. tetracera indica (houtt. ex christm. & panz.) merr., int. rumph. herb. amb. 367. 1917; back. & sloot., theeonkr. no. 174.* 1924; heyne, nutt. pl ned. ind., 2nd ed., 1070. 1927; burk., diet. econ. prod. mai. pen. 2143. 1935; back., bekn. fl. 206 r e i n w a h d t i a [vol. 2 java (nooduitg.) 4 (fam. 80) : 3. 1942; henders., mai. wild flow. 1: 20 /. s.* 1949; hoogl. in fl. mal. i 4: 146 /. 1.' 1951. assa tetragynia houtt. ex stapf, ind. lond. 1: 331. 1929; misinterpretation ol' text of houttuyn, 1776, i.e. eugenia malaccensis auet. (non l.); bm-m. f., fl. ind. 114. 1768; cf. steenis. in bull. bot. gard. buitenz. ill 18: 459. 1950. types.—assa, assa itidica, assa exotica, tetracera assa, assa tetragynia: herbarium houttuyn, planta ind. orient, java; holotype in l (original of houttuyn's figure). — wahlbomia indica, tetracera wahibomia; herbarium thunberg; holotype in ups. — tetracera luevis: herbarium vahl, dedit lamarck; holotype in c. — tetracera malabarica: herbarium lamarck; holotype in p (original of lamarck's figure). — tetracera dichotoma: blume s.n., java; holotype in l. — tetracera gracilis: blume 1638, java; holotype in l. tetracera trigyna: wallich 6629a (herbarium roxburgh) ; lectotype in k, isotype in br. small shrub, up to 2 m high, or small liana, up to 6 m long, creeping on the ground or clambering upwards over other plants, much branching, younger branches strigose, reddish green, smooth, older ones glabrous with greyish brown bark. leaves elliptic to oblong or obovate, (3.5—)6— 10(—20) x (1.5—)3—b(—9) cm, with (7—)9—11(—15) nerves on either side; apex obtuse to acute, not or only slightly acuminate; base acute; margin entire to, usually, more or less dentate; nerves slightly curving upward, ending mucronateiy in apex of teeth; leaves above often glossy, glabrous on intervenium, sparsely pubescent on midrib, beneath dull, slightly pubescent to glabrous on intervenium, rather densely to very sparsely strigose on midrib and nerves, without or with only very inconspicuous hairy domatia,on both sides smooth; petiole (4—)6—10(—15) mm, sparsely pubescent above, strigose beneath. inflorescences terminal, sometimes (particularly on climbing plants) on short lateral few-leaved branches, up to 8 x 6 cm, (2—) 4—7(:—12) -flowered; peduncle 0.5—2 cm, like branches strigose to strigose-hirsute; bracts lanceolate, 2.5—12 x 1—5 mm, acute at apex, attached with broad base, glabrous above, strigose beneath. flowers 2.5—3cm across; pedicel 8—15mm, strigose, hairs patent near apex, most densely hairy immediately below flower, without or with 1—3 bracteoles; bracteoles lanceolate, 3—4 x 0.8—1.2 mm. sepals 4, 8—10 x 7—9 mm, glabrous on both sides, yellowish green or slightly tinged with red. petals (3—)4(—5), 12—15 x 6—8 mm, reddish white. stamens about 375, 6—8 mm long, red, white at base, with thecae touching each other at apex. carpels 3—4, glabrous except for few 0.5 mm long, appressed, stiff hairs on back, 1.5 x l m m with 5 mm long style, with about 10—15 ovules. fruits with (1—)2—3(—4) capsules developed in each flower; capsules almost globular, about 10 mm in diameter with 2—6 mm long beak, glabrous, glossy, red or reddish brown, 1—7-, usually 2-, seeded. seeds ovoid, 3—4 x 2—3 mm, glossy black; aril 8—10 mm long, bright red, fimbriate nearly to its base. distribution.—assam, bengal (chittagong), burma (pegu), siam, indo-china (cambodia, cochinchina), china (fukien), sumatra, malay peninsula, banka, java, madura, kangean. 1958] hoogland: tetracera 207 ecology.—small shrub in open places, e.g. recently .abandoned fields; low liana, climbing over low shrubs, in brushwood and open forests, common in the malay peninsula and java, less common in south indochina and sumatra, rarely collected in the other parts of its area; at low altitudes, up to 600 m. vernacular names.— s i a m; pot luan (songkla), pot lun (krabi), yan pad lun (trang). i n t l o c h i n a : cay giay chieu, cheait betao (fide gagnepain), chon que (moi; bien hoa). s u m a t r a : aplas kedjong (djambi), baih siepiek, baih sipiek suloh, sipik suluh, wajit sipit (lampung), djelati (palembang), memplas gadja (east coast). m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : akar pulas puyio, ma ampalasu akar (malacca), ampelas lichin (fide burkill), ampelas mihsak (trengganu), ampelas minyak, ampelas payah (fide ridley), kalintat niamok (singapore). b a n k a: akar tempelas. j a v a : akar mempelas (tempelas), empelas (mempelas) akar (malay), (areuj) ki as(s)han, (kaju) asahan (sundanese), bo (javanese). k a n g e a n : buko-buko. uses.-—the stems may be used as cordage. the leaves, though smooth on both sides, are said to be used as sandpaper (burkill, 1935). the medical use is unimportant (burkill, 1935). the type specimen of assa indica houtt. ex christm. & panz., present in the rijksherbarium, leyden, agrees with the figure of houttuyn, the latter being the reverse image of the actual specimen. this is perhaps the first specimen known from ilouttuyn's collection which could be identified as his with certainty (cf. merrill in j. arn. arb. 19: 291. 1938). tetraceru hygrophila kurz (nomen nudum) is represented in the calcutta and kew herbaria by sterile specimens (kurz 1809 from pegu) probably belonging to the present species. the only bengal record is a small-leaved, sterile specimen collected by hooker f. & thomson (k), the fie. 1. trtracera indica (houtt. ex christm. & panz.) merr. 2 0 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 only assam record a specimen in the pierre herbarium (p), communicated by t. anderson. the only chinese record is based on a specimen in the arnold arboretum herbarium (h. h. chung 7051, fukien, without exact locality). 8. tetracera akara (burm. f.) merr. — fig. 5 [akdra-patsjoti rheede, hort. malab. 5: 15 pi. 8* 1085.] calophyllmn akara burm. f., pi. ind. 121. 1768. roehlingia suaveolens dennst., schliiss. hort. ind. malab. 31. 1818. tetracera rkeedii d c , syst. 1: 402. 1818; prod. 1: 68. 1824; wight & am., prod. pi. pen. ind. or. 1: 5. 1834; wight, ic. pi. ind. or. 1: pi. 70." 1838; drury, hanilb. ind. pi. 1: 9. 1864. tetracera sericea bl, bijdr. 1: 3. 1825; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1 (2): 9. 1859. tetracera axillaris martelli in bece., malesia 3: 151. 1886; merr., bibl. en. born. pi. 381. 1921. tetracera assa "vai1." ridl. in j. str. br. r. a. s. 33: 37. 1900. tetracera sylvestris ridl. in j. str. br. r. a. s. 54: 8. 1910; fl. mai. pen. 1: 6. 1922. tetracera akara (burm. i.) merr. in philip. j. sci. 19: 366. 1921; hoogl. in fl. mal. i 4: 146. 1951. tetracera laevis auet. (noil vahl) ; d c , syat. 1: 401. 1818; prod. 1: 68. 1824; hook. !. &. thorns., fl. ind. 1: 62. 1855; miq. m ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 4: 74. 1868; hook. i. & thorns, in fl. br. ind. 1: 31. 1872; trim., handb. fl. ceyl. 1: 6. 1893; brand., ind. trees 5. 1906; fin. & gagnep. in bull. soc. bot. fr., mem. 4: 3. 1906, p.p.; back., schoolfl. j a v a 9. 1911; gamble, fl. pres. madras 1: 7. 1915; back., b e t a . fl. j a v a (nooduitg.) 4 (fam. 80) : 2. 1942. tetracera assa auct. (nc-n dc.); hassk., pi. jav. r a r . 177. 1848. types.—calophyllnm akara, roehlingia suaveolens, tetracera rheedii: akdrapatsjoti rheede, i.e., pi. 8. — tetracera sericea: blume 835, gunung seribu, j a v a ; holotype in l. — tetracera axillaris: beccari piante bornensi 2844, gunung wah, sarawak, november 1866; lectotype in f l , isotype in k. — tetracera sylvestris: ridley 6179, garden jungle, singapore, april 1894; lectotype in sing, isotypes in bm, cal. high climbingor creeping liana, up to 25 m long, with bright brown trunk, up to 6 cm thick, much-branching; younger branches strigose, older ones glabrous with bright brown to whitish bark. leaves oblong to lanceolate, (5—)g—13(—22) x (1.5—)3.5—6(—10.5) cm, with (5—) 6—8(—10) nerves on either side; apex distinctly acuminate; base acute; margin entire to slightly undulate or dentate; nerves curving upward along margin, sometimes with vein towards margin, ending mucronately in apex of teeth; leaves above glossy bright green, glabrous on intervenium, glabrous to slightly pubescent on nerves, beneath dull, glabrous on intervenium, sparsely strigose on nerves, without or with only slightly developed hairy domatia, on both sides smooth or, rarely, slightly scabrid; petiole (3—)5—7(—10) mm, glabrous to slightly pubescent above, sparsely strigose beneath. inflorescences terminal or axillary, up to 8 by 6 cm, (2—) 5—8(—12)-flowered; peduncle 0.5—1.5(—3.0) cm, like branches sparsely 1953] hoogland: tetracera 209 hirsute to glabrous; bracts lanceolate, about 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, attached with broad base, glabrous to slightly hirsute above, sparsely to densely strigose-hirsute beneath. flowers 2.5—3.0 cm across; pedicel 10—25 mm, sparsely hirsute to glabrous, without or with 1—2 bracteoles; bracteoles lanceolate, about 1 x 0.5 mm. sepals 4, 8—10 x 6—8 mm, often reflexed in fruit, green or reddish green, glabrous outside, densely whitish or yellowish sericeous except 1—2 mm broad glabrous margin inside, ciliate at margin. petals 3—4, 12—15 x 6—8 mm, white or greenish white. stamens about 230, 7—8 mm long, yellowish white with grey tips, the thecae touching each other at apex. carpels 3(—4), glabrous, 1.5 x 1 mm with 5 mm long style, with about 10 ovules. fruits with (1—) 2—3 capsules developed in each flower; capsules almost globular, about 10 mm in diameter with 1—3 mm long beak, glabrous, glossy, 1—2seeded. seeds ovoid, 2—4 x 1—3mm, glossy black; aril 6mm long, fimbriate for 1/2—3/4 of its length. distribution.—deccan peninsula (malabar, travancore), ceylon, indo-china (cambodia), sumatra, malay peninsula, west java, borneo, and celebes. fig. 5. tetmcerci akara (burm. f.) merr. ecology.—climber in lowland forests, up to 750 m altitude. vernacular n a m e s . — i n d i a : akar a patsjoti (malabar), tilo sameno (brachm.). c e y l o n : et-korasa-wel. s u m a t r a : daun amplas (palembang). m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : akar rusa-rusa, mumplas rimba (malacca). j a v a : aroj pengasaman (sundanese). b o r n e o : daun ampelas (pulau kuwala). u s e s . — t h e leaves are said to be used as sandpaper, though the surface is hardly rough (polak 2120, borneo). the stems are used for ropes. 210 r e i h w a r d t i a [vol. 2 this species is most commonly known under the name tetracera laevis vahl which, however, is identical with t. indica (houtt. ex christm. & panz.) merr., as is evident from the type specimen in the copenhagen herbarium. tetracera axillaris martelli represents a small-leaved form, which has been collected only in borneo. i do not think it to be of any taxonomic value. the only specimen from indo-china (pierre 763, samrongtong province, cambodia) much resembles t. indica; the inner side of the sepals has the sericeous indument as is found in the present species, though it is distinctly less dense than in all other specimens. the identity of this specimen appears somewhat dubious. the species is closely related to t. indica; the main difference is the indument on the inner side of the sepals. with exclusion of the specimen just cited this character is very clear and sharp. in addition the acuminate apex of the leaf and the generally more glossy and darker appearance of the upper side of the leaves are usually characteristic of 2'. akara. the latter is found almost exclusively in forests, t. indica mostly in much more open, low vegetation. 9. tetkacera loueeiri (fin. & gagnep.) pierre ex craib. — fig. 6 tetracera assa var. hnreiri fin. & gagnep. in bull. soc. hot. f i \ , mem. 4: 3. 1906. tetracera sarmentosa var. loitreiri (fin. & gagnep.) fin. & gagnep. in pi. gen. ind.-ch. 1: 16. 1907; craib in aherd. univ, studies 57: 4. 1912. tetracera fragrana ridl. m j. str. br. r. a. s. 5 9 : 62. 1911; fl. mai. pen. i : 6. 1922; lion wildem. & dur. 1899. tetracera loureir! (fin. & gagnep.) pierre m craib in kew bull. 1922: 1(55; craib, fl. siam. en. 1: 20. 1925; gagnep. in fl. gen. ind.-ch., suppl. 1: 28. 1938; hoogl. in fl. mal. i 4; 147. 1951. tetracera kampotensifi gagnep. in not. ayst. 6: 40. 1987; in fl. gen. ind.-ch., suppl. 1: 18/..?. * 1938. types.—tetracera assa var. hnreiri: zimmermann 74, bangkok, siam, 1899; lectotype in p, isotypes in bm, bo, br, g, k, l, u. — tetracera fragravs: ridley 15183, chupcng, perlis; leetotype in sing, isotype in k. — tetracera kampotensis: chevalier 31763, kampot, cambodia, march 18—19, 1914 (collector: f l e u r y ) ; holotype in p. woody vine with flexuous branches; branches sparsely strigose, glabrescent, sometimes slightly scabrid. leaves elliptic to oblong, (1.5—) 6—10(—13) x ( 1 _ ) 3 _ 5 ( _ 7 ) cm, with (3—)8—12(—15) nerves'on either side; apex rounded to obtuse; base obtuse to acute; margin entire to distinctly dentate; nerves slightly curving upward, ending in margin or in apex of teeth; leaves above glossy, glabrous except the sparsely strigose 1953] hoogland: tetracera basal vs of the midrib, beneath dull, glabrous on intervenium, glabrous to sparsely strigose on nerves, sparsely strigose on midrib, without or with only inconspicuous hairy domatia, on both sides smooth or only slightly scabrid, with many small circular spots; petiole (4—)7—10mm, glabrous to sparsely strigose above, sparsely strigose beneath. inflorescences terminal, 10—20 x 5—10 cm, about 40—80-flowered, often with 1—2(—4) leaves in basal part; branches sparsely strigose, extreme ones most densely so; bracts lanceolate, 4—10 x 1—3 mm, acute at apex, attached with broad base, glabrous above, sparsely strigose on midrib beneath, sparsely ciliate at margin. flowers 8—11mm across; pedicel 3—7mm. sparsely strigose, without or with 1—3 bracteoles; bracteoles lanceolate, 2—3 x 0.5—1 mm, glabrous, ciliate at margin. sepals 5, 2 outermost ones 4—5 x 3—3.6 mm, 3 innermost ones 6—-7 x 4—5 mm, glabrous, slightly scabrid outside, glabrous, smooth inside, ciliate at margin. petals 3, 5 x 2.5 mm, white or pink. stamens about 150, 4—5 mm long, the theeae distinctly separated to nearly touching each other at apex; connective only slightly emarginate between theeae. carpels (2—)3, glabrous, 1.5 x 1 mm with 2.5 mm long style, each with about 8—16 ovules. fruits with 1—3 capsules developed in each flower; capsules ovoid, 7—8 x 5—6 mm," acute with 2 mm long beak, glabrous, glossy, 1—2-seeded. seeds globular, 2—3 mm in diameter, glossy dark brown; aril asymmetric, on one side 5—6, on other 2—3 mm long, laciniate to1/8—1/4 of its length. distribution.—around the gulf of siam, on the west coast of the malay peninsula from kedah to setul, on the east coast from singora northward, in indo-china on the east coast north to bleu hoa province. ecology.—climber in open forests, scrubs, and hedges, from sealevel up to 400 m altitude. vernacular names.—s i a m: baw rakhon (koh chang), lin rat (lam nang eong), rot sukon (singora), tana kim (chantaburi), thao kapot bai suam, thao harakon, thao orakon (prachuap), yan pot (nakawn sritamarat). i n d o c h i n a : bay giay omen, giay chien (annamese: bien hoa), chait betao (moi: bien hoa), dak kuon (fide gagnepain), day chien (cochinchina), giey no nuoc hon (cambodia). the species is not closely related to t. korthalsii miq., as might be suggested by its position in the key. in addition to the character given in the key, the species differ in the following characters: t. loureiri has generally narrower and thicker leaves, it has often in a number of flowers only two carpels, it has small circular spots on both sides of the leaves, fig. 6. tetracera loureiri (fin. & gagnep.) pierre ex craib. 2 1 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 which are not found in t. korthalsii, the thecae are much less separated at the apex in t. loureiri than in t. korthalsii. the latter is related to t. fagifolia, bl., whereas there are no species closely related to t. loureiri. 10. tetracera daemeliana f. muell. tetracera daemeliana f. muell., fragm. 5: 191. 1865; f. m. bail., synops. queensl. fl. s. 188s; queensl. fl. 1: 10. 1899; compr. cat. queensl. pi. 18. 1909; white in contr. arn. arb. 4: 71. 193.3. type.—daemel s.n.t cape york, october; holotype.in mel, isotype in bri. large woody vines, much branching; branches glabrous, smooth. leaves subcoriaceous, oblong to narrowly obovate, (6—)14—20(—23) x (2.5—)5—7(—8) cm, with (8—)10—14 nerves on either side; apex acute to obtuse; base acute; margin entire; nerves curving upward, each anastomosing with the next one through a secondary nerve; leaves more or less shining, glabrous above, dull, glabrous beneath, smooth on both sides; petiole 6—20 mm, winged, 2—4 mm broad, glabrous. inflorescences terminal, up to 20 x 10 cm, up to 200-flowered, often with 1—2 small leaves in basal part; branches, particularly extreme ones, sparsely strigose; bracts ovate, 2.5 x 1.5 mm, broadly acute at apex, attached by broad, rounded base, glabrous above, strigose beneath. flowers 12—15 mm across; pedicel 2—3 mm, sparsely strigose, without or with 1—3 minute bracteoles. sepals 5—6, 1—2 outermost ones 4—5 x 3—4 mm, inner ones about 6 x 4.5 mm, very sparsely strigose to glabrous, slightly scabrid outside, sparsely to rather densely short-sericeous, smooth inside, ciliate at margin. petals 3, 6—7 x 3.5—4 mm, rather thick, greenish white or cream-coloured. stamens about 110—150, 5—6 mm long, the thecae manifestly separated at apex; connective slightly emarginate between thecae. carpels 3, glabrous except for some 0.2 mm long stiff hairs on the back, each carpel 1.5 x 1.5mm; style 2"mm long; ovules about 10. fruits with 2—3 capsules developed in each flower; capsules ovoid, 1 0 x 6 mm, acute with 1 mm long beak, glabrous, dull, 1-seeded. seeds ovoid, 4 x 3 mm, glossy black; aril unknown to me. distribution.—queensland (cape york peninsula: etty bay, johnstone river, daintree river, barron river). ecology.—climber in rainforests and scrub, at low altitudes; collected in flower in october, november, and december, in fruit in march. 11. tetracera euryandra vahl euryandra aeandem forst., char. gen. 41 pi. j,l". 1776. tetracera em-yandra. vahl, symb. bot. 3: 71. 1794; d c , syst. 1: 402. 1818; deless., ic. sel. pi. 1: pi. 70*. 1821; lam., illustr. 3: pi. i83*. 1823; d c , prod. 1; 68. 1824; labill., sert. austr.-caled. 55 pi. 55". 1825; montrous. in mem. acad. lyon 10: 175. 1860; fin. & gagnep. m bull. soc. bot. fr., mem. 4; 2. 1906, p.p.; in fl. gen. ind.-ch. 1: 13. 1907; guill. in ann. mus. col. marseille ii 9: 93. 1911; in bull. soc. bot. f r . 67: 47. 1920. tetracera billardieri martelli in becc, malesia 3: 152. 1886. 1953] hoogland: tetraccra 213 tetraeera seandens (foist.) gilg & werderm. in engl. & p r a n t l , nat. pflfam., 2nd ed., 2 1 : 18. 1925; dsnik. in vierteljahrsschr. naturf. ges. zurich 78: 206. 1933; guill., fl. nouv.-cal. 213. 1948; won (l.) merr. 1917. types:—ewryandra, seandens, tetraeera euryandra: forster 137, 228, new caledonia; lectotype in bm, isotypes in bm, s. — tetraeera billardieri: de la billardiere s.n., new caledonia; lectotype in g. woody vine, much branching; branches strigose with 0.5 mm long hairs, glabrescent. leaves oval to elliptic, (3.5—)6—10(—15) x (2—) 3—5(—7) cm, with (6—)8—10(—12) nerves on either side; apex rounded, sometimes slightly emarginate, to obtuse, often mucronate; base rounded to obtuse; margin entire; nerves curving upward, each anastomosing with the next one through a secondary nerve; leaves glossy, glabrous above, slightly glossy, glabrous on intervenium, glabrous to sparsely strigose on midrib and nerves beneath, smooth on both sides; petiole 10—20 mm, slightly winged, about 1.5 mm broad, glabrous above, sparsely strigose beneath, ciliate at margin, mainly in lower part. inflorescences terminal, 5—15 x 3—9 cm, 20—125-fiowered, sometimes with 1(—2) small leaves in basal part; branches strigose with 0.5mm long hairs; bracts caducous, oblong, 6—10 x 2—4 mm, obtuse at apex, attached by broad, rounded base, sparsely strigose above, strigose beneath. flowers 15—20 mm across; pedicel 1—3 mm, strigose, without or with 1—3 bracteoles; bracteoles oblong, 2—4 x 1—2 mm. sepals 5—6, 2 outermost ones about 5 x 4 mm, inner ones about 1 0 x 8 mm, sparsely strigose, smooth outside, sparsely sericeous with 0.2—0.3 mm long hairs inside, ciliate at margin. petals s, 9 x 5 mm, white. stamens about 250, 4—6 mm long, the thecae on outer side of broadened connective, extrorse, nearly touching each other on outer side, distinctly separated on inner side, manifestly separated at apex. carpels 2—3, glabrous, 2 x 1,5 mm with 4 mm long style, ovules about 10. fruits with 2—3 capsules developed in each flower; capsules ovoid, 10—12 x 8—10 mm, acute with 1—2 mm long beak, glabrous, shining, 1—4-seeded. seeds ovoid, flattened, 4 x 3.5 mm, 2.5 mm thick, slightly glossy, black; aril 6—10 mm long, fimbriated to "/io of its length. distribution.—new caledonia, all over the island. ecology.—on plains, in open forests, on edge of forests, and in riverside-scrub; from low altitude up to 700 m; collected in flower in october to january, in fruit in october to april. there is one collection from indo-china in the paris herbarium (spire 74, from laos) which does not seem very reliable. the species was included in the "flore generale de l'lndo-chine" on account of this specimen. i think the record should be neglected, as from a geographical point of view the occurence in indo-china is improbable and an interchange of labels may be possible. 12. tetracera korthalsii miq. — fig. 7 tetraeera korthalsii miq. in ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 4: 75. 1868; merr., .bibi, en. born. pi. 381. 1921; hoori. in fl. mal. i 4: 147. 1951. 214 reinwardtia [vol. 2 tetracera subrottmda elm. in leafl. philip. bot. 5: 1771. 1913; mere., e n . philip, fl. pi. 3: 59. 1923; elm. ex. prain, ind. kew. suppl. 5: 257. 1921 c suhrotundata", error for the preceding). tetracera clmeri meir. in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 104. 1929. types:—tetracera korthalsii: korthals s.n., tewe river, borneo: lectotype in l. — tetracera siibrotundu: elmer 13048, puerta prineesa, palawan, april 1911; lectotype (isotype) in l, isotypes in a, bm, bo, cal,, e, p i , g, gh, k, mo, k u, us. — tetracera clmeri: elmer 2137g, tawao, british north borneo, october 1922—march 1923; holotype in uc, isotypes in a, bm, bo, c, g, gh, k, l, mo, ny, p. sing, u. large climbers or creepers, much-branching; branches scabrid, striguse to hirsute with 1 mm long hairs, sometimes also small tufts of 0.2— 0.4 mm long hairs, glabrescent. leaves oval to elliptic-oblong or obovate, (3.5—) 6.5—17(—22) x (2.3—)4—8(—13) cm, with (6—)10—16(—20) nerves on either side; apex rounded to acute, sometimes slightly acuminate; base rounded to acute; margin slightly dentate; nerves slightly curving upward, ending in apex of teeth; leaves above hirsute to sparsely strigose to glabrous on intervenium, glabrous on nerves, glabrous on upper part of midrib, short-hirsute to glabrous on basal part, beneath sparsely hirsute to glabrous on intervenium, hirsute to strigose on nerves and midrib, on both sides smooth to slightly scabrid; petiole (5—)8—20(—so) mm, slightly winged, short-hirsute to glabrous above, hirsute to strigose beneath. inflorescences terminal, 10—30(—100) x 6—20 cm, 40—200and more-flowered, often with 1—2 small leaves in basal part; branches densely to slightly hirsute to strigose with solitary, 1 mm long hairs and small fascicles of 0.2—0.4mm long hairs; bracts caducous, lanceolate, 3—5 x 1—2 mm, acute at apex, attached by broad base, glabrous above, strigose to hirsute beneath. flowers about 10mm across; pedicel 1.5—2.5mm, as to indument like extreme branches of inflorescences, without or with 1—2 bracteoles; bracteoles caducous, lanceolate, 1.5 x 0.5 mm. sepals 5{—6), 2 outermost ones 4 x 3 mm, 3(—4) inner ones 5—5.5 x 4—5 mm, glabrous or sparsely strigose-hirsute with small fascicles of short hairs on central part, scabrid outside, glabrous inside, not ciliate at margin. petals about 5 x 3.5 mm. stamens about 125, 3.5—4 mm long, with thecae strongly separated at apex. carpels 3, glabrous or covered by minute scales, ovoid. 1.3 x 1 mm with 1—2 mm long style, with about 9 ovules. fruits with 1—3 capsules, developed in each flower; capsules ovoid, 7 x 4 mm, acute with 1—2 mm long beak, glabrous, glossy, 1-seeded. seeds ovoid. 4.5 x 3.5 mm, glossy black; aril mainly one-sided, 2.5—5 mm long, fimbriate with broad lobes to 1/3—1/2 of its length. var. korthalsii. tetracera korthalsii var. korthalsii; hoogl. in fl. mal. i 4: 147. 1951. leaves elliptic-oblong or obovate, (3.5—) 6.5—17(—20) x (2.3—) 4— 8(—16) cm; apex acute or slightly acuminate; base acute; petiole (5—) g—20(—30) mm. 1953] hooiiland: tetracera var. subrotunda (elm.) hoogl. tetracera korthalsii var. subrotunda (elm.) hooki. in fl. mal. i 4: 147. 1951. tetracera aubrotunda elm. — tetracera elmeri merr. leaves broadly oval to nearly circular, (6.5—)8.5—22 x (4—)5.5—13 cm; apex and base rounded; petiole 12—30 mm. distribution.—variefj korthalsii in borneo (eastern half), celebes, and moluccas (taliabu island) ; variety subrotunda in british north borneo and palawan. ecology.—climber in forests at low altitudes, up to 700 m. vernacular names.—empelas (malay, sandakan), pampad (dusun, sandakan). uses.—the leaves are used for polishing wood. the differences between the two varieties are found in the shape and, to a lesser degree, in the size of the leaves. tetraceru elmeri merr. represents a hirsute form. the species is closely related to and much resembles t. fagifolia bl, differingfrom the latter by the absence of the sericeous indument on the inner side of the sepals. 13. tetracera macrophylla wall, ex hook. 1 & thorns.— fig. 8 tetracera macrocarpa wall., cat. no. 6628, 182s, nomen nudum. tetracera macrophylla wall, ex hook. f. & thorns., fl. ind. 1: 6.3. 1855; miq., pi. ind. bat. 1 (2): 8. 1859; hook. f. & thorns, in fl. br. ind. 1: 32. 1872; king in j. as. soc. beng. 58 (2): 363. 1889; gamble, man. ind. timb., 2nd ed., 3. 1902; ridl., fl. mal. pen. 1: 4. 1922; hoogl. in fl. mal. i 4: 147. 1951. tetracera scaberrima miq., fl. ind. bat. 1 (2) : 9. 1859; in ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 4: 75. 1868; merr., eibl. en. born. pi. 382. 1921. tetracera teysmannii mai-telli in becc, filalesia 3: 150. 1886. tetracera radnla martelli in becc, malesia 3: 153. 1886; merr., bibl. en. born. pi. 382. 1921; non martius 1863. tetracera grandis king in j. as. soc. beng. 58 (2) : 363. 1889; i« ann. roy. bot. card. calc. 5: 115 pi. 119.* 1896; eidl., fl. mal. pen. 1: 4. 1922. tetracera havilavdii ridl. in kew bull. 1912: 381; merr., bibl. en born pi 381. 1921. tetracera scabricaulis ridl. in kew bull. 1912: 381; merr., bibl en born pi. 382. 1921. f i g . 7. tetracera korthatiii miq.: var. korthalsii ( ), var. subrotunda (elm.) hoogl. ( x ) . 216 reinwardtia [vol. 2 types.—tctraceramacrophylta: wallieh 6628, singapore, 1822; lectotype in k, isotypes in bm, cal, cge, g. — tetracera scaberrima: teysmann 452hb, lubukalung, sumatra west coast; holotype in u, isotypes in bo, l. — telracera uysmannii: beccari s.n, cultivated in the botanie garden, bogor (buitenzorg), from banka; holotype in fi. — tetracera radula: beccari piante bornensi 3448, sungei kantu, pontianak, may 1867; holotype in fi. — tetraceta grandis: seortechini g.n., perak; holotype in cal, isotypes in bm, fi, k, sing, uc. —tetracera havilandii: haviland 1811, near kuching, sarawak, october 28, 1892; holotype in k. — tetracera scabricaulis: creagh s.n,, sandakan, british north borneo, april 20, 1895; holotype in k. woody vine, up to 10 m long, or tree(?), with winding or straight branches; branches strongly scabrid to smooth, densely hirsute with 1— 1.5 mm long single hairs and stellate groups of about 0.3 mm long hairs, glabrescent. leaves elliptic to oblong, (5—)8—15(—30) x (3—)5—10(— 17) cm, with 8—12(—17) nerves on either side; apex and base rounded to obtuse; margin slightly emarginate at end of nerves, entire or slightly dentate with nerves ending in apex of teeth; nerves slightly curving upward, ending mucronately; upper surface of leaves often slightly glossy, the intervenium rather densely hirsute with single, 1—2 mm long hairs and, at extreme basal part only, few stellate groups of 0.3 mm long hairs to nearly glabrous, midrib densely to slightly hirsute with both kinds of hairs, under surface densely hirsute with both kinds of hairs to nearly glabrous, margin ciliate with 1—2 mm long single hairs only near base, very scabrid to smooth on both sides; petiole 15—30 mm, winged, 2—4 mm, in leaves in base of inflorescences 5—8 mm, broad, slightly to densely (most densely beneath) hirsute with both kinds of hairs, with single longer hairs mainly along edge. inflorescences terminal, 10—40 x 4—15 cm, (20—) 50—125(—200)-flowered, often with 1—4 small leaves in basal part; branches more or less densely velvety-hirsute like younger sterile branches; bracts oblong, 5—10(—20) x 2—4(—8) mm, acute at apex, attached by a broad base, densely hirsute with single hairs above, with single and stellate groups of hairs beneath, ciliate at margin. flowers 2—2.5 cm across; pedicel 4—20 mm, densely hirsute like extreme branches of inflorescences, without or with 1—3 bracteoles; bracteoles oblong, 2—4 x 1—2 mm, acute at apex, attached by a broad base, as to indument like bracts. sepals 5—6, 2 outermost ones 8—9 x 7—8 mm in flower, 9—12 x 6—8 mm in fruit, inner ones 11—12 x 8—9 mm in flower, 12—15 x 7—9 mm in fruit, all more or less densely velvety, scabrid outside, 2 outermost ones glabrous, inner ones sericeous except 1—2 mm broad margin, smooth inside, all ciliate at margin, greenish, turning to red in fruit. petals 3, 8—11 x 5—7 mm, rather thick, not emarginate at apex, attached by rounded, 1—1.5 mm broad base. stamens about 375, 4—7 mm long, the thecae distinctly separated at apex, connective strongly emarginate between thecae. carpels 3—4, glabrous except few strigose hairs on back, 2 x 1.5 mm with 4 mm long style, with about 14 ovules. fruits with 2—3 (—4) capsules developed in each flower; capsules ovoid, 8—10 x 6—8 mm, acute with 2—3 mm long beak, glabrous, glossy brown, 1—2-seeded. seeds ovoid, 6—7 x 4—5mm, glossy black; aril mainly one-sided, 5—9 mm long, slightly laciniate for about 1/8 of its length. 1953] hoogland: tctraccra distribution.—sumatra, malay peninsula, banka, borneo. ecology,—climber in dry aa well as in swampy forests and thickets, up to 300 m altitude. according to ridley very common in the malay peninsula, but rarely in flower. f i g . 8. tttmccnt macrophylla wall, ex hook. f. & thorns. vernacular names.—s u m a t r a: akar ampaleh riembu (west coast). m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : ampelas gajah (alvins 600, without locality), ampelas lidah kuching, ampelas rimbah (malacca), ampelas rimau (fide ridley). b o r n e o : akar tembara (w. kutei), ampalas (sarawak). uses.—the medical use is unimportant (cf. burkill, 1935). within this species the size and shape of the leaves and their scabridness is very variable. some specimens from the malay peninsula are nearly smooth, most specimens are very scabrid. small-leaved specimens are the type specimen of t. seabricaulis ridl. and forbes 3059 from sumatra. the type specimen of t. havilandii ridl. is a short one-leaved fruiting branch with a small, rather smooth leaf, possibly only part of an infructescence. the most typical feature of the species is the absence of an indument on the inner side of the two outermost sepals, whereas the inner sepals have a dense sericeous indument. 14. tetracera arborescens jack. — fig. 9 r e t r a c e r a arborescens jack hi mai. misc. 1 (5) : 45. 1820; d c , prod. 1: 69. 1824; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1 (2) : 9. 1859; gage & boik. in j. str. br. r. a. s. 7 3 : 242. 1916; hoogl. in fl. mai. i 4: 148. 1951; meir. in j. arn. arb. 33: 248. 1952. r e t r a c e r a laavigata miq., fl. ind. bat. 1 (2): 8. 1859; in ann. mus. hot. lugd. bat. 4: 74. 1868; men-., bibl. en. born. pi. 382. 1921. tetracera subcordata boerl., cat. hort. bot. bogor, 3. 1899. 218 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 tetracera lucidu wall., cat. no. g631. 1828, nomen nudum; e,c ridl., fl. mai. pen. 1: b. 1922. tetracera lucida var. lanugmosa ridl., fl. mai. pen. 1: 5. 1922. tetracera euryandra auct. (non v a h l ) ; hook. f. & thorns., fl. ind. 1: 63. 1855; miq., pl ind. bat. 1 (2): 8. 1859; in ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 4: 75. 1868; hook, f. & thorns. « fl. br. ind. 1: 32. 1872; king in j. as. soc. beng. 58 (2) : 362. 1889; fin. & gagnep. in bull. soe. bot. fr., mem. 4: 2. 1906, p.p.; back., sehoolfl. j a v a 9. 1911. types:—tetracera arboresceiis: jack x.n., tapanuli, w sumatra. 1829 ( ? ) ; holotype in l. — tetracera uievigata: teysmann 457hb, sibogu, sumatra west coast; holotype in u, isotypes in bo, cal, p i , l, mel. — tetracera subcordatn: boerlage s.n., cultivated in hortus bogoriensis no. xi. a. 74, may 17, 1890; holotype in bo, isotypes in cal, k, l. — tetracera lucida: wallich 6631, singapore, september 1822; lectotype in k, isotypes in cal, cge. — tetracera lucida var. lanuginosa: kunstler 5579, larut, perak, february 1884; holotype in sing, isotypes in cal, k. strong, woody climbers, up to 8 m long, or shrubs, or (?) small trees, much-branching; branches villose to densely villose-floccose with rusty brown tomentum, glabrescent. leaves subcoriaceous, obovate to ellipticoblong, those below inflorescences distinctly smaller [(2—)3—4(—6) x (1—)2—3(—4) cm] than those lower at branches [(4—)6—10(—15) x (2—)3—5(—8) cm], all with (4—)5—6(—8) nerves on either side; apex rounded or obtuse to acute or acuminate; base obtuse to acute; margin entire; nerves curving upward, ending 0.5—1 mm from margin; leaves above bright green, often slightly glossy, short-strigose to glabrous on basal part of midrib, further on villose-floccose to glabrous, glabrescent, beneath slightly to densely villose-floccose, glabrescent on intervenium, strigose to glabrous on midrib and nerves beneath, smooth on both sides; petiole 3—5(—8) mm, villous-floccose, glabrescent, short-strigose to glabrous on central part above, strigose beneath. inflorescences terminal, up to 15 x 6 cm, (6—)10—15-flowered, usually with some (1—7) small leaves in the basal part to high up in the panicle; branches villous-floccose, glabrescent, or hirsute, extreme ones most densely so; bracts caducous, lanceolate, 3—6 x 1—2 mm, .acute at apex, attached by broad base. flowers about 15mm across; pedicel (2—)4—10mm, villous-floccose, glabrescent, without braeteoles. sepals 5—6, about 5 x 3 mm in flower, 7 x 3 mm in fruit, reddish yellow, outside sparsely to densely villoushirsute, mainly in central part, glabrescent in fruiting state, slightly scabrid, inside densely sericeous except 0.5—1 mm broad glabrous margin, densely ciliate at margin. petals 3, 5 x 4 mm, white. stamens about 110 —150, 4—5 mm long, the thecae slightly to manifestly separated at apex. carpels 3, glabrous to hirsute or villous, 1.25 x 0.75 mm; style 0.5—3 mm long; ovules about 10—12. fruits with 2—3 capsules developed in each flower; capsules ovoid, 7 x 4 mm, acute with 2—3 mm long beak, glabrous or, rarely, villose-floccose, glossy, 1-seeded. seeds ovoid, 2—3 x 1—2 mm, glossy black; aril 3—5 mm long, laciniate with broad lobes to about 1/2 of its length. distribution.—sumatra (tapanuli, east coast), malay peninsula, banka, billiton, borneo, and ?java (korthals: papandajan). 1058] hoogland: tetracera 219 f i g . 9. tetracera urborescens jack. ecology.—in swampy forests, riverside shrubs, open jungle, and on borders of woods, only at low elevations. probably rarely in flower. vernacular names.—s u m a t r a: andor ruhas igung (tapanuli), mohi-mohi (sibolga). m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : akar mamplas paya (malacca) . b a n k s : akar tamplas (tempelas). b i 11 i t o n: akar memplas. the type specimen of jack has a label ''tetracera arborescens wj. tappanooly," probably in jack's handwriting, and "legit jack sumatra occident. 1829" in hasskarl's handwriting. the original description is insufficient for specific distinction and the binomial has never been interpreted before. the species is most closely related to t. fagifolia bl., but differs mainly in the shape and size of the leaves, in the venation, and in the indument of the younger parts. the venation in t. arborescens is reticulate, in t. fagifolia parallel, at about right angles to the nerves, but as to this character intermediates are sometimes found. the hairy-fruited form has on the carpels and capsules an indument which agrees with the indument on the younger vegetative parts. in these specimens the indument is generally denser than in the specimens with glabrous carpels. the hairs are distinctly thinner than in those species, where the carpels are constantly hairy {t. scandens (l.) merr., t. lanuginosa diels, and t. nordtiana f. muell.]. 15. tbteacera fagifolia bl. — fig. 10 tetracera fagifoliu bl., bijdr. 1: 4. 1825; miq., pi. ind. bat. 1 (2): 9. 1859; in ann. mus. hot. lugd. bat. 4: 75. 1808; ridl. in j. str. br. r. a. s. 54: 10. 1909; pi. mai. pen. 1: 6. 1922; hood, in fl. mal. 1 4 : 148 /. 2." 1961. tetracera rigida bl., bijdr. 1: 4. 1825; jliq., fl. ind. bat. 1 (2) : 9. 1859; back., schoohl. java 9. 1811; bekn. fl. j a v a (nooduite.) 4 (fam. 80) : 2. 1942. tetracera blumei walp., rep. 1: 67. 1842. tetracera sumatrana miq., fl. ind. bat. suppl. 1 : 618, 619. 1861; ridl., fl. mal. pen. 1: 6. 1922, p.p. tetracera fapifolia f. submtegeryima miq. hi ann. mus. bot. lup:d. bat. 4: 75. 1868. tetracera borneensis miq. in ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 4: 76. 1868; merr., bifal. en. born. pi. 381. 1921. 220 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 tetracera obovata boerl., cat. hort. bot. bogor. 3. 1899. tetraccra philippinensis merr. in philip. j. sci., eot. 9: 375. 3 014; en. philip, fl. pi. 3 : 58. 1923. tetratiera obliquinervia elm. in leafl. philip. bot. 7: 2621. 1915. types:—tetracera jagifolia, tetracera blamei: blume s.n., bantam, java; holotype in l. — tetracera rigida, tetracera fagifolia i. wibintegerrima (lectotypc) : blume 1734, java; lectotype in l. — tetraccra suwatrana: teysmann 4454hb, natar, lampung, sumatra, december 29, 1857; holotype in u, isotypes in bo, cal, l. — tetracera borneensis: korthals s.»-., pulu lanipei, borneo; holotype in l, isotypc in u. — tetracera, pkilippineims: wenzel 812, leyte, june 2, 1914; isotypes in a, bm, g, mo, us. — tetracera obliquinervia: elmer 13862, cabadbaran, agusan province, mindanao, september 1912; isotypes in a, bm, bo, cal, e, fi, g, gh, k, mo, ny, u. scandent shrubs, up to 14 m high, much-branching; branches sparsely strigose, glabrescent, slightly scabrid. leaves elliptic to lanceolate, (2.4—)6—20(—30) x (1.9—)3—1c(—13) cm, with (6—) 10—16(—23) nerves on either side; apex rounded to acute, sometimes slightly acuminate; base rounded to acute, sometimes asymmetric; margin entire to slightly dentate; nerves curving upward, either ending in margin or following margin closely until next nerve, anastomosing with the latter either directly or through major venation; leaves above rather dark green, shining to dull, smooth to very slightly scabrid, very sparsely hirsute to glabrous on intervenium, densely short-hirsute to glabrous on nerves and midrib', beneath bright green, dull, smooth, sparsely hirsute to glabrous on intervenium, strigose to very sparsely so on nerves and midrib; petiole 7—20(—30) mm, winged, 2—4 mm broad, densely hirsute, mainly on central part, to glabrous above, more or less strigose beneath, ciliate at margin. inflorescences terminal, often on rather short axillary fewleaved branches, 15—40 x 8—25 cm, 40—250-flowered, often with 1(—3) small leaves in basal part; branches scabrid, densely to slightly hirsute with small tufts of stellate groups of 0.2—0.4 mm long hairs, in larger inflorescences only on extreme branches, basal branches of larger inflorescences slightly strigose with single 1 mm long hairs; bracts caducous, lanceolate, 3—7 x 1—2 mm, acute at apex, attached by broad base. flowers 8—12 mm across; pedicel 1—5 mm long, hairy like extreme branches of inflorescences. sepals 5(—6), 2 outermost ones 4 x 4 mm, 3(—4) inner ones 5.5—7 x 4.5—5.5 mm, hirsute with hairs solitary to arranged in small groups to glabrous, scabrid outside, inside sparsely to densely sericeous for basal part extending to 1/4—1/2 of length and 1/4.—1/2 of breadth on outermost one, for 1/3 to nearly whole sepal on innermost one, with gradually increasing sericeous surface between. petals 3, 6 x 4 mm, white. stamens about 80, 4.5—6 mm long, white, the thecae distinctly separated at apex, connective slightly emarginate between thecae. carpels 3, ovoid, 2 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, tapering into 1—3 mm long style, with about 10 ovules. fruits ovoid, 5—8 x 4—6 mm, tapering into 1 3 mm long beak, with 2—3 capsules developed in each flower; capsules ovoid, 5—8 x 4—6 mm, tapering into 1—3 mm long beak, glabrous, glossy, 1(—2)-seeded. seeds ovoid, 5 x 3 mm; aril one-sided, up to 7 mm longj divided to 1/4— 1/2 of its length with broad lobes. 1953] hoora-and: tetracera 221 var. pagifolia. tctracem fagifolia var. fagifolia; hoogl. in fl. mal. i i: 148 f.2.* 1951. tetracera fagifolia bl. — tetracera rigida bl. — tetracera blumei walp. — . tetracera sumatrana miq. — tetracera fagifoua f. subintege-rrima miq. — tetracera obovata boerl. — tetracera philippineusis merr. — tetraccra obliqllincrvia elm. leaves elliptic to oblong, length about 1.4—2.25 x breadth, (4—) 7_20(—30) x (2.3—)5—10(—13) cm, with (7—) 12—16(—23) nerves on either side; margin entire to slightly dentate; nerves curving upward, ending in margin, var. borneensis (miq.) hoogl. tetracera fagifolia var. borneensis (miq.) hoogl. in fl. mal. i 4: 148. 1951. tetracera bomee-nsis miq. leaves elliptic to lanceolate, length about 1.4—3.5 x breadth, (2.4—) 6—13(—18) x (1.9—)2.7—5.5(—6.5) cm, with (6—) 8—10(—14) nerves on either side; margin entire; each nerve following the margin closely until it meets the next one, anastomosing with the latter either directly or through major venation. f i g . 1 0 . tetracera fagifoua b l . : v a r . fagifoua ( 9 ) , v a r . borneensis (miq.) hoogl. ( + ). distribution.—variety fagifoua in sumatra (also simalur and siberut), malay peninsula (johore only), west java, borneo, and philippines; variety borneensis in sumatra, malay peninsula (singapore only), banka, borneo, and celebes. variety fagifoua is the most common form in sumatra, variety horneensis in borneo. 222 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 ecology.—climber in primary forest, scrub, or bamboo forest, variety fagifolia only known from primary forest, 100—750 m altitude, variety bomeensis on mt. kinabalu up to about 1300 m, but from here known sterile only. vernacular names.—s u m a t r a: alor ampaleh (simalur), ampalu riembu (lampung), sapbet (siberut) . j a v a : aroy (ki) assahan, kiassahan, ki saun-(sundanese). p h i l i p p i n e s : balau-balau (mbo). all these vernacular names have been noted with specimens belonging to variety fagifolia. the two varieties show a marked difference in general appearance. generally specimens can be easily located, but there is a relatively small number of intermediate specimens. d o u b t f u l s p e c i e s tetracera tripetala turcz. tetracera tripetala, turcz. in bull. sec. nat. mosc. 36 (1): 547. 1863. this species was described from a specimen collected by horsfield in java. it is impossible to identify the species from the description; most probably it is identical with tetracera fagifolia el., of which species a specimen collected by horsfield in java is present in the calcutta herbarium. e x c l u d e d a n d i n v a l i d l y p u b l i s h e d n a m e s actaea aspera lour. (fl. cochinch. 332. 1790) is considered a synonym of tetracera scandens (l.) merr. by merrill (a commentary on loureiro's "flora cochinchinensis" in trans. am. phil. soc. n.s. 24: 264. 1935). it is excluded here: see this paper under t. asiatica (lour.) hoogl. calligonum asperum lour. (fl. cochinch. 342. 1790) likewise cited by merrill (1. c.) as a synonym of tetracera scandens (l.) merr., is also excluded here: see this paper under t. asiatica (lour.) hoogl. tetracera aspera (lour.) eaeusch. (nomencl., 3rd ed., 147. 1797) is based on calligonum asperum lour. (1790; see above) and, therefore, excluded here. the binomial, which was not included in the "index kewensis," antedates tetracera aspera (aubl.) willd. (sp. pi. 2: 1241. 1799; tigarea aspera aubl., pi. gui. fr. 2: 918. 1775) by two years. the correct name for this south american species most probably is tetracera tigarea dc. (syst. 1: 403. 1818). delima piripu dc. (syst. 1: 408. 1818), based on piripn rheede (hort. malab. 7: 101 pi. 541688), is no dilleniacea, but polygonum chinense l. (cf. hook. f. & thorns., fl. br. ind. 1: 62. 1855). 1953] hoooland: tetracera 223 trachytella, dc. (syst. 1: 410. 1818) with two species: trachytella actaea dc. (i.e.), baaed on actaea aspera lour. (1790); see above. trachytella calligonum dc. (i.e.), based on calligonum asperum lour. (1790); see above. tetracera juncea hort. angl. ex steud. (nomencl., 2nd ed., 2: g70. 1821), included in the "index kewensis," was published as a nomen nudum only; as origin australia was indicated. tetracera heyneana wall. (cat. no. 6630. 1828), included in the "index kewensis," was published as a nomen nudum only; the specimen is an euphorbiaceous plant. traxilisa rafin. (sylva tellur. 161. 1838), with one species: traxilisa aspera (lour.) rafin. (op. cit. p. 162), based on calligonum asperum lour. (1790) ; see above. tetracera hygrophila kurz (for. fl. br. burma 1: 22. 1877), included in the "index kewensis," was published as a nomen nudum only; the specimen in the calcutta herbarium, which is sterile, probably represents tetracera indica (houtt. ex christm. & panz.) merr. tetracera borneensis auct. (non miq.) ; rolfe (in j. of bot. 23: 209. 1885; vidal, revis. pi. filip. 36. 1886), described after the specimen. vidal 940 from luzon, represents dillenia luzoniensis (vidal) martelli ex dur. & jacks. trachytella, aspera dc. was cited by forb. & hemsl. (in j. linn. soc, bot. 23: 22. 1886—8) as a synonym under tetracera sarmentosa (l.) vahl. tetracera corymbosa lignier & bey (in bull. soc. linn. normandie v 5: 163. 1902), included in "index kewensis," was published as a nomen nudum only; new caledonia. tetracera graudiuscida f. muell. & tate ex dur. & jacks. (ind. kew. suppl. 1: 422. 1906, error). the binomial intended is teucrium grandiusculumf. muell. & tate (to trans. proc. roy. soc. s. austral. 13: 108. 1890). index new names and the final members of new combinations are in bold face type. actaea aspera 198, 222. akara-patsjoti 208. assa 187, 205, 206; exotica 205, 206; calophyllum akai'a 208. curatella 188. davilla 188; hirsuta 194. indica 187, 205-207; tctragynia 206. delima 187, 188, 193, 196; aspera 190, calligonum asperum 198, 222, 223. 191; frangulaefolia 190, 191; hebecar224 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 pa 190, 191; intermedia 190, 191; laevis 199; piripu 222; sarmentosa auct. 194; sarmentosa l. 187, iso, 191, 193; aarmentosa var. fi 191; sarmentosa var. glabra 193-195; sarmentosa var. hebecarpa 191; sarmentosa /. hirsutior 193195; scandens 191; tripetala 190, 191. delimopsis 187; hirsuta 187, 193-195. doliocarpus 188. eleiastis 187; laevis 187, 205. eugenia malaecensis 20g. e u r y a n d r a 187; scandens 187, 212, 213. fructus indicus sarmentosus 193, 196. punis urens aspera 190. funis urens glabra 205. korosvel 187. leontoglossum 187; scabrum 187, 193-195. roehlingia 187; suaveolens 187, 208. seguieria asiatiea 193-195, 198. tetracera 186, 188. sect. delima 188; empedoclea 188; eutstracera 188. a k a r a 187, 188, 190, 199, 208-210; arborescens 189, 190, 217-219; asiatiea 188, 189, 193-198; asiatiea sap. andamanica 195, 196; asiatiea ssp. asiatiea 187, 195-197; asiatiea sup. sumatrana 187, 195-197; asiatiea «sp. zeylanica 187, 196; aspera (lour.) raeusch. 222; aspera (aubl.) willd. 222; assa auct. 208; assa dc. 205; assa var. 208; assa var. loureiri 210; axiltaris 208, 210; billardiei'i 212, 213; blumei 219221; boerlagei 201, 203; borneensis auct. 199, 223; borneensis miq. 219221; eorymbosa 223; cowleyana 201, 203; daemeliana 190, 212; diehotoma 205, 206; elmeri 214, 215; euryandra auet. 201, 218; euryandra vahl 187, 190, 212, 213; everillii 201, 203; fagifolia 188, 190, 200, 212, 215, 2t9-222; fagifolia var. borneensis 221, 222; fagifolia var. fagifolia 221, 222; fagifolia /. subintegerrima 219-221; floribunda 201, 205; fragrans 210; glaberrima 188, 189, 198, 199; gracilis 205, 206; grandis 215, 216; grandiuscula 223; havilandii 215-217; hebecarpa 191; heyneana 223; hirsuta 193, 195; hygro• phila 207, 223; indica 187, 190, 205-208, 210; juneea 223; kampotensis 210; korthalsii 190, 211-213, 214, 215; korthalsii var. korthalsii 214, 215; korthalsii var. subrotunda 215; laevigata 217, 218; laevis auct. 208; laevis vahl 199, 205, 206, 210; lanuginosa 189, 200, 201, 219; levinei 194, 195; loureiri 190, 210-212; lucida 218; lucida var. lanuginosa 218; macrocarpa 215; macrophylla 190, 215-217; maingayi 188, 189, 199, 200; malabarica 205, 206; moluccana 201, 203; monocarpa 190, 191; nordtiana 189, 193, 201-205, 219;' nordtiana var. celebica 203-205; nordtiana var. everillii 203, 204; nordtiana var. louisiadtca 202, 204; nordtiana var. moluccana 203-205; nordtiana i w . nordtiana 202-205; nordtiana var. wuthiana 202-205; obliquinervia 220, 221; obovata 220, 221; philippinensis 220, 221; pilophylla 201, 202; radula 215, 216; rheedii 208; rigida 219-221; sarmentosa auct. 194; sarmentosa (l.) vahl 190; sarmentosa vcr. hebecarpa 191: sarmentosa var. hirsuta 194; sarmentosa var. loureiri 210; scaberrima 198, 215, 216; seabricaulis 215-217; scandens auct. 194; scandens (forst.) gilg 213; seandens (l.) merr. 187-190, 191-193, 198, 219; seandens var. hehecarpa 191; sericea 208; setigera 198; subcordata 217, 218; subrotunda 214, 215; subrotundata 214; sumatrana auct. 199; sumatrana miq. 219-221; sylvestris 208; teysmannii 215, 216; tigarea 222; trigyna 205, 206; tripetala 222; volubilis auet. 191, 201; volubilis l. 187; wahlbomia 205; wuthiana 201, 202. tigavea aspera 222. trachytella 223; actaea 223; aspera 223; calligonum 223. tragia scandens 190, 191. traxitisa 223; aspera 223. valhomia 187. wahlbomia 187; indica 187, 20s, 206. 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors soedarsono riswan mien a rifai elizabeth a. widjaja published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi — lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, 1 55 5 february 1992 io issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, pp. 41 51 (1992) durio macrantha kosterm., species noya (bombacaceae) from north sumatra a.j.g.h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia abstract an interesting species of durio from sumatra is described and illustrated from a living specimen growing in bogor. abstrak sebuah jenis durio dari sumatra diuraikan dan digambarkan dari tanaman hidup yang ditanam di bogor. in 1981 i received from mr. h. rijksen a young durian plant, which he had collected in the mt. leuser national park in north sumatra now, 10 years later the plant has grown to a tree of 10 m high in my private garden in gad ok near bogor and in july 1991 it started to come into bloom. the flower bunches appeared on the bare branches; it took 4—6 weeks from the initial bud to the mature flower. the tree flowered profusely and within three months new buds appeared continuously. it proved to be an undescribed species of durian. durio macrantha kosterm., spec. nov. fig. 1—10 arbor mediocris ramulis minute dense lepidotis, loins aiternantious, concavis, chartaceis oblongis breve acuminatis vel sensim acutis, basi obtusis. petiolis gracilibus lepidotis, supra glabra atro-viridia sat obscure minute reticulata, nervo mediano tenuibus impressis, subtus dense minute lepidota nervo mediano valde prominentibus, costis gracilibus sat patentibus, margine non attingentibus, paniculis ramifloris paucifloris dense lepidotis, pedicellis crassis longis, epicaiyx magnis, sepalis 5 in tubum connatis, lobis triangularibus acutis, basi conspicue saccatis, phalangis staminibus 5, parte apicalibus filamentorum liberis, petalis 5 liberis albis magnis reflexis, ovario lepidotis, stylus longis, stigmate conspicuis.— typus: kostermans 30.000 (bo). tree, 10 m tall, dbh. 20 cm. bark smooth, grey. crown pyramidal, lowest branch 1 m above the forest floor, somewhat drooping. leaves alternate, in one plane, chartaceous, lower side concave, oblong, 5—7.5 x 16—22 cm, gradually acuminate or sub-acuminate, base rounded, above 4 1 42 reinwardtia [vol. h very dark glossy green with minute reticulation, midrib slender, impressed, ribs filiform, prominulous in a groove; below very densely light golden brown lepidote, scales minute, flat with rather irregular margin, midrib stout, strongly prominent, ribs 12—15 pairs, rather patent, slender, prominent, arcuate,, not reaching the margin, in between often thinner, shorter parallel ribs, reticulation dense, minute. petiole 10—15 mm, slender, slightly thickened apically, densely minutely lepidote, somewhat sub-peltate. flowers on the bare branches, consisting of a short thick main peduncle with few, 2—3 cm long thick branches, each bearing 2—4 flowers. pedicels stout. 4—5 cm long, gradually thickened apically. flow,er buds initially depressed globose, apiculate, becoming globose and ultimately subovoid-globose, completely covered by the dark densely lepidote epicalyx (inside white, glabrous), thin, tearing into 2—3 parts, at anthesis, up to 2—2.6 cm long. calyx urn-shaped, the 5 sepals connate, apically with 5 triangular, acute, 5—7 mm long broad lobes, lepidote outside, the bases of the sepals widened into large, horizontal pouches, continuing inside the tube by forming 5 bulbous white knobs, ultimately curving down and ending outside the tube into 5 tiny reflexed appendages; the entire tube up to 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diam. at the base. petals free, white, glabrous, large (in bud imbricate), consisting of a thick, flat, stiff, wide, clawlike part, gradually widened apically and ending in a strongly reflexed much thinner, spathulate-orbicular apical part, the whole 3—4 cm long, the margin fringed.' stamens in 5 phalanges of 5—7 stamens each, the filaments fused in their basal half, the free parts 2—3 cm long bearing clumps of one-celled anthers. ovary oblong, densely minutely lepidote, showing a slight longitudinal furrow. style reddish, glabrous, rather fleshy, up to 5 cm long, surpassing the stamens, cylindrical with conspicuous capitellate stigma. fruit (nov. 1991) inmature with numerous very hard and sharp, sub pyramidal thorns, the latter covered by numerous very tiny fimbriate scales. distribution : mt. leuser national park. north sumatra, described after a cultivated specimen in the private garden of dr. kostermans in gadok near bogor, java. phenology : flowers open in the afternoon and drop in pieces during the night. they have no smell and no nectar. pollinators are perhaps bats and night months. the flowers had always a few black ants. the branch bases are surrounded by a high annulus of tissue, free from the branch, as if they had to push the bark aside when developing. the species is outstanding among the 3 other species so far known by the very large flowers. cultivated tree in the private garden of dr. kostermans in gadok near bogor, july, fl, kostermans 30.000 (a,aau,bm,bo,g,k,l,ny,p). 1992] a.j.g.h. kostermans : durio macrantha kosterm. fig. 1. duria macrantha kosterm. photo : l. anema branch insertian. photo : l. anema 4 4 reinwardtia [vol. 11 fig. 3 flower bunches photo : j.-u. nieser 1992] a.j.g.h. kostermans : durio macrantha kosterm. fig. 4. inflorescence — photo : l. anema reinwardtia [vol. 11 fig. 5 _ flower (style missing) photo : j.u. nieser 1992] a.j.g.h. kostermans : durio macrantha kosterm. 47 fig. 6 insertion of petal photo : j. u. nieser 48 reinwardtia [vol. 11 fig. 7 cross section flower photo : j.-u. nieser 1992] aj.g.h. kostermans : durio macrantha kosterm. 49 fig. 8 calyx from below photo : j.-u. nieser 50 reinwardtia [vol. 11 fig. 9 buds. photo : j.-u. nieser fig. 10 branch bhoto : l. anema 1992] a.j.g.h. kostermans : durio macrantha kosterm. 51 during the long delay in printing this issue of reinwardtia the type tree in dr. kostermans' private garden produced mature fruit they are dark green with big, pyramidal hard spines with, a very sharp tip and covered by a dense layer of microscopical scales. the fruit, of which the largest was 15 x 23 cm, drops unopened at maturity and dehisces slightly after one or two days on the ground. the large yellowish brown seeds are completed surrounded by a white, thick, juicy, fragrant aril, not much different from that oi the common durio zibethinus. the species is economically important, because the small size of the tree, which makes manipulation of flowers and fruit possible; in d. zibethinus, a tree of 20—30 m high, this was almost impossible. dr. and mrs de wilde of the rijksherbarium, leiden, during their collecting trips in nothern sumatra, never saw this tree. we are trying to prevent its extinction by establishing a nursery, we have no experience about germination and viability. fig. 11. durio macrantha kosterm. fruit from type tree contents page rochadi abdulhadi seed banks in a sub-tropical rain forest 1 rochadi abdulhadi floristic changes in a sub-tropical rain forest succession 13 a.j.g.h. kostermans two remarkable lindera species (lauraceae) probably representing an undescribed genus 23 a.j.g.h. kostermans a new species of diplodiscus turcz. (tiliaceae) related to brownlowia roxb 27 n. sasidharan & k. swarupanandan a new species of cassine (celastraceae) from india , 29 a.j.g.h. kostermans reinstatement of pterocarpus echinata pers. (leguminosae — papilionaceae) ., 33 jumaat h adam & gc. wllcock. a new natural hybrid of nepenthes from mt. kinabalu (sabah) 35 a.j.g.h. kostermans durio macrantha kosterm. species nova (bombacaceae) from north sumatra 41 a.j.g.h. kostermans salacia acuminatissima kosterm., spec. nov. (celastraceae) from sri lanka 53 a.j.g.h. kostermans identity of dracontomelum petelotii tardleu -blot (anacard.) 55 printed by c v. bina karya cover rein.vol 11,part 1, 1-55 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_21a rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_29 reinwardtia published by herbarium, bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 8, part 1, pp. 13 — 15 (1970) a new bornean species of cinnamomum sch. a. j. g. h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia cinnamomum tahijanum kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 1. arbor ramulis strictis perdense minutissime griseo tomentellis foliis oppositis coriaceis ellipticis acuminatis basi aeutis supra laevia glabra nervo mediano cum nerviis basalibus (acumine attingentibus) filiformis prominulis subtus dense subadpresse sublanuginoso-tomentellis pilis pergracilis glabrescentibus nervo mediano nerviisque basalibus prominentibus venis secundariis horizontalis parallelis prominulis venis submarginalis adest petiolis bene evolutis paniculis pseudo-terminalis perdense minute griseo tomentellis laxis strictis foliis aequilongis floribus sat magnis dense pilosis filamentis pilosis glandulis stipitatis ovario glabro. typus: s. 15196 (bo). tree, diameter 35 cm; branchlets stiff, towards the apex densely, minutely grey tomentellous; branches glossy. leaves opposite, coriaceous, elliptical, 4 x 14 — 6 x 19 cm, acuminate (acumen blunt, 1—2 cm long), base acute; upper surface glossy, glabrous, smooth, midrib and basal nerves slender, prominulous; lower surface dull, subglaucous, densely, minutely, pale brown sublanuginose-tomentellous (hairs slightly crinkled, glossy, extremely slender), glabrescent, midrib and the two basal nerves (which reach the base of the acumen) prominent, more densely tomentellous; secondary nerves horizontal, filiformous, prominulous, parallel; a submarginal, slender nerve connects the secondary lateral veins. petiole 7—10 mm long, flattened above; densely pilose. panicles axillary and pseudo-terminal, stout, stiff, densely grey sublanuginose-tomentellous, up to 20 cm long, with stout, up to 10 cm long peduncle and few, stiff, rather patent, rather thick branches (the lowest one up to 7 cm long), which bear two, rather patent secondary branchlets. pedicel 3—5 mm long. flowers 4 mm long, densely grey subsericeous ; tube less than 1 mm high; tepals rather thick, ovate, acutish, 3 mm long, inside densely silvery sericeous; filaments 0.75—1 mm, pilose at base; anther 1 mm, narrowly oval, upper cells smaller than the lower ones; inner anthers narrower, basal glands oblong, stipitate; staminodes narrowly ovate, stipitate, 0.75 mm; ovary ovoid, 1 mm; style conical, 1 mm; stigma inconspicuous. — 13 — 1 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [ v o l . this beautiful tree is named in honour of mr. julius tahija, chairman managing board of the p.t. caltex pacific indonesia, djakarta, who donated a substantial sum to the herbarium bogoriense, bogor, for the preservation of the material, deposited in that worldwide known institute and whose wife is immensely interested in plants and in maintaining a beautiful garden upcountry off bogor. borneo. sabah, sipitang,-uiu moyah, 8 m. s. s. e. of malaman, alt. 160 m, sept., young fi\, san 16268 (a, bo, bri, k, kep, l, sing), tree 12 m tall; ranau, sosopodon, alt. 1500 m, march, young fr., san 34508 (san, sing), tree 16 m, diam. 12,5 cm, outer bark greenish, cup hemispheric with persistent tepals; ibid., 1400 m a l t , kundasang, nov., buds, san 271,91 (bo, san, sing), tree 12 m, diam. 25 cm, bark scaly, lenticellate; ranau, lakong, malumad, alt. 1100 m, nov., young fr., san 18804 (san, sing); mt. kinabalu, ulu liwagu and ului mesilau, alt1. 1300 m, sept., fl., chew, come)-, stainton 2687 (bo, k), tree 10 m, fls. cream; yellowish; sarawak, semengoh for. res., kuching, alt. 100 m, aug., fl., s. 14956 (a, bo, k, l, sing) ; ibid., oct. after anthesis, s. 15196 (a, bo, k, l, sing). 1970] 15 fig. 1. cinnamomum tahijanum kosterm. (after s. 15027). volume 4 december 1956 part i reinwardtia being a continuation of t h e bulletin du jardin botanique de buitenzorg (bulletin of the botanic gardens, buitenzorg) editors a n w a r i dilmy (herbarium bogoriense) and c. g. g. j. van steenis (flora malesiana) published by herbarium bogoriense kebun raya indonesia reinwardtia vol.4, part 1, pp. 1-118, bogor, december 1956 40 reinwardtia [vol. 4 5. dehaasia titanophylla (airy shaw) kostermans, comb. nov. beilschmiedia titanophylla airy shaw (basonym) in kew bull. 1939: 534, was described after the specimen: native coll. 2438 from borneo. a fragment of this, conserved in the singapore herbarium, could be examined. although the fruit are still unknown, the close relationship to d. longipedicellata (ridley) kosterm. makes it advisable to relegate this species to dehaasia. r o s a c e a e parinari aubl. polyalthia? pulchrinervia boerlage this species was described by boerlage (catal. hort. bogor., fasc. 1: 20. 1899 and in icones bogor., fasc. 2: 106. 1899) after a sterile specimen, collected from a tree, numbered iv g. 42 in the bogor botanical gardens. in the bogor herbarium there is one sheet labelled: polyalthia ? pulchrinervia boerlage (not in boerlage's handwriting); no date of collecting is indicated; the specimen was from the tree iv g. 42. i consider this the type specimen, as it fits with boerlage's description. duplicates of this have been sent to the arnold arboretum, the kew, the leiden and the singapore herbaria. in 1915 additional flowering and fruiting material was collected from the same numbered tree, which makes it clear that it represents parinari corymbosa miq. of the 1915 collections duplicates have been forwarded to the arnold arboretum, the kew and the leiden herbaria. s t e r c u l i a c e a e sterculia sterculia perryae kostermans, nom. nov. sterculia clemensiae merrill & perry in j. arnold arb. 30: 40. 1949 is, because of its earlier homonym sterculia clemensiae ridley (in kew bull. 1933: 488), renamed here: sterculia perryae kostermans. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 1, pp. 41-68 (1956) notes on malaysian malvaceae—i * j. van borssum waalkes ** summary twelve new species of hibiscus sect. azanza dc. from the malaysian region are described and illustrated. the genus wilhelminia hochr. is reduced to a synonym of this section, which requires the new combination hisbiscus sciadiolepidns (hochr.) borss. for w. sciadiolepida hochr., the only species of the genus. for some years past i have been engaged in studying the malvaceae of the malaysian area. it is intended to publish the new facts and conclusions in a series of papers under the title indicated above, and eventually a concise treatment of the family will be included in the "flora malesiana." the malvaceae will be treated in a strict sense, i.e. the bombacaceae, which is considered a separate family, will be excluded. the bombacaceae are, it is true, very closely allied to the malvaceae, but nevertheless it had better be kept apart, both from a theoretical and from a practical point of view. i hope to discuss the delimitation of the two families in a later publication. a critical revision of the family in the malaysian area has not so far been carried out, although numerous facts and conclusions have been recorded by various botanists, of whom the following may be mentioned here: masters, who gave a concise but accurate elaboration of the indian species in hooker's "flora of british india," gagnepain on malvaceae in french indo-china, merrill especially on philippine malvaceae, f. von miiller, schumann, lauterbach, and ulbrich on new guinea species, e. g. baker, garcke, giirke, and last but not least hochreutiner, who has an all-round knowledge of the malvaceae. for the present paper i have studied specimens from herbarium bogoriense (bo),1 and the forestry research institute at bogor (bzf), as well as from the herbaria of singapore (sing), florence (fi), lae (lae), brisbane (bri), arnold arboretum (a) and the gray herbarium * this article was issued separately in june 1956. ** botanist, herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. 1 the abbreviations are according to lanjouw [in regn. veg. 2 (ed. 2) : 131-144. 1954]. . : : — 41 — 42 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 (gh). during european leave, collections in the rijksherbarium at leyden (l), the kew herbarium (k), the british museum (natural history) (bm) were consulted. i am very grateful to the directors and members of the staff of these institutes for the opportunity to study the collections under their care. fig. 1. map illustrating the localities of the species described; the numbers are those given to the species in the text. new species of hibiscus section azanza dc. in the following pages i give a key of all malaysian species of hibiscus section azanza dc; the new species described are numbered. hibiscus papuamis schum. & lauterb., h. calodendron ulbr. and h. sehlechteri lauterb. are omitted: these amount to nomina dubia since the type specimens in berlin were destroyed and apparently no duplicates exist in other herbaria. key to the malaysian species of hibiscus sect. azanza dc. 1. ovary and capsule 10-celled as a result of 5 true and 5 false dissepiments. 2. epicalyx segments 8—11, connate with each other, much shorter than the calyx, forming a whorl of short, appressed to slightly patent dents. pantropic species. h. tiliaeeus l. emend. hochr. 2. epicalyx segments 4—9, mostly free, sometimes shortly connate with each other, somewhat longer than the calyx or about as long as the calyx, rarely shorter than the calyx, in the latter case 4—6 in number. species from new guinea and surrounding islands. 3. epicalyx segments 9 1. h. aruensis 3. epicalyx segments 4—6. 4. inside at base of corolla a cushion consistingof longwoolly hairs; stigmas capitellate. 1956] van borssum waalkes: notes on malaysian malvaceae—/ 43 5. indumentum consisting mainly of minute stellate hairs; flowers fairly large; epicalyx deeply 6-partite, spreading more or less stellately. 2. h. pleijtei 5. indumentum consisting mainly of scales; flowers small; epicalyx 5-fide, cupulate to campanulate 3. h. pulvinulifer 4. corolla without such a cushion. stigmas as far as flowers present discoid. 6. indumentum consisting mainly of stellate hairs. 7. epicalyx segments widely ovate or orbicular, at base cordate. 8. blade more or less orbicular, coarsely stellate hairy; epicalyx segments 4 4. h, leeuwenii 8. blade ovate, with minute stellate hairs; epicalyx segments 5—6. 9. green parts with scattered stellate hairs to glabrous; calyx about as long as the epicalyx h. cfalbertisii f. mull. 9. green parts densely tomentose; calyx about twice as long as the epicalyx 5. h. fluminis-idenburgii 7. epicalyx segments lanceolate, at base narrowing gradually, not cordate. 10. blade with coarse stellate hairs, not tomentose; epicalyx segments 6. 6. h. ellipticifolius 10. blade with minute stellate hairs, tomentose; epicalyx segments 5. h. fluminis-aprilii ulbr. 6. indumentum consisting mainly of scales (fimbriate or not fimbriate). 11. epicalyx more or less cupulate, 5-lobate to 5-fide. 12. twigs and leaves with scales only; midrib of the leaves without nectary h. sciadiolepidus (hochr.) borss.2 12. twigs and leaves also with stellate hairs; midrib of the leaves with an elliptical nectary 7. h. carrii 11. epicalyx segments free or at base very shortly connate. 13. blade ovate to elliptical; epicalyx segments 5, about 2 cm long. 8. h. archboldianus 13. blade orbicular to very widely ovate; epicalyx segments 4 or 6. " 14. epicalyx segments 6, 1.5—2 cm long. 9. h. viomersleyanus 14. epicalyx segments 4, 2—2.5 cm long. . . 10. h. lepidottts 1. ovary and capsule 5-celled, without false dissepiments. 15. calyx without scales. 16. epicalyx segments 10—14; indumentum with very large stellate hairs. h. macrophyllus roxb. ex hornem. 16. epicalyx segments 7—9; indumentum with small stellate hairs. 17. stipules more or less reniform; epicalyx deeply 7—9-partite, much shorter than the calyx h. bomeensis airy shaw 17. stipules ovate to lanceolate; epicalyx 7—fide, a little shorter than the calyx 11. h. pseudotiliaceus 15. calyx densely covered with scales. 18. epicalyx segments 6—7, free, linear to lanceolate to ovate, almost as long as the calyx. seeds 2 per cell h. decaspermus koord. & valet. 2 hibiscus sciadiolepidus (hochreutiner) borss., nov. comb.; basionym: wilhelminia seiadiolepida hochreutiner in nova guinea 14: 162 t. 18. 1914. this species must be classified under hibiscus in my opinion. i hope to discuss this reduction of the genus wilhelminia in a later paper. 44 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 18. epicalyx consisting of a whorl of 7—8, at base connate, triangular dents, much shorter than the calyx. 19. blade orbicular, angular to slightly lobed. seeds 6—7 per cell. h. floccosus mast. 19. blade ovate, not lobed. seeds 2 per cell 12. h. teijsmannii 1. hibiscus aruensis borss., nov. sp.—fig. 2 arbor altior. ramuli teretes, tomentosi pilis stellatis minutis, pilis quoque stellatis majoribus dispersis et pilis simplicibus longioribus patentibus, denique glabrescentes. stipulae plerumque appressae, late annexae, ovatae vel triangulares, basi cordatae et auriculatae, apice obtusae vel acutae vel subacuminatae, velutinae pilis stellatis minutis. petiolus lamina paulo brevior, teres, indumento sicut in ramulis. lamina coriacea, late elliptica, basi plerumque subcordata, saepe rotundata vel truncata, apice acuta vel breviter cuspidata, margine integra, basi 5—9-nervata; costa validissima, in apicem percurrens, in pagina inferiore paulum supra basin nectario lineari ornata; nervi laterales utrimque 3—5, sicut nervo basales ceteri, erecto-patentes, recti sed prope marginem sursum curvati et in venis ramosi; lamina in pagina superiore pilis stellatis minutis dispersis praecipue in nervis, glabrescens, in pagina inferiore tomentosa pilis stellatis minutis et pilis simplicibus dispersis. flores solitarii in axillis superioribus. pedunculus brevis, teres, paulum supra basin articulatus, supra articulum paulo crassior quam infra articulum, indumento sicut in ramulis. epicalicis segmenta 9, a calice et inter se separata, calice breviora, epicalicem cupulatum vel campanulatum componentia, lanceolata, basi subauriculata, apice acuminata, in sicco prima specie linearia reduplicatione marginis, extus intusque velutina pilis stellatis minutis. calyx in statu alabastri 5-alatus; calyx per anthesin subcampanulatus, 5-partitus, segmentis lanceolatis vel longe triangularibus acutis vel breviter acuminatis, 5-nervis extus paulum prominentibus in apices segmentorum percurrentibus, extus velutinus pilis stellatis minutis, intus segmentis velutinus pilis stellatis minutis, ceterum glaber. corolla magna; petala longe obovata, ad basin angustata, apice rotundata, extus praecipue ad basin pilis stellatis multibrachiatis densius vestita, intus ad marginem obtegentem pilis stellatis tenuibus dispersis, et basi pilis stellatis longibrachiatis dense ornata. columna staminalis petalis circiter aequilonga, in parte superiore stamina gerens, praecipue in parte inferiore pilis stellatis majoribus dispersis. ovarium conicum, acutum, hirsutum, 10-loculare, multiovulatum; stigmata discoidea. pedunculus post anthesin paulum elongatus et incrassatus; epicalyx non amplificatus; calyx paulum amplificatus. capsula longe ovoidea, acuminata, 10-locularis, hirsuta pilis simplicibus erectopatentibus nitentibus, inter pilos hirsutos velutina pilis stellatis minutis. semina numerosa. reniformia, pilis stellatis lanatis ferrugineis dense vestita. type,—buwalda 5270 (bo 116805). twigs 2—4 mm thick. stipules 10—12 mm long and 7—10 mm wide. petiole 3—8 cm long and about 2 mm thick. blade 6—17 cm long and 4.5—10.5 cm wide; nectary 1.5—2 cm long. peduncle about 1.5—2.5 long fig. 2. hibiscus aruensis borss.: fruiting branch; a, corolla with staminal column. — after buwalda 5270 (bo 140251). 1956] van borssum waalkbs: notes on malaysian malvaceae—/ 45 46 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 and about 2 mm thick. epicalyx segments about 2 cm long and 0.5 cm wide. calyx about 3 cm long and 1.5—2 cm wide; segments about 2 cm long and 7—8 mm wide. petals 7—8 cm long and 2—2.5 cm wide. staminal column 6—7 cm long; antheriferous part 1.5—2 cm long; filaments 5—7 mm long; anthers about 0.5 mm across. ovary about 4 mm high and 3 mm across. style about 7 cm long; branches about 5 mm long; stigmas about 1 mm across. capsule 3—4 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter. seeds about 2.5 mm long. specimens examined.—moluccas. a r u i s . : pulau wokam, selibatabata, primary forest, sloping ground, 40 m alt., tree 21 m, trunk 13 m high and 30 cm thick breast high, flowers pink, local name mala, june 18, 1938, buwalda 5270 = buwalda for. inst. 380 = 66. 25u1u (bo 116805 holotype, 116806, 140251, 57106, bzf, gh, l 950.298-391, k, sing; duplicates will be sent to a, bri, pnh). — new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : idenburg r., bernhard camp, primary forest, on temporary inundated ground, 50 m alt., tree 20 m, trunk 15 m thick breast high, flowers violet, july 23, 1938, meijer drees 336 = bb. 25688 (bo 58593, bzf, l 950.251-514), 4 km sw of bernhard camp, primary rain forest, 850 m alt., tree 22 m, trunk 45 cm in diameter, flowers violet, march 1939, brass & versteegh 13126 (bo 58593, gh, l 950.51-763). the type material was already recognised as belonging to a new species by s. hatusima during his stay at bogor. he named it (in schedula) hibiscus aruensis. the species is closely related to h. d'albertisii f. mull. it differs especially in the greater number of epicalyx segments and the nectaries on the midribs of the leaves. the specimens from new guinea differ from the type material in a somewhat thinner indumentum and in somewhat smaller flowers and fruits. 2. hibiscus pleijtei borss., nov. sp.—fig. 3 arbor altior. ramuli angulares, denique teretes, dense velutini pilis stellatis minutissimis, glabrescentes, denique lenticulis paucis instructi. stipulae majores, appressae, late annexae, ovatae, apice obtusae vel acutae, pilis stelltis minutis vestitae vel subglabrae. petiolus lamina multo brevior, teres, apice paulum incrassatus et ibi lenticulis transversis instructus, pilis stellatis minutis singulis, vel glaber. lamina coriacea, ovata, basi rotundata et vulgo subcordata, apice obtuse cuspidata, margine integra, basi 5-nervata; costa validissima, in apicem percurrens, basi in pagina inferiore nectario lineari ornata; nervi laterales utrimque circa 6, sicut nervi basales ceteri erecto-patentes, ante marginem sursum curvati et in venis ramosi; lamina in utraque pagina subglabra sed nervi in pagina inferiore pilis stellatis minutis singulis. flores solitarii in axillis superioribus vel parvitate vel abortu bractearum in racemis terminalibus paucifloris. pedunculi sursum gradatim crassiores, sine articulo, velutini pilis stellatis minutissimis, glabrescentes. epicalyx a calice separatus, substellaris, 6partitus, segmentis ovatis vel lanceolatis acutis vel subacuminatis, extus pilis stellatis minutis singulis, intus densius stellate pilosus. calyx in statu 1956] van borssum waalkes: notes on malaysian malvaceae—/ 47 fig. 3. hibiscus pleijtei borss.: flowering branch; a, corolla with staminal column (1 x) ; b, calyx and epicalyx from below (1 x) ; c, cross-section of ovary (5 x) ; d, base of blade from below. — after pleijte 510 (bo 116999). 48 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol, 4 alabastri 5-alatus; calyx per anthesin campanulatus-stellaris, epicalice longior, 5-partitus, segmentis ovatis acutis reduplicativis, obsolete nervatus, extus squamis fimbriatis minutis densius vesititus, intus in segmentis velutinus pilis stellatis minutis et basi annulo pilis brevibus sericeis ornatus. petala spathulata, apice rotundata, extus squamis fimbriatis minutis dense vestita, intus basi pulvinulo pilorum lanatorum ornata, ad apicem pilis stellatis minutis tenuibus dense vestita. columna staminalis petalis brevior, basi pulvinulis petalorum anguste circumdata, subglabra, in parte superiore stamina gerens. ovarium conicum, 5-angulare, acutum, 10-loculare, minute squamatum, multiovulatum; stigmata capitellata. capsula ignota. type.—pleijte 510 (bo 116999). twigs 2—5 mm thick. stipules 10—12 mm long and 6—5 mm wide. petiole 1—5 cm long and about 2 mm thick. blade 7—20 cm long and 4.5—14 cm wide; nectary 5—10 mm above the base of the blade, 4—5 mm long. peduncle about 2 cm long and 1.5 mm thick. epicalyx about 1.5 cm in diameter, segments 8—9 mm long and about 4 mm wide. calyx about 2 cm in diameter, segments 8—10 mm long and about 5 mm wide. petals 2.5—3 cm long and 0.5—1 cm wide. staminal column 1.5—2 cm long, antheriferous part 0.5—1 cm long. ovary about 4 mm long and in diameter. style about 2 cm long; branches about 3 mm long. specimens examined.—new g u i n e a . w e s t e r n p a r t : kadamak (vicinity of sorong), open place in forest, 50 m alt., tree 25 m, t r u n k 30 cm in diameter, flowers red, aug. 11, 1948, pleijte 510 (bo 116999 holotype, 117000; duplicates will be sent to a, bri, k, l, p, p n h , sing). this species has the peculiar hair cushions on the petals and the capitellate stigmas in common with the next species, but the epicalyx and the indumentum point to relationship with h. d'albertisii f. mull, and allies. 3. hibiscus pulvinulifer borss., nov. sp.—fig. 4 arbor altior. ramuli angulares, denique teretes, paulum scabri, pilis stellatis et squamis fimbriatis minutis dense vestiti, denique glabrescentes et lenticulosi. stipulae ignotae. petiolus lamina multo brevior, teres, pilis stellatis et squamis fimbriatis minutis dense vestitus. lamina coriacea, late elliptica, basi rotundata vel obtusa, apice obtusa vel acuta, margine integra, basi 3-nervatis; costa validissima, in apicem percurrens, sine nectario; nervi laterales utrimque 4—5, sicut nervi basales ceteri erecto-patentes, ante marginem sursum curvati et in venis ramosi; lamina squamis fimbriatis minutis in pagina superiore paulum, in pagina inferiore dense vestita, et ibi in angulis inter costam et nervos laterales stellate pilosa. flores in panicula laxa, parvi; paniculae axes teretes, indumento sicut in ramulis; pedunculi in sicco sulcati, sine articulo, pilis stellatis et squamis fimbriatis minutis dense vestiti; bracteae absentes. epicalyx a calice separatus, coriaceus, stellaris, 5-fidus, segmentis triangularibus acutis, extus squamatus, intus glaber. calyx in statu alabastri 5-costatus; calyx per anthesin 1956] van bokssum waalkes: notes on malaysian malvaceae—i 49 fig. 4. hibiscus pulvinulifer b o r s s . : f l o w e r i n g a n d f r u i t i n g b r a n c h : a, flower (2 x) ; b , c a l y x w i t h o v a r y ( 2 x ) ; c , c a l y x a n d e p i c a l y x from below ( 2 x ) ; d , l o n g i t u d i n al section of c a p s u l e (2 x) ; e, cross-section of c a p s u l e (2 x ) . — a f t e r d o c t e r s van l e e u w e n 9280 (bo 117013). 50 reinwardtia [vol. 4 epicalice longior, coriaceus, cupulatus-campanulatus, 5-fidus, segmentis patentibus, ovatis, acutis, obsolete nervatus, extus squamis majoribus integris dense obtectus, intus velutinus pilis stellatis minutis. petala linearia vel lanceolata, apice acuta vel obtusa, extus squamibus magnis fimbriatis dense vestita, intus in marginem et apicem versus pubescentia pilis stellatis longibrachiatis, intus basi pulvinulo pilorum lanatorum ornata. columna staminalis petalis brevior, basi pulvinulis petalorum anguste cireumdata, pro parte inferiore dense stellate pilosa, pro parte superiore stamina gerens. ovarium conicum, obsolete 5-angulare, squamatum, 10-loculare; stigmata capitellata. pedunculus post anthesin paulum elongatus; epicalyx et calyx paulum amplificati; calicis segmenta marginibus revoluta. capsula calice circiter aequilonga, globosa vel obovoidea, breviter rostrata, 5-costata, squamis integris magnis dense obtecta, 10locularis, loculis 1-seminiferis. semina reniformia, pilis longis lanatis ferrugineis dense ornata. type.—docters van leeuwen 9280 (bo 117012) twigs 2—3.5 mm thick. petiole 1—-2.5 cm long and 1—1.5 mm thick. blade 5—10 cm long and 4.5—7.5 cm wide. peduncle 0.5—1 cm long and about 1 mm thick. epicalyx 4—5 mm in diameter; segments 1.5—2 mm long and about 1.5 mm wide. calyx about 8 mm high and 10 mm wide; segments 4—-5 mm long and about 3 mm wide. corolla about 2.5 cm in diameter; petals 1.5—2 cm long and 0.3—0.4 cm wide. staminal tube about 1 cm long. ovary 2.5—3 mm high and 2.5—3 mm in diameter. capsule about 6 mm in diameter. seeds 1.5—2 mm across. specimens examined.—new g u i n e a . w e s t e r n p a r t : van rees mts., van gelderen r., primary forest, 100 m alt., tree 25 m, flowers pink, may 1926, docters van leeuwen 9280 (bo 117012 holotype, 117013, 117014; duplicates will be sent to a, k, l, p n h , sing). the species attractts attention by its small flowers with hair cushions on the petals (hence the name). the form of the epicalyx and the scaly indumentum indicates a relationship with h. sciadiolepidus (hochr.) borss. which, however, has much larger flowers, discoid stigmas, and does not possess hair cushions on the petals. 4. hibiscus leeuwenii borss., nov. sp.—fig. 5 arbor altior. ramuli teretes, tomentosi pilis stellatis, scabriusculi, glabrescentes, denique lenticulis minutis dispersis ornati. stipulae erectopatentes vel patentes, late annexae, ovatae, apice breviter acuminatae, in pagina superiore velutinae pilis stellatis minutis, in pagina inferiore tomentosae pilis stellatis. petiolus lamina brevior, teres, densius tomentosus pilis stellatis, paulum scaber. lamina chartacea, orbicularis, basi cordata, apice obtusa, acuta vel breviter acuminata, margine integra, basi 5—7nervata; costa validissima, in apicem percurrens, basi in pagina inferiore nectario lineari ornata; nervi laterales utrimque 4—5, sicut nervi basales erecto-patentes, sursum curvati et ante marginem in venis ramosi; lamina 1956] van borssum waalkes: notes on malaysian malvaceae—i 51 d, seed (5 x ) . — a l t e r docters van 9113 (bo 106686). 52 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 in pagina superiore scabriuscula pilis stellatis minutis, in pagina inferiore subtomentosa pilis stellatis. flores solitarii in axillis superioribus. pedunculus brevior, teres, sine articulo, in sicco sulcatus, tomentosus pilis stellatis. epicalyx a calice separatus, subcampanulatus, 4-partitus, segmentis inter se brevissime connatis ovatis basi cordatis subauriculatis apice acutis, extus intusque scabriusculus pilis stellatis minutis, pilis quoque stellatis magnis tenuibus dispersis. calyx campanulatus, plerumque epicalice paulo brevior, 5-fidus, segmentis ovatis obtusis vel acutis, 5 nervis extus prominentibus in apices segmentorum percurrentibus atque 5 nervis extus prominentibus ad sinum percurrentibus et paulum ante sinum furcatis, extus scabriusculus pilis stellatis minutis, pilis quoque stellatis magnis tenuibus dispersis, intus velutinus pilis stellatis minutis. petala spathulata, ad basin gradatim angustata, apice rotundata, extus praecipue ad basin squamis fimbriatis minutis densius vestita, intus ad marginem obtegentem pilis stellatis minutis, basi fimbriata pilis stellatis longis sericeis. columna staminalis petalis circiter aequilonga, basi pilis stellatis longis sericeis et squamis fimbriatis, in parte superiore stamina gerens. ovarium ovoideum, obsolete 5-angulare, acutum, hirsutum, 10-loculare; stigmata discoidea. pedunculus post anthesin paulum elongatus et incrassatus; epicalyx post anthesin non amplif icatus; calyx post anthesin amplificatus, epicalice longior. capsula longe ovoidea, acuminata, distincte 5-angularis, extus hirsuta pilis simplicibus appressis nitentibus, pilis quoque stellatis minutis, 10-loeularis; valvis ligneis, intus minute breviter pilosis. semina numerosa, reniformia, valde curvata, indumento denso pilorum stellatorum lanatorum ferrugineorum. type.—docters van leeuwen 9113 (bo 106686). twigs 3—6 mm thick. stipules about 12 mm long and 7—8 mm wide. petiole 4—10 cm long and about 1.5 mm thick. blade 7—18 cm in diameter; nectary 4—10 mm long. peduncle 0.5—1.5 cm long and about 1.5 mm thick. epicalyx about 3 cm wide and high; segments 2.5—3.5 cm long and 1.5—2 cm wide. calyx about 2.5 cm high and 2 cm wide; segments about 1.3 cm long and 0.8 cm wide. petals about 5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. staminal column about 5 cm long; antheriferous part about 2 cm long; filaments about 4 mm long; anthers about 1 mm long. ovary about 6 mm long and 3—4 mm in diameter; style about 5 cm long; branches about 3 mm long; stigmas about 1.5 mm across. capsule about 3 cm long and 1 cm in diameter. seeds about 3 mm long. specimens examined.—new g u i n e a . w e s t e r n p a r t : mamberamo r., albatros bivouac, p r i m a r y forest, 30 m alt., tree 15 m, flowers red, may 1926, docters van leeuwen 9113 (bo 106686 holotype, 106687; duplicates will be sent to a, k, l ) , pioneers bivouac, p r i m a r y forest, 30 m alt., tree 20 m, t r u n k 12 m high and 40—25 cm thick, flowers lilac, oct. 18, 1939, van eechoud u = bb. 31108 (bo 57165, b z p , l 950.252-443). the species is apparently closely allied to h. d'albertisii f. miill., but differs by having four epicalyx segments, a coarser stellate indumentum, and leaf blades which are more or less orbicular instead of ovate. 1956] van borssum waalkbs : notes on malaysian malvaceae—/ 58 5. hibiscus fluminis-idenburgii borss., nov. sp.—fig. 6 arbor altior. ramuli teretes, dense tomentosi pilis stellatis magnis et pilis stellatis minutis. stipulae patentes vel appressae, latius annexae, ovatae, apice acutae, in pagina superiore velutinae pilis stellatis minutis, in pagina inferiore tomentosae vel velutinae pilis stellatis magnis et pilis stellatis minutis. petiolus lamina brevior, teres, indumento sicut in ramulis. lamina coriacea, late ovata, basi cordata, apice acuta vel acuminata, margine integra, basi 5—7-nervata; costa validissima, in apicem percurrens, sine nectario; nervi laterales utrimque 3—4, sicut nervi basales ceteri erecto-patentes, sursum curvati et ante marginem in venis ramosi; laminae pagina superior pilis stellatis dispersis sed in nervis tomentosa pilis stellatis, pagina inferior dense tomentosa pilis stellatis magnis minutisque. flores solitarii in axillis superioribus. pedunculus brevis, non articulatus, teres, in sicco paulum sulcatus, dense tomentosus pilis stellatis magnis minutisque. epicalyx a calice separatus, ample cupulatus; segmenta 5—6, inter se libera, erecto-patentes, ovata, basi subauriculata, apice acuta vel paulum acuminata, margine plerumque reduplicativa, extus tomentosus pilis stellatis magnis minutisque, intus velutinus pilis stellatis minutis. calyx in statu alabastri 5-alatus; per anthesin ample tubiformis, paulum inflatus, epicalice circiter duplo longior, 5-fidus vel 5-partitus, segmentis ovatis (ligulatis) apice obtusis, extus nervis 5 paulum prominentibus in apicem segmentorum percurrentibus, extus densissime tomentosus pilis stellatis magnis minutisque, intus velutinus pilis stellatis minutis et ad basin pilis quoque stellatis magnis dispersis. petala spathulata, apice rotundata, extus praecipue ad basin squamis fimbriatis dense vestita, intus ad marginem obtegentem pilis stellatis minutis, ceterum glabra. columna staminalis petalis paulo brevior, praecipue ad basin stellate pilosa, in parte superiore stamina gerens. ovarium ovoideum vel globosum, acutum, obsolete 5-angulare, dense hirsutum; stigmata discoidea. pedunculus post anthesin elongatus et incrassatus; epicalyx non amplif icatus; calyx paulum amplificatus. capsula longe ovoidea, acuta, extus hirsuta pilis simplicibus erecto-patentibus longis nitentibus, pilis quoque stellatis minutis, 10-locularis, valvis ligneis. semina numerosa, reniformia, corona densa pilorum stellatorum longorum lanatorum ferrugineorum ornata. type.—brass 12978 (bo 116799). twigs 2—3 mm thick. stipules 1.5—2 cm long and about 1 cm wide. petiole 3—5 cm long. blade 8—13 cm long and 7—11 cm wide. peduncle 1—1.5 cm long and about 2 mm thick. epicalyx 1.5—2 cm high and about 3 cm wide; segments about 2 cm long and 1 cm wide. calyx 3—-3.5 cm long and about 3 cm wide; segments about 2 cm long and 1 cm wide. petals 8—9 cm long and 2.5—3 cm wide. staminal column 6—7 cm long; antheriferous part about 2 cm long; filaments 3—4 mm long; anthers about 1.5 mm long. ovary about 2.5 mm in diameter. capsule about 4 cm long. seeds about 2.5 mm long. specimens examined.—new g u i n e a . w e s t e r n p a r t : idenburg r., 6 k m sw of bernhard camp, rain forest, plentiful on the slopes of ridges and in ravines, 1200 m alt., tree up to 35 m, flowers deep pink, feb. 1939, brass 12978 (bo 116799 54 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 fig.6. hibiscus 1956] van borssum waalkes : notes on malaysian malvaceae—7 55 holotype, bh, l 950.51-793), frequently in primary forest, on slope of ridge, 1100 m alt., tree 37 m, trunk 48 cm in diameter, wood white, flowers dark red, feb. 1939, brass & versteegh 12525 (bo 116798, gh, l 950.51-794) = 66. 27343 (bzf), 15 km sw of bernhard camp, occasionally in primary forest, on slopes of ridges, 1750 m alt., tree 31 m, trunk 63 cm in diameter, sap-wood white, heart-wood dark brown, jan. 1939, brass & versteegh 11959 (bo 116797, gh, l 950.51-795) = 66. 26u8 (bzf). this species is without doubt most nearly related to h. d'albertisii f. mull. it differs by the relatively short epicalyx segments and the extremely dense indumentum which determines the striking habitus. brass & versteegh 11959 — bb. 26948 has an indumentum which is somewhat less dense than the indumentum of the other numbers although still much denser than in h. d'albertisii. 6. hibiscus ellipticifolius borss., nov. sp.—fig. 7 arbor humilis. ramuli teretes, scabriusculi pilis stellatis dispersis, glabrescentes, denique seriebus lenticulorum minutorum ornati. stipulae patentes, late annexae, lanceolatae vel ovatae, acutae vel paulum acuminatae. petiolus lamina brevior, teres, apice paulum incrassatus, scabriusculus pilis stellatis. lamina chartacea, elliptica, raro ovata, basi rotundata vel truncata vel paulum cordata, apice breviter cuspidata, margine integra, basi 5—7-nervata; costa validissima, in apicem percurrens, in pagina inferiore paulum supra basin nectario lineari ornata; nervi laterales utrimque circiter 4, sicut nervi basales ceteri erecto-patentes, paulum sursum curvati et ante marginem in venis ramosi; lamina in pagina superiore pilis stellatis brevibus dispersis praecipue in nervis, glabrescens, in pagina inferiore scabriuscula indumento densiore pilorum stellatorum praecipue in nervis. flores solitarii in axillis superioribus. pedunculus brevis, prope apicem articulatus vel non articulatus, teres, in sicco sulculatus, apice incrassatus, subtomentosus pilis stellatis minutis. epicalicis segmenta 6, libera, stellate patentia, lanceolata, calice breviora, basi angustata, apice acuta vel acuminata, intus multo magis quam extus pilis stellatis minutis dispersis. calyx in statu alabastri ad apicem anguste 5-alatus; calyx per anthesin campanulatus, 5-fidus, segmentis longe triangularibus, 5-nervis extus prominentibus ad sinum percurrentibus et paulum ante sinum furcatis, extus scabriusculus pilis stellatis minutis multis et pilis stellatis magnis paulis, intus velutinus pilis stellatis minutis. petala longe obovata, basi gradatim angustata, apice rotundata, extus praecipue ad basin pilis stellatis densius vestita, margine fimbriata pilis stellatis longibrachiatis, intus praecipue ad marginem obtegentem pilis stellatis minutis tenuibus. columna staminalis petalis brevior, in parte inferiore pubescens pilis stellatis longibrachiatis tenuibus, in parte superiore glabra et stamina gerens. ovarium extus hirsutum, 10-loculare; stigmata discoidea. pedunculus post anthesin paulum elongatus et incrassatus, glabrescens; epicalicis segmenta reflexa, paulum elongata; calyx elongatus et amplificatus. capsula ovoidea, acuta, extus hirsuta pilis simplicibus longis erecto-patentibus nitentibus, pilis quoque stellatis minutis, 10-locularis. semina ignota. type.—n.g.f. 3689 (lae). 56 r e i n w a r d t i a [ v o i j . 4 1956] van borssum waalkes; -.notes on -malaysian malvaceae—/ fig. 7. hibiscus ellipticifolius borss.: flowering branch; a, column. — after n.g.f. 3689 (lae). corolla with staminal twigs 2—3 mm thick. stipules 7—9 mm long and about 4 mm wide'. petiole 2.5—5.5 cm long and about 1 mm thick. blade 9—13 cm long and 5 9 cm wide; nectary 5—10 mm long. peduncle 10—15 mm long and about 1.5 mm thick. epicalyx segments 10—12 mm long and about 3 mm wide. calyx about 2 cm long and 0.8 cm wide; segments 8—9 mm long and about 5 mm wide. petals about 7 cm long and 2 cm wide. staminal column about 6 cm long; antheriferous part about 5.5 cm long. capsule about 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter. specimens examined.— n e w g u i n e a . e a s t e r n p a r t : sepik distr., near edge of karosomeri r., tree 7.5 m high, straight, flowers pink, wedges of white homogenous tissue penetrating the bark, aug. 10, 1949, womersuy n.g.f. s689 (lae holotype, bo 116807, bri, gh, l 950.341-542, sing). the species is without doubt closely allied to h. fluminis-wprilii ulbr. the name was choosen on account of its perfectly elliptical leave blades, these being rare within the genus. 7. hibiscus carrii borss., nov. sp.—fig. 8 arbor humilis. ramuli teretes, subtomentosi pilis stellatis, squamis quoque fimbriatis minutis paucis, glabrescentes, denique lenticulis ornati. stipulae ignotae. petiolus lamina brevier, basi et apice paulum incrassatus, tomentosus pilis stellatis. lamina coriacea, ovata, basi rotundata vel truncata, apice acuta vel acuminata, margine integra, basi 3-nervata; costa validissima, recta, in apicem percurrens, in pagina inferiore paulum supra basin nectario elliptico ornata; nervi laterales utrimque 4—5, sicut nervi basales ceteri, erecto-patentes, ante marginem sursum curvati et in venis ramosi; nervi omnes in pagina inferiore prominentes; lamina in pagina superiore squamis fimbriatis minutis paueis, in pagina inferiore tomentosa pilis stellatis, squamis quoque fimbriatis minutis. flores ignoti. capsulae in panicula paucibrachiata; bracteae et stipulae absentes; axes teretes, subangulares, squamis minutis dense obtecti; pedunculus post anthesin teres, sensim crassior in apicem, sine articulo, squamis minutis dense obtectus. epicalyx post anthesin a calice separatus, cupulatus, 5-fidus, segmentis appressis late triangularibus obtusis vel acutis, extus squamis minutis, intus glaber. calyx post anthesin epicalice triplo longior, campanulatus, capsulam anguste involvens, 5-lobatus, segmentis revolutis vel reflexis longe triangularibus acutis, obsolete nervatus, extus dense minute squamatus, intus in segmentis velutinus pilis stellatis minutissimis. capsula longe obovoidea, basi subacuta, apice conglobata sed centro cuspide instructa, extus squamis majoribus dense obtecta, 10-locularis, valvis subligneis, intus levis; dissaepimenta vera per marginem intimam pilis appressis longis sericeis vestita. semina numerosa, reniformia, corona densa pilorum longorum lanatorum ferrugineorum ornata. type.—carr 13219 (l 936.295-22). twigs 3—4 mm, thick. petiole 4—8 cm long and 1.5—2 mm thick. blade 11—19 cm long and 3—12 cm wide; nectary 1—2 cm above the base, about 1 mm long. peduncle when in fruit 2—2.5 cm long and from base to apex 2—4 mm thick. epicalyx during fruiting 4—5 mm high and about 8 mm in diameter; segments about 2.5 mm long and 3.5 wide. calyx during fruiting 13—15 mm high and about 12 mm wide; segments about 7 mm long and 4—5 mm wide. capsule about 2.5 cm long and 1 cm in diameter. seeds about 2 mm across. s p e c i m e n s e x a m i n e d . — n e w g u i n e a . e a s t e r n p a r t : b o r i d i , f o r e s t , 4200 ft. a l t . , t r e e of 40 ft., s e p t . 1 3 , 1935, carr 13219 (l 936.295-22 h o l o t y p e ) . it is a pity that carr 13219 has no flowers, but the indumentum and the epicalyx point to a very close relationship with h. sciadiolepidus (hochr.) borss. r e i n wardtia [vol. 4 . . . u v flo. 8. h i b i a w s carrii borss.: fruiting branch. — after carr 13219 (l 986.295-22). 1956] van boessum waalkes: notes on malaysian malvaceae—/ 8. hibiscus archboldianus borss., nov. sp.—fig. 9 arbor altior. ramuli angulares vel paulum applanati, denique teretes, punctati squamis fimbriatis minutis dispersis, paulum scabri. stipulae erecto-patentes, late annexae, rigide coriaceae, ovatae, apice acutae, in utrisque paginis squamis fimbriatis minutis dense vestitae. petiolus lamina brevior, teres, rigidus, praecipue apice squamis fimbriatis minutis dense vestitus. lamina rigide coriacea, ovata vel elliptica, basi rotundata vel paulum cordata, apice cuspidata, margine integra, basi 5—7-nervata; costa validissima, in apicem percurrens, sine nectario; nervi laterales utrimque 3—4, sicut nervi basales ceteri erecto-patentes, paulum sursum curvati et ante marginem in venis ramosi; lamina in pagina superiore in nervis squamis fimbriatis minutis, in pagina inferiore paulum scabra, praecipue in nervis squamis fimbriatis minutis. flores solitarii in axillis superioribus. pedunculus brevis, teres, in sicco sulcatus, apice incrassatus, sine artieulo, scaber indumento squamorum fimbriatorum minutorum. epicalicis segmenta 5, a calice et inter se separata, calice breviora, erectopatentia, coriacea, late ovata, basi abrupte angustata, apice acuminata, extus intusque squamis fimbriatis minutis densius vestita. calyx in statu alabastri ad apicem 5-alatus; calyx per anthesin ample campanulatus, 5-fidus vel 5-partitus, segmentis ovatis acutis, 5 nervis extus prominentibus in apicem segmentorum percurrentibus, extus scabrissimus, squamis fimbriatis rigidis minutis dense vestitus, intus velutinus pilis stellatis minutis. petala magna, obovata vel spathulata, ad basin gradatim angustata. apice rotundata, extus praecipue ad basin squamis fimbriatis rigidis densius vestita, scabra, margine ad basin pilis stellatis lanatis, intus ad basin squamis fimbriatis, basi pilis stellatis tenuibus, ceterum glabra. columna staminalis petalis circiter aequilonga, basi pilis stellatis lanatis, praecipue ad basin squamis fimbriatis, in parte superiore stamina gerens. styli brachii brevi-pubescentes; stigmata discoidea. fructus ignoti. type.—brass 7092 (bo 116774). twigs 2—-4 mm thick. stipules about 1.5 cm long and 0.8 cm wide. petiole 3—8 cm long and about 1.5 mm thick. blade 8.5—16 cm long and 4.5—12 cm wide. peduncle 1—1.5 cm long and about 2 mm thick. epicalyx segments about 2 cm long and 1—1.5 cm wide. calyx about 3 cm high and 2.5 cm in diameter; segments 1.5—2 cm long and about 1 cm wide. petals about 10 cm long and 4 cm wide. staminal column about 8.5 cm long; antheriferous part about 4 cm long; filaments 3—5 mm long; anthers about 1 mm long. style about 8.5 cm long; branches about 10 mm long; stigmas 2—2,5 mm across. specimens examined.—new g u i n e a . e a s t e r n p a r t : palmer r., 2 miles below junction of black r., common on low ridges along the river, 100 m alt., slender canopy tree 25 m high, flowers pink, j u n e 1936, brass 7092 (bo 116774 holotype, bm, gh, l 950.88-561). this species and the two next ones are closely related to each other and together form a more or less natural group. as to the shape of the epicalyx, the three species are related to h. d'albertisii f. mull. they 60 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 f i g . 9. hibiscus archboldianus borss.: flowering branch; a, petal; b, staminal tube with stigmas. — after brass 7092 (bo 116774). 19b6] van borssum waalkes: notes on malaysian malvaceae—/ 61differ by their scaly indumentum. the name is given to commemorate r. archbold, the organizer of the famous expeditions which brass joined as botanist. 9. hibiscus womersleyanus borss., nov. sp.—fig. 10 arbor alta. ramuli paulum angulares, denique teretes, squamis minutis densius vestiti, glabrescentes, denique lenticulis dispersis ornati, paulum scabri. stipulae erecto-patentes vel subreflexae, late annexae, ovatae, apice obtusae, in pagina superiore squamis firnbriatis minutis et pilis stellatis minutis vestitae, in pagina inferiore squamis densius vestitae. petiolus lamina brevior, teres, in sicco paulum sulcatus, squamis minutis densius vestitus. lamina rigide coriacea, orbicularis vel latissime ovata, basi paulum cordata, apice rotundata, obtusa vel breviter cuspidata, margine integra, basi 7—5-nervata; costa validissima, recta, in apicem percurrens, sine nectario; nervi laterales utrimque 3—5, sicut nervi basales ceteri erecto-patentes, paulum sursum curvati et ante marginem in venis ramosi; nervi omnes in pagina inferiore valde prominentes; lamina in pagina superiore pilis stellatis minutis dispersis, glabrescens, in pagina inferiore squamis fimbriatis minutis dense vestita. flores solitarii in axillis superioribus. pedunculus teres, apice incrassatus, in sicco paulum sulcatus, sine articulo, squamis minutis densius vestitus. epicalicis segmenta 6, coriacea, basi inter se breviter connata, a calice separata, calice breviora, patentia vel reflexa, ovata, apice obtusa, extus squamis minutis dispersis vestita, intus squamis fimbriatis minutis, glabrescentia. calyx in statu alabastri ad apicem 5-alatus; calyx per anthesin campanulatus, paulum inflatus, coriaceus, 5-fidus vel 5-partitus, segmentis ovatis acutis, obsolete nervatus, extus squamis minutis dense vestitus, intus velutinus pilis stellatis minutis. petala spathulata, apice rotundata, extus praecipue ad basin scabra, squamis rigidis, intus ad marginem obtegentem pilis stellatis tenuibus. columna staminalis petalis brevior, praecipue ad basin pilis stellatis majoribus dense vestita, in parte superiore stamina gerens. u varium ovoideum-conicum, obtusum, obsolete 5-angulare, squamis fimbriatis dense vestitum, 10-loculare; stigmata discoidea. pedunculus post anthesin elongatus et incrassatus; epicalyx et calyx post anthesin paulum amplificati; calyx denique fissus et putescens. capsula maxima, globosa, acuta, extus squamis fimbriatis majoribus obtecta, 10-locularis; valvis ligneis, intus levis, glaber. semina numerosa, reniformia, indumento denso lanato pilorum stellatorum longorum. type.—n.g.f. 3386 (lae). twigs 2.5—5 mm thick. stipules about 1.5 cm long and 0.5—0.8 cm wide. petiole 2—7.5 cm long and 1—2 mm thick. blade 4—15 cm in diameter. peduncle 2—2.5 cm long and 2—3 mm thick. epicalyx segments 1.5—2 cm long and 0.7—1 cm wide. calyx about 3 cm high and 2.5 cm wide; segments about 1.5 cm long and 0.8 cm wide. petals about 7 cm long and 2 cm wide. staminal tube about 5 cm long; antheriferous part about 2.5 cm long; filaments about 2 mm long; anthers about 1 mm long. ovary about 5 mm high and 6 mm across; style about 5 cm long; branches about 62 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol, 4 fig. 10. hibiscus womersleyanus borss.: branch; a, calyx and epicalyx (2 x). — after n.g.f. 4425 (bo 116804). 3 mm long; stigmas about 1.5 mm across. capsule 4—4.5 cm in diameter. seeds 3—4 mm long: s p e c i m e n s examined.—-new g u i n e a . e a s t e r n p a r t : a i y u r a , c e n t r a l h i g h l a n d s , 1806 m alt., t r e e 24 m, t r u n k 15 m h i g h a n d 76 cm t h i c k b r e a s t h i g h , 1956] van bokssum waalkes: notes on malaysian malvaceae, 63 crown narrow, petals red, bark very fibrous and used by natives for making ropes, wood white and soft, local names papum (aiyura) and bidafu (kamanu), nov. 25, 1950, womersley n.g.f, 3388 (lae holotype, bo 116802, 116803, bri, l 951.99-348, sing), tree 30.5 ra, crown very sparse, flowers orange-red, bark fibrous and used for string, local name panpur (aiyura), june 29, 1951, womersley n.g.f. 4425 (bo .116804, bri, gh, l 952.64-357, lae, sing), tall tree 40 m, trunk 35.5 m high and 61 cm thick breast high, inner bark brown with paler inwardly pointing teeth, bark very fibrous, local name tampo (anona) and pundenifa (aiyura), dec. 1, 1944, s. coll. n.g.f. 1047 (lae). it may be that this species is simply a form of the previous one. more material of this relationship should be collected. 10. hibiscus lepidotus borss., nov. sp.—fig. 11 arbor. ramuli paulum applanati, denique teretes, punctati squamis minutis densius vestiti, paulum scabri. stipulae late ovatae, apice obtusae, squamis minutis dense vestitae. petiolus lamina brevior, teres, ad basin in sicco sulcatus, squamis minutis densius vestitus. lamina rigide coriacea, orbicularis, basi paulum cordata, apice breviter acuminata, margine integra, basi 5-nervata; costa validissima, in apicem percurrens, sine nectario; nervi laterales utrimque 3, sicut nervi basales ceteri erecto-patentes, paulum sursum curvati et ante marginem in venis ramosi; lamina in pagina superiore scabriuscula indumento denso pilorum stellatorum minutorum, in pagina inferiore indumento densissimo squamorum fimbriatorum minutorum. flores solitarii in axillis superioribus. pedunculus teres, in sicco sulcacus, sine articulo, squamis fimbriatis minutis dense vestitus, glabrescens. epicalicis segmenta 4, a calice et inter se separata, calice paulum breviora, coriacea, erecta, magna, late ovata vel suborbicularia, basi paulum cordata, apice obtusa vel rotundata, extus squamis densius vestita, intus squamis fimbriatis et pilis stellatis. calyx in statu alabastri ad apicem 5-alatus; calyx per anthesin coriaceus, campanulatus, 5-lobatus vel 5-fidus, segmentis ovatis acuminatis, obsolete nervatus, extus squamis minutis dense vestitus, intus velutinus pilis stellatis minutis. petala spathulata, ad basin gradatim angustata, apice rotundata, extus praecipue ad basin squamis fimbriatis majoribus dense vestita, intus ad marginem obtegentem in parte inferiore pilis stellatis longibrachiatis, ceterum glabra. columna staminalis petalis circiter aequilonga, praecipue ad basin pilis stellatis longibrachiatis, quoque squamis fimbriatis dispersis vestita, in parte superiore stamina gerens. stigmata discoidea. pedunculus post anthesin paulum elongatus et incrassatus. epicalyx et calyx paulum vel non amplificati. capsula ovoidea vel globosa, apice breviter acuminata, extus squamis majoribus dense obtecta, 10-locularis. semina numerosa (misera evoluta), indumento pilorum lanatorum ferrugineorum circumdata. type.—brass 4950 (bo 57181). twigs 3—5 mm thick. stipules 1.5—2 cm long and about 1 cm wide. petiole 3—6 cm long and about 1.5 mm thick. blade 7—11.5 cm in diameter. peduncle 1.5—2.5 cm long and 1.5 mm thick. epicalyx segments 2—2.5 cm long and 1.2—2 cm wide. calyx about 3.5 cm high and 2.5 cm. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 p i g . 11. hibiscus lepidotus borss.: flowering branches. 57181, b r i ) . after brass 4950 (bo wide; segments about 1.5 cm long and 1 cm wide. petals about 7 cm long and 2 cm wide. staminal column about 5.5 cm long; antheriferous part about 2 cm long; filaments about 3 mm long, anthers about 1 mm long. style branches 5—6 mm long; stigmas about 2 mm across. capsula 2—2.5 cm in diameter. specimens examined.—new guinea, e a s t e r n p a r t : mt. tafa, sheltered valley forests, alt. 2400 m, slender tree, open thinly foliaged crown, t r u n k about 20 cm thick, bark thick and fibrous, wood soft and white, flowers red, april 1933, brass a950 (bo 57181 holotype, bm bri, gh). the remarks under the previous species also hold good for this species. 1956] van boessum waalkes: notes on malaysian malvaceae—/ 65 11. hibiscus pseudotiliacus borss., nov. sp.~—fig. 12 arbor altior. ramuli paulum angulares, denique teretes, tomentosi pilis stellatis majoribus et pilis stellatis minutis, glabrescentes, denique lenticulis valde prominentibus ornati. stipulae appressae vel paulum erecto-patentes, late annexae, semi-amplexicaules, magnae, ovatae vel lanceolatae, obtusae, in pagina superiore pubescentes pilis stellatis minutis et pilis simplicibus brevibus, in pagina inferiore tomentosae pilis stellatis. petiolus lamina multo brevior, teres, apice paulum incrassatus, densius tomentosus pilis stellatis majoribus et pilis stellatis minutis praecipue apice. lamina chartacea, orbicularis, basi penitus cordata, apice longe cuspidata, margine integra vel leviter dentata, basi 5—7-nervata; costa in apicem percurrens, sine nectario; nervi laterales utrimque 3—4, erecto-patentes, sursum curvatis et in venis ramosi; nervi basales ceteri quoque versum radiantes, sursum curvati et ante marginem in venis ramosi; lamina in pagina superiore pubescens pilis stellatis minutis praecipue in nervis, glabrescens, in pagina inferiore laxe tomentosa pilis stellatis majoribus praecipue in nervis. flores in racemis compositis axillaribus paucifloris. axes primarii et secundarii teretes, indumento sicut in ramulis; bracteae absentes; stipulae plerumque presentes, sicut stipulae foliorum. pedunculus brevis, teres, axe secundario tantum articulatus, densissime tomentosus pilis stellatis magnis, pilis quoque stellatis minutis. epicalyx a calice separatus, magnus. calice paulum brevior, ample campanulatus vel cupulatus, 7-fidus, segmentis ovatis acutis vel breviter acuminatis, extus pilis stellatis majoribus et pilis stellatis minutis dense vestitus, paulum scaber, intus ad marginem segmentorum velutinus pilis stellatis minutis. calyx campanulatus, 5-fidus, segmentis longe triangularibus acutis, 15nervatus, autem 5 costis validioribus extus prominentibus in apicem segmentorum percurrentibus et 10 nervis tenuibus extus minus prominentibus ante apicem segmentorum terminantibus, extus pilis majoribus et pilis minutis, intus basi annulo pilorum simplicium appressorum instructus, ceterum glaber. petala obovata, apice rotundata, extus inter nervos pilis stellatis longibrachiatis vestita praecipue ad basin, ad basin fimbriata, ceterum glabra. pedunculus post anthesin paulum elongatus; epicalyx et calyx paulum amplificati. capsula ovoidea, 5-angularis, apice breviter acuminata, extus pilis simplicibus rigidis et pilis stellatis minutis ornati, 5-locularis, valvis crassioribus, intus levis, glabra. semina numerosa, reniformia, angularia, pilis stellatis lanatis brevibus ferrugineis dense vestita. type.—bb. 33899 (bo 116796). twigs 2—6 mm thick. stipules 2.5—3 cm long and about 1 cm wide. petiole 5.5—12 cm long and 1—2 mm thick. blade 14—22 cm long and 12—20 cm wide. peduncle 1—1.5 cm long and about 2 mm thick. epicalyx about 2 cm high and 3 cm wide; segments 1—1.5 cm long and 0.6—0.8 cm wide. calyx about 2.5 cm high and 2 cm wide; segments about 1.5 cm long and 0.5—1 cm wide. petals 6—7 cm long. capsule about 2 cm long and 1.7 cm in diameter. seeds about 4 mm long. specimens examined.—moluccas. m o r o t a i : northern tjao, p r i m a r y forest, 60 m alt., tree 22 m, trunk 15 m high and.s0:cm thick,breast high, flowers yellow, july 2, r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 i v fig.12 hibiscus 1956] van borssum waalkbs: notes on malaysian malvaceae—-/ 67 1949, tangkilisan (exp. kostermans) 229 = 66. 33899 (bo 116796 holotype, 116795, bzp, l 952. 265-325, k, sing). this species is at the most related to h. borneensis airy shaw, but has nevertheless a more or less isolated position. at first sight the flowers are reminiscent of h. d'albertisii f. mull, and relatives, but the capsule is 5-celled. the species is named on account of the form of the leaves and stipules which gives it the habitus of h. tiliaceus l. 12. hibiscus teijsmannii borss., nov. sp.—fig. 13 planta lignea (frutex an arbor?). ramuli teretes, farinosi squamig fimbriatis minutissimis, glabrescentes, lenticulis eircularibus dispersis. fig. 18. hibiscus teysmamvii borss.: fruiting branch. — after teijsmann 12897hb (bo 58063). 68 e e i n w a r d t i a [vot. 4 stipulae ignotae. petiolus lamina brevior, teres, basi et apice paulum incrassatus, farinosus squamis fimbriatis minutissimis, glabrescens. lamina coriacea, ovata, basi rotundata vel paulum cordata, apice gradatim acuminata, margine integra, basi 6—4-nervata; costa in apicem percurrens, basi in pagina inf eriore nectario lineari ornata; nervi laterales utrimque 2—3, sicut nervi basales ceteri erecto-patentes, paulum sursum curvati et ante marginem in venis ramosi; lamina in pagina superiore praecipue basi, squamis fimbriatis minutis dispersis, glabrescens, in pagina inferiore in angulis inter nervos basales, et inter costam et nervos laterales fasciculis pilorum simplicium brevium, glabrescens. blores ignoti. pedunculi solitarii in axillis superioribus, post anthesin teretes, parte superiore articulati, a basi ad articulum gradatim crassiores, supra articulum crassiores quam infra articulum et sulcati, squamis fimbriatis minutissimis densius vestrti. epicalyx post anthesin cupulatus, a calice separatus, calice mult'o brevior, 8-fidus, segmentis erecto-patentibus triangularibus acutis, extus squamis fimbriatis minutis vestitus. calyx post anthesin cupulatus-campanulatus, capsulam anguste involvens, 5-lobatus, segmentis late triangularibus (apices segmentorum in sicco destructi), 10-nervis extus paulum prominentibus, squamis integris majoribus dense obtectus. capsula obovoidea, apice acuta, extus dense sericeus pilis simplicibus, inter pilos simplices pilis stellatis minutis, 5-locularis, valvis acutis, crassioribus, ligneis, intus levibus, glabris et paulum nitentibus; loculus quisque plerumque in parte superiore seminibus 2 adultis, in parte inferiore seminibus 2 abortivis. semina adulta magna, reniformia, corona densa pilorum appressorum longorum mollium. type.—teijsmann 12597hb (bo 58063). twigs 2.5—5 mm thick. petiole 2—7.5 cm long and 1—2 mm thick. blade 7.5—15 long and 5.5—10 cm wide; nectary about 5 mm long. peduncle during fruiting 3—4.5 cm long; joint 10—13 mm from the apex; peduncle below the joint about 2 mm thick, above the joint 4 mm thick. epicalyx during fruiting about 8 mm high and 14 mm wide; segments about 0.5 cm long and 1 cm wide. calyx about 2 cm wide; segments about 1 cm wide. capsule about 2 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter. seeds about 5 mm long. s p e c i m e n s e x a m i n e d . — c e l e b e s . s o u t h w e s t e r n p e n i n s u l a : s e h r o h ( p a n g k a d j e n e d i s t r . ) , teijsmann 12597hb (bo 58063 h o l o t y p e , 5 8 0 6 1 , 58062, l 9 2 0 . 3 0 6 4 8 ) . the species is without doubt very closely allied to h. floecosus mast. the most obvious differences are the ovate leaves and much smaller fruits. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 1, p.p. 69-74 (1956) the genus cullenia wight * (bombacaceae) a. j. g. h. kostermans ** the monotypic genus cullenia was established by wight (icones pi. ind. or. 5 (1) : pi. 1761—62 & text, 1851), who differentiated it from durio adans. mainly by the lack of a corolla and the position and shape of the anthers. the only species, originally described as durio ceylanicus by gardner, was cited by wight as cullenia excelsa wight. k. schumann corrected the specific epithet rather casually and atributed it (wrongly) to wight. bentham (in benth. & hook., gen. pi. 1: 212. 1867); baillon (hist. pi. 4: 159. 1872), masters (in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 1: 350. 1874) and beccari (malesia 3: 219. 1889) accepted the genus. bakhuizen van den brink (in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii, 6: 228. 1924) incorporated the genus in durio. in my opinion cullenia represents a "good" genus by its lack of corolla. alston, although accepting bakhuizen's reduction, informed me personally, that he, too, is inclined to consider cullenia different from durio. the pollen were described as being naked and pedicellate by gardner; this wrong statement was corrected by wight; the anthers are pedicellate and one-celled. in this paper a new cullenia species is described, which strengthens the position of the genus; both species are restricted to the rain forest region of ceylon and the southern indian peninsula. cullenia wight trees; leaves alternate, lower surface covered with scales. inflorescence pseudo-umbellate on old wood. flowers covered by scales, in bud covered by the epicalyx, which bursts at apex and drops before anthesis. calyx tubular, 5-toothed. corolla 0. staminal tube exserted; upper part of filaments free, bearing along it the pedicellate, one-celled, glomerulate anthers. ovary 5-celled; ovules 2 or more in each cell, superposed; style longer than staminal tube; stigma small, capitellate. fruit globose, splitting into 3—4 valves, densely covered by long spines. seeds covered by a fleshy arill. * issued july 1956 as communication no 51 of the forest research institute, bogor, indonesia. ** d. sc, botanist, forest service of indonesia. — 69 — binder1 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_01 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_21 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_22 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_23 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_24 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_25 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_26 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_27 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_28 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_29 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_30 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_31 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_32 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_33 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_34 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_35 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 5, pp. 561 — 578 (1969) sarawakus lloyd, a genus of the pyrenomycete family hypocreaceae mien a. rifai * summary the scope of the monotypic genus sarawakus is enlarged to enable it to accommodate the newly described species sarawakus succius rifai. a complete taxonomic revision of the genus is presented, in which it is shown that sarawakus belongs to the hypocreaceae and not to the xylariaceae as some authors have suggested. hypocrea gelcutinosa (tode ex fr.) fr. subsp. oligotheca penz. & sacc. is accorded specific status as hypocrea oligotheca (penz. & sacc.) rifai and phaeocreopsis pezizaeformds boedijn is transferred to hypocreopsis. introduction the discovery of an undescribed species of sarawakus lloyd has made it necessary to propose an emendation to the scope of this so far monotypic genus. this is mainly due to the fact that the characters of the new species deviate in such a way from the type species that the need for a new generic delimitation is inevitable: it is reflected by the fact that it has been found justifiable to classify each species in a subgenus of its own. the discovery of this new species has also induced me to restudy the taxonomic position of sarawakus. as is well known the type species of this genus, sarawakus lycogaloides (berk. & br.) lloyd, was twice described as new and had been referred to five genera — i.e. hypoxylom, bull, ex fr., hypocrea fr., sarcoxylon cooke, penzigia sacc. apud sacc. & paolet and clintoniella (sacc.) rehm — which in, turn are usually distributed among two families (the xylariaceae and the hypocreaceae), which some mycologists placed in one order (the sphaeriales) while others would classify them in two orders (the sphaeriales and the hypocreales). much of our understanding of sarawakus comes from the extensive study of boedijn (1934), who tentatively considered this genus as a transitional form between the xylariaceous and the hypocreaceous fungi. in contrast * herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia. — 561 — 562 r e 1 n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 von arx & miiller (1954) definitely included the genus in the xylariaceae, whereas petch & bisby (1950) and ainsworth (1961) listed it as a member of the hypocreales. more recently boedijn (1964) stated that sarawakus " is most probably related to xylariaceae " it will be shown below that the place of sarawakus should be amongst the hypocreaceous alliance. the taxonomy of sarawakus sarawakus lloyd emend. rifai sarawakus lloyd, mycol. writ. 7(71): 1258. 1924; boedijn in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 13: 263. 1934; von arx & miiller in beitr. kryptogamenfl. schweiz 11 (1) : 340. 1954; ainsworth in ainsworth & bisby's diet. fung. : 359. 1961. stromata superficial, gregariously seated on an extensive and compact tissue-like subiculum or the latter very poorly developed to almost absent, subglobose, globose-depressed or sometimes pulvinate, sessile or contracted below into a short and broad stalk-like base, smooth surfaced, yellow or brown coloured but at maturity dotted with darker and ultimately greenish ostioles, with fleshy to firm fleshy or fleshy corky consistency. stromal tissue indistinctly prosenchymatous but often almost simulating a pseudoparenchymatous tissue and consisting of hyaline or subhyaline to yellowish, subglobose, angular, polygonal elongated or lobsd celled hyphae interspaced by more distinct filamentous hyphal elements, surrounded on the outside by a distinct, darker-coloured cortex layer made up of smaller, sometimes more isodiametric and much thicker-walled cells. perithecia one-layered, completely immersed and confined to the upper part of the stroma, ovoidal or subglobose, their yellowish walls quite distinct and composed of a few layers of slightly flattened angular cells, provided with slightly prominent ostioles lined with a dense layer of periphyses. asci eight-spored, cylindrical, thin-walled, unitunicate and having a simple apical apparatus with pores not turning blue in melzer's reagent. asco'spores uniseriate, one-celled, ellipsoidal to rarely ovoidal, at first hyaline but soon turning dark green or olive-green, becoming brown in preserved material, without germ-slit or germ-pore, but with surface studded with numerous large tubercles. pseudoparaphyses present at young stage, partly or wholly deliquescing at maturity. habitat: on bark of living trees and culm sheaths of bamboo shoots. type species: hypoxylon lycogaloid.es berk. & br. scope and distribution: two species from ceylon, borneo and java. the generic name sarawakus was derived from the geographical name sarawak (malaysian borneo). the latter is the type locality of hypocrea rhytidospora ces., which is a later synonym of hypoxylon lycogaloides; the latter species was originally described from ceylon. for the purpose of euphony and to comply with the recommendation 75a of the inter1969] rifai: the pyrenomyeete genus sarawakus 563 national rules of botanical nomenclature i take this opportunity to designate the gender of sarawakus as masculine. in proposing this genus lloyd (1924) did not give a formal generic diagnosis or description, so that for about ten years its existence was ignored (clements & shear, 1931). it was left to boedijn (1934) to formulate the concept of the genus, in spite of lloyd's (1924) expressed reluctance for the need of creating this genus. the characters stressed by boedijn (1934, 1964) in delimiting sarawakus, and later in distinguishing this genus from thuemenella penz. & sacc. emend. boedijn, are the more or less corky stromata which " originate in large numbers from extensive subiculum. the stromal tissue consists of cells with thickened cell-walls. the cortical layer is distinct and is made up of very thick-walled cells of which the lumina are nearly obliterated. the dark spores are ellipsoidal " (boedijn, 1964: 2). the poorly developed subiculum of the new species is markedly different from the extensive and tissue-like subiculum of sarawakus lycogaloides, and if compared with the latter species its stromal tissue and cortex layer have thinner-walled cells so that on the whole its stromata have also a softer consistency. the stromata of thuemenella britannica rifai & webster (1965) have even a much softer consistency than those of the new species because their tissue is also made up of more delicate cells. although in this respect the new species would appear to occupy an intermediate position between sarawakus and thuemenella, the idea to merge the two genera is unwarranted because of the closer relationship between the new species and sarawakus lycogaloides. nevertheless it is obvious that the inclusion of the new species in sarawakus will bring the latter to a position close to thuemenella, and invalidates much of the taxonomic evidence enumerated by boedijn (1964) to distinguish the two genera. the separation of sarawakus and thuemenella based on the last character mentioned by boedijn — that of the ascospore shape — is fully justified, because the genera of the hypocreoid fungi such as hypocrea, hypocreopsis karst., thuemenella, thyronectria sacc, calonectria de not., nectria fr., pseudonectria seaver and others are often distinguished from each other solely by their ascospore characters. the ellipsoidal and tuberculate ascospores of the new species make it a stranger amongst species of thuemenella. the ascospore shapes of the two genera indicate further that thuemenella is closer to hypocrea than sarawakus is: the globose, subglobose or elongated ellipsoidal, smooth-walled or minutely echinulate or warted ascospores of the former two genera have broadly rounded to almost truncated 564 [vol. 7 ends so that in optical sectiori they often appear subcuboidal, subangular to almost oblong (compare the descriptions and illustrations of ascospores of various species of thuemenella and hypocrea given by seaver, 1910; boedijn, 1964; webster, 1964; rifai & webster, 1965, 1966, 1966a). the creation of another genus based on this new species and distinguished from sarawakus by the absence of a distinct subiculum and by the softer consistency would seem to be unwarranted, because by themselves these two characters do not appear to be of diagnostic value at the generic level. in other genera of hypocreaceae one finds that podostroma karst., for example, contains species with stromata having a fleshy to horny consistency (boedijn, 1934a, 1938), whereas species of hypocrea may vary from the soft fleshed hypocrea gelatinosa (tode ex fr.) fr. to the firm fleshed hypocrea aureo-viridis plowr. & cooke apud phill. & plowr. (webster, 1964; rifai & webster, 1966). in the latter genus the subiculum may be completely absent or variously developed but it must be admitted that as far as i am aware none of its species has developed a subiculum as extensive and distinctive as in sarawakus lycogaloides. the foregoing considerations indicate that the new generic delimitation proposed above is the best course to accommodate satisfactorily this somewhat aberrant new species. on the other hand, to draw attention to the "remoteness" of its relationship to sarawakus lycogaloides, and because of its outstanding morphological deviation from the latter, it is better to divide the genus sarawakus into two subgenera, sarawakus and thuemenelladelphus. k e y t o s p e c i e s o f s a r a w a k u s la. ascospores small to medium sized, subglobose, elongate or short subcylindrical, often subangular, their ends broadly rounded to almost truncats; epispore smooth, minutely echinulate to warted thuemenella penz. & sacc. emend. boedijn b. ascospores medium to large sized, ellipsoidal, their ends neither broadly rounded nor truncate; epispore tuberculate 2 2a. subiculum large and extensive, tissue-like; stromata yellowish, with a fleshy corky consistency, 3 — 10 mm diameter; perithecia 370 — 450 x 270 — 350µ,; on bark of living trees (sufagem. sarawakus) sarawakus lycogaloides (berk. & br.) lloyd b. subiculum scanty to almost absent; stromata brownish, fleshy to firm fleshy, less than 5 mm diameter; perithecia 190—'250 x 120 —180 µ; on culm sheaths of bamboo shoots (subgen. thuemenelladelphus) . . . sarawakus suocisns rifai 1969] rifai: the pyrenomycete genus sarawakus 565 subgen. sarawakus stromata suberosa, gregaria e subicula magna et compacta oriunda. — typus: sarawakus lycogaloides (berk. & br.) lloyd. stromata fleshy corky in consistency and gregariously seated on an extensive, compact and tissue-like subiculum. sarawakus lycogaloides (berk. & br.) lloyd. — fig. 1 — 2a hypoxylon lycogaloides berk. & br. in j. linn. soc., bat. 14: 120. 1873; sacc, syll. fung. 1: 355. 1882. — sarcoxyton lycogaloides (berk. & br.) cooke in grevillea 12: 50. 1883; patch in ann. roy. bot. gard., peradeniya 8: 143. 1924. — penzigia lycogaloides (berk. & br.) sacc, syll. fung. 9: 569. 1891; lindau in engler & prantl, nat. pflanzenfam. i, 1: 491. 1897. — sarawakus lycogaloides (berk. & br.) lloyd, mycol. writ. 7(71): 1258. 1924; boedijn in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 13: 264. 1934; petch & bisby, fung. ceylon: 31. 1950; von arx & muller in beitr. kryptogamenfl. schweiz 11 (1) : 340. 1954. hypocrea rhytidospora ces. in atti accad. sci. fis. mat. napoli 8: 14. 1878; sacc, syll. fung. 2: 532. 1883; van overeem & van. overeem — de haas in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 4: 27. 1922. — clintoniella rhytidospora. (ces.) sacc. & syd. apud sacc, syll. fung. 16: 588. 1902. subicula conspicuous, large and extensive, each one harbouring numerous stromata; they are pale dirty yellow coloured and are composed of septate, branched, thin-walled, hyaline to subhyaline, 3—7µ. diameter hyphae which are interwoven with each other to form a somewhat compact tissuelike structure, up to 0.5 mm thick near the stromata, thinning towards the somewhat byssoid, effused, uneven margin. stromata gregariously seated on a common subiculum, at first appearing as small nipple-like or globose protrusions on the latter, ultimately mostly becoming subglobose depressed with a flattened smooth surface, 3—10 mm diameter and up to 4 mm high in the middle, almost sessile or often provided with a short stalk-like base less than 1 mm high by 2—4 mm wide; the stromata at first have a pale yellpw coloration, turning dark yellow with age, but soon their upper surfaces are dotted with darker ostioles which later on exude green ascospores so that at complete maturity the surface of the stromata become greenish ("asphodel green" of ridgway according to boedijn, 1934). stromal tissue indistinctly prosenchymatous which often appears like a pseudoparenchymatous tissue, made up of polygonal, lobed or angular elongated thick-walled cells 6—-27 µ. diameter with cell-walls up to 2 µ . thick, interspaced irregularly with more distinct thread-like hyphal elements ; towards the periphery these cells become smaller sized, thickerwalled (up to 5 µ thick) and often with their lumina almost obliterated, more distinctly prosenchymatous, darker-coloured and forming a distinct cortex layer 50—70µ. thick; on the whole the stromata have a fleshy corky consistency. perithecia completely immersed immediately under the cortex 506 reinwardtia [vol. 7 20 µ fig. 1. sarawakus lycogaloides: a, habit sketch (2.5 x ) ; b, median section through a stroma (7.5 x); c, ascospores (from boedijn 617). 1969] rlpal: the pyrenomycete genus sarawakus 567 layer, in one layer and confined to the upperside of the stromata, mostly ovoid or sometimes subglobose, 370—450 x 270—350 µ., their densely periphysate ostioles normally slightly protuding above the surface of the stroma; perithecial wall thin, consisting of a few layers of flattened angular cells, slightly darker coloured than the rest of the stromal tissue. asci thin-walled, nearly cylindrical, slightly attenuate below into a short stipe, 165—190 x 10—-12 µ, 8-spored, apical apparatus simple, not turning blue in melzer's reagent. ascospores unicellular, uniseriate, sometimes obliquely uniseriate, ellipsoidal or often obovoid-ellipsoidal, especially the lower ones, and rarely unequal sided; they measure 17.5—20.5 x 8—10 µ,, at first colourless soon turning pale green, then becoming beautiful green, at last dark olive-green, appearing greenish black in mass, whereas in preserved specimens these ascospores have sepia-brown coloration; at maturity the surface of these ascospores are studded with large, rounded and irregular tubercles. pseudoparaphyses thread-like, colourless, partly deliquescing at maturity. habitat: on bark of living trees. distribution: ceylon (type locality), sarawak (borneo) and java. illustrations: berkely & broomem j. linn. soc, bot. 14: pi. 6, fig. 33. 1873; cesati in atti accad. sci. fis, mat. napoli 8: pi. 3, fig. 1. 1878; lloyd, mycol. writ. 7(71): fig. 2739. 1924; boedijn in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 13: 265, fig. 1. 1934; von arx & miiller in beitr. kryptogamenfl. schweiz 11(1): 326, fig. 99 f. 1954. ceylon. on bark, central province, december 1868 (k; type specimen of hypoxylon lycogaloides berk. & br.) borneo. on bark, sarawak, 1865, o. beecari (k; isotype specimen of hypocrea rhytidospora ces.). java. on bark, tjibodas, trail to mt. gedeh, 27 november 1921, docters van leeuwen, dakkus & bruggeman (bo 4508) ; on the bark at the base of a living tree, tjibodas, ca. 1500 m alt., april 1930, boedijn 272 (bo 11513) ; ibid., boedijn 617 (bo 11570) ; on the bark of a living tree, puntjak pass, near telaga warna, 29 may 1939, van steenis 11241 (bo 17017) ; on the bark of a living tree, telaga warna, june 1939, van steenis (bo 17059). subgen. thuemenelladelphus rifai, subgen. nov. a sarawakus subgen.. sarawakus subiculo inconspicuo, stromatibus carnosis recedit. — typus: sarawakus succisus rifai. stromata have a fleshy to firm fleshy consistency, typically gregariously seated on poorly developed or inconspicuous subicula, otherwise similar to sarawakus subgen. sarawakus. sarawakus succisus rifai, spec. nov. — fig. 2b — 3 subiculum effusum, minutum, inconspicuum vel nullum, candidum ex hyphis septatis, ramosis, hyalinis, 3—7 µ crassis compositum. stromata r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 fig. 2. stromal tissue of: a, sarawakus lycogaloides (from boedijn 617): b, sarawakus succisus (from rifai 254). rifai: the pyrenomycete genus sarawakus 569 solitaria vel caespitosa, subglobosa, flavo-brunnea, carnosa, 0.3—3 mm crassa. perithecia immersa, in area superiore limitata, subglobosa, bstiolata, 190—250 x 120—180 µ,. asci cylindracei, breve stipitati, octospori, 115—158 x 8.5—11 µ, pseudoparaphysati. ascospori uniseriati, non septati, ellipsoidei vel obovato-ellipsoidei, tuberculati, virides vel olivaeeo-virides, sicci brunnei, 15.5—22.5 x 8.5—10 µ. hab. in vaginis culmorum dendrocalami gigantei, hortus botanicus bogoriensis, java, 12 februari 1962, rifai 254 (bo) typus est. this species is found on sheaths of young and growing bamboo shoots; it grows mostly on the lower (the first three) sheaths, but sometimes also on the higher sheaths; as is the case with sarawakus lycogaloides, there is no indication that the present species caused any harmful effect to the living host plant. the subicula of sarawakus succisus are mostly scanty and very poorly developed, forming small watery white to white patches around the stromata and are made up of thin-walled, colourless, septate, 3—7 µ. diameter hyphae; at maturity these subicula may be inconspicuous or entirely disappear. stromata scattered to caespitose, subglobose, globosedepressed or rarely globose, sometimes lobed, mostly sessile at the contracted base, their surface convex or flattened but in the larger stromata they may be slightly irregularly depressed in the middle which makes them appear bumpy, whereas on the underside of detached stromata an inward depression can mostly be found; when, young the stromata at first white, soon becoming pale or dirty-yellow, but upon nearing maturity the surface turning yellowish or pale brown to brown and dotted with brown and almost prominent ostioles which at complete maturity appear greenish from the extruding asoospares, while the rest of the stromata remains yellowish brown. stromal tissue indistinctly prosenchymatous to pseudoparenchymatous, consisting of compactly arranged subglobose, subangular, polygonal or lobed cells 6—30 µ. diameter, interspersed with elongated and thread-like hyphal elements; a distinct cortex layer about 35 µ, thick, composed of smaller sized and slightly thicker-walled cells covers the stromal tissue; in. contrast with the latter, which is whitish to pale yellow, this cortex layer is usually dark-yellow or pale brownish yellow; the stroma has a fleshy to firm fleshy consistency. perithecia, in one layer, confined to the upperside of the stroma and completely immersed, ovoidal, globose or globose-depressed and measure 190—250 x 120—180 µ or 190 µ. high by 250 µ. wide, provided with narrowly conical or subcylindrical and almost prominent ostioles lined by a dense layer of periphyses; perithecial wall thin, composed of a few layers of flattened cells up to 10 µ thick, with pale brownish yellow coloration. asci subcylindrical, attenuate below into a very short stipe, thin-walled, 8-spored, 115—158 x 8.5—11 µ; apical apparatus simple and reacting negatively with melzer's reagent. ascospores uniseriate, usually obliquely uniseriate, unicellular, ellipsoidal to ovoidal, sometimes unequal sided, ornamented with irregularly rounded tubercles of various size, 15.5—22.5 x 8.5—10 µ, hyaline when young but soon 570 rei n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 i fig. 3. sarawakus suceisus: a, habit sketch (2.5 x) ; b, median section through a stroma (15 x ) ; c, asci; d, ascospores (from rifai 254). 1969] rifai: the pyrenomyceie genus sarawakus 67$ becoming pale green and gradually turning to beautiful green, ultimately dark olive-green at maturity and appear greenish black in mass; in preserved (dried) specimens these ascospores are brown. pseudoparaphyses present in young stage only, thread-like, colourless, completely deliquescing at maturity. habitat: on living shoot sheaths of bamboos. distribution: west java (known only from the type locality). java. on the shoot sheath of bamboo, bogor botanic garden, february 1924, nongnong s. n. (bo 5534) ; on dendrocalamus giganteus, bogor botanic garden, 12 february 1962, rifai 254 (bo; type specimen of sarawakus succisus rifai) ; ibid., 7 — 20 february 1992, rifai 250, 251, 256, 261; on gigantochloa, sp., bogor botanic garden, 1 march 1962, rifai 267 (all in bo). the affinity of sarawakus the true taxonomic affinity of sarawakus with either the xylariaceae or the hypocreaceae can be determined best by closely comparing the anatomy and morphology of its species with members of the two respective families. for this purpose it is necessary first to review the delimitations of the two families according to ideas currently prevailing in taxonomic mycology. from the very beginning it has been, realized that the traditional characters — consistency and coloration — employed in distinguishing the hypocreales and the sphaeriales (to which the xylariaceae belongs) are unsatisfactory, especially because of the presence of paradoxical genera, such as sarawakus, thuemenella, sarcoxylon and others, which at first sight would appear to represent intermediate forms between the two orders. therefore, the hypocreales have often been merged with the sphaeriales (nannfeldt, 1932; von arx & muller, 1954; dennis, 1960; muller & von arx, 1962). in recent years, however, it has been demonstrated that the soft consistency and the bright coloration of the stromata or perithecia of the hypocreaceous fungi are correlated with other characters of more significant diagnostic value such as types of conidial stages (mostly phialosporous), types of ascospores, the simple structure of the apical apparatuses of their asci, the downward growing pseudoparaphyses and others. consequently in many modern treatises the hypocreales have also been maintained as a distinct order (miller, 1949; luttrell, 1951; chadefaud, 1960; martin, 1961; alexopoulos, 1962; hawker, 1966). although further critical developmental studies of more species are desirable, this order is upheld here to include the hypomycetaceae and those genera accepted by boedijn (1964) in the hypocreaceae and nectriaceae, with a note that in 572 re in war dti a [vol. 7 this group of fungi i prefer to adopt a wider generic delimitation than that conceived by boedijn. it follows that the melanosporaceae, the polystigmataceae and those genera classified — correctly, in my opinion — in the clavicipitales, which in the past have been included in the hypocreales, should be excluded from the latter. the family xylariaceae originally covered only the distinctly stromatic and dark-coloured (carbonaceous) genera of sphaeriales such as hypoxylon bull, ex fr., poronia willd. ex fr., daldinia ces. & de not., ustulina tul., xylarlahill, ex grev. (= xylosphaera dum.), nummularia tul. and others, but later workers have correctly assigned to it non-stromatic or indistinctly stromatic genera, such as rosellinia ces. & de not. (which appears to represent an unnatural genus) and anthostomella sacc. as well. other authors such as munk (1957) would expand this family to include the allantosporous fungi, while von arx & miiller (1954) have transfered into it some unrelated genera now commonly placed in the sordariaceae. since these latter treatments will only make the xylariaceae a heterogeneous assemblage, this family is interpreted here to embrace only those genera characterized by perithecia embedded in a stroma, developed in host tissue beneath a clypeus or on a variously developed subiculum, usually with a relatively tough consistency and having — at least in part — a carbonaceous pigmentation, with asci growing among persistent paraphyses and having intricately constructed apical apparatuses with amyloid pore-plugs, and with ascospores unicellular, smooth-walled, typically asymmetrical and provided with germ-slits and always dark coloured. this circumscription has been widely adopted by many recent authors (dennis, 1980; alexopoulos., 1962; eriksson, 1968; martin, 1967). with some reservations the hypomycetaceae are considered here to constitute one family of the hypocreales, chiefly on the basis of evidence of hanlin's (1963) developmental study of hypornyces lactifluorum (schwein.) tul. furthermore, the hypocreaceae and the nectriaceae, namely the two families distinguished and circumscribed by boedijn (1964), should also be included in this order and maintained as two distinct taxa; munk (1957), dennis (1960) and alexopoulos (1962) have also kept the two families apart. some well known genera that can be assigned to the hypocreaceae in boedijn's (1964) restricted sense are hypocrea fr. (inclusive of creopus link and chromocrea seaver), podostroma karst., hypocreopsis karst. (inclusive of phaeocreopsis sacc. & syd. apud lindau), thuemenella penz, rifai: the pyrenomycete genus sarawakus 6.73 & sacc. emend. boedijn, and, as will be shown below, sarawakus lloyd as emended in the proceeding pages. now we can compare the morphological and anatomical features of sarawakus with those of the hypocreaeeae and the xylariaceae. except for the consistency, the overall field characters of sarawakus such as the habit or general appearance and coloration, are more hypoereaceous than xylariaceous. as has been pointed out above, however, in the classification of these groups of fungi the consistency of the stromata has only a minor or unimportant diagnostic value. this is largely due to the fact that many types of consistency may be found in the same genus, especially in the larger or stromatic ones such as sarcoxylon, xylaria, hypocrea, podostroma and others. the absence of a sharp distinction between the consistency of the xylariaceae and the hypocreaceae has made all attempts to classify sarcoxylon and sarawakus on the basis of this character alone a very difficult undertaking. it seems to me that in determining the taxonomic affinity of the genus sarawakus an undue emphasis has been placed on this character by boedijn (1934, 1964). generally speaking members of the xylariaceae can be characterized by their carbonaceous pigmentation; in most cases this coloration can be readily observed on the surface of the stromata but in some species such as xylaria tabadna (kickx) berk, and sarcoxylon compunctum. (jungh.) cooke it is necessary to section the stromata before this becomes visible. in contrast carbonaceous pigmentation never occursin members of the hypocreacdae. berkeley & broome's (1873) unaccountable statement that sarawakus lycogaloides has black perithecia and reference to its resemblance to a small-iscale sarcoxylon compuncturn have led cooke (1883), saccardoi (1882, 1891) and lindau (1897) to classify this species in the xylariaceous genera sarcoxylon, hypoxylon and penzigia respectively. as lloyd (1924) has correctly pointed out, however, there is nothing carbonaceous about sarawakus lycogaloides. similarly sarawakus succisus has no carbonaceous pigmentation, so that in this respect the genus sarawakus appears to have a closer affinity with members of the hypocreaceae than with those of the xylariaceae. it has been noted above that the carbonaceous coloration can further be found in the ascospores of all members of the xylariaceae, so that here the pigmentation has a significant diagnostic value at the family level. in delimiting the family hypocreaceae it was stated by boedijn (1964) that its ascospores are " colourless or green when fresh, brown or sepia in preserved material " as can be seen from the generic description given above, the ascospore colour of sarawakus is very similar to 574 r e l n w a r d t i a [ v o l . 7 that of the hypocreaceae. it should be pointed out here that seaver (1910), clements & shear (1931), petch (1938), dennis (1960) and boedijn (1964) held the view that the ascospore coloration of the hypocreaceae (namely, whether they are colourless or pigmented) was an important generic character. formerly it was shown, however, that in hypocrea the segregation of genera based on this character alone was unnatural (rifai & webster, 1966) ; this view has already been adopted by dingley (1952) and miiller & von arx (1962). pemzig & saecardo (1898, 1904) went a step further in believing that even at the specific level the diagnostic value of ascospore pigmentation was questionable and they included in the same species forms which had colourless and pigmented ascospores; in my opinion this is unjustifiable because there are ample morphological differences to show that hypocrea oligotheca (penz. & sacc.) rifai, stab. & comb. nov. [basionym: hypocrea gelatinosa (tode ex fr.) fr. subsp. oligotheca penz. & sacc. in malpighia 11: 519. 1898; penz. & sacc, icon. fung. jav.: 51, pi. 35, fig . 1. 1904. — typus: in, culmis putridis, tjibodas, java, 4 martii 1897, penzig 128, bo 3429] deserves a specific status. boedijn (1959, 1962) excluded xylaria nigripes (klotzsch) sacc. and xylaria spathulata berk. & br. from the xylariaceae because, among other things, their ascospores have no germ-slit, a character generally found in the ascospores of members of this family. in agreement with ascospore characters of the hypocreaceae, neither germ-slit nor germ-pore can be detected in the ascospores of the two species of sarawakus described in the present paper. the ascospores of the xylariaceae are invariably smooth-walled, whereas those of sarawakus are ornamented with characteristic large tubercles. a similar type of epispore can be found in the bicellular ascospores of hypocreopsis pezizaeformis (boedijn) rifai, comb. nov. (basionym: phaeocreopsis pezizaeformis boedijn in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 16: 371, fig. 4. 1940 —.typus: in ligno, krakatau, sumatra, 11 julii 1929, docters van leeuwen 12658, bo 10470). in other members of the hypocreaceae the ascospore walls may vary from coarsely warted to minutely echinulated or perfectly smooth. like those found in all other hypocreaceous fungi the asci of sarawakus are non-reactive to melzer's reagent and have simple apical apparatuses, whereas those of the xylariaceae are mostly iodine-positive and have complicated apical apparatuses. furthermore, in agreement with the other species of the hypocreaceae the pseudoparaphyses of sarawakus appear to undergo partial or complete deliquescence at maturity. 1969] rifai: the pyrenomycete genus sarawakus in describing danish species of xylaria it was stated by munk (1957) that their stromal tissue is prosenchymatous, i.e. made up of textura intricata hyphae. during the course of this study i have examined many common north temperate and tropical species of xylaria and i am able to corroborate munk's observation; in many cases their long-cylindrical celled hyphae are so regularly orientated as to simulate even a textura porrecta tissue. i have further observed that this distinctly prosenchymatous tissue arrangement occurs in other species of xylariaceous fungi e.g. in species of daldinia, sarcoxylon, penzigia, ustulina, camarops karst. and in some members of hypoxylon. although many species of hypocrea have prosenchymatous stromal tissue, it is slightly differently constructed as compared with that of the xylariaceae in that their hyphae are often made up of barrel-shaped, lobed to almost subglobose cells, strongly constricted at the septa and irregular in width [cf. dingley, 1952, 1955; webster, 1964; rifai & webster, 1966, 1966a; the schematic illustration of tissue structure of hypocrea rufa (pers. ex fr.) fr. given by miiller & von arx in beitr. kryptogamenfl. schweiz 11(2) : 642 fig. 252. 1962 is erroneous]. in some other species of hypocrea such as hypocrea, gelatinosa (webster, 1964), as well as in other hypocreaceous genera, such as thuemenella (boedijn, 1964; rifai & webster, 1965), the stromal tissue would appear to be more correctly designated as being of a type intermediate between prosenchymatous and pseudoparenchymatous. boedijn (1934) has indicated that the stromal tissue of sarawakus lycogaloides is of this type, an. interpretation which i find to be correct and applicable to sarawakus suceisus as well. it is evident that in their tissue structure species of sarawakus show a closer similarity to the hypocreaceae than to the xylariaceae. it is hoped that ample fresh material will become available in the future so that a detailed study of the centrum development of sarawakus can be undertaken. it is worth recording here, however, that in sections obtained by cutting preserved young material of sarawakus suceisus on a freezing microtome the presence of the subhymenial pseudoparenchyma * has been observed. this structure was first reported by doguet (1957) for hypocrea spinulosa fuckel and its existence apparently is limited to the hypocreaceous fungi. i have not been able to culture either of the two species of sarawakus described above, so it is impossible to state whether their cultural beha* doguet (1957) termed this "plectenchym sous-hymenial", which, is translated here as subhymenial pseudoparenclhyma; following1 ainsworth (1961) and alexopoulos (1962) i prefer to reserve the term plectenchyma for all organized tissue of fungi. r e l n w a r d t i a [ v o l . 7 viour will provide additional evidence for determining the taxonomic position of this genus. as is well known the hypocreales mostly have phialosporous conidial states (tubaki, 1958), whereas the xylariaceae typically are connected with radulasporous hyphomycetes (martin, 1967; greenhalgh & chesters, 1968). despite the existence of two or three unresolved questions, all evidence discussed above indicates that the taxonomic affinity of sarawakus is with the genera of the hypocreaceae rather than with those of the xylariaceae. . acknowledgements i would like to thank mr damhuri for preparing the habit sketches of the two species and to dr emory g. simmons for kindly improving the english text. references alnsworth, g. c. 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(1904). icones fungorum javanicorum. leiden. petch, t. (1924). xylariaceae zeylanicae. in ann. roy. bot. gard., peradeniya 8: 119 — 166. petch, t. (1938). british hypocreales, in trans. br. mycol. soc. 21: 243 — 305. fetch, t. & bisby, g. r. (1950). the fungi of ceylon. colombo. rifai, m. a. & webster, j. (1965). an underscribed british species of thuemenella. in trans. br. mycol. soc. 48: 409 — 413. rifai, m. a. & webster, j. (1966). culture studies on hypocrea and trichoderma. ii. h. aureo-uiridis and h. rufa f. sterilis f. nov. in trans. br. mycol. soc. 49: 289 — 296. rlfal, m. a. & w e b s t e r , j. ( 1 9 6 6 a ) . c u l t u r e s t u d i e s on hypocrea a n d trichoderma. i i i . h. lactea, (= h. citrina) a n d h. pulvinata. in t r a n s . b r . m y c o l . soc. 4 9 : 297 — 310. saccardo, p . a . ( 1 8 8 2 ) . s y l l o g e f u n g o r u m . . . . 1 . p a t a v i i . 578 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 saccardo, p . a . (1883). sylloge f u n g o r u m . . . . 2 . p a t a v i i . saccardo, p . a . (1891). sylloge f u n g o r u m . . . . 9 . p a t a v i i . saccardo, p . a . (1902). sylloge f u n g o r u m . . . . 16. p a t a v i i . seaver, f . j . (1910). t h e h y p o c r e a l e s o f n o r t h a m e r i c a . i i i . i n mycologia 2 : 4 8 — 92. t u b a k i , k . (1958). s t u d i e s o n t h e j a p a n e s e h y p h o m y c e t e s . v . l e a f & s t e m g r o u p w i t h a d i s c u s s i o n of t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of h y p h o m y c e t e s a n d t h e i r p e r f e c t s t a g e s . in j. h a t t o r i hot. l a b . 2 0 : 142 — 244. webster, j. (1964). c u l t u r e s t u d i e s on hypocrea a n d trichoderma. i. c o m p a r i s o n of t h e p e r f e c t a n d i m p e r f e c t s t a t e s of h. gelai'inosa, h. rufa a n d hypocrea s p . 1. in t r a n s . b r . mycol. soc. 4 7 : 7 5 — 96. , rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_01a. baru rein.vol.7, part 5, pp.421-588_page_81a reinwardtia_13_1_101209 + dftar isi+new re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia vol 13, part 1, pp: 93 − 94 93 impatiens rubricaulis (balsaminaceae), a new species of impatiens from west sumatra. received november 3, 2009; accepted december 8, 2009 nanda utami herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, jl. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail: utami_16002@yahoo.com abstract utami, n. 2009. impatiens rubricaulis (balsaminaceae), a new species of impatiens from west sumatra. reinwardtia 13(1): 93–94. — impatiens rubricaulis utami (balsaminaceae) is described as a new species. key words: impatiens rubricaulis, balsaminaceae, new species, west sumatra abstrak utami, n. 2009. impatiens rubricaulis (balsaminaceae), jenis baru yang berasal dari sumatra barat. reinwardtia 13 (1): 93–94. — impatiens rubricaulis utami (balsaminaceae) dipertelakan sebagai jenis baru. kata kunci : impatiens rubricaulis, balsaminaceae, jenis baru, sumatera barat introduction in 2009, one more specimen of impatiens (balsaminaceae) from air sirah, west sumatra was collected. in a revision of sumatran impatiens grey -wilson (1989) described 29 species from sumatra. to this number shimizu & utami (1997) and utami (2005) added three species of impatiens i.e., i. tujuhensis utami & shimizu, i. batanggadisensis utami and i. sorikensis utami. the species are found in montane forest, along rivers, streams and near waterfalls. almost all sumatran species have yellow or orange-yellow flowers and green stems. its reddish stem, shape of the floral organ is clearly show it could not be attributed to any known species. this specimen hence represents a new, undescribed species belonging to section macrocentron warb. & reiche (1895). impatiens rubricaulis utami, spec. nov. — figs. 1 & 2. impatiens delectans ridl. affinis, sed alae, vexillum, sepalum inferior forma and colore caulis differt –typus: rani & nanda utami 487 (bo), indonesia, west sumatra, solok, air sirah, 1000 m asl. decumbent perennial herb up to 20 cm tall; stems thin, reddish, rooting at the lower nodes, glabrous. leaves alternate; petiole 1-2 cm long, stipitate glands on each side; lamina ovate to elliptic, 14.5 by 1-1.5 cm, base acute, apex acute, upper and lower part glabrous, margin serrate, each tooth terminated by a distinct, ca. 1 mm long. inflorescences usually 1-flowered. flowers bright yellow. peduncles ca. 2.5 cm long, glabrous. lateral sepals 2, flattened, elliptic, ca. 0.5 by 0.2 cm, red purple, glabrous; lower sepal shallowly navicular, ca. 1.5 cm long, 1 cm deep, abruptly constricted into a curved filliform spur; spur ca. 2 cm long, white with pink tinge, glabrous. dorsal petal ovate, red-orange ca. 1.5 by 0.5 cm wide; lateral ones united, ca. 2 cm long; uppert part of each pair ± obovate, c. 1.5 cm by 0.5 cm.; lower part of each pair ± obliquely elliptic, c. 0.5 cm by 0.3 mm. ovary glabrous. fruit a capsule, fusiform, ca.5 by 3 mm diam., glabrous. distribution. endemic in west sumatra habitat. along the road on the moist places at 1000 m asl. note. this plant is similar to i. delectans ridl., but differs from it in having a reddish stem, a different shape of the dorsal petal, lateral united petals and lower sepal. in i. delectans the stems are green, the dorsal petal cuculate with a “keel like” crest above, lower sepal shallowly navicular and abruptly constricted into a straight spur. the lateral united petal have a ± ovate upper part and an ± elliptic lower part. additional specimens examined. indonesia. sumatra: west, g. kerinci. april 1920. bünnemeijer 9845 (bo) & may, 1920, bünnemeijer 9998 (bo); gn. gadut, 25 jan., 1988; m. hotta et al. 24 (bo); kalumbuk, tabek, talang babungo, alahan panjang, 31 dec, 1987, h. okada et al 55 (bo). reinwardtia 94 [vol.13 acknowledgements i would like to thank to directorate general of higher education indonesia (dikti), ministry of national education (mendiknas) “insentif bagi peneliti dan perekayasa tahun 2009” for their financial support for this work. thanks are due profs. drs. peter c. van welzen of nationaal herbarium nederland-leiden universiteit and j.p. mogea for reviewing this manuscript. references grey-wilson, c. 1989. a revision of sumatran impatiens. studies on balsaminaceae vii. kew bull. 44: 67-106. shimizu, t. & n. utami 1997. three new species of impatiens (balsaminaceae) added to flora malesiana. kew bull. 52: 435-442. utami, n. 2005. two new species of impatiens (balsaminaceae) from batanggadis national park, north sumatra, indonesia. blumea 50: 443-446. warburg, o. & reiche, k. 1895. balsaminaceae. in: engler, a. (ed.). die naturlichen planzenfamilien iii, 5: 390-392. fig.1. habit of impatiens rubricaulis utami spec. nov. a b figs.2. flora organs of impatiens rubricaulis utami a. lateral united petals, b. dorsal petal, c. lower sepal and spur, d. two lateral sepals c d a cover.pdf reinwardtia_13_1_291209_nanda2.pdf untitled reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 4, pp. 383—410 (1968) florae malesianae praecursores xlvii. census of malesian castanopsis (fagaceae) e. soepadmo *) (in collaboration with m. jacobs **) summary this paper deals with the names and typication of the 34 species recognized in malesia. specimens important for the knowledge of the distribution of each species have been cited with their locality. indexes to names and to all examined specimens are given. ten new species are described: castanopsis clemensii, densinervia, endertii, microphylla,, oligoneura, oviformis, paucispina, peduneulata, psilophylla, all from borneo, and johorensis from malaya. c. hypophoenieea and c. lucida are new combinations based on quercus hypophoenieea v. seem, and alseodaphne lucida nees in wall, respectively. castanopsis ebneri and woodii are reduced to evansii, hullettii to lucida, pachycarpa to rhamnifolia, conspersispina, to tungurrut, dispersispina to hypophoenieea, ridleyi partly to tungurrut and partly to megacarpa, kinabaluensis to foxworthyi, pearsonii to mottleyana, junghuhnii and schlenkerae to acuniinatissima. castanopsis selangorensis a. cam. is regarded as a doubtful species. the number of endemic species is for malaya 5, borneo 11, the philippines 1; the total number of species, is for sumatra 11, malaya 17, java 4, borneo 20, the philippines 4, celebes 2, the moluccas 1, new guinea 1, the lesser sunda islands none. introduction duringworld war ii, dr. s. hatusima prepared at bogor a draft ms of the malesian fagaceae, based solely on the materials at bogor. due to this fact, hatusima could not arrive at satisfactory conclusions, and therefore little use could be made by me of his work, although it was compared with the outcome of the present study. names of new species distinguished by him with which i agree have been taken up. the present paper does not concern itself with taxa above specific rank. non-malesian synonyms of malesian species have been accounted for. misinterpretations without nomenclatural consequences have been *) permanent address: herbarium bogoriense, bogor (java), indonesia. **) flora malesiana foundation, leiden, netherlands. — 383 — 384 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 corrected in the most important cases only; specimens cited in the literature under the wrong species are to be found in the identification list at the end of this paper. species originally described under castanea or castanopsis but now reckoned to other genera have been incorporated in the index of names. erroneous credits to the malesian flora or introduced species have not been recorded. the accepted species are listed in alphabetical order. data which fall within the scope of the flora malesiana project but outside the flora malesiana text, notably the typification, the indication of homotypic synonyms, the descriptions of new taxa, the proposal of new names, citation of specimens important for the knowledge of the distribution, and an index to all examined specimens, have been recorded in this paper. a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s this work was carried out at the rijksherbarium, leiden (l), with materials borrowed from or examined at the herbaria of the arnold arboretum (a), berlin (b), the british museum, natural history (bm), brussels (br), cambridge (cge), edinburgh (e), florence (fl), kew (k), michigan (mich), new york (ny), paris (p), singapore (sing), utrecht (u), berkeley (uc), washington (us), and breslau (wrsl) ; from bogor (bo) the type specimens were examined, and one specimen from geneva (g). my sincere thanks are due to the directors of those institutions. i am very much indebted to the netherlands organization for the advancement of pure research (z.w.o.) for the grants enabling me to work at the rijksherbarium from october 1966 till the end of 1967.,,, i feel also greatly obliged to the director of the rijksherbarium, prof. dr. c. g. g. j. van steenis, who put all facilities of his institute at my disposal and paved my way in several other respects to speed up towards efficient work. . dr. m. jacobs is reponsible for the editing of the work, the selection of the specimens cited, and the preparation of the latin descriptions,..,^ .: :,.. s:£ ••» . , ~ \ castanopsis spach castanopsis spach, hist. veg. phan. 2: 185. 1842; a. dc. in j. bot. if 182. 1863; prod. 16, 2: 109. 1864; miq. in ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1: 103, 118. 1863; oerst. in vid. medd. naturh. for. kjob. 8: 53. 1867; benth. & hook, f., gen. pi. 3: 409. 1880; hook. f. in fl. br. ind. 5: 619. 1888; king in ann. roy bot. gard. calo. 1968] soepadmo : malesian castanopsis 385 2f: 93, 1889; schneider, illustr. handb. laubh. 1: 159. 1906; schottky in bot. jahrb. 47: 622. 1912; dode in bull. soc. dendr. france: 141. 1908; gamble in j. roy. as. ,spc. beng. 75, ii: 453. 1915; rehder & wilson in sargent's pi. wils. 3: 97. 1916; markgr. in bot. jahrb. 59: 62. 1924; ridl., fl. mai. pei.. 3: 388. 1924; a. camus, chat.: 243. 1930; hickel & a. camus in fl. gen. i.-c. 5: 1007. 1930; backer & bakh. f., fl. java 2: 4. 1965. quercus subdiv. castanopsis don, prod. fl. nep.: 275. 1825. _ castanea [non (tourn.) mill.] blume, bijdr.: 524, p.p. 1825; fl. javae, cupul: 37, p.p. 1829; roxb., fl. ind. 3: 643, p.p. 1832; endlicher, gen. pi. 4: 275, p.p. 1837; ,b1,, mus, bot. lugd. bat. 1: 282, p.p. 1850; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 865. 1858; kqord. & valet., bijdr. booms. java 10: 3. 1904. quercus sect. chlamydobalanus endlicher, gen. pl, suppl. 4, 2: 24. 1847; miq.:;mi ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1: 117. 1863; a. dc, prod. 16, 2: 102, p.p. 1864; oudemans, annot. cupul. jav.: 24, p.p. 1865; benth. & hook, f, gen, pl 3: 409. 1880; hook. f. in fl. br. ind. 5: 615, p.p. 1888; king in ann. roy. bot. card. calc. 2: 20, p.p. .1889; koord. & valet., bijdr. booms. java 10: 13, p.p. 1904; koord., exk. fl. java 2: 59, p.p. 1912. quercus sect. castanopsis blume, mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1: 288, p.p. 1850. callaeo carpus miq., pl jungh.: 13. 1851; fl ind. bat. 1, 1: 868. 1858; suppl.: 354. 1860; in ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1: 118. 1863. quercus subg. phegopsis miq., fl. ind. bat, 1, 1: 870. 1858. castanea subg. castanopsis oersted in kong. danske vid. selsk. skr. v, 9: 377. 1871; koehne, deutsch. dendr.: 121. 1893. pasania subg. chlamydobalanus (endl.) oersted in vid. medd. naturh. for. kjob. 8: 86. 1867; prantl in engler & prantl, nat. pfl. fam. 3, 1: 55. 1889. castanea sect. castanopsis prantl in engler & prantl, i.e. 55; dalla torre & harms, gen. siphon.: 118. 1907. pasaniopsis kudo in nipp. yu zymoku 1: 134. 1912; makino in j. jap. bot. 5: 19. 1928. lithocarpus sect. chlamydobalanus (endl.) nakai in bot, mag. tokyo 29: 55. 1915. synaedrys sect. chlamydobalanus (endl.) koidzumi in bot. mag. tokyo so: 183, p.p. 1916. pasania subg. pseudocastanopsis hickel & a. camus in ann. sci. nat. bot. france ser. ix, 3: 389. 1921; les chenes 3, expl. pl: 152, 1948; les chsnes 3, 2: 113.7. 1954. shiia makino in j. jap. bot. 5: 23. 1928. lithocarpus sect. pseudocastanopsis hickel & a. camus in fl. gen. i.-c. 5: 963. 1929. chrysolepis hjelmqvist, bot. notis. suppl. 2, 1: 117. 1948; forman in kew bull. 18, 3: 425. 1966. type species: castanopsis armata spach. castanopsis acuminatissima (bl.) a, dc. castanopsis acuminatissima (bl.) a. dc. in j. bot. 1: 182. 1863. — castanea acuminatissima ~b\., mus. bot. 1: 283. 1850. — quercus acuminatissima (bl.) a. dc, 386 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 prod. 16, 2: 102. 1864. — pasania acuminatissima (bl.) oerst. in vid. medd. n a t u r h . f o r . kjob. 8: 84. 1867. — t y p e : blume s.n. ( l ! ) , from j a v a , yfr. castanea sessilifolia bl, mus. bot. 1: 284. 1850. — t y p e : blume s.n. ( l ! ) , from j a v a , mt. mergo tjembang-an, st. quercus varingaefolia miq., pi. j u n g h . : 12. 1851. — t y p e : junghuhn 11 ( l ! ) , from j a v a , p e n g a l e n g a n , st. quercus lineata (non bl.) miq., pi. j u n g h . : 10. 1851. — quercus junghuhnii miq., f l . ind. b a t . 1, 1: 853. 1856. — castanopsis junghuhnii (miq.) m a r k g r . in bot. j a h r b . 5 9 : 62. 1924. — t y p e : junghuhn 8 hb. waitz ( l ! u ! ) , from j a v a , p e n g a l e n g a n , fl. quercus fagiforrms j u n g h . in bonplandia 6: 83. 1858. — synaedrys fagiformis (jungh.) koidz. in bot. mag. tokyo 30: 187. 1916. — type: junghuhn s.n. (l! u ! ) , from j a v a , fr. castanopsis schlenkerae bailey in queensl. agr. j. 22: 149. 1909. — type: schlencker s.n. (bri, k ! ) , from new guinea. castanopsis nebularum hickel & a. cam. in bull. mus. hist. nat. p a r i s ii, 32: 398. 1926. — type : poilane 8076 ( p ! ) , from indo-china, annam, near tourane, col de nuages, 900 m, fr. castanopsis longispicata hu in bull. f a n mem. inst. biol. peiping, bot. 10: 86. 1940. — type : wang' 75883 ( p ! ) , from china.. yunnan, shean meng yeang, che li hsuan, 1200 m, fr. castanopsis bejaudii a. cam. in bull. mus. hist. nat. p a r i s ii, 1 3 : 479. 1942. •— type : bejaud 274 ( p ! ) , from indo-china, cambodia, phom penh, fr. 11-1935. india. e a s t b e n g a l : griffith 4447. a s s a m : khasia hills, 1200—1500 m , mann 6. b u r m a . u p p e r b . : forrest 26593; ken t u n g (if keng t u n g is meant, then 21° 17' n 99° 39' e ) , rock 2204. t e n a s s e r i m : beddome 7686. c h i n a . k w e i c h o w: cavalerie & fortunat 97. y u n n a n : e a s t of tengyueh (= t e n g c h u n g ) , 25° 02' n 98° 28' e, rock 7681. t a i w a n . a r i s a n mt., 2000 m, faurie 1542, 1543, 1544. "' s i a m . n o r t h e r n : p a y a p p r o v . , 1200-2070 m , s e v e r a l . s o u t h e a s t e r n : k a o soi d a o , 13° n 102° 10' e, 1400 m, kerr 9663; k o r a t , k a o l e m , 14° 2 5 ' n 101° 30' e, 700 m, kerr 9895, put 3521. i n d o c h i n a . t o n k i n : l a y chau, 22° n 103° 20' e , poilane 27032. l a o s : t r a n n i n h p l a t e a u , ± 19° n 103° e, several. a n n a m : at 16° n and f u r t h e r south, 900-1600 m, several. s u m a t r a . a t j e h : loeeus, kota l i n t a n g , 1800 m, 66 22417. m a l a y a . k e d a h : kedah p e a k , 5° 47' n 100° 26' e, 1050 m, kep 70984. ( j a v a . w e s t : mt. gegerbintang, 1500—1700 m, meijer 4925; mt. cede a n d tjibodas, s e v e r a l ; p r i a n g a n residence, several. c e n t r a l : mt. dieng, 800 m, hochreutiner 2500; p e k a l o n g a n , surdjo, koorders 1415, 1417, 11702; mt. muria, blume s.n.; at 700 m, kostermans 6216. e a s t : mt. wilis and ngebel, several. b o r n e o . n o r t h : r a n a u and mt. kinabalu, 1350-1600 m, clemens 28189, san 29,238, s2375, 42461. c e l e b e s . n o r t h e a s t p e n i n s u l a : minahasa, 6 6 17118, koorders 16617; n e a r gorontalo, bulodu, 66 15598. n o r t h e r n centra l p a r t : 1100-1500 m, 66 15025, 15089, 28266. s o u t h e r n centra l p a r t : 66 23856 at 2200 m, eyma 1515, monod de froide1968] soepadmo: malesian castanopsis 387 ville 184. s o u t h w e s t p e n i n s u l a : b o n e , b o n t e r i l u , 6 6 29012; m a r o s , 6 6 25553. n o t l o c a t e d , 66 20198 f r o m t a m a l a n t i . n e w g u i n e a . m a i n l a n d w e s t a n d e a s t : m a n y . j a p e n : s e v e r a l . m i s i m a i . : brass 27391. f e r g u s s o n i . : braes 26096. g o o d e n o u g h i . : brass 24679, 24877, 24929. n e w b r i t a i n : floyd 6524. castanopsis argentea (bl.) a. dc. castanopsis argentea (bl.) a. dc. in j. bot. 1: 182. 1863. — fagus argentea bl. in f l o r a 7: 291. 1824. — castanea argentea bl., bijdr.: 525. 1825. — t y p e : blume ( l ! ) , from j a v a , fl. castanea argentea bl. v a r . rigida bl, mus. bot. 1: 283. 1850. — t y p e : blume ( l ! ) , from j a v a , yfr. s u m a t r a . t a p a n u l i : angkola, 750 m, 66 5650; selese, lorzing s.n., yfr. vii-1928. w e s t c o a s t : agam, 1000 m, 66 5838; mt. sago, 900—1100 m, meijer 4464, 5174p a l e m b a n g : praetorius s.n., fl. 1834. unlocated in s. s u m a t r a , grashoff s63, forbes 422. j a v a . w e s t : many. c e n t r a l : mt. slamet, koorders 1358; sw. o f s e m a r a n g , mt. u n g a r a n , koorders' 1354, 29665, and t e m a n g g u n g , ja 2473; mt. merapi, p l a w a n g a n , junghuhn 1. e a s t : mt. wilis, ngebel, koorders 29842. castanopsis borneensis king castanopsis borneensis king in a n n . g a r d . calc. 2: 99, t. 90. 1889. — t y p e : beccari pb 1212 ( f l ! holo, k ! ) , from borneo, s a r a w a k , fr. b o r n e o . s a r a w a k : beccari pb 3078; f i r s t division, s e v e r a l ; third division, ulu a r i p , 2° 40' n 112° 40' e, sar 2s.677. b r u n e i : a n d u l a u f. r., brun 697. s a b a h : san 43288, 43289; w e s t e r n p a r t , beaufort, san 16943; p u l a u gaya off jesselton, san 41301, 42013. castanopsis buruana miq. castanopsis buruana miq. in a n n . mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1: 120: 1863. — castanea buruana (miq.) oerst. in kong. danske vid. selsk. skr. v, 9: 377. 1817. — t y p e : teijsmann hb 1868 (bo! l! u, h o l o ! ) , from moluccas, b u r u , kajeli, fl. castanopsis buruana miq. f. grandifolio, miq. in a n n . mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1: 120. 1863. — t y p e : teijsmann hb 1s27 ( l ! u, h o l o ! ) , from moluccas, b u r u , okie, st. b o r n e o . s a b a h : r a n a u , p a d a n g p e n t u l u l u n g a n , 450 m , san 49775. c e l e b e s . c e n t r a l p a r t : several. s o u t h w e s t p e n i n s u l a : 6 6 2988, van vuuren & noerkas 231. s o u t h e a s t p e n i n s u l a : k e n d a r i , 66 21752, 25009. m o l u c c a s . m o r o t a i : lam, 3536. b a t j a n : 66 23148, 23154, nedi exp. de •haan 51. o b i : 66 23822. s u l a i s . : s a n a n a , 66 28833, bloembergen 4b83, teijsmann hb 16384. b u r u : several. c e r a m: w e s t e r n p a r t , eyma 2691, kuswata & soepadmo 228, 229. 388 reinwardtia [vol. 7 castanopsis catappaefolia king ex hook, f. castanopsis catappaefolia king ex hook. f. in fl. br. ind. 5: 621. 1888, "catalpaefolia", corrected by king in ann. gard. calc. 2: 100, t. 92. 1889. — type: king's coll. 8137 (bm! k, holo! l! sing!), from malaya, perak, goping distr., fr. ix-1886. no more material seen than the type. castanopsis clemensii soepadmo, spec. nov. ramuli juveniles dense tomentosi pilis fulvis sero glabrescentes, purpureo-fusci, lenticellis minutis; stipulae ovato-triangulares, obtusae, 5—10 mm longis 3—5 mm latis, potius sero caducae. petiolus 0.5—1 cm longus, teres vel supra applanatus. folia tenue coriacea, 6—12 cm longa, 2—6 cm lata, 1.8—2.6—plo longitudine latitudinam superante, ovata ad rariter obovata, basi rotundata ad subcordata, vulgo asymmetrica, apice rotundato subacuminatoque ad 1 cm acuminato apiculo obtuso ad acuto, faciebus olivaceis, supra glabris aliquot nitidis, subtus opacis, nervis potius dense pilis. erectis stellatis, costa nervisque utrinque subprominentibus, nervis utrinque 3—10 a costa angulo 50—60° abeuntibus, marginem versus arcuatis evanescentibusque, retieulatione subtili utrinque distincta subscalariforme ad irregulare. (inflorescentia mascula ignota.) flores feminei in rachide 3—7 cm longa 1 mm crassa, solitarii, perianthio profunde inciso, lobis 6 .staminodiis 12 vestigialibus stylis 3 conoideis recurvatis 1.2—1.5 mm longis. cupula immatura pedicello 5 mm longo, obovoidea-ellipsoidea 2— 2.5 cm longa 1.5 cm lata basi cuneata fusca, pariete 1 mm crasso, sparse fulvo-puberula, praeter sectorem adaxialem spinis fasciculatis laxe in seriebus subparallelo-curvatis 5—8 mm longis potius gracilibus subglabris vulgo rectis rare recurvatis munita. fructus unicus ellipsoideus 1.5 cm longus 1 cm latus pariete 1 mm crasso ad cupulam omnino adnato, rugoso glabroque. typus: san 25315 brand & m. anak (k! l, holo! san!), from borneo, sabah, ranau, sg. mentaki, 2500 ft., fr. 16-v-1961. borneo. s a b a h . ranau and mt. kinabalu, 750—1500 m, clemens 30509, 40390, rsnb h77. sg. liwagu, kundasan, san 28945. tambunan distr., trusmadi f. r., c. 1800 m, san 418(09. castanopsis costata (bl.) a. dc. castanopsis costwta (bl.) a. dc. in j. bot. 1: 182, 1863. — castanea costata bl., mus. bot. 1: 284. 1850. — type: korihals s.n. (l!), from sumatra, west coast, forest melintang yfr. castanea brevicuspis miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 866. 1858. — castanopsis brevicuspis (miq.) a. dc. in j. bot. 1: 182!. 1863. — type : diepenhorst hb 2132 ( u ! ) , from sumatra, p r i a m a n , yfr. castanea spectabilis miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 866. 1858. — castanopsis spectabilis (miq.) a. dc. in j. bot. 1: 182, 1863. — type: teijsmann hb 68o (u!), from sumatra, near lubualung, st. 1968] soepadmo : malesian castanopsis 389 castanopsis trisperma scheff. in nat. tijd. n. i. 3 1 : 362, 1870. — type: teijsmann s.n. (bo, holo, l! u ! ) , from bangka, near batu-balai and djebus, fl. fr. castanopsis costata miq. ft bancana scheff. in nat. tijd. n. i. 3 1 : 362, 1870. •— type: teysmann s.n. (bo, holo, l! u ! ) , from bangka, near muntok, fl. sumatra. t a p a n u 1 i: sibolga, 66 28188. angkola, 66 5226. w e s t c o a s t : several. p a l e m b a n g : praetorius s.n. rawas, grashoff 1096. banjuasin, for. serv. h 8 e p 840, grashoff 781. l e m a t a n g i l i r , 6 6 t 817. b a n g k a : s e v e r a l . b e l i t u n g : van rossum 2. malaya. p e r a k : several. j o h o r e : burkill 32uu. borneo. s a r a w a k : bintulu distr. ulu segan, sar 15116. bt. mersing, 2° 30' n 113° 05' e, sar 22359. b r u n e i : kuala belalong, brun u7u (identification doubtful). k a l i m a n t a n : western p a r t , de vriese & teijsmann s.n., yfr. melawi, bt. tengkujung, 66 26325. e a s t e r n p a r t , kostermans 10165a. balikpapan subdistr., bb 34383 (identification doubtful). west kutel 66 28372, endert 5072. northeastern p a r t , muara teweh, 1° s 115° e, 66 23466. berau, 66 18u7u. p u l a u l a u t : delmaar 1899. s a b a h : many. castanopsis curtisii king castanopsis curtisii king in ann. gard. calc. 2: 107, t. 103. 1889. — type : curtis 1691 (bm! cal, holo; k! l! s i n g ! ) , from malaya, penang, p e n a r a distr., fr. vii-1893. malaya. p e n a n g : ridley s.n. fl. iii-1914. s e l a n g o r : bk. lagong f. r., kep 99615; kerling, ridley 10621; ulu gombak, strugnell 11114. castanopsis densinervia soepadmo, spec. nov. ramuli juveniles pilis dense adpressis porphyreis tomentosis atque lanuginosis stellatis, glabrescentes, vigorosi internodiis brevibus cinereonigrescentes, lenticellis grandibus sparse muniti. petiolus 0.5—1.5 cm longus ad 3 mm crassus supra profunde sulcatus. folia rigide coriacea, 6—17 cm longa 3—8 cm lata, 1.9—3—plo longitudine latitudinem superante, vulgo ovata ad rare obovata, basi rotundata ad subcordata interdum acuta, aliquando asymmetrica, apice rotundato subacuminatoque ad plus minusve abrupte 0.5—1 cm acuminato apiculo acuto vel obtuso, discoloribus facie supra viridi glabra nitida subtus dense squamis stellatis plus minusve adpressis obtecta (postea seracea) saepe pilis stellatis brevioribus vel longioribus interspersa, costa lata rigida ut petiolus fusca venis lateralibus utrinque 12—18 a costa ascendentibus angulo 45—60° abeuntibus parallelis arcuatis marginum versus evanescentibus subtus stellato-pilosis, reticulatione tenui subtus distincta, scalariforme densa. rachis mascula 3—7 cm longa 3—4 cm crassa; flores masculini ternati periantho profunde inciso 6-lobato staminibus 12 filamento 2.5—3 mm longo anthera 0.2—0.25 mm longa pistillodio 2—3 mm diametro. rachis feminea 2—3 cm longa 3̂ —4 mm crassa floribus solitariis perianthi lobis 6 staminodiis 12 bene evoluta perianthium superantia, stylis 3 conoideis recurvatis 2—2.5 mm longis. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 cupula juvenilis subsessilis ovoidea-ellipsoidea adaxialiter applanata squamiferaque lateralibus spinis brevibus porphyreis. cupula fere matura pedicello pauci mm longi et lati imposita, excentrice compressa obovoidea plus minusve 3 cm longa 4 cm lata nigra pariete 1—2 mm crassa glabra praeter sectorem adaxialem spinis fasciculatis 3—4 seriebus curvatis simplicibus potius gracilibus plus minusve rectis interdum recurvatis 8— 10 mm longis glabris munita, fructus reniformis vel ovoideus basi rotundatus apice acutus 2—2.5 cm diametro, pariete lignoso 2—3 mm crasso cupula adnata praeter apicem, rugoso glabro. typus: san i8109, meijer (l, holo! k!), from borneo, sabah, mt. kinabalu, west of mesilau cave, fr. 21-11-1965. borneo. s a b a h : mt. lumaku, 5° n 115° 45' e. san 16668; mt. kinabalu, several. k a l i m a n t a n : central eastern p a r t , mt. kemul, 2° n 116° e, endert 4139. castanopsis endertii hatus. ex soepadmo, spec. nov. arbor circiter 15—20 m alta trunco circiter 25—80 cm diametro. ramuli juveniles dense stellato-tomentosi, postea glabri obscure lenticellati, gemmis ovoideo-ellipsoideis, circiter 0.3—0.7 cm longis 0.2—0.3 cm latis squamis ovato-acutis vel lineari-acutis circiter 0.3—0.6 cm longis 0.1—0.2 cm latis. stipulae lineares acutae 0.5 cm longae 1 mm latae caducae. petiolus circiter 2—3 cm longus 0.1—0.2 cm crassuti glaber basi incrassatus rugosusque supra applanatus. folia crasse coriacea elliptico-oblonga circiter (8—)10—15(—19) cm longa (3.5—)5—6(—7) cm lata faciebus utfinque glabris, basi rotundata margine integra undulataque, apice obtuse acuto vel circiter 0.5—1 cm acuminato; costa venae lateralesque subtus valdo prominentes supra leviter prominentes vel applanatae; reticulatio tenuis, densa, subparallela, utrinque distincta; venae laterales circiter 7—13 utrinque, a costa angulo 60—70° ascendentes, subparallelae, margin em versus arcuatae et evanescentes. inflorescentia mascula circiter 10—12 cm longa in axilla folii inferioris vel in fasciculis paniculatis disposita in innovations lateralibus vel subterminalibus; rachis 0.1—0.2 cm crassa denso cinereo tomento; bracteae bracteolaeque ovato-acutae. flores masculini terni fasciculati rachidem secus, periantho profunde inciso lobis 6 acutis circiter 1—1.5 mm longis, dense stellato-tomentosis, staminibus 12 filamento glabro circiter 2—2.5 mm longo anthera circiter 0.25 mm longa, pistillodio obtuse triangulare circiter 2 mm diametro densiter lanuginoso. (inflorescentia feminea ignota.) infructescentia juvenilis circiter 15—20 cm longa rachide circiter 0.2—0.3 cm crassa circiter 1—2 fructus juveniles ferente. cupula juvenilis sessilis, ovoidea-ellipsoidea circiter 1.5—2 cm longitudine diametroque, adaxiali applanata et sine spinis sed partibus lateralibus rotundatis spinis complanatis acutis circiter 0.5—1 em longis munita fructum unicum praeter stylos persistentes perianthiumque indutens. typus : endert 5196 (bo, holo, l!), from borneo, kalimantan, western kutei, kombeng-, 30 m, yfr. 23-xi-1925. 1968] soepadmo : malesian castanopsis 391 borneo. k a l i m a n t a n : central eastern p a r t , w. kutei, ± 2° n 116° e, long petah, endert 3331. castanopsis evansii elmer castanopsis evansii elmer in leafl. philip. bot. 5: 1778. 1913. — type: elmer 12938 (a, holo! k! l! ny phot,! u! u s ! w r s l ! ) , from ph'lippines, palawan, mt. pulgar, fl. yfr. iv-1911. castanopsis ivoodii merr. in philip. j. sc. 29: 362. 1926. — type: castro & melegrito 1396 (a! k! uc, holo!), from borneo, banguey i., yfr. 5-viii-1923. castanopsis elmeri merr., pi. elm. born.: 42. 1929. — type: elmer 20112 (a! bm! k! l! mich! sing! u! uc, holo!), from n. borneo, myburgh prov., sandakan, fr. x/xii-1921. borneo. s a r a w a k : lundu, g. gading, 1° 40' n 109° 50' e, sar 9645 (identification doubtful). b r u n e i : gokun 358. s a b a h : many, i n several districts. k a l i m a n t a n : eastern p a r t , balikpapan, riko, 66 14959. b a. n g g i i.: san 40395, 42145, castro & melegrito 1396. p h i l i p p i n e s . p a l a w a n : m t . p u l g a r , elmer 12938. castanopsis foxworthyi schottky castanopsis foxworthyi schottky in bot. j a h r b . 49: 358. 1913. — type: foxworthy 21u (n.v.), from borneo, sarawak, fr. castanopsis kinabaluensis a. cam. in bull. soc. bot. f r . 7 5 : 698. 1928. — lectot y p e : haviland 1115 (k, holo! s i n g ! ) , from borneo, mt. kinabalu, 2400 m, fr. borneo. s a r a w a k : f i r s t division, many; bintulu distr., bt. urang, several; mt. mulu. 4° n 115° e, anderson & keng 1; baram, hose 208; loba kabang peatswamp forest, sar ou-k.2, 0uu7, 0881. s a b a h : many, in various districts. k a l i m a n t a n : nunukan i., 66 26201, 29324, 34895, kostermans 9165. castanopsis fulva gamble castanopsis fulva g a m b l e in k e w b u l l . : 179. 1914. — l e c t o t y p e : king's coll. 7751 (k, h o l o ! l ! s i n g ! ) , f r o m m a l a y a , p e r a k , b a t a n g p a d a n g , 90—150 m , f r . v i i 1 8 8 5 . s u m a t r a . c e n t r a l p a r t : t a n d j u n g p a u h , 0 ° 1 5 ' n 100° 5 0 ' e , meijer 4609a. m a l a y a . p e r a k : b a t a n g p a d a n g d i s t r . , king's coll. 7751. p a h a n g : b e n t o n g , kep/cf 4062. s e l a n g o r : radjab 1514. n e g r i s e m b i l a n : s e m a w a n g f . r., kep/cf 1956. j o h o r e : 1 4 t h m i l e m a w a i j e m a l u a n g r o a d , s f 37363. b o r n e o . s a r a w a k : k u c h i n g , s e m e n g o h f . r., sar 3382, 15259, 15791, arboretum tree no. 653; u l u a r i p , 2 ° 4 0 ' n 1 1 2 ° 4 0 ' e , sar 23768. b r u n e i : sar 4897. s a b a . h : . . w e s t e r n p a r t , beaufort hill, san 36299; ranau, mile 37th ranautamporuli road, 1500 m,san 26778. k a l i m a n t a n : western p a r t , mt. kenepai, o° 45' n 112° e, hallier 2098 (identification doubtful, leaf glabrous). '• ) 392 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 castanopsis hypophoenicea (v. seem.) soepadmo, comb. nov. quercus hypophoenicea, v. seem, in bot. jahrb. 23, beibl. 57: 52. 1897. — lithocarpus hypophoenicea (v. seem.) barn, in trans. & proc. bot. soc. edinb. 44: 171. 1944. — type: beccari pb 2287 (k! p!), from sarawak. castanopsis dispers>ispina merr., pl elm. born.: 41. 1929. — type: elmer 21797 (a! bm! k! l! mich! u! uc, holo!), from n. borneo, near tawao, fr. x-1922/ 111-1923. borneo. s a r a w a k : lundu distr., 1° 30' n 110° e, sab. 15411. s a b a h : tenom distr., san 4o481; jesselton distr., san 40316; lahad datu distr., san 26908, 34411; ranau distr., kinabalu area, 600 m, san 207$$, ± 1800 m, bsnb 2505, no altitude known, san 21337; sandakan distr., many; tawao distr., several. k a l i m a n t a n : eastern part, sangkulirang, 1° n 118° e, kostermans 13605; western kutei, kombeng, endert 5197; peak of balikpapan, 1° s 116° 30' e, 650' m, kostermans 7565. castanopsis inermis (lindl. ex wall.) benth. & hook. f. castanopsis inermis (lindl. ex wall.) benth. & hook, f., gen. pl 3: 409. 1880. — castanea inermis lindl. ex wall., pi. as. rar. 2: 6. 1830. — type: wallich 2762 (cge! k, holo!), from malaya, penang, fl. fr. 1822 (not from singapore as the author suspected). castanea glomerata [non (roxb.) wall, ex bl] bl, mus. bot. 1: 283. 1850, quoad specimina, excl. syn. — based on wallich 2791 (bm! cge! k! l! p!), from malaya, penang, fl. — note: the specimen was misidentified by wallich in his catalogue as being quercus glomerata roxb., which is a lithocarpus; blume unfortunately transferred roxburgh's name, citing the misidentified collection. callaeocarpus sumatrana miq., pl jungh.: 14. 1851. — castanopsis swmatrana (miq.) a. dc. in j. bot. 1: 182. 1863. — castanea swmatrana (miq.) oerst. in kong. danske vid. selsk. skr. v, 9: 378. 1871. — type: junghuhn (l! u!), from n. sumatra, .upper angkola, 300—900 m, fr. castanopsis mitifica hance in j. bot. 16: 200. 1878. •— type: teijsmann 11457 (bm! bo, holo! l!), from lingga, sg. panga, fr. sumatra. t a p a n u l i : res. angkola, junghuhn, fr.; distr. bangat-topong, bb 524-4. ? d j a m b i : k. heyne 17. p a l t e m b a n g : grashoff 329, praetorius, <$ fl. 1836 (described by blume 1860 as c. glomerata (roxb.) bl) ; banjuasin, kubu, for. res. 70 t 1 p 126 thorenaar; east of sukaradja, forbes 2979. l a m p on g: tarabangi, teijstnann hb 4519. b a n g k a : lobok besar, 66 34.177, kostermans & anta 1135. l i n g g a i s . : sg. panga, teijsmann hb 11457. malaya, k e d a h : baling, 5° 40' n 100° 55' e, sf 2w67; ketumba i., 6° 10' n 99° 47' e, kep 11752; jeriang road, sf 35982. p e r a k : many. k e l a n t a n : gua musang, sg. galas, sf 22611. t r e n g g a n u : abdullah 80; bk. payong, sf 334.86. p a h a n g : several. w e l l e s l e y : ara kuda, ridley 7023. s e l a n g o r : many. n e g e r i s e m b i l a n : kepicf 1959, sf 31696. m a l a c c a : alvins, st., derry 28, sf 40566. j oh o r e : several. p e n a n g : several. s i n g a p o r e : cantley s.n., burkill 532. 1968] soepadmo : malesian castanopsis castanopsis javanica (bl.) a. dc. 393 castanopsis javanica (bl.) a. dc. in j. bot. 1: 182. 1863. — fagus javanica bl. in flora 7: 295. 1824. — castanea javanioa bl, bijdr.: 525. 1825. — quercus javanica (a. dc.) drake in j. de bot. 4: 153. 1890, excl. the specimens balansa 2386 &, 2387 which are c. tessellata hick. & a. cam. — type: blume (l!), from1 java, mt. gede, tjibeureum, yfr. castanea ? montana bl, bijdr.: 526. 1825. —• castanea javanica bl var. montana (bl) bl, fl. javae, cupul: 45, t. 24, 1829. — castanopsis javanica (bl) a. dc. var. montana (bl.) a. dc, prod. 16, 2: 111 1864. — type: blume (l!), from java, mt. gede, gegerbintang* fl., yfr. castanea javanica bl. var. fuscescens (bl.) bl, fl. javae, cupul: 45. 1829 (as unnamed variety in bijdr.: 526. 1825). — type: blame (l!), from java, st. quercus discocarpa hance in j. bot. 12: 242. 1874. — castanopsis discoearpa (hance) hance in j. bot 16: 201. 1878. — pasania discocarpa (hance) gamble in j. as. soc. beng. 75, ii: 447. 1915. — synaedrys disoocarpa (hance) koidz. in bot. mag. tokyo 30: 186. 1916. — type: teijsmann 7001 (bm!) from bangka fr. castanopsis lentiginosa e. f. warb. in kew bull.: 20. 1936. — type native coll. lib. richards 1923 (k, holo! l!), from borneo, sarawak, mt. dulit, ulu koyan, 800— 900 m, fl. fr. 18-ix-1932. castanopsis penangensis a. cam. in bull. soc. bot. fr. 94: 4. 1947. — type: haniff 345 (k, holo! sing!), from malaya, penang, 600 m, yfr. xii. sumatra. a t j e h : gajo-loeeus, penosan, g. rangut galang, 1600 m, 66 22401. e a s t c o a s t : yates 1281. t a p a n u l i : lake toba, 1400 m, 66 15118. w e s t c o a s t : several; mt. kerintji, 1° 45' s 101° 20' e, 2.000 m, meijer 6286; mt. singalang, beccari ps 406. b a n g k a : teijsmann hb 7648, hb 1144-7, hb 11456. m a l a y a . p e r a k : l a r u t , king's coll 3651, 548$, 6975. p a h a n g : c a m e r o n h i g h l a n d s , 1 4 0 0 — 1 6 0 0 m , poore 1319, 1324, 1325, bajab 445, 468. s e l a n g o r : several. p e n a n g : several. java. w e s t : bantam, pulasari, 6° 20' s 106° e, koorders 1404; depok f. r., 90 m, several; salak and mountains farther east, many. c e n t r a l : mt. dieng, nearly 110° e, blume s.n. borneo. s a r a w a k : mt. dulit, 3° 20' n 114° 10' e, richards's coll. 1923; usun apau, 3° n 114° 40' e, 800 m, sab 22617; ulu baram, 3° 30' n 115° 30' e, 1000 m, sab 20206. s a b a h : western part, keningau, san 49571; tuaran, 210 m, melegrito 3313; ranau and mt. kinabalu, 6001—1350 m, several. k a l i m a n t a n : eastern part, western kutei, bb 16569; djembajan, 66 25140; liak-leng and lahun, 0-2° n 116° 30' e, endert 2995 & 1838; sangkulirang-, 1° 10' n 117" 40>' e, 66 34796; balikpapan, 1° 15' s, 66 25634, kostermans 4292. castanopsis johorensis soepadmo, spec. nov. ramuli juveniles fulve pubescentes mox glabrescentes, graciles nigri lenticellis minutis sparse muniti, stipulis linearibus acutis 3—4 mm longis 0-7—1 mm latis. petiolus 1—2 cm longus basim versus fuscus supra sulcatus. folia tenue coriacea 7—15 cm longa 2—5 cm lata, 2.5—3.1—plo longitudine latitudinem superantia latiora in medio parte, basi attenuata 894 r e i n w a k d t i a [vol. 7 apice gradatim ad abrupte 1—2 cm acuminato, faciebus concoloribus potius nitidis subtus squamis stellatis adpressis sparse munitis (vide magnificatione 40), opace brunnescentibus, costa venisque subtus valde prominentibus supra depressis, venis lateralibus utrinque 7—11 a costa angulo 60—80° ascendentibus subparallelis marginem versus arcuatis anatomosantibusque, reticulatione irregulari. (inflorescentia mascula ignota.) rachis feminea circiter 5.5 cm longa 1.5 mm crassa floribus solitariis periantho profunde 6-lobato, staminodiis 12 melius evolutis et perianthium superantibus, stylis 3 teretibus recurvatis 1—1.5 mm longis. cupula sessilis complanato-globosa 2—3 cm diametro pariete subglabro praeter sectorem adaxialem epinis fasciculatis 8—10 mm longis simplicibus gracilibus plus minusve rectis subglabris perdente munita. fructus complanato-ellipsoideus 1.5—2 cm longus 1—1.5 cm latus pariete lignoso 1—2 mm crasso ad cupulam omnino adnato rugoso glabro. typus: kep 77887 kochummen (k! kep! l, holo! sing!), from malaya, johore, mersing, fr. 23-vii-1957. s u m a t r a . c e n t r a l p a r t : t a r a m , 0° 15' s 100° 40' e, 500 m, maradjo 326. malaya. j o h o r e : mersing, kep 77887; sg. sedili, sf 36869; kota tinggi, sf 10153. castanopsis lucida (nees in wall.) soepadmo, comb. nov. alseodaphne lucida nees in wallich, pi. as. r a r . 2: 72. 1831. — laurus lucida wall., cat.: 2590, homen. — t y p e : wallich 2590, from singapore, st. 1822 (bm! k ! ) . castanopsis hulleuii k i n g ex hook. f. in f l . br. ind. 5: 623. 1888. — t y p e : hullett 78, from singapore, fl. ( s i n g ! ) . malaya. p e r a k : pondok p a n d j a n g res., kep/cf 9780, king's coll. 7753. s e l a n g o r : bt. lagong f . r., kep 60619. n e g e r i s e m b i l a n : p a s i r p u t i h r e s . , kep/cf 584. m a l a c c a : berry 466, goodenough 1344. j o h o r e : b k . p a l o h instate, shah 409. p e n a n g: many. s i n g a p o r e : many. b o r n e o . s a r a w a k : marop, 1° 10' n 111° 55' e, beccari pb 3242. k a l i m a n t a n : western p a r t , h a y u p , ± 2° s 115° 20' n, hub. winkier 2406; k a r a n g a n r., 1° 20' n 117° 40' e, kostermans 13628. notes. the name laurus lucida appeared for the first time in wallich's cat., no. 2590. nees (1831) gave a brief description and transferred it with a question mark to alseodaphne. in a note to the species, nees expressed doubt about the generic identity and suggested that it might belong to quercus. hooker f. (in fl. br. ind. 5: 147. 1886) maintained it, under doubtful species, in alseodaphne, but he also gave a comment that it might be not a lauraceous plant. gamble (in j. as. soc. beng. 75, ii: 96. 1912), on the other hand, was of the opinion that it might be a species of litsea. ridley (fl. mai. pen. 3: 100. 1924) said that it might 1968] soepadmo : malesian castanopsis 895 be an oak species. kostermans (in j. sc. res. indon. 1, 5: 116. 1952) suggested that alseodaphne lucida might be a species of lithocarpus. in the kew herbarium i found wallich 2590 under the original name, whereas in the british museum, a duplicate has been inserted among the unidentified specimens of lithocarpus. though these two specimens are sterile, i have not the slightest doubt that they are conspecific with castanopsis hulleuii king ex hook. f. accordingly a new combination, castanopsis lucida (nees in wall.) soepadmo, is proposed here and c. hulleuii is reduced to it. c a s t a n o p s i s m a l a c c e n s i s g a m b l e castanopsis malaccensis gamble in kew bull.: 178. 1914. — type: derry 947 (k, holo! s i n g ! ) , from malaya, malacca, brisu, fr. i i i . s u m a t r a . c e n t r a l p a r t : k u a n t a n , ± 1° s 103° e, 66 25207, 26502. malaya. upper p e r a k : ulu kendurong, 5° 30' n 101° 10' e, sf 11614. n e g e r i s e m b i l a n : semawang, kep/cf 527. s e l a n g o r : ginting simpah, kep/cf 10921, 12640; ulu gombak p. r., kep 79120. pa h a n g : kep/fms 15776. m a l a c c a : s e v e r a l . j o h o r e : s g . s e d i l i , 2 ° n 1 0 4 " 0 7 ' e , corner, s t . v i i . s i n g a p o r e : ridley s.n., sf 34506, 34920. castanopsis megacarpa gamble castanopsis megacarpa, gamble in kew bull.: 180. 1914. — type: king's coll. 7070 (k, holo! l ! ) , from malaya, p e r a k , kinta, fr. i. malaya. k e 1 a n t a n: sg. ketel, ± 5° n 102° e, sf 248:26. p e r a k : several. t r e n g g a n u : 26th mile kuala t.-besut road, s f 40754. s e l a n g o r : several. n e g e r i s e m b i l a n : kep/cf 616. m a l a c c | a : several. j o h o r e : tg. sedili kechil, 1° 5 1 ' n 104° 10' e, corner, fr. i v ; bk. paloh e s t a t e , shah & kadivi 415. s i n g a p o r e : several b o r n e o . s a r a w a k : lundu distr., 1" 30' n 110° e, sar 15666 (aff. megwcarpa); bintulu distr., segan f. r., sar 15804 (aff. megacarpa). k a l i m a n t a n : western p a r t , betung, 0° 20' s 111 0 10' e, 66 296,23 (aff. megacarpa) ; e a s t e r n p a r t , nunukan i., kostermans 8631 (aff. megacarpa), paymans 150; balikpapan area, mentawir, sauveur 68. . . castanopsis microphylla soepadmo, spec. nov. ramuli juveniles dense pilis fulvis stellatis magnitudine variis obtecti sero glabrescentes vulgo graciles atropurpurei-brunnei laeves sparse lenticellati stipulis linearibus acutis 5—7 mm longis 1—2 mm latis pilosis. petiolus 3—10 mm longus 1 mm crassus supra pianus. folia chartacea 5—9 cm longa 1.5—3 cm lata, 2.5—4.6—plo longitudine latitudinem superantia latiora in medio parte vel paulo basim versus, basi attenuata ad rare subrotundata apice gradatim 0.5—1 cm acuminato apiculo acuto vel 396 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 obtuso, faciebus plus minusve discoloribus supra glabra parum nitida subtus squamis stellatis dense ad sparse obtecta (vide magnificatione 60), in venis praesertim juvenilibus pilis longis simplicibus, costa utrinque prominente venis lateralibus utrinque 8—10 a costa angula 45—60° ascendentibus parallelis marginem versus arcuatis tenuibus, reticulatione scalariforme subtili densi utrinque obscura. rachis mascula 5—10 cm longa 1 mm crassa fasciculis 3—7 floribus, perianthio 6-lobato extus dense tomentoso, staminibus 12 filamento 1—1.5 mm longo anthera circiter 0.2 mm longa, pistillodio circiter 1 mm diametro. rachis feminea 3—5 cm longa 1 mm crassa floribus ternis perianthio 0.5 mm profunde lobato, staminodiis 12 abortivis, stylis 3 conoideis 1 mm longis. cupula juvenilis sessilis ovoidea-globosa 5 mm longa 5 mm diametro 3 fructus omnino includens, extus 4 sectoribus breve distincteque spinosis suturis futuris squamosis alternantibus. typus: s. 22511 sibat ak luang (a, bo, k, holo! kep, l! san, sar, sing), from borneo, sarawak, 4th division, bt mersing, anap, c. 400 m, yfr. 15-x-1964. borneo. s a r a w a k : mt. poi, 1° 45' n 109° 40' e, 1200—1300 m, clemens 20091, 202,31; gn. wah, sw. of kuching, beccari pb 2756; bk. raya, 2° 10' n 113° 05' e, 240 m, sab 14744; bt. mersing, 2" 30' n 113° 05' e, sab 21891, 22123, 22511. s a b a h : mt. kinabalu, 900—1560 m, clemens 28162, san 26794. k a l i m a n t a n : sanggau, 1° 10' n 109° 40' e, 66 18791; western kutei, mt. kemul, 2° n 116° e, endert 4128; mendom, sg. klindjau, 1° n 116° 30' e, 66 292.30. castanopsis mottleyana king type:castanopsis mottleyana king in ann. gard. calc. 2: 96, t. 86. 1889. becciri pb 2613 (pi, holo! k! p ! ) , from borneo, sarawak, yfr. castanopsis pearsonii merr. m philip. j. sc. 30: 79. 1926. — type : d. d. wood (coll. evangelista) 1151 (k! uc, holo!), from north borneo, rayoh, fr. 25-1-1924. borneo. s a r a w a k : f i r s t division, several; upper rajang, gat, 2° n 113°. e, clemens 610,1, 21510; similajau f. r., 3° 30' n 113° 20' e, sab 18108; mt. mulu, 4° n 115° e, sab 4097. b r u n e i : seria distr., teraja f. r., hotta 12871, 12931; andulau f. r., bbun 595; mt. bangar, 4° 40' n 115° 10' e, hotta 13102. s a t o a h : many, in most coastal districts. k a l i m a n t a n : e a s t e r n p a r t , from north to south: nunukan i., kostermans 8702, 9117; tidung lands, 66 18275; berau, 66 19033 (probably mottleyana); west kutei, 66 16266; central kutei, long bleh, kostermans 10287; mahakam river estuary, kostermans 7032, 9563, 10799; balikpapan, 66 34378. p h i l i p p i n e s . m i n d a n a o : mt. apo, 9001 m, elmer 10579, 11269; bukidnon prov., mt. katanglud, 1700 m, pnh 9943; northern zamboanga, 500 m, pnh 38255, 38419; agusan, stern 2113. castanopsis nephelioikes king ex hook. f. castanopsis nephelioides king ex hook, f. in fl. br. ind. 5: 624. 1888. -*lectotvpe: king's coll. 7208 (bm! k, holo! l! p! sing!), from malaya, perak, kinta, fr. 1-1885. 1968] soepadmo: malesian castanopsis 397 malaya. k e d a h: bk. selamban, kep/fms 8953; bk. sungoh reserve, kepi fms 8957. p e r a k : many. p a h a n g: sg. sat, ulu tembeling, sf 21932; f r a s e r hill, shah & noor 625, poore 1237, 1360. s e 1 a n g o r: sg,. luit, poore 1s62. j o h o r e: gn. p a n t i f. r., sinclair 10829. s i n g a p o r e : canthy s.n., bidley 6440. castanopsis oligoneura soepadmo, spec. nov. ramuli juveniles plus minusve porphyreo tomentosi, glabrescentes graciles lenticellis sparse minutis. petiolus 1.5—3 cm longus gracilis basi incrassatus supra planus. folia rigide coriacea, 7—15 cm longa 3—6 cm lata, 2.4—3.4—plo longitudine latitudinem superantia latiora in medio parte, basi attenuata-acuta ad subacuminata apice acuto vel abrupte acuminato apiculo 0.5 cm longo acuto vel obtuso, faciebus discoloribus supra plus minusve nitida virescente glabra subtus pallide brunneis squamis stellatis adpressis plus minusve dense obtectis (vide magnificatione 30— 60) fere glabra, costa venisque lateralibus subtus prominentibus supra tenuiter prominentibus vel planis, venis lateralibus utrinque 5—7, a costa angulo 45—60° ascendentibus subparallelis marginem versus arcuatis, reticulatione subtili scalariforme supra obscura. rachis mascula 5—10 cm longa 1.5—2 mm crassa floribus solitariis vel vulgius cum 3—7 in fasciculis, perianthio profunde 4—6-lobato, staminibus 8—-12 filamento 3-— 3.5 mm longo anthera 0.2—0.25 mm longa, pistillodio 1 mm diametro. rachis feminea (vel interdum bisexualis) 5—8 cm longa floribus solitariis perianthio 6-lobato, staminodiis 12 abortivis, stylis 3 terete-conoideis recurvatis 1—2 mm longis, ovario rotundato-triangulare. cupula subsessilis ellipsoidea-globosa 2.5—3 cm longa 2—2.5 cm diametro pariete circiter 2 mm crasso glabro vel sparse puberulente, potius laxe sed regulariter spinosa praeter sectorem adaxialem applanatum, spinis validis 6—10 mm longis vulgo solitariis interdum fasciculatis paulum recurvatis sparse puberulis munitis; dehiscentia irregulare. fructus unicus, ellipsoideusglobosus 2—2.5 cm diametro pariete 1 mm crasso ad cupulam fere omnino adnato rugoso glabro. typus: san 32836 meijer (k! l, holo! san! sing!), from borneo, sabah, sandakan, kebun china f. r., sibuga road, fr. 2-x-1963. borneo. s a r a w a k : bk. pendam, 1° 56' n 111° 22' e, sf 35736. b r u n e i : penampang, 4° 45' n 114° 43' e, bbun 2957. s a b a h : 6 miles sse of malaman, 4° 55' n 115° 40' e, san 16802; distr. sandakan, many. castanopsis oviformis soepadmo, spec. nov. ramulis juveniles indumento brunnescente adpresso stellato sero glabrescentes, graciliores, atropurpurei vel fusci lenticellis minutis sparse muniti, stipulis ovatis acutis 3̂ —5 mm longis 2—3 mm latis. petiolus 1— 1.5 cm longis supra planus. folia positionem disticham versus interdum inserta plus minusve tenuiter coriacea 6—5 cm longa 4:—6.5 cm lata, 400 reinwardtia [vol. 7 b fig. 1. castanopsis pedunculata soepadmo and c. paucispina soepadmo. — c. pedunculata: a, branchlet, 2/3 x ; 6, ripe cupule, 2/3 x ; c, fruits, 273 x. — c. paucispina: d, branchlet, 2/3 x ; e, terminal bud, 4 x ; /, cupule outside, 2/3 x ; g, cupule, longitudinal section, 2/3 x— a-c, after san 16805; d-g. after san a 1,385. 1968] soepadmo: malesian castanopsis 401 castanopsis glabra, merr. in philip. j. sc. 9: bot. 354. 1914. — type: wenzel 737 (bm! us!), from philippines, leyte, yfr. v/vii-1914. philippines. m ' i n d o r o : fb 8547. l u z o n : north of manila, angat, vidal 611, 611b; bulacan prov., pnh 41831, ramos 672; round manila, rizal prov., several; se. of manila, laguna prov., fb 31266; camarines prov., ± 14° n 123° e, fb u796; a l b a y p r o v . , ± 1 3 ° n 1 2 4 ° e , pnh s4558. s a m a r : f b 21079, 23571, b s 24556. l e y t e : wenzel 619, 737. b a s i l a n : b s 16130, ebalo 992. m i n d a n a o : scattered over the island; n. zamboanga prov., pnh 38166; lanao prov., ebalo 1169; mt. urdaneta, 1200 m, elmer 14124; mt. katanglad, 1800 m, pnh 9863; mt. dulangan, 1500 m, whitehead s.n.; mt. apo, elmer 11295, 11315. 7 . castanopsis psilophylla soepadmo, spec. nov. ramuli fere ab initio glabri, laeves fusci atropurpurei lenticellis nullis vel perpauci stipulis linearibus 3—4 mm longis fugacibus. petiolus 0.5— 1.5 cm longus glaber supra planus vel paulum sulcatus. folia tenue coriacea (6—)10(—16) cm longa (1—)3.5(—5) cm lata, (2.3—)2.8—4.2-plo longitudine latitudinem superantia latiora in medio parte interdum infra, faciebus plus minusve discoloribus glabris supra vulgo nitida, basi rotundata ad acuta paulum decurrente apice acuto ad 0.5—2 cm acute acuminato, costa venisque lateralibus utrinque plus minusve prominentibus, venis lateralibus utrinque 9—12 a costa angulo 60—70° parallelis marginem versus arcuatis evanescentibusque, reticulatione tenui utrinque obscura. rachis mascula 5—15 cm longa 1—2 mm crassa floribus cum 3—7 fasciculati perianthio profunde 6-lobato, staminibus 12 filamento 1.5—2 mm longo anthera 0.2—0.25 mm longa, pistillodio 1 mm diametro. rachis feminea (interdum bisexualis) circiter 6 mm longa floribus cum 3—7 in fasciculis perianthio profunde 6-lobato, staminodiis 12 bene evolutis et perianthium superantibus vel abortiva, stylis 3 conoideis recurvatis 1 mm longis. cupula juvenilis subsessilis turbinata tuberculis brevibus in seriebus concentricis munita. cupula matura asymmetrice pyriformis vel depresse obovoidea lobis 2 vel plus, fructus 3—7 omnino includens pills stellatis vel simplicibus olivacea velutina, 1.5—2.5 cm magnitudine pariete 0.5 cm crasso nonnulis crestis tuberculorum brevium interdum recurvatorum munito, in 2 vel 4 segmenta plus minusve regulariter dehiscens. fructus ovoidei-complanati 1.5—2 cm magnitudine cicatrice convexa rugosa 2/5 ad 4/5 partem occupante parte libera dense brunneo tomentosa. typus: san 25953 muin chai (k! l, holo! san!), from borneo, sabah, lahad datu distr., sg. limau, kelumpang, 200 ft, yfr., fr. 24-vii1961. borneo.. s a r a w a k : mt. matang, 1° 36' n 110° 11' e, beccari pb 2973; bk. mentagai, 3° 40' n 114° 06' e, sab 22846; limbang distr., sab 4454; bt. mersing, 2° 30' n 113° 05' e, sab 21921. s a b a h : many, in various districts. k a l i m a n t a n : e a s t e r n part, from north to south: nunukan i., 66 19776 (probably psilophylla) ; tidung lands, 66 18161 (probably psilophylla) ; sangkulirang, kostermans 13478; hayup, 2° s 115° 20' e, hub. winkler 2354a. 402 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 p h i l i p p i n e s . p a l a w a n : p u e r t o princesa, 9 ° 40' n , ebalo 408. note. castanopsis brevispina schottky in bot. jahrb. 49: 358. 1913, non hayata 1911, might belong here, but the description of the cupule does not agree in all points, and the type specimen, foxworthy 156 from sarawak, is, as far as could be ascertained, lost. castanopsis rhamnifolia (miq.) a. dc. castanopsis rhamnifolia (miq.) a. d c , prod. 16, 2: 113. 1864. — quercus rhamnifolia miq., f l . ind. bat. 1, 1: 853. 1856. •— callaeocarpus rhamnifolia (miq.) miq., s u m a t r a : 353. 1861. — castanea rhamnifolia (miq.) oerst. in kong. danske vid. selsk. skr. v, 9: 378, 1871. — t y p e : horsfield (bm! u, holo!), from b a n g k a , yfr. castanopsis pachycarpa a. cam. in bull. mus. hist, n a t . p a r i s ii, 6: 92. 1934. — t y p e : sf 28326 henderson (k! p! s i n g ! u c ! ) , from malaya, p a h a n g , cameron h i g h l a n d s , ± 1500 m, fr. 2-iv-1930. s u m a t r a . e a s t c o a s t : k a r o h i g h l a n d s , 1500 m , 6 6 7169; p e m a t a n g siant a r , 3° n 99° e, lbrzing 17302. w e s t c o a s t : w e s t e r n i n d r a g i r i , meyer 4296; mt. sago, 0° 23' s 138° e, 1000—1300' m, ichlas 48, meijer 5000, 7660. p a l e m b a n g : grashoff 842a; banjuasin, 66 t 718. l a m p o n g : teijsmann hb 4459; tarabangi, teijsmann hb 4432. bangka: many. m a l a y a . p e r a k : s e v e r a l . k e l a n t a n : g u a m u s a n g , s g . g a l a s , 5 ° 3 2 ' n 102° 12' e , s f 29733. p a h a n g : c a m e r o n h i g h l a n d s , poore 132%. s e l a n g o r : s e v e r a l . castanopsis schefferiana hance castanopsis schefferiana hance in j. bot. 16: 200. 1878. — t y p e : teysmann 11441 (bm! bo, holo! l ! ) , from lingg a is., sg. t a n d a , fr. castanopsis andersonii gamble in kew bull.: 179. 1914. — lectotypa: ridley 11353 ( k ! ) , from malaya, singapore, fr. s u m a t r a . e a s t c o a s t : l a n g k a t , 4 ° n 98° 30' e , 6 6 16411. r i o u w i-,. k a r i m u n : 6 6 20s78. l i n g g a i s . : teijsmann h b 11441. m a l a y a . k e d a h : saad 20662. p a h a n g : f r a s e r h i l l , kep 45471; t a s e k b e r a & v i e , chew 266. s e 1 a n g o r: s e v e r a l . n e g r i s e m b i l a n : kep/fms 572, shah 79. m a l a c c a : ridley 583, 1593. j o h o r e : b k . p a l o h e s t a t e , shah 425. p e n a n g : curtis 84, i486. s i n g a p o r e : s e v e r a l . castanopsis scortechinii gamble castanopsis scortechinii gamble in kew bull.: 178. 1914. — t y p e : scortechini s.n. ( k ! ) , from malaya, p e r a k , fr. malaya. p e r a k : scortechini, fr. p a h a n g : cameron h i g h l a n d s , s f 23626. castanopsis selangokensis a. camus castanopsis selangorensis a. camus in bull. soc. bot. fr. 94: 4. 1947. — type: burkill 9160, from malaya. 1968] soepadmo: malesian castanopsis 403 note. since the type could not be located in any of the consulted herbaria, and the description is not recognizable, this species is here considered to be of doubtful status. castanopsis tungurrut (bl.) a. dc. castanopsis tungurrut (bl.) a. dc. in j. bot. 1: 182. 1863. — castanea, tungurrut bl., bijdr.: 525. 182:5. — type: blume s.n. (k! l!), from java, banten,. fl." xi. castanea tungurrut bl. f. sumatrana miq., sumatra: 353. 1861. — type: teijsmann hb 4377 (bo! u!), from s. sumatra, lampong distr.-, yfr. ; : castanopsis ridleyi gamble in kew bull.: 180, p.p. 1914. — lectotype: goodenough 1479 (k! sing!), from malaya, malacca, sungai udang, fr. ix. castanopsis conspersispina merr. in pap. mich. ac. sc. 19: 152, t. 17. 1934. — type: rahmat 1476 (a! mich! sing!), from ne. sumatra, asahan, dolok maradja, fr. 7-x-1928. s u m a t r a . t a p a n u 1 i: angkola-sepirok, 1° 35' n 99° 15' e, 1400 m, 66 5632. e a s t c o a s t : 400—1500 m , s e v e r a l ; c e n t r a l p a r t , i n d r a g i r i , p e r a n a p , 0 ° 35' s.102" e, 66 80118; sungei a k a r , 0° 38' s 102!° 43' e, 66 28292, p i a l em b a n g : s e v e r a l ; bengkulu, r e d j a n g , endert 1080. l a m p o n g : teijsmann h b 4377. s i m a l u r : achmad 1214, 1484, 1559. b a n g k a : sg. liat, teijsmann hb 7609. m a l a y a . n e g r i s e m b i l a n : setul, 2° 48' n 101° 55' s, kep/fms 501; s e m a w a n g reserve, kep/cf 1956. m a l a c c a : sg. u d a n g , s e v e r a l ; selandor, alvins 487; batu tiga, holmberg 833. java. w e s t : bantam, ± 106° 25' e, tjipanas, 6° 30' s, backer 2003; pelabuhan ratu, 7° 00' s, sea-level, koorders 11723; djasinga near bogor, mt. salak, mt. gede, takoka, ± 7° s 107° e, several; east of tjibeber, 7° 30' s 108° e, winckel 224, 1704note. gamble, under his c. ridleyi, had two specimens, the other, king's coll. 6831, belonging to c. megacarpa. castanopsis wallichii. king ex hook. f. castanopsis wallichii king ex hook. f. in fl. br. ind. 5: 624. 1888. — type: wallich 2763 (bm! cge! k, holo!), from malaya, penang, fr. malaya. k e d a h : kep 21887. p e r a k : birch hill, fox 108; pondok tanjong f. r., 5° n 100° 4l' e, kep/cf 11sss. s e l a n g o r : near kuala lumpur, kep/cf 4991. m a l a c c a : several. p e n a n g : several. s i n g a p o r e : many. identification list type specimens are marked with (t)l specimens with an asterisk have been discussed in the notes in the flora malesiana revision, now in the press. all collections numbered under institutional series are listed not according to the collector's names, but under the letters of the series so that all collections distributed from the forest research institute at kepong, malaya, are preceded by the letters 'kep', from the forest department at sandakan, north borneo, by 'san' and 'kadir, north. borneo forest department no. a 541' is cited as 'san a 541'. 404 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. the abbreviations of the institutional series are as folows: anu = australian national university, canberra, bb = bosschen buitengewesten; collections in the indonesian islands outside java, by the forestry service, bogor. brun = forest department herbarium, brunei. bs = bureau of science, manila. bw = boswezen, manokwari, western new guinea. fb = forestry bureau, manila. ja = colleltions in java by the forestry service, bogor. kep = forest research institute, kepong, malaya, under which are here included numbers in the cf-series (conservator of forest), and in the fms-series (federated states museums). ngf = new guinea forests, forestry department, lae. pnh = philippine national herbarium, manila. rsnb = royal society (london) expedition to mt. kinabalu, north borneo. san = forest department, sandakan, north borneo. sar = forest department, kuching, sarawak. sf = singapore field numbers. this list contains all the numbered collections examined, which are each followed by the abbreviation of the species under which they belong, as follows: — castanopsis acuminatissima (bl.) a. dc. = argentea (bl.) a. dc. = borneensis king = buruana miq. = catappaefolia king ex hook, f. = clemensii soepadmo = costata (bl.) a. dc. = curtisii king = densinervia soepadmo = endertii hatus. ex soepadmo = evansii elmer = foxworthyi schottky = fulva gamble = hypophoenicea (v. seem.) soepadmo = inermis (lindl. ex wall.) benth. & hook. f. = javanica (bl.) a. dc. = johorensis soepadmo = lucida (nees in wall.) soepadmo = malaccensis gamble = megacarpa gamble acum arg born buru cat clem cost curt dens end evan foxw ful hypo iner jav joh luc mal meg 1968] soepadmo : malesian castanopsis 405 mic = mott = neph = olig = ovif = pauc = ped = phil = psi = rham = sch = scor = tung = wall = microphylla soepadmo mottleyana king nephelioides king ex hook. f. oligoneura soepadmo oviformis soepadmo paucispina soepadmo pedunculata soepadmo philipensis (blanco) vidal psilophylla soepadmo rhamnifolia (miq.) a. dc. schef.feriana hance scortechinii gamble tungurrut (bl.) a. dc. wallichii king ex hook, f. abdullah 80: iner; achmad 1214, 1484, 1559: tung; aet & idjan (exp. van dijk) 265: acum; alvins 327, 355: mal, 487: tung, 1871: luc; ami<n ms. 1032: meg, ms. 1033: wall; j.a.r. anderson r4: foxw; j.a.r. anderson & keng k l : foccw; t. anderson 191: luc; anu series 32, 2053, 2489: acum. backer 2003: tung, 10930: arg; bakhuizen van den brink 2556: jav; balajadia 2580, 3808: evan; barnard 9654: iner; bb series 1861, 2988: buru, 3096: jav, 5226: cost, 5244: iner, 5436, 5446, 5632: tung, 5650, 5838: arg, 6098: jav, 7169: rham, 8242: tung, 14959: evan, 15025, 15089: acum, 15118: jav, 15598: acum, 16266: mott, 16411: sch, 16569: jav, 17118: acum, 18161: psi, 18275: mott, 18474: cost, 18776: jav, 18791: mic, 19033: mott, 19776: psi, 20198: acum, 20378: sch, 21752, 21985: buru, 22229, 22231: acum, 22401: jav, 22417: acum, 22805, 23148, 23154: buru, 23356: acum, 23466: cost, 23822, 25009: buru, 25140: jav, 25207: mal, 25553: acum, 25634: jav, 26201: foxw, 26325: cost, 26502: mal, 28188: cost, 28266: acum, 28292: tung, 28372: cost, 28833: buru, 29012: acum, 29230: mic, 29324: foxw, 29623: meg, 30118: tung, 80230, 30253, 30256, 30258: acum, 31685, 32123: tung, 32455, 33077: buru, 34025, 34084: rham, 34177: iner, 34345: ovif, 34378: mott, 34383: cost, 34796: jav, 34895: foxw, cel/ii-289, cel/ii-349: buru, ja 1838: acum, ja 2473: arg, ja 4690: jav, ja 6166: tung, ja 6867: jav, t 718: rham, t817: cost, t 867, t 3-p 426: tung; beccari pb 1212: born (t), pb 2287: hypo (t), pb 2613: mott (t), pb 2756: mic, pb 2973: psi, pb 3078: born, pb 3242: luc, ps 406: jav; beumee 6075, 6703: jav; bloembergen 4283: buru; blume s.n./fl. ix: arg (t), s.n./fl., yfr.: jav (t), s.n./yfr.: tung (t), s.n./yfr. xii: arg (t), s.n./fl., yfr.: jav (t) ; brass 703, 4173, 5216, 11456, 11512, 11702, 23190, 23674, 24679, 24877, 24929, 26096, 27391, 27871, 29480, 31070, 31195, 31464: acum; brass & versteegh 11159, 11171, 11969, 12b82, 13521: acum; brun series 474: cost, 595: mott, 597: born, 2957: olig; bs series 2658, 16130, 24556, 29615: phil; biinnemeijer 902: jav; burger s.n./fr. 21-viii-23: jav; burkill 532: iner, 1017, 1035, 1058: jav, 1335: wall, 3244: cost, 3264: wall, 14143: luc; burkill & shah 1047: ineg; buwalda 2953: arg; bw series 2311, 2347, 3261, 6388, 7112, 7755, 7788, 8684, 8775, 8780, 9508, 10311, 10751, 12166, 12817, 12835, 12855, 13728, 13927: acum. 406 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 cabiling 1312: evan; cantley 25: meg, 26, 34: wall, 49: meg. 2799: sch, 2804: wall; carr 12209, 12210, 12652, 12873, 12901: acum; castro & melegrito 1396: evan (t) ; chew 266: sch; clemens 6101: mott, 8313b: acum, 10267: cost, 10727: acum, 10791: cost, 20091, 20231: mic, 21510: mott, 26512: psi, 26852: dens, 26987: cost, 28162: mic, 28189: acum, 29220: dens, 29368: jav, 29756: dens, 30509: clem, 30725: meg?, 31449: foxw, 32169: cost, 32912, 32947, 33045: foxw, 34451: dens, 40390: clem; coert 1444: acum; corner s.n./fl. v: iner, s.n./fr. i v : meg, s.n./st. iv, s.n./st. v: luc, s.n./st. v i i : mal; cruttwell 313, 999: acum; cuadra a 213, a 1201: evan; curtis 84: sch, 416: wall, 419: luc, 1155: jav, 1486: sch, 1563: iner, 1691: curt (t),. 2968, 3038: iner, 3492: tung, s.n./fl., fr. v i : l u c d.e.i. for. serv. 148 e 1 p 840: cost; delmaar 1899: cost (t) ; berry 28: iner, 147: tung, 466: luc, 947: mal (t), 1093: t u n g (t) ; diepenhorst hb 2132: cost (t) ; dilmy 259: arg, 260: j a v ; docter van leeuwen 10562: acum. ebalo 408: psi, 992, 1169: phil; elmer 10579, 11269: mott, 11295, 11315: phil, 12938: evan (t), 14124: phil, 20112: evan (t), 21677: psi, 21797: hypo (t) ; endert 1080: tung, 1838, 2995: jav, 3331: end, 3610: ovif, 4128: mic 4139: dens, 4631: meg, 4924: ovif, 5072: cost. 5196: end (t), 5197: hypo; evangelista 1151: mott (t); eyma 1515: acum, 2691: buru, 5346: acum. fb series 2148, 2872, 3100, 8547, 21079, 23571, 24796, 31266: phil; floyd 6524: acum; forbes 422, 522: arg, 600: acum, 714: jav, 941: acum, 2979: iner; fox 108, 150: wall; foxworthy 214: foxw (t) ; fuchs 21252: foxw. goklin 358, 2299: evan; goodenough 1316: meg, 1344: luc, 1479: tung (t), 1516: mal, 3845: mesr, 10162: sch; van gorkom hb 7447: acum, hb 7502: a r g , 7508: j a v ; grashoff 3: cost, 36: iner, 55: cost, 113: rham, 159: tung 329: iner, 358: jav, 362:rha-n, 363: a r g , 7 8 1 : cost, 842a: rham, 1098: cost (t) ; griffith 4442: iner, 4444: wall. hallier 2098: ful, 2920: ovif; hamid 966, 10217: j a v ; haniff 44: iner, 9 3 : jav, 164, 187: wall, 345: jav (t) ; hartley 10398, 10509, 10680, 11522, 11720: acum; hasskarl 40: j a v ; haviland 1115: foxw (t), 1125: foxw, 1891: mott, 1911: foxw; haviland & hose 3698: ovif; heyne 17: iner; hochreutiner 2500: acum; holmberg 790: wall, 833: t u n g ; hoogland 3871: acum; hoogland & pullen 5851: acum; hoogland & schodde viii 6947: acum; horsfield hb 4268: rham (t) ; hort. bog. b 27a: cost; hose 208: foxw; hotta 12871, 12931, 13102: mott; hullett 78: luc, s.n./fl.: luc (t). ichlas 48: rham. junghuhn 1: arg, 2: jav, 1 1 : acum (t), 40: a r g , 42: tung, 6 1 : jav, 64: acum, 74, s.n. (110): jav. 1 1 1 : a r g , 263: acum, 302: tung, s.n./?, c? fl.: acum (t), s.n./fl., fr. 1857: acum (t), s.n./fr.: iner (t), s.n./fl.: acum, s.n./fl.: iner, s.n./st.: jav. kep series 5670, 9786, 10287, 11752: iner, 12610, 12743: jav, 12945, 17484: iner, 21887: wall, 23405, 25158, 33732, 33873: iner, 45471: sch, 60619: luc. 66461: iner, 70984: acum, 77887: joh (t), 79030: jav, 79120: mal, 94032, 94390: sch, 99080:' iner, 99615: curt, 100.000: c u r t ; kep/cf series 25: cost, 468: neph, 501: tung, 527: mal, 533: tung, 535: meg, 584(usope) : luc, 584(hamid) : iner, 616: meg, 823: sch, 1132: wall,. 1956: tung, 1959: iner, 1961: tung, 2255: iner, 4062, 4741: ful, 4991: wall, 6304, 7858: iner, 9780: luc, 10921, 12640: m a l ; kep/fms 572: sch, 2338, 4737, 12944: luc, 15776: mal, 17597: sch, 17950: iner; kep/frl series 0518: iner, 0830: meg; king's collector 238: luc, 1624: iner, 1672, 2266: luc, 2586: iner, 2909: cost, 3488: meg, 3651: jav, 3788: iner, 3843: neph, 3939: meg, 4495, 4695: iner, 4740: neph, 1968] soepadmo: malesian castanopsis 407 4835: iner, 4844: luc, 4848: wall, 4909, 5261: luc, 5382: iner, 5482: jav, 5510: iner, 5542: neph, 5812, 5941: iner, 6386: meg, 6417, 6453: neph, 6469: meg, 6518: neph, 6522, 6831: meg, 6982: iner, 7070: meg (t), 7208: neph (t), 7231, 7235: neph, 7378: iner, 7751: ful (t), 7753: luc, 7825: neph, 7971: iner, 7991: neph, 8137: cat (t), 8624: neph, 10301: iner, 10589 neph, 10838: neph, 10903: iner; koorders (all jj numbers) 1331: jav, 1341: t u n g , 1346: acum, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352: jav, 1354, 1358: a r g , 1380, 1384: jav, 1385: acum, 1392: arg, 1397: jav, 1398: tung, 1411, 1412, 1413,, 1414, 1415, 1417: acum, 1421: tung, 1447, 1450, 1454: j a v ; 1483: arg, 1559: tung, 10943: a r g , 11702: acum, 11722: a r g , 11723: tung, 11922: j a v , 11926: tung, 14061, 14091: a r g , 15208: jav, 15561: acum, 15740: jav, 16617, 23085: acum, 24186: a r g , 24187: tung, 24189: jav, 24190: tung, 25564: jav, 25695: tung, 25740, 25787: jav, 25798: a r g , 25869, 29202: acum, 29665, 29842: arg, 30150, 32680, 33420: jav, 37293, 38664, 38665, 38718: acum, 39648, 39652, 42784: a r g ; korthals s.n./fr.: cost (t), s.n./fl.: ovif, s.n./ st.: a r g ; kostermans 4292: jav, 6216: acum, 7032: mott, 7565: hypo, 7696: ovif, 8631.: meg, 8652: ovif, 8702. 9117: mott, 9165: foxw, 9563: mott, 10165: cost, 10287, 10799: mott, 13478: psi, 13605: hypo, 13628: luc; kostermans & anta 1, 557, 624, 658, 690: rham, 733, 749: cost, 759, 852: rham., 1135: iner; krwijt s.n./fr.: buru; kuhl & van hasselt s.n./ fr. x i : arg, s.n./st.: t u n g ; kuswata & soepadmo 228, 229: buru. lam 3536: b u r u ; lambach 1257: t u n g ; langlasse 308: wall, 310: luc, 323: wall, 325: luc; leano 2275: hypo; loher 13825, 14213, 14980: phil; lorzing 1428: jav, 7084-: tung, 17302: rham, 17303: tung, s.n./yfr. vii-1928: a r g . maingay kd 1459: luc., 1461: mal, 1462, 1463: luc, 1465: wall, 1479: t u n g (t) ; maradjo 326: joh; melegrito 3313: jav, 4804: evan; meijer 117: jav, 4296: neph (t), 4464: a r g , 4609a: ful, 4925': acum, 5000: rham, 5174: a r g , 6286: jav, 7660: r h a m ; monod de froideville 184: acum; monterie 7: jav, 34: a r g ; murdoch 3: luc. nauen s.n./yfr. i v : luc; nedi (exp. de haan) 5 1 : b u r u ; ngf series 2808, 3382, 4114, 4152, 4159, 4801, 6524, 7492, 9177, 9178, 9179, 9584, 14794, 15051, 15259, 15497, 15932, 17139, 19072, 19945, 20250, 20414, 21547, 21608, 21686, 26387: acum; nur 305: iner, 7832: sch; nurta & hassan 116: a r g ; nurta & van ooststroom 14158, 14184: acum. omar 7958: iner; van ooststroom 14181: jav. . paymans 150: meg; pnh series 9863: phil, 9943: mott, 34558, .38166: phil, 38255, 88419: mott, 41831: phil; poore 1253: luc, 1278: sch, 1319: jav, 1322: rham, 1325: jav, 1350: meg, 1360: neph, 1362: meg, 1363: neph, 1386: sch; praetorius s.n./fl. 1834: a r g , s.n./d'fl. 1836: iner (t), s.n./st.: cost; puasa 3531: clem, 4865: psi, 4883: olig; pulle 1209: acum; pullen 195, 209, 5878: acum. rahmat si boeea 1476: t u n g (t), 8974, 9323a: t u n g ; rahmat si toroes, see rahmat si boeea; rajab 468, 481, 494: jav, 1514: ful; ramos 360, 672: phil; rant 271: acum, 563: a r g ; reinwardt 1729: j a v ; richards 1240: ovif, 1923: jav (t) ; ridley 583, 1593: sch, 1608: wall, 3388, 3389: sch, 3842: wall, 3861: luc, 3959: wall, 4862, 5118, 5119: luc, 5567: wall, 5737: hull, 6440: neph, 6683: meg, 7023: iher, 10621: curt, 11353: sch (t), 14143; luc; robbins 397, 1118, 1228: acum; rossum 2: cost; van royen 3911, 4952: acum; van royen & sleumer 6832, 6854, 7015, 7067, 7139, 7178, 7240: acum; van royen} sleumer & schram 7670: acum; rsnb series 1477: clem, 1717: foxw, 2505: hypo, 4141: foxw, 4152: dens, 4338, 4732: foxw, 4736, 4798: dens, 4839: foxw. saad 20662: sch; san series a 541: hypo, a 1192: mott, a 2962: psi, a 3132: mott, a 3249: evan, a 3480: olig, a 3489, a 3491: evan, a 4385: pau.c (t),,a 4486: 408 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 foxw, a 4737: psi, a 4794: m o t t , 10402, 10451: olig, 15553: evan, 16132: mott,. 16289: foxw, 16293: cost, 16445: cost, 16560: meg, 16668: dens, 16747: cost, 16780: psi, 16802: olig, 16803: meg, 16805: ped ( t ) , 16943: born, 18828: meg, 18830: psi, 19189: olig, 19638, 19740: mott , 20410: cost, 20619, 20620, 20630: mott, 20733: hypo, 20998: j a v , 21337: hypo, 21412, 21629: psi, 22507: hypo, 24008, 24176: j a v , 25202: evan, 25315: clem ( t ) , 25340: mott, 25577: p s i , 25801: ovif, 25953: psi ( t ) , 26161, 26280: mott, 26775: meg, 26778: ,'ful, 26908: hypo, 27101: mott, 27234: hypo, 27360: cost, 2 7 7 0 1 : mott, 28260: cost, 28945: clem, 292124: foxw, 29238: acum, 30016: hypo, 30040: mott, 30244: born, 30968: mott , 31133, a, b: ovif, 31595: hypo, 32375: a c u m , 32603: mott, 32836: olig ( t ) , 32836b: olig, 32998: mott, 33037: hypo, 33466: olig ( t ) , 34280: evan, 3 4 4 1 1 : hypo, 34679, 34687, 34687b: ovif, 34687a: ovif ( t ) , 34739: olig, 35784: psi, 35845: hypo, 36191: foxw, 36299: ful, 36698: olig, 37707: clem, 37976: foxw, 38140: psi, 38328: foxw, 39019: evan, 39258: olig, 3 9 2 6 1 : mott, 39628: ovif, 39665: mott, 39712: hypo, 40268: ovif, 40316: hypo, 40479: evan, 40481, 40673: hypo, 40803: evan, 4 1 3 0 1 : born, 41809: clem, 4 1 8 8 1 : foxw, 42013: born, 42098: foxw, 42114: psi, 42116: evan, 42145: evan, 4 2 4 6 1 : acum, 42528: j a v , 42852: cost, 43288, 43289: born, 44332.: clem, 46074: hypo, 46513: foxw, 47196: hypo, 48109: dens ( t ) , 48110: foxw, 48182, 49560: mott, 4 9 5 7 1 : j a v , 49775: b u r u , 51358: j a v , 51405: foxw, 53161: olig; sapirin 3: a r g ; sar series 0091, 0442, 0477: foxw, 0 8 8 0 : : ful, 0881, 2280: foxw, 3382: ful, 4097: m o t t , 4416: ,foxw, 4454: psi, 4700: foxw, 4897: ful, 8472: born, 8663, 8692, 8938, 9439: foxw, 9492: mott, 9645: evan, 9753, 10490: foxw, 14744: mic, 15116: cost, 15259: ful, 15411: hypo, 15658: foxw, 15666: meg, 15681: born, 15791: ful, 15804: meg, 16422: mott , 16635 foxw, 16639, 16951: born, 17013: ovif, 18108: mott, 18532: ovif, 19170: p a u c , 19702: mott,, 20139: ovif, 20206: j a v , 2 1 8 9 1 : mic, 2 1 9 2 1 : psi, 21940, 21987: p a u c , 22123: mic, 22359: cost, 22511: mic ( t ) , 22617: j a v , 22846: psi, 23233: ovif ( t ) , 23677: born,, 23768: ful, 26794: m i c ; saunders 1070: a c u m ; sauveur 6 8 : m e g ; schodde 1370, 1382, 2155, 2879, 2880, 2882, 2887, 2896: a c u m ; scortechini 167: iner, 1153: neph, s.n./fr.: scor (t) ; sf series 533, 2008: meg, 2415, 3684: wall, 10153: joh, 10821: wall, 10829: neph, 11614: mal, 13134: meg, 17039, 17186, 21267, 2 2 6 1 1 : iner, 23326: r h a m ( t ) , 23626: scor, 24538: iner, 24826: meg, 26179: luc, 26958: j a v , 28171, 28709: iner, 29733: r h a m , 31696, 33486: iner, 34506, 34920: mal, 3 4 9 4 i : iner, 35617: foxw, 35736: olig, 35770: luc. 35982: iner, 36869: joh, 37363: ful, 37770: wall, 39070: j a v , 40264: luc, 40566: iner, 40569: t u n g , 40643: luc, 40754: meg, 41019: sch; shah 79: sch, 409: luc, 4 2 5 : sch; shah & kadim 415: m e g ; shah & noor 625: n e p h ; sinclair s.n./st. 18-vi-50: wall, s.n./st. 27-v-51: m e g ; soekaria 6 6 : t u n g ; soepadmo 5: t u n g ; van steenis 12755: j a v ; stern 2113: m o t t ; strugnell 11114: c u r t ; stuart s.n./<?fl. iv-1917: acum. teysmann hb 677: cost, hb 680: cost ( t ) , hb 1666: b u r u , hb 1827: b u r u ( t ) , h b 1868: buru ( t ) , h b 4377: t u n g ( t ) , h b 4432, h b 4459: r h a m , h b 4519: iner, h b 7605: r h a m , h b 7608: cost, h b 7609: t u n g , h b 7648: j a v , h b 11434, h b 11436: r h a m , h b 1 1 4 4 1 : sch ( t ) , h b 11447: j a v , h b 11449: r h a m , h b 11456: j a v , h b 11457: iner ( t ) , hb 16383: b u r u ( t ) , hb 16384: b u r u , s.n./fl. 3?: cost ( t ) , s.n./ ?,fl.: cost ( t ) , s.n./fl.: r h a m , s.n./st.: r h a m ; thorenaar 70 t 1 p 126: iner. versteegh 1703: a c u m ; vidal 611, 611b: phil (t) ; vink 16387: a c u m ; de voogd s.n./st. 1-1941: acum, s.n./fr. ,25-111-41: t u n g ; herb, de vriese 1857-1861: b u r u ; de vriese & teijsmann s.n./yfr.: cost; van vuuren & noerka,s 231: buru. waitz s.n./yfr., fl., st.: arg; waluch 2590: luc (t), 2762: iner (t), 2763: wall (t), 2791: iner (t) ; wenzel 619: phil, 737: phil (t) ; winckel 149, 191: jav, 224: tung, 1968] soepadmo : malesian castanopsis 409 232, 308: a r g , 473b: j a v , 1629b: a r g , 1671b: j a v , 1704b: t u n g ; hub. winkier 2354a: psi, 2406: luc, 3329: ovif 3329a: f o x w ; wood's collector 2 4 1 5 : foxw, 2455, 2478: e v a n ; wray 8 0 3 : cost, 811, 2168, 4229: iner. . yates 1 2 8 1 : j a v ; yeop 9494: iner. zoilinger 780: t u n g , 781, 1435: a r g . : index names are referred to the abbreviation of their proper specific epithet under castanopsis. accepted names in roman type, synonyms in italics, and new names in bold type. alseodaphne lucida nees in wall. luc. callaeocarpus rhamnifolia (miq.) miq. rham. sumatrana miq. iner. castanea acuminatissima bl. acum. argentea bl. arg. var. rigida bl. arg. brevicuspis miq. cost. buruana (miq.) oerst. buru. cooperta (blanco) oerst.: see lithooarpus oootata dl.—e#st. costata bl. cost furfurella miq.: see lithocarpus glomerata [non (roxb.) wall. ex bl] bl. iner. inermis lindl. ex wall. iner. javanica bl. jav. var. fuscescens bl. jav. montana (bl.) bl. jav. latifolia bl.: see lithocarpus montana bl. jav. rhamnifolia (miq.) oerst. rham. sessilifolia bl. acum. spectabilis miq. cost. sumatrana (miq.) oerst. iner. tungurrut bl. tung. f. sumatrana miq. tung. castanopsis acuminatissima (bl.) a. dc. acum. andersonii gamble sch. argentea (bl.) a. dc. arg. bejaudii a. cam. acum. borneensis king born. brevicuspis (miq.) a. dc. cost. brevispina schottky ? psi. buruana miq. buru. f. grandifolia miq. buru. catalpaefoha king ex hook, f. catappaefolia king ex hook. f. clemensii soepadmo conspersispina merr. costata (bl.) miq. /} bancana scheff. curtisii king densinervia soepadmo discocarpa (hance) hance dispersispina m e r r . elmeri m e r r . endertii hatus. ex soepadmo evansii elmer foxworthyi schottky fulva gamble glabra merr. hullettii king ex hook. f. hypophoenicea (v. seem.) soepadmo inermis (lindl. ex wall.) benth. & hook. f. javanica (bl.) a. dc. var. montana (bl.) a. dc. johorensis soepadmo juvghuhnii (miq.) markgr. kinabaluensis a. cam. lentiginosa e. f. warb. longispicata hu lucida (nees in wall.) soepadmo malaccensis gamble megacarpa gamble microphylla soepadmo mitifica hance mottleyana king nebularum hickel & a. cam. nephelioides king ex hook. f. cat. cat. clem. tung. cost. cost. curt. dens. jav. hypo. evan. end. evan. foxw. ful. phil. luc. hypo. iner. jav. jav. joh. acum foxw. jav. acu-n luc. mal. mega mic. iner. mott. acum neph. 410 r e i n w a r d t i a oligoneura soepadmo oviformis soepadmo pachycarpa a. cam. paucispina soepadmo pearsonii merr. pedunculata soepadmo psnangensis a. cam. philipensis (blanco) vidal psilophylla soepadmo reflexa (king) rehd.: see lithocarpus rhamnifolia (miq.) a. dc. ridleyi gamble schefferiana hance schlenkerae bailey scorteehinii gamble selangorensis a. cam.: doubtful spectabilis (miq.) a. dc. sumatrana (miq.) a. dc. trisperma scheff. tungurrut (bl.) a. dc. turbinata stapf: see lithocarpus wallichii king ex hook. f. olig. ovif. rham. pauc. mott. ped. jav. phil. psi. rham. tung. sch. acum. scor. species cost. iner. cost. tung. wall. woodii merr. fagus argentea bl. javarnica bl. philipensis blanco lauras ludda wall. lithocarpus hypophoenicea (v. seem.) barn. pasania acuminatissima (bl.) oerst. discocarpa (hance) gamble quercus acuminatissima (bl.) a. dc. discocarpa hance fagiformis jungh. hypophoenicea v. seem. javanica (a. dc.) drake junghuhnii miq. lineata (non bl.) miq. rhamnifolia miq. varingaefolia miq. synaedrys discocarpa (hance) koidz. fagiformis (jungh.) koidz. [vol. 7 evan. a r g . j a v . phil. luc. hypo. acum. jav. acum. jav. acum. hypo. jav. acum. acum. rham. acum. . jav. acum. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, p a r t 4, pp. 411—420 (1968) studies of malesian pandanaceae. ii. two new species of pandanus stickm. sect. fusiforma st. john benjamin c. stone*) summary pandanus saint-johnii and p. soboliferus spp. nov. are described and illustrated and placed in sect. fusiforma it is proposed to include p. (acrostigma ) biplicatus st.john and p.(rykia) magnifibrosus st.john in sect fusiforma also. . . introduction on the basis of its stigmatic structure, sect. fusiforma st. john (in pacif. sci. 16: 227. 1962. — type species: pandanus dumetorum holttum & st. john) is most closely allied in the genus pandanus stickm. to the sect. acrostigma kurz. its chief differences are the blunter styles, the constantly caespitose soboliferous habit, and the extraordinary hardness of the dark leaves. all members of sect. fusiforma produce their long stiff leaves directly from ground level. it is this acaulescent rhizomatous habit which characterizes best all the species known to date and which gives a firm basis to the sectional ranking. as is also true of most species of sect. acrostigma, the ventral pleats of the leaf tips are prickly with small antrorse teeth. the discovery of the two new species to be described below brings the number of species in sect. fusiforma up to five, but a sixth species is almost surely also to be included. pandanus dumetorum holttum & st. john (in pacif. sci. 16: 227, fig. 102. 1962. — holotypus: corner 80066 in sing) has been, until now, the sole member of sect. fusiforma. other undoubted members of the section are the north bornean p. pachyphyllus merr. (in j. roy. asiatic soc, str. branch 85: 154. 1922. — holotypus: ramos 1541 in pnh, now destroyed; isotypus in us; the following recent collections from sabah in klu are referable here: sandakan, kebon china forest reserve, 17 march 1967, stone, meijer & gaudet 6699, immature fruit; sepilok forest reserve, n. of sandakan, 20 march 1967, stone & *) school of biological sciences, university of malaya, kuala lumpur, malaysia, — 411 — rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_47 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_48 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_49 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_50 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_51 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_52 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_53 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_54 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_55 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_56 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_57 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_58 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_59 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_60 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_61 volume 4 december 1956 part i reinwardtia being a continuation of t h e bulletin du jardin botanique de buitenzorg (bulletin of the botanic gardens, buitenzorg) editors a n w a r i dilmy (herbarium bogoriense) and c. g. g. j. van steenis (flora malesiana) published by herbarium bogoriense kebun raya indonesia reinwardtia vol.4, part 1, pp. 1-118, bogor, december 1956 104 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 turning now to the moraceae it may be noted that the family as a whole generally differs from scyphostegia in not usually having paracytic (rubiaceous) stomata, whilst laticiferous canals, unknown in scyphostegia, are characteristic of many members of the moraceae. the wood of the moraceae differs from that of scyphostegia in having vessels that are mostly solitary; parenchyma that is typically paratracheal, and usually aliform or confluent. uniseriate rays are uncommon in the family, and, where they do occur, they are not of the same type as those in scyphostegia. on the other hand the wood of scyphostegia resembles that of both the moraceae and monimiaceae in having septate fibres, but this character, although of diagnostic value because of its restricted occurrence, is to be found sporadically throughout the dicotyledons, and it occurs in families between which there are no close affinities. taking all of these facts into consideration, the anatomical evidence seems to suggest that scyphostegia can best be treated as a distinct family the scyphostagiaceae, having some taxonomic affinities with the flacourtiaceae. references (1) baehni, c. (1938): in ber. schweiz. bot. ges. 48: 22—28. (2) hutchinson, j. (1926): families of flowering plants 1: dicotyledons, london. (3) metcalfe, c. r. & chalk, l. (1950) : anatomy of the dicotyledons, 2 vols. oxford. (4) money, l. l., bailey, i. w. & swamy, b. g. l. (1950); in journ. arnold arbor. 31: 372—404. (5) perkins, i. & gilg, e. (1901) ; in engler, pflanzenreich heft 4 (monim.) : 117. (6) swamy, b. g. l. (1953) : in proc. nat. instit. sci. india 19: 127—142. material examined sample 927 from the botanic gardens, penang. herbarium specimens collected by j. and m. s. clemens, reference no. 26062. acknowledgements the author is indebted to mr j. w. purseglove, director of the botanic garden at singapore, and to mr h. ritchings, horticultural officer at the botanic gardens at penang, through whose courtesy it was possible to obtain material of scyphostegia preserved in formalin acetic alcohol. thanks are also due to dr j. hutchinson for his kindly interest and advice. the microscope slides examined during the investigation were prepared at the jodrell laboratory by mr f. richardson. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 1, pp. 105-112 (1956) notes on indonesian freshwater algae ii. ichthyodontum, a new desmid genus from sumatra. arthur m. scott * and gerald w. prescott ** summary described and figured are ichthyodontum, a new genus belonging to the desmidiaceous algae, with /. sachlanii, a new species with its new variety parorthium, showing a peculiar bipolarity. from southern sumatra. i c h t h y o d o n t u m scott & prescott, gen. nov. cells elongate-cylindric and rectangular in front view, the poles truncate and bearing at each angle a blunt spine or tooth which may be either vertically or laterally directed, the apical margin with a shallow median notch or depression; semicells slightly swollen at the base, with a circumferential supraisthmian row of blunt teeth, the two series of teeth intermeshing and completely enclosing the shallow median incision; side view of cell elongate subfusiform; basal view broadly elliptic. cellulae a fronte visae elongato-cylindricae reetangularesque, polis truncatis et in utroque angulo spinam obtusam vel dentem verticaliter lateraliterve directum ferentibus, margine apicali incisuram mediam non profundam vel depressionem praebente; semicellulae ad basim subinflatae dentibus obtusis in ordine circumferentiali supraisthmiali praeditae, dentibus amborum ordinum implexis et incisionem median non profundam omnino includentibus; cellula a latere visa elongato-subfusiformis; a basi visa late elliptica. ichthyodontum sachlanii scott & prescott, spec. nov.—fig. 1 cells of medium size, length 6 to 7 times the width, in front view elongate-cylindric and decidedly curved, apices truncate with a shallow median subcircular notch with a prominent tubercle at each side on the margin, each apical angle bearing a stout upwardly directed tooth that is prolonged into a sharp fine spine; semicells slightly swollen at the base with one lateral margin more inflated than the other, and bearing a supraisthmian row of 10 longitudinal folds (5 showing) which bear each a prominent basally directed tooth, the teeth of one semicell intermeshing (not interlocking) with those of the other, thus completely enclosing the shallow median incision of the cell; cell wall sparsely punctate and having *2824 dante st., new orleans 18, la., u.s.a. ** dept. of botany, michigan state university, east lansing-, mich., u.s.a. — 105108 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 a pair of horizontally disposed mucilage pores just below the apical margin; lateral view elongate-subfusiform with the poles broadly rounded and showing an apical spine, and with a pair of opposite mucilage pores in the wall, the bases of the semicells slightly tumid, with a row of intermeshing teeth encircling the median incusion; basal view broadly elliptic with 10 marginal undulations, an intramarginal ellipse of 10 small circles representing the end view of the basal teeth, and an inner ellipse representing the opening of the isthmus; chloroplast a plate or ribbon (?) containing a row of 5 or 6 prominent pyrenoids. length including spines 142—150 (x, maximum width 19—22 p,, maximum thickness about 2 y, less than the maximum width, width at poles 22—24 p,, size of opening in ithmus (1 specimen) 12 x 10 p,. the type of the species is designated as the plant shown in our figure 1. cellulae mediocres, 6—7-plo longiores quam latae, a fronte visae elongato-eylindricae et perspicue curvatae; apices truncati incisura media subcirculari non profunda, tuberculum prominens utrimque in margine habente, praediti, utroque angulo apicali dentem crassum sursum directum, in spinam acutam tenuem productum, ferente; semicellulae ad basim subinflatae, uno margine laterali plus inflato quam altero, et ordinem supraisthmialem 10 plicarum longitudinalium (5 visibilium) praebentes, plica quaque dentem prominentem basaliter versum ferente, dentibus unius semicellulae illis alterius, ut incisionem mediam non profundam omnino includant, alternantibus ac implexis; membrana cellulae sparse punctata, pari pororum mucosorum horizontaliter dispositorum, admodum infra marginem apicalem praedita; cellulae a latere visae elongato-subfusiformes, polis late rotundatis, spina apicali atque pari pororum mucosorum oppositorum in membrana praeditis; basibus semicellularum subtumidis, ordinem dentium implexorum incisionem mediam cingentium habentibus. samicellulae a basi visae late ellipticae, 10 undulationes marginales, et ellipsem intramarginalem 10 circulorum parvorum (aspectum a polo dentium basalium) et ellipsem interiorem (foramen isthmi) praebentes; chloroplastus laminaeformis taeniaeformisve (?) ordinem 5 vel 6 pyrenoideorum prominentum continens. longitudo cellulae cum spinis 142—150µ, latitudo maxima 19—22µ, crassitudo maxima ca. 2 jj, minor quam latitudo maxima; latitudo ad polos 22—24 µ, magnitudo foraminis in isthmo (uno in specimine) 12 x 10 a. typus speciei ut planta in figura nostra 1 depicta designatur. ichthyodontum sachlanii var. parorthium scott & prescott, var. nov.-—fig. 2 cells of medium size, length about 6 times the width, in front view elongate-cylindric and almost but not quite straight, apices truncate and slightly elevated with a shallow median depression, each apical angle produced laterally into a stout tooth that bears a sharp, fine, downwardly curved spine; semicells slightly swollen at the base with one lateral margin more inflated than the other and bearing a supraisthmian row of 10 longi1956] m. scott & w. prescott: indonesian freshwater algae. 107 tudinal folds (5 showing) which bear each a prominent basally directed tooth, the teeth of one semicell alternating and intermeshing (not interlocking) with those of the other, thus completely enclosing the shallow median incision of the cell; cell wall sparsely punctate and having a pair of horizontally disposed mucilage pores just below the apical margin; lateral view elongate-subfusiform with the poles broadly rounded with a tubercular swelling, and with a pair of opposite mucilage pores in the wall, the bases of the semicells slightly tumid, with a row of intermeshing teeth encircling the median incision; basal view broadly elliptic with 10 marginal undulations, an intramarginal ellipse of 10 small circles representing the end view of the basal teeth, and an inner ellipse representing the opening of the isthmus; chloroplast a plate or ribbon (?) containing a row of 5 or 6 prominent pyrenoids. length 132—136 µ., maximum width 22—24 µ.; maximum thickness about 2 p. less than the maximum width, width at poles 17—21 µ,, size of opening in isthmus about 12 x 10 µ. the type of the variety is designated as the plant shown in our figure 2. cellulae mediocres, ca. 6-plo longiores quam latae, a fronte visae elongato-cylmdricae, fere sed non omnino rectae; apices truncati et aliquantulum elevati, depressionem mediam non profundam habentes, utroque angulo apicali lateraliter product© in dentem crassum, spinam tenuem acutam deorsum curvatam ferentem; semicellulae ad basim subinflatae, uno margine laterali plus inflato quam altero, et ordinem supraisthmialem 10 plicarum longitudinalium (5 visibilium) praebentes; plica quaque dentem prominentem basaliter versum ferente, dentibus unius semicellulae illis alterius tarn alternantibus et implexis ut incisionem cellulae mediam non profundam omnino includant; membrana cellulae sparse punctata, pari pororum mucosorum horizontaliter dispositorum admodum infra marginem apicalem praedita; cellulae a latere visae elongato-subfusiformes, polis late rotundatis inflations tuberculari et pari pororum mucosorum oppositorum in membrana praeditis; basibus subtumidis, ordine dentium implexorum insicionem mediam circumdantium praeditis; semicellulae a basi visae late ellipticae, 10 undulationes marginales, et ellipsem intramarginalem 10 circulorum parvorum (aspectum a polo dentium basalium), et ellipsem interiorem (foramen isthmi) praebentes; chloroplastus laminaeformis taeniaeformisve (?) ordinem 5 vel 6 pyrenoideorum prominentium continens. longitudo cellulae 132—136µ., lat. max. 22—24 µ, crass, max. ca. 2 µ minor quam lat. max., lat ad polos 17—21 µ,foramen isthmi ca. 12 x 10µ,. typus varietatis ut planta in figura nostra 2 depicta designatur. among the many samples of freshwater algae sent to us by mr. m. sachlan, of the laboratory for inland fisheries at bogor, java, there were two of special interest, not only for their content of many unusual and little-known desmids, but because they contained the strange new genus described herein. these samples were collected from a swamp near the town of menggala, south sumatra, about 75 km. north of telukbetung 108 r e i n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 4 at the extreme southern end of the island. one sample was taken from open water, whereas the other was collected just above submerged vegetation; the ph of both was 6.5. there was no difference in the desmidcontent of the two vials. during our preliminary examination of this material we came upon the very peculiar desmid shown in figs. 3, 4 and 5. it is extremely rare, and a search of perhaps 25 slides revealed only 7 specimens. all of them were alike, except for very small variations in size. there are several peculiarities that are apparent at first glance. first is the unusual curvature of the whole cell, and the different degree of curvature of the two semicells, one being almost straight and the other decidedly and asymmetrically curved. second, the structure of the two poles is different, one of a fishtail shape with a small circular incision nearly but not quite in the center, and the other having the angles produced laterally, the center slightly raised and with a small shallow depression in the center. third, the large intermeshing teeth at the base of the semicells. (note that we have intentionally used the word 'intermeshing' instead of 'interlocking'. even in the filamentous desmids like onychonema and micrasterias folia~ cea, whose apical processes are described as interlocking, there is not, and cannot be, any real 'lock' between adjacent cells). fourth, the existence of two large mucus pores just below the apices. such a combination of characters is not possessed by any existing desmid genus, though the individual characters are to be found in several different genera. curved cells are almost universal in closterium, in certain species of mesota>enium and roya, in some local forms of triploceras gracile, and one or two species of pleurotaenium. the 'fishtail' pole suggests ichthyocercus, and indeed the overall appearance of the plant has a certain general resemblance to this genus, particularly /. longispinus. semicells of docidium and some species of euastrum have basal teeth; in euastrum the teeth sometimes overlap slightly, but they never intermesh completely as in the new plant. in euastrum there are also some species with polar structures similar to those illustrated, and the two pairs of mucus pores are a euastrum characteristic. in all the specimens seen by us the chloroplast had deteriorated to such an extent that its structure could not be determined, though it seems to be an axile plate or ribbon. two or three examples still showed the pyrenoids, which appear to be either five or six in each semicell, arranged along the axis. because of the discovery by scott, about a year previously, of the genus amscottia. from brazil, of which all the 100 or more specimens 1956] m. scott & w. prescott: indonesian freshwater algae. 109 possessed unlike semicells, it was thought that the new plant from menggala was of a similar nature. sketches of it were sent to the late dr w. krieger in germany, to dr rolf gronblad in finland, and to lektor einar teiling in sweden, all of whom replied that in their opinions the unique features of the plant justified the creation of a new genus. in the meantime our examination had been continuing, and altogether we had found 14 specimens, while another 10 specimens had been seen by sachlan, providing a total of 24 all alike and with differing semicells. but the 25th specimen, shown in our fig. 1, proved a surprise, because both semicells were alike, with poles of the fishtail type. it then became evident that there probably existed another form with both poles of the slightly elevated type and with laterally produced angles, so a deliberate hunt for it was started. after several days of rather tedious search a single example was found, illustrated in our fig. 2. clearly, then, the first 24 specimens were dichotypical cells, combinations of what may be called the two different 'basic' types. in view of the exceptional interest of this plant, we asked mr sachlan to try to obtain some living material that could be submitted to experts for culture. we suggested that he take a number of samples from various places in the swamp, and particularly squeezings from as many different aquatic plants as possible, since squeezings generally yield a greater number of individuals and a wider diversity of desmid species than do plankton collections. in april 1955 mr sachlan very kindly revisited the swamp at menggala and made 32 collections from, different places, including squeezings from limnanthemum indicum, najas, cabomba, utricularia and grass, also some plankton samples. he sent 13 of the best collections to us, two tubes containing living specimens of the new desmid to dr paavo kallio at the university of turku, finland, and two more with living specimens to dr richard c. starr at indiana university, u.s.a. although they were sent by airmail, the samples when received in finland were in poor condition, with many of the desmids dead or dying. dr kallio found a few specimens of the dichotypical cells but they failed to survive when transferred to a culture medium, though some other larger and apparently more robust desmids lived and were thriving nicely at last reports. the material in the two tubes sent to dr starr was in even worse condition, no doubt owing to the longer time in transit, and he was unable to induce any of the desmids to develop. in the 13 samples received by us during 1955 the new plant is still so extremely rare that it is not possible to draw any conclusions as to whether one of the macrophyte habitats was more favorable than others. 110 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 specimens of the new desmid have been found in sachlan's collections marked e, k, p and r (our numbers sumatra 112, 113, 114, 115). no specimens have been found so far in the other vials, but it is still possible that they may appear after further examination. the situation at present is this: in the two original collections made in 1954 and the 13 from 1955 a total of 59 dichotypical specimens has been seen, 28 by us and 31 by sachlan. of the basic type, symmetrical with fishtail poles, 5 specimens have been seen, 2 by us and 3 by sachlan, and of the other symmetrical type with elevated poles 4 have been seen, 2 by us and 2 by sachlan. the dichotypical cells therefore are about 7 times more plentiful than the two basic types combined, which shows that the dichotypy must be a genetic character, as it evidently is in amscottia and in the varieties of staurastrum wildemani described by us (scott & prescott 1956). from an examination of our illustrations, fig. 3—5, it will be noted that in the dichotypical form of this plant the semicells of the fishtail type differ from those with the somewhat elevated poles, being more curved, more slender, and longer, with a less pronounced basal inflation. this is borne out in the individuals with similar cells, but because only 2 specimens of each have been seen by us, it is not certain that this always would be true. the unequal and asymmetrical curvature of the lateral margins in both the species and the variety is a very peculiar feature, quite unknown in any other genus except closteruim. bipolarity in desmids in artificial (culture) conditions has been demonstrated and discussed by kallio (gronblad & kallio 1954) and by waris (1950—1951). the "cytoplasmic structural units" postulated by kallio (i.e.) would satisfactorily explain asymmetry in micrasterias with which he is working. whether such "units" are universally operative in desmids is of course open to conjecture and worthy of experimental studies. it will be of interest, should ichthyodontum sachlanii be brought into culture, to follow the behaviour of cells undergoing division and to trace the appearance of bipolarity following conjugation. we need to know whether polarity that may exist at or immediately after zygospore germination persists through successive generations of new semicells. does the semicell with an incised polar lobe, for example, produce a similar semicell (as in the case of micrasterias), or is the new daughter cell dichotypical? the large number of bipolar specimens indicates that the latter is true. thus, if cytoplasmic structural units are operative in this plant, it follows that there must be polarity within the units themselves. when they are severed at division of a bipolar cell the portion of the unit near the base of the 1956] m. scott & w. prescott: indonesian freshwater algae. i l l semicell may retain a character or an 'influence' possessed by the other half of the unit. thus, when the new semicell is constructed on the two asymmetrical old semicells, they each form a new semicell similar to their previously possessed semicells, continuing bipolarity therefore through successive generations. inasmuch as it is inconceivable that the properties of the "cytoplasmic structural units" are not under the control of the nucleus and its genetic composition, there remains the obvious necessity of studying such dichotypical plants through gametic union. therein lies a field of research replete with possibilities of contributions to our knowledge of genetics in the algae. in order to differentiate between the two basic forms it has been necessary for us arbitrarily to designate one of them as the species and the other as a variety, though there is nothing to indicate which of them, if either, is entitled to the higher rank, we recognize, of course, that a desmid species is not one particular form exemplified by one or a few specimens or by a single drawing, but a population in which the individuals may exhibit considerable variation in size, shape and ornamentation, or in other cases may be so nearly alike that microscopical examination fails to reveal any appreciable difference between them. although the dichotypical form of our plant was first seen and has occurred in larger numbers, it seems necessary to treat the symmetrical plant as the type for diagnostic purposes. it is hoped that at some future time it may be possible to obtain additional living material that can be cultured successfully and submitted to experimentation that may reveal the relationship between the two different forms and the causes that are responsible for the dichotypy. we wish to acknowledge with many thanks the assistance rendered by dr hannah croasdale, who made the latin translations of the diagnoses, and by mrs dorothy perine, who inked scott's pencil drawings. references. waris, harry. 1950a. cytophysiological studies on micrastei-ias. i. nuclear and cell division. physiologia plantarum, 3: 1—16. — , 1950b. idem ii. the cytoplasmic framework and its mutation. ibid. 3: 236—246. , 1951. idem iii. factors influencing the development of enucleate cells. ibid., 4: 387—409. gronblad, r., and p. kallio. 1954. a new genus and a new species among the desmids. bot. notiser 1954: 2, 167—178, and correction 1954: 4, 433. scott, a. m., and g. w. prescott. 1956. notes on indonesian freshwater algae i. staurastrum wildemani gutw. (desmidiaceae). reinwardtia 3: 351—362. 112 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 1, pp. 113-118 (1956) the generic names proposed for hymenomycetes—vi* brachybasidiaceae, cryptobasidiaceae, exobasidiaceae m . a . donk * * summary 1. in this continuation of the author's nomenclatorial enumeration not only the three families mentioned in the subtitle are taken into consideration: about ten generic names of fungi which at one time or another have been attributed to the exobasidiaceae and which are now excluded from the hymenomycetes, are also dealt with. 2, the name' cryptobasidiaceae is validly published. introduction.—this paper forms the sixth of a series planned to give an annotated nomenclatorial enumeration of all generic names proposed for hymenomycetes. for some introductory remarks to the series and the explanation of some nomenclatorial terms, see part i (donk in reinwardtia 1:199-203. 1951). the three families mentioned in the subtitle represent the strictly 'biophilous' element (strictly parasitic in herbaceous and often green portions of vascular host plants) of the holobasidious hymenomycetes. they have sometimes been considered related to the so-called heterobasidiae, among which the uredinales are reminiscent as regards their parasitism. of the families dealt below, brachybasidiaceae is monotypic. another, cryptobasidiaceae, has recently been delimited and surveyed by malencon (in bull. soc. mycol. france 69: 77-100. 1953). the basidiomycetous nature of this latter family has been doubted, and the information furnished by malencon would seem insufficient to accept it as being basidiomycetous for the present. that author (op. cit. p. 96) called it "cryptobasidieae," which is inadmissible as the required termination is '-aceae.' in addition he did not supply a latin description. since i accept the family taxonomically, its name is validly published herewith: fig 1. iehthyodontum sachlanii scott & prescott, gen. et sp. nov.; 2. ichthyodontum sachlanii var. parorthium scott & prescott var. noy.;; 3-5 dichotypical specimens combining the species and the variety; 6. 7. sachlanit. front, side and basal views of a semicell; 7. idem. larger detail of the polar structure. * part i of the present series ("cyphellaceae") was published in reinwardtia 1: 199-220. 1951; part ii (hymenolichenes), in reinwardtia 2: 435-440. 1954; part iii ( clavariaceae"), in reinwardtia 2: 441-493. 1954; part iv (boletaceae), in reinwardtia 3: 275-313. 1955; part v (" hydnaceae"), in taxon 5: 69-80, 95-115. 1956. ** formerly keeper, herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. — 113 — rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_01 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_54 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_55 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_56 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_57 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_58 146 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 as a substitute for cinnamon. the sterile specimen of de jussieu is exactly like the type specimen of laurus limbosa r. & p. (cf. kostermans, i.e. 647) which is licaria limbosa (r. & p.) kosterm. (kostermans, i.e. 731). consequently i refer here laurus quixos lam. to licaria as licaria quixos (lam.) kosterm., comb. nov. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 2, p.p. 147—213 a monograph of the genus parinari aubl. (rosaceae-chrysobalanoideae) in asia and the pacific region a. j. g. h. kostermans *) summary 1. in the area 20 species (one cultivated) are recognized; furthermore one undescribed species is discussed. 2. the genera cyelaiulrophora hassk. and mara/tithes bl. are segregated from parinari proper. 3. the genus is subdivided into 2 sections: parinari and anareolala. 4. p. papuanum c.t. white and p. salomonense c.t. white are reduced to synonymy of p. nonda f.v.m.; p. albidum craib is considered to be conspecific with p. anamense hance; p. costata (korth.) bl. is considered to represent a proper species and has been segregated again from p. sumatrana miq. 5. arbor nigra maculosa rumphius, currently identified as a parinari species, is referred to strychnos. 6. p. nitidum hooker f. ( — coccomelia nitida ridley = triohocarya nitida miq.) is referred to licania as l. splendens (korth.) prance & kosterm,, comb. nov. 7. p. petiolatum v. malm is referred to polyosma (rutaceae). 8. p. punctatum kurz represents perhaps p. polyneura miq. 9. p. pliilippinense elmer is referred to licania splendens (korth.) prance & kosterm. 10. p. scabrum, var. lanceolatum koorders represents hiptage (malpighiaceae). 11. the unnamed specimen, mentioned and described by hooker f. (fl. brit. india 2: 311. 1878)*, belongs perhaps to tiliaceae. 12. chrysobnlanus racemosus roxb. is perhaps partly cyclandrophora laurina (a. gray) kosterm., comb. nov. (flowers) ; the fruit is not rosaceous. 13. p. tontoutense guill. and p. myrsinoides schlecht. are referred to licania as licania tontoutense (guill.) kosterm. and l. myrsinoides (schlecht.) kosterm., comb. nov. 14. p. gigantea kosterm. is new to science. introduction and acknowledgments almost 6 years ago, i started revisional work on asiatic and pacific parinari. the task proved to be far from easy and the final draft of the manuscript could be completed only, after i had had the opportunity to examine the extensive material at kew, thanks to a grant of the british council, to which i herewith express my feelings of profound gratitude. *) d.sc, prof, of botany, bandung institute of technology and of the faculty of physics & mathematics, university of indonesia, bogor; assistant-director forest research institute, bogor; scientific honorary collaborator herbarium bogoriense. — 147 — 148 reinwardtia [vol. 7 at kew i met dr. yan prance (now at new york bot. garden), who was engaged in a revision of the chrysobalanoideae, mainly at the generic level. a fruitfull cooperation developed and we both came to a similar conclusion that the scope of parinari was not tenable and that the genus had to be split up. well-defined groups like maranthes bl. and cyclandrophora hassk. could be segregated and the position of parinari proper became better founded. dr. prance laid down his conclusion in a thesis (oxford), which after considerable delay, will be printed. meanwhile i myself proceeded with the revision on a specific level; the results of which are represented here (the monographs of maranthes and cyclandrophora will be published in candollea; the mss. has been forwarded to geneva in july 1965), the genus acioa aublet, in which i have included some species, formerly considered to be parinari, has been treated in this volume of reinwardtia. dr. prance considers it a genus different from american and african acioa. the revision of parinari could never have been completed without the much appreciated cooperation of the directors of the "botanical survey of india" who sent material and photographs, of the royal botanic gardens, kew, who extended hospitality to me in his institute and who sent numerous photographs; of the botanical garden, brisbane, who sent fragments of type specimens, of the botanic garden, edinburgh (specimens), of the institutes in paris, geneva, leiden and others and of dr. yan prance (specimens, photograph). to all of them i here extend my feelings of indebtedness and gratefullness. discussion the genus parinari represents a heterogeneous group of species and the species inter se show differences of a greater magnitude than generic differences of genera allied to parinari. the only character tying all species together is the ovary, which is attached laterally to the throat of the calyx tube. bypassing de candolle, we may accept that bentham (in hooker, fl. nigrit. 335. 1849) established the first subdivision of parinari, mainly based on african species (although be included some asiatic ones of which several he had not seen). he recognized the following sections: petrocarya (schreber) bentham (balantium desv.), sarcostegia bth. (wherein wrongly included petrocarya excelsa jack) and neocarya (purely african). 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 149 miquel (fl. ind. bat. 1(1): 353. 1855) subdivided parinari in: petrocarya benth., macrocarya miquel, with the same scope as cyclandrophora hassk. and sarcostegia benth., which covers maranthes bl. (miquel recognized 4 different species, which i have combined, but included also farinariwm jackiammi, which actually belongs in subgenus macrocarya). j.d. hooker (fl. brit. india 2: 309. 1878) remarked that the indian parinari species were probably referable to several genera, distinguishable by their fruit more than by any floral characters. he divided the indian species in three subgenera (suggesting a fourth one for petrocarya excelsa jack = parinari jackianum bth., accepting jack's misleading description of that species); he only named subgenus i (grymania (presl) hooker), which has the same scope as petrocarya (schreber) benth. (or eu-parinari of haumann); subgenus ii, unnamed, is monospecific and includes what is now known as angelesia s<plendens korth. (referred by prance and me to licania) ; whereas (unnamed) subgenus iii covers the genus cyclamdrophora hassk. shortly afterwards miers (j. l i n n . soc. bot. 17: 333. 1880) critisized the scope of parinari and again suggested to split this genus in segregates, based upon fruit characteristics. as most of the fruit were unknown to him and he accepted also jack's misleading fruit description of petrocarya excelsa (which belongs in cyclandrophora), his suggestions were not followed. haumann (bull. jard. bot. bruxelles 2 1 : 184. 1951) discussed the generic limits of parinari. he recognized for the african species the following subgenera: sarcostegia, bth. (our cyclandrophora) and pellegriniella (purely african). both these subgenera are characterized by leaves lacking stomatal areoles on their lower surface and having often two glands at the base of the leaf. the other two subgenera: neocarya (monotypical, african) and euparinari haumann have stomatal areoles and often glands on the petioles. in the asiatic species of pminari the characteristic of the stomatal areoles does not hold true for euparinari, as some species lack these (in this paper these are included in a separate subgenus). characteristics of less importance, like the fleshy and almost symmetric perianth in subgenus sarcostegia as opposed to membranous, unequal perianth in euparinari holds true also for asiatic species. recently prance laid down his conclusions on a new classification of chrysobalanaceae in a thesis, which will be published soon. prance accepts chrysobalanaceae as a separate family, herein following k. fritsch (1880) *). *) bate-smith (in j. linn. soc. bot. 58: 53. 1961) states, that except for the chrysobalanoideae and potentilla anserina, the trihydroxy representatives of leucoanthocyanins and flavonols are missing in the rosaceae. 1.50 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol.. 7 the philosophy underlying the classification is clear: species in a genus like parinari are often more different from each other than genera of chrysobalanoideae are differing from parinari. either all genera should be combined under chrysobalanus or genera like parinari should be split up in smaller genera. we choose the latter way and i believe that the general trend in developing taxonomy is to give to those small entities generic rank in preference to making huge genera to be sub-divided into sub-genera. there is no argument for or against one of these procedures as they both reflect phylogenetical views as far as they can be proved (and they cannot be proved). i have the feeling that only the argument of consistency (no genera with species which differ more amongst each other, than do the genera amongst each other) should preponderate here, if not the argument of practicability. if swarms of species can be detected, characterized and separated from other swarms, even by a single character and provided that there are no intermediate cases for this single characteristic, i.e. the characteristic is a "strong" one, then there is no reason not to treat these as genera (which are certainly not less "natural" as "genera" based on more than one characteristic in case the latter characteristic are not so "strong" and more fluid). such a swarm of species is certainly cyclandrophora, of which the fruit is ultimately one-celled with ruminate cotyledons. the "strong" characteristic is the ruminate cotyledons, not the one-celled fruit, as the fruit is initially two-celled as in all other parinari species. maranthes differs from parinari sensu strictu, mainly by the construction and shape of its fruit, furthermore by the two distinct glands at the base of the leaf blade. furthermore it has fleshy perianth leaves. malesian maranthes is exactly matched in generic characteristics by some african species. parinari, maranthes and cyclandrophora may be differentiated as follows. parinari maranthes cyclandrophora stipules: membranous, fugaceous stiff, early caducous stiff, carinate, subpersistent. branching flush drooping, branching normal flush not drooping, flush not drooping, branching normal branching zig-zag. . 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 151 1 paninari leaves usually with stomatal areolation on the lower surface; glands tiny, at the middle of the petiole or lower down; areoles with grey cobweblike hairs. flowers petals thin; sepals unequal; fertile stamens 8-10; style as long as the stamens. maranthes no stomatal areolation; glands distinct, at the apex of the petioles; leaves glabrous. petals fleshy; sepals equal; fertile stamens 25-30; style much longer than the stamens exocarp thin, fleshy; mesocarp marmorate; endocarp thin with a dense layer of cottonwool like hairs. fruit 2-celled, not dehiscent during germination. fruit clubshaped; cotyledons not ruminate. cyclandrophora no stomatal areolation; inconspicuous, amorphous glandular tissue at the leaf blade base, or none; leaves glabrescent, nerves rough, caused by tiny holes with jagged rim. petals thin; sepals unequal; fertile stamens 10-20; style as long or slightly longer than the stamens exocarp very thin, fleshy; mesocarp of radial fibres; endocarp very thin with hardly conspicuous hairs. during germination the fruit cracks irregularly. fruit ellipsoid to subglobose; one-celled; cotyledons ruminate. fruit exocarp of hyaline radial spindles; mesocarp bony, marmorate, outside irregular; endocarp thin, of concentric fibres, inner layer with cottonwool like hairs; fruit 2-celled; fruit not dehiscent during germination. fruit ellipsoid, laterally flattened, cotyledons not ruminate. in a recent paper, the old world species of primus, subgen. laurocerasus (thesis 1965), kalkman combined pygeum with prunus. as i am rather familiar in the field with pygeum, i doubt, whether this lumping is acceptable. here, like in parinari, the flower characteristics give no clue, but — according to me — not sufficient attention is paid to the fruit of pygeum s.s., which differ from that of prunus. it is hoped, that prance will be able, in revising all genera of rosaceae, to bring more clarity here. p a r i n a r i aublet parinari aublet, hist. pl guiane fr. 1: 514. 1775; 4: t. 204—06. 1775; de jussieu, gen. pi. 342. 1789; ed. usteri 378. 1791 (parhiarium) ; schreber, gen, 245. 1789 (as a syn. of petroearya schreber); lamarck, encycl. meth. bot. 5: 17. 1804; illustr. t. 429 (copied from aublet); suppl. 4: 301. 1816; st. hilaire, expos. fam. 2: 194. 1804; hedwig, gen. 257. 1806; r. brown in tuckey, narrat. exped. riv. zaire cong. 433. 1818 et in nees, r. brown's vermischte bot. schriften 1: 206 07. 1825; steudel, nom. bot. 591. 1821; ed. 2,2: 268. 1841; dc, prodr. 2: 526. 1825; 152 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 158 sprengel, syst. veg. 2: 167. 1825 (as a syn. of petroearya schreber); poiret, diet. sci. 37: 544. 1825; reichenbach, consp. 171. 1828; nom. bot. 178. 1841; bartling, ordin. nat. 406. 1830; g. don, gen. syst. 2: 478. 1832; guillemin & perrottet, tent. pi. senegal. 1: 272, t. 61—62. 1833; spach, hist. nat. veg. phan. 1: 371. 1834; meissner, gen. 102 (72). 1836—43; bentham in hooker's j. bot. 2: 211—12 et 218—22. 1840; in hooker, niger fl. 333. 1849; pi. austral. 2: 426. 1864; in bentham & hooker f., gen. pi. 1: 607. 1865, p.p.; endlicher, gen. 1252,.no. 6411. 1840, p.p.; enchir. bot. 664. 1841; brogniart, enum. genres 126. 1843; dietrich, syn. 3: 36 et 46. 1843; miiller in walp. ann. 4: 644. 1857; in flora 41(16): 255—56. 1858, p.p.; miquel, stirp. surinam, select, in verhand. holl. mij. wetensch., ser. 2,7. 1850; fl. ind. bat. 1(1): 852. 1855 et 1084. 1858, p.p.: suppil. sumatra 306. 1860; ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 3: 237. 1867, p.p.; blume, melanges bot. ined. 2 (sept. 1855) ex miiller in walp. ann. 4: 644. 1857, p.p.; mus. bot. lugd. bat. 2(6): 94. 1856, p.p.; hooker f. in martius, pl bras. 14(2): 49. 1867; pl brit. india 2: 308. 1878, p.p.; baillon, hist. pi. 1: 435 et 482. 1869, p.p.; diet. bot. 3: 511. 1892; pfeiffer, nom. bot. 2(1): 590. 1874; vidal, sinops. gen. pl len. pilip. texto 128. 1883 et append. identif.. gen. descrit. blanco 336. 1883; kurz, for. fl. brit. burma 1: 432. 1877 (characteristics p a r t l y w r o n g ) ; durand, index 111, no. 2011. 1888 (in index sphalm.: parinaria) ; fritsch in ann. k. & k. hofmus. wien 4: 33—60. 1889; boerlage, handl. fl. nederl. ind. 1 : 421 et 424. 1890, p.p.; kuntze, revisio gen. pl 1: 215. 1891 (as a syn. of ferolia barr.) ; pocke in engier & p r a n t l , nat. pfl. fam. 3(2): 60. 1891, p.p.; kingin j. asiat. soc. bengal 66(2): 276. 1897, p.p.; koorders & valeton, bijdr. kennis boomsoorten j a v a 5 in meded. 'slands pl.tuin buitenzorg 3 3 : 332 et 333. 1900, p.p.; bailey, queensl. pi. 524. 1900; de dalla torre & h a r m s , gen. siphon. 211, no. 3405. 1901; post & kuntze, lexikon 417. 1904 (parinari, parinaria, parinarium) ; brandis, ind. trees 278. 1906, p.p.; backer, schoolfl. j a v a 1: 445. 1911; juel in arkiv. f. bot.l4(7) : 12. 1915; gamble, pl madras, pt. 3: 437. 1919; gagnepain in lecomte, fl. gen. indoch. 2: 615. 1920; ridley, fl. malay pen. 1: 666. 1922, p.p.; ducke in arch. j a r d . bot. rio de janeiro 3: 264—69. 1922; merrill, enum. philipp. flow. pl 2: 235. 1923; den berg'er in meded. boschbouwproeftsta., buitenzorg 1 1 : 641—65. 1925; craib, enum. pi. siam. 1: 564. 1931; lemee, diet. genres 5: 57. 1934; corner, wayside trees malaya 1: 527. 1940; meeuse & adelbert in backer, fl. j a v a (emergency ed.), f a m . 116: 25. 1943; haumann in bull. j a r d . bot. bruxelles 2 1 : 184. 1951; in fl. congo beige & ruanda urundi 3: 52. 1952; duvignaud in bull. soc. roy. bot. beige 84: 87, figs. 3—4. 1951; prance "in the press" . ferolia barrere , essaie france equinoct. 51. 1741; aublet, hist. pi. guiane fr., suppl. 7, t. 372. 1775; de jussieu, gen. pl 342. 1789; ed. usteri 378. 1791; steudel, nom., ed 2,1: 627. 1840; bentham in bentham & hooker f., gen. 1: 607. 1865; pfeiffer, nom. 2(1): 590. 1874; kuntze, revisio gen. pl 1: 215. 1891; de dalla torre & h a r m s , gen. siph. 211. 1901; post & kuntze, lexikon 235. 1904. dugortia scopoli, introd. 217. 1777; necker, elem. bot. no. 297. 1791; d c , prodr. 2: 526. 1825 (as a syn. of parinari aublet); g. don, gen. syst. bot. 2: 478. 1832; steudel, nom., ed. 2,1: 533. 1840; endlicher, gen. 1252. 1840; enchir. 644. 1841; mueller in walp. ann. 4: 644. 1857; hooker f. in martius, pl bras., i.e. 49. 1867; pfeiffer, nom. 2(1): 590. 1874; durand, index 111. 1888; kuntze, ilevis. 1: 215. 1891 (as a syn. of ferolia b a r r . ) ; de dalla torre & h a r m s , i.e. 211. 1901; post & kuntze, lexikon 188. 1904 (as a syn, of ferolia b a r r . ) . petroearya schreber, gen. pl 245. no. 629. 1789; willdenow, spec. pl 2(1): 287. 1799 (heptandria monogynia) ; persoon, syn. 1: 403. 1805; lamarck-poiret, encycl, suppl. 4: 301. 1816; steudel, nom. 591. 1821; ed. 2,2: 309. 1841; dietrich, syn. 2: 1225. 1840 et 3: 46. 1843; sprengel, syst. veg. 2: 167. 1825; d c , prodr. 2: 526. 1825 (as a syn. of parinarium aublet); g. don, gen. syst. 2: 478. 1832; endlicher, gen. 1252. 1840; enchir. 644. 1841; bentham in hooker, niger pl 334. 1849; in bentham & hooker f., gen. pl 1: 607. 1865; p.p.; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1(1): 353. 1855, p.p.; miiller in walp. ann. 4: 644. 1857; in flora 16: 255. 1858; hooker f. in martius, fl. bras. 14(2): 49. 1867; baillon, hist. pi. 1: 435. 1869 (in adnot.) ; miers in j. linn. soc. 17: 336. 1879, p.p.; durand, index 111. 1888; kuntze., revisio 1: 216. 1891; de dalla torre & harms, i.e. 211. 1901; post & kuntze, lexikon 427. 1904. thelira thouars, gen. nov. madag. 21. 1806; d c , prodr. 2: 527. 1825 (thelyra); meissner, gen. 102. 1836—43 (thelyra) ; endlicher, gen. 1252. 1840 (thelyra); steudel, nom., ed 2,1: 678. 1841 (thelyra); miiller in walp. rep. 2: 7. 1843 (thelyra) ; benth. & hooker f., gen. pl, i.e. 607. 1865; durand, index 111. 1888 (as a syn. of parinarium aublet) ; de dalla torre & harms, i.e. 211. 1901 (thelira & thelyra) ; post & kuntze, lexikon 556. 1904. balantium desvaux (non kaulfuss = pilices) in hamilton, prodr. fl. ind. occ. 34. 1825; meissner, gen. 102 (72). 1836—43; steudel, nom., ed. 2,1: 181. 1840; endlicher, gen. 1252. 1841 (as a syn. of hirtella l.) ; miquel, fl ind. bat. 1(1) : 353. 1855; miiller in walp. ann. 4: 644. 1857 (as a syn. of parinarium aublet) ; bentham in bentham & hooker 1, gen. 1: 607. 1865; hooker f. in martius, i.e. 49. 1867; baillon, hist. pl 1: 435. 1869 (in adnot.) ; durand., index 111. 1888 (as a syn. of parinarium aublet); de dalla torre & harms, i.e. 211. 1901; post & kuntze, lexikon 58. 1904 (as a syn. of ferolia b a r r . ) . lepidocarpa korthals in nederl. kruidk. arch. 3; 385. 1855; miquel, fl, i.e. 1855 (lepidocarya) ; miiller in walp. ann. 4: 644. 1857; in flora 41(16): 255. 1858; boerlage, handl., i.e. 1: 424. 1890; koorders & valeton, i.e. 333. 1900; de dalla torre & harms, i.e. 211. 1901; post & kuntze, lexikon 323. 1904 (correct.: lepidocarpus; non lepidocarpus adans. 1763). lepidocarya ,,korthals" miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1(1): 353. 1855; bentham in bentham & hooker f., gen. pl 1: 607. 1865; hooker f. in martius, i.e. 49. 1867; durand, index 111. 1888 (as a syn. of parinarium j u s s . ) ; boerlage, i.e. 1: 424. 1890; koorders & valeton, i.e. 332. 1900; de dalla torre & h a r m s , i.e. 211. 1901; post & kuntze, lexikon 323. 1904. malpata adanson ex de jussieu, gen. pl 342. 1789; ed. usteri 378. 1891. mampata ,,adanson" steudel, nom., ed. 2,2: 98. 1841. neou adanson ex de jussieu, gen. pl 342. 1789; ed. usteri 378. 1891; de dalla torre & h a r m s , i.e. 211. 1901; post & kuntze, lexikon 386. 1904. neon ,,adans." daydon jackson, index kewensis 2: 426. 1895. trees usually with small or no buttresses; bark usually grey. wood reddish. branchlets and new flush often drooping; the young leaves often limp; branchlets with many, tiny, round, pale lenticels. leaves entire, spirally arranged, stipulate, chartaceous to stiffly coriaceous; upper surface glabrous, glossy, lower one either glabrous and reticulate or with a pronounced stomatal areolation, the areoles filled with a cobweblike felt of 154 re i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 hairs; lower leaf surface at both sides of the petiole insertion often with glands or glandular tissue. petioles becoming corky, sometimes provided with tiny round glands near the middle or lower down, in the same specimen the glands may be present or absent. stipules lateral to the petiole or in the axils, thin, early caducous. panicles axillary or terminal or both, pilose, bearing racemeor spikelike ramifications. flower and ramifications subtended by conspicuous bracts, which as a rule drop at anthesis. calyx tube short or long, gibbose, slender or broad, pilose; lobes 5, pilose, shorter than the tube; petals 5, small, glabrous, spathulate, thin, caducous in an early stage. stamens on a rim. at the throat of the calyx tube, consisting of 8 to 10 fertile ones and (opposite the style) staminodial ones, which are represented by short teeth on the rim.. filaments well-developed, usually laterally compressed; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. ovary lateral near the throat of the calyx tube, adnate to the tube (which is here gibbose), densely hirsute. style at the base of the ovary with an inconspicuous capitellate or truncate stigma; calyx tube below the ovary with a layer of inversely placed strigose hairs; the lower part of the tube empty. ovary 2-celled; each cell with one ovule. fruit ellipsoid, globose, ovoid or obovoid, truncate, or rounded at apex, base (at least in submature stage) with a short neck. exocarp thin, consisting of radial, translucent hyaline spindles; mesocarp of a marmorate (in cross section) tissue; endocarp thin, membraneous; inside with a dense layer of woolly rusty hairs, which fill the cavities. fruit initially 2-celled; development of seed retarded in comparison with that of the fruit; often 2 seeds developing and the fruit permanently 2-celled (the hairs of the endocarp rusty cotton-wool like). seed erect with membranous testa and large cotyledons; radicle small, inferior. type species : parinari campestre aublet distribution: many species forming an important part of tropical lowland rainforest up to 1300 m altitude; pantropical. bole. as far as indicated and of all the species which i could examine in the field, the free bole is well-developed; buttresses are short or lacking; they are thick and not forked. the bole has usually rings of protruding conspicuous lenticels. the bark is grey or greybrown and usually sm3oth; the living bark is red-brown. wood. the wood is reddish, hard, and has interlocked grain. branches. the flush is drooping, the branchlets are sub-angular and have a dense indumentum of rather coarse glossy, sub-adpressed hairs, there is often an underlaying layer of grey, cobweblike hairs; the branches are glabrous, glossy, redbrown or purplish black when dried and have numerous, tiny, pale lenticels. stipules. these are fugaceous, lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin in texture (membranous when .dried) and well developed; the dorsal side is 1965] kosteemans : genus parinari 155 densely pilose; the inner side is glabrous. glands were only observed in p. nmida; they were very small, round and attached near the margin, only a few were present. leaves. the leaves are entire and either chartaceous or stiffly coriaceous, which is a usefull specific characteristic. their shape varies between elliptic to lanceolate and ovate; subobovate leaves are rare, the base is variable, in one species acutish, truncate and subcordate leaves may be found; the apex is as a rule acuminate, the length of the acumen is a usefull specific characteristic, if normally developed leaves are present; leaves of specimens of poor and dry habitats have a shorter acumen or the latter may be lacking. the nervation is very uniform in all species and consists on the upper surface of a midrib, which is flat and slightly sunken along its middle line, the base of the midrib has the shape of a long triangle (its base near the petiole) and this part keeps its indumentum longest. the lateral nerves are very slender on the upper surface and show the same sunken midline in cured material; the secondary nerves are very slender, parallel and prominulous after drying; they show the same pattern as in shorea species (dipterocarpaceae) and hence parinari in the field is often confused with shorea and boles of parinari are found1 often among the marketable shorea timber. the lower surface, which in the drooping flush state is densely covered with a white felt of cobweblike hairs (also on the upper surface, but there more fugaceous), shows in mature leaves a peculiar reticulation, consisting of very prominent, broad veins, enclosing small areoles. they are called here stomatal areoles. duvignaud (in bull. soc. roy. bot. beige 84: 87. 1951) gives an anatomical description of these areoles. the nerves are glossy, broad and their upper surface either rounded or flattened; the areoles contain often still the remnant of the cobweblike hair felt. there are only two species (p. canarioides, p. argenteo-sericea) where these stomatal areoles are missing. they are otherwise a generic characteristic. along the midrib exeptionally a thickened nerve is present (p. polyneura), which represents the decurrent primary nerves. glands were found only in p. nonda near the margin. they are extremely small, round, glossy brown (in sicco) and sunk in the middle. sometimes and for unknown reasons they develop into protruding, black (in sicco) tissue dots. i could observe some fungus-growth at the border of these dots; they might represent fungus growth on the exudate of the glands. the base of the leaf at both sides of the petiole may show some obscure glandular (swollen) tissue on the lower leafsurface. the shape and dispersal of glands is in principle not different from that of species of prunoideae (cf. prunus and pygeum, 156 r e i n w a rd t i a [vol. 7 dorsey and freeman weiss in bot. gaz. 69: 391. 1920 and kalkman in blumea 13: 15. 1965) and hence form an argument against the splitting off of chrysobalanoideae as a separate family. the cylindrical petioles are always well-developed; in young leaves they are densely pilose; they become later glabrous and corky with transverse cracks. in a young stage glands are visible, which are very characteristic for the entire genus. they are, however, not present on all petioles of a specimen. they are round, protruding, glossy black and very tiny. they are attached somewhat lateral at the upper side of the petiole, usually near or at its middle or farther down at unequal distances; there are never more than 2 glands. pilosity. the hairs are always simple. there are usually two layers of hairs, the fugaceous cobweb-like, grey hairs on young leaves and branchlets and flowers (where they are persistent) and on top of that stiff, glossy, more or less adpressed hairs. typical are the white silky strigose hairs at the base of the ovary, which are inversely placed. inflorescence. this represents a panicle, which is leafy. we many consider the inflorescence to be terminal in almost all cases. the partial panicles in the axils are short and usually very dense; they have a dense indumentum of silky, rather coarse hairs. before or even at anthesis the buds are completely covered by large, deciduous bracts and bracteoles, which are as a rule ovate, acute, strongly concave, densely hirsute outside and glabrous inside. the base of the developing inflorescence is surrounded by numerous bud scales of the same shape as the bracts. the flowers are either sessile or very shortly pedicelled. the calyx has a definite shape, which is a usefull specific characteristic; it is either long and deep or shallow and cupshaped (p. nonda); at one side it shows . a bulge (gibbose) near its throat, where the ovary is attached. the calyx is densely pilose outside, glabrous inside, except below the throat. the calyx lobes are pilose on both sides, they are explanate at anthesis. there are usually 7—8 fertile stamens (rarely 10), of unequal length, inserted on a short thin, stiff rim; the staminodes are represented by short teeth en the rim. the glabrous filaments are slender and bear the anthers, which dehisce longitudinally. the ovary is always hirsute and bears a short style (not or only slightly exceeding the anthers), which is glabrous or pilose in its lower part. the stigma is inconspicuous. fruit. the fruit are very characteristic and uniform in texture in the entire genus. their shape varies between globose to laterally compressed ellipsoid or laterally compressed club-shaped; most common is the laterally compressed ellipsoid form; the apex is rounded, truncate or even sulcate 1965] kostebmans: genus parinari 157 and usually unequal, sometimes there are a few obscure, thick, longitudinal ribs and often the fruit is irregularly bumpy. the outer, rather thin layer (of about 2—3 mm) consists of hyaline, radial spindles, which are soft and sugary when the fruit is fully ripe, the spindles are aranged radially. the outside of the fruit is covered with very thin, somewhat circular scurvy, small, pale spots, sometimes called scales (which they are not); apparently they develope from bases of the hairs, present on the ovary. the mesocarp shows in cross-section a marmorate appearance; this is caused by very coarse fibres and an intermediate layer of a more amorphous tissue. the endocarp is again thin and consists of a layer of concentric fibres. there are two cavities, each surounded by these concentric fibre-layers. the inside of the endocarp has a very dense layer of cotton-wool like rusty brown felt, which fills the cavity, except for the spindle-like lateraly flattened seed with thin seed-coat. usually only one seed developes. after falling, the outer soft layer rots away or is eaten by animals, mostly insects, although horn-bills are also after the fruit; the bony mesoand endocarp remain intact. it is not known, how the germination starts. the genus is divided here into two sections: § parinari with stomatal areoles and § anareolata without these. key to the species *) la. lower leaf surface glabrous, without stomatal areolation 2 b. lower leaf surface with stomatal areolation, consisting of very broad, thickened, glossy veinlets with small, deeply sunk areoles with a grey cobweb-like felt of hairs in between 3 2a. leaves elliptic to oblong or subobovate-elliptic, 4.5 x 9.5 to 7 x 20.5 cm; lateral nerves 11—15 pairs. panicles silvery silky, large 1. p. argenteosericea b. leaves ovate, 3 x 4 to 5 x 8 cm; lateral nerves 7—10 pairs. panicles subsericeous 2. p. canarioides 3a. leaves with tiny glands along the margin of the lower surface. calyx shallow, cup-shaped 11. p. nonda b. leaves without glands. calyx long, trumpet-shaped or subcylindrical 4 4a. leaves with 23—33 pairs of lateral nerves, rigidly coriaceous, 5 x 15.5 to 9 x 20 cm. panicles large, very robust, terminal, 10—22 cm long and 9—12 cm wide. petioles 10—17 mm long 8. p. oblongifolia b. leaves with up to 24 pairs of lateral nerves**). leaves chartaceous to coriaceous, usually smaller. panicles slender, shorter. petioles up to 8 mm long (except in p. metallica, where they are 12—20 mm long) 5 5a. upper leaf surface with a metallic sheen. petioles 12—20 mm long3. p. metallica b. upper surface without a metallic sheen. petioles up to 8 mm long 6 *) not included: p. walliehiana and p. gigantea **) the lateral nerves in the acumen are not included. 158 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1965] kostekmans: genus parinari 159 6a. leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate 7 b. leaves ovate to elliptic or ovate-elliptic 8 7a. panicles white-silvery, well-developed. the lateral nerves decurrent along the midrid; leaves chartaceous 9. p. polyncura b. panicles short, rusty; the lateral nerves not decurrent; leaves rigid 10. p. rubiginosa c. panicles reduced to bracteate racemes, short; lateral nerves not deeurrent; leaves chartaceous 4. p. elmeri 8a. leaves chartaceous 5. p. parva b. leaves rigidly ehartaceous to rigidly coriaceous 9 9a. leaves ovate with a long acumen 10 b. leaves elliptic or elliptic-subovate with a short acumen 11 10a. leaves rigidly coriaceous with 13—17 pairs of lateral nerves 7. p. ashtonii b. leaves stiffly chartaceous to coriaceous with 8—13 pairs of lateral nerves 18. p. insularum l l a . leaves large, 6 x 17.5 — 8.5 x 25 cm, rigidly coriaceous; branchlets grey-pilose 6. p. rigida b. leaves smaller, less stiff 12 12a. leaves coriaceous; lower surface white. inflorescences condensed 12. p. bicolor b. leaves rigid, inflorescences not condensed 13 13a. inflorescences slender, large, terminal, open, pale brown rusty 13. p. anamsnse b. inflorescences axillary, small, grey 14 14a. leaves with a long acumen, base subcordate 14. p. helferi b. leaves with a much shorter acumen, base rounded or acute 15 15a. leaves with 12—15 pairs of lateral nerves. stipules lanceolate or linear. leaves distinctly acuminate, 2 x 4 — 4.x 9 cm 17. p. costata b . l e a v e s w i t h 9 — 1 1 p a i r s o f l a t e r a l n e r v e s ; v e r y s h o r t l y a c u m i n a t e . s t i p u l e s o b l o n g t o o v a t e o b l o n g . l e a v e s v e r y s h o r t l y a c u m i n a t e , 3 x 7 — 7 x 1 2 c m . . . 15. p. sumatrana sectio anareolata kosterm., sect. nov. foliis subtus glabris nee areolatis. species 1—2. 1. parinari argenteo-sericea kosterm. — fig. 1. parinari argenteo-sericea kostermans in reinwardtia 7: 47, fig. 1. 1965 — san 16175 (bo). tree 25—33 m tall and 25 cm and more in diam.; bark lenticellate, brown; outer bark hard; inner bark red, hard, 1.2 mm thick; cork cambium red; cambium yellow; branchlets dark purplish brown with numerous pale tiny lenticells, glabrous. leaves glabrous, chartaceous, elliptic to oblong or subovate-elliptic, 4.5 x 9.5—7 x 20.5 cm, base rounded, apex shortly, often obscurely acuminate; upper surface glossy, midrib impressed (except for its basal 1—4 mm, which shows protruding tissue from the petiole), lateral nerves filiformous, reticulation prominulous or inconspicuous; lower leaf surface dull, paler, lateral nerves 11—15 pairs, erect-patent (the lower ones patent), secondary nerves rather lax, prominulous; base of leaf below near the petiole insertion rarely with glandular tissue. stipules lateral, lanceolate (base 2 mm wide), acute, adpressed strigose especially along its midline outside, 8 mm long, early caducous. petiole 5—9 mm, glandless. panicles terminal, up to 9—15 cm long, lax, densely white sericeoustomentellous (hairs more or less adpressed), except for peduncle and main branches which are more white tomentellous; bracts ovate, acute, densely white tomentellous outside, caducous. pedicels 1—3 mm long; calyx infundibuliformous, gibbose, rather slender, densely white tomentellous, 2—3 mm. long; lobes 1.5—3 mm long, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly triangular, densely white tomentellous outside, inside densely pilose; petals spathulate, 2 mm long; fertile stamens 7—8, 1.5 mm long on a 0.5—1 mm high rim, the sterile ones teethlike on an 1 mm high rim; style slightly shorter than the stamens, apex (stigma) truncate, somewhat triangular; ovary with a dense layer of long, white, glossy strigose hairs, which cover (in a reverse direction) also the upper part of the inside of the tube. distribution: n. borneo. the species is outstanding by its glabrous, lower leafsurface and the terminal, silvery sericeous large panicles. s a b a h (n. borneo), lahad datu, pangaruan camp site, mile 6v2 on kennedy bay timber co's rd., 15 miles e.e.w. of lahad datu, alt. 40 m, march, fl., wood, san 16175 (a, bo, bri, k, kep, l, sing); sandakan, cpt. 17, sepilok for. res., 15 miles w. of sandakan, may, fl., wood, san 16535 (a, bo. bri, k, kep, l, sing) ; sandakan, jalan kabili, boundary sepilok for. res., alt. 10 m, may, post anthesis, singh, san 21399 (bo, k) ; pokul r. bank, alt. 7 m., march, buds, mail, b.n.b.f.d. 2875 (bo, k). 2. parinari canarioides kosterm. — fig. 2. parinari canarioieeb kostermans, new and crit. mai. pl (forestry dept. bureau of planning, lndon.) 3: 25, t. 12. 1955. — kostermans 7152 (bo). tree, up to 60 m high and 100 cm in diam. crown elongate or subglobose, dense. buttresses 1.5—2.5 (—5) m high, extending 1—2 m over the ground. bark rather smooth, irregularly fissured and flaking, pinkish grey to pale brown, pustular, 0.5 mm thick; living bark 10 mm., brown to orange brown, hard. sapwood 1—6 cm, yellowish, merging into the brownred heartwood. branchlets sparsely, minutely pilose (hairs patent). stipules (only on the flush) linear, acute, slender, up to 5 mm long, hirsute, lateral to the petiole. branches brown, slender, smooth, lenticelled. leaves chartaceous to rigidly chartaceous or sub-coriaceous, glabrescent (in young leaves midrib on both surfaces sparsely hirsute), ovate, 2 5 x 4 8 cm, prominulously reticulate on both surfaces, base subcordate (in young leaves' acute) or truncate, apex broadly acuminate with acute tip; midrib and lateral nerves impressed on the upper, prominent on the lower surface, the slender lateral nerves 7—10 pairs, somewhat arcuate. petiole 3 5 mm, 160 k e i n w a k d t i a [vol. 7 1965] kostekmans: genus parinari 161 hirsute, glabrescent, glandless or glands small, round, about the middle of the petiole. panicles dense, axillary, up to 3 cm long, densely sub-sericeous. bracts numerous, persistent at anthesis. calyx tube narrowly funnel shaped, 3 mm; lobes narrowly elliptic, concave, acute, 2 mm, outside glabrescent, inside densely, minutely pilose. petals elliptic, obtuse, tapering to the base, 2 mm. fertile stamens about 8. fruit ellipsoid, usually flattened, 1.5—2 cm. in diam., up to 5 cm long, obscurely ribbed, smooth, partly or completely covered with numerous pale scabs; exocarp 1 mm, soft; mesocarp 5 mm, with marble-like spots and holes, endocarp thin; fruit with 2 cavities of which one contains a seed; cavities with a dense layer of brown, woolly hairs. distribution: sumatra, borneo. use: the timber is of inferior quality, but was exported in great quantities from s. sumatra (lampongs) to java (gusdorf) ; the seeds are edible. the species is often mistaken for a shorea (dipterocarpaceae) because of its leaves and stipules. hence it is mixed with meranti (shorea timber), but only in small quantities. it is outstanding by the lack of a stomatal areolation on the lower leaf surface. s u m a t r a : kuantan distr., tjerintji, ster., 66. 25221 (a, bo, l) ; djambi distr., tebingtinggi, alt. 13 m, ster., bb, 13650 (bo) ; lampong distr., tulangbawang, menggala, alt. 10 m, jan., fr., 66. 77u (bo, k, l) ; ibid., dec, fr., fl., gusdorf 66 (bo) ; b o r n e o : sarawak, distr. lundu, mt. gading, alt. 800 m, oct., fr., anderson c.s. 15386 (a, bo, k, l, san, s i n g ) ; brunei: ulu supon, tutong, ster., ashton brim. 854 (k) ; ibid., kuala .belalong, ster., ashl.on brim. 5669 (k) ; w. k a l i m a n t a n (indon. borneo), sambas distr., perigi limus, mt. sedjudjuk, alt. 200 m, ster., 66. 7056 (bo, l) ; "e. kalimantan, nunukan isl., n. p a r t , sandy, alt. 20 m, oct., fl., kostennans 861+6 (a, jbish, bm, bo, bill, cal, k, l, ny, p, p n h , s i n g ) ; w. kutei, sebulu, alt. 20 m, ster., 66. 1571)7 (bo, l ) ; ibid., kelumpang, , alt. 30 m, ster., 66. 16921 (bo, l) ; e. kutei, sangkulirang distr., rantaubahan, alt. 18 m, ster., 66. 15256 (bo) ; samarinda distr., loa djanan, alt. 60 m, ster., 66. 3231^9 (a, bo, l) ; ibid., tandjong bangko, mouth of mahakam r., sandy, june, fr., kostennans 7152 (a, bish, bo, b i l l , cal, canb, k, l, lae, mel, ny, p, p n h , sing) ; balikpapan distr., mentawir r., alt. 20 m, july, youngfr., kostermans 10759 (a, bo, k, l, s i n g ) ; ibid., febr., fl., koslermans 10017 (a, bish, bm, bo, bri, cal, canb, k, k e p , l, lae, ny, p, p n h , sing, syd) ; distr. tanah bumbu> kampong baru, alt. 25 m, jan., fr., 66. 13312 (bo). sectio ii: parinari; lower leafsurface with stomatal areoles. *) 3. parinari metallica kosterm. — fig. 3. parinari metallica kostermans in reinwardtia 7: 49, fig. 3. 1965 — ashton, brun. 3267 (sar). *) p. elmeri does not show this areolation. in the material at hand only young leaves are present. understory tree ca 16 m tall, 25 cm in diam., clear bole to 12 m; bark smooth, purplish; crown broad lanceolate; branchlets stout, crooked, dark, brown, lenticellate; the youngest ones adpressed strigose, soon glabrous. leaves rigidly chartaceous to coriaceous, elliptic, 3.5 x 8 to 9 x 17 cm, base rounded or shortly acute, apex very shortly acuminate, but usually obtuse, upper surface very glossy with a grey metallic sheen, midrib flat, lateral nerves filiform, prominulous, secondary nerves prominulous, but usually inconspicuous; lower surface in young leaves with a dense layer of woolly cobweblike, brown hairs, soon glabrous; in adult leaves a very dense and intricate areolation present with flattopped veins and hardly any interspace (which is pilose), midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves 10—13 pairs, erect-patent, straight (curved at margin), prominent. petioles 12—20 mm long, glabrescent, becoming corky. stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, densely brown pilose, ca 8 mm long, early caducous. panicles axillary, rather narrow, little branched, densely brown tomentellous, 4—10 cm long; base surrounded by numerous bud scales; bracts early caducous. flowers cream; in dried condition rusty pubescent; calyx gibbose, 2—3 mm long; lobes lanceolate, acute, 1 mm long; petals lanceolate, glabrous, slightly longer than the calyx lobes; fertile stamens about 8; filaments ca 2 mm long; staminodial ones represented by short teeth; rim short; ovary densely silky strigose; style glabrous, as long as the stamens, stigma truncate. distribution: brunei. characteristic are the grey metallic upper surface, the long petioles, the obtuse leaves with the extremely dense areolation and the short axillary inflorescences. the species falls within the alliance of p. sumatrana bth. b r u n e i " : andulau for. res., undulating hills, yellow sandy loam, alt. 50 m, july fl., ashton brun. 3267 (bo, k, l, sar) ; bukit teraja, mile 21l/2, alt. 300 m, yellow, sandy clay, sept., fl., ashton brun. 673 (bo). 4. parinari elmeri merr. — fig. 4. parinarium elmeri merrill in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 92. 1929. — elmer 20806 (ug). tree up to 10 m high and 20 cm in diam., without buttresses; crown lanceolate; bark pale cream or grey and white mottled, roughened by pale green excrescences; outer bark soft, thin, inner bark orange, hard, 2.5 mm thick; sapwood white, thin, heartwood straw, hard. branchlets slender, brown, glossy, lenticels rather obscure; the youngest branchlets densely, minutely, pale brown tomentellous or villous. leaves chartaceous, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5 x 5 to 7 x 18.5 cm, base contracted into the petiole, apex acuminate with a sharp tip; upper surface rather dull, scabrous to the touch, midrib slender, slightly impressed, pilose, glabres162 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 163 cent, veins very slender, rather obscure; lower surface covered with a dense felt-like tomentum of very fine, adpressed hairs, midrib prominent with strigose, adpressed hairs, lateral nerves 15—20 pairs, rather patent, straight, prominent, arcuate at margin; secondary nerves parallel, perpendicular to the lateral nerves, reticulation obscure. petiole slender, pale brown tomenteilous, 1.5—3 mm long, glandless. stipules of the flush large, lanceolate, very acute (aciculate), tomenteilous, up to 15 mm long, lateral. panicles reduced, racemelike, axillary, 1.5—3 cm long, densely rusty or pale brown pubescent; bracts persistent, ovate, acute, pubescent, 2 mm long. pedicel slender, 0.5—2 m long, densely pubescent, without bracteoles. mowers densely yellowish brown pubescent; calyx funnel shaped, gibbose, up to 3 mm long, like the ovate, acute, up to 2—3 mm long lobes outside covered with a very dense intertwined very fine woolly indumentum; petals white, oblong-obovate, 2—3 mm long, obtuse, narrowed towards the base; fertile stamens 7—10, almost 2 mm long, inserted one-sided on a very low rim; staminodes teeth-like; ovary densely villose; style glabrous, short, the truncate top level with the anthers. distribution: brunei, n. and e. borneo. the species was not rare in the region around teluk bajur, although only a few collections exsist in herbaria. it is outstanding by its white felt-like tomentum of the lower leaf surface without having the areolation, usually combined with such a tomentum. the inflorescence are strongly reduced and may have only 2 flowers. the indumentum of the calyx js easily observed when the tube is torn apart in dissecting. b r u n e i : bukit biang, temburong, alt. 150 m, ster., ashton brim. 497 (bo, k, sar) ; sabah (n. borneo) ; tawao, elphinstone prov., fl., elmer 20806 (bish, , bo, br, c, dc, ds, f, gh, l, mo, p, s, uc) ;_ e. k a l i m a n t a n (indon. borneo); bersyi, near teluk bajur, alt. 30 m, ster., kostermans s.n. (bo, k, l). 5. parinari parva kosterm. — fig, 5. parinari parva kostermans in reinwardtia 7: 52, fig. 5. 1965. — boden kloss ij+676 ( k ) . tree, 8—10 m tall and 20 cm in diam. with dense, few-branched crown; bark dark grey, grey-mottled, smooth; bole fluted; branchlets glossy, dark purplish brown, lenticellate, the youngest branchlets densely rusty tomenteilous. leaves chartaceous, elliptic to oblong, 5.5 x 11 to 10 x 21 cm (to 11 x 30 cm), base rounded, apex shortly acuminate with sharp tip; upper surface glabrous (pilosity on midrib often sub-persistent), midrib flat, lateral nerves filiformous, reticulation obscure; lower surface prominulously reticulate (veins not broad and not flattened above), areoles filled with a mat of white, cobweb-like hairs, midrib prominent, adpressed pilose, lateral nerves prominent, 11—21 pairs, widely spaced, erect-patent, straight (except at margin), adpressed pilose. petioles short, about 5—8 mm long, densely pale brown pilose; glands not seen. stipules lateral, ovate-lanceolate, acute. 5—6 mm wide at base, 6—25 mm long, densely, shortly pilose and ribbed outside. panicles short (up to 5 cm long), hardly and shortly branched, racemelike, densely pale brown tomenteilous; bracts present at an thesis, those at the base of the ramifications ovate, acute, 5 mm long. pedicels short, densely tomenteilous, 1—1.5 mm long. flowers dull pale-brown, calyx tube 3 mm long, lobes slender, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1—1.5 mm long, densely, shortly pilose. petals white. lnfructescence 1.5—4 cm long with a single fruit, pilose. fruit ellipsoid, rather slender, up to 2 x 4 cm, flattened laterally, sulcate, apex unequally emarginate and truncate, completely covered by a grey brown, scab-like substance. distribution: malay peninsula, sumatra. the species is close to p. sumatrana by the characteristics of the fruit and stipules; it differs by the larger, chartaceous leaves, the number of lateral nerves, the pilosity of the leaves, the smaller and more slender fruit; the leaves are never ovate-elliptic as in p. sumatrana. the species is also near p. elmeri by the shape and size of the inflorescence with the persistent bracts, but the leaves are different. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : pahang, sg. tahan, july, buds, kiah s.f.n. 31720 (sing) ; "ibid., aug., fr., holttum s.f.n. 20065 (bo, e, sing) ; s u m a t r a : mentawai isl., sipora, vicinity of sioban, oct., fl., iboet 368 (bo) ; ibid., oct., fl., boden kloss u676 (bo, k) ; palembang, lematang ulu, oct., fr., lambaeh 1229 (bo, k, l). 6. parinari rigida kosterm. — fig. 6a, & b. parinari rigida kostermans in reinwardtia 7: 53, fig. 6. 1965. — s.f.n. 40773 (sing). tree; branchlets with a grey felt of cobweblike hairs. leaves rigidly coriaceous, elliptic or oblong, 6 x 17.5 — 8.5 x 25 cm; those near the inflorescence diminishing to 3 x 9.5 cm, base rounded, apex shortly, broadly acuminate with sharp tip; upper surface glossy, glabrous, sometimes obscurely bullate, midrib accompanied by two rows of small bumps (in sicco), flat, lateral nerves filiformous; secondary nerves visible; lower surface in young leaves rusty tomenteilous; in adult leaves with stomatal areoles (not very deep) with a matting of white cobweblike hairs in the areoles; veins flat-topped or rounded; midrib strongly prominent, densely, minutely rusty pilose, glabrescent, lateral nerves prominent, rather spaced, about 17 20 pairs, erect-patent, slightly curved (more at margin); in young leaves obscure glandular tissue on the lower suface at both sides 164 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 of the midrib-base. petioles stout, 5—8 mm long, bearing orbicular, tiny glands, grey-pilose, glabrescent, becoming corky and cracked. panicles narrow, terminal, densely fulvous, up to 13 cm long, lateral branches up to 2 cm long. flowers densely villous, large, almost sessile; calyx infundibuliformous, 5 mm long; lobes 2—2.5 mm, elongate-triangular petals slightly longer than the calyx lobes, spathulate. fertile stamens 6—8 with slender filaments, as long as the petals. ovary densely silvery strigose; style slightly shorter than the stamens with swollen stigma. distribution: malay peninsula. the second collection is a flowering specimen. the leaves are somewhat smaller, but in other respects this specimen belongs certainly here. the species may be recognized by the branchlets with their grey felt and by the large flowers in narrow panicles and the short style. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : kuantan, pahang, july, fl., mahwood for. dept. 8104 (sing); trengganu, 34th m. kuala trengganu besut rd. (west side), lowland, sept., young tree, sinclair & kiak bin salleh s.f.n. 40773 (sing). 7. parinari ashtonii kosterm. —• fig. 7. parinari ashtonii kostermans in reinwardtia 7: 53, fig. 7. 1965 — ashlon s. 17 281 (bo), tree 10—17 m tall, up to 20 cm in diam.; bark smooth, white mottled. branchlets glabrous, dark purplish brown with tiny rather obscure lenticells, the youngest ones minutely 'adpressed pilose. leaves rigidly coriaceous, ovate-oblong, 3 x 9 to 6 x 13_cm, base contracted into the petiole, apex gradually narrowed, acuminate,"tip sharp; upper surface glossy, glabrous, midrib impressed (except near its base), lateral nerves filiform, impressed; reticulation dense, slightly bullate; lower surface areolate, but the nerves not flat, densely white cob-weblike, adpressed pilose (on the midrib adpressed strigose), midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves 13—17 pairs, prominent, straight, erect-patent, curved at the margin; secondary nerves filiform, prominent, parallel. petiole rather stout, pubescent, glabrescent, ca. 10 mm long, often with two small, dark round, slightly protruding glands on the upper surface, about the middle of the petiole. inflorescence with 2 rows of bud-scales at its base. sepals ovate-lanceolate, 5 mm long; sterile stamens represented by broad, obtuse, almost 2 mm long, pubescent teeth, inserted on a thin, 1 mm high rim. infructescence up to 13 cm long. fruit irregularly ellipsoid, obtuse, 5 cm long, 3.5 cm in diam., with a pronounced basal neck; fruit more or less completely covered by a pale brown scaly substance. distribution: heath forest in sarawak. the species is related to p. oblongifolia, from which it differs by its leaf shape, the fewer lateral nerves and the different areolation of the 1965] kosteemans: genus parinari 165 lower leaf surface; the fruit are smaller and of a different shape. the two known collection are from heath forest. . • •• b o l1 n e o : sarawak; bako national park, sandstone plateau ca. 70 m alt., white sandy soil, june, fr., ashlon s. 17281 (a, bo, fho, k, l, san, sing) ; 1 st. div. sampadi for. res, off batang kayan, kerangas (heath forest) ridge, aug., ster., sinclair & kadim bin tassim 10402 (bo, e, k, l, sar, sing). 8. parinari oblongifolia hook. f. — fig. 8. parinarium oblongifolii-m hooker f.5 fl. brit. india 2: 309. 1878; king in j. asiat. soc. bengal 66(2): 279. 1897; ridley in j. roy. asiat. soc. straits br. 30: 282. 1897; in agr. bull. straits & fed. malay st. 1: 144. 1902; mai. timmerhoutsoorten in bull, kolon. mus. haarlem 27: 58. 1903; fl. malay pen. 1: 668. 1922; schneider in bull. 14, bureau for. philipp. 114. 1916; foxwortby in malay. for. rec. 3: 175 et 176, tab. 1927; heyne, nuttige pi. ned. ind.; ed 2, 1: 698. 1927; ed. 3,1: 698. 1950; burkill, diet. econ. prod. malay pen. 2: 1667. 1935; corner, wayside trees malaya 1: 527. 1940. — ferolia ohlovgifolia (hk. f.) o. kuntze, revisio gen. pl 1: 216. 1891. — griffith s.n. (k), holo-typus; maingay kew distr. 623 (k), paratypus. parinarium borneense merrill in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 93. 1929. — elmer 21396 (uc), holotypus; vulamil 28 (uc), paratypus. tree, up to 35 m high and 50—100 cm in diam., buttresses 60 to 200 cm high, thick, out 50—150 cm; bark smooth, grey or pale brown, paperthin, inside dirty white; living bark redbrown to brown, 6—12 mm thick. sapwood 3—5 "cm, white or pale yellow; heartwood reddish, hard. branchlets stout, densely, minutely rusty tomentellous; branches brown, glossy with numerous pale, small, roundish lenticels. leaves coriaceous to rigidly coriaceous, elliptical to oblong, 5 x 15.5 cm to 9 x 20 cm (to 13 x 30 cm in sapling), base suocordate or rounded, apex shortly, broadly acuminate; upper surface glossy, glabrous (except the long-persistent adpressed hairs on the flat-topped midrib), midrib in the same plane as the leaf surface, in dried specimen often sunken along the middle line, lateral nerves filiform; secondary nerves rather inconspicuous; lower surface either grey or green (living condition), in dried condition conspicuously areolate with broad, flat-topped veins; the stomatal areoles with a dense, felt-like, grey indumentum; midrib stout, prominent, glabrescent, lateral nerves 23— 33 pairs, rather erect, slender, straight, curved at margin only; secondary nerves dense, parallel, prominulous, perpendicular to the lateral nerves; no glands and no axillary membranes. petiole stout, rusty tomentellous, glabrescent, glandless, 1—1.7 cm long. stipules ovate or lanceolate, acute, 2 4 cm long, inside glabrous, outside densely silky pilose, caducous in a very early stage of leaf development. panicles terminal, yellowish green (fresh), densely grey-yellowish tomentellous, up to 10—22 cm long and 9—12 cm wide with a stout peduncle, .at base surrounded by numerous ovate, acute, pubescent, 3 mm long bud 166 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 scales; few, stout, stiff ramifications; bracts and bracteoles caducous at anthesis. pedicel 1—3 mm long, slender, without bracteoles. flowers white, scented, densely silky yellowish grey pilose; calyx infundibuliformous, somewhat gibbose, 3 mm long; lobes ovate, acute, unequal, 1.5—2 mm long; petals white or pale blue, spathulate or lanceolate, about 2 mm long, longer than the calyx lobes, glabrous, narrowed towards their base. stamens about 10, as long as the petals, about 1.5 mm long, unilateral, inserted on a thin, short rim; the sterile stamens represented by short teeth; ovary densely adpressed strigose; style glabrous, short (as long as the stamens); stigma truncate, inconspicuous. infructescence thick, consisting of the basal part of the inflorescence, 4—8 cm long, bearing only one or a few fruit. fruit ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, somewhat flattened lateral, 3.5 x 8 cm (or 4 x 5 cm in the broad fruit), slightly tapered at base, apex rounded, slightly sunken along the median line on the flattened surface; more or less completely covered by small pinkish grey scale-like spots; 2-celled; exocarp leathery, .1.5—2 mm thick; mesocarp coarsely fibrous, 7—10 mm thick; endocarp membraneous, covered with a dense layer of woolly, rusty hairs; seeds narrowly ellipsoid. distribution: malay peninsula, sumatra, borneo, from sealevel to 450 m altitude, scattered. vernacular names: mengkudu (east indon. borneo); merbatu (malay peninsula). the vernacular name of the ridley specimen is indicated as balau; balau, however, is the proper name of a shorea species. as p. oblongifolia is nowhere common, and apparently not used by natives, it is often mistaken for a shorea species. hence all the vernacular names on the labels of the indonesian specimens are wrong. the species is easily recognized by its large, stiff leaves with numerous lateral nerves, the subcordate base, the flat midrib on the upper surface, the lack of glands and by the stout branchlets and inflorescences. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : pahang, 37.6 miles from kuantan t o j e r a n t u t , low, febr., fr., wood, kep. 76128 (bo, sing) ; ibid., sg. chenee, april, fr., fox 5026 (sing) ; ibid., kuala lipis, aug., fl., phillips c.f. 660 (k, sing) ; ibid., ulu rompin, may, fr., foxworihy f.d. 3223 (k, sing) ; ibid... sg. sat, ulu tembiling, july, fr., henderson 21976 (e, k, sing) ; perak, ulu bubong, open bamboo jungle, july, fl., king's coll. 10422 (bo, k, p, sing, us) et 10369 (le, sing) ; kelantan, sg. betis, s. nenggiri, july, fl., henderson, s.f.n. 29670 (bo, gh, k, sing) ; ibid., south end of bukit batu papan, s. lebir, low alt., july, fl., henderson, s.f.n. 29619 (bo, k, s i n g ) ; malacca., sg. udang, fl., ridley 933 (sing); ibid., fl., griffith s.n. (bo), distributed as hopea; ibid., fl., maingay kew distr. 623 (— 3307) (k) ; jiohore, sg. sedili, low, july, young fr., ngadiman, s.f.n. 36910 (bo, gh, sing) ; singapore, mandai rd., ster., kiah s.n. (sing) ; ibid., stagsmount, star., ridley s.n. (sing) ; ibid., e. end of seletar reservoir, swampy, small tree, ster., sinclair, s.f.n. io635 1965] kostermans: genus parinari (e, k, sing) (leaves 16 x 30 cm, petioles 13 mm long) ; s u m a t r a : e. coast, as'ahan, huta padang near the continental plant. concess., nov. d e c , young fr., krukof'f 4324 (bo, br, le, mo, sing) ; inderagiri, muara serangge, 40 alt., ster., 66. 30132 (a, k, l) ; tapanuli, angkola & sipirok, ster., 66. 3145 (bo, k, l) ; n o r t h b o r n e o (sabah), elopura, kabili sepilok for. res., cpt. 15, alt. 20 m., july, buds, enggoh b.n.b. f.d. 10u7 (bo, gh, k, l) et j u n e , fl., engyoh b.n.b. f.d. 72j,9 (sing) ; ibid., cpt. 3, subcpt. 2, bombay-burma t.c. concess. area, kalabakam, 30 miles w.n.w. of tawao, may, fr... wood, san a 31,60 (sing) ; tawao, fl., elmer 21396 (bish, bo, br, c, dc, dd, f, gh, m, k, l, mo, p, s, sing, uc) ; w. k a l i m a n t a n (indon. borneo) : melawi, tjatit, alt. 450 m, ster., 66. 25119 (a, bo, l) ; e. kalimantan, tidung, ster., 66. 17767 (bo, l) et 18325 (bo, l, sing) ; ibid., tataban, d e c , ster., 66. 18282 (bo, l) ; bulungan, salimbatu, s. rumah, alt. 100 m., ster., 66. 11284 (bo, l) et 11278 (bo); berau, betemu aer, ster., 66. 19076 (bo) et 19089 (bo, l) ; ibid., domaring, alt. 150 m, ster., 66. 18855 (bo, l) ; ibid., tdg. redeb, periodically inundated, low, nov., fl., kostermans 21665 (a, bo, canb, g, k, l, p, sing, us) ; sangkulirang distr., k a r a n g a n r., n.w. of sangkulirang, alt. 20 m, aug., young fr., kostermans 13572 (a, bo, k. l, p, sing) ; w. kutei, upper mahakam r., lirung pundung, alt. 50 m, jan., ster., 66. 20630 (a, bo, k, l) ; e. kutei, loa djanan near samarinda, sandy, alt. 30 m, april, young fr., kostermans 65u (a, bo, bri, k, l, lae, ny, p, p n h , sing) ; ibid., april, young fr., kostermans 6615 (sing) ; balikpapan distr., sg. tunan, alt. 30 m., ster., 66. 25591 (a, bo, k, l, sing) ; ibid., sg. wain, n. of balikpapan, alt. 40 m, sandy, ster., kostermans 4491 (a, bo, k, l) ; ibid,, pemaluan, alt. 70 m, ster., 66. 24730 (a, bo, l, s i n g ) ; tanah bumbu, kp. baru, alt. 25 m, jan., fl., 66. 13314 (bo, l). 9. parinari polyneura miq. — fig. 9a. & b. parinarium polyneurum • miquel, fl. ind. bat. suppl. sumatra 115. 1860 et 306. 1862; hooker f., fl. brit. india 2: 309. 1878; filet, plantk. woordenb. ned. ind., ed 2: 95. 1888; king in j. asiat. soc. bengal 60(2): 278. 1897; koorders & valeton, bijdr. kennis boomsoorten j a v a in meded. 'slands pl.tuin buitenzorg 3: 340. 1901; de clercq, nieuw pi. woordenb. ned. ind. 299. 1909. — ferolia polyneura (miq.) o. kuntze, revis. gen. pi. 1: 216. 1891. — teijsmmm h.b. 4537 (u), goenoeng batin, lampong. parinarium costatum (non bl.) king in j. as. soc. bengal, i.e. 278 (quoad specim. king's coll. 5227). tree, up to 30 m tall and 40 cm in diam. buttresses small; free bole up to 20 m long. branchlets pale brown or black, glossy, with numerous tiny, round, pale lenticels; young branchlets densely shortly puberulous. leaves rigidly chartaceous, oblong to lanceolate, rarely ovate, 1.5 x 4.5 to 4.5 x 12 (—16) cm, base contracted into the petiole, apex acuminate; above glabrous, glossy, lateral nerves filiformous, somewhat prominulous, reticulation rather obscure; lower surface with a dense stomatal areolation, pilose within the areoles, glabrescent, midrib prominent, lateral nerves erect-patent, straight (arcuate only near margin), 15—24 pairs, bases with axillar membranes, which continue along the midrib as a narrow, thin band (high magnification!); secondary nerves numerous, parallel, perpen168 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1965] kostermans : genus parinari 169 dicular to the lateral nerves, with a broad upper surface like the nerves; margin of the leafbase near the petiole often with irregular, scanty glandular tissue. petioles short, 3—5 mm, without glands, densely puberulous, glabrescent. stipules not seen, apparently broad-based; caducous in an extremely early stage. panicles terminal and axillary; densely grey, silky, adpressed pilose, 6—10 cm long; flower buds completely covered by ovate-acute silky pilose, caducous bracts. flowers almost sessile; calyx densely silky adpressed pilose, about 4 mm long with infundibuliform, assymetric tube and about 1 mm long ovate, acute lobes, which are silky on both surfaces; petals spathulate, glabrous, longer than the calyx lobes, narrowed towards the base; stamens about 10, .one-sided on a short rim; anthers l5—2 mm long with large anthers; filaments shorter than the petals; ovary densely strigose-silky; style glabrous, shorter than the stamens with a round disk like stigma. infructescence stout, bearing only a few fruit, up to 6 cm long. fruit pedicel 5 mm. long and 5 mm in, diam., covered with the same scaly substance as that of the fruit. fruit oblong-, somewhat tap.ered towards the base, compressed laterally, covered with a more less continuous layer of a scaly grey substance; fruit with irregular wide furrows and bulges, apex truncate or saddle-shaped. fruit 2-celled, consisting of a dark glossy outerlayer, 1—1.5 mm thick (green when alive) of which the inner % consists of fibres perpendicular to the wall; mesocarp very coarse-fibred, 6—8 mm thick; endocarp very thin with a dense layer of brown, long, woolly hairs; fruit cells two; seed ellipsoid; seedcoat brown. distribution: lowland of the malay peninsula, sumatra. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : perak, gopeng, july, fl., king's coll. 4624 (sing) ; ibid., may, fr., king's coll. 6087 (k, p) ; larut, nov., youngfr., king's coll. 5227 (p) ; locality not indicated, buds, griffith s.n. (bo, l) ; s u m a t r a : inderagiri upper lands, keritang, alt. 40 m, ster., bb. 28645 et 28662 (bo, l) ; belimbing, alt. 6 m, ster., 66. 28500, 285s9 et 28548 (a, bo, l) ; palembang, banjuasin & kubu regions near bajunglintjir, alt. 15 m, march., fr., thorenaar 45 t. ip. 58 (bo, l) ; id., febr., buds, 45 t. ip. 58 (bo); ibid., aug., fr., 45 t. ip. 58 (bo); ibid., d e c , fr., grashoff 898 (bo, l) ; lampong distr., mt. batin, ster., tepsmann h.b. 4537 (bo, u ) . the species is very close to p. rubiginosa, which has coriaceous leaves with longer petioles with often 2 round giands near the apex and a different indumentum of the inflorescences and flowers. p. rubiginosa may represent only a mountain variety of p. polyneura. 10. parinari rubiginosa ridley — fig. 10. ' pabinarium rubiginosum ridley in 3. asiat. soc. .straits br. 75: 29. 1917; fl. malay pen. 1: 668. 1922; foxworthy in mai. for. rec. 3: 175 et 176. 1927; burkill, diet. econ. prod. mai. pen. 2: 1667. 1935. — parinarium, costatum bl, var. rubiginosum ridley in j. feder. malayst. mus. 6: 143. 1915 — padang across tehu, ridley (sing). tree up to 40 m high and 90 cm in diam.; free bole up to 25 m tall; bark smooth, slightly cracked, grey, 0.5 mm; living bark 6 mm, pale reddish; wood pale brown, darker towards centre; branchlets brownish or brownish black with numerous tiny, pale lenticels; the youngest branchlets densely, minutely yellowish brown tomentellous. leaves coriaceous to stiffly coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.5 x 5 to 4.5 x 12 cm, base acutish or contracted into the petiole, apex acuminate or obscurely acuminate; upper surface glossy, glabrous, lateral nerves filiformous, prominulous, midrib flat or slightly impressed, minutely tomentellous, glabrescent; lower surface yellowish or brownish grey, densely tomentellous; lateral nerves 12—20 pairs, slender, erect-patent, straight (at margin arcuate), axilmembranes hardly developed, no membrane along the midrib, reticulation (stomatal) dense; secondary nerves dense, parallel, filiformous. petiole 6—8 mm long, densely tomentellous, often with 2 round, small glands on the upper, flattened surface near the middle of the petiole. panicles axillary and terminal, densely, minutely yellowish or rusty tomentose (the hairs not adpressed), up to 3—6 cm long; the large ovate, acute, concave bracts enveloping the buds, caducous. flowers densely rusty tomentellous; calyx 2.5 mm long, lobes 1.5—2 mm, ovate, acute, pilose on both surfaces, petals spathulate, narrowed at base, shorter than the calyx lobes. fertile stamens 10, about 1.5 mm, shorter than the petals; ovary villous; style short, villous at base. fruit pedicel thick, up to 7 mm in diam. at apex, 5 mm long. fruit ellipsoid, flattened laterally, up to 5 cm long, 3.8 cm wide and 2 cm thick, smooth, glossy, with tiny non-confluent, pale scale-like dots; apex truncate or rounded, a longitudinal depression in the middle of the flattened surface. distribution: malay peninsula and borneo in montane forest. vernac. name : mengkudur (balikpapan). very close to p. polyneura from which it differs by the slightly longer petioles (except in the specimen: clemens 50081) with round glands and especially by the reddish or yellow villous tomentum of branchlets and inflorescences; the tomentum is silky and adpressed in p. polyneura. the way ridley keys out p. rubiginosa and p. polyneura is ridiculous: leaves 5 in. long, elliptic, wide p. polyneurum leaves stiffly coriaceous, 3 to 4 in long, thick, yellow woolly, panicles very short p. rubiginosum. in some specimens the apical inflorescences are stunted and form together a kind of corymb. stipules could not be discovered in the material at hand; they drop apparently in a very early stage, contrarily to those of p. costata and p. mmatrana, which are also closely allied. the species is also very close to p. bicolor, from which it differs by the longer petioles, the shape of the leaf and the typical reticulation of 170 reinwardtia [vol. 7 the lower leafsurface. the specimen kostermans 7588 may as well belong to p. gigantea. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : pahang, selangor border, fraser's hill, oct., buds, raub 22548 (sing) ; ibid., 1300 m, sept., fl., moh. nur 11301 (sing) ; ibid., sg. yet, alt. 1250 m, sept., buds, moh. nur 11147 (bo, l, sing) ; pahang, cameron highlands, boh plantation, alt. 1300 m, ster., moh. nur 32665 (bo, gh, mo, l) ; b o r n e o : sabah (n. borneo), mt. kinabalu, penibukan ridge, e. dahobong r., alt. 1300 m, nov., buds., clemens 50081 (l, uc) ; sandakan, aug., young fr., puasa 669 (sing); e. k a l i m a n t a n (indon. borneo), peak of balikpapan, alt. 900 m, july, buds, kostermans 767 u (a, bo, bri, cal, k, l, lae, ny, p, pnh, sing) ; ibid., july, fr., kostermans 7295 (bo, k, l) ; ibid., july, fr., kostermans 7588 (bo, k, l, sing). 11. parinari nonda f . v . m . ex bth. — fig. l l a . & b. parinarium nonda f.v. mueller ex bentham, pi. austral. -2: 426. 1s64; banks & solander, botany cpt. cook's voyage 1: t. 92. 1900; bailey, queensl. fl. 524. 1900; compreh. catal. queensl. pi. 167. 1909; pulle in nova guinea 8(2), but. 367. 1910. — ferolia nonda (f.v.m. ex bth.) o. kuntze, revisio gen. pi. 1: 216. 1891. — f.v. mueller s.n. (k). parinari papuanum c.t. white in j. arnold arb. 31: 86. 1950 — smith n.g.f. looi, holotypus; n.g.f. 1019, fr., paratypus (bri). parinari salomonevse c.t. white in j. arnold arb. 31: 87. 1950. — walker & white b.s.i.p. hffa, holo-typus; h9, para-typus (bri). parinari sp., c.t. white in j. arnold arb. 31: 87. 1950. — smith n.g.f. 1193 (bri) tree, 6 to 34 m tall and up to 55 cm in diam; stem of the savannah (fire climax!) form often comparatively thick for the size of the tree. buttresses rounded, unbranched, up to 1 m high, but usually much smaller. bark grey or grey to yellowish brown, shallowly fissured (or deeply fissured and corky in the savannah form), with prominent lenticels. living bark brown or redbrown; wood yellow-red or red, hard, with interlocked grain. branchlets drooping, somewhat angular, covered with a more or less dense layer of coarse, somewhat adpressed, rather long hairs, upon a layer of grey, cobweblike hairs; branches glabrous, purplish brown to black, glossy, with numerous, tiny, pale lenticels. stipules (bb. 31328) membranous, fugaceous, lanceolate, acute, up to 2 cm long and 2—3 mm wide at base, sometimes with a few, tiny, round glands along the margin of the upper, silky pilose surface, inside glabrous. leaves rigidly chartaceous to coriaceous, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, rarely lanceolate-elliptic, varying from 2 x 4 (or 1.5 x 6) to 7.5 x 15 cm, base rounded or acutish, rarely subcordate, apex distinctly to obscurely acuminate; upper surface glossy, midrib flat or sulcate in its upper part, pilose at base; lateral nerves very slender, secondary nerves parallel, very slender, prominulous; lower surface (in young leaves white) with stomatal areoles; reticulation prominent, rounded; midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves 16—20 (—27) pairs, rather patent, 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 171 slender, straight, arcuate at margin; along the margin scattered tiny round glands or protruding black (in sicco) small glandular tissue dots. petiole rather stout, densely pilose, glabrescent, 3—6 (—9) mm long, usually with two small, black, glossy, protruding, round glands at the middle, or lower down. panicles slender, open, terminal and axillary, up to 6—10 cm long, densely adpressed pilose and with long, less adpressed light brown, silky hairs. bracts and bracteoles caducous at anthesis. flowers brownish yellow, scented. calyx shallow, cupshaped, broad, 1.5—2 mm high, densely sericeous; lobes triangular to lanceolate-triangular, 1—1.5 mm long, densely pilose on both sides. petals slightly longer than the calyx lobes, thin, spathulate. fertile stamens ca 8, unequal in length, about as long as the petals; the sterile ones (6—10) tooth like, on an 1 mm high, stiff rim. style shorter than the longest stamen, glabrous, top (stigma) truncate. pedicel short, slender. fruit globose, ovoid or ellipsoid, often flattened laterally, up to 3 cm long, rather bumpy and irregular, covered with a dense layer of pale scabs; 2-celled; cavities brown-woolly. distribution: nw. guinea, solomon islands, n. australia, n. queensland, from 6—1300 m altitude, occuring in the moist rainforest, but also as a substage tree in savannahs. vernacular names: wobbreeka (manikiong, near oransbari); mala one (kwara-ae, solomon isl.); ranna (morehead r-,); wojinya (cooktown); wiepa (mabuiag isl.). with the formerly scanty material at hand, it was impossible to identify the numerous sterile sheets. since then numerous specimens from the solomon islands, collected by whitmore and his staff, could be studied. the result is, that we combined p. nonda, papuanum and salomonense. although the variation in leaf size is such, that combination seems to be not warranted, we have found all intermediate stages between the smallleaved mountain form (carr 14351) and the type specimen of p. papuanum (smith n.g.f. 1004) and the larged-leaved lowland specimens. c.t. white himself hinted already to the large-leaved specimens being lowland forms of p. papuanum. the savannah specimens lack an acumen, which is not unusual in specimens of a dry and unfavourable habitat. the main reasons, why we combined these species are: the constant number of lateral nerves; the typical marginal leafglands, present in all specimens and the unusual shallow, cuplike calyx. in sterile condition the specimens cannot be separated from those of p. sumatrana, but for the leaf glands. from p. insularum, its nearest relative, it may be distinguished by the leafshape. n e w g u i n e a . w. irian, tamurik, near marsh, aug., fl., anta (expedition wentholt) 233 (bo, l) ; idenburg r., alt, 80 m., apr., ft-., brass & versteegh 13541 (fruit bumpy subglobose; a frequent tree) (bo, gh, l); ransiki distr. (manokwari), 172 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 oransbari, ster., bw. 1141 et 1957 (bo, l) ; hollandia, pionnier bivouac, ait. 30 m, oct., ster., bb. 31104. (stipules with glands) (bo, l) et bb. 31473 (a. bo, l) ; nov., ster., bb. 31328 et 31381 (bo, l) ; babo, alt. 15 m, ster., bb. 21822 (bo, l) ; south coast, okaba near ginu, aug., fr., branderhorst 15 (k, l) and buds, pringyo 15 (bo) ; locality not indicated, fr., jaheri s.n. (bo) ; papua, middle fly r., lake daviumbu, plenty in banksia-grevillea savannahs, sept., brass 7891 (a, bo, gh, l) ; western div., mabaduan, savannah forest, rarer substage tree, april, young fr., brass 6571 (a, bo, gh, l) ; dagwa, oriomo r., march, young fr. and buds, brass 5979 (bo, gh, k, l), this specimen has leaves with numerous glands; kokoda, 300 m. fr., carr 16479 (l) ; boridi, 1300 m, buds, carr 14351 (l) ; locality not indicated, buds, banks & solander s.n. (p) ; sudest isl., joe landing, alt. 100 m, aug., fl.. brass 27725 (a, bo, k, l) ; ibid., mt. riu, w. slopes, alt. 300 m, aug., fl., brass 27920 (a, k, l) ; solomon isl., vanganu isl., near kaikose r., lowland, sept., buds, walker & white b.s.i.p. 149 (bri, bo) ; rendova isl., new georgia group, w. coast, 1 mile behind kenelo plant., ridge top, alt. 30 m, sept., young fr., whitmore b.s.i.p. 1877 (l) ; gizo isl., secondary forest, alt. 70 m, april, buds, whitmore's collector b.s.i.p. 5633 (l) ; gatukai isl., dec, buds, whitmore b.s.i.p. 1250 (l) ; baga isl., febr., fl., whitmore b.s.i.p. 2904 (l) ; sante ysabel, allardyce harbour, jan., fl., fr., whitmore b.s.i.p. 3666 (l) ; e. choiseul, w. of taora passage and n. of roka r., alt. 30 m, march, fl., whitmore's collector b.s.i.p. 5280 (l) ; north australia, cape york, oct., fl., mcgillavry 432 (k) ; padine r., fl., hill 138 (k) ; gilbert r., fl., fr., without collector's name (gh) ; prince of wales isl., ster.. brown 6339 (k) ; wednesday isl., fl., moseley s.n. (k) ; albany isl., aug., fl., mueller s.n. (gh, k) ; n. queensland, bloomfield, fl., petrie 39 (gh) ; mt. glory, fl., hooker s.n., anno 1850 (k). 12. parinari bicolor merr. — fig. 12. parinarium bicolor merrill in philipp. j. sci. bot. 10: 309. 1915; enum. philipp. flow. pi. 2: 235. 1923. — razon, for\ bur. 23022. tree, about 10 m high; branches brown, glossy, lenticellate; youngest branchlets densely ferrugineously tomentellous. leaves rigidly coriaceous, ovate-elliptic, 4—7 x 2—3 cm, base rounded or subacute, apex shortly, rather inconspicuously acuminate, tip broad; upper surface glabrous, except the minutely pilose, impressed midrib, brown or black when dried, lateral nerves filiformous; lower surface with a dense felt of whitish and rusty hairs, midrib strongly prominent, rusty-tomemtellous, lateral nerves 11—15 pairs, straight, arcuate at margin, prominent; areolation dense, prominent, veins not flat-topped. petiole 3—5 mm long, stout, densely rusty tomentellous. stipules large, lateral, ovate-oblong, acuminate, up to 7 mm long, inside glabrous, outside rusty tomentellous, only present on the (limp) flush. panicles terminal (and axillary), dense, densely rusty tomentose, up to 8 cm long, often corymb-like; bracts oblong-ovate, acuminate, pubescent, concave, up to 4 mm long, covering the flowerbuds, caducous at anthesis. flowers yellowish brown, densely rusty villous; calyx about 3 mm, gibbose, densely rusty villous; lobes oblong, acute, up to 2 mm long; petals oblongobovate, about 2—2.5 mm long, shorter than the calyx lobes. fertile stamens 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 173 10, about 2 mm long, on a short rim, sterile stamens tooth-like; ovary densely pilose, style short, stigma discoid. "fruit hard, irregular, dark brown, somewhat ovoid, about 3 cm long and 2.3 cm in diam.; apex rounded" (merrill). distribution: philippines. the species is closely related to p. rubiginosa ridley, but differs in leaf size, tomentum and stipules. still it might be only a form of p. rubiginosa. the type specimen is cited by merrill as razon 28022; in the material at hand it is, however, 23022. merrill did not mention the number of stamens, which is an important characteristic in parinari. philippines: mindanao, prov. of surigao, genituan isl., alt. 30 m., oct., fl., razon, for. bur. 23022 (bo, gh, k) ; ibid., june, fl., ramos & pascassio 34721 (gh, k) ; ibid., febr., fl., ponce 25075 (gh, k, us) ; distr. of davao, march, fl., ceballos, for. bur. 26600 (k) ; bucas grande isl., june, fl., ramos & pascassio, bur. sci. 35041 (bo, ghf, k, u s ) . 13. parinari anamense hance — fig. 13. parinarium anamense hance in j. of bot. 15: 333. 1877; lanessan, pi. utiles col. fr. 284. 1886 (anamenae) ; perrot & hurrier, mat. med. et pharmac. sino annamite. 1907; cardot in lecomte, fl gen. indoch. 2: 615, fig. 17. 1920; in bull. mus. hist. nat. paris 28: 193. 1922; menaut, mat. medic. cambodge in bull. econ. indoch. 1929; heim de balzac et al. in agence gen. colon. 23: 310—21, 3 tab. 1930 (ser. 3, 3: 66. 1930); craib,. fl. siam. enum. 1: 563. 1931; j. roi, atlas pl.med. chin., univ. aurora. chang-hai. 1946; petelot, pi. med. cambodge, etc. 1: 302. 1952; vidal in adansonia, n.s, 4: 142. 1964 (anamensis). — pierre s.n. (k). parinarium albidum craib in kew bull. 1912: 152; contr. fl. siam ii in aberdeen univ. studies 57: 79. 1912; fl. siam. enum. 1: 563. 1931 (as a syn. of p. anamense hance) ; cardot in lecomte, i.e. 616 — kerr 604. parinarium sumatranum (non miq.) kurz in j. as. soc. bengal 45(2) : 302. 1876; craib, fl. siam. enum 1: 563. 1931. — brandis s.n. tree, 6—30 m tall, with a short, plump bole of 3 m and less on poor soils and a straight and slender bole, 30—70 cm in diam. and up to 10 m long on better sites. crown very dense; the young branchlets with limp leaves, drooping. bark grey; living bark yellowish. pilosity of branchlets as in p. sumatrana but more yellowish brown. leaves exactly as those of p. sumatrana, but with a tendency to be larger near the inflorescence and with a more truncate or subcordate base; the number of lateral nerves 14—18 pairs; pilosity of lower leafsurface more yellowish brown. stipules slightly narrower than those of p. sumatrana. leaves variable in shape from broadly elliptical (6.5 x 9 to 7.5 x 13.5 cm) to oblong (3.5 x 9 to 5 x 12.5 cm); the flush has leaves with white lower surface, but intermingled with 74 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 the white are also yellow-brown hairs. panicles as a rule terminal, without leaves, densely yellow-brown pilose, longer than the leaves, 8—15 cm long, pyramidal. flowers smaller than in p. sumatrana with a wider, shorter tube, 2—2.5 mm long, gibbose; calyx lobes 1.5 mm long. fruit as a rule subglobose, compressed, 30 x 28 mm, rarely ellipsoid, 40 x 28 cm. other characteristics as in p. sumatrana. distribution: siam, laos, s. vietnam, up to 700 m. altitude. vernac. names: maphawk, karawk, makmue thalawk (siam); quelo (kmer); cay cam (viet); thlok (cambodia); phok (laos); enay (near banme-thuot) ; bua day or ndi or taldi (moi). use: very common in cambodia and s. vietnam, rarer in central vietnam and laos, absent in n. vietnam. the thin outer pulp of the fruit is rich in sugar and edible; it is used as food in poorer regions. the seed is inedible but is rich in a drying oil, perhaps good for soap. the timber is rather poor, but of trees with well-shaped boles it is much used. the species is very close to p. sumatrana and if its distributional area should be continuous with the former, it would be perhaps better to include it in p. sumatrana as a subspecies. but there are constant differences, li.ke the shape of the long terminal panicle; the colour of the indumentum of inflorescence, branchlets and lower leafsurface; the smaller flowers and the usually more rounded fruit. i disagree with vidal (1964), that parinari and parinarium are different names and hence do not believe that the binomials of parinari are new combinations. n o r t h s i a m : doi sutep, april, fl., kerr 604 (k, us); w. siam: kanburi, fl., teijsmann s.n. (k) ; fl., fr., teijsmann h.b. 6008 (bo. g, l, u) ; e. and s.e. siam: chantabun. ster., vesterdal s.n. (bo, c, sing); ibid., nov., fl., fr., laksanakarna 483 (k) ; chanburi, makkam, ban ang, nov., fl., chit nophakdi 146 (bkf) ; pitsanulok, pamak, fl,, kerr 8912 (p., uc) ; ibid., april, fl., kerr 2559 (k) ; ibid., febr., fr., kerr 2309 (k) ; trat, huay raeng, dongmaduca, young fr., smitinand 1361 (= for. dept. 7277) (bkf, bo) ; prachinburi, aran prathet, nawng waeng, jan., fl., put phraimirind 45, very common (bkf) ; chawn bung, ratburi, march, fl., kerr 10642 (k) ; sriracha near na prow, april, fl.. collins 874 (bish, c, k, l, us) ; ibid,. febr., fl., collins 331 (k, p, us) ; ibid., march, fl., collins 970 (k, us) ; korat, pak tongchai, dec, fr., kerr 8103 (k) ; surin, fl., put 656 (k) ; ubol, bang boong, june, fl., fr., lakmnakarna 891 (k) ; l a o s : basin of r. se-moun, dec, fr., harmand 1002 (p) ; c a m b o d i a : kang chon, kang soai, march, fl., bejaud 396 (p) ; chamcar-ta-man, prov. of kuang chhuang, march, fl., chevalier 36991 (bo,p) ; kampong thorn, tonle sap, fl., service for. (p) ; road of trimbell, km 180, aug., ster., poilane in herb. chevalier 436 (bo, p) ; pnom penh, fl., bejaud 746 (p) ; siem reap, dengrek mts., nov., "fr., poilane 13867 (p) ; kampong chuan, «h, fl., chevalier 31943 .(p) ; ibid., fl., fr.,' cardot s.n. (k) ; ibid.,. for. reserve 1965] kostekmans: genus parinari 175 kranlanh, fl., chevalier 31747 (p) ; mt. thral, pierre s.n. (p) ; praley triek, chhlong, march, fl., chevalier 40691 (l, p) ; locality not indicated, fr., godefroy s.n. (p) ; fl., hahu s.n. (p) ; a n n a m : prov. tharang, jan., fr., poilane 9458 (p) ; ibid., dec, ster., poilane 9294 (p) ; ibid., jan., fl., poilane 9497 (p) ; prov. nhatrang, hoa tan, june, young fr., poilane in herb. chevalier 46 (bo, canb, p) ; 41 (p), 39224 (bo, l, p) et 4094 (bo, p) ; ibid., for. reserve chuai-cat, sept., fr., fleurtf in herb. chevalier 39049 (bo, p) ; prov. phanrang, cana, march, fr., poilane 5835 (p) ; e. of ca na, rocky, open, nov., young fr., evrard 2457 (p) ; ibid., alt., 700 m, march, fr., poilane 5727 (p), common; ibid., ka rom, alt. 500 m, march, fr., poilane 9912 (p) ; ibid., march, ster., poilane 9909 (p) ; isl. phuquoc, june, fl., contest lacour 345, 346 (p) ; locality not indicated, fr., robinson 1493 (p) ; fl., gout gaud s.n. (p) ; c o c h i n : cuang tri, jan., fr., poilane 11874 ,(p) ; prov. thudanmot, for. reserve chon tanh, jan., fr., fleiny in herb. chevalier ,30011 (bo, p) ; id. 39357 (p) ; ibid., tai-tinh, bien hoa, fl., thorel 1002 (bo, dc, gh, l, p) ; bienhoa, tan nhuani febr., fl., vinot s.n. (p) ; road of baloah, jan., fl., lefevre 290 (p) ; road saigonbienhoa, sept., young fr., lefevre 308 (p) ; gia ray near bienhoa, febr., fr., poilane in herb. chevalier 2561 (p) ; trangbom, may, fr., chevalier 40904 (bo, p) et nov., fr., chevalier 3922j, (bo, l, p) ; gia lau me, sept., fr., pierre 339 (p) et s.n. ( c a n b ' dc, gh, k) ; thu due near saigon, fr., pierre 339 (bo, gh, k, l, p, us) ; cay cong, april, fl., fr., pierre s.n. (gh, p) ; song dlnh, for. reserve of gia huynh, fl., chevalier 40923 (bo, p) ; tayninh, april., fl., lefevre 360 (p) ; ibid., febr., fr., muller 901 (p) ; khone, fr., harmand 109 (l) ; bot. garden, saigon fl., fr., chevalier 36667 (p) ; pulo condor, cook's third voyage, buds (p) ; ibid., sine coll., fr., (p) ; ongbom, fr., phungvan diem 90 (p). 14. parinari helperi hook. f. —• fig. 14. parinarium helferi hooker f,. fl. brit. india 2: 311. 1878 (excl. cit. p. sumatranum kurz) ; brandis, ind. trees 278. 1906. — heifer s.n. tenasserim (k). large tree; branchlets densely pale brown pilose; branches glossy with numerous tiny round, pale lenticels. leaves stiffly chartaceous, elliptic to subovate-elliptic, 4 x 9 to 6 x 15 cm, base rounded or truncate to subcordate, apex conspicuously acuminate (acumen up to 15 mm long) ; upper surface glossy, midrib flat, lateral nerves filiformous, prominulous, reticulation filiformous, dense, prominulous; lower surface with stomatal areoles, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves 18—20 pairs, straight (curved at margin); areoles with a white felt of thin hairs. petioles 6—10 mm, densely fulvous, glabrescent, with two tiny round glands about the middle (leafbase sometimes with glandular tissue near the petiole insertion). panicles terminal, leafy, up to 5 cm long, densely pale brown pilose; bracts and bracteoles caducous at anthesis. flowers sessile, densely villous; calyx tube broadly cylindrical, subcampanulate, 3—4 mm long; calyx lobes 1.5 mm, narrowly ovate, acute, somewhat unequal; petals 2 mm, membraneous, sub-spathulate, acutish. stamens 8, unequal, filaments up to 1.5 mm long. ovary densely villous; style 2 mm long, densely villous (except tip). 176 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 distribution: lower burma. the species is closely related to p. anamense from which it differs by its more elongate leaves with a long acumen. hooker added in synonymy p. sumatranum (non miquel) kurz, although with doubt; this represents p. anamense hance. l o w e r b u r m a : tenasserim r., march fl., heifer s.n. (k) ; myaungmya distr., labwuta, march, fl., lace 2983 (e). the unnamed specimen, described by hooker f. (p. 311 and 312, i.e.), which he believed to be allied to p. helferi: griffith 2048, palor in mergui (k, p), is not rosaceous, as the hairs on the petioles are stellate. moreover, the very young axillar inflorescences do not conform with those of parinari. it might he tiliaceous. 15. parinari sumatrana (jack) benth. — fig. 15a, b, c. parinarium sumatranum (jack) bentham in hooker, niger fl. 335. 1849; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1(1): 353. 1855 et 1084. 1858; suppl. sumatra 115. 1860 et 306. 1862; blume, mus. bot. lugd. bat. 2: 97. 1856; mueller in walp. ann. 4: 644. 1857; in flora 41(16): 255. 1858; bentham & hooker f., gen. pl 1: 607. 1865; hooker i., fl. brit. india 2: 309. 1878; miers in j. linn. soc. bot. 17: 336. 18791; filet, plantk. woordenb. ned. ind., ed. 2: 37. 1888; koorders & valeton., bijdr. kennis boomsoorten java 5 in meded. 's lands pl tuin buitenzorg 33: 340. 1900 (excl. syn.: p. costatum bl.) ; koorders in gedenkboek junghuhn 169. 1910; backer, schoolfl. java 1: 445. 1911 (as a syn. of p. costatum bl) ; heyne, nuttige pi. ned. ind., ed. 2, 1: 697 1927; ed. 3, 1: 697. 1950; meeuse & adelbert in backer, fl. java (emergency ed.), fam. 116: 26. 1943; merrill in j. arnold arb. 33: 239. 1952; backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink jr., fl. java 1: 522. 1964 (excl. cit. spsc. p. costatum) —• petroca.rya sumatrana jack, malay miscell. 2: 67, no. 7. 1822; reprint in hooker's compan. bot. mag. 1: 221; reprint in calcutta j. nat. hist. 4: 165. 1843; reprint in truebner miscell. papers relating to indochina 2, 2: 280. 1887; mueller in walp. ann. 1: 271. 1848-49; 4: 644. 1857; in flora 41(16): 255. 1858; miquel, fl, i.e. 353. 1855; hooker f., fl, i.e. 309; miers, i.e. 336; koorders & valeton, la. 340; b.urkill in j. straits br. roy. asiat. soc. 73: 200. 1916. — ferolia sumatrana (jack) o. kuntze, revisio gen. pi. 1: 216. 1891. — lectotypus: teijsmanm. h.b. 4554 e tarabangi, palembang (u) ; para-lectotypus: teijsmann h.b. 3795 e derma enim, palembang (u). parinarium ovale (korth.) blume ex miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1(1) : 353. 1855 — lepidocarpa ovalis korthals in nederl. kruldk. arch. 3: 386. 1855; blume, mus. bot. lugd. bat. 2: 97. febr. 1856; mueller in walp. ann. 4: 644. 1857; .miquel, fl. i.e. 353 (lepidocarya) et 1084 (lepidocarpa); koorders & valeton, i.e. 340 (lepidocarya). tree, up to 30 m high and 50 cm in diam. with cylindrical, hoopringed, smooth, grey or brownish grey bole; lenticels in concentric rings; dead bark 0.5 mm thick, white inside; living bark lightbrown, 5 mm; sapwood dirty white. buttresses none or small, up to 50 cm high and 60 cm out, thick (40 cm) or thin. the flush limp and drooping. branchlets densely lightbrown tomentellous; branches glabrous, glossy, brown or black with 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 177 numerous tiny, pale lenticels. stipules (only in the flush) lateral to the petiole, large, oblong or ovate-oblong, acute, membraneous, longitudinally ribbed, base truncate, outside densely pilose, glabrous inside, 5—12 mm long, base 3—5 mm wide. leaves rigidly chartaceous, elliptic or oblong or ovate elliptic, 3 x 7 to 7 x 12 cm, apex obtuse to broadly, very shortly acuminate; base obtuse to truncate, rarely subcordate; upper surface glabrous, midrib flat or slightly impressed (pilose at base), lateral nerves filiformous, prominulous, secondary nerves parallel, prominulous; lower surface with conspicuous stomatal areoles (the nerves not flattened, at last more or less glabrous), the areoles with a felt of white-grey cobweblike hairs, midrib prominent, lateral nerves 9—14 pairs (usually ca 9—11), erect-patent, straight, arcuate near the margin, prominent; secondary nerves prominent. petiole 4—7 mm long, glabrescent, usually with two small, round, protruding, glossy glands slightly below the middle on the upper surface. panicles axillary, shorter than the leaves, up to 5 cm long, densely grey-brown pilose, ramifications few, up to 1.5 cm long, subtended by bracts similar in size and shape to the stipules; bracts and bracteoles deciduous at anthesis. pedicel very short, subtended by a bract. calyx tube funnel-shaped, slender or rather broad, 3 mm long, densely pilose; lobes elongate-triangular, narrow, 2 mm long, acute, pilose. petals spathulate, as long as the calyx lobes; fertile stamens 8, unequal, slightly shorter than the calyx lobes; ovary densely pilose; style glabrous, as long as the stamens with a small, truncate stigma. sterile stamens represented by short teeth on the staminal ring. fruit ellipsoid, laterally flattened, top obtuse or somewhat truncate, up to 2.5 x 4 cm, completely covered by grey or brown-grey scabs; exocarp 3—4 mm., consisting of hyaline, soft narrow spindles, tapering and obtuse at both ends, mesocarp marble spotted in cross-section, hard, 5 mm thick; endocarp membraneous. fruit with 2 cavities, seed only developing in one of them; the cavity filled with lightbrown very fine, cottonwool-like, densely packed hairs; cotyledons flat-convex, white, oily. distribution: sumatra, w. java. there is no type specimen of p. sumatrana extant, but jack's description is so elaborate that it is almost certain, that miquel's interpretation of the species was right. the species is one of the most common ones in s. sumatra where jack collected his material. i therefore accept the specimens enumerated and described by miquel as the holo-, respectively the paratypes (lectotypes). the species is extremely close to p. anamense (cf. there). it is also closely related to p. costata and has been usually confused with the latter species, which shows, however, constant, although small differences. as in all parinari species the leaves differ enormously in size and leaves of a sapling (10 x 21 cm, ovate with a rounded base or oblong, 178 r e i n w a r d t i a [ v o l . 7 5 x 12.5 cm, gradually acute, the top broadly acuminate) can hardly be differentiated from those of p. parva and p. costata. very young leaves have a dense golden brown woolly tomentum on their upper surface, which wears off very quickly. of the fruit i was able to study mature material. the exocarp, which in dry condition is a black, amorphous mass, consists in fresh condition of radial hyaline spindles, soft and juicy with a slightly sweetish taste; the mesocarp consist of an amorphous mass, irregularly divided by fibrous material and showing holes (marbled). s u m a t r a : e. coast, pakanbaru, tenajan r., aug., buds, soepadmo 92 (bo); palembang distr., komering hilir, kaju-agung, o m, jan., fl., bb. 13600 (bo, bzf) ; palembang, derma enim, fl., teijsmann 3795 h.b. (bo, k, u) ; ibid., ogan ulu, tubuan, young fr., teysmann 3802 h.b. (bo, k) ; lampong districts, siring kebau (kebouw), fr., teysmann 4u1 h.b. (bo, k, u) ; ibid., tarabangi, • fr., teijsmann u55u h.b. (bo, k, l, u); s. w. j a v a : udjungkulon reserve, peutjang isl., alt. 20 m, coral limestone, febr., fl., kostermans 23 a (a, bo, k, l, p) ; ibid., nov., fl., kostermans (unesco) u (a, bh, bish, bkf, bm, bri, cal, canb, g, k, l, lae, ny, pnh, sing, syd, us) ; ibid., aug., fr., kostermans & kuswata 57 (bo) ; ibid., mainland, tjibunar, alt. 50 m, dec, fr., wirawan 67 (a, bo, g, k, l, lae) ; ibid, near lighthouse, dec, fl,, kostermans 21859 (a, bo, g, k, l, lae, p, pnh, sar) et fr., kostermans 21885 (a, bo1, g, k, l, lae, p, pnh, sing, sar) ; ibid., bantam, foot of mt. hondje, dec, ster., kostermans 19289 (a, bh, bo, c, canb, g, k, l, p, us); ibid., tjemara udjungkulon, distr. batuhideung near menes, july, young fr., koorders 8562 (bo, k) et ster., koorders 8563 (bo), leaves 7.5 x 25 cm with up to 17 pairs of lateral nerves; djampang kulon, tjiratjap, distr. sukabumi, koorders 7966 (bo) ; c e n t r a l j a v a : isl. nusakambangan, ster., koorders 8563 (bo); ibid., june, fr., koorders 30270 (a, bo, k, l, ¥) ; ibid., mt. batu near perdjana, june, fl., koorders 30331 (bo, g, k, l) ; culta in hort. bogor. sub iv h 20, sapling (bo) ; sub iv h 19, ster. (bo) (leaves ovate-oblong-, 5 x 12.5 cm, gradually acute) ; in hertekamp hort. bogor, fl., h.b. 2j+9u (a, bo, k, l). 16. parinari wallichiana r. br. — fig. 16. parinarium wallichianum r. brown in wallich, catal. no. 7520. 1832 et ex hooker f., fl. brit. india 2: 311. 1878. — wallich cat. 7520 (k). this species is represented only by a sterile branch. in venation it resembles p. oblongifolia hk. f., but is has broader leaves, which are thinner, but this branch is from a flush, where the leaves are always thinner. the lower leaf surface is covered by a very dense white felt of cobweblike hairs. the only other specimen (also sterile) which it resembles is ridley 6774-. additional flush material of p. oblongifolia may prove eventually, whether p. wallichiana, is conspecific with it. another specimen, sterile (r.r.i. 6, selangor, belata r. estate) has stipules like those of p. sumatrana (sing). 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 179 17. parinari costata (korth.) blume — fig. 17a. & b. parinarium costatum (korthals) blume (melanges bot. ined., sept., 1855) ex miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1(1) : 354. 1855 et 1084. 1858; suppl. sumatra 115. 1860; mueller in walp. ann. 4: 644. 1857; in flora 41(16) : 255. 1858; hooker f., fl. brit. india 2: 309. 1878; filet, plantk. woordenb. ned. ind., ed. 2: 286. 1888; king in j. asiat. soc. bengal 66(2) : 277. 1897; ridley in agr. bull. straits & fed. malay st. 1: 145. 1902 (quoad rcmen) ; maleische timmerhoutsoorten in bull, kolon. mus. haarlem 27: 60. 1903; fl. malay pen. 1: 666. 1922 (var. nibiginosum excepta) ; brandis, ind. trees 278. 1906; backer, schoolfl. java 1: 445. 1911 (as a syn. of p. sumatramim benth.; quoad nomen tantum) ; moll & janssonius, mikrogr. holz. java 3: 229. 1914 .(quoad nomen tantum) ; burkill in j. straits br. roy. as. soc. 73: 200. 1916; diet. econ. prod. malay pen. 2: 1667. 1935; merrill in j. straits br. roy. as. soc. 76: 81 1917; bibliogr. enum. born. pl 290. 1921; enum. philipp. flow. pi. 2: 236. 1923; in j. arnold arb. 32: 200. 1951; heyne, nuttige pi. ned. ind., ed. 2, 1: 697 et ed. 3, 1: 697. 1950, p.p. — lepidocarpa costata korthals in nederl. kruidk. arch. 3: 387. 1855; miquel, flora, i.e. 354 (lepidocarya) et 1084 (lepidocarpa) ; mueller, i.e. 644 et 255. 1858. —• ferolia costata (korth.) o. kuntze, rev. gen. pi. 1: 216. 1891. — korthals s.n. (l). tree, up to 60 m high and 90 cm in diam. buttresses up to 2 m high. bark smooth or roughish, greyish or brown, cracked, up to 2 mm thick; jiving bark 10 mm, redbrown with pale spots. wood brown. branchlets very slender, black, brown or redbrown, glossy, with tiny, round, pale lenticels; the branchlets of the drooping flush with a dense tomentum of relatively long, partly adpressed, partly erect or semi-erect hairs. young leaves with a dense goldenbrown woolly tomentum on the upper surface, the lower surface with a felt of white cobweblike hairs. stipules only present in the flush, narrowly lanceolate, membraneous, curved and partly folded lengthwise, densely pilose outside, 3—7 mm long. mature leaves coriaceous or rigidly chartaceous, elliptic or subovate-elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, base roundish or acutish; top conspicuously acuminate, 2 x 4 to 4 x 9 cm; upper surface glossy, smooth, midrib, veins and reticulation slender, prominulous; lower surface with a prominent midrib, (8—) 12—15 pairs (usually 12) of slender, prominent, towards margin arcuate lateral nerves and a stomatal dense areolation; the lower leafsurface at last practically glabrous, except the cobweblike hairs in the areoles; the nerves surrounding the areoles stout, but not or hardly flattened. petiole 3—8 mm long, slender, usually glandless; glands (if present) small, round, protruding, about the middle of the petiole. panicles axillary, narrow, up to 9 cm long, fewflowered, with the same indumentum as that of the branchlets; flowers in few-flowered corymbs. pedicel hardly 1 mm long, tomentellous with two narrowly lanceolate, acute, pilose, 2 mm long bracts at different heights. bracts and bracteoles narrower than in p. sumatrana, deciduous. bracts at the base of the primary ramifications slender, up to 6 mm long. calyx tube densely grey-brown pilose, ventricose laterally, trumpet shaped, 3—3.5 mm long; lobes 1.5—2 mm long, ovate, acute, outside densely pilose, inside more sparsely, patent at anthesis; throat of tube at the ovary insertion with a 180 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 dense layer of silky, strigose, erect hairs. petals white, spathulate or elliptic-spathulate, membraneous, 1.5—2 mm long, early caducous. fertile stamens 7—8, slightly unequal, up to 1.75 mm long; filaments white, flattened, glabrous; sterile stamens inconspicuous. ovary mottled; style glabrous, slightly longer than the stamens, flat-topped (stigma). fruit ellipsoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, obscurely ribbed (dried), up to 2 x 3.5 cm (usually smaller), as a rule with scattered scabs, rarely completely covered with scabs, flattened laterally, apex rounded, truncate or emarginate (dried); outer layer 2 mm, fleshy; mesocarp marbled; endocarp thin; fruit 2-celled, one cell usually empty; both cells with a dense mass of brown cottonwool like hairs. distribution: malay peninsula, sumatra, w. borneo; philipines (ex merrill). the species is very close to p. sumatrana and has been more or less consistently combined with it. recent acquisitions made it possible to find out the differences; the leaves are smaller and are distinctly acuminate; the stipules are slender, lanceolate or linear; the number of lateral nerves is 12—15 pairs; the fruit have as a rule a less dense layer of scabs. merrill's bornean and philippine specimens were not available for examination. the leaves of the sapling specimen sinclairs.f.n. 40208 are up to 5 x 15 cm, but in the same specimen leaves of only 2.5 x 5 cm are also present. the specimen king's coll, 5227 has a controversial statement on its label, which reads: penang and also perak, larut. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : penang isl., penang hill, chalet, alt. 350 m , july, fr., moh. nur 3788 (bo, sing) ; ibid., tunnel rd., alt. 750 m, may, fl., henderson s.f.n. 21431 (bo, s i n g ) ; ibid., w. bungalow, sept., fr., curtis 2163 (sing); ibid., batu teringgi, fl., ridley s.n. (sing) et fl., curtis 259 (sing) ; ibid., telok bahang, june, fl., curtis 259 (sing) ; ibid., locality not indicated, fl., curtis s.n. (sing) (this specimen has one large leaf) ; fl., forest guard 12580 (sing) et young fr., curtis 3152 (sing) ; pahang, temerloh, sept., fl., bonar f.d. 6340 (e, sing) ; selangor, lower p a r t of bukit kutu, june, fl., ridley s.n. (sing) ; belata river e s t a t e , aug., ster., r.r.i. 8 (sing) ; kemaman, bukit kajang, alt. 150 m, nov., ster., corner s.n. (sing) (some leaves only 1 x 2.5 cm) ; johore, sg. sedili, low, july, fr., ngadiman s.f.n. 36915 (bo, sing) ; ibid., febr., ster., corner s.f.n. 34674 (sing) ; 6th mile mawai rd., low, april, ster., corner s.n. (sing) ; ibid., 13% mile mawai-jemaluang rd., sept., fl., corner s.n. (sing) ; mawai, jan., fr., ngadiman s.f.n. 34765 (sing); ibid., 11 1/2miles mandai rd., febr., ster., sinclair s.f.n. 40,208 (bo, l., sing) ; malacca, sg. udang, ster., cant ley's coll. (alvins) 13 (sing) ; ibid,, fl., fr., maingay 621/2 (l) ; singapore isl., west end selatar reservoir, upper mandai, aug., ster., sinclair s.f.n. 39700 (bo, l, sing) ; chan chun kang, fr., ridley 3901 (sing) ; s u m a t r a : e a s t coast, upper langkat, batang lembosa, 40 m. alt., ster., bb.9152 (bo) ; pakanbaru, tenajan r., aug., fr., soepadmo 206 (bo, 1965] kostermans: genus parinari lit. l) et aug., fl., soepadmo 84 (bo) ; palembang distr., mulah hulu, april., grashoff 298 (bo, k, l) ; tandjong neng, r. bliti, alt. 200 m, young fr., forbes 2837 (= 123) (bo, l ) ; sumatra's west coast, painan, fr., s.w.k. 1-31, (a, bo, k, l) ; locality not indicated, ster., korthals s.n. (l) ; bangka: djebus, ster., sine coll. (bo, l) ; b o r n e o : sarawak, rambangan, hills, sept., fl., omar 171 ( = f. 00117) (sar) ; brunei: bukit teraja, alt. 250 m, may, fl., ashton s. 7889 (l). the following specimens are difficult to assign either to p. costatw, p. polyneura or p. sumatrana: sumatra: indragiri upper lands, keritang, ster., bb. 28662 (bo) with broad stipules like those of p. sumatrana, but the leaves are acuminate, are 5 x 1 0 cm and have 14 pairs of nerves; palembang distr., belimbing, ster., bb. 28548 (bo) with large, acuminate leaves and 12 pairs of nerves and ibid., bb. 28500 (a, bo, l, sing) with acuminate leaves, 14 pairs of nerves and stipules as in p. costata. do they represent hybrids? or are they youth forms? i have included them in p. potyneura, 18. parinari insularum a. gray. — fig. 18. parinarium insularum a. gray, bot. cpt. wilkes united st. explor. exped. 1: 488. 1854; atlas 1: t. 54. 1857; burkill in j. linn. soc. bot. 35: 36. 1901 (var.) ; ridley, dispersal pi. world 208. 1930; wilder in bishop mus. bull. 184: 40. 1945. — cpt. wilkes, feejee isl., fr. (k). tree ca 10—20 m. high; branchlets densely rusty tomentellous; branches glabrous, black or brown, lenticellate. leaves stiffly chartaceous to coriaceous, ovate, 2.5 x 7 to 6.5—14 cm or lanceolate, 2.5 x 9 cm, base rounded or rarely sub-cordate, apex gradually acute with sharp tip; upper surface glabrous, the flattened midrib with a long-persistent pilosity, lateral nerves very slender, hardly raised; lower surface densely stomatalareolate, the areoles covered with pale brown to grey cobweb-like woolly hairs, midrib prominent, minutely, densely pilose, lateral nerves 8—13 pairs, slender, prominulous, erect patent, straight or slightly arcuate (arcuate at margin). petiole short, 2—8 mm long, densely tomentellous, glabrescent, deeply sulcate above with two tiny, protruding round glands about the middle on the upper surface (or the glands lacking). stipules thin, lanceolate, up to 8 mm long, at base 2.5 mm wide, tomentellous, caducous. panicles terminal (and lateral), densely rusty tomentellous,up to 9 cm long, the lateral ramifications subracemiformous. bracts ovate, acute, concave, 4 mm long, densely tomentellous, caducous at anthesis. calyx broadly funnelshaped, 2—2.5 mm, lobes 1.5 mm, ovate-triangular, acute, inside shortly pilose. petals white, spathulate, shorter than the calyx lobes. fertile stamens 8, unequal in length, slightly exceeding the petals; sterile ones teeth-like. style glabrous, about as long as the stamens, stigma minute, truncate. fruit ellipsoid, bumpy and irregularly, broadly, longitudinally ribbed, smooth, black with numerous pale, tiny spots, up to 2.5 x 5 cm, olive coloured (fresh). 182 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 distribution: fiji, samoa, tonga. vernac. name: sa, seera or seea (fiji). f i j i : kandavu, above namalata and ngaloa bays, alt. 200—400 m, oct., fl., smith 196 (bish, bo, gh, k, p, s, uc) ; vicinity of wairiki, taviuni, ster., gillespie 4369 (bish, gh) ; near nasimu, 9 miles from suva, alt. 100 m., ster., gillespie 3580 (bish, uc) ; ibid., oct., fr., gillespie 3619 (bish, d, k, uc) ; suva, central rd., toihill 8s (k), chaillelia vitiensisseemann) ; macuata prov., july, fl., sykes 70 (k) ; nandarivatu, valley of the singatoka r., nov., fr., gillespie 3885 (bish, bo) ; ibid., march, fr., mead 1992 (k) ; vanua levu, slopes of mt. numbuiloa, open forest, oct., fr., smith 6u31 (bish, gh, k, le, s), fruit flattened, 1.8 x 1.4 inch, bumpy with brown spots on black field; vanue levu, mathuata, seanggangga, nov., fl., smith 6655 (bish, bo, gh, k, le, s) ; viti levu, may, fr., parks 20.136 (bish, uc) ; viti levu, tailevu, fl., parham 2674 (gh) ; takaundrove, savu-savu bay region, jan., fr., degener & ordonez 14049 (bish, gh, k) ; suva, lamy mts, ster., meebold 17045 (bish, k) ; viti levu, rewa prov., korombambu mts., kasi, alt. 300—400 m, may, fl., smith 1824 (bish, bo, gh, k, p, s, uc) ; locality not indicated, fl., seemann s.n. (k) et fr., seemann h6 (k) ; fr., cpt. wilkes s.n. (k, p) ; fr., home 1062 (gh, mo) ; fl., home 92 (k) ; fl., home 1069 (bo, k, le) ; june, fl., fr., storck s.n. (gh, k, le) ; march, fl., tothill 534 (k) ; samoa: pago-pago, dec, fr., garbler s.n. (k.) ; safai, oct., fl., vaupel 484 (k) ; upulo isl., ster., luerssen 1353 et 1557 (k); upolo, vailele mts., aug., fr., christophersen f.n. 351 (= 2211) (bish) ; uvea, 15 m, nov., fl., burrows 1&2u (bish); locality not indicated: aug., fl., whitmee 19 (k) ; fl., powell 218 (k) ; fr., mckee 2928 (k) ; fr., daniels hi (k) ; fr., greenwood 520 a et b et 520 (k) ; tonga isl., vavau, fl., crosby 226 et 227 (k) ; eua isl., fr., parks 16339 (k). 19. parinari gigantea kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 19. arbor alta ramulis jerrugineis lenticellatis foliis coriaceis ellipticis basi rotundatis apice obscure acuminatis nervis lateralibus 20—28 paribus, fades inferioribus perdense areolatis glabrescentibus; infructescentiis parvis fructibus magnis. tree 35—40 m tall, free bole 21—27 m long and 60 cm in diam. bark dirty grey, smooth, 0.5 mm thick, lenticellate. living bark 10—20 mm thick, red-brown. wood pale redbrown, alternating with paler parts. branches glossy redbrown with numerous, tiny lenticels; branch! e.ts with a closely adpressed dense matting of long hairs. stipules lanceolate to linear, up to 2.5 cm long, 3 mm wide at base, acute, membranous, inside glabrous, outside with a dense layer of tiny, adpressed hairs. leaves coriaceous, elliptical, 5 x 9 to 8 x 17 cm, base rounded, top obscurely acuminate; above glabrous, midrib flat (sulcate in its upper part), lateral nerves prominulous, secondary veins dense, parallel, slightly prominulous; lower surface with a dense stomatal areolation, midrib prominent, pilose, glabrescent; lateral nerves 20—28 pairs, erect-patent, parallel, straight, the veins not very broadened. petiole stout, 5—7 mm, pilose, glabrescent; glands small, round, at the middle. 1.965] kostermans: genus parinari infructescence lateral, 3—5 cm long, glabrous. fruit dull brown to grey, smooth, large, irregularly ellipsoid, usually tapered towards base, lateraly flattened and somewhat bumpy, up to 4 x 6.5 cm; exocarp juicy, of hyaline spindles, outside with tiny scabs; mesocarp bony, strongly, irregularly ribbed; cells two, with brown, woolly hairs. typus: kostermans 10396 (bo). the species is related to p. ashtonii, but has differently shaped leaves with more lateral nerves; it is also related to p. oblongifolia but differs by the less numerous lateral nerves and the shorter infructescences, which are lateral; the indumentum is also different. it comes also near p. rubiginosa. the fruit and infruotescence exactly match those of the specimens of p. rubiginosa from the balikpapan peak, but the latter have narrow leaves. it is possible that the two represent varieties of the same species and that p. gigantea is a lowland variety of p. rubiginosa. distribution: indonesian e. borneo. e. kalimantan, belajan r. near long bleh, sandy loam, low, rather rare, april, fr., kostermans 10306 (a, bo, k, l) ; e. kutei, menubar r. region, alt. 60 m., june, ster., kostermans 54.02 (a, bo, k, l, lae, p, pnh, sing) ; ibid., june, ster., kostermans bb. 34697 (bo, k, l). 20. parinari excelsa sabine. parinari excelsa sabine in trans. hort. soc. 5: 451. 1824; perrottet & richard, fl. seneg. tent. t. 62. 1830—33; g. don, gen. syst. 2: 479. 1831; graham, cat. pi. bombay 66. 1839 (,,malomia") ; hooker f., fl. brit. india 2: 312. 1878; dalzell & gibson, bombay fl, suppl. 32. 1861; lisboa in gazetteer bombay pres. bot. 25: 154. 1886; hutchinson & dalziel, fl. west trop. afr. 1: 317. 1928. introduced in goa by the jezuites from mozambique (according to sir royen das feria). : a specimen, collected by roberty, no 5012 (g), and identified by him as a new variety of p. indicum bedd., might represent p. excelsa sabine. 21. parinari, spec. nov. 1. tree, 25 m high; bark grey, pustular. branchlets with fine cobweblike hairs. young leaves with adpressed, cobweblike hairs on the lower surface and adpressed, strigose, thin hairs on the leafbase and on basal part of the midrib of the lower surface. leaves chartaceous, obovate-oblong or narrowly oblong, 3 x 13 to 8 x 21 cm, base rounded to subcordate, apex shortly, broadly acuminate; upper surface glabrous, midrib impressed (pilose at base), lateral nerves filiformous, prominulous; reticulation prominulous; lower leaf surface glabrous, prominulously reticulate without stomatal are184 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 oles, midrib prominent, lateral nerves 13—20 pairs, slender, arcuate at the margin, prominent. petiole densely lightbrown hirsute, glabrescent, stout, 5 mm long. singapore isl. : s. side of macritchie reservoir, 22 febr. 1957, ster., sinclair 8918 (bo, l). the species is related to p. canarioides kosterm. by its glabrous, non areolate leaves; it has, however, obovate oblong, large leaves with more lateral nerves. on the bogor specimen a loose stipule was found, which belongs probably to this species; it is oblong-rectangular, obtuse, almost 2 cm long and 8 mm wide, with a truncate base, pilose outside. species excludendae 1. parinarium dillenifolium r. brown in. wallich, catal. no 7520. 1832; hooker f., fl, brit. india 2: 312. 1878. — petrocarya dillenifolia steudel, nomencl. bot., ed. 2,2: 309. 1841 = dipterocarpus cornutus dyer. 2. p. coccineum elmer, pygeum coccineum (elmer) elmer = primus fragrans (elmer) kalkman. 3. p. fragile teijsmann & binnendijk, catal. hort. bogor. 253. 1866 (nomen) = licania splendens (korth.) prance & kosterm., comb. nov. (basionym: angelesia splendens korthals); type specimen in herbarium firenze from a specimen, cultivated in the bogor botanic garden. 4. p. nitidum hooker f., coccow.elia nitida ridley, trichocarya nitida miq., ferolia nitida 0. ktze. = licania splendens (korth.) prance & kosterm. 5. p. petiolatum von malm (in notizblatt bot. gart. berlin 11: 630. 1932; in fedde, rep. 34: 276. 1934), rensch u, mbudju, flores (not mboedjae, as von malm misspellt it; in his article he, more or less consistently, misspellt oe as ae; the dutch oe is the aequivalent of the german u; the sumbawanese village batudulang is misspellt batoedaelang) is lost. the description is very poor and salient characters, characteristic for parinari are missing. the specimen certainly does not belong in parinari because of the serrate leaves and long petiole. it represents perhaps polyosma (rutaceae), which has leaves, exactly like those as v. malm describes, the young leaves of polyosma are somewhat warty (tuberculate) when dried. it might also repsesent eriobotrya bengalensis, which sometimes has racemelike inflorescences. also helicia is not exluded. several other identifications in v. malm's article are dubious or wrong! 6. p. philippinensis elmer, leaflets philipp. bot. 10: 3809. 1939 = licania splendens (korth.) prance & kosterm. 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 185 7. p. punctatum kurz, based on elaeocarpus punctatus wallich, catal. 2676, represent perhaps parinari polyneura miq. 8. p. scabrum, var. lanceolatum koorders in gedenkboek junghuhn 169. 1910; hallier in beih. bot. centr. bl. 39(2) : 161. 1921 = hiptage (malpighiaceae). 9. chrysobalanus racemosus roxb. is inadaequately described and unidentifiable without specimen. the description fits cyclandrophora iaurina (a. gray) kosterm., comb. nov. (basionym: parinarium laurinum a. gray), but the fruit (drupe with a 5-furrowed, 5-valved nut) does not fit in parinari. 10. a specimen, collected by roberty in the ghats w. of poona, no 5012 (g) and considered and named by him as a new variety of p. indicum bedd., probably represents parinari excelsa sabine. the specimen consist of a few, loose leaves and a detached inflorescence in bud. 11. parinarium species, allied to p. helferi hk. f., fl. brit. india 2: 311. 1878. the type specimen, collected near palor, mergui (k, p) does not belong to rosaceae; the petioles have stellate hairs. perhaps tiliaceous? 12. arbor nigra maculosa rumphius, herb. amboin. 3: 12, t. 4, fig.l, 1741; merrill, interpret. rumph. herb. amb. 227. 1917; heyne, nuttige pi. nederl. ind., ed. 2,1: 697. 1927, currently interpreted as representing parinari, belongs, perhaps to strychnos. 13. parinarium myrsinoides schlechter in engl. bot. jahrb. 39: 133. 1906 = licania myrsinoides (schl.) kosterm., comb. nov. 14. parinarium tontoutense guillaumin in mem. mus. hist. nat. paris, ser. bot. 8: 139. 1959 = licania tontoutense (guill.) kosterm., comb* nov l i s t of collector's numbers alvins 13: 17; anderson c.s. 15386: 2; anta 233: 11; ashton brun. 497: 4; 673: 3; 854: 2; 3267: 3; 5669: 2; ashton s. 7889: 17; s. 17281: 7. banks & solander s.n.: 11; bb. 3145: 8; 7056: 2; 7714: 2; 9152: 17; 11278: 8; 11284: 8; 13312: 2; 13314: 8; 13600: 15; 13650: 2; 15256: 2; 15797: 2; 16921: 2; 17767: 8; 18282: 8; 18325: 8; 18855: 8; 19076: 8; 19089: 8; 20630: 8; 21822: 11; 24730: 8; 25119: 8; 25221: 2; 25591: 8; 28500: 9; 28539: 9; 28548: 9; 28645: 9; 28662: 9; 28932: 22; 30132: 8; 31104: 11; 31328: 11; 31331: 11; 31473: 11; 32349: 2; 34697: 19; bejaud 396: 13; 746: 13; boden kloss 14676: 5; bonar f.d. 6340: 17; branderhorst 15: 11; brass 5979, 6571, 7891, 27725 et 27920: 11; brass & versteegh 13541: 11; brown 6339: 11; burrows 1824: 18; b.w. 1141: 11; 1957: 11. cantley's coll. 13: 17; cardot s.n.: 13; carr 14351: 11; 16479: 11; ceballos f.b. 26600: 12; chevalier 31747, 31943, 36667, 36991, 39224, 40691, 40904'et 40923: 13; chit nophakdi 146: 13; christophersen f.n. 351 (= 2211): 18; clemens 50081; 186 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 187 10; collins 331: 13; 874: 13; 970: 13; contest-lacoui345 et 346: 13; corner s.n.: 17; corner s.f.n. 34674: 17; crosby 226 et 227: 18; curtis 259; 2163, 3152 et s.n.: 17. daniels 141: 18; degener & ordonez 14049: 18. elmer 20806: 4; 21396: 8; bngoh b.n.b.f.d. 7249: 8; 10447: 8; evrard 2457: 13. fleury in herb. chevalier 30011, 39049 et 39357: 13; forbes 2837 (= 123) : 17; forest guard 12580: 17; fox 5026: 8; foxworthy f.d. 3223: 8. garbler s.n.: 18; gillespie 3580, 3619, 3885 et 4369: 18; godefroy s.n.: 13; gourgaud s.n.: 13; grashoff 298: 17; 898: 9; greenwood 520 a et b: 8; griffith 204: tiliaceae; s.n.: 8; s.n.: 9; gusdorf 66: 2. hahn s.n.: 13; harmand 109 et 1002: 13; h.b. 2494: 15; heifer s.n.: 14henderson s.f.n. 21431: 17; 21976, 29619 et 29670: 8; hill 138: 11; holttum s.f.n. 20065: 5; hooker s.n.: 11; home 92 et 1069: 18. iboet 368: 5. jaheri s.n.: 11. kerr 604, 2309, 2559, 8103, 8912 et 10642: 13; kiah s.f.n. 31720: 5; s.n.: 8; king's coll. 4624, 5227 et 6087: 9; 10369 et 10422: 8; koorders 7966, 8562, 8563, 30270 et 30331: 15; korthals s.n.: 15; s.n.: 17; kostermans 23 a: 15; 44: 15; 4491: 8; 5402: 19; 6544: 8; 6615: 8; 7152: 2; 7295: 10; 7674: 10; 7588: 10; 8646: 2; 10017: 2; 10396: 19; 10759: 2; 13572: 8; 19289: 15; 21665: 8; 21859: 15; 21885: 15; s.n.: 4; kostermans & kuswata 57: 15; krukoff 4324: 8. lace 2983: 14; laksanakarna 483 et 891: 13; lambach 1229: 5; lefevre 290, 308 et 360: 13; luerssen 1353 et 1557: 18. mahwood f.d. 8104: 6; mail b.n.b.f.d. 2875: 1; maingay kew distr. 623 (= 3307): 8; 621/2: 17; mcgillavry 432: 11; mckee 2928: 18; mead 1992: 18; meebold 17045: 18; moh. nur 3788: 17; 11301, 11147 et 32665: 10; moseley s.n.: 11; v. mueller s.n.: 11; mueller 901: 13. ngadiman s.f.n. 34765: 17; 36910: 8; 36915: 17. omar 171 (= f. 00117)x: 17. , parham 2674: 18; parks 16339 et 20436: 18; petrie 39: 11; phillips c.f. 660: 8; phung-van-diem 90: 13; pierre 339 et s.n.: 13; poilane 41, 46, 436, 2561, 4094, 5727, 5836, 9294, 9458, 9497, 9909, 9912, 11874, 13867 et 39224: 13; ponce 25075: 12; powell 218: is; pringgo 15: 11; puasa 689: 10.; put praisurind 45 et 656: 13. ramos & pascassio 34721 et 35041: 12; raub 22548: 10; razon f.b. 23022: 12; rensch 4 ='! polyosma; ridley 933: 8; 3901: 17; 6774: 16; s.n.: 8; s.n.:. 10; s.n.: 17; roberty 5012 =? dipterocarpaceae; robinson 1493: 13; r.r.i. 6: 16; 8: 17. seemann 146: 18; s.n.: 18; s.f.n. 40773: 6; sinclair 18918: 21; sinclair s.f.n. 39700 et 40208: 17; 40635: 8; sinclair & kadim bin tassin 10402: 7; sinclair & kiah s.f.n. 40773: 6; singh san 21399: 1; smith 196, 1824; 6431 et 6655: 18; smith n.g.f. 1004 et 1019: 11; smitinand 1361 (f.d. 7277): 13; soepadmo 84 et 206: 17; 92: 15; storck s.n.: 18; sykes 70: 18; s.w.k. 1-34: 17. teijsmann h.b. 3795, 3«02 & 4441: 15; 4537: 9; 4545: 15; 6008: 13; s.n.: 13; thorel 1002: 13; thorenaar 45 t ip 58: 9; tothill 68 et 534: 18. . vaupel 484: 18; vesterdal s.n.: 13; vinot s.n.: 13. walker & white b.s.i.p. 149 et a: 11; wallich cat. 7520: 16; whitmee 19: is; whitmore b.s.i.p. 1250, 1877, 2904, 3666, 5280 et 5633: 11; wilkes s.n.: 18; wirawan 67: 15; wood kep. 76128: 8; wood san 16175 et 16535: 1; wood san a 3460: 8. i n d e x new species, combinations and sections are printed bold face, synonyms are in italics. acioa aublet 148 § anareolata kosterm 157, 158 angelesia splendens korth 149, 184 arbor nigra maculosa rumph 185 balantium desv 148, 153 chailletia vitiensis seem 182 chrysobalanus 150 chr. racemosus roxb 185 coccomelia, nitida ridley 184 cyclandrophora hassk. ... 148, 149, 150 cyclandrophora laurina (a. gray) kosterm. 185 dipterocarpus cornutus dyer 184 dugortia scop 1521 eriobotrya bengalensis 185 § eu-parinari haum 149 ferolia barr 152 f. eostata (korth.) o.k 179, 181 f. nitida o.k 184 f. nonda (f.v.m. ex bth'.) o.k 170 f. oblongifolia (hk. f.) o.k 165 f. polyneura (miq.) o.k 167 f. sumatrana (bth.) o.k 176 § grymania (presl) hk. f 149 helicia 185 hiptage 185 hirtella l. ". 153 lepidocarpa (us) korth 153 l. eostata korth 179 l. ovalis korth 176 lepidocaiya ,,korth." miq 153 licania myrsinoides (schl.) kosterm. 185 l. splendens (korth.) prance & kosterm. . . 184, 185 l. tontoutense (guill.) kosterm. ... 185 § macroearya miq 149 malpata adans. ex de jussieu 153 mampata adans 153 maranthes bl. 148, 149, 150 § neocarya bth 148, 149 neon ,,adans." d. jackson 153 neou adans. ex de juss 153 parinari aublet 150, 151 parinaria, parinarium 152 p. albida (urn) craib 173 p. anamense (sis) hance ... 173, 176, 177 p. argenteo-sericea kosterm. ... 155, 158 p. ashtonii kosterm 164, 183 p. bicolor merr 169, 172 p. borneense merr 165 p. campestre aublet 154 p. canarioides kosterm. ... 155, 159, 184 p. coccineitm elm 184 p. eostata (korth.) bl. 169, 176, 177, 178, 179 p. costatum (non bl.) king 167 p. costatum, var. rubiginosum ridley 168, 179 p. dillenifolium r.br 184 p. elmeri merr 161, 163 p. excelsa sabine 183 p. fragile t. & b 184 p. gigantea kosterm 170, 182, 183 p. helferi hk. f 1.75, 176 p. indicum bedd 185 p. insularum a. gray 181 p. jaekianum bth 149 p. laurinum a. gray 185 p. metallica kosterm 160 p. myrsinoides schl 185 p. nitidum hk. f 184 p. nonda f.v.m 155, 156, 170, 171 p. oblongifolia (urn) hk. f. . 164, 165, 178, 183 p. ovale (korth.) bl 176 p. papuanum c.t. white 170, 171 p. parva kosterm 162, 178 p. petiolatum v. malm 185 p. philippinensis elmer 185 p. polyneura (urn) miq. . 155, 167, 168, 169, 181 p. punctatum kurz 185 p. rigida kosterm 163 p. rubiginosa (um) ridley . . 168, 169, 173, 183 p. salomonense c.t. white ... 170, 171 188 reinwardtia [vol. 7 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 189 p. scabrum, var. lanceolatum kds. ... 185 p. sumatranum (non miq.) kurz 173, 175, 176 p. sumatrana (um) (jack) bl 163, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181 p. tontoutense guill 185 p. wallichiana (um) r. br 178 p. species, c.t. white 170 p. species, hook, f 185 p. species 1 183 § parinari 157, 160 petrocarya schreber 151, 152, 153 § petrocarya. (schr.) benth. ... 148, 149 p. dillenifolia steudel 184 p. excelsa jack 148, 149 p. sumatrana jack 176 § pellegriniella haum 149 polyosma 185 potentilla anserina 149 prunus 151, 155 p. fragrans (elmer) kalkm 184 prunus, subgen. laurocerasus 151 pygeum 151, 155 p. coceineum (elmer) elmer 184 § sarcostegia bth 148, 149 shorea 155, 160, 166 strychnos 185 thelira (thelyra) thouars 153 trichocarya nitida miq 184 pig. 1. parinari argenteo-sericea kosterm. 190 r e i n w a it d t i a [vol. 7 \ 2. parinari canarioides kosterm.; after kostermans 10017 (bo). 1965] kostekmans : genus parinari 191 fig. 3. parinari metallica kosterm.; holo-typus. 192 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 193 fig. 5. parinari parva kosterm.; after lambach 1229 (bo). fig. 4. parinari elmeri merr.; after elmer 20806 (bo) 194 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 f i g . 6a. parinari rigida kosterm.; holo-typus. 1065] kostermans : genus parinari 195 fig. 6b. parinari rigida kosterm.; after mahwood 8104 (sing). 196 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 197 fig. 7. parinari ashtonii kosterm.; liolo-typus. fig. 8. parinari oblongifolia hk. f.; after elmer 21396 (bo). 198 reinwardtia [vol. 7 fig-. 9a. parinari poly neura miq.; after king's coll. 4624 (bo). 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 199 fig. 9b. parinari polyncura miq. 200 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 fig. 10. parinari ruhiginosa ridley; after nur 11147 (bo). 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 201 fig. l l a . parinari nonda f.v.m.; after brass 7891 (bo). 202 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 fig. l i b . parinari novda p.v.m.; iso-type of p. salomonense c. t. white. 1965] kostermans: genus parinari fig. 12. parinari bicolor merr.; after ramos & pascassio b.sc. 35041 (bo). r e i n w a r d t i a [vol, 7 1965] kostermans: genus parinari 205 fig. 13. parinari anamense hanee; after lecomte & finet s.n. (p). fig. 14. parinari helferi hk. f.; after lace 2983 (e). 206 reinwardtia [vol. 7 fig. lba. parinari sumatrana (jack) benth. •1965 ] kostermans: genus parinari 207 fig. 15b. parinari sumatrana benth.; after kostermans & kuswata 57 (bo). 208 r e i n w a k d t i a [vol? 7 1965] kosteemans: genus parinari fig 15c. parinari sumatrana (jack) bth.; young flush, after kostermans, unesco 44 (bo). fig. 16. parinari wallichiana r. br.; holo-typus. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol.7 17a. parinari costata bl; after soepadmo 84 (bo). 1965] kostermans : genus parinari fig. 17b. parinari costata bl; holo-typus. .212 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. pig. 18. parinari insidarum a. gray; after a. c. smith 196 (bo). 1965] kostermans : genus parinari 213 fig. 19parinari gigantea kosterm.; holo-typus. rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_29 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_30 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_31 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_32 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_33 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_34 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_35 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_36 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_37 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_38 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_39 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_40 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_41 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_42 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_43 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_44 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_45 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_46 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_47 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_48 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_49 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_50 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_51 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_52 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_53 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_54 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_55 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_56 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_57 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_58 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_59 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_60 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_61 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_62 untitled reinwardtia [vol. 7 f panicles axillary and terminal, up to 9—15 cm ion?, lax, densely white sericeous-tomentellous (hairs more or less adpressed), except for peduncle and main branches which are more laxly white tomentellous; bracts ovate, acute, densely white tomentellous outside, caducous. pedicels 1—3 mm long; calyx infundibuliformous, gibbose, rather slender, densely white tomentellous, 2—3 mm long; lobes 1.5—3 mm long, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly triangular, densely white tomentellous outside, inside densely pilose; petals spathulate, 2 mm long; fertile stamens 7—8, 1.5 mm long on a 0.5—1 mm high rim, the sterile ones teethlike on an 1 mm high rim; style slightly shorter than the stamens, apex (stigma) truncate, somewhat triangular; ovary with a dense layer of long, white, glossy strigose hairs, which cover (in a reverse direction) also the upper part of the inside of the tube. distribution: n. borneo the species is allied to p. glaberrima, from which it may be recognized by the leafshape, number of stamens, the slender flowers and especially by the white indumentum of the inflorescences. s a b a h (n. borneo), lahad datu, pangaruan camp site, mile 6% on kennedy bay timber co's rd., 15 miles e.e.w. of lahad datu, alt. 40 m, march, fl., wood, san 16175 (a, bo, bri, k. kep, l, sing) ; sandakan, cpt. 17, sepilok for. res., 15 miles w. of sandakan, may, fl., wood, san 18535 (a, bo, bri, k, kep, l, sing); sandakan, jalan kabili, boundary sepilok for. res., alt. 10 m, may, post anthesis, singh, san 21399 (bo, k) ; pokul r., bank, alt. 7 m., march, buds, mail, b.n.b.f.d. 2875 (bo, k). i 2. parinari (§ cyclandrophora) elliptica kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 2 arbor parva ramulis sparse adpresse strigosis, foliis chartaceis usque ad rigide chartaceis ellipticis utrinque rotundatis vel rarissime basi subacutis, supra glabra nitida prominule reticulata, nervo mediano prominulo, subtus in joliis junioribus sparse adpresse pilosa, mox glabra, prominule reticulata, costis utrinque 6—8; paniculis pervaucifloris, floribus dense minute pilosis, staminibus fertilibus circa 20, petalibus superantibus, stylus filamentorum subaequilongis, apice truncatus. typus: parham s.n. (k) small tree, 7—8 m high; branchlets slender with minute, scattered, adpressed, strigose hairs; branches blackish or grey with numerous tiny lenticells, glabrous. leaves chartaceous to rigidly chartaceous, elliptical, 4 x 6 to 9.5 x 15 cm, both ends rounded (rarely base acutish); upper surface glossy, glabrous, densely, prominulously reticulate, midrib slightly prominent, lateral nerves very slender; lower surface more dull, glabrescent (near the base adpressed strigose hairs subpersistant), midrib strongly 1965] a. j . g . h. kostermans: new species of parinari 49 prominent, lateral nerves 6—8 pairs, slender, prominent, slightly arcuatepatent, reticulation prominulous with rough veins. petiole about 5 mm long, glandless. stipules aciculate, 10 mm long, caducous. panicles depauperate, raceme-like, few-flowered, hardly and shortly branched, densely adpressed grey-strigose, slender, up to 7 cm long; bracts caducous. pedicel 2—5 mm long. calyx slender, about 5 mm, densely adpressed-strigose, infundibuliformous, lobes ovate-elliptic, obtuse, up to 5 mm long, outside densely sericeous, inside less; petals not seen. fertile stamens about 20, up to 9 mm long, on an 1 mm high rim, sterile ones on the rim represented by short teeth, ovary densely adpressed strigose; style glabrous, as long as the stamens, apex (stigma) truncate. distribution: fiji islands vernac. name: makita leka in leaf-shape the species resembles p. latifrons from the malay peninsula, but the apex is always rounded, moreover it has far less lateral nerves. the local name is makita leka which means the short makita; makita is the name for the common p. laurina. according to parham from the kernel an oil is obtained. fiji islands, viti levu, vunidawa, sheltered valley, alt. 70 m, jan., fl., parham, s.n. (k); naitasiri, alt. 30 m., ster., peni turaga s.n. (k); locality not indicated, fl., home u2 (k). 3. parinari (§ eu-parinari) metallica kosterm., spec, nov.—fig. 3 arbor mediocris foliis rigide chartaceis vel coriaceous ellipticis obtusis vel obscure breve acuminatis supra pernitida metallica, subtus glabra, perdense areolata, areolis parvis venis latis, costis 10—13 paribus; petiolis longis; paniculis axillaribus foliis brevioribus ferrugineo pilosis, staminibus fertilibus 8; stylus filamentis aequilongis. typus: ashton, brun. 3267 (sar). understory tree ca 16 m tall, 25 cm in diam., clear bole to 12 m; bark smooth, purplish; crown broad lanceolate; branchlets stout, crooked, dark brown, lenticellate; the youngest ones adpressed strigose, soon glabrous. leaves rigidly chartaceous to coriaceous, elliptic, 3.5 x 8 to 9 x 17 cm, base rounded or shortly acute, apex very shortly acuminate, but usually obtuse, upper surface very glossy with a grey metallic sheen, midrib flat, lateral nerves filiform, prominulous, secondary nerves prominulous, but usually inconspicuous; lower surface in young leaves with a dense layer of woolly cobweblike, brown hairs, soon glabrous; in adult leaves a very dense and intricate areolation present with flat topped veins and hardly any interspace, which is pilose, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves 10— 50 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 13 pairs, erect-patent, straight (curved at margin), prominent. petioles 12—20 mm long, glabrescent, becoming corky. stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, densely brown pilose, ca 8 mm long, early caducous. panicles axillary, rather narrow, little branched, densely brown tomentellous, 4—10 cm long; base surrounded by numerous bud scales; bracts early caducous. flowers cream; in dried conditions rusty pubescent; calyx gibbose, 2—3 mm long; lobes lanceolate, acute, 1 mm long; petals lanceolate, glabrous, slightly longer than the calyx lobes; fertile stamens about 8; filaments ca 2 mm long; staminodial ones represented by short teeth; rim short; ovary densely silky strigose; style glabrous as long as the stamens, stigma truncate. distribution: brunei characteristic are the grey metallic upper surface, the long petioles, the obtuse leaves with the extremely dense areolation and the short axillary inflorescences. the species falls within the alliance of p. sumatrana bth. b r u n e i : andulau for. res., undulating hills, yellow sandy loam, alt. 50 m, july, fl., ashton, brim. 3267 (bo, k, l, sar); bukit teraja, mile 21%, alt. 300 m, yellow, sandy clay, sept., fl., ashton, brun. 673 (bo). 4. parinari (§ cyclandrophora) nannodes kosterm., spec, nov,—fig. 4 parinarium asperulum (non miquel) ridley, fl. malay pen. 1: 670. 1922, quoad cit. specim. ridley 2603 (sing) et curtis's.n. (sing). arbor, parva ramulis gracilibus minutissime (sub lente) puberulis et adpresse longe strigosis, foliis rigide chartaceis glabris nitidis lanceolatis vel oblongis vel plerumque ovato-lanceolatis vel ovato-oblongis, basi in petiolum contractis breve acuminatis, apice conspicue acuminatis vel caudatis, supra laevia nervo mediano gracilibus prominulis costis utrinqtye 10—12 prominulis, subtus nervo mediano sparse adpresse strigosis mox glabris prominentibus, costis arcuatis prominentibus, rete laxioribus prominulis; petiolis parvis glabris eglandulosis; inflorescentiis axillaribus dense adpresse sericeis, spiciformibus, floribus pro genere magnis tubo longo cylindrico gracilibus, staminibus fertilibus ca 18 longe exsertis, stylus fiuformibus glabris staminibus superantibus. small tree, 7—10 m tall, 7.5—15 cm in diam. branchlets very slender, the youngest ones covered with a dense layer of dark brown minute hairs and glossy adpressed long strigose hairs. leaves rigidly chartaceous, oblong or lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 3 x 7 cm to 5 x 13 (—18) cm, base contracted into the petiole, shortly acuminate; apex conspicuously long and slenderly acuminate or caudate-acuminate; both surfaces glossy, upper surface 1965] a. j. g. h. kostbrmans: new species of parinari 51 in mature leaves smooth, often sub-bullate, midrib and the slender lateral nerves prominulous in a groove; lower surface with a prominent midrib with adpressed strigose hairs (soon glabrous) and 10—12 slender, prominulous, arcuate, lateral nerves; secondary nerves prominulous, forming a lax, smooth reticulation. petiole 2—4 mm long, soon glabrous, glandless and becoming corky. stipules narrowly lanceolate, acute, outside laxly adpressed strigose or glabrous, tip with a hairbrush, inside glabrous, 8—10 mm long, lateral of the petiole, enveloping the strigose axillar bud, caducous. inflorescences axillary, spike-like, densely adpressed golden-brown sericeous, 3—7 cm long (flowers included), in bud with numerous large bracts and bracteoles; peduncle short; the densely sericeous flowers almost sessile with a deciduous, ovate, acute, 7 mm long bract at the base of the almost missing pedicel and a narrowly lanceolate, 3—4 mm long bracteole at the base of the calyx tube (this bracteole still present ,at anthesis). calyx tube very slender, cylindrical, 10—12 mm long; calyx lobes oblong-ovate, acute, fleshy, unequal, ca 7 mm long, inside densely, minutely puberulous; petals white, usually spathulate, rarely ovate, 8—12 mm long, base gradually narrowed; fertile stamens pale blue or purplish, about 18—20, ca 12 mm long on a short rim; style filiformous, glabrous, 15 mm long with a minute, capitellate stigma. fruit ellipsoid, 25 x 12 to 40 x 15 mm, base with an obscure neck, apex rounded, dark rusty brown, pustular (almost like the fruit of euphoria species); outer crusty layer very thin; followed by a radial, fibrous layer of 2—2.5 mm and a very thin seedcoat enveloping the single ruminate seed, which fills completely the large central cavity. typus: beccari p.b. 2955 (bo) . .. distribution: the malay peninsula, borneo in well-drained forests; rather common. the species is closely related to p. latifrons kosterm., but has narrower leaves with less lateral nerves and a caudate acumen. the species is related to p. scabrum, but has differently shaped leaves which are more smooth and glossy; the veins (on the upper surface) have also rough pits. young leaves are reticulate on both surfaces and are not bullate. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : penang, buds, curtis s.n. (sing); pahang: gabing bintang, sept., buds, c.f. 3920 (sing); ibid., taliang r., july, fr., ridley 2603 (sing) ; negri sembilan: mt. angi, oct., fl., symington, f.d. 2s3u3 (sing); ibid., dec, fl., holttum 9893 (bo, sing); ibid., dec, fl., osman, f.d. 23722 (sing); ibid., dec, fl., tachun, f.d. 23680 (sing); johore: sg. kayu ara, mawai-jumaluang rd., low, may, fl., corner, s.f.n. 29329 (bo, sing) ; ibid., april,, fl., corner, s.f.n. 3724.5 (bo, sing); ibid., mt. pulai, march, fl., sinclair, s.f.n. 39511 (sing) ; borneo: sarawak: mt. matang, dec, fl., fr., beccari p.b. 2955 (bo) et 2510 (bo, g) ; ibid., 100—500 m, 52 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 sept., buds, jacobs 554,3 (b, bh, bo, canb, g, k, l, s, sar, us); kuching, semengoh for. reserve, near tree 918, alt. 100 m, sept., youngfr., jug ah s.n. (a, bo, k, c, sar); ibid., near tree 3598, aug., fl., bosli, s. 1u922 (a, bo, k, l, san, sar, sing); ibid., sept., fl., bojeng bin sitam 9378 (bo, k, l, sing); sabah (n. borneo), hillside, aug., buds, keith, b.n.b.f.d. 6225 (l). 5. parinari (§ eu-parinari) parva kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 5 arbor mediocris ramulis juvenilis dense ferrugineo-tomentellis, foliis chartaceis, ellipticis vel oblongis, magnis, basi rotundatis apice breve acuminatis, supra glabra, nervo mediano piano, subtus glabrescentibus prominulo-reticulatis, areolis dense pilosis, costis 11—21-paribus, petiolis brevis; stipulis magnis; pardculis racemiformibus brevibus, dense tomentellis, bracteis subpersistentibus; staminibus fertilibus 8, stylus staminibus aequilongis; fructus ellipsoideus, gracilibus. typus: boden kloss 14676 (k) tree, 8—10 m tall and 20 cm in diam. with dense, few-branched crown; bark dark grey, grey-mottled, smooth; bole fluted; branchlets glossy, dark purplish brown, lenticellate, the youngest branchlets densely rusty tomentellous. leaves chartaceous, elliptic to oblong, 5.5 x 11 to 10 x 21 cm (to 11 x 30 cm), base rounded, apex shortly acuminate with sharp tip; upper surface glabrous (pilosity on midrib often sub-persistant), midrib flat, lateral nerves filiformous, r e g u l a t i o n obscure; lower surface prominulously reticulate (veins not broad and not flattened above), areoles filled with a mat of white, cobweb-like hairs' midrib prominent, adpressed pilose, lateral nerves prominent, 11—21 pairs, widely spaced, erect-patent, straight (except at margin), adpressed pilose. petioles short, about 5-—8 mm long, densely pale brown pilose; glands not seen. stipules lateral, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 5—6 mm wide at base, 6—25 mm long, densely, shortly pilose and ribbed outside. panicles short (up to 5 cm long), hardly and shortly branched, racemelike, densely pale brown tomentellous; bracts present at anthesis, those at the base of the ramifications ovate, acute, 5 mm long. pedicels short, densely tomentellous, 1—1.5 mm long. flowers dull pale-brown, calyx tube 3 mm long, lobes slender, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1—1.5 mm long, densely, shortly pilose. petals white. infructescence 1.5—4 cm long with a single fruit, pilose. fruit ellipsoid, rather slender, up to 2 x 4 cm, flattened laterally, sulcate, apex unequally emarginate and truncate, completely covered by a grey brown, scab-like substance. distribution: malay peninsula, sumatra. the species is close to p. sumatrana by the characteristics of the fruit and stipules; it differs by the larger, chartaceous leaves, the number of 1965] a. j.g. h. kostermans: new species of parinari 53 lateral nerves, the pilosity of the leaves, the smaller and more slender fruit; the leaves are never ovate-elliptic as in p. sumatrana. the species is also near p. elmeri by the shape and size of the inflorescence with the persistent bracts, but the leaves are different. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : pahang, sg. tahan, july,, buds, kiah, s.f..n. 31720 (sing); ibid., aug., fr., holttum, s.f.n. 20065 (bo, e, s i n g ) ; s u m a t r a : mentawai isl.., isl. sipora, vicinity of sioban, oct., fl., iboet 368 (bo); ibid., oct., fl., boden kloss h676 (bo, k) ; palembang, lematang ulu. oct., fr., lambach 1229 (bo, k, l). 6. parinari (§ eu-parinari)rigida kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 6 arbor parva ramulis dense ferrugineo-tomentosis foliis rigide coriaceis ellipticis vel oblongis magnis, basi rotundatis apice breve acuminatis, supra glabra nitida subbullata, nervo mediano piano, subtus dense prominule reticulata, areolis albo-piloso, costis utrinque 20. typus: s.f.n. 40773 (sing). tree 5 m tall; branchlets densely rusty tomentose; branches grey, smooth. leaves rigidly coriaceous, elliptic or oblong, 6 x 17.5—8.5 x 25 cm, base rounded, apex shortly acuminate with sharp tip; upper surface glossy, glabrous, slightly bullate, midrib flat, lateral nerves filiformous; lower surface in young leaves rusty tomentellous; in adult leaves prominently reticulate with a matting of cobweblike white hairs in the areoles; veins not broadened, not flat topped, roughish; midrib strongly prominent, densely, minutely pilose, glabrescent, lateral nerves prominent, rather widely spaced, about 20 pairs, erect-patent, slightly curved (strongly curved at margin); in young leaves glandular tissue present on the lower leaf base surface at both sides of the base of the midrib. petioles stout, 5—8 mm long, bearing orbicular glands, in older leaves petioles corky, glandless. distribution: only known from the type locality. as parinari species are mainly characterized by their leaves. i venture to dercribe this species, which seems to be very close to p. parva kosterm., from which it mainly differs by its thick, rigidly coriaceous leaves. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a : trengganu, 34th mile trengganu-besut rd. (west side), lowland forest, sept., ster., sinclair & kiah, s.f.n. u0773 (e, sing), 7. parinari (§eu-parinari) ashtonii kosterm., spec. nov.—fig. 7 arbor mediocris foliis rigide coriaceis, ovato-oblongis sensim acuminatis basi in petiolum contractis supra glabris pernitidis obscure bullatis r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 subtus perdense areolatis nerviis perlatis, areolis parvis profundis albopilosis, costis 13—17 paribus, petiolis crassis, brevis; fructus irregulariter, ellipsoideus, obtusis, parte basilibus constrictis. typus: ashton, s. 17281 (bo) tree 10—17 m tall, up to 20 cm in diam.; bark smooth, white mottled. branchlets glabrous, dark purplish brown with tiny rather obscure lenticells, the youngest ones minutely adpressed-pilose. leaves rigidly coriaceous, ovateoblong, 3 x 9 to 6 x 13 cm, base contracted into the petiole, apex gradually narrowed, acuminate, tip sharp; upper surface glossy, glabrous, midrib impressed (except near its base), lateral nerves filiform, impressed; reticulation dense, slightly bullate; lower surface areolate, but the nerves not flat, densely white cobweblike, adpressed pilose (on the midrib adpressed strigose), midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves 13—17 pairs, prominent, straight, erect-patent, curved at the margin; secondary nerves filiform, prominulous, parallel. petiole rather stout, pubescent, glabrescent, ca 10 mm long, often with two small, dark round, slightly protruding glands on the upper surface, about the middle of the petiole. inflorescence with 2 rows of bud-scales at its base. sepals ovate-lanceolate 5 mm long; sterile stamens represented by broad, obtuse, almost 2 mm long, pubescent teeth, inserted on a thin, 1 mm high rim. infructescence up to 13 cm long. fruit irregularly ellipsoid, obtuse, 5 cm long, 3.5 cm in diam., with a pronounced basal neck; fruit more or less completely covered by a pale brown scaly substance. distribution: heath forest in sarawak the species is related to p. oblongifolia, from which it differs by its leaf shape, the fewer lateral nerves and the different areolation of the lower leaf surface; the fruit are smaller and of a different shape. the two known collections are from heath forest. b o r n e o : sarawak; bako national park, sandstone plateau ca. 70 m alt., white sandy soil, june, fr., ashton, s. 17281 (a, bo, fho, k, l, san, sing); 1 st. div. sampadi for. res. off batang kayan, kerangas (heath forest) ridge, aug., ster., sinclair & kadim bin tassim 10402 (bo, e, k, l, sar, sing). 8. . parinari (§ cyclandrophora) latifrons kosterm., nom. nov. parinarium latifolium (non exell) henderson in garden's bull. straits settl. 7: 102. 1933, typus: haniff, s.f.n. 21119 (k), basionym. 1965] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new species of pcurinari 55 fig. 1. — parinari arffenteo-sericea kosterm. 56 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 . fig. 2. -— parinari elliptica kosterm. 1965] a. j.g. h. kostermans: new species of parinari 57 fig. 3. — parinari metallica kosterm. 58 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1965] a. j. g.h. kostermans: new species of parinari fig. 4. — parinari nannodes kosterm. fig. 5. — parinari parva kosterm. 60 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1965] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new species of parinari .61 fig. 6. — parinari rigida kosterm. g. 7. — parinari ashtonii kosterm. rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_29 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_30 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_31 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_32 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_33 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_34 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_35 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_36 60 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 boedijn et reitsma. contr. gen. agr. res. sta. bogor no. 109: 50-59 3 figs. . d. (1928): washington* palmleaf spot due to cylindrocladium macherry layers. journ. pomol. 20: 80-83 1 pi. (1944) : a cylindrocladium as the cause of a shoot wilt of v a r i e s o f plum and cherry used for rootstocks. trans. brit. mycol. soc. 27: 71-80 3 figs, pis. 5-8. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 1, pp. 61-66 (1950) note sur les genres paleotropicaux afzelia, intsia et pahudia (legum.-caesalp.) par j. j. g. leonard * s u m m a r y 1. afzelia, intsia, pahudia, and afrafzelia are very close to each other and not well defined genera. 2. intsia is a good genus, but the three, other ones are congeneric with each other. 3. afzelia smith is a nomen conservandum and, therefore, must be maintained against pahudia, generally used in asiatic and malaysian floras. 4. an enumeration of all species of afzelia is given. in this connection some new combinations are made. 1. parmi les leguminosae-caesalpinieae-amherstieae existent des arbres, repandus en afrique, en asie et en malaisie, dont les fleurs sont caracterisees par la presence d'un grand petale onguicule, les 4 autres etant rudimentaires ou nuls ainsi que par des staminodes en nombre variable. ces arbres ont ete ranges dans les genres afzelia smith (1), intsia thouars (2), pahudia miq. (3) et afrafzelia pierre (4) qui presentent entre eux d'etroites affinites et au sujet des delimitations desquels les avis ont ete tres partages. c'est ainsi que de nombreuses especes ont ete classees dans l'un ou l'autre genre selon les auteurs [ex.: afzelia africana smith ex pers., intsia africana (smith ex pers.) o. kuntze, afrafzelia africana (smith ex pers.) pierre et pahudia africana (smith ex pers.) prain] ! la situation s'est compliquee du fait de l'existence de deux genres afzelia anterieurs a celui de smith: afzelia ehrhart (5) et afzelia gmelin (6). 2. examinons tout d'abord les differences existant entre les genres afzelia smith, intsia thouars et pahudia miq. le genre intsia, repandu de la polynesie a madagascar, se caracterise par ses etamines fertiles libres au nombre de 3 seulement et par ses graines non arillees. les genres afzelia (afrique) et pahudia (asie, malaisie), par contre, possedent 7 etamines fertiles et des graines arillees; chez le premier, les filets sont libres tandis que chez pahudia (d'apres la descrip* i.n.e.a.c, bruxelles. . 6 1 — 62 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1950] leonard: note sur afzelia, intsia et pahudia 63 tion generique princeps basee sur p. javanica) les filets sont soudes dans leur partie inferieure. certains auteurs, pierre (4) et harms (7, 8, 9) par exemple, considerent les 3 genres comme distincts; d'autres, comme bentham et hooker (10), o. kuntze (11), taubert (12) et harms (13) unissent afzelia et intsia, maintenant les uns afzelia, les autres intsia, accordant ainsi au nombre d'etamines et a la presence ou l'absence d'arille moins d'importance qu'a la soudure des filets. comme il a ete montre dans la suite (14, 15, 16) que dans le genre pahudia les etamines pouvaient etre longuement (p. javanica) ou a peine soudees a la base (les autres especes), il parait preferable de maintenir intsia et d'unir plutot afzelia et pahudia ainsi que l'a fait prain (14) suivi recemment par les botanistes hollandais (15, 16). 3. envisageons maintenant le sort des trois genres afzelia existants: 1. afzelia ehfhart 1790: ce genre, qui se rapporte a des mousses, a ete publie avant le species muscorum d'hedwig (1801), point de depart de la nomenclature legitime des muscinees; n'ayant pas ete repris apres 1801, il est a rejeter comme nom illegitime. 2. afzelia gmelin 1791: a ete considere, par les congres de botanique, comme nomen rejiciendum au profit de seymeria pursh 1814, scrophulariacee d'amerique du nord. 3. afzelia smith 1798: a. bentham et hooker (10) et harms (13) m'aintiennent afzelia smith et considerent intsia comme synonyme. b. par suite de 1'existence'd'a/zeka gmelin 1791, o. kuntze (11) et taubert (12), par contre, preferent intsia aux depens 6.'afzelia smith dont les especes passent dans le genre precite. c. pour la meme raison, pierre (4), pour qui afzelia smith, intsia et pahudia sont distincts, range les especes d'afzelia smith dans le nouveau genre afrafzelia. c'est le 3eme nom generique donne aux especes africaines! d. toujours par suite de l'existence d'afzelia gmelin 1791, prain (14), considerant, avec raison, afzelia smith 1798 et pahudia 1855 comme identiques, maintient ce dernier genre dans lequel il classe tous les anciens afzelia qui portent ainsi un 4eme nom generique! divers auteurs, s'occupant de la flore asiatique et malaise, ont suivi prain, ainsi merrill (17) et meyer drees (15). ce dernier fait le point de la question mais ignorait malheureusement la decision prise en 1935 par le congres de botanique d'amsterdam de considerer afzelia smith comme nomen conservahdum; cette decision, deja proposee en 1933 par chalk, burtt-davy, desch et hoyle (18) mais publiee en 1940 seulement (19), parait tres logique par suite de l'emploi quasi general de ce genre dans les flores africaines. en 1941, de wit (16), ignorant l'article du kew bulletin par suite des circonstances de guerre, appuie l'avis de prain, merrill et meyer drees et classe dans le genre pahudia tous les afzelia decrits depuis l'article de prain. 4. en conclusion, les genres afzelia smith et pahudia miq. paraissent bien identiques mais alors que le premier est maintenu dans les flores africaines, le second test dans la plupart des flores asiatiques et malaises. depuis la decision du congres d'amsterdam, la priorite doit etre accordee a afzelia smith. voici des lors, avec toutes les combinaisons proposees, la liste des "bonnes" especes du genre afzelia; pour les especes asiatiques et malaises, nous avons suivi de wit et ne reprenons pas ci-apres les nombreux synonymes cites par cet auteur et meyer drees. afzelia smith trans. linn. soc, iv, p. 221 (1798) pahudia miq., pi. ned. ind., i, p. 85 (1855). afrafzelia pierre, fl. for. cochinch., fasc. 25, tab. a. m a 1 a i s i e. (1899). 1. afzelia rhomboidea (blanco) vidal, cat. pl prov. manila, p 28 (1880). eperua rhomboidea blanco, fl. filip., ed. 2, p. 260 (1845). intsia rhomboidea (blanco) o. kuntze, rev. gen. pl, i, p. 192 (1891). pahudia rhomboidea (blanco) prain, sc. mem. med. off. ind. army, xii, p. 14 (1901). var. rhomboidea. var. praetermissa (de wit) j. leonard, comb. nov. pahudia rhomboidea var. praetermissa de wit, bull. bot. gard. buit., ser. ill, xvii, 1, p. 151 (1941). 2. afzelia javanica (miq.) j. leonard, comb. nov. pahudia javanica miq., fl. ned. ind., i, p. 86 (1855). • subsp. javanica. pahudia javanica subsp. eujavanica de wit, bull. bot. gard. buit., ser. ill, xvii, 1, p. 146 (1941). subsp. longiflora (de wit) j. leonard, comb. nov. pahudia javanica subsp. longiflora de wit, bull. bot. gard. buit., ser. ill, xvii, 1, p. 146 (1941). 3. afzelia borneensis harms, fedde repert., xiv, p. 256 (1916). pahudia borneensis (harms) merr., journ. as. soc. straits, lxxvi, p. 84 (1917). 1950] leonabd: note sur afzelia, intsia et pahudia 65 64 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 b. a s i e . 4. afzelia xylocarpa (kurz) craib, kew bull., p. 267 (1912). pahudia xylocarpa kurz, journ. as. soc. beng., xlv, p. 290 (1876). 5. afzelia cochinchinensis (pierre) j. leonard, comb. nov. pahudia cochinchinensis pierre, pi. for. cochinch., fasc. 25, tab. 386 a (1899). 6. afzelia martabanica (prain) j. leonard, comb. nov. pahudia martabanica prain, ind. forest., xxvi, p. 312 (1900). c. a f r i q u e. 7. afzelia africana smith ex pers., syn. pl, i, p. 455 (1805). intsia africana (smith ex pers.) o. kuntze, rev. gen. pl, i, p. 192 (1891). afrafzelia africana (smith ex pers.) pierre, fl. for. cochinch., fasc. 25, tab. 388 (1899). pahudia africana (smith ex pers.) prain, sc. mem. med. off. ind. army, xii, p. 16 (1901). 8. afzelia bracteata vogel ex benth. in hook., ic. pi., tab. 790 (1848). intsia bracteata (vogel ex benth.) o. kuntze, rev. gen. pl, i, p. 192 (1891). afrafzelia bracteata (vogel ex benth.) pierre, fl. for. cochinch., fasc. 25, tab. 388 (1899). pahudia bracteata (vogel ex benth.) prain, sc. mem. med. off. ind. army, xii, p. 16 (1901). 9. afzelia quanzensis welw., apont. phytogeogr., ann. do cons. ultr., parte nao off., p. 586 (1858). intsia quanzensis (welw.) o. kuntze, rev. gen. pl, i, p. 192 (1891). afrafzelia quanzensis (welw.) pierre, fl. for. cochinch., fasc. 25, tab. 388 (1899). pahudia quanzensis (welw.) prain, sc. mem. med. off. ind. army, xii, p. 16 (1901). afzelia petersiana klotzsch in peters, reise mossamb., bot., i, p. 19 (1864). intsia petersiana (klotzsch) o. kuntze, rev. gen. pl, i, p. 192 (1891). afrafzelia petersiana (klotzsch) pierre, fl. for. cochinch., fasc. 25, tab. 388 (1899). afzelia attenuata klotzsch in peters, reise mossamb., bot., i, p. 20 (1864). . intsia attenuata (klotzsch) o. kuntze, rev. gen. pl, i, p. 192 (1891). afrafzelia attenuata (klotzsch) pierre, fl. for. cochinch., fasc. 25, tab. 388 (1899). pahudia attenuata (klotzsch) prain, sc. mem. med. off. ind. army., xii, p. 16 (1901). 10. afzelia bella harms, engl. bot. jahrb., xlix, p. 425 (1913). pahudia bella (harms) de wit, bull. bot. gard. buit., ser. ill, xvii, 1, p. 152 11. afzelia bipindensis harms, engl. bot. jahrb., xlix, p. 426 (1913.) pahudia bipindensis (harms) de wit, bull. bot. gard. buit., ser. ill, xvii, 1, p. 152 (1941). afzelia bequaertii de wild., pi. bequaert., ill, p. 120 (1925). pahudia bequaertii (de wild.) de wit, bull. bot. gard. buit., ser. ill, xvii, 1, p. 152 (1941). 12. afzelia pachyloba harms, engl. bot. jahrb., xlix, p. 426 (1913). pahudia pachyloba (harms) de wit, bull. bot. gard. buit., ser. ill, xvii, 1, p. 153 (1941). afzelia zenkeri harms, engl. bot. jahrb., xlix, p. 427 (1913). pahudia zenkeri (harms) de wit, bull. bot. gard. buit., ser. ill, xvii, 1, p. 153 (1941). afzelia brieyi de wild., fedde repert., xiii, p 369 (1914). pahudia brieyi (de wild.) de wit, bull. bot. gard. buit., ser. ill, xvii, 1, p. 152 (1941). 13. afzelia caudata hoyle, kew bull., p. 170 (1933). pahudia caudata (hoyle) de wit, bull. bot. gard. buit., ser. i l l , xvii, 1, p. 152 (1941). 14. afzelia peturei de wild., bull. inst. roy. col. beige, vi, 1, p. 203 (1935). afzelia discolor hort. ex steud., nom., ed. ii, 1, p. 33 (1840) et a. microcarpa chev., veg. ut. afr. trop. fr., v, p. 172 (1909) [= pahudia microcarpa (chev.) de wit, bull. bot. gard. buit., ser. ill, xvii, 1, p. 153 (1941)] sont des nomina nuda. *** je remercie le dr. h. c. d. de wit de l'office de flora malesiana a leiden d'avoir eu l'amabilite de marquer son accord avec le texte de la presente note. bruxelles, juin 1950. blbliographie (1) smith, trans. linn. soc. iv, p. 221 (1798). (2) thouars, gen. nov. madag., p. 22 (1806). (3) miquel, fl. ned. ind., i, p. 85 (1855). (4) pierre, fl. for. cochinch., fasc. 25, tab. 388 (1899). (5) ehrhart, pi. crypt. exs. (1790). (6) gmelin, syst. veg., ii, p. 927 (1791). (7) harms in engler et prantl. nat. pflanzenfam., ed. 1, nachtr., i l l zu iii, 3, p. 153 (1908). (8) harms in engler pflanzenw. afr., i l l , i, p. 457 (1915). (9) harms, fedde repert., xiv, p. 257 (1916). (1941). 66 r e i n w a r d t i ' a [vol. 1 (10) bentham et hooker, gen. pl* i, p. 580 (1865). (11) o. kuntze, rev. gen. pl, i, p. 191 (1891). (12) taubert in engler et prantl, nat. pflanzenfam., ed. 1, (13) harms in engler et prantl, nat. pflanzenfam., ed. 1, 197 (1897). ill, 3, p. 140 (1894). nachtr. i zu iii, 3, (14) prain, sc. mem. med. off. ind. army, xii, p. 1-17 (1901). (15) meyer drees, bull. jard. bot. buit., ser. i l l , xvi., 1, p. 83-102 (1938). (16) de wit, bull. bot. gard. buit., ser. ill, xvii, 1, p. 139-154 (1941). (17) merrill, philipp. journ. sc, bot., v, p. 41 (1910). (18) chalk, burtt-davy, desch et hoyle in chalk et burtt-davy, forest trees and timbers of brit. emp., twenty west afr. timb. trees, ii, p. 14 (1933). (19) sprague, kew bull., p. 104 (1940). (received for publication october 31, 1950) rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_01 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_32 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_33 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_34 rein.vol 1,part 1, pp 1-66_page_35 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(2) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(2): 129-204.22 november 2004 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 2, pp: 195 – 197 an additional species of villaria rolfe (rubiaceae) from the philippines tri mulyaningsih faculty of agriculture, mataram university, indonesia & colin ernest ridsdale nationaal herbarium nederland, universiteit leiden branch, p.o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. abstract mulyaningsih, tri & ridsdale, colin ernest. 2004. an additional species of villaria rolfe (rubiaceae) from the philippines. reinwardtia 12 (2): 195 – 197. a new combination of villaria rolfe (rubiaceae) from the philippines is described, based on hypobathrum glomeratum (bartl.) k. schum. the character combinations of stipules, bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and placenta seen in this taxon are not found in hypobathrum but are known in villaria. key words: villaria, hypobathrum glomeratum, philippines abstrak mulyaningsih, tri & ridsdale, colin ernest. 2004. tambahan jenis villaria rolfe (rubiaceae) dari filipina. reinwardtia 12 (2): 195 – 197. satu kombinasi baru villaria rolfe (rubiaceae), dari filipina yang dipertelakan berdasarkan hypobathrum glomeratum (bartl.) k. schum. berdasarkan ciri-ciri pada daun penumpu, gagang, gantilan, kelopak bunga, ovari dan plasentanya tidak dijumpai pada hypobathrum tetapi karakter tersebut dimiliki oleh villaria. kata kunci: villaria, hypobathrum glomeratum, filipina villaria is a little known endemic rubiaceae genus from the philippines, which belongs to the tribe hypobathreae. the philippine taxa of this tribe are little known and frequently confused with "randia" s.l. villaria was proposed by rolfe in 1884. surprisingly, at least two taxa were originally earlier described by blanco. there appears to be a widespread, but poorly collected taxon v. odorata (blanco) merr., which is a coastal species. further studies will probably show that, v. rolfei vidal. is synonymous with this taxon. there are two further non coastal species v. philippineensis rolfe from cagayan, tayabas, camarines on luzon, and the little known v. acutifolia (elm.) merr. from davao, mindanao region. this current paper is concerned with a new species of villaria which has long been confused and identified by merrill (1918) as a hypobathrum. villaria glomerata (bartl.) mulyaningsih & ridsdale, comb. nov. ⎯ fig.1. platermeria glomeratum bartl. in dc. prodr. 4 (1830) 619 ⎯hypobathrum glomeratum (bartl.) k. schum. in engl. & prantl. nat. pflanzenfam. 4,4 (1891) 156. ⎯-type: haenke s.n., luzon (g-dc) – idc microfiche. serissa pinnata blanco, fl filip. (1837) 163– remijia obscura (oscura) blanco, fl. filip. ed 2 (1845) 116 nom. superfl. – randia obscura (blanco) f. – vill. nov. app. (1880) 108. – gardenia obscura vidal, phan. cuming. philip. (1885) 18, 119. –type: not indicated. serissa myrtifolia blanco, fl filip. (1837) 164. – remijia angatensis blanco, fl filip. (1837) 164. – remijia angatensid blanco, fl filip. ed. 2 (1845) 115 nom superfl. – randia angatensis f. vill., nov. app. (1880) 108. – type: not indicated. treelet or shrub. branchlets subterete but quadrangular on young growth, bark smooth. leave narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 100–125 mm long, 20–30 mm wide, pubescent below, drying colour brown, above shinning, reddish dark brown, apex acuminute, the base cuneate, secondary veins curved, 10–12 pairs, ascending with moderate angle of divergence, tertiary veins conspicuous; petiole subterete, 5–7 mm by 1 mm, scattered puberulous on the upper part. stipules persistent, triangular, 12 mm by 7 mm, keeled, 195 196 reinwardtia [vol.12 inside scaled and pubescent, outside glabrous, the base connate, apex acuminate. bracts triangular, 1.5–2.5 mm by 1.5–2 mm, keeled, inside densely pubescent, outside hirsute, the base connate; bracteoles triangular, 0.7 mm by 0.8 mm, keeled, outside hirsute, inside wooly, the base connate on one side. inflorescences erect, originating from the nodes. female flowers are solitary and hermaphrodite flowers arranged in a simple verticillate dichasia, pentamerous, 9–10 mm by 8–9 mm; peduncle 20–30 mm by 1–1.5 mm, hirsute; pedicel 5–10 mm by 1 mm, hirsute; hypanthium cup-shaped, 5 mm by 3 mm, hirsute; calyx campanulate, 4 mm by 6–7 mm, inside densely pubescent, outside hirsute; lobes 5, oblong, 3 mm by 1.8 mm; corolla campanulate, 4–5 mm by 8–9 mm, inside villous in the throat, outside hirsute; lobes 5, ovate 1 mm by 1 mm; style 1.5 mm long, terete, villous; stigma with 5lobes, linear, villous on outer surface. disc annular. ovary 1-locular, with two horizontal parietal placenta, 5–11 ovules per placenta. male flowers arranged in a compound verticillate dichasia, these with extremely short pedicels, appearing to be glomerules), pentamerous, 4 mm by 5 mm; peduncle 1–2 mm by 1–1.5 mm, hirsute; pedicel 0.2 mm by 1 mm, hirsute; hypanthium cup-shaped, 0.2 mm by 1–2 mm, hirsute; calyx hypocrateriform, 3–4 mm by 5–6 mm, inside densely pubescent, outside hirsute; lobes 5, rounded, 1.5 mm by 1 mm; corolla campanulate, 3 mm by 6 mm, inside villous in the throat, outside hirsute; lobes 5, ovate-rounded 1.5 mm by 1 mm, stamens 5, subsessile, inserted in the middle of the tube; anthers dorsifixed, linear, 2 mm by 0.4 mm; fruits smooth, globose, 15 mm by 15 mm, glabrous, exocarp thick, mesocarp woody, endocarp membranaceous; stalk 6 mm by 0.7 mm, hirsute; seeds 5 11 per placenta, lancinate, 2 mm long, 0.4 mm wide and 0.3 mm thick. vernacular name. caragli or caragri (tagalog). distribution and ecology. the species was said to be found in the vegetation nearby towns in luzon, mentioned are bataan, bulacan, batangas and also manila. it is strange that there are no known recent collections from these areas which were predominantly secondary vegetation in the time of merrill. notes. this taxon has characters such as scales and stipules pubescent on the inside. bracts, bracteoles and calyx densely pubescent on the inside, calyx lobes rounded and ovary monolocular with 2 parietal placenta, that are not found in hypobathrum blume. it is easily separable from other species of villaria by the narrowly elliptic leaves which are pubescent below, particularly on the midrib and veins. specimen examined. philippine. luzon, ahern 733 (bo) 1901; luzon, pampanga, cuming 744 (l. – n. v.); luzon, bataan, guzman for. bur. 26862 (bo), vii 1917; batangas, edano 4032 (bo), viii 1914.; mcgregor. bur. sci. 41453 (bo, l. – n. v.); lamao river, mariveles mt., bataan, luzon; lamao, bataan, mendoza. & steiner, phil. nat. herb. 41357 (bo), xi 1947.; angat, bulacan, merrill, sp. blanco. 223 (bo), merrill, sp. blanco. 688 (bo, l. –n.v.), vii 1914.; meyer. 2604; vicinity of manila, ramos, m. bur. sci. 12182 (l.-n.v.), bur. sci. 21707 (l. –n.v.). vidal comision fl. for. 387 (l), 1453(l) fig. 1. villaria glomerata (bartl.) mulyaningsih & ridsdale. drawing from ahern 733 (bo) acknowledgement this paper is a part of a master's thesis submitted by one of us (tm) to the bogor institute of agriculture in 2000, and i would like to thank my supervisors prof. dr. ir. h. edi guhardja, m.sc. (ipb), prof. dr. mien a. rifai (lipi) and dr. johanis p. mogea (lipi) for advice and guidance throughout the thesis. i would like to express my gratitude to the herbarium bogoriense (lipi), for granting me 2004] tri m. & collin e.r.: additional species of villaria rolfe from the philippines 197 permission to conduct research and nationaal herbarium nederland, leiden branch, for providing me with some facilities. references merrill, e. d. 1910. new or noteworthy philippine, iii. philip. journ. sci. 5 bot. 248. merrill, e. d. 1918. species blancoanae. :363. bureau of printing, manila. merrill, e. d. 1923. enumeration of philippine flowering plants. iii: 532-534. bureau of printing. rolfe, r. a. 1884. on the flora of philippine islands, and its probable derivation. journ. linn. soc. bot. 21: 311. vidal. 1885. phanerogamae cumingianae philippinarum: 180. manila, tipo-litográfico de m. pérez hijo. instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034-365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 2. 2004 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. kedrostis medik. (cucurbitaceae) in asia .'. 129 j.f. veldkamp. miscellaneous notes on mainly southeast asian gramineae... 135 pitra akhriadi, hernawati and rusjditamin. a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from sumatra 141 kuswata kartawinata, ismayadi samsoedin, m. heriyanto and j.j. afriastini. a tree species inventory in a one-hectare plot at the batang gadis national park, north sumatra, indonesia .. 145 e.a.p. iskandar & j.f. veldkamp. a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne (gramineae, panicoideae, is.ach.neae) ' 159 johanis p. mogea. four new species pf arenga (palmae) from indonesia 181 j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for pyrrosia hastata ching (polypodiaceae, pteridophyta) ..... 191 tri mulyaningsih & colin ernest ridsdale. an additional species of villaria rolfe {rubiaceae') from the philippines 195 elizabeth a. widjaja, inggit pudji astuti & ida bagus ketut arinasa. new species of bamboos (poaceae-bambusoideae) from bali 199 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia covd 71-144-1-sm covbel rein wardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 8, part 1, pp. 17 — 20 (1970) the genus jarandersonia kosterm. a. j. g. h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia since its inception-in 1960, the monotypic genus jarandersonia has been enlarged with a new species in 1962 (j. spinulosa). since then two more collections have come to my attention, which represent undescribed species, one (s. 15561) distributed as bombacaceae, the other (san 27885) as rinorea cf. elmeri merr. moreover dr. anderson of the forest department, kuching, sarawak, in whose honour the genus was named, wrote me that brownlowia clemensiae had been collected with fruit, which proved in to be a jarandersonia, a fact, already suggested by dr. p. ashton in a draft mss prepared for the manual of non-dipterocarp trees of sarawak. together with dr. anderson i had the opportunity to see a mature tree of the latter species near kuching in june 1969 (s. 25415). the genus comprises now 5 species (j. clemensiae, parvifolia, purseglovei, rinoreoides and spinulosa). jarandersonia rinoreoides kosterm., sp. nov. — fig. 1. arbor ramulis gracilis pallidis lepidotis foliis alternantibus ovalis rigide chartaceis basi breve acutis apice acuminatis supra glabra nervo mediano subimpresso costis filiformibus prominulis subtus dense adpresse lepidotis nervo mediano prominentibus costis prominulis petiolis brevis lepidotis infructescentiis terminalis et axillaris laxis lepidotis fructus dense spinulosis spinulis setosis. tree 15 m, diam. 40 cm with fluted base and thin buttresses, 3 m out, forked; outer bark thin, inner one pale ochre, 3 mm; sapwood dirty yellow. branchlets slender, pale with scattered non fimbriate scales. leaves spirally arranged, oval or elliptic, 6 x 13 — 8.5 x 20 cm, stiffly chartaceous, base shortly acute, apex shortly acuminate; upper surface glabrous, densely smoothly subareolate (under high power lens), midrib slender, slightly impressed; the ca 9 pairs of lateral nerves filiformous, prominulous, secondary nerves faintly indicated; lower surface pale, covered with a dense layer of tiny, long-fimbriate scales; midrib prominent, lateral nerves slender, prominulous, slightly arcuate, reticulation faint. petioles 8 —10 mm, slender, densely covered by non-fimbriate scales. infructescenses paniculate, axillary and terminal, lax, the partial ones ca 5 cm long, ultimate branchlets very slender, densely minutely — 17 — 18 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 stellate-pilose; fruit ca 5 mm diam., spines up to 15 mm, slender, straight, covered with setose hairs. petals spathulate, 6 mm long. typus: san 27885 ( s a r ) . n. borneo (sabah). distr. sandakan, tabin, w. of sulap, 1 mile from 1961 coupe, oct., fr., san 27885 (sar). jarandersonia clemensiae (burr.) kosterm., comb. nov. brownlowia clemensiae bufret (basionym) in notizbl. bot. gart. berlin 13: 252. 1936; kostermans in communic. for. res. inst. bogor 73: 29, fig. 23. 1961. — typus: clemens 22202 (k). sarawak. 10% mile peni-issen road, on roadside at edge of rubber gardens, tree 17 m, 40 cm diam., bole fluted, bark grey, corolla and stamens white, oct., fl., dec, fr., anderson s. 25415 (bo, k, l) ; accordingto anderson the fruit seems to be weakly dehiscent. the short bole of the tree sighted by me is extremely, narrowly fluted, merging into forked, thin, snakelike numerous roots over the soil; the insertion of the very tough branches is thickened. jarandersonia parvifolia kosterm., sp. nov. —fig. 2. arbor ramulis gracilis griseis striatis minutissime lepidotis foliis alternantibus rigide chartaceis ovalis vel ellipticis longe graciloque acuminatis basi breve acutis supra nitida nervo mediano impresso costis filiformis subtus pallidiora squamulis perdensis minutisimis obtectis nervo mediano prominentibus costis pergracilis arcuatis petiolis gracilis infructescentiis terminalis ferrugineo lepidotis fructus spinis dense obtectis spinis longe setosis. tree, 30 m high, 25 cm diam. branchlets slender, grey, longitudinally sulcate (striate), apical part with minute, non-fimbriate scales. leaves spirally arranged, oval or elliptical, 2 x 6 — 3.5 x 9 cm, stiffly chartaceous, apex with a long and slender, up to 1 cm long acumen, base shortly acute; upper surface glabrous, microscopically areolate, midrib impressed, the rather numerous lateral nerves very slender, prominulous; lower surface paler with a dense, strongly adpressed layer of minute, shortly fimbriate scales, midrib prominent, lateral nerves ca 6 pairs, filiformous, prominulous, arcuate near the margin, the lowest pair often slightly ascending, reticulation not visible. petioles slender, ca 1 cm long, minutely lepidote. infructescences pseudo-terminal, up to 20 cm long, paniculate, lax, rusty lepidote (scales of the ultimate, slender ramifications merging into stellate hair like scales). fruit globose, up to 2.5 cm diam., covered with numerous lepidote, slender spines, up to 1 cm long, which bear in turn strong setose hairs on thickened bases. typus: s. 15561 (bo). sarawak. bintulu, segan forest reserve, primary hill forest, nov., fr., bias paie s. 15561 (a, bo, k, l, san, sar, sing). 1970] kostermans : jarandersonia pig. 1 jarandersonia rinoreoides kosterm. (after holotypus}. 20 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8, fig. 2. jarandersonia parvifolia kosterm. (after holotypus). a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors soedarsono riswan mien a rifai elizabeth a. widjaja published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi — lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, 1 55 5 february 1992 io issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 11, part l , p p . 33 (1992) reinstatement of pterocarpus echinata pers. (leguminosae-papilionaceae) aj.g.h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia abstract new evidences are put forward to pterocarpus echinata from pterocarpus indicus abstrak beberapa bukti-bukti baru dikemukakan untuk pterocarpus echinata yang berasal dari pterocarpus indicus. pterocarpus echinata persoon, syn. pi. 2 (1807) 277, was reduced to a variety of p. indicus by j.p. rojo in 1972 (phanerogam. monograph. 5: 46. j. gramer, lehre). according to rojo, it differs from p. indicus mainly by stiff bristles on the fruit wing and prickles on the seed bearing part. stout hairs are also present on the ovary. i have collected the tree several times in sumbawa and could study it more intensively in the dry western part of flores, where it is a common and often dominant part of the monsoon forest. comparison with the true p. indicus revealed, that the trees are different, much smaller with smaller buttresses. the leaves have a smaller, not so much pronounced acumen as those of p. indicus, the veins are more obscure. compared with the ways the other species of pterocarpus are recognised, i think that p. echinata is a distinct species, occuring in a different geographical part of malesia in areas with a pronounced dry season. c. evrard has already reainstated the african species p. teijsmannii harms (bull. jard. bot. belgique 58 (1988) 448—455), because of some errors in rojo's description. 33 contents page rochadi abdulhadi seed banks in a sub-tropical rain forest 1 rochadi abdulhadi floristic changes in a sub-tropical rain forest succession 13 a.j.g.h. kostermans two remarkable lindera species (lauraceae) probably representing an undescribed genus 23 a.j.g.h. kostermans a new species of diplodiscus turcz. (tiliaceae) related to brownlowia roxb 27 n. sasidharan & k. swarupanandan a new species of cassine (celastraceae) from india , 29 a.j.g.h. kostermans reinstatement of pterocarpus echinata pers. (leguminosae — papilionaceae) ., 33 jumaat h adam & gc. wllcock. a new natural hybrid of nepenthes from mt. kinabalu (sabah) 35 a.j.g.h. kostermans durio macrantha kosterm. species nova (bombacaceae) from north sumatra 41 a.j.g.h. kostermans salacia acuminatissima kosterm., spec. nov. (celastraceae) from sri lanka 53 a.j.g.h. kostermans identity of dracontomelum petelotii tardleu -blot (anacard.) 55 printed by c v. bina karya cover rein.vol 11,part 1, 1-55 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_17a rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_29 untitled herbarium bogoriense keeper: anwari dilmy, lecturer in taxonomy, academy of biology. staff: m. jacobs, botanist. r. sutkisno sadikin, assistant. r. woerjantoeo, curator of the collections. honorary collaborators: dr k. b. boedijn, professor, faculties of agriculture and veterinary sciences, university of indonesia. dr m. a. donk, leiden, netherlands. dr a. j. g. h. kostermans, forest service of indonesia. mr j. a. schuubman. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 2, pp. 119 161 (1957) florae malesianae praecursores xiv a revision of the genus diplycosia (ericaceae) by h. sleumer * summary in this revision of the nearly exclusively malaysian genus diplycosia bl. 84 species and 12 varieties are distinguished, of which 17 new malaysian species resp. 8 varieties and 2 extramalaysian species are described; 4 species have been reduced to varietal rank, 1 new name has been proposed. an index to specimens has been added. introduction with the gradual progress of exploration of malaysia many new species have been described in the genus diplycosia bl., but no general treatment has ever been undertaken. it seemed therefore necessary to revise the genus to reach a satisfactory basis for 'flora malesiana'. previous authors considered the genus to extend through malaysia as far as the eastern himalaya and burma. in the present revision it appears to be limited nearly completely to the proper malaysian flora, with only three species (one of them endemic) in s. siam and one endemic species in s. annam. the bulk of the species is found in borneo (especially on mt kinabalu) ; sumatra, celebes, and new guinea show a less rich development. many species are based on a single collection (20 spp.) or have a very restricted area (c. 47 spp.). in the course of this revision it has become evident, that diplycosia cannot be further divided into sections, although some minor, apparently natural groups of species have been noticed. the division by bentham & hooker f., who distinguished two subgenera eudiplycosia and gaultheriopsis, based on the habit of three of the four species known in their time, is no longer tenable. the key to the species offered here is undoubtedly artificial in many respects. i have avoided — as far as possible — to use the finer differ* flora malesiana foundation, leyden. — 119 — 120 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 ences in the structure of the stamens which are difficult to handle in diplycosia and have preferred to work mainly with the indument characters of the stems, leaves and flowers. the variation in the indumenttypes (well recognizable only by use of a lens), is rather large in the genus, but the indument types themselves are surprisingly constant in the species, a phenomenon similarly found in other genera of ericaceae. descriptions are given only of the new species and of those which fall outside the area covered by the 'flora malesiana'. my study has been based on herbarium specimens borrowed from the following institutions: arnold arboretum (a) bogor (bo) calcutta (cal) edinburgh (e) florence (fi) gray herbarium (gh) kepong (kep) leiden (l) the material preserved in british museum (bm) kew (k) paris (p) has been studied during a lae (lae) melbourne (mel) new york (ny) manila (pnh) stockholm (s) kuching (sar) singapore (sing) utrecht (u) stay at london and paris. d i p l y c o s i a bl. diplycosia blume, bijdr. 857. 1826; dc, prodr. 7: 591. 1839; meisn., gen. 247 (154). 1839; dietr., syn. 2: 1370, 1389. 1840; reichb., norn. 127. 1841; klotzsch in linnaea 24: 18. 1851; miq., fl. ind. bat. 2: 1054. 1859; benth. & hook, f., gen. pi. 2: 583. 1876, incl. subgen. eudiplycosia et gaultheriopsis; becc, malesia 1: 210. 1878; dru.de in e. & p. nat. pflfam. iv 1: 46. 1891; k. & g. in j. as. soc. bengi 74, ii: 70. 1906; koord., exk. fl. java 3: 7. 1912; j. j. s. in koord. & val., bijdtf. booms. java 13: 126. 1914; schltr. in bot. jahrb. 55: 162. 1918; ridl., fl. mai. pen. 2: 213. 1923; copel. f. in philip. j. sc. 47: 63. 1932; sleum. in bot. jahrb. 72: 207. . 1942; amshoff in backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 7b fam. 162: 5. 1948, non clarke in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 3: 495. 1882.—dypleeosia g. don, gen. syst. 3: 788. 1834.—diplecosia g. don i.e. 756.—diplicosia bndl., gen. 756, in syn. 1839.—diplocosia spach, veg-. phan. 9: 443, in syn. 1840.—amphiealyx bl, fl. jav. praef. vii, in syn. 1828; endl. gen., 756, pro sect. gaultheriae, descr. 1839; ditto, ench. 370. 1841; bl, fl. jav. icon. ined. t. 9. 1863-1883. lectotype species: d. heterophylla bl. as to the choice of the type-species, the following may be stated. copeland f. i.c. 65 says, that "d. pilosa which blume listed first, is to be 1957] h. sleumer: genus diplycosia 121 regarded as the type". from this arbitrary point of view he concludes that the classification by bentham & hooker f. into 2 subgenera "is to be rejected, because d. pilosa, the type, was included in subgen. gaultheriopsis instead of in eudiplycosia". i cannot agree with copeland f. in selecting d. pilosa bl. as the typespecies of diplycosia, which for the reason he gives, was chosen by him in a purely mechanical way, not adopted in the rules. in contrary we have to follow bentham & hooker f., who anticipated what we call 'typification', when they divided the genus into one 'typical' part, i.e. subgen. eudiplycosia, with d. latifolia bl. and d. heterophylla bl., and into one apparently 'non-typical', gaultheria-like part, i.e. subgen. gaultheriopsis, with d. pilosa bl. and "other not yet described species". reasonably the typespecies of diplycosia has to be chosen from subgen. eudiplycosia. i therefore consider d. heterophylla bl. as the type-species; d. latifolia bl. is regarded in my work as a variety of it. key to the species 1. branchlets (young shoots) laxly to very densely setose or setulose, otherwise whether or not patent-puberulous. 2. branchlets (young shoots) setose or setulose only, no other fine patent pubescence present. 3. calyx outside densely and longish setose or setulose. 4. pedicels stoutish. bristles on the calyx all or for their greater number ± appressed or obliquely suberect, 2.5—5 mm. 5. leaves underneath set with ± coarse, patent-upright bristles. 6. nerves in 1—3 pairs, only slightly distinct, or nerves ± inconspicuous. 7. corolla ± shortly setulose-hairy in its upper part. 8. leaves subcaudate-acuminate (coriaceous, shining above, strongly revolute at the margin), (3—)3.5—5(—7) cm in length. borneo . . . . 1. d. rufa 8. leaves short-acuminate, 1—3 cm in length. 9. leaves coriaceous, slightly revolute at the margin, shining above, (1—) 1.5—2 (rarely up to 3) by 0.7—1(—1.2) cm. ovary laxly, hairy. borneo. 2. d. chrysothrix 9. leaves subcoriaceous, quite flat, dull above, 2—3 by (1,2—)1.3—1,9 cm. ovary glabrous. borneo s. d. carrii 7. corolla entirely glabrous. borneo ud. barbigera 6. nerves in (5—)6—7 pairs, ± distinctly impressed above, prominent beneath. 10. pedicels (3—)4—5(—7) mm. calyx lobes 1,5—2 mm. borneo. 5. d. saurauioides 10. pedicels (0.8—)1—1.3 cm. calyx lobes ± 3.5 mm. borneo. 6. d. clementium 5. leaves underneath set with fine and manifestly appressed bristles. borneo. 7. d. aurea 4. pedicels slender. bristles on the calyx spreading in all directions, (1—)1.5—2,5 122 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 11. bristles manifestly gland-tipped. pedicels setose only, 5—8 mm. filaments 3.5 mm. new guinea 8. d. lilianae 11. bristles ©glandular. pedicels besides the bristles rather densely covered with fine whitish hairs, 10—25 mm. filaments 1.5—2 mm. luzon . . 9. d. loheri 3. calyx outside rather laxly and shortly (0.5—1 mm), generally crispedor manifestly appressed-setulose, or puberulous, or glabrous. 12. style ± densely shortly patent-pubescent. celebes 10. d. aperta 12. style completely glabrous. 13. corolla ± densely pubescent, at least in the upper half. (ovary densely hairy). 14. branchlets densely setose. corolla longish crisped-hairy in the upper half. sumatra 11. d. pubivertex 14. branchlets very laxly setulose (finally glabrous at all). corolla nearly entirely covered with straight ± appressed hairs. sumatra . . . 12. d. atjehensis 13. corolla glabrous or practically so (some glandular hairs occasionally present in 24. d. tetramera). (ovary pubescent or glabrous). 15. flower 1 or 2 per axil (occasionally also 3 in other axils of the same specimen). .16. leaves surpassing 11 cm in length. pedicels (2—)2.5—3.5(—4) cm. borneo. 13. d. pendndiflora 16. leaves not exceeding 11 cm in length. pedicels rarely up to 2 cm. 17. leaves lanceolate, up to 7 mm wide. 18. leaves, very dense, covering partly each other, on very densely setose branchlets. ovary hirsute. borneo 14. d. ciliolata 18. leaves subdensely to laxly arranged, not covering each other partly, on laxly to subdensely setose branchlets. ovary glabrous. 19. pedicels slender, laxly setulose at anthesis. corolla red. celebes. 15. d. filipes 19. pedicels rather stoutish, subdensely setulose at anthesis. corolla white, with flesh tinge. new guinea. . 34a. d. morobeensis var. morobeensis 17. leaves, if lanceolate, wider than 7 mm, or leaves of other form. 20. pedicels laxly or mostly rather densely longish (1.5—2 mm) and ± patently setulose, always surpassing 3 mm in length. (ovary glabrous). 21. calyx glabrous dorsally or practically so. 22. leaves (ovate, subcaudate) 5—7 by 2.5—3,5 cm. siam. 16. d. epiphyticu 22. leaves smaller, up to 2 cm wide. 23. corolla subglobose-urceolate, 5 mm. leaves narrow-oblong-elliptic, (2—) 2,5—4(—5) by (0,8—)1—1,7(—2) cm. new guinea 17. d. rufesce-yis 23. corolla subcampanulate, 4 mm. leaves elliptic to ovate, (0.9—)1,2— 1.7(—1.9) by (0.5—) 0.6—-lcm. celebes. . . . 18. d. triangulanthera 21. calyx dorsally ± laxly clad with ± appressed and ± crisped stoutish bristle-like hairs. 24. leaves ovate or elliptic-oblong, ± abruptly acuminate at the apex, the terminal gland small. 25. corolla 6.5 mm. celebes 19. d. kjellbevgii 25. corolla 1—1,1 cm. celebes 20. d. hirsuta 24. leaves elliptic, ± rounded at the apex, the terminal gland thick and protruding beyond the leaf margin. 1957] h. sleumer: genus diplycosia 123 26. corolla 6 by 2.5 mm. bracteoles glabrous dorsally. new guinea. 21. d. rosea 26. corolla 9 by 5 mm. bracteoles densely short-setulose dorsally. new guinea 22. d. setosa 20. pedicels laxly to subdensely shortand crisped-, or, if the bristles are longer, appressed-setulose, or muriculate, or pubescent, or nearly glabrous, or pedicels up to 3 mm in length. (ovary pubescent or glabrous). 27. ovary sparsely to densely pubescent. 28. leaves up to 2.8 cm in length, but for the greater part shorter in the same specimen. 29. leaves ovate, (persistently rufous-setulose underneath). borneo. 23a. d. pseudorufescens var. pseudorufescens 29. leaves (broadly) elliptic to elliptic-oblong. 30. style 5—6 mm. (stamens 8). sumatra ,. 24. d. tetramera 30. style 2—3 mm. 31. bristles on the branchlets ± patent, very dense. malay peninsula, borneo 23b. d. pseudorufescens var. elliptifolia 31. bristles on the branchlets ± appressed, subdense to lax. 32. stamens 8. philippines (negros) 25. d. parvifolia 32. stamens 10. new guinea (also morotai?) 26. d. soror 28. leaves, at least in part in the same specimen, exceeding 2,8 cm in length. 33. leaves ovate, rufous-setulose beneath for a long time. sumatra. 27. d. glauciflora 33. leaves (broadly) elliptic or elliptic-oblong, caducously setulose, resp. only punctate underneath or entirely glabrous in later stages. 34. corolla ovoid. new guinea 28. d. ledermannii 34. corolla campanulate. 35. leaves (broadly) elliptic, rarely oblong-elliptic, (4.5—)5—7.5(—10) by (2,5—)3—6(—6.5) cm. sumatra. 29a. d. braehyantha var. brachyantha 35. leaves obovate, 2—3,5 by 1—2 cm. sumatra. 29b. d. brachyantha var. parvula 27. ovary entirely glabrous. . 36. lateral nerves impressed above up to the apex of the leaves in dry specimens. 37. leaves triplinerved. 38. pedicels 2—3 (rarely up to 5) cm. corolla 4 mm. philippines (mindanao) 30. d. apoensis 38. pedicels 1,5—2 cm long. corolla 9 mm. new guinea. 31. d. schultzei 37. leaves 5—7-plinerved. celebes 32. d. undata 36. lateral nerves not or only obscurely impressed above in dry specimens. 39. leaves lanceolate to oblong-elliptic. 40. flowers sessile or nearly so. indochina (annam). s3. d. annamensis 40. pedicels 3—6(—10) mm. 41. leaves, at least initially, with scattered bristles underneath. stamens 10. new guinea 34a. d. morobeensis var. morobeensis 41. leaves laxly punctate underneath. stamens 8. philippines (negros). 25. d. parvifolia 124 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 39. leaves ovate to elliptic-ovate. 42. corolla 7—8 mm. new guinea 35. d. rupicola 42. corolla c. 4 mm. new guinea. . sib. d. morobeensis var. ovatifolia 15. flowers 3—6 (rarely up to 9) in all or at least in the lower axils, the uppermost axils sometimes only with 2 flowers, or very rarely 1 flower in the same specimen. 43. leaves narrow-lanceolate, 3—6 mm wide. borneo. . . 36. d. kalmiifolia 43. leaves various in form, wider than 7 mm. 44. corolla (9—) 10—11 mm. leaves with ± persistent longish marginal bristles. borneo 37. d. kinabaluensis 44. corolla up to 8 mm. leaves with ± early caducous marginal bristles. 45. calyx lobes c. 4 mm. ovary laxly to densely pubescent. 46. corolla campanulate. 47. leaves (broadly) elliptic, rarely oblong-elliptic, (4.5)5—7.5(—10) by (2.5—)3—6(—6.5) cm. sumatra . 29a. d. braehyantha var. brachyantha 47. leaves obovate, 2—3,5 by 1—2 cm. sumatra . 29b. d. brachyantha var. parvula 46. corolla urceolate-cylindric. s u m a t r a 38. d. sumatrensis 45. calyx lobes 1.5—2 (rarely up to 3) mm. ovary completely glabrous. 48. bracts at the base of the inflorescence very numerous, ovate-acuminate to lanceolate, 2—4 mm. bracteoles (2—)2,5—3 mm. 49. pedicels densely crisped-ferrugineous-pubescent. sumatra. 39. d. crassiramea 49. pedicels densely patent-glandular-setulose. borneo. 70b. d. pittosporifolia var. punctiloba 48. bracts at the base of the inflorescence mostly few, ± ovate, obtuse, up to 1,5 mm. bracteoles 1—1,5 mm. 50. leaves 3—5-plinerved from and from above the base (lower half of the lamina), the higher lateral nerves, if any, much less distinct. 51. anthers linear as or nearly as long as the anther-cells. corolla shortcylindric to subcampanulate. 52. branchlets densely patent-setose. philippines (mindanao). 40a. d. trinervia var. trinervia 52. branchlets very laxly appressed-setose. philippines (mindanao). 40b. d. trinervia var. urdanetensis 51. anthers oblong to ovate-oblong, the tubules much shorter than the anther-cells. 53. leaves rigidly coriaceous, ± concave when dry. new guinea. 41. d. lamii 53. leaves subcoriaceous to coriaceous, ± flat when dry. 54. leaves (10—)12—17 by 3,5—5,5 cm. borneo. . . 42. d. orophila 54. leaves smaller, (2—)3—6 (rarely in p a r t up to 10) cm in length. 55. shoots ± densely setose initially (but glabrescent with age). pedicels at the anthesis r a t h e r densely appressed-setulose and finely short-pubescent, the bristles ± caducous under the fruit. leaves setose on both faces initially. 56. calyx glabrous. philippines. . . 43a. d. luzonica var. luzonica 1957] h. sleumer: genus diplycosia 125 56. calyx manifestly greyish-puberulous. philippines (luzon). 43b. d. luzonica var. pubens 55. shoots (very) laxly setulose initially (early entirely glabrescent). pedicels not or very laxly setulose, ± densely short-pubescent, finally glabrescent. leaves glandular-punctate beneath when very young. 57. leaves elliptic, broadly acuminate at the apex. philippines. 43c. d. luzonica var. calelayiensis 57. leaves elliptic-lanceolate, ± long-acuminate. philippines. 43d. d. luzonica var, merrittii 50. leaves penninerved, i.e. the basal and higher nerves equally distinct, the latte r also from the upper half of the lamina. 58. calyx markedly funnelform-attenuate, nearly stipitate in later stages (pedicels laxly subpatently hairy. bristles, if any, glandular at the tips of the branchlets). 59. leaves 4,5—7 by 2.5—3,6 cm; petiole 2.5—5 mm. celebes. hh-a. d. caryophylloides var. caryophylloides 59. leaves 3—5 by (1,5—)1,7—2,5 cm; petiole 4—7 mm. celebes. 44b. d. caryophylloides var. longipes 58. calyx gradually attenuate at the base. 60. pedicels ± densely ferrugineous-setulose and furfuraceous as are the tips of the branchlets. bristles not glandular. borneo. 45. d. scabrida 60. pedicels densely rusty-tomentose. tips of the branchlets very laxly setose (finally glabrous). celebes 46. d. capitata 2. branchlets (young shoots) both very laxly to densely setose or setulose and patentpuberulous, or patent-puberulous only. 61. stipules ± persistent, well recognizable at least at the uppermost leaves, subulate, as long as or slightly longer t h a n the petioles. (anthers s a g i t t a t e ) . 62. margin oj. tiie calyx lodes set with longish (c. 1,5 mm), coarse, not glandular bristles. celebes 47. d. sagittanthera 62. margin of the calyx-lobes ciliolate, or very shortly glandular-muriculate or -fimbriate.63. leaves (ovate) subcaudate-acuminate, the apex ± acutish. borneo 63. leaves (ovate to elliptic or subrotundate) short-attenuate, the apex obtuse to rounded. 64. corolla flesh-coloured, 6—6.5 mm long, mouth c. 4 mm diam. leaves ovate to subrotundate, all manifestly cordate at the basa. borneo. . -4.9. d. crenidata 64. corolla pale yellow to greenish-white, 4—5 mm, mouth 2.5—3 mm diam. leaves ovate to elliptic, broadly cuneate to rounded (rarely also in p a r t subcordate) at the base. siam, malay peninsula, sumatra, borneo. 50. d. elliptica 61. stipules absent (or not recognizable, being too small or very early caducous). 65. anthers manifestly sagittate. 66. ovary glabrous. leaves elliptic. borneo. . . . . . . 51. d . microphylla 66. ovary subdensely pilose. leaves ovate-elliptic. borneo. . . 52. d. consobrina 65. anthers not sagittate. 126 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] h. sleumer: genus diplycosia 127 67. margin of the calyx lobes set with longish (c. 1.5 mm) coarse not glandular bristles. sumatra 53. d. einnabarina 67. margin of the calyx lobes short-ciliate or -fimbriate. 68. leaves linear, i.e. equally wide (up to 2.5 mm) their entire length. 69. leaves (1—)1.5—2 cm by 0,5—0,8 mm. ovary glabrous. borneo 54. d. piceifolia 69. leaves (3—)4.5—5.5(—6) cm by 1,5—2(—2.5) mm. ovary pubescent. borneo. 55. d. pinifolia 68. leaves not linear and wider than 3 mm. 70. leaves narrow-lanceolate1, 4—6 mm wide. 71. leaves (2—)2,3—3,5 cm long. celebes 56. d. stenophylla 71. leaves (1—)1.2—1.4(—1,6) cm long. borneo 57. d. myrtitlus 70. leaves various in form, wider than 7 mm. 72. branchlets besides the patent puberuience manifestly setose. leaves ± persistently setose beneath, at least in the lower half and/or along the midrib. 73. bristles on the branchlets short, subdense and ± appressed. leaf base ± cuneate. 74. pedicels glabrous. corolla red. sumatra 58. d. rubella 74. pedicels glandular-setulose. corolla greenish. 75. calyx rather densely and shortly red-pilose. malay peninsula. 59a.. d. lancifolia var. land folia 75. calyx completely glabrous. malay peninsula. 59b. d. la/neifoma var. calvescens 73. bristles on the branchlets longish, very dense and ± patent. leaf base rounded or mostly so. (pedicels ± densely crisped-setulose. corolla light yellow or greenish). java 60. d. pilosa 72. branchlets besides the patent puberuience very laxly or mostly not setose or setulose. leaves early glabrescent, whether or not punctate beneath. 76. leaves ± abruptly caudateor subcaudate-acuminate at the apex. 77. leaves lanceolate-ovate, up to 2,1 cm wide. flowers generally solitary. pedicels c. 2 mm. borneo 61. d. caudatifolia 77. leaves ovate-elliptic, all or at least partly 2.5—4 cm wide in the same specimen. flowers generally 3—5 per fascicle. pedicels (3—) 4—6 mm. borneo 62. d. memecyloides 76. leaves gradually and ± broadly attenuate-acuminate or obtuse to rounded at the apex. 78. corolla c. 1 cm, campanulate, pedicels very slender, 1.2—2.6 cm. celebes. 63. d. gradlipes 78. corolla up to 7 mm, urceolate or subcampanulate. 79. corolla 6,5—7 mm. (ovary glabrous). 80. pedicels 1.5—3 mm, rather stoutish. corolla white. celebes. 64. d. celebensis 80. pedicels 6—8(—10) mm, slender. corolla blood-red. celebes. 65. d. haemantha 79. corolla 3—3,5 mm. 81. ovary hairy. leaves finely crenulate, subdensely punctate beneath, the apical gland conspicuous. celebes. . . . . 66. d. minutiflora 81. ovary glabrous. leaves entire, not or very laxly punctate, the apical gland obscure. borneo . 67. d. kemulensis 1. branchlets (young shoots) completely glabrous i.e. without hairs or bristles, otherwise whether or not (glandular-) punctate. 82. leaves (mostly obtuse at the apex) markedly apiculate by a thick gland, which protrudes beyond the leaf margin. 83. leaves linear, i.e. equally wide their entire length, (3—)5—7.5 cm by (1.5—) 1.8—3 mm. borneo 68. d. rosmarinifolia 83. leaves not linear, all or at least most of them wider than 4 mm in the same specimen. 84. flowers 4-merous. borneo. . 67. d. kemulensis 84. flowers 5-merous. 85. corolla ± densely appressed-hairy outside. sumatra. . . 19,. d. atjehensis 85. corolla glabrous outside or practically so. 86. ovary laxly to densely pilose. 87. corolla (± tubular) (9—) 10—11 by 5 mm. sumatra. . . 69. d. apieulifera 87. corolla up to 7 mm in length. 88. corolla (widely) campanulate. calyx lobes 4 mm. 89. corolla green, 6—7 by 5—6 mm. leaves (4.5—) 5—7.5 (—10) by (2,5—) 3—6(—6.5) cm. sumatra. . . . 29a. d. brachyantha var. brachyantha. 89. corolla white, 5—6 by c. 3 mm. leaves 2—3.5 by 1—2 cm. sumatra. 29b. d. brachyantha var. parvula 88. corolla ovoid, 7 mm. calyx lobes c. 2 mm. new guinea. 88. d. ledermannii 86. ovary entirely glabrous. 90. pedicels laxly to subdensely longish (1—1,3 mm) and ± patently glandularsetulose. borneo 70a. d. pittosporifolia var. pittospori folia 90. pedicels very shortly (whether or not glandular-) subsetulose or muriculate and/or short-pubescent, or glabrous. 91. flowers generally solitary or in pairs, rarely also 3 in one or the other axil of the same specimen. 92. pedicels 2—3 mm at the anthesis (in fruit up to 4 mm only). new guinea. 71. d. lysolepis 92. pedicels (5—) 6—15 mm at the anthesis. 93. corolla 10 mm. celebes 72. d. retusa 93. corolla c. 7 mm. new guinea 73. d. edulis 91. flowers generally 3—6 per fascicle, sometimes also solitary or in pairs in one or the other axil of the same specimen. 94. corolla exceeding 9 mm in length. 95. corolla (9—) 10—11 mm. pedicels glabrous. borneo. 36. d. kinabaluensis 95. corolla 13—15 mm. pedicels densely hirtellous. borneo. 74. d. sanguinolenta 94. corolla up to 8 mm in length. 96. leaves elongate-spathulate, (the apex rounded-obtuse and ± retuse). borneo 75. d. sphenophylla 96. leaves of other shape. 97. corolla ventricose or subglobose-urceolate. 128 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] . h. sleumer: genus diplycosia 129 98. leaves stiff-coriaceous. petiole 1—1.3 by 0.2—0.3 cm. pedicels stoutish, densely clad with patent rufescent short hairs. borneo. 76. d. urceolata . 98. leaves subcoriaceous to coriaceous. petiole 2—8 by 1—1.5 mm. pedicels slender, initially with a few bristle-like crisped hairs and: a fine pubescence, g-labrescent. 99. pedicels 2—3 mm at the anthesis, up to 4 mm in fruit. (leaves oblong or subovate-oblong, mostly obtuse-rounded to slightly emarg-inate at the apex, rarely broad-attenuate. style 2 mm). borneo. 77. d. commntata 99. pedicels 4—8 mm at the anthesis, up to 15 mm in fruit. 100. leaves elliptic to ovate-elliptic, rarely narrow-elliptic, or ellipticobovate, mostly short-acuminate, rarely obtuse. style 2—3 mm. philippines 43c. d. luzonica var. calelanensis 100. leaves broadly obovate, obtuse. style c. 5 mm. new guinea. 78. d. lorentzii97. corolla ± campanulate, or short-tubular. 101. pedicels densely ferrugineous-hirtellous at the anthesis, glandular hairs not present. 102. bracteoles c. 1.5 mm. corolla red, 7—8 mm. celebes. 79. d. rubidiflora 102. bracteoles (2—)2.5—3 mm. corolla green, ± 6 mm. sumatra. 89. d. crassiramea 101. pedicels laxly hirtellous and ± laxly set with short rather thickish glandular hairs at the anthesis. (corolla greenish, sometimes partly suffused with red, ± 4 mm. bracteoles c. 1.5 mm). siam, malay peninsula, sumatra, java, borneo, philippines (mindanao). 84b. d. heterophylla var. latifolia 82. leaves (mostly acuminate or acute at the apex) not or not manifestly apiculate, the apical gland small and within the margin of the lamina, or, if more conspicuous, inserted on the (obtuse) apex underneath. 103. pedicels very slender, (2—)2.5—3.5 cm. borneo 13. d. penduliflora 103. pedicels rather slender or mostly ± stoutish, rarely up to 2 cm in length. 104. leaves narrow-lanceolate, (6—)8—10 times as long as wide. borneo. 80. d. ensifolia 104. leaves various, not ensiform, 1—4 (rarely up to 5) times as long as wide. 105. leaves manifestly penninerved, nerves 8—10 strongly inarching, the lowest pair short and straight to the margin. borneo 81. d. punctulata 105. leaves pliresp. pliand penninerved, the lowest pair of nerves always curved and high-ascending, the upper nerves not manifestly inarching. 106. leaves ovate, the apex ± caudate-acuminate, the base rounded to subcordate. 107. calyx rather densely shortly rufous-hirsutulous. borneo. 42. d. orophila 107. calyx glabrous or very laxly muriculate. borneo. 82. d. cinnamomifolia 106. leaves not strictly ovate, the base mostly (broadly) cuneate, rarely subrotundate. 108. leaves lanceolate to subovate-oblong-lanceolate, (very coriaceous), strictly triplinerved from the very base. 109. flowers several per fascicle. corolla 6—7 mm. style 5 mm. borneo. 83a. d. viridiflora var. viridiflora 109. flower solitary. corolla 11mm. style 10 mm. borneo. 83b. d. viridiflora var. megalantha 108. leaves subovate-oblong, or oblong, or elliptic, 5-pl:nerved from and from above the base, moreover ± penninerved. 110. pedicels and bracteoles (dorsally) ferrugineous-tomentose. celebes. 46. d. capitata 110. pedicels ± laxly hirtellous, moreover whether or not laxly set with short thickish glandular hairs. bracteoles ± glabrous dorsally. 111. leaves relatively small, variable in shape and size, 3—7(—10) by (1—)1.b—3.5 cm, ± olivaceous (often pallid) when dry, subcoriaceous to coriaceous. sumatra, java, bali, lombok; borneo? 84. d. heterophylla var. heterophylla 111. leaves relatively large, mostly oblong-elliptic, 8—14(—16) by (3—) 3.5—8(—10) cm, ± brown (often rather dark) when dry, coriaceous. siam, malay peninsula, sumatra, bangka, java, borneo, philippines (mindanao) 84b. d. heterophylla var. latifolia 1. diplycosia rufa stapf diplycosia rufa stapf in trans. linn. soc. ser. 2, bot. 4: 191, t. 14 fd 8-9. 1894; merr., en. born. 465 p.pr. 1921. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 2130t—3050 m, haviland 1137, 1181 (bo; k, lectotype), haslam s.n.; clemens 10694, 28922 p.p., 30377, 33125a, 35019; carr sf 27475, sow kep 71644; nat. coll. 94. 2. diplycosia chrysothrix stapf diplyeosia chrysothrix stapf in trans. linn. soc. ser. 2, bot. 4: 191, t. 14 f. e 10—14. 1894; merr., en. born. 463. 1921. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 1525—3100 m, haviland 1182 (k, type; sar); haslam s.n.; clemens 27832, 29956, 32280, 32718, 33813 ('33183'), 35076; holttum s.n. similar, but with smaller leaves, sterile, and possibly a new species: br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 2895 m, clemens 33843. similar, with broader leaves, approaching d. rufa in habit but apparently distinct, sterile: c. borneo. b. batu lesong, amdjah 453 (bo, l). 3. diplycosia carrii sleum., nov. spec. frutex epiphyticus, gracilis. ramuli novelli gracillimi subteretes c. 1 mm diam., densissime patenter setosi (pilis setiformibus gracilibus rufobrunneis 3—4 mm longis, pilis aliis haud obviis), sat dense foliati. folia ovata, apice breviter acuminata, subobtusa, glandula terminali parva 130 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 parum prorumpente instructa, basi ± rotundata, subcoriacea, in sicco castanea utrinque opaca, supra costa basique infima laminae diutius setulosa excepta cito glabrata, subtus et secus marginem dense setuloso-pilosa (pilis vel, si mavis, setulis erecto-patentibus rufis 2—3 mm longis, lit videtur diu persistentibus), integra, haud revoluta, 2—3 cm longa, (1,2—) 1,3—1,9 cm lata, costa supra leviter immersa, subtus prominente, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 2—3 inter sese valde distantibus curvato-ascendentibus, supra minutissime impressis, haud raro omnino evanescentibus, subtus parum elevatis vel obscuris; petiolus supra sulcatus sat gracilis c. 2—3 mm longus, dense setulosus. flores axillares solitarii. pedicelli sat graciles sub anthesi 4—5 mm longi, postea usque ad 7 mm accrescentes, dense patenter rufo-setulosi, bractea basali minutissima, bracteolis ovatis dorso setulosis 1 mm longis. calyx 3 mm longus, dense patentissime rufosetulosus (c. 4 mm), lobis ovatis subacutis c. 2 mm longis. corolla albida, breviter late subcylindrico-campanulata, 5 mm longa, c. 4 mm diam., extus basi subglabra, in superiore 2/3 parte sat dense pilis appressis rufis setulosis apice crispulis induta, intus glabra, lobis 5 deltoideis obtusis erectis c. 1,5mm longis. stamina 10, c. 4mm longa; filamenta linearia, supra basin paullo dilatata, apicem versus filiformia, glabra, c. 2 mm longa ; antherae ovato-oblongae, cum tubulis 2 mm longae, minute echinulatae, tubulis ipsis 0,7 mm longis sat angustis. ovarium glabrum; stylus 3 mm longus, glaber. fructus ignotus. br. n. boeneo. mt kinabalu, path to ranau, c. 1465 m, fl. 11-4-1933, ca/rr sf 26965 (sing, type). 4. dlplycosia babbigera sleum. diplycosia barbigera sleumer in bot. jahrb. 71: 149. 1940. borneo. s a r a w a k . mt dulit, c. 1300 m, richards 1715, 1,9.91 (k, type). 5. diplycosia saurauioides j. j. s. diplycosia saurauioides j. j. smith in bull. jard. bot. btzg iii, 13: 456. 1935. c. borneo. w. kutei, mt kemul, 1850 m, endert 4385 (a; bo, type; l). similar in habit, but less setose, apparently a not yet described species (corolla and stamens unknown) : c. borneo. amai ambit, hallier (bo, l). liang-gagang, hallier 2691 (bo). 6. diplycosia clementium sleum. diplycosia clementium sleumer in bot. jahrb. 71: 151. 1940. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 1370—3650'm, clemens 28768, 28922 p.p., 29258 (a; bm, type; bo, e, k, ny), 29401, 29565, 31751, 31912, 33132, 33804, 35077, 50849; carr sf 27692, 957] h. sleumer: genus diplycosia 131 7. diplycosia aurea sleum. diplycosia aurea sleumer in bot. jahrb. 71: 147. 1940.—d. rufa (non stapf) fmerr., en. born. 465 p.p. 1921. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 1220—1525 m, clemens 10929, 30942, 30960, 32400 (a; bm, type; bo, e, k, l, ny), 32693, 35075, 40682. 8. diplycosia lilianae j. j. s. diplycosia lilianae j. j. smith in gibbs, arfak 170/. 1917; sleum in bot. jahrb. \l2: 211. 1942. new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : arfak mts, 2285—2440 m, gibbs 5518 | (bo, lectotype; k), 5680. 9. diplycosia loheri merr. diplycosia loheri merrill in philip. j. sc. 27: 44, 1925; en. philip. 4: 253. 'l925; copel. f. in philip. j. sc. 47: 67. pi. 1 f. 6, 7. 1932. philippines. l u z o n : nueva vizcaya, caraballo mts, loher 13693 (e, fragm. [•o f type; pnh, type f; us, not seen). 10. diplycosia aperta j. j. s. diplycosia aperta j. j. smith in bot. jahrb. 68: 208. 1937.—d. pokapindjangensis , j. j. s. i.e. 204.—d. undata (non j. j. s.) lam in blumea 5: 574. 1945. 0. celebes. enrekang, b. poka pindjang, 2800 m, kjellberg 3923 (s, type of d. pokapindjangensis) ; ibid., 2500 m, kjellberg 11,54 (bo; s, type of d. aperta); pokapindjang-tinabang, 2800—3000 m, eyma 640; pintealon, outlet of pokapindjang, 2400—2600 m, eyma 521, 529; mamasa, mt mambuliling, 2700 m, monod de froide\ville 121, 124 cd. undata'). 11. diplycosia pubivertex sleum., nov. spec. frutex. rami teretes, stricti, c. 3 mm diam., dense rufo-strigosi. ramuli densissime subadpresse rufo-setosi (2—3 mm), sat dense foliati. folia oblongo-elliptica rarius obovato-elliptica, apice breviter, interdum subabrupte acuminata, subacuta vel obtusiuscula, glandula crassa protracta terminata, basi in petiolum attenuata, coriacea, firma, in sicco supra saturate, subtus dilutius brunnea, supra nitidula, subtus opaca, juniora utrinque adpresse rufo-setosa, matura supra ± glabra, subtus per totam faciem et marginem sat dense rufo-subsetoso-pilosa, ad costam et basin versus longius setulosa, obscure crenulata fere integra, in sicco paullo concava, margine leviter revoluta, (2—)2,2—3(—3,5) cm longa, 0,9—1,5 cm lata, costa supra impressa, subtus prominente, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 2, e basi resp. altius a costa curvato-abeuntibus alteque ascendentibus, supra levissime immersis, subtus parum visibiliter elevatis vel omnino evanidis; petiolus crassiusculus, setulosus, 3—4 mm longus, 1 mm crassus. flores axillares singuli. pedicelli crassi (1 mm diam.), basi minute pluribracteati, 4—5 mm longi, dense pilis crispulis rufescentibus hie inde 132 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] minute glanduliferis obsiti. bracteolae ovato-acuminatae, subacutae, dorso subglabrae, margine brevissime muriculato-fimbriatae, 2 mm longae. calyx 8—9 mm longus, campanulatus, dorso imprimis ad lobos subdense pilis crispulis fere setulosis rufescentibus instructus, lobis anguste triangularibus subacutis 5—6 mm longis, erectis. corolla subcylindrica, 8—9 mm longa, c. 2,5 mm diam., breviter 5-loba, extus infra medium glabra, superne dense pilis longis rufescentibus apice crispulis induta, intus glabra. stamina 10; filamenta linearia, basin versus paullo dilatata, glabra, c. 4,5 mm longa; antherae subovato-oblongae, cum tubulis 3 mm longae, tubulis ipsis 1 mm longis. ovarium dense flavido-pubescens. stylus glaber c. 7 mm longus. fructus ignotus. sumatra. a t j e h: gajo & alas lands, mt losir, central and eastern top, 2950—3500 m, fl. 5/6-2-19s7, van steenis 8650, 8677 (bo; l, type). 12. diplycosia atjehensis sleum., nov. spec. frutex ramulis obtusangulis cortice cinerascenti obtectis, apice brunnescentibus, glabris vel laxissime breviter setosis, resp. setis basi excepta caducis punctatis. folia elliptica usque obovata, interdum oblonga vel late elliptica usque subrotundata, apice late attenuata, obtusa usque rotundata, interdum emarginata, glaridula crassa nigrescente protrusa apiculata, basi late in petiolum cuneata rarius subrotundata, rigide coriacea, in sicco supra saturate olivaceo-brunnea usque nigrescentia, lucidula et glabra, subtus pallidiora, opaca et lax-e nigrescenti-punctata, margine revoluta et crenaturis minutissime impressis obsita, (2,5—) 4—6 cm longa, 1,5—2,5(—3) cm lata, costa supra impressa, subtus valida et prominente, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 2—3 utrinque subinconspicuis; petiolus crassus, rugulosus, glaber vel interdum setis nonnulis brevibus ad folia summa indutus, 4—6 mm longus, 1,5—2 mm diam. flores axillares 1—2, raro 3. pedicelli subdense rufeseenti-hirsutuli, pilis glandulosis brevibus crassis nonnullis intermixes, 4—6 mm longi, c. 1 mm crassi, demum glabrescentes, bracteis basalibus paucis ovato-acutis. bracteolae ovatae, apiculatae, dorso hirsutulae, ciliatae, c. 1,5 mm longae. calyx 5 mm longus, basi ipsa contractus fere usque ad basin 5-lobus, lobis anguste ovato-acurminatis acutis dorso, imprimis apicem versus laxe adpresse pilosulis, margine ciliatis et muriculatis, c. 4 mm longis. corolla urceolata, ± 6 mm longa, extus basi infima glabra, ceterum dense adpresse flavido-pilosa, lobis c. 1 mm longis. stamina 10; filamenta linearia, basin versus dilatata, superne undata, papillosa, 2,8 mm longa, antheris echinulatis ovato-oblongis, cum tubulis sat brevibus 2,5 mm longis. ovarium sat dense flavescentihirsutum, stylo corollam aequante. fructus subglobosus, basi turbinatoattenuatus, nigrescens, c. 5 mm diam., lobis calycinis superne paullo patentibus, capsula in vertice hirsutula. sumatra. a t j e h : gajo lands, g. losir, biv. 6 to 8, central peak, eastern peak and ridge, 2950—3500 m, fl. 5/6-2-1937, van steenis 8651, 8678 (bo; l, type); ibid., biv. 5 to 6, 3300 m, fl. 1-2-1937, van steenis 8554; ibid., biv. 4 to 5, 2700—2800 m, 31-1-1937, van steenis 8511; putjuk angasan, biv. 1 to 2, 2500 m, 28-1-1937, van steenis 8415. h. sleumer: genus diplycosia 13. diplycosia pendulifloea stapf 133 diplycosia penduliflora stapf in trans. linn. soc. ser. 2, bot. 4 : 193, t. 14 f. c 7. |894; merr., en. born. 465. 1921. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 1070—1525 m, haviland 1269 (k, type; sar); iclemens 80734, 32264', 34734. 14. diplycosia ciliolata hook. f. diplycosia ciliolata hooker f., ic. pi. t. 894. 1852; walp., ann. 5: 443. 1858; stapf in trans. linn. soc. ser. 2, bot. 4: 192. 1894; gibbs in j. linn. soc. bot. 42: 101. 1914; merr., en. born. 463. 1921.—gaultheria ciliolata (hook, f.) f. v. m. in trans. r. soc. viet. n.s. 1 (2) : 21. 1889, in texto. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 1830—3500 m, low (bm; k, type); haviland 1135; gibbs 4171, 4249; clemens 27810t, 29092, 3008k, 32334, 32376, 50963; carr sf 27487; sow kep 71642; wyatt-smith kep 80360. 15. diplycosia filipes sleum., nov. spec. fruticulus epiphyticus, ramulis subteretibus gracilibus cito griseocortieatis, in partibus recentissimis sat dense longe (1,5—2 mm) subadpresse rufescenti-setosis ceterum haud pubescentibus. folia lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata, apice sensim breviter acuminata, subacuta, glandula terminali minuta paullo prorumpente instructa, basi in petiolum attenuata, acuta, subcoriacea, in sicco adulta supra pallide griseo-olivacea, subtus nigrescenti-brunnescentia, novella utrinque nigrescentia, utrinque opaca, supra glabra, subtus disperse nigro-punctulata, regulariter minute crenulato-denticulata, denticulis glandulosis in foliis junioribus in pilum setulosum longum mox caducum excurrentibus, 12—20 mm longa, 4—6 mm lata, medio latissima, costa supra impressiuscula, subtus parum prominente, nervis venisque obscuris; petiolus setulosus c. 1,5 mm longus. flores axillares solitarii. pedicelli graciles, initio laxe subadpresse breviter setulosi demum ± glabrati, (5—)6—7 mm longi, basi bracteis minutis, apice bracteolis minutis ovatis obtusis glabris instructi. calyx 2,5—3 mm longus, glaber, ad medium 5-lobatus, lobis ovatis acutiusculis margine glandulis stipitatis brevius vel longius fimbriatis. corolla glabra, rubra, plane matura haud visa, prob. urceolata c. 4 mm longa. stamina nondum bene evoluta. ovarium glabrum, stylo 3,5 mm longo. fructus immaturus c. 3 mm diam., basi in pedem brevem contractus. c. celebes. masamba, between kambuno and tomadu, near rockery in rather forest, 27-7-1937, 2800—2550 m, eyma 1409 (l, type). 16. diplycosia epiphytica fletcher diplycosia epiphytica fletcher in kew bull. 40. 1936; fl. siam. en. 2: 315. 1938. ,epiphytic shrub, branches glabrous, subterete, greyish-corticate, fbranchlets brownish, slender, obtusely angular, densely patent-setose 134 reinwardtia [vol. 4 1957] h. sleumer: genus diplycosia 135 (bristles brown to rufous,, caducously glandular in part, 3—4 mm), no other pubescence present, laxly foliate. leaves ovate, slightly inequilateral, gradually rather shortly subcaudate-acuminate, the apex somewhat falcate, acute, the apical gland minute, base broadly attenuate to rounded, the very base ± protracted into the petiole, dilutely greyish-brown when dry, subcoriaceous, somewhat glossy above, dull beneath, glabrous above some bristles on the base resp. the midrib excepted, initially covered with pallid longish fine setular appressed hairs (1—2 mm) beneath, soon glabrescent, rather laxly set with red-brown glandular points (the bristle's bases) then, margin short-revolute, finely crenulate or subserrulate, the long bristles on top of the crenations mostly soon gone, 4—6.5 by (2—) 2.5—3.5 cm, 3—5-nerved from the base, midrib deeply impressed above, very prominent beneath, lateral nerves curved-ascending to the top of the lamina and anastomosing there, the inner pair manifestly impressed above, resp. prominent beneath, the outer pair only slightly so and sometimes barely visible, other 3—4 short lateral nerves patent from the midrib rather inconspicuous in general; petiole semiterete, grooved above, patent-setose initially, glabrescent, 3—6(—7) by 1 mm. flowers mostly 3 per axil, rarely also solitary and in pairs in other axils of the same specimen. pedicels nodding, stoutish, densely patent-subglandular-setulose (c. 2 mm), 5—7 mm, the basal bracts ovate-acute, c. 1.5 mm, the bracteoles ovate, subacute, dorsally glabrous or short-setulose at the base only, laxly shortly glandular-fimbriate and ciliate, c. 1.8 mm. calyx 3 mm, glabrous, 5-lobed to 2/3 of its length, lobes ovate-acuminate, acute, their margins longish-glandular-subsetulose in the lower part, shorter so towards the apex. corolla broad-urceolate, pinkish, glabrous, c. 6 mm, lobes obtuse c. 2 mm. stamens 10; filaments linear, dilated towards the base, 2 mm; anthers ovate-oblong, 2,5 mm incl. tubules, abruptly attenuate into the tubules (1 mm). ovary very laxly hairy on top; style glabrous, 4 mm; fruit unknown. siam. s u r a t : kao nawng, 110o—1200m, kerr 13272 (bm; k, type). 17. diplycosia rufescens schltr. diplycosia rufescens schlechter in bot. jahrb. 55: 163. /. 7 a-g. 1918; sleum. i.e. 72: 211. 1942. new guinea. n o r t h n e w g u i n e a : sepik region, 'etappenberg', 850 m, ledermann 8873 (b, f, lectotype; k, sing); 'felsspitze', 1400—1500m, ledermann 12438 (b, f), 1h95 (b, j), 12508 (b, f ) ; 'kamelrucken', c. 1150 m, ledermann 8850 (b, f; e, k, sing), 8856 (b, f) ; 'lordberg', 1000 m, ledermann 9992a (k, l). 18. diplycosia triangulanthera j. j. s. diplyeosia triangulanthera j. j. smith in bot. jahrb. 68: 207. 1937. c. celebes. poso, biv. puna, c. 1800 m, steup 23. palopo, todjambu, 1000 m, kjellberg 1811 (bo; s, type). 20. diplycosia hirsuta sleum. diplycosia hirsuta sleumer in bot. jahrb. 74: 154. 1940. c. celebes. 'berg ponaa', 1500—1700 m, sarasin it. cel. iis. 2110 (b, f, type; l, fragm.). poso, kambuno massif, boro, 1700m, eyma 1645 (so). 21. diplycosia rosea sleum., nov. spec. frutex usque ad 50 cm altus, ramulis elongatis teretibus, in partibus vetustioribus sat dense ± patenter cinerascenti-setosis, ad innovationes densissime pilis rufis arete patentibus setulosis indutis. folia elliptica, apice subrotundata vel rotundata, glandula terminali crassa bene prominente, basi rotundata vel latissisime attenuata, rarius cuneata, matura coriacea, rigida, in sicco paullo convexa, supra dilute olivacea, subtus brunnescentia, novella utrinque passim pilis setosis adpressis (1,5—2 mm) induta, matura supra glabrescentia laxeque nigro-punctulata, subtus diu et ± patenter rufo-setulosa, minute crenulata vel subdenticulata pilisque setosis ciliata, 2—3 cm longa, 1,2—1,6(—1,8) cm lata, costa supra impressa, subtus indistincta, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 1—2 e basi vel paullo supra basin laminae enascentibus atque ad laminae apicem curvatoascendentibus supra levissime immersis, aliis pinnatis minus distinctis utroque latere 2—3 a costa abeuntibus supra haud raro vix visibilibus; petiolus crassus (1 mm), setosus, (2—) 3—4 mm longus. flores axillares solitarii. pedicelli subgraciles nutantes ± dense pilis setosis subpatentibus ± crispulis minuteque glanduliferis instructi, 6—10(—12) mm longi. bracteolae ovato-acuminatae, dorso glabrae, margine glanduloso-muriculatae et ciliolatae, 1 mm longae. calyx 3 mm longus, in toto dorso imprimis infra medium pilis crispulis sat brevibus ± dense instructus, superne ad lobos ± glabrescens, lobis ovatis obtusis 2 mm longis ciliolatis et glandulosomuriculatis. corolla urceolato-cylindrica, rosea, ad lobos albescens, carnosula, glabra, 6 mm longa, 2,5 mm diam. stamina 4 mm longa; antherae oblonga, cum tubulis satis brevibus et latis 2 mm longae. ovarium glabrum; stylus glaber, 3 mm longus. fructus deest. n e w g u i n e a . w e s t e r n p a r t : vogelkop, nettoti top, 1980 m , fl. 28-101954, van roy en 3859 (l, t y p e ) . 22. diplycosia setosa j. j. s. diplycosia setosa j. j. smith in bull. jard. bot. btzg ii, 8: 51. 1912; nova guinea 12: 145, t. 37 b. 1914; i.e. 18: 99. 1936; sleum. in bot. jahrb. 72: 211. 1942. new guinea. n o r t h e r n p a r t : mt cyclops, 1800—2160 m, gjellerup 540 (bo, type; k, l); mayr 645. 23. diplycosia pseudorufescens sleum. 23a. var. pseudorufescens. diplycosia pseudorufescens sleumer in bot. jahrb. 71: 157. 1940. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, above penataran river basin, 2895 m, clemens 33650 (a; bm, type; bo, e, k, l, ny). 136 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] 23b. var. elliptifolia sleum., nov. var. diplycosia consobrina (non becc.) ridl. in str. br. r. as. soc. 39: 15. 1903 — d. microphylla (non becc.) henders. in j. fed. mai. st. mus. 13: 5. 1927. foliis ± ellipticis pedicellisque ± patenter subdense crispulo-subsetulosis a typo diversa. an species propria? malay peninsula. p e r a k : g. bal (g. kerbau), 1370 m, fl. 5-1909, haniff 3983 (sing). p a h a n g : kluang terbang (g. benom), 1525 m, barnes s.n., anno 1900 (sing), 'd. consobrina'. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 2745—3050 m, clemens 28929 (a, bo, e, k; l, type; ny), 29282. 24. diplycosia tetramera sleum., nov. spec. frutex parvus, ramis erectis, teretibus, cortice striato et longitudinaliter fisso, ramulis dense adpresse vel subpatenter rufo-setosis (1,5—3 mm), pubescentia altera haud obvia. folia ± late elliptica usque oblongoelliptica, interdum angustiora et oblonga, conferta, apice breviter acuminata, subacuta vel obtusiuscula, plerumque glandula parva paullo prorumpente apiculata, coriacea, rigidula, in sicco ± concava margineque revoluta, supra olivaceo-brunnea, nitidula, subtus brunnescentia, opaca, recentissima utrinque ± laxe rufo-setulosa, matura supra glabra, subtus patenter setulosa, demum setulis caducis nigropunctulata, sat regulariter minute crenulata, dentibus in foliis juvenilibus in setam (± 1,5 mm) abeuntibus, (0,7—)1—1,6(—2) cm longa, (0,5—)0,7—1,2(—1,4) cm lata, costa supra ± distincte impressa, subtus parum vel haud elevata, nervis obscuris; petiolus crassiusculus, ± setulosus, 2(—3) mm longus, c. 1 mm diam. flores singuli axillares. pedicelli crassiusculi, setulis vel pilis scabridis brevibus crispulis sat dense instructi, sub anthesi 3—4(—6,5) mm longi, post anthesin paullo elongati. bracteolae ovato-acuminatae, dorso glabrae, margine breviter (0,3—0,5 mm) glanduloso-fimbriatae, apice ciliolatae, 1,5 mm. calyx 4—5 mm longus, glaber vel ad lobos pilis crassis crispulis paucis ornatus, lobis ovatis subacutis 2—3 mm longis sub anthesi ± patentibus laxe longeque ± decidue glanduloso-fimbriatis, apice pilosiusculis. corolla cylindrico-urceolata, 6—7 mm longa, 2 mm diam., basi et sub ore contracta, glabra vel initio in superiore parte pilis appressis glandulosis sparsis obsita, albida, lobis 4(vel 5) c. 1,5 mm longis. stamina 8; filamenta linearia, basin versus paullo dilatata glabra fere 4 mm longa; antherae oblongo-ovatae valde granulatae, cum tubulis c. 2,5 mm longae, tubulis 1,2 mm longis. ovarium glabrum vel in vertice parcissime pilosulum; stylus glaber 5—6 mm longus. fructus c. 5 mm diam., purpurascens vel nigrescens. sumatra. a t j e h: gajo lands, g. lembuh, 2800 m, fl. 19-2-1937, van steenis 8978 (bo; l, type) ; ibid., top g. lembuh to biv. 'halfweg', 1850—3000 m, van steenis 9180; g. losir, 2700—2800 m, van steenis 8510, 8519; putjuk angasan, 2500—2500m, van steenis 8356, 8383; g. kemiri, eastern slope, 3000 m, van steenis 9590; ibid., top plateau, 3150—3314 m, van steenis 9667. h. sleumbr: genus diplycosia 25. diplycosia parvifolia merr. 137 diplycosia parvifolia merrill in philip. j. sc. 5: bot. 211. 1910; en. philip. 3: 247. 1923; copel. f. in philip. j. sc. 47: 81. 1932. philippines. n e g r o s : canlaon volcano, c. 1500 m, merrill 6995 (k; pnh, type, t ) . 26. d i p l y c o s i a soror becc. diplycosia soror beccari, malesia 1: 210. 1878; sleum. in bot. jahrb. 72: 211. 1942. new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : mt arfak, hatam, c. 2000m, beccari (herb. beccari 5764., fl, type). similar, but with shorter (c. 1,5 mm) bristles, leaves somewhat smaller, possibly a distinct, not yet described species: moluccas. morotai, g. para-para, 1000 m, kostermans 1186 (bo, l), no corollas and stamens available. 27. diplycosia glauciflora sleum., nov. spec. frutex 1,5—3 m, ramis teretibus setosis, ramulis dense pilis setosis patentibus saturate ruf o-nigrescentibus (1,5—2 mm) vestiti, ceterum pubescentia carentibus. folia ad apicem ramulorum ovata vel ellipticoovata, inferne elliptica, summa apice plerumque sensim subcaudato-acuminata, inferiora breviter acuminata, semper acuta vel acutiuscula, glandula parum incrassata terminata, basi rotundata rarius late cuneata, subcoriacea, ut videtur in vivo (imprimis inferiora) haud raro rubescentia, in sicco supra (saturate) olivacea, subtus brunnea, novella utrinque dense setulosa, matura supra glabra et nitentia, subtus diutius per totam faciem sat dense et patenter rufo-setoso-pilosa (0,7—1,5 mm), tarde glabrescentia, nigro-punctulata, margine parum revoluto minutissime crenulata, denticulis caduce ciliato-setulosis, 2,5—4(—5,5) cm longa, (1,2—)1,4—2(—2,5) cm lata, costa sutira valde impressa, subtus elevata, nervis lateralibus basalibus utroque latere unicis secus marginem usque ad apicem excurrentibus, supra aut leviter impressis aut subobscuris, subtus parum visibilibus, nervis alteris a costa pinnatim abeuntibus subinconspicuis; petiolus dense patenter rufo-setosus, 2,5—4 mm longus, 1—1,5 mm diam. flores axillares singuli rarius bini. pedicelli sat graciles, sat dense crispulo-rufo-pilosi, sub anthesi 2—3 mm longi, demum usque ad 5 mm elongati. bracteolae ovato-acuminatae, dorso glabrae, 1,2 mm. calyx campanulatus, glaber vel pilis solitariis crassis adspersus, c. 3 mm longus, fere usque ad basin 5-lobus, lobis ovatis acutis sicut bracteolae breviter glanduloso-fimbriatis. corolla subcylindrico-eampanulata, dilute viridis, glaucescens, glabra, in sicco nigrescens, c. 4 mm longa, breviter 5-loba, stamina 10; filamenta sigmoideo-curvata, linearia, glabra, c. 2 mm longa; antherae ovato-oblongae, granulatae, cum tubulis tenuibus brevibus 2 mm longae. ovarium in summo apice pilis pluribus flavescentibus instructum; stylus glaber 3—3,5 138 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] h. sleumer: genus diplycosia 139 mm. fructus (etiam in capsulae vertice) glaber, caerulescens, denique nigricans, c. 4 mm diam. sumatra. a t j e h : gajo lands, from summit g. lembuh to biv. 'halfweg', 1850—3000 m, fl. 23-2-1937, van steenis 9153 (a, bo, k; l, type), 915u; ibid., c. 2500 m, van steenis 899 a; top g. lembuh, c. 3000 m, van steenis 9078; biv. 9 at the river lau alas via agusan ridge to blang kedjeren, 2000 m, van steenis 8750. e a s t c o a s t : sibolangit, g. pinto, 2050—2200 m, lorzing 821,2. 28. diplycosia ledermannii schltr. diplycosia lederinanni schlechter in bot. j a h r b . 55: 165. 1918; sleum. i.e. 72: 211. 1942. n e w g u i n e a . s e p i k r e g i o n : hunstein mts, c. 1050 m, ledermann 81,08 (b, f ) , 81,5b (bm), 81,76 (b, type, f; k, sing) ; ibid., 1300—1400 m, ledermann 11090 . (b, f ) , 11116 (b, f ) , 11335 (b, f ) , lu37a (b, f ) . 29. diplycosia brachyantha sleum., nov. spec. 29a. var. brachyantha. frutex, ramulis obtusangulis, crassis (4—7 mm diam.), griseo-brunnescentibus, apice valde sparse setosis vel glabris. folia elliptica vel late elliptica, rarius oblongo-elliptica, apice breviter attenuata, obtusa usque rotundata, glandula crassa prorumpente apiculata, basi in petiolum cuneata vel fere rotundata, crasse coriacea, in sicco supra olivaceo-brunnea, glabra et nitidula, subtus brunnea, opaca et laxe aequaliter nigro-punctulata, integra, margine in sicco bene revoluta, (4,5—)5—7,5 (raro usque ad 10) cm longa, (2,5—)3—6(—6,5) cm lata, costa supra leviter impressa, subtus crasse prominente, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 1—2 manifestioribus e basi vel supra basin enascentibus alteque curvato-ascendentibus, supra leviter vel levissime insculptis, subtus ± manifesto prominentibus, in superiore laminae tertio minus distinctis, nervis lateralibus aliis multo brevioribus ± strictis 2—5 parum conspicuis; petiolus crassus, rugosus, glaber, 6—9 mm longus, 1,5—3 mm diam., in superiore tertio haud raro lamina decurrente parum alatus. flores in sicco nigrescentes, ad fasciculos axillares 3—5-floros digesti, rarius in eodem ramulo etiam bini vel rarissime solitarii. pedicelli crassi (fere 1 mm diam.) ± dense breviter subadpresse brunnescenti-hirsutuli et glanduloso-muriculati, vel -verruculosi, post anthesin ± glabrescentes, sub anthesi 5—7 mm longi, bracteis basalibus paucis oyato-acuminatis hirsutulis 1—2 mm longis. bracteolae late ovate, apiculatae, dorso hirsutulae, intus glabrae, ciliatae, c. 2 mm longae. calyx 6 mm longus, fere usque ad basin 5-lobus, lobis ovatis acuminatis subacutis dorso imprimis superne laxe adpresse pilosis vel glabris, ciliatis, 4 mm longis, basi c. 3 mm latis, post anthesin patentibus. corolla campanulata, valde aperta, viridis, c. 6—7 mm longa, 5—6 mm lata, extus glabra vel hie inde pilo solitario instructa, lobis erectis fere 3 mm longis. stamina 10; filamenta linearia, supra basin paullo dilatata, superne undata, papillosa, 3,5 mm longa; antherae echinulatae, ovate-oblongae, cum tubulis angustis (c. 1,2 mm longis) 3,5 mm longae. ovarium dense flavidovel brunnescenti-hirsutum; stylus glaber 3—4 mm longus; fructus subglobosus, nigrescens, c. 1,3 cm diam., pedicello fructifero 10—11 mm longo. sumatra. a t j e h : gajo lands, between biv. 'halfweg' and summit g. lembuh, 1850—3000 m, 2-1937, van steenis 9017, 9021, 9151 (bo; l, type) ; putjuk angasan 1800—2500 m, van steenis 8323, 8u0129b. var. parvula sleum., nov. var. a typo foliis minoribus obovatis 2,2—3,5 cm longis, 1—2 cm. latis, floribusque albidis paulloque minoribus (corolla 5—6 mm longa, c. 3 mm lam.) diversa. sumatra. a t j e h : gajo lands, top g. lembuh to biv. 'halfweg', 1850—3000 m, van steenis 9152 (bo; l, type). 30. diplycosia apoensis elm. diplycosia apoensis elmer, leafl. philip. bot. 3: 1101. 1911 (apoense) ; merr., en. philip. 3: 246. 1923; copel. f. in philip. j. sc. 47: 79, pi. 4 f. 2. 1932. p h i l i p p i n e s . m i n d a n a o : davao, mt calelan, elmer 11676b (bo, e, f i , k, l; p n h , type, f ) . bukidnon, mt lipa, b. sci. 38545 ramos & edano, cit. copeland, not seen. 31. diplycosia schultzei schltr. diplycosia schultzei schlechter in bot. j a h r b . 5 5 : 163. 1918; sleum., i.e. 72: 211. 1942. n e w g u i n e a . n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t : biv. 'hochmoos', c . 6 5 k m s . o f fmouth of tani river (c. 141 °e—3°s), c. 1600 m, schultze jena 33—1 (b, lectotype, f ) , 33—2 (b, syntype, t) • 32. diplycosia undata j. j. s. diplycosia undata 3. s. smith in fedde rep. 30: 171. 1932. s. w. c e l e b e s . g. bantaeng (bonthain), 2700—2890m, biinnemeijer 12175, 12222 (bo; l, type), 1221,8. 33. diplycosia annamensis sleum., nom. nov. vaceinium pilosum chev. in rev. bot. appl. 9: 254. 1929, in obs., nomen; chev. ex dop, fl. gen. i.-c. 3: 705. 1930, descr.; sleum. in bot. j a h r b . 7 1 : 438. 1941, nec d. pilosa bl. (1826). epiphytic shrub, branchlets slender, patently longish (2—3 mm) setose, otherwise not pubescent. leaves rather dense, nearly distichous, oblong-elliptic or oblong, apex shortly acuminate, subobtuse, but apiculate by a minute gland, base broad-attenuate, subcoriaceous, rather dark castaneous and shining above when dry, more dilutely and dull beneath, initially 140 r e i n w a e d t l a [vol. 4 1957] h. sleumee: genus diplycosia 141 laxly setulose above, finally glabrous, laxly to rather densely persistently patent-setulose (1—1,5 mm) over the whole face beneath, margin somewhat revolute and minutely crenulate or entire, setulose-ciliate, 1,5—2 by (0,6—)0,8—lcm, broadest in the middle, midrib impressed above, prominent and densely setulose beneath, one lateral nerve on each side from nearly the base of the lamina, high-ascendent, slightly impressed above, nearly obscure beneath; petiole thickish, setulose, 1,5—2mm. flowers axillary, solitary. pedicels stoutish, setulose, at the anthesis c. 1—1,5 mm, up to 2,5 mm in fruit. bracteoles broad-ovate, obtuse, glabrous dorsally, margin glandular-muriculate or -fimbriate, 1 mm. calyx 3 mm, glabrous outside, lobes ovate, acute, margin glandular-fimbriate, c. 2 mm. corolla urceolate-cylindric, greenish-white, glabrous, c. 4,5 mm, shortly 5-lobed. stamens 10; filaments linear, glabrous, 2,5 mm; anthers incl. the short tubules 1,2 mm. ovary glabrous; style 4 mm. fruit blackish, 4—5 mm diam. indochina. s o u t h a n n a m : n h a t r a n g , massif d e hon-ba, 1500 m , fl. 2-9-1918, chevalier 38695 (p, type) ; haut-donai, massif du bi doup, 2000 m, fr. 11-10-1940-, poilane 30729. 34. diplycosia morobeensis sleum. 34a. var. morobeensis. diplycosia morobeensis sleumer in bot. j a h r b . 72: 210. 1942. n e w g u i n e a . n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t : morobe distr., sambanga, 1850— 2000m, clemens 6858 (a), 6978 (a), 7172 (b, type, f ) , 7222 (a), 7783 a (b, f ) , 7u5h (b, f ) ; samanzing, 2300—2600 m, clemens 93?'4 (a, neotype) ; mt saruwaged, 'marsh meadow camp', 2600 m, clemens 9507 (a) ; matap, 1525—1830 m, clemens 40974 (a) ; a-mieng, on yaneng river (trib. of buso river), 1525—1830m, clemens 12305 (a). 34b. var. ovatifolia sleum., nov. var. a typo foliis ovatis vel elliptico-ovatis pedicellisque brevioribus, sub anthesi 2—3 mm tantum longis diversa. an species propria ? n e w g u i n e a . s o u t h e a s t e r n p a r t : centr. distr., owen stanley range, mt victoria, 'the gap', c. 2135 m, fl. white 13-1-36, carr 15064 (a; bm, t y p e ; k, l, sing) ; mt yule, belford (mel). e a s t e r n highl., above goroka, 2540 m, n.g.f. 6121 womersley & floyd. 35. diplycosia rupicola sleum., nov. spec. frutex parvus, ramulis fuscis sat dense longe (2—3 mm) ± patenter rufo-setosis ceterum epilosis, subangulatis. folia sat conferta, ovata usque ovato-elliptica, apice breviter acuminata, obtusiuscula, glandula subcrassa apiculata, basi rotundata rarius late attenuata, coriacea, rigiduia, concava, in sicco supra pallide cinereo-virescentia, subtus dilute brunnea, utrinque opaca, supra glabra, subtus laxe caduce setulosa resp. punctulata, margine parum revoluto regulariter minute crenulata, denticulis initio ciliatis (c. 1,5 mm), 0,8—1,1cm longa, (0,4—)0,5—0,7 cm lata, costa supra leviter impressa, subtus evanescente, nervis obscuris; petiolus crassiusculus 1— 1,5 mm longus. flores axillares solitarii. pedicelli crassiusculi sparse glanduloso-punctati, nutantes, sub anthesi (1—)2—3 mm longi, sub fructu usque ad 4 mm elongati. bracteolae late ovatae, obtusae, dorso glabrae, ciliolatae et glanduloso-muriculatae, 1,5 mm. calyx 3 mm longus, glaber vel laxissime muriculatus, lobis ovatis obtusis ciliatis et glanduloso-muriculatis vel-fimbriatis, post anthesin reflexis, c. 1,8 mm longis. corolla urceolato-cylindrica, glabra, rubra, (7—)8—10 mm longa, 3—4 mm diam., lobis 5 albescentibus c. 1,5 mm longis. stamina 10; filamenta linearia, basin versus vix dilatata, glabra, 4—5 mm longa; antherae oblongae, c. tubulis 2,5 mm longae, echinulatae, tubulis latiusculis vix 1 mm longis. ovarium glabrum; stylus glaber, 5—6 mm longus, fructus c. 3 mm diam., basi breviter abrupte attenuatus quasi stipitatus, calyce parum carnoso et aucto, verticem capsulae haud includente. central n e w g u i n e a . w e s t e r n h i g h l a n d s : wahgi divide area, n.g.f. 5188 womersley (a; k, type; l a e , l) ; hagen range, c. 3650 m, stonor 5 ( e ) . 36. diplycosia kalmiipolia sleum. diplycosia kalmiifolia sleumer in bot. j a h r b . 7 1 : 154. 1940. br. n. borneo. mt dulit (ulu koyan), near long kapa, c. 1000 m, richards 2485 (k, type). 37. diplycosia kinabaluensis stapf diplycosia kinabaluensis stapf in t r a n s . linn. soc. ser. 2, bot. 4: 193, t. 14 f. b 4—6. 1894; gibbs in j. linn. soc. bot. 42: 102. 1914; merr., e n . born. 464. 1921.— d. memecyloides (non stapf) merr. i.e., p.p. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, (i860—) 2440—3960 m, haviland 1086 (cal; k, t y p e ; sar, s i n g ) ; gibbs 4182 (cit. '4112'), 4311; clemens 106u ('memecyloides'), 29085, 29087 p.p., 33115, 337s5, 35079, 50925, 513.13, 5h15; carr sf 27612; holttum. s.n. 38. diplycosia sumatrensis merr. diplycosia sumatrensis merrill in p a p . mich. ac. sc. 19: 181. march 1934.'— d. patenticalyx j. j. s. in fedde rep. 35: 295. july 1934. sumatra. t a p a n u 1 i : luburadja, 1700—1900 m, junghuhn. w e s t c o a s t : g. singgalang, 2250—2870 m, yates u52 (bo, k; mich, type of d. sumatrensis, not seen; sing) ; doeters van leeinven 398/f (bo, type of d. patenticalyx; l) ; beccari 328; biinnemeijer 2841; w. meijer 3835, 3839, 3866, 3869, 3870, 3887, 3895; g. malintang, 2260 m, biinnemeijer 4067, )t205. 39. diplycosia crassiramea sleum., nov. spec. frutex. ramuli floriferi valde crassi (6—8 mm diam.), in partibus vetustioribus teretes, stigmatibus foliorum delapsorum rotundis valde 142 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] h. sleumer: genus diplycosia 143 incrassatis ornati, in partibus terminalibus (3—5 mm diam.) angulati, griseo-corticati, lenticellis elongato-ellipticis nigrescentibus laxe praediti, ad innovationes in sicco rubescentes sparse setis solitariis longis (2—3 mm) adspersi ceterum omnino glabri. folia pulvinulo crasso corticato insidentia atque cum eo bene visibiliter articulata, oblonga usque obovata, interdum obovato-elliptica, apice breviter acuminata usque late attenuata vel rotundata, glandula crassa et prorumpente apiculata, basi in petiolum cuneata, valde crassa et rigida, in sicco supra olivacea et nitidula, subtus brunnea et opaca, margine ± revoluta, minutissime crenulata vei mtegra, supra glabra, subtus per totam faciem. subdense nigropunctata (setis vel setulis etiam in foliis recentioribus haud visis), (7—)8—13 cm longa, (3,5—) 4—7,5 cm lata, costa supra leviter impressa, subtus valde crassa et prominente, nervis lateralibus pinnatis (nervo infimo tantum suprabasali) 3-—4 curvato-ascendentibus interque sese praeter marginem conjunctis supra leviter impressis, subtus parum prominentibus, alteris summis brevioribus sicut venae minus distinctis vel obscuris; petiolus valde crassus, supra sulcatus, in parte summo lamina decurrente subalatus, c. 1 cm longus, 2,5—3 mm diam. flores ad nodos defoliates et axillas foliatas fasciculati, (3—)4—8 pro fasciculo, basi bracteis ovatis usque lanceolatis acutis numerosis 2—4 mm longis f errugineo-pubescentibus instructi. pedicelli crassi, dense ferrugineo-crispulo-pubescentes haud setosi, 7—10 (—12) mm longi. bracteolae ovatae, subacutae, ciliolatae atque brevissime glanduloso-f imbriatae, dorso f errugineo-pubescentes, (2—) 2,5—3 mm longae. calyx basi contractus, 4—4,5 mm longus, dorso glaber vel ad lobos extus brevissime rufo-pilosus, lobis deltoideis subacutis sub anthesi reflexis breviter glanduloso-fimbriatis 2 mm longis. corolla, sub plena anthesi campanulata, sed ore basique paullo constricta, c. 6 mm longa, 4—5 mm diam., glabra, viridis, lobis erectis fere 2 mm longis. stamina 10, dilute brunnea; filamenta linearia supra basin paullo dilatata, papillosa, 3—3,5 mm longa; antherae ovato-oblongae, basi incurvatae, echinulatae, cum tubulis sat angustis 8 mm longae, tubulis ipsis 1,3 mm longis. ovarium glabrum; stylus glaber, 5 mm longus. fructus deest. central celebes. enrekang, tinabang, w. side of rante mario, 3000 m, £1. 18-6-1937, eyma 736 (bo; l, type); ibid., 2950 m, eyma 788; pokapindjang-tinabang, 2800—3000 m, eyma 622; near pintealdn, spur of pokapindjang, 2400—2600 m, eyma 522. 40. diplycosia trinervia elm. 40a. var. trinervia. diplycosia trinervia elmer, leafl. philip. bot. 3: 1102. 1911; merr., en. philip. 3: 247. 1923; copel. f. in philip. j. sc. 47: 68. 1932.—d. luzonica (non (gray) merr.) elm., leafl. philip. bot. 3: 1105. 1911. philippines. m i n d a n a o : davao, mt calelan, elmer 11676, 11676a, (e, k, l, pnh; us, type, not seen). 40b. var. urdanstensis (elm.) sleum., comb. nov. diplycosia urdanetensis elmer, leafl. philip. bot. 7: 2628. 1915; merr., en. philip. 3: 247. 1923. philippines. m i n d a n a o : agusan, mt urdaneta, elmer 13800 (a, bo, cal, e, gh, k, l; pnh, type, j; u, uc, us, not seen). 41. diplycosia lamii j. j. s. diplycosia lamii j. j. smith in nova guinea 18: 99, t. 21, 2. 1936; sleum. in bot. jahrb. 72: 211. 1942. new guinea. n o r t h e r n p a r t : doormantop, 3200—3280m, lam 1605 (bo; l, lectotype), 1791, 1808. 42. diplycosia orophila sleum. diplycosia orophila sleumer in bot. jahrb. 71: 155. 1940. borneo. s a r a w a k . mt dulit, 1230—1300 m, richards 1895, 1988 (k, type). 43. diplycosia luzonica (a. gray) merr. 43a. var luzonica. diplycosia luzonica (a. gray) merrill in philip. j. sc. 2: bot. 293. 1907; i.e. 3: bot. 378, 1908; i.e. 5: bot. 371, 1910; en. philip. 3: 247. 1923; copel. f. in philip. j. sc. 47: 71, pi. 2 f. 3—6, pi. 3, pi. 4 f. 1. 1932.—gaultheria luzonica a. gray, in proc. am. ac. arts sc. 5: 3z4. 1861.—diplycosia scandens merr. in philip. j. sc. 1: suppl. 219. 1906; en. philip. 3: 247. 1923.—d. fascieuliflora merr. in philip. j. sc. 10: bot. 52. 1915; en. philip. 3: 246. 1923. philippines. l u z o n : laguna, mt banahao, u.s. s. pacif. expl. exp. (gh, type of g. luzonica; us, cit. copel. f., not seen) ; loher 6208; f.b. 7884curran & merritt (not seen) ; f.b. 7892 curran & merritt (not seen) ; b. sci. 6851 robinson; b. sci. 19585 ramos (not seen) ; foxworthy (not seen) ; quisumbing 1u0, 1366 (not seen) ; f.b. 30076 sulit. mountain, benguet, clemens 17217; mt simacoco, b. sci-. io327 ramos & edano; mt pulog, f.b. 180u8 curran, merritt & zschokke; mt pulogloco, loher 3771; mt baudan, b. sci. u0s07 ramos & edano. lepanto, mt data, merrill u597 (cit. %579') (bo, k, l; pnh, type of d. scandens, f; us, not seen); loher 3770; clemens 16391 (cit. '13691'), 17822, 18779. balbalasan, f.b. 5693 kleinme. abra, f.b. h61s darling (not seen). bontoc, mt pukis, b. sci. 37811 ramos & edano. ifugao, mt polis, b. sci. 19758 mcgregor (pnh, type of d. fascieuliflora, f)n e g r o s : cuernos mts, elmer 10184-. canlaon volcano, merrill 236; ibid., along lake, 1860m pnh 21932 edano. m i n d a n a o : misamis, mt malindang, f.b. 4779 (cit. '4776') mearns & hutehinson. b i l i r a n i s i . : mt s u i r o , 1350 m, pnh 21697. c a t a n d u a n e s : mt mariguidon, b. sci. 30381 (cit. '30318') ramos. 43b. var. pubens sleum., nov. var. bracteolis calycibusque dense griseo-puberulis a typo differt. philippines. l u z o n : benguet, mt pulogloco, b. sci. ramos & edano 40397 (a, bo, k; l, type; sing). mt pulog, b. sci. 44884 ramos & edano. 144 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 43c. var. calelanensis (elm.) sleum., comb. nov. diplycosia calelanensis elmer, leafl. philip. bot. 3: 1103. 1911 (calelanense); merr., en. philip. 3: 246. 1923; copel. f. in philip. j. sc. 47: 74, pi. 5 f. 1. 1932.— d. glabra merr. in philip. j. sc. 14: 442. 1919; en. philip. 3: 246. 1923.—d. opaca c. b. robins, in philip. j. sc. 6: bot. 355. 1911; merr. en. philip. 3: 247. 1923; copel. f. i.e. 47: 77, pi. 5 f. 2. 1932. philippines. m i n d a n a o : davao, mt calelan, elmer 11681 (a, bo, cal, e, fi, k, l, ny; us, type, not seen). mt matutum, copeland, (not seen). l u z o n : sorsog-on, copeland (not seen). rizal, montalban, loher 12382, 12383 (not seen); pinauisan, loher 124.25. mountain prov., beng-uet, mt santo tomas, 2285 m, santos 5805; elmer 5932; williams 1341; b. sci. 5i66 ramos; baguio, elmer 14-262; mt ugo, b. sci. 5726 ramos; mt pauai, f.b. 14434 darling; b. sci. 8509 mcgregor; b. sci. 31784 santos (a, bo, cal, k, l; pnh, type of d. glabra, f ) ; pnh 82412 quisumbing & sulit. tayabas, mt binuang-, 900 m, b. sci. 9385 robinson (pnh, type of d. opaca, t; us, not seen). p a l a w a n : mt mantalinahan, brooke's point, pnh 136 edano. 43d. var. merrittii (merr.) sleum., comb. nov. diplycosia merrittii merr. in philip. j. sc. 2: bot, 293. 1907; i.e. 3: bot. 378. 1908; en. philip. 3: 247. 1923. philippines. m i n d o r o: mt halcon, f.b. 4413 merritt; f.b. 4415 merritt; f.b. 4437 merritt (not seen); merrill 5670 (k; pnh, type, f; us, not seen). m i n d a n a o : bukidnon, mt lipa, b. sci. 38540 ramos & edano. p a l a w a n : mt victoria b. sci. 666 foxworthy (us, cit. copeland. f. not seen). 44. diplycosia caryophylloides j. j. s. 44a. var. caryophylloides. diplycosia caryophylloides 3. 3. smith in bot. jahrb. 68: 209, 214. 1937. southeast celebes. mengkoka mts. b. porema, 1400—1500 m, kjellberg 2660, 3914 (s, type); b. watuwila, 1500m, kjellberg 1095 (bo, s). 44b. var. longipes sleum., var. nov. a typo foliis minoribus 3—5 cm longis et (1,5—)1,7—2,5 cm latis (ceterum iis f ormae typicae simillimis) longiusque petiolatis (4—7 mm) tantum diversa. se. celebes. kolonedale, between saddle and e. slope of tomongkobae-group (i.e. in the mountains n of kendari), eyma 3960 (bo: l, type). 45. diplycosia scabrida becc. diplycosia scabrida beccari, malesia 1: 211. 1878; merr., en. born. 465. 1921. borneo. s a r a w a k . mt mattan, beccari p.b. 2494, 2957. mt poi, beccari p.b. 2418 (fi, lectotype; k ) . c. b o r n e o : g. kenepai, hallier 1692. penunduk, b. mili, amdjah 80. semedum, hallier 689. se. b o r n e o : mentawir region, n. of balikpapan, 20 m, kostermans 4520; peak of balikpapan (g. b e r a t u s ) , 1000 m, kostermans 7338; w. meijer 866. 1957] h. sleumer: genus diplycosia 46. diplycosia capitata sleum. diplycosia capitata sleumer in bot. jahrb. 71: 149. 1940. 145 c. celebes 'ponaa-rucken', i.e. on the waterdivide n of paloppo (120°22'e.— 2°15's), 1620 m, sarasin, it. cel. ii-s 2081 (b, type f; fragm. l). 47. diplycosia sagittanthera j. j. s. diplycosia sagittanthera 3. 3. smith in bot. jahrb. 68: 205. 1937. c. celebes. nuha, b. wawu meusa (n of lake matana), 800 m, kjellberg 2316 (bo; s, type). 48. diplycosia acuminata becc. diplycosia acuminata beccari, malesia 1: 212. 1878; merr. en. born. 463. 1921. borneo. s a r a w a k : batang lupar, mt linga, 700m, beccari p.b. 3941 (fi, type). c. b o r n e o : amai ambit, hallier 3440. g. kenepai, hallier 1875. e. b o r n e o : peak of balikpapan (g. beratus), 900—1000 m, kostermans 7352, 7601, 7608; w. meijer 856. 49. diplycosia crenulata sleum. diplycosia crenulata sleumer in bot. jahrb. 71: 153. 1940. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 1220—1680 m, clemens 30632, 35018 (a; bm, type; bo, e, l, ny), 40573. 50. diplycosia elliptica ridl. diplycosia elliptica ridley in 3. fed. mai. st. mus. 10: 145. 1920; fi. mai. pen. 2: 213. 1923.—d. cordifolia ridl. in 3. fed. mai. st. mus. 10: 145. 1920; fi. mai. pen. 2: 214. 1923.—d. microphylla (non becc.) clarke in hook, f., fi. br. ind. 3: 453. 1882; ridl. in 3. str. br. r. as. soc. 23: 146. 1891; in 3. fed. mai. st. mus. 10: 145. 1920; fi. mai. pen. 2: 213. 1923; burk. & benders, in gard. bull. s.s. 3: 390. 1925; fletcher in craib, pi. siam. en. 2: 315. 1938; hemders. in mai. natur. j. 6: 264. 1950.—vaccinium microphyllum (non bl.) k. & g. in 3. as. soc. beng. 74, ii: 62. 1906; burk. & holtt. in gard. bull. s.s. 3: 57. 1923.—diplycosia kingii merr. in pap. mich. ac. sc. 19: 182. 1933; in contr. am. arb. 8: 128. 1934; in not. nat. ac. nat. sc. philad. 47: 2. 1940. siam. s u r a t : kao nawng, c. 80-0 m, kerr 13249. pattani, yala, betong, g. ina, c. 1200 m, kerr 7585. malay peninsula. k e d a h : kedah peak (g. jerai), 915—1210 m, low s.n.; lobb s.n.; ridley 5528, 5529, flippance s.n. p e r a k: g. batu putih, 1035 m, wray 470 (k, lectotype of d. elliptica; sing); larut hills, 915—1220 m, kunstler s.n. (bm. bo; k, syntype of d. elliptica); g. hijau, 1525—1825 m. curtis s.n.; murton 41; g. raya, f. dep. f.m.s. 47201 sow; g. kerbau, above 1675 m, f. dep. f.m.s. 31468, 32127 symington; tea gardens, ridley s.n.; locality not given: scortechini s.n., scortechini 1171 (cit. by k. & g., not seen); wray 1105 (not seen); kunstler 3660 (not seen). p a h a n g : g. tahan, 915—1005 m, ridley 16238 (k,type of d. cordifolia) ; holttum sf 146 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] h. sleumer: genus diplycosia 147 20708; cameron highl., c. 1370 m, hancock s.n.; ibid., telom, bt. stempat, ridley s.n.; ibid., g. batu laengan, f. dep. f.m.s. 25950 ja dm-at; ibid., g. irau, summit, f. dep. f.m.s. 36553 symington (differs by dense rufous bristles on young shoots and setose pedicels, perhaps a variety) ; g. benom, 1525 m, f.m. stat. mus. coll.; prazer hill, 1220—1320 m, nur sf 11285, burkill & holttum sf 7895, 8942; ibid., pine tree hill., f. dep. f.m.s. 29499 symington; corner s.n. s e 1 a.n g o r : b. etam, kelsall s.n. j o h o r e : mt ophir, top, c. 1270 m, griffith k.d. 3484; lobb s.n.; maingay 700; hullett slfl. sumatra, a t j e h : gajolands, g. lembuh, 1000—2500 m, van steenis 9029, 9193, 9231. e a s t c o a s t : medan-berastagi road, 1280 m, banff ham 976; n of berastagi, karo plateau, bartlett 6597; new road peso-peso, 1250—1370m, bang ham 1079. borneo. w. b o r n e o : mt peneyn, teijsmann 7967; mt singkadjang, teijsniann 7965. without locality; de vriese & teijsmann s.n. 51. diplycosia microphylla becc. diplycosia microphylla beccari, malesia 1: 212. 1878; merr., en. born. 464. 1921. borneo. s a r a w a k : mt mattang, top, beccari p.b. 2931 (cit. '2031', fi, type; k) ; ibid., 915—1220 m, haviland s.n.; clemens 20820bis; ridley s.n.; mt poi, 1370 m, clemens 20230. locality not given, lobb s.n., anno 1853. the type specimen comprises 2 forms, one form with elliptic to ovateelliptic leaves, 7—12 by 4—6 mm, the other form with elliptic-oblong leaves, 15—-18 by 6—8 mm. 52. diplycosia consobrina becc. diplycosia consobrina beccari, malesia 1: 211. 1878; merr., en. born. 464. 1921. borneo. s a r a w a k : mt mattang, c. 500 m, beccari p.b. 1747 (fi, leetotype), 2048. 53. diplycosia cinnabarina sleum., nov. spec. frutex repens et epiphyticus, ramulis radicantibus in partibus vetustioribus rubro-brunneo-corticatis et setosis, in partibus novellis sat dense subpatenter setulosis (1,5—2 mm) et subdense, rarius laxe pilis brevissimis patentibus fuscidulis puberulis. folia elliptica, rarius subovato-elliptica vel oblongo-elliptica, exstipulata, apice basique late obtusato-attenuata, apice ipso glandula parva manifesta instructa ibique una cum dentibus lateralibus brevissime tridentulata, rigida, coriacea, in sicco supra olivacea, rugosula et nitidula, subtus brunnescentia usque saturate rubescentia, opaca, supra glabra, subtus passim breviter nigro-setuloso-pilosa vel plerumque nigro-punctulata, manifeste crenata, dentibus obtusis in setulam diu persistentem 1 mm longam abeuntibus, 0,7—1,4 cm longa, (0,4—) 0,5—0,7 cm lata, costa supra bene immersa, subtus paullo elevata vel immersa, nervis lateralibus utroque latere unicis supra basin laminae ortis et praeter marginem curvato-ascendentibus, supra impressis, subtus plerumque obscuris, interdum levissime insculptis; petiolus setulosus 1,5— 2 mm longus. flores singuli axillares. pedicelli graciles, glabri, (6—)7—10 mm longi. bracteolae ovatae, subacutae, ± reflexae, margine sat longe (c. 0,6 mm) setulosae. calyx 2,5 mm longus, dorso glaber, lobis reflexis ovato-deltoideis 1,5 mm longis margine longe (0,6—0,8 mm) setulosis seu fimbriatis. corolla urceolata, 8,5—9,5 mm longa, c. 3,5 mm diam., glabra, laete rubra, lobis obtusis 1,5 mm longis. stamina 10; filamenta filiformia supra basin paulo dilatata, glabra, sigmoideo-undata, 4,5 mm longa; antherae oblongae, basi apiculato-recurvatae, valde granulatae, cum tubulis latiusculis 3,5 mm longae. ovarium glabrum; stylus gracilis glaber 7 mm longus. fructus haud visus. sumatra. a t j e h : gajo lands, mt losir, upper course of the lau alas river, 2100—2250 m, van steenis 8428 (bo; l, type) ; g. lembuh, 2500 m, van steenis 9055. 54. diplycosia piceifolia sleum., nov. spec. frutex epiphyticus, c. 10—20 cm altus, ramis teretibus c. 3—5 mm diam., apicibus tantum iterum et iterum ramosis, ramulis brevibus congestis quasi pulviniformi-aggregatis, in partibus novellis verruculosis et brevissime patenter brunneo-pubescentibus haud setosis. folia densissima, acicularia, apice subacuta, basi breviter angustata, subcoriacea, in sicco supra griseo-olivacea, subtus brunnescentia, glabra, (1—)1,5—2 cm longa, 0,5—0,8 mm lata, costa supra impressa, ceterum evenia; petiolus 0,5—1 mm longus. flores axillares solitarii, minuti. pedicelli subglabri, graciles, 1,5—2,5 mm longi. bracteolae ciliolatae, minutae. calyx 1,3 mm longus, glaber, lobis ovatis obtusis ciliolatis. corolla late cylindrica, c. 2,5 mm longa, fere usque ad medium 5-loba. stamina 10 inclusa; filamenta sublinearia, curvata, glabra, l mm longa; antherae valde granulatae, thecis oblongis basi inflexis 0,8 mm longis, tubulis angustis 1,2 mm longis. ovarium glabrum; stylus glaber, 1,5mm. fructus c. 1,5 mm diam. c. borneo. m filler mts, amai ambit, hallier fr. 29-4-1894. (bo; l, type; ny), fl., 55. diplycosia pinifolia stapf diplycosia pinifolia stapf in trans. linn. soc. ser. 2, bot. 4: 192. t. 14 f. a 1—3. 1894; merr., en. born. 465. 1921. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 1065—2285 m, haviland 1297 (bo, cal; k, type; sing); haslam s.n.; clemens 28379, 29070., 29784, 32305, 32488, 33034, 33044, 33670, 34352, 34464; carr sf 27538, 27682. 56. diplycosia stenophylla sleum., nov. spec. frutex erectus, c. 30 cm altus, ramis teretibus in sicco nigrescentibus striatis, ramulis puberulis ceterum hinc inde seta subadpressa adspersis. folia anguste lanceolata, apice breviter acuminata, glandula nigrescente minuta prorumpente terminata, basi in petiolum attenuata, subcoriacea, glabra, sed subtus ± laxe nigro-punctulata, supra nitidula, subtus opaca, 148 reinwardtia [vol. 4 1957] h. sleumer: genus diplyeosia 149 in sicco saturate usque nigrescenti-brunnea, integra vel remote ciliatodenticulata, denticulis minutissimis in setulam vix 1 mm longam gracillimam demum ± caducam excurrentibus 2—3 mm distantibus, (2—)2,3— 3,5 cm longa, 0,4—0,6 cm lata, medio latissima, costa supra per totam longitudinem impressa, subtus parce prominente, nervis lateralibus utrinque obscuris; petiolus crassiusculus 1—2 mm longus, pulvinulo crasso insidens. flores axillares solitarii rarius bini, plerumque 4-meri, interdum in eodem specimine 5-meri. pedicelli pilosuli, c. 1,5 mm longi, basi minute 2—3-bracteati. bracteolae late ovatae, minutae, glabrae, ciliatae. calyx 2 mm longus, basi quasi in pedem contractus, glaber, lobis ovatis obtusis fimbriato-ciliolatis 1 mm. corolla cylindrico-urceolata, rubra, 2,5—3 mm longa, c. 1,5 mm diam., glabra, brevissime 4(vel 5)-loba. stamina 8 (vel rarius 10) ; filamenta linearia, glabra, inflexa, c. 1,5 mm longa; antherae ovatae basi saccatae, cum tubulis brevibus c. 1,5 mm longae. ovarium glabrum; stylus filiformis 2,5 mm longus. fructus haud visus. c. celebes. poso, boro-puna, 1700—1800 m, fl. 10-8-1937, eyma 1603 (bo; l, type); lake poso, c. 2000 m, steup 10. 57. dlplycosia myrtillus s t a p f diplyeosia myrtillus stapf in trans. linn. soc. ser. 2, bot. 4: 192. 1894; merr., en. born. 464. 1921. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 1525—2650 m, haviland 1136 (k, type; sar); clemens 29861. 58. diplyeosia rubella sleum., nov. spec. frutex. ramuli graciles, teretes, griseo-brunnescenti-corticati, laxe setulosi, in partibus recentissimis tenues, subangulati, densius subadpresse rufo-setulosi, setulis tenuibus 1—1,5 mm longis initio minute glanduliferis, ultro pilis brevissimis patentibus sat dense induti. folia ovato-lanceolata, apicem versus longe subfalcato-caudato-acuminata, apice ipso acuta, glandula terminali parva haud prorumpente, basi late in petiolum cuneata, firmule subcoriacea, in sicco dilute brunnea, supra matura glabra et lucidula, subtus opaca et in facie laxe vel laxissime, secus costam densius breviter subadpresse setosa, margine in sicco r-evoluta, subintegra, loco denticulorum setis diu persistentibus instructa, 4—6 cm longa, 1—1,6 cm lata, costa supra bene impressa, subtus prominente, nervis lateralibus utroque singulis e basi laminae orientibus praeter marginem usque ad apicem excurrentibus supra levissime impresses, subtus obscuris, nervis ceteris venisque obscuris; petiolus.supra sulcatus, breviter setosus, 2—3 mm longus. flores axillares solitarii vel bini. pedicelli basi minute bracteati, rigidiusculi, post anthesin tantum visi, glabri, (9—)10—12 mm longi. bracteolae ovato-acuminatae, subacutae, apice puberulae ceterum glabrae, brevissime glanduloso-ciliolatae, 1,5 mm. calyx, corolla (ex coll. rubra), stamina et ovarium desiderantur. sumatra. w e s t c o a s t : n.w. slope" g. talamau (mt ophir), 1950 m, 235-1927, bunnemeijer 781 (bo, type). 59. diplycosia lancifolia ridl. diplycosia lancifolia ridley in j. r. str. br. as. soc. 39: 15. 1903; fl mai. pen. 2: 214. 1923. 59a. var. lancifolia. malay p e n i n s u l a . p a h a n g : g. benom (kluang terbang), barnes {herb. ridley 10891, sing, type). 59b. var. calvescens sleum., nov. var: typo habitu valde similis, sed foliis magis ovato-lanceolatis, (3,5—) ,4,5—6,5 cm longis et (0,9—)1,1—1,7 cm latis et calyce dorso laxe muris culato ceterum glabro differt. malay peninsula. p a h a n g : g. tahan, w. of teku valley 1370m, holtsf 20746 (bo; sing, type). 60. diplycosia pilosa bl. diplycosia pilosa blume, bijdr. 858. 1826; dc, prodr. 7: 591. 1839; miq., fl. tlnd. bat. 2: 1055. 1859; koord.-schum., syst. verz. fam. 233, p. 107. 1912; koord., exk. fl. java 3: 8. 1912; back, in bull. jard. bot. btzg ii, 12: 15. 1913; j. j. s. in k. &v., bijdr. booms. 13: 127. 1914; amshoff in back., bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 7b fam. 162: p. 6. 1948.—gaultheria pilosa (bl.) endl. ex hassk., cat. hort. btzg 160. 1844; zoll. in nat. geneesk. arch. n.i. 2: 9. 1845; endl. ex moritzi, syst. verz. zoll. 42. 1846; zoll., syst. verz. 2: 138. 1854; miq., ann. mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 1: 40. 1863.—amphicalyx pilosa bl, fl. jav. icon. ined. t. 9. 1863—83. w. java. g. salak, reinwardt s.n. {herb. blume, l, type); ibid., 1500—2200 m; zollinger 1686; koorders 36686; doct. van leeuwen 14095; backer 9253; bakhuizen v.d. br. 580, 4031, 4118; van steenis 3033, 5067, 8265, 12397; gedeh-tjibodas, 2100 m, van steenis 5026; tjibodas, 1800 m, sapei 2277; van steenis 22329; g. gegerbintang, 1500—2000m, van steenis 4654, 11686; above tjibeureum, 2000m, van steenis 17597. b a n t a m : nirmala, 1200—1500m, backer 10672, 10809; g. halimun, w. of nirtmala, 1500—1800 m, van steenis 12425. locality not given: lobb s.n. 61. diplycosia caudatifolia sleum. diplycosia caudatifolia sleumer in bot. jahrb. 71: 150. 1940.—d. helerophylla (non bl.) stapf in trans. linn. soc. ser. 2, bot. 4: 192. 1894; merr., en. born. 464. 1921. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 2100—3050 in, haviland 1146 (k, 'd. heterophylla'); clemens 27808, 28928, 29215, 29962, 31971, 32336, 32862, 32911, 33185, 33658, s3801, 51647 (a; bm, type; e, k, l) ; carr sf 27472. 62. diplycosia memecyloides stapf diplycosia memecyloides stapf in trans. linn. soc. ser. 2, bot. 4: 194. 1894; merr., en. born. 464, p.p. 1921; heine in fedde rep. 54: 245. 1951. 150 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] h. sleumer: genus diplyeosia 151 br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 915—2900 m, haviland 1208 (cal; k, type; sar) ; clemens 28885, 28917, 29283, 29729, 32048, 32541, 32918, 32974, 33066, 33150, 35078; carr sf 63. dlplycosia gracilipes j. j. s. diplyeosia gracilipes j. j. smith in bull. jard. bot. btzg iii, 1: 407, t. si. 1920. c. celebes. g. sinadji (n of makale and rantepao) rachmat 886 (bo, type; l), 904 (= i.e. t.54), 905. 64. dlplycosia celebensis j. j. s. diplyeosia celebensis j. j. smith in bull. jard. bot. btzg iii, 1: 406, t. 53, 1920; in bot. jahrb. 68: 205. 1937. c. celebes. g. sinadji (n of makale and rantepao) rachmat 884, (bo, type; l); g. batuding, rachmat 914; near pintealon, spur of pokapindjang, 2400—2600 m, eyma 530; pokapindjang, 2700 m, kjellberg 3921; pokapindjang-tinabang, 2600—3000 m, eyma 578. 65. diplyeosia haemantha sleum., nov. spec. frutex parvus, interdum epiphyticus, ramis cinereo-corticatis, ramulis novellis gracilibus rubro-brunneis, laxe ± appresse setulosis et patenter papilloso-puberulis. folia elliptica vel obovato-elliptica, interdum obovata vel oblongo-elliptica, apice late acuminata usque rotundata, glandula sat crassa bene prorumpente apiculata, basi in petiolum cuneata, subcoriacea usque coriacea, firma, in sicco supra cinereo-olivacea, subtus sordide brunnescentia, utrinque opaca, margine dilutiore cartilagineo superne manifestius crenulata (initio denticulato-ciliata) vel haud raro subintegra vel integra, supra glabra, subtus basibus setularum caducarum relictis laxe nigro-punctulata, 1,4—2,5 (raro partim usque ad 3,5) cm longa, (0,8—) 1—1,5 cm lata, costa supra impressa, subtus fere plana, nervis obscuris; petiolus crassiusculus, rugulosus, laxe setulosus, 2(—3) mm longus. flores singuli rarius bini (rarissime in axilla una alterave trini). pedicelli graciles, nutantes, subglabri, 6—8(—10) mm longi. bracteolae ovatae, obtusae, ± connatae, ciliolatae, 1 mm. calyx glaber, c. 3 mm longus, lobis ovatis obtusis c. 2 mm longis margine brevissime glanduloso-muriculatis vel -fimbriatis. corolla urceolata, 6,5 mm longa, glabra, sanguinea, breviter 5-loba. stamina 10; f ilamenta linearia, glabra, 4 mm longa; antherae ovato-oblongae, echinulatae, cum tubulis brevibus et latiusculis c. 1,8 mm longae. ovarium glabrum; stylus 3 mm longus. fructus nigrescens, c. 4 mm diam. c e l e b e s . e a s t e r n c e n t r a l c e l e b e s : n s p u r o f g . l u m u t , b e t w e e n b i v . i i a n d i i i , 3 9 1 9 3 8 , eyma 3577 ( b o ; l , t y p e ) , 3 5 7 7 6 . s o u t h e a s t c e l e b e s : b . w a t u w i l a , 1 5 0 0 m , kjellberg 1090. 66. diplyeosia minutiflora sleum., nov. spec. frutex 2 m altus, ramis subangulatis, apice valde ramosis, ramulis erectis, angulatis, rigidulis, griseo-corticatis, innovationibus rubescentibrunneis dense papilloso-puberulis, setulis nullis. folia obovato-elliptica vel obovata, apice brevissime late attenuata usque rotundata, glandula crassa prorumpente apiculata, basi late in petiolum cuneata, subcoriacea, in sicco supra saturate griseoolivacea, subtus rubescenti-brunnea, supra glabra et nitida, subtus opaca atque sat dense minutissime nigro-punctata, margine leviter revoluta et minutissime glanduloso-impresso-crenulata (primo visu integra), 1,5—3 cm longa, 0,9—1,7 cm lata, costa supra leviter immersa, subtus in inferiore dimidio tantum prominente, nervis lateralibus inter sese subparallelis utroque latere 2—3, nervo suprabasali altius curvato-ascendente, nervis superioribus 1—2 a costa abeuntibus brevioribus minus curvatis, omnibus supra levissime impressis, subtus ± obscuris ; petiolus crassiusculus, in sicco nigrescens, 2—3 mm longus. fasciculi 3—6-flori. pedicelli sat graciles, ± dense breviter crispule flavescentipilosuli, 3—5 mm longi. bracteolae ovatae, subacutae, in medio dorso pilosulae, c. 0,8 mm tantum longae, ciliolatae. calyx basi contractus, glaber, 2 mm, lobis ovatis, subacutis glanduloso-fimbriatis, 1 mm longis. corolla tubulosa, alba, glabra, 3,5 mm longa, c. 1,8 mm diam., lobis 0,6 mm longis, erectis. stamina 10; filamenta linearia, glabra, 1,5 mm longa; antherae oblongae, echinulatae, sensim in tubulos sat angustos thecas subaequantes abientes, cum tubulis fere 2 mm longae. ovarium sat dense flavido-pilosulum; stylus glaber 2—2,5 mm longus. fructus ex coll. ruber vel rubescens, haud visus. n. c. celebes. biv. puna (near poso), 1800 m, fl. 24-6-1931, steup 21 (bo, type). 67. dlplycosia kemulensis j. j. s. diplyeosia kemvlensis j. j. smith in bull. jard. bot. btzg iii, 13: 459. 1935. c. e. borneo. w. kutei, g. kemul, summit, 1850 m, endert 4396 (bo, type; l). 68. dlplycosia rosmarinipolia sleum. diplyeosia rosmarinifolia sleumer in bot. jahrb. 71: 156. 1940. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, c. 1980 m, clemens 34205 (a; bm, type; bo, k, l, ny). 69. dlplycosia apiculifera j. j. s. diplyeosia apieulifera j. j. smith in fedde rep. 35: 296. 1934. sumatra. w e s t c o a s t : g. singgalang, 2800 m, beccari (herb. beccari 5774, i''i). g. talakmau (mt ophir), 2000 m, biinnemeijer 799; g. kerintji, 2100—2500 m, bunnemeijer 9413, 9961 (bo, type; l), 10269, 10u52. 152 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] h. sleumer: genus diplycosia 153 70. diplycosia pittosporifolia j. j. s. i diplycosia pittosporifolia j. j. smith in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 13: 460. 1935. 7 0 a . v a r . pittosporifolia. c. e. borneo. w. kutei, mt kemul, 1800 m, endert 4460 (bo, type; l). 70b. var. punctiloba sleum., nov. var. ramulis dense setosis nervisque lateralibus supra leviter impressis, pedicellis 1,2—1,5 cm longis densius patenter glanduloso-setulosis a typo diversa. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, kamburanga, 2440—2745 m, 23-3-1932, clemens 28900 (bm, bo, e, k; l, t y p e ; n y ) ; ibid., 2195m, carr sf 27480. 71. diplycosia lysolepis sleum. diplycosia lysolepis s l e u m e r in b o t . j a h r b . 7 2 : 209. 1942. n e w g u i n e a . n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t : m o r o b e , b o a n a , 1150—1500 m , clemens 8161 ( b , t y p e , f) ; y u n z a i n g , mt a l o k i , c. 1500 m, clemens 2376 (b, j) ; s a m b a n g a , 1 7 0 0 — 2 0 0 0 ! m , clemens s.n. ( b , f ) . s o u t h e a s t e r n p a r t : c e n t r . d i s t r . , a l o l a , 1980 m, carr 13736 ( a ; k, n e o t y p e ; l ) . 72. diplycosia retusa sleum. diplycosia retusa sleumer in bot. j a h r b . 7 1 : 156. 1940. c e n t r a l c e l e b e s . topapu mts (120° 15' e., 2° 0' s.), 1300—1700 m, sarasin it. cel. il-n. s 2097 (b, type, f; l, fragm.). 73. diplycosia edulis schltr. diplycosia edulis schlechter in bot. j a h r b . 5 5 : 163, /. 7, h-m. 1918; sleum. i.e. 72: 209. 1942. n e w g u i n e a . c e n t r a l p a r t : oranje mts, m t wilhelmina, 9 k m n . e . of lake habbema, 3000 m, brass 10673; lake habbema, 3225 m camp, brass 90>67. n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t : bismarck mts, c. 2300 m, schlechter 18727 (b, type, 11 k ) . 74. diplycosia sanguinolenta sleum. diplycosia sanguinolenta sleumer in bot. j a h r b . 7 1 : 157. 1940. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 1525—1830m, clemens 32465 (a; bm, type; bo, k, l, n y ) , 32474, 32722 ('32772'), 32982, 32986, 33052; carr sf 26922. 75. diplycosia sphenophylla sleum. diplycosia sphenophylla sleumer in bot. j a h r b . 7 1 : 158. 1940. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 1220—1525 m, clemens 32356, 32546, 35074, 40007 (a; bm, type; bo, e, k, l, n y ) . 76. diplycosia urceolata stapf diplycosia urceolata stapf in trans. linn. soc. ser. 2, bot. 4: 194. 1894; merr., en. born. 465. 1921.—d. coriifolia sleum. in bot. j a h r b . 71 : 152. 1940. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 2135—3350 m, haviland 1150 (k, type; sar, sing); clemens 27846, 29087 p.p., 31864, 32909, 33042, 33189, 33624, 33815 (a; bm, type; e, l, ny) ; carr sf 27482. 77. . diplycosia conimutata sleum., nov. spec. diplycosia urceolata (non stapf) sleumer in bot. j a h r b . 7 1 : 153. 1940, in texto. frutex terrestris vel epiphyticus, rarius arbuscula, ramulis subteretibus, apice in sicco rubro-brunneis omnino glabris, in partibus inferioribus cito griseo-corticatis. folia oblonga usque obovato-oblonga, apice obtusa rarius breviter late attenuata vel leviter emarginata, glandula crassa prorumpente apiculata, basi sat breviter in petiolum cuneata, tenuiter coriacea, rigidula, supra in sicco dilute brunnea, glabra et nitidula, subtus saepius saturate rubro-brunnea, opaca et laxe nigro-punctulata, integra, sed in margine subcartilagineo lamina pallidiore indistincte impresso-crenulata (loco crenularum in foliis juvenilibus setula mox caduca instructa), haud vel parce revoluta, (3,5—)4—6(—7) cm longa, (0,8—)1—1,8 (2, rarius partim usque ad 2,5) cm lata, supra basin 3—5-plinervia, costa supra manifeste impressa, subtus bene prominente, nervis lateralibus infimis paullo suprabasalibus alte curvato-ascendentibus, ± apicem laminae attingentibus, supra leviter impressis, superioribus altius a costa abeuntibus similiter curvatis haud raro minus distincte impressis vel omnino obscuris, nervis subtus haud visibilibus; petiolus crassiusculus glaber 2—4 mm longus, 0,6—1 mm diam. flores in axillis superioribus singuli vel bini, in axillis inferioribus 3(—4), fasciculati. pedicelli pilis vel setulis brevibus glanduliferis laxe induti, ceterum brevissime pilosi, vel subglabri, sub anthesi 2—3 mm longi, postea paullo elongati, bracteis basalibus paucis, minutis. bracteolae ovatae, obtusae, glabrae, subglanduloso-ciliatae, 1 mm longae. calyx 2 mm longus, prof unde 5-lobus, lobis ovatis obtusis breviter subglanduloso-fimbriatis. corolla subgloboso-urceolata, basi attenuata, medio ventricosa, apice contracta, carnosula, cum lobis brevissimis (0,5 mm) c. 4,5 mm longa, c. 2,5 mm diam., albida (vel ante plenam anthesin rosacea). stamina 10; filamenta linearia, glabra, leviter incurvata, fere 3 mm longa; antherae oblongae, parum granulatae, tubulis inclusis c. 1,8 mm longae, tubulis c. 0,5 mm longis. ovarium glabrum; stylus 2,5 mm glaber. fructus subglobosus, purpureus, fere maturus c 3 mm diam. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, tenompok, c. 1525 m, carr sf 26860; clemens 26811, 27533, 28805 (a; bm, type; bo, l, n y ) , 29793, 29852; gurulau spur, 1525m, clemens 50585; dahobang river, clemens 30706. 78. diplycosia lorentzii koord. diplycosia lorentzii koorders in nova guinea 8: 881, t. 154 (3, a-e). 1912; j. j. s. i.e. 12: 514. 1917; sleum. in bot. j a h r b . 72: 209. 1942. 154 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 19b7] h. sleumer : genus diplycosia 155 s, new guinea. hellwig mts, c. 1350 m, von romer 1014 (bo, type; fragm. l) ; ericatop, c. 1460 m, von romer 104.2, 10us; ibid., 1.520 m, pulle 8c3. 79. diplycosia rubidiflora j. j. s, diplycosia rubidiflora j. j. smith in fedde rep. 30: 172. 1932. s. celebes. g. bantaeng (bonthain), 1900—2600 m. bunnemeijer 12153 (bo, lectotype; l), 12316, 12392; ibid., malino, 2500 m, van der fiji 759; ibid., lanjienga, teijsmann 13675, 14208. 80. diplycosia ensifolia merr. diplycosia ensifolia merrill in j. str. br. r. as. soc. 76: 107. 1917; en. born. 464. 1921. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 1370—2440 m, clemens 11027 (a, type; bo, k), 32024, 32239, 32405, 32478. 81. diplycosia punctulata stapf diplycosia punctulata stapf in trans. linn. soc. ser. 2, bot. 4: 193, 1894; merr., en. born. 465. 1921. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 1680—2750 m, haviland 1202 (k, type; sar) ; clemens 28934, 29961, 32497, 32509, 32692, 32788, 33624 a, 40971; carr sf 28035, 28036. 82. diplycosia cinnamomifolia stapf diplycosia cinnamomifolia stapf in trans. linn. soc. ser. 2, bot. 4: 195. 1894; gibbs in j. linn. soc bot. 42: 102. 1914; merr., en. born. 464. 1921. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 2440—3440 m, haviland 1138 (k, type; sar) ; gibbs 3122 (cit. '3125', k) ; clemens 10567, 10696, 28914b, 29112, 29259, 29959, 33131, 33131a, 50804, 50960; wood & wyatt-smith san a 4478; nat. coll. 74; hoshim s.n.; carr sf 27611. similar in habit, not sure if conspecific, more densely muriculate on pedicels, bracteoles and calyx (buds only) ; c. e. borneo. mt kemul, 1600—1800 m, endevt 4360 (bo), 4441 (bo, l). 83. diplycosia viridiflora sleum. diplycosia viridiflora sleumer in bot. jahrb. 71: 159. 1940. 83a. var. viridiflora. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 1220—1675 m, clemens 32668, (cit. '32648') •12720 (a; bm, type; bo, e, k, l, ny), 32833, 40706; darnton 589. 83b. var. megalantha sleum., nov. var. a typo floribus solitariis, calyce 7—8 mm longo, corolla 11 mm longa, stylo 10 mm longo pedicellisque 1,5—2 cm longis differt. foliis indumentoque omnino cum typo convenit. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, colombon basin, head of numeruk creek, 18— 8—33, clemens 34499 (bo, type; e, sterile; l, type-fragm.; ny). 84. diplycosia heterophylla bl. diplycosia heterophylla blume, bijdr. 858. 1826 incl. var.; dc, prodr. 7: 591. 1839; miq., fl. ind. bat. 2: 1055. 1859; koord. in nat. tijd. n.i. 62: 255. 1902; exk. fl. java 3: 8. 1912; hallier f. in med. rijksherb. 12: 28. 1912; koord.-schum., syst. verz. fam. 233, p. 107. 1912; j. j. s. in k. & v., bijdr. booms. 13: 131. 1914, incl. var. obovata j. j. s., i.e. 135; hochr. in candollea 2: 494. 1925; sp. moore in j. bot. 63: suppl. 57. 1925; koord., fl. tjib. 4. 1918; malme in fedde rep. 34: 284. 1934; amshoff. in back., bekn. fl. java em. ed.) 7b fam. 162: 6. 1948, excl. syn. d. latifolia bl.—gaultheria heterophylla (bl.) endl. ex hassk., cat. hort, btzg 160. 1844; zoll & mor. in nat. geneesk. arch. n.i. 2: 9. 1845; zoll, syst. verz. 2: 138. 1854; miq., ann. mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 1: 40. 1863.—amphicalyx heterophyllus (bl). hassk., cat. hort. btzg 160. 1844, in. syn.; bl. ex hassk., pl jav. rar. 470. 1s48.—gaultheria latifolia endl. ex zoll, syst. verz. 2: 138. 1854.—diplycosia latifolia (non bl.) hallier f. in med. rijksherb. 12: 28. 1912.—d. bartlettii merr. in pap. mich. ac. sc. 19: 182. 1933. 84a. var. heterophylla. s u m a t r a . a t j e h : l a u t p u p a n d j i , 1 9 0 0 m , van steenis 6546. e a s t c o a s t : g . p i n t o ( s i b o l a n g i t ) , 2 2 0 0 m , lorzing 8280. w e s t c o a s t : g . s i n g g a l a n g , 2 2 0 0 m , beccari p.s. 243, 346; bunnemeijer 2604; g. talamau, n.w. slope, 1870—1900. m, bunnemeijer 783f 823. t a p a n u 1 i : upper slopes and summit of dolok surungan, habinsaran, bartlett 7991, 8019 (l, fragm.; mich, type of d. bartlettii, not seen). p a l e m b a n g : g. dempo, 2050—3000m, forbes 2370, 2398a, 2403a, 2559a; bally 8; g . p e s a g i , e . s . e . l a k e r a n a u , 2 2 0 0 m , van steenis 3749. b e n k u l e n : m t d a u n , 2400 m, de voogd 1392. locality not given: korthals s.n. java. b a n t a m : kosala, pasir orai, 855 m, forbes 273, 342; nirmala, 1200 m, backer 10763; van steenis 5221; ibid., g. botol, 1700 m, backer 10726; ibid., g. halimum, 1700 m, van steenis 12402. d j a k a r t a / p r e a n g e r : g. s a l a k , 1600—2200 m, lobb s.n.; backer 9262; koorders 26047, 31630, 31974, 36670; van steenis 3044, 12393; hochreutiner 2007; g. karang, 1000 m, horsfield s.n.; bakhuizen v.d. br. 836, 1565, 3746; tjibodas, 1400—1500 m, kuntze s.n.; massart 376; hallier 669; scheffer s.n.; beccari s.n.; valeton s.n.; boerlage s.n.; danser 6110; ibid., 2000—2400 m, koorders 31601, 42106;tjibeureum, 1600 m, rant & smith 567; g. gede, 1600—2700 m, scheffer s.n.; backer 3362, 14711, 15026, 31379; bakhuizen v.d. br. 2799; pulle 4131; van steenis 10612; g. papandajan, 2000—2600 m, docters van leeuwen 13324;. van steenis 4132, 4335; kjellberg s.n.; kawah manuk, holstvoogd 497; scheffer b 39; g. megamendung, de voogd s.n.; g. perbakki, 1700 m, bakhuizen v.d. br. 1698; g. pangrango, 2165 m, kurz s.n.; ibid., n. slope, 2300—26c0 m, van steenis 5221; kertamanah, 1550—1600 m, rant & smith 512, 561 (bo, lectotype var. obovata; l) ; g. binder6 2-23 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_01 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_02 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_03 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_04 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_05 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_06 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_07 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_08 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_09 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_10 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_11 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_12 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_13 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_14 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_15 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_16 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_17 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_18 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_19 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_20 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_21 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_22 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_23 r b i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2t p a r t 3, pp. 403-410 (1954) notes on malesian ferns—i on the genus lemmaphyllum presl m . a . donk* summarysummary 1. the genera lepidogramniitis ching and weatherbya copel. are merged in lemmaphyllum presl. the inconstancy of the characters on which these genera have been separated in discussed, 2. the following new combinations a r e proposed: lemmaphyllum. accedens (bi.) donk (basinym, pnlypodiwm uccedens bl.) and lemmaphylhim sect. phlebodiupsin (moore) donk (basinym, phapeltis sect. phlebodiopsis moore). historical.—lemmaphyllum was introduced by presl (1849: 157) as a segregate from his previously published genus drymoglossum presl (1836: 277 pi. 10 fs. 5, 6). the latter group is based on two species of which the second, "d. spatulatum presl in meyen herb.," represents the lemmaphyllum element, the first being pteris piloselloides l., the unavoidable type species (selected) of the name drymoglossum. the original species of lemmaphyllum are two, (i) lemmaphyllum spatulatum presl (drymoglossum spatulatum presl nom. nud.), the one species previously included in drymoglossum, and (ii) drymoglossum carnosum (wall.) ex hook. the main character for separating the two genera presl found in the position of the coenosori, halfway between the midrib and the margin of the blade in lemmaphyllum rather than close to the margin as in drymoglossum. this looks very much like a flimsy pretext for excessive splitting, but with our present knowledge it may now be stated that it is an example of presl's acuteness in setting apart unrelated groups that look superficially strongly alike. lemmaphyllum was neither accepted as a genus by fee (1850-52: 94) nor, of course, appreciated by hooker (1864: 189); both authors merged it again in drymoglossum. mettenius (1856: 28; "lemaphyttum") regarded l. carnosum as part of taenitis sw. as usual, hooker's example remained dominant for a long time and, for instance, diels (1899: 302) and christensen (1906: xlvi) accepted his treatment. * keeper of herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia, — 403 — 4 0 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 however, after goebel (1926: 140-148 pi. 11 fs. 75-78) had already concluded that the two genera should be kept apart, christensen (1929: 44) re-established lemmaphyllum and his well documentated opinion has hardly been questioned afterwards. as to the differentiating characters, the lack of stellate hairs suffices to differentiate lemmaphyllum from drymoglossum with similar coenosori; and the presence of peltate scales in the young sori will serve to distinguish it from most other genera of polypodiaceae se-nsu stricto with coenosori, except hymenolepis kaulf. (= belvisia mirbel) and drymotaenhtm makino, the former with a fertile, strongly contracted, apical portion of the frond ('spike'), the latter with uniform, linear fronds and immersed coenosori; in both the coenosori are covered by the strongly revolute edges of the frond at least when immature, drymoglossum belongs to a quite different set of genera to which pyrrosia mirbel also belongs, and christensen's renewed separation of lemmaphyllum from drymoglossum is certainly well-founded. when re-establishing the genus, christensen at the same time broadened its limits by including a small group of species of which drymoglossum abbreviatum fee and neurodium sinen.se christ were the principal representatives. this made necessary the subdivision of the genus into two sections, section eulemmaphyllum c. chr. and section pseudovittar'ia c. chr,, both with uniform fronds. this treatment, excellent as it was, has been improved by ching (1933: 58), who transferred the second section to lepisorus (j. sm.) ching. section pseudovittaria is intermediate between hymenolepis and lepiso?ius rather than between lemmaphyllum and hymenolepis and its inclusion in lepisorus is perhaps the best disposition of it when one retains the first pair of genera as distinct. on the other hand, ching proceeded to include a small number of species, like polypodium drymoglossoides baker, with rather uniform fronds and distinct, round cpolypodioid1) sori. for this new element the new section pseudolepisorvs ching was established. the incorporation of this group weakens two of the leading characters of lemmaphyllum, viz., the dimorphous fronds and the linear coenosori, but all the same the transfer is an improvement, in my opinion. afterwards ching was not satisfied with his own disposition of these species with round sori and introduced for them a special genus lepidogrammitis ching: " l e p i d o g r a m m i t i s c h i n g (lemmaphyllum § pseudolepisonm c h i n g ) . [ t y p e s p e c i e s : ] l . drymoglossoides (bak.) c h i n g (polypodium b a k . ) . . . . lepidogrammitis inter lepiaorem et lemmaphyiiem medium tenens, soris prioris, habitu, venatio, et textura foliis dimorphis vel subdimorphis potius lftmmupkyiu."'^ching (1940: 258). 1954] donk: notes on malesian ferns—1 405 copeland does not commit himself as to lepidogrammitis, which, except for fleetingly mentioning it under lemmaphyllum, he does not place definitely anywhere. ching's species occur in south-eastern asia rather than in malesia, and when copeland had to deal with two malesian representatives of lepidogrammitis, he promptly established for them the new genus weatherbya copel. these two species are poly-podium accedens bl. (type species by original designation) and polypodium damuense rosenst. ("a very small, not very distinct new guinea derivative"): " weatherbya is clearly related to pleopeltis, as shown by the paraphyses. . . . it is distinguished from pleopeltis by habit, the peculiar dimorphism, position of the sorus on its vein, and the spores. the two genera have no area in common, not quite meeting in luzon."—copeland (1948: 191 pi. s). it will be noticed that copeland compared his genus with pleopeltis humb. & bonpl. ex willd. this genus, as emended by him, contains (incorrectly, i believe) also lepisorus which is the group he had in mind in connection with weatherbya. what the differences in habit are is not stated. the peculiar dimorphism he described as follows: "the sterile ovate or lanceolate [fronds], obtuse, the fertile contracted about the middle and thence attenuate" (no dimorphism mentioned for lepisorus). the spores are "minutely reticulate-roughened" as against "smooth or nearly so" in lepisorus. the sori are said to be situated on veinlets excurrent from the lowest cross-veinlets (at the union of several veinlets in lepisorus) ; this statement is contradicted for weatherbya by the accompanying plate, where the sori are correctly depicted on the lowest cross-veinlets themselves. there is no doubt that weatherbya is congeneric with polypodium drymoglossoides and related species (lepidogrammitis). taxonomically there is nothing really significant to separate the two and i do not hesitate to assign lepidogrammitis, and consequently also weatherbya, to lemmaphyllum. dr. r. e. holttum (in litt.) has agreed with this conclusion which was already summarily stated in a book-review (donk, 1948: 282). typification.—the type species of lemmaphyllum, should be l. spatulatum rather than the other original species, l. carnosum. lemmaphyllum spatulatum was the first element known to presl and, moreover, it was the only species he knew through specimens! at the end of the description of l. carnosum he indicated "ex icone," which clearly shows that he did not see specimens of it. i agree, therefore, with copeland (1948: 189) who selected l. spatulatum ("spathulatum") as the type species. these reasons will make it also clear why i reject christensen's earlier selection (1006: xlvi) of drymoglossum carnosum as the type species. 4 0 6 r e i t j w a r d t i a [vol. 2 later he himself left the question unsolved by indicating: "type-species: l. spatulatum pr. and l. carnosum (wall.) pr." (christensen, 1929: 45). ching (1940: 259) followed christensen's selection of 1906. venation.—one of the most telling characters of lemmaphyllum as here understood (inclusive of lepidogrammitis and weatherbya) is in the venation which represents a much more simple type than in the genera lepisorus and hymenolepis with which it is now usually compared and with which it appears closely related. the costa of the simple, entire blade is percurrent, almost reaching the apex. the main veins are pinnately arranged and send off their first veinlet rather far away from the costa while dividing more or less typically dichotomously. the two opposite veinlets from two neighbouring main veins unite into an arch setting off a rather large costal areole which nearly always contains a free, recurrent veinlet: the latter is simple (generally bending towards the basis of the frond) or once branched and arising from the arch. following the costal areoles are one to three more rows of areoles. each of these rows consists of distinctly smaller and more numerous areoles than the preceding one; mostly their areoles also include a single recurrent veinlet (sometimes arising from the lateral sides rather than from the outer side of the areole) or are devoid of such veinlets, while the outer areoles may be incomplete or often lack a recurrent veinlet. the veins and veinlets are conform. excellent drawings of this type of venation are to be found in publications by wu, wong, & pong (1932: textpl, 120, drymoglossum microphyllum), ogata (1981: pi. 163, drymoglossum carnosum, pi. 164, d. microphyllum, pi. 165, d. nobukoanum, pi. 166, d. obovatum), and copeland (1948: pi. 6, weatherbya accedens). this peculiar type of venation is rare among the polypodiaceae sensu stricto with clathhrate scales and occurs in this series in its most typical form only, as far i have noticed, in colysis presl and closely related groups: it is especially to be encountered in the small members (with simple fronds) of dendroglossa presl emend. copel. (inclusive of myuropteris c. chr.)1 and in some of those that have larger and pinnatifid fronds, for instance, campium laciniatum copel. (1928: 354 /. 10) and certain forms with narrow segments of the complex of colysis ellipticum (thunb.) ching. if one compares the venation of lemmaphyllum with chistensen's figure (1929: j)l, 10 f. 3) of myuropteris cordata (christ) c. chr. and of leptochilus minutulum fee (copeland, 1928: f. 3, campium minutulum), two of the above mentioned small, entire-bladed species of 1 this genus should ratheibe fused with colysis, 1954} donk: notes on malesian ferns—/ 407 dendroglossa, with leptochilus-]ike fertile fronds, the striking resemblance will at once be noticed. i am inclined to consider this resemblance as a case of 'convergence.' the venation of dendroglossa (inclusive of myuropteris) is readily understandable as derived from the normal colysis type of venation. colysis and dendroglossa differ, for instance, by the lack of peltate scales in the young sori and in being terrestrial, and in a general way appear not closely related to lemmaphyllum. outside polypodiaceae with clathrate scales, the same kind of venation is found in some of the species of drymoglossum. the type of venation in lemmaphyllum is perhaps the one really important character to separate it from lepisorus. on the whole the differences in this respect are very evident, but the situation becomes less clear in some members of lepisorus with strongly simplified venation. typically the type of venation in the latter genus is more complicated than in lemmaphyllum. the basic pattern in lepisorus is the same as in such species of goniophlebium presl sensu copel. (schellolepis j. sm.) in which only the costal areoles are well developed, but the areoles, especially the costal ones, are strongly subdivided into subareoles by accessory veinlets forming a network and among which are free veinlets variously directed (as is also the case in phymatodes presl) ; the meeting point of the 'axillary,' (first, acroscopic) veinlet (so notable in goniophlebiurn) with a number of accessory veinlets in the costal main areole is the seat of the pleiosorus in lepisorus: thus a quite different situation from that found in lemmaphyllum. sori.—one of the main features of the original species of lemmaphyllum is the one linear and longitudinal eoenosorus on each side of the midrib. this character is not quite stable: almost every plentiful collection may proove this. christensen (1920: 49) mentioned a collection of lemmaphyllum carnosum with "fertile leaves about as broad as the sterile ones and the sori much interrupted, almost polypodioid, thus very much resembling polypodium subrostratum." some of the specimens referred to l. mierophyllum "approach polypodium drymoglossoides bak. . . . so much that they can only be distinguished from it with difficulty. the leaves of these specimens . . . are partly subdimorphous; besides the typical spathulate fronds some others are found that are similar to the sterile ones, though larger and ovate-oblong . . ., but fertile, the sori often interrupted, sometimes fully polypodioid." (christensen 1929: 47). of l. mierophyllum var. obovatum (harr.) c. chr. a frond was depicted in every respect quite typical of 'lepidogrammitis' (christensen 1929: 47 4 0 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 pi. 5 f. 3c). wu, wong, & pong (1932: textpl. 120a) gave a drawing of a plant of this species in which all of the fertile fronds except one out of ten show a more or less pronounced tendency to polypodioid sori. ching may also be quoted on this matter: "the sori in l. microphyllum and polypodium drymoglossoides are perhaps the best illustration of unstability of [the eoenosori], for on a single frond are often found completely fused sori on the top, half-fused ones in the middle and entirely distinct ones at the base. although the two species above referred to are placed by modern authors in two distinct genera, nevertheless the identity of species is not without difficulty, particularly, in the presence of ample material"—ching (1933: 95). i have seen ample collections of nearly all the species involved and share this view unconditionally. dimorphism.—the dimorphism of the fronds in the original species of lemmaphyttum is quite pronounced and expresses itself by the longer stipes and the narrower blades in fertile fronds. it is worthy of note that where a tendency to breaking up of the eoenosori may be noticed the dimorphism becomes simultaneously effaced: the more truly polypodioid and the farther apart they are, the shorter the stalks and the broader the blades, the extremes at the other end of the series showing hardly any dimorphism at all, at least not more than is usual in the truly polypodioid series of species added by ching (section pseudolepisorvrs = genus lepidogrammitis). in the species of section pseudolepisoms dimorphism is not wholly absent. as a rule the sori are restricted to the apical half (or a still smaller portion) of the blade and this fertile portion often shows a tendency to elongate and contract. in this respect there is really no essential difference between polypodium subrostratum and polypodium accedens, the type species of weatherbya, for which the partial dimorphism was especially emphasized by copeland ("the fertile [fronds] contracted about the middle and thence attenuate"). conclusion.—the extremely closely-knit relations of the species with eoenosori with those with round sori in rows was already duly recognized by'christensen. without perhaps agreeing as to the theoretical (phylogenetic) basis underlying his conclusions, one may well share his conclusion that the species involved are intimately related indeed: "'as often mentioned above several of the species [of lemmaphyllum], dealt with show so close a resemblance to certain species of polypodium sect. lepisoms [ — lcmmaphyllum sect. pseudolepisonis] that it seems probable, that each is a recent derivative from its polypodioid mother-species or rather from an older form which during the course of evolution has been split up into one polypndioid and one "drymoglossoid' daughter-species. pairs of such sister-species are f. inst.; 1954] donk: notes an malesian ferns—i 409 polypodium drymoglo&soides — lemm-aphylhtm microphylhon " p. sitbrostratum — l. carnosnm . . . — . . . ."—christensen (1929: 71). the main point at issue in this note is not whether lepidogrammitis and weatherbya are congeneric—this is hardly doubtful—, but whether these two supposed genera may be fused with lemmaphyllum. in this connection two pairs of characters were considered above: (i) more or less uniform (or not too strongly dimorphous), almost sessile fronds against clearly dimorphous fronds with slender stipes, and (ii) rows of distinct, round sori against coenosori. in both cases the conclusion has been that neither of the two can possibly serve as a generic basis for separation. therefore, lemmaphyllum, lepidogrammitis, and weatherbya are united here. accordingly, for the malesian region the new name lemmaphyllum accedens (bl.) donk, comb. nov. (basinym, polypodium accedens bl., enum. 121. 1828) is proposed. for those who want to keep apart in special groups within one genus the species with a tendency to form more or less complete coenosori and those with strictly round sori, lemmaphyllum sect. pseudolepisorus ching. should be replaced by lemmaphyllum sect. phlebodiopsis (moore) donk, comb, nov(basinym, pleopeltis sect. phlebodiopsis moore, index filicum lxxvii, 1857). the original species of moore's section form a heterogeneous lot, but christensen (1906: 1) maintained it as a distinct group of polypodium sect. pleopeltis (humb. & bonpl. ex willd.) c. chr. and indicated polypodium accedem, one of the original species, as the type (or else as the only example of a typical species), excluding at least most of the others. bibliography ching, r. c. (1933): the studies of chinese ferns ix, in bull. fan mem. inst. biol. 4. (1940:) on natural classification of the family " polypodiaecae." in sunyatsenia 5. christensen, c. (1906): index filicum . . . . hafniae. (1929): taxonomic fern-studies i i i . hi dansk bot. ark. 6 (3). copelakd, e. b. (1928) : leptochilus and genera confused with it. in philipp. j. sci 37(1947) : genera filicum. the genera of ferns. waltham, mass. diels, l. (1899): polypodiaceae [in p a r t ] . in engl. & pr., nat. pflfam, 1 (abt. 4). donk, m. a. (1948) : [boekbespreking van] genera filicum , . . by e. b. copeland . . . in chron. nat., batavia 105: 281-282. fee, a. l. a. (1850-52) : genera filicum. exposition des genres de la famille des polypodiacees {classe des fougeres). (cinquieme memoire sur la famille des fougeres.) paris & strasbourg. goebel, k. (1926) : ix. beitrage sur kenntnis der verwantschafsverhaltnisbe einiget" javanischer f a m e . [c. drymoglossum.] in ann. j a r d . botbuitenzorg 36. 41© r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 hooker, w . j . (18(54): species fiiicum; . . .. vol. v. 1864. mettenius, g. (1856): filices horti botanici lipsiensis. die f a m e des botanischen gartens zu leipzig. leipzig. ogata, m. (1931): icones fiiicum japoniae. vol. iv. tokyo. prepl, c. b, (1836) : tentamen pteridographiae seu genera filicarum praesentim juxta venarum decursum et distributionem exposita. pragae. (1849): epimeliae botanicae. pragae. wu, y. c, k. k. wong, & s. m. pokg (1932): polypodiaceae yaohhanensis, kwangsi. in bull. dept biol. coll. sci, sun yatssn univ. no. s. 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 486 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 rogers, in addition, concluded: "ergo, cristella = sebacina."'0 patouillard published, first, a new generic name, cristella, for a new taxon accompanied by a description drawn up from the specimens he actually studied; among these the type specimen of merisma cristatum pers. was not represented. secondly, he published a new combination ("crist, cristata") for an 'old' species, basinym, merisma cristatum pers.6; this recombination has to be treated as a synonym of persoon's name given to the species of sebacina. these two simple and easily extricable facts would seem a very slender basis for confusion. example 3.—following the same unsupportable line of reasoning, rogers identified the species he selected as the type of soppittiella mass. (brit. fung. fl. 1: 106. 1892) not according to what massee understood by that name, but what he, rogers, understood by it, and so soppittiella became to him another synonym of sebacina tul. the fungus described and illustrated by massee as soppittiella cristata mass. ("thelephora cristata, fr.") is presumably also the same as corticium fastidiosum (cristella cristata sensu pat.), although some allowances for errors in his description should be made: for instance, the spores are not "pale vinous." the generic diagnosis of soppittiella does not agree well with massee's description of this selected type. it states that the fruit-body is "soft, fleshy, and subgelatinous when growing, collapsing when dry" and (in the general discussion) "soft, fleshy, and subgelatinous when moist." on the other hand, massee's accounts of the genus and the species he attributed to it are so confused, inaccurate, and even evidently erroneous that the proper selection of a different species agreeing more closely with the generic description would be a complicated matter with a subjective and debatable result. i, therefore, wholeheartedly support rogers' choice of the indicated species, which makes, to me, soppittiella a later synonym of cristella, but not of sebacina as was concluded by him! "he proceeds to draw attention to the later name phlebiella p. karst. which he considers the correct one for the genus in an emended circumscription. there are signs that some other mycologists are inclined to accept this view; compare h. s. jackson (in canad. j. res. 26 c: 144, 155. 1948) and john eriksson [in symb. bot. upsal. 10 (5): 6. 1950]. this unexpected development induced the present note. srather than thelephora cristata (pers.) ex fr. whether or not the new recombination cristella cristata was validly published is again a different matter. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 4, pp. 487-500 (1952) notes on malesian fungi—ii* on the genera auricularia, hirneola, and laschia m. a. d o n k * * summary 1. after discussing the outer characters of the three genera auricularia bull, ex merat, hirneola fr. (1848), and laschia fr., now often combined into a single genus, the author concludes that there is every reason to follow bresadola and to keep auricularia and hirneola apart as distinct genera, and to enter laschia into hirneola. 2. it is pointed out that in hirneola the hymenophore is not invariably inferior. 3. the author once more discusses the desirability of conserving the name hirneola fr. 1848. he withdraws his previous proposal for conservation of auricularia bull, ex brongn. 1824. 4. the new combination hirneola nigricans (sw. ex fr.) donk is proposed. 5. it is possible that the correct name for the judas' ear is hirneola auricula (l. ex mexat) h. karst. historical outline.—the three auriculariaceous genera auricularia bull, [ex merat 1821], laschia fr., and hirneola fr. (1848), kept apart by fries, are now often combined into a single genus under the name of auricularia. when introduced, the earliest of these three names, auricularia, covered various fungi now considered not closely related, among which auricularia mesenterica (dicks, ex fr.) fr. (as au. tremelloides bull.) and stereum hirsutum (willd. ex fr.) s. f. gray (as au. reflexa bull.) were the most noteworthy representatives. bulliaird did not include tremella auricula l. = t. auricula-judae bull. = hirneola auricula (l. ex merat) h. karst. (see p. 499), the well-known judas' ear. in fact there was not much difference between auricularia bull, and thelephora ehrh. as the latter genus was emended by persoon. certain authors even replaced the name thelephora by auricularia, retaining the persoonian genus unaltered (merat, see p. 498). the first to combine au. mesenterica and h. auricula into one genus, exclusive of other species (like stereum hirsutum), was link (1809), who was followed by a respectable line of mycologists such as persoon, duby, secretan, link himself, and others. this genus, too, was called auricularia; *the first part appeared in bull. bot. gdns buitenzorg iii 17: 473-482 1948 **keeper of herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. 487 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 it has been interpreted as an emendation of auricularia bull, or as a new genus with a new (though homonymous) name. fries on the other hand was not willing to follow link's course. from the first he considered the two elements of link's genus as non-related. for a long time he kept h. auricula1 and some tropical species in exidia fr., but when he learned more about these tropical species he instituted for them a special genus hirneola fr.2 in 'tremellinei'; he then supposed that it should also include the true judas' ear.8 at first fries did not know what to do with the other element of link's genus, au. mesenterica. after having placed it with doubt in phlebia fr., he soon afterwards transferred it to an other special genus for which he tookup the name auricularia bull.4 (fig. 1) ; he included this genus in 'thelephorei,' thus indicating that he considered it fundamentally different from hirneola. due to fries' enormous authority the names auricularia and hirneola became fixed in these applications for a long period and still survive. the genus laschia fr.5 (fig. 2) was compared by its author at first with sessile merulius although he included it in 'tremellinei' (1830), but fries afterwards placed it in 'polyporei' next to favolus (summ. veg. scand. 325. 1849) ; he never compared it with hirneola. it is characterized by its strongly gelatinous substance and by the alveolate-merulioid nymenophore. subsequent authors (following montagne) have made laschia very heterogeneous; in the following discussion only the restricted, original, sense is considered. however, when it was fully appreciated that auricularia and hirneola possess transversally septate basidia and do not really belong to different orders (families) as fries thought, the scale turned and patouilifries confused this species with one of exidia; compare donk (in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 161-162. 1941). recently the first preserved collection on record of the judas' ear was made in sweden; compare lundell (in lundell & nannfeldt, fung. exs. suec. [15]: 16 no. 1426. 1947). 2hirneola fr. 1848, not hirneola fr. 1825 which is now called mycobonia pat. 3the actual transfer to hirneola was effected by berkeley in 1860, as h. auriculajudae (bull.) berk. 4fries (1825) had used the name auricularia bull, before in quite a different circumscription, corresponding with what he later on called stereum, but exclusive of hymenochaete lev. the appearance of "auricularia" as an example of tremellinae in fries' "conspectus ordinum" of 1821 (syst. mycol. 1: 2), i rather interpret as the precursor of exidia fr., the latter name published in 1822 [fries, syst. mycol. 2 (1) : 220]. this would mean that fries originally intended to accept auricularia [sensu] link with au. auricula as the type species, emended to what he called exidia the next year; in 1825 he emended auricularia bull, with stereum hirsutum^ as the type species; and in 1835, finally, he settled down on auricularia bull, with au. mesenterica as the type species. ^laschia fr. (in linnaea 5: 533. 1830), not laschia jungn. 1952] donk: malesian fungi—ii 489 lard (hym. d'eur. 159. 1887) threw the two genera together under the name of auricularia. after patouillard (1887) had found out that laschia fr., too, had the same kind of basidia, that genus followed hirneola and was also included in auricularia.0 this treatment received considerable support, for instance from brefeld, lindau, and lloyd (1918), while some now living mycologists look at any other course with ill disguised contempt. all the same, fries' views in this respect were kept alive by a number of mycologists, for instance by saccardo (who kept the heterogeneous genus laschia intact) and by bressadola, who maintained auricularia and hirneola as distinct genera, but included laschia fr. in hirneola,. this disposition has been followed by killermann, and i, too, believe that it is preferable to the patouillardian course. the differences between auricularia and hirneola.—fries (hym. europ. 1874) distinguished between auricularia and hirneola as follows:— auricularia (thelephorei).—hymenium definite inferum, remote et vage costato-plicatum, udum tumens gelatinoso-tremulum, siccum collabens. habitus exacte sterei. genus inter thelephoreos et tremellinos medium, sed meo sensu illis proxime affine, quum siccum a stereo vix discerni possit et pileo coriaceo a tremellis recedat. hirneola (tremellinei).—fungi cartilagineo-gelatinosi, udi mollis, tremuli sed nulla gelatina distendi; excipulum cupuliforme, siccum coriaceo-corneum, humectatum reviviscens, sed vix tumescens. callus hymeninus superus, discoideus, discolor et diutius maceratus ab exipulo integer solubilis. sporophora gelatina haud involuta; sporis oblongis, curvatis. genus eximium, tarn ab auricularia, quam exidia clare distinctum. one of the distinctions fries emphasized was the position of the hymenophore, which was supposed to be inferior in auricularia and superior in hirneola. this is only partly correct: in certain species of hirneola the hymenium may well be directed downwards, although in others it may often be directed upwards. this distinction is of little generic value and may be discarded as of primary importance in the following discussion. yet it seems useful to point out that a categorical statement to the effect that in hirneola the hymenium is undoubtedly inferior is certainly incorrect, as is known to many mycologists with field-experience in the asiatic tropics. such statements were made by lloyd (1918: 784) and by g. w. martin:— . "because of the gelatinous texture of these fungi [hirneola], the hymenium may at times be forced into a more or less superior position by the swelling of the substance, particularly when the basidiocarps are densely clustered, but morphologically it is nearly always inferior. the few well-authenticated exceptions may reasonably be 0patouillard continued to use the name laschia fr. for homobasidious fungi. 490 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 explained on the basis of a disturbance of the substratum after the fructifications had started to develop."—g. w. martin (1943: 80). d. p. rogers (in farlowia 3: 449. 1949) is even still more positive:— "as martin . . . and others have pointed out, and as anyone situated where auricularias occur can confirm, this upside-down auriculariaceous genus [hirneola] is a myth." i have been living for many years in a part of the world where several species of hirneola are common and i have been in the position to pay some attention to this question. premising that i do not want to stress the position of the hymenium as a first-rate generic feature, i should like to point out the incorrectness of this sweeping formulation. there are forms of hirneola which have rather the superior hymenophore, while there are also forms (those with typically merulioid hymenophore, laschia) that have the strictly inferior one, whereas still others are almost indifferent in this respect. i prefer to~ let somebody else speak. the witness to be quoted is petch, who acquired an enormous field-knowledge in ceylon. "the habit of the two species also differs; in [h.] polytricha.,1 1 the fungus frequently, one might almost say usually, grows with the hymenial surface directed upwards, though when growing in clusters on dead stumps, it is directed upwards or downwards or laterally indifferently; but [au.] tremellosat8l always projects horizontally from the substratum, with the concave hymenial surface directed down-, wards."—petch (1910: 419). further, burt (1921: 390-391), when describing au. rosea burt9 which he could study for two months in the missouri botanical garden where it was kept growing on a log, remarked that the fruit-bodies were either erect or pendant. having disposed of the position of the hymenophore, rogers proceeds to declare that the genus hirneola is worthless and taxonomically superfluous. i do not grudge him this opinion, but would certainly not subscribe to it because the fungi in question speak a different language, difficult to misunderstand, i believe. what fries really emphasized, and what martin and rogers and many other mycologists ignore, is the resemblance of auricularia to stereum (more in particular to s. purpureum, fries said), and of hirneola to exidia, some forms of the latter genus so strikingly resembling the common judas' ear that this similarity has been repeatedly commented 352). 7 hirneola nigricans of the present paper. srather hirneola affinis (jungh.) bres. this is a member of laschia fr. 9'auricularia [= hirneola] fuscosuceinea (mont.) farl. according to lowy (1951a: 1952] donk: malesian fungi—it 491 upon and even led fries to confuse an exidia with it. that the basidia in both auricularia and hirneola are alike is no reason to reject a priori the other, external, features as unimportant. it is worth while, before making up one's mind, to analyse some of the characters that reminded fries of stereum in the case of auricularia, and of exidia in the case of hirneola. the differences in substance, often unduly stressed, may be left out of account. (i) in both genera the fruit-bodies are pezizaor cyphella-like in origin, i.e. only attached by a central abhymenial point. but in auricularia they become soon either wholly adpressed to the substratum (and loosely connected with it, 'resupinate'), or ef f used-ref lexed, or even almost wholly laterally 'sessile,' depending on their position and that of the substratum— just as in typical species of stereum,10 which show exactly the same kind of development. in hirneola, however, there is not the slightest tendency of the fruit-bodies to become adpressed ('resupinate') in the sense of stereum and they more and more develop the cupor ear-like or conchate shape so characteristic for them; they retain this shape to old age, like some of the larger exidias. (ii) in auricularia neighbouring fruit-bodies become confluent over often extensive areas. in the reflexed portions this unification may be as perfect as in the resupinate parts. this is exactly what we see so often in stereum. in hirneola there is no tendency to become confluent, although numerous fruit-bodies may be densely clustered. this reminds one of certain of the larger species of exidia. (iii) the upper surface of the reflexed portions and the surface adpressed to the substratum in auricularia are distinctly zonate as in the typical species of stereum. in hirneola all indications of zonation of the sterile surface are lacking, as in exidia. (iv) in auricularia the reflexed portions grow strictly horizontal in the same manner as they do in typical species of stereum. in hirneola the direction of the fruit-bodies often depends on their accidental position in relation to the substratum and in some species there is no well-marked tendency to adjust the hymenophore horizontally downwards; on the contrary, besides species that strictly do so, there are others that show a pronounced inclination towards the upwards directed hymenophore. such a lack of a fixed rule within the genus as a whole is to be found, too, in exidia, and is worthy of some note since in auricularia the rule of the inferior hymenophore in the reflexed portions is strictly observed. 10i take stereum in a much restricted sense, its main parts being bourdot & galzin's .sections luteola and cruentata. 492 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 the hymenophore in auricularia (fig. 1) is 'smooth'; the few, rather pronounced ribs that may be present in herbarium specimens are a result of desiccation. in hirneola sensu stricto the hymenophore is usually smooth, too; some ribs are rather folds of the wall of the fruit-body (with corresponding depressions at the outside) ; a more complicated venation fig. 1. auricularia ornata pers.: fruit-bodies seem from below and reflexed portions seen from above, x 0.5. — after specimens from java. or even merulioid condition may appear as a result of vigorous growth, but is, first, not a specific character, and, secondly, disappears when the fruit-bodies are dried, except for a few prominent ridges that may remain. in laschia (here included provisionally in hirneola) the strongly reticu1952] donk: malesian fungi—ii 493 lately venose condition of the hymenophore is structural and well preserved in dried fruit-bodies. for all these reasons, i would say that fries was quite correct in keeping the two ge"nera apart and in comparing auricularia with stereum, and hirneola with exidia. such an comparison is fully justified, facilitates characterisation of the genera, and recognition of their distinguishing features. both have the same kind of transversally septate basidia which shows them to belong to one family (auriculariaceae), rather than to two as fries supposed, but this can hardly be a reason, i believe, to combine the two, so different in other respects. the consequences would be the incorporation of still more genera, like achroomyces bonord., mylittopsis pat., and, perhaps, the rest of the family. in some tribes of agarics and in dacrymycetaceae, for instance, genera are recognized on the basis of less salient features! this conclusion is not new. bresadola already vented his exasperation in this regard:— "we admit . . . the g-enus hirneola as distinct from auricularia, because, when the characters of the shape of the fruit-bodies are taken into consideration, the species of hirneola are certainly not at home in the genus auricularia. this latter genus has entirely the appearance of the caps as it occurs in stereum; in addition the medial layer is not as soft and the hairy indument is differently disposed, viz. in concentrical zones. "by the microscopical features affinities have become clearer to us, so that species, which formerly were not brought into connection which each other, are now classed systematically on their natural place, but this is no reason to neglect the external features, for these, too, may help to acquire a good insight into the objects of nature and to distinguish between related species and genera. let us, therefore, prevent the extremes from meeting. the earlier authors neglected the microscopical features; the later ones, to the contrary, do not only neglect the external features, but even hold them in contempt. does this mean progress in science?"— bresadola (in hedwigia 35: 291. 1896; translated from the latin). the differences between hirneola and laschia.—patouillard recognized that laschia has auriculariaceous basidia and he merged it, like hirneola,. with auricularia. as to the features exposed above, laschia agrees with hirneola rather than with auricularia. in their most typical development laschia and hirneola look very different indeed; compare, for instance, hirneola nigricans (sw. ex fr.) donk with h. (laschia) affinis (jungh.) bres. with its typical hymenial configuration, laschia must have seemed well worth generic separation to fries. genera are, even now, often based on less telling characters. however, the generic limits between hirneola and laschia are somewhat effaced by species intermediate in certain respects, for instance, 494 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1952] donk: malesian fungi—// 495 some forms in the tropics (still difficult to assign to their proper species) which, when fresh and moist (in extremely wet weather), look like laschia, with strongly alveolate hymenophore, but dry up like hirneola, with smooth hymenophore, at most showing some stellately radiating folds ('auricularia stellata lloyd'). this has induced me to follow bresadola and combine laschia with hirneola for the present, though i may retain sectional status for laschia, or even restore it to generic rank, in the future. the main difference between hirneola sensu stricto and laschia is to be found, if only the outer characters are taken into consideration, in the hymenophore, in laschia "furnished with distinct ribs which are just as much a constant structural feature as the gills of an agaric; and there are no corresponding depressions on the upper surface"—petch (1910: 419, for "a. tremellosa"). in hirneola sensu stricto any approach to this reticulate-alveolar configuration is merely an expression of a more vigorous growth than is usual. upon drying this extreme type of reticulation disappears again, while in laschia it remains perfectly preserved after drying. the fruit-bodies in laschia are always strictly horizontal with inferior hymenophore. "hymenium definite terram spectat," fries (novae symb. mycol. 89. 1851) already remarked, and he added "nine ad tremellinos, structura proximos, non referatur." certain authors even went much further: they denied specific status to the species of laschia and considered them extreme variations of h. auricula. exponents of this view were a. moller (1895) and holtermann (1898) ; both could point to field-knowledge in the tropics, the first in south america and the second in asia (ceylon, java). moller considered l. delicata fr. (the type species of laschia) merely a form of h. auricula,11 "ihre hochst entwickelte form." holtermann (whose observations and cultural experiments are often unreliable, if not faked) even claimed that l. tremellosa and l. velutina, as well as "a. purpurascens" (= h. nigricans) and other species all passed into each other without a break and were merely extreme variations of h. auricula.12 such views were opposed by bresadola (i.e.) ; he asserted that l. delicata was decidedly a good species. petch came to a similar conclusion 11m611er and holtermann spoke of au. auricula-judae, but they dealt with other species of hirneola. a2holtermann said that fries reduced l. delicata to a synonym of l. tremellosa. the reverse is true. holtermann alternated these names by the erroneous forms 'a. delieiosa' and 'a. tremulosa.' "auricularia polytricha mont." [au. polytricha (mont.) sacc] holtermann called "a. purpurascens" in the next pages of his treatise. this is a new combination. 'auricularia auricula judae' he also called 'a.judae'; 'auricularia' was also written 'auricula.' the other species holtermann included are "auricularia porphyrea (lev.) fr., a.pellucida (jungh.) fr. und viele andere." fig. 2. hirneola (laschia) affinis (jungh.) bres.: fruit-bodies showing lower and upper surface, x 0.75. — after specimens from java. 4 9 6 • r b i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 as to the situation in ceylon. it appears from his discussion that he did not come across h. auricula and some other allied species, but saw plenty of h. nigricans (which he called h. polytricha). the fungus he identified with au. delicata is the one i call h. affinis (jungh.) bres. for the time being. lloyd (1918), too, kept au. delicata apart from what he called au. auricula-judae and au. moellerii lloyd (which was to him merely a form with strongly reticulate hymenophore of au. auricula-judae = h. auricula). to me the samoan fungus he called au. delicata is again h. af finis. in java, where h. af finis and h. nigricans as well as other species occur abundantly, i never had any reason to doubt that h. af finis is a good species, although specimens of what i believe to be another species developing under extremely moist conditions may be baffling—only when collected fresh.12-13 the lumping of the species formerly referred to laschia as forms of species of hirneola sensu stricto is, in my opinion, unwarranted. structural differences.—an interesting preliminary report on the internal structure of the fruit-bodies was recently published by lowy (1951a). this author retains the broadly conceived genus auricularia. his first key character is the absence or presence of a distinct medullary layer through the context. since he published only a key and not yet a full treatment of the species he recognizes (nine) we must postpone a discussion of this matter. all the same it looks as if his investigations will furnish some support for differentiation between hirneola, laschia, and auricularia on characters of internal structure. the following is an extract from his key to the species; the specific names are replaced by generic names. 1context with a distinctly differentiated medullary layer. hirneola (except h. auricula) 1. context without a distinctly differentiated medullary layer. 2. context composed of a loose reticulum of hyphae whose elements are clearly distinguishable and not arranged in discrete parallel bands. laschia (delicata) 13when cooked in side-dishes the several species are always easily distinguishable. "several authors have lumped h. delicata and h. af finis, but bressadola kept the two apart. i do not know the typical laschia delicata described from the american tropics, yet from the descriptions and figures consulted i feel that it would be premature to combine them without renewed comparative study. it would seem that the javan plants, belonging to a species common throughout the asiatic tropics (and judging from lloyd's photograph, on samoa, too), is paler and has decidedly thicker fruit-bodies and even, perhaps, a still more typically merulioid hymenophore. for this fungus, h. af finis is a certain name, which i prefer until the identity with h. delicata will be established beyond doubt. is the true h. delicata possibly the same as au. moellerii? 1952] donk: malesian fungi—// 497 2. context always more compact, with hyphae frequently parallel; medulla inconspicuous or lacking or weakly differentiated. auricularia h. auricula it would be interesting to investigate systematically the possible correlation between the presence of a well developed medullary layer and the separability of the hymenophore from the rest of the fruit-body, a feature so strongly emphasized by fries when he published the genus hirneola:— "fungus . . . e duabus membranis quasi compaginatus, quarum exterior sistit excipulum, interior callum hymenium. . . . callus hymeninus superus, discoideus, excipulo discolor et maceratum ab eodem separabile! . . . "—fries (18^8: 144). the correct generic names.—it was pointed out elsewhere (donk in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. ill 17: 170, 173. 1941; 194-9) that mycologists, who follow the "international rules of botanical nomenclature" as closely as possible, and who want to distinguish between the two genera, auricularia and hirneola (inclusive of laschia), are in need of the name auricularia with au. mesenterica as the type species, and of hirneola fr. 1848 conserved "against laschia fr. 1830 and hirneola fr. 1825 (the latter covering a quite different, homobasidious, genus, now called mycobonia pat.). otherwise hirneola (1848) would have to be called laschia, a name already confusingly applied, and hirneola (1825) would have to be taken up for mycobonia. rogers (in farlowia 3: 449, 1949) was against this proposal, first, because he considered hirneola fr. 1848 a mere application of hirneola fr. 1825,15 and, secondly,—mind, this was in a nomenclatural discussion!—because he considered hirneola "taxonomically superfluous." it may be so to him, but i hope sufficiently to have explained my reasons why i cannot agree and why there are mycologists who prefer the continued use of these tradional genera and names. i trust that other mycologists sharing rogers' taxonomical view will be more broad minded and will not hinder their colleagues who adhere to a different taxonomical view and at the same time detest nomenclatural disturbances of the kind indicated. they are asked to extend their help in maintaining the name hirneola for the genus currently so called. the proposal (donk, 1949) for conservation of the name auricularia, with au. mesenterica as the type species, became superfluous when rogers (in mycologia 43: 376-378. 1951) drew attention to a booklet by merat (nouv. fl. paris, 2e ed. 1821) ; lowy (1951b) discussed its bearing on auricularia. merat adhered to auricularia bull, in a broad sense and 15rogers had to withdraw his opinion that; legally, misapplications cannot be conserved, although he is still opposed to this kind of procedure. even if hirneola 1848 were a misapplication of hirneola 1825, there is nothing in the rules to oppose its conservation; several misapplications have already been conserved. 498 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 with the exclusion of hirneola auricula.16 his genus is heterogeneous, but if it would be conceded that the explicit mentioning of "i'auricularia mesenteriformis de link." (= au. mesenterica) as the type species of auricularia by brongniart (in diet. sci. nat. 33: 577) in 1824, is acceptable as a valid typication of auricularia bull, ex merat (neither bulliard nor, of course, merat were cited), this would save the name in the sense striven after in my proposal. this would be the first typification (we know of) and prior to fries' restriction of bulliard's generic name to stereum in 1825 (syst. orb. veg. 82) ! merat's publication of the name auricularia bull, is prior to the first re-publications of auricularia [sensu] link 1809 by persoon and brongniart, both in 1822, which should be considered as only correctly typifiable by h. auricula,11 reason why the proposal was moved. trusting that the conclusions just outlined will appear acceptable i herewith withdraw the proposal. on the correct names of some species of hirneola.—anticipating the conservation of hirneola fr. (1848), the correct name of the wellknown h. polytricha would appear to be: hirneola nigricans (sw. ex fr.) donk, comb. nov. peziza nigrescens sw., nov. gen. sp. pl (prod.) 150. 1788 (devalidated name). — auricularia nigrescens (sw.) ex farl., bibl. index 1: 308. 1905 (validly published?). — peziza nigricans sw., fl. ind. occ. 3: 1938. 1806 (devalidated name). — peziza nigricans sw. ex fr., syst. mycol. 2 (1): 81. 1822 [as "p. nigricans (swartzii)"]. — " pleziza] • niffra swartz": fr., syst. mycol. 2 (1): 81. 1822 (as a synonym).— hirneola nigra fr. in k. svenska vetenskakad. handl. 1848: 147. — auricula nigra (fr.) o.k., rev. gen. pi. 2: 844. 1891 (not validly published18). — auricularia nigra (fr.) earle in bull. torrey bot. cl. 26: 633. 1899. !6"la flore francaise de m. decandolle m'a aussi ete d'un tres-grand secours; j'ai meme suivi, autant que possible, cet ouvrage, afin qu'on puisse s'y retrouver pour des descriptions plus detaillees, ou une synonymie plus etendue. . . . les meillieurs auteurs m'ont d'ailleurs servi de guide, tels que bulliard, mon parent "—merat (p. ii). the genus is called "auricularia. bull. (thelephora. dec.)." (p. 33) and the following remark added: "nota. nous avons conserve le nom &'auricularia, qui est celuf donne le premier a ce genre par bulliard, de preference a celui de thelephora, de persoon . . . ." (p. 36). i am very much indebted to dr. d. p. rogers for kindly lending me merat's booklet. "explicitly indicated as the type species of auricularia of link (1809) by brongniart (in diet. sci. nat. 1: 85. 1822) as "peziza auricula (bull. t. 427 fig. ii)." brongniart (in 1822) referred auricularia bull, to the synonymy of thelephora and favoured the other genus "auquel link a donne depuis ce nom {auricularia]." in this he followed persoon who already before 1821 (traite champ, comest. 13. 1818) had indicated the type in precisely the same notation, but without mentioning the author of the name auricularia he applied; the circumscription adopted by persoon leaves no doubt that his genus is the same as the one defined by link. this evidence supports the thesis that auricularia of persoon of 1822 cannot be typified by au. mesenterica. it is difficult if not impossible, i believe, to reconstruct brongniarfs indication of a type species in 1822 as binding for auricularia bull, ex merat. in 1824 (see above) brongniart returned to auricularia bull. 18since the generic name "auricula batt." was not validly published by o. kuntze, the combinations with that name are not validly published either. r 1952] donk: malesian fungi—// 499tremella auricula-canis g. meyer, prim. fl. essequeb. 306. 1818 (devalidated name; n.v.). — exidia auricula-canis (g. meyer) ex fr., syst. mycol. 2 (1) : 222. 1822. exidia purpurascens jungh. in verh. bataviasche genoots. 17 (2) : 25. 1838. — auricularia purpurascens (jungh.) holterm., mykol. unters. tropen 38. 1898 (as a synonym). exidia hispidula berk, in ann. mag. nat. hist. i 3: 396. 1839. — hirneola hispidula (berk.) berk. & br. in j. linn. soc, bot. 14: 76. 1874. — auricula hispidula (berk.) o.k., rev. gen. pi. 2: 844. 1891 (not validly published18). — auricularia hispidula (berk.) farl., bibl. index 1: 307. 1905. exidia polytricha mont, in de la sagra, hist. cuba, bot., pi. cell. 365. 1842 (n.v.). — hirneola polytricha (mont.) fr. in k. svenska vetenskakad. handl. 1848: 146. — auricularia polytricha (mont.) sacc, misc. mycol. 1 (in atti 1st. veneto vi 2) : 12. 1884. (n.v.). — auricula polytricha (mont.) o.k., rev. gen. pi. 2: 844. 1891 (not validly published18). exidia rufa berk, in ann. mag. nat. hist. i 10: 384 pi. 12 f. 17. 1842. — hirneola rufa (berk.) fr. in k. svenska vetenskakad. handl. 1848: 147. — auricula rufa (berk.) o.k., rev. gen. pi. 2: 844. 1891 (not validly published18). hirneola auricula (l. ex merat) h. karst. the establishing of the correct name of the judas' ear has already been an intricate puzzle for several years, since it was pointed out that fries' publication of exidia auricula-judae ("l.") ex fr.19 in "systema" [2 (1) : 221. 1822] is accompanied by a diagnosis drawn up from an exidia rather than from the true judas' ear (cf. donk in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. ill 17: 161-162. 1941). as the rules are interpreted to-day by many mycologists the epithet 'auricula-judae' became transferred to the exidia when fries committed his error. martin (1943) considered auricularia auricularis (s. f. gray) g. w. mart, (basinym,gyraria auricularis s. f. gray) the correct name. donk (194.9: 89), accepted the epithet, but recombined it with hirneola. this latter recombination is untenable in view of the earlier homonym h. auricularis fr. (1848: 148), which was overlooked. thus, under hirneola, the epithet 'auricularis' cannot be applied to the present fungus either. even if this were not the case, it seems likely that a still earlier epithet has to be taken up. the earliest name validly published for this fungus after january 1, 1821 seems to be peziza auricula (l.) ex merat (nouv. fl. paris, 2e ed., 26. 1821). it was published in the same year as gyraria auricularis. d. p. rogers (in mycologia 43: 378. 1951),, who discussed the relative dates of the second edition of merat's "flore" and of s. f. gray's "arrangi'jfries erred when he cited linnaeus as the author of tremella auricula-judae. linnaeus' epithet is 'auricula'; the epithet as used by fries was coined by bulliard. since fries cited bulliard for his forma b (without distinguishing an equivalent forma a) it may be concluded that fries wanted to recombine tremella auricula l. 500 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 merit," concluded that "merat's work . . . quite certainly antedates gray." the accompanying diagnosis leaves no doubt about the fungus merat described as peziza auricula l.: this is the judas' ear. in case (i) it be permissible to typify the name as published by merat by the type (or its substitute) of tremella auricula l. (sp. pi. 1625. 1753), and (ii) if this type really represents the hirneola under consideration (rather than an exidia), the correct name of the hirneola is either hirneola auricula (l. ex merat) h. karst. or auricularia auricula (l. ex merat) underw., according to the genus in which one wants to place this fungus. in the negative case the situation becomes quite complicated and, in view of the unsatisfactory and incomplete formulation of the rules, not easy to solve. for the present i resort to the name h. auricula without being convinced that it is the correct name, or that the full authors' citation as used is admissible in all its parts. those who defend the thesis that a name misapplied when validly re-published ought to be typified in its original sense will perhaps continue to regard h. auricula-judae as the correct name, the epithet having been published in the starting-point book. special literature cited in the text by means of dates printed in italics burt, e. a. (1921) : some north american tremellaceae, dacrymycetaceae, and auriculariaceae. [auriculariaceae.] in ann. missouri bot. gdn 8: 390-396 pi. 3 fs. 5-8. donk, m. a. (1949) : new and revised nomina generica conservanda proposed for basidiomycetes (fungi). [proposal 2 (revised).] in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. ill 18: 89-93. pries, e. m. (1849) : fungi natalensis quos annis mdcccxxxix—mdcccxl collegit j. a. wahlberg, adjectis quibusdam capensibus. [hirneola.] in k. svenska vetenskakad. handl. 1848: 144-148. holtermann, c. (1898) : mykologische untersuchungen aus den tropen. [auricularieen.] berlin. 35-48 pis. 5 fs. ,20-23 & 6 fs. 1-6. lloyd, c. g. (1918) : mycological notes no. 55. [the genus auricularm.] mycol. writ. .5: 783-785 fa. 1175-1177. lowy, b. (1951a) : a morphological basis for classifying the species of auricularia. in mycologica 43: 351-358 f.l. (1951b) : new evidence for typification of auricularia. ibid. 43: 462-463. martin, g. w. (1943): the generic name auricularia. in amer. midi. nat. 30: 77-82. moller, a. (1895) : protobasidiomyceten. [auricularieen.] in bot. mitth. tropen 8: 36-45 pi. 1 f. 1. patouillard, n. (1887) : etude sur le genre laschia. hi j. de bot. 1: 225 ill. fetch, t. (1910) : revisions of ceylon fungi. (part ii.) [55.—auricularia (sensu lindau).] in ann. roy. bot. gdns, peradeniya 4: 414-420. index to volume i index to genera and species new names and the final members of new combinations are in bold face type. the pages where illustrations appear are marked with an asterisk. abies balsamea 206 achroomyces 493 acrostichum teysmannianum 27, 29 adenia 481 afrafzelia 61-63; africana 61, 64; attenuata 64; bracteata 64; petersiana 64; quanzensis 64 afzelia 61-63; africana 61, 64; attenuata 64; bella 64; bequaertii 65; bipindensis 65; borneensis 63; bracteata 64; brieyi 65; caudata 65; cochinchinensis 64; discolor 65; javanica 63; javanica subsp. javanica 63; javanica subsp. longiflora 63; martabanica 64; microcarpa 65; pachyloba 65; petersiana 64; peturei 65; quanzensis 64; rhomboidea 63; rhomboidea var. praetermissa 63; rhomboidea var. rhomboidea 63; xylocarpa 64; zenkeri 65 agaricus subgen. coprinus 217; sub gen. gomphus 217 aglossorhyncha longicaulis 6, 7* aleurocystus 205 aleurodiscus 205-208, 210, 216; amorphus 206, 207, 216; capensis 205; corneus 205; digitalis 199, 210; vitellinus 212 ananas comosus 70 annona muricata 70; reticulata 70 antiaris 68, 73; toxicaria 71 appendicula baliensis 20, 21*; crispa 20, 21*; jacobsonii 22, 23*; kjellbergii 20, 21*; linearis 18, 19*; recondita 22, 23*; salicifolia 20, 21*; seranica 20, 21*; spathilabris 22, 23*; theunissenii 22, 23*. verruculifera 18, 19* arcypteris 171-173, 175, 191, 192, 196; brongniartii 191, 193, 195, 196; difformis 191, 193; gigantea 191, 193, 195; irregularis 174*, 191, 192*, 193, 194; macrodonta 191, 193, 194, 195 areca 69; catechu 71 arenga 70; pinnata 54, 68, 71 arrhenia 204, 214 artocarpus communis 71; integra 70, 71 asimina triloba 51 aspidium 172, 173; eonjugatum 177; difforme 191, 193; giganteum 31; saxicola 31; subaequale 187 auricula 494, 498; hispidula 499; nigra 498; polytricha 499; rufa 499 auricularia 208, 487, 489-493, 496-498; auricula 500; auricula-judae 494, 496; auricularis 499; delicata 496; deliciosa 494; fuscosuccinea 490; hispidula 499; judae 494; mesenterica 487, 488, 497, 498; mesenteriformis 498; moellerii 496; nigra 498; nigrescens 498; ornata 492*; pellucida 494; polytricha 494, 499; porphyrea 494; purpurascens 494, 499; reflexa 487; rosea 490; stellata 494; tremelloides 487; tremellosa 490, 494; tremulosa 494 auriculariopsis 208 averrhoa bilimbi 71; carambola 71 benincasa 69 berberis wallichiana 478 biophytum 477; albiflorum 478; dendroides 477; fruticosum 477, 478; intermedium 477; reinwardtii 477 boletus fimbriatus 217; subtilis 217 borassus 70, 71; flabellifer 71 brypphyllum pinnatum 71 cajanus indicus 71 calamus 69, 71 calanthe caulodes 24, 25*; reconditiflora 24, 25* callicarpa 86 calonectria 52, 58; ilicicola 58* calyptella 208 campanella 204 canarium decumanum 71 502 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 candelospora 51-53, 59; citri 52, 57; ilicicola 51, 57 cantharellus sect. merisma 215;, trib. pleuropsis 211, 213, trib. resupinati 214; fasciculatus 215; glaucus 213; lobatus 214; muscigenus 209, 211, 213; retirugus 214; spathulatus 211; tenellus 214; umbonatus 211 carex, see index on p. 447 carica papaya 71 caripia 204 cassia 452; fistula 71 catilla 208 ceiba pentandra 71 celtis 71 ceratostylis baliensis 8, 9*; brevicostata 12, 13*; lombasangensis 12, 13*; malintangensis 10, 11*; nalbesiensis 12, 13*; sarcostomatoides 12, 13*; scariosa 10, 11*; selebensis 12, 13*; steenisii 8, 9*; succulenta 10, 11*; todjambuensis 12, 13*; trinodis 14, 15*; truncata 10, 11* cerbera manghas 71 chaetocphye 208, 209 chaetocypha 208, 210; variabilis 208 chaetocyphe 209 chaetoscypha 209 chaetostroma pedicellatum 216 chamaesenna 452 chlorocyphella 209; subtropica 209 chromocyphella 209, 210, 216 chrysothrix 37 citrus 52, 72; maxima 71; sinensls 57 citrullus vulgaris 71 cocos 69, 70; nucifera 68 corniola 209, 211, 214 cornus japonica 166 corticium sect. lomatia 215; trib. apus 215; subdivision lomatia 215; amorphum 206, 215; fastidiosum 485, 486; habgallae 205; hakgallae 205; salicinum 210, 215 costus 68 cristella 485, 486; cristata 485, 486 crocynia 37 curcuma 68 cyanoporina 197, 198; granulosa 198*, 198 cyclomycetella 485 cycloporellus 485 cyclosorus 175 cylindrocladium 51-54, 56, 60; citri 53, 54, 57; curvatum 54, 55*, 56*; ilicicola 52-55*, 56*, 57, 59; macrosporum 52-54, 56*, 60; parvum 52-55*, 56*; pithecolobii 52, 55; quinqueseptatum 53, 54, 55*, 56*, 59; scoparium 51, 52, 54, 55*, 56*, 59 cymbolla 209, 210, 216; crouani 209, 216; galeata 210 cypella 210 cyphella 204, 207-211; abieticola 208; ampla 208; capula 208; digitalis 199, 207, 210; fasciculata 215; goldbachii 208; granulosa 219; hyperici 219; infundibuliformis 208; lacera 208; pandani 208 cyperus alulatus 463, 464, 465*; iria 463, 464; iria var. rectangularis 463, 464; microiria 463; orthostachyus 463; rotundus 72 cyphellopsis 210 cypharium 210 cytidia 210, 215; flocculenta 208, 211; rutilans 210 cyphelium 208, 210 dacryobolus 204 dasyscypha 219 dendrocyphella 211; setosa 211 desmofischera 456; monosperma 456, 457 dialium 452 dictyolus 209, 211, 214 dictyopteris 172, 173, 191; attenuata 191; compitalis 171, 179-181; difformis 193; hemiteliiformis 179, 187; irregularis 191; macrodonta 191, 194; pteroides 191 dioscorea 70; alata 72; esculenta 72 diplocladium 51; cylindrosporum 51, 55 discocyphella 204 dryopteris sagenoides forma contracta 27 durio zibethinus 72 index to volum,e i 503 dyctiolus 211 dyctiotus 211 elaeocarpus 36, 462 elaphoglossum 175 eperua rhomboidea 63 epiblastus accretus 14, 15*; buruensis 14, 15*; seranicus 14, 15* "epibryus" 211 eriocaulon 472 eucalyptus 52, 70, 72; sp. 72 eugenia aromatica 72; jambos 72; malaccensis 72 eupatorium inulifolium 479, 480; odoratum 478, 479; pallescens 479; repandum 478; riparium 480 exidia 488, 489, 491, 493; auricula-canis 499; auricula-judae 499; hispidula 499; polytricha 499; purpurascens 499; rufa 499 favolaschia 204 favolus 488 fistulina 204 fusarium 52 garcinia mangostana 72; picrorhiza 68 gentiana 472 geunsia 86 gleditschia triacanthos 51 gleichenia linearis 478; longissima 478; volubilis 478 gloeosoma 212 gloeosporium piperatum 59 glomera connexiva 6, 7*; lancipetala 8, 9*; plumosa 8, 9*; pumilio 6, 7*; secunda 6, 7* glycine soya 69 gnaphalium longifolium 478; maximum 478 gnetum subsect. sessiles 462; diminutum 462; leptostachyum 462; leptostachyum var. abbreviatum 462; leptostachyum var. robustum 462 gossypium sp. 72 gyraria auricularis 499 gyrophoropsis 35 helicia 474 helotium gibbum 208 henningsomyces 212, 219 heritiera tinctoria 43, 44 heterogonium 27, 28, 172; alderwereltii 28, 30; aspidioides 28, 30; giganteum 27, 28, 30, 31; nieuwenhuisii 30; pinnatum 28, 30; profereoides 28, 30; sagenoides 27, 28; sagenoides forma contracta 28, 29; saxicola 27, 30; stenosemioides 27-30; teysmannianum 28, 29, 30 hibiscus sabdariffa 55 hirneola 487-494, 496, 497, 499; affinis 490, 493, 495, 496; auricula 487, 488, 494, 496-500; auricula-judae 488, 500; auricularis 499; delicata 498; hispidula 499; nigra 498; nigricans 490, 493, 494, 496, 498; polytricha 490, 496, 498, 499; rufa 499 hollrungia 480; aurantioides 480 hydnum 218 hymenochaete 488 hypolyssus 204 ilex alternifolia 166; aquifolium 51, 58; cymosa 166; paraguayensis 52 imperata 480 indigofera 70 intsia 61, 62; africana 61, 64; attenuata 64; bijuga 72; bracteata 64; petersiana 64; quanzensis 64; rhomboidea 63; rhomboidea var. praetermissa 63; rhomboidea var. rhomboidea 63 ipomoea 70; batatas 72 kalappia 451, 452; celebica 451, 452, 453* kobressia 224; curvata 221, 223, 224, 331 koompassia 452 lachnella 212, 213; alboviolascens 212; barbata 213 lachnium 213 lagenaria leucantha 72 lantana 480 laschia 487-490, 492-494, 496, 497; affinis 493, 495*; delicata 494, 496; tremellosa 494; velutina 494 leprocaulon 37; arbuscula 37,38*; nanum 37 leptoglossis 214 504 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 leptoglossum 204, 209, 211, 213, 214 leptopus 214 leptotes 214 leptotis 214 leptotus 204, 214 liparis aptenodytes 4, 5*; a r c u a t a 1; auriculifera 4, 5*; bibullata 4, 5*; biglobulifera 1; endertii 1; kemulensis 4, 5*; kerintjiensis 2, 3 * ; lycopodioides 1; murkelensis 2, 3 * ; spiralipetala 4, 5*; togensis 2, 3* lomaria 215 lomariopsis 175 lomatia 211, 214, 215 lomatina 211; 215 lomatium 215 macadamia 474; hildebrandii 474, 475; prealta 474, 477; ternifolia 476; ternifolia var. integrifolia 477; whelani 474, 475; verticillata 474, 475; youngiana 474 maesa 118 mangifera indica 72 marasmus subgen. apus 17; sect. pleurotopsis 217; spodoleucus 217 matula 205; poroniaeformis 205; rompelii 205 mediocalcar selebicum 16, 17*; seranicum 16, 17*; ternatense 16, 17* megalotinus 111 melaleuca 72 merisma cristatum 486 merismodes 204, 215 merulius 204, 488; lobatus 209; muscigenus 209; tremellosus 220 metroxylon 70; sp. 72 microtinus 111, 154; odoratissimus 153 mimulus 472; nepalensis 474; tenellus 474 monarthrocarpus securif ormis 456, 457; securiformis var. monophylla 456 monostachya 472 moringa oleifera 72 mycoblastus 36; endoxanthus 36 mycobonia 488, 497 mylittopsis 493 myristica fatua 69, 72; f r a g r a n s 72 musa sapientum 72; troglodytarum 72 nephrodium 171; chrysotrichum 171, 187; giganteum 191, 195 nicotiana tabacum 72 nodularia 206, 207, 215, 216; balsamicola 206, 216 octarrhena hastipetala 24, 25*; vanvuurenii 24, 25* omphalina 208 oreinotinus 111 oreobolus 472 oryza sativa 72 pachyrhizus 69; erosus 69 pahudia 61-63; afrieana 61, 64; attenuata 64; bella 64; bipindensis 65; borneensis 63; bracteata 64; brieyi 65; caudata 65; cochinchinensis 64; j a v a nica 62, 63; javanica subsp. eujavanica 63; javanica subsp. longiflora 63; martabanica 64; microcarpa 65; pachyloba 65; quanzensis 64; rhomboidea 63; rhomboidea var. praetermissa 63; xylocarpa 64 patersonia 472 penicillium 51 peniophorina 204, 216 perona 208 perrotia 213 p e t r a e a 86 peziza 207; alboviolascens 212, 213; amorpha 206, 207, auricula 498-500; barbata 213; capula 212; flammea 213; nigra 498; nigrescens 498; nigricans 498 phaeocarpus 209, 210, 216 phaeocyphella 209, 210, 216; sphaerospora 216 phaeosolenia 216; platensis 216 phegopteris macrodonta 194; obscura 29; schizoloma 27, 29 phlebiella 486 p h r e a t i a asciformis 24, 25* physalis 72 pisonia alba 73 pistillina 204 pithecolobium saman 51 pleocnemia 171-173, 175, 177, 187, 191, 192, 196; acuminata 171, 176, 182; index to volume i 505 chrysotricha 171, 175, 177, 187; conjug a t a 171, 174*, 176-178*, 179, 182, 184; conjugata var. elatior 171, 179; cumingiana 175, 177, 183, 184, 186*-189; dimidiolobata 171, 176, 184, 185*; hemiteliiformis 171, 175, 176, 179, 180*, 181; javanica 171, 177, 179; kingii 171, 176, 186, 187; leuzeana 171, 173, 175-177, 184, 188; leuzeana var. hemiteliaeformis 171, 179; olivacea 171, 175, 176, 178*, 180, 181, 182; pleiotricha 171, 176, 182, 183*; porphyrocaulos 175, 177, 188; presliana 171, 176, 183-185*; seranensis 171, 177, 187; stenosemioides 30; tripinnata 171, 175, 176, 185, 186*; winitii 171, 176, 181 pleurotopsis 204, 217 pleurotus 217 plicatura 204, 217; alni 217; nivea 217; spodoleuca 217 plocoglottis seranica 24, 25* podochilus lamii 18, 19*; lobatipetalus 18, 19*; mentawaiensis 18, 19*; uniflorus 16, 17* podostrombium 204 polybotrya nieuwenhuisii 27; nieuwenhuisii var. brooksii 27, 29, 30 polypodium andaiense 195, 196; brownii 191; brongniartii 191, 195; irregulare 191, 193; leuzeanum 171, 184; obscurum 29; pteroides 191, 195 polyporus 217, 218; subgen. porotheleum 217, 218; fimbriatus 199, 217-219; iodinus 485; pavonius 485; subtilis 218 poria fimbriata 217, 218 porina 198 porolaschia 204 porotheleum 217, 218, 219; lacerum 217, 218 porothelium 199, 218, 219 portulaca 73 potentilla 472 premna 86 protococcus 37 pseudodasycypha 219 psidium guajava 73 pteridrys 173 pterocassia 452 pterocymbium 41-44, 47, 49; beccarii 4143, 47; campanulatum 41, 44, 45; columnare 43-45; gigantifolium 41, 48, 49; javanicum 41-45, macrocrater 41, 43, 45; parviflorum 41, 43, 47, 48; stipitatum 41-43, tinctorium 41, 43-45, 47; tinctorium var. javanicum 41, 4547; tubulatum 41, 43, 47, 48; viridiflorum 41, 43, 45 punctularia 204 rimbachia 204, 219; paradoxa 219 saccharum officinarum 73 saccopetalum horsfieldii 461; koolsii 459, 460*; longipes 459 samanea saman 51 sandoricum koetjape 73 santalum album 73 . scaevola 85 schoenoxiphium 221, 223, 224, 331 schoepfia 467, 469, 470, 472; sect. codonum 468; sect. euschoepfia 468, 469; sect. schoepfiopsis 468, 469; acuminata 468-470; chinensis 469; f r a g r a n s 468471*; f r a g r a n s var. shanensis 470, gibbosa 469, griffithiana 469, 470; griffithii 469, 470, 472; jasminodora 469; miersii 468, 470 schoepfiopsis acuminata 470; f r a g r a n s 470 scytonema 36, 198 sebacina 485, 486 sesamum 73 sesbania sesban 55 seymeria 62 smilax pygmaea 472, 473* solena 219 solenia 212, 216, 219; anomala 210; candida 212, 219 solenotinus 111 soppittiella 486; cristata 486 stenosemia teysmannianum 29 sterculia 43, 49; a t r o p u r p u r e a 46; campanulata 44; columnaris 43, 44; gigantifolia 49; membranifolia 41, 49; tubulata 47; tubulosa 47 stereocaulon 37; arbuscula 37; nanum 37, 39 506 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 stereophyllum 204 sterellum 204 stereum 204, 218, 488-491, 493, 498; sect. cruentata 4 1 ; sect. luteola 491; hirsutum 487, 488; purpureum 490 stigmatolemrna 219; incanum 219 storckiella 452 stromatoscypha 199, 218; fimbriata 199, 219 strychnos ligustrina 73 syzygium aronlaticum 59 tamarindus indica 73 tapesia 219; fuscus 220 tectaria 28, 171-173, 191, 192; angulata 174*; irregularis var. brongniartii 195, irregularis var. macrodon 194; kingii 171, 186; leuzeana 187; macrodus 194; multicaudata 174*; olivacea 171, 181; subaequalis 187 teij smanniodendron, see index on p. 106 terminalia catappa 73 thelephora 487, 498; sub gen. epibryus 2 1 1 : sect. cartilagineae 215; sect. r. spurii 215; amorpha 206; cristata 485, 486; muscigena 212; vulgaris 212; vulgaris var. candida 212 thelidium 198 thelypteris 175 tinus 111 trabecularia 220; villosa 220 trasus 224 tremella auricula 487, 499, 500; auriculacanis 499; auricula-judae 487, 499 tripogon exiguus 478 trogia 204; alni 217 uittienia 452 umbilicaria 33-35; zollingeri 33, 34* uncinia 221, 223, 224; microglochin 224 urceolus 220 usnea 478 viburnum, see index on p. 170 vitex, see index on p. 106 vitis 73; vinifera 73 washingtonia 60; robosta 52, 56 wiesnerina 204, 220; horrida 220 xerocarpa 75, 77, 85, 86; avicenniaefoliola 75, 76, 84-86 zea mays 73 c. g. c. reinwardt reinwardtia being a continuation of the bulletin du jardin botanique de buitenzorg (bulletin of the botanic gardens, buitenzorg) editors m. a. donk (herbarium bogoriense) and c. g. g. j. van steenis (flora malesiana) volume 1 (with frontispiece) 1950—1952 published by herbarium bogoriense kebun raya indonesia binder7 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_01 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_19 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_20 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_21 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_22 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_23 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_24 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_25 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_26 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_27 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_28 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_29 rein.vol 1,part 4, pp 451-506_page_30 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2, part 2, pp. 351 355 (1953) etude sur les rapports entre les genres i'lttienia, dansera et dialium (legum.-caesalp.) r. l. steyaert* summary 1. on the basis of a detailed comparison of all characters, the genera uittienia and dansera are joined to dial him as subgenera. this brings the number of subgenera in this genus to four, viz., dialium, dansera, vittievia, and around. 2. davxeia and uittienia ate close to the subgenera dialium and arouna respectively, but one or two characters of each put them both as intermediates between the latter two. 3. subgenera dialium and arouna remain in their previously described geographic distributions, but uitticnia appears to have a close relationship with aroiiva. a point of phylogeny is left open here for further consideration when further data will he available. 4. the trimery of flowers in dansera is abnormal for both the genus dialiuw and the tribe cassieae, but it might bring proof that the connexion of dialium hexanepalmn harms with the genus was previously unduly questioned by the author. the type and only known specimen of the latter species was destroyed during the war; collections of new specimens would, therefore, be of the highest interest. grace a l'amabilite du chef de l'herbarium bogoriense, j'ai eu l'avantage de pouvoir examiner les echantillons des genres uittienia et dansera, conserves au jardin botanique de bogor (buitenzorg); qu'il veuille agreeing es sinceres remerciements pour sa grande obligeance. comme l'etude dans laquelle van steenis decrit les nouvelles especes et les nouveaux genres 1'avait deja signale, les deux genres presentent des affinites tres marquees envers le genre dialium; tous les caracteres tant principaux que secondaires evoquent ce dernier, a l'exception des fleurs de dansera. les comparaisons de van steenis ne se sont toutefois etablies qu'avec le groupe asiatique du genre dialium. la comparaison avec le groupe afro-americain et l'analyse comparee de tous les caracteres que nous avons pu faire par rapport aux subdivisions du genre dialium proposees (r. l. steyaert in bull. soc. roy. bot. belg. 84: 29-45. 1951) confirment davantage -ce rapprochement. le tableau ci-joint resume les . observations. elles justifient a notre avis, l'inclusion d'uittienia et dansera comme sous-genres dans le genre dialium. ces nouveaux sous*attache a 1' i.n.e.a.c. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 tableau resumant ies affinite; feu i lie reticulum inflorescence bouton fleur receptacle sepales petales etamincs filet anotori1 ovairt1. fiuit kraine jus roujft' de 1'ecoi'ce vitt earacteres observes unii'oliolee mail!or de 0,5 mm de diam. avue ponctuations transmitcides fiexueuse; pedicelles longs pyramidal 5-mere avee disque 5, subtrian^ulaires 5, dc 4—5 mm de long 5, inserees ?ur le bord du disque ('•) droit, d'envij-on la msme l»n^ueur que l'antliere ou un peu plus petit lonkuetnent obcordee stipite; stipy epais, comprime; ovaire jrlobulairc a parois epaisses et coriaccs, 2-ovule inconnu; la forme de 1'ovaire laiase supposer un fmit globulaire a parois tres epaisses, coriaces et glabres inconnuc inconnu aria. affin^tes (n) la feuille unifoliolee t s t en fait imparipennee, earaetere normal chez dialimn, s-gen. dialimii ou s-sect. inctumeiitosa du s-g'en. arutnia s-gen. dialimu s-gen. arottna grenre dialimn s-gen. aroifiia s-gen. arottna s-gen. aronna mais plus grands s-gen. aroima s-sect. rcctn du s-pen. arointu i'essemblant a uellcs de la s-sect. htdtttiicutvsa du s-gen. anmiia mais plus longues et symetriques rappelle fovaire stipite de la s-sect. pirula du s-gen. aromm, mais de consistsnee beaucoup pins coriace 00 les affinites renseignees se rapport en t aux subdivision? du g'enre telles que (h) je n'ai pas observe de staminode.s, comme le rtmseignc van steenis toutea 3 5 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 genres ont tous deux des affinites avec lea sous-genres dialium et arouna preetablis, mais danseru est plus affine du premier tandis qu'uittienia. est plus proche du second. ii est a remarquer que dansera et uittienia ont tous deux des feuilles unifoliolees, c'est-a-dire la forme la plus elementaire d'une feuille imparipennee. les distributions geographiques des sous-genres dialium et around se maintiennent dans les aires precisees precedemment (r. l. steyaert, i.e.) mais l'affinite d'uittienia pour le second suscite quelques commentaires. uittienia est-il un type ancestral ou une branche issue d'une souche commune aujourd'hui disparue? qu'il suffise pour le moment de formuler ces hypotheses, les elements permettant d'etayer des conclusions font actuellement encore defaut. notons toutefois, tenant compte de la forme des antheres et de l'aspect du reticulum, son affinite marquee avec la sous-section indumentosa. la trimerie des fleurs de dansera, par l'anomalie qu'elle constitue tant pour le genre dialium que pour la tribu de cassieae, merite aussi de retenir l'attention. ii convient de rappeler ici dialium hexasepalum harms dont il n'existe malheureusement plus de specimen depuis la destruction de l'holotype a berlin. cette espece possede d'apres l'auteur 6 sepales, 3 etamines et 0 petales, soit des fleurs trimeres. l'absence de petales apparenterait cette espece avec la sous-section pirula d'arouna, ou avec le sous-genre dialium. on ne connait malheureusement rien ni du fruit, ni du reticulum ni encore de la forme des antheres. la trimerie de la fleur nous fit douter de l'appartenance de cette espece au genre dialium. a la lumiere des caracteres observes chez dansera cette opinion merite d'etre modifiee des h present. la decouverte de nouveaux specimens de d. hexasepahim apporterait sans aucun doute des elements tres interessants a l'etude du genre dialium. nous ne serions nullement etonnes d'une affinite de cette espece envers le sous-genre dansera ou peut-etre avee le sous-genre dialium. en conclusion de cette etude je propose, ci-dessous, tout en rappelant les sous-genres deja existants, les nouvelles combinaisons qui s'imposent ainsi que les modifications qu'apportent pinclusion des deux nouveaux sous-genres a la description du genre dialium. gen. d i a l i u m l. ampl. steyaert feuilles imparipennees a folioles 1—21. fleurs 5-meres, parfois 3meres; sepales 5—6; etamines 2—3—5—6—10; petales 0—1(2)—5, de 2—5 mm de long, onguicules. fruits piriformes, discoides, ou globulaires comprimes, parfois ellipsoidaux et attenues a la base et au sommet, generalement mucronule ou mucrones; carpe coriace, cassant, mince ou epais d'environ 2 mm, compose en ce dernier cas de tissus lacuneux. 1953] steyaert: uitticma, danscra et dialinm 355 1. subpen. dialium steyaert in bull. soc. roy. bot. belg. 84: 36. 1951. 2. subgen. danseka (van steenis) steyaert, comb. nov. inflorescences flexueuses: boutons ellipsoidaux. fleurs a pedicelle long, sans disque; etamines a filet court et a anthere oblongue trapezoidale. plus affine du sous-genre dialium mais en differe par son reticulum a mailles larges, d'environ 2 mm de diam., suggestif de la sous-section pirula du sous-genre arouna, et par son fruit a carpe epais lacuneux. dialium procerum (van steenis) steyaert, comb. nov. dansera procera van steenis n> bull. hot. gdns euitenzorg iii 17: 415. 1948. 3. subgen. uittienia (van steenis) steyaert, comb. nov. inflorescences flexueuses; boutons pyramidaux. fleurs a pedicelle long, munies d'un disque; etaraines a filet long et a anthere cordee, symetrique; ces derniers caracteres rappelant la sous-section indumentosa du sous-genre arouna. plus affine de ce dernier que du sous-genre dialium. dialium modestum (van steenis) steyaert, comb. nov. vittieilia nwdesta van steenis in bull. bot. gdns buitenzorg iii 17: 418. 1948. la description de van steenis est modifiee en ce qui concerne les fleurs, celles-ci sont a cinq etamines toutes fertiles. 4. subgen. aeouna steyaert in bull. soc. roy. bot. belg. 84: 36. 1951. bruxelles, janvier 1952. 352 353 354 355 356 a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors soedarsono riswan mien a. rifai elizabeth a. widjaja published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 3, 153 225 25 march 1998 10 i s s n 0 0 3 4 3 6 5 x reinwardtia vol. 11, port 3, pp. 153-184 (1998) a revision of the genus cephalomappa (euphorbiaceae) in malesia ratna widuri dit. bksakff, ministry of forestry, jl. gatot subroto, jakarta, indonesia & peter van welzen rijksherbarium/hortus botanicus, p.o. box 9514, 2300ra leiden, trie netherlands abstract the malesian genus ceplialomappa baillon has been revised. five species have been recognized based on morphological and anatomical characters, e.g. c. beccariana, c. lepidotula, c. rnalloticarpa, c. paludicola, c. penangensis, and four varieties within c. beccariana. the genus muricococcum has been reinstated, the single species m. sinense is considered to differ significantly from the species of cephalomappa to warrant generic recognition. a phylogenetic analysis of the genus, with koilodepas as outgroup, shows the species to branch off sequentially, the first is c. paludicola, followed by c. rnalloticarpa, c. lepidotula, and finally c. penangensis and c. beccariana. all varieties of c. beccariana group together as a single terminal polytomy. abstrak marga cephalornappa baillon di malesia telah direvisi. lima jenis telah diakui berdasarkan ciri morfologi dan anatominya, yaitu c. beccariana, c. lepidotula, c. rnalloticarpa, c. paludicola, c. penangensis dan 4 varietas dalam c. beccariana. marga muricoccum telah dikembalikan pada kedudukannya semula, karena jenis tunggalnya m. sinense dianggap berbeda nyata dari jenisjenis cephalornappa sehingga mengukuhkan pengakuannya sebagai marga tersendiri. analisis filogenetik marga ini, dengan koilodepas sebagai kelompok luar, memperlihatkan bahan jenis-jenisnya memisah secara berurutan, pertama c. paludicola, diikuti oleh c. mallolicarpa, c. lepidotula, dan akhirnya c. penangensis dan c. beccariana. semua varietas c. beccariana mengelompok bersama sebagai suatu politomi ujung manunggal. 153 154 reinwardtia [vol. 11 introduction webster (1994) placed the genus cephalomappa in the tribe epiprineae of the subfamily acalyphoideae. the epiprineae have been divided into two subtribes, the epiprineae and the monotypic cephalomappinae, containing cephalomappa. the characteristics of the latter subtribe and of the genus are monoecy, staminate flowers in terminal capitula on axillary inflorescences, the pistillate flowers single on the same iniflorescences, but placed lower; staminate flowers with a (2-5lobed) calyx, 3-5 stamens of which the filaments are basally united; pistillate flowers with a caducous calyx in fruit and acuminate or bifid stigmas. baillon (1874) established cephalomappa with the single species c. beccariana based on the specimen beccari pb 425, from sarawak. his delimitation of the genus mainly depended on the small flowers arranged in heads, which is why the genus has been named cephalomappa. fifty years later ridley (1923), described the second species, c. penangensis, based on a curtis collection made in kuala trengganu (malaysia). c. malloticarpa was described by smith (1924) based on four living collections in bogor botanical gardens, all originally from borneo. airy shaw (1960) described cephalomappa paludicola, based on a specimen collected by sanusi bin taher in sarawak, and cepfialomappa lepidotula based on beccari specimens from sumatra. in the same year, airy shaw (1960) also described three varieties under the type species, c. beccariana based on differences in indumentum, e.g. var. beccariana, havilandii, and hosei. a few years later airy shaw (1975) added a fourth variety, also characterized by indumentum characters, called var. tenuifolia. a complete account of cephalomappa has never been undertaken before, while the leaf anatomy of the genus was still unknown. the latter is very useful to fully understand the varieties in c. beccariana. a phylogenetic analysis of this small genus will also be presented, which will clearly demonstrate the relationships within the genus. kostermans (1961) considered the monotypic genus muricococcum, with the species m. sinense chun & how (1956) to be synonymous with cephalomappa, a view followed by airy shaw (1963). neither kostermans, nor airy shaw and ourself could study the original specimens, but judging from the description and illustration muricococcum can be kept separate from cephalomappa and should be reinstated, because muricococcum shows stipules which are less caducous, petioles which are basally and apically not pulvinate, staminate inflorescences which are terminal, a pistillode anthers which consist of 2 large parts are basally inserted. 1998] ratna wlduri & peter welzen : malesian cephalomappa 155 macromorphology the characters like leaf shape, glands, hairs on the lower leaf surface, and flower characters are the main characters used for delimiting the species and for identifying the relationships in cephalomappa. branches all species of a cephalomappa have terete branches. the surface of the branches of c. malloticarpa and c. paludicola is smooth, whereas the surface is rough in c. beccariana, c. penangensis and c. lepidotula. leaves fig. 1 the leaves are simple and alternate. most species have elliptic! leaves except in c. malloticarpa with obovate leaves and c. beccariana var. beccariana with ovate leaves. c. beccariana, c. penangensis, and c. lepidotula have hairy leaves, but c malloticarpa and c. paludicola have glabrous leaves. the leaf margin of c. beccariana is entire, whereas it is serrate in g malloticarpa, dentate in c. lepidotula, crenate in c. paludicola, sinuate in c. penangensis, and denticulate in c. beccariana var. tenuifolia. small glands are found on the lower side of the leaves in every tooth of the margin. larger, circular glands, are also found at the lower surface, but near the base of the leaves. usually 2-4 of these glands are present, only c. beccariana has a single gland at the one side. the texture of the lamina is coriaceous except in c. beccariana var. tenuifolia, which has papery leaves. the tertiary venation is scalariform. inflorescences fig. 2 the inflorescences are axillary racemes. the peduncle is hairy except in c. malloticarpa and c. paludicola. the staminate flowers are arranged in glomerate heads. the bracteoles are obovate with a fimbriate margin except in c. paludicola where the bracteoles are ovate with an entire margin and acute apex. the lobes of the calyx are rounded and densely papillate except in c. paludicola which has acute lobes and which are hardly papillate. the number of stamens is somewhat different per species, c. beccariana has 3, c. malloticarpa 3 (or 4), c. lepidotula and c. paludicola each 4, and c. penangensis has 4 (or 5). the filaments are basally united into an androphore, which is hairy in c. beccariana and c. penangensis, but glabrous in the other species. the anther is subapically dorsifixed. 156 reinwardtia [vol. 11 fig. 1. leaf shape, margin dentation and indumentum of cephalomappa baill. a. c. beccariana, b. c. lepidotula, c. c. malloticarpa, d. c. paludicola, e. c. penangensis. '*'*•:•• fig. 2. pistillate and staminate flower types of cephalomappa species.1 = pistillate flower; 2 = pistillate flower of c paludicola; 3 = staminate flower; 4 = staminate flower of c. paludicola; a = lobes of calyx, b = stigmas; c = bracteoles; d = surface of calyx lobes; e = anther; f = androphore. 1998] ratna wlduri & peter welzen : malesian cephalomappa 157 the solitary pistillate flower is found on the same inflorescences as the staminate flowers. the sepals are connate and form a calyx except in c. paludicola which has free sepals. the basal angle between the lobes is acute in c. beccariana and c. lepidotula, but obtuse in c. malloticarpa and c. penangensis. the apex of the lobes is acute except in c. paludicola which has obtuse lobes. the apex of the lobes is entire, but bifid in c. malloticarpa. the stigma surface is papillate except in c. paludicola. leaf anatomy the results of the present study indicate that anatomical characters such as epidermal cells, indumentum, and stomata may support the identification of the species and varieties of cephalomappa. materials and methods twenty herbarium specimens have been used to make anatomical slides: anderson 25557, arizi bin arshid 10298; beccari 975; culta bogor botanical garden viii. f. 50; bojang bin sitam 13139; corner 28951; fri 10741; haviland 2184; haviland & hose 3211; hose 303; s series 18041; 18470; 23613; 25985; 43702; 45211; san 75067; sinanggul 57297; sanusi bin tahir 9713; sinclair & kiah bin saleh 40866. to study the paradermal anatomy of herbarium material, pieces of leaves (about 5 mm) were soaked in water overnight or boiled in water and then dried at room temperature by using filter papers. after that the leaves were soaked in 30 % nitrit acid overnight. the following day, the epidermis of the leaves was peeled off by using tweezers and then washed in running water. after that the epidermis was dyed with 1 % safranin and mounted in 10 % glycerin to get semi-permanent slides. epidermis the adaxial and abaxial epidermis consists of long and short epidermal cells with (slightly) sinuous to deeply sinuous anticlinal walls. the undulation of anticlinal walls is also slightly different in the varieties of c. beccariana. deeply sinuous walls are found in c. beccariana var. beccariana, c. beccariana var. tenuifolia, and c. penangensis, sinuous walls in c. beccariana var. hosei and c. malloticarpa, slightly wavy anticlinal walls are found in c. beccariana var. havilandii and c. lepidotula, and almost straight anticlinal walls are present in c. paludicola. 158 reinwardtia [vol. 11 hairs two types of hairs are found in cephalomappa, stellate and lepidote. the lepidote hairs are more or less intermediate between real lepidote and stellate hairs, but in comparison to the real stellate hairs their spines are in a single plain and not 3-dimensional. the stellate hairs can be subdivided into short and long ones. c. beccariana var. beccariana has long and short stellate hairs, whereas.c. beccariana var. hosei only has short ones. c. penangensis and c. beccariana var. tenuifolia have long stellate hairs. the stellate hairs are single except in c beccariana var. tenuifolia where they occur in tufts. lepidote hairs are found in c. beccariana var. havilandii and c. lepidotula, but the length of the hairs in c. lepidotula is longer than those of c. beccariana var. havilandii. stomata stomata are found on the lower leaf surface only; c. beccariana var. tenuifolia also has a few on the upper surface. the stomata of cephalomappa are paracytic and mostly elliptic. distribution cephalomappa is found in west malesia (malay peninsula, sumatra, and borneo). c. lepidotula and c. malloticarpa are widespread in w malesia, c. beccariana and c. paludicola are endemic in sarawak, and c. penangensis is only found in the malay peninsula. all species mainly occur in the humid tropics and they are absent from areas with a dry monsoon. phylogenetrc analysis of cephalomappa the phylogenetic analysis of cephalomappa was performed with the genus koilodepas as outgroup. the latter was selected because it is classified in the sister subtribe of the cephalomappinae, the epiprininae. within this subtribe it seems to be the se asian genus with probably most primitive characters, e.g. staminate flowers in racemes, pistillate calyx not accrescent nor involucrate, styles free, stamens 3-6, filaments not inflexed in bud (webster, 1994). koilodepas could have been used as outgroup together with muricococcum sinense, but because not all characters could be interpreted from the drawing nor description, the latter could not be added as outgroup. 1998] ratna w1duri& peter welzen : malesian cephalomappa 159 the characters and character states used are shown in table 1. the data matrix can be found in table 2. character 7 contains a question mark for c malloticarpa and c. penangensis, because these two species are polytypic for the number of stamens, they possess 3-4 or 4-5 respectively. the analysis is performed with the program paup 3.0 (swofford, 1993) with all characters unordered and the exhaustive search in operation. character 1: leaf shape character 8: anther attachment 1 = elliptic 1 = basally 2 = ovate 2 = dorsally 3 = obovate character 2: number of glands character 9: hairs on androphore abaxially 1 = glabrous 1 = 1 2 = hairy 2 = 2 3 = 3 4 = 4 character 3 : hairs on leaves character 10: carpel type 1 = glabrous 1 = astylocarpellous 2 = hairy 2 = stylocarpellous character 4: staminate flower character 11: pistillate perianth 1 = sessile 1 = free 2 = not sessile 2 = connate character 5: margin of bracteoles character 12: apex of pistillate of staminate flowers calyx lobes 1 = entire 1 = acute 2 = fimbriate 2 = obtuse character 6 : surface of staminate character 13: glands on pistillate calyx lobes calyx 1 = smooth 1 = at base of lobes 2 = thinly papillate 2 = at apex of lobes 3 = densely papillate character 7: number of stamens character 14: stigma surface 1 = 2 1 = smooth 3 = 4 2 = papillate table 1. characters and character states used in the phylogenetic analysis of cephalomappa. 160 reinwardtia [vol. 11 characters koilodepas cephalomappa c. beccariana var. c. beccariana var. c. beccariana var. c. beccariana var. c. lepidotula c. mallolicarpa c. paludicola c. penangensis becariana havilandii hosei tenuifolia 1 ; 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 4 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 4 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 5 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 6 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 7 1 1 1 1 2 9 2 9 8 i 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 9 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 10 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 11 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 13 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1' / 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 table 2. datamatrix used for the phylogenetic analysis of cephalomappa the resulting cladogram (fig. 3) is 18 steps long and does not show any homoplasy (consistency and retention index = 1). all species branch of sequentially, starting with c. paludicola and ending with the sister species c. penangensis and the variable c. beccariana. characters 6 and 7 may have a different optimisation. the few papillae on the staminate calyx lobes (character 6) are now considered to be an apomorphy for cephalomappa with a further development on the next node after c. paludicola splits off. however, they may also be an autapomorphy for c. paludicola and dense papillate may be the apomorphy for cephalomappa. character 7, due to the question mark for c. penangensis can change from 4 to 3 stamens below c. beccariana or below c. penangensis. however, c. penangensis has 4 (or 5) stamens, therefore the character change in character 7 occured in c. beccariana. the polytomy for the varieties c. beccariana could not be resolved, partly because the species show autapomorphies (lepidote hairs in var. havilandii, ovate leaves in var. beccariana) and partiy because the character differences (undulation of anticlinal epidermal walls, density of stellate hairs) were too slight to distinguish different character states. the character at the base of the cladogram are considered to be apomorphies for cephalomappa and not for koilodepas. however, this interpretation is uncertain for character 4 (pedicel of staminate flower) and 13 (gland on the calyx lobes of the pistillate flower). the other characters also seem to be present in muricococcum, which still has basally attached anthers. 1998] ratna wlduri & peter welzen : malesian cephalomappa 161 fig. 3. cladogram of cephalomappa baill. taxonomy cephalomappa baill. cephalomappa baill., adansonia 2 (1874) 131; pax in engl., pflanzenr. iv. 147 ii (1910) 16; pax & k.hoffm. in engl. & harms, nat. pflanzenfam. 2 ed., 19c (1931) 123; airy shaw, kew bull. 14 (1960) 380; kew bull. 16 (1963) 353; whitmore, tree fl. malaya 2 (1973) 76; airy shaw, kew bull. add. ser. 4 (1975) 66; airy shaw, kew bull. 36 (1981) 274; webster, ann. missouri bot. garden 81 (1994) 79. t y p e species: cephalomappa beccariana baill. tree, monoecious. indumentum: next to simple hairs usually with lepidote and stellate hairs. brandies smooth to rough. leaves alternate, simple; stipules small, linear, very early caducous, petioles terete, basally and apically pulvinate, usually hairy; lamina ovate to elliptic or obovate, symmetric, coriaceous; base rounded-obtuse or acute; margin entire to crenate to dentate, flat or recurved; with glands on the lower surface, apex acuminate to cuspidate, very apex obtuse to acute; upper surface glabrous, sometimes with stellate nairs on the basal part ot the 162 reinwardtia [vol. 11 midrib; lower surface hairy or glabrous; venation pinnate, raised on both sides, especially below, nerves 4-11 pairs, submarginally looped, united, veins scalariform; 1-4 glands at the lower part of leaf base. inflorescences axillary, reduced thyrses, receme-like, branching, with the staminate flowers in glomerules and the pistillate flowers solitary. peduncles and pedicels hairy or glabrous. bracts ovate, with stellate hairs, apex (obtusely) acute; bracteoles ovate or obovate. flowers actinomorphic, sessile or pedicellate. staminate flowers: calyx 3-merous, campanulate, valvate, lobes rounded or acute, thinly to densely papillate; petals and disc absent; staments 3-5; filaments oasally united into a glabrous to hairy androphore; anther subapically dorsifixed, opening latrors, lengthwise, smooth; pistillode 1, small. pistillate flowers: calyx either connate and 5-merous, or free and 8 sepals, basal angle between lobes obtuse or acute, apex entire or bifid, acute or obtuse, with a gland; ovary superior, echinate to densely echinate, hairy, 3-locular; ovules 1 per locule, subapically attached, descending, apotropous; style short to long, terete, glabrous or with stellate hairs; stigmas 3 or 4, apically entire or bifid, smooth below, papillate above. fruit a rhegma, ellipsoid in lateral view, 3-lobed, all lobes developed, echinate to densely echinate, with stellate hairs or glabrous; wall thick, woody, smooth ana glabrous inside; peduncle hairy or galbrous. seed subglobular, smooth, glabrous, apex 2lobed; hilum ovate. leaf anatomy: abaxial surface of leaf hairy or glabrous; epidermis consiting of cells with sinuous to deeply sinuous anticlinal walls or almost straight to sligtly wavy; stomata paracytic, elliptic. distribution. five species are recognized, all in malesia : malay peninsula, sumatra, and borneo. key to the species 1. a. branches rough. lower leaf sufaee hairy 2 1 b. braches smooth. lower leaf surface glabrous 4 2. a. androphore subglabrous, stigma apically entire. fruit echinate 3 b. androphore glabrous. stigma apically bifid. fruit densely echinate 2. c. lepidotula 3. a. leaves ovate or elliptic. stamens 3 1. c. beccariana b. leaves elliptic. stamens 4 (or 5) 5. c. penangensis 4. a. leaves obovate, margin serrate. staminate bracteoles with fimbriate apex. sepals of pistillate flowers connate; stigmas 3 3. c. malloticarpa b. leaves elliptic, margin crenate. staminate bracteoles with an acute apex. sepals of pistillate free; stigma 4 4. c. paludicola 1998] ratna wlduri & peter welzen : malesian cephalomappa 163 1. cephalomappa beccariana baill. fig. 4-8, map 1 cephalomappa beccariana baill., adansonia 2 (1874) 131; pax in engl., pflanzenr. iv.147.ii (1910)17; airy shaw, kew bull. 14 (1960) 380; kew bull. add. ser. 4 (1975) 66. type : beccari pb 425 (holo fi, n.v.; iso in k), sarawak. tree. branches rough, flowering branches c. 3.5 mm thick. leaves: petiole 1.1-3.5 cm long, covered by dense long and short stellate hairs; lamina ovate to elliptic, 4-20.2 by 2-9.3 cm, base obtuse to rounded, with a single gland at the lower surface close to the midrib, mar.gin entire to subentire to shallowly denticulate, flat, apex acuminate to cuspidate, very apex acute, upper surface glabrous except for basal part of midrib, lower surface covered with dense short lepidote to sparse (tuffed) short to dense long and short stellate hairs, nerves 5-7 pairs. peduncle 2-3.5 cm long, densely hairy; peduncle to glomerules 0.1-2.7 cm long, densely hairy; glomerules 2-5 by 2.6 mm. staminate flowers 24-28 together, 1.6-3.4 by 0.1-1.2 mm; bracts 0.8-1.2 by 0.2-0.4 mm; bracteoles 1.2-1.4 by 0.2-0.4 mm, margin fimbriate; calyx tube 1.2-2.4 by 0.8-1.6 mm; lobes 0.5-0.8 by 0.3-0.5 mm, subglabrous, densely papillate; stamens 3, androphore 0.3-0.5 by 0.15-0.3 mm, subglabrous to with few stellate hairs, filaments 1.6-2.4 mm long, anther 0.6-0.8 by 0.3-0.4 mm; pistillode 1-2.2 mm long. pistillate flowers: pedicels 0.2-3.1 mm long, with short lepidote hairs or long and short stellate hairs; bracts 1-1.4 by 0.2-0.4 mm, apex obtuse, with stellate hairs, calyx 5-lobed, with dense long and short stellate hairs; tube 0.3-1.7 by 0.9-1.8 mm; lobe 0.8-1.3 by 0.4-1.2 mm; ovary 0.9-2.3 by 0.6-2.0 mm, style 0.6-1.6 mm long; stigmas 3, 0.7-1.5 mm long, apically entire, surface papillate. fruits 1.2-1.9 by 1.3-2.6 cm, echinate, with long and short stellate hairs, peduncle 2-4.5 cm, 1.4-2.5 mm; wall 2.7-3 mm thick. seeds 0.7-1.3 by 0.7-1.3 cm. leaf anatomy: leaf abaxially with dense short (75-90 um long) lepidote hairs, or sparse to dense long (125-163 µm) and short (63-94 µm) stellate hairs; epidermis cells with slightly wavy to (deeply) sinuous anticlinal walls, 36-44 by 18-29 um wide. stomata 21-24 by 16-18 µm. distribution. malesia : borneo (sarawak). 164 reinwardtia [vol. 11 1cm 1cm fig. 4. cephalomappa beccariana baill, a. habit; b. staminate flower; c. pistillate flower; d. fruit; e. fruit valves; f. seed; g. indumentum of lower leaf surface (a-c, g: s. 25985, l; e-f: arizi bin arshid 10298, bo). 19981 ratna widuri & peter welzen : malesian cephalomappa 165 map 1. distribution of cephalomappa beccariana baill. and its varieties key to the varieties of c. beccariana 1. a. lower leaf surface with stellate hairs, epidermis cells with sinuous anticlinal walls 2 b. lower leaf surface with lepidote hairs, epidermis cells with slightly wavy anticlinal walls var. havilandii 2. a. blade coriaceous, margin entire 3 b. blade papery, margin subentire to shallowly denticulate .... var. lenuifolia 3. a. leaves elliptic, lower surface with sparse stellate hairs, epidermis cells with sinuous anticlinal walls var. hosei b. leaves ovate, lower surface with dense stellate hairs, epidermis cells with deeply sinuous anticlinal walls var. beccariana var. beccariana fig. 5 cephalomappa beccariana baill. var. beccariana : airy shaw, kew bull. 14 (1960) 380; kew bull. add. ser. 4 (1975) 66. -type : as the species. leaves: petioles 1.2-3.5 cm long; lamina ovate, 6-12 by 4-5.8 cm, coriaceous, base rounded, margin entire, lower surface covered with dense long and short stellate hairs. peduncle to staminate glomerules 1.1-1.7 cm long, densely hairy; glomerules 4.5-5 by 2.6-3.1 mm. staminate flowers 2.9-3.4 by 0.8-1.2 mm; calyx: tube 2.2-2.4 by 0.8-1.2 mm, lobes 0.7 166 reinwardtia [vol. 11 0.7-0.8 by 0.3-0.5 mm, subglabrous; stamens: androphore 0.3-0.5 by 0.2-0.3 mm, filaments 1.8-2.4 mm long; pistillode 1.6-2 mm long. pistillate flowers: pedicels 1-3.1 cm long, covered with long and short stellate hairs; calyx: tube 0.3-0.5 by 1.4-1.8 mm, lobes 1.1-1.3 by 0.6-1.2 mm; ovary 1.9-2.3 by 1.6-2 mm, style 1.2-1.6 mm long, stigmas 1.3-1.5 mm long. fruits 1.5-1.9 by 2.4-2.6 cm. seeds 1.2-1.3 by 1.1-1.3 cm. leaf anatomy: abaxial epidermis with dense long (125-163 µm) and short (63-94 µm) stellate hairs; epidermis cells with deeply sinuous anticlinal walls, 41-43 by 24-26 urn; stomata c. 24 by 18 µm. distribution. malesia : borneo (sarawak). habitat & ecology. tree in primary lowland forest, on hill slopes with yellow sandy soil. alt: sea level up to 275 m. vernacular names. sarawak : mahu hutan (malay)., uses. the fruit is locally eaten. fig. 5. leaf anatomy of cephalornappa beccariana baill. var. beccariana. a. epidermal cells on adaxial surface, x 100; b. epidermal cells and stomata on abaxial surface, x 100; c. stellate hair on abaxial surface, x20. (a-c: s. 25985, l). 1998j ratna widuri & peter welzen : malesian c e p h a l o m a p p a 167 notes. baillon (1874) described the apex of the stigmas as bifid. we found those to be entire. var. havilandii airy shaw fig. 6. cephalomappa beccariana baill. var havilandii airy shaw , kew bud. 14 (1960) 380; kew bull. 16 (1963) 353; kew bull. add. ser. 4 (1975) 66. type: haviland £184 (k, holo, n.v.; iso bm, l, bo), sarawak, near kuching. fig. 6. leaf anatomy of cephalomappa beccariana baill. var. havilandii. a. epidermal cells on adaxial surface, x 100; b. epidermal cells and stomata on abaxial surface, x 100; c. lepidote hairs on abaxial surface, x 20. (a-c: haviland 2184, l). leaves: petioles 1,4-2.3 cm long ; lamina elliptic, 4-8 by 2-4.3 cm, coriaceous, base obtuse; margin entire, lower surface with dense short lepidote hairs. peduncle to staminate glomerules 2-5 mm long with short lepidote hairs; glomerules 2-4 by 4-6 mm. staminate flowers 1.6-1.8 by 0.8-1 mm; calyx tube 1.2-1 by 1.2-16 mm, lobes 0,5-0.7 by 0.3-0.5 mm, subglabrous; stamens: androphore 0.3-0.5 by 0.2-0.3 mm, subglabrous, 168 reinwardtia [vol. 11 filaments 1.6-2 mm long; pistillode 1.8-2.2 mm long. pistillate flowers: sessile or with pedicels, latter with short lepidote hairs; calyx: tube 0.3-0.5 by 1.3-1.5 mm, lobes 0.8-1.2 by 0.4-0.6 mm; ovary 1.9-2.1 by 1.6-1.8 mm, style 1.2-1.3 mm long, stigmas 0.9-1.3 mm long. fruits 1.5-1.7 by 1.3-1.5 cm. seeds 0.8-1 by 7-0.9 cm. leaf anatomy: abaxial epidermis with dense short (75-90 µm long) lepidote hairs; epidermis cells with slightly wavy anticlinal walls, 36-42 by 18-22 µm; stomata c. 22 by 16 urn. distribution. malesia: borneo (sarawak). var. hosei airy shaw fig.7 cephalomappa beccariana baill. var. hosei airy shaw, kew bull. 14 (1960) 380; kew bull. add. ser. 4 (1975) 66. type: hose 303 (k, holo, n.v., iso in l), sarawak, baram fig. 7. leaf anatomy of cephalomappa beccariana baill. var. hosei. a. epidermal cells on adaxial surface, x 100; b. epidermal cells and stomata on abaxial surface, x 100; c. stellate hairs on abaxial surface, x 20. (a-c: hose 303, l). 1998] ratna widuri & peter welzen ; males ion cephalomappo 169 leaves: petioles 1.1-3.2 cm long; lamina elliptic, 6-18 by 4-7.4 cm, coriaceous, ibase rounded, margin entire, lower surface with sparse short stellate hairs. peduncle to staminate glomerules 1-3.1 mm long, sometime absent, covered with dense short stellate hairs; glomerules c. 4 by 3.75 mm. staminate flowers c. 1.9 by 0.9 mm; calyx tube c. 1.2 by 0.9 mm, lobes 0.7 by 0.4 mm; stamens: androphore c. 0.3 by 0.15 mm subglabrous, filaments c. 1.8 mm long; pistillode 1-2 mm long; pistillate flowers sessile or with 1-3.1 mm long pedicels, the latter covered with dense short stellate hairs; calyx tube 1.5-1.7 by 1.4-1.6 mm, lobes 0.9-1.2 by 0.5-0.7 mm; ovary 1.8-2 by 1.7-1.9 mm, style 1.2-1.4 mm long, stigma 0.9-1.1 mm long. fruits 1.4 -1.6 by 1.9-2.3 cm. seeds 0.70.9 by 0.8-0.9 cm. leaf anatomy: abaxial epidermis with sparse short (60-94 µm long) stellate hairs. epidermis cells with sinuous anticlinal walls, 42-44 by 25-29 µm; stomata c. 23 by 16 µm. distribution. malesia: borneo (sarawak). var. tenuifolia airy shaw fig. 8 cephalomappa beccariana baill. var. tenuifolia airy shaw, kew bull. add. ser. 4(1975) 66 type: s. 18041 (k, holo; iso in bm, bo), sarawak, first division, lundu district, gunong gading. leaves: petioles 1,2-3.5 cm long; lamina elliptic, 8-20.2 by 5-9.3 cm, papery, base rounded, margin subentire to shallowly denticulate, lower surface covered with sparse stellate hairs in tufts. penduncle to staminate glomerules 2-2.7 cm long, covered with dense short stellate hairs; glomerules c. 3 by 4 mm. staminate flowers 1.8-2.2 by 1-1.1 mm; calyx tube 1.2-1.4 by 0.9-1.1 mm, lobes 0.6-0.8 by 0.3-0.5 mm; stamens: androphore 0.3-0.5 by 0.2-0.3 mm, subglabrous, filaments 1.8-2.2 mm long; pistillode 1.3-1.5 mm long. pistillate flowers: pedicels 0.2-0.3 mm, covered with dense stellate hairs; calyx tube 0.3-0.5 by 0.9-1.1 mm, lobes 0.8-1 by 0.7-0.9 mm; ovary 0.9-1.2 by 0.6-0.8 mm, style 0.6-0.8 mm lone, stigma 0.7-0.9 mm long. fruits 1.2-1.4 by 2.4-2.6 cm. seeds 0.9-1.1 by 1-1.2 cm. leaf anatomy: abaxial epidermis covered with sparse stellate hairs 69-125 µm long; epidermis cells with sinuous: anticlinal walls, 41-43 by 21-24 µm; somata c. 21 by 16 µm. distribution. malesia: borneo (sarawak). 170 reinwardtia [vol. 11 fig. 8. leaf anatomy of cephalomappa beccariana baill. var. tenuifolia. a. epidermal cells on adaxial surface, x 100; b. epidermal cells and stomata on abaxial surface, x 100; c. lepidote hairs on abaxial surface, x 20. (a-c: s. 18041, bo). 2. cephalomappa lepidotula airy shaw fig. 9,10; map 2 cephalomappa lepidotula airy shaw, kew bull. 14 (1960) 379; whitmore, tree fl. malaya 2 (1973) 76; airy shaw, kew bull. add. ser. 4 (1975) 67; kew bull. 36 (1981) 275. -type: beccari 975 (k, holo, n.v. iso in bm, l), sumatra, padang prov., sungai bulu. tree. branches rough, flowering branches c.3.5 mm thick. leaves : petioles 3.2-5.2 cm long covered with dense lepidote hairs; lamina elliptic, 6.5-20.2 by 3.4-5.2 cm, base obtuse, with 2 glands at the lower surface 1998] ratna widuri & peter welzen .malesian cephalomappa 171 is; ..•.'$:.'.'•• i 1 mm 1cm fig. 9. cephalomappa lepidotula airy s h a w . a. habit; b. s t a m i n a t e flower; c. p i s t i l l a t e flower; d. f r u i t ; e. f r u i t valves; f. seed; g i n d u m e n t u m of lower leaf surface ( a g : beccari 975, l). . 172 reinwardtia [vol. 11 near the midrib, margin dentate, flat, apex acuminate, very apex acute, upper surface glabrous, lower surface with closely set lepidote hairs.nerves 5-9 pairs. peduncle 2-3.5 cm long, densely hairy; peduncle to glomerules 0.7-1 cm long, densely hairy; glomerules 3.8-4.2 by 3.6-3.8 mm. staminate flowers 27-35 together, 1.6-1.8 by 0.9-1.1 mm; bracts c. 1.1 by 0.9 mm; bracteoles 0.8-1 by 0.2-0.3 mm, margin fimbriate; calyx tube 1.1-1.3 by 0.9-1.1 mm, lobes 0.4-0.6 by 0.3-0.5 mm, densely papillate; stamens 4, androphore 0.3-0.5 by 0.2-0.3 mm, glabrous, filaments 1.1-1.3 mm long; anthers 0.6-0.8 by 0.4-0.6 mm; pistillode 0.9-1.1 mm long. pistillate flowers: pedicels 1.4-1.6 mm long, covered with dense lepidote hairs; bracts ovate, 0.9-1.1 by 0.8-2.2 mm, apex acute, with lepidote hairs; calyx 5-lobed, with lepidote hairs, tube 0.3-0.5 by 1.4-1.6 mm; lobes 1-1.2 by 0.7-0.9 mm; ovary 0.9-1.1 by 1.1-1.4 mm; style 1.6-1.8 mm long; stigmas 3, 1.3-1.5 mm long, apically bifid, surface papillate. fruits c. 3 by 4.2 cm, densely echinate with 2.53.7 mm long spines, lepidote hairs present; peduncle 1-2.9 by 1.9-2.9 mm; wall c. 2.4 mm thick, woody, inside smooth and glabrous. seeds 1-1.2 by 0.9-1.1 cm, smooth, glabrous, apex 2-lobed. leaf anatomy: leaf abaxially covered with lepidote hairs 87-113 µm long; epidermis cells with wavy anticlinal walls, 34-36 by 20-22 µm; stomata c. 24 by 17 µm. distribution. malesia: malay peninsula, sumatra, borneo. ecology. tree in swampy forest and on hill slopes, alt: c. 195 m. map 2. distribution of cephalomappa lepidotula airy shaw 1998] ratna widuri & peter welzen : malesian cephalomappa 173 fig. 10. leaf anatomy of cephalomappa lepidolula. a. epidermal cells on adaxial surface, x 100; b. epidermal cells and stomata on abaxial surface, x 100; c. lepidote hairs on abaxial surface, x 20. (a—c: beccari 975, l). 3. cephalomappa malloticarpa j.j. sm. f i g . 11, 12; map 3 cephalomappa mallolicarpa j .j. sm., bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ser. ill, 6 (1924) 95; merr., p i . elmer. (1929) 160; airy shaw, kew bull. 14 (1960) 380; whitmore tree f l . malaya 2 (1973) 76, fig. 4; airy shaw, kew bull add ser 4 (1975) 67kew bull. 36 (1981) 275 type: viii f. 50 (bo, hololecto), culta bogor botanical gardens. tree. brandies smooth, glabrous, flowering branches c. 4.3 mm thick. leaves: petiole 0.6-1.2 cm long, glabrous; lamina obovate, 10-28.2 by 2.5-6.2 cm, base acute with 2 glands at the lower surface near the midrib, margin serrate, flat, apex cuspidate, very apex obtuse, both surfaces smooth, glabrous, nerves 8-11 pairs. peduncle 2-3 cm long, glabrous; 174 reinwardtia [vol. 11 fig. 11. cephalomappa mallolicarpa j.j. sm. a. habit; b. staminate flower; c. pistillate flower; d. fruit; e. fruit valves; f. seed (a—f: culta bogor botanical gardens viii f 50, bo). 1998] ratna widuri & peter welzen : malesian cephalomappa 175 fig. 12. leaf anatomy of cephalomappa malloticarpa j.j. sm. a. epidermal cells on adaxial sur-face, x 100; b. epidermal cells and stomata on abaxial surface, x 100; c. abaxial surface glabrous, x 40. (a—c: culta bogor botanical gardens viii f. 50, bo). peduncle to glomerules 0.5-1.8 cm long, glabrous, glomerules 0.5-0.7 by 0.4-0.6 cm. staminate flowers 29-36 together, 1.8-2.2 by 0.9-1.1 mm; bracts 0.9-1.1 by 0.2-0.4 mm; bracteoles 1.4-1.6 by 0.5-0.7 mm, margin fimbriate; calyx tube 1.4-1.7 by 0.9-1.1 mm; lobes 0.4-0.5 by 0.4-0.6 mm, glabrous, densely papillate; stamens 3 (or 4), androphore 0.3-0.4 by c. 0.2 mm, glabrous, filaments 1.1-1.3 mm long; pistillode 0.8-1 mm long. pistillate flowers: pedicels 0-2 cm long, glabrous; bracts 0.9-1.1 by 0.3-0.5 mm, apex obtuse, subglabrous; calyx 5-lobed, subglabrous, tube 0.3-0.5 by 1.5-1.7 mm, lobes 1-1.2 by 0.5-0.7 mm; ovary 1.5-1.7 by 2.5-2.7 mm, style c. 1.5 mm long, stigmas 3, 1.8-2 mm, apex of stigmas usually bifid, surface papillate. fruits 1.1-1.3 by 2.2-2.4 cm, echinate; peduncle 3-6.5 cm, 2-2.4 mm; wall 2.83 mm thick, woody, inside smooth and glabrous. seeds 1.1-1.3 by 0.9-1.1 cm. leaf anatomy: leaf abaxially glabrous; epidermis cells with sinuous anticlinal walls, 44-46 by 26-30 µm; stomata c. 26 by 16 µm. 176 reinwardtia [vol. 11 distribution. malesia: malay peninsula, sumatra, borneo (not known from brunei and sarawak yet). ecology. tree in primary forest, on hillside with a sandy-loam soil with lime. alt: 80-600 m. uses. the wood is of low quality, its durability class is v. nevertheless, local people use it for the contruction of their house. map 3. distribution of cephalomappa mallolicarpa j.j. sm. notes.'the original syntypes, cultivated in bogor botanical garden, were said to have been originally from mt. salak in java, but this species has never been found on this mountain. up to now the species is not known from java, therefore, j. j. smith's suspicion of the mt. salak origin of the trees seems justified. 4. cephalomappa paludicola airy shaw fig. 13, 14; map 4 cephalomappa paludicola airy shaw, kew bull. 14 (1960) 380; kew bull. 16 (1963) 353; whitmore, tree fl. malaya 2 (1973) 76; airy shaw, kew bull. add. ser. 4 (1975) 67. — type: s. 9713 (k, holo, n.v.; iso in l), sarawak, binatang distr., surong trib., daro forest reserve. tree. branches smooth, flowering branches c. 3.2 mm thick. leaves: petiole 0.5-0.7 cm long, glabrous; lamina elliptic, 6.5-13 by 2-5 cm, base acute, with 4 glands at the lower surface near the midrib, margin 1998] ratna widuri & peter welzen : maleaian cephalomappa 177 2 cm fig. 13. cephalomappa paludicola airy shaw. a. habit; b. staminate flower; c. pistillate flower; d. fruit; e. fruit valves; f. seed; g. indumentum of lower leaf surface (a & g s. 9713, l; b-f : anderson 25557,l) 178 reinwardtia [vol. 11 fig. 14. leaf anatomy of cephalomappa paludicola airy shaw. a. epidermal cells on adaxial surface, x 100; b. epidermal cells and stomata on abaxial surface, x 100; c. abaxial surface glabrous, x 40. (a-c: s. 9713, l ) . crenate, recurved, apex acuminate-cuspidate, apex obtuse, upper and lower surface glabrous, nerves 4-6 pairs. peduncle: 1.6-2 cm long, glabrous; peduncle to glomerules 0.3-1.8 mm long, glabrous; glomerules 6-9 by 4-7 mm. staminate flowers 25-33 together, 1.8-2.2 by 1.3-1.5 mm; bracts 0.8-1 by 0.4-0.6 mm; bracteoles 0.7-0.9 by 0.3-0.5 mm, margin entire, apex acute; calyx tube 1.2-1.5 by 1.3-1.5 mm, lobes 0.8-0.7 by 1-1.2 mm, thinly papillate; stamens 4, androphore 0.3-0.4 by 0.15-0,2 mm, glabrous, filaments 1.7-1.9 mm long; anthers 0.6-0.8 by 0.4-0.5 mm; pistillode 1, 1.4-1.6 mm long. pistillate flowers: pedicel 0-2.2 cm, glabrous; bracts 1-1.2 by 0.9-1.1 mm, apex acute, subglabrous; 1998] ratna widuri & peter welzen : malesian cephalomappa 179 sepals 8, free, elliptic, 1.2-1.3 by 0.3-0.5 mm, apex obtuse and entire, glabrous; ovary 1.2-1.3 by 0.9-1.1 mm, style 1.1-1.3 mm long; stigmas 4, 2-2.5 mm long. fruits 1.4-1.6 by 2.3-2.5 cm, echinate glabrous; peduncle 1.5-1.7 cm by 1-3 mm; wall 2.6-2.8 mm thick. seeds 0.9-1.1 by 0.8-1 cm. leaf anatomy: leaf abaxially glabrous; epidermis cells with almost straight anticlinal walls, 38-42 by 1.9-2.2 µm. stomata c. 26 by 24 µm. distribution. malesia: borneo (sarawak). ecology. mainly found in freshwater peat swamp forest, also in primary forest. alt.: sea level up to 300 m. vernacular name. sarawak; arau, ahrau, pela uses, wood is used as firewood. map 4. distribution of cephalomappa paludicola airy shaw notes: distinguishable from the other species by its crenate leaf margin, staminate flowers with ovate bracteoles, and the 8 sepals of the pistillate flower with their obtuse apex. 5. cephalomappa penangensis ridl. — fig. 15, 16; map 5 cephalomappa penangensis ridl., fl. malay pen. 3 (1924) 279; airy shaw, kew bull. misc. inf. (1923) 368; kew bull. 14 (1960) 379; kew bull. 16 (1963) 353; whitmore, tree fl. malaya 2 (1972) 76. type: curtis 3584 (sing, iso), malay peninsula. 180 reinwardtia [vol. 11 o,5 cm imm fig. 15. cephalomappa penangensis ridl. a. habit; b. staminate flower; c. pistillate flower; d. fruit; e. fruit valves; f. seed; g. indumentum of lower leaf surface (a-f: curtis 3854,,sing). _ 1998] ratna widuri & peter welzen : malesian cephalomappa 181 a b fig. 16. leaf anatomy of cephalomappa penangensis ridl. a. epidermal cells on adaxial surface, x 100; b. epidermal cells and stomata on abaxial surface, x 100; c. stellate hairs on abaxial surface, x 20. (a-c: sinclair & kiah bin saleh 40866, b0). tree. branches rough, strong, flowering branches c. 4 mm thick. leaves: petiole 1.8-3.2 cm long, covered with densely stellate hairs; lamina elliptic, 14.5-23.5 by 7.4-10.4 cm, base obtuse, with 2 glands at the lower surface close to the midrib, margin sinuate, recurved, apex acuminate to cuspidate, apex acute; upper surface glabrous, glossy; lower surface covered with sparse long stellate hairs, nerves 7-9 pairs. peduncle 2-2.5 cm long, hairy; peduncle to glomerules 0.4-1.2 mm long, densely hairy; glomerules 6-8 by 4-6 mm. staminate flowers 27-34 together, 2.2-2.3 by 1.7-2.3 mm; bracts 1.2-1.4 by 0.6-0.9 mm; bracteoles 1.5-1.7 by 0.3-0.4 mm, margin fimbriate; calyx tube 1.4-1.6 by 1.7-2.3 mm, lobes 0.7-0.8 by 0.6-1.2 mm, densely papillate; stamens 4 (or 5), 182 reinwardtia [vol. 11 androphore 0.3-0.5 by 0.2-0.3, subglabrous, filaments 1.9-2.1 mm long, anthers 0.7-0.9 by 0.3-0.5 mm; pistillode 0.2-0.4 mm long. pistillate flowers: pedicels c. 0.8 cm long, with stellate hairs; bracts 1.2-1.3 by 0 6-0.8 mm, apex acute, with stellate hairs; calyx 5-lobed, with dense stellate hairs, tube 1.4-1.6 by 1.8-1 mm; lobes 0.3-0.4 by 0.3-0.5 mm; ovary c. 2.3 by 2.5, style 1.6-1.8, stigmas 3, 1-1.2 mm long, apically entire, surface papillate. fruits 1.4-1.8 by 2.2-2.4 cm, echinate, suglabrous; peduncle 1-3 cm 1.3-2 mm; wall 2.7-3.1 mm thick. seeds 1-1.2 by 1.1-1.3 cm. leaf anatomy: leaf abaxially covered with long stellate hairs, 125-225 µm long; epidermis cells with deeply sinuous anticlinal walls, 42-44 by 26-28 µm. stomata c. 23 by 17 µm. distribution. malesia: malay peninsula. ecology. tree in lowland forest. alt.: c. 90 m map 5. distribution of cephalomappa penangensis ridl. notes. c. penangensis resembles c. beccariana var tenuifolia, but the latter has thin leaves with a flat denticulate margin. c. penangensis, unlike the other species has much stouter petioles, and stiff recurved leaves with a sinuate margin. 1998] ratna widuri & peter welzen : malesian cephalomappa 183 excluded names cephalomappa sinensis (chun & how) kosterm., reinwardtia 5 (1961) 413; airy shaw, kew bull. 16 (1963) 354. = muricococcum sinense chun & how, acta phytotax. sinica 5 (1956) 14, t. vi. acknowledgement this paper forms part of a m.sc thesis submitted to the bogor agricultural university (ipb) in 1995. we would like to thank the keeper of the herbarium bogoriense for the use of research facilities in the herbarium bogoriense and the directors of the natural history museum, london (bm), the herbarium of the royal botanic gardens kew (k), the rijksherbarium/ hortus botanicus leiden (l) and singapore botanic gardens (sing) for allowing to examine the specimens under their keeping and mr. sobari (bogor) for preparing the illustrations. one of us (rw) is under deep obligation to prof. dr. ir. h. edi guhardja, m.sc, prof. dr. mien a. rifai and dr. elizabeth a. widjaja for supervising her study and to drs. effendy a. sumardja m.sc. director of directorate nature reserve, ministry of forestry for continously encouraging her to pursue this study. identification list material of cephalomappa studied : 1 = c. beccariana var. beccariana 5 = c. lepidotula 2 = c. beccariana var. havilandii 6 = c. malloticarpa 3 = c. beccariana var. hosei 7 = c. paludicola 4 = c. beccariana var. tenuifolia 8 = c. penangensis ahmad talip 54991: 5 anderson 12: 7; 5123: 7; 5235: 7;8540: 7; 12886: 7; 25557: 7; 25985: 1 arizi bin arshid 10298:1 bb series 13554: 6; 13921: 6; 18464: 6; 19828: 6; 19829: 6; 32077: 6; 32154: 6beccari 975: 5 -bogor botanical garden viii. f. 32: 6; 32 a: 6; 50: 6; 50 a: 6bojangbin sitam 13139: 7; 13803: 7. chew wee lek 570: 4; 586: 4 clemens et al. 20197: 6 corner 28951: 5 curtis 1571:8; 3584:8. dorstt 1032: 6. elmer 21695: 6. forman 604: 6; fri 6675: 6; 10741:6; 7546:6. haviland 2184: 2 haviland & hose 3211: 2 hose 303: 3. 184 reinwardtia [vol. 11 jugah ak kurdi 23709: 1 josep au 23931: 6. kep series 10453: 6 kostermans 5376: 6; 12540: 6; 21587: 6. s series 8290: 3; 13006: 7; 14909: 1; 15143: 3; 18041: 4; 18470: 4; 23613: 3; 23669: 2; 24567: 3; 24601: 2; 31559: 1; 31721: 3; 42501: 5; 43648: 6; 43702: 6; 45211: 4 san series 64775: 6; 68492: 6; 75068: 5; 82236: 6; 99721: 5; 100006: 5; sanusi bin tahir 8953: 7; 9713: 7; shea 75087: 5 sinanggul 57297: 3 sinclair & kiah bin saleh 40866: 8. thorenaar 126 t3p 359: 6. wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 12681: 5; 14384: 6; 14826: 6; 19714: 6; 20821: 6. zehnder 5767: 7. references airy shaw, h. k. 1960. a synopsis ot the genus cephalomappa baill. notes on malaysian euphorbiaceae. kew bull. 14 : 378-382. airy shaw, h. k. 1963. further notes on cephalomappa baillon. notes on malaysian and other asiatic euphorbiaceae. kew bull. 16 : 354. airy shaw, h. k. 1975. the euphorbiaceae of borneo. kew bull. add. ser.4:67. airy shaw, h. k. 1981. the euphorbiaceae of sumatra. kew bull. 36 : 275. baillon, h. e. 1874. nouvelles observations sur les euphorbiac6es. adansonia. 11 : 131. chun, w.y. & how, f.c.. 1956. species novea arborum utilium chinae meridionalis. ada phytotax. sinica. 5 : 14. merrill, e. d. 1929. plantae elmerianae borneenses : 160. kostermans, a. j. g. h. 1961. the genus muricococcum chun & how (euphorbiaceae). reinwardtia. 5 : 413. pax, f & k. hoffmann. 1931. euphorbiaceae-acalypheae. in : engler, a. & h. harms, die naturlichen pflanzenfamilien. ed. 2. 19 c : 123. leipzig. pax, f. 1910. euphorbiaceae-jatropheae. in engler, a., das pflanzenreich. iv. 147. ii : 17. leipzig. ridley, h.n. 1923. the flora of malay peninsula. kew bull. misc. inform. 3 : 279, 280. smith, j. j. 1924. plantae nova. bull. jard. bot. buittenz. ser. iii. 6 : 95. swofford. d.l. 1993. paup : phylogenelic analysis using parsimony, version 3.11. computer program and manual. illinois natural history survey, champaign. webster, g.l. 1994. synopsis of the genera and suprageneric taxa of euphorbiaceae. ann. missourri bot. gard. 81 : 79. whitmore, t.c. 1973. euphorbiaceae. in : t.c. whitmore (ed.), tree flora of malaya 2 : 75,76. london, singapore. contents page ratna widuri & peter van welzen. a revision of the genus cephalomappa (euphorbiaceae) in malesia 153 alaka pande & v.g. rao. two new species of sphaerulina from india 185 kuswata kartawinata. additional notes on planckonia brevistipitata kusw. (lecythidaceae) 191 a.j.g.h. kostermans. the burmese cimiamomum (lauracee) 195 rugayah & w.j.j.o. de wllde. new taxa in malesian cucurbitaceae.. 215 the publication of this issue of reinwardtia is assisted by a grant from the faculty of science, osaka city university (japan) to which an acknowledgement is gratefully made. printed by 78 cover rein.vol 11,part 3, 153-225 rein. vol 11, part 3, 153-225_page_01 tmapakbelkng a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors soedarsono riswan mien a rifai elizabeth a. widjaja published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi — lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, 1 55 5 february 1992 io issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, pp. 23 26 (1992) two remarkable lindera species (lauraceae) probably representing an undescribed genus aj.g.h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia abstract two species of lindera (lauraceae), one from annam (lindera spicata, spec, nov.) and one from sulawesi, indonesia (lindera racemiflora spec, nov.) with an unusual kind of inflorescence are described. their genetic identity is not absolutely sure, as mature flowers are lacking. ultimately they may belong to an undescribed genus. a b s t r a k dua jenis lindera (lauraceae), salah satu dari annam (lindera spicata, spec, nov.) dan yang lain dari sulawesi, indonesia (lindera racemiflora,spec, nov.) mempunyai perbungaan yang tidak umum, telah dipertelakan. identitas marganya tidak meyakinkan karena tidak adanya bunga yang masak. diduga keduanya termasuk kedalam marga yang belum pernah dipertelakan. the two species described below are from ultrabasic and granitic soils and show a remarkable likeness in their inflorescences, one being spicate the other racemoid. unluckily they have been collected in a very young flower-bud stage and hence their generic identity is not-even absolutely sure. there is a possibility, that both pertain to an undescribed genus. lindera spicata kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 1 arbor parva ramulis cylindricis strietis dense minutissime puberulis, foliis alternantibus triplinerviis chartaceis ellipticis conspicue acuminatis, basi cuneatis, supra opacis nerviis principalibus filiformis impressis, subtus griseis, obscure minute reticulatis, sat dense ferrugineo-puberulis, inflorescentiis axillaribus, spiciformis dense minutissime puberulis, floribus sessilibus pilosis, bracteolis basalibus. — typus : poilane 32710 (l holo, p) 33 24 reinwardtia [vol. 11 tree 5 m tall, diam. 15 cm. twigs smooth, hard, stiff, cylindrical. leaves scattered, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, triplinerved, elliptic, 3 x 5 2.5 x 8 cm, conspicuously acuminate (acumen up to 1 cm), base cuneate; above dull, the three main nerves filiform, impressed, the surface densely microscopically reticulate-areolate; below pale, densely minutely reticulate, rusty-puberulous (denser on the nerves), hairs erect, slightly curly; the two basal lateral nerves slender, prominent, reaching the base of the acumen, connected by very thin camptodromous secondary veins; the lateral secundary veins erect-patent, near the margin arcuately ascendent. petiole very slender ca. 1 cm. spikes axillary, densely minutely puberulous (hairs erect, slightly curly), up to 3 cm long. bud pilose, sessile, subtended by a minute, acute bracteole. distribution : annam, only known from the type locality. the flower (or inflorescence) buds are too immature to be analyzed. i believe to have seen 2-celled anthers. annam, prov. kontum, dak gley, 1100 m alt., jan., buds, shrub vegetation damaged by fire, granitic soil, poilane 32710 (l holo, p). lindera racemiflora kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 2 arbor parya, ramulis cylindricis rigidis, minutissime sericeis, foliis alternantibus, penninervis, rigide chartaceis, sub lente sparse minutissime sericeis oblongis vel ellipticis, breve acuminatis, basi longe cuneatis, utrinqueopacis, supra nerviis principalibus filiformibus vix prominulis, subtus nervo mediano tenuibus prominulis, costis paucis erecto-patentibus arcuatis filiformibus inflorescentiis paniculatis axillaribus brevibus minutissime sericeis, ramulis gracilibus, paucis, innovationibus pedicellatis. — typus : van balgooy 3959 (bo) treelet 8 m; twigs cylindrical, stiff, hard, apically microscopically sericeous. leaves coriaseous, both surfaces rather dull, drying black, elliptic to oblong, 2 x 8 4 x 1 2 cm, acuminate, base iong-cuneate; above glabrous, smooth, midrib very slender, prominulous; ribs obscure; below sparsely, microscopically sericeous (dense on the nerves), midrib slender, prominent, ribs few, 5—7 pairs, erect-patent, arcuate, near the margin arcuately ascendent, filiform, prominulous; other veins very obscure. petiole slender, 10—15 mm. inflorescences axillary, paniculate, up to 3 cm long, branches few, thin, the lower ones up to 2 cm. flower (or inflorescence) buds with 2 mm long pedicels, microscopically densely sericeous. distribution : central celebes, e. of malili, on ultrabasic soil. sulawesi (celebes), behind inco driving center near nickel plant, disturbed forest, leaves glaucous underneath, flower buds yellow, alt. 500 m. (2° 15' — 3° s, 121° — 120° 45' e), july, van balgooy 3959 (bo). 1992] a.j.g.h. kostermans : two remarkable lindera species 25 fig. 1. lindera spicata kosterm. 2 6 reinwardtia [vol. 11 fig. 2. lindera racemiflora kosterm contents page rochadi abdulhadi seed banks in a sub-tropical rain forest 1 rochadi abdulhadi floristic changes in a sub-tropical rain forest succession 13 a.j.g.h. kostermans two remarkable lindera species (lauraceae) probably representing an undescribed genus 23 a.j.g.h. kostermans a new species of diplodiscus turcz. (tiliaceae) related to brownlowia roxb 27 n. sasidharan & k. swarupanandan a new species of cassine (celastraceae) from india , 29 a.j.g.h. kostermans reinstatement of pterocarpus echinata pers. (leguminosae — papilionaceae) ., 33 jumaat h adam & gc. wllcock. a new natural hybrid of nepenthes from mt. kinabalu (sabah) 35 a.j.g.h. kostermans durio macrantha kosterm. species nova (bombacaceae) from north sumatra 41 a.j.g.h. kostermans salacia acuminatissima kosterm., spec. nov. (celastraceae) from sri lanka 53 a.j.g.h. kostermans identity of dracontomelum petelotii tardleu -blot (anacard.) 55 printed by c v. bina karya cover rein.vol 11,part 1, 1-55 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_12a rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_29 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(2): 249-324, december 23, 2015 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirinpartomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia a c b d e g f h cover images: zingiber engganoensis ardiyani. a. habit b. leafy shoot and the inflorescence showing rhizomes, roots and root-tuber c. leaves d. ligule and swollen petiole e. dissection of inflorescence showing fruit f. spike and flowers g. dissection of flowers and fruits showing bract, bracteole, two lateral staminodes, two petal lobes, labellum, and the four appendages of the anther h. flower. source of materials: e190 (bo). photo credits: b, c, d by arief supnatna. a, e, f, g, h by marlina ardiyani. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 14(2): abdul latiff mohamad, faculty of science & technology, universiti kebangsaan malaysia, malaysia abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk campbell o. webb arnold arboretum, university of harvard, usa edwino fernando dept. of forest biological sciences, university of the philippines, los baños, philippines fabian brambach dept. of ecology & ecosystem research, georg august university, gottingen, germany john mood lyon arboretum, university of hawaii, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, chicago, usa mark newman royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk martin dancak faculty of science, palacky university, czech republic mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi) ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 299 ‒ 302 299 name remained invalid. as is usual in botanic gardens the name surely had a tally bearing the name listed in their catalogues. miquel (1857) in the netherlands had seen zollinger’s publication, but apparently no specimen (there is none in u, now moved to l), and he cited the name (following zollinger with a question mark!) under musa ornata roxb. the first validating diagnosis of musa salaccensis zoll. was provided by kurz (1867) who between 1859‒1863 worked in bo, and then in cal, where the main set of his herbarium now is. in bo he of course had access to the plants cultivated in the garden provided with a tally with zollinger’s binomial, and to the specimens in the herbarium, but here there were probably none of this species. his diagnose therefore must have been based on living material and on the five specimens in his own herbarium collected in the garden, the salak, and priaman, sumatra (cal; no zollinger specimen there; lakshminarasimhan, sanjappa, in litt.). these constitute the original material and a lectotype must be selected from this. in his diagnosis and on the sheets no reference was made to zollinger’s collection, so the latter is only by very remote inference through the use of the name and author to be regarded as “original material”. however, it seems very likely that he had seen zollinger’s verzeichniss (1854) as this was a very important contemporary work. in this context, nasution’s designation of zollinger hz 1353 in bo as the “type”, but introduction musa salaccensis zoll. (1854; musaceae) was first mentioned for a species named after its provenance, gunung salak, java, indonesia, a mountain south of bogor: “m. salaccensis zoll. (ornata roxb.?) hz 1353. ex m. salak in hb vi. tschau solè sund.” “hz” stands for “herbarium zollingerianum”, “hb vi” refers to the plot in ‘s lands plantentuin (hortus bogoriensis, buitenzorg), now kebun raya bogor, where the plant grew. as this is a name without a diagnosis or description the combination is invalidly published and has no type. a specimen (if it exists) may be called a “voucher”. the problem was where one might be. a rather complete set of zollinger collections is in bo. hotta (1989) listed the musa specimens present there and in kyo, l, san, sar and sing, but neither zollinger hz 1353 nor any other 19th century specimen of this species was mentioned for bo, while the zollinger collection was not present in the others, either. it is therefore puzzling to note that a bo duplicate was designated as the “type” by nasution (1993), who, however, retracted this the next year (nasution, 1994: “no longer exist”). it is still not found there, and a worldwide search assisted by many colleagues did not turn up a duplicate anywhere (see acknowledgements). teijsmann & binnendijk (1854, 1866) recorded the presence of this species in the bogor botanic garden, but gave no validating diagnose. thus the nomenclature and typification of musa salaccensis zoll. ex kurz (musaceae) received june 28, 2015; accepted september 08, 2015 j. f. veldkamp naturalis biodiversity center, section botany, p.o. box 9517, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: jef.veldkamp@naturalis.nl lulut dwi sulistyaningsih herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: lulutjv@gmail.com abstract veldkamp, j. f. & sulistyaningsih, l. d. 2015. nomenclature and typification of musa salaccensis zoll. ex kurz (musaceae). reinwardtia 14(2): 299 ‒ 302. — a nomenclatural history is given for musa salaccensis (musaceae) from java and sumatra, indonesia. previous typifications are rejected and a lectotype is designated here from original material. key words: indonesia, j ava, m usa salaccensis, m usaceae, nomenclatur e, sumatr a, typification. abstrak veldkamp, j. f. & sulistyaningsih, l. d. 2015. tatanama dan tipifikasi musa salaccensis zoll. ex kurz (musaceae). reinwardtia 14(2): 299 ‒ 302. — sejarah tatanama musa salaccensis (musaceae) dari jawa dan sumatera, indonesia disajikan dalam tulisan ini. tipifikasi yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya disanggah dan lektotipe telah dibuat dari material asalnya. kata kunci: indonesia, j awa, m usa salaccensis, m usaceae, sumater a, tatanama, tipifikasi. reinwardtia 300 [vol.14 otherwise unreported and now untraceable there, may be regarded as a neotypification (mcneill et al., 2012: art. 9.9). it may be noted that an author is not required to have seen any of his “original material” (art. 9 note 3). the closest that we can get to the plant that was collected by zollinger would be kurz s.n. (cal, sh. 469332, fig. 1a) that was taken from specimens in the bogor botanic garden, which very well may have provided the zollinger’s specimen(s). it is here designated as the lectotype. musa salaccensis does not occur in the bogor botanic garden any more. teijsmann & binnendijk (1866) also mentioned the accession of material from sumatra in the garden, β sumatrana, again without a diagnosis. having seen the plants side by side they apparently thought that these were two different taxa. as it is not in the catalogue of 1854, it must have come in afterwards, but before kurz left in 1863 as in the latter’s herbarium there is a collection said to have come from priaman (north of padang) and collected in the kebun raya, labelled β sumatrana kurz (cal sh. 469329, fig. 1b). this acquisition was possibly provided by diepenhorst who lived in priaman and sent many plants to teijsmann (van steenis-kruseman: 137. 1950). several later authors gave brief to lengthy descriptions, e.g. baker (1893), schumann (1900), koorders (1911), koorders-schumacher (1923, illustration), backer (1924), ochse (1931, illustration), meijer (1961, illustration), backer & bakhuizen f. (1968), hotta (1987, map; 1989, illustration), nasution (1993, illustration, map; 1994, map), and nasution & yamada (2001, map). we now deduce from the herbarium material and field work that the species is widespread in west sumatra from aceh to lampung, krakatau after the eruption of 1883 and west java. it would seem that it belongs to what van steenis (1958) called “biological nomads”: plants that cannot germinate under a closed canopy and generally are rare, but under changed circumstances, e.g. disturbances such as floods, gaps, landslides, volcanism, windfalls, or through logging or fire, may temporarily occur and then sometimes in great numbers, disappearing again after the forest has regenerated. häkkinen & väre (2009) stated without any supporting evidence that it would probably be extinct in java and would have a very vulnerable status in sumatra. fortunately, it is still present in west java, where in 2009 it was observed by second author in bodogol and cimelati, sukabumi, on the flanks of the mt. salak and mt. halimun (fig. 2; hw 13760, bo), while in west sumatra it has been reported to grow in thick stands in the ulu gadut area east of padang (itino et al., 1991; ornithophily) while on mt. sago near payakumbu it was the most common wild banana there (meijer, 1961). it also has been reported grow widely in lampung (fig. 3). häkkinen & väre (2008) summarised the typification and publications of musa salaccensis. they thought that names without descriptions would be illegitimate, instead they are invalid. they also referred to nasution (1993, 1994), as if he had proposed later homonyms that would be illegitimate by the absence of a latin description; again these names would have been invalid, supposing that nasution had indeed intended to describe a new species, which he did not. on the contrary, he cited kurz (1867) and some later authors. these publications apparently were not consulted by them, as in 2009 although actually even citing kurz (1867) and later authors, they attributed the validation to backer (1924). they neotypified the name with beccari 534 (k, holo) from w sumatra, padang, ayer mancior (= anei canyon). neotypification of a name manifestly of a java derivation with a sumatra specimen which may turn out to be a different taxon is to be deplored. as there is original kurz material in cal, this designation is to be rejected [art. 9.19(a)]. acknowledgements photographs of the kurz material present in cal were kindly provided by drs. p. lakshminarasimhan and m. k. sanjappa. ms. f. ainsworth (k) graciously provided some essential literature. no duplicates of zollinger hz 1353 were found in the virtual herbaria of a, aau, b, e, f, k, l, m, mo, ny, p, u, us, wag, z, zt. for most of these see http://herbarium.univie.ac. at/database/index.php. there were none in a (ms. m. peters), b (dr. r. vogt), br (dr. f. verloove), bo (l. d. sulistyaningsih), cal (dr. p. lakshminarasimhan, dr. m. sanjappa), cge (ms. j. g. murrell), e (dr. g. argent, d. j. middleton), fi (dr. r. m. baldini), fr (mr. r. doerin, dr. s. dreßler), g (dr. l. gautier), goet (dr. j. heinrichs), k (dr. i. m. turner, mr. m. xanthos), kiel (dr. m. nickol), lisu (ms. dr. a. i. de vasconcelos dias correia), m (dr. h.-j. esser), p (dr. t. haevermans), ph (ms. dr. a. freire-fierro), s (dr. a. anderberg), stu (mr. m. engelhardt), w (dr. e. vitek), wag (dr. p.j.m. maas), wrsl (dr. k. swierkosz), z (dr. r. nyffeler), zt (dr. m. baltisberger). many thanks to all these colleagues for their unsuccessful searches and our excuses for wasting their time. “never shot, always missed” (van steenis). references backer, c. a. 1924. handboek voor de flora van java 3. ruygrok & co., batavia. 132 p. backer, c. a. & bakhuizen van den brink f. r. c. 1968. flora of java 3. noordhoff, groningen. 37 p. baker, j. g. 1893. a synopsis of the genera and species of museae. a nn. bot. 7: 220. häkkinen, m. & väre, h. 2008. typification and check-list of musa l. names (musaceae) with nomenclatural notes. a dansonia iii, 30: 63‒112, illus. häkkinen, m. & väre, h. 2009. typification of 2015] 301 veldkamp & sulistyaningsih : nomenclature & typification of musa salaccensis (musaceae) fig. 1a. musa salaccensis zoll. ex kurz, lectotype (label written by kurz); 1b. musa salaccensis zoll. ex kurz, collection originating from priaman, sumatra (© by permission of the director, botanical survey of india). fig. 2. musa salaccensis collected on mt. halimun, west java. a. the whole plant; leaf blades ca. 1.2 m long b. the pink-purple male bud c. the female inflorescence (erect flowers indicate ornithophily; photo by harry wiriadinata). reinwardtia 302 [vol.14 fig. 3. musa salaccensis collected from way canguk, bukit barisan selatan national park, lampung, sumatra. a. infrutescence b. male bud with male flowers c. male phase of the inflorescence (photo by ridha mahyuni). musa salaccensis and nomenclatural notes on musa (musaceae). a dansonia iii, 31: 41‒46, illus. hotta, m. 1987. distribution of the genus musa in malesia. a cta phytotax. geobot. 38: 292‒302, illus. hotta, m. 1989. identification list of ensete and musa (musaceae) in se asia and west malesia. in hotta, m. diversity and plant-animal interaction in equatorial rain forests. pp. 73‒74. itino, t., kato, m. & hotta, m. 1991. pollination ecology of two wild bananas, musa acuminata subsp. halabanensis and m. salaccensis: chiropterophily and ornithophily. biotropica 23: 151‒158. koorders, s. h. 1911. exkursionsflora von java 1. fischer, jena. pp. 313‒314. koorders-schumacher, a. 1923. exkursions flora von java. atlas. 3 abt.: fam. fischer, jena. pp. 22‒49: 275, t. 513. kurz, s. 1867. notes on the plantains of the indian archipelago. j. a gric. soc. india 14: 301. mcneill, j., barrie, f. r., buck, w. r., demoulin, v., greuter, w., hawksworth, d. l., herendeen, p. s., knapp, s., marhold, k., prado, j., prud’homme van reine, w. f., smith, g. f., wiersema, j. h., turland n. j. 2012. international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (melbourne code). regnum veg. 154: xviii. 568 p. meijer, w. 1961. notes on wild species of musa from sumatra. a cta bot. neerl. 10: 248‒249, t. 1. miquel, f. a. w. 1857. flora van nederlandsch indië 3. van der post, amsterdam, etc. 589 p. nasution, r. e. 1993. rediscovery of two wild seeded bananas of indonesia. info musa 2: 16‒18. nasution, r. e. 1994. materials for a revision of musaceae: musa salaccensis zoll. from sumatera. jurn. biol. indon. 1: 31‒34. nasution, r. & yamada, i. 2001. pisang-pisang liar di indonesia. puslitbang biologi – lipi. pp. 25‒ 26, t. 3, map 2. ochse, j. j. 1931. indische groenten, ed. 2. departement landbouw, nijverheid en handel, buitenzorg. — translated as ochse, j.j., vegetables of the dutch east indies. 1931. archipel drukkerij, buitenzorg; reprinted in 1977. asher & co., amsterdam. pp. 519‒ 520, t. 320. schumann, k. 1900. musaceae. in: engler, a. pflanzenreich iv 45. engelmann, berlin. 23 p. teijsmann, j. e. & binnendijk, s. 1854. catalogus plantarum quae in horto botanico bogoriensi coluntur: 47. suppressed publication. teijsmann, j. e. & binnendijk, s. 1866. catalogus plantarum quae in horto botanico bogoriensi coluntur: 62. landsdrukkerij, batavia. van steenis, c. g. g. j. 1958. rejuvenation as a factor for judging the status of vegetation types. the biological nomad theory. in: proc. symp. humid tropics veget., kandy. pp. 212‒218. van steenis-kruseman, m. j. 1950. malaysian plant collectors and collections (“cyclopaedia of collectors”). fl. males. i, 1: 137. noordhoff-kolff, djakarta. pp. 593‒596. zollinger, h. 1854. systematische verzeichniss: 74. kiesling, zürich. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id a 2 299 302_1-1 299 302_3-3 299 302_4-4 299 302_5-5 299 302_6-6 299 302_7-7 u b 140 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 again a female specimen is described having 6 stalked glands, wrongly described as the stamens and 9 sterile stamens ("9 fila"), which fits litsea perfectly. here too, the description of the vegetative parts leaves little doubt, that litsea is meant. consequently hornera represents a mixture of neolitsea merr. (1906) and litsea lam. (1791) and may be discarded already for that reason. moreover neolitsea and litsea are both nomina conservanda. the specific names, however, might have priority over current names. reinwardtia published by herbarium bog'oriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 2, p.p. 141—146 (1965) miscellaneous botanical notes 4 *) a. j. g. h. kostermans **) l a u r a c e a e the oldest scientific name for the cinnamon tree cinnamomum zeylanicum bl, 1826, has been currently considered to be the proper name for the common cinnamon tree. this name was already in use during the pre-linnean period (cf. kostermans, bibliogr. laur. 364. 1964). the oldest valid name, however, is cinnamomum verum j.s. presl, 1825, this is not a pharmaceutical name, as is evident from the references cited by presl and by the treatment of other species. for complete references cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 360, 1964. laurus caesia rwdt. ex blume, the oldest name for acer laurinum hassk. (acer niveum bl.) the oldest description of this tree, common in western malesia, is laurus caesia rwdt. ex blume (bijdr. fl. n.i. 553. 1826). the description was based on a specimen, collected by reinwardt, apparently in w. java, as blume cites the sundanese name: huru (= lauraceae) madum (perhaps a misspelling of madu = honey). blume cited this specimen already in 1823 in his catalogue. duplicates of the type specimen, which are sterile, may be found in numerous herbaria (kopenhagen, leiden, leningrad, etc.). this is the plant alluded to by junghuhn in his travels (reizen) in java, where he remarked, that blume was not able to distinguish an acer from a laurus! nees, 1836, referred the specimen (with a question mark) to daphnidium (cf. kostermans, bibliogr. laur. 578, no. 5a. 1964). villar, 1880, on the authority of nees, referred the species to lindera (cf. kostermans, i.e. 744). *) 1—3 appeared in reinwardtia 5: 233—54. 1960; 5: 375—411 1061 and 6155—169. 1962. **) d. sc, professor of botany, bandung institute of technology and of the faculty of physics and mathematics, university of indonesia, bogor; assistantdirector forest research institute, bogor; scientific honorary collaborator herbarium bogoriense. — 141 — 142 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 consequently the correct name is: acer caesium (rwdt. ex bl.) kostermans, coynb. nov. (basionym: laurus caesia rwdt. ex blume). for complete references cf. kostermans, i.e. 578. endiandra micrantha (meissn.) boerl. this combination is based on dictyodaphne micrantha meissner (cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 474 and 491. 1964), and published by boerlage, although koorders and valeton claimed it 4 years later in 1904. the species represents cryptocarya costata bl. endiandra micrantha schlechter, 1906 (cf. kostermans, i.e. 491 no 57b) is a later homonym. it is renamed: endiandra parviflora kosterm., nom. nov endiandra macrophylla (bl.) boerl. this combination is based on dictyodaphne macrophylla blume, described after a specimen from sumatra. endiandra macrophylla merrill, 1929, is a later homonym and is consequently renamed here: endiandra frondosa kosterm., nom. nov. for complete references cf. kostermans, bibliogr. laur. 490. 1964. laurus aggregata sims this was a plant introduced in england from china in 1806 by john reeves. in paris a specimen is conserved, which represents lindera strychnifolia (s. & z.) villar. cf. kostermans, bibliogr. laur. 563. 1964. laurus aestivalis sesse & mocino in geneve a specimen is conserved, collected by sesse & mocino, probably in portorico (not from mexico). this specimen represents licaria parvifolia (lam.) kosterm. the la gasca specimen, mentioned by nees represents litsea glaucescens h.b.k. cf. kostermans, bibliogr. laur. 562 no 4d. 1964. potameia thouarsiana (baill.) capuron capuron, essaie dtntrod. 100. 1957, attributed wrongly potameia crassifolia kosterm. to this species. actually it is synonymous with p. obovata kosterm. 1965] kostermans: miscellaneous botanical notes 143 two superfluous names in lauraceae in a note to their article, fouilloy and halle (in adansonia, n.s. 3: 240. 1963) remarked, that i had omitted to add comb. nov. after my new names of beilschmiedia and that the two binomials beilschmiedia opposita and b. sericans were wrong. apparently the authors failed to look up the original publication (in j. scient. research indonesia 1: 115. 1952) and did not check with the index kewensis (suppl. 12, 1959), where these names have been recorded. beilschmiedia opposita and b. sericans are not new combinations, but new names and consequently the names b. oppositifolia and b. sericea, created by these authors are superfluous. bernard! made the same mistake in 1962. for complete references cf. kostermans, bibliogr. laur. 142 and 148. 1964. quercus guppyi f.v.m. quercus guppyi f.v. mueller (in victorian naturalist 1: 123. dec. 1884) based on a specimen from bougainville isl., represents a species of litsea, according to a (verbal) information of mr. l. forman, kew. phoebe semecarpifolia mez this species is based on oreodaphne semecarpifolia meissner. the type specimen: spruce 3065 could be studied in the leningrad herbarium. the plant belongs to persea and is consequently renamed: persea sprucei kosterm., nom. nov. as there exsists already a species persea semecarpifolia thw. from ceylon. i had referred this species formerly to cinnamomum in 1962. cf. kostermans, bibliogr. laur. 347, 1182, 1256. 1300. 1964. oreodaphne regalis regel of oreodaphne regalis regel, gartenfl. 366. 1856 the type specimen is conserved in the leningrad herbarium. it represents umbellularia californica nutt. (cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 1181. 1964). persea sylvestris rich. persea sylvestris richard in ramon de la sagra, cuba xi, fanerog. 2: 186. 1850 is based on a specimen from guinamar, cuba. this specimen is conserved in the paris herbarium and represents persea americana miller and not phoebe longifolia (mez, 1892). for complete references cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 1259. 1964. 144 rhinwardtia persea pachytepala lasser [vol. 7 this species is based on the specimen tarnayo 2j+54, which i could study in the caracas institute. it represents persea mutisii h.b.k. for complete references cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 1244. 1964. persea durifolia mez this species is based on the specimen weberbauer 5010. all anthers are 2-celled. i therefor refer it to beilschrniedia as b. durifolia (mez) kosterm., comb. nov. for complete references cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 1217, no 81. 1964. phoebe microneura (meissn.) mez this species is based on riedel s.n. from corrego terro, which i could examine in the leningrad herbarium. meissner included it in persea and i believe too, that it belongs there and not in phoebe. i had included it formerly (1962) in cinnamomum. cf. kostermans, bibliogr. laur. 321, 1241, 1290. 1964. phoebe pauciplora mez & taubert the type specimen: glaziou 19792 could be examined in the leningrad herbarium. i formerly (1961) included this in cinnamomum as c mezii kosterm. actually it represents a species of ocotea. for complete references cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 321 and 1295. 1964. syndiclis lotungensis s. lee lee, shu-:kan(in acta phytotaxon. sinica 8: 191. 1963) described this after a fruiting specimen {lau 90711) from hainan. i believe, that it is impossible to describe a new syndiclis in the absence of flowers. the description of lee fits beilschmiedia. if, eventually, it proves to be a specimen of syndiclis it has to be referred to potameia. cryptocarya acuminata schinz ex sim cryptocojya acuminata schinz ex sim, 1907, has an earlier homonym (merrill 1906) and is consequently renamed: cryptocarya acuta kosterm., nom. nov. for complete references cf. kostermans, bibliogr. laur. 383. 1964. 1965] kostermans: miscellaneous botanical notes u 145 dodecadenia robusta (bl.) zollinger & moritzi moritzi, system. verzeichn. 71. 1854—56 based this combination on litsaea robusta blume, but the specimen cited {zollinger 317) represents litsea garciae vidal. cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 478. 1964. beilschmiedia sulcata (r. & p.) kosterm. and b. tovarensis (kl. & karst.) pltt. et al. i had the opportunity to collect this species myself in trinidad in 1959 (new record for trinidad). my former contention that both species should be conspecific was proved, as from a single tree the large sized leaves of the type specimen of beilschmiedia tovarensis and hufelandia latifolia and the smaller type of leaves of b. sulcata could be collected. i had been put on the trail of this species in trinidad by an ornithologist, who showed me the seeds, which he had found around the nesting places of the "oil-bird" (steatornis caripensis), which are found in shallow caves on the top of mountains. b. sulcata is found also on mountain slopes and tops in costarica, venezuela, colombia and peru, where this bird occurs also, which implies that it might be the dispersing agent for this species. as in between the cordilleras and trinidad no high mountains occur, these birds are apparently able to disperse the seeds from mountain tops 1200 km apart! as i pointed out before (1938; cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 150 no. 299. 1964) b. sulcata shows a striking resemblance with b. tarairi of new zealand, further examination must show, how closely they are related — if they are not conspecific! ocotea quixos (lam.) kosterm. this combination was published by o.c. schmidt in 1937, who copied the name from borrowed material, identified by me (cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 1129 no 377. 1964). the combination is based on laurus quixos lamarck, 1793 (cf. kostermans, i.e. 694). i have seen the type specimen in de jussieu herbarium, which has no fruit (as mentioned by lamarck) but the fruit were described as "cupula fructus ampla expansa aromatica, cortice ligni cinnamomeo de jussieu". this leaves little doubt, that jussieu's sterile specimen represents the well-known ispungu of peru, of which the fruit are sold in the markets i sii. 146 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 as a substitute for cinnamon. the sterile specimen of de jussieu is exactly like the type specimen of laurus limbosa r. & p. (cf. kostermans, i.e. 647) which is licaria limbosa (r. & p.) kosterm. (kostermans, i.e. 731). consequently i refer here laurus quixos lam. to licaria as licaria quixos (lam.) kosterm., comb. nov. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 2, p.p. 147—213 a monograph of the genus parinari aubl. (rosaceae-chrysobalanoideae) in asia and the pacific region a. j. g. h. kostermans *) summary 1. in the area 20 species (one cultivated) are recognized; furthermore one undescribed species is discussed. 2. the genera cyelaiulrophora hassk. and mara/tithes bl. are segregated from parinari proper. 3. the genus is subdivided into 2 sections: parinari and anareolala. 4. p. papuanum c.t. white and p. salomonense c.t. white are reduced to synonymy of p. nonda f.v.m.; p. albidum craib is considered to be conspecific with p. anamense hance; p. costata (korth.) bl. is considered to represent a proper species and has been segregated again from p. sumatrana miq. 5. arbor nigra maculosa rumphius, currently identified as a parinari species, is referred to strychnos. 6. p. nitidum hooker f. ( — coccomelia nitida ridley = triohocarya nitida miq.) is referred to licania as l. splendens (korth.) prance & kosterm,, comb. nov. 7. p. petiolatum v. malm is referred to polyosma (rutaceae). 8. p. punctatum kurz represents perhaps p. polyneura miq. 9. p. pliilippinense elmer is referred to licania splendens (korth.) prance & kosterm. 10. p. scabrum, var. lanceolatum koorders represents hiptage (malpighiaceae). 11. the unnamed specimen, mentioned and described by hooker f. (fl. brit. india 2: 311. 1878)*, belongs perhaps to tiliaceae. 12. chrysobnlanus racemosus roxb. is perhaps partly cyclandrophora laurina (a. gray) kosterm., comb. nov. (flowers) ; the fruit is not rosaceous. 13. p. tontoutense guill. and p. myrsinoides schlecht. are referred to licania as licania tontoutense (guill.) kosterm. and l. myrsinoides (schlecht.) kosterm., comb. nov. 14. p. gigantea kosterm. is new to science. introduction and acknowledgments almost 6 years ago, i started revisional work on asiatic and pacific parinari. the task proved to be far from easy and the final draft of the manuscript could be completed only, after i had had the opportunity to examine the extensive material at kew, thanks to a grant of the british council, to which i herewith express my feelings of profound gratitude. *) d.sc, prof, of botany, bandung institute of technology and of the faculty of physics & mathematics, university of indonesia, bogor; assistant-director forest research institute, bogor; scientific honorary collaborator herbarium bogoriense. — 147 — rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_26 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_27 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_28 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_29 untitled reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 2, p.p. 215—217 a new species of durio from burma w. soegeng reksodihaedjo *) in working up the sterculiaceous specimens from the herbarium of the indian botanic garden in calcutta i have encountered a specimen of durio which represents apparently a hitherto undescribed species. the description of this species is presented here. gratefully i acknowledge my thanks to the director of the calcutta herbarium for the loan of the specimen together with the excellent drawing from which the figure published here has been copied partly. durio burmanicus soegeng reksodihardjo, spec. nov. — fig. 1 arbor ramwlis dense adpresse minute lepidotis. foliis ckartaceis vel rigide chartaceis~ lanceolatis vel oblongis basi rotundatis apice acuminatis supra giabra smbtus adpresse lepidota nerviis lateralibus phiribus obscuris. cymis multifloris rwmifloris pedunculi pauciramis dense lepidotis, bracteae caducis, pedicelis lepidotis subcrassis, alabastris ovoideis dense fetrugineo lepidotis, epicalyx bilobaus intus laxe tomentosis extus dense minute lepidotis, calyx ureceolatis 5-dentatis intus glabris extus dense lepidotis, petalis 5, glabris spathulatis apice rotundatis basi unguiculatis1, stamina 5-phalangibus, filamentis glabris, antheris peltatis disciformis circulariter dehiscentibus, ovatio ovoideo dense lepidota, stylo filiforme laxe stellato-torthentosa, stigmate ca/pitellata stellato-tomentosa. tree. branchlets slender, densely covered with brown, adpressed, small, fimbriate scales. stipules linear-lanceolate, acute, circa 7 mm long, lepidote, caducous. leaves alternate, chartaceous to rigid chartaceous, lanceolate or oblong, 8 — 11 x 2.5 — 3.5 cm, acuminate, base rounded; upper surface glabrous, finely reticulate, midrib sunken; lower surface densely covered with adpressed, silvery-brown, small, fimbriate scales; lateral nerves many, fine, straight, curved and anastomosing near the leaf margin, petiole slender, 1—2 cm long, thickened towards the apex, densely covered with dull brown, small, fimbriate scales inflorescences emerging from gnarls on old twigs or older branches shortly-branched, many-flowered cymes, up to 3 cm long; peduncles stout densely covered with adpressed brown small, fimbriate scalesbracts caducous; pedicels stout, densely covered with small, fimbriate scales! "•) ph . d, botanist, herbarium bogoriense. — 216 — rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_63 rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_64 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 3, pp. 323-340 notes on indonesian freshwater algae — i v . concerning euastrum moebii (borge) scott & prescott comb. nov. and euastrum turgidum wallich. arthur m. scott* and gerald w. prescott** summary the desmid presently known as mierasterias moebii (borge) west & west is transferred back to the genus euastrum where it was originally placed by its discoverer, together with its several varieties, for reasons that are discussed in detail. there are described one new variety, var. diplocanthylum from australia, and one new forma, var. tetrachastriforme fa. latum from borneo. new illustrations are given for euastrum, turgidum wall., and criteria are suggested for differentiating this plant from the closely similar e. moebii. euastrum moebii (borge) scott & prescott comb. nov. this desmid was first described from australia by mb'bius (1894) who identified it as a forma of euastrum verrucosum. borge (1896) named it e. verrucosum var. moebii. the assignment to verrucosum is obviously incorrect, as was noted by west & west (1897), who transferred it to mierasterias and raised it to specific rank as m. moebii. for a better understanding of our arguments which follow we quote in full west & west's remarks concerning this transfer: "we do not consider that the var. moebii of euastrum verrucosum belongs to that genus, much less to that species. the polar lobe is that of a mierasterias and not that of an euastrum. the characters of m. moebii are so different from those of e. verrucosum that we fail to see how it came to be placed under the latter species". our first acquaintance with actual specimens of this plant was in 1950 —1951 during our examination of arnhem land collections, from which we described one new variety and one new forma (scott & prescott 1958, but written in 1952). at that time we were impressed by its very considerable resemblance to euastrum, also we noted west & west's remarks quoted above, and the comment by krieger (1939, p. 43) that the systematic position of the species is questionable ("strittig") and that the wall-sculpture suggests * 2824 dante st., new orleans 18, la., u.s.a. ** dept. of botany, michigan state university, east lansing, mich., u.s.a. — 323 — ' 3 2 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 the verrucosum-group of euastrum. because we had seen only a few specimens of the two new forms, and none of the previously recognized varieties nor the type species, we did not feel justified in publishing an opinion contrary to that of the old masters of desmidiology, west & west. since then we have seen, in the present indonesian material, numerous examples of var. burmense and of the new forma of var. tetrachastriforme published herein, and a few specimens of a very similar plant that we have referred to euastrum turgidum. also in a new collection from the northern territory of australia we have many specimens of the curious new variety, var. diplocanthylum, which we are describing now because its structure has a bearing on the question of generic assignment, though it has not been found in indonesia. all of these plants possess certain general features in common, and we have undertaken a review of them to see what could be learned from a detailed analysis. it will be noted that west & west's objection to the euastrum assignment is based principally, if not entirely, upon the polar lobe. krieger (loc. cit.) also observes that the development (" ausbildung") of the lateral and polar lobes justifies the assignment to micrasterias. but krieger himself must have been somewhat confused, because in his treatment of e. turgidum (1937, p. 624) be lists m. moebii var. javanica as one of its synonyms! as to the lateral lobes it is only necessary to look at plates 92 and 93 of krieger's monograph (1937) to see no less than six species and a dozen varieties of euastrum which have lateral lobes divided and/or extended in forms similar to those of m. moebii and its varieties, so that this feature belongs to euastrum just as much as to micrasterias. the polar lobe is the feature that caused the difference of opinion in the past, and doubtless will do so again; in respect to the polar lobe it must be admitted that the plant occupies a position intermediate between micrasterias and euastrum. the most noticeable characteristic of this lobe, in front view, is its great width, which in the specific form and var. tetrachastriforme is almost equal to the width across the base of the semicell. there are several species of euastrum in which the polar lobe is almost or quite as wide as the semicell base, such as e. truncatum, truncatiforme, sympageum, plesiocoralloides, geometricum, bimorsum, floridense, etc., but perhaps these may not be admitted as valid comparisons because the plants are of a greatly different type from the one under consideration. however, there is one euastrum of a quite comparable type, divergens var. bifidum, which has the polar lobe extended laterally. in the vertical view of m. moebii the polar lobe is seen to be divided by two wide and deep incisions into four stout tapering lobules terminating 1960] scott and prescott: freshwater algae tv 326 in a few (3 or 4) blunt conical teeth and also bearing large scrobiculae. in micrasterias a divided polar lobe is known in four other species, m. muricata, nordstedtiana, americana, and mahabuleshwarensis, but in all of them the division is formed by true tubular processes that are not at all homologous with the lobules of m. moebii. the nearest approach that we have seen to the division of the polar lobe of m. moebii is in a new micrasterias species (unpublished) from brazil, somewhat similar in general appearance to m. triangularis, in which the polar lobe is sometimes entire but sometimes divided like that of m. moebii, the two conditions occasionally occuring in the two semicells of one individual. in euastrum the polar lobe divided into four tapering lobules in known in several species, e.g., e. pinnatum, insigne, wollei, etc., though again these are of different types from the one under discussion. but in euastra that are strictly comparable with m. moebii we find indications of a quadrifid polar lobe in e. gemmatum, bellum, divergens, turgidum and verrucosum (cf. e. verrucosum var. alatum fa. extensum scott & presc, 1952, pl 2, fig. 6). it appears to us, therefore, that the divided polar lobe of m. moebii may be regarded as simply an exaggerated form of the quadrifid polar lobes of these euastrum species. in side view all the forms of m. moebii are alike. the cell is rectangular, with two large and very prominent protuberances on each side, the apical angles rounded and slightly projecting, and the apical margin between them usually somewhat retuse. the side view is where the resemblance to micrasterias ceases completely, for there is no other micrasterias (except perhaps m. crux-africana whose side view is not known) which has such large protuberances in side view, nor such a broad and retuse apex. on the other hand this side view is almost identical with that of several euastra, such as e. platycerum var. pulchrum, hypochondrum, divergens, spinulosum var. inermius, and verrucosum. there are several species of micrasterias that have a small central facial swelling, usually armed with small teeth or spines. m. tropica var. indivisa, which we known only from the illustration, has a central rosette of verrucae, a typical euastrum ornament. m. crux-africana, whose general structure is very much like that of m. moebii, has an extremely large central ornament, presumably a swelling, covered with triangular markings (probably pits) arranged in quite regular hexagons that seem to have been drawn in a stylized manner. against these few examples, there are about 20 species of euastrum, of types comparable with m. moebii, which have the large central tumour surrounded by one or two rings of simple or emarginate verrucae and sometimes with other large granules in the center. in m. moebii 3 2 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 var. javanica there is a similar rosette of verrucae, but in all the other varieties and in the species the tumour is ornamented with numerous large pits, circular to elliptical or triangular in shape and arranged in a hexagonal manner, with sometimes a low rounded granule in the center of each hexagon. this type of ornament occurs in many species of cosmarium, three of xanthidium, and one of arthrodesmus, also in euastrum turgidum, but is quite unknown in micrasterias, except for the moebii-like m. crux-africana. in the new variety, var. diplocanthylum, the strongly scrobiculate projections from the lower margin of the central tumour, almost meeting those of the opposite semicell, have no counterpart in micrasterias, but are quite similar to those of e. crassum, humerosum, ventricosum, ampullaceum and asperum. in m. moebii and most of its varieties there are one or two smaller swellings on each of the lateral lobes. this is a feature common to many euastrum species, though something similar occurs in a few species of micrasterias. the specific form of m. moebii and some of its varieties have each lateral lobe divided into lower and upper lobules, though sometimes the upper one is represented merely by a swelling on the dorsal margin of the lower one. frequently the upper lobule is doubled, as is easily seen in the side view. except as a teratological phenomenon such a doubling of the upper lateral lobules is unknown in any other species of micrasterias except m. muricata, in which the "lobules" are true processes. on the other hand, doubling of the upper lateral lobules occurs in several euastrum species, such as e. crassum, pinnatum, ventricosum, evolutum, pirassunungae, kolkwitzii, though all of these differ considerably in structure from m. moebii. all species of micrasterias have porose walls, and in some the pores are quite conspicuous, but we have never seen and do not known of any in which the wall can be called scrobiculate. in m. moebii and all of its varieties the wall is scrobiculate, the pits being larger on the lobes where they have an apparent diameter of about 2 ;x, and in optical section they can be seen to be almost hemispherical excavations. this is a very common feature in-euastrum, being found in the groups that include e. longicolle, obesum, crassum, oblongum, insigne and verrucosum, among others. finally we come to the structure of the chloroplast, and here again the resemblance to micrasterias breaks down. all the specimens that we have observed have been from preserved material, in which the chloroplasts are frequently so deteriorated that their structure is not determinable. we have been able to ascertain, however, that in the varieties burmense, tetrachastriforme fa. latum, diplocanthylum and insolitum the chloroplast is tetracentric. according to teiling (1952) the tetracentric chloroplast is unknown in any 4 7 2 1 2 1 0 0 6 3 8 9 8 9 10 10 i960] scott and prescott: freshwater algae iv 327 other micrasterias species, but it occurs frequently in the larger species of euastrum. summing up our arguments, and attempting to place a numerical value on the several features, we present the tabulation below. we have assigned an arbitrary value of 10 points to each of the features discussed, and have divided this number into two parts, each representing what we believe shows the relative resemblance to micrasterias and to euastrum. other workers may doubtless disagree with some of our values, so we suggest that they assign their own values and add their figures. micrasterias. euastrum. general shape of cell in front view laterally extended polar lobe division of polar lobe side view of cell facial swelling and ornament doubling of upper lateral lobules scrobiculate cell wall tetracentric chloroplast total 17 63 while admitting that m. moebii is one of those peculiar desmids that do not fit satisfactorily into the artificially delimited generic classifications, and that can be assigned to one genus or another depending on personal opinion and subjective impressions, we think we have demonstrated that in this case the preponderance of evidence favors its assignment to euastrum. accordingly we now make the formal transfer back to the genus where it was originally placed by its discoverer, mobius. the change, of course, affects all the varieties, and we have listed them below. euastrum moebii (borge) scott & prescott comb. nov. syn. e. verrucosum forma mobius (1894). e. verrucosum var. moebii borge (1896). m. moebii (borge) west & west (1897). euastrum moebii (borge) scott & presc. var. burmense west & west synm. moebii (borge) west & west var. burmense west & west (1907). euastrum moebii (borge) scott & presc. var. ridleyi west & west. syn. m. moebii (borge) west & west var. ridleyi west & west (1897). euastrum moebii (borge) scott & presc. var. javanicum gutw. syn. at. moebii (borge) west & west var. javanica gutw. (1902). 3 s s j r e i n w a r d t i a [ v o l . 5 euastrum moebii (borge) scott & presc. var. tetrachastriforme west & west. syn. m. moebii (borge) west & west var. tetrachastriformis west & west (1901). euastrum moebii (borge) scott & presc. var. luzonense behre. syn. m. moebii (borge) west var. luzonensis behre (1956). euastrum moebii (borge) scott & presc. fa. extensum scott & presc. syn. m. moebii (borge) west & west fa. extensa scott & presc. (1958). euastrum moebii (borge) scott & presc. var. insolitum scott & presc. syn. m. moebii (borge) west & west var. insolita scott & presc. (1958). euastrum moebii (borge) scott & presc. var. diplocanthylum varnov. fig. 1. cellulae magnitudine formaque quasi eaedem atque in varietate javanico. varietas differens praecipue proprietate tumoris medii cuius margo inferior in duas partes truncatas, deorsum eminentes, eis alterius semicellulae fere incidentes, dividitur, inflationibus lateralibus minoribus solitis, cellula a fronte visa non visibilibus. lobuli superiores-laterales aut singulus aut duplices, interdum et singulus et duplices in ambabus semicellulis unici specimenis; extremitates omnis lobuli truncatae, tres vel quattuor dentes ferentes. corpus a vertice visum late fusiforme, polis truncatis paululum angustis atque productis, ad partem mediam utriusque marginis protrusionem permagnum, apice retuso atque margine crenulato, ferens; lobuli superiores-laterales aut singulus aut duplices; lobus polaris in quattuor lobulos crassos, extremitatibus truncatis, duos vel tres dentes obtusos ferentibus, divisus. semicellulae a latere visae trapezoideae, ad basim utroque in latere protuberantiam magnam, margine crenulato, parte in inferiore uncinatum et sinum partim claudentem praebentes, apex convexus, duas proiectiones intra marginem enascentes, lobulos polares repraesentantes, habens; semicellulae admodum super basim media parte ellipsem magnam, lobum lateralem repraesentantem, praebentes; ellipsis una vel duabus proiectionibus intra marginem ad partem superiorem enascentibus, lobulos superioreslaterales repraesentantibus, atque una proiectione ad partem inferiorem, lobulum inferiorem-lateralem repraesentante, atque inflatione minore utroque in latere praedita. scrobiculi per totam membranam cellulae, necnon per tumoren medium dispositi, hicque in hexagonis irregularibus elongatis, ut videtur, ordinati. chloroplastus tetracentricus, tribus pyrenoideis in unoquoque quadrante praeditus. long. 101—105; lot. ad basim 100—108; lat. ad lob. pol. 77—84; isth. 32—33; crass. 52—57. habitat: n. australia x-104, in caeno in loco oenpelli, arnhem land, dicto. coll. r. g. gregson, m. apr., an. 1954. 1960] scott and prescott: freshwater algae iv 329 cells of about the same size and shape as those of var. javanicum. differs principally in the character of the central tumour, the lower margin of which is divided into two truncate parts which project downwardly and almost meet those of the opposite semicell; the usual smaller swellings not visible in front view. upper lateral lobules either single or double, sometimes both in the two semicells of one individual; ends of all lobules truncate and bearing three or four blunt teeth. in vertical view a broadly fusiform body with slightly narrowed and produced truncate poles; centrally on each margin a very large protrusion with retuse apex and crenulate margin; upper lateral lobules either single or double; polar lobe divided into four stout lobules with truncate ends bearing two or three blunt teeth. in side view semicells trapezoidal; at the base on each side a large flattened protuberance with crenulate margin, uncinate at the bottom and partically closing the sinus; apex convex with two subapical projections arising intramarginally and representing the polar lobules; centered just above the base of the semicell a large ellipse representing the lateral lobe, with either one or two projections at the top representing the upper lateral lobules, and one projection at the bottom representing the lower lateral lobule, and a smaller swelling at each side. cell-wall scrobiculate all over, including the central tumour, where the pits seem to be arranged in irregular elongated hexagons. chloroplast tetracentric, with three pyrenoids in each quadrant. length 101—105; width base 100—108; width polar lobe 77—84; isthmus 32—33; thickness 52—57. habitat, n. australia x-104, slough at oenpelli, arnhem land. coll. r. g. gregson, april 29 1954. . from our illustrations it will be seen that the central tumour of this plant is quite unlike that of the species and the other varieties. the two downward protrusions are different from anything known in the genus micrasterias, but are similar to those found in such euastra as e. crassum, giganteum, ampullaceum, insigne, ventricosum and asperum. this gives additional force to our arguments, and is the reason for publishing this australian desmid here, though it has not been found in indonesia. euastrum moebii (borge) scott & presc. var. tetrachastriforme west & west fa. latum fa. nov. fig. 2. cellula forma ornatuque varietatis cellulae similis; paulo longior atque aliquante latior quam in varietate ita ut cellula a fronte visa quasi quadrata, non verticaliter elongato-rectangularis ut in varietate, videatur. scrobiculi per totam membranam cellularum necnon per tumorem medium dispositi, hicque hexagonaliter ordinati. chloroplastus tetracentricus, numero pyrenoideorum ignoto. long. 126—131; lot. ad basim 133—135; lot. lob. pol. 102—105; isth37—39; crass. 74—75. habitat: borneo 404, in piscina in loco sekadau on kapuas river, w. borneo, dicto. coll. m. sachlan, m. aug., an. 1956. 3 § 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 shape and ornamentation of the cell similar to those of the variety. length a little more than in the variety, width considerably more, resulting in a more nearly "square" appearance of the cell in front view, as opposed to the elongated rectangular shape of the variety. chloroplasts tetracentric, number of pyrenoids unknown. length 126—131; width base 133—135; width polar lobe 102—105; isthmus 37—39; thickness 74—75. habitat: borneo 404, fishpond at sekadau, on kapuas river, w. borneo. coll. m. sachlan. euastrum turgidum wallich (1860). figs. 3, 4, 5. no doubt many desmidiologists who have examined the illustration in krieger's monograph (1937/39) of euastrum turgidum and micrasterias moebii have been impressed by the strong resemblance between these two plants, and may have wondered what were the reasons for their having been assigned not only to different species but to different genera. the question of the genus has been settled, we believe, by our transfer of m. moebii to euastrum. the problem of the species, however, is more obscure, and must remain unsettled for the present. we think that our new illustrations and our comments will help toward an eventual solution of the problem, when more information is available concerning indian forms of e. turgidum, and in the mentime we offer some criteria by which the two plants may be differentiated, which in some instance is not at all easy. e. turgidum was first collected by g. c. wallich in 1855, in the neighborhood of raneegunge, about 120 miles northwest of calcutta, india, and published in his paper "desmidiaceae of lower bengal" (1860). because this paper is not well-known nor easily accessible, we give, in our fig. 3, copies of his front and side views, which are all that he showed, enlarged to about the same scale as our own drawings, and we quote his description and comments in full: "e. turgidum, n.s. frond large. segments broadly cuneate, truncate, with a large central inflation. terminal margin straight". "as seen in front view, the general outline of this species resembles that of the immature state of the large variety of xanthidium armatum. it is distinguished from it, however, by the presence of the large central granulate inflation, the existence of a minute terminal notch, and by its not presenting the characteristic funnel-shaped processes which are distributed symmetrically upon the frond in that species". "it also bears some resemblance to the species recently discovered in ireland by the late rev. r. n. dixon, and described under the new generic name of tetrachastrum in the nat. hist. review (vol. vi, no. 4, p. 464); but if a mature form, the entire absence of any inflated protuberance, or terminal notch, would seem sufficient to distinguish the latter from the present species, and to render it conformable, in all essential characters, to holocystis oscitans hassall." scott and prescott: freshwater algae iv 331 " i n the side view, the central inflated portion presents an irregular granulated outline, and the segments are pyriform. end view broadly elliptical, with the inflated portion granulated and the angles furnished with several stout conical projections". "the lateral margins, in the front view, are sinuate, the prominent portions presenting the conical projections already referred to". "length .0050 inch; breadth .0038 inch [127 x 9 7 µ ] . lower bengal 1855. plate xiv, fig. 17, front view. fig. 18, side view". the only other indian record of the plant is that of turner (1892), who listed var. typicum wall.; var. grunovii turn., (named for the plant described and illustrated by grunow (1865) from banka island); and a forma bitumida of the latter variety, which different only in having two central tumours instead of one, and of which he saw only one specimen that may have been teratological. turner added nothing to wallich's description except some more complete dimensions. he notes that both var. grunovii and forma bitumida were found in the remnants of wallich's gatherings; and that he found only three specimens of var. typicum, but does not state their source. the species and some named varieties (none of which seems very safe except var. simplex borge) have also been recorded from java, sumatra, malaya, japan, new south wales, queensland, and new guinea. to anyone who is well acquainted with the genus euastrum, wallich's drawings are not convincing, and that doubtless is the reason why krieger disregarded them in his monograph (1937) and selected an illustration by okada to represent the species. wallich's figures of other known desmid species, e.g. m. alata, are correct as to outline, so that his figure of e. turgidum is probably correct in this respect, but the size of the central tumour seems disproportionately large, and the fact that the tumours of the upper and lower semicells touch each other and seem even to be slightly flattened at the line of contact is highly unusual and is not confirmed by his side view. further, the irregular distribution of the granules on the tumour, if they are really granules and not pits, differs from that of all other euastra that have granulate or verrucose central swellings, e.g. e. verrucosum, where the granules or verrucae are regularly arranged in concentric circles or ellipses. his description refers to a minute terminal notch, which we think was an optical illusion caused by two closely opposed granules immediately below the center of the apical margin. in his side view there is no doubling of the upper lateral or polar lobules, and the polar lobe is very much thinner than in the illustrations of most subsequent authors. turner's illustrations of e. turgidum are quite similar to those of wallich, and may perhaps have been influenced by them. in his front view 3 8 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 (1892, pi. 10, fig. 28a) the central tumours are proportionately somewhat smaller, though with the same irregular disposition of the granules; and on the body of the cell he has shown numerous small semicircular markings that are the conventional way of representing granules, but which he may have intended for scrobiculae. his side view, fig. 28b, clearly shows the upper lateral lobules and the polar lobe as single, while his vertical view, fig. 28c, just as clearly shows the upper lateral lobules and the polar lobules as doubled. his drawing of var. grunovii, fig. 29, shows a smaller central tumour with verrucae arranged in two concentric circles with a few scattered ones in the center, more nearly in accordance with other euastra such as e. verrucosum. it should be remembered that var. grunovii was found in the remnant of wallich's material. dr. rolf gronblad has sent us a photocopy of a sketch that he made many years ago, showing a specimen of e. turgidum from rabenhorst's exs. no. 1727, which contains the original material from insel banka described by grunow (1865). this sketch does not differ in any important respect from our fig. 4, which depicts a specimen from the vicinity of djakarta. in particular the central tumour is covered with triangular pits arranged in hexagons with a small granule in the center. this central granule is not shown in our fig. 4, but is shown in fig. 5 of a specimen from bogor; the granule is not always visible, especially in cells that retain the chloroplast. therefore turner's fig. 29 with a verrucose central tumour is not identical with grunow's plant, and krieger was correct in excluding turner's var. typicum, var. grunovii and fa. bitumida. despite all these peculiarities and inconsistencies, the possibility cannot be excluded that there may exist in india an euastrum whose shape and ornamentation would be more or less correctly represented by wallich's and turner's drawings. if and when such a plant does turn up, a revision of e. turgidum will be necessary, for it is evident that the plants assigned to this species by subsequent authors, including ourselves, differ considerably from wallich's illustration. for the present, however, and until more evidence and exact drawings of such a plant are available, we think it best to exclude wallich's and turner's illustrations from consideration, as krieger did. in the illustration by okada (1936) which he referred to var. grunovii, but which krieger selected to represent the species, the outline of the cell agrees very well with gronblad's and our drawings, and he shows some triangular markings in the center but does not say whether they represent granules or pits; he remarks that he determined his specimens after bernard's descriptions and figures. bernard's illustrations from java (1908) and malaya (1909), which he ascribed to var. grunovii, must actually be referred 1960] scott and prescott: freshwater algae iv 333 to e. moebii, because of the greater development of the upper lateral lobules, the deeper incision of the polar lobes, and the narrower ellipse of the vertical view. in bernard's figure (1908, fig. 219), be shows triangular markings on the central swelling, but refers to them, incorrectly, as "tubercules disposes en hexagone"; they really are pits. he also notes the brown coloration of the central tumour in older specimens, which is caused by iron compounds (cf. krieger, 1937, p. 6, and p. 10, fig. 6f). the plants from centennial park, sydney, australia, described by raciborski (1892) as e. verrucosum var. crux-australis, do not belong to e. verrucosum, of course, but must be referred to e. turgidum, as shown by their tumid vertical view. the illustrations are not good enough for more precise determination, and since the three forms apparently came from the same habitat the small differences would seem to be merely incidental variations. euastrum turgidum wall. var. simplex borge (1896). this variety was described by borge (1896) from new south wales, australia. his description merely states that the apical margin is nearly straight and that the lateral lobes are rotund instead of undulate; he compares his plant with the sumatran specimens that schmidle (1895) referred to var. grunovii. borge's figure is poor and gives no information about the ornament on the central tumour. krieger (1937) relegated to synonomy with var. simplex the plants from sumatra described by schmidle (1895) as var. grunovii, and this is undoubtedly correct because of the simpler outline of the cell, and particularly the rotund dorsal margin of the lateral lobes. schmidle was the first to describe accurately the ornamentation of the cell-wall, stating that the granules or warts are confined to the upper and lower angles and the central tumour, the remainder of the surface being rough with small "dimples" (grubchen). he discussed at some length the triangular markings on the tumour, describing the changes in light and shade and in the apparent shape of the markings that are caused by slight upward or downward changes in the focussing of the microscope. these changes are the result of different amounts of refraction of light rays passing through the differing thickness of the cell-wall. the phenomenon is quite complicated in the case of these triangular pits that are arranged in hexagons with a raised granule in the center, but a simple hypothetical case can be more easily understood. consider a thin membrane, such as the cell-wall of a desmid, flattened and placed on a microscope slide and illuminated from below by parallel light rays. on the upper or outer surface of the membrane there is a small hemispherical 334 r e i n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 5 depression or pit, and on the under surface a corresponding depression but of larger radius. these two curved surfaces constitute a negative meniscus lens that converts the parallel light rays into an inverted cone of rays that diverge upwards. consequently when the focus of the microscope is raised, the apparent diameter of the circular depression appears somewhat larger, and as the same amount of light is spread over the larger area, the surface appears darker. when the focus is lowered the opposite change takes place and the surface appears to become lighter. in the reverse case the membrane has a raised hemispherical granule on the upper or outer surface, and a corresponding hollow of larger radius on the under surface. these act as a positive meniscus lens that changes the parallel light rays into a cone that converges upwards. when the focus is raised the apparent diameter of the granule decreases, and the same amount of light is spread over a smaller area that consequently appears brighter. in actual practice, of course, these simple conditions do not obtain, but the principle holds good and it usually affords a reliable method of differentiating between pits and granules; pits become darker as the focus is raised, while granules become lighter. in some instances there can be seen, at a certain focus, a tiny black spot in the center of the circular marking; such spots have been interpreted as pores through the cell-wall. whether they are always pores is open to question, for such a black spot that disappears upon change of focus could be caused by a refractive effect, e.g., if one of the curved surfaces were spheroidal instead of truly spherical, which could easily be true. playfair (1908) transferred m. moebii to e. turgidum, as e. turgidum wall. var. moebii playf., but the transfer has not been accepted by subsequent authors. krieger (1937) rejected it, and g. s. west (1912) merely remarked that playfair had confused the two plants. but west continues thus: "it would appear that e. turgidum is a desmid of the indo-malay region, probably very rare, which requires further investigation. i have not yet seen it, but i judge that such a species exists, not only from wallich's original account, but also from the somewhat poor figure published by schmidle of a specimen from sumatra." if west had actually seen schmidle's plant, or those that other authors have called e. turgidum, he might not have dismissed the matter so summarily, for actually some forms of the two species are quite difficult to differentiate. prior to the writing of this paper we gave serious consideration to the advisability of combining the two species and reviving playfair's nomenclature. we finally decided to kepp them separate because some of the recently discovered varieties, such as e. moebii var. insolitum scott & presc. and var. diplocanthylum scott & presc. differ so greatly from the basic form of e. turgidum that they cannot 1960] scott and prescott: freshwater algae iv 335 be included in one species. in this connection lektor einar teiling has made the interesting suggestion (in. litt.) that the two species may be the present stages in two slightly divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor, which appears not implausible. playfair (1908) created the name e. turgidum var. simplex n. var., but the varietal epithet is illegitimate because it had already been used by borge (1896). no illustration accompanied playfair's description, but he compared his plant with e. verrucosum var. simplex josh, (in turner 1892, pl 11, fig. 9*). the systematic position of joshua's plant is doubtful because of inadequate information; krieger (1937) excluded it on the ground that it is a cosmarium, but this also is doubtful because the side view with its wide and retuse apex is that of an euastrum. it does not belong to e. turgidum because of the lack of a central tumour, i.e. its narrow polar lobe in front view, and much smaller size. krieger (1933) recorded var. grunovii from java, but later (1937) revised it to var. simplex borge. in his comments (1933) he states that his specimens agree best with schmidle's illustration (1895, pi. 4, fig. 12), but notes that the sculpture of the central part is generally irregular, and his illustration (1933, pi. 21, fig. 3) which he used again in his monograph (1937) as typical of var. simplex, shows a number of circular granules of varying sizes connected by short lines in what seems to be an incomplete network. this figure should be compared with another in his monograph (1937, p. 10, fig. 6f) showing a specimen of similar shape to var. simplex that has been chemically treated to bring out the ornament. in the latter figure the network of lines is complete, and they enclose triangular spaces that we believe are triangular pits, similar to those shown in schmidle's illustration cited above. with due respect to the late dr. krieger we think that his 1933 illustration does not correctly represent the central ornament. euastrum turgidum wall. var. auburnense playf. (1908). krieger (1937, p. 658) excluded this variety as being a micrasterias. the only species of micrasterias that it could be assigned to would be m. moebii, which we have transferred to euastrum. playfair's front view does indeed resemble e. moebii, but his side and vertical views show a very narrow and undivided polar lobe which is unknown in e. moebii or any of its varieties, but apparently does occur in e. turgidum though we have not seen any ourselves. playfair's vertical view is also too tumid for e. moebii, and in this respect also is closer to e. turgidum. for the present, therefore, we are inclined to allow var. auburnense to remain as a good variety. 336 reinwardtia [\0l>. 5 our illustrations figs. 4 and 5 show two different forms, both of which we refer to the species and not to any of the varieties of e. turgidum. fig. 4 represents a specimen from a swamp near djakarta, java, and is quite similar to the drawing by gronblad, mentioned above, of a specimen from banka island, except that in the latter there is faint suggestion of a very small notch in the outer margin of the lateral lobes, similar to but even smaller than those shown in our fig. 5. we have also seen a single example of this form from collection borneo 403, from danau panggang, near amuntai, s. borneo. the dimensions of our djakarta specimen are: length 124; width 102; width polar lobe 72; isthmus 39; thickness 66. those of gronblad's are: length 118; width 100; isthmus 40; thickness 49. our fig. 5 depicts one of several specimens from a pond at the laboratory for inland fisheries at bogor, java, collected in may 1942. these are noteworthy for the large size of the central tumour, which in most cases is elliptical in shape with the longer axis horizontal, another unusual feature, and its especially distinct ornamentation. dimensions of some of these specimens are: length 122—132; width 100—107; width polar lobe 72—83; isthmus 36—40; thickness 64—69. the criteria that we have used for differentiating e. turgidum from e. moebii are as follows: the length, width and thickness of e. turgidum and especially of var. simplex are sometimes much greater than those of e. moebii, according to krieger (1937), though we have not seen any of the extremely large sizes listed by him. the neck below the polar lobe is relatively wider in turgidum, resulting in a smaller lateral extension of the polar lobules; the upper lateral lobules, where they exist, can be seen to be doubled only in the side and vertical views. because of the relatively greater thickness of the cell, the vertical view is more broadly elliptical, or tumid, in turgidum than in moebii. the central tumour in turgidum is sometimes larger in turgidum than in moebii and the ornament of pits and granules is usually more easily seen; the smaller tumours usually present on the lateral lobes of moebii are lacking in turgidum. in both species the ornament of the tumour consists of pits arranged in more or less regular hexagons with a raised granule in the center of each hexagon. in old and well-developed semicells the pits are triangular and separated by costae which extend between the raised granules; in younger semicells the pits are frequently circular or nearly so, and then careful examination is required to determine that they actually are pits. the only plants in either species that have verrucae on the central tumour are e. moebii var. javanica gutw., and the unknown plant shown in turner's illustration (1892, pi. 10, fig. 29) scott and prescott: freshwater algae iv 837 the one collection from north australia was made by mr. r. g. greg. and sent to us by dr. ray l. specht of the university of adelaide. the material was collected by mr. m. sachlan, of the laboratory for fisheries at bogor, and sent to us by him. to these gentlemen we our thanks for the opportunity of studying these desmids. portions collections have been deposited in the farlow herbarium of harvard university. we wish also to thank dr. hannah croasdale for translating the diagnoses into latin, and mrs. dorothy perine for inking the senior author's pencil drawings. all dimensions are given in microns, and all illustrations are reproduced to a magnification of about x 460. the types of the new taxa are designated as the illustrations and descriptions accompanying each of them. literature cited. bzhre, k. (1956). die siisswasseralgen der wallacea-expedition. in arch. hydrobiol. suppl. 23 (1) : 1—104. bernard, ch. (1908). protococcacees et desmidiees d'eau douce, recoltees a java. dept. de l'agric. aux indes neerl. 230 pp. batavia. , (1909). algues unicellulaires d'eau douce recoltees dans le domaine malais. dept. de l'agric. aux indes neerl. 94 pp. buitenzorg. borge, o. (1896). australische siisswasserchlorophyceen. in k. svenska vetensk.-akad. handl. 22 (3) : 1—32. grunow, a. (1865). ueber die von herrn gerstenberger in rabenhorst's decaden, etc. heft 2. 32 pp. gutwinski, r. (1902). de algis a dre m. raciborski anno 1899 in insula java collectis. in bull. int. acad. cracovie, cl. sci. math. nat. 9: 575—617. krieger, w. (1933). die desmidiaceen der deutschen limnologischen sunda-expedition. in arch. hydrobiol. suppl. 9., trop. binnengew. 3: 129—225. , (1937/39). die desmidiaceen europas, mit berucksichtigung der aussereuropaischen arten. in l. rabenhorst's kryptogamen-flora von deutschland, oesterreich und der schweiz. bd. 13. mobius, m. (1894). australische siisswasseralgen ii. in abh. senckenb. naturf. ges., 1894: 310—350. okada, y. (1936). notes on japanese desmids, with special reference to the newly discovered species, iii. in bot. mag. tokyo (594) : 313—317. raciborski, m. (1892). desmidyja zebrane przez dr. e. ciastonia, w. podrozy na okolo ziemi. in rozpr. wydz. mat. przyr. akad. um. krakow, 2 (2) : 360—391. schmidle, w. (1895). einige algen aus sumatra. in hedwigia 34: 291—307. scott. a. m., and prescott, g. w. (1952). the algal flora of southeastern united states vi. additions to our knowledge of the desmid genus euastrum. in hydrobiologia 4 (4) : 377—389. , (1958). some freshwater algae from arnhem land in the northern territory of australia. in records of the american-australian scientific expedition to arnhem land. vol. 3: 9—136. 3 8 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 teiling, e. (1952). evolutionary studies on the shape of the cell and of the chloroplast in desmids. in bot. notiser 1952: 264—306. turner, w. b. (1892). algae i.e. quae dulcis indiae orientalis. in k. svenska vetenskakad. handl. 25 (5) : 1—187. (1893). wallich, g. c. (1860). desmidiaceae of lower bengal. in ann. mag. nat. hist., scr. 3 (5) : 184—197, 273—285. west, g. s. (1912). algological notes v-ix. in journ. bot. 50: 79—89. west, w, and west, g. s. (1897). desmids from singapore. in journ. linn. soc. bot. 33: 156—167. , (1901). freshwater chlorophyeeae. in j. schmidt's flora of koh chang, gulf of siam, part iv. bot. tidsskr. 24: 157—186. -, (1907). freshwater algae of burma, including a few from bengal and madras. in ann. roy. bot. gard. calcutta 6 (part 2) : 175—260. explanation of the illustrations. fig. 1. euastrum moebii (borge) scott & presc. var. diplocanthylum scott & presc. 2. e. moebii (borge) scott & presc. var. tetrachastriforme west & west fa. latum scott & presc. ;j 3. e. turgidum wall. enlarged from wallich's original illustration. . 7 4. e. turgidum wall. fa. specimen from djakarta. ,;.5. e. turgidum wall. fa. specimen from bogor. scott and prescott: freshwater algae iv 339 fig. 1, 2. 340 reinwardtia [vol. 5 fig. 3, 4, 5. img558_page_1 img558_page_2 img558_page_3 img558_page_4 img558_page_5 img558_page_6 img558_page_7 img558_page_8 img559 img560_page_1 img560_page_2 img560_page_3 img560_page_4 img560_page_5 img560_page_6 img560_page_7 img560_page_8 img560_page_9 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(2): 249-324, december 23, 2015 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirinpartomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia a c b d e g f h cover images: zingiber engganoensis ardiyani. a. habit b. leafy shoot and the inflorescence showing rhizomes, roots and root-tuber c. leaves d. ligule and swollen petiole e. dissection of inflorescence showing fruit f. spike and flowers g. dissection of flowers and fruits showing bract, bracteole, two lateral staminodes, two petal lobes, labellum, and the four appendages of the anther h. flower. source of materials: e190 (bo). photo credits: b, c, d by arief supnatna. a, e, f, g, h by marlina ardiyani. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 14(2): abdul latiff mohamad, faculty of science & technology, universiti kebangsaan malaysia, malaysia abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk campbell o. webb arnold arboretum, university of harvard, usa edwino fernando dept. of forest biological sciences, university of the philippines, los baños, philippines fabian brambach dept. of ecology & ecosystem research, georg august university, gottingen, germany john mood lyon arboretum, university of hawaii, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, chicago, usa mark newman royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk martin dancak faculty of science, palacky university, czech republic mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi) ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 323 ‒ 324 323 description gymnopetalum pectinatum (w. j . de wilde & duyfjes) rugayah, stat. & comb. nov. gymnopetalum integrifolium (roxb.) kurz var. pectinatum w. j. de wilde & duyfjes, blumea 51, 2 (2006) 287, fig. 4. — gymnopetalum scabrum (lour.) w. j. de wilde & duyfjes var. pectinatum (w.j.de wilde & duyfjes) w. j. de wilde & duyfjes, reinwardtia 12 (2008a) 268; fl. males., ser. 1, 19 (2010) 78, f. 24: a,b.; 26: b, bˈ; pl. 10: c. — type: de w ilde & duyfjes 21692 (l), male fl., e java. climbing or creeping herbs, rooting at the nodes, to 4 m long; stem sparsely and densely grey-brown hairy; monoecious. probract absent or possibly inconspicuous and caducous. tendrils sparsely hairy, simple or 2-branched near the base. leaves: petiole 2–4 cm long; lamina subcoriaceous, slightly bullate, scabrous and sparsely hairy above, more densely hairy below, sparsely black-dotted, broadly ovate, circular or 3or 5-angular, or reniform in outline, 2 –7 cm long, base deeply cordate, margin subentire or dentate-mucronate, apex broadly rounded to acute, mucronate; cystoliths in older leaves present above. male flowers solitary or in erect bracteate racemes 4–15 cm long; bracts hairy, minutely black -dotted, ± obtriangular, 15–20 mm long, sessile, introduction gymnopetalum arn. in malesia and thailand has recently received much attention in connection with the flora treatments of the cucurbitaceae for both areas (de wilde & duyfjes, 2006; 2008a; 2008b; 2010). with the description of gymnopetalum integrifolium var. pectinatum (2006) only two collections were known, from a locality in e java, near pasuruan, at sea level, viz. de wilde & duyfjes 21692 (flowers), 21693 (fruits), both in l. recently a third collection in bo became known, from distant sumbawa, nakano & kahono 99111, containing male flowers and fruit, collected at alas, 5–10 m alt., beside the road near the sea, dated june 26, 1999. this latter specimen, matching the e java collections in the male bract and fruit and seed details, indicated that a good species rather than a variety is concerned. this raises the number of malesian gymnopetalum species from 3 to 4, and with the sri lanka species g. tubiflorum to 5 for the genus as a whole. for clarity a key to the species, alternative to that presented in flora malesiana and a species description compatible to those in flora malesiana (de wilde & duyfjes, 2010) is presented. gymnopetalum pectinatum (w. j. de wilde & duyfjes) rugayah: rank of species for gy mnopetalum scabrum var. pectinatum (cucurbitaceae) received september 14, 2015; accepted october 02, 2015 w. j. j. o. de wilde & b. e. e. duyfjes naturalis biodiversity center, section botany, p.o. box 9517, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail:b.wildeduyfjes@naturalis.nl rugayah herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: titikrugayah@yahoo.com abstract de wilde, w. j. j. o., duyfjes, b. e. e. & rugayah. 2015. gymnopetalum pectinatum (w. j. de wilde & duyfjes) rugayah: rank of species for gymnopetalum scabrum var. pectinatum ( cucurbitaceae). reinwardtia 14(2): 323 ‒ 324. — with gymnopetalum pectinatum (w.j.de wilde & duyfjes) rugayah, stat. nov.& comb. nov., a coastal species, four species in gymnopetalum are now recognized in malesia. key words: cucurbitaceae, gymnopetalum, new species, se asia. abstrak de wilde, w. j. j. o., duyfjes, b. e. e. & rugayah. 2015. gymnopetalum pectinatum (w. j. de wilde & duyfjes) rugayah: tingkat jenis gymnopetalum scabrum var. pectinatum (cucurbitaceae). reinwardtia 14(2): 323 ‒ 324. — adanya perubahan status gymnopetalum scabrum var. pectinatum sebagai varietas gymnopetalum menjadi jenis tersendiri gymnopetalum pectinatum (w. j. de wilde & duyfjes) rugayah, menambah jumlah jenis gymnopetalum yang ada di malesia menjadi empat jenis. kata kunci: asia tenggara, cucurbitaceae, gymnopetalum, jenis baru. reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 323 � 324 323 description gymnopetalum pectinatum (w. j . de wilde & duyfjes) rugayah, stat. & comb. nov. gymnopetalum integrifolium (roxb.) kurz var. pectinatum w. j. de wilde & duyfjes, blumea 51, 2 (2006) 287, fig. 4. — gymnopetalum scabrum (lour.) w. j. de wilde & duyfjes var. pectinatum (w.j.de wilde & duyfjes) w. j. de wilde & duyfjes, reinwardtia 12 (2008a) 268; fl. males., ser. 1, 19 (2010) 78, f. 24: a,b.; 26: b, b�; pl. 10: c. — type: de w ilde & duyfjes 21692 (l), male fl., e java. climbing or creeping herbs, rooting at the nodes, to 4 m long; stem sparsely and densely grey-brown hairy; monoecious. probract absent or possibly inconspicuous and caducous. tendrils sparsely hairy, simple or 2-branched near the base. leaves: petiole 2–4 cm long; lamina subcoriaceous, slightly bullate, scabrous and sparsely hairy above, more densely hairy below, sparsely black-dotted, broadly ovate, circular or 3or 5-angular, or reniform in outline, 2 –7 cm long, base deeply cordate, margin subentire or dentate-mucronate, apex broadly rounded to acute, mucronate; cystoliths in older leaves present above. male flowers solitary or in erect bracteate racemes 4–15 cm long; bracts hairy, minutely black -dotted, ± obtriangular, 15–20 mm long, sessile, introduction gymnopetalum arn. in malesia and thailand has recently received much attention in connection with the flora treatments of the cucurbitaceae for both areas (de wilde & duyfjes, 2006; 2008a; 2008b; 2010). with the description of gymnopetalum integrifolium var. pectinatum (2006) only two collections were known, from a locality in e java, near pasuruan, at sea level, viz. de wilde & duyfjes 21692 (flowers), 21693 (fruits), both in l. recently a third collection in bo became known, from distant sumbawa, nakano & kahono 99111, containing male flowers and fruit, collected at alas, 5–10 m alt., beside the road near the sea, dated june 26, 1999. this latter specimen, matching the e java collections in the male bract and fruit and seed details, indicated that a good species rather than a variety is concerned. this raises the number of malesian gymnopetalum species from 3 to 4, and with the sri lanka species g. tubiflorum to 5 for the genus as a whole. for clarity a key to the species, alternative to that presented in flora malesiana and a species description compatible to those in flora malesiana (de wilde & duyfjes, 2010) is presented. gymnopetalum pectinatum (w. j. de wilde & duyfjes) rugayah: rank of species for gy mnopetalum scabrum var. pectinatum (cucurbitaceae) received september 14, 2015; accepted october 02, 2015 w. j. j. o. de wilde & b. e. e. duyfjes naturalis biodiversity center, section botany, p.o. box 9517, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail:b.wildeduyfjes@naturalis.nl rugayah herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: titikrugayah@yahoo.com abstract de wilde, w. j. j. o., duyfjes, b. e. e. & rugayah. 2015. gymnopetalum pectinatum (w. j. de wilde & duyfjes) rugayah: rank of species for gymnopetalum scabrum var. pectinatum ( cucurbitaceae). reinwardtia 14(2): 323 � 324. — with gymnopetalum pectinatum (w. j. de wilde & duyfjes) rugayah, stat. nov.& comb. nov., a coastal species, four species in gymnopetalum are now recognized in malesia. key words: cucurbitaceae, gymnopetalum, new species, se asia. abstrak de wilde, w. j. j. o., duyfjes, b. e. e. & rugayah. 2015. gymnopetalum pectinatum (w. j. de wilde & duyfjes) rugayah: tingkat jenis gymnopetalum scabrum var. pectinatum (cucurbitaceae). reinwardtia 14(2): 323 � 324. — adanya perubahan status gymnopetalum scabrum var. pectinatum sebagai varietas gymnopetalum menjadi jenis tersendiri gymnopetalum pectinatum (w. j. de wilde & duyfjes) rugayah, menambah jumlah jenis gymnopetalum yang ada di malesia menjadi empat jenis. kata kunci: asia tenggara, cucurbitaceae, gymnopetalum, jenis baru. reinwardtia 324 [vol.14 upper margin regularly, finely, densely laciniate, the lobes linear, 2–4 mm long; flowers sparsely or densely brown pubescent, hairs ± curly, 2–3 mm long; pedicel 50–80 mm long in solitary flowers, 10 (–15) mm long in the racemes, persistent, at apex articulate; receptacle tube ca. 25 mm long, ca. 6 mm wide, narrowed below insertion of stamens about the middle; sepals narrowly triangular to linear, entire, acute, 3–4 mm long; petals at anthesis not seen; stamens, synandrium and disc-segments not investigated. female flowers solitary on the node or solitary at base of the male raceme; bracts ca. 20 × 25 mm, finely laciniate; sepals linear, ca. 8 × 1 mm; ovary densely hairy, ca. 15 mm long. fruits orangered, sparsely hairy, rather juicy, ellipsoid, 4–4.5 × ca. 2.8 cm, base and apex obtuse, not ribbed; fruiting pedicel hairy, 1–3 cm long. seeds numerous, brown or blackish, in green pulp, ellipsoid-oblong, ± compressed, 7–8 × 3–3.5 mm, faces slightly raised, somewhat rugose, margin broad, rounded. distribution. e j ava, w sumbawa. ecology. coastal flat-land on clayey soil; low altitudes. notes. fully open male flower s ar e still unknown. as suggested with the original description of the variety the overall characters, i.e. in the general habit of the plant, this species seems intermediate between gymnopetalum scabrum (with globose fruit, not ribbed) and g. chinense (with ellipsoid fruit, ribbed). possibly the present gymnopetalum pectinatum is a coastal species as all three collections are from near the sea. the probract is possibly absent in gymnopetalum pectinatum. in gymnopetalum scabrum it is 1–2.5 mm long or absent, in g. chinense minute, caducous, or absent. in flora malesiana (de wilde & duyfjes, 2010) the probract of g. scabrum (g. integrifolia) erroneously was indicated as to 2.5 cm long. in gymnopetalum orientale w. j. de wilde & duyfjes the probract is absent or various in size, (ob)ovate, to 1 cm long. key to the malesian species of gymnopetalum acknowledgements the help of the botanical garden at purwodadi for facilitating a cucurbit-collecting fieldtrip to the area in e java where gymnopetalum pectinatum was found is acknowledged. we would like to thank the curators of bo and l for allowing us to study their holdings. references de wilde, w. j. j. o. & duyfjes, b. e. e. 2006. review of the genus gymnopetalum (cucurbitaceae). blumea 51: 281−296. de wilde, w. j. j. o & duyfjes, b. e. e. 2008a. miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news. reinwardtia 12: 267−274. de wilde, w. j. j. o. & duyfjes, b. e. e. 2008b. cucurbitaceae. in: t. santisuk & k. larsen (eds.), flora of thailand 9: 411−546. niran hetrakul, prachachon co. ltd., thailand. de wilde, w. j. j. o. & duyfjes, b. e. e. 2010. cucurbitaceae. fl. males. ser. 1, spermat. 19: 1−333. foundation flora malesiana. 1 a. leaves densely coarsely hairy below …………….. 2 b. leaves sparsely scabrouspubescent below ………... 3 2 a. male bract in raceme irregularly few lobed or incised. fruit globose, glabrescent …………………………. g. scabrum b. male bract in the raceme with apex ± truncate, regularly finely laciniate. fruit ellipsoid, sparsely hairy…… g. pectinatum 3 a. flowers in the male raceme with distinct pedicel. fruit 2.5–5 mm long, 10ribbed ……… g. chinense b. flowers in the male raceme (sub)sessile. fruit 5– 6 cm long, unribbed .……... g. orientale . . . instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id a 2 323-324_1-1 323-324_3-3 323-324_4-4 323-324_5-5 u b a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(2) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(2): 129-204.22 november 2004 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 2, pp: 181 – 189 four new species of arenga (palmae) from indonesia johanis p. mogea herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, puslit biologi – lipi, bogor, indonesia abstract mogea, johanis p. 2004. four new species of arenga (palmae) from indonesia. reinwardtia 12 (2): 181 – 189. ― arenga distincta from borneo and a. longipes, a. plicata, and a. talamauensis from sumatra are described and illustrated for the first time. the descriptions are followed by information regarding the habitat and geographical distribution, and notes on morphological similarities with other, presumably related species. leaves of a. longipes and a. talamauensis are paripinnate while the other two species are imparipinnate. keywords: arenga, palmae, indonesia abstrak mogea, johanis p. 2004. empat jenis baru arenga (palmae) dari indonesia. reinwardtia 12 (2): 181 – 189. ― arenga distincta dari borneo; a. longipes, a. plicata, dan a. talamauensis dari sumatra dipertelakan dan dilengkapi dengan gambar untuk yang pertama kali. pertelaan tersebut disertai dengan keterangan mengenai habitat, persebaran geografi, dan kesamaan morfologi jenis-jenis yang diperkirakan kerabatnya. a. longipes dan a. talamauensis berdaun sirip genap, dua jenis yang lainnya berdaun sirip ganjil. kata kunci: arenga, palmae, indonesia introduction the genus arenga was based on the name given by labillardière for a sugarpalm from moluccas, which he named as arenga saccharifera. the name can be found in le bulletin des sciences par la societé philomatique 2 page 161 edited by de candolle in 1800. the bulletin was published as proceedings of a series of talks given by labillardière about his expedition in south east asia in 1791 – 1792. actually the sugarpalm had been already been described previously by rumphius in 1741 in the herbarium amboinense 1 page 57 and figure 13. at that time it was cited as ‘palma indica vineria secunda’, meaning second wine-producing palm of the indies. the first wine-producing palm known to him at that time was probably the coconut-palm. rumphius described the sugarpalm mostly in comparison with other well known flora, fauna, and in relation to the daily lives of the people of ambon. he also mentioned local names of the palm, namely gomutus, gamut, and areng. the last one apparently was latinized by labillardière for the name of the genus. however, the sugarpalm was not mentioned in the species plantarum of linneaus (1753), though eight other economic palms were cited namely areca catechu, borassus flabellifer, calamus rotang, caryota urens, cocos nucifera, corypha thebaica, corypha umbraculi-fera, and elate sylvestris (moore & dransfield, 1979). other species of arenga were published firstly by martius (1838) in historia naturalis palmarum (arenga obtusifolia and a. porphyrocarpa, the latter at that time named as orania porphyrocarpa). during 1844 – 1845, griffith published three other species of arenga in the calcutta journal of natural history volume 5 no. 17, 19, and 20. later in 1850, he published again the same species in the palms of british east india. the species were a. westerhoutii, a. wightii, and a. nana (at that time named as wallichia nana). in 1875, blake described saguerus australasicus (= a. australasica) from queensland australia. in 1878, wendland & drude published a list of palms, and under arenga, eight species were listed. namely a. bonnetii, a. griffithii, a. javanica, a. manillensis, a. obtusifolia, a. saccharifera, a. westerhoutii and a. wightii. in 1886, beccari described a. brevipes and a. undulatifolia, both from borneo, and a. engleri from taiwan. in 1889, he published a. microcarpa from papua new guinea, in 1891 a. listeri from christmas island in the indian ocean. in 1898 bailey described a. gracilicaulis from papua new guinea, and in 1907 beccari again described a. ambong from mindanao, the philippines; in 1909 he removed caryota tremula of the philippines to a. tremula. in 1965, moore & meijer added one species from sabah, namely a. retroflorescens. finally, in 181 182 reinwardtia [vol.12 1971, hatusima changed a. engleri to a. tremula var. engleri in 1988, wei described a. micrantha from china, and finally in 1989 she also described a. longicarpa from guangdong south china. a genus very similar to arenga is didymosperma. it was described by wendland & drude in 1883; however, the list of six species of the genus had been published previously in 1878 in the index general des palmiers edited by kerchove de denterghem. the species in the list were d. caudatum, d. horsfieldii, d. reinwardtii, d. nanum, d. porphyrocarpum and d. tremulum. the last three were transferred from arenga. in 1889, beccari described d. hastatum and d. hookerianum, both from the malay peninsula, and d. borneense from borneo. in 1892 j.d. hooker described d. gracile from assam; beccari in 1910 added two varieties of d. caudatum, namely var. stenophylla and var. tonkinense, both from north vietnam. in 1937, gagnepain elevated the last variety to species rank as d. tonkinense. in 1960, moore studied the related genera arenga, didymosperma, wallichia, and caryota. he put all these genera under the subfamily caryotoideae, and included didymosperma under sinonymy with arenga, placing it under section didymosperma. he also removed d. porphyrocarpum, d. caudatum, and d. nana to arenga. his view was followed by whitmore (1970) who transferred d. hastatum and d. hookerianum, and dransfield (1980) who transferred d. borneense to arenga. hence, in total the genus consisted of 25 species and two varieties. although the genus has a long history, some of the species remain poorly known and poorly circumscribed, leading to difficulties in identification. for example a. pinnata, a. westerhoutii and a. wightii, are all large palms with solitary habit that are superficially similar and easily confused; in some areas such as in south of thailand and malay peninsula,a. pinnata and a. westerhoutii co-occur in the same locality and habitat. the philippine species a. tremula, a. mindorensis, a. engleri and a. undulatifolia have also been confused and there is a great complexity of variation in a. caudata in indochina, thailand and the malay peninsula needing clarification. one reason for these problems may be because the genus has not been studied in detail since the work of moore in 1960. therefore a revision of the genus is timely, especially as many more collections have been made and are particularly rich in the herbaria at leiden, kew and bogor. during the revision, four new species were identified. they are described in this paper. the revision of the genus will be presented separately. in the specimen citation, “!” means that the specimen had been examined by the author, s.fl. means staminate flower, and p.fl. means pistillate flower. 1. arenga distincta mogea, sp. nov. –– fig. 1 and 2 frutices monoeci pleonanthi caulibus ad 2 m altis, ca 1.5 cm diam. (vaginis incl.), internodiis 4 – 8 cm longis. folia imparipinnata, ca 1 m longa (vaginis, petiolis, foliolisque incl.); ligula 4 – 6 cm longa; foliola alterna, ca 3 in utroque latere, petiolulis ad 0.8 cm longis, lateribus trullatis, subpanduratis, 14–24 cm longis, 6 – 9.5 cm latis, margine distali praemorsea, foliolo terminali simplice, elliptico, ca 20 cm longo, 10 – 12 cm late; costae 6 – 10, quarum tres ad centrum prominensimus, ceteris characteribus similaris arenga hastata (beccari) whitmore, praeter margine sepala crenata cum 4 – 6 lobis parvis. typus: borneo, south kalimantan, district tapin, muara uya, alt. 100 m, fl. (bud).10.nov.1971, dransfield & saerudin 2801 (bo holo!, bh, l!). monoecious, pleonanthic shrub, forming clusters; stem up to 2 m long, 1.5 cm diam. (including leafsheath), internodes 4 – 8 cm long. leaves 5 – 9 in crown, imparipinnate; leafsheath 10 – 20 (–30) cm long, margin and ligule united forming a fine soft black mat; ligule 4 – 6 cm long; petiole 20 – 30 (– 60) cm long, 0.3 cm diam.; blade 45 cm long, 30 cm wide, inter and ultrajugal part 5 – 10 cm long, upper surface of the leaflets glabrous, lower surface with brown indumentum; number of lateral leaflets on either side (2 –) 3 (– 5), in one plane, alternate; main longitudinal veins one, petiole up to 0.8 cm long; lateral leaflets trullate, rather pandurate, 14 – 24 cm long, 6 – 9.5 cm wide, top margin praemorse; terminal leaflet obtriangular, ca 20 cm long, 10 – 12 cm wide; main longitudinal veins 6 – 10, either 2 or 3 of the main longitudinal veins more prominent, distal part of the terminal leaflets with 3 lobes, each lobe with acumen, the middle lobe the longest, up to 3 cm long. staminate inflorescence sometimes arising from a cleft between the leafsheaths, solitary, slender, up to ca. 45 cm long; peduncle ca 2 cm long, number of bracts ca. 4, erect, slender, up to 10 cm long; peduncle covered by the bracts, up to 20 – 30 cm long; each bearing one rachilla; rachilla pendulous, slender, 20 – 25 cm long. staminate flower ellipsoid, 8 mm long, 3.5 mm diam.; sepal broadly ovate ca. 2 mm long, 3 mm wide, margin 2004] mogea: four new species of arenga from indonesia 183 crenulate, lobes 4 – 6; petal ellipse, up to 8 mm long, 3.5 mm wide; stamens 20 – 30, filament ca. 0.5 m long, anthers ca. 4 mm long; pistillode absent. pistillate inflorescence similar to the staminate one, mostly shorter, 20 – 30 cm long. pistillate flower globose, ca. 4 mm diam.; sepal broadly ovate 1 mm long, 2 mm wide, margin crenulate with 4 – 6 small lobes; petal ovate, ca. 4 mm long, 3 mm wide; ovary globose, ca. 4 mm diam.; stigma inconspicuous. fruit globose, ca. 10 mm diam. seed one, subglobose to ellipsoid, ca. 6 mm long, surface often with brown spots. seedling with bifid eophyll, leafsheath 2 cm long, petiole 1 cm long; blade obovate, ca. 4 cm long, 2 cm wide, top margin praemorse, lower surface whitish, rather rough. fig.1. arenga distincta. a. habit of plant cultivated in bogor botanic garden xi.b.xiii.187, other stems of the cluster removed; b. a portion of the rachilla; c. staminate flower nearly at anthesis; d. longitudinal section of the staminate flower; e. calyx of the staminate flower after the corolla and stamens have been removed; f. pistillate flower, a black spot near the flower (indicated by an arrow) is the scar of the protandrous staminate flower; g. pistillate flower after one of the petals has been removed; h. a part of infructescence; i . fruit as seen from the side; j. seed as seen from the base; k. seed as seen from the side; l. longitudinal section of the seed showing the homogenous endosperm and lateral embryo. b – g after mogea 5810; i – l after mogea s.n. habitat and geographical distribution. endemic to borneo: sabah, sarawak, east and south kalimantan in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, up to alt. 500 m. however, usually in small populations. vernacular names. sabah: sasa utan (murut language), anudur (melayu languge), kabal pisakwau (orang sungai language). notes. the specimen dransfield 5306 from sarawak has 5 leaflets on either side of the rachis. according to the field notes: upper surface of the leaflets deep green, lower surface brownish. sepals green, petals pale green, ripe fruit bright red, mesocarp white. another collection, dransfield & saerudin 2801 (type specimen) from south kalimantan, has a vegetative bud arising at the node 30 cm from the base of the stem. the surface of the seeds from east and south kalimantan are covered with faint brown spots. whether the seeds from sabah and sarawak have the same surfaces is not known. the lateral leaflets of the specimen mogea et al. b-1559 and mogea et al. b-1593 from east kalimantan are rather more similar to arenga hastata than to a. distincta. the similarities are in the length of the petiole, the form of the leaflets, the shiny glabrous lower surface and the texture. it is possible that this represents a natural hybrid between the two species, as a. hastata also occurs in sarawak and central kalimantan. specimen examined. borneo. sabah: district ranau, southeast of river mongkodoit, p.fl .(young) 11.apr. 1983, san 96539 joseph et al. (k!, l!, san); district labuk, sugut, sinurai village, s.fl.16.apr.1983, san 95380 aban & dewol (a, k!, l!, san, sar!); district telupid, ca mile 8, ente lebun menanam, alt. 150 m, s.fl.24.oct.1979, dransfield 5801 (k!, san); district lahad datu, ulu sungai danum, s.fl.1.sep.1976, san 85240 stone (k!, san); district tongod, ulu menanam village, alt. 500 m, s.fl.2.oct.1978, san 89298 dewol & kodoh (k!, san); district betotan, alt. 25 m, fr.16.may.1933, castro 3247 (k!); district beluran, south of labuk bridge, alt. 400 m, fr.8.dec.1979, san 91070 dewol (k!, san, sar!). sarawak : 2nd div., foot path to mt. silantek, left up stream of river silantek, mile 85, sri aman, alt. 180 m, fl.(in bud).21.aug.1980, san 424575 paie (k!, kep, ny, san); ulu belaga, kuala linau, river masoh, rumah nyaving, alt. 200 m, s.fl.10.aug.1975, dransfield et al. 4700 (bm!, k!, kep, l!, sar!); 4th div., mulu national park, foot mt. muda, alt. 150 m, sterile, 12.oct.1977, dransfield 5306 (k!, san); niah national park, near river sekaloh, s.fl.+ p.fl. 28.mar.1979, san 40054 chai et 184 reinwardtia [vol.12 al. (k!, ny, san); betotan, logged area, timber concession, alt. 25 m, p.fl. 22 apr.1933, orolfo 3079 (k!, sar!). east kalimantan : district bulungan, ulu sebuku, s.fl.+ fr., aug. 1912, amdjah 390 (bo!); s.fl. + p.fl. 8.sep. 1912, amdjah 552 (bo!); district kutai, long hut, s.fl. 19.aug.1925, endert 2662 (bo!, l!); nature reserve mantoko, river sengata, alt. 40 m, s.fl.+ p.fl.+ fr. 15.jun. 1971, dransfield 1578 (bo!, l!); northwest tabang, foot of mt. batu kenye, along belayan river, alt. 100 – 150 m, s.fl.10.jan.1979, mogea et al. b-1593 (bo!, kyo!); ibid., fl.(in bud), 10.jan.1979, mogea et al. b-1594 (bo!, kyo!); around jelini, fr.6.jan.1979, mogea et al. 1559 (bo!, kyo!), sterile, 6.jan.1979, mogea et al. b-1560 (bo!, kyo!); g. mendam, s.fl.16.jan.1979, murata et al. b-2384 (bo!, kyo!). south kalimantan: mts. meratus, barabai, kiu, foot of mt. besar, mixed lowland dipterocarp forest, on a river bank, alt. 200 m, s.fl.14.nov.1971, dransfield & saerudin 2801 (bo holotype!, bh, l!). cultivated in botanic garden. bogor: living collection under registration number: xi.b.xiii.187 and 201 originally from seed of the collection of dransfield & saerudin 2801; ibid., s.fl.24.aug.1984 mogea 5810 (bo!); ibid., fr.4.aug.1986., mogea 5854 (bo!). fig. 2. arenga distincta. a. a portion of the top of the plant bearing leaf and staminate inflorescence; b. a portion of peduncle showing conspicuous villose hairs covereing the bracts; c. a portion of inflorescence showing triads; d. seedling. a after mogea 5810, b – c after mogea 5854, d after mogea s.n. 2. arenga longipes mogea, sp. nov. --fig. 3 and 4. fructices basipetalo-hapaxanthi, monoecicespitosi vel cum stolonibus subterraneis, . caulis pars basalis cum ca. 4 internodiis; internodiis ca.. 3 cm longis, ca. 5 cm diam.; internodiis superis ad 2.5 m longis, ca. 1 cm diam., pedunculoideis. folia paripinnata, foliolis alternis, ca. 16 in utroque latere; lateralibus lineariis, glabris. inflorescentia solitaria vel ramificans, mascula axillaris, saepe ramificans, rachillae 2 – 6, graciles, pendulae, ad 30 cm longae, saepe ramificantes; floribus masculis gemminatis, ellipticis, ca 1 mm longis, 3 mm diam., sepalis, distinctis imbricatis, staminibus ca 10. inflorescentia femina similis, sed bisexualis, rachillae inramificantes, ad apex caulis, floribus in triadibus ferentibus; flores pistillati elliptici, ca 7 mm longi, 3 mm diam., sepalis 3 distinctis, imbricatis, staminodiis 3, ovario biloculare, utroque loculo unico ovulo; stigmatibus sessilibus, bilobatis. typus: sumatra, prov. bengkulu, district rejang lebong, beside the main road on km 18 from kapahiang to bengkulu, on the slope of mixed dipterocarp forest, altitude 700 m, s.fl.25.aug.1973, dransfield 3585 (bo! holo, l!). shrub, clustered, hapaxanthic, monoecious or dioecious; distances between the base of stems ca. 50 cm, stem connected by underground stolons; stolon terete, ca. 0.5 cm diam. proximal stem terete, 25 cm long, 5 cm diam; internodes ca. 3 cm, surface glabrous; the top internode forming the peduncle, terete up to 250 cm long, 1 cm diam., rather tomentose and vilose up to massive woolly leafsheath. leaves 5 in crown, paripinnate, at maturity subsequent leaves gradually reduced in size. leafsheath up to 40 cm long, mouth of the leafsheath united with ligule forming a fine mat; ligule up to 10 cm long; petiole terete, 50 – 250 cm long, 1 – 1.5 cm diam.; blade 100 cm long, 60 cm wide; rachis glabrous; interjugal part 2 – 7 cm, pulvinus 0.5 cm long; petiole absent. lateral leaflets ca. 16 on either side, ± in one plane, subalternate, both surfaces glabrous. lateral leaflets linear, 30 – 60 cm long, 3 – 4.5 cm wide, at the base cuneate, upper margin praemorse, the tip rather obtuse to acute, praemorse; main longitudinal vein of the lateral leaflets one, other lateral veins arising from the base of the leaflet diverging longitudinally. terminal leaflet obtriangular, 15 – 25 cm long, 3.5 – 6 cm wide, at the base cuneate, at the margin praemorse, at the top with 2 or 3 triangular lobes, margin praemorse obtuse to acute, main longitudinal veins two or three; two top leaves tube-like resembling the prophyll and bract of the inflorescence, terete, 85 cm long, ca. 1 cm diam. inflorescence solitary, in one stem 2004] mogea: four new species of arenga from indonesia 185 bearing 1 to 3 inflorescences, erect; in the dioecious plant, the staminate inflorescence at the top of the stem, in monoecious plant the staminate inflorescences below the pistillate ones. peduncle slender, terete, up to 30 cm long, 0.3 cm diam; prophyll tube-like, 3 – 15 cm long; bracts 3, tube-like, 10 – 30 cm long, 0.3 – 1.5 cm diam., surface glabrous; number of rachilla 2 – 6, pendulous, slender, up to 30 cm long, sometimes branched. staminate flower ellipsoid, sepals broadly ovate, 1.5 – 2 mm long, surface minutely roughened, petal elliptic, ca. 10 mm long, 3 mm wide, surface striate; stamens ca. 10, filament ca. 0.5 mm long, anther 5 – 7 mm long, pistillode absent. pistillate inflorescence similar to the staminate one, at the top of the stem; number rachillae 3 or 4, never branched. pistillate flower ellipsoid, ca. 7 mm long, 3 mm diam., sepal obovate , ca. 1.5 mm long, 3 mm wide; petal elliptic, ca. 7 mm long, 4 mm wide; staminodes 3, ca. 1.5 mm long, each inserted between the joined petasl; ovary globose, ca. 4 mm diam., 2 cells, each with one ovule; stigma sessile, 2 lobed, lobes ca 1.5 mm long. fruit not known. fig. 3. arenga longipes. a. habit of two plants, one of them bearing the inflorescence (the drawing based on the photograph made by dr. j. dransfield), b. top of the stem bearing the staminate inflorescence. after dransfield 3585 (bo – type specimen). habitat and geographical distribution. endemic to sumatra, prov. bengkulu in disturbed mixed dipterocarp forest, alt. 600 – 700 m. in a small population very close to the main road between kapahiang – bengkulu at km 19 – 20. however, it was not found in the nearest one hectare of tabah pananjung nature reserved which is located near the population. according to dr. j. dransfield in his field notes, at anthesis the flower smelled of oil of wintergreen (gaultheria sp.). fig. 4. arenga longipes. a. portion of the leafsheath, b. the middle of the leaf, c. longitudinal section of the staminate flower, d. calyx of the flower after the corolla and stamens have been removed, e. pistillate flower, one of the petals has been removed. a – d after dransfield 3585 and e after dransfield 3647 all from bo. notes. there are six clusters of a. longipes (mogea 5965) growing side by side with a population of a. porphyrocarpa (mogea 5964) and caryota mitis. these same natural habitat, distribution, and their morphological similarities could suggest that longipes is an intermediate form between these two genera. the stoloniferous habit is very rare in arenga being otherwise known only in a. retroflorescens and a. obtusifolia. it is curious that all the paripinnate arenga spp such as a. longipes, a. talamauensis and a. hastata have leaflets glabrous on both surfaces 186 reinwardtia [vol.12 whilst in the other species of the genus which are imparipinnate, the leaflets are glabrous on the upper surface. the lower surface is always covered by wax and white or brown tomentum, except in a. caudata. in this last species, the lower surface of the leaflet has very sparse indumentum or is glabrous. the glabrous surfaces of the both sides of the leaflet is one characteristic typical of caryota. however, the bipinnate leaf, the always solitary inflorescence, and a ruminate endosperm are characters which are absent in a. longipes (except for the ruminate endosperm of a. longipes which was so far not available). the similarities between a. longipes and a. porphyrocarpa are particularly in the similar size, number of the lateral leaflets, number of the rachilla, number of stamens and form and number of staminodium. a. longipes is very easily identified from other species of arenga because the leaf is paripinnate, both leaflet surfaces are glabrous, the top of the stem is slender, elongate and similar to the peduncle, sometimes the staminate rachillae branch and the pistillate flower has a staminodium. the only other species that has a staminodium is a. porphyrocarpa. the branched staminate rachilla as shown in fig. 3b in fact is an unusual form as it was the only one collection found among the other five collections examined. specimen examined. sumatra. prov. bengkulu, district rejang lebong, km 18 from kapahiang to bengkulu, on slope of disturbed dipterocarp forest near a private coffee estate, alt. 700 m, s.fl.30.oct.1987, mogea 5965 (bo!,k!, l!); ibid., km 20, alt. 500 m, s.fl.26.aug.1973, dransfield 3604 (bo!); ibid., s.fl.26.aug.1973, dransfield 3605 (bo!); ibid., km 22, alt. 600 m, s.fl.+p.fl.29.aug.1973, dransfield 3647 (bo!). 3. arenga plicata mogea, sp. nov. – fig. 5 frutex caulis ad 1.5 m altis, ca 3 cm daim. (vaginis incl.), pleonanthus, dioeca. folia imparipinnata, ca 3.2 m longa (vaginis, petiolis, foliolis incl.), foliolis alternis, ca 12 in utroque latere, lateralibus obtrullatis 28 – 39 cm longis, 3.5 – 10.5 cm latis, basi cuneatis plicatis sursum gradatim applanatis, margine distali praemorsa, apice acuto vel truncato, infra cinnamomeis, costa principali 1. inflorescentia staminata a. retroflorescenti affinis, pedunculo crasso, bracteis dense imbricatis laceratis rachillam totam includentibus, rachilla 1 compacta ellipsoidea 4 – 6 cm longa, 3 cm diam., floribus ca 60 dense fasciculatis nodis obscuris obvoideis ca 8 mm longis, staminibus 33 – 38. typus : sumatra, prov. jambi, district kerinci, road from penetai to sungei penuh, lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, alt. ca 300 m, s.fl.21.jul.1972, dransfield 2606 (bo-holo!, bh, k!, l!). fig. 5. arenga plicata. a. terminal leaflet, b. lateral leaflets of the middle leaf, c. lateral leaflets of the base of the leaf, d. a portion of the stem bearing the staminate inflorescence, e. staminate flower at anthesis, f. longitudinal section of the staminate flower, g. stamen. a – g after dransfield 2606 (bo – type specimen). pleonanthic, dioecious shrub; stem up to 1.5 m long, ca 3 cm diam., internodes 3 – 5 cm long, nodes conspicuous. leaves imparipinnate, leafsheath ca. 20 cm long, outer surface rough, margin and the ligule forming a fine brown mat, ligule fibrous, many fibers stout and strong, up to 20 cm long; petiole terete, up to 125 cm long, ca. 1 cm diam., surfaces rough, brown. blade 175 cm long, 40 cm wide; lateral leaflet ca. 12on either side, alternate, at the base of the blade 4 leaflets in groups, fan-like, upright, other leaflets ± in one plane, inter and ultrajugal part 3.5 – 10.5 cm long, ultrajugal mostly 3.5 cm long; pulvinus up to 0.5 cm long. lateral leaflets trullate, 28 – 40 cm long, 3.5 – 10.5 cm wide; plicate at the cuneate base gradually flattening through to the tip; apex acute to truncate, margin praemorse; abaxial surface reddish tinged; main longitudinal vein 1, quadrangular in cross section, 2 mm long, 1 mm 2004] mogea: four new species of arenga from indonesia 187 wide. terminal leaflet obtriangular, 34 – 37 cm long, 14 – 19 cm wide, at the apex with 4 or 5 lobes; lobes acute; main longitudinal veins ca. 6. staminate inflorescence solitary, infrafoliolar, peduncle covered by bracts, terete, 2 cm long, 0.3 cm diam., bracts ca. 4 obscuring the spike; rachilla 1, ellipsoid, 4 – 6 cm long, 3 cm diam., congested with flowers; bracteolule absent; number of flowers in the rachilla ca. 60; flower arrangement in the rachilla obscure; staminate flower obovoid, ca. 8 mm long, 2.5 mm diam.; sepal obovate, ca. 2. mm long, 2.5 mm wide; petal lanceolate, ca. 8 mm long, 2 – 3 mm wide, outer surface striate; stamens 33 – 38, filament ca 2.5 – 4 mm; stigma ca. 2.5 mm; pistillode absent. pistillate inflorescence and fruit unknown. notes. the plant is similar to a. retroflorescens particularly in its pleonanhtic habit, dioecy, nodes of stem very conspicuous, and erect spicate staminate inflorescence, and congested flower arrangement. the plant is known only from the type collection. 4. arenga talamauensis mogea, sp. nov.– fig. 6 frutices dioeci basipetalo-hapaxanthi caulibus 2 m altis, caulis apicalis pedunculo similis ca. 20 cm, ca. 0.2 cm diam. folia paripinnata, in nodis caulis apicalibus bracteiformibus. foliolis alternis, ca. 4 in utroque latere, lateralibus trullatis, + panduratis, 16 – 18 cm longis, 3.5 – 10.5 cm latis, basin cuneatis, margine distali praemorsa. inflorescentia staminata in caule apicali 2 fasciculi, curva, 15 – 35 cm longa. rachillae ad tertius axem ramificantes, ca. 5, exiles, 12 – 20 cm longae, unisexuales. flores staminati elliptici, 6 – 7 mm longi, 3 – 4 mm lati, sepalis petalisque glabrescentibus, staminibus ca. 25, pistillodio carenti. flores pistillati elliptii, ca. 4 mm longi, 3 mm lati, staminodiis carentibus, ovario globoso. typus: sumatra, prov. west sumatra, district pasaman, lubuk sikaping, bukit kabung, primary dipterocarp forest, alt. 800 1000 m, s.fl. (young).22.jun.1907, bünnemeijer 1216 (bo! holo). shrub, apparently in clusters, hapaxanthic, dioecious, stem forming the peduncle at its tip, slender, terete ca. 20 cm long, 0.2 cm diam. leaves paripinnate, the terminal leaf reduced forming a bract; leafsheath 20 cm long, at the mouth with the ligule forming a fine mat; the ligule up to 1 cm long; peduncle slender, terete, (3–)12 – 16 cm long, 0.3 cm diam.; blade 37 – 50 cm long, 26 – 34 cm wide; pulvinus 0.5 cm, interjugal part 3 – 8 cm, ultrajugal part ca. 12 cm, petiolule up to 1 cm long; lateral leaflets 4 on either side, alternate, + in one plane, trullate, 16 – 18 cm long, 6 – 8 cm wide, at the base cuneate, at the tip + with acumen, top part of the leaflet margin praemorse, main longitudinal vein 1; terminal leaflet obtriangular, asymetric, 12 – 14 cm long, 3.5 – 7 cm wide, obtuse at the tip, main longitudinal veins 2 or 3, top part of the leaflet . fig. 6. arenga talamauensis . a. top of the stem showing hapaxanthic habit, b. a portion of the rachilla showing a triad, c. a portion of staminate rachilla showing only one developed staminate flower from each of the triads, d. staminate flower at anthesis, e. calyx of the staminate flower after the corolla has been removed, f. pistillate flower. a – b: after bünnemeijer 1216 (bo – type specimen); c – f: after bünnemeijer 473 (bo). margin praemorse. staminate inflorescence multiple, consisting of 2 inflorescences at the top of the stem, curved, 15 – 35 cm long, branching to the second order; the prophyll tube-like, ca. 2 cm long; bracts 4, tattered, the young bract tubelike, 12 – 15 cm long. rachillae, ca. 5, slender, 12 – 20 cm long, unisexual; staminate flower in pairs, only either one developing to mature flower; staminate flower ellipsoid, 6 – 7 mm long 3 – 4 mm diam.; sepal ovate, 1.5 – 2 mm long, surfaces glabrous; petal elliptic, ca. 6 – 7 mm long, surfaces striate; stamens ca. 25, filaments 0.5 mm long, anther ca 3 mm long, pistillode absent. pistillate inflorescence similar to the 188 reinwardtia [vol.12 staminate, at the 3 or 4lower nodes number. pistillate flower ellipsoid, ca 4 mm long, 3 mm diam., sepal ovate ca. 3 mm long, 2.5 mm wide; petal elliptic, ca. 6 mm long, 2 mm wide, staminodium absent; ovary globose, ca. 2.5 mm diam.; stigmas sessile, 2-lobed, ca. 0.8 mm long. fruit unknown. habitat and geographical distribution. endemic to sumatra, prov. west sumatra, lubuk sikaping, bukit kabung and mt. talamau, in primary dipterocarp forest, alt. 800 – 1000 m, very rare, the population might be very little. notes. the paripinnate leaves in arenga so far are known in a. talamauensis, a. hastata and a. longipes. in the section didymosperma, multiple inflorescences with the inflorescence consisting of more than one rachilla are present in arenga talamauensis and a. porphyrocarpa. other species such as a. nana, a. caudata, a. longipes, and a. gracilis have a solitary inflorescence but each inflorescence may bear more than one rachilla. other species in the section have a solitary inflorescence, which bears only one rachilla such as in a. caudata var. tonkinensis, a. distincta, a. hastata, and a. plicata. specimen examined. sumatra. prov. west sumatra, district pasaman, lubuk sikaping, northwest of “lelling”, ophir, mt. talamau, primary mountain dipterocarp forest, alt. 1000 m, p.fl. apr.1907, bünnemeijer 473 (bo!). acknowledgements i would like to express my sincere thanks to mr. j. teller an officer from the ministry of foreign affair and the ministry of education and culture of the government of the netherlands who made available to me a four months grant (from october 1986 to january 1987, and april 1987) to study in the rijksherbarium leiden. i am also very grateful to dr. m.m.j van balgooy for his continuous help in obtaining the grant for me through the cultural agreement of the netherlands embassy in jakarta. i am also indebted to mr. l. mole who assisted me to obtain a two months grant (from february to march 1987) from the royal society of london that enabled me to study the important collection and the literature in the royal botanic gardens kew as well as in the british museum of natural history. for the use of facilities i am grateful to the keepers of the herbaria of bm, k, l, bo and sar. dr. j.f. veldkamp helped me in preparing the latin diagnoses of arenga talamauensis and a. plicata. i am very much indebted as well to dr. j. dransfield for discussion and suggestions during my study of the genus. i am very much appreciated to mr. iskak syamsudin from the herbarium bogoriense who provided all the line drawing. references bailey.f.m. 1898. contribution on the flora of the (british) new guinea. queensland agric. journal 3: 203. beccari, o. 1886 ─ 1889. nuove palmae asiatiche. malesia 3 :169 – 200. beccari, o. 1989. arenga microcarpa in k. schumann. die flora von kaiser wilhelmsland. : 16. beccari, o. 1891. arenga listeri from christmas island. in oliver (editor). hooker’s icon. plantarum 3 :10. beccari, o. 1907. palms of the philippines. philippine journal of science 2 :219 – 240. beccari, o. 1909. palms of the philippines. philippine journal of science 4 : 601 – 637. beccari, o. 1910. indo chinese palms. webbia 3: 206 – 208. beccari, o & hooker, j.d. 1892. in hooker, j.d. flora of the british india 6: 420. dransfield, j.1980. systematic notes on some bornean palmae. in jeremy, a.c. (editor). notulae et novitates muluensis. botanical journal of linnean society 81:1 – 46. gagnepain, f.1937. didymosperma tonkinense. in humbert (editor). flora gěn. indochine 6: 966. griffith, w.1845. the palms of british east india. calcutta j. nat. history 5: 445 491. griffith, w. 1850. the palms of british east india. charles a. serrao, calcutta. hatusima., s. 1971. flora of ryukyu island :754. japan. labillardiere, h. 1800. in candolle, a. p., le bulletin des sciences, par la sociĕtĕ philomatique 2: 161. linneaus, c. 1753. species plantarum. 2 volumes. stockholm. martius, k.f.p. von. 1823 – 1850. historia naturalis palmarum. 3 vols. munich. 1st and 2nd edition. moore, h.e. jr. 1960. a new subfamily of palms – the caryotoideae. principes 4 (3): 102 117. moore, h.e. jr. 1963. arenga australasica. gentes herbarium 9: 268. moore, h.e. jr. & j. dransfield. 1979. typification of linnean palms. taxon 28: 59 – 70. moore, h.e. jr. & meijer, w. 1965. a new species of arenga from borneo. principes 9: 100 – 103. rumphius, g.e. 1741. herbarium amboinense 1: 57. j. burman, meinard, uytwerf, amsterdam. wei, c.f. 1988. arenga micrantha from china. acta phytotaxonomica sinica 26 (5): 404. 2004] mogea: four new species of arenga from indonesia 189 wei, c. f. 1989. a new species of arenga from china. acta botanica sinica 4: 7– 9. wendland, h. & o. drude. 1878. index generalis in o. kerchove de denterghem (editor), les palmiers. j. rothschild. paris. wendland, h. & o. drude. 1883. palmae. in. bentham, g & hooker, j.d. (editors). genera plantarum 3: 870 – 948. l. reeve & co. london. whitmore, t.c. 1970. taxonomic notes on some malayan palms. principes 14: 123 – 12. instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034-365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 2. 2004 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. kedrostis medik. (cucurbitaceae) in asia .'. 129 j.f. veldkamp. miscellaneous notes on mainly southeast asian gramineae... 135 pitra akhriadi, hernawati and rusjditamin. a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from sumatra 141 kuswata kartawinata, ismayadi samsoedin, m. heriyanto and j.j. afriastini. a tree species inventory in a one-hectare plot at the batang gadis national park, north sumatra, indonesia .. 145 e.a.p. iskandar & j.f. veldkamp. a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne (gramineae, panicoideae, is.ach.neae) ' 159 johanis p. mogea. four new species pf arenga (palmae) from indonesia 181 j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for pyrrosia hastata ching (polypodiaceae, pteridophyta) ..... 191 tri mulyaningsih & colin ernest ridsdale. an additional species of villaria rolfe {rubiaceae') from the philippines 195 elizabeth a. widjaja, inggit pudji astuti & ida bagus ketut arinasa. new species of bamboos (poaceae-bambusoideae) from bali 199 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia covd 67-136-1-sm johanis p. mogea herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, puslit biologi – lipi, abstract abstrak acknowledgements references covbel vulpia (gramineae) in malesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 5, pp: 343 – 346 343 vulpia (gramineae) in malesia received april 14, 2008; accepted september 12, 2008 alex sumadijaya herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology–lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya bogor jakarta km. 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail: alexsumadijaya@gmail.com j. f. veldkamp national herbarium of the netherlands, leiden university, po box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl abstract sumadijaya, a. & veldkamp, j. f. 2009. vulpia (gramineae) in malesia. reinwardtia 12(5): 343–346. ⎯ a brief account of vulpia (gramineae) in malesia is which consisting of v. bromoides and v. myuros is provided here, based on material seen primarily by jfv in bo, k, l, canb. keywords: malesia, vulpia bromoides, vulpia myuros abstrak sumadijaya, a. & veldkamp, j. f. 2009. vulpia (gramineae) di malesia. reinwardtia 12(5): 343–346. ⎯ vulpia (gramineae) yang terdiri atas v. bromoides dan v. myuros dibahas singkat, berdasarkan spesimen yang diamati oleh jfv di bo, k, l, canb. kata kunci: malesia, vulpia bromoides, vulpia myuros introduction during a field trip to the mount gede pangrango national park, kartonegoro made two collections of vulpia bromoides (l.) gray at ca. 2700 m asl. this species was known in malesia from mt. rinjani (lombok), luzon (mountain prov.), and mt. wilhelm (papua new guinea), and it is a new generic record for java. previous collections suggest a rather ephemeral occurrence, but on mt. gede pangrango the species appears to be well-established in the grasslands and along rivulets of the suryakencana (ark 138) and mandalawangi meadows (ark 50). how it got there is of course an enigma. it could have been introduced by local tourists, as the areas are used as camping sites. this would suggests that it occurs in similar habitats in java. the genus is close to festuca l. and has been incorporated into it in the past. intergeneric hybridization has been reported. however, in grasses this is generally not accepted as an argument for the merging of genera. on the contrary, recent studies have supported their generic distinctness. vulpia c.c. gmel. differs primarily by the annual habit, narrow and littlebranched panicles, markedly unequal glumes, very gradually tapering and long-awned lemmas, usually 1 stamen in cleistogamous florets, and narrower caryopses. molecular research has suggested that festuca is paraphyletic and that vulpia is polyphyletic (catalán et al. 2007). when split up, vulpia remains distinct or as separate groups and is embedded within festuca s.s. (catalán et al. 2007; charmet et al.1997; inda et al. 2008). vulpia c.c. gmel., fl. bad. 1: 8 (1805) bromus l. [unranked] zerna [panz.] trin. in ledeb., fl. altaic (1829) 110, pro comb. ⎯ festuca l. sect. vulpia (c.c. gmel.) endl., gen. pl. (1836) 101. ⎯ [vulpia sect. euvulpia willk. in willk. & lange, prodr. fl. hisp. 1 (1861) 91, nom. inval.]. ⎯ festuca l. subgen. vulpia (c.c. gmel.) hack. in engl. & prantl, nat. pflanzenfam. 2, 2 (1887) 75. ⎯ type: vulpia myuros (l.) c.c. gmel. tufted annuals, rarely perennials. ligules membranous. panicles more or less secund. spikelets shortly pedicelled, laterally compressed, disarticulating above the glumes, 3–10-flowered, uppermost floret(s) imperfect. glumes unequal, shorter than the spikelet; lower glumes 0 or 1– nerved; upper glumes 1−3-nerved. rachilla prolonged beyond uppermost female-fertile floret. lemmas firmer than the glumes, not indurated, with a cuneate base, callus obtuse, glabrous, dorsally rounded, faintly 5-nerved, awns apical, straight. anthers 1(−3). ovary sometimes with a mailto:alexsumadijaya@gmail.com reinwardtia [vol.12 344 ciliolate apex. stamens usually 1. styles 2, free to base. lodicules 2. caryopsis adnate to the palea, longitudinally grooved. hilum linear. embryo small. x = 7. distribution. 22 species in the temperate and subtropical northern hemisphere; 2 species and 1 non-typical forma are introduced in malesia. key to the taxa of vulpia in malesia 1a. panicles long-exserted from the uppermost sheath, often erect, 2−9 cm long. lower glumes 2−5.5 mm long, 0.5−0.85 times as long as the upper one (without the awn). upper glumes 3-nerved. lower lemmas 1.3−1.9 mm wide…..….…1. v. bromoides 1b. panicles enclosed by or shortly exserted from the uppermost sheath, usually curved or nodding, up to 30 cm long. lower glumes 0.75−1.5 mm long, 0.1−0.4 times as long as the upper one (without the awn). upper glumes 1(−3)-nerved. lower lemmas 0.5−1.3 mm wide………………...…………….....2 2a. margins of lemma setose…………………………... ………………………....2a. v. myuros f. megalura 2b. margins of lemma glabrous……………………….. ……………….……….…..2b. v. myuros f. myuros 1. vulpia bromoides (l.) gray (fig. 1 & 2). vulpia bromoides (l.) gray, nat. arr. brit. pl. 2 (1821) 124. ⎯ festuca bromoides l., sp. pl. (1753) 75. festuca myuros var. bromoides (l.) wimm. & grab., fl. siles. 1: (1827) 83.⎯ mygalurus bromoides link, enum. hort. berol. alt. 1 (1821) 92. ⎯ vulpia myuros var. bromoides (l.) parl., fl. ital. 1: (1848) 419. ⎯ lectotype: herb. van royen s.n. (l–912.356– 219, idc microfiche bt-341), designated by stace & jarvis [bot. j. linn. soc. 91 (1985) 436]. bromus dertonensis all., fl. pedem. 2 (1785) 249. ⎯ festuca dertonensis (all.) asch. & graebn., syn. mitteleur. fl. 2 (1901) 559. ⎯ vulpia dertonensis (all.) gola, malpighia 18 (1904) 365. ⎯ vulpia myuros var. dertonensis (all.) fiori, nuov. fl. ital. 1 (1923) 142. ⎯ vulpia myuros subsp. dertonensis (all.) cif. & giacom., nomencl. fl. ital. 1 (1950) 42. ⎯ lectotype: scheuchzer agrostographia (1719) 290, t. 6, f. 10, designated by kerguélen [lejeunia 75 (1975) 284]. note that there may be original scheuchzer material in w. culms 0.05−0.55 m tall, tufted or solitary. ligules 0.2−0.35 mm long collar-shaped. blades 2−12 cm x 0.2−2.5 mm, involute, glabrous, linear. panicles 2−17 cm long, rather dense, longexserted from the uppermost sheath, more or less erect to secund, lowermost longest branch up to half as long. spikelets 7−11 mm long (without the awns), usually cleistogamous. lower glumes 2.5−5.5 mm long, 0.5−0.75 times as long as the upper glumes, lanceolate. upper glumes 5−9 mm long, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved. lower lemmas 6−7.5 x 1.3−1.9 mm, margin glabrous, awns 6−13 mm long, 1−2 times as long as the lemma. stamens 1, anthers 0.5−1.7 mm long. 2n = 14. distribution. probably originally from western europe, introduced elsewhere; malesia: java (summit area gede pangrango), philippines (luzon: pauai), lesser sunda isl. (lombok: rinjani), papua new guinea: simbu prov. (wilhelm). habitat. damp, partly shaded and lightly trampled ground, 1980−3490 m. vernacular names. squirrel-tail or barren fescue, silver grass. notes. vulpia species usually are said to be annual. however, the collection by kartonegoro (ark 138, bo, l) from the suryakencana meadow below the summit of the gede pangrango has sterile shoots, suggesting a perennial. in areas without distinct seasons and with equal day lengths as in the tropics, so-called annual species may actually prove to be long-lived. specimens examined. lesser sunda islands, lombok, g. rindjani. anon. 9452 (bo!, l!). papua new guinea, simbu province, mt. wilhelm. anu 15301 (j.m.b. smith) (canb!, l!); anu 15518 (j.m.b. smith) (canb!, l!). java, gunung gede pangrango national park, pangrango summit, mandalawangi meadow, kartonegoro ark 50 (bo!); gunung gede pangrango national park, suryakencana meadow. ark 138 (bo!, l!). 2. vulpia myuros (l.) c.c. gmel. culms up to 0.5 m tall, tufted or solitary. ligules 0.2−0.5 mm long, collar-shaped. blades 2−15 cm x 0.3−3 mm, usually involute, stiff to flaccid, glabrous, linear. panicles 5−35 cm long, lax to dense, enclosed by or shortly exserted from the uppermost sheath, usually curved or nodding, lowermost longest branch usually many times shorter. spikelets 6−10 mm long (without the awns), usually cleistogamous, with 2−5 fertile florets and 1 or 2 distal sterile florets. callus rounded, glabrous. lower glumes 0.7−1.5 mm long, 0.2−0.45 times as long as the upper glumes, lanceolate. upper glumes 3.5−5 mm long, linearlanceolate, 1(−3)-nerved. lower lemmas 5−7 x 0.5−1.3 mm, margins glabrous or setose, awns 8−16 mm long, 1.7−2 times as long the lemma. 2009] sumadijaya & veldkamp: vulpia (gramineae) in malesia 345 stamen 1, anthers 0.3−1 mm long. 2n = usually 42. notes. three lemma indument types exist, which specialists distinguish as distinct taxa, even when mixed populations have been reported. two of these occur in malesia. we believe that these taxa should be recognized as forma since there is information on the population genetic structure. one or another of these have been cultivated in lawang, east java, by buysman [teysmannia 23 (1912) 768], but has not been collected again. 2a. vulpia myuros forma megalura (nutt.) stace & r. cotton, watsonia 11 (1976) 72. festuca megalura nutt., j. acad. sci. philadelphia ii, 1 (1848) 188. ⎯ vulpia megalura rydb., bull. torrey bot. club 36 (1909) 538. ⎯ vulpia myuros var. megalura auquier, bull. jard. bot. état 47 (1977) 123. ⎯ vulpia myuros subsp. megalura soják, cas. nár. mus., odd. prír. 148 (1980) 77. ⎯ type: u.s.a. california. santa barbara, gambel s.n. (ph holo; us556190 fragm. & photo ex ph iso). diagnose. margins of lemma setose. distribution. europe, naturalized elsewhere, e.g. in malesia: philippines (luzon: benguet). habitat. open grasslands, fields, locally dominant, 1400−2300 m alt. uses. weed, also used as a forage grass. vernacular name. foxtail fescue. specimen examined. philippines, luzon, benquet province, pauai, bs 31913 santos (bo!, k, l!); santos, j.v. 7540 (l!). 2b. vulpia myuros forma myuros, fl. bad. 1 (1806) 8. festuca myuros l., sp. pl. (1753) 74. ⎯ zerna myuros panz. [denkschr. königl. akad. wiss. münchen 4 ('1813', 1814) 297 (comb. not made)] ex b.d. jacks., index kew. 2 (1895) 1249. ⎯ distomomischus myuros dulac, fl. hautes-pyrénées (1867) 91. ⎯ lectotype: herb. van royen s.n. (l, holo, sh. 912. 356-218, idc microfiche bt-341), designated by stace & jarvis [bot. j. linn. soc. 91 (1985) 436]. diagnose. margins of lemma glabrous. distribution. europe, naturalized elsewhere, e.g. in malesia: sabah (kinabalu), lesser sunda isl. (timor leste: tatamailau), philippines (luzon: benguet). habitat. open grasslands, fields, reported for 2000 m in sabah. uses. sometimes used as a forage grass. vernacular name. rat's-tail fescue. specimens examined. lesser sunda island, timor leste, g. tatamailau, rao et al. 90 (herbarium not noted); sabah, kinabalu, san 151258 (laegaard) (aau, l !, san). acknowledgement the authors would like to thank abdulrokhman kartonegoro (bo) as the collector, man and the biosphere (mab) indonesia for supporting the expedition to gunung gede pangrango national park. also helena duistermaat (l) and paul m. peterson (us) for reviewing and give valuable corrections. references catalán, p., torrecilla, p., lópez-rodríguez, j.a., müller, j. & stace, c.a. 2007. a systematic approach to subtribe loliinae (poaceae: pooideae) based on phylogenetic evidence. aliso 23: 380−405. charmet, g., ravel, c. & balfourier, f. 1997. phylogenetic analysis in the festuca-lolium complex using molecular markers and its rdna. theor. appl. genet. 94 (8): 1038−1046. inda, l.a., segarra-moragues, j.g., müller, j., peterson, p.m. & catalán, p. 2008. dated historical biogeography of the temperate loliinae (poaceae, pooideae) grasses in northern and southern hemispheres. mol. phylogen. evol. 46: 932−957. reinwardtia [vol.12 346 figure 1. vulpia bromoides (l.) gray figure 2. spikelet vulpia bromoides (l.) gray volume 4 december 1956 part i reinwardtia being a continuation of t h e bulletin du jardin botanique de buitenzorg (bulletin of the botanic gardens, buitenzorg) editors a n w a r i dilmy (herbarium bogoriense) and c. g. g. j. van steenis (flora malesiana) published by herbarium bogoriense kebun raya indonesia reinwardtia vol.4, part 1, pp. 1-118, bogor, december 1956 68 r e i n w a r d t i a [vot. 4 stipulae ignotae. petiolus lamina brevior, teres, basi et apice paulum incrassatus, farinosus squamis fimbriatis minutissimis, glabrescens. lamina coriacea, ovata, basi rotundata vel paulum cordata, apice gradatim acuminata, margine integra, basi 6—4-nervata; costa in apicem percurrens, basi in pagina inf eriore nectario lineari ornata; nervi laterales utrimque 2—3, sicut nervi basales ceteri erecto-patentes, paulum sursum curvati et ante marginem in venis ramosi; lamina in pagina superiore praecipue basi, squamis fimbriatis minutis dispersis, glabrescens, in pagina inferiore in angulis inter nervos basales, et inter costam et nervos laterales fasciculis pilorum simplicium brevium, glabrescens. blores ignoti. pedunculi solitarii in axillis superioribus, post anthesin teretes, parte superiore articulati, a basi ad articulum gradatim crassiores, supra articulum crassiores quam infra articulum et sulcati, squamis fimbriatis minutissimis densius vestrti. epicalyx post anthesin cupulatus, a calice separatus, calice mult'o brevior, 8-fidus, segmentis erecto-patentibus triangularibus acutis, extus squamis fimbriatis minutis vestitus. calyx post anthesin cupulatus-campanulatus, capsulam anguste involvens, 5-lobatus, segmentis late triangularibus (apices segmentorum in sicco destructi), 10-nervis extus paulum prominentibus, squamis integris majoribus dense obtectus. capsula obovoidea, apice acuta, extus dense sericeus pilis simplicibus, inter pilos simplices pilis stellatis minutis, 5-locularis, valvis acutis, crassioribus, ligneis, intus levibus, glabris et paulum nitentibus; loculus quisque plerumque in parte superiore seminibus 2 adultis, in parte inferiore seminibus 2 abortivis. semina adulta magna, reniformia, corona densa pilorum appressorum longorum mollium. type.—teijsmann 12597hb (bo 58063). twigs 2.5—5 mm thick. petiole 2—7.5 cm long and 1—2 mm thick. blade 7.5—15 long and 5.5—10 cm wide; nectary about 5 mm long. peduncle during fruiting 3—4.5 cm long; joint 10—13 mm from the apex; peduncle below the joint about 2 mm thick, above the joint 4 mm thick. epicalyx during fruiting about 8 mm high and 14 mm wide; segments about 0.5 cm long and 1 cm wide. calyx about 2 cm wide; segments about 1 cm wide. capsule about 2 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter. seeds about 5 mm long. s p e c i m e n s e x a m i n e d . — c e l e b e s . s o u t h w e s t e r n p e n i n s u l a : s e h r o h ( p a n g k a d j e n e d i s t r . ) , teijsmann 12597hb (bo 58063 h o l o t y p e , 5 8 0 6 1 , 58062, l 9 2 0 . 3 0 6 4 8 ) . the species is without doubt very closely allied to h. floecosus mast. the most obvious differences are the ovate leaves and much smaller fruits. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 1, p.p. 69-74 (1956) the genus cullenia wight * (bombacaceae) a. j. g. h. kostermans ** the monotypic genus cullenia was established by wight (icones pi. ind. or. 5 (1) : pi. 1761—62 & text, 1851), who differentiated it from durio adans. mainly by the lack of a corolla and the position and shape of the anthers. the only species, originally described as durio ceylanicus by gardner, was cited by wight as cullenia excelsa wight. k. schumann corrected the specific epithet rather casually and atributed it (wrongly) to wight. bentham (in benth. & hook., gen. pi. 1: 212. 1867); baillon (hist. pi. 4: 159. 1872), masters (in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 1: 350. 1874) and beccari (malesia 3: 219. 1889) accepted the genus. bakhuizen van den brink (in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii, 6: 228. 1924) incorporated the genus in durio. in my opinion cullenia represents a "good" genus by its lack of corolla. alston, although accepting bakhuizen's reduction, informed me personally, that he, too, is inclined to consider cullenia different from durio. the pollen were described as being naked and pedicellate by gardner; this wrong statement was corrected by wight; the anthers are pedicellate and one-celled. in this paper a new cullenia species is described, which strengthens the position of the genus; both species are restricted to the rain forest region of ceylon and the southern indian peninsula. cullenia wight trees; leaves alternate, lower surface covered with scales. inflorescence pseudo-umbellate on old wood. flowers covered by scales, in bud covered by the epicalyx, which bursts at apex and drops before anthesis. calyx tubular, 5-toothed. corolla 0. staminal tube exserted; upper part of filaments free, bearing along it the pedicellate, one-celled, glomerulate anthers. ovary 5-celled; ovules 2 or more in each cell, superposed; style longer than staminal tube; stigma small, capitellate. fruit globose, splitting into 3—4 valves, densely covered by long spines. seeds covered by a fleshy arill. * issued july 1956 as communication no 51 of the forest research institute, bogor, indonesia. ** d. sc, botanist, forest service of indonesia. — 69 — 70 reinwardtia [vol. 4 type species. — c. ceylanica (gardn.) k. schum. key to the species. la. leaves about 8,5 cm long; acumen abrupt, slender, long. calyx 2 cm long; pedicel up to 2 cm long; free part of filaments 1—2 mm long. fruit 5—7 cm in diameter; spines 1 cm long, conical c. ceylanica b. leaves 14—22 cm long; acumen short or long, broad, rather gradual. calyx 4 cm long; pedicel 3 cm long; free part of filaments 10 mm long. fruit 10—15 cm in diameter; spines 3—4 cm long, slender c. rosayroana 1. cullenia ceylanica (gardn.) k. schum.—fig. 1, 2 cullenia ceylanica (gardn.) k. schum. in engl. & pr., pf 1. fam. 3 (6) : 68, fig. 35d. 1895; alston in trimen, fl. ceyl. 6 (suppl.) 30. 1931 (as a syn. of durio ceylanicus gardn.). — durio ceylanicus gardner in calcutta j. nat. hist. 8: (29, h.) 1—2. 1847; bakhuizen v.d. brink in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii, 6: 228. 1924; alston, i.e. — gardner 77 (k). cullenia excelsa wight, icon. 5 (11): 1761—62. & text. 1851, p.p.; beddome, sylv. fl. anal. gen. t. iv f. 3. 1869; thwaites, enum. pi. zeyl. 28. 1864; masters in hook., f., fl. br. ind. 1: 350. 1874, p.p.; in j. linn. soc. bot. 14: 498. 1875; beccari, malesia 3: 219. 1889; trimen, fl. ceyl. 1: 162. 1893; brandis, ind. trees 78. 1906, p.p.; gamble, fl. madras 1: 101. 1915, p.p.; troup, silvicult. ind. trees 1: 151. 1921. durio zibethinus (non l.) moon, catal. pi. zeyl. 56. 1874; gardner, i.e. (as a syn. of durio ceylanicus gardn.; trimen, i.e. (as a syn. of cullenia excelsa wight). tree up to 35 m tall; bark grey-brown, rather smooth, peeling off in small particles. buttresses small, • merging into bole, straight (hence lower part of bole usually a little angular). living bark red-brown. crown in young trees pyramidal, later irregular. branchlets somewhat angular, slender; like petioles, lower leaf surface, calyx and epicalyx densely covered by pale glossy golden brown scales with fringed margin. leaves chartaceous, elliptical (14,5—)8,5(—4) x (6—)3,5(—2,5) cm, base rounded, top conspicuously, slenderly acuminate (acumen up to 1,5 cm long) ; upper surface dark glossy green, smooth, midrib channeled; lower surface golden coloured, midrib strongly prominent; lateral nerves many, straight, rather patent, hardly visible. petiole slender, swollen towards apex, angular, up to 1,5 cm. flowers fascicled on gnarls on old wood, pale glossy brown. pedicels 1,5—2 cm long. epicalyx 1 cm long; tubular, about 4—5 mm in diameter, inside densely silky, tearing irregularly at apex. calyx tubular, up to 2 cm long, swollen towards base, central part slightly constricted; to 15 2 0 1 i i i i 1 fig. 1. cullenia ceylanica (gardn.) k. schum.—after living material. 1956] a. j. g. h. kostermans: cullenia 71 jrt pig. 2. a-d. cullenia ceylanica (gardn.) k. schum.; e. c. rosayroana kosterm. (0.57 x) inside up to halfway yellowish white, densely scaly and pilose, upper part pale or dark wine red, glossy, glabrous; lobes 5, concave, obtuse, about 3 mm long. filament tube up to 4 cm long, white (central part red), the exserted part densely pilose; free part of filaments 1—2 mm long; anthers yellowish white, 0,75 mm long. style pilose, white or yellowish white, 3—5 mm longer than tube, slender; stigma pinhead-shaped. ovary with large, loose scales and few long hairs. fruit globular, 5—7 cm in diameter, dehiscing on the tree into 3—4 valves. spines 8—10 mm long, conical, at base 3—5 mm in diameter. seeds like chestnuts, 3—4 cm long, 2—2,5 cm in diameter. arillus white. specimens examined.—culta in hortus bogor. sub no. xvi h. 13, july, fl., kostermans 9981 (a, bo, cal, k, l, ny, pnh) ; id., febr., fr. (bo, l). ceylon near g a l l e , rainforest, mar., old fruit, kostermans 11111 (bo). local name. — kattu-bodda (ceylon). distribution.—ceylon, rainforests. the species is easily distinguished from c. rosayroana by its thin, abruptly long-acuminate, much smaller leaves; the smaller flowers, which are pale brown; the much smaller fruit with thicker, much shorter spines. through the courtesy of the director of the kew gardens, i could examine a photograph of gardner's type specimen (no. 77, from hantana near galle, 2—3000 ft), which consists of a branch with two fascicles of young flowers and a leafy branch. gardner's description* is flawless and much better than trimen's. there are two more specimens in the kew herbarium, one collected by thwaites at the type locality in 1806 (c.p. 734, in flower) and another: thwaites 216, collected in 1851, consisting of loose, young fruit. in kew herbarium a specimen, collected near coimbatore in 1850 from wight's herbarium belongs to c. rosayroana,. wight's plate, however, is (at any rate in part) c. rosayroana. wight described the leaves as having a short acumen, whereas those in c. ceylanica are caudate-acuminate. the fruit depicted under 14—16 of wight's plate are not mentioned by wight in the explanation. they may be fruit of c. ceylanica with their short, conical spines, as correctly described by gardner. the flower with its longer free filamental part is c. rosayroana. as wight's plate and description are a mixtum compositum and he, certainly did not intend to describe a new species, the binomial cullenia * through the courtesy of dr. d. chatterjee, superintendent of the calcutta botanical garden, i obtained a copy of gardner's paper. 72 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 excelsa should be relegated to c. ceylanica as a synonym. of the two specimens of wight's herbarium that i could examine, one from ceylon (thwaites 734) represents c. ceylanica; the other from coimbatore is c. rosayroana. the flowers are clustered like umbels on protuberances of the old wood; they are not axillary (as contended by masters in his generic description and by baillon). the epicalyx is certainly not 3-toothed, as contended by k. schumann, neither is the stigma 5-cleft. schumann's figure of the fruit is rather poor. in young plants the leaves are not much larger and hence young specimens of c. rosayroana with elliptical, large, often coriaceous leaves with short or long, but broad and gradual tip, may be easily distinguished from those of c. ceylania with much smaller, chartaceous, ovate leaves with a long slender and more abrupt acumen. the tree flowers at night; the flowers dissipate a rather faint durio-smell. actually the flowers are attached to very short branchlets. the epicalyx usually tears into two parts, but often into more parts, starting from the apex. it drops completely, like the calyx. 2. cullenia rosayroana kostermans, spec. nov.—fig. 2e, 3. cullenia excelsa wight, icon. 5 (1) : 1761—62 and text, 1851, p.p.; beddome, sylv. fl. anal. t. iv, fig. 3. 1869, p.p.; masters in hook, f., fl. brit. ind. 1: 350. 1874, p.p.; brandis, ind. trees 78. 1926, p.p.; fl. madras 1: 101. 1915, p.p. arbor, foliis coriaceis oblongis breviter acuminatis. calyx .£ cm longus. pars libera filamentorum 10 mm longa. fructus 15 cm diametro, spinis gracilibus 3—4cm longis. tree up to 30 m tall. buttresses merging gradually into bole. bark roughish, grey-brown, peeling off in small pieces. wood white, rather soft. branchlets densely covered with golden peltate scales. leaves chartaceous or coriaceous, oblong or narrowly oblong, about 14—22 cm long, 4—6 cm wide, shortly or long and broadly acuminate. flowers reddish brown, in large clusters on the old wood. epicalyx and calyx as in c. ceylanica, but longer (calyx 4 cm long). staminal tube exserted, at its apex divided in 5 filiform segments, 10 mm long. the anthers (as in c. ceylanica) in globose clusters along these segments. style hirsute. fruit globose, about (10—)15cm in diameter, with 3—4 cm long, slender, very * named in honour of mr. r. a. de rosayro of the forest service of ceylon, a well known student of ceylonese vegetation and an amiable g-uide on a trip in ceylon in march 1956. 1956] a. j. g. h. kostermans: cullenia 73 sharp spines. seeds like chestnuts; arillus fleshy, large, white, covering base and middle of seed; apical part of arillus mace-like and ending in threads. typus. — kostermans 11110 (bo). specimens examined. — ceylon. g a 11 e, rain forest, fr. and old flowers, mar., kostermans 11110 (bo, l); ibid. 11113 (bo), ster. (narrow leaved specimen); fl., thwaites 73^ (calc). india. t r a v a n c o r e , alt. 1500 m., fr., meebold 297 = 12890 (calc.); ibid., in bud, meebold 949 = 12942 (calc.); ibid., ster., beddome 5 (calc.); m a d r a s , nilgiris, devata ghats, alt. 1000m., ster., gamble 15626 (calc). local name. — kattu-bodda (ceylon). distribution.—southern peninsular india and ceylon. the flowers are in clusters on gnarls of the older branches. in ceylon, where i could study living specimens, the two species have the same local name. the two species are easily distinguished by their leaves; the fruit is also completely different. pig. 3. cullenia rosayroana kosterm. fruit spines (0.5 x ) . wight's figure was drawn from different specimens. the fruit are rather poorly drawn, but are likely to belong to this species, as the description fits. the leaves and flowers are also perhaps of this species; the flowers are stated to be taken from a fruiting branch. the figures 14, 15 and 16 are not mentioned in the text; it is possible that they belong to cullenia ceylanica, as the spines are rather short. a specimen from coimbatore from wight's herbarium and now in kew represents c. rosayroana. from the calcutta material, which i could examine through the courtesy of dr. d. chatterjee, it is evident, that wight's description was 74 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 mainly based on material from the indian peninsula, which represents c. rosayroana. wight had, however, at least one ceylonese specimen of c. ceylanica (thwaites 734) before him. wight changed (illegitimatedly according to modern rules) gardner's name durio ceylanicus into cullenia excelsa, but it is beyond doubt that he intended to give only some corrections and emendations to gardner's description (which he cited frequently). moreover wight had before him two different species. the binomial cullenia excelsa consequently should be considered a mere synonym of durio ceylanicus. as in malaysian species of durio, it is extremely difficult to differentiate species by their leaves, because of their variability in texture, shape and size. the only reliable characters are as a rule found in the fruit. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 1, pp. 75-87 (1956) florae malesianae praecursores xii some notes on the genus dichapetalum (dichapetalaceae) in asia, australia, and melanesia p. w. leenhouts* summary some general notes are given on the morphology of the inflorescences and flowers in the genus dichapetalum and on the nomenclature of the generic name dichapetalum. an attempt has been made to revise the c. 40 species described in it from the indo-australian area. it appeared necessary to reduce a large number of specific names to synonymy. in the present paper 16 species have been recognized among which 4 are new. besides, a number of infraspecific taxa have been distinguished. pentastira ridley, referred to the icacinaeeae, has been reduced to dichapetalum. a census is given of indo-australian species including one extra-malaysian one, 16. d. vitiense. introduction up till the present about 40 species had been described in dichapetalum from se.asia, malaysia, australia, and melanesia. though in africa, where the genus possesses its greatest development, many revisional papers have been devoted to its taxonomy, no revision has hitherto been envisaged to frame for the indo-australian representatives. during my attempt in preparing a revision for the flora malesiana i have given attention to some morphological features of the inflorescence and flowers and to the nomenclature of the generic name. these notes are followed by a census of the species. it has appeared that the number of taxa deserving specific rank is very much less than those proposed by random description. this is in accordance with hauman's experience with the african species of which he finds specific delimitation generally too narrowly drawn (cf. bull. jard. bot. brux. 25: 339. 1955). a few species, notably d. timoriense and d. gelonioides, are exceedingly variable, specially in vegetative characters, with no possibility to draw specific demarcations in the population. *) flora malesiana foundation, leyden. — 75 — rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_01 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_35 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_36 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_37 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_38 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_39 r e i i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 1, pp. 63 66 (1965) a new species of lansium corr. (meliaceae). *) by b. prijanto **) lansium kostermansii b. prijanto, spec. nov. fig, arbor, foliolis 3 vel 5, alternantibus vel sub-oppositis, rigide chartaceis, ovato-oblongis vel ellipticis, basi cuneatis avice acutis, costis utrinque 6— 10, subtus parce pilosis, petiolulis 5 mm longis; racemis solitaribus, laxe pilosis; jructus pilosus. tree up to 30 m tall, up to 40 cm in diameter. bark pale yellowish, ca 0.5 mm thick; living bark ca 3 mm thick. branchlets slender, smooth, glabrous (young branchlets sparsely pilose, glabrescent). petiole slender, up to 3 cm long, ca 1 mm in diameter, pilose, swollen at base; rachis up to 20 cm long, slender, pilose. leaflets 3 or 5, alternate or sub-opposite, rigidly chartaceous, ovate-oblong or elliptical, 8—15 x 3.5—6.0 cm, base obtusely cuneate, apex acute; upper surface smooth, glabrous, midrib straight, impressed, lower surface partly pilose, midrib prominent, pilose, lateral nerves 6—10 pairs, prominulous, irregularly spaced, curved and anastomosing towards margin, secondary nerves prominulously reticulate, tertiary nerves inconspicuous; petiolule ca 5 mm long, somewhat thickened at base. flowers unknown. infructescence a simple, axillary, solitary, laxly pilose, glabrescent raceme; rachis slender, 9—20 cm long. persistent calyx lobes rotundate, glabrous, rather ciliate, 0.5—0.8 mm in diameter. fruit 4—5-celled, pericarp 1.5—2.0 mm thick, the partitional septa subcoriaceous. seed one in each cell, 1.5—2.5 cm long and 1.5—2.0 cm in diameter, testa chartaceous; only one to three seeds developing, the other half filled with a dirty white arillus or undeveloped seed which is edible and sweetish. typus: kostermans 19117 (bo). distribution — island of sumbawa vernacular name — kaju narab (w. sumbawa). the species is named in honour of dr. a.j.g.h. kostermans, who collected ample material in sumbawa, where he recognized it immediately as an undescribed species. *) a mss. of lansium is almost completed. **) assistant, herbarium bogoriense; h.t. botanical garden, edinburgh, scotland. — 63 — 64 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 1965] b. prijanto: a new species of lansium the species is closely related to l. dubium, from which it differs by the shape of the leaflets, and the pilosity of the fruit. w. s u m b a w a. mt. batulanteh, river-gorge n. of batudulang, alt. 500 m, april, young fr., kostermans 18188 (bo) ; ibid., moist river-gorge n. of batudulang, may, young fr., kostermans 18657 (a, bo, canb, g, k, l, le, p, us) ; trail from batudulang to pusu, alt. 800—900 m, oct., fr., kostermans 19067 (bo, g, pnh, sing) ; trail from batudulang to punik, alt. 700 m, oct., fr., kostermans 19109 (a, bo, k, l) ; rivergorge near sg\ lit, near batudulang, alt. 500 m, oct., fr., kostermans 19117 (bish, bm, bo, c, cal, k, l, ny, pnh, sing), type; rivergorge near batudulang, alt. 600 m, nov.., fr., kostermans 19215 (a, bish, bm, bo, c, k, l, le, ny, pnh, sing, syd) ; sumbawa kuta, alt. 850 m, june, young fr., 66. 10321 (bo, l, u). fig. l a . — lansium kostermansii prijanto 66 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 fig. 1 b. — lansium kostermansii prijanto rfelnwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, p a r t 1, pp. 67 69 (1965) a new species of colona cav. (tiliaceae) ) n. wirawan**) colona kostermansiana wirawan, spec. nov. — fig. arbor mediocris, foliis chartaceis ad subcoriaceis lanceolatis usque ad late ovato-lanceolatis, basi plerumque symmetricis plerumque truncatis vel obtusis utraque facie stellato scabridis, nerviis lateralibus utrinque 7—11, margine denticulatis serratis vel duplo sinuato-serratis, capsulis alatis cjidftaceis obovoideis. tree up to 25 m high and 50 cm diam.; buttresses concave up to 1 m out, 0.5 m high; bark smooth, lenticellate, paperthin, up to 3' mm thick brown outside, dark brown inside; living bark pale brown, dark brown after exposure, 0.7—15 mm thick. branchlets stellate puberulent, glabrescent. stipules early caducous, subulate, asymmetrically auriculate at base, 13 x 2 mm, stellate puberulent. leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous lanceolate to broadly ovate-lanceolate, (3.0-—) 9.3—20.6 (—32.5) x (1.2—) 3.4—7.5 (—13.4) cm, base symmetric, rarely asymmetric, mostly truncate or obtuse, rarely subcordate, apex acuminate (acumen up to 3.9 cm long), margin denticulate, serrate or double sinuate-serrate; both surfaces stellate scabrous, upper surface glabrescent, the conspicuous, filiform lateral nerves raised in a groove, secondary nerves obscure; on the lower surface the midrib and the 7—11 pairs of ascendant lateral nerves strongly prominent, slender; secondary nerves prominent, parallel; tertiary nerves conspicuous! areolate. petiole up to 2 cm long (in young specimens up to 7.5 cm long) 0.2 cm diam., enlarged towards the apex, stellate puberulent. flowers unknown. infructescences axillary and terminal, paniculate, stellate puberulent, main axis up to 14.0 cm long, lower branches up to 4.7 cm long, pedicel c. 1 cm long, articulate. capsule obovoid, up to 2.5 cm long, 2.0 cm diam., 3—5-winged, base cuneate, apex emarginate, wings chartaceous. seed-part subglobose, c. 1 cm diam.; coccus 0—4 seededseeds ascendant, obconical, c. 4 mm long and 2 mm diam., albuminous; albumen meally, almost entirely covering the flat, obovoid or oblong cotyledonsradicle c. 1 mm long, testa coriaceous. typus: kuswata 231 (bo). distribution: islands of sumbawa and rintja (near komodo isl.) *) a revison of colona has been almost completed **) assistant botanist, herbarium bogoriense. — 67 — rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_37 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_38 rein.vol.7,part 1,pp.1-90_page_39 untitled reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 3, p.p. 269-291 the genus coelostegia*) benth. (bombac.) w. soegeng reksodihardjo**) summary 1. the genus coelostegia is confined to western malaysia: malay peninsula, sumatra and borneo. 2. five species (three of which, c. chartacea, c. kostermansii and c. neesiocarpa are new to science) are described. 3. a key to the species is presented. introduction this paper presents a survey of the species of coelostegia, a genus allied to durio and kostermansia, which i revised formerly, whereas my collegue mr. soepadmo is working up the genus neesia which is also allied to coelostegia. the alliance of these four genera is discussed. the genus coelostegia is badly known for lack of material. recently dr. kostermans collected in borneo two new species of coelostegia (of the total of 5), which means that they are rare or not easy to collect. most coelostegia species are very poorly represented in herbaria and definite conclusions about alliances have to be postponed. i have to thank the directors of the herbaria of kepong, leyden, bogor and singapore for their kindness to supply me with material. furthermore many notes were put at my disposal by dr. a. j. g. h. kostermans, who took the trouble to study material of coelostegia in many herbaria during his recent world tour. dr. r. c. bakhuizen van den brink (leiden) has kindly assisted me to compile the latin diagnoses. dr. kostermans went through the mss and gave valuable suggestions. messr. sukirno and damhuri prepared the drawings, for which i extend my thanks. *) from the greek: koilos = hole, stege = roof; the flowers face downwards, the calyx suggests a roof with 5 cavities. **) assistant botanist, herbarium bogoriense, bogor; h.t. student, harvard univ., cambridge, u.s.a. — 269 — 270 r e i n w a r d t i a . [vol. 5 coelostegia benth. 1 bentham in benth. et hook, f., gen. pl 1: 199 & 213. 1862; baillon, hist. pi. 4: 160. 1872; diet. bot. 2: 120. 1886; masters in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 1: 352. 1874; in j. linn. soc. bot. 14: 504. 1875; beccari, malesia 3: 269. 1889; boerlage, handl. fl. ned. ind. 1: 119. 1890; king in j. as. soc. beng. 60 (2) : 56. 1891; k. schumann in engl. & prantl., nat. pfl. fam. 3 (6) : 66 & 68. 1895; ridley, fl. mai. pen. 1: 266. 1922; bakhuizen v.d. brink sr. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg 3, 6: 223 & 248; lemee, diet, descr. genres 2: 241. 1930; corner, wayside trees mai. 1: 436. 1940. type species. — coelostegia griffithii benth. large trees, usually buttressed, branchlets lepidote or glabrescent. wood mostly soft, light. leaves alternate, simple, entire, penninerved, chartaceous to coriaceous, lower surface lepidote; petiole thickened at apex; stipules small, soon deciduous. flowers small, 3—10 mm in diameter, in short lepidote panicles, axillary on young or older branches, peduncles usually much-branched, very rarely inconspicuous, pedicel short, filiform, bracts small, early caducous. epicalyx a 3-lobed cup, chartaceous, persistent, outside lepidote, inside glabrous. sepals 5, at base connate into a narrow, short tube, abruptly dilated into a 5-pouched cup (the lobes at this part being induplicate), apex free, tooth-like; outside lepidote, inside glabrous but for the papillose base of the pouches. petals 5, triangular, somewhat fleshy, thickened at their middle, top acute, base truncate, with a very short, thin claw, inserted at or below the mouth of the (lower) calyx tube, soon deciduous. stamens about 20, filaments short, fleshy, flattened, the ca 1/3 basal part connate into a tube, adnate to the calyx tube just below the insertion of the petals, upper part of filaments becoming free at different heights, each filament usually topped by 3 globose, 1-celled, agglutinate anthers, dehiscent, orbicular-elliptic, at first concave, later flat. ovary globose or subobovoid, partly embedded in the calyx tube, 5-celled; each locule with few to several, subascending, biseriate ovules; outside densely lepidote; style filiform, pentangular, glabrous, protruding beyond the stamens; stigma conspicuous, peltate, discoid. fruit capsular, globular, ellipsoid or ovoid, spiny or submuricate or more or less smooth, rather rough and glabrous inside, dehiscent on the tree for half of its length or more into 5, very hard, woody, erect valves. seeds smooth, terete or compressed, elongate-obovoid, obtuse, base acute, carunculate, in two rows in each compartment. cotyledones flat, thin, foliaceous, covered by 2 flat-convex endosperm lobes which are slightly connected at base; testa rather thin; radicle short. distribution. — malaya, sumatra, borneo. the genus coelostegia was first described by bentham in benth. et •hook , f., gen. pi. 1: 213. july 1862. in march 1862 bentham had discussed and published the name coelostegia (in j. linn. soc. bot. 6: 123); he stressed that the genus was close to boschia griff. (= durio adans.) and neesia bl. 1960] soegeng: coelostegia benth. 271 beccari in 1889 (i.e. 271—272) described two new species: c. sumatrana and c. borneensis. he was the first who described the fruit and seed of coelostegia. in 1875 masters (in j. linn. soc. bot. 14: 500) had included beccarfs type specimen of c. borneensis into his dw.no carinatus. bakhuizen van den brink sr. revised the genus in 1924 (in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg 3, 6: 223). he incorporated coelostegia sumatrana becc. in c. griffithii benth. since bakhuizen's time our collections of coelostegia have increased little. among the new specimens collected in borneo 3 new species are represented. the most peculiar character of this genus is in the shape of the calyx and the subperigynous petals. the feeble attachment of the petals and the mucilaginous secretion causes the corolla to drop unopened. bentham stated in his original description that the stamens should be adnate to the petals, but according to me the petals and stamens are attached to the calyx at different heights. king's contention that the fruit is hairy inside is certainly wrong, this character is typical for the related genus neesia. kostermans (in communication, for. res. inst. bogor no. 62: 2. 1958 and in reinwardtia 4 (3): 361. 1958) discussed the status of durio, coelostegia and neesia; according to him the differences between the three genera are not on the generic level. he stressed the resemblance between coelostegia and neesia and he suggested to combine the latter two genera. kostermansia, coelostegia and neesia have similar embryos, consisting of two flat, foliaceous cotyledons, enclosed by 2 flat-convex lobes of endosperm. the seeds of coelostegia and neesia have a caruncula at their base; the seed of kostermansia is devoid of an aril or caruncula. kostermansia seems to be intermediate between durio and coelostegia. coelostegia can be best distinguished from neesia by the absence of pruriant hairs in the fruit of the former. there are also differences in the flowers, which are small with a 5-sepaled calyx and subperigynous petals in coelostegia and a large monophyllous calyx and hypogynous petals in neesia. the leaves of neesia are mostly larger than those of coelostegia, with parallel secondary nerves which are perpendicular to the primary (lateral) nerves; these parallel secondary nerves are absent in coelostegia. nothing is known of the cytology and pollen morphology of coelostegia and neesia. in the present state of our knowledge of this group, it is not advisable to combine coelostegia and neesia, as suggested by kostermans. 212 reinwardtia [vol. 5 as to the endosperm of kostermansia, coelostegia and neesia, which consists of two lobes, slightly connate at base, kostermans (orally) suggested that they might represent the true cotyledons and the inner two lobes (which in this paper are considered the cotyledons) might be primordial leaves. key to the species la. fruit spiny 2 b. fruit submuricate 4. c. kostermansii c. fruit more or less smooth 5. c. neesiocarpa 2a. f r u i t spines conical. upper leaf surf ace often lepidote . . . . 1. c. borneensis b. f r u i t spines a n g u l a r . upper leafsurface always glabrous 3 3a. f r u i t globular. mature leaves up to 10 cm long, lateral nerves 6-10 pairs, on t h e lower surface prominulous; petiole 1—2.5 c m long . . . . 3 . c griffithii b. f r u i t ellipsoid. mature leaves 10—23 cm long, lateral nerves 11—16 pairs, on the lower surface prominent; petiole 2.5—3 cm 2. c. chartacea 1. coelostegia borneensis becc. — fig. 1, 2. coelostegia borneensis beccari, malesia 3: 272, t. 29. 1889; boerlage, handl. fl. ned. ind. 1: 120. 1890 (nomen) ; merrill in j. str. br. roy. as. soc, spec. numb. 377. 1921; bakhuizen van den brink sr. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg 3, 6: 224 & 248. 1924. — beccari p. b. 2688 (fi). durio carinatus masters in j. linn. soc. bot. 14: 500. 1875, p.p. (quoad specim. beccari p. b. 2688). tree up to 45 m high, diameter up to 60 cm above the buttresses. buttresses about 1 m high. bark grey, pustular. branchlets thick with distinct leaf-scars, glabrous, glabrescent or densely covered by loose, pale brown, toothed scales, towards apex sulcate. leaves coriaceous, ellipticqblong, 10—17 x 4—7 cm, apex acute or slightly acuminate, base rounded or acute; upper surface covered by a lax to rather dense layer of small, silvery brown, fimbriate scales, sometimes with numerous dots of minute holes in between the scales, sometimes glabrous, midrib prominent at base, gradually flattened and eventually channelled towards apex, lateral nerves 14—20 pairs, slightly prominent, arcuately anastomosing, the dense reticulation prominulous; lower surface pale green (fresh), densely covered by adpressed, fimbriate scales of two kinds (small ones as those of the upper surface scattered in between the large scales which are about twice as large as the former), midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves prominent, reticulation obscure; petiole 2.5—3 cm long, subterete, densely scaly, swollen towards apex, above grooved. stipules lanceolate, soon deciduous, up to 1 cm long, 2 mm wide at base, tapering towards apex, scaly on both surfaces. panicles on old branches, up to 9 cm long, many-flowered, lepidote; lateral branches short, often less than 1 cm. flowerbuds depressed-conical, ca 3 x 2 mm, apiculate. pedicel filiform, 3 mm long, scaly. epicalyx a 3-lobed cup, 1.5 mm high, 2 mm in diameter, outside scaly, inside glabrous. calyx tube 2 mm high, 2 mm in diameter at mouth, 5-pouched cup 6 mm in dia1960] soegeng: coelostegia benth. 273 meter, 2.5 mm high, teeth erect, acute, 1.5 mm long; outside densely covered by dull brown, small, fimbriate scales; inside glabrous, but for base of each pouch with dark brown papillae. petals fleshy, triangular, 3 x 1.5 mm, thickened at the middle, outside laxly scaly, inside glabrous; claw very short, thin, inserted at the calyx tube just below the mouth. stamens about 20, ca 2 mm long; filaments-tube 0.75 mm, the upper free part of the filaments constricted at apex, each with 3—4 globose, agglutinate anthers, valves orbicular, first concave later flattened, patent. ovary globose, obovoid, densely covered with large (about twice as large as those of the other parts of the flower), yellowish brown, fimbriate scales; style filiform, 5-sulcate, glabrous, 1.5 mm long, abruptly merging into the ovary; stigma often cone shaped, obscurely 5-lobed, glabrous above, with minute stellate hairs underneath. fruit dark brown (dried), spherical, 14—15 cm in diameter, dehiscent for more than half of its length; spines conical, sharp, up to 1 cm; fruit stalk 7—8 cm, up to 1.4 cm thick. seeds imperfectly known, carunculate, falling out while the fruit is still attached to the branches. vernac. names. — durian antu (kuching, sarawak, antu = phantom); duren enggang (atjeh, enggang = hornbill); apon (dayak sampit). distribution. — malaya, sumatra, borneo. the description of fruit and seed is partly copied from beccari. according to beccari the branchlets are glabrous; all specimens which i could examine, however, are either laxly or densely lepidote. the presence of scales on the upper leafsurface is not constant; the leaves of b.b. 2578 are either lepidote or glabrescent on their upper surfaces, while those of kep. 53363 and brun 586 are completely glabrous. m a l a y a , trengganu, swamp, alt. 40 m, oct., ster., abdullah bin awang kep, 53363 (kep). n. s u m a t r a , atjeh, langsa, on sandy soil, in primary forest, alt 50 m, jan., ster., b.b. 2578 (bo, bzf, l). b o r n e o , brunei, andulau p. r., disturbed forest, on deep yellow sands overlying tertiary clays, low undulating hills, alt. ca 25 m, sept., fr., ashton brun 586 (bo, brun, k, kep, l). sarawak, kuching, nov., fr., beccari p. b. 2688 (bo, fi, k), (type!). i n d o n e s i a n s. b o r n e o , sampit r. region, near kuala kuajan, on sandy soil, alt. 20 m, aug., fl., kostermans 8070 (bo). 2. coelostegia chartacea soegeng, spec. nov. — fig. 3, 4. arbor mediocris. folia chartacea, oblonga, apice acuminata, bast in petiolum contracta, supra glabra, subtus sparse lepidota. inflorescentiae e ramulis ortae in posticis partibus foliorum, ramosae, multiflorae. flores ab eis coelostegia griffithii characteribus non differt, corolla externa lepidota. fructus ellipticus, spinosus, valvis usque ad ca ¾ longitudinis fissis seminis non vidis. 2 7 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 tree 18 m tall, bole 14 m, diameter 45 cm. bark smooth, brown with white spots, 0.5 mm thick. living bark dark orange yellow, 15 mm thick. branchlets reddish brown, glabrous or glabrescent, sulcate towards apex, leaves chartaceous, elliptic-oblong, 10—23 x 4.5—8.5 cm, acuminate (acumen up to 12mm long, sharp), base contracted into petiole; upper surface glabrous, midrib flat, lateral nerves (11—16 pairs) prominulous, subascendent, near margin arcuately anastomosing, reticulation dense, prominulous; lower surface sparsely covered by small, silvery, fimbriate scales, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves prominent, the dense reticulation prominulous; petiole terete, 2—3 cm long, swollen towards apex, narrowly grooved above, lepidote (the scales are densest on the swollen part, towards the base glabrescent). stipules subulate, 5—7 mm, lepidote, early caducous. panicles 2.5—3 cm long, much branched, many-flowered, lepidote, fasciculate on the bare twigs. flowers as in c. griffithii; the petals always lepidote outside. fruit ellipsoid, 16 cm long, 12 cm in diameter, spines pyramidal, sharp, 1 cm long. seed unknown. typus. — kostermans 5262 (bo). distribution. — east indonesian borneo. vernac. name. — lalisung (malay, tidung). the species is related to c. borneensis and c. griffithii; it differs from c. borneensis by its shorter inflorescences, chartaceous leaves with much laxer scaly layer underneath and in its ellipsoid fruit with angular spines. its flowers are the same as those of c. griffithii, but the leaves are larger with prominent lateral nerves underneath, the petioles are longer. e a s t i n d o n e s i a n b o r n e o , e. kutei, sangkulirang, menubar r. region, ridge, loamsoil containing lime, alt. 50 m, june, fl., old fruit collected under the tree, kostermans 5262 (a, bo, k, l, lae, p, pnh, sing) ; tidung region, t. paking alt. 25 m, july, ster., 6.6.17958 (a, bo, l). 3. coelostegia griffithii benth. — fig. 5, 6. coelostegia griffithii bentham in benth. & hook, f., gen. pi. 1: 213. 1862; baillofl, hist. pi. 4: 160. 1872; diet. bot. 2: 120. 1886; masters in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 1: 353. 1874; in j. linn. soc. bot. 14: 505, t. 16, fig. 43—50. 1875; beccari, malesia 3: 270. 1889; boerlage, handl. fl. ned. ind. 1: 120. 1890 (nomen); king in j. as. soc. bengal 60 (2) : 57. 1891; ridley in j. str. br. roy. as soc. 33: 52. 1900; in agric. bull. str. et f.m.s., n.s. 1 (2) : 48. 1901; in bull. kolon. mus. haarlem 27: 13. 1903; fl. mai. pen. 1: 266. 1922; de clerq, pi. woordenboek ned. ind. 206. 1909; foxworthy in philipp. j. sci. bot. 4(4): 499. 1909; in mai. for. rec. 1: 120. 1921; 2: 174. 1922; 3: 152, fig. opposite pp. 152 & 153. 1927; kent, rep. mech. tests mai. timb. 6. 1920; bakhuizen van den brink sr. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg 3, 6: 224 & 248, t. 37. .1924; thorenaar, ond. naar bruikb. kenmerk. ident. boomen naar hun bast 200. 1926; heyne, nutt. pi. ned. ind., ed. 2, 1: 1059. 1927; ed. 3, 1: 1059. 1950; foxworthy & woolley in mai. for. rec. 8: 28. 1930; narayanaswami in j. & proceed. as. soc. bengal, n.s. 27 (3): 345. 1931; strugnell in mai. for. 1: 72. 1931; burkill, diet., i960] soegeng: coelostegia benth. 275 econ. prod. mai. pen. 1: 618. 1935; desch in mai. for. rec. 15: 58, t. 10, fig. 2. 1941; corner, wayside trees mai. 1: 436. 1940 (c. griffithiana) ; wyatt-smith in mai. for. rec. 17: 114. 1952 (nomen). — griffith 547 (k). coelostegia sumatrana beccari, malesia 3: 271, t. 27 & 28. 1889; boerlage, i.e. (nomen); bakhuizen, i.e. 240 (as a syn. of c. griffithii benth.); thorenaar, i.e. 87; platenatlas, fig. 6. — coelostegia griffithii, forma sumatrana (becc.) bakhuizen van den brink sr., i.e. 248. — beccari p. s. 738 (fi). tree up to 40 m tall, up to 110 cm in diameter; buttresses up to 3.5 m high, 2 m out. bark dark brown or greyish brown, rough, shallowly, irregularly fissured. living bark ca 1 cm thick, light brown to yellowish orange. wood medium soft, dirty white to yellowish orange. branchlets terete, dark, covered — denser towards apex — by loose, light brown or silvery, darkcentered, small, fimbriate scales, or glabrescent. leaves chartaceous to coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, rarely ovate or lanceolate, (5—) 8—10 (—15) x (2—) 3—4 (—6) cm, base rounded or contracted into petiole, apex slenderly, bluntly acuminate, acumen 5—13 mm long; upper surface glabrous, midrib flat or slightly sunken, lateral nerves 6—10 pairs, prominulous, near margin arcuately anastomosing, reticulation dense, prominulous; lower surface with a lax to rather dense layer of silvery, more or less translucent, fimbriate scales, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves prominulous, usually with domatia at base and at the anastomosis, reticulation obscure. petiole terete, 1—2.5 cm long, lepidote, slightly swollen towards apex, narrowly grooved above. stipules soon caducous, linear to lanceolate, up to 6 mm long, acute, lepidote. inflorescences densely lepidote, axillary or on bare branches, consisting sometimes of very short main peduncle with one to few flowers or more often of many-flowered, up to 7 cm long panicles; bracts and bracteoles ca 2 mm and 1 mm, early caducous; pedicel filiform, 7—15 mm long. flowerbuds light greenish brown (fresh), ovoid or conical or depressed conical, up to 7 mm in diameter, acuminate or apiculate. epicalyx cup 2 mm in diameter, 0.5 mm high, lobes 0.5 mm, outside scaly, inside glabrous. calyx tube 2 mm high, 2 mm in diameter at mouth; pouched cup 6—10 mm in diameter, 2.5 mm high, teeth 2—2.5 mm long, folded lengthwise in their middle part, tip sharp, slightly incurved; inside pale yellow (fresh), glabrous, at the base of the pouches dark purple (fresh), pappillose; outside brownish yellow, densely covered by overlapping, brown-yellowish, fimbriate scales. petals fleshy, yellowish orange (fresh), becoming dark brown after anthesis, triangular, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm at the widest part, thickened at the middle, top acute, base truncate, claw 0.2 mm, narrow, thin, inserted at the mouth of the calyx tube, outside lepidote or glabrous, inside glabrous. stamens •abou t 20, fleshy, white, flattened, filament-tube ca 0.75 mm, the upper free part of filaments 1.25 mm, each usually with 3, white, globose, papillose anthers, valves eventually patent. ovary globose-obovoid, ca 2 mm in diameter, densely covered by large (about twice as large as those of the other parts of the plant), pale yellowish, dark-centered, fimbriate scales; style white, filiform, 2 mm long, glabrous, inserted in a depression of the apex of the ovary; stigma discoid, ca 0.5 mm in diameter, 5-lobed, above glabrous, underneath minutely stellate-haired. fruit globose, up to 7 cm in diameter 2 7 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 (including the pyramidal, sharp, 1—2 cm long spines), dark purplish-red or dark brown red, dehiscent for about 2/3; fruit stalk 2—4 cm. seed terete, lanceolate, ca 2.5 cm long, 1 cm in diameter, caruncula 1 cm long, red, fleshy, not very juicy. distribution. — malay peninsula, sumatra, bangka. vernac. names. — punggai, punggeh or unggeh (malay), tembalun (minangkabau), regeum (atjeh), tongor (batak-toba), durian hantu (hantu = phantom) or durian unggeh (palembang), durian hutan (bangka), mandarawan rangau (indrapura). habitat. — lowland, swampy or well drained forest, from sea-level up to 550 m altitude. use. — the bark contains tannin which is used for tanning fish-nets; the timber is used for wooden clogs, boxes and also for house building. the fact that the petals are sometimes lepidote on the outside has been usually overlooked (cf. king). when beccari published his coelostegia sumatrana, he had not examined the type specimen of c. griffithii. he misinterpreted masters's rather poor drawing of the epicalyx of c. griffithii as having 5 lobes; according to me there are 4 lobes. in his description, moreover, masters stated that the epicalyx should be 3—4-lobed. all specimens which i examined have a 3-lobed epicalyx. bakhuizen van den brink sr. considered c. sumatrana conspecific with c. griffithii; later he described it as forma sumatrana. i agree with bakhuizen in incorporating c. sumatrana into c. griffithii, but not in treating it as a distinct forma. the solitary flowers (or 2 flowers together) in contrast with many-flowered inflorescences is not a constant character; the specimen korthals s.n. (l) has both types of inflorescences. a tree cultivated in the bogor economic garden, flowers all the year round, bud it very rarely produces fruit; the fruit moreover does not seed and is small (10 cm in diameter) with abnormally slender spines. this is perhaps attributable to the absence of a pollinating agent in java or probably the plant is dioecious. m a l a y a . perak, loc. not. indicated, fl., scortechini 1862, 1863 (sing) ; dengong — kampar road, t. anson, sept., fr., haniff s.f.n. h31s (sing); kelantan, ulu kelantan, temangan, alt. 30 m, june, ster., kep. 68766 (kep); selangor, kuala lumpur, sungai buloh for. res., near river, febr., fr., foxworthy f.m.s. 10213 (kep, sing) ; ibid., low lying land or swampy forest, may, fr., kiai f.m.s. 8s87 (kep, sing); ibid., jan., fr., f.m.s. 7068 (kep, sing); ibid., may, fr., f.m.s. 1183 (kep, sing); ibid., low lying land, oct., fr., symington f.m.s. 24445 (kep, sing); ibid., swamp, june, fl., strugnell f.ms. 27880 (kep, sing); negri sembilan, pasir pandjang road, 14 th. mile, dry level, febr., fl., yusup f.m.s. 4222 (kep, sing); 1960] soegeng: coelostegia benth. 277 semawang for. res., fl., yakim s.f.n. 0518 (kep) ; sendayan for. res. april, fl., din bin udjang s.f.n. 0536 (bo, sing); malacca, anno 1845, fl., herb. griffith 547 (a, k, l, p) (type!); bukit china, jan., fl., derry 95 (sing); selander, march, fl., alvins s.n. (sing) ; loc. not indicated, fl., derry 123 (sing); johore, g. banang for. res., batu pahat, slope of a hill, alt. 150 m, jan., ster., suleiman bin manja, kep. 70172 (kep). singapore. mandai road, swampy forest, july, young fr., kiah s.f.n. 37112 (a, bo, k, kep, sing); ibid., swampy forest, sept., ster., comer s.n. (sing); garden jungle, fl., ridley 3887 (k, p); bukit timah, fr., ridley 4738 (sing). s u m a t r a . n. sumatra. atjeh, meulaboh, alur palombongan, simpang penet, alt. 50m, july, ster., b.b.8873 (bo). w. sumatra, tapanuli, sibolga, barus, pangkalan tapus, alt. 0 m, oct., ster., 66. 29537 (a, bo, bzf, l) ; melintang, mountain forest, korthals s.n. (l); air mantjur, near padang, alt. 360 m., aug., fl., beccari p.s. 73s (bo, fl, k, l), type of c. sumatrana becc.) ; ibid., aug. fl., beccari p.s. 620 |(l) ; between bondjol-lubuk sikaping, alt. 550 m, jan., ster., teijsmann s.n. (bo); pariaman, village tandjung, alt. 400 m, apr., fl., 6.6. 6736 (bo, l) ; balai selasa, muaro sakae, alt. 30 m, oct., ster., 6.6. 5969 (bo, l); painan, barung2-balantai, june, fl. buds, nov., fr., s.w.k./i-32 (bo, bzf, l, wag) ; ophir, lubuk gadang, parit, alt. 90m, jan., ster., 6.6.1u81 (a, bo, bzf, l, sing); ibid., febr., ster., 6.6.19629 (bo, bzf, l). e. sumatra. badjalinggi, s. of tebingtinggi, in primary forest, alt. 100 m, oct. fr., lbrzing & jochems 7397 (bo) ; asahan, bandar pulau, ster., yates 2586 (a, bo, k); bengkalis, sungai misigit, panglong 31, alt. 4 m, jan., fl., fr., beguin 556 (bo, l) ; indrapura, fl., volke 5 (bo, l). riau, indragiri upperlands, muara serangge, alt. 75 m, sept., ster., b.b.30<x81 (a, bzf, l) ; kuantan districts, muara pantai, alt. 100 m, febr., ster., 6.6. 23859 (bo, l). s. sumatra. palembang, banjuasin and kubu regions, bajung lintjir, alt. 15 m, jan., apr., fl., fr., 85 e. 1 p. 754 (bo, bzf, k, l, pnh, u); ibid., sept., fl., fr., 1 p. t. 788 (bo, l) ; ibid., mar., fl., endert 276 (bo, l); ibid., swampy forest, nov., fl., grashoff 812 (bo, l); rawas, alt. 150 m, aug., fr., grashoff 1110 (bo, l). bangka, blinju, alt. 25 m, oct., fl., fr., grashoff 18 (bo, l). java, culta in bogor economic garden, bubulak, sept., fl., van steenis 3105 (bo) ; ibid., from the same tree, march, fl., fr., aug., sept., fl., garden coll. s.n. (a, bo, k, l, pnh, u). 4. coelostegia kostermansii soegeng, sp. nov. — fig. 7, 8. arbor magna, basi cum rhizomate tabulari giganteo. folia alterna subcoriacea elliptica ad oblonga, apice acuminata, basi acuta vel rotundata, supra glabra, subtus canescentia laxe lepidota. inflorescentiae e ramulis ortae in positicis partibus foliorum, multiflorae, lepidotae, vix ramosae, plerumque glomerulis 3-vel pluri-floris terminatae. flores ab eis coelostegia griffithii characteribus non differt, sed paullum minores. fructus subasymmetricus ovoideo-quinquangulatus, ca 16 x 11 cm, apice distincte mucronatus, e basi rotundata in tuberculam brevem abrupte contractus, extus irregulariter submuricatus, profunde 5-valvatus valvis usque ad ca ¾ longitudinis fissis. tree up to 50 m tall, bole 35 m, diameter above the buttresses 80 cm. buttresses up to 6 m high, straight, out 2—3 m. bark rough, fissured, strips 2 7 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 1 cm wide, 3 mm thick. living bark 15 mm thick, light brown, with little orange sap. wood pale brown, rather soft. branchlets terete, covered (denser towards apex) by minute, brown fimbriate scales. leaves subcoriaceous, elliptic-oblong, 6—10 (—17) cm long, 2.5—3.5 (—7.5) cm wide, apex acuminate, acumen up to 1 cm long, base acute or rounded; upper surface glabrous, usually with numerous dots of minute holes, midrib slightly prominent, reticulation dense, prominulous; lower surface grey (fresh), laxly covered by small, subtransparent, fimbriate, dark-centered scales (the scales visible as lighter spots when fresh), midrib strongly prominent, reticulation obscure; lateral nerves subascendent, 7—13 pairs, curved, near margin arcuately anastomosing, on upper surface prominulous, on lower surface often less; petiole terete, 15—25 mm long, densely scaly, slightly channeled above. stipules lanceolate, ca 4 mm long, soon caducous, obtuse, outside scaly, inside with a lax layer of minute stellate hairs or minute long-fimbriate scales. panicles lepidote, fasicled on the bare twigs, many-flowered, up to 3 cm long, usually with short lateral branches, terminating in heads or clusters of 3 or more flower; bracts caducous; pedicels filiform, 5 mm long. flower-buds small, conical, ca 3 mm long, 2.5 mm in diameter, acuminate. epicalyx cup-shaped, 3-lobed, ca 1 x 1 mm, scaly outside, glabrous inside. calyx tube ca 1 x 1 mm, pouched cup 3 mm in diameter, 3 mm high (including the 5 slender, acute, erect, ca 1 mm long teeth); outside densely covered by small, pale brown, ciliate scales; inside glabrous, pouches at base with dark papillae. corolla soon deciduous, petals 5, triangular, convex, 2 mm long, 1 mm broad, fleshy, thickened at middle, top acute, base truncate, claw narrow, thin, very short, inserted just below the mouth of the calyx tube; outside covered by pale brown, fimbriate scales, glabrescent towards margin and base; inside glabrous. stamens about 20, ca 1.5 mm long; filaments flattened, fleshy, connate at base forming a ca 0.5 mm long tube, each free filament topped by 3—4 subglobose, agglutinate anthers, after dehiscence forming orbicular valves. ovary globose-ovoid, 1 mm in diameter, densely covered by light brown, fimbriate scales; style filiform, 1 mm long, pentangular or 5-sulcate, glabrous, abruptly emerging from the ovary; stigma discoid, faintly 5-lobed, with minute stellate hairs underneath, glabrous above. fruit yellowish green (fresh), somewhat asymmetrical pentagonous-ovoid, ca 16 x 11 cm, apex distinctly mucronate, base rotun date, then abruptly contracted into a knob of 1 cm long, 2 cm in diameter, dehiscent for about ¾ of its length into 5 woody, hard, acute valves, inside whitish, rough. seeds elongate obovoid, 3 cm long, 1.5 cm in diameter, glossy, very dark brown, top obtuse, base acute, subtended by a red, fleshy, not very juicy, triangular (beak-shaped), 7 mm long caruncula. cotyledons white, filled with clear, sweet fluid when the seed is not mature. fruit-stalk cylindrical, up to 3.5 cm long, swollen at apex, slightly so at base (2 cm in diameter at apex and 1.5 cm at middle), densely scaly. typus. — kostermans 12548 (bo). distribution. — borneo. vernacular names. — tabun (dayak kenya, kutei); tabut (w. kutei). 1960] soegeng: • coelostegia benth. 279 habitat. — in primary forest, on sandy loam soil, at altitudes from 200—300 m. the fruit of the specimens: kostermans 10583, 10659 and hallier 776 were picked from the ground and have somewhat deteriorated but still can be easily recognized. kostermans 10659 has large leaves, up to 21 x 7 cm, with slender, 15 mm long acumen; it was collected from a young tree; the stipules are linear-lanceolate, up to 12 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, folded, outside scaly, inside stellate-haired. kostermans states that the seeds are eaten fresh and taste like groundnuts. e a s t i n d o n e s i a n b o r n e o , w . kutei, tudjung plateau, mt. maranga, alt. 200 m, july, fl., kostermans 12548 (holotype in bo, isotypes in a, canb, k, k e p , l, ny, p ) ; c. kutei, belajan r., mt. kelopok near tabang, on sandy yellow loam soil, alt. 250 m, apr., fr., kostermans 10583 (bo, l) ; ibid., alt. 200 m, apr., fr., kostermans 10659 (bo, l). w e s t i n d o n . b o r n e o , sambas, mt. damus, fruit only, hallier 776 (bo). 5. coelostegia neesiocarpa soegeng, sp. nov. — fig. 9, 10. arbor mediocris. folia alterna coriacea elliptica raro ovata, apice mucronata vel acute basi rotundate, interdum in petiolum leviter contracta, supra glabra, subtus dense lepidota, nervis lateralibus numerosis densmsculis. flores ignoti. fructus ovoideus, 17 x 12 cm, apice obtusus, e basi rotundata in tuberculam brevem abrupte contractus, fere ad basin quinque valvatus, valvis equalibus, extus sublaevis inconspicue reticulatus reticulatione e figuris 4—6-angulates composita, ca 1 cm diametiens. tree 20 m tall, bole 18 m, diameter at 2 m 50 cm, below the first branch. 35 cm. branchlets slender, terete, covered partly by loose, brown, toothed scales. leaves coriaceous, elliptic or ovate, 7—11 x 3—6 cm, apex mucronate or acute, base usually rounded, sometimes slightly contracted into petiole; upper surface glabrous, midrib flat or very slightly prominent towards base, reticulation dense, prominulous; lower surface covered by a rather dense layer of loose, light brown, fimbriate scales, midrib strongly prominent, sharply ridged, reticulation obscure; lateral nerves many, rather close to each other, somewhat patent, slightly curved, near margin arcuately anastomosing, slightly prominent on both surfaces. petiole terete, 2.5—3 cm long, irregularly covered by concave, fimbriate scales or glabrescent, grooved above. stipules soon deciduous, ca 5 mm long, reflexed, acute or obtuse, densely scaly. flowers unknown. fruit ovoid, 17 x 12 cm, top obtuse, base rounded, then abruptly narrowed into a neck of 1 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter, dehiscent almost up to its base into 3 equal valves; valves woody, hard, top curved, acute; outside dark, rather smooth, with a faint pattern of 4—6-angular, diamond-shaped figures, ca 1 cm in diameter; inside rough, 2 8 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 whitish brown, concave towards base; each locule with 2—3 seeds. seeds very dark brown, subobovoid, somewhat flattened (the basal ones) or elongate obovoid, more or less terete (the upper seeds), 3 c m long, 1.5—2cm in diameter at the broadest part, top obtuse, base acute, subtended by a broad triangular (beak-shaped), fleshy, 12 mm long, reddish caruncula. fruit-stalk 5 cm long, cylindrical, 1.3 cm in diameter, at apex swollen, 2 cm in diameter. typus. — b.b. 11288 (bo). distribution. — east indonesian borneo. vernac. name. — durut (dayak-bulungan); uhu (dayak-upper mahakam) • bakhuizen van den brink had already recognized the type specimen as a new species, but never published it. e a s t i n d o n e s i a n b o r n e o , bulungan, s . rumah, alt. 100m, apr., fr., van der zwaan 236 = b.b. 11288 (bo, bzf) ; upper mahakam, alt. 300 m, febr. ster., b.b. 20696 (bo, bzf). 1960] soegeng: coelostegia benth. 281 fig. 1. —• coelostegia bomeensis becc; after kostermans 8070 (bo); parts of flowers x 4.5; details of leaves x 9; inflorescence x 0.45. 282 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 pig. 2. — coelostegia borneensis becc. i960 '] soegeng: coelostegia benth. 283 fig. 3. — coelostegia chartaeea, soegeng; after kostermans 5262 (bo); flowers and parts x 3. 284 reinwardtia [vol. 5 fig:. 4.— coelostegia chartacea soegeng; old fruit, after kostermans 5262 (bo). 1960] soegeng: coelostegia benth. 285 fig. 5. — coelostegia griffithii benth.; after fresh material; flowers x 2; a. opened flower (x 3.3); branch (x 0.5). 286 reinwardtia [vol. 5 fig. 6. — coelostegia griffithii benth.; after t. 788 (bo). 1960] soegeng: coelostegia benth. 287 fig. 7. — coelostegia kostermansii soegeng1; after kosterman 12548 (bo) ; in florescence and parts of flower x 5.4 (a = x 8). 288 reinwardtia [vol. 6 fig. 8. — coelostegia kostermansii soegeng; after kostermans 12548 (bo). 1960] soegeng: coelostegia benth. 289 fig. 9. — coelostegia neesiocarpa soegeng; after bb. 11288 (bo); lower and upper leaf surface x 3. 290 reinwardtia [vol. 5 fig. 10. — coelostegia neesiocarpa soegeng; after bb. 11288 (bo). img555_page_01 img555_page_02 img555_page_03 img555_page_04 img555_page_05 img555_page_06 img555_page_07 img555_page_08 img555_page_09 img555_page_10 img555_page_11 img555_page_12 img555_page_13 img555_page_14 img555_page_15 img555_page_16 img555_page_17 img555_page_18 img555_page_19 img555_page_20 img555_page_21 img555_page_22 img555_page_23 hal 227-279 410 r e i n w a r d t i a oligoneura soepadmo oviformis soepadmo pachycarpa a. cam. paucispina soepadmo pearsonii merr. pedunculata soepadmo psnangensis a. cam. philipensis (blanco) vidal psilophylla soepadmo reflexa (king) rehd.: see lithocarpus rhamnifolia (miq.) a. dc. ridleyi gamble schefferiana hance schlenkerae bailey scorteehinii gamble selangorensis a. cam.: doubtful spectabilis (miq.) a. dc. sumatrana (miq.) a. dc. trisperma scheff. tungurrut (bl.) a. dc. turbinata stapf: see lithocarpus wallichii king ex hook. f. olig. ovif. rham. pauc. mott. ped. jav. phil. psi. rham. tung. sch. acum. scor. species cost. iner. cost. tung. wall. woodii merr. fagus argentea bl. javarnica bl. philipensis blanco lauras ludda wall. lithocarpus hypophoenicea (v. seem.) barn. pasania acuminatissima (bl.) oerst. discocarpa (hance) gamble quercus acuminatissima (bl.) a. dc. discocarpa hance fagiformis jungh. hypophoenicea v. seem. javanica (a. dc.) drake junghuhnii miq. lineata (non bl.) miq. rhamnifolia miq. varingaefolia miq. synaedrys discocarpa (hance) koidz. fagiformis (jungh.) koidz. [vol. 7 evan. a r g . j a v . phil. luc. hypo. acum. jav. acum. jav. acum. hypo. jav. acum. acum. rham. acum. . jav. acum. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, p a r t 4, pp. 411—420 (1968) studies of malesian pandanaceae. ii. two new species of pandanus stickm. sect. fusiforma st. john benjamin c. stone*) summary pandanus saint-johnii and p. soboliferus spp. nov. are described and illustrated and placed in sect. fusiforma it is proposed to include p. (acrostigma ) biplicatus st.john and p.(rykia) magnifibrosus st.john in sect fusiforma also. . . introduction on the basis of its stigmatic structure, sect. fusiforma st. john (in pacif. sci. 16: 227. 1962. — type species: pandanus dumetorum holttum & st. john) is most closely allied in the genus pandanus stickm. to the sect. acrostigma kurz. its chief differences are the blunter styles, the constantly caespitose soboliferous habit, and the extraordinary hardness of the dark leaves. all members of sect. fusiforma produce their long stiff leaves directly from ground level. it is this acaulescent rhizomatous habit which characterizes best all the species known to date and which gives a firm basis to the sectional ranking. as is also true of most species of sect. acrostigma, the ventral pleats of the leaf tips are prickly with small antrorse teeth. the discovery of the two new species to be described below brings the number of species in sect. fusiforma up to five, but a sixth species is almost surely also to be included. pandanus dumetorum holttum & st. john (in pacif. sci. 16: 227, fig. 102. 1962. — holotypus: corner 80066 in sing) has been, until now, the sole member of sect. fusiforma. other undoubted members of the section are the north bornean p. pachyphyllus merr. (in j. roy. asiatic soc, str. branch 85: 154. 1922. — holotypus: ramos 1541 in pnh, now destroyed; isotypus in us; the following recent collections from sabah in klu are referable here: sandakan, kebon china forest reserve, 17 march 1967, stone, meijer & gaudet 6699, immature fruit; sepilok forest reserve, n. of sandakan, 20 march 1967, stone & *) school of biological sciences, university of malaya, kuala lumpur, malaysia, — 411 — r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 meijer 6709, immature fruit in lowland swamp forest; same locality; sepilok besar river, 21 march 1967, stone & meijer 673,2), p. biplicatus st. john (in pacif. sci. 17: 466, fig. 192. 1963. — holotypus and only known specimen: haniff & nur 2703 in sing) from lower thailand, originally assigned to sect. acrostigma, and the two new species p. saintjohnii b. c. stone and p. soboliferus b. c. stone, both from malaya. the sixth species, p. magnifibrosus st. john (in pacif. sci. 17: 478, fig. 198. 1963. — holotypus: kerr 19227 in bk) from thailand, certainly appears to have the essential features of sect. fusiforma rather than those of sect. rykia (de vriese) kurz, to which it was originally assigned. it was described as "stemless", and possesses prickly ventral pleats (a character unknown in sect. rykia) ; the prickles of the midrib near the base of the leaves on the dorsal side are rectiform or retrorse, exactly like those of p. dumetorum. the inflorescence is erect, and the individual fruits are highly similar to those of p. dumetorum. the totality of the evidence thus points to the inclusion of p. magnifibrosus in sect. fusiformu,. nevertheless, this has been done here with slight reservation, and further collections would be extremely valuable to settle the taxonomic position of this interesting species. ; key to species of pandanus sect. fusiforma la. drupes with unusually thick longitudinal fibres, which are as much as 0.9 mm diam.; leaf apex with large, stout, deltoid prickles. thailand ...p. magnifibrosus b. not as above 2 2a. cephalia racemose, 2—5 together, up to 8 cm long; drupes up to 27 mm long. n. e. malaya p. dumetorum b. cephalia solitary, or if racemose only 2—3 together, about 11—14 cm long or more; drupes 25—50 mm l&ng ..: 3 3a. drupes mostly 40—50 mm long. s. e. malaya p. saint-johnii b. drupes shorter or up to 40 mm long 4 4a.drupes 35—40 mm long. sabah p. pachyphyllus b. drupes (25—) 30 (—40?) mm long .5 5a. styles 6—8 mm long. lower thailand p. biplicaius b. styles 3—4 mm long. n. w. malaya p. soboliferus pandanus saint-johnii b. c. stone, spec. nov. — fig. 1, pi. i, ii planta acaulis caespitosa rhizomatosa. foliis erectis rigidis perduris ad 7 m longis et 6—8 cm latis, ad basem crassiter coriaceis ad apicem exilibus et subcoriaceis pendente, unisulcatis, m-formatis, in quoque latere cum c. 50 nervis secundarii parallelis, nervis transversis non evidentis; apice sensim attenuato et breviter acuminato, in paginis ventralibus apicem versus secus plicas laterales conspicue spinulosis. inflorescentia foeminea 1968] stone: malesian pandanaceae ii 413 in foliis subclausa, erecta, breviter pedunculata, pedunculo ad 20—30 cm longo trigono ad 13 mm crasso, cephalio solitario ellipsoideo 15—18 cm longo 10—14 cm lato subglauco bubalino; bracteas non vidi; drupas anguste obovatae vel oblongae, (3.5—)4-—5 cm longae et 7—11 mm latae, in quinta apicali parte pyramidati, valde penta-hexagonati, rostellati, in stylum obtusum brevicuspidatum breviter prorsum curvatum terminante, superficie dorsali stylis stigmatica; stigmate leviter concavo elliptico vel anguste elliptico, ad 3 mm longo et 1—2 mm lato; pileo indehiscenti; endocarpio subbasali obconico 1 cm longo et 5—6 mm lato, semene unico. inflorescentia mascula erecta, crasso-pedunculata, bracteis carnosis flavibus, pedunculo albo trigonato 18 mm crasso, spicis 7, albidis, 5—7.5 cm longis, 1.6—2.3 cm crassis, staminibus numerosis; phalanges staminorum 3—(rare 2—5-) staminatis, filamentis 1—1.1 mm longis crassis aurantiaceis apicem versus abrupte contractis, antheris c. 7.2 mm longis, apiculo 0.4 mm longo. pollen album. t y p u s : stone, chew & hill 6231 (klu). caespitose, rhizomatous plants. leaves erect, rigid, very hard, up to 7 m long and 6—8 cm wide, thickly coriaceous at base, thinner toward the tip and somewhat pendent, 1-sulcate, biplicate, m-formed in cross-section, with about 50 nerves on each side of the midrib, tranverse nerves "hot evident; apex gradually narrowed and at last briefly acuminate, ventral lateral pleats spinulose. details of leaf: midrib, near base, from base out to 8—17 cm unarmed; thereafter with stout somewhat recurved or rectiform prickles to 5 mm long, mostly 1—2 cm apart, lenticular in crosssection; near middle of leaf, the prickles smaller, farther or much farther apart, with much (50—100 cm) of the midrib essentially smooth; but again near the apex prickly, the prickles antrorse, 0.5—0.7 mm long, 5—20 mm apart; margins, near base, unarmed on basal 8—17 cm, thereafter the stout prickles similar to those of adjacent midrib, often retrorse, hooklike; prickles 3 mm broad at base, mostly 5 mm long; near middle of leaf the prickles smaller and antrorse, 1—2 mm long, deltoid, mostly about 1—2 cm apart; near the tip 0.5—0.7 mm long, antrorse, rather evenly spaced, near the acumen 2—4 mm apart. upper lateral pleats prickly near leaf-tip, prickles antrorse, about 0.5—0.7 mm long, 5—20 mm apart, extending about 30—45 cm back of the tip. inflorescence erect, hidden near base of plant among the leaves. pistillate inflorescence of a single cephalium; peduncle 20—30 cm long, 13 mm thick, trigonal; cephalium ellipsoid, 15—18 x 10—14 cm, slightly glaucous and yellow-buff prior to ripeness; drupes narrowly obovate to suboblong, mostly 4—5 cm long (basal ones only 3.5 cm) and 7—11 mm thick, the apical 1/5 pyramidal, sides 5—6angled, style short and somewhat blunt, curved forward, with a short stigmatic groove; stigma shallowly concave, more or less narrowly elliptic, about 3 mm long and 1—2 mm broad; pileus not dehiscent; endocarp near the base, obconic, 1 cm long, 5—6 mm broad, 1-seeded. male inflorescence erect, stout-peduncled, with fleshy yellow bracts; peduncle white, trigonal, 18 mm thick, bearing about 7 spikes, each 5—7.5 cm long and 1.6—2.3 cm thick, white, with numerous crowded stamens; stamens usually in triads r b i ttward t i a [vol. t 5 k fig. 1. pandanus saint-johnii: a. portion of base of leaf, dorsal side; b. portion of middle of leaf; c. leaf-tip, ventral side; d. drupe in lateral view; e. the same in longitudinal section; f. pyrene after it is free of the exocarp; g. the same in section; h. detail of apex to show style, stigma, stigmatic groove, and (above) top view of drupes in situ showing stigmas; i. upper part of staminate inflorescence; j. longitudinal, section of a staminate spike; k. triad of stamens (a-c from holotype; i-k from stone & cheah 7163; key to abbreviations: ex = exocarp; mp = mesocarp pith; est = endostylar fiber; me = mesocarp chamber; en = endocarp; en. ap. = endocarp' aperture; ml = lower mesocarp fibers; st = stigma; st. gr.. = stigmatic groove). 1968] stone: malesian pandanaeeae ii 415 or sometimes in phalanges of 4> or 5, rarely only 2, with bulbous red-orange filaments 1 1.1 mm long, abruptly contracted at apex; anthers white, about 7.2 mm long, the apiculus 0.4 mm long. pollen white. malaya. j o h o r e. kota tinggi, panti forest reserve, west ridge of gunong panti about 1 mile n.e. of lombong, boo ft. alt., 4 april 1966, stone, chew & hill 6231 (klu, bish, k, l, sing, us), a caespitose trunkless pandan, common on dry hillside under old secondary forest; ibid., gunong muntahak, june 1964, p. c. lee s.n. (klu). p a h a n g. slightly south of ayer hitam, in hill forest drained by s. anak kelai, 3 miles from old fort iskandar, 300 ft. alt., 1 july 1967, stone & cheah 7163 (klu), dark green-leaved caespitose plants in oak-dipterocarp forest, staminate inflorescence with lemon yellow bracts and white spikes, anthers white with short bulbous red-orange filaments. pandanus soboliferus b. c. stone, spec. nov. — pi. ill, iv planta acaulis caespitosa rhizomatosa. foliis erectis rigidis, ad 8 m longis, 7—8 cm latis, ad basem perduris ad apicem valde coriaceis erectis, unisulcatis, biplicatis, m-formatis, apice sensim attenuato breviter acuminato, in paginis ventralibus apicem versus secus plicas laterales conspicue spinulosa. inflorescentia foeminea in foliis subclausa, erecta, pedunculata, pedunculo 20 cm longo ad apicem dilato, 13—18 mm crasso, cephalio solitario ellipsoideo vel subglohoso, 8? cm lato; bracteas non vidi; drupae (basales) oblongae 25 mm longae, stylo 3—4 mm longo. stamina probabiliter sine columna axi spicae insidientia. cetera ignota. typus: whitmore fri 069jk (kep). acaulescent caespitose rhizomatous plants. leaves erect, stiff, hard and very dark green, up to 8 m long and 7—8 cm wide, 1-sulcate, triplicate, m-formed in cross-section, the apex gradually narrowed and at last briefly acuminate, the ventral lateral pleats conspicuously spinulose. details of leaf: at the base of the leaf midrib prickles stout, terete, very sharp, recurved, 5—10 mm long, 1—4 cm apart, marginal prickles similar but rectiform, 5—s mm long, 1—3 cm apart; at the middle of the leaf midrib prickles somewhat recurved, 3—4 mm long, 0.5—2 cm apart, marginal prickles antrorse appressed, 3 mm long, 0.5—1.5 cm apart; near the tip of the leaf midrib prickles small, antrorse, 0.5 mm long, 2—4 mm apart, marginal prickles similar. upper ventral pleats prickly, prickles similar to adjacent apical margin; apex armed along distal 30—40 cm. inflorescence erect, basal, hidden among the leaves, the pistillate inflorescence with 1 cephalium, peduncle about 20 cm long, trigonal, somewhat dilated at apex, 13—18 mm thick; cephalium ellipsoid to subglobose, at least 8 cm in diameter; bracts not seen; drupes (only basal ones seen) oblong 25 mm long, the style 3—4 mm long. stamens arising directly from the column, or perhaps in phalanges of 2—3 as in p. saint-johnii. as is true of p. saint-johnii, and probably all members of sect. fusiforma, the leaves of this species are very notably dark green, almost equally so on both sides, not or scarcely glaucous, and extremely hard. 416 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 no other pandan that i have encountered has more rigid leaves; even with a very sharp "parang" or field knife, several energetic blows are needed to cut through the leaf at its base. furthermore the prickles are extremely sharp and equally hard. p. soboliferus is named for the habit, characteristic of the whole section, of bearing its leaves direct from a subterranean rhizome. this species was mentioned, illustrated and included in a key to the pandans of penang island (in malay. nat. j. 19: pi. 35. 1966). the description of the stamens is based on a very imperfect specimen, collected several days too late. the male inflorescences of all pandans are ephemeral, and most are eagerly sought by insects of various kinds. the late comer, inspecting closely the staminate spike, is liable to find nothing but a more or less digested, amorphous mass, teeming with larvae (often of nitidulid beetles). this was the case in the specimen cited (stone 632a) which nonetheless appeared to have a few stamens intact. these appear to show the filament arising directly from the spike. if so, this is a strong indication of the relationship of this section to sect. acrostigma, with which it might even have to be mergedifthe present distinction fail to hold for any newly discovered members. in addition the available information corresponds well with the good staminate collections of pandanus sainujohnii cited above. probably the basic structure is identical. malaya. p e r a k. gunong bubu, common on ridges, 19 august 1966, whitmore fri 069u (kep), stemless, with very dark green leaves up to 4 m long, once seen fertile. p e n a n g i s i . waterfall path in forest, 8 february 1966, stone 6163 (klu), acaulescent pandan on sandy soil with very dark green leaves; ibid., stone 616u (klu) ; near upper tunnel road above methodist centre, 3 may 1966, stone 63u (klu), old staminate inflorescence. acknowledgements for the privilege of examining type and other specimens i am indebted to the directors and curators of the herbaria of singapore botanic gardens, forest research institute (kepong) and the botany department, university of singapore. my thanks are also due to dr. t. c. whitmore (kepong), dr. w. l. chew (singapore) and mr. p. c. lee (kuala lumpur) for stimulating discussions and for professional or personal aids. i would like also to thank inche jaafar for his excellent photographic assistance. i am most grateful to professor emeritus harold st. john (honolulu) — under whose aegis i began the study of the pandanceae — for suggesting some improvements to this account as well as for acquiescing to the dedication in one of the new species. 1968] stone: malesian pandanaceae ii 417 . plate i. pandanus saint-johnu. cephalium after drying (from p. c. lee s.n.) 43 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 plate ii. pandanus saint-johnii. habit and fruit. top: mature fruiting plant. middle: view of fresh cephalium. below: at left, fruit in longitudinal section; at right, in profile (from holotype). 1968] stone : malesian pandanaceae ii 419 plate iii. pandanus sobotiferus. a clump of plants on penang hill. 420 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 note to contributors general: manuscripts should be submitted typewritten and double spaced throughout, preferably without any underlining and without the use of capitals to indicate particular letter press, except for names of genera, species, subspecies to be indicated by drawing a single line under the entire word. copies can not bte accepted if they have been reproduced in a way that they become illegible in handling. captions for textfigures and plates should be written on a separate sheet. illustrations: illustrations need not be more than two to three times the size of the desired reproduction. half tone illustrations can not be accepted. line drawings should be of sufficient thickness to reproduce well and the dotting should be sufficiently spaced to stand the reduction desired. drawings should be carefully made with india ink on white drawing paper. photographs should be made on, glossy paper with strong contrasts.' tables: titles should be given for all tables which should be numbered in roman numerals, column heads should be brief and textual matters in tables confined to a minimum. reprints: twenty five reprints of each paper are supplied free. joint authors will have to divide these copies between them at their discretion. additional reprints will be furnished at cost; the order should be placed before the final printing. the prices of the issues vary according to the number of pages and illustrations. all correspondence on editorial matters should be addressed to the publishing institutes. for exchange, subscriptions, request of missing numbers and all publications from the above institutes, please apply to: bibmotheca bogoriensis, djalan eaya 20, bogor. : plate iv. pandanus soboliferus. the base of a plant from penang hill, showing the decayed shaathing leaf-bases from the axils of which arise the roots. ground level was about two-thirds of the distance from the base of the plant as shown to the lens-cap. rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_61 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_62 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_63 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_64 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_65 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_66 1965] f. r. foseerg: errata albizia 219 errata fosberg, revision of albizia sect. pachysperma. in the article entitled "revision of albizia sect. pachysperma (leguminosaemimosoideae)" by f. r. fosberg, reinwardtia 7: 71-90, 1965, the following changes should be made. on p. 73, in line 18, after "series", insert "ser. platys-permae benth., with six new caledonian species, and". on p. 74, in line 11, the second "leaves" should be changed to "leaflets". on p. 88 in the synonymy of albizia falcataria, the entire item beginning albizia faleata should be deleted, and the following inserted on p. 90 just before the last paragraph. "the essential additional bibliography for the understanding of this nomenclatural problem follows: "albizia faleata (l.) backer, vo-orl. schoolfl. java 109, 1908; schoolfl. java 437, 1911; merr., int. rumph. herb. anb. 249, 1917. "adenanthera faleata l. in stickm., herb. amb. 14, 1754; amoen. acad. 4: 124, 1759; syst. nat. ed. 10, 1020, 1759; amoen. acad. ed. 2, 4: 124, 1788 (based on clypearia rubra rumph. herb. amb. 3: 176, t. 112, 1743)." on p. 90, last line, the p. at the beginning of the line should be changed to a. rein.vol.7,part 2 pp 91-219_page_65 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia vol. 8, part 2, pp. 329 — 331 (1972) studies in leguminosae 15. new taxa of dalbergia linn. f. from india and burma k. thothathri central national herbarium, botanical survey of india, calcutta introduction during a study of the indo-burmese species of the genus dalbergia linn. f. the author came across an interesting specimen from travancors, wrongly identified as d. congesta grah. ex wt. & arn. this specimen differs markedly from the. latter in the conspicuous, persistent bracteoles which remain even after fruiting. it is described here as d. travancorica thoth. a collection of g. rogers from yamethin, burma again is closely allied to d. obtusifolia prain but differs in the obovate leaflets with retuse apex. it is described here as d. obtusifolia prain var. rogersii thoth. dalbergia travancorica thoth, spec. nov. d. travancorica thoth. d. rubiginosae affinis, sed ab ea foliolis elliptico-orbiculis bracteisque conspicuis etiam fructiferis permanentibus differt. frutex volubilis; ramuli puberuli, partes iuveniles ferrugineopubescentes. folia alterna, stipulata, 8 —11 cm longa, saepius 5-, rarius 7-foliolata; rachis puberula; petioluli sericeo-pubescentes, 2 — 4 mm longi; stipulae prominentes, oblongae, 7 — 9 mm longae, breviter acuminatae, brunneo-pubescentes; foliola elliptica, 4 — 6 x 2 — 3.5 cm, inferiora vero superioribus semper minora, integra, coriacea, basi rotundata, apice obtusa retusave, rarius acuta, supra glabra, infra brunneo-puberula pubescentiave, nervi laterales indistincti. inflorescentiae breves, axillares, paniculatae, 2.5 — 5 cm longae, 2 — 3 cm latae; rachis atque ramuli pubescentes. flores 7 — 8 mm longi, pedicellati; bracteae valde conspicuae, gibbosae, ovato-triangulares, 2 — 3 mm longae, extus pubescentes; bracteolae 2, ovato-oblongae, calycis tubum ex altera parte contegentes, extus pubescentes ; pedicelli breves, 4 — 5 mm longi, pubescentes. calyx campanulatus, 4 — 5 mm longus, extus pubescens, 5-dentatus; dentes tres anteriores triangulari-ovati, parvi, posteriores duo vero ovato-rotundati, maiores. vexillum ovato-orbiculare ovato-oblongumve, 6 — 7 mm longum, deflexum, apice retusum, lamina basi auriculata, distincte unguiculata; alae ovatooblongae, unguiculatae; carinae naviculatae, unguiculatae, apice coherentes; — 329 — 3 3 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 petalae omnes glabrae. stamina 9, monadelpha; vagina 6 — 7 mm longa, postice fissa; filamenta superius per circa quartam longitudinis partem libera. ovarium oblongum, 5 — 6.5 mm longum, distincte stipitatum, glabrum praeter suturam dorsalem vero pubescentem, 3-ovulatum; stylo tenue, stigmate minuto. legumina oblonga, 3 x 0.7 cm, compressa, glabra, laevia, 1-seminata. typus: collibus travancorensibus (sine loco definito) -lector? s.n sub numero 17025 (mh). d. travancorica thoth. is allied to d. rubiginosa benth. but differs in the elliptic, rounded leaflets and conspicuous, presistent bracts which remain even after fruiting. scandent shrub; branchlets puberulous, younger parts rusty pubescent. leaf imparipinnate, alternate, stipulate, 8 —11 cm long, rachis puberulous ; leaflets mostly 5, rarely 7, elliptic, 4 — 6 x 2 — 3.5 cm, lower ones always smaller than upper larger ones, entire, coriaceous, rounded at base, mostly obtuse to retuse at apex, rarely acute, glabrous above, brown puberulous to pubescent below, lateral veins not distinct, petiolule silky pubescent, 2 — 4 mm long, stipule prominent, oblong, 7 — 9 mm long, shortly acuminate, brown pubescent. inflorescence short, axillary panicle, 2.5 — 5 cm long, 2 — 3 cm wide, rachis and branchlets pubescent. flowers 7 — 8 mm long, pedicellate; bract very conspicuous, gibbous ovatetriangular, 2 — 3 mm long, pubescent without, bracteoles 2, ovato-oblong, on either side of the calyxtube and embracing the same, pubescent without; pedicels short, 4 — 5 mm long, pubescent. calyx campanulate, 4 — 5 mm long, pubescent without, 5-toothed, anterior 3 triangular-ovate, smaller, posterior 2 ovate-rounded, larger than the, anterior ones. corolla vexillum ovate-orbicular to ovate-oblong, 6 — 7 mm long, deflexed, retuse at apex, blade auricled below, distinctly clawed; wings ovato-oblong, clawed, keels boat-shaped, clawed, connate above, at their apex, all petals glabrous. stamens 9, monadelphous, sheath 6 — 7 mm long, split open dorsally, filaments free on their upper one fourth. ovary oblong, 5 — 6.5 mm long, distinctly stipitate, glabrous except the pubescent, dorsal suture, 3-ovuled, style slender, stigma minute. pod oblong, 3 x 0.7 cm, flat, glabrous, smooth, long stalked, 1-seeded. type: travancore hills (without definite locality), collector? s.n., accession number 17025 (holotype mh). distribution: south india. dalbergia obtusifolia prain var. rogersii thoth., var. nov. d. obtusifolia prain var. rogersii thoth. a planta typica foliis brevioribus cum foliolis obovatis comparative minoribus apice revera obtusis inferiusque differt. d. obtusifolia prain var. rogersii thoth. differs from the typical plant in having shorter leaves with comparatively smaller, obovate leaflets which are decidedly obtuse at apex and minutely puberulous below. 1972] thothathri: new dalbcrgia 331 branchlets glabrous. leaves imparipinnate, alternate, 8 —15 cm long, leaflets 5 — 7, obovate, 2.g x 2.2 — 3.2 cm., entire, retuse at apex, cuneate at base, coriaceous, glabrous above, finely and minutely puberulous on the ventral surface, lateral veins 6 — 8 pairs, rachis glabrous, petiolule 4 — 5 mm long, glabrous. inflorescence a profusely branched, axillary panicle, 15 — 25 cm long, rachis puberulous. flowers yellow. calyx, corolla, stamens and ovary as in typical plant. pod not known. type: mynbyin reserve, comperatment 47, 100 m, yamethin district, february 1915, gilbert rogers 583 (holotype, dd). distribution: burma, acknowledgements the author thanks father cramer, st. aloysius college, ceylon for the latin translations of the new taxa and dr. s. k. mukherji, director, botanical survey of india, for facilities and encouragement. hal 329-333_page_1 hal 329-333_page_2 hal 329-333_page_3 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 8, part 1, pp. 3 — 11 (1970) notes on the systematy of solomon islands' plants and some of their new guinea relatives. xi b. c. stone . university of malaya and t. c. whitmore forest research institute, kepong, malaya xi. tapeinosperma (myrsinaceae) preliminary to a revision of the myrsinaceae of the british solomon islands, we have found it necessary to name and validate the two large undescribed species of tapeinosperma hook.f., diagnoses of which are given in this paper, in order that their names may be available for use in connection with studies of the phytogeography of the solomon islands. these striking new species both exemplify the pachycaul, megaphyll treelet life-form which seems unusually well-represented by species of diverse genera and families in the solomons, and is by no means uncommon in the myrsinaceae (see fig. 3). discussion of other matters, such as the problem of relationship — all too close — between tapeinosperma and discocalyx mez, and the enumeration of the remaining solomons' myrsinaceae of the genera aegiceras, ardisia, maesa, rapanea, and discocalyx, is deferred for a later publication. most of the materials cited herein were collected under the auspices of the british solomon islands forest department. the holotype of one species was collected on the 1965 royal society solomon islands expedition. an additional collection cited was made by b. c. stone in 1957 while on a pandanological trip. we are grateful to the curators of the herbaria at kew, singapore, honiara, and the bishop museum for their generosity in making specimens available for study. tapeinosperma pachycaulum stone et whitmore, sp. nov. — figs. 1, 2. arbuscula; folia magna petolis elongatis valde alatis amplexicaulibus, laminis ad 105 cm longis et 38 cm latis ellipticis vel oblonge acutis vel obtusis base rotundato-decurrentibus in alam confluens; inflorescentiae e — 3 — 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 foliorum normalium axillis provenientes, multiflorae, laxe divaricatae, foliis breviores, pedunculis ad 36 cm longis, axibus primariis ad 12—20 cm longis, pedicellis ad 5 mm longis; flores vix 4 mm longis; bacca subglobosa sepalis persistentibus, endocarpio rigide crustaceo, 1-sperma. typus: whitmore's collectors bsip 5u75 (sing). an erect, unbranched or at last sparingly branched, small megaphyllous pachycaul tree, the bole to about 5 m tall and 30 cm girth, with fawncoloured bark, above withprominent leaf-scars, the pith large and central, the xylem narrow, with broad rays. leafy shoots stout, the leaves rather crowded toward their apices. leaf blades oblong-obovate to subelliptic, commonly 50—105 cm long, 18—38 cm broad, rounded, obtuse or subacute at apex, rounded at base but the margins merging with the broad petiolewings; petiole up to 25 cm, usually 10—20 cm, dorsally rounded, broadly winged, wings to 10—15 mm broad, enlarged and clasping stem at their base; young petioles and buds somewhat brown-puberulent with stiff linear crowded subappressed trichomes about 0.3 mm long. inflorescence axes scabridulous-papillate; blades gland-dotted, also punctate, each areola with central dot; but otherwise glabrous. inflorescence axillary among leaves, paniculate, 4—5 times branched, branchlets ascending, to 36 cm long overall, main peduncle nearly 1 cm thick, ultimate branchlets about 1 mm thick; pedicels mostly 2—5 mm long; flowers yellowish in bud, pinkish to red or violet when mature. sepals deltoid-ovate, with a few large oval purplish warts, 1.5 x 1 mm, imbricate dextrorsely (overlap less than 0.5 mm) with purplish warts on exterior, these about 0.2 mm long; inner basal part of corolla with many minute dot-like glands; stamens 2/3 as long as petals, the filaments flat, narrowly deltoid below, straight above, 0.25 mm wide, anthers just over 0.5 mm long, plump and subglobose, incurved in bud, erect at anthesis, opening by 2 short oval slits near apex. ovary glabrous, ellipsoid, 1 mm long, style and stigma 1.5 mm long, stigma discoid and slightly undulate-lobate. placenta basal, nearly 0.5 mm high, with 3 or 4 ovules; ovarian chamber about 1 mm high; fruit a red-magenta drupe, smooth, globose, capped by a small acuminate stylar remnant, calyx subpersistent at the base, epicarp thin, internally purple-spotted, testa light brown cartilaginous-woody, endosperm white; seed single. british solomon islands. malaita. kwara'ae district, kwalo, ca 2000 ft alt., small shrubby tree with leaves about 2 ft long, dark dull green above, pale greyish-green beneath, midrib yellowish above, purplish-dotted beneath; fruit magentapink; n.v. "tarikunu"; 29 sept/. 1957, stone su5 (bish, us). — new georgia islands. kolombangara isl., w. coast, inland from iri-iri village, merusu cove, valley-bottom forest at 1200 ft alt.; tree, leaves, to 3.5 x 15 in. midrib creamcoloured above, lamina grey beneath with purplish secondary nerves, 29 sept. 1963, whitmore bsip 2152 (sing). — baga island, valley-bottom; tree with straight bole and scented yellow flowers, 2 oct. 1964, whitmore's, collectors bsip 3021; same locality, 4 oct. 1964, bsip 5561. — santa ysabel. allardyce harbour, coastal lowland swamp, tree with dark red fruits, 7 june 1963, sore, masu'u and lipaqeto bsip 1970] stone & whitmore: new tapeinosperma. 5 2608. — san cristobal. wairaha river 5 mi. from n. coast, nr. river, unbranched treelet 10 ft high, leaves grey beneath, main veins purple-brown, 5 dec. 1964, whitmore bsip 4305. — rob roy island. ridge top at 100 ft alt., tree 16 ft tall, flowers violet, unscented, 3 sept. 1964, whitmore's collectors bsip 5s18. — wagina island: ridge top at 30 ft alt., in well-drained soil, primary forest; a tree to 16 ft tall, with straight bole, red scented flowers; 16 march 1964, whitmore's collectors bsip 5i75 (holotiype sing; isotypes k, l, lae, bsip, us). this species is sharply distinct from all others known to us in the genus, by the truly enormous size of the leaves. in mez's key (myrsinaceae: engl. pflanzenr., 1901) it comes near to t. clethroides and t. robustum, but is much larger in its vegetative parts than these two new caledonian species. another possible relative is t. ligulifolium a. c. smith of fiji, but again that species has smaller and differently shaped leaves, smaller inflorescences, and a placenta with only 2 ovules. the most similar species in its general aspect may be t. megaphylla (hemsley) mez. in the solomons this is not an uncommon plant, mainly of lowland riverine forest, and is easily recognized. the very large leaves, the usually unbranched stems, the striking colouration of the leaves, flowers and fruits, and the rather well-known names in the kwara'ae language, "sirikunu" (or its variant "tarikunu"), all make easy identification possible. tapeinosperma cristobalense stone et whitmore, sp. nov. — figs3, 4,5. arbuscula; folia magna subsessilia usque ad 80 cm longa et 16 cm lata, oblanceolata acuta; nervis secundariis utrinque circiter 26, angustis arcuatis; inflorescentia ad 16 cm longa et 16 cm lata, composite racemosa, pedicellis 10—13 mm longis filiformibus; bracteis oblongis ad 8 x 3 mm subacutis; indumentum rufo-puberulentum, perminutum; calyx lobis 1.5 mm longis, anguste deltoideis, ciliolulatis; cetera ignotis; drupa subglobosa apiculata ca 11 mm lata, epicarpo 1.2 mm crasso; semina singula ad 7 x 5 mm. typus: whitmore rss 6105 (k). pachycaul, megaphyllous usually unbranched treelet 10—20 ft tall, with leaves clustered near twig ends or apex; blades oblanceolate, acute, decurrent-alate at base on the short flat petiole, thus subsessile, about 70—80 cm long, 11—16 cm wide, widest near apex; petiole 7—10 mm wide. lamina with broad midrib; secondary nerves about 26 pairs, slender but conspicuous, uparched, connected sinuously, with several intervening reticulations within the margin; texture subcoriaceous; lower surface slightly greyish. inflorescence 16 cm long, about as wide, a compound open raceme, the base of the main peduncle for 8—9 cm bare thereafter giving off numerous longish (7—8 cm) branches, these in turn towards 6 r b i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 apex branched into 3—4 cm long racemes; pedicels 10—13 mm long, filiform ; bracts oblong, acutish, about 8 x 3 mm; these, together with buds and axes, all densely but minutely rufous-puberulent. calyx-lobes 1.5 mm long, narrowly deltoid, ciliolulate. flowers otherwise unknown. fruits pink to purplish-red, globose or subglobose, slightly apiculate; about 11 mm diameter; pericarp 1.2 mm thick; seed about 7 x 5 mm. british solomon islands. san cristobal. ridge at confluence of the warahito and pagato rivers, 5 mi. inland, on deep clay soil over basaltic pillowlavas, in (probably disturbed) dense high forest; small unbranched treelet 20 ft tall with fruits, ripening scarlet, in axillary clusters; alt. 200—400 ft; 22 july 1965; kwara'ae name "sirikunu"; whitmore rss 6105 (holotype k!) ; wairaha river, 5 mi. from n. coast, at 500 ft alt., in forest; unbranched treelet 10 ft tall; ants in leaf axils; lvs. in terminal cluster; fruits dull pink; 11 may 1964, whitmore bsip 4250 (sing!); same locality, treelet 6 ft tall, fruits purplish-red, leaves grey beneath, 12 may 1964, whitmore bsip 4306 (sing!). — ulawa island. mt. hautahula, 200—300 ft alt., ridge-top, secondary forest flowers reddish-white; small tree; 8 feb. 1965, teona bsip 6252 ( k ! ) . this species, in general similar to the preceding, is easily distinguished by its nearly sessile oblanceolate leaves. again, the relatives appear to be new caledonian and fijian species. 1970] stone & whitmoke : new tapeinosperma pig. 1 tapeinosperma pachycanlum. (stone 2415). r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 ii mm. fig. 2. tapeinosperma pachycaulum. details of flower and fruit. (bsip 54.75). 1970] stone & whitmore: new tapeinosperma fig. 3. tapeinosperma cristobalense. sketch of plant (from a photograph by t.c. whitmore of rss 6105). 10 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol, 8 fig. 4.. tapeinosperma crislobalense. left: • holotype. right: bs1p 4306. 1970] stone & whitmore: new tapeinospcrma 11 fig. 5. tapeiuusperma cristobulen.se. detail of fruit. (rss 6105 and bsip 4.306). the latter is probably an abortive fruit. hal 3-11_page_1 hal 3-11_page_2 hal 3-11_page_3 hal 3-11_page_4 hal 3-11_page_5 hal 3-11_page_6 hal 3-11_page_7 hal 3-11_page_8 hal 3-11_page_9 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010 re in w ar dt ia 13 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, november 2, 2010 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedy darnaedi tukirin partomihardjo joeni setijo rahajoe teguh triono marlina ardiyani eizi suzuki jun wen managing editors elizabeth a. widjaja himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirat hidayat ilustrators subari wahyu santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers r. abdulhadi, sandy atkins, julie f. barcelona, todd j. barkman, nico cellinese, mark coode, gudrun kadereit, rogier de kock, n. fukuoka, kuswata kartawinata, ary p. keim, p. j. a. kessler, a. latiff–mohamad, m. a. rifai, rugayah, h. soedjito, t. setyawati, d. g. stone, wayne takeuchi, benito c. tan, j. f. veldkamp, p. van welzen, h. wiriadinata, rui-liang zhu. correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 2, pp: 159 − 165 159 rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia received april 11, 2010; accepted august 10, 2010 k. mat-salleh herbarium ukmb, faculty of science and technology, universiti kebangsaan malaysia, 43600, bangi, selangor, malaysia. (born kelantan, 1959 – died bangi, malaysia, 10 oct 2009) ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research centre for biology—lipi, jl. raya jakarta—bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. email: ridhamahyuni@gmail.com agus susatya department of forestry, universitas bengkulu, indonesia. jl. raya kandang limun, bengkulu 38371, indonesia. email: satya1812@yahoo.com j.f. veldkamp netherland centre for biodiversity naturalis (section national herbarium of the netherlands, nhn), leiden university, po box 9514, 2300 leiden, the netherlands. email: veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl abstract mat-salleh, k., mahyuni, r., susatya, a. & veldkamp, j. f. 2010. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(2): 159–165. — rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra is described. the species was previously recorded as either r. arnoldi or r. atjehensis, but it is distinguished by the absence of windows, the large undulating exterior annulus, the short pubescence on the upper surface of perigone lobes, and the very wide of diaphragm opening. a key to species of sumatran raffesia is provided. key words: aceh, rafflesia, rafflesiaceae, ramenta, sumatra abstrak mat-salleh, k., mahyuni, r., susatya, a. & veldkamp, j. f. 2010. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), jenis baru dari bukit lawang, taman nasional gunung leuser, sumatera utara, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(2):159–165. — rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae) adalah jenis baru dari bukit lawang, taman nasional gunung leuser, sumatera utara. jenis ini sebelumnya dikenal sebagai rafflesia arnoldi ataupun r. atjehensis tetapi dapat dibedakan dari keduanya berdasarkan tidak adanya jendela, anulus luaran yang besar bak gelombang, rerambut kecil dan tebal pada permukaan atas lobus perigon dan bukaan diafragma yang lebar. kunci identifikasi untuk rafflesia di sumatera ditampilkan. kata kunci: aceh, rafflesia, rafflesiaceae, ramenta, sumatera. introduction the gunung leuser national park, located between aceh and north sumatra provinces, is well -known for its high floristic diversity. four taxa of rafflesia r. br. (rafflesiaceae) have been reported from the park and its surroundings (meijer, 1997) i.e. r. arnoldi r. br. var. arnoldi, r. arnoldi var. atjehensis (koorders) meijer, r. micropylora meijer, and r. rochussenii teijsm. & binn. rafflesia micropylora was first found in 1914 near sungai jernih, aceh, by heer f.w. j. brewer. koorders (1918) on his identification label provisionally called it r. gibbosa (p. 108: “spec. 3”) but this name was never published. later, meijer (1984) published it as r. micropylora based on the koorders specimen. the presence of this species was also reported in 1972 by de wilde and de wilde-duyfjes at ketambe gunung leuser national park. rafflesia rochussenii is found in north sumatra in mt. leuser and further south in tapanuli (meijer, 1984; 1997) but has a disjunct distribution in west java in the gede pangrango national park (zuhud et al., 1998) and mt. salak (zuhud et al., 1994). both r. arnoldi var. arnoldi and r. arnoldi var. atjehensis had been found in sungai jernih, lokop, reinwardtia 160 [vol.13 collection-male specimen). male mature bud 29–30 cm in diameter. full blooming female flower 58–63 cm in diameter. perigone lobes 24–25 by 19–25 cm, upper surface with a dark orange to reddish brown background; warts reddish white, irregular, 1–5 by 1–5 mm, upper surface with a very short and dense pubescence. diaphragm orbicular, ca. 6 cm wide, 31–33 cm in diameter, pale orange, paler than the perigone lobes, without white warts, lower surface covered with ramenta. ramenta filiform, sometimes branched, dark orange, distributed all over the inner surface of the perigone tube and diaphragm, becoming shorter towards the perigone base, 3–12 mm long. diaphragm aperture 25–27 cm in diameter, ratio of the opening and its diameter at least 0.8. windows absent. disc 7.7–10.7 cm diameter, rim 0.3–0.6 cm high, pale orange and upper part with smooth hairs. column 3.8–4 cm high, 9–9.5 cm in diameter; with a groove running down from the anthers cavity to the interior annulus. processes mostly simple, flattened cones, arranged into 3 concentric rings: outer, mid and inner rings; male flower 30–32 consisting of 15 or 16 outer, 10 or 11 mid, 4 or 5 inner rings; anthers 27 or 28, in hairy cavities; pollen ca. 17–18 µm diameter; female flower 35 arranged into 16 outer, 11 mid, and 8 inner rings; annuli well developed, the interior annulus 0.3–0.4 cm wide and the exterior annulus larger than the interior one, 0.7–1 cm wide. distribution. indonesia, sumatera utara, bohorok (gunung leuser national park). bukit lawang. host plant: tetrastigma coriaceum (dc.) gagnep. specimen examined. north sumatra, bohorok, 5 september 2006, lawang, ridha mahyuni, kamarudin mat-salleh, donna jackson. rdh-001 (bo). notes. this species is named after bukit lawang, where the type specimen was collected. in a number of morphological features r. lawangensis is distinctly different from r. atjehensis, which was assumed as the identity of individuals sighted in this region previously. it is also different from the other species of rafflesia found in the surrounding area of gunung leuser national park such as r. arnoldi, r. micropylora, and r. rochussenii and from the other known species in sumatera. rafflesia atjehensis is known to have a restricted geographical range, and has only been recorded from lokop, aceh and possibly near bohorok (meijer, 1997; zuhud et al., 1998). meijer (1997) considered rafflesia atjehensis as a variety of r. arnoldi. due to this treatment, almost all aceh (meijer, 1984; nais, 2001). rafflesia arnoldi var. atjehensis was reported, but not documented, to also occur near bohorok, close to the boundary of the gunung leuser national park. rafflesia arnoldi var. atjehensis was first described by koorders as r. atjehensis based on a mature male bud collected by terhaar in lokop, serbodjadi, aceh (koorders, 1918), but meijer (1997) reduced it to a variety of r. arnoldi. however, based on the ramenta structure, susatya (2007) agreed with koorders and treated it as a distinct species. the types of ramenta and their distributions on the inner surface of the perigone tube are distinguishing characters for both species, despite their physical similarities in colour and wart pattern on the upper surface of the perigone lobes. rafflesia atjehensis is distinguished by the ca. 2 cm wide glabrous and smooth zone at the base of the perigone tube with scattered and comparatively short tuberculate ramenta (about 3–6 mm long). on the other hand, r. arnoldi has filiform ramenta (6–10 mm long) scattered all over the inner surface of the perigone tube up to the lower part of the inner surface of the diaphragm (meijer, 1997; susatya, 2007). hereafter, we will refer to r. arnoldi var. atjehensis as rafflesia atjehensis. bohorok, bukit lawang, was not previously known as the habitat of rafflesia. yet, it was meijer in 1997 who suspected that r. arnoldi var. atjehensis might possibly occur there which might be correct, because gunung leuser national park has a floristic composition close to that of lokop. since then, the presence of a rafflesia species there has been frequently reported from bohorok. all reports are referred as either r. arnoldi or r. atjehensis. unfortunately, no herbarium material as well as picture of this spesies was actually collected and documented. until 2005, when ms. ewa kamila grzelczak took a photograph of a bizarre blooming rafflesia from bukit lawang and sent it to universiti kebangsaan malaysia. after long discussions, reviews of the existing information of all known rafflesias and identification of specimens, we came to the conclusion that this was neither r. arnoldi nor r. atjehensis, but a new species to science, which is described here. rafflesia lawangensis mat-salleh, mahyuni & susatya, spec. nov. — fig. 1, 2. ab omnibus rafflesiis sumatranis perigonii aliquot lobis supra pubescentia brevissima densissima, diaphragmate sine verrucis infra sine fenestris, apertura latissima, annulo exteriore grandi undulato distinguenda. — typus: indonesia, north sumatra, bohorok, 5 september 2006, ridha mahyuni, kamarudin matsalleh, donna jackson. rdh-001 (bo, holotype in spirit 2010] 161 mat-salleh et al.: rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from north sumatra collections of rafflesia found in this area have been referred to either r. arnoldi or r. atjehensis, when they did not show the distinctive morphological characters of r. micropylora or r. rochussenii. however, r. lawangensis is not likely to be confused with r. atjehensis or any other species. among all sumatran species of rafflesia, only r. rochussenii and r. lawangensis have no windows in the lower surface of the diaphragm. these morphological features combined with the absence of warts on the upper surface of the diaphragm, the large undulating exterior annulus, and the short pubescence on perigone lobes distinguish r. lawangensis from r. atjehensis and all the other rafflesia species. furthermore, the relative size of the diaphragm opening is more than 80% of its diameter, and considered the widest among sumatran rafflesia but relatively similar to r. leonardi of northern luzon in the philippines (barcelona et al., 2008; barcelona et al., 2009b). a b e fig. 1. a & b rafflesia lawangensis in full bloom. c. pubescence on perigone lobes d. diaphragm (a, b, c & d, female flower). e. column and disc. f. proccesses (e & f male flower). photo: r. mahyuni & k. mat-salleh. c d f reinwardtia 162 [vol.13 30 mm 30 mm c 0.4 mm 0.4 mm b 10 mm l m u d a fig. 2. rafflesia lawangensis mat-salleh, mahyuni & susatya. a). ramenta at (l) lower, (m) middle, and (u) upper parts (d) of the inner surface of perigone tube and lower part of inner surface of diaphragmn. b). pubesence on perigone lobes. c). column and disc. 2010] 163 mat-salleh et al.: rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from north sumatra rafflesia lawangensis has an overlapping ecological distributions with r. micropylora and r. rochusenii in the north westernmost part of the bukit barisan mountains which include the gunung leuser national park (figure 3). each of the species has a combination of distinctive characters by which they can be differentiated from each other. the fully expanded flower of r. micropylora can reach a diameter of 40–60 cm, and is easily recognized by its very small diaphragm opening (meijer, 1997). rafflesia rochussenii, on the other hand is regarded as “small-flowered” with a size ranging from 14–40 cm. it has a disc without processes, or sometimes with less than 8. this very unique feature is also very similar to r. leonardi can be used to differentiate both from the other rafflesia species (meijer, 1997; nais, 2001). rafflesia lawangensis also shows very distinctive features compared to the rest of the sumatran rafflesia species such as r. gadutensis meijer, r. hasseltii suringar, r. patma blume, and the recently described r. bengkuluensis susatya, arianto & mat-salleh. rafflesia gadutensis and r. hasseltii have distant geographical ranges from r. lawangensis. the former is restricted to a small area in west sumatra near padang on the bukit gadut and the m. hatta forest garden and possibly in northern bengkulu (meijer, 1997). rafflesia hasseltii has a more extensive geographical distribution, ranging from the kerinci-seblat national park in the west sumatra, jambi, bengkulu and south sumatra provinces (susatya, 2007). meanwhile, r. bengkuluensis and r. patma have been recorded to occur on the southeastern parts of bukit barisan mountains (meijer, 1997; susatya, 2007). the ramenta type together with pattern on the upper surfaces of the perigone lobes are the major differentiating characters between r. lawangensis and r. hasseltii as well as r. gadutensis. rafflesia hasseltii is considered to have a “midsized” flower as the diameter of the open flower is 30–50 cm (solms-laubach, 1910; meijer, 1997) and may reach up to 80 cm in a colder habitat (susatya, 2007). rafflesia gadutensis and r. hasseltii are characterized by both the claviform and toadstool-shaped ramentas. the latter species has white and very large, but few warts on a red maroon background on the upper surface of its perigone lobes. the length of the claviform ramenta varies from 9 to 15 mm, and is considered the longest among species with similar types of ramenta. claviform ramenta becomes the dominant type at the mid inner surface of the perigone tube, while the toadstool type is only found in the upper inner surface of the perigone tube (susatya, 2007). smaller than r. hasseltii, r. gadutensis is also considered as a mid-sized rafflesia with a flower size of 40-46 cm. it was previously thought to represent a form of r. arnoldi, until it was described as a distinct species by meijer in 1984 (meijer, 1984; 1997; nais, 2001). its warts are pale orange, much smaller but more numerous than those of r. hasseltii (susatya, 2007). all ramenta types of r. gadutensis rarely exceed 15 mm. they are simple and branched crateriform on the inner surface of the fig. 3. map of rafflesia distribution in sumatra reinwardtia 164 [vol.13 perigone tube. the simple ones are abundant on the lower part, while the crateriform are dominant on mid to upper part of the perigone tube. toadstoolshaped ramenta are not found in the inner surface of the perigone tube, but only on the lower part of the inner surface of diaphragm (susatya, 2007). both r. bengkuluensis and r. patma have tuberculate ramenta less than 4 mm long (hidayati et al., 2000; meijer, 1997; susatya et al., 2005). rafflesia bengkuluensis has numerous dark orange warts on both the reddish brown perigone and diaphragm surfaces. simple tubercled only occupy a ca. 1.5 cm wide zone in the middle part of the perigone tube, while lobed tubercles are only found in the lower part of the diaphragm. the other parts of the inner surface of the perigone tube have a glabrous surface with no ramenta (susatya et al., 2005). the presence of ramenta in the perigone tube is also a distinguishing character between r. bengkuluensis and r. patma. the ramenta of r. patma are only found on the lower surface of diaphragm, while the inner surface of perigone tube is glabrous (hidayati et al., 2000; meijer, 1997). rafflesia arnoldi is known to have the largest geographical distribution among sumatran rafflesia, and occurs along the bukit barisan mountains from the aceh to lampung provinces (meijer, 1997). rafflesia arnoldi, in general, is described as species with the large flower ranging from 70–100 cm, the largest among rafflesia. its perigone lobes have dark orange background color. numerous white to yellowish warts interspersed by smaller ones are found in the upper surface of its perigone lobes. fifteen warts are generally found across its lobe median. small white to yellowish warts are scattered in the upper diaphragm surface, and form 3–4 distinct concentric rings. diaphragm aperture is similar size to the diameter of disc. disc has milky white color at base, and its rim has dark orange to brown. its processes are 38–44, and arranged into 3–4 concentric rings. its window extends up to 2/3 of the inner surface of the diaphragm from the rim, and consists of white blots of 6–8 mm arranged into 4–5 discontinued concentric rings (susatya, 2007). of the 27 known rafflesia species, only r. aurantia barcelona, co & balete (barcelona et al., 2009a), r. baletei barcelona & cajano (barcelona et al., 2006), r. leonardi barcelona & pelser (barcelona et al., 2008), r. mira fernando & ong (fernando & ong, 2005), r. speciosa barcelona & fernando (barcelona & fernando, 2002), r. tengkuadlinii (mat–salleh & latiff, 1989), r. rochusenii teijsm. & binn, and r. lawangensis lack of windows. among these species, r. lawangensis has the largest size of its open flower (58–63 cm), is followed by r. mira (46–60 cm), and r. speciosa (45–56 cm). the others of windowless species of rafflesia have less than 40 cm of their open flowers. it is interesting to note that the first five species are recently described from the philipines, and four of them have similar tuberculate ramenta (barcelona et al., 2009b). rafflesia aurantia is very resembled to r. tengku-adlinii of sabah. both are differentiated by the ramenta size and its distribution in the lower surface of diaphragm. the former has the longer ramenta (7–10 mm), is sparely distributed in the diaphragma, but absent near the apperture rim, while the latter has smaller ramenta (3–5 mm), and its ramenta extendedly distributed to the apperture rim (barcelona et al., 2006). moreover, r. lawangensis has filiform ramenta, while both r. rochussenii and r. tengku-adlinii are characterized by crateriform ramenta. ramenta type is considered as a good morphological character to differentiate among the species of rafflesia due to their consistency and thus high diagnostic value (mat salleh, 1991; meijer, 1997; nais, 2001; susatya, 2007). key to the species of rafflesia in sumatra 1a. ramenta tuberculate ..................................................2 b. ramenta not tuberculate .............................................4 2a. inner surface of the perigone tube with tuberculate ramenta.......................................................................3 b. inner surface of the perigone tube without tubercu late ramenta....................................................r. patma 3a. open flower 70–100 cm diameter; ramenta 3–6 mm long, covering the inner surface of perigone tube, except to 2 cm wide plain and smooth zone at the base of the perigone tube..........................r. atjehensis b. open flower 50–55 cm diameter; ramenta 1.5–3 mm long, only in the mid inner surface of the perigone tube....................................................r. bengkuluensis 4a. ramenta filiform .......................................................5 b. ramenta not filiform .................................................6 5a.flowers 70–120 cm diameter; perigone lobes medium to dark orange, warts large and pale orange interspersed by small ones, upper surface without pubescence; diaphragm aperture 44–47 cm diameter, ca. 0.67 as wide as the diameter of the diaphragm, covered with numerous pale orange warts; ramenta up to 10 mm long, simple or forked, with flattened apices, distributed all over the inner side the flower tube and the lower part of the inner surface of diaphragm; processes 20–50; windows present; anthers 36–40...............................................r. arnoldi b. flowers 58–63 cm diameter; perigone lobes reddish brown, warts varied, irregular, reddish white, upper part with a very short and dense pubescence; diaphragm aperture 31–33 cm diameter, ca. 0.8 as wide as the diameter of the diaphragm, warts absent; ramenta 3–12 mm long, sometimes branched distributed all over the inner surface of both the flower tube and diaphragm; processes 30–35; 2010] 165 mat-salleh et al.: rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from north sumatra windows absent; anthers 27–28............r. lawangensis 6a. ramenta crateriform only .........................................7 b. ramenta crateriform and toadstool-shaped................8 7a. flowers 30–60 cm diameter; perigone lobes 16–18 cm long, warts varied, larger warts interspersed with smaller ones, light orange; diaphragm aperture 3–9 cm diameter, 0.15 of the diaphragm width; processes 15; anthers 40 ....................................r. micropylora b. flowers 15–30 cm diameter; perigone lobes 6–9 by 8 –9 cm, warts small, pale orange; diaphragm aperture 5–7 cm, 0.5 of the diaphragm width; processes absent or when present up to 8; anthers 15– 20 ........................................................r. rochussenii 8a. toadstool ramenta present at the upper part of perigone tube and the lower part of the inner surface of diaphragm; crateriform ramenta found in the lower and middle parts of the perigone tube; perigone lobes red maroon; fewer and larger white warts on the upper perigone lobes sometimes merged, 4–5 large warts across median; anthers 20; flowers 38–70 cm. ..………………….….r. hasseltii b. toadstool ramenta absent at the perigone tube, but present only at the lower part of inner surface of diaphragm; only crateriform ramenta found in the lower, middle, and upper parts of the inner surface of the perigone tube; perigone lobes red brick color; pale orange wart on the upper perigone lobes sometimes merged, 10–12 large warts across median; anthers 30; flowers 40-46 cm…............r. gadutensis acknowledgements this article was dedicated to our beloved mentor, the late prof. kamarudin mat. salleh, who introduced us to the rafflesia world. we are very grateful to ms. ewa kamila grzelzak, who took pictures of r. lawangensis, then sent to dr. todd barkman who finally forwarded to us. we thank to the ministry of forestry, the gunung leuser national park for giving permission to conduct research in the park. we are also thankful to our field guides; buyung, pasti, wawan, asral, dewi, eka, and wenny, and to the forest rangers of the gunung leuser national park at the bohorok station. we are very indebted to mr. wahyudi santoso and mrs. anne kusumawaty for preparing the drawings. thanks for emer. prof. dato' dr. abdul latiff mohamad, dr. todd barkman, and dr. j. f. barcelona for their suggestions and thorough review. heartly appreciations go to all members of the rafflesia research group, universiti kebangsaan malaysia, especially mrs. donna jackson and mrs. nery sofianti for their supports. references barcelona, j.f., co. l.l., balete, d.s. & bartolome, n. a. 2009. rafflesia aurantia (rafflesiaceae) from northern luzon, philippines. garden’s bulletin singapore 61(1): 17–28. barcelona, j. f., pelser, p. b., balete, d.s . & co, l. l. 2009b. taxonomy, ecology, and conservation status of philipinne rafflesia (rafflesiaceae). blume 54: 77–93. barcelona, j. f., cajano, m.a.o. & hadsall, s. a. 2006. rafflesia baletei, another new rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from philippines. kew bulletin 61: 231–237. barcelona, j. f. & fernando, e. s. 2002. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from panay island, philippines. kew bulletin 57(3): 647–651. barcelona j. f., pelser, p. b., cabutaje, e. m. & bartolome, n. a. 2008. another new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from luzon, philippines: r. leonardi. blumea 53: 223–228. fernando, e. s. & ong, p. s. 2005. the genus rafflesia r. br. (rafflesiaceae) in the philippinnes. asia life science 14(2) : 263-270. hidayati, s. n., meijer, w., baskin, j. m. & walck, j. l. 2000. a contribution to the life history of the rare indonesian holoparasite rafflesia patma (rafflesiaceae). biotropica 32(3): 408–414. koorders, s. h. 1918. botanisch overzicht der rafflesiaceae van nederlandsch-indië. batavia: g. kolff & co. 128 pp. mat-salleh, k. 1991. rafflesia, magnificent flower of sabah. kota kinibalu. borneo publishing company. mat-salleh, k. & latiff, a. 1989. a new species of rafflesia and other species from turs madi range, sabah (borneo). blumea 34: 111–116. meijer, w. 1984. exploration of rafflesia. unpublished manuscript. meijer, w. 1997. rafflesiaceae. flora malesiana i, 13: 1–42. flora malesiana foundation, leiden. nais, j. 2001. rafflesia of the world. kota kinabalu: sabah park in association with natural history publications (borneo) sdn. bhd. xvi, 243 pp solms-laubach, h.g. zu. 1910. über eine neue species der gattung rafflesia. annales du jardin botanique de buitenzorg, suppl. 3(1): 1–7. susatya, a., arianto, w. & mat-salleh, k. 2005. rafflesia bengkuluensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from south sumatra, indonesia. folia malaysiana 6: 139–152. susatya, a. 2007. taxonomy and ecology of rafflesia in bengkulu, indonesia. phd thesis. faculty of science and technology, ukm. zuhud, a. m., hikmat, a. & nugroho, y. a. f. 1994. eksplorasi ekologi r. rochussenii t. et. bin. untuk kegiatan konservasi dan penangkarannya di gunung salak. media konservasi 14(3): 09–22. zuhud, a. m., hikmat, a. & jamil, n. 1998. rafflesia indonesia: keanekaragaman, ekologi dan pelestariannya. bogor: yayasan pembina suaka alam dan suaka margasatwa indonesia (the indonesian wildlife fund) dan laboratorium konservasi tumbuhan, institut pertanian bogor. reinwardtia 166 [vol.13 erratum reinwardtia vol. 13, part 1: 38. 2009 please change the existing incorrect content of table 5 with the following: table 5. ten leading tree species according to the basal area (ba) in a one-hectare plot of a lowland forest at bodogol, ggpnp; (*) lowland forest species, (**) lowland-montane forest species) no. species basal area (m2) 1 schima wallichii (**) 2.27 2 neesia altissima (*) 1.50 3 luvunga sarmentosa (*) 1.20 4 altingia excelsa 1.13 5 pternandra caerulescens (*) 1.13 6 maesopsis emini (**) 1.03 7 villebrunea rubescens 0.98 8 radermachera gigantea (*) 0.93 9 ficus ribes (**) 0.85 10 orophea hexandra (**) 0.84 total 11.84 (52.53 %) instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 2. 2010 contents page harry wiriadinata & rismita sari. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra ………………………………………………………………………..……………….. 95 ary p. keim. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea………………… 101 robert gradstein et al. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia……………………... 107 abdulrokhman kartonegoro & j. f. veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia………………………………………………………...…………… 125 nursahara pasaribu. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 147 ary p. keim. & m. rahayu. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia................ 151 k. mat-saleh, ridha mahyuni, agus susatya, j. f. veldkamp. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia.............................................................................................................................. 159 j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. .......................................................................................... 167 m. m. j. van balgooy. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families..................................... 171 nurhaidah iriany sinaga. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua ............................................................................................................................... 183 nurhaidah iriany sinaga, rita megia, alex hartana & ary prihardhyanto keim. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea................................................................................................................................ 189 eizi suzuki. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites.. 199 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia.......................................................................................................... 211 m. ardiyani, a. d. poulsen, p. suksathan, f. borchsenius. marantaceae in sulawesi..... 213 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research centre for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_1-1 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_2-2 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_67-67 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_68-68 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_69-69 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_70-70 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_71-71 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_72-72 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_73-73 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_74-74 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_129-129 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_130-130 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010 re in w ar dt ia 13 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, november 2, 2010 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedy darnaedi tukirin partomihardjo joeni setijo rahajoe teguh triono marlina ardiyani eizi suzuki jun wen managing editors elizabeth a. widjaja himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirat hidayat ilustrators subari wahyu santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers r. abdulhadi, sandy atkins, julie f. barcelona, todd j. barkman, nico cellinese, mark coode, gudrun kadereit, rogier de kock, n. fukuoka, kuswata kartawinata, ary p. keim, p. j. a. kessler, a. latiff–mohamad, m. a. rifai, rugayah, h. soedjito, t. setyawati, d. g. stone, wayne takeuchi, benito c. tan, j. f. veldkamp, p. van welzen, h. wiriadinata, rui-liang zhu. correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 2, pp: 95 − 100 95 of narrowly endemic have also provided botanists with insights into the evolution and biogeography of tropical biodiversity (see e.g. barkman et al., 2008; davis et al., 2007; barcelona et al., 2009a; 2009b). the taxonomy of the genus rafflesia is also very unique because the species delimitation is based only on details of the flower morphology, since the vegetative part consist of mycelium–like structure living inside the root or bole of the specific host of particularly species of family vitaceae, especially tetrastigma coriaceum (dc.) gagnep. which usually has been misidentified as t. leucostaphylum (dennst.) n.p. balakr. (veldkamp, 2009). in his revision of malesian rafflesiaceae, meijer (1998) recorded 14 taxa of which seven occur in indonesia, the rest are distributed in s. thailand, the malay peninsula, n. borneo (brunei, sabah, sarawak) and the philippines. furthermore he united r. titan jack and r. atjehensis koord. to r. arnoldi r. br. thus leaving the sumatran species he recognized to five species namely r. arnoldi, r. arnoldi var. atjehensis (koord.) meijer, and r. micropylora meijer which is distributed in aceh, r. introduction during an expedition to the north of the taman wisata alam (twa= recreation nature forest) sicikeh–cikeh, north sumatra, in early 2003, it was a surprise that a new species of rafflesia r. br. (rafflesiaceae) encountered. this species is similar to r. rochussenii teijsm. & binn. of west java (fig.1), which also has no processes on the disc. the genus rafflesia in the world has at least 27 known species (mat–salleh et al., 2010.) this super –parasitic plant with its gigantic flower has long been a source of fascination to botanists and laymen. these species are very rare in nature and of great local and international interest and a major tourist’s attraction (mat–salleh & latiff, 1989). they are threatened by the destruction of their habitat through logging and clearing for e.g. oil palm plantations. unfortunately, attempts to grow the plants in botanic gardens have met with very limited success (veldkamp, 2007). recently, however, the bogor botanic garden has successfully cultivated r. patma blume of west java. several species a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra received november 3, 2009; accepted february 2, 2010 harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology–lipi, jl. raya jakarta–bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e–mail: harry_wiria@yahoo.com rismita sari center for plant conservation, bogor botanic gardens–lipi, jl. ir. h. juanda 3, bogor 16122, indonesia. e–mail: rismita@yahoo.com abstract wiriadinata, h. & sari, r. 2010. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra. reinwardtia 13(2): 95–100. ⎯ rafflesia meijeri wiriadinata & sari spec. nov. from north sumatra is described. it appears closely related to r. rochussenii teijsm. & binn. from west java which has no processes on the disk, smaller flower, the lobes with a different wart pattern, a wider groove with thin lamellae on the central column, ramenta filiform without swollen apex. key words: rafflesia meijeri, rafflesiaceae, north sumatra, taxonomy. abstrak wiriadinata, h. & sari, r. 2010. satu jenis baru rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) dari sumatera utara. reinwardtia 13 (2): 95–100. ⎯ rafflesia meijeri wiriadinata & sari berasal dari sumatera utara dipertelakan untuk pertama kalinya. jenis tersebut berbeda dengan r. rochussenii teijsm. & binn. dari jawa barat yang tidak mempunyai processes pada bagian atas cawan, mempunyai corak berbeda pada permukaan cuping, alur yang lebar dengan dinding tipis pada bagian atas central column dan ramenta yang berupa rambut sederhana tanpa benjolan pada ujungnya serta ukuran bunga lebih kecil. kata kunci: rafflesia meijeri, rafflesiaceae, sumatera utara, taksonomi. reinwardtia 96 [vol.13 arnoldi and r. gadutensis meijer in west sumatra, and r. hasseltii suringar in riau and jambi. rafflesia arnoldi was considered as widely distributed and to be quite variable in morphology between individual and in populations. recently a new species rafflesia bengkuluensis was published by susatya, arianto and mat–salleh (susatya et al., 2005), and r. lawangensis mat–salleh et al. (2010) which indicated that undescribed, “new” species may still be out there. almost all species have processes on the disc except r. rochussenii which occurs on mt. salak and mts. gede–pangrango, west java (backer & bakhuizen van den brink jr., 1964; anonim, 1990; wiriadinata & alam, 1990; wiriadinata, 1993; zuhud et al., 1998; meijer, 1998). rafflesia rochussenii var. subaculeata has 1–8 processes and jafarsidik & meijer (1985, “1983”) have suggested that this might be a hybrid between r. patma and r. rochussenii. in the recreation natural forest (twa) sicikeh –cikeh, north sumatra, a small population of rafflesia occurs which has no processes and after a long study we decided that it represents a new species. rafflesia meijeri wiriadinata & sari, spec. nov. figs. 2–6. rafflesia rochussenii similis disco sine processis, floribus minoribus 13–14 cm diam., ramentis filiformibus apice non inflatis differt. ⎯ type: indonesia, north sumatra, twa sicikeh–cikeh, dairi, n: 02° 39´ 826"; e: 98° 23´ 385", 1320 m asl. 16 sep. 2003, male fl., rismita sari ri 413 (bo– holotype). mature bud ca. 9–10 cm in diam. male flower ca. 13–14 cm across, ca. 5–6 cm high. perigone lobes 5–6 x 3.7–4.5 cm, on the upper side coarsely reddish brick–coloured, lower side smooth. perigone tube ca. 4.5–5 cm high, ca. 9–10 cm wide. diaphragm ca. 8.5 cm diam., slightly 5–angular, 2.5 cm wide, reddish, ovate–oblong, with whitish orange warts, opening of diaphragm ca. 4.5 cm, wider than in r. rochussenii. ramenta filiform, simple, without a swollen apex, dark red white coloured at the tip, 0.5–2.5 mm up to ca. 8 mm long near base of the perigone tube. disk ca. 6–6.5 cm diam., rim raised, without processes. anthers 20. annulus exterior a curved rim, short, ca. 3 mm. column ca. 1.5 cm high, ca. 3 cm in diam. at the neck, groove very wide, lamellae with very thin walls. distribution. sumatra: endemic to north sumatra, only known from a male population at the type locality. type locality recreation nature forest (twa) sicikeh–cikeh, north sumatra, about 1.5 km from laehole village. habitat. secondary hilly forest with moderately steep slopes at 1320 m asl. rafflesia meijeri was found in disturbed hilly primary forest associated with fagaceae, lauraceae, leguminosae, rubiaceae, zingiberaceae, etc. flowering: september at the beginning of the rainy season. fig. 1. rafflesia rochussenii (photo: anonim–lawalata ipb) fig. 2. rafflesia meijeri wiriadinata & sari (photo: rismita sari) 2010] 97 veldkamp & saunders: goniothalamsu tripetalus (lam) veldk. & rmk saunders (annonaceae), fig. 3. cross section of rafflesia meijeri. after rismita sari ri 413 (drawn by subari) fig. 4. comparison of ramenta of rafflesia rochussenii and r. meijeri (drawn by subari) r. rochussenii r. meijeri mm 0.2 0.5 10 15 reinwardtia 98 [vol.13 fig. 5. r. meijeri showing simple filiform ramenta (photo: harry wiriadinata) fig. 6. r. meijeri showing close up simple ramenta (photo: harry wiriadinata) 2010] 99 veldkamp & saunders: goniothalamsu tripetalus (lam) veldk. & rmk saunders (annonaceae), notes. it is similar to rafflesia rochussenii which also has no processes on its disk (meijer, 1998) and occurs on the slopes of mts. gede pangrango national park and of mt. salak, west java (anonim, 1990). however, the new species can be easily distinguished by the smaller size of the flower, the pattern of the warts on the diaphragm and perianth lobes, the angular opening of the diaphragm, and the simple filiform ramenta. etimology. named after prof. dr. willem meijer (1923–2003), in acknowledgement of his contribution toward the study and conservation of rafflesia. specimen examined. sumatra. taman wisata alam (twa) sicikeh–cikeh, laehole village, pansur nauli, parbuluan, daeri, north sumatra, hilly primary forest, 1320 m asl., male flower, 16 sep. 2003, rismita sari ri 413 (bo). acknowledgements the second author would like to thank dr. dedy darnaedi, sutrisno, sri hartini, dachrijani mardi and awen supranata. special thanks to the team of the bogor botanic gardens who attended the expedition to the sicikeh –cikeh twa: abednego purba, bonar malau, endang suparta, madhari, nelson i. hutagalung, oskar sihombing, ratna suti astuti, saripudin, wanri malau, and yusuf ismail. we would like to thank dr. j.f. veldkamp (l) who provided the latin diagnosis and critically read the manuscript. we also thank prof. dr. a. latiff mohamad (ukm) for his support and comments. last but not least thank to mr. subari for excellent drawing of the specimen. references anonim, 1990. press release penemuan rafflesia di gunung salak, jawa barat. lawalata ipb, bogor. (unpubl.) backer, c.a. & bakhuizen van den brink jr., r.c. 1964 (“1963”). flora of java 1: 165. noordhoff, groningen. barcelona, j. f., co, l.l., balete, d.s. & bartolome, n.a. 2009a. rafflesia aurantia (rafflesiaceae): a new species from northern luzon, philippines. gard. bul. sing. 61: 17–28. barcelona, j.f., pelser, p.b., balete, d.s. & co, l.l. 2009b. taxonomy, ecology and conservation status of philippine rafflesia (rafflesiaceae). blumea 54: 77–93. barkman, t.j., bendiksby, m., lim, s.h., mat– salleh, k., nais, j., madulid, d.a. & schumacher, t. 2008. accelerated rates of flora evolution at the upper size limit for flowers. current biology 18: 1508–1513. davis, c.c., latvis, m., nickrent, d.l., warduck, k.j. & baum, d.a. 2007. floral gigantism in rafflesiaceae. science 315:1812. jafarsidik, y. & meijer, m. (1985, “1983”) rafflesiaceae di jawa. bul. kebun raya bogor 6: 73–76. mat–salleh, k. & latiff, a. 1989. a new species of rafflesia and notes on other species from trus madi range, sabah (borneo). blumea 34: 111–116. mat–salleh, k., mahyuni, r., susatya, a. & veldkamp, j. f. 2010 rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(2):159–165. meijer, w. 1998. rafflesiaceae. flora malesiana i, 13: 1–42. rijksherbarium / hortus botanicus, leiden. character rafflesia meijeri rafflesia rochussenii flowers diameter 9–10 cm 18–20 cm flowers height ca. 5–6 cm ca. 10 cm perigone lobes 5–6 cm x 3.7– 4.5 cm ca. 7.7 cm x 8.2 cm perigone tube ca. 4.5–5 cm ca. 6.5 cm diaphragm 5–angular rounded warts irregular regular opening of diaphragm ca. 4.5 cm 5.7– 6.7 cm disk diameter ca. 6–6.5 cm ca. 9 cm processes none none (1–8) rim of processes slightly raised flat column 1.5 cm 2 cm ramenta inside base 0.5–8 mm 10 mm tip of ramenta not swollen swollen anthers 20 22 (15–20) table 1. comparison of rafflesia meijeri and r. rochussenii reinwardtia 100 [vol.13 susatya, a., arianto, w. & mat–salleh, k. 2005. rafflesia bengkuluensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from south sumatra, indonesia. folia malays. 6: 139–152. veldkamp, j. f. 2007. some notes on the cultivation of rafflesia. fl. males. bull. 14: 50–53. veldkamp, j. f. 2009. notes on the name of the tetrastigma (vitaceae) hosts of raffl esia (rafflesiaceae). reinwardtia 13(1): 75–78. wiriadinata, h. 1993. patma raksasa (rafflesia arnoldii) rob. brown. puspa langka indonesia yang perlu dilestarikan. paper presented on sarasehan sehari melestarikan alam dan meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan melalui cinta puspa dan satwa. bogor 3 nov. 1993. puslitbang biologi dan upt kebun raya lipi bekerjasama dengan klh dan ditjen phpa. wiriadinata, h. & alam, s. 1990. rafflesia arnoldii a giant among flowers. voice of nature 84: 14– 19. zuhud, e.a.m., hikmat, a. & jamil, a. 1998. rafflesia indonesia. yayasan pembinaan suaka alam dan suaka margasatwa indonesia dan laboratorium konservasi tumbuhan jur. konservasi sumberdaya hutan fak. kehutanan ipb, bogor. 38 pp. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 2. 2010 contents page harry wiriadinata & rismita sari. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra ………………………………………………………………………..……………….. 95 ary p. keim. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea………………… 101 robert gradstein et al. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia……………………... 107 abdulrokhman kartonegoro & j. f. veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia………………………………………………………...…………… 125 nursahara pasaribu. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 147 ary p. keim. & m. rahayu. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia................ 151 k. mat-saleh, ridha mahyuni, agus susatya, j. f. veldkamp. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia.............................................................................................................................. 159 j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. .......................................................................................... 167 m. m. j. van balgooy. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families..................................... 171 nurhaidah iriany sinaga. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua ............................................................................................................................... 183 nurhaidah iriany sinaga, rita megia, alex hartana & ary prihardhyanto keim. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea................................................................................................................................ 189 eizi suzuki. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites.. 199 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia.......................................................................................................... 211 m. ardiyani, a. d. poulsen, p. suksathan, f. borchsenius. marantaceae in sulawesi..... 213 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research centre for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_1-1 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_2-2 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_3-3 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_4-4 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_5-5 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_6-6 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_7-7 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_8-8 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_129-129 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_130-130 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(3) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociolog y and ecolog y vol. 12(3): 205-259. 22 desember 2006 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lip1, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 3, pp: 257 – 259 a new species of ischaemum from sulawesi marthen t. lasut 1, 2 1. postgraduate school (sps) ipb bogor. 2. herbarium wallaceana, department of agronomy, faculty of agriculture, sam ratulangi university (unsrat), kampus kleak bahu manado 95115, indonesia. e-mail: theo_lasut_2006@yahoo.com abstract lasut, marthen t. 2006. a new species of ischaemum from sulawesi. reinwardtia 12(3): 257–259. –– a new species of ischaemum veldkampii lasut sp. nov. is described. keywords: ischaemum veldkampii, gramineae, sulawesi. abstrak lasut, marthen t. 2006. satu jenis baru ischaemum dari sulawesi. reinwardtia 12(3): 257–259. –– telah dipertelakan satu jenis baru ischaemum veldkampii lasut sp. nov. kata kunci: ischaemum veldkampii, gramineae, sulawesi. introduction during field trips in the lompobatang mountains of south sulawesi, a species of ischaemum was collected by the author. this colection is very similar to i. celebicum jansen, which has been found in the same area, but differs by its slender habit, triangular shape of the ligule, pedicelled spikelet not mucronate, and lower glume not winged at all. ischaemum veldkampii lasut, sp. nov. – fig. 1. ab omnibus congeneribus malesianis habitu perenni, culmis gracilibus erectis circa 0.9 m altis, nodis glabris, laminis angustis, racemis 2, spiculis lanceolatis c. 7 mm longis (incl. callo), racemi articulis satis gracilibus apice albe barbato, poris plus minusve linearibus, spicularum sessilium glumis inferioribus glabris nitidis viridescentibus ad lutescentibus laevibus sine rugis vel nodulis, parte basali convexa induratis, parte superiore planis distincte nervatis distaliter sine auriculis differt. – type: lasut 994 (l, holo; bo), s. celebes, mt. lompobatang, 26 june 2005. perennials. culms tufted, erect, c. 0.9 m tall. nodes glabrous. sheaths moderately pilose. ligules triangular, c. 4 mm high, membranous, with bulbous-based hairs on both sides. blades linear, c. 25 cm by 6 mm, gradually narrowed into the base, pseudo-petiole absent. inflorescence base still included in the sheath when mature (see note). racemes 2, slender, c. 4.5 cm long. joints longer than pedicel, rather slender, c. 5.5 mm long, about as long as the spikelet, edges white pilose on three sides, hairs c. 2 mm long, apex with a pilose rim. pore elongated with parallel margins. sessile spikelets c. 7 mm long (incl. callus), callus at base with a pilose ring, body glabrous. lower glume smooth, indurated in the lower part, greenish to yellowish, keels narrowly inflexed over their entire lengths, apex not auricled, dorsally more or less flat to convex, smooth all over, nerves c. 21, reticulate at least in the upper part. upper glume with a mucro c. 1 mm long; keel slightly serrulate, gradually curved (no hump). awns geniculate, long-exserted, c. 13 mm long (i.s.), with a twisted column. pedicelled spikelets 2-flowered, male, c. 5.5 mm long, muticous. lower glume keels scaberulous, nerves reticulate c. 12 at least in the upper part, apex muticous. distribution. only known from the type collection. habitat. banks of small river in fired, secondary forest, c. 1790 m alt. 257 258 reinwardtia [vol.12 fig. 1. ischaemum veldkampii lasut. lower left: pair of spikelets. centre: habit. lower right: part of culm, sheath, ligule, and blade. middle right: sessile spikelet and opened sessile spikelet with twisted awn. upper right: pedicel spikelet and opened pedicel spikelet. (based on lasut 994 bo). 2006] lasut: a new species of grass from sulawesi 259 notes. most similar to i. celebicum jansen, which has been found in the same area, but the present taxon seems to differ by its slender habit, triangular shape of the ligule, the very narrow leaf blades, the more slender joints and pedicels, the joints longer than the pedicels, the upper and the lower glume of both the sessile and the pedicelled spikelets reticulate nerved, with c. 21 against 7 nerves in the upper part of the lower glume and c. 11 against 3 in the upper part of the upper glume of the sessile spikelet, pedicelled spikelet not mucronate, lower glume not winged at all. flowering inflorescences in the holotype specimen were still partly sheathed by the flag leaf. possibly, at a more mature stage they will become fully exerted as is usual in ischaemum. etymology. named for dr. j. f. veldkamp, national herbarium of the netherlands, leiden branch. acknowledgements. i would like to express many thanks to all of my supervisors: dr. sri s. tjitrosoedirdjo, prof. dr. mien a. rifai, prof. dr. edi guhardja, and dr. jan-frits veldkamp. i wish to thank the masarang foundation tomohon for financing my field trip to sulawesi. for the use of facilities, i am grateful to the keepers of the herbaria of bo, l, and wall. reference jansen, p. 1953. notes on malaysian grasses – 1. reinwardtia 2 (2): 296-297. instruction to authors taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 3. 2006 contents page benito c. tan, boon-chuan ho, virgilio link, eka a.p. iskandar, ipah nurhasanah, lia damayanti, sri mulyati and ida haerida. mosses of gunung halimun national park, west java, indonesia ,.... 205 s. dewi. stachylidium pallidum dewi sp. nov. from java 215 w.j.j.o. de wilde, b.e.e. duyfjes and r.w.j.m. van der ham. anangia, a new monotypic genus of cucurbitaceae from east mollucas 219 topik hidayat, tomohisa yukawa and motomiito. evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology of subtnbe aeridinae (orchidaceae) 223 dolly priatna, kuswata kartawinata and rochadi abdulhadi. recovery of a lowland dipterocarp forest twenty two years after selective logging at sekundur, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia 237 marthen t. lasut. a new species of ischaemum from sulawesi 257 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia haldepan 69-140-1-sm halbel reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(2): 249-324, december 23, 2015 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirinpartomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia a c b d e g f h cover images: zingiber engganoensis ardiyani. a. habit b. leafy shoot and the inflorescence showing rhizomes, roots and root-tuber c. leaves d. ligule and swollen petiole e. dissection of inflorescence showing fruit f. spike and flowers g. dissection of flowers and fruits showing bract, bracteole, two lateral staminodes, two petal lobes, labellum, and the four appendages of the anther h. flower. source of materials: e190 (bo). photo credits: b, c, d by arief supnatna. a, e, f, g, h by marlina ardiyani. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 14(2): abdul latiff mohamad, faculty of science & technology, universiti kebangsaan malaysia, malaysia abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk campbell o. webb arnold arboretum, university of harvard, usa edwino fernando dept. of forest biological sciences, university of the philippines, los baños, philippines fabian brambach dept. of ecology & ecosystem research, georg august university, gottingen, germany john mood lyon arboretum, university of hawaii, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, chicago, usa mark newman royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk martin dancak faculty of science, palacky university, czech republic mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi) ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 303 ‒ 306 303 kunze from java and thus provide the earliest name at the specific level for it. roux (1986) followed this conclusion. 1827. blume misapplied darea furcata (p. j. bergius, 1786) willd. (1810), and often he is cited as if he had described a new species. in fact he did not do so: he misidentified his javanese specimens with bergius’s species originally described from bourbon (réunion). he distinguished three new varieties without references to previous literature and they are validly published. remarkably, these names are not or exceptionally mentioned in the usual reference works and local floras. as willdenow also cited lonchitis bipinnata forsskal (1775) as a synonym, d. furcata is a superfluous name and blume did not create an (unpublished) autonym that would have had priority. it is stated in the code that superfluous names have no autonym (art. 26.1). darea furcata is derived from caenopteris furcata p.j. bergius (1786) and currently regarded to be a synonym of a . rutifolium (p.j. bergius) kunze, but at the specific level the correct name should be a. bipinnatum (forsskal) kunze. darea furcata willd. var. elongata blume, enum. 2: 207. 1827. — lectotype: blume s.n. (l, holo, sh. 908.317427), designated here. introduction a fern widespread from the seychelles to southeast asia, southern china, northern australia, to the caroline isl., fiji, marquesas, tahiti, and occasionally cultivated world-wide is known with different varietal names of a splenium tenerum g. forst. (1786) (aspleniaceae), or recognized at the specific level as a . belangeri (bory) kunze (1848), or a . thunbergii kunze (1836). the best known name seems to be a . thunbergii kunze var. belangeri (bory) kunze. however, the correct name turned out to be a nomenclatural gordian knot, which we have tried to unravel here. a chronological sequence of publications seemed most appropriate, which have to be interspersed with later publications in an attempt at clarification of the consequences. the nomenclatural articles cited here are according to the international code of nomenclature (icn: mcneill et al., 2012). 1786. asplenium tenerum g. forst. is the oldest name for the species. — lectotype: forster s.n. (ups, t-24851; not found in bm, k, s, w), fide nicolson & fosberg (2004), designated here. 1795. caenopteris auriculata thunb. was thought to have been collected in the cape of good hope. kunze (1836) renamed it to a splenium thunbergii because of a. auriculatum sw. (1817). schelpe (1965) examined thunberg’s type specimens and concluded that they were mislabelled and represent a . belangeri (bory) asplenium tenerum var. pallidum is the correct name for a. thunbergii var. belangeri (aspleniaceae) received june 28, 2015; accepted august 28, 2015 j. f. veldkamp naturalis biodiversity center, section botany, p.o. box 9517, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: jef.veldkamp@naturalis.nl wita wardani herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: wita.wardani@lipi.go.id abstract veldkamp j. f. & wardani, w. 2015. a splenium tenerum var. pallidum is the correct name for a . thunbergii var. belangeri (aspleniaceae). reinwardtia 14(2): 303 ‒ 306. — asplenium tenerum g. forst. var. pallidum (blume) veldk. & wardani, comb. nov. (aspleniaceae), is the correct name for what usually is known as a. thunbergii kunze var. belangeri (bory) kunze. types are designated. keywords: asplenium, nomenclature, pteridophyta. abstrak veldkamp j. f. & wardani, w. 2015. a splenium tenerum var. pallidum adalah nama yang diterima untuk a. thunbergii var. belangeri (aspleniaceae). reinwardtia 14(2): 303 ‒ 306. — asplenium tenerum g. forst. var. pallidum (blume) veldk. & wardani, comb. nov. (aspleniaceae) adalah nama yang benar untuk jenis yang dikenal sebagai a . thunbergii kunze var. belangeri (bory) kunze. spesimen-spesimen tipe ditunjuk dalam tulisan ini. kata kunci: asplenium, pteridofita, tata nama. reinwardtia 304 [vol.14 asplenium tenerum var. elongatum (“elongata”) (sw.) beddome ex rosenstock (1908) appeared in a list of names of ferns collected by e. werner in new guinea. there is an a . elongatum sw. in various beddome publications (1863, 1892) which for some reason he regarded as a new combination. we found no var. elongatum beddome. he recognised only the var. acuminatum hook., based on a . doreyi kunze (1837). rosenstock (1911) did see the blume material of var. elongata in l and we suspect he erred when citing beddome. van alderwerelt (1916) erroneously cited this (in synonymy) as a . tenerum var. elongatum rosenst. neither mentioned blume’s name. this does not seem to be a new combination by beddome, as it is a . elongatum sw. (1806). this was regarded as a synonym of a . tenerum by mettenius (1866), van alderwerelt (1916), and copeland (1960). we thought it best to avoid this combination because of these dubious uses. darea furcata willd. var. rigida blume, enum. 2: 207. 1827. — lectotype: blume s.n. (l, holo, sh. 908.317457), designated here. darea furcata willd. var. pallida blume, enum. 2: 207. 1827. — lectotype: blume 1068 (l, holo, sh. 908.317384), java, cibitung waterfall, designated here. the choice here between var. rigida and var. pallida is arbitrary: flip of the coin. 1833. darea belangeri bory was based on material collected by bélanger in java. 1836. asplenium thunbergii var. β kunze. he cited also madeira as its provenance. notwithstanding reports in the literature, kunze did not make the combination a . thunbergii var. belangeri here. 1848. kunze mentioned a . thunbergii var. belangeri in the synonymy of a . belangeri (bory) kunze, whereby the combination is invalid. he stated that the report for madeira was erroneous. 1857. however, a . belangeri (bory) kunze is a later homonym of a . belangeri bory (1833), and moore (1857) replaced it by a . veitchianum t. moore. the earliest varietal name was provided by blume (1827) and the ensuing combination is proposed here: asplenium tenerum g. forst. var. pallidum (blume) veldk. & wardani, comb. nov. darea furcata willd. var. pallida blume, enum. 2: 207. 1827. — asplenium tenerum g. forst. var. laciniata mett., ann. mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 2: 234. 1866, nom. superfl. — lectotype: blume 1068 (l, holo, sh. 908.317384), java, cibitung waterfall, designated here. caenopteris auriculata thunb., nova acta acad. sci. imp. petrop. hist. acad. 9: 159, t. e, f. 2. 1795, non asplenium auriculatum sw. (1817). — asplenium thunbergii kunze, linnaea 10: 517. 1836. — lectotype: herb. thunberg 24761, right hand specimen (ups, holo; idc microfiche 1036), designated here. darea belangeri bory, in bélanger, voy. indes or. 2: 51. 1833. — asplenium thunbergii (thunb.) kunze β belangeri kunze, linnaea 10: 517. 1836 (combination not made!) — asplenium belangeri (bory) kunze, linnaea 10: 517. 1836, non bory (1833). — asplenium veitchianum t. moore, index fil. : xlix / 176. 1857 / 1860. — asplenium tenerum g. forst. var belangeri miq., ann. mus. lugd.-bat. 4: 1869, nom. superfl. (incl. var. pallida blume, 1827; var. laciniata mett., 1866) — syntypes: bélanger s.n. (? g, ? p; herb. kunze, lz, lost), madeira (error!), java. the typical variety can be distinguished as follow (see also fig. 1): 1. a. pinnae margin entire to crenate .. var. tenerum b. all pinnae or some of the pinnae with margin lobed almost or up to the costa …………. var. pallidum acknowledgements we thank wahyudi santoso for his beautiful illustration. references backer, c. a. & posthumus, o. 1939. varenflora voor java: 137. ‘s lands plantenuin, buitenzorg. beddome, r. h. 1863. the ferns of southern india: 75, t. 224. gantz, madras. beddome, r. h. 1892. handbook to the ferns of british india: 147, t. 74. thacker, spink and co., bergius, p. j. 1786 (“1782”). caenopteris, novum e filicibus genus, descriptum. a cta a cad. sci. imp. petrop. 6: 249, t. 7, f. 1. blume, c. l. von. 1827. enumeratio plantarum javae et insularum adjacentium minus cognitarium vel novarum ex herbaria reinwardtii, kuhlii, hasseltii et blumii. 2: 207. hartmann, the hague bory, j. b. g. m. 1833. cryptogamie in bélanger, c. p. (ed). voyages aux indes-orientales, botanique 1: 47, 51. ministres de la marine et l’interieur, paris. copeland, e. b. 1960. fern flora of the philippines 3: 441−442. bureau of printing, manila. forsskål, p. 1775. flora aegyptiaco-arabica:184. möller, copenhagen. forster, g. 1786. florulae insularum australium prodromus: 80. dieterich, goettingen. kunze, g. 1836. acotyledonearum africae australioris recensio nova. linnaea 10: 517−518. kunze, g. 1837. analecta pteridographica: 23−24. voss, leipzig. kunze, g. 1848. in filices javae zollingerianas observationes continuatae kunzii, lipsiensis. botanische zeitung berlin 6: 176. mcneill, j., barrie, f. r., buck, w. r., demoulin, v., greuter, w., hawks2015] 305 veldkamp & wardani: asplenium tenerum var. pallidum is the correct name fig. 1. typical pinnae form of a splenium tenerum var. pallidum (a, b) and var. tenerum (c) reinwardtia 306 [vol.14 worth, d. l., herendeen, p. s., knapp, s., marhold, k., prado, j., prud'homme van reine, w. f., smith, g. f., wiersema, j. h. & turland, n. j. 2012. international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (melbourne code). regnum v eg.: 154. mettenius, g. 1866. filices, praesertim indicae et iaponicae. a nn. mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 2: 234. miquel, f. a. g. 1869. filices. a nn. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 4: 164. moore, t. 1857/ 1860. index filicum: a synopsis, with characters, of the genera, and an enumeration of the species of ferns, with synonyms, references: xlix, 176. william pamplin. london. nicolson, d. h. & f. r. fosberg. 2004. the forsters and the botany of the second cook expedition (1772-1775). regnum veg. 139: 123−124. rosenstock, e. 1908. filices novo-guineenses novae, in fedde, repert. 5: 370. rosenstock, e. 1911. filices novae a cl. franc in nova caledonia collectae, in fedde, repert. 10: 159−160. roux, j.p. 1986. a review and typification of some of kunze’s newly described south african pteridophyta published in his acotyledonearum africae austrioris recensio nova. bot. j. linn. soc. 92: 361−362. schelpe, e. a. c. e. l. p. 1965. the identity of some fern types in the thunberg herbarium. journal of south african botany 29: 91−93. van alderwerelt van rosenburgh, c. r. w. k. 1909. malayan ferns. handbook to the determination of the ferns of the malayan islands incl. those of the malay peninsula, the philippines and new guinea: 458, 474−475. landsdrukkerij. batavia. van alderwerelt van rosenburgh, c. r. w. k. 1916. malayan ferns and fern allies, supplement 1: 290. landsdrukkerij, batavia. willdenow, c. l. von. 1810. species plantarum, ed. 4, 5: 297. nauk, berlin. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id a 2 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_1-1 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_57-57 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_58-58 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_59-59 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_60-60 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_79-79 u b 66 e e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 (10) bentham et hooker, gen. pl, i, p. 580 (1865). (11) o. kuntze, rev. gen. pl, i, p. 191 (1891) (12) taubert in engler et prantl, nat. pflanzenfam., ed. 1, iii, 3, p. 140 (1894). (13) harms in engler et prantl, nat. pflanzenfam., ed. 1, nachtr. i zu 111, 8, 197 (1897). (14) prain, sc, mem. med. off. ind. army, xii, p. 1-17 (1901). 15 meyer drees, bull. jard. bot. buit., ser. i l l xvi., 1 p 8w02 (1988). de wit, bull. bot. gard. buit., ser. ill, xvii, 1, p. 139-154 (1941). merrill, philipp. journ. sc, bot., v, p. 41 (1910). i±», chalk, burtt-davy, desch et hoyle in chalk et burtt-davy forest trees and timbers of brit. emp., twenty west afr. timb. trees, ii, p. 14 (1933). (19) sprague, kew bull., p. 104 (1940). (received for publication october 31, 1950) (16) (17) (18) e e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense., kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 2, pp. 67-73 (1951) contributions to the history of botany and exploration in malaysia—7 h. c. d. de wit * report on the botany of leti and the southern moluccas (1712-1720) by e. c. barchewitz1 barchewitz reached the islet of leti, in the southwestern moluccas, on september 2, 1714; he returned to europe in september 1720, having represented the east india company on leti for six years. like so many of his contemporaries he wrote a book on his life's adventures. this work appeared in 1730 and proved a success. a second, slightly enlarged, edition followed in 1751, entitled "neu-vermehrte ost-indianische reisebeschreibung." barchewitz is the earliest author on the natural history of leti and -he paid attention to a number of plants. the present note is mainly a survey of the botany contained in his book. ernst christoph barchewitz was born at the close of the 17th century at grosz-sommerda near erfurt. he was bound apprentice to a tawer at erfurt but soon preferred to travel ("wanderschaft") with his brother to holland. he visited the larger towns, learned at the hague the art of dressing and the barber's craft, and became the valet de chambre of the imperial ambassador, baron von heems, whom he accompanied to austria and the southern netherlands. he ended his service at delft where he enlisted with the east india company. as a soldier he embarked at hellevoetsluis on the "voorburg," sailing april 1, 1711. the treatment on board he judged to be fair; his only objection was that he had to drink water whereas wine would have seemed very suitable. after a stay at batavia (december 20, 1711 till january 29, 1712), he was garrisoned on banda, where he remained till august 15, 1714. he left when he was appointed corporal of leti. the following pertains to the second edition of barchewitz's book, the pages referred to are cited between brackets. all quotations have been translated. * botanist, flora malesiana office, leiden. the first paper of this series, containing nos. 1-6, appeared in the bulletin "•* tne botanic gardens, buitenzorg iii 18: 463-472. 1950. [part 1 of this volume was issued december 9, 1950.] — 67 — 68 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. i in the preface he states: "i have given an account of my own observations, and also of what i heard from other trustworthy persons; i do not care whether my facts seem possible or impossible to some of my readers." he stuck to this intention. his work is first of all a report; nowhere there is any attempt at a critical discussion or research. he simply noted what he saw and what he was told. barchewitz was by no means a botanist or a naturalist. having a lively style, an observant eye, and a liking for natural history and life in the open, he described in a charming manner the southwestern moluccas as they were in the first decades of the 18th century. he added appreciably to our knowledge of the ethnography, mythology, and the manner of administration of the company in that period; as regards natural history he devoted a good deal of space to the birds, reptiles, fishes, insects, molluscs, and plants of the region. after his return to europe, barchewitz studied some authors, (e.g. speelman's paper on antiaris, the travel accounts of dampier, vogel, worm, and wurffbain) but inserted these supplementary data without comparing them to his own observations; they merely served to give his book a semblance of erudition. the data supplied by barchewitz relating to botanical science have some interest, both to ethnobotany and to historical botany in general. phytographically his work is without value though he supplied as a rule sufficient distinctive characters to identify his plants with reasonable certainty. in the following alphabetical list i have not repeated facts which may be found in the usual recent reference works. if not stated differently, the records refer to leti. the list is preceded by some general notes arranged according to the various islands. banda archipelago.—the popular beverages in banda are "sury" and "zachewehr," the first tapped from cocos nucifera, the second from arenga pinnata. in the "zachewehr" roots are hung to improve the wine, this may be a reference to garcinia picrorhiza miq. no further particulars are given (526). on banda is a high mountain, the "pfaffenberg," up to the summit covered with forests. at the foot of gunung api, a very high mountain, there are many trees and gardens, but nearer to the top it is entirely bare and covered with ash and brimstone (141). on pulu pisang was the kitchen garden of the governor of banda (149-150). the main vegetable imports into banda were from ceram: sago and atap (153); from damar: coco-nuts, sago, ubi, mustard, ginger, curcuma, canari, bananas, betel-nuts, betel-leaves, beans, cossos (costus), bamboos (153) ; 1951] de wit: botany of leti by barchewitz from nila: coco-nuts, bananas, pine-apple, "kurbisse" (benincasa?), beans (various kinds), mustard, ginger (153); from babar and wettar: beans, ginger, pachyrhizus erosus urb., coco-nuts, bananas, sago, betel-nuts, betel-leaves, canari, sugar-cane (153) ; from aru and kai: coco-nut oil, canari-oil, sugar-cane, sago, atap, coco-nuts, canari, ginger (153) ; from tanimber ("dennemer") : beans (glycine soya sieb. & zucc), canari, ginger, pachyrhizus, and "calmus" (154). 8 ' 5 banda roma ng sea damar 27°£ |128°e fig. 1. it is to be noted that the imports from leti do not include a single vegetable item. the sketchy indications scattered through the book regarding crops in the various islands confirm the lists of imported products reproduced here. nutmeg cultivation in banda is described, a close portrait of the tree, fruit, aril, and seed added (175). he refers also to the male nutmegs (cf. myristica fatua). damar.—the island was particularly rich in sagopalms (527, 531). it produced also a large amount of rattan which, judging from the meagre description, was a species of calamus (406, 529). there were also many very tall and thick trees which barchewitz believed to be genuine nutmeg trees as the fruits resembled nutmegs. these were, however, without taste or scent (531-532). this may be a reference to myristica fatua. klsar.—onions and garlic were cultivated successfully and exported to leti but it was impossible to grow them on that island. lakor.—the islet of lakor, east of leti, is described as rocky and without springs. the water supply of the inhabitants is rain water stored in caves inside the rocks. these cavities are natural. in other caves ("patulupans" or batu lupang), which have large holes in the ceiling connecting them with the surface, cocos palms, areca palms, and bananas70 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] de wit: botany of leti by barchewitz 71 are grown. the stems of the trees pass through these holes and beautiful fruit could be harvested conveniently by a man standing on the surface ot the earth (284). indigofera and the usual crops are cultivated. leti.—the road on leti passes through groves of cocos palm, borassus, tamarindus, and other trees (216). north of the central mountains, leti has grassy plains, here and there with a cluster of trees (cocos, borassus). in this plain rice, beans, "katjang," batates, "ubi," and "combily" are planted. rice is planted (dry cultivation) on fields where dioscorea or ipomoea had been grown the year before. after a rice crop, the land is alloved to rest for several years (303). rice is one of the most important crops (402). one month before planting, the grass is set on fire (218), after that the soil is turned by hacking or digging by means of pointed iron-wood poles. the ashes serve as fertilizer (124). south of the central mountains, nothing but forest is found. bees are particularly common here and have their nests along the thick branches of the large "canari" trees, always near springs. they fly away when the rainy monsoon sets in, nobody knows where to. after they have left the letinese collect the wax. when the rains cease, the bees return (218). sago making was uncommon on leti, if it was done at all. the occurrence of the sagopalm is not certain from barchewitz's data. onions and garlic did not thrive on leti (432). in the (densely forested) interior (286, 287) occurs a large tree, probably a species of eucalyptus. the extraction of the oil (reputed to be a panacea) on boiling water is described (353-354). the cotton of leti was renowned and better than that of all the other islets. moa.—maize is planted on sites where many low bushes grow. these are chopped, left to dry and set on fire. when the rainy season starts, the maize is planted. the next year a new site is selected and the fallow land is gradually covered again by shrubs (302). moa is an important producer of maize and grows but little rice (402). romang.—the "kaju putih" oil is also (c/. sub leti) distilled here (353, 354). arenga and metroxylon are plentiful. a l p h a b e t i c a l l i s t o f s p e c i e s . ananas comosus (l.) merr. (239, 240). grown in leti; description added. * annona muricata l. (218). repeatedly referred to; not described and confused with artocarpus integra. * annona reticulata l. (opp. 230). referred to; not described. * antiaris toxicaria (pers.) lesch. (118). referred to; not described. celebes is believed to be its true home. * areca catechu l. (432). repeatedly referred to; not described. * arenga pinnata (wurmb) merr. (312, 525, 526). repeatedly referred to; descriptions both of the plant, its flowering, and the preparing of palm wine. * artocarpus communis forst. (218). a good description accompanied by various recipes, barchewitz called it "succun" tree but the letinese "urna." he also stated that inside the fruit is a "seed of two fingers thick and equally long as the fruit." these seeds do not germinate and the tree is propagated by suckers from the roots. heyne (nutt. pi. nederl. indie 556. 1927, "oerhoe") records the vernacular name "uru" from kisar for the seeded form, which agrees with barchewitz's record. the seeded form is easily propagated by its seeds, whereas the seedless form must be propagated by root suckers, even if it produces some seeded fruits, because those seeds do not germinate. it would seem, therefore, that both the seeded and the seedless form occurred on leti. * artocarpus integra (thunb.) merr. (237). a description of the fruit. * averrhoa bilimbi l. (237). tree, flower, and fruit described, also the use. * averrhoa carambola l. (238). fruit and its use described.* borassus flabellifer l. (223). the "eyer butty" tree. sailing between banda and leti, the first borassus was sighted on kisar (192). tree described, also the making of palm wine and palm sugar. * bryophyllum pinnatum (lam.) kurz (245). a poor description but sufficient to identify the plant. it is a powerful antidote against all poisons. * cajanus indicus spreng. (242). the "dursi." heyne (nutt. pl nederl, indie 831. 1927) refers to the timor vernacular name "turis." * calamus sp. (406, 529). see damar. * canarium ?decumanum gaertn. (222). the summarily described tree and fruits cannot be identified with certainty but the size of the fruits is suggestive of c. decumanum. * carica papaya l. (240). the "papaye" or "udy maleye" has a wholesome fruit, the milky juice is harmful, the leaves may serve as tobacco. some descriptive notes. * cassia fistula l. (221). repeatedly referred to, but not described. common in leti and in damar. * ceiba pentandra (l.) gaertn. (221). common in the timor archipelago. * ?celtis sp. (295, 296). a new house proved to be inhabitable on account of the stench of "sibi dey," a stinking wood the carpenter used by mistake(?). barchewitz took a piece with him and knew of its use in the preparation of balsams. there are other stinking woods, which cannot be excluded here, but i found only for celtis recorded that it was used in perfumes. * cerbera manghas l. (246). a descriptive note and specially its medicinal use. * citrullus vulgaris schrad. (241). no description.* citrus maxima (burm.) merr. 72r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 (230). the "pompelmusz" tree. the rutaceous leaf is well described.* citrus spp. (247, 248). at least two more species of citrus referred to. * cyperus rotundus l. (168). the apparently obsolete vernacular name "siree" is given. some description and the destination of a famous oil from the tubers. * dioscorea ? alata l. (241). the "ubi" is often referred to but scantily described. * dioscorea esculenta (lour.) burkill (241). the "combily"; identification mainly on account of the vernacular name. * durio zibethinus murr. (25). a good description. * ?eucalyptus sp. (253, 354). it is probable that a species of eucalyptus is referred to but the scant details do not make definite interpretation possible (melaleuca?). * eugenia aromatica (l.) o.k. (558). description from hearsay of the cultivation in amboina. * eugenia jambos l. (235). a short description. * eugenia malaccensis l. (234). a brief note.* garcinia mangostana l. (239). the "manges tanges"; a description. * gossypium sp. common in the entire timor archipelago but not described. * flntsia bijuga (colebr.) o. k. the pointed poles of iron wood used for digging were probably supplied by this species but no description is given. * ipomoea batatas (l.) lam. (241). a brief note which proves that the redand the whiteskinned varieties were present. * lagenaria leucantha (dueh.) rusby (242). no description; only the use of a cucurbitaceous fruit as bottles and containers. * mangifera indica l. (238). a short description. * metroxylon sp. (525, 527, 528). rare on let! (cf. sub damar) ; no description. * moringa oleifera lam. (220). the "sayer-kehlar" tree; rather a satisfactory description. * musa sapientum l. (230). a good description, particularly the structure and development of the stem were closely observed. "pisang radja" and "pisang bollefanger" (a triangular, drier kind) are mentioned. as regards the latter kind, the vernacular name "pisang tongkat langit" is probably identical with "pisang bollefanger" because the sequence of the vowels and the number of syllables are alike and the consonants related. this implies a record of musa troglodytarum l., which has, in accordance with barchewitz's data, a triangular shape and drier pulp (cf. cheesman in kew bull. 1949: 449). * myristica fragrans l. (173,175). closely described (cf. sub banda). * myristica fatua houtt. (531, 537). repeatedly referred to (cf. sub damar and sub banda).* nicotiana tabacum l. (123, 288). regularly cultivated; not described (cf. sub leti).* oryza sativa l. not described. in dry cultivation a staple food in leti. * species of papilionaceae. various "katjang" are mentioned, probably belonging to various genera. * physalis sp. (168, 488). the vernacular name "margossy" is apparently obsolete. the descriptive note points clearly to physalis but the species cannot be determined. it is used 1951] de wit: botany of leti by barchewitz 73 as hops in beer, a use not recently recorded. * pisonia alba span. (220). the "sayer.butty" tree is briefly described. "as often as i wished to eat white cabbage, which is not to be had here, i ordered these leaves and had them boiled; i then imagined to eat white cabbage." *? portulaca sp. (242). only description: "the portulac grows plentifully and was our commonest vegetable." * psidium guajava l. (235). the "guabes" or "coyaba." both the pinkand the white-fleshed varieties occurred; both well described. * saccharum officinarum l. (241). commonly grown; not described. * sandoricum koetjape (burm. f.) merr. (221). a general description and a recipe. * santalum album l. (221). not described; said to be not rare on leti. * sesamum sp. (121, 122). a powerful antidote against the poison of antiaris. the fruits are pounded with cotton in order to make "candles." poor descriptive note of the "waduck. * strychnos ligustrina bl. (221, 241). a brief description of "schlangenholtz"; no medicinal use mentioned. * tamarindus indica l. repeatedly referred to as a common wayside tree or growing wild. * terminalis catappa l. (222). some descriptive notes. * vitis vinifera l. (400). had developed into a bower; recently imported. * vitis sp. (384). description of a wild littoral species. * zea mays l. mostly imported from moa but "tiirkisches korn" was also cultivated on leti. rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_01 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_02 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_03 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_04 b e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2, part 3, pp. 411-423 1 9 5 4 notes on some malaysian species of anthoceros l. (hepaticae)—i w. m e i j e r * summary 1. the present paper is mainly based on studies on the spot of some members of the genus anthoceros. detailed descriptions and figures taken for the greatest part from living plants are given and notes on ecology and synonymy added. all species are treated as members of the genus anthoceros, in which aspiromitus steph. and phaeoceros prosk. are included. 2. several of the species treated in this paper are very common in the cultivated area of west java and their distribution is probably much wider than known at present and their number of synonyms larger. about forty badly described species of stephani, based on material from tropical asia, need a revision by a monographer. 3. anthoceros tjibadensis w. meijer appears in this paper as a new name for anthoceros polyandrus steph. introduction.—soon after my arrival in the tropics i started collecting and studying species of anthoceros in the vicinity of bogor, and on the slopes of mount pangerango near tugu and tjibodas, in west java. a short trip to bandung, west java, and an expedition to mount beratus, east borneo, supplied some additional information. it appeared that at least nine species of anthoceros occur in west java, four of which were also noticed in borneo, a region decidedly poorer as regards this group, owing to the peculiar preference of anthoceros for volcanic regions. in addition to the living plants, types from several herbaria were studied and the whole of the collections at bogor and leyden were taken into consideration. it may be expected that a further monographic study of this group will be given by dr. j. proskauer, who has in the meantime extended his interesting studies of european forms to tropical ones. this genus is certainly a very fruitful subject for those bryologists who like to reduce to some extent the many new specific names published by stephani in his "species hepaticarum" for anthoceros and aspiromitus from tropical asia. that in this group at least stephani did not recognize his own taxa will become evident from the fact that he gave four different * botanist, herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. — 411 — 4 1 2 r e i n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 2 names to a common species of anthoceros from malaysia, as shown by specimens preserved in the herbaria of leyden and bogor. the genus anthoceros is treated here in a conservative sense, as comprising the species described by stephani and more recent authors under anthoceros l. and aspiromitus steph.; a part of anthoceros s.l. has been redescribed by proskauer (m bull. torrey bot. cl. 78: 331-349. 1951) under phaeoceros prosk. proskauer (in ann. of bot. ii 12: 237-265. 1948) proved that stephani's genus aspiromitus is nomenclatorially based on a species which is very closely related to the type species of anthoceros l. and he pointed out that, therefore, the name aspiromitus should be dropped. his division of the old genus anthoceros (not including dendroceros steph., megaceros campb., and notothylas sull.) into two genera, viz., anthoceros sensu stricto, comprising species with mucilage-cavities in the thallus and with dark spores (type species, a. punctatus l.), and phaeoceros prosk., comprising species without mucilage-cavities and with yellow spores (type species, a. laevis l.) seems more natural at first sight. however, experience gained from malaysian forms, convinced me that it is not necessary to accept two separate genera for these groups. the species which according to proskauer belong to these taxa certainly represent two natural groups, each containing closely related species, but a study of the whole family reveals that these taxa are more closely related to each other than to any of the other groups of anthocerotaceae, i.e. the genera megaceros, dendroceros, and notothylas. it may perhaps be more suitable to treat phaeoceros prosk. as a subgenus of anthoceros and to postpone the introduction of many new specific recombinations until the whole family has been revised. acknowledgements.—thanks are due for the lending of valuable type specimens and other material to the directors of the following institutes: rijksherbarium (leyden), naturhistoriska museum (stockholm), institute de botanique de la faculte des sciences (strassbourg), conservatoire botanique (geneve), and farlow herbarium (cambridge, mass., u.s.a.). i want to express my appreciation for the valuable help given by dr. h. persson (naturhistoriska riksmuseum, stockholm), who supplied a literature citation and copies of stephani's icones; to dr. j. proskauer (university of california, berkeley) for criticism and help with literature; and to dr. r. van der wijk (botanical institute of the university of groningen) for sending a living specimen of anthoceros laevis l. the habit drawings of the figures are from the able hands of the indonesian draughtsmen of herbarium bogoriense, sukirno and moh. anwar. 1954] m e i j e r : on malaysian species of authoceros l. 413 flg. 1. authoceros laevis l. s.l.: habit, enlarged. — after meijer 259. 1. anthoceros laevis linnaeus s.l.—figs. 1, 2, 8a anthocerot laevis l., sp. pi. 1139. 1753; zollinger. syst. verz. 18. 1854; ?schiffner, consp. hep. arch. ind. 351. 18s8. monoecious and dioecious. thalli growing in dense patches, up to 2.5 cm long, sparingly or repeatedly branched; margins flat or upright, rather irregularly dissected; cross-sections show the thalli as solid and 8—10 cells thick in the central parts, gradually tapering into the acute wings, the dorsal and ventral epidermal cells smaller than the interior ones, with larger chloroplasts; ventral parts of thallus in specimens from java occasionally infected with a fungus. involucres 8—10 mm long. sporogonia single on each thallus branch, occasionally 2 within an involucre, in front of antheridia; wall composed of 4—5 layers of cells. spores yellow-brown or green-yellow, on the convex outer face minutely papillose, on the inner face nearly smooth, 30—40µ in diameter. elaters yellowbrown, long and composed of 4 cells, or shorter and with 1 or 2 cells, with thin walls, many of which branched, some with ring-like structures. antheridial cavities with 2—4antheridia. antheridia with obovate body and short stalk; dimensions of body variable, length 100—200µ, normally about 140 µ; wall composed of irregularly arranged cells, in longitudinal rows of 6—12. 414 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 plants variable according to the habitat, especially in dimensions of thalli and antheridia; hygrophilous forms are much bigger than those growing on rather dry places. ecology.—in west java common from the hilly lowland up to 2100 m, on moist soil along streams, wet roadsides, ditches, on inundated ricefields, and near waterfalls. distribution.—this species is apparently very widely distributed in the malaysian region, from where it has been described under many different names. after zollinger (i.e.) recorded it for this region, it was not mentioned any more under the correct name. stephani based about eleven new species on collections of this taxon. i refrain from giving the synonyms, because the whole complex of a. laevis and a. carolianus, distributed over all continents, is now being studied by dr. proskauer. 50, flg. 2, anthoceros laevia l. s.l.: a, transverse section through thallus; b, same with tuber-like swollen portion; c, detail of transverse seetton; d, stomatum; e, antheridium. — after meyer 259. 1964] m e i j e r : on malaysian species of aitfhoceros l. 41s the species as described above from living specimens from java is distinctly monoecious, in contrast with the english specimens, described by proskauer (in ann. of bot. ii 12: 239-256. 1948). some authors however record dioecious plants from european localities. the whole question needs re-examination because many descriptions are not original. plants with sporogonia, sent to me through the kindness of dr. r. van der wijk, groningen, netherlands, seemed to be dioecious, as i could not discover any antheridia on them. i am unable to indicate any other really important morphological differences between the latter european form and the malaysian one. perhaps the culture experiments and cytological investigations shortly to be published by dr. proskauer, will clear up some points not evident with a gross morphological treatment only. s p e c i m e n s e x a m i n e d . — s u m a t r a . w e s t c o a s t . m t . m e r a p i , van f i o r f i s u m waatkes 2 1 3 3 a ( b o ) . — j a v a . w e s t j a v a . b o g o r , 200 m , h o r t . bog., a l o n g t j i l i w u n g , meijer 26s, 327, ?372 ( b o ) ; t u g u , 1100 m, meiier 230a, 63h ( b o ) ; ibid., d j a l a n m a n d a l a w a n g i , a b o v e t e a e s t a t e " g u n u n g m a s , " 1200—1500 m , meyer 259— 262, 261,, 266 (bo); tjibodas, 1450—2100 m, meyer 123, 12),, 125a, 127, 102h, 1020 (bo); bandung, tjiumbuleuit, 700 m, meijer 3181 (bo); mt. tangkubanprahu, 1500 m, meyer 3521 (bo). e a s t j a v a . mt. semeru, zollinger 2s10 (l, s; mixed with a. falsinervius lindenb.); mt. ardjuno, vicinity of pudjon, 1200 m, verdoorn 35, hb 1,23 (bo), waterfall tjobanrondo above batu, 1700 m, verdoorn ss, hb ss6 (bo); tengger mts., tosari, waterfalls near •1nymphenbad," 1650 m, verdoorn 31, hb 1osg (bo); ibid., s. slope, mt. pandansari near tosari, 1600 m, verdoorn s3, hb 1012 (bo) ; tosari to ranu pani 1900—2s00 ra, verdoorn 25, hb 1025, 102s, 17116 (bo); toaari to kletak-pas, 1700 m, van steevis 11913 (bo); ijang plateau, tamanhidup, 1900 m, van steenis 10801 (bo); ibid, lake tandjung, 1900 m, van steenin 11005 (bo). — borneo. e a s t b o r n e o . east kutei, mt. beratus (peak of balikpapan), along tulus r., 100 m, meyer 1315, 1361 (bo), berikanbulu terrace, along brooklet, 800 m, meijer 2316 (bo). — p h i l i p p i n e s . l u z o n . benguet prov., sablang, fenir b.s. 12812 (l; named a. silvatieun steph. by stephani) ; crater of mt. mariveles, shaw 1916 (l; distributed as a. monandrus steph.). n e g r o s . dumaguete, cuernos mts., elmer 10285 (l, bo; distributed as a. philippinensis steph.). — c e l e b e s . s o u t h w e s t e r n p e n i n s u l a . lompobatang (peak of bonthain), 2500 m, mountain forest, monod de froidcville s.it. (l). 2. anthoceros tjibodensis w. meijer, nom. nov.—figs. 3, 4, 8b anthoceros polyandrun steph., sp. hep. 5: 985. 1916, non goebel, organografie, ed. 2, 2: 901. 1915. dioecious. thalli oblong, about 1 em long and 0.5 cm broad, partly branched; dorsal surface densely covered with small laciniae; crosssections show young parts of thalli solid, older parts with scattered rather narrow elongated (mucilage?-)cavities, middle region about 10 layers of cells thick and the wings about 5 layers; rhizoids numerous, rather large, r e i n w a r d t i a [vol, 2 fig. 3. anthoceros tjibodensia w. meijer: a, habit of male plant; b, habit of female plants; c, transverse section through male plant. — after meijer 105g. 1954] m e i j e r : on malaysian species of anthoceros l. with brown punctations. involucres with long, irregularly shaped, runcinate laciniae. sporogonia several on each thallus; wall about 8 cells thick. spores yellow, smooth, 20—30 µ. in diameter. elaters dark-brown, long and narrow and composed of 3—1 cells, or shorter and of 1—2 cells. male plants with numerous antheridiai cavities, visible with the naked eye as fig. 4. anthoceros tjibodetixis w, meijer: n and 6, part of section through old thallus, showing mucilage cavities; ?, dorsal epidermis; d, outer part of section through involucrum; e, transverse section through wall of sporogonium; fepidermis of sporogonium, showing cross-section through stomatum. — after meyer 1056. orange spots; each cavity with 2—8 antheridia. antheridia of the same type as those of a. laevis, large; body about 340 µ in length; wall with longitudinal rows of about 20 irregular cells. ecology.—on rocky walls and steep earth-walls. in the mountains, at 700 and 1400—1500 m altitude. distribution.—at present only known from java. 4 1 8 re i n w ar d t i a [vol. 2 though i have not seen the type of anthoceros polyandrus steph., stephani's description seems sufficiently detailed in this rare case, to enable one to recognize the living specimens: "planta dioica rupicola. frons solida in facie minute aspera. androecia numerosa, alveolis magnis tetrandris. antheridia maxima . . .." the rather narrow thallus cavities are easily overlooked. in former days this species was confused with a. glandviosus lehm. & lindenb. specimens examined.-java. w i t h o u t e x a c t l o c a l i t y . herb. dozy & molkenb. ( l ) . w e s t j a v a . bogor res., "ad muros trachyticos j u x t a flumen tjiapoes," 2000 ft., amann (= s. kvrz) 207 ( l ) ; tjibodas, near pantjuranmas, 1500 m, van der wijk 1007 (bo), meijer 1056 (bo), on steep wall near tjibodas (river), 1400 m, meijer 4063(bo). 3. anthoceros amboinensis schiffner—figs. 5, 8c anthoceros amboinensis schiffn., hep. gazelle exp. 45 pi. s. / s . 2-i, 25. 1890; steph., sp. hep. 5: 967. 1916. aspirumitus spinisporus steph., sp. hep. 5: 971. 1916, syn. nov. monoecious. thalli in the form of oblong-suborbicular rosettes, simple or branched, maximal length 1.5 cm; main branches 0.5—lcm broad; margins crenate with incisions of 0.5—1 mm; dorsal surface flat; chloroplasts with pyrenoids which are distinctly visible within the thin, flat plates of the ehloroplast; cross-sections through thallus show translucent mucilage-cavities in 1—2 layers and a rather pronounced midrib, and that it is sharply acuminate toward the margins. sporogonia 1 or 2 on each main branch. elaters blackish, long, with narrow lumina and thick walls, sometimes branched, composed of 3—4 cells. spores dark, 35—40 [j. in diameter; outer face with large, translucent, conically acuminate spines; inner face finely papillose. plants protandrous. antheridia of the same type as those of a. falsinervius, about 25 in one alveole, formed one after another, but only half of them attaining maturity; stalks 1—2 cells long; cells of body in 3—4 tiers. ecology.—a lowland species, growing along streams, on sides of ditches and on steep, shady slopes. from just above sea-level up to 200 m. distribution.—known from the andaman is., krakatau is., java, borneo, amboina, and, according to stephani (i.e.), also from new guinea. i have not seen the type specimen of this species. the peculiar conically mamillate spores, in combination with the characters of thallus and elaters also figured by schiffner (i.e ), make it however easy to recognize. the description given by stephani (i.e.) is misleading as the thallus is according to him solid, that is, without cavities. though schiffner (i.e.) did not describe them, his figure 24 leaves no doubt about their occurrence. 1954] m e i j e r : on malaysian xpecieg of anthoceros l. f i g . 5. authoccros amboh>ensis schiffn.: a, habit; 6, transverse sections through thullus; c 1, young cells with chloroplasts; c 2, older cells with chloroplasts; d, t r a n s verse section through wall of sporogonium. — after meijer 104. specimens examined.—andaman is. port monat, along ravines, sept. 15, 1894, man s.n., herb. levier (isotype of aspiyomitus spinispoms steph.; spores figured i n stephani's iconesj ( f h ) . — java. w e s t j a v a . krakatau is., lang eiland, 30 m, doctors van leeuwe?i 624 (bo); bogor, 200 m, binnendijk s.n. (det. stephani as aspiromitus spinisporus steph.) (l), hort. bog., with a. falsinervius, meijer 104, 3s28 (bo), along tjiliwung, meijer 364, 559 (bo), along ditches in the town, meyer 2£2, 364, 1144 (bo); tjibinong to tjiteureup, n of bogor, meyer 356 (bo). — borneo. e a s t b o r n e o . west kutei, district muaramuntai, at the base of mt. beratus (peak of balikpapan), along tulus r.( 100m, meijer 2842 (bo). 4. anthoceros argillaceus (stephani) verdoorn aspiromitus argillaceus steph., sp. hep. 5: 970. 1916. — anthoceros argillaceus (steph.) verd. in ann. bryol. 5: 143. 1932. aspiromitus buitrnzorgiux steph., sp. hep. 5: 971. 191g. anthoceros weistii khanna in bot. gaz. 93: 103. 1932. 420 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 i have not seen living specimens of this species and therefore, refrain from giving a detailed description. this species seems to be closely related to anthoeeros amboinensis. the most reliable difference is found in the spores which are distinctly hispidly papillose. the type collection made by schiffner in the botanic garden at bogor, in 1894, was distributed by verdoorn [hep. sel. crit. ser. 4: no. 198. 1932 (l, bo)]. a collection made at bogor, nyman s.n., anno 1897 (l) has been named anthoeeros amboinensis schiffn. by stephani. another specimen collected by schiffner (s.n.), also in the botanic garden at bogor, in 1894, indicated as no. 50 (g) and also belonging to aspiromitus argillaceus steph., is the type of aspiromitus buitenzorgius steph.! i also studied anthoeeros weistii khanna from rangoon, distributed by verdoorn [hep. sel. crit. ser. 9: no. 353. 1953 (l, bo) ] and agree with proskauer (in bull torrey bot. cl. 78: 345. 1951) that this species is identical with anthoeeros argillaceus (steph.) verd. the species seems to have disappeared from the botanic gardens at bogor: at least i did not succeed in rediscovering it. . 5. anthoceros falsinervius lindenberg ex meissner—figs. 6, 7, 8d anthoeeros falsinervius lindenb. ex meissn. in bot. zeit. 6: 463. 1848; sande lacoste, syn. hep. javan. 100. 1856. — aspiromitus falsinervius (lindenl). ex meissn.) steph., sp. hep. 5: 968. 1916 ("falsinervis"). anthoceros falsinervius var. lyratus gottsche in natuurk. tydschr. ned. indie 4: 575. 1853; sande lacoste, syn. hep. javan. 100. 1856. aspiromitus gracilis goebcl in ann. j a r d . bot. buitenz. 39: 61. 1928, not anthoceros gracilis reichardt 1866. — anthoceros indonesians prosk. in bull. torrey bot. cl. 78: 347. 1951 ("nom. nov."). monoecious. thalli oblong, about 2.5—4 cm long, 0.5—1 cm broad; young thalli unbranched, regularly pinnately lobed; older thalli 1—2 times branched and with more irregularly dissected lobes; flat at dorsal side or with bulging mucilage-cavities and small lamellae, which are here and there crowned with papilla-like cells; margins of young parts thin, regularly crenate by cells containing relatively small chloroplasts; chloroplasts with pyrenoid not distinctly contrasted with the plate; on the ventral side of the mucilage-cavities a compact ground-tissue of 5—8 layers of cells, with small distinct intercellular cavities; rhizoids with light-brown punctations on inner side. plants protandrous. sporogonia single on thallus branches. elaters dark-brown, with thick walls and narrow lumina, sometimes branched, most of them composed of 4 cells. spores 25—35µ in diameter, rather coarsely papillose. antheridial cavities numerous, along the base of the side-lobes or in the median region, protruding above the dorsal surface; mouth on some places surrounded by papilla-like cells. antheridia 4—20(—25) in each cavity, formed one after another, rather iong-stalked, with the cells of the body-wall in tiers; dimensions somewhat variable according to dimensions of plants. 1954j m e i j e r : on malaysian species of anthoceros l. f i g . 6. anthoceroh falshiervius lindenb., robust form from tjibodas and tugu, gede-pangrango mts.: a and 6, habit; c, transverse section through thallus; d, proliferous cells on thallus-fold; e, antheridium. — after meijer 267 (a, b), 258 (c, d), 257 (e). ecology.—in the hilly lowland, on rather wet, shady places, on steep slopes, along rivers; in higher regions frequently in gardens, along forest roads, on sides of walls and ditches, on landslides, along brooklets, and near waterfalls, at 200—1700 m altitude. distribution.—java, sumatra, and borneo. probably also frequent in malaysia outside this region. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 flg. 7. anthoceros falsinervius lindenb., lowland form from bogor: a, habit; b, outline of a regularly built thallus, showing the sequence of lobe formation and rudiments of vegetation points between the lobes; c, transverse section through thallus; d\ antheridium. — after meyer 371 (a), 103 (b-d). this species is taken here in a wide sense. locally different forms can be distinguished: a rather small, depauperate lowland form, a juvenile one (aspiromitus gracilis goebel); a robust form from wet places in the mountains, with flat, thicker thalli and larger antheridia (var. lyratus gottsche) ; and a mountain form from drier places with bulging cavities and thallus-folds with papil-like cells. as far as i am able to state no sharp lines of demarcation can be drawn between these minor forms. culture experiments with these forms became a failure owing to frequent infection with an anthoceros-eating caterpillar, common in all localities. dr. proskauer (in litt.) suggested to me that anthoceros fuciformis mont, from reunion may also occur in indonesia. his description and figures (proskauer in bull. torrey bot. cl. 80: 65—75. 1953) resemble 1954] m e i j e r : oh malaysian species of antkoceros l. a. falsinervim to a high degree. further comparative studies will have to decide whether the two species are identical. specimens examined.—sumatra. w e s t c o a s t . mt. marapi, w side, 1500 m, van borssum waalkes 21s2b (bo). — java. w i t h o u t e x a c t l o c a l i t y . lad saxa in riv.," junghuhn s.n. — 1437hb (bo). w e s t j a v a . bogor, hort. bog., 200 m, meijer 103a, 341 (bo), along tjiliwung (river), meyer 371, 560 (bo); puntjak, ridge to mt. telaga, 1550 m, van steenis 11273 (bo); tugu, tea-estate "guniing mas," 1100 m, meijer 640—643 (bo), djalan mandalawangi above "gunung mas," 1200—1500 m, fig. 8. elaters and spores: a, anthoceroa laevia l. s.l.; ft, atjibodnms w. meyer; c, a. amboinensis schiffn.; d, a. fulsinervius lindenb. — after meijer 259 (a), 105f (b), 104 (c), 103 (d.). meyer 257, 25s, 267, 381,, 640, 6a3,3404 (bo); megamendung above tjiguntur, 1200 m, verdoorn 6s, hb s0s5 (bo); tjibodas, 1400—1700 m, meijfr 128, l»0, il'sa, joss, 1084, 3424, 3181,3531 (bo). e a s t j a v a . mt. someru, "ad saxo in rivulis handing," zollinger 2810, (type, l; mixed with a. laevix l. s.l., as correctly stated by zollinger, system. verz. 1: 18. 1854, but questioned by schiffner, consp. hep. arch. ind. 351. 1898; both species are often growing together in w. j a v a ) . — borneo. e a s t b o r n e o . east kutei, muaramuntai district, mt. beratus (peak of balikpapan), 1100 m, under wet rockside, meijer 2224 (bo). 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 18-19_page_1 18-19_page_2a 18-19_page_3a 18-19_page_3b r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia vol. 8, part 2, pp. 351 — 363 (1972) the genus borassodendron (palmae) in malesia j. dransfield herbarium bogoriense and regional centre for tropical biology (biotrop) bogor, indonesia introduction in april 1968 while i was botanising in the fourth division of sarawak, i was shown by mr. david senada, district forest officer, bintulu, a tall fan palm growing by the new bintulu to miri road, about 15 km from bintulu. superficially resembling pholidocarpus maiadum becc. which grows nearby, this palm was yet distinct in the absence of thorns and the beautiful milky-white, undersides of the leaves. i later collected old male flowers and mature fruit and realised that the palm was a member of the borassoideae and most closely resembled the malayan palm borassodendron machadonis (ridl.) becc. further away in brunei i collected the same palm, and in europe i have seen specimens of the palm in kew and leiden, collected from scattered localities in the fourth and fifth divisions of sarawak, brunei, sabah, and kalimantan. examination of my own collections and comparison with other collections has suggested that they all represent one species; during this examination, it has become evident that for the inclusion of the bornean palm in the genus borassodendron, the description of the genus must be changed. the bornean palm differs from b, machadonis in details of leaf morphology, in the highly compact, much smaller male inflorescence, in the presence of six stamens in the male flower as opposed to nine to fifteen in the latter species and in the smaller female inflorescence. the highly characteristic grooving of the endosperm in b. machadonis is present in the bornean species. the original description of borassodendron by beccari was based on incomplete material; the following description of the genus not only incorporates information from the new species but also more complete data from b. machadonis. in the preparation of this account it has become evident that the genus borassodendron is extremely close to borassus and can scarcely be maintained as a distinct genus. however, generic limits in the group latania, borassus, lodoicea and borassodendron are very critical and it — 351 — 3 5 2 r e i n w a k d t i a [vol. 8 seems most useful to name the new bornean palm borassodendron borneensis until a critical reappraisal of the generic delimitation of palms can be made. b o r a s s o d e n d r o n becc. borassodendron beccari in webbia 4: 359 (1914). tall, solitary, unarmed, dioecious fan palms. trunk bare, marked with annular leaf scars. leaves massive; petiole covered with scurfy brown indumentum, split at the base, semi-circular incross-section, the edges extremely sharp and hard. lamina palmate, incised into induplicate compound leaflets, further divided by splits into simpler leaflets. hastula present adaxially, absent abaxially. transverse lamina veins prominent. lamina dorsiventral in anatomical structure (tomlinson (1961) anatomy of monocotyledons, palmae, and personal observation). male inflorescence axillary, pendulous, compound, branching to produce 10.— 20 spikes grouped in two's to five's, and subtended by large spathes becoming fibrous with age. spikes clothed with spirally arranged coriaceous bracts, joined laterally. male flowers in groups of two—six in the axil of each bract, exserted one at a time from the enclosing bract, each flower subtended by a bracteole. calyx bior trilobed. corolla tube narrow, with three ovate, cucullate lobes above. stamens 6—-15, epipetalous, filaments partially fused. anthers elongate, ovary vestige absent at anthesis. pollen sphaerical, reticulate, with a single pore. female inflorescence axillary, pendulous, simple, clothed below with empty caducous spathes and above by densely crowded female flowers, each subtended by a bract. female flowers solitary, massive, sessile. sepals three, free, coriaceous and long persistent. petals three, similar to sepals. staminodal ring of six triangular lobes present. ovary ovate depressed, tipped with three to four irregularly verrucose stigmas. locules three, with one ovule in each. fruit ovoid, faintly trigonous, borne within the persistent calyx and corolla, tipped with persistent stigmas. epicarp hard, shiny. mesocarp fibrous, fragrant. pyrenes 3, discrete; pyrene wall hard, black, stony, with 8 to 12 shallow longitudinal internal wings penetrating into the seed. seed with thin testa. . endosperm hard, bony, white, with a central hollow, grooved on the outside by the pyrene wall. embryo apical. seedling leaves compound. distribution: malay peninsula, borneo. key to the species of borassodendron la. leaves concolourous. male inflorescence loosely branched, to 2 m long. male flowers with 9 — 15 stamens b. machadonis lb. leaves clothed with dense white indumentum below. male inflorescence compact, to 40 cm long. male flowers with 6 stamens b. borneensis 1972] dransfield: the genus borassodendron 353 borassodendron machadonis (ridl.) becc.—fig. 1 borassus machadonis ridl. in j. straits brch r. asiat. soc. 44: 203 (1905); flora of the malay peninsula 5: 71 (1925, london). — borassodendron machadonis (ridl.) becc. in webbia 4 (2) : 361, fig-. 38c & d (1914) ; palmae della tribu borasseae 13: fig-. 3c, d, plate 7. (1924, firenze). —; holotype: malay penihsula, perak, sungei siput, kamunimg, in dense forest, machado (sing). solitary unarmed, dioecious fan palm to 20 m tall. trunk bare when mature, to 30 cm in diameter at breast height, grey, marked with annular leaf scars. leaves massive, forming a tattered, untidy crown. petiole to 4 m, split longitudinally at the base, to 4 cm wide, semicircular in crosssection, covered in scurfy brown indumentum; petiole margins razor-sharp, smooth. lamina rich midgreen, to 3.5 m in diameter, free of indumentum except on the folds and round the adaxial hastula; lamina divided by ca 12 splits nearly reaching the insertion of the petiole, into compound leaflets; compound leaflets divided more or less through half their length into single-fold induplicate leaflets, to 8 cm wide, inter-leaflet filaments persisting; leaflet tips rounded, leaflets bending and hanging irregularly and untidily; transverse lamina veins prominent; lamina dorsiventral. male inflorescence, solitary axillary, pendulous, to 2 m in length, branching to produce 15 — 20 thick spikes of densely crowded flowers. spathes to 40 cm in length and 10 cm in width, coriaceous, light brown, tubular below, split for two-thirds their length, covered in sporadic brown scurfy indumentum. upper spathes much smaller. each spathe subtending 2 — 3 branches. inflorescence branches adnate to inflorescence axis to ca 5 cm above insertion of the spathe. branches channeled, to 1.5 cm in diameter with sharp edges, to 15 cm long from insertion on axis to floriferous region. spikes to 30 cm long and 3 cm wide, clothed in dense spirals of overlapping bracts joined laterally; bracts densely covered in reddish-brown indumentum, each subtending a condensed scorpioid cymose branching system, bearing 5 — 7 bracteoles, the ultimate two subtending male flowers, the rest empty. male flowers exserted at anthesis between the spike bracts; calyx tube irregularly 2 to 3 lobed, 12 x 2 mm. corolla tube to 13 mm long with 3 apical cucullate lobes 7.5 x 2 mm, dull brown in colour. stamens 9 to 15; filaments to l mm in length, partially joined together; anthers yellow, basifixed, 5 mm in length, with latrorse dehiscence; pollen grains yellow. female inflorescence solitary, axillary pendulous, simple, to 60 cm long, of which 10 cm forms a flattened peduncle; inflorescence densely covered with ca 40 flowers, with a terminal sterile portion. each female flower subtended by a bract, almost invisible behind the calyx and corolla. calyx with 3 free ovate sepals, to 3 cm in diameter. corolla with 3 free ovate petals to 3.5 cm in diameter. staminode ring present, with 6 staminodes. ovary ovoid, depressed, to 2.5 cm in diameter, with 3 — 4 verrucose stigmas; locules 3, each with one ovule. fruit obovoid, purplishgreen, to 9 x 10 cm, faintly trigonous, tipped with the remains of the stigmas. epicarp shiny, hard, ca 0.3 mm thick. mesocarp 5 — 10 mm thick, 354 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 pig. 1. borassodendron machadonis; a, habit sketch showing the untidily flopping leaves; b, sketch of the large inflorescence. 1972] dransfield: the genius borassodendron 355 orangey-yellow, soft, with abundant vertical fibres, sweet-smelling, edible. pyrenes 3, discrete, 8 x 5 x 4 cm. endocarp hard, blackish brown, smooth without, ridged within, with vertical flanges of varying heights, 2— 6 mm, the largest two lying on a fruit radius. seeds filling the endocarps; testa to 0.3 mm thick; endosperm hard bony, white, penetrated by the endocarp flanges. embryo apical. seedling leaves compound. distribution: a rare palm of northern malaya and peninsular thailand. malaya. kelantan: sungei ketat, near batu bow, february 1924, md. nur 12028. (k); gua musang, 1929, henderson 22713 (bo); perak: salak, december 1928, md. haniff and md. nur (k) ; august 1912, h. n. ridley s.n. (k) ; cultivated: botanic gardens singapore, from machado's seeds, october 1921, g.a. best (k); botanic gardens, singapore, august 1928, c. x. furtado (cge); botanic gardens, singapore-, september 1929, md. nur (k); botanic gardens, singapore, e.j.h. corner (l). kedah, alor star, e.j.h. corner sh81 (bo) det. furtado, is not borassodendron machadonis but borassus flabellifcr. numerous beautiful trees of this palm may be seen in the botanic gardens, singapore; seedlings are abundant in the botanic garden jungle. borassodendrom borneensis dransfield, spec. nov. — fig. 2 6 differt a b. machadonis foliis indumento lacteo infra tectis, inflorescentiis minoribus, floribus masculis staminibus 6. palma flabellata, solitaria, dioica, inermis, ad 20 m alta. truncus nudus, ad 30 cm diametro, griseus, annulato-cicatricosus. folia grandia e corona arcuata; petiolus ad 4 m, basi longistrorsum, ad 4 cm latus, canaliculatus supra, indumento fusco tectus, durissimus acutissimusque marginibus. lamina plusminusve circularis ad 4 m diametro, atroviridis supra, infra indumento lacteo dense tecta, plicis indumento fusco disperse tectis; hastula adaxialis ad 2 cm; lamina decem ad duodecem f issuris in foliola composita paene ad insertionem divisa; foliola composita in foliola plicorum singularium induplicatarum 4 — 5 cm lata, divisa, filamentis interfoliolis persistentibus; apicem foliolorum rotundates; foliola rigida in piano uno radiantia. nervuli laterali laminae prominentes; lamina dorsiventralis. inflorescentia mascula solitaria, axillaris, pendula, ad 40 cm, 15 — 20 spicas floribus dense tectas formans, ramificans. spathae 1 — 2 inferiores vacuae, tubulae infra, acuminato-triangulares supra ad 30 cm longae, et base ad 8 cm latae, brunneolae indumento fusco disperse tectae. spathae superiores minores, spicas 2 — 5 aggregatae subtendes. spathae marcescentes, multas fibras formantes. spicae ad 12 x 2 cm, axillis spatharum sessiles, bractis imbricatis spiraliter dense tectae, bracteis lateraliter conjunctis; bracteae indumento fusco dense tectae, unaquaeque systemam ramificationis condensatam scorpidioideocymosam subtenta, 4 — 6 bracteolis unaquaeque florem masculum unum subtenta, praedita. flores masculi inter bracteis spicarum sub anthesi exserti. calyx tubiformis 356 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 fig. 2. borwssodendron borneensis: habit sketch showing the elegantly arching petioles and the arcuate leaflets. 1972] dransfield: the genus borassodendron 357 fig 3. borassodendron borneensis: the leaf showing dissection of the lamina (dransfield 774a). 358 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 l5cm fig. 4. borassodendron borneensis: a, lamina insertion on petiole showing hastula and interleaf let filaments, adaxial view; b, lamina insertion abaxial view; c, leaf base showing the longitudinal split; d, induplicate leaflet tip (dransfield 774a). 1972] dransfield: the genus borassodendron 359 fig. 5. borassodendron borneensis: a, male inflorescence; b, portion of spike; c, single male flower (dransfield 774a). 360 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. fig. 6. borassodendron borneensis: a, female inflorescence; b, whole fruit; c, transverse section of mature fruit (dransfield 774). 1972] dransfield: the genus borassodendron 361 ad 9 x 1.5 mm irregulariter 2 — 3 lobatus. tubus corollae 9 mm longus cum lobis 3 apicalibus tristibus cucullatis 5 x 1 mm. stamina 6; filamenta 1 mm, partialiter base connata. antherae 2.5 mm longa, luteae, basifixae, latrorsae. grana pollinis lutea. inflorescentia feminea, solitaria, axillaris, pendula, simplex ad 40 cm, pedunculo ad 10 cm, ad 2 cm diametro; inflorescentia 15 — 20 floribus dense tecta. spathae caducae non visae. flores bracteis subtentis. calyx 3 lobis coriaceis ad 3 cm, ad 4 cm aetate crescentibis. corolla calycis similis, cum 3 lobis liberis. corona staminodiorum 6 lobis triangularibus. ovarium non visum. stigmata 3, persistentia. flores bracteis subtentis. calyx 3 lobis coriaceis ad 3 cm, ad 4 cm aetate stigmatibus persistentibus. epicarpium nitidum, durum, ca 0.3 mm crassum. mesocarpium 5 —10 mm crassum, aurantiaco-luteum, molle, fibris verticalibus numerosis, fructus prunus persicae odoratum, apparenter edule . pyrenae 3, discretae, 9 x 5 x 4 cm. endocarpium durum, atrobrunneum, laeve extra; porcatum intra, 10 —12 lamellis verticalibus altitudinis variae, 2 — 6 mm, duobus maximis radio fructus superjectis. semina endocarpia complenta; testa ad 0.3 mm crassa. endospermium osseum album, lamellis endocarpii penetratum. embryo apicalis. folia plantularum composita. solitary unarmed dioecious fan palm, to 20 m tall. trunk bare, to 30 cm in diameter at breast height; grey, marked with annular leaf scars. leaves massive, arching out of the crown of leaves. petiole to 4 mm, split longitudinally at the base, to 4 cm wide, channeled above, covered in scurfy brown indumentum; petiole margins razor-sharp, smooth. lamina more or less circular, to 4 m in diameter, dark green above, densely covered with milkywhite. indumentum below, the folds covered in sporadic brown indumentum; adaxial hastula to 2 cm; lamina divided by ca 10 — 12 splits nearly reaching the insertion, into compound leaflets; compound leaflets further divided into single fold induplicate leaflets, 4 — 5 cm wide, interleaflet filaments persisting; leaflet tips rounded; leaflets mostly stiff and radiating in one plane; transverse lamina veins prominent; lamina dorsiventral. male inflorescence solitary, axillary, pendulous, to 40 cm in length, branching to produce 15 — 20 spikes of densely crowded flowers. lower 1 — 2 spathes empty, tubular below, acutely triangular above, to 30 cm long by 8 cm wide at the base, light brown, covered in sporadic brown indumentum. upper spathes smaller, subtending spikes in groups of 2 — 5. spathes rotting to form a mass of fibres. spikes to 12 x 2 cm, sessile in the axils of the spathes, clothed in dense spirals of overlapping bracts joined laterally; bracts densely covered in brown indumentum, each subtending a condensed scorpioid cymose branching system bearing 4 — 6 bracteoles each subtending one male flower. male flowers exserted between the spike bracts at anthesis. calyx tube to 9 x 15 mm irregularly 2 — 3 lobed. corolla tube 9 mm long, with 3 apical cucullate lobes, 5 x 1 mm, dull brown in colour. stamens 6; filaments 1 mm, partially fused together at the base. anthers 2.5 mm yellow, basifixed, with latrorse dehiscence. pollen grains yellow. female inflorescence solitary, axillary, 3 6 2 . r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 pendulous, simple, to 40 cm long, of which 10 cm forms a peduncle, circular in cross-section, to 2 cm in diameter; inflorescence densely covered with 15 — 20 flowers. spathes caducous, not seen. flowers subtended by bracts. calyx of 3 ovate coriaceous lobes to 3 cm, increasing in size with age to 4 cm. corolla similar to calyx, with 3 free lobes. staminode ring of 6 triangular lobes present. ovary not seen. stigmas long persistent, 3. fruit obovoid, faintly trigonous, grey brown, to 10 x 11 cm, tipped with the remains of the stigmas. epicarp shiny, hard, ca 0.3 mm thick. mesocarp 5 —10 mm thick, orangey-yellow, soft, with abundant vertical fibres, smelling of peaches, apparently edible. pyrenes 3, discrete, 9 x 5 x 4 cm. endocarp hard, blackish brown, smooth without, ridged within by 10 —12 vertical flanges of varying heights, 2 — 6 mm, the largest two lying on a fruit radius. seeds filling the endocarps; testa to 0.3 mm thick. endosperm hard, bony, white, penetrated by the endocarp wings. embryo apical. seedlingleaves compound. typus: male plant, j. dransfield 774a (accompanied by female 77a) mile 10, bintulu to miri new road, bintulu, 4th division, sarawak (k). distribution: in lowland dipterocarp forest in borneo, in 4th and 5th division, sarawak, brunei, sabah, and northern kalimantan. vernacular names: bindang, bidang, budang (iban). borneo. sarawak: 4th division, bintulu, mile 10 bintulu — miri new road, april 1968, j. dransfield 774, 774a (k) ; 4th division, bintulu, ulu sungei sinonok, vicinity of 2nd survey camp, october 1963, m. hotta 14241 (kuch). —• brunei: brunei, lamunin road, ladan hills forest reserve-, april 1968, j. dranisfield 800 (ith). — sabah: kabili sepilok forest reserve, february 1937, keith, b.n.b. for. dept. 7207 (k, l, bo) ; sandakan, sungei paitan forest reserve, ajijc b. gohol, san. 23956 <k). •—• kalimantan: central kutei, belajan river, near long bleh, kostermans 10366 (l). kutei, s. mentoko, sangata, june 1971, ? j. dransfield 1559 (bo), 1560 (bo). in the bintulu area, b. borneensis is a local palm of low hills in lowland dipterocarp forest. it occurs in small populations of both sexes on hilltops and hillslopes, but may be absent from large areas of apparently suitable forest nearby. on one hilltop near bintulu, regeneration is abundant. the apex is edible and tasty, and is collected by ibans for sale in bintulu market at about one malaysian dollar each; the taste is sweet and fragrant and the texture crisp. as more areas of forest become accessible, b. borneensis may be in danger from such destructive collecting of the apices. the populations in the kutei nature reserve, kalimantan timur, show damage caused by the depredations of orang-utan; according to mr. peter rodman (pers. comm.) orang-utans use the palm as an important food source, pulling out developing leaves, and eating the soft meristematic tissue at the leaf bases. in brunei, i have observed only male trees in 1972] deansfield: the genua borassodendron 363 the lamunin hills population. besides the specimens quoted, i have alsoobserved trees in the area north of s. sotek, balikpapan. acknowledgements i should like to thank mr. david senada and enche zainuddin of the forest department, bintulu, for assistance in the field, sdr. damhuri, artist of herbarium bogoriense, for preparing the habit sketches, miss yap pak how, artist of sabah forest department, for preparing the analytical drawings, and dr. t. c. whitmore and prof. h. e. moore for permission to have drawings made from their photographs. hal 351-363_page_01 hal 351-363_page_02 hal 351-363_page_03 hal 351-363_page_04 hal 351-363_page_05 hal 351-363_page_06 hal 351-363_page_07 hal 351-363_page_08 hal 351-363_page_09 hal 351-363_page_10 hal 351-363_page_11 hal 351-363_page_12 hal 351-363_page_13 some notes on bothriochloa kuntze reinwardtia vol 12, part 5, pp: 415 – 417 415 notes on bothriochloa kuntze (gramineae: andropogoneae) in malesia received december 3, 2008; accepted december 5, 2008 alex sumadijaya herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, jl. raya jakarta bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail: alexsumadijaya@gmail.com j.f. veldkamp national herbarium of the netherlands, leiden university, po box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl abstract sumadijaya, a. & veldkamp, j.f. 2009. notes on bothriochloa kuntze (gramineae: andropogoneae) in malesia. reinwardtia 12(5): 415 – 417. — the note is preliminary part for studies of bothriochloa kuntze in malesia. special caution should be given to bothriochloa intermedia (r. br.) a. camus, now b. bladhii (retz.) s.t. blake, because of the variation, synonyms, and natural hybridization to generic level. keyword: bothriochloa, dichanthium, capillipedium, malesia abstrak sumadijaya, a. & j.f. veldkamp. 2009. catatan pada botriochloa kuntze (gramineae: andropogoneae) di malesia. reinwardtia 12(5): 415 – 417. — tulisan ini mengenai studi awal bothriochloa kuntze di malesia. perhatian khusus diberikan kepada bothriochloa intermedia (r. br.) a. camus, sekarang adalah b. bladhii (retz.) s.t. blake, karena beragamnya variasi, sinonim, serta terjadinya kawin silang di alam hingga tingkat marga. kata kunci: bothriochloa, dichanthium, capillipedium, malesia introduction trinius (1832) recognized andropogon l. sect. amphilophis. hackel (1883) regarded it as subgenus, and nash (1901) elevated in to the generic level: amphilophis (hack.) nash. however, this is a taxonomic synonym of bothriochloa kuntze (1891). at present, there are about 30 (chen & phillips, 2006) to 35 (phillips, 1995) species world wide. thirty four (http:// www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/sppindex.htm, accessed on 10 september 2008) species are recognised in grassbase-the online world grass flora (clayton et al.), and are distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas: 17 are accepted as native to the america, 13 native to africa and eurasia, and four native to australia. twenty-one species (the four additional ones are treated as species synonyms by clayton et al.) are accepted as native to the americas (zuloaga et al., 2003). they often occupy open or partly shaded places (mcivor & howden, 1992). five, or perhaps six species have been recorded from malesia (jansen, ms.). note that different authors may have used different names for the same species, making an account of the species most confusing! there are some local floras or checklists: malay peninsula and surrounding area: ridley (1925) had 2 species in amphilophis nash: a. glabra (r. br.) stapf and a. pertusa (l.) stapf. gilliland (1971) mentioned these as b. intermedia (r. br.) a. camus, which has numerous forms, and b. pertusa (l.) a. camus, respectively. the first species is the only one in singapore according to duistermaat (2005) who used the presently correct name, b. bladhii (retz.) s.t. blake. java and the lesser sunda islands: monod de froideville (1968) mentioned three species: b. glabra (roxb.) a. camus subsp. haenkei (presl) henrard, b. modesta (backer) backer & henrard, and b. pertusa in java. from timor, de castro (1964) recorded b. glabra and b. pertusa (l.) a. camus. bothriochloa bladhii and b. ewartiana (domin) c.e. hubb. were later found there as well. borneo: merrill (1917) reported andropogon intermedius r. br. philippines: merrill (1923) mentioned andropogon intermedius. the island of new guinea: henty (1969) cited b. intermedia, b. ischaemum (l.) keng, and b. insculpta (hochst. ex a. rich.) a. camus. mailto:veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/sppindex.htm http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/sppindex.htm reinwardtia [vol.12 416 the australian b. ewartiana has been found in the lesser sunda islands (sumbawa, timor), the philippines (luzon), and papua new guinea (madang) are apparently new records for malesia. discussion bothriochloa bladhii seems to occur about everywhere in the area. the plants are facultatively apomictic (http://www.tropical-forages. info/key/forages/media/accesshtml/bothriochloa _bladhii_subsp._glabra.htm, accessed 1 december 2008), but soreng (pers. comm. 2008) mentioned obligately apomictic due to all sterile anthers. therefore populations actually are clones. as a whole the species is therefore very variable as is shown by its many synonyms (only basionyms alphabetically given here): andropogon intermedius, a. glaber roxb., a. haenkei presl, a. punctatus roxb., amphilophis glabra var. paupera stapf ex ridl., and rhaphis stricta nees in hooker. the taxon is widely distributed over tropical africa and asia. it is found in sunny and slightly sheltered grasslands, imperata fields, on limestone, along roadsides, in teak forests, and in dry riverbeds, from 0–900 m. the former name b. intermedia (r. br.) a. camus was well-chosen, but the name b. bladhii has priority. occasionally, in the tetraploid stage, it hybridises with other species of bothriochloa, capillipedium stapf, and dichanthium willemet, e.g. b. ewartiana, b. ischaemum, capillipedium parviflorum (r. br.) stapf, and dichanthium annulatum (forssk.) stapf. the hybrids are genetically isolated from each other in the diploid and hexaploid stage. celarier & harlan (1955) therefore recognized b. intermedia complex (now b. bladhii), consisting of b. caucasica (trin.) c. e. hubb., b. decipiens (hack.) c.e. hubb., b. intermedia itself, b. ischaemum, b. pertusa, and b. venusta (thwaites) a. camus. because of hybridization and intermediacy, some have advocated merging capillipedium into bothriochloa (ohwi, 1942). others, de wet & harlan (1966) even included them in dichanthium, but then roberty (1960) recognized no less than 12 sections among which were dichanthium sect. amphilophis (trin.) roberty, dichanthium sect. bothriochloa (kuntze) roberty, and dichanthium sect. dichanthium. bothriochloa ewartiana, basionym andropogon ewartianus domin. the presence of this australian species of bothriochloa seems to be new record for malesia and was only found (as far as known) in four locations, in coastal grassy plains that apparently were not subjected to burning. bothriochloa insculpta, basionym andropogon insculptus hochst. ex a. rich. it is tentatively included here as it was introduced from africa in a trial in papua new guinea, and no specimens have been reported since. bothriochloa ischaemum, basionyms: andropogon ischaemum l., andropogon ischaemum var. fallax hack. its original distribution is from southern europe to china. it occupies roadsides and disturbed areas, and used in erosion control and as forages. it was introduced in malesia long ago: central java (koorders 25277β on 1898), timor (type of var. fallax and cinatti 1962–52), new guinea (central prov.). bothriochloa modesta, basionym: andropogon modestus backer. it occurs exclusively in east java, madura, and bali. it exists on dry and sunny grassland, along roads, on cliffs, riverbeds up to 400 m, and is locally abundant. bothriochloa pertusa, basionym: holcus pertusus l. it was originally distributed from south africa to burma (now myanmar), and is introduced elsewhere. it is resistant to trampling, drought, and grazing. further research is obviously needed to define a clear delimitation of the malesian taxa here included under bothriochloa. acknowledgement the authors express thank to dr. steve renvoize (k) and dr. robert soreng (us) for reviewing the manuscript, and to christy natania for her time and kindness reading and improving the manuscript. references celarier, r. p. & harlan, j.r. 1955. studies on old world bluestems. techn. bull. t–58. departments of botany and plant pathology and agronomy. chen, s.l. & phillips, s. 2006. bothriochloa. in zhengyi, w., raven, p. h, deyuan, h. (eds.). flora of china. poaceae. 22: 607–609. science press & miss. bot. gard., beijing and st. louis. de castro, m. 1964. contribução para o conhecimento das gramíneas de timor. garcia da orta 12: 52. de wet, j.m.j. & harlan, j.r. 1966. morphology of the compilospecies bothriochloa intermedia. amer. j. bot. 53: 94–98. duistermaat, h. 2005. field guide to the grasses of singapore (excluding the bamboos). suppl. gard. bull. sing. 57: 36, t. 24. http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/forages/media/html/%20bothriochloa_bladhii_subsp._glabra.htm%20accessed%201%20december%202008 http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/forages/media/html/%20bothriochloa_bladhii_subsp._glabra.htm%20accessed%201%20december%202008 http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/forages/media/html/%20bothriochloa_bladhii_subsp._glabra.htm%20accessed%201%20december%202008 http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/forages/media/html/%20bothriochloa_bladhii_subsp._glabra.htm%20accessed%201%20december%202008 2009] sumadijaya & veldkamp: notes on bothriochloa kuntze in malesia 417 gilliland, h.b. 1971. revised flora of malaya. 3: grasses of malaya. :280–282. government printing office, singapore. hackel, e. 1883. gramineae brasiliensis v. in von martius, c.f.p, eichler, a.w. (eds.). flora brasiliensis 2(3):291–294. frid. fleischer, münchen. henty, e. e. 1969. a manual of the grasses of new guinea. bot. bull., lae 1. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/sppindex.htm. accessed on 10 september 2008. http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/forages/media/ht ml/bothriochloa_bladhii_subsp.glabra.htm. accessed 1 december 2008. kuntze, o. 1891. revisio generum plantarum 2: 762. arthur felix, leipzig. mcivor j. g. & howden, s.m. 1992. bothriochloa pertusa (l.) a. camus. in ‘t mannetje, l. & jones r.m. (eds.). prosea 4. forages. :54– 56. prosea foundation, bogor. merrill, e.d. 1917. a bibliographic enumeration of bornean plants :41–42. fraser & neave, singapore. merrill, e.d. 1923. an enumeration of philippine flowering plants 1:43, 46. bureau of science, manila. monod de froideville, c. 1968. gramineae. in backer, c. a. & bakhuizen van den brink jr., r.c. (eds.). flora of java 3: 607– 608. wolters-noordhoff. n. v., groningen. nash, g.v. 1901. amphilophis. in britton, n.l. (ed.). manual of the flora of northern states and canada. gramineae 71. henry holt & co., new york. ohwi, j. 1942. gramina japonica iv. acta phytotax. geobot. 12: 165–168. phillips, s. 1995. poaceae (gramineae). in. hedberg, i. & edwards, s. (eds.). flora of ethiopia and eritrea. vol. 7. addis ababa, ethiopia. ridley, h.n. 1925. the flora of the malay peninsula. 5: 208–209. l. reeve & co., brook, k. roberty, g. 1960. monographie systématique des andropogonées du globe. boissiera 9: 167. trinius, c.b. 1832. andropogoneorum genera. mém. acad. imp. sci. st. pétersbourg vi, sci. math. 2: 285 (rank indicated on p. 279!). zuloaga, f.o., morrone, o., davidse, g., filgueiras, t.s., peterson, p.m., soreng, r.j. & judziewicz, e.j. 2003. catalogue of new world grasses (poaceae): iii. subfamilies panicoideae, aristidoideae, arundinoideae, danthonioideae. contrib. us natl. herb. 46: 1–662. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/sppindex.htm http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/forages/media/html/bothriochloa_bladhii_%20subsp.glabra.htm,%20accessed%201%20december%202008 http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/forages/media/html/bothriochloa_bladhii_%20subsp.glabra.htm,%20accessed%201%20december%202008 http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/forages/media/html/bothriochloa_bladhii_%20subsp.glabra.htm,%20accessed%201%20december%202008 re inw ard ti a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2, p a r t 2, pp. 357-366 (1953) .. new and critical malaysian plants—i a . j . g . h . kostermans4 m l m o s a c e a e serianthes gigalobium kostermans, spec. nov.—fig. 1 ab omnibus speciebus generis legumine permagno, falcitto vel subfalcato et foliolis magnis differt. tree up to 30 m high, with a clear bole 21 m high and 50 cm in diameter. buttresses up to 2 m high, extending 1 m from bole, 5—10 cm thick. bark grey-brown, rather smooth or cracked, occasionally scaling off in irregular pieces; dead bark 2—9 mm thick; living bark 5—9 mm, red. sapwood 5—15cm, yellowish, with agreeable smell; heartwood redbrown. branches cylindrical, red-brown or grey, lenticellate; branchlets at apex rusty puberulous. leaves bipinnate, up to 35 cm long, glabrous, glandless; petioles 3—12 cm long, glabrous or microscopically pulverulently puberulous; rachillae 2 or 4, up to 25 cm long, lower ones shorter; leaflets opposite or the proximal ones subopposite, coriaceous or chartaceous, glabrous, 4—5-jugate (apical leaves 3-jugate), elliptic, (4—)6—12 cm long, (1.5—)3—8cm wide; proximal ones as a rule smaller than distal ones; top acuminate or caudate-acuminate with blunt tip; base rounded or subacute; both surfaces glossy (lower one brown when dried) ; upper surface reticulate or rather smooth; lower surface with prominent midrib and 4—6 pairs of inarching, prominent, lateral nerves; veins prominulous, laxly reticulate; petiolules 3—5 mm long, usually stout, deeply channelled above (sometimes not channelled in swollen petiolules). inflorescence raceme-like, up to 10 cm long, with stout main rachis. flowers in axils of more or less persistent, ovate, concave, glabrous, 1—2 mm long bracts. calyx unknown. corolla-tube unknown; lobes elliptic-lanceolate, concave, glabrous, 3—5 mm long. anthers 1 mm long. pod woody, up to 24 cm long and 4.5 cm wide, constricted between seeds, falcate or subfalcate, 2-seeded, dull, ferrugineous (when dried), furrowed, not dehiscent; dorsal suture conspicuous. seeds brown, ellipsoid, 4 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, hardly compressed, top oblique; cotyledons flat-convex, hard. type.—sumeisy 68 = bb.20030 (bo). distribution.—sumatra, borneo. the partial description of the flower was made after the specimen jaheri s.n., which has young fruit, with some parts of the flower still adhering. * botanist, division of planning, forest service of indonesia. published with the permission of the director, division of planning. 358 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 fig. 1. serianthes yiyalobium kosterm-, drawn after bb. 20030 (type) from borneo: a, pot! (x 0.7); b, leaflets (x 0.7) ; e, seed (x 0.7). 1953] kostermans: malaysian plants —/. 359 the vernacular name of this tree is in north borrieo merbau akar or merbau lalat (merbau =afzelia). the timber is sometimes used as a substitute for merbau, although it is softer. in sumatra it is called kompas, which, however, is the common name for pithecellobium splendens corner, or merombungan (in inderagiri), or mentering (pehal dialect in bencoolen). almost all collections are sterile. a peculiar character of the leaves are scattered microscopical holes in the upper surface. the wood is strong and durable with a nice grain. it is of economic importance. its durability class is 3 (5 samples) or 4—5 (2 samples) ; its strength class is 2. its specific gravity varies between 0.61 and 0.79, with an avarage (6 samples) of 0.72. the data on the wood were communicated by the forest research institute, bogor. specimens e x a m i n e d . — s u m a t r a . e a s t c o a s t : l a n g k a t div., haleban kedah, alt. 2 0 m , j u n e , ster., barends b.w.ira := bb.8487 ( b o ) ; i n d e r a g i r i div., ind e r a g i r i u p p e r l a n d s subdiv., sungei a k a r , alt. 50 m, j u l y , ster., buwalda 365 — bb. 28588 (bo). b e n c o o l e n : l a i s subdiv., t a l a n g benal, a l t . 250 m , j u n e , ster., idiis 1 3 = bb.8786 ( b o ) . — b o r n e o . b r i t i s h n o r t h b o r n e o : s a n d a k a n , kabili f o r e s t reserve, alt. 7 m , p e b r . , ster., puasa s.h.9250 = f.d.u2s9 ( k e p , s i n g ) ; s a m e locality, sept., ster., puasu s.h.9953 — f.d.48740 ( k e p , s i n g ) . i n d o n e s i a n b o r n e o : w e s t e r n d i v i s i o n : melawi n e a r t j a t i t , bukit r a n s a , alt. 4 6 5 m , nov., ster., bb.26433 ( b o ) ; e a s t e r n d i v i s i o n : t i d u n g l a n d s subdiv., nunukan, sungei m e s a p a k , sept., fr., sanieisy 68 — bb.200.lo (bo, l; type}; b u l u n g a n subdiv., mensapa, alt. 2 in, j u l y , ster., bb.26245 (bo, l, s i n g ) ; beratt subdiv., m e n d a r a , b e t e m u a n , alt. 5 m , ster., b b . 1 9 0 5 4 (bo, l ) . s o u t h e r n d i v i s i o n : p u r u k t j a u subdiv., b a h i t u m , a l t . 100 m, nov., ster., atjil 95 = bb.10527 (bo) ; locality not indicated, young f r u i t , jaheri s.u., a n n o 1893 (bo). mimosa invisa mart. var. inermis adelb., var. nov.' doornloze mimosa, j. h. v. emden in bergcultures 20: 201. litol. thornless mimosa invisa, g. g. bolhuis in world crops 5: 37 cum fig. 1953. a forma typica differt caulibus inermis. type.—java, bogor, cultivated in the experimental gardens of the centrale proefstations vereniging (c.p.v.) at 260 m altitude, flowering and fruiting in november 14, 1950, a. j. h. van haaren s.u. h.b. 116118 (bo). the subdivision for annual crops of the general agricultural research station at bogov (buitenzorg), java has been on the look-out for a number of years for a thornless variety of mimosa invisa martius, an imported and very important soil-cover and green-manure. in the 1 this note is contributed by mr. a, g. l. adalbert, botanist, herbarium bogo360 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 course of several years many thornless plants were found, but these proved either to belong to other species or, if the real mimosa invisa, did not breed true to the thornless character. mr. a. s. bolt after much searching succeeded in 1942 in finding \ thornless plant. when, owing to wartime conditions, he had to leave his estate: "nieuw gebangan," all plants with prickles had been eradicated. on his return in 1948, he found that the thornless variety had held its own very well against its prickled competitors. further propagation was started and it became evident that the thornless variety bred true to the type and in other characteristics did not differ from typical mimosa invisa. due to circumstances the valid publication of a varietal name was delayed up to the present, although the author (adelbert) as early as 1950 examined specimens grown in bogor in the gardens of the c.p.v. (central association of experiment stations) from seed, forwarded by mr. bolt. another specimen, bearing ripe fruit, which could be examined is h.b.24370 (bo), also grown at bogor, this time in the gardens of the above mentioned subdivision of the general agricultural research station. the mother-plant of this cultivated specimen was collected wild in weleri, west of semarang, central java. o l a c a c e a e hernandia kunstleri king ex heyne the publication of this name by heyne (nuttige planten nederl. indie,'2nd ed., 674. 1927; 3d ed., 674. 1950), is due to an error. the corresponding specimen in herbarium bogoriense represents harmandia kunstleri king, a climber, belonging to olacaceae. the label of the original plant (dumas 1587) is lost. the description, which dumas gave on his label (as he was accustomed to do) was probably copied, by heyne, but this description most likely referred to the tree on which the climber (of which the fruits were collected) was growing. o l e a c e a e schrebera kusnotoikostermana, spec. nov.—fig. 2 arbor alta, foliis impari-s-jugatis, fnliolis oppositis subcoriaceis lanceolatis, usque ad 10 cm longis et s cm latis, basi acutis in petiolulibus decurrentibus, apice sensim acutis vel acuminatis, supra nitidis conspicue reticulatis nervo mediano impresso, marginibus recurvis; flores albicantes coriacei in paniculis corymbiformes trichotomis bracteatis; calyx urceolata, named in honour of ir. kusnoto; director of the botanic gardens of indonesia (kebun eaya indonesia), bogor. 1953] kostermans: malaysian plants—/, 361 lobis triangularibus; corollae tubus longus gracilin, ore contractus; limbus patens, 7-fidus explanatus, lobis subrotundatis papillosis imbricatis; stamina dua sub ore adfixa, filamentis corollae hibum adnata parte superiore excepta; ovariwn depresse subglobosum pilosum, stylo corollae tubo aequilongo, stigmate laterale magno. fig. 2. schrebera kiisnotoi kosterm., drawn after kostermans 5989 (type) from borneo: fl. branch (x 0.6); a, flower (x 3); ft, ovary and style (x 3); c, opened anther in situ (x 3); d, reticulation of upper leaf-surface (x 12). 3 6 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 tree 45 m; bole 30 m high, diameter 90 cm. buttresses 3 m high, extending 2 m from bole, concave. bark grey, scaling off profusely in 5 cm long, subquadrangular, irregular pieces. sapwood pale brown; heartwood blackish with paler streaks. branchlets thick, rough, pale brown. leaves clustered near apices of branchlets, opposite, impari-3-jugate, glabrous; petioles 5—8cm long, slender, cushion-like at base; rachis 8—14 cm long, sulcate; leaflets lanceolate, 6—10 x 1.5—4.5cm; base acute, usually oblique; apex acute to caudate-acuminate with slender acumen; surface very glossy and conspicuously reticulate above, duller and less conspicuously reticulate beneath; lateral nerves 8—10 pairs, slender, arcuate; petiolules slender, about 10 mm long (of the top-leaflet usually longer), canaliculate. inflorescences axillary and apical, up to 10 cm long, with a stout glabrous peduncle very broad at ramification; lower bracts up to 10 mm long, lanceolate, gradually diminishing in size upwards, persistent, with a minute, inconspicuous, lax indumentum or glabrous; pedicels up to 12 mm long, subtended by a slender bract. calyx coriaceous, about 5 mm, urceolate; teeth 5—6, about 2—3 mm long, erect, ovate. corolla tube about 20 mm long, like calyx minutely, sparsely, and inconspicuously pilose, almost cylindrical, 3mm in diameter; lobes patent, obovate-suborbicular, about 5 mm, papillose inside. anthers just below the thickened orifice; cells parallel, 1.5mm long; filament completely adnate to corolla tube but for a small upper part. ovary 2-celled, 1 mm, depressed-globose, microscopically pilose; style glabrous; stigma lateral, large, just below the anthers; ovules 4 in each cell. type.—kostermans 5989 (bo). distribution.—thus far known only from sangkulirang region in north-eastern indonesian borneo. the species differs from schrebera swietenioides roxb. by its smaller, glabrous leaflets, its bracts, and its larger flowers with different calyx, corolla, and stigma. this is the first record of this genus in malaysia. specimens examined.—borneo. e a s t e r n d i v i s i o n : mt. sekrat, s e of sangkulirang, alt. 50—100 m, loamsoil and limestone, july, fl., kostermans 5s89 (a, bo, k, l, p; type); near ronggang, sangkulirang, dec, ster., bh.7974 (bo, l). s a p o t a o e a e podocarpus palembanica m i q u e l podocarpus palembanica miquel (fl. ind. bat., suppl. sumatra 252, 589. 1860) was described after a sterile specimen, collected by teijsmann near muaradua, palembang (sumatra). j. wasscher (in blume 4: 471. 1941) in his monograph on podocarpus pers. in indonesia cited this species under the species to be excluded from the genus. de boer (conif. archip. ind. 4. 1866) already excluded it from taxaceae because of the non-coniferous wood, whereas wasscher pointed out in addition that, according to miquel's description, in the 1953] . kostermans: malaysian plants—1. 363 leaves lateral ribs were present, which never occur in podocarpus. neither wasscher, nor pilger (in engl. pflreich. 18: 93. 1903) had access to type material. recently i discovered a fragment of the type in herbarium bogoriense; it fits miquel's description excellently. the specimen represents a sterile branchlet, of which the top is deformed by a gall-like accrescence, but some more or less normal flush is also present. the persistent, slender, linear, up to 10 mm long stipules, visible at the top of the young branchlet, made it possible to identify the specimen as belonging to sapotaceae. the whorled leaves and the stipules perhaps point to ganua ligulata h. j. lam (in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii 8: 426. 1927), also originally described from sterile material, but (slightly smaller) stipules are also found in madhuca neriifolia (moon) h. j. lam. some specimens preserved (in sterile condition) in the bogor herbarium probably belong to the same species and may represent palaquium blanco. they possess the same stipules, but differ by the longer-petioled leaves, which are broader than those of miquel's species. as the latter is abnormal, i personally am convinced that they are all conspecific. additional specimens.—sumatra. p a l e m b a n g : lematang-hulu, lubukbetung, d e c , stei'., local name balam terung, t.b.657; same locality, dec, ster., local name balam sudu, t.b.644. — borneo. e a s t e r n d i v i s i o n : puruktjahu, biha, nov., ster., bb.10600 s t e r c u l i a c e a e pterocymbium splendens kostermans, spec. nov.—fig. 3 arbor elata foliis decidvis, floribus funiculiformibus glabris, interne pilosis; parte basali rubra: parte superiora flava; lobis pallide viridis; androgynophorus 8 mm longus, pilfts}ts; folia subpalmato-nervosa, supra glabra, subtus dense vehttino-tomentasa. a tree of 30 m, with a clear bole 20 m high and 60 cm in diameter. bark dark chocolate coloured, smooth, glossy, 2—3 mm thick, with shallow, wide cracks; living bark 5 mm thick, pale brown. wood white. branchlets stout, rough, dark chocolate, scurvy. leaves ovate, up to 14 x 11 cm, chartaceous; top obtuse; base cordate; upper surface glabrous, smooth, glossy, minutely pitted, nerves slightly impressed; lower surface densely velvety tomentose, pale-brown; leaves subpalmately nerved; midrib prominent; the 3 (or 7) basal nerves originating from about the same point, the other 4—5 pairs of lateral nerves erect-patent, looped near margin, prominent; secondary nerves parallel, prominulous, vertically on the lateral nerves. inflorescences apical, up to 7 cm long, sparsely pilose with tufted hairs, glabrescent; main peduncle stout; branchlets distant, few, short and slender; pedicel stout, 3—4 mm long to articulation, below articulation 10 mm long, glabrous. flowers appearing after the leaves r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 have dropped, fleshy, usually 3 together, glabrous. tube funnel-shaped, base obtuse, 10—12 mm long, at base 2—2.5 mm wide, at apex 6 mm wide; lower part red; upper part yellow with red, longitudinal ribs; lobes lanceolate-triangular, 5—6mm long, erect-patent, pale green; margin with a paler, papillose layer; lower part of inside of tube red, densely sericeous; upper part yellow with a few , long hairs, but also covered completely with minute hairs. androgynophore about 8 mm long, shorter than the flower tube; columna densely, minutely pilose, near base sericeous; anthers 1.25 mm long; stigmas glabrous, 0.25 mm long. fruit unknown. type.—kostermans 6003. distribution.—only known from type locality. fig. 3. pterocymbimn splendenskosterm., drawn aftei1 kostermans 6003 (type) from borneo: a, flowering branch (x 0.6) ; 6, lower leaf-surface (x 0.6); c, flower (x 2.5) ; d, top of androgynophore (x 10) ; p, gynaecium and one stamen (x 10). when the tree was discovered, it was leafless and in full bloom, which was a magnificent sight. some old leaves, of which the petioles had already disappeared, were collected under the tree. the key in my paper on pterocymbium (kostermans in reinwardtia 1: 41. 1950) should be altered as follows: 1953] . k o s t e r m a n k : malaysian plants—/. 365 2 . l o w e r l e a f s u r f ace v e l v e t y t o m e n t o s e ; f l o w e r s r e d a n d yellotv". . . . . p . splendcns 2 . l o w e r l e a f s u r f a c e g l a b r o u s o r s p a r s e l y , m i n u t e l y p i l o s e ; f l o w e r s g r e e n , v i o l e t , o r r e d , n o t y e l l o w . 3. pterocymbium tinetorium. 3. pterocymbium beccarii. s p e c i m e n e x a m i n e d . — b o r n e o . e a s t e r n d i v i s i o n : samavincia s u b d i v . , m t . t a p i a n l o b a n g , a l t . 150 m, aug., fl., kosterltmxs goo,! (bo, l, k; type). pterocymbium beccakh k. schumann through the courtesy of the department of forests at lae (ne. new guinea), i obtained additional material which confirmed my contention that p. stipitatmn white & francis be conspecific with p. beccarii. the material cited below is deposited in the herbarium of the department of forests at lae. additional specimens.—new g u i n e a . n o r t h e a s t e r n n e w g u i n e a : wan garden area, alt. 1500 m, aug., fr., macadam n.g.f.210; lae, morobe district, july, ster., t.n.i1 = n.g.fj; yalu near lae, june, ster., womersley n.g.f.31ss; same locality, jan., fl., womersley {rj«a. — new b r i t a i n : keravat, fr., d'espeisis n.g.f.17. pterygota horsfieldii (r. brown) kostermans, comb. nov. tetmdia horsfieldii r. br. in bennett & brown, pi. jav. rar, 233. 1844. the genus tetradia r. br. was based on a single species, t. horsfieldii r. br., described after a specimen collected by horsfield and preserved in the british museum (nat. hist.). almost one hundred years afterwards a flowering specimen was collected by kalshoven in east java in 1920; it agrees perfectly with brown's description. moreover, a specimen (koorders s033β), collected in 1892 by vorderman in west java, and considered by koorders to represent an unknown (never published) species of stercidia came to my attention. this specimen was provided with fruits, as stated by vorderman, but these have since disappeared. however, their impression on the herbarium sheet on which they had been glued is still visible and together with koorders 1 note, that these fruits fig.4 pterygota alata r.br.: probably belonged to sterculia foetida, abnormal flower with four ovaries leaves little doubt that they really belonged and six lobes,hort bogor, jan 1953(x 1.5). 3 6 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. z to this pterygota specimen, as the fruits of stercidia and pterygota. horsfieldii show a close resemblance. i was already struck by the close resemblance of these specimens of tetradia to pterygota schott & endl., the only difference being the tetramerous flowers of tetradia benn. and the pentamerous ones in pterygota. apparently the species is very rare in java or has disappeared together with the lowland forest. once i collected material of pterygota in borneo but obtained only male flowers, although fruits could be collected under the tree. apparently it is monoecious. female flowers and fruit were collected in new guinea, but these flowers were pentamerous, though otherwise exactly resembling those of tetradia horsfieldii. a single female branch, collected by buwalda (5692) in ceram, provided the solution; here the female flowers are tetramerous. but for the styles, which are only a little curved at their tips and a little longer, the flowers are similar to those of tetradia. (fig. 4). recently the present author collected flowers of a thus far unidentified tree (iv. i. 170) in the botanic gardens of bogor, which proved to represent pterygota horsfieldii. several tetramerous flowers were discovered among the pentamerous ones. consequently i feel justified to incorporate tetradia in pterygota. further, i consider pterygota thuaitesii (mast.) alston, sterculia blancoi rolfe, pterygota forbesii f. muell., pterygota trinervia k. schum., and sterculia alata pierre (non koxb.) conspecific with pterygota horsfieldii. the species is closely related to pterygota alata r. br. (fig. 4), from which it differs by its truncate leaf-base, the parallel anthers, the smaller fruit, and the seeds with smaller and thinner wings. 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010 re in w ar dt ia 13 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, november 2, 2010 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedy darnaedi tukirin partomihardjo joeni setijo rahajoe teguh triono marlina ardiyani eizi suzuki jun wen managing editors elizabeth a. widjaja himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirat hidayat ilustrators subari wahyu santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers r. abdulhadi, sandy atkins, julie f. barcelona, todd j. barkman, nico cellinese, mark coode, gudrun kadereit, rogier de kock, n. fukuoka, kuswata kartawinata, ary p. keim, p. j. a. kessler, a. latiff–mohamad, m. a. rifai, rugayah, h. soedjito, t. setyawati, d. g. stone, wayne takeuchi, benito c. tan, j. f. veldkamp, p. van welzen, h. wiriadinata, rui-liang zhu. correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia 188 [vol.13 a. freycinetia macrostachya b. freycinetia tenuis c. freycinetia stenophylla d. freycinetia inermis a b c d reinwardtia vol 13, no 2, pp: 189 − 197 189 the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea received august 28, 2010; accepted september 15, 2010 nurhaidah iriany sinaga post graduate school, bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia forestry department, papua university, jl. gunung salju amban manokwari, papua barat, indonesia. email: irianysinaga@yahoo.com. rita megia biology department, bogor agricultural institute, jl. raya dramaga bogor, indonesia. alex hartana biology department, bogor agricultural institute, jl. raya dramaga bogor, indonesia. ary prihardhyanto keim herbarium bogoriense, research center for biology–lipi. jl. raya jakarta bogor km 46 bogor 16911, indonesia. email: arypkeim@yahoo.com abstract sinaga, n. i., megia, r., hartana, a., keim, a. p. ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoidea) in indonesian new guinea. reinwardtia 13(2): 189–197. — the study mainly concerns with the species of freycinetia that occurs in the indonesian new guinea, including the provinces of papua and papua barat. the study indicates that almost all species of freycinetia in the indonesian new guinea prefer high humidity and abundantly occur along rivers, except for the members of the group of species with imbricate leaves, which inhabit also secondary forests. futhermore, the members of this group have never been found within the range of 1700 to 3000 m altitudes. this highest range of altitudes is specifically occupied by the members of the groups of species with semi imbricate and grass-like leaves. the costal forests are inhabited by the groups of species with semi and non imbricate leaves. indonesian new guinea shares many species with papua new guinea, except for the members of the group of species with semi imbricate leaves, which are more common in indonesian new guinea than in papua new guinea. on the contrary, the members of the group of species with grass-like leaves are more common in papua new guinea and becoming rare toward the indonesian site and becoming absent in the vogelklop (bird’s head), except for f. polyclada which is commonly found in sorong. indonesian new guinea possesses 34 species exclusively distributed in the area, while papua new guinea has 72 species. the two areas share 52 species. only five species have extra new guinean distributions, i.e. f. excelsa, f. funicularis, f. marginata, f. percostata, and f. scandens. keywords: ecology, distribution, freycinetia, pandanaceae, indonesian new guinea abstrak sinaga, n. i., megia, r., hartana, a., keim, a. p. ekologi dan persebaran freycinetia di nugini wilayah indonesia. reinwardtia 13(2): 189–197. — studi mengenai ekologi dan persebaran freycinetia di nugini wilayah indonesia telah dilakukan. studi terutama dilakukan terhadap jenis-jenis freycinetia yang ada di nugini wilayah indonesia yang meliputi propinsi papua dan papua barat. hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa freycinetia lebih senang hidup di tempat yang lembab, dan ditemukan hidup melimpah di dekat sungai. kecuali beberapa anggota jenis kelompok daun bersirap yang juga dapat hidup di hutan sekunder, akan tetapi untuk jenis dalam kelompok ini tidak pernah ditemukan hidup di pegunungan dalam ketinggian 1700 hingga 3000 m di atas permukaan laut. tempat seperti ini dihuni oleh freycinetia dari kelompok daun setengah bersirap dan kelompok seperti rumput. kedua kelompok ini menduduki habitat yang sama akan tetapi kelompok seperti rumput tidak pernah ditemukan hidup di dekat pantai seperti kelompok freycinetia dengan daun setengah bersirap dan tidak bersirap. nugini wilayah indonesia dan papua nugini (png) juga memiliki jenis yang sama akan tetapi khusus untuk kelompok daun setengah bersirap, lebih banyak jenisnya yang ditemukan hidup di nugini wilayah indonesia dibanding png. kelompok freycinetia berdaun seperti rumput ditemukan hidup melimpah di png dan semakin berkurang ke arah barat hingga tidak terdapat sama sekali di kepala burung, kecuali f. polyclada yang banyak ditemukan di daerah sorong. ditemukan sebanyak 34 jenis freycinetia yang hanya hidup di nugini wilayah indonesia dan sebaliknya 72 jenis freycinetia dari png tidak pernah ditemukan di nugini wilayah indonesia. jenis yang ditemukan di kedua wilayah tersebut sebanyak 52 jenis dan reinwardtia 190 [vol.13 introduction freycinetia is one of the four genera within the palaeotropic monocotyledonous family of pandanaceae. the other genera are martellidendron, pandanus, and sararanga. unlike the other three genera, the members of the genus freycinetia are almost all climbers. prior to this study the genus freycinetia is consisted of 180 to 200 species (stone, 1973). the genus occurs in the mainland south east asia, malesia, taiwan, micronesia, northern australia, new zealand and the pacific islands. the centre of distribution is new guinea, where approximately 60 species are believed to exist (stone, 1976). the genus is the only member of pandanaceae, occurring in new zealand. the island of new guinean is topographically unique, in the sense that high mountains stretches along the central part of the island from the most western section covering the vogelkop (bird head area) to the most eastern area. it thus constitutes an outstanding north-south dispersal barrier for many species of plant and animals. as the dispersal agents of freycinetia are mostly birds and mammals (such as bats or marsupials) (cox, 1982, cox et. al., 1991) as well as insect (such as beetles and ants), the topographic barrier is assumed to be a good barrier for the gen flows in freycinetia as well as in animals. in other words, many of the new guinean species of freycinetia are believed to inhabit restricted areas or possess limited distribution areas. the aim of the present study is to clarify this assumption. method the study was carried out from july 2005 to march 2009. it started by the collecting activities undertaken in several areas in indonesian new guinea, including timika in 2005, manokwari in 2006, sarmi in 2006, and jayapura in 2006 and 2008. it is followed by herbarium study conducted in the herbarium bogoriense-indonesia (bo) in 2006 & 2008, herbarium manokwariense, indonesia (man) in 2006, the lae herbarium, papua new guinea (lae) in 2006, the national herbarium of the netherlands, the netherlands (l) in 2008 and the kew herbarium, uk (k) in 2009. ecology of the indonesian new guinean freycinetia the species of freycinetia can be classified into groups with (1) grass like leaves, (2) imbricate leaves, (3) semi imbricate leaves, and (4) non imbricate leaves. the members of the grass like leaves group were frequently found in mountains and places with altitudes 1200 to 1300 meters a.s.l. (above sea level) (table 1.) except for f. angusta and f. angustissima, which were found in much lower altitudes. during the field study we encountered that f. angusta and f. angustissima were found along the the river banks of aikjiwa river in timika district and digul river in merauke district extending from fairly higher altitude down to wetland areas at about 50 meters a.s.l. the members of this group so far have never been found on beaches, open areas or secondary forests. moreover, all members of this group preferred humid areas, such as in riverbanks. likewise, most of the members of the semi imbricate leaves group also preferred highlands with altitudes of 1000 up to 3000 meters a.s.l, three species (f. ayawasa, f. nervoauriculata, and f. spiroaxilla), however, where discovered inhabiting primary beach forest on much lower altitudes. two species of this group, f. cryptocarpa and f. funicularis were found in both higher and lower altitudes, from montane forests at 1000 meter a.s.l. down to hill forests at 600 to 800 meters a.s.l. it may be implied that the two species have good ability to adapt to different types of habitats, but when the two species were occupying same habitats, f. funicularis was usually found more abundant than f. cryptocarpa. muller (2005) said that in western new guinea close to the forest on the 2.200 m above sea level, freycinetia are found while palm disappear. according to the notes of the specimens, these species should be grass and semi imbricate groups. unlike the previous two groups, the non imbricate leaves group preferred lower altitudes. the members of this group were abundantly found in humid primary forests at altitude no more than 1700 meters. as the members of the group the semi imbricate leaves were also found within this range, the two members of two different groups were sometimes cohabitants. our present study indicated that the primary costal forests were exclusively occupied by the members of these two groups. hanya 5 jenis yang memiliki persebaran sangat luas yakni f. excelsa, f. funicularis, f. marginata, f. percostata dan f. scandens. kata kunci: ekologi, persebaran, freycinetia, pandanaceae, nugini wilayah indonesia. 2010] 191 sinaga et al. : ecology and distribution of freycinetia in indonesian new guinea only members imbricate leaves group were known to inhabit the riverbanks in secondary forests areas, such as f. andajensis and f. macrostachya. the members of this group were also found to be cohabitants with the members of the non imbricate group. the members of the grass-like and semi imbricate leaves groups both have ability to inhabit higher altitudes up to 3000 m. on the contrary, the non imbricate and imbricate leaves group preferred much lower altitudes. following the differences in the altitudinal preference, the morphologies of the grass-like and semi imbricate groups were also noticeably different from the later groups. mostly species of the first two groups have much smaller dimensions in every part of the structures from stems, leaves, bracts, flowers to fruits. for examples: freycinetia angustissima, a member of the group of grass-like leaves group has a conspicuously slender stem of only 0.2 cm in diameter, leaves of 5 to 10 by 0.5 cm, bract of only 2 by 2 cm, and fruit of 1 to 1.5 by 1 cm. freycinetia gibbsiae, a member of the semi imbricate leaves group has stems of 0.4 to 0.5 cm in diameters, leaf of 15 by 0.5 cm, bract of 4 by 3 cm, and fruit of 3 by 1.5 cm. in western new guinea the members of the grass-like leaves group dominate the higher altitudes, especially in the area with elevation more than 3250 m a.s.l. the minute habits possessed by the members of this group is in accordance with ecological phenomenon that in places with profoundly high altitudes of 3000 m or higher the most common plants are grasses (46 to 54 %) and the trees are starting to become rare on the altitude of 2700 m ( johns et al., 2007; muller, 2005). being mostly of climbing pandans, members of the genus freycinetia undoubtedly need trees to sustain their life style; thus, as the trees become rare at 2700 m altitude, the habit of freycinetia on higher altitudes than 2700 m were adaptively grass-like. we, therefore encountered on the ground, mostly grass like species with many branches like shrub. freycinetia angustissima, the highest known new guinean species has lost the thickness of its leaves in response to the humid environment. this is in contrast to the f. macrostachya, which occupies dry areas, thus it possesses succulent leaves in response to the surrounding environment. few members of the grass-like leaves group followed the water flow from high altitudes down to the flat areas. they could still be found along the banks of steep rivers at the altitudes of 600 to 800 m as long as the area were wet. as the members of the grass-like leaves group have thin leaves (not succulent) they exceedingly need humid environment. in these altitude, the members of the grasslike and semi imbricate leaves groups were more commonly seen living as cohabitants the members of the semi imbricate leaves group were also found cohabitants with the members of the non imbricate leaves group particularly in the primary costal forests. this finding is supported by the similarity of their leaves anatomy (sinaga et. al., 2011 in preparation) they both have a layer of long lateral tissue under the epidermal tissue. distribution of indonesian new guinean species of freycinetia the grass-like leaves group possesses a rather disjunct distribution (figure 1). the members of this group occurred from the highlands of papua new guinea in the east to the indonesian province of papua in the west, except in nabire highlands and the arfak mountains. the members were found again in the lowlands of sorong on the most western corner of the mainland new guinea. freycinetia angustissima was the most widely distributed species in the group. it occured both in the eastern and western parts of new guinea. the species were also present in merauke in the no the species group 0 to 50 m altitudes 51 to 200 m altitudes 600 to 800 m altitudes 1000 to 1700 m altitudes 1700 to 3000 m altitudes a b c a b a b’ a b’ a b’ 1 grass-like leaves x x x x 2 semi imbricate leaves x x x x x 3 non imbricate leaves x x x x 4 imbricate leaves x x x x table 1. distribution of the members of the infrageneric groups suggested in this current study (a = secondary forest; b = primary costal forest; b’ = primary forest, c = wet land area). reinwardtia 192 [vol.13 southeastern part of papua, where freycinetia was previously poorly known. some species had restricted distribution such as f. linearis, f. polyclada, and f. pseudoangustisimma. the semi imbricate leaves group had its highest diversity in western papua as shown on figure 2. most species were found with limited distribution. they included f. ayawasa, f. erythospatha, f. fusiforma, f. gibbsiae, f. hasteta, f. imbristigma, f. lateriflora, f. millikenus, f. nervoauricula, f. pleurantha, f. rhodospatha, f. sterophylla, f. spiroaxilla, and f. simpliaxillata. freycinetia ayawasa and f. nervoauriculata which were found only in sorong. freycinetia simpliaxillata was found nowhere else but at the yapen island. freycinetia gibbsiae, f. lateriflora, and f. imbristigma were exclusively restricted to baliem valley. freycinetia rhodospatha, f. pleurantha, and f. imbristigma have been so far collected in timika. freycinetia hasteta and f. fusiforma have been recorded only in the humbold bay, jayapura. unfortunately the coastal forests in the humbold bay have been disappearing and these two species were no longer found in the wild, presumably they are extinct. thus, f. hastatus and f. fusiforma were described based on herbarium specimens currently keep only at the national herbarium of the netherlands at leiden. only three species were found both in eastern and western new guinea namely f. funicularis, f. cryptocarpa, and f. magnoareola. most members of the imbricate leaves group figure 1. distribution map of the grass like group of freycinetia 1. f. angusta, 2. f. angustissima, 3. f. brachyclada, 4. f. linearis, 5. f. pauciberria, 6. f. polyclada, 7. f. pseudoangustisimma, 8. f. stenophylla 2 figure 2. distribution of the semi imbricate group of freycinetia 1. f. ayawasa, 2. f. cryptocarpa, 3. f. erythospatha, 4. f. funicularis, 5. f. fusiforma, 6. f.gibbsiae , 7. f. hasteta, 8. f. imbristigma, 9. f. lateriflora, 10. f. magnoareola, 11. f. millikenus, 12. f. pleurantha, 13. f. nervoauricula 14. f. spiroaxilla, 15. f. simpliaxillata, 16. f. rhodospatha, 17. f. sterrophylla 5 6 3 1 4 7 8 5 2 2 2 11 14 4 15 4 10 17 1 13 3 4 16 12 2 3 4 7 11 9 6 8 5 10 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 5 2 1 3 3 2010] 193 sinaga et al. : ecology and distribution of freycinetia in indonesian new guinea were found in papua and papua new guinea except f. flavicep, f. tenuifolia, f. rectangularis, f. albaauria, f. batantaensis, f. folitenella, f. gunungmejensis, f. broccoariola, f. iriana, f. manokwariana, and f. verstegii (figure 3). freycinetia albaauria, f. manokwariana, and f .gunungmejensis occured only in manokwari. freycinetia batantaensis was endemic to batanta island. freycinetia folitenella was restricted to jayapura. freycinetia broccoariola was confined to merauke. likewise, the members of the imbricate leaves group were found both in western and eastern new guinea, except 11 species. as shown on figure 4, less widely distributed papuan species were f. andajensis, f. trachypoda f. aculeata, f. brevipedicelata, f. clavata, f. circuita, f. concordia, f. frutaspiralica, f. mandacana, f. figure 3. distribution map of the non imbricate group of freycinetia: 1. f.albaauria, 2. f. batantaensis, 3. f. biroi, 4. f. brasii, 5. f. chartacea, 6. f. concolor, 7. f. desendata, 8. f. ellipsoidalis, 9. f. flaviceps, 10. f. folitenela, 11. f. forbesii, 12. f. frutasolla, 13. f. gunungmejensis, 14. f. hagenicola, 15. f. broccoareola, 16. f. inermis, 17. f. iriana, 18. f. lalokiensis, 19. f. lagenicarpa, 20. f. lenifolia, 21. f. linearifolia, 22. f. marantifolia, 23. f. manokwariana, 24. f. obtusiacuminata, 25. f. oblanceolata , 26. f. oreophila, 27. f. rectangularis, 28. f. scandens, 29. f. tenuifolia, 30. f. tenuis, 31. f. versteegii figure 4. distribution map of imbricate freycinetia: 1. f. aculeatus, 2. f. andajensis, 3. f. arfakia, 4. f. archboldiana, 5. f. aurihasteta, 6. f. bicolor, 7. f. brevipedicelata, 8. f. clavata, 9. f. circuita, 10. f. concordia, 11. f. formosula, 12. f. fibrosa, 13. f. frutaspiralica, 14. f. frutonumerata, 15. f. impundens, 16. f. klossii, 17. f. lacinulata, 18. f. macrostachya, 19. f. marginata, 20. f. mandacana, 21. f. megaauriculata; 22. f. palida, 23. f. plana, 24. f. percostata, 25. f. pseudoinsignis, 26. f. rosellana, 27. f. solomonensis, 28. f. stigmabeliata, 29. f. trachypoda, 30. f. tessellata, 31. f. undulate, 32. f. ultrapedicelata, 33. f. whitmorei, 34. f. yapenina, 35. f. exelca. 5 3 11 1 2 33 23 16 29 19 20 18 35 12 15 17 18 4 8 6 9 26 13 14 16 17 25 31 32 21 22 10 12 15 24 18 7 5 19 28 31 27 29 34 15 19 27 13 16 31 12 25 28 32 19 15 17 5 18 27 25 9 26 6 4 17 24 27 23 24 31 22 11 30 33 9 8 30 17 15 19 24 14 8 12 18 3 11 25 16 30 28 8 20 12 7 30 2 17 28 29 9 17 13 1 5 3 21 22 18 5 19 26 10 23 14 25 16 20 24 12 6 5 26 28 2 28 31 17 4 10 24 18 7 11 8 29 31 24 28 30 4 reinwardtia 194 [vol.13 table 2. species distribution of freycinetia in indonesian new guinea according to the three different location : north, central mountains and south of the indonesian new guinea ( + = present; = absent). megaauriculata, f. stigmabeliata, and f. yapenina. freycinetia aculeata and f. mandacana were found only in manokwari. freycinetia brevipedicelata, f. circuita, and f. concordia were collected only in jayapura. freycinetia frutaspiralica, f. clavata and f. megaauriculata occurred only in timika. freycinetia yapenina has been reported only from the yapen island. freycinetia arfakiana has been recorded only in manokwari and it has never been recollected from the wild, thus to date it has been known only from the type speciment. freycinetia andajensis was extremely rare. no species distribution north central mountains south grass like group 1. f. angusta + + + 2. f. angustissima + + + 3. f. brachyclada + 4. f. linearis + 5. f. pauciberria + 6. f. polyclada + 7. f. pseudoangustisimma + 8. f. stenophylla + semi imbricate 9. f. ayawasa + 10. f. cryptocarpa + 11. f. erythospatha + + 12. f. funicularis + + + 13. f. fusiforma + 14. f. gibbsiae + 15. f. hasteta + 16. f. imbristigma + 17. f. lateriflora + 18. f. magnoareola + 19. f. millikenus + 20. f. pleurantha + 21. f. nervoauricula + 22. f. spiroaxilla + 23. f. simpliaxillata + 24. f. rhodospatha + 25. f. sterrophylla + + + non-imbricate 26. f. albaauria + 27. f. batantaensis + 28. f. biroi + 29. f. broccoareola + 30. f. brasii + 31. f. chartacea + 32. f. concolor + 33 f. desendata + 34 f. ellipsoidalis + + + 35 f. flaviceps + 36 f. folitenela + 37 f. forbesii + 38 f. frutasolla + 39 f. gunungmejensis + 40 f. hagenicola + 41 f. inermis + + 42 f. iriana + + 43 f. lalokiensis + + 2010] 195 sinaga et al. : ecology and distribution of freycinetia in indonesian new guinea no species distribution north central mountains south 44 f. lagenicarpa + 45 f. lenifolia + 46 f. linearifolia + + 47 f. marantifolia + 48 f. manokwariana + 49 f. obtusiacuminata + + + 50 f. oblanceolata + 51 f. oreophila + 52 f. rectangularis + + 53 f. scandens + + + 54 f. tenuifolia + 55 f. tenuis + + 56. f. versteegii + imbricate group 57. f. aculeata + 58. f. andajensis + 59. f. arfakiana + 60. f. archboldiana + 61. f. aurihasteta + 62. f. bicolor + 63. f. brevipedicelata + 64. f. clavata + 65. f. circuita + 66. f. concordia + 67. f. excelsa + + 68. f. formosula + 69. f. fibrosa + 70. f. frutaspiralica + 71. f. frutonumerata + 72. f. impundens + 73. f. klosii + + 74. f. lacinulata + 75. f. macrostachya + + + 76. f. marginata + + + 77. f . mandacana + 78. f. megaauriculata + + 79. f. palida + 80. f. plana + 81. f. percostata + 82. f. pseudoinsignis + + 83. f. rosellana + 84. f. solomonensis + 85. f. stigmabeliata + 86. f. trachypoda + 87. f. tessellata + 88. f. undulata + 89. f . ultrapedicelata + 90. f. whitmorei + + 91. f. yapenina + in the present study the northern and southern parts of papua is delimited by the central mountains range extending, from sorong at the bird’s head to moresbe in papua new guinea. the northern and southern parts of papua contain different species. a total of 38 species occurred strictly in the northern part of papua, namely f. polyclada and f. brachyclada (grass like group); f. ayawasa, f. criptocarpa, f. hasteta, f. magnoareola, f. nervoauricula, f. spiroaxilla and f. simliaxillata ( semi imbricate group); f. albaauria, f. batantaensis, f. desendata, f. flaviceps, f. fpolitenela, f. gunungmejensis, f. hagenicola, f. marantifolia, f. oblanceolata and f. verstegii (non imbricate group); f. aculeata, f. andajensis, f. arfakiana, f. aurihasteta, f. reinwardtia 196 [vol.13 conclusion the occurrences of freycinetia species in indonesian new guinea extends from the costal area to the montane forests zone. almost all species prefer humid environment and found abundantly along riverbanks. secondary forests are only inhabited by the members of imbricate group. indonesian new guinea 5 34 52 72 png other areas figure 5. distribution of new guinean species of freycinetia. png is the standard. bicolor, f. concordia, f. formosula, f. impundens, f. mandacana, f. plana, f. percostata, f. rosellana, f. solomonensis, f. stigmabeliata, f. trachypoda, f. tessellata, f. undulata and f. yapenina (imbricate group) . on the contrary about 12 species were confined to the southern part namely f. stenophylla (grass like group); f. forbesii, f. frutasolla, f. broccoareola, f. lenifolia, and f. oreophila (non imbricate group); f. fibrosa, f. frutaspiralica, f. frutonumerata, f. lacinulata, f. palida, and f. ultrapedicelata. furthermore the species that were restricted to the central mountain range , were mostly of the semi imbricate group namely f. fusiforma, f. gibbsiae, f. imbristigma, f. lateriflora, f. millikenus, f. pleurantha and f. rhodospatha. other species of but not restricted to the central mountain range were f. linearis, f. pauciberria and f. stenophylla (grass like group); f. lagenicarpa and f. tenuifolia (non imbricate group); f. archboldiana, f. clavata and f. circuita ( imbricate group). from above account it is clear that the northern part of western new guinea contain many species of freycinetia, but in the southern new guinea the number is less. similarly, the number of species is high in the east and decreases toward the west. our study show that western new guinea shares 52 species with papua new guinea. we noted also that 34 species were found only in the western new guinea and 5 species (f. excelsa, f. funicularis, f. marginata, f. percostata, and f. scandens) had extra new guinean distribution. f. scandens is well known for being the most wide spread species in the genus; whose distribution covered the entire malesia and queensland in northeastern australia. f. funicularis was a wide spread species occurring throughout new guinea, but was also found in the moluccas and celebes. the distribution of the other three species were more restricted than the previous two in which they were found in new guinea and northern australia only. the group distributions (figure 5) indicated that the grass-like leaves group is confined to new guinea and adjacent islands except around sorong. the semi imbricate group has limited distribution areas, concentrating only in the mountains of the western area, except for f. funicularis which also extend to moluccas and celebes. the imbricate and non imbricate groups have even much wider distribution areas, covering not only the entire malesian floristic region but also northern australia and japan. the members of this group, however are absent at the altitudes of 1700 to 3000 m. this range of altitude is only inhabited by the members the grass -like and semi imbricate group. the grass like group, however, is absent in the costal forests which are dominated by the members of the semi and non imbricate group. many newly described western new guinean 2010] 197 sinaga et al. : ecology and distribution of freycinetia in indonesian new guinea species are locally distributed. the members of the semi imbricate group are more common in western new guinea than in papua new guinea. on the contrary, the members of the grass like group are more commonly found in papua new guinea becoming rare in most of papua and completely absent in the vogelkop area. the members of the grass-like group are confined to new guinea. only five species are known to have extra new guinean distributions namely freycinetia excelsa, f. funicularis, f. marginata, f. percostata, and f. scandens. two third of the total numbers of species in new guinea are endemic. thus, new guinea is regarded in the present study as both centres of diversity and area with the highest level of endemism. acknowledgements the authors would like to express their gratitude to prof. dr. mien a. rifai, dr. kuswata kartawinata, and prof. dr. elizabeth a. widjaja for the comments on the manuscript. deep appreciations are also sent to prof. dr. peter van welzen (l), dr. rogier de kok (k), dr. william j. baker (k), dr. timothy uttridge (k), and dr. roy banka (lae) for helps and attentions. sincere thanks are also addressed to the directors and curators of the following herbaria: bo, k, l, lae, and man for allowing me to use their precious collections. this study is financially supported by the generous funding from the directorate general of higher education, the ministry of national education of the republic of indonesia. finally this paper is dedicated to the people of new guinea for whom it was my privileges to spend the best years of my lives. references cox, p. a., elmqvist, t., pierson, e. d. & rainey, w. e. 1991. flying foxes as strong interactor in south pacific island ecosystem: a conservation hypotesis. conservation biology 5(4): 448– 452. cox, p. a. 1982. vertebrate pollination and the maintenance of dioecism in freycinetia. the american naturalist 120 (1): 65–80. johns, r. j., shea, g. a., vink, w. & puradiyatmika, p. 2007. sub alpin and alpin vegetation of papua. :1025–1053. in marshall, a.j. & beehler, b. m. (eds.). the ecology of papua, part ii. periplus edition, hongkong. huynh, k. l. 2002. the genus freycinetia (pandanaceae) in new guinea ( part 7). bot. jahrb. syst.124: 151–161. huynh, k. l. 2003. the genus freycinetia (pandanaceae) in new guinea ( part 8). bot. jahrb. syst.125: 73–83. muller, k. 2005. keragaman hayati tanah papua. universitas papua. dinas pendidikan dan pengajaran propinsi papua. 284 p. sinaga, n. i., megia, r., hartana, a. & keim, a. p. 2011. the anatomy of the papuan freycinetia species (in preparation). stone, b. c. 1973. pandanaceae. bot. jahrb. syst.93 (4):498–529. stone, b. c. 1976. the morphology and systematics of pandanus today (pandanaceae). gard. bull. sing. 29: 137–142. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 2. 2010 contents page harry wiriadinata & rismita sari. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra ………………………………………………………………………..……………….. 95 ary p. keim. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea………………… 101 robert gradstein et al. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia……………………... 107 abdulrokhman kartonegoro & j. f. veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia………………………………………………………...…………… 125 nursahara pasaribu. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 147 ary p. keim. & m. rahayu. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia................ 151 k. mat-saleh, ridha mahyuni, agus susatya, j. f. veldkamp. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia.............................................................................................................................. 159 j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. .......................................................................................... 167 m. m. j. van balgooy. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families..................................... 171 nurhaidah iriany sinaga. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua ............................................................................................................................... 183 nurhaidah iriany sinaga, rita megia, alex hartana & ary prihardhyanto keim. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea................................................................................................................................ 189 eizi suzuki. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites.. 199 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia.......................................................................................................... 211 m. ardiyani, a. d. poulsen, p. suksathan, f. borchsenius. marantaceae in sulawesi..... 213 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research centre for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia 11_1-1 11_2-2 11_4-4 11_5-5 11_6-6 11_7-7 11_8-8 11_9-9 11_10-10 11_11-11 11_12-12 11_13-13 11_14-14 11_15-15 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(2) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(2): 129-204.22 november 2004 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 2, pp: 159 – 179 a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne (gramineae, panicoideae, isachneae) e.a.p. iskandar & j.f. veldkamp1) nationaal herbarium nederland, universiteit leiden branch, p.o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. 1) e-mail:veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl abstract iskandar, e.a.p. & veldkamp, j.f. 2004. a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne (gramineae, panicoideae, isachneae). reinwardtia 12 (2): 159 – 179. – there are ca. 23 species of isachne in malesia of which the seven belonging to sect. isachne are treated here. isachne miliacea roth has been misapplied to i. minutula (gaudich.) kunth, as its type belongs to i. globosa (thunb.) kuntze. isachne pulchella roth is the correct name for i. dispar trin. key words: isachne, gramineae, malesia. abstrak iskandar, e.a.p. & veldkamp, j.f. 2004. revisi isachne sect. isachne (gramineae, panicoideae, isachneae) di malesia. reinwardtia 12 (2): 159 – 179.– tujuh jenis isachne sect. isachne di dalam 23 jenis isachne di malesia dibahas di sini. isachne miliacea roth merupakan sinonim dari i. globosa (thunb.) kuntze, dan nama tersebut selama ini disalahterapkan pada i. minutula (gaudich.) kunth. isachne pulchella roth merupakan nama yang benar untuk i. dispar trin. kata kunci: isachne, gramineae, malesia. introduction in this study we have revised the malesian species of isachne r. br. sect. isachne (gramineae) which have heteromorphous florets, i.e. the lemma and palea of the lower florets are different in shape, sometimes also in pubescence, and much less indurated than those of the upper ones. history the first species attributuable to isachne appears to be the pre-linnean meneritana. gramen miliaceum folio hirsuto of hermann (1717: 24). it was later casually mentioned by linnaeus (1747: 18, in a note). this has been identified as isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze. in the species plantarum (1753) and other publications linnaeus never mentioned meneritana again and apparently had no material of isachne. thunberg (1784-a, -b) described milium globosum from japan, the basionym of i. globosa. r. brown (1810) erected isachne with only i. australis r. br., remarking that meneritana herm. belonged to the same genus. later authors attributed the combination i. meneritana to him, but he did not make it. isachne australis turned out to be a synonym of i. globosa as well. roemer & schultes (1817: 475) included meneritana in neurachne r. br. and added (p. 476) 3 species from roth's manuscript of the 'novae plantarum species' (1821) to isachne. one of these, i. tricarinata roth, turned out to be a synonym of panicum brevifolium l., another, i. miliacea roth, is a name widely applied to a se asian species. however, we have seen the type, and it turned out to belong to i. globosa whereby the correct name for the taxon to which it was misapplied becomes i. minutula (gaudich.) kunth. sprengel (1824) sprinkled the four isachne species then known throughout his concept of panicum l. and so was apparently the first to formally associate both genera. trinius (1826) mentioning only i. miliacea of the existing species added three new ones, i. atrovirens (trin.) trin., a synonym of i. globosa, i. rigens (sw.) trin., and i. panicea trin., a 159 160 reinwardtia [vol.12 superfluous name for i. arundinacea (sw.) griseb. about a year later (1827) he added 2 more: i. albens trin. and i. dispar trin. the first with homomorphous florets was not studied by us, the second with heteromorphous florets is a synonym of i. pulchella roth. kunth (1829: 42) enumerated 7 species, among which the first one for the new world [isachne dubia kunth, nom. superfl. for panicum dispermum lam. = i. disperma (lam.) doell.]. later (1830: 243; 1831: 407) he added two more species. in 1833 he listed 10. steudel (1840) included isachne in panicum. by 1853 (p. 38; 1854: 94) the first taxon had increased to 36 species which he regarded as a section of the latter. this was the last overall revision of the genus. döll (1877: 273) placed isachne after panicum. bentham (1878: 457) included isachne in the subtribe milieae of his 'poaceae', but in 1881 (p. 30) 'following out the views of general munro' recognised the isachneae as a distinct tribe, which included a number of genera now regarded as misplaced there. the 'panicaceae' was the other major infra-familiar taxon distinguished by him. hackel (1887: 35) placed the genus next to panicum without further comment. he was followed in this by hooker f. (1896), who said that the genus might belong to the 'poaceae', after all, and that he regarded his 'limitation as most open to question ... (the pubescence of the spikelets) afford no specific character'. later studies of the indian species [e.g. by bor (1960: 576) and prakash & jain (1984: 7)] showed that he was too pessimistic; nearly all his taxa are still recognised, although several now of course have different names. chase (1911: 149) discussed the history and relationships of the genus. she apparently had little material available, as she regarded panicum trachyspermum nees 'an exception to the genus in that the lower floret is unlike the upper'. indeed, in the key (p. 106) she uses 'florets alike in form and texture' to differentiate isachne against heteranthoecia stapf. stapf (1917: 13, 16) created a subtribe with the alternative names isachnastrae and isachninae in the paniceae which also included isachne and heteranthoecia. isachninae is the correct name. hitchcock (1920: 115) revised the 8 species occurring in america, regarding the position 'anomalous' in the paniceae because of the structure and division of sexuality of the spikelets. camus (1922) included the genus in the paniceae. pilger (1940: 85) included isachne in the subtribe panicinae. hubbard (1943) removed the isachneae from the paniceae and included the genera coelachne r. br., heteranthoecia stapf, limnopoa c.e. hubb., and sphaerocaryum. this represents the current circumscription of the tribe. potztal (1952: 551) made an extensive anatomical analysis of representatives of the genera included by hubbard. she observed 'festucoid' leaf anatomy, yet concluded that most of the isachneae should be placed in the panicoideae, but referred sphaerocaryum to the sporoboleae, i.e. the eragrosteae. tateoka (1957: 119) and prakash & jain (1987: 105), however, were in favour of retaining it in the isachneae. they studied the leaves, a pity that they didn't look at the hairs on the lemma and palea. as far as we could discover no one has done so, but a quick survey at the very end of this study showed the presence of different shapes, especially of their tips. jansen (1953: 279) gave a survey of the 36 malesian taxa. pilger (1954: 365) accepted bentham's tribe in the panicoideae no doubt because his student potztal had concluded so. metcalfe (1960: 257) studied the anatomy of the leaves of some species. he concluded that the leaf structure would be panicoid but of a rather special type. the acutely angled silica-bodies, the long narrow assimilatory cells of the mesophyll, and the cubical long-cells are very characteristic of isachne and other related genera of the isachneae. the radiate mesophyll (isachne-type') is also found in many c-3 paniceae. bor (1960: 547) retained the tribe in the pooideae. jacques-félix (1962) placed the isachneae next to the paniceae. the treatment by keng f. (1965) for china we unfortunately could not read, it is mentioned for completeness' sake here. he apparently accepted the isachninae as a distinct subtribe in the paniceae. brown (1977) proposed an evolutionary scheme for the paniceae based on leaf anatomy and photosynthesis. he regarded isachne as the 'modern descendants of the 2-fertile-floret, nonkranz, pre-paniceae stage of evolution' (p. 54). prakash & jain (1984) published a revision of the indian representatives of the tribe. they 2004] iskandar & veldkamp: a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne 161 recognised 29 species for isachne and as they closely follow the floristic treatment by bor (1960) the paper may be regarded as providing the descriptions and notes to that. as a follow-up they presented accounts of the phytogeography of the tribe and a survey of the leaf anatomy (1987). they recognised 110 species for isachne with centers of speciation in india and malesia and therefore suggested that the origin of the tribe might have been there. curiously on their map the occurrence in the carolines (2 spp), fiji (1), hawai'i (2), madagascar (9), new zealand (1), ponape (2), réunion (6), and vanuatu (1) has been omitted, although mention of some of these is made in the text. note that most of the taxa mentioned for africa are synonymous, e.g. with i. buettneri, or not isachne at all (see appendix). clayton & renvoize (1986: 309) suggested an origin by reversal of the sexuality of the lower floret from panicum sect. verruculosae stapf, similar to the situation in dissochondrus (hillebr.) kuntze arising from setaria p. beauv. with the bias towards american species in present molecular analyses the genus appears to have been much neglected. kellogg & campbell (1986: 321, t. 28.2, -3) have included coelachne, heteranthoecia, and isachne in a phylogenetic analysis of the family and found that isachne and the panicoideae have a sister relationship, while coelachne and heteranthoecia were associated with the centotheceae. this suggests that the isachneae in the current circumscription might be polyphyletic. unfortunately we have not found another instance where the genera have been included in a similar analysis. they defined the panicoideae by the presence 'of a single incomplete floret proximal to a single female fertile floret'. actually the wording is misleading, what is meant is that the proximal floret is usually reduced [but not always!, bisexual in e.g. dissochondrus and urochloa piligera (f. muell. ex benth.) r.d. webster] ranging from male to completely epaleate (e.g. in digitaria haller), while the upper floret is bisexual. in isachne the situation is quite variable, as is discussed under morphology, but the principal structure of the spikelet of isachne very much resembles that of the panicoideae. simple starch grains were mentioned as another synapomorphy. soreng & s.j. pennington (2003: 274) included the subtribe isachninae in the synonymy of the isachneae, and that in the panicoideae. as the other genera are not american the actual circumscription of their isachninae is not clear, nor what its sister might be: to accept one subtribe implies there is another one. infra-generic delimitations steudel (1854: 94) distinguished 3 informal and unnamed groups: both florets glabrous, both florets pubescent, both florets pubescent or scabrous, the latter two thus with rather confusing diagnoses. this division was not accepted by later authors; to us an infra-generic subdivision based on pubescence at present seems untenable, but it should be looked into. post & kuntze (1903: 301) included sphaerocaryum nees ex hook. f. as a section in isachne, calling the latter sect. typisachna, an invalid name, as an autonym is required. honda (1930: 278) apparently was the first to formally name sections within isachne s.s.: euisachne honda for species with homomorphous florets. as he included the heteromorphously flowered i. globosa in it, the correct name for the type of the genus, this name is invalid, as an autonym is now required. paraisachne honda was erected for species with heteromorphous ones, with isachne dispar as the only species, and so the type of it. according to his circumscription i. globosa is to be included in paraisachne whereby that section must be called isachne, and thus leaving the section with homomorphous florets without a name. stapf & hubbard (1934: 1091) in a continuation of stapf's 1917 work accepted honda's classification. pilger (1940: 85) also followed honda. jansen (1953: 290) recognised the two sections, calling that for the heteromorphous species eu-isachne honda, and that for the homomorphous ones pseudo-isachne ohwi. both names are invalid, the first because an autonym is required, the second because there is no latin description (and no type, either). it will be obvious that the eu-isachne as employed here is not honda's taxon at all (except for the presence of i. globosa), but his paraisachne, while pseudoisachne is his eu-isachne. pseudoisachne ohwi was accepted, but not validated by t. koyama (1987: 12). meanwhile, prakash & jain (1984: 8) had described isachne sect. albentes for this group with homomorphous florets, citing pseudoisachne as a synonym, and appointing isachne albens as the type. 162 reinwardtia [vol.12 as our study included only the 'heteromorphous species' we can offer no opinion whether these sections are 'natural', i.e. monophyletic, only that the differences in shape and texture of the lemmas and paleas are useful in identification, while the situation within species is not always immediately clear (as in i. globosa). morphology glands curious in some species (i. diabolica ohwi, i. globosa, i. minutula, i. pulchella, isachne villosa (hitchc.) reeder is the presence of glandular bands on the culms below the nodes, and on the branches of the inflorescence, while the longest pedicel of the pair is glandular, the shorter one usually is not. 'the significance of the yellow viscid bands on the pedicels is unknown' [judziewicz (1990: 294)]. similar bands are also known in species of eragrostis, panicum brevifolium, p. hirtum lam., sporobolus spp., and no doubt elsewhere. one can speculate that they deter insects from moving about, or perhaps offer an attraction to ants to keep other insects off. no notes have made on any secretion of nectar, though. spikelet structure as has already mentioned above the spikelets are bi-flowered and dehisc above the glumes. in the panicoideae they generally fall as a whole with the glumes, but exceptions exist, e.g. in ichnanthus p. beauv. where the upper floret may fall from the spikelet. the spikelets are abaxial, an important character in the panicoideae. they are, as in the panicoideae, determinate, that is, there is no rhachilla process beyond the upper floret. occasionally a third floret may be developed, as happens also in the panicoideae, but this seems best regarded as an 'error of enthusiasm' and not an indication of a previous situation. as also has been mentioned above in one section the lower florets differ from the upper ones in shape and texture of the lemmas and paleas. as in the panicoideae the lower ones are thinner (and often longer) than the indurated upper ones. whether this is an indication of a 'deep split' in the phylogeny as has been implied or actually stated by previous students of the genus by the recognition of two sections based on this, was not the subject of this study. floret sexuality the two florets show a remarkable variation in sexuality. in the panicoideae the general tendency is to have a reduction of the lower floret. exceptionally both florets are bisexual and this may be a reversal to an original state, but more usually the plants are androdioecious with the lower floret paleate and male, or paleate and sterile, or epaleate, whereby the spikelet appears to be uniflorous with three glumes. in isachne there seems to be a state of what may be called indecision: both florets may be bisexual, presumably the plesiomorphic condition, but the situation may be inconstant in the same taxon. in all but one of the species (i. villosa) of the present study the lower floret is male, in five the upper one female: i. brassii, i. diabolica, i. globosa (the upper one rarely bisexual), i. minutula, i. pulchella. the upper floret is always bisexual in i. langkawiensis and i. villosa. the epithet in e. dioica swallen is misleading, as the plants are described as monoecious: the lower floret being male, the upper one female. lemma pubescence lack of time made it impossible to study the kind of hairs on the lemmas (and paleas) but a cursory survey suggested that there are very curious types which may aid in specific delimitations, if not in infrageneric ones, as are known to be present in digitaria haller and panicum. anatomy notes on the influence of the anatomy on tribal and generic delimitation have been mentioned in the preceding, it seems superfluous to summarise this here. the reader is referred to the studies made by potztal (1952), tateoka (1957), metcalfe (1960), hsu (1965), w. v. brown (1977), and prakash & jain (1987). isachne r. br. isachne r. br., prodr. 1 (1810) 196; ved prakash & s.k. jain, fasc. fl. india 14 (1984) 7. – panicum l. sect. isachne r. br. ex steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (1853) 38; (1854) 94. – [isachne r. br. sect. euisachne honda, j. fac. sci. univ. tokyo iii, 3 (1930) 278, nom. inval.]. – type: isachne australis r. br. [= isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze]. isachne r. br. sect. paraisachne honda, j. fac. sci. univ. tokyo iii, 3 (1930) 278, 282. – type: isachne dispar trin. (= isachne pulchella roth). [isachne r. br. sect. pseudoisachne ohwi ex 2004] iskandar & veldkamp: a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne 163 jansen, reinwardtia 2 (1953) 290, nom. inval. in clave); ex t. koyama, grasses japan (1987) 126, id.]. – isachne r. br. sect. albentes ved prakash & s.k. jain, fasc. fl. india 14 (1984) 8. – type: isachne albens trin. plants annual or perennial. culms hollow. nodes glabrous to pubescent with bulbous hairs, glandular or eglandular below it. ligules setose. panicle contracted to lax, glandular or eglandular. spikelets paired to distally solitary, pedicelled, glandular or eglandular, disarticulating above the glumes. glumes subequal, 5-9-nerved. first lemma at anthesis grooved or not, 5-nerved. lower floret male or bisexual. rhachilla between florets developed or not. upper floret female or bisexual. lodicules two. stamens three. styles two. ovary glabrous. hilum punctiform. basic chromosome number x =10. distribution – ca. 95 spp. (see appendix), mainly in asia, c. 23 in malesia, of which the 7 of sect. isachne are treated here. key to isachne sect. isachne in malesia 1 a. culms with annular glands below the nodes 2 b. culms without annular glands below the nodes 3 2 a. culm nodes glabrous. sheaths 5.5–8.5 cm long, margin glabrous. blades lanceolate, 10.5–14 cm by 15–20 mm, smooth, 13-nerved. base rounded. margins not white, not undulate. panicle loosely contracted, 22 by 11 cm. spikelets not secund, not yawning, globular, 1.5–1.9 mm wide. lower glume 1.8–2 by 1.1–1.8 mm, 7-nerved. upper glume 1.8–1.9 mm long, 9-nerved. lower floret ellipsoid and planoconvex. – w sumatra 2. i. diabolica b. culm nodes pubescent. sheaths 0.6–1.5 cm long, margin pubescent to pubescent with bulbous hairs. blades ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 1.2–3 cm by 3.5–11 mm, scaberulous, 7-nerved. base cordate, clasping, and pectinate. margins white cartilaginous, undulate. spikelets secund, yawning at maturity, obovoid, 1–1.1 mm wide. lower glume 1.2–1.3 by 0.7–0.8 mm, 5-nerved. upper glume 1.2–1.3 mm long, 7-nerved. lower floret flattened ellipsoid 6. i. pulchella 3 a. blades margins not white cartilaginous 4 b. blades margins white cartilaginous 6 4 a. culms nodes glabrous. blades 7–9-nerved 5 b. culms nodes pubescent. blades 5-nerved. – spikelets 1.3–2 mm long, obovoid. lower glume 0.7–0.9 mm wide. upper glume 1.4–1.9 by 0.75–1.3 mm. rhachilla between florets distinctly obdeltoid. first lemma oblong, 1.25–2 by 0.8–0.85 mm 5. i. minutula 5 a. spikelets 1.2–1.5 mm long, obovoid. lower glume 0.5–0.7 mm wide. upper glume 1.3–1.6 by 0.7–0.8 mm. rhachilla between florets flattened and parallel-sided. first lemma elliptic, 1.2–1.25 by 0.6–0.8 mm 1. i. brassii b. spikelets 1.75–2.7 mm long, globular or ellipsoid. lower glume 0.9–1.4 mm wide. upper glume 1.7–2.7 by 1–1.5 mm. rhachilla between florets distinctly obdeltoid. first lemma oblong, 1.9–2.5 by 0.9–1.2 mm 3. i. globosa 6 a. spikelets 1.75–2.7 mm long, globular or ellipsoid. first lemma oblong to obovate oblong, 1.75–2.55 mm long, glabrous 7 b. spikelets 1.2–1.5 mm long, obovoid. first lemma elliptic, 1.1–1.2 mm long, puberulous. – blades 5-nerved, scaberulous. base narrowed, pectinate. panicle lowermost branch naked in the lowermost 0.06–0.2-th. lower glume elliptic, 0.75–1 mm wide, 7-nerved, glabrous, obtuse. upper glume obovate, 1.25–1.6 mm long, glabrous, obtuse. first lemma 0.7–0.75 mm wide. rhachilla between florets terete. upper floret bisexual. second palea elliptic. new guinea 7. i. villosa 7 a. sheaths glabrous to distally pubescent without bulbous hairs. panicle lowermost branch naked in the lowermost 0.1–0.3-th. lower glume 0.85– 1.4 mm wide, 7-nerved, glabrous, obtuse. upper glume elliptic to obovate, 1.6–2.7 mm long, glabrous, obtuse. first lemma oblong, 0.8–1.25 mm wide. – blades (7-)9 nerved, base abruptly narrowed. rhachilla between florets distinctly obdeltoid. upper floret female. second palea elliptic 3. i. globosa b. sheaths pubescent with bulbous hairs. panicle lowermost branch naked in the lowerm ost 0.02– 0.06-th. lower glume 0.75–0.8 mm wide, 5nerved, distally pubescent with bulbous hairs, acute. upper glume obovate oblong, 1.5–1.6 mm long, pubescent with bulbous hairs, acute. first lemma obovate oblong, 0.7–0.75 mm wide. – blades 5-nerved, base narrowed. rhachilla between florets terete. upper floret bisexual. second palea obovate oblong. langkawi isl. 4. i. langkawiensis 1. isachne brassii hitchc. – fig. 1. isachne brassii hitchc., proc. linn. soc. new s wales 54 (1929) 146. – type: brass 1018 (us!, holo; a). plants perennial. culms loosely tufted to geniculate, rooting in decumbent nodes, 0.1–0.35 m long, nodes glabrous (rarely pubescent), without annular glands below them, internodes 1.5–6 cm long. sheaths 1–2 cm long, glabrous (rarely pubescent), margin pubescent to pubescent with bulbous hairs. ligule setose, hairs 0.75–1.5 mm long. blades linear-lanceolate to 164 reinwardtia [vol.12 linear, 1.25–5.25 cm by 2–6 mm, base narrowed and pectinate, scaberulous, glabrous to pubescent, 7-nerved, margins not white, not undulate, scaberulous, pectinate. panicle loosely contracted, 2.2–7.5 by 1–4.5 cm. panicle branches 7–13, eglandular, smooth; lowermost branch 1.1–3.5 cm long, naked in the lowermost 0.04–0.1-th, with 2– 6 branches and 9–20 spikelets. pedicels eglandular, smooth; of the lower spikelet shorter than the spikelet; of the upper spikelet longer than the spikelet. spikelets not secund, paired to distally solitary, not yawning, obovoid, 1.2–1.5 by 0.75–1.4 mm. lower glume elliptic to obovate, 1.3–1.65 mm long, 0.55–0.75 mm wide, membranous, (5or) 7-nerved, glabrous, smooth to distally scaberulous, obtuse; upper glume obovate to elliptic, 1.3–1.6 by 0.7–0.8 mm wide, membranous, 7-nerved, glabrous, smooth to distally scaberulous, obtuse. rhachilla between florets flattened and parallel-sided. lower floret flattened ellipsoid, male. lemma elliptic, at anthesis longitudinally grooved, 1.2–1.25 by 0.65–0.8 mm, chartaceous, glabrous, apex rounded. palea elliptic, 1.2–1.25 by 0.6–0.7 mm, chartaceous, glabrous, apex rounded. anthers 0.6–0.9 mm long. upper floret planoconvex and gibboid, female. lemma elliptic, 0.9–1.2 by 0.8–1 mm, 0.7–1 times as long as the first lemma, at anthesis chartaceous, glabrous to puberulous . fig. 1. isachne brassii hitchc. spikelets. from gjellerup 33 (l) along the margin, apex rounded. palea elliptic, 0.8–1 by 0.6–0.75 mm, chartaceous, glabrous to glabrescent, apex rounded. distribution. malesia: c celebes, moluccas (buru, e. ceram), new guinea: irian jaya (mamberamo, eta river, tami river, taritatu river), papua new guinea (western province, central province). habitat. on sand drifts in river, sago swamps, by the edges of a small pond in partly felled primary forest, cultivated ground, roadsides, up to 100 m alt. collector’s notes. flowers white. 2. isachne diabolica ohwi – fig. 2. isachne diabolica ohwi, bull. tokyo sci. mus. 18 (1947) 14. – type: bünnemeijer 8739 (bo!, holo; k, k000290191). plants perennial. culms geniculate, rooting in decumbent nodes, c. 0.5 m long, nodes glabrous, with annular glands below them, internodes 5.5–12 cm long. sheaths 5.5–8.5 cm long, glabrous, margin glabrous. ligule setose, hairs 3.8–4.5 mm long. blades lanceolate, 10.5– 14 cm by 15–20 mm, base rounded, smooth, glabrous, 13-(–15)-nerved; margins not white, not undulate, scaberulous, not pectinate. panicle loosely contracted, c. 22 by 11 cm; branches more than 20, glandular, smooth; lowermost branch c. 8 cm long, naked in the lowermost 0.125-th, with c. 6 branches, and c. 30 spikelets. pedicels smooth; of the lower spikelet eglandular, shorter than the spikelet; of the upper spikelet glandular, longer than the spikelet. spikelets not secund, paired to distally solitary, not yawning, globular, 1.5–1.8 by 1.5–1.9 mm. lower glume elliptic, 1.8–2 by 1.1–1.8 mm, membranous, 7-nerved, glabrous, smooth, obtuse; upper glume obovate to elliptic, 1.8–1.9 by 0.7–1.5 mm, membranous, 9-nerved, glabrous, smooth, obtuse. rhachilla between florets terete. lower floret ellipsoid and planoconvex, male. lemma elliptic, at anthesis not longitudinally grooved, 1.7–1.75 by 1.1–1.2 mm, chartaceous, glabrous, obtuse. palea elliptic, 1.6–1.65 by 0.9–1 mm, chartaceous, glabrous, obtuse. anthers 0.7–1 mm long. upper floret planoconvex, female. lemma elliptic, 1.4–1.5 by 1.2–1.25 mm, 0.8–0.9 times as long as the first lemma, at anthesis chartaceous, puberulous, obtuse. palea elliptic, 1.25–1.3 by 0.8–1 mm, chartaceous, puberulous, obtuse. 1 mm 2004] iskandar & veldkamp: a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne 165 distribution. malesia: w sumatra (mt. kerinci) fig. 2. isachne diabolica ohwi. spikelets. from bűnnemeijer 8739 (bo type). habitat. 1600 m alt. note. only known from the type specimen. 3. isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze – fig. 3. isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze, rev. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 778. – milium globosum thunb. in murray, syst. veg., ed. 14 (may–june 1784) 109; fl. jap. (aug 1784) 49. – agrostis globosa poir. in lam., encycl., suppl. 1 (1810) 257. – type: herb. thunberg 2041 (ups, holo, microfiche idc 1036). isachne australis r. br., prodr. 1 (1810) 196. – panicum antipodum spreng., syst. veg. 1 (1824) 314, non panicum australe spreng. (1824). – panicum australe raspail, ann. sci. nat. (paris) 5 (1825) 299, non spreng. (1824). – lectotype: r. brown 6129 (bm!, holo; us, fragm.), designated by davidse (1994: 265). isachne meneritana poir. in lam., encycl., suppl. 3 (1813) 185, excl. syn. burm. f. & pluk. – [meneritana. gramen miliaceum folio hirsuto herm., mus. zeylan. (1717) 24, nom. inval.; l., fl. zeyl. (1747) 18, in passim]. – panicum meneritana spreng., syst. veg. 1 (1824) 321. – neurachne meneritana r. br. ex roem. & schult., syst. veg. 2 (1817) 475; ex bojer, hortus maurit. (1837) 366, pro comb., isonym. – lectotype: herb. hermann vol. 2, fol. 43 (bm), designated by trimen (1885: 271). isachne miliacea roth in roem. & schult., syst. veg. 2 (1817) 476; nov. pl. sp. (1821) 58. – panicum benjamini steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (1854) 96, non panicum miliaceum l. (1753). – type: heyne 1814 (b!, holo, photo in k). panicum lepidotum steud., flora 29 (1846) 19. – isachne lepidota walp., ann. bot. syst. 1 (1849) 924. – type: goering 9 (p, holo), (n.v.) isachne miliacea roth var. obscura buse in miq., pl. jungh. 3 (feb 1854) preprint: 38; (aug 1854) 378. – isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze var. obscura henrard, blumea 3 (1940) 465. – type: junghuhn s.n. (sh. 908.90-2013, l!, holo). panicum adstans steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (mar 1854) 94. – isachne adstans miq., fl. ned. ind. 3 (1857) 461. – type: cuming 2288 (p, holo, k, l!, iso). panicum gonatodes steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (1854) 95. – type: d'urville s.n. (p, holo), (n.v.) 1 mm isachne australis r. br. var. effusa trimen ex hook. f., fl. brit. india 7 (1896) 25. – isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze var. effusa senaratna, grass. ceyl. (1956) 109. – type: trimen s.n. (k, holo), (n.v.) isachne ponapensis hosok., trans. nat. hist. soc. formosa 24 (1934) 200. – type: hosokawa 5989 (fu, holo; us) (n.v.) isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze var. ciliaris ohwi, bot. mag. (tokyo) 55 (1941) 540. – type: hatusima 10710 (fu, holo), (n.v.) isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze var. brevispicula ohwi, acta phytotax. geobot. 11 (1942) 54. –type: hatusima 2695 (ti, holo), (n.v.) isachne lutaria santos, j. wash. acad. sci. 33 (1943) 140. – type: erlanson 5190 (mich!, holo, us). isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze var. daviumbuensis jansen, reinwardtia 2 (1953) 282 ('daviumbense'). – type: brass 7602 (l!, holo; a; us). isachne miliacea auct. non roth. isachne pangerangensis auct. non zoll. & moritzi. plants perennial or annual. culms erect, geniculate, rooting in decumbent nodes, 0.15– 0.75 m long, nodes glabrous, without annular glands below them, internodes 1.4–13 cm long. 166 reinwardtia [vol.12 sheaths 1–5.5 cm long, glabrous to distally pubescent, margin glabrous to pubescent with bulbous hairs. ligule setose, hairs 1.25–4 mm long. blades linear-lanceolate to linear, 1.5–9.5 cm by 2.5–6 mm, base abruptly narrowed and pectinate, scaberulous, glabrous to pubescent with bulbous hairs, (5–)9-nerved; margins white cartilaginous or not, not undulate, scaberulous, pectinate or not. panicle loosely contracted, 2.5– 14 by 1–7 cm; branches 5–17, eglandular or glandular, smooth to scaberulous; lowermost branch 1.3–6.2 cm long, naked in the lowermost 0.1–0.3-th, with 2–5-branches and 6–25 spikelets. pedicels smooth to scaberulous; of the lower spikelet eglandular, shorter than the spikelet (rarely longer); of the upper spikelet eglandular or glandular, longer than the spikelet (rarely shorter). spikelets not secund, paired to distally solitary, not yawning, globular to ellipsoid, 1.75–2.7 by 1– 1.85 mm. lower glume elliptic to obovate, 1.6– 2.7 by 0.85–1.4 mm, membranous, 7-nerved, glabrous, smooth to scaberulous, obtuse; upper glume obovate to elliptic, 1.6–2.7 by 0.9–1.5 mm, membranous, 7(–9)-nerved, glabrous, smooth to scaberulous, obtuse. rhachilla between florets distinctly obdeltoid. lower floret flattened ellipsoid, male. lemma oblong, at anthesis longitudinally grooved, 1.75–2.5 by 0.8–1.25 mm, at anthesis membranous, glabrous, obtuse. palea oblong, 1.65–2.3 by 0.7–1.15 mm wide, membranous, glabrous, obtuse. anthers 0.8–1.8 mm long. upper floret planoconvex, female or rarely bisexual. lemma elliptic, 1.25–1.85 by 0.75–1.3 mm, 0.5–1.05 times as long as the first lemma, at anthesis chartaceous, glabrous to puberulous, obtuse. palea elliptic, 1.2–1.55 by 0.75–1.2 mm, chartaceous, glabrous to puberulous, obtuse. anthers 3, 0.5–1 mm long. distribution. india, sri lanka to japan, china, solomon islands, new caledonia, australia, new zealand; malesia: malay peninsula (negeri sembilan, malacca, langkawi, perlis, pahang, selangor), singapore, sumatra (aceh, n-, w sumatra, palembang, bangka, lingga island), java (widespread), borneo (sarawak, e kalimantan), philippines (manila), n-, s. celebes, lesser sunda islands (sumba, timor), papua new guinea (western highlands province, east sepik province). habitat. marshy places, waterside, wet places, sawah, inundated rice fields, riverbanks, lakeshores, edge of ditch, can be submerged ca. 6 cm under water, swamps, sunny area, dune swards, 0–1400 m alt. 1 mm fig. 3. isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze. spikelets. from nsm 382 (ohwi) (l) uses. excellent fodder. collector’s notes. flowers light violet. stamens (stigmas) purple. note. ramos 12230 (l) was the only collection seen from the philippines. this specimen did not quite agree with the rest of the species, for the nodes are sometimes pubescent, and there are annular glands under some of them. metz in his 2004] iskandar & veldkamp: a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne 167 manuscript for the pflanzenreich (unpublished, copy in l) used a duplicate in b to describe a new species, i. manilensis mez (ined.). yet, we could not decide on a better place for it then here. 4. isachne langkawiensis jansen – fig. 4. isachne langkawiensis jansen, reinwardtia 2 (1953) 284. – type: sf 37959 (corner & nauen) (sing, holo, l!, iso). plants perennial. culms loosely tufted and erect, 0.3–0.45 m long, nodes glabrous to pubescent, without annular glands below them, internodes 1.5–7.5 cm long. sheaths 1–3 cm long, pubescent with bulbous hairs, margin pubescent to pubescent with bulbous hairs. ligule setose, hairs 0.2–0.6 mm long. blades linear, 2–6.5 cm by 2–6.5 mm, base narrowed and pectinate, scaberulous, pubescent with bulbous hairs, (3– )5(–7)-nerved; margins white cartila-ginous, not undulate, scaberulous, not pectinate. panicle loosely contracted, 6–10 by 3.5–5.5 cm; branches 6–15, eglandular, smooth; lowermost branch 2– 3.5 cm long, naked in the lowermost 0.02–0.06th, with 2-branches and 6–9 spikelets. pedicels eglandular, smooth; of the lower spikelet shorter to longer than the spikelet; of the upper spikelet longer than the spikelet. spikelets not secund, paired to distally solitary, not yawning, ellipsoid, 1.75–2 by 1–1.2 mm. lower glume elliptic to oblong, 1.75–2.1 by 0.75–0.8 mm, membranous, 5–nerved, distally pubescent with bulbous hairs, smooth, acute; upper glume obovate oblong, 1.5– 1.6 by 0.7–0.9 mm, membranous, 7-nerved, pubescent with bulbous hairs, smooth, hairs 0.3– 0.8 mm long, acute. rhachilla between florets terete. lower floret flattened ellipsoid, male. lemma obovate oblong, at anthesis longitudinally grooved, 1.6–2 by 0.7–0.75 mm, at anthesis chartaceous, glabrous, obtuse. palea oblong to lanceolate, 1.6–1.9 by 0.5–0.65 mm, chartaceous, glabrous, obtuse. anthers 1–1.5 mm long. upper floret planoconvex, bisexual. lemma obovate, 1.2–1.4 by 0.6–0.75 mm, 0.6–1 times as long as the first lemma, at anthesis chartaceous, puberulous, obtuse. palea obovate oblong, 1–1.35 by 0.4–0.6 mm wide, chartaceous, glabrous, obtuse. anthers 0.6–0.75 mm long. distribution. malesia: malay peninsula (langkawi island). 1 mm fig.4. isachne langkawiensis jansen. spikelets. from corner & nauen sf 37959 (ltype). habitat. on limestone, in wet depressions in rocks, in a very wet part with trickling ground water, fully exposed to the sun, on low altitude (c. 20 m). 4. isachne minutula (gaudich.) kunth – fig. 5. isachne minutula kunth, rév. gram. 2 (1831) 407, t. 117. – panicum minutulum gaudich. in freyc., voy. uranie (1829) 410. – isachne miliacea roth var. minutula (gaudich.) fosberg & sachet, micronesica 18 (1984) 55. – (type: gaudichaud s.n. (p, holo) (n.v.) panicum macilentum j. presl in c. presl, reliq. haenk. (1830) 310. – type: haenke s.n. (pr, holo), (n.v.) isachne geniculata griff., not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 41; icon. pl. asiat. (1851) t.139, f. 206. – panicum geniculatum drury, handb. ind. fl. 3 (1869) 584, non lam. (1798). – type: griffith 27 september 1835 (k, holo). (n.v.; k000245424). isachne stigmatosa griff., not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 42; icon. pl. asiat. (1851) t.148, f.2 – panicum stigmatosum drury, handb. ind. fl. 3 (1869) 585. – type: griffith 3 oct 1835 (k, holo), (n.v.; k000245425). isachne minutula (gaud.) kunth var. javanica buse in miq., pl. jungh. 3 (feb 1854) preprint: 39; (aug 1854) 379. – isachne miliacea roth var. javanica henrard, blumea 3 (1940) 465. – type: zollinger 271 (l!, holo). isachne conferta merr., philipp. j. sci. 9 (1914) 261. – type: bs 14914 (ramos) (pnh, lost; us). 168 reinwardtia [vol.12 (n.v.) isachne miliacea roth var. madurensis jansen, reinwardtia 2 (1953) 285. – type: backer 20102 (bo, holo). (n.v.) isachne miliacea roth var. ovalifolia jansen, reinwardtia 2 (1953) 285. – type: bs 46990 (ramos & edaño) (uc!, holo). isachne miliacea auct. non roth. plants perennial. culms loosely tufted or erect or geniculate, rooting in decumbent nodes, 0.05–0.45 m long, nodes pubescent (rarely glabrous), without annular glands below them, internodes 0.6–6.5 cm long. sheaths 0.4–1.75 cm long, glabrous to pubescent with bulbous hairs, margin pubescent. ligule setose, hairs 0.7–1.5 mm long. blades ovate-lanceolate to linear, 0.9– 3.5 cm by 2–5 mm wide, base narrowed and pectinate, scaberulous, glabrous to pubescent, 5nerved (rarely 3 or 7); margins not white, not undulate, scaberulous, not pectinate. panicle loosely contracted, 2.5–5 by 1–3 cm wide; branches 3–12, eglandular or glandular, smooth to scaberulous; lowermost branch 1–1.8 cm long, naked in the lowermost 0.05–0.17-th, with 2–5branches and 6–17 spikelets. pedicels smooth to scaberulous; of the lower spikelet eglandular or glandular, shorter to longer than the spikelet; of the upper spikelet glandular, longer than the spikelet. spikelets not secund, paired, not yawning, obovoid, 1.3–2 by 0.8–2 mm. lower glume elliptic, 1.4–1.9 by 0.7–0.9 mm, membranous, 7-nerved, glabrous, distally scaberulous, obtuse; upper glume obovate to rarely elliptic, 1.4–1.9 by 0.75–1.3 mm, membranous, 7–(9)-nerved, glabrous, distally scaberulous, obtuse. rhachilla between florets distinctly obdeltoid. lower floret flattened ellipsoid, male. lemma oblong, at anthesis longitudinally grooved, 1.25–2 by 0.8–0.85 mm, at anthesis membranous, glabrous, obtuse. palea oblong, 1.2–-1.85 by 0.5–0.75 mm, mem-branous, glabrous, obtuse. anthers 0.45–1.05 mm long. upper floret planoconvex, female. lemma elliptic, 0.9–1.4 by 0.65–1.05 mm, 0.45–1.1 times as long as the first lemma, at anthesis chartaceous, puberulous, obtuse. palea elliptic, 0.75–1.3 by 0.6–0.95 mm, chartaceous, puberulous, obtuse. distribution. india, sri lanka to vietnam, australia; malesia: sumatra (aceh, n. sumatra, w sumatra, bangka, enggano isl.), java, madura, kangean, bawean, borneo (sarawak), philippines (luzon, biliran, panay isl., guimaras isl., basilan isl., mindanao), n celebes, lesser sunda islands (sumba, alor, timor, tanimbar isl.), moluccas (buru, ambon). 1 mm fig.5. isachne minutula (gaudich.) kunth. spikelets. from j.v. santos 4635 (l) habitat. low wet areas, forested ridge, along the river, side of canal, marshy paddy field after harvest, swampy and muddy places, sawah dike, in occasionally flooded shallow ditch, edge and roadside, open and damp grassy places, on sandy soil with periodic flood, 10–400 m alt. collector’s notes. inflorescence green. note. this taxon was previously erroneously called i. miliacea or i. pulchella roth. 6. isachne pulchella roth – fig. 6. isachne pulchella roth in roem. & schult., syst. veg. 2 (1817) 476; nov. pl. sp. (1821) 58 – panicum pulchellum spreng., syst. veg. 1 (1824) 322, non raddi (1823). – panicum bellum steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (1854) 96 – sphaerocaryum pulchellum merr., philipp. j. sci. 11 (1916) 52, pro comb.; druce, bot. soc. exch. club brit. isles rep. 1916 (1917) 648; a. camus, fl. indo-chine 7 (1922) 514, isonyms. – steudelella pulchella honda, j. fac. sci. tokyo, bot. 3 (1930) 258, pro comb. – type: heyne s.n. (b!, holo), depicted by bor (1952: 321, t.). isachne dispar trin., sp. gram. 1 (1826) t. 86. – 2004] iskandar & veldkamp: a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne 169 panicum dispar trin. ex steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (1854) 96. – isachne meneritana poir. var. dispar f.n. williams, bull. herb. boissier ii, 4 (1904) 222. – isachne miliacea roth var. dispar hack. in schmidt, bot. tidsskr. 24 (1901), 96. – type: herb. trinius 678.1 (le, holo, microfiche idc bt-16 71-b5!). isachne heterantha hayata, icon. pl. formos. 7 (1918) 56, t. 28. – type: kawakami & shimada oct. 1913 no. 1 (not in ti, maybe in taif, holo). [panicum patens auct. non l.: roxb., fl. ind. 1 (1820) 308, non l. (1753)] – panicum aequatum nees ex steud., syn. pl. glumac. (1854) 98. – syntypes: 'ind. or., nepal' (p, n.v.) [see voucher herb. roxb. s.n.(bm), icon. ined. 803 (cal, k]. fig. 6. isachne pulchella roth. spikelets. from larsen & larsen 34511 (l) plants perennial or annual. culms tufted to loosely tufted, geniculate, rooting in decumbent nodes or straggling, 0.1–0.4 m long, nodes pubescent, with annular glands below them, internodes 1.4–4 cm long. sheaths 0.6–1.5 cm long, glabrous to pubescent with bulbous hairs, margin pubescent to pubescent with bulbous hairs. ligule setose, hairs 0.9–1.1 mm long. blades ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 1.2–3 cm by 3.5–11 mm, base cordate, clasping, pectinate, scaberulous, glabrous to pubescent with bulbous hairs, 7–(–9)nerved; margins white cartilaginous, undulate, scaberulous, not pectinate. panicle contracted to lax, 3–5 by 0.5– 3.2 cm; branches 7–18, glandular, smooth; lowermost branch 0.6–1.7 cm long, naked in the lowermost 0.02–0.08-th, with 2–4-branches and 6–13 spikelets. pedicels smooth; of the lower spikelet eglandular, shorter than the spikelet; of the upper spikelet glandular, longer than the spikelet. spikelets secund, paired to distally solitary, yawning at maturity, obovoid, 1.1–1.5 by 1–1.1 mm. lower glume elliptic, 1.2–1.3 by 0.7– 0.8 mm, membranous, 5-nerved (sometimes 7), glabrous, smooth, obtuse; upper glume obovate, 1.2–1.3 by 0.7–1 mm, membranous, 7-nerved, glabrous, smooth, obtuse. rhachilla between florets terete. lower floret flattened ellipsoid, male. lemma elliptic, at anthesis not longitudinally grooved, 1.2–1.5 by 0.6–0.75 mm, membranous, glabrous, obtuse. palea elliptic, 1.1– 1.3 by 0.6–0.7 mm, membranous, glabrous, obtuse. anthers 0.5–0.6 mm long. upper floret planoconvex, female. lemma obovate, 1.1–1.2 by 1–1.2 mm wide, 0.6–0.9 times as long as the first lemma, at anthesis chartaceous, puberulous, obtuse. palea obovate, 1–1.1 by 0.6–0.7 mm wide, chartaceous, puberulous. distribution. india, nepal to sw china, malesia: sumatra (w-, n, samosir isl., selayar isl.), w java, borneo (sabah, e. kalimantan), philippines (mindanao), s celebes. habitat. marshy places, on banks of ponds, tobacco fields, 0–1000 m alt. 1 mm collector’s notes. leaves slightly purplish underneath, anthers purple. notes. the combination isachne pulchella roth has generally been equated with sphaerocaryum malaccense (trin.) pilg., but the type, depicted by bor (1952) actually is what is known as isachne dispar trin., and being older must replace it. the taxon is easily recognised by the presence of an annular gland below the nodes, the blade with a cordate base, and white-cartilaginous and undulated margins. some authors have mentioned the presence of isachne polygonoides (lam.) döll in se asia, but their application appears to be heterogeneous. bentham (1849: 560) wrote: 'the timor plant, 170 reinwardtia [vol.12 which decaisne identified with lamarck's panicum polygonoides, is certainly this species'. we have not seen it. balansa [1880: 137] made the isonym isachne trachysperma (nees) balansa, i.e. nees (1857), which is a synonym of i. polygonoides. his collection (balansa 1675, l) belongs to i. globosa (thunb.) kuntze. hooker f. (1896: 25) has it in the synonymy of i. miliacea, which in the present paper is called i. minutula. being the oldest epithet a. camus (1922: 413) regarded i. polygonoides as the correct name for balansa's collection, but schmid (1958: 327) again used i. miliacea for it. keng's use of the combination (1959: 639, 648, t. 585) was a misapplication to specimens belonging to i. dispar according to chen (1990: 191), in the present paper replaced by i. pulchella. in fact the two are rather similar but differ: -. ligule hairs 1.5–2.5 mm long. spikelets not yawning at maturity, 1.25–1.75 mm wide. upper glume 1.6–2.2 mm long. – s america i. polygonoides -. ligule hairs 0.9–1.1 mm long. spikelets yawning at maturity, 1–1.1 mm wide. upper glume 1.2–1.3 mm long. – se asia i. pulchella 7. isachne polygonoides (lam.) döll. isachne polygonoides (lam.) döll in mart., fl. bras. 2, 2 (1877) 742. – panicum polygonoides lam., encycl. 4 (1798) 742. – type: leblond s.n. (p, holo, fragm. in us, idc microfiche 6207). panicum trachyspermum nees in mart., fl. bras. enum. pl. 2 (1829) 212. – isachne trachyspermum nees in seem., bot. voy. herald (1857) 224; balansa, j. bot. (morot) 4 (1890) 137, pro comb., isonym. – type: martius s.n. (m, holo; us, fragm.). distribution. america: s mexico to brazil, peru. 8. isachne villosa (hitchc.) reeder – fig. 7. isachne villosa (hitchc.) reeder, j. arnold arbor. 29 (1948) 314. – isachne brassii hitchc. var. villosa hitchc., brittonia 2 (1936) 123. – type: brass 4132 (us!, iso; a). 1 mm fig. 7. isachne villosa (hitchc.) reeder. spike-lets. from brass 12370 (l). plants perennial. culms tufted and erect, 0.1– 0.3 m long, nodes pubescent, without annular glands below them, internodes 0.8–6 cm long. sheaths 0.6–3 cm long, glabrous to pubescent with bulbous hairs, margin pubescent to pubescent with bulbous hairs. ligule setose, hairs 1.8–2 mm long. blades linear-lanceolate to linear, 1.3–5.5 cm by 2–8 mm, base narrowed and pectinate, scaberulous, pubescent to pubescent with bulbous hairs, 5-nerved; margins white cartilaginous, not undulate, scaberulous, not pectinate. panicle loosely contracted, 4.2–9 by 2– 4.2 cm; branches 8–18, eglandular, scaberulous; lowermost branch 1.2–4 cm long, naked in the lowermost 0.06–0.2-th, with 2–8-branches and 6– 39 spikelets. pedicels eglandular, scaberulous; of the lower spikelet shorter to longer than the spikelet; of the upper spikelet longer than the spikelet, scaberulous. spikelets not secund, paired to distally solitary, not yawning, obovoid, 1.25– 1.5 by 0.75–1 mm. lower glume elliptic, 1.35– 1.75 by 0.75–1 mm, membranous, 7-nerved, glabrous, smooth, obtuse; upper glume obovate, 2004] iskandar & veldkamp: a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne 171 1.25–1.6 by 0.65–0.8 mm, membranous, (5–)7nerved, glabrous, smooth, obtuse. rhachilla between florets terete. lower floret flattened ellipsoid, bisexual. lemma elliptic, at anthesis longitudinally grooved, 1.1–1.2 by 0.7–0.75 mm, at anthesis chartaceous, puberulous, obtuse. palea elliptic, 1–1.05 by 0.55–0.6 mm, chartaceous, puberulous, obtuse. anthers 0.55–0.75 mm long. upper floret planoconvex, bisexual. lemma elliptic, 0.9–1.1 by 0.6–0.75 mm, 0.6–1.1 times as long as the first lemma, at anthesis chartaceous, glabrous to puberulous, obtuse. palea elliptic, 0.75–0.8 by 0.4–0.65 mm, chartaceous, glabrous to puberulous, obtuse. anthers 0.5–0.6 mm long. distribution. malesia: new guinea: irian jaya (taritatu river), papua new guinea (morobe province, central province). habitat. cleared hill, on steep slopes of road cutting, open places, on sand on bed of small stream, on an open rock-slide, in ditch on roadside, open ridge top, 1500–2300 m alt. additional notes. jansen (1953) thought that isachne surgens jansen had heteromorphous florets, and would thus belong to 'eu-isachne'. there are indeed some spikelets with somewhat heteromorphous florets, but in the majority the main difference is caused by the pubescence, which makes them look more different than they really are. as there is only a brief original description, we include a more lengthy one here. 9. isachne surgens jansen – fig. 8. isachne surgens jansen, reinwardtia 2 (1953) 281. – type: bünnemeijer 11268 (bo, holo). plants perennial. culms tufted, geniculate, rooting in decumbent nodes, 0.25–0.4 m long, nodes glabrous, without annular glands below them, internodes 0.5–5 cm long. sheaths 0.8–1.5 cm long, glabrous, margin glabrous to pubescent with bulbous hairs. ligule setose, hairs 0.5–1.1 mm long. blades linear-lanceolate to linear, 1.5–4.5 cm by 2–4 mm, base narrowed, smooth, glabrous to puberulous above, pubescent underneath, 5nerved; margins white cartilaginous, not undulate, scaberulous, not pectinate. panicle loosely contracted, 3.5–5 by 1.5–2.5 cm; branches 3–9, eglandular, smooth; lowermost branch 1.6–2 cm long, naked in the lowermost 0.1–0.5-th, with 2branches and 3–5 spikelets. pedicels eglandular, smooth; of the lower spikelet shorter to longer than the spikelet; of the upper spikelet, longer than the spikelet. spikelets not secund, paired to distally solitary, not yawning, ellipsoid, 2.25–2.5 by 1.7–2 mm wide. lower glume oblong, 2.3–2.5 by 1–1.2 mm, membranous, 7-nerved, glabrous, smooth, obtuse; upper glume obovate to elliptic, 2–2.3 by 0.9–1.2 mm, membranous, 7-nerved, glabrous, smooth, obtuse. rhachilla between florets not distinctly developed. lower floret flattened ellipsoid, bisexual. lemma oblong, at anthesis longitudinally grooved, 2–2.2 by 0.9–1.1 mm, at anthesis chartaceous, glabrous, obtuse. palea oblong, 1.8–2.1 by 0.8–0.9 mm, chartaceous, glabrous, obtuse. anthers 0.75–1 mm long. upper floret planoconvex, bisexual. lemma elliptic, 1.7–2 by 1–1.1 mm, 0.8–1 times as long as the first lemma, at anthesis chartaceous, puberulous, obtuse. palea oblong, 1.6–2 by 0.75– 0.9 mm, chartaceous, puberulous, obtuse. anthers 0.7–0.8 mm long. 1 mm fig. 8. isachne surgens jansen . spikelets. from bűnnemeijer 12207 (l) distribution. malesia: celebes (mt. bonthain). habitat. not recorded, 2750 m alt., probably in subalpine scrub. 172 reinwardtia [vol.12 nomina dubia 1. panicum batavicum steud. panicum batavicum steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (1854) 96. –isachne javana nees ex miq., fl. ned. ind. 3 (1857) 462, nom. superfl. –type: 'java'. miquel cited junghuhn s.n. (not found in l). the holotype presumably is in p. 2. isachne subglobosa hatus. & t. koyama isachne subglobosa hatus. & t. koyama, j. jap. bot. 31 (1956) 237, t. 1c, -d. – type: amano 7531 (ti, holo). note. this species was described from the ryukyus. koyama (1976) extended its distribution to south china, 'malaysia', and india. however, in 1987 (p. 136) he claimed that it was an endemic species of the ryukyus. as we have not seen the type nor any other voucher, we exclude it here, but provisionally have accepted it in the appendix. index to specimen examined bra: isachne brassii hitchc. dia: isachne diabolica ohwi glo: isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze lan: isachne langkawiensis jansen min: isachne minutula kunth pul: isachne pulchella roth sur: isachne surgens jansen vil: isachne villosa (hitchc.) reeder amdjah 18: glo – asdat 133: glo. backer 4382: glo; 5877: glo; 7021: glo; 7933: min; 12010: min; 12188: glo; 20190: min; 22088: glo; 27057: min; 36831: glo; 36940: glo; 37082: glo – bakhuizen van den brink 99: glo; 772: min; 2651: min; 3141: glo; 5163: glo; 5418: pul – balansa 1081: glo; 1620: glo; 1672: glo; 1674: glo; 1675: glo; 1676: min; 1677: min; 18 sept. 1883: glo; 11 sept. 1885: glo; 21 sept. 1886: glo – beccari 601: min – blake 4515: glo; 14466: glo; 14466: glo; 22898: glo – bor 17835: glo – borssum waalkes 689: glo – brass 1018: bra; 4132: vil; 7364: bra; 7602: glo; 8239: glo; 12370: vil; 12475: vil; 14055: bra – brooke 9675: glo – brown 6129: glo – bs 560 (piper): min; 1654 (robinson): min; 12230 (ramos): (glo); 18690 (mcgregor): min; 46990 (ramos & edaño): min – bsip 19288 (leach): glo – buwalda 3044: min; 3262: min; 4191: min; 4192: min; 4498: min; 5794: bra; 8002: glo; 8036: glo – bw 7358 (versteegh): glo – bünnemeijer 1569: glo; 1753: glo; 3264: min; 6833: glo; 7395: pul; 8739: dia; 12207: sur. carr 14271: vil; 14565: vil – ccc 10304 (mcclure): glo – clemens 4860: vil; 9302: vil; 21318: min; 21318: pul; 51042: pul – coert 507: min; 1707: glo – comanov 1027: glo – conn 4330: glo – cuming 2288: glo. d’alleizette april 1908: glo – danser 6464: glo – darbyshire & hoogland 7950: min – davidse 7491: glo; 7590: glo; 7808: glo; 7821: glo; 8569: glo; 8925: glo – de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 12622: min; 19787: min. erlanson 5190: glo – eyma 1265: pul; 3464: glo; 4004: glo; 4046: glo. fosberg 37253: glo; 37826: glo; 37991: glo – funke oct. 1915: glo gjellerup 33: bra – goetghebeur & vyverman 6697: glo – gould 13207: glo – griffith 6571: glo. hallier 623: glo – henderson 22903: glo – hennipman 6162: pul – heyne 1814: glo – hohenacker 202: min – hoogland & pullen 5358: vil – hume 7359: glo. kjellberg 420: min. jaag 990: min – jarisse 15523-24: min – johansson, nybom & rieke 345: bra kawakami & shimada oct. 1913: pul – kfn 19812 (ibrahim): glo – klu 14348 (stone): lan; 1787 (chin): lan – koelz 26505: glo – koorders 19792 glo; 19796 min; 23066 min; 40585 glo – kostermans 28550: glo – k’tung 6411: glo. lae 4724 (womersley): vil; 56736 (kerenga & landsberg): glo – lam 1057: bra – larsen & larsen 34511: glo; et al. 32168: glo – latz 6277: min – lazarides 8132: glo; 8137: glo; 8815: min; 9202: min –leefman 165: min – lörzing 6543: glo; 7296: min; 12657: pul; 12918: min; 15509: glo – lutjeharms 3820: min; 5260: min – lwin 257: glo. mason 9628: glo; 9832: glo – maxwell 77-28: glo; 81218: glo; 85-1164: glo; 86-773: glo; 86-878: glo – mckee 7903: glo; 9954: glo – meijer (& kern) 1161: glo; 5743: min; 5978: min; 6017: glo; 11118: glo – merrill 609/8049: min – monod de froideville 820: glo; 821: glo; 1877: min – murata et al. b 127: pul; b 4546: glo; t-15885: glo. nedi (& idjan) 14: glo; 395: min – ngf 16021 (van royen): vil; 38855 (henty & streimann): glo – niyomdham & sriboonma 1530: glo – nsm 382 (ohwi): glo – nsw 891 (coveny): glo; 3554 (coveny): glo. ophof (& de wit) 4016: glo. philipson 10290: glo – pierrot 246: glo – pnh 9402 (paniza): min; 11041 (edaño): min – polak 6: glo – pullen 1759: glo. rachmat 563: glo – raynal 16811: min – robbins 174: glo – roxb. s.n. (bm 000812641): pul – 2004] iskandar & veldkamp: a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne 173 rutten-kooistra 50: glo. santos 4476: min; 4635: min; 4904: pul; 5141: min; 6624: pul; 6636: pul; 8148: min – seimund 7 jan. 1921: glo – sf 4664 (burkill): glo; 29913 (corner): glo; 37843 (corner): lan; 37845 (corner): lan; 37959 (nauen): lan; 37983 (corner): glo – shah 19: glo – sibuea 5960: glo – sieber agrostotheca 68: glo. tanaka & shimada 11101: glo – thomsen 632: bra – ting & shih 943: glo – tsang 30620: glo. van ooststroom 13781: glo; 13931: glo – van steenis 18092: glo – veldkamp 7158: pul – verheijen 4466: min – versteegh 1620: bra – van daalen (pringgo atmodjo) 384: glo. walker et al. 5772: glo – wallich cat. 8656d: glo – winkler (hubert) 3373: pul – womersley, hoogland & taylor 4921: vil. zollinger 271: min. appendix: a nomenclatural survey of isachne the only global survey of the species of isachne is by steudel (1854) with a major one for india by prakash & jain (1987). additional names were extracted from the index kewensis (cd-rom, vs. 2.0, 1997) and ipni on the internet. local treatments were consulted but no recent ones are present for madagascar and réunion. because of the lack of general information distributions can only be given roughly. this resulted in the following lists of 95 apparently accepted names and of 83 synonymous ones, and 11 uncertain ones. one comb. nov., and 2 nom. nov. are made. this rough survey shows the presence of 23 species in malesia (jansen msc.), 30 in india [prakash & jain (1984) 7, plus i. henryi, and i. jayachandranii later described], 4 in sri lanka [davidse (1994) 264], 15 in indochina [schmid (1958) 326, and another 3 unidentified], 16 in china [chen (1991) 176], 5 in japan and the ryukyu isl. [ohwi (1965) 186; walker (1976) 203], 4 in australia and new zealand, 7 in the w pacific (various sources), 2 in hawai'i [o'connor, (1990) 1554], 6 in continental tropical west to east africa (various sources), 2 (8?) in madagascar, 2 (4?) in réunion, 2 in mauritius, 12 in the americas [soreng & pennington (2003) 273]. there appear to be none in europe. accepted names isachne albens trin., sp. gram. 1 (1826) t. 85. – bhutan, sikkim, n india to se china, malesia (sumatra, malay pen., sabah, new guinea). isachne albomarginata jansen, reinwardtia 2 (1953) 279. – malesia (sabah, celebes, new guinea). isachne angladei c.e.c. fisher, bull. misc. inform. (1932) 323. – india (tamil nadu). isachne angolensis rendle in hiern, cat. afr. pl. 2 (1899) 166. – africa: angola to nigeria. isachne angustifolia nash, bull. torrey bot. club 30 (1903) 377.– porto rico, guadalupe. isachne arfakensis ohwi, bot. mag. (tokyo) 56 (1942) 4. – new guinea. isachne arundinacea (sw.) griseb., fl. brit. w. i. (1864) 553. – jamaica, mexico to bolivia, venezuela. isachne ascendens swallen, j. wash. acad. sci. 26 (1936) 537. – vietnam. isachne beneckei hack., oesterr. bot. z. 51 (1901) 459. – indochina to china to disjunct in malesia (java, flores, lombok, timor, luzon). isachne bicolor v.n. naik & b.w. patunkar, bull. bot. surv. india 15 (1976, '1973') 157. – india (maharashtra). isachne borii hemadri, indian forester 97 (1971) 223. – india (maharashtra). isachne bourneorum c.e.c. fischer, bull. misc. inform. (1932) 324. – india (kerala, tamil nadu). isachne brassii hitchc., proc. linn. soc. new south wales 54 (1929) 146. – new guinea. isachne buettneri hack. in buettn., verh. bot. vereins prov. brandenburg 31 (1889) 69. – africa (w africa to angola, zambia). isachne carolinensis ohwi, bot. mag. (tokyo) 55 (1941) 540. – pacific (ponape). isachne chevalieri a. camus, bull. mus. hist. nat. (paris) 25 (1919) 367. – vietnam. isachne ciliatiflora keng ex keng f., acta phytotax. sin. 10 (1965) 13. – china. isachne clarkei hook. f., fl. brit. india 7 (1896) 24. – india (meghalaya, nagaland). nb: sikkim plants belong to i. albens. isachne clementis merr., j. straits branch roy. asiat. soc. 76 (1917). – borneo. isachne cochinchinensis balansa, j. bot. (morot) 4 (1890)137. – vietnam. isachne comata munro ex hackel in hook., icon. pl. 19 (1889) t. 1866. – pacific (vanuatu: aneitum). isachne confusa ohwi, bull. tokyo sci. mus. 18 (1947) 14. – burma to the carolines, australia, widespread in malesia. isachne deccanensis bor, kew bull. (4) (1949) 95. – india (tamil nadu). isachne diabolica ohwi, bull. tokyo sci. mus. 18 (1947) 14. – malesia (w sumatra). isachne dimyloides bor, kew bull. (4) (1949) 96. – sikkim. isachne dioica swallen, j. wash. acad. sci. 26 (1936) 537. – vietnam. isachne disperma (lam.) döll in mart., fl. bras. 2, 2 (1877) 274. – lesser antilles. isachne distichophylla munro [in h. mann, j. bot. 7 (1896) 178, nom. nud.] ex hillebr., fl. hawaiian isl. (1888) 504. – hawai'i. isachne eberhardtii a. camus, bull. mus. hist. nat. (paris) 25 (1919) 671. – vietnam. 174 reinwardtia [vol.12 isachne elegans dalzell in dalzell & a. gibson, bombay fl. (1861) 291; in hook. f., fl. brit. india 7 (1897) 23. – india (w ghats). isachne fischeri bor, kew bull. (4) (1949) 69. – india (kerala). isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze, revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 778. – bhutan, india, sri lanka to japan, new zealand. isachne goiasensis renvoize, kew bull. 42 (1987) 928. – brazil. isachne gossweileri stapf & c.e. hubb., bull. misc. inform. (1933) 301. – africa (angola). isachne gracilis c.e. hubb., bull. misc. inform. (1927) 77. – india (madhya pradesh, maharashtra, karnataka). isachne guangxiensis w.z. fang, acta phytotax. sin. 22 (1984) 306.– china. isachne guineensis stapf & c.e. hubb., bull. misc. inform. (1933) 302. – africa (guinea). isachne hainanensis keng f., acta phytotax. sin. 10 (1965) 23. – china. isachne henryi s.r. srinivasan & p.v. sreekumar, j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 84 (1988, '1988') 647. – india (kerala). isachne himalaica hook. f., fl. brit. india 7 (1896) 23. – n india, nepal, pakistan, afghanistan. isachne hoi keng f., acta phytotax. sin. 10 (1965) 11. – china (guangdong, zhejiang). isachne homonyma veldk., nom. nov. – isachne angusta stapf, bull. misc. inform. (1920) 28, non t. durand & schinz (1894). – réunion. isachne incrassata merr., philipp. j. sci. 5 (1910) 168. – malesia (philippines); doubtfully distinct from i. myosotis. isachne jayachandranii r. gopalan & v. chandrasekaran, kew bull. 55 (2000) 1005. – india (kerala). isachne kinabaluensis merr., j. straits branch roy. asiat. soc. 76 (1917) 77. – india (meghalaya), burma, to malesia (sumatra, malay penins., borneo). isachne kunthiana (wight & arn. ex steud.) nees ex miq., fl. ned. ind. 3 (1857) 460. – sri lanka, s india, to s china, taiwan, solomons. isachne kiyalaensis (vanderyst) robyns, bull. jard. bot. état. 9 (1932) 199. – africa (zaïre). isachne langkawiensis jansen, reinwardtia 2 (1953) 284. – malesia (langkawi isl.). isachne leersioides griseb., mem. amer. acad. arts n.s. 8 (1863) 533. – cuba. isachne ligulata swallen, caldasia 2 (1943) 305. – colombia, venezuela to s peru. isachne lisboae hook. f., fl. brit. india 7 (1896) 22. – india (maharashtra, karnataka). isachne lutchuensis hatus. & t. koyama, j. jap. bot. 31 (1956) 235. – ryukyu isl. isachne mauritiana kunth, révis. gramin. 1 (1830) 243, t. 33. – africa, madagascar, mauritius. isachne meeboldii c.e.c. fisch., bull. misc. inform. (1932) 323. – india (karnataka). isachne minutula (gaudich.) kunth, révis. gram. 2 (1831) 407, t. 117. – sri lanka to pacific (carolines). isachne multiflora (thwaites) ferguson, j. roy. as. soc., ceylon branch 6 (1880) 69; trimen, syst. cat. fl. pl. ceylon (1885) 104, isonym. – sri lanka. isachne muscicola a. camus, bull. soc. bot. france 104 (1947) 41. – madagascar. isachne myosotis nees in hook. in hooker's j. bot. kew gard. misc. 2 (1850) 98. – indochina to s china, ryukyu isl., malesia (lesser sunda isl., sabah, philippines, moluccas, new guinea), possibly native in australia. isachne mysorensis sundararagh., indian forester 97 (1971) 304. – india (karnataka). isachne nipponensis ohwi, acta phytotax. geobot. 4 (1935) 30. – korea, japan, china. isachne obtecta reeder, j. arnold arbor. 29 (1948) 313. – new guinea. isachne oreades (domin) bor, grasses burma, etc. (1960) 582. –india (tamil nadu). isachne pallens hillebr., fl. hawaiian isl. (1888) 504. – hawai'i. isachne pangerangensis zoll. & moritzi in moritzi, syst. verz. (1845) 102. – malesia (sumatra to flores, n borneo, luzon, mindoro). isachne petelotii a. camus, bull. soc. bot. france 75 (1928) 553. – vietnam. isachne polygonoides döll in mart., fl. bras. 2, 2 (1877) 273. – w indies, panama to brazil. isachne ponapensis hosok., trans. nat. hist. soc. formosa 24 (1934) 200. – pacific (ponape). isachne puberula bor, dansk bot. ark. 68 (1965) 147. – thailand. isachne pubescens swallen, contr. us natl. herb. 29 (1950) 426. – c america. isachne pulchella roth in roem. & schult., syst. veg. 2 (1817) 476; roth, nov. pl. sp. (1821) 58. – india, nicobars, malesia (widespread), to s china. isachne pygmaea griseb., fl. brit. w. i. (1864) 558. – jamaica. isachne rigens trin., gram. panic. (1826) 252. – jamaica, ecuador to venezuela. isachne rigidifolia (poir.) urb., symb. antill. 4 (1903) 85. – w indies. isachne salzmannii (trin. ex steud.) renvoize, kew bull. 39 (1984) 184.– brazil. isachne saxicola ridl., fl. malay penins. 5 (1925) 237. – malay penins. isachne scabrosa hook. f., fl. brit. india 7 (1896) 23. – india (meghalaya). isachne setosa c.e.c. fisch., bull. misc. inform. (1932) 247. – india (karnataka, kerala, tamil nadu). isachne sharpii b.k. simon (ined.) australia (queensland). isachne sikkimensis bor, kew bull. (4) (1949) 115. – bhutan, nepal, sikkim, india (w bengal). 2004] iskandar & veldkamp: a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne 175 isachne smitinandiana a. camus, notul. syst. (paris) 14 (1953) 256. – thailand. isachne stenantha (steud.) veldk., comb. nov. – panicum stenanthum steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (1854) 96, with isachne angusta nees in syn. – isachne angusta nees ex t. durand & schinz, consp. fl. afric. 5 (1894) 739, nom. superfl. – madagascar. isachne stricta elmer, leafl. philipp. bot. 2 (1908) 463. – celebes, philippines, n guinea. isachne subglobosa hatus. & t. koyama, j. jap. bot. 31 (1956) 237. – ryukyu isl. isachne surgens jansen, reinwardtia 2 (1953) 281. – malesia (sw celebes). isachne swaminathanii v. prakash & s.k. jain, proc. indian acad. sci., pl. sci. 92 (1983) 19. – india (maharashtra). isachne tenuis keng ex keng f., acta phytotax. sin. 10 (1965) 15.– china. isachne trachycaula ohwi, bull. tokyo sci. mus. 18 (1947) 14. – malesia (n sumatra). isachne truncata a. camus, notul. syst. (paris) 2 (1912) 205. – vietnam, china. isachne vaughanii c.e. hubb., bull. misc. inform. (1927) 360. – mauritius. isachne veldkampii k.g. bhat & c.r. nagendran, curr. sci. 52 (1983) 258. – india (karnataka). isachne venusta veldk., nom. nov. – isachne elegans cordem., fl. réunion (1895) 115, non dalzell (1861). –réunion. isachne villosa (hitchc.) reeder, j. arnold arbor. 29 (1948) 314. – new guinea. isachne vitiensis rendle, j. linn. soc., bot. 39 (1909) 181. – pacific (fiji). isachne walkeri arn. ex steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (1854) 97. – sri lanka, india (kerala, tamil nadu). synonyms isachne adstans miq., fl. ned. ind. 3 (1857) 461. = isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze. isachne aethiopica stapf & c. e. hubb., bull. misc. inform. (1933) 300. = isachne mauritiana kunth. isachne angusta nees ex t. durand & schinz, consp. fl. afric. 5 (1894) 739, nom. superfl. = isachne stenantha (steud.) veldk. isachne apoensis elmer, leafl. philipp. bot. 7 (1915) 2676. = isachne albens trin. isachne arisanensis hayata, icon. pl. formos. 6, suppl. 96 (1917); icon. pl. formos. 7 (1918) 57. = isachne albens trin. isachne atrovirens (trin.) trin., gram. panic. (1826) 251. = isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze. isachne australis r. br., prodr. 1 (1810) 196. = isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze. isachne biflora (lam.) cordem., fl. réunion (1895) 115; kuntze, rev. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 778, isonym. = panicum brevifolium l. isachne bomoensis vanderyst, bull. agric. congo belge 16 (1925) 689. = isachne buettneri hack. isachne brachyglumis hochst. ex hook. f., fl. brit. india 7 (1896) 271 = coelachne infirma buse. isachne brixhei vanderyst, bull. agric. congo belge 16 (1925) 688 ('brixhii'). = isachne buettneri hack. isachne caespitosa backer, teysmannia 25 (1914) 212. = isachne beneckei hack. isachne caillei a. chév., rev. int. bot. appl. agric. trop. 14 (1934) 41. = isachne kiyalaensis (vanderyst) robyns. isachne chinensis merr., philipp. j. sci., bot. 12 (1917) 102. = isachne truncata a. camus. isachne commelinifolia warb. in feddes repert. spec. nov. regni veg. 16 (1920) 352. = isachne myosotis nees. isachne conferta merr., philipp. j. sci., bot. 9 (1914) 261. = isachne minutula (gaudich.) kunth. isachne debilis rendle in forbes & hemsl., j. linn. soc., bot. 36 (1904) 322. = isachne myosotis nees. isachne depauperata merr., enum. philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 58. = isachne myosotis nees. isachne dispar trin., sp. gram. 1 (1826) t. 86. = isachne pulchella roth. isachne dubia kunth, révis. gram. 1 (1829) 42, nom. superfl. = isachne disperma (lam.) döll. isachne elatior hook. f., fl. brit. india 7 (1896) 22. = isachne kunthiana (wight & arn. ex steud.) nees ex miq. isachne elatiuscula ohwi, bot. mag. (tokyo) 56 (1942) 5. = isachne albens trin. isachne elegans cordem., fl. réunion (1895) 115, non dalzell (1861). = isachne venusta veldk. isachne fauriei ohwi, bot. mag. (tokyo) 45 (1931) 386. = panicum sarmentosum roxb. isachne filifolia franch., bull. soc. hist. nat. autun 8 (1895) 340. –= panicum brazzavillense franch. isachne firmula buse in miq., pl. jungh. 3 (feb 1854) preprint: 39; (aug 1854) 379. = isachne pangerangensis zoll. & moritzi. isachne gardneri (thwaites) benth. in benth. & hook. f., gen. pl. 3 (1883) 1100. = panicum gardneri thwaites. isachne geniculata griff., not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 41. = isachne minutula (gaudich.) kunth. isachne glaucescens (kunth) pittier, bol. técn. minist. agric. 1 (1937) 49 = isachne arundinacea (sw.) griseb. isachne grisea k. schum. in k. schum. & lauterb. nachtr. fl. deutsch. sudsee (1905) 57. = isachne myosotis nees. isachne hackelii lindm., kongl. svenska vetenskapsakad. handl. 34, 6 (1900) 11, t. 5. = poidium poimorphum (j. presl) matthei. isachne heterantha hayata, icon. pl. formos. 6, suppl. (1917) 96; icon. pl. formos. 7 (1918) 56. = 176 reinwardtia [vol.12 isachne pulchella roth. isachne hirsuta (hook. f.) keng f., acta phytotax. sin. 10 (1965) 11. = isachne albens trin. isachne hispidula nees ex steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (1854) 96 = coelachne infirma buse. isachne jardinii (steud.) t. durand & schinz, consp. fl. afric. 5 (1894) 739 ('jardini') = cyrtococcum chaetophorum (roem. & schult.) dandy. isachne javana nees ex miq., fl. ned. ind. 3 (1857) 462, nom. superfl. = isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze. isachne kidumaensis vanderyst, bull. agric. congo belge 9 (1918) 247, nom. prov.; 16 (1925) 689; fide compère, bull. jard. bot. état 33 (1963) 389. = panicum nervatum (franch.) stapf. isachne kingundaensis vanderyst, bull. agric. congo belge 9 (1918) 247; 16 (1925) 689; fide compère, bull. jard. bot. état 33 (1963) 389. = cyrtococcum chaetophoron (roem. & schult.) dandy. isachne kinshasaensis vanderyst, bull. agric. congo belge 16 (1925) 689, nomen. = panicum brazzavillense franch. isachne lamarckii kunth, révis. gramin. 1 (1829) 42 = panicum brevifolium l. isachne lepidota walp., ann. bot. syst. 1 (1849) 924 = isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze. isachne lutaria santos, j. wash. acad. sci. 33 (1943) 140. = isachne pulchella roth. isachne magna merr., philipp. j. sci. 5 (1910) 327. = isachne albens trin. isachne margaritifera chiov., nuov. giorn. bot. ital., n.s. 26 (1919) 65. = panicum margaritiferum (chiov.) robyns. isachne mayocoensis vanderyst, bull. agric. congo belge 9 (1918) 248, nom. prov.; 16 (1925) 689 ('mayokoensis'). = panicum trichoides sw. isachne meneritana poir. in lam., encycl., suppl. 3 (1813) 185 = isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze. isachne metzii hochst. ex hook. f., fl. brit. india 7 (1896) 21 = isachne kunthiana (wight & arn. ex steud.) nees ex miq. isachne micrantha merr., philipp. j. sci. 5 (1910) 168. = isachne myosotis nees. isachne miliacea roth in roem. & schult., syst. veg. 2 (1817) 476; roth, nov. pl. sp. (1821) 58, generally misapplied to i. minutula = isachne globosa (thunb.) kuntze. isachne montana backer, teysmannia 25 (1914) 298. = isachne beneckei hack. isachne monticola buse in miq., pl. jungh. 3 (feb 1854) preprint: 39; (aug 1854) 379. = isachne pangerangensis zoll. & moritzi. isachne mortehanii vanderyst, bull. agric. congo belg. 16 (1925) 688 ('mortehani'). = isachne buettneri hack. isachne muricata nees ex steud., nomencl. bot., ed. 2, 1 (1840) 823 = cyrtococcum patens (l.) a. camus. isachne neesiana arn. ex steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (1854) 96, nom. nud. = isachne kunthiana (wight & arn. ex steud.) nees ex miq. isachne nervata franch., bull. soc. hist. nat. autun 8 (1895) 340 = panicum nervatum (franch.) stapf. isachne nilagirica hochst. ex benth. in benth. & hook. f., gen. pl. 3 (1883) 1100, nom. nud. = isachne walkeri arn. ex steud. isachne nodibarbata (hochst. ex steud.) henrard, blumea 3 (1940) 464. = isachne pulchella roth. isachne obscurans woodrow, gard. chron. iii, 23 (1898) 161. = panicum hippothrix k. schum. isachne panicea trin., gram. panic. (1826) 253, nom. superfl. = isachne arundinacea (sw.) griseb. isachne pauciflora hack., publ. gov. lab. philipp. 35 ('1905', 1906) 80. = isachne myosotis nees. isachne poimorpha (j. presl) mez ex henrard, meded. rijksherb. 40 (1921) 73, in syn. ('poaemorpha'. –poidium poimorphum (j. presl) matthei. isachne perpusilla wight & arn. in wight, cat. indian pl. (1836) 121, nom. nud.; steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (1854) 96, see sub panicum perpusillum, combination not made. = coelachne perpusilla (arn. ex steud.) thwaites. isachne pilulifera (nees ex steud.) henrard, blumea 3 (1940) 471 = isachne confusa ohwi. isachne purpurascens glassm., bernice p. bishop mus. bull. 209 (1952) 130. = isachne confusa ohwi. isachne pynaertii vanderyst, bull. agric. congo belge 16 (1925) 688. ('pynaerti'). = isachne buettneri hack. isachne refracta hook. f., j. linn. soc., bot. 7 (1864) 227. = panicum hochstetteri steud. isachne repens keng, sunyatsenia 1 (1933) 129. = isachne kunthiana (wight & arn. ex steud.) nees ex miq. isachne rhabdina (steud.) henrard, blumea 4 (1941) 530 [or i. pangerangensis zoll. & moritzi var. rhabdina (steud.) henrard, nom. altern., both valid], ohwi, bull. tokyo sci. mus. 18 (1947) 1, isonym. = isachne pangerangensis zoll. & moritzi. isachne rhignon (steud.) ohwi, bot. mag. (tokyo) 55 (1941) 541. = isachne pangerangensis zoll. & moritzi. isachne rigida nees ex miq., fl. ned. ind. 3 (1857) 461. = isachne pangerangensis zoll. & moritzi. isachne sapinii vanderyst, bull. agric. congo belge 16 (1925) 688 ('sapini'). = panicum strictissimum afzel. ex sw. isachne scandens c.e. hubb., kew bull. (4) (1949) 360. = isachne buettneri hack. isachne schmidtii hack., bot. tidsskr. 24 (1901) 97. = isachne kunthiana (wight & arn. ex steud.) nees ex miq. isachne semitalis ridl., fl. malay penins. 5 (1925) 2004] iskandar & veldkamp: a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne 177 237. = isachne kunthiana (wight & arn. ex steud.) nees ex miq. isachne stigmatosa griff., not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 42. = isachne minutula (gaudich.) kunth. isachne streptostachys nees ex steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (1853) 79, nom. inval. = streptostachys asperifolia desv. isachne sylvestris ridl., j. straits branch roy. asiat. soc. 44 (1905) 206. = isachne albens trin. isachne trachysperma (nees) nees ex seem., bot. voy. herald (1857) 224; balansa, j. bot. (morot) 4 (1890) 137, isonym, pro comb. = isachne polygonoides (lam.) döll. isachne tricarinata roth in roem. & schult., syst. veg. 2 (1817) 476; roth, nov. pl. sp. (1821) 57 = panicum brevifolium l. isachne trochainii a. camus, bull. mus. hist. nat. (paris) ii, 5 (1933) 250. = panicum lindleyanum nees ex steud. isachne ventricosa döll in mart., fl. bras. 2, 2 (1877) 274. = isachne salzmannii (trin. ex steud.) renvoize. isachne virgata nees ex steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (1854) 96, in syn. sub panicum rhabdinum = isachne pangerangensis zoll. & moritzi. isachne vulcanica merr., philipp. j. sci. 5 (1910) 169. = isachne clementis merr. isachne wombaliensis vanderyst, bull. agric. congo belge 16 (1925) 688. = panicum nervatum (franch.) stapf. nomina nuda dubia vel inquirenda isachne altissima debeaux, actes soc. linn. bordeaux 30 (1875) 122. –china. not in fl. china. identity unknown, perhaps not an isachne. isachne bennae jacq.-fél., inst. rech. agron. trop. bull. sci. 1 (1962) 263, t. 195, presumably from tropical africa, seems to be a nomen nudum. isachne cambodiensis ohwi, acta phytotax. geobot. 22 (1967) 138. –cambodia. there is no second opinion on this name. isachne glaziovii hack. mss., fide potztal, bot. jahrb. syst. 75 (1952) 555, 568. nom. nud., voucher urban 74400 (b). isachne goyazensis hack. mss., fide potztal, bot. jahrb. syst. 75 (1952) 555, 568. nom. nud., voucher urban 22533 (b). isachne prostrata hort. berol. ex steud., syn. pl. glumac. 1 (1854) 95, nom. in synon. sub panicum horticolum steud. = quid? for réunion there is no second opinion since cordemoy (1895, n.v.) and for madagascar there is only a partial treatment by bosser (1969). the identities of the following taxa therefore need confirmation: isachne cernua cordem., fl. réunion (1895) 115. – réunion. isachne ciliaris boivin ex a. camus, bull. soc. bot. france 73 (1926) 917. – madagascar. isachne hirtissima a. camus, bull. soc. bot. france 73 (1926) 916. – madagascar. isachne humbertiana a. camus, bull. soc. bot. france 99 (1952) 142. – madagascar. isachne humicola a. camus, bull. soc. bot. france 96 (1949) 52. – madagascar. isachne laevis boivin ex a. camus, bull. soc. bot. france 73 (1926) 917. – madagascar. isachne longifolia cordem., fl. réunion (1895) 115. – réunion. isachne perrieri a. camus, bull. soc. bot. france 72 (1925) 306. – madagascar. acknowledgements the present study was based mainly on the collections available in l we are most grateful for loans from b, bm, bo, k, ld, ti, uc, and us. the drawings were prepared by the first author. references balansa, b. 1890. catalogue des graminées de l'indo-chine française. j. bot. 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(gramineae) of china. acta phytotax. sin. 10: 6–24. keng, y.-l. 1959. flora illustrata plantarum primarum sinicarum. gramineae: 639, 648, t. 585. science press, beijing. koyama, t. 1976. gramineae (poaceae), in e. walker, e. 1976. flora of okinawa and the southern ryukyu islands: 203–204. smithsonian institution press, washington (dc). koyama, t. 1987. grasses of japan and its neighboring regions:12, 136. kodansha, tokyo. kunth, c.s. 1829–1831. révision des graminées, etc. 2: 42, 243, 407, t. 117. gide fils, paris. kunth, c.s. 1833. enumeratio plantarum 1: 136– 137. cottae, stuttgart, tübingen. linnaeus, c. 1747. flora zeylanica:18. salvius, stockholm. linnaeus, c. 1753. species plantarum. salvius, stockholm. metcalfe, c.r. 1960. anatomy of the monocotyledons, i. gramineae:257–262. clarendon press, oxford. o'connor, p.j. 1990. poaceae, in w.l. wagner, et al., manual of the flowering plants of hawai'i 2. bishop mus. sp. publ. 83: 1554–1556. ohwi, j. 1965. flora of japan: 186–187. smithsonian institution, washington. pilger, r. 1940. gramineae iii. unterfamilie panicoideae. in a. engler & k. prantl, nat. pfl.-fam., ed. 2, 14e: 85–88. engelmann, leipzig. pilger, r. 1954. das system der gramineae (excl. bambusoideae). bot. jahrb. syst. 76: 365–366. post, t. von, & o. kuntze 1903 ('1904'). lexicon generum phanerogamarum:301. deutsche verlags-anstalt, stuttgart. potztal, e. 1952. über die blattanatomie der isachneae. bot. jahrb. syst. 75 (1952) 551– 569. prakash, v. & s.k. jain. 1984. poaceae: tribe – isachneae. fasc. fl. india 14: 7–37. prakash, v. & s.k. jain. 1987. on the phytogeography of the tribe isachneae (poaceae). j. indian soc. bot. 66: 107–115. roemer, j.j. & j.a. schultes. 1817. systema vegetabilium 2: 475–476. j.g. cotta, stuttgart. roth, a.w. 1821. novae plantarum species: 58–59. vogler, halberstad. schmid, m. 1958. flore agrostologique de l'indochine. agron. trop. (nogent-sur-marne) 13: 326–331. soreng, r.j. & s.j. pennington. 2003. catalogue of new world grasses (poaceae): iii. subfamilies panicoideae, aristidoideae, arundinoideae, and danthonioideae. contr. us natl. herb. 46: 273. sprengel, k. 1824. systema vegetabilium 1: 314, 321, 322. dieterich, göttingen. stapf, o. 1917. gramineae. in d. prain, flora of tropical africa 9: 13, 16. reeve & co, brook nr. ashford. stapf, o. & c.e. hubbard. 1934. gramineae. in d. prain. flora of tropical africa 9: 1091. reeve & co, brook nr. ashford. steudel, e.g. 1840. nomenclator botanicus, ed. 2, 1: 823. collae, stuttgart, tübingen. steudel, e.g. 1853–1854. synopsis plantarum glumacearum. pars i. gramineae: 38, 79, 94— 98. metzler, stuttgart. tateoka, t. 1957. notes on some grasses. vi. –9. coelachne and sphaerocaryum. bot. mag. (tokyo) 70: 119–121. thunberg, c.p. (may–june) 1784-a. in a. murray, systema vegetabilium, ed. 14: 109. dieterich, göttingen. thunberg, p. (aug) 1784-b. flora japonica: 49. j.g. müller, leipzig. trimen, h. 1885. notes on the flora of ceylon. j. bot. 23: 271. 2004] iskandar & veldkamp: a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne 179 trinius, c.b. 1826. de graminibus paniceis. dissertatio botanica altera: 1–289. acad. imp. . sci., st. petersburg. trinius, c.b. 1827. species graminum iconibus et descriptionibus: t. 85, 86. academia imperialis scientiarum, st. pétersburg. instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034-365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 2. 2004 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. kedrostis medik. (cucurbitaceae) in asia .'. 129 j.f. veldkamp. miscellaneous notes on mainly southeast asian gramineae... 135 pitra akhriadi, hernawati and rusjditamin. a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from sumatra 141 kuswata kartawinata, ismayadi samsoedin, m. heriyanto and j.j. afriastini. a tree species inventory in a one-hectare plot at the batang gadis national park, north sumatra, indonesia .. 145 e.a.p. iskandar & j.f. veldkamp. a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne (gramineae, panicoideae, is.ach.neae) ' 159 johanis p. mogea. four new species pf arenga (palmae) from indonesia 181 j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for pyrrosia hastata ching (polypodiaceae, pteridophyta) ..... 191 tri mulyaningsih & colin ernest ridsdale. an additional species of villaria rolfe {rubiaceae') from the philippines 195 elizabeth a. widjaja, inggit pudji astuti & ida bagus ketut arinasa. new species of bamboos (poaceae-bambusoideae) from bali 199 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia covd 64-132-1-sm a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne (gramineae, pan e.a.p. iskandar & j.f. veldkamp1) isachne r. br. covbel reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010 re in w ar dt ia 13 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, november 2, 2010 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedy darnaedi tukirin partomihardjo joeni setijo rahajoe teguh triono marlina ardiyani eizi suzuki jun wen managing editors elizabeth a. widjaja himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirat hidayat ilustrators subari wahyu santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers r. abdulhadi, sandy atkins, julie f. barcelona, todd j. barkman, nico cellinese, mark coode, gudrun kadereit, rogier de kock, n. fukuoka, kuswata kartawinata, ary p. keim, p. j. a. kessler, a. latiff–mohamad, m. a. rifai, rugayah, h. soedjito, t. setyawati, d. g. stone, wayne takeuchi, benito c. tan, j. f. veldkamp, p. van welzen, h. wiriadinata, rui-liang zhu. correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 2, pp: 107 − 123 107 bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia received february 2, 2010; accepted may 4, 2010 robbert gradstein institute of plant sciences, university of göttingen, untere karspüle 2, 37073 göttingen, germany. e-mail: sgradst@gwdg.de yong kien–thai institute of biological sciences, faculty of science, university of malaya, 50603 kuala lumpur, malaysia monica suleiman institute for tropical biology and conservation, university of malaysia sabah, malaysia afiatri putrika biology department, faculty of mathematics and science, university indonesia, kampus ui depok, indonesia dian apriani faculty of mathematics and natural science, bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia eny yuniati biology department, faculty of mathematics and science, university of tadulako, jl. sukarno hata, palu 94118, indonesia fadzilah ag. kanak institute for tropical biology and conservation, university of malaysia sabah, malaysia fuad bahrul ulum biology department, faculty of mathematics and science, university of jember, jl. kalimantan, kampus tegalboto, jember 68121, indonesia indah wahyuni faculty of mathematics and natural science, bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia kanjana wongkuna department of biology, faculty of science, chiang mai university, chiang mai, thailand lesley c. lubos liceo de cagayan university, rn pelaez blvd, kauswagan, cagayan de oro city, philippines luong thien tam department of ecology and evolutionary biology, faculty of biology, vietnam national university, ho chi minh city, vietnam mika rizki puspaningrum faculty of earth science and technology, bandung institute of technology, jl. ganesha no. 10, bandung 40132, indonesia mohd rawiyani pg. hj. serudin biology department, faculty of science, universitas brunei darussalam, tungku link, gadong be1410, brunei darussalam musyarofah zuhri cibodas botanical garden, indonesian institute of sciences, jl. kebun raya cibodas, sindanglaya, cianjur 43253, indonesia ng aik min national university of singapore, singapore 119260 reinwardtia 108 [vol.13 nurlisma junita faculty of mathematics and natural science, bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia nursahara pasaribu biology department, university of north sumatera, jl. bioteknologi no. 1, medan, indonesia soonthree kornochalert department of biology, faculty of science, chiang mai university, chiang mai, thailand abstract gradstein, r. et al. 2010. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(2): 107–123. ⎯ this paper presents the results of a two–day survey of the bryophyte flora of mt. patuha and its surroundings near bandung, west java, carried out in the framework of the 5th regional training course on bryophyte and lichen diversity and conservation organized by seameo biotrop, bogor, in july 2009. a total of 159 bryophyte species were identified, including 98 mosses, 60 liverworts, and 1 hornwort, representing almost 1/6 of the total bryophyte flora of java. three moss species, bryohumbertia subcomosa (dix.) j.–p. frahm, fissidens gymnogynus besch. and f. polypodioides hedw., and one liverwort, lejeunea pectinella mizut., are new additions to the javanese flora. the bryophyte diversity of mt. patuha is well representative of the malesian flora and is rich in uncommon species. however, the relatively poor representation of shade epiphytes and commonness of sun epiphytes and generalists reflect disturbance of the forest by anthropogenic activities. careful attention should be given to conservation of the remaining natural forest in order to prevent further losses of the rich bryophyte diversity of the area. keywords: bryophytes, mount patuha, flora diversity. abstrak gradstein, r. et al. 2010. briofita dari gunung patuha, jawa barat, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(2): 107–123. ⎯ makalah ini merupakan hasil survai 2 hari flora briofita di gunung patuha dan sekitarnya dekat bandung, jawa barat, yang dilakukan dalam rancangan kerja pelatihan regional ke–5 keanekaragaman briofita dan lichen dan konservasinya yang dikelola oleh seameo biotrop, bogor, pada bulan juli 2009. sejumlah 159 jenis briofita diidentifikasi termasuk 98 lumut, 60 lumut hati dan 1 hornwort, yang mewakili hampir 1/6 dari jumlah briofita di jawa. tiga jenis lumut, yaitu, bryohumbertia subcomosa (dix.) j.–p. frahm, fissidens gymnogynus besch. dan f. polypodioides hedw., and 1 lumut hati, lejeunea pectinella mizut., merupakan tambahan pada flora di jawa. keanekaragaman briofita di g. patuha sangat baik mewakili flora briofita di malesia dan sangat kaya pada jenis–jenis yang tidak umum. tetapi, relatif sedikit yang mewakili epifit di daerah yang terlindung dan sangat umum pada epifit di daerah terbuka, dan dapat menggambarkan adanya kerusakan hutan oleh aktifitas manusia. perhatian yang hati–hati sebaiknya diberikan pada konservasi hutan alam yang tersisa untuk mencegah lebih jauh hilangnya keanekaragaman briofita di daerah tersebut. kata kunci: briofita, gunung patuha, keanekaragaman flora covered mostly by secondary vegetation. previous disturbances, possibly forest fire (judging from the dense thickets of bracken fern surrounding the crater lake) and human encroachment, have severely altered the vegetation. the natural vegetation, occurring in scattered patches along the road to the crater lake between 1600–2100 m, is tropical montane rainforest. at about 1600 m, where the road begins, a substantial area has been cleared many years back for eucalyptus tree plantation, while land below this elevation has been largely converted into tea plantations and small strawberry farms. the first botanist who visited mt. patuha is probably francisco de noroña, a spanish botanist. in the years 1786–1787 he visited and collected plant materials from many places nearby bogor and bandung, including the surroundings of mt. patuha (van steenis–kruseman, 1950; van steenis, 1972). unfortunately, his collections could not be located introduction mount patuha (2434 m; 7°09’s 107°24’e) is a twin stratovolcano mountain located approximately 35 km southwest of bandung in west java, indonesia. the summit contains two volcanic craters about 600 m apart. the northwest crater, near the highest point of the mountain, is dry but the southeast crater is filled with water, forming a greenish–white lake known as “kawah putih” (white crater). mt. patuha represents a relatively stable volcanic system with no historical volcanic eruption recorded (neumann van padang, 1951). the crater lake contains highly acidic water, and the place has been the source of sulphur extraction for many years (de jongh, 1925; sriwana et al., 2000). now, the lake has turned into a famous tourist spot and is loaded with visitors during weekends and holidays. the area surrounding and below the crater is 2010] 109 gradstein et al.: bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia after he passed away one year later, leaving an unpublished manuscript with a set of drawings of the plants collected during his java trip (van steenis, 1972). in the 19th century, the mountain has been frequently visited by botanists, such as c.l. blume, f.w. junghuhn, p.w. korthals, c.g.c. reinwardt, and o. warburg, to name a few (van steenis– kruseman, 1950). many of the early collections are cited in revisionary studies of specific plant groups or in the flora of java published at that time. in the first half of the 20th century, c.g.g.j. van steenis visited mt. patuha and recorded flowering plant species found in the area and nearby mountains in his monumental “the mountain flora of java” (van steenis, 1972). more recently, little botanical work has been done in the area; the area has occasionally been visited by graduate students and researchers from the nearby institutions in bandung but publications are lacking (wiriadinata, pers. com.). there are no publications dealing with the bryophyte flora of mt. patuha. during the 5th regional training course on bryophyte and lichen diversity and conservation organized by seameo biotrop, bogor, 14–23 july 2009, participants of the workshop spent two days (17–18 july 2009) collecting in the area of mount patuha and its surroundings. the program of the first day included a visit to the crater lake and collecting along the road to the crater. vegetation types surveyed included natural to disturbed montane rainforest, tree plantations, and roadside or cut slope vegetation. the second day was spent surveying the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, another well–known tourist site located at the north –west slope of mt. patuha, and a small patch of disturbed montane forest along the river at the southeastern side of the lake. the two–day survey yielded nearly 500 bryophyte specimens, from an elevation range of 1500–2100 m. all specimens were identified and the results are presented and discussed in this paper. results and discussion a total of 159 bryophyte species were identified, including 98 species (and one variety) of mosses (bryophyta s. str.), 60 of liverworts (marchantiophyta), and 1 of hornworts (anthocerotophyta). these figures represent almost 1/6 of the total bryophyte flora of java, which consists of about 600 species of mosses (fleischer, 1904–1923) and ca. 570 species of liverworts and hornworts (söderström et al., in press). three moss species reported here, bryohumbertia subcomosa (dix.) j.– p. frahm, fissidens gymnogynus besch., and f. polypodioides hedw., and the liverwort lejeunea pectinella mizut. are new additions to the javanese flora. identification of the liverworts was somewhat handicapped by the lack of a comprehensive flora. the preliminary identification manual for liverworts and hornworts of java (gradstein, 2009) still lacked keys to some important genera and therefore not all species could be identified with certainty to species level. like in other mountain regions of malesia (e.g., tan, 1982; frahm et al., 1990; suleiman & edwards, 2002; damanhuri et al., 2005; tan et al., 2006; sporn et al., 2009; gradstein & culmsee, 2010), the bryophyte flora of mt. patuha is well represented by members of the liverwort family lejeuneaceae (18 species in 12 genera) and the moss families dicranaceae (13 species in 8 genera) and hookeriaceae s.l. (including pilotrichaceae and daltoniaceae; 11 species in 7 genera) (table 1). the bryophyte diversity of the mountain is well representative of the malesian flora, with many of its species occurring widespread from sumatra to new guinea, and some extending to india and the pacific region or even further into other portions of the tropics. no local endemics has been observed but several uncommon malesian bryophyte species were recorded such as the mosses chaetomitrium ciliatum bosch & sande lac., cyclodictyon blumeanum (müll. hal.) kuntze, hampeella pallens (sande lac.) m. fleisch., pseudohypnella verrucosa (dozy & molk.) m. fleisch., sclerodontium pallidum subsp. celebesiae (broth.) h.a. crum, and thamnobryum ellipticum (bosch & sande lac.) nieuwl., and the liverworts acrolejeunea arcuata (nees) grolle & gradst., herbertus armitanus (steph.) h.a. mill., lejeunea pectinella mizut. and plagiochilion braunianum (nees) s. hatt. the rather high number of uncommon bryophyte species collected on mt. patuha demonstrates the importance of this mountain as a habitat for cryptogamic species. some taxa that are common in other malesian mountain areas at similar elevations, however, were not detected or only poorly represented in our collections from mt. patuha. among mosses, these include the large genera acroporium (only 4 species collected), distichophyllum (only 1 species and 1 variety), and syrrhopodon (only 1 species represented here), among liverworts the genera herbertus (only 1 species, found only once), lepidozia (only 1 species), schistochila (only 1 species), and thysananthus (no species). the absence of typical montane forest species such as hypnodendron dendroides (brid.) touw, leucobryum javense (brid.) mitt., trismegistia calderensis (sull.) broth., and many members of sematophyllaceae and lepi reinwardtia 110 [vol.13 families genera species liverworts and hornworts adelanthaceae 3 3 aneuraceae 1 2 anthocerotaceae 1 1 calypogeiaceae 1 1 cephaloziaceae 1 1 fossombroniaceae 1 1 frullaniaceae 1 7 geocalycaceae 1 1 herbertaceae 1 1 jungermanniaceae 2 2 lejeuneaceae 12 18 lepidoziaceae 2 3 lophocoleaceae 2 5 marchantiaceae 2 2 mastigophoraceae 1 1 metzgeriaceae 1 1 pallaviciniaceae 1 1 plagiochilaceae 2 6 radulaceae 1 1 scapaniaceae 1 1 schistochilaceae 1 1 trichocoleaceae 1 1 total 39 61 mosses bartramiaceae 2 3 brachytheciaceae 2 2 bruchiaceae 1 1 bryaceae 4 4 buxbaumiaceae 1 1 calymperaceae 2 2 cryphaeaceae 1 1 dicranaceae 8 13 fissidentaceae 1 9 funariaceae 1 1 hookeriaceae 7 11 hypnaceae 3 6 hypnodendraceae 1 1 hypopterygiaceae 2 2 leucobryaceae 1 1+1 var. meteoriaceae 5 5 mniaceae 1 1 neckeraceae 2 2 orthotrichaceae 1 5 polytrichaceae 1 2 pottiaceae 3 3 pterobryaceae 3 3 ptychomniaceae 2 2 racopilaceae 1 1 rhizogoniaceae 1 2 sematophyllaceae 6 9 trachypodiaceae 2 3 thuidiaceae 1 2 total 66 98 + 1 var. table 1. summary of the bryophytes collected on mount patuha and its surrounding area. 2010] 111 gradstein et al.: bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia doziaceae from mt. patuha is possibly due to the lack of extensive covers of dense, moist forest in study area. many of the poorly represented groups are characteristic desiccation–intolerant shade epiphytes of the understory and lower canopy of the moist montane forests of malesia. on the other hand, we found many desiccation–tolerant species growing abundantly in the surveyed forest sites, e.g. the mosses brachymenium nepalense hook., ectropothecium buitenzorgii (bél.) mitt., pogonatum neesii (müll. hal.) dozy, and sematophyllum subpinnatum (brid.) e. britton, and various species of frullania and lopholejeunea. these species are characteristic sun–epiphytes or generalists of the forest, which become more widespread when the forest canopy is disrupted and when microclimatic conditions become dryer (gradstein, 1992; gradstein & sporn, 2009). a high number of bryophyte species listed here were collected in roadside vegetation shaded by forest trees, or in tea–bushes planted at the fringe of the remaining forest patches. further away from the forest, bryophyte diversity was generally much decreased, for example near the guest houses far away from the nearest forest. it thus appears that the remaining natural forest patches may have functioned as the mother stock for many of the bryophyte species encountered in this trip. in brief, anthropogenic activities seem to have played an intensive role in shaping the current vegetation of the mount patuha area. careful attention should be given to the conservation of the remaining indigenous forest in order to prevent further losses of the rich bryophyte diversity of the mountain. although the present study was not a comprehensive one, we believe that the results of the two– day survey reflect the richness of the bryophyte diversity of mt. patuha and its surroundings. the list may serve as a contribution to a future checklist of the bryophyte flora of the mountain, which is still lacking, and to a monitoring of the changes of the cryptogamic flora of the area over time. species list collection information together with the names of the collectors and specimen numbers are given for all listed taxa. synonyms used in older important floristic works on the bryophyte flora of java (e.g., fleischer, 1904–1923) are given in parentheses after the currently recognized name. notes on important morphological features, distribution, or taxonomic status of selected species are also given. specimens have been deposited in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) and the herbarium of biotrop (biot). species new to java are marked with an asterisk (*). liverworts and hornworts adelanthaceae denotarisia linguifolia (de not.) grolle common on soil over rock along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 16. a beautiful, large solenostoma–like plant with rose colour, densely imbricate leaves and characteristic dark triangular marks in the trigones of the leaf cells. jamesoniella flexicaulis (nees) schiffn. on bark of trees along the road to crater, 2050 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 5, 20. syzygiella subintegerrima (nees) spruce on palm trunk along the road to crater, 2050 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 7. aneuraceae riccardia parvula schiffn. on soil in disturbed forest adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, mika rizki puspa ningrum 11. riccardia sp. on soil in disturbed forest adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, mika rizki puspaningrum 12. anthocerotaceae phaeoceros laevis (l.) prosk. on soil in tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, mika rizki puspaningrum 13. this hornwort species is recognized by the yellow spores, the 2–3–celled, thin–walled elaters with rudimentary spiral bands, and the rather fleshy thallus with ± entire margins and without internal cavities. this is the only species of phaeoceros known from indonesia (hasegawa, 1984; gradstein, 2009) and the only hornwort that we recorded during this survey. calypogeiaceae calypogeia cf. goebelii (schiffn.) schiffn. on soil in disturbed forest adjacent to situ reinwardtia 112 [vol.13 frullania gracilis (reinw. et al.) dumort. on bark of trees at car park at the entrance of road to crater, 1600 m, robbert gradstein 12165. frullania grandistipula lindenb. on bark in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 10; soonthree kornochalert 1411. frullania neurota taylor on bark of trees at car park at the entrance of road to crater, 1600 m, robbert gradstein 12168. frullania ornithocephala (reinw. et al.) nees on bark of trees at car park at the entrance of road to crater, 1600 m, robbert gradstein 12167. frullania riojaneirensis (raddi) spruce on bark of trees at car park at the entrance of road to crater, 1600 m, robbert gradstein 12164. geocalycaceae notoscyphus lutescens (lehm. & lindenb.) mitt. on rock along the road to crater, near crater entrance, 2100 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 2. an attractive, bluish–green, small solenostoma–like plant with small bifid underleaves, a striate– papillose leaf cuticle and large, brown, bone–shaped oil bodies. the family placement of the plant has been problematical but the marsupium, the succubous leaves, the rough cuticle and the rhizoids in tufts from underleaves suggest that it belongs in the family geocalycaceae. the species characteristically grows in thin mats in shaded places along road sides, on thin soil over rock, at higher elevation. herbertaceae herbertus armitanus (steph.) h.a. mill. on palm trunk along the road to crater, 2050 m, robbert gradstein 12172. characteristic of this rather rare herbertus species is the long ciliate leaf tip made up, at least in part, of rectangular cells. in the related, more common h. dicranus the leaf tip is shorter and made up of quadrate cells (juslén, 2006). jungermanniaceae solenostoma haskarlianum (nees) schust. ex váňa & long (syn. jungermannia hasskarliana (nees) mitt.) (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, eny yuniati 2. according to grolle (1977) and piippo (1984) the oil bodies in this species are blue; however, in our material they were colourless. in other respects, however, the material seems to fit the description of c. goebelii. cephaloziaceae cephalozia hamatiloba steph. on soil in disturbed forest adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, mika rizki puspaningrum 12. the plants were sterile and very similar to the common, northern hemispheric c. bicuspidata (l.) dumort., which is not known from java. the latter species can only be separated from c. hamatiloba by characters of the fertile plant. fossombroniaceae fossombronia japonica schiffn. on naked soil of steep earth bank at car park adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, mika rizki puspaningrum 10; robbert gradstein 12162. the genus fossombronia is from java by two species (krayesky et al., 2005) and has been little studied. characteristic of f. japonica schiffn. are the somewhat toothed leaf margins, the deeply violet– purple rhizoids, the reticulate spore surface and the elaters, which are very scarce and possess only 0–1 spiral band. formerly, this species was reported from java as f. cristula austin (piippo, 1991) but according to krayesky et al. (2005) the latter species is endemic to north america and does not occur in asia. fossombronia japonica is characteristic of naked soil in gardens and plantations, and of earth banks in cultivated areas. frullaniaceae frullania apiculata (reinw. et al.) dumort. on bark of trees at car park at the entrance of road to crater, 1600 m, robbert gradstein 12166. the rather smooth–barked tree trunks along the road and in the disturbed, open forest near the entrance of the road to the crater of mt patuha, at the car park, were densely covered by large mats of frullania, easily recognized from a distance by the dark reddish to purple colour. we collected no less than 6 different frullania species in this location. frullania arecae (spreng.) gottsche on bark of trees at car park at the entrance of road to crater, 1600 m, robbert gradstein 12163; soonthree kornochalert 1410. 2010] 113 gradstein et al.: bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia on soil over rock in the crater, 2100 m, mika rizki puspaningrum 11. solenostoma has often been treated as a subgenus of jungermannia, but has recently been reinstated as a separate genus based on the results of molecular analysis. solenostoma tetragonum (lindenb.) schust. ex váňa & long (syn. jungermannia tetragona lindenb.) on soil over rock in the crater, 2100 m, mika rizki puspaningrum 3, 6. the scattered occurrence of one single, large oil body in selected leaf cells (most cells are without oil body) is a very characteristic feature of living material of this plant. lejeuneaceae acrolejeunea arcuata (nees) grolle & gradst. on bark of tree along the road to crater, 2000 m, soonthree kornochalert 1408. a rare malesian species occurring at higher elevations, from 1500–3500 m (gradstein, 1975). cheilolejeunea trifaria (reinw. et al.) mizut. on bark of trees along the road to crater, 2000– 2100 m (voucher lacking). cololejeunea haskarliana (lehm. & lindenb.) steph. on living leaf in disturbed forest adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, mika rizki puspaningrum 8. drepanolejeunea cf. ternatensis (gottsche) steph. ex schiffn. on bark of trees along the road to crater, 2000 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 15, 18. harpalejeunea filicuspis (steph.) mizut. on twigs of tea plants at the edge of tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 20, mika rizki puspaningrum 9. lejeunea flava (sw.) nees on bark of trees along the road to crater, 2000– 2100 m (voucher lacking). lejeunea cf. anisophylla mont. on living leaves in tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, robbert gradstein 12170, det. lee gaik ee. the material is rather poorly developed and the identification therefore remains uncertain. lejeunea anisophylla mont. is a very common and widespread species in tropical asia but has surprisingly not yet been recorded from java. *lejeunea pectinella mizut. on bark of trees along the road to crater, 2000 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 8, 13, det. lee gaik ee. this rare species, previously known from sabah, is new to the flora of java. it is related to lejeunea discreta lindenb., a species widespread in southeast asia, but differs by the very broad, reniform underleaves, the strongly involute free margin of the lobule, and the crenulate leaf margins. leptolejeunea foliicola steph. on living leaves in tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, robbert gradstein 12171. leucolejeunea xanthocarpa (lehm. & lindenb.) a. evans on bark of trees along the road to crater and on twigs of tea plants at the edge of tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500–2100 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 24. lopholejeunea applanata (reinw. et al.) schiffn. on twigs of tea plants at the edge of tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, soonthree kornochalert 1415. the genus lopholejeunea, easily recognized by the usually black colour of the plants, was very diverse in the mt. patuha area and we collected no less than 5 different species. the asiatic species of this genus were recently monographed by zhu & gradstein (2005). lopholejeunea ceylanica steph. on bark of tree in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, soonthree kornochalert 1405. lopholejeunea eulopha (taylor) schiffn. on twigs of tea plants at the edge of tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 25; soonthree kornochalert 1418. lopholejeunea subfusca (nees) schiffn. on bark of trees along the road to crater and on twigs of tea plants at the edge of tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500–2100 m, soonthree kornochalert 1400, 1416. lopholejeunea zollingeri (steph.) schiffn. on bark of trees at car park at the entrance of road to crater, 1600 m, robbert gradstein 12169; soonthree kornochalert 1413. metalejeunea cucullata (reinw. et al.) grolle on bark of trees along the road to crater, 2000– 2100 m (voucher lacking). reinwardtia 114 [vol.13 marchantiaceae dumortiera hirsuta (sw.) nees on wet soil along river adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, fuad bahrul ulum 10. marchantia sp. on soil in tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, mika rizki puspaningrum 14. the plants were sterile and could therefore not be identified. mastigophoraceae mastigophora diclados (brid. ex f. weber) nees on palm trunk along the road to crater, 2050 m, eny yuniati 10. metzgeriaceae metzgeria crassipilis (lindb.) a. evans on bark of trees in montane forest along the road to crater and twigs of tea plants at the edge of tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 –2100 m, fuad bahrul ulum 8; mika rizki puspaningrum 15. pallaviciniaceae symphyogynopsis gottscheana (mont. & nees) grolle on moist soil in disturbed forest adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 22. plagiochilaceae plagiochila fusca sande lac. on palm trunk along the road to crater, 2050 m (voucher lacking). plagiochila junghuhniana sande lac. on bark in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 12. plagiochila salacensis gottsche on bark in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m (voucher lacking). plagiochila sciophila nees on bark in montane forest along the road to craptychanthus striatus (lehm. & lindenb.) nees on bark of trees at car park at the entrance of road to crater, 1600 m, soonthree kornochalert 1414. spruceanthus semirepandus (nees) verd. on bark of tea plants in tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, mika rizki puspaningrum 5; soonthree kornochalert 1417. lepidoziaceae bazzania intermedia (lindenb. & gottsche) trevis. on bark in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 6; mika rizki puspaningrum 4. bazzania tridens (reinw. et al.) trevis. on bark in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 20. lepidozia wallichiana gottsche on rotten log in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 11. lophocoleaceae chiloscyphus ciliolatus (nees) j.j. engel & r.m. schust. on rotten log in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, nursahara pasaribu 289. chiloscyphus muricatus (lehm.) j.j. engel & r.m. schust. on tree base in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m (voucher lacking). a unique feature of this minute chiloscyphus species are the numerous sharp teeth covering the whole surface of the leaf. the species is widespread in the southern hemisphere. heteroscyphus argutus (nees) schiffn. on rotten log in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 14. heteroscyphus aselliformis (reinw. et al.) schiffn. on bark of trees in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 26. heteroscyphus coalitus (hook.) schiffn. on rotten log in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 23; mika rizki puspaningrum 2. 2010] 115 gradstein et al.: bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia ter, 2000–2100 m, mika rizki puspaningrum 1; nursahara pasaribu 290. plagiochilion braunianum (nees) s. hatt. on palm trunk in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 3. a rather rare species, collected in java only a few times. the species is easily separated from the much more common plagiochilion oppositum by the entire leaves (sharply toothed in p. oppositum) (inoue, 1984). plagiochilion oppositum (reinw. et al.) s. hatt. on bark in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 5, mika rizki puspaningrum 7. radulaceae radula javanica gottsche on bark of trees along the road to crater and on twigs of tea plants at the edge of tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500–2100 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 21. scapaniaceae scapania javanica gottsche on rock along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 26. schistochilaceae schistochila sciurea (nees) schiffn. on rotten log in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 17. trichocoleaceae trichocolea tomentella (ehrh.) dumort. on rotten log in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, afiatri putrika & dian apriana 4. mosses bartramiaceae breutelia arundinifolia (duby) m. fleisch. on cut slope and soil bank by roadside, along the road to crater, 2000 m, luong thien tam & ng aik min 32. philonotis hastata (duby) wijk & margad. [syn. p. evaninervis m. fleisch., p. laxissima (müll. hall.) bosch & sande lac.] common, on ground in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, luong thien tam & ng aik min 77. philonotis secunda (dozy & molk.) bosch & sande lac. common, on ground in the tea plantation adjacent to situ patenggang lake, 1500 m, kanjana wongkuna 1958. brachytheciaceae platyhypnidium muelleri (a. jaeger) m. fleisch. on wet rock along river adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, yong kien–thai 7613, 7615. a species that grows in habitats which occasionally submerged by water. the plant can be recognized by its imbricate branch leaves and ovate to orbicular leaves with broadly acute apex and consistently serrulate margin. rhynchostegium celebicum (sande lac.) a. jaeger on rock in montane forest along the road to the crater, 2000 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 10. bruchiaceae trematodon longicollis michx. [syn. t. acutus müll. hal., t. paucifolius müll. hal.] on soil bank of disturbed area, vicinity of situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, yong kien–thai 7616. bryaceae brachymenium nepalense hook. common, epiphytic on tree ferns, stems and branches of shrubs and roadside trees, along the road to crater, and in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, from 1500–2000 m, indah wahyuni 17; kanjana wongkuna 1925; lesley c. lubos 291, 292, 317. orthodontium infractum dozy & molk. on tree trunks in a shaded ravine, about 1 km from the crater of mt. patuha, 2000 m, kanjana wongkuna 1948; lesley c. lubos 295, 299; monica suleiman 4161; yong kien–thai 7572. the plant was discovered in a large population, occupying an area from the base to about human breast height of a big tree (diameter at breast height about 50 cm), and reinwardtia 116 [vol.13 lesley c. lubos 314; mohd. rawiyani 1; yong kien –thai 7562. this new record, more commonly known as b. walkeri (mitt.) j.–p. frahm, is a pantropic moss species that common to high elevation area, especially in slightly disturbed forest of the malesian region (frahm, 1989); thus discovery of this species in java was to be expected. the genus bryohumbertia is separated from its closely related genus, campylopus by its straight and long seta about 2–3 cm tall. campylopus aureus bosch & sande lac. on ground and soil bank by roadside, along the trail to the summit of mt. patuha, 2100 m, lesley c. lubos 310, 311, 330. campylopus comosus (schwägr.) bosch & sande lac. [syn. c. caudatus (müll. hal.) mont.] common, on ground and soil bank by roadside, along the road to crater, 2000 m, kanjana wongkuna 1938. campylopus sp. on rock by roadside, along the road to crater, 2000 m, indah wahyuni 11; musyarofah zuhri 11. campylopus umbellatus (schwägr. & gaudich. ex arn.) paris [syn. c. blumii (dozy & molk.) bosch & sande lac.] common, on rock, ground and soil bank by roadside, along the road to crater and in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 –2000 m, indah wahyuni 1, 23; musyarofah zuhri 10. dicranella coarctata (müll. hal.) bosch & sande lac. on root stumps and soil bank, abundant in the disturbed forest surrounding the crater, from 2000– 2100 m, musyarofah zuhri 9. dicranodontium sp. on root stumps and soil bank, abundant in the disturbed forest surrounding the crater, from 2000– 2100 m, indah wahyuni 6; musyarofah zuhri 18. dicranoloma braunii (müll. hal.) paris on trunks and branches of roadside and forest trees, along the road to crater, 2000 m, lesley c. lubos 296; monica suleiman 4154, 4162; nurlisma junita 2, 6. dicranoloma brevisetum (dozy & molk.) paris on tree trunks, in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, indah wahyuni 04; monica all plants were with sporophytes. pohlia flexuosa harv. [syn. p. hampeana broth., p. leucostoma (bosch & sande lac.) m. fleisch.] on soil, along the road to crater and in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 –1700 m, indah wahyuni 9; kanjana wongkuna 1954. rosulabryum billarderi (schwägr.) j.r. spence [syn. bryum ramosum (hook.) mitt.] on ground in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, indah wahyuni 24. buxbaumiaceae diphyscium longifolium griff. [syn. d. rupestre dozy & molk.] on rock in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, indah wahyuni 13; kanjana wongkuna 1950; lesley c. lubos 313; musyarofah zuhri 13. calymperaceae exostratum blumii (nees ex hampe) l.t. ellis [syn. exodictyon blumii (nees ex hampe) m. fleisch.] on tree base in disturbed forest adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, luong thien tam & ng aik min 84. syrrhopodon tjibodensis m. fleisch. on fallen branch in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 25. cryphaeaceae schoenobryum concavifolium (griff.) gangulee [syn. acrocryphaea concavifolia (griff.) bosch & sande lac.] common in open area, on tea branches on trunks of big trees planted in tea plantation in rancabali, 1700 m, monica suleiman 4189; yong kien–thai 7576. dicranaceae *bryohumbertia subcomosa (dix.) j.–p. frahm on rotten logs, root stumps, forest floor, especially abundant in the disturbed forest surrounding the crater of mt. patuha, from 2000–2200 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 21; kanjana wongkuna 1926, 1937; 2010] 117 gradstein et al.: bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia suleiman 4158, 4167; musyarofah zuhri 8. dicranoloma sp. on trunks and tree branches, in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, lesley c. lubos 329; monica suleiman 4160; nurlisma junita 9. holomitrium vaginatum (hook.) brid. [syn. h. javanicum dozy & molk.] on fallen branch of tall tree that grows in a disturbed forest patch adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, yong kien–thai 7591. when dry, the plant has a potiaceous outlook with strongly curved and inrolled branch leaves. it can be recognized by its dicranaceous alar cells that are hyaline or orange in colour. the commonly present filiform propagules at upper leaves is a useful character to recognize this plant. microdus miquelianus (mont.) besch. on ground in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, yong kien–thai 7597. sclerodontium pallidum subsp. celebesiae (broth.) h.a. crum [syn. leucoloma celebesiae broth., l. javanicum broth. ex fleisch., l. uncinatum fleisch.] on soil bank by roadside, along the road to crater, 2000 m, nurlisma junita 1, 3; yong kien–thai 7546. the plant can be recognized by its numerous branches that appeared subsecund to secund branches when dry, branch leaves lanceolate and bordered by a slender limbidium all around the leaf margin. in addition to this, the laminal cells are distinctly coronate–papillose. the above characters suggest a close relationship of this plant with the genus leucoloma, although the often branched stems are not common in latter genus. this geographical subspecies has only been reported from java, sulawesi and lombok; whereas subspecies pallidum has a wider distribution range, known from australasia, pacific islands to near antartic region (kerguelen islands) (crum, 1986). fissidentaceae fissidens bryoides var. schmidii (müll. hal.) r.s. chopra & s.s. kumar [syn. f. schmidii müll. hal.] on soil bank by roadside, along the road to crater, 2000 m, kanjana wongkuna 1935. fissidens ceylonensis dozy & molk. common, on soil bank and cut slope by roadside, along the road to crater, 2000–2000 m, indah wahyuni 10, 12; kanjana wongkuna 1947; musyarofah zuhri 1. fissidens crenulatus müll. hal. on rotten branch at a secondary forest adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 28. fissidens geppii m. fleisch. on soil bank in full shade, in montane forest along the road to crater and a disturbed forest patch adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500–2000 m, indah wahyuni 21; kanjana wongkuna 1965; musyarofah zuhri 2; yong kien–thai 7608. *fissidens gymnogynus besch. on soil bank in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, kanjana wongkuna 1960. this newly recorded species was formerly known from east asiatic countries, with its southernmost extension to thailand and the philippines; the current finding further expands its distributional range and represents the southern most location of this plant. the plant can be recognized by its distinctly crisped branch leaves (when dry) with costa ceased short distant below the leaf tips, and distinctly mammillose lamina cells. fissidens javanicus dozy & molk. on wet soil bank by a fast flowing stream that flows into situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, kanjana wongkuna 1959. fissidens nobilis griff. on wet soil bank by a fast flowing stream that flows into situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, indah wahyuni 22; kanjana wongkuna 1972; musyarofah zuhri 3. *fissidens polypodioides hedw. (syn. f. areolatus griff.) on wet soil bank by a fast flowing stream that flows into situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, kanjana wongkuna 1966. this new species to java is a large member of the genus, and is often collected in moist habitats near streams or rivers at higher elevation area in the malesian region (iwatsuki & mohamed, 1987; eddy, 1988). the species is easily recognized by its large plant size reaching to 5–7 cm tall, the broad–lingulate leaf with mucronate apex, and distinctly mamillose upper leaf cells. fissidens cf. taxifolius hedw. on wet soil bank by a fast flowing stream that flows into situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, kanjana wongkuna 1968. reinwardtia 118 [vol.13 aik min 39. a creeping moss species characterized by the presence of leaf border, distinctive double costae and large leaf cells. although the plant is widely distributed in malesian region, it always occurs in small populations. distichophyllum nigricaule mitt. ex bosch & sande lac. on soil bank in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, luong thien tam & ng aik min 63. distichophyllum nigricaule var. cirratum (renauld & cardot) m. fleisch. on soil bank in montane forest along the road to crater and a disturbed forest patch adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500–2000 m, kanjana wongkuna 1946; yong kien–thai 7568. hookeria acutifolia hook. & grev. on soil bank in deep shade, in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, kanjana wongkuna 1941; luong thien tam & ng aik min 58; monica suleiman 4174; yong kien–thai 7567a. hookeriopsis utacamundiana (mont.) broth. on rotten branch in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, monica suleiman 4169a. hypnaceae ectropothecium buitenzorgii (bél.) mitt. common, on cut slope and soil bank by roadside, along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, luong thien tam & ng aik min 27, 30; nurlisma junita 26. ectropothecium sp. on trunks and branches of roadside trees, along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, lesley c. lubos 322; nurlisma junita 12. isopterygium albescens (hook.) a. jaeger on soil in a disturbed forest patch adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, yong kien–thai 7596. isopterygium bancanum (sande lac.) a. jaeger on humus covering rock and decaying logs in deep shade, in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 30; luong thien tam & ng aik min 57; mohd. rawiyani 4. isopterygium gracilisetum (hornsch. ex schwägr.) a. jaeger on climber, in a tea plantation in rancabali, funariaceae entosthodon physcomitrioides (mont.) mitt. [syn. e. javanicus dozy & molk.] on soil bank and cut slopes, in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, indah wahyuni 18, 19. the plant collected in this survey has a nearly hemispherical operculum with a very short beak, and branch leaves with distinctly differentiated border. other than that, the plant fits well with the description of e. physcomitrioides by ochi (1968). hookeriaceae actinodontium adscendens schwägr. on trunks of roadside trees, along the road to crater, 2000 m, lesley c. lubos 326. a handsome moss with two long costae; together with the character of large rhomboid to long–hexagonal mid–leaf cells this easily separates the species from other members of the genus. calyptrochaeta remotifolia (müll. hal.) z. iwats., b.c. tan & touw [syn. eriopus remotifolius müll. hal.] on rotten log in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 12. chaetomitrium ciliatum bosch & sande lac. on branches of tea–bushes, in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 22, 29; lesley c. lubos 324; luong thien tam & ng aik min 86; monica suleiman 4176. chaetomitrium aff. lanceolatum bosch & sande lac. on trunk of understorey trees growing by roadside, along the road to crater, 2000 m, nurlisma junita 17. chaetomitrium orthorrhynchum (dozy & molk.) bosch & sande lac. common, on branches of tea–bushes, in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, nurlisma junita 33. chaetomitrium sp. on tree branches, in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, nurlisma junita 18. cyclodictyon blumeanum (müll. hal.) kuntze on rock in deep shade, in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, luong thien tam & ng 2010] 119 gradstein et al.: bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia 1600 m, yong kien–thai 7571. the plant is characterized by having a long–acuminate leaf apex and a very long seta, attaining 3 cm in length. the latter character is most useful in separating this species from the other related isopterygium species. vesicularia dubyana (müll. hal.) broth. on wet rock in shaded area along river adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, yong kien– thai 7610. hypnodendraceae hypnodendron reinwardtii (schwägr.) lindb. ex a. jaeger & sauerb. on tree trunks in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, lesley c. lubos 328; monica suleiman 4168. hypopterygiaceae hypopterygium vriesei bosch & sande lac. on wet rock by a fast flowing stream that flow into situ (lake) patenggang, luong thien tam & ng aik min 83. lopidium struthiopteris (brid.) m. fleisch. on tree trunks, in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, lesley c. lubos 307. leucobryaceae leucobryum sanctum var. arfakianum (müll. hal. ex geh.) a. eddy on soil and thick humus covering rock in a shaded ravine, about 1 km from the crater of mt. patuha, 2100 m, indah wahyuni 14. leucobryum sanctum var. sanctum (nees ex schwägr.) hampe on soil and humus covering rock in a shaded ravine, about 1 km from the crater of mt. patuha, 2100 m, kanjana wongkuna 1943; yong kien–thai 7567b. meteoriaceae aerobryopsis wallichii (brid.) m. fleisch. common, on soil bank along the road to crater, and branches of shrubs or tea–bushes in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, from 1500–2000 m, lesley c. lubos 320; luong thien tam & ng aik min 73; monica suleiman 4182; nurlisma junita 24, 27, 35. a large member of meteoriaceae, often in extensive populations especially at high elevations, either epiphytic or on soil banks. the species is polymorphic and varies in size and leaf length; generally it can be recognized by its unipapillose (occasionally with two papillae), long– linear and thick–walled middle laminal cells. barbella flagellifera (cardot) nog. [syn. b. pendula fo. rufescens m. fleisch., b. pendula fo. brunescens m. fleisch.] hanging on the branches of shrubs or tea– bushes, in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, from 1500–1600 m, lesley c. lubos 323; luong thien tam & ng aik min 80; monica suleiman 4180; nurlisma junita 25, 38; yong kien– thai 7602. cryptopapillaria fuscescens (hook.) m. menzel [syn. papillaria fuscescens (hook.) jaeger] common, on branches of understorey trees growing by roadside, along the road to crater, and in a tea plantation by situ (lake) patenggang, 1500– 2000 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 18; luong thien tam & ng aik min 23. floribundaria floribunda (dozy & molk.) m. fleisch. common, on branches of roadside tree along the road to the crater, and branches of tea–bushes in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500–2000 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 20; nurlisma junita 30. meteorium polytrichum dozy & molk. common, on stems and branches of tea–bushes in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, lesley c. lubos 321; nurlisma junita 28; yong kien–thai 7581. mniaceae plagiomnium succulentum (mitt.) t.j. kop. [syn. mnium succulentum mitt.] on wet rock along river adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, yong kien–thai 7611. neckeraceae homaliodendron flabellatum (sm.) m. fleisch. on trunks of roadside trees, along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, lesley c. lubos 300, 305; nurlisma junita 10, 15, 16. reinwardtia 120 [vol.13 wongkuna 1930, 1955; monica suleiman 4195; musyarofah zuhri 6. pottiaceae anoectangium aestivum (hedw.) mitt. [syn. a. euchloron (schwägr.) mitt.] on base of big tree planted opposite the tea plantation’s guest house in rancabali, 1500 m, yong kien–thai 7585. an easily overlooked plant because of its small size. the plant usually grows in thick cushions in rock crevices at elevation above 2500 m (norris & koponen, 1989; eddy, 1990) but in this survey it was found in short cushions in the crevices of rough bark at tree base, very close to ground and a rather low elevation, viz. 1500 m. oxystegus cuspidatus (dozy & molk.) p.c. chen [syn. trichostomum cuspidatum dozy & molk.] on soil bank along the road to crater, and base of tea–bushes, in the tea plantation adjacent to situ patenggang lake, 1500–2000 m, indah wahyuni 03; musyarofah zuhri 5; yong kien–thai 7600. weissia sp. on rock at exposed area, in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang and along the road to crater, 1500–2000 m, kanjana wongkuna 1927, 1957. pterobryaceae garovaglia sp. on branches of tea–bushes, in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, lesley c. lubos 325; nurlisma junita 36, 37. pterobryopsis crassicaulis (müll. hal.) m. fleisch. on branches and trunks of big trees planted in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, monica suleiman 4188; nurlisma junita 32. trachyloma indicum mitt. on trunks of roadside trees, along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, lesley c. lubos 303; nurlisma junita 11,13; yong kien–thai 7554. ptychomniaceae glyphothecium sciuroides (hook.) hampe on trunks of roadside trees, along the road to crater, 2000 m, lesley c. lubos 293, 301, 302; monica suleiman 4153, 4156; nurlisma junita 4. thamnobryum ellipticum (bosch & sande lac.) nieuwl. [syn. thamnium ellipticum (bosch & sande lac.) kindb.] on wet rock along river adjacent to situ patenggang lake, 1500 m, yong kien–thai 7615. a species restricted to extremely wet habitats, often on periodic submerged rock of a river. the plant is usually dull in colour, with oblong branch leaves that are often narrow at the base. in addition to this, the leaf is characterized by having single, stout costa that always ends at a short distance below leaf tip. orthotrichaceae macromitrium angustifolium dozy & molk. on trunks of big trees planted in a tea plantation in rancabali, 1600 m, yong kien–thai 7582, 7587, 7595. macromitrium blumei nees ex schwägr. on tree trunks and fallen branches, in a tea plantation in rancabali, 1600 m, yong kien–thai 7588, 7605. macromitrium fasciculare mitt. on stems and branches of tea–bushes in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, lesley c. lubos 327; monica suleiman 4181, 4191; yong kien–thai 7592. macromitrium orthostichum nees ex schwägr. on stems and branches of tea–bushes in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, monica suleiman 4190, 4197; nurlisma junita 34; yong kien–thai 7577, 7593. macromitrium salakanum müll. hal. on branches of tea–bushes and fallen branches in disturbed forest adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, kanjana wongkuna 1952; lesley c. lubos 318; nurlisma junita 31. polytrichaceae pogonatum cirratum (sw.) brid. on soil bank and cut slope in shaded area, along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, indah wahyuni 2, 8; kanjana wongkuna 1929; monica suleiman 4172, 4173; musyarofah zuhri 7. pogonatum neesii (müll. hal.) dozy on boulder, soil bank and cut slope of exposed area, in the tea plantation and along the road to crater, 1500–2000 m, indah wahyuni 20; kanjana 2010] 121 gradstein et al.: bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia hampeella pallens (sande lac.) m. fleisch. on trunks of roadside trees, along the road to crater, 2000 m, monica suleiman 4164; nurlisma junita 11. this unique plant can easily recognized by its glossy appearance with its more or less distichously arranged branch leaves, which are strongly asymmetric with acute apices. racopilaceae racopilum cuspidigerum (schwägr.) ångström on fallen branch in a secondary forest adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 24. rhizogoniaceae pyrrhobryum latifolium (bosch & sande lac.) mitt. [syn. rhizogonium badakense m. fleisch., r. latifolium bosch & sande lac.] on tree trunks, in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, musyarofah zuhri 14. pyrrhobryum spiniforme (hedw.) mitt. [syn. rhizogonium spiniforme (hedw.) bruch] common, on tree trunks and fallen logs, along the road to crater, 2000 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 14, 15; indah wahyuni 5, 15; lesley c. lubos 298, 308, 312; musyarofah zuhri 15; nurlisma junita 8, 22. sematophyllaceae acroporium diminutum (brid.) m. fleisch. on trunks and tree branches, in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, lesley c. lubos 304; monica suleiman 4165; nurlisma junita 14, 19. acroporium rufum (reinw. & hornsch.) m. fleisch. on trunks and fallen twigs, as well as on soil banks in partially shaded area by roadside, along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, lesley c. lubos 295; luong thien tam & ng aik min 50; mohd. rawiyani 2; monica suleiman 4157; nurlisma junita 5; yong kien–thai 7547. acroporium stramineum (reinw. & hornsch.) m. fleisch. on soil banks and tree trunk in partially shaded area by roadside, along the road to crater, and on tea branches by situ (lake) patenggang, 1500–2000 m, luong thien tam & ng aik min 24, 48; monica suleiman 4155, 4195. acroporium strepsiphyllum (mont.) b.c. tan on rocks, rotten logs, trunks and tree branches, in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 1, 2, 3, 4; lesley c. lubos 297; monica suleiman 4159; nurlisma junita 7. macrohymenium strictum bosch & sande lac. on fallen branch, in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 30. pseudohypnella verrucosa (dozy & molk.) m. fleisch. on rock and rotten branch, in deep shaded area in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, luong thien tam & ng aik min 38; monica suleiman 4169b. a rare handsome moss, growing in deep shade and easily overlooked. the plant is characterized by its oblong leaf with almost obtuse apex, and the fascinating leaf cells which are decorated by many tall, branched papillae. sematophyllum subpinnatum (brid.) e. britton common in open area, on trunks of big trees planted in tea plantation in rancabali and adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500–1700 m, lesley c. lubos 319; luong thien tam & ng aik min 69; nurlisma junita 29; yong kien–thai 7572. the plant is very variable in size, with plant habit and leaf features that might be confused with meiothecium microcarpum (harv.) mitt., a species common in lower elevation. however the present of a double peristome in all specimens examined is the key character to distinguish this plant from members of meiothecium which are characterized by possessing a single peristome. trichosteleum sp. on rotten log in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, luong thien tam & ng aik min 57. warburgiella sp. on rotten log in montane forest along the road to crater, 2000 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 17. trachypodiaceae diaphanodon blandus (harv.) renauld & cardot [syn. d. javanicus renauld & cardot] on trunk of tree fern and branches of tea–bush, in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang and in rancabali, 1500–1600 m, yong kien– thai 7571, 7599. a plant with dimorphic young and mature stages, as represented by two specimens collected in reinwardtia 122 [vol.13 gunung stong, kelantan: pengurusan, persekitaran fizikal, biologi dan sosio–ekonomi. kuala lumpur: forestry department of peninsular malaysia, p. 261– 282. de jongh, c. a. 1925. de zwavelafzettingen in den kawah poetih, district soreang, residentie preanger regentschappen. verslagen en mededeelingen betreffende indische delfstoffen en haare toepassingen 17: 1–37 (in dutch). eddy, a. 1988. a handbook of malesian mosses, vol. i: sphagnales to dicranales. london, british museum (natural history). eddy, a. 1990. a handbook of malesian mosses, vol. ii: leucobryaceae to buxbaumiaceae. london, british museum (natural history). frahm, j.–p. 1989. bryohumbertia subcomosa (dix.) j. –p. frahm, a new name for bryohumbertia walkeri (mitt.) j.–p. frahm. tropical bryology 1: 9–10. frahm, j.–p., frey, w., kürschner, h. & menzel, m. 1990. mosses and liverworts of mount kinabalu. sabah park publications (kota kinabalu) 12: 1–91. gradstein, s.r. 1975. a monograph of the genus acrolejeunea. bryophytorum bibliotheca 4: 1–216. gradstein, s.r. 1992. the vanishing tropical rain forest as an environment for bryophytes and lichens. in: bates, j.w. & farmer, a.m. (eds.), bryophytes and lichens in a changing environment. clarendon press, oxford. :234–258. gradstein, s.r. 2009. keys to the liverworts and hornworts of java. prelim. ed. 5th training course on biodiversity and conservation of bryophyte and lichens. bogor, seameo–biotrop. gradstein, s.r. & culmsee, h. 2010. bryophyte diversity on tree trunks in montane forests of central sulawesi. tropical bryology 31: 95–105. gradstein, s.r. & sporn, s.g. 2009. impact of forest conversion and climate change on bryophytes in the tropics. berichte der reinhold–tüxen– gesellschaft 21: 128–141. grolle, r. 1977. lebermoose aus neuguinea. 14–15. calypogeia und trichocolea. journal of the hattori botanical laboratory 43: 63–67. hasegawa, j. 1984. taxonomical studies on asian anthocerotae iv. a revision of the genera anthoceros, phaeoceros and folioceros in japan. journal of the hattori botanical laboratory 47: 287–309. inoue, h. 1984. the genus plagiochila (dum.) dum. in southeast asia. academic scientific book inc., tokyo. iwatsuki, z. & mohamed, m.a.h. 1987. the genus fissidens in peninsular malaysia and singapore (a preliminary study). journal of the hattori botanical laboratory 62: 339–360. juslén, a. 2006. revision of asian herbertus. annales botanici fennici 43: 409–436. krayesky, d.m., crandall–stotler, b.j. & stotler, r.e. 2005. a revision of the genus fossombronia in east asia and oceania. journal of the hattori botanical laboratory 98: 1–45. neumann van padang, m. 1951. catalogue of the active volcanoes of the world. part 1—catalogue of this study. the young plant is densely mat–forming, with many short branches that are tightly arranged on the stem, and the stem branched very often in short intervals. the mature plant, on the other hand, has long, flagelliform branches and stems that sparsely branched. fortunately, the leaf characters are more or less consistent in both stages, and are useful in recognizing the species. trachypus bicolor reinw. & hornsch. on soil bank and cut slope, along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, luong thien tam & ng aik min 33, 35; yong kien–thai 7551. trachypus humilis lindb. on stems and branches of tea–bushes in the tea plantation adjacent to situ (lake) patenggang, 1500 m, nurlisma junita 23; yong kien–thai 7603. thuidiaceae thuidium cymbifolium (dozy & molk.) dozy & molk. on base of roadside trees, along the road to crater, 2000–2100 m, lesley c. lubos 309; nurlisma junita 20. thuidium pristocalyx (müll. hal.) a. jaeger [syn. t. glaucinoides var. verrucosum m. fleisch, t. glaucinum (mitt.) bosch & sande lac.] common, on rock and base of roadside trees and tea–bushes, found along the road to crater and in the tea plantation, 1500–1900 m, fadzilah ag. kanak 8; lesley c. lubos 294, 306; luong thien tam & ng aik min 26, 70; yong kien–thai 7548. acknowledgements we are grateful to the seameo biotrop office and staff in bogor, especially to dr. sri s. tjitrosoedirdjo for organizing the training course and the field trip to mount patuha, and to ms lee gaik ee (kuala lumpur) for identifying the collections of lejeunea. financial support given by the university of malaya to y. k.–t. for work on this manuscript is gratefully acknowledged. references crum, h. 1986. a survey of the moss genus sclerodontium. hikobia 9: 289–295. damanhuri, a., yong, k. t., hidayah, n., maideen, h., tahrim, j. & saorani, s. 2005. flora lumut jati di gunung stong. in: ismail, s.m., taha, d.h., shafie, a.s., som, j.m., faridah –hanum, i. & latiff, a. (eds.), taman negeri 2010] 123 gradstein et al.: bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia the active volcanoes of indonesia. international volcanological association, p. 74–77. norris, d.h. & koponen, t. 1989. bryophyte flora of the huon peninsula, papua new guinea. xxviii. pottiaceae (musci). acta botanica fennica 137: 81–138. ochi, h. 1968. a revision of the family funariaceae (musci) in japan and the adjacent regions. japanese journal of botany 20: 1–34. piippo, s. 1984. bryophyte flora of the huon peninsula, papua new guinea. vi. annales botanici fennici 21: 309–335. piippo, s. 1991. bryophyte flora of the huon peninsula, papua new guinea. xxxix. acta botanica fennica 143: 1–22. söderström, t., gradstein, s.r. & hagborg, a. (in press). checklist of the liverworts and hornworts of java. phytotaxa sporn, s. g., bos, m. m., kessler, m. & gradstein, s. r. 2009. vertical distribution of epiphytic bryophytes in an indonesian rainforest. biodiversity and conservation 19: 745-760. sriwana, t., bergen, m.j., varekamp, j.c., sumarti, s., takano, b., os, b.j.h. & leng, m.j. 2000. geochemistry of the acid kawah putih lake, patuha volcano, west java, indonesia. journal of volcanology and geothermal reseach 97: 77– 104. steenis, c.g.g.j. van. 1972. the mountain flora of java. leiden, e.j. brill. steenis–kruseman, m.j. van. 1950. malaysian plant collectors and collections being a cyclopaedia of botanical exploration in malaysia. flora malesiana series 1, 1: 5–598. suleiman, m. & edwards, s.r. 2002. mosses of mt. trus madi, sabah, malaysia. tropical bryology 21: 57–64. tan, b.c. 1982. checklist of mosses of mt. makiling (luzon island, philippines). quarterly journal of the taiwan museum 35(3,4): 135–148. tan, b.c., ho, b.c., linis, v., iskandar, e.a.p., nurhasanah, i., damayanti, l., mulyati, s. & haerida, i. 2006. mosses of gunung halimun national park, west java, indonesia. reinwardtia 12: 205–214. zhu, r.–l. & gradstein, s.r. 2005. monograph of lopholejeunea in asia. systematic botany monographs 74: 1–98. reinwardtia 124 [vol.13 dissochaeta inappendiculata blume dissochaeta vacillans (blume) blume dissochaeta vacillans (blume) blume instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 2. 2010 contents page harry wiriadinata & rismita sari. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra ………………………………………………………………………..……………….. 95 ary p. keim. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea………………… 101 robert gradstein et al. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia……………………... 107 abdulrokhman kartonegoro & j. f. veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia………………………………………………………...…………… 125 nursahara pasaribu. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 147 ary p. keim. & m. rahayu. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia................ 151 k. mat-saleh, ridha mahyuni, agus susatya, j. f. veldkamp. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia.............................................................................................................................. 159 j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. .......................................................................................... 167 m. m. j. van balgooy. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families..................................... 171 nurhaidah iriany sinaga. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua ............................................................................................................................... 183 nurhaidah iriany sinaga, rita megia, alex hartana & ary prihardhyanto keim. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea................................................................................................................................ 189 eizi suzuki. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites.. 199 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia.......................................................................................................... 211 m. ardiyani, a. d. poulsen, p. suksathan, f. borchsenius. marantaceae in sulawesi..... 213 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research centre for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_1-1 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_2-2 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_15-15 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_16-16 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_17-17 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_18-18 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_19-19 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_20-20 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_21-21 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_22-22 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_23-23 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_24-24 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_25-25 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_26-26 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_27-27 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_28-28 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_29-29 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_30-30 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_31-31 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_32-32 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_129-129 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_130-130 begonia caricea girmansyah begonia tenuifolia girmansyah reinwardtia vol. 12, part 5, pp. 419-434 419 a taxonomic study of bali and lombok begonia (begoniaceae) received december 3, 2008; accepted december 5, 2008 deden girmansyah herbarium bogoriense, research centre for biology lipi, bogor, indonesia abstract girmansyah, deden. 2009. a taxonomic study of bali and lombok begonia (begoniaceae). reinwardtia 12(5): 419–434. — a taxonomic study of bali and lombok begonia was based on an investigation of morphological characters from 60 specimens in herbarium bogoriense. this study shows that there are 8 species that can be recognized: three species already in the genus (begonia coriacea, b. longifolia, and b. tenuifolia) and five new (begonia baliensis, b. lempuyangensis, b. pseudomuricata, b. multibracteata, and b. lombokensis). keywords: begoniaceae, begonia, bali, lombok, indonesia abstrak girmansyah, deden. 2009. studi taksonomi begonia bali dan lombok. reinwardtia 12(5): 419–434. — studi taksonomi begonia bali dan lombok dilakukan dengan menggunakan 60 spesimen di herbarium bogoriense. hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 8 jenis begonia. tiga jenis yang telah dikenal sebelumnya (begonia coriacea, b. longifolia dan begonia tenuifolia) dan lima jenis diusulkan sebagai jenis baru (begonia baliensis, b. lempuyangensis, b. pseudomuricata, b. multibracteata dan b. lombokensis). kata kunci: begoniaceae, begonia, bali, lombok, indonesia introduction the first description of a plant that we now call begonia was made by francisco hernandez in 1651, for a plant from mexico named ‘totocaxoxo coyollin’. the second plant was ‘tsjerianariampuli’ from malabar (india) described by rheede in 1689. the name begonia was proposed by plumier in 1690 who described two species of begonia from the caribbean (begonia purpurea maxima and begonia nivea maxima). the genus was named for michel bégon (1638-1710), who as governor of french canada and san domigo was also a patron of botany. in 1753 linnaeus reduced the plumier species into one, named begonia obliqua. in 1791 dryander, the first monographer of the genus, described 21 species and mentioned 9 ‘species obscure’. in 1848, hasskarl described begonia coriacea as new, followed by klotzsch (1855) who published the results of a meticulous study of the large genus begonia and split it into 37 genera. for example, he transferred some begonia species to the genus mitscherlichia klotzsch. miquel (1855) followed klotzsch in splitting begonia and made new combinations for some begonia species. some species were transferred to the genera diploclinium lindley and others to mitcherlichia and platycentrum miquel. since many scientists have worked on begoniaceae, many taxonomic and nomenclatural changes have been made in begonia. in 1986 ‘the begoniaceae…’ published by smith et al. summarized the knowledge at that time. in part i, l.b. smith and d.c. wasshausen presented an illustrated key to all known species, the great majority with pictures of the type specimens. part ii, by j. golding and c.e. karegeannes, was an annotated species list with relevant literature. in 1998, doorenbos et al. published "the sections of begonia”, that classified begonia into 63 sections. recently new species of begonia have been published by several scientists such as tebbitt (2005) who published begonia scottii from sumatra, and hughes (2006) published four new species of begonia from sulawesi named b. chiasmogyna, b. macintyreana, b. mendumae, and b. stevei. finally, girmansyah (2005) reinstated begonia repanda blume. begonia is the largest genus in the family begoniaceae, and easily recognized by the asymmetric leaves, unisexual flowers, and winged fruits. the very asymmetric leaf is the obvious character for the genus. reinwardtia [vol.12 420 begonia is found wild throughout tropical and subtropical asia, africa, and america. more than 1500 species have been named with many more species probably waiting to be discovered (kiew, 2005). many species are used as ornamental plants. according to burkill (1935) leaves of begonia are also used as a flavoring for mixtures of fish and meat. other species can also be used in traditional medicine (perry, 1980; lewis & elvinlewis, 1977). according to watson & dallwitz (2000) some begonia species contain secondary metabolites like proantosianin, mostly in the form of cyanidin, flavonols in the form of quercitrin, and also saponins or sapogenins, and the plants also gene-rally contain a lot of acid oxalates. the current study was based on herbarium specimens of begonia collected from bali and lombok islands of indonesia. all 60 specimens deposited in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) were examined. in addition, some pictures of begonia specimens from leiden (l), kew (k), edinburgh (e), and aarhus (aau) were consulted. the living plants in the bali botanic gardens and nearby areas as well as those found in some areas of lombok island were also studied in-situ. exploration was conducted on bali and lombok islands in addition to study of the bogor herbarium collections. exploration and specimen collection methods were based on those of rugayah et al. (2004). all materials were studied and their morphological characters were examined with a 10 x 40 binocular microscope following the methods suggested by leenhouts (1968), rifai (1976), vogel (1987), and maxed (1992). for the morphological terminology the author followed harris & harris (1954), lawrence (1955), doorenbos et al. (1998), and kiew (2005). morphological characters habit in bali and lombok, most species of begonia are herbs and a few are creeping, rhizomatous, tuberous and/or cane-like shrubs with woody stems. begonia longifolia blume and b. lombokensis girmansyah are cane-like with erect stems and more than a half meter tall. begonia baliensis girmansyah, b. lempuyangensis girmansyah, and begonia multibracteata girmansyah are shrub-like species. begonia coriacea hasskarl and b. pseudomuricata girmansyah are creeping species always found growing on limestone. b. tenuifolia dryander is tuberous. leaves almost all the bali and lombok begonia species have oblique asymmetric leaves except b. coriacea which has peltate leaves. the leaf blade can be broad and cordate or heart-shaped like that of begonia baliensis, b. lempuyangensis, b. pseudomuricata, and b. multibracteata; ovate to oblong such as the leaves of b. longifolia, b. lombokensis, b. tenuifolia; or peltate as in b. coriacea. begonia tenuifolia is the only species producing leaves of various shapes during its lifetime; starting with rounded leaves and later producing narrowly ovate leaves at maturity. the leaf margin of most species is very finely toothed but in a few species like b. lempuyangensis, b. multibracteata, and b. baliensis, the leaf margins are shallowly scalloped. inflorescence there are two main types of inflorescences found in begonia. the first type is the terminal inflorescence where the inflorescence arises at the apex of the stem, such as found in b. lombokensis and b. tenuifolia. the second inflorescence type is the axillary inflorescence in which the inflorescences arise from the leaf axils. this type can be found in the rhizomatous species such as b. baliensis, b. multibracteata, b. lempuyangensis, b. longifolia, b. coriacea, and b. pseudomuricata. the arrangement of flowers in begonia can be cymose or racemose. the cymose form can be found in b. baliensis, b. lempuyangensis, b. multibracteata, b. pseudomuricata, and b. longifolia, whereas the racemose form can be found in b. tenuifolia and b. lombokensis. flowers the flowers of begonia are small, measuring 1–2 cm across. the sepals are coloured and look like petals. together these sepals and petals are called tepals. most bali and lombok begonia species have white tepals. each flower is unisexual but male and female flowers are found on the same plant, and frequently in the same inflorescence so the plant is termed monoecious. depending on the species, the male flowers may open first (protandry) or the female flowers may open first (protogyny). the male flowers have two larger rounded outer tepals, oriented up and down. the other two narrower tepals are oriented to the left and right, as found in b. baliensis, b. lempuyangensis, b. multibracteata, b. pseudomuricata, b. longifolia, b. tenuifolia, and b. coriacea. only b. lombokensis from lombok has two male tepals. the female flowers usually have five tepals of more or less the same 2009] girmansyah: bali and lombok begonia (begoniaceae) 421 shape but with the outer ones slightly larger than the inner, as found in b. baliensis, b. lempuyangensis, and b. multibracteata. in a few cases, as in b. pseudomuricata there are three tepals, b. longifolia has six tepals, and b. lombokensis has two tepals. fruits there are two types of begonia fruits found in bali and lombok. the first, a fruit with tiny fibrous wings as found in the cane-like begonia, b. lombokensis, which has fruits with three equalsized wings, and the tuberous begonia, b. tenuifolia which has fruits with one larger wing and two short wings that are curved, and the creeping begonia, e.g., b. coriacea and b. pseudomuricata with three equal thin wings. the second, a fruit with thick and fibrous wings, as found in rhizomatous begonia species, b. baliensis, b. lempuyangensis, b. longifolia, and b. multibracteata. the shape of begonia fruits is related to the number of locules. fruits with equal wings, as in b. lombokensis, b. coriacea, and b. pseudomuricata as well as in other species in the rhizomatous group have three locules each with one placenta. the other type of fruit with one larger wing has two locules with two placentae per locule, as in b. tenuifolia. seeds and seed dispersal begonia seeds are called dust seeds, because they are tiny and very light. a single capsule may produce hundreds of seeds. like most species of begonia, the bali and lombok begonia seeds are brown, barrel-shaped, and about 0.25–0.4 mm long. the base of the seed consists of a lid that narrows to the stalk that attaches the seed to the fruit. above the lid is a ring of elongated cells called the collar cells, which is a unique feature of begonia seeds. the rest of the seed is covered in polygonal cells. as the seed matures, the thin outer walls collapse and centre of the cell becomes concave while the cell walls stand out as ridges. this gives the seed its characteristic sculptured surface. when falling from the fruit, this uneven surface creates micro turbulence, which slows the rate of fall and potentially increases the distance seeds may move from the mother plant. the rough surface may also help the seed to latch onto vertical rock surfaces. the surface features probably explain why so many species of begonia grow on rocks or on steep banks where leaf litter does not collect. on the forest floor, tiny seedlings would be smothered by falling leaves. however, the hundreds of seeds produced may compensate for their high mortality. fruit types in begonia are clearly related to the mode of seed dispersal. seeds in the fleshy green berries of the begonia species such as b. longifolia, b. multibracteata, and b. baliensis are presumably eaten and dispersed by herbivores as the fruit does not split to release seeds. several other bali and lombok begonia species have dry winged capsules that split between the locules and wings to release the seeds. begonia pseudomuricata and b. coriacea have three thin wings of equal size and the fruit dangles down on a long stalk. the slight movement whether by water drops hitting the plant or by air movement will shake the seeds out of the capsule. begonia lombokensis has fruits with three equalsized wings and a short stalk that holds the fruit below the leaves. the seeds will only be released if the plant is shaken by heavy rain or animals brushing past. the last type is called a splash cup. the capsule has one large fibrous wing and two short curved wings. when ripe, the large, heavy wing hangs down like a keel of boat and the two short wings are upright and form a cup. the seeds are dispersed by large raindrops dripping from high up the canopy hitting the cup with great ballistic force bouncing the tiny seeds out. splash cup fruits can be found in b. tenuifolia. dispersal of seeds from the capsular fruits appears to be local as the great majority of these species occupy very narrow geographic ranges. in fact, geographical isolation has probably played an important role in the speciation of begonia. an exception is made for plants in section sphenanthera that have berries. tebbitt (2003) attributes the wide distribution of species from that section from india to java to its fruits being animal dispersed. distribution begonia species are found in the wild throughout tropical and subtropical asia, africa, and america. from bali and lombok, 8 native species of begonia are known. some of them are endemic. begonia lombokensis and begonia multibracteata are only found in lombok, while begonia baliensis, b. lempuyangensis, and b. pseudomuricata have only been collected from bali. meanwhile, the distribution of begonia longifolia extends from the himalayas (india) to south china, vietnam and through thailand, peninsular malaysia, and indonesia (sumatra, java, bali, and lombok). until now, there are no reinwardtia [vol.12 422 collections of b. longifolia recorded from borneo and the eastern parts of indonesia like sulawesi, maluku, and papua. begonia coriacea is a new record from bali, and it is one of the begonia species that grows on limestone. in bali, this species was found only in pura lempuyang, karang asem district, in eastern bali. one of the exciting finds is the spotted begonia, b. tenuifolia, found in java, bali, lombok, and sumbawa. this species has wide variation in size of habit and leaf colouration. its leaf colour ranges from bright green to dark brownish green with spotting on upper leaf surfaces. the fruits of this species have unequal wings; the larger one varies in size and tip of wing. the longest wing is about 1 cm long with the tip rounded, while the other wings are narrowly elongated and with the tips pointed. the existence small tuber is a specific character for this species. potential uses begonia is a very much appreciated genus of ornamental plants, of economic relevancy, having species prized for their flowers and foliage. some species can be used commercially for their foliage or flowers in pots or to constitute gardens. some of the bali and lombok begonia species have attractive morphological characters. begonia tenuifolia dryander has a distinctive spot on the leaves and a very nice specimen if planted in a small pot and kept as an indoor plant. begonia coriacea and b. pseudomuricata have flowers with pinkish rosy colour. the colour is very attractive and a good ornamental. begonia has flowers with an acceptable taste. the rosy petals contain relatively high levels of antioxidants. meanwhile b. baliensis, b. lempuyangensis and b. multibracteata are species with a robust habit and big stems. all of them can be eaten in salads or cooked with fish. b. lempuyangensis, can be used as a palliative medicinal for coughs. cane-like species such as b. lombokensis and b. longifolia can also be eaten and/or used medicinally. some of the begonia species from outside indonesia are also used medicinally. tuberous begonias, which come in a number of different colours, add a fresh appearance and lively flavour to many salads. begonia has a slightly tart citrus flavour and a crunchy texture that provides a distinctively different, yet enjoyable salad ingredient. begonia evansiana irmscher from china (sect. diploclinium) has tuberous roots and fruits that are anodyne, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, and can stimulate blood circulation. a decoction is used in the treatment of traumatic pain, haematemesis, gonorrhoea, post-partum vaginal discharge, amenorrhoea and snakebites (http:// www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?begonia+grandis+evansiana, accessed on 5/8/2008). begonia picta j. e. smith from india (diploclinium section) has many uses: the leaves can be eaten raw or cooked, an acid flavour the sour tasting leaf stalks and stems can be pickled, and the juice of the plant is drunk to relieve headaches. the crushed leaves can be used as a poultice on sore nipples. the root juice is used as eyewash to treat conjunctivitis. it is also consumed in the treatment of peptic ulcers. (http:// www.pfaf.org/database/ plants.php?begonia+picta, accessed on 5/8/2008). taxonomy begonia l. linnaeus, sp. pl. 2: 1056. 1753; linnaeus, gen. pl., ed. 5: 475. 1754; linnaeus, sp. pl. ed. 2: 1497. 1763. type: b. obliqua l. (lectotype, selected by golding, phytologia 45: 246, fig. 2. 1980). terrestrial, perennial or more rarely annual, monoecious or dioecious herbs, or sometimes shrubs; stems herbaceous, often succulent, or woody, frequently rhizomatous, or plants tuberous. leaves arranged alternate and or spirally, stipulate, petiolate, asymmetric or exceptionally symmetric, sometimes peltate, entire to pinnatifid or rarely even bipinnatifid or palmately compound, pinnately or palmately veined, glabrous or pubescent, without stellate hairs or scale-like. inflorescences usually cymose, sometimes racemose or racemose with cymose branches, rarely 1flowered, protandrous or protogynous; cymes dichasial and/or monochasial, sometimes with strongly reduced axes, bracts persistent or not, bracteoles often persistent. flowers unisexual. male flowers with 2 or 4 perianth segments (‘tepals’), almost free to variously fused; androecium with many stamens, actinomorphic or zygomorphic and sometimes the stamens arranged into several rows like an amphitheatre; filaments free or variously fused into a column; anthers with 2 thecae, opening lengthwise with slits, with porelike slits or more rarely with terminal pores, connective frequently extended. female flowers with 2–6 free or partially fused, often unequal perianth segments (‘tepals’) which are rarely persistent in fruit; ovary inferior, with 3–4 equal or unequal wings with horns, broadly ovoid or 2009] girmansyah: bali and lombok begonia (begoniaceae) 423 ovoid to globose or fusiform in shape, triangular in circumference, 2–3 locules the locules sometimes incomplete; placentation axillary or less often parietal or septal, occasionally changing from the base of the ovary towards the apex, placental branches 1–2 per locule; styles mostly 3, persistent or caducous, often partly fused, once or more times forked towards the apex or more rarely simple, stigmatic tissue generally in a continuous band coiled around the arms, less often kidneyshaped or in an uncoiled band distributed all over the style. fruit capsule and berry and fleshy, usually loculicidal, more rarely indehiscent. seeds characterized by a ring of collar cells below the microphylar-hilar part which acts as an operculum during germination. key to species 1. a. plants perennial, without tubers, leaves many more than 5 …...……..………………….….….2 b. plant annual with tubers, leaves 2–5……...……. ………………………….…….... 8. b. tenuifolia 2.a. stems creeping, internodes short, nodes not swollen……........................................................3 b. stems erect, internodes elongated, nodes swollen…………………....................................4 3. a. leaves peltate, female flowers 2, with four tepals ………..........… …………..2. b. coriacea b. leaves ovate, female flowers 8, with three tepals ..……….……………..…...7. b. pseudomuricata 4.a. fruit with chartaceous wings, male flowers with two tepals, female flowers with two tepals…….. ……………….…………….…4. b. lombokensis b. fruit with thick wings, male flowers with four tepals, female flowers with five to six tepals…..5 5.a. fruit wings equally-sized………..……….…….6 b. fruit wings unequally sized ……..………...…..7 6.a. lamina oblong, margin entire, glabrous, female flowers with six tepals……...….. 5. b. longifolia b. lamina ovate, margin scalloped, sparsely hairy, female flowers with five tepals .....1. b. baliensis 7. a. inflorescence hairy, male and female flowers hairy except for the tepals, bracts many………... ……..………………….….. 6. b. multibracteata b. inflorescence glabrous to glabrescent, male and female flowers glabrous to glabrescent, without bracts ………………….... 3. b. lempuyangensis 1. begonia baliensis girmansyah sp. nov. — fig.1 habitu begonia robusta blume simile, differt pedunculus brevis, floribus glabris, fructus parvis, glabris, alis aequalis non cornuatus, fructus similaris fructus begonia longifolia blume. type: bali: bali botanic gardens area, mt. batukaru, 11 mar 2007, deden girmansyah 801 (holotype–bo). stem brownish green to reddish brown, erect and cane-like, succulent, rhizomatous, hairy, herbaceous, seldom branched, 15-50 cm tall, 8-15 mm in diam.; nodes brownish green to reddish brown, swollen; without a tuber. stipules pale green, glabrous, narrowly triangular, 2-25 x 5-10 mm, margin entire, tip 2–3 mm long, setose, caducous. leaves distant; 5-15 cm apart, petiole pale green to reddish brown, hairy, terete, 7.5–30 cm long, 5–8 mm diam; lamina oblique, hairy above, thinly leathery in life, papery when dried, broadly ovate, asymmetric, 14–21 x 11–18 cm, broad side 6.5–11 cm wide, basal lobe rounded, 3.5–7.5 cm long, margin scalloped and minutely toothed, apex acuminate; venation palmatepinnate, with 2–3 veins at the base and 2 pairs along the midrib with 2–3 veins in basal lobe, branching one third of the way to the margin, grooved above, beneath prominent. inflorescences axillary, few flowered, shorter than the leaves, protandrous, peduncle 2–8 cm long, green, glabrous; bract absent. male flowers 4, with a pale reddish green pedicel 1.3–2.5 cm long; tepals 4, white and red around the middle toward, glabrous, rotund, margin entire, tip rounded, outer two 13–15 x 11–12 mm, inner two similar but smaller, milky white, 11–14 x 8–9 mm; stamens many, stamen cluster globose, 5-6 mm across; filament ca. 1–2 mm long; anthers pale yellow, narrowly obovate, 1.5–2 mm long, apex emarginate, opening by slits. female flowers 7, with a pale green pedicel 4–5 mm long; ovary dark green with reddish brown at the larger wing, thick and fleshy, 7–9 x 5–8 mm, locules 3, placentas 2 per locule; tepals 5, milky white, outer two reddish white, broadly obovate, margin not toothed, tip rounded, 14–17 x 10–11 mm; styles 3, style and stigma greenish yellow, 4–5 mm long, stigma greenish yellow, spiral, caducous. fruit a berry, pendent on a stiff fleshy pedicel, 4–5 mm long, green when ripe, fleshy, 10-15 x 10 mm, globose, elongated into a fleshy beak, glabrous, 3lobed, with one larger wing, not splitting. seeds barrel-shaped, 0.25–0.3 mm long, collar cell almost as long as or 3/4 the seed length. distribution. bali. habitat. humid forest, along trails at 1300–1800 m. notes. this species is common in bali where it grows in small colonies to large populations. begonia balienses is similar to b. robusta from java, but different in several characters. the flowers of b. robusta are bigger than b. baliensis. reinwardtia [vol.12 424 the fruits wings of b. baliensis have similar size but fruit of b. robusta with one larger than the other, the wing look like horn. the stem of b. robusta cover with the thick hairs or wooly hairs, b. baliensis cover by short hairs. fig.1. begonia baliensis girmansyah. (a. habit, b. female flower, c. male flower, d. fruit, e. fruit in cross section, f. style, g. stamens, h. seeds). specimens examined. bali. mt. batukaru complex, bedugul, kk & ss 93 (bo); 32 km s of singarajabedugul road, w. meijer 10442 (bo); lake bratan, near bedugul, bali. w. meijer 10551 (bo); north of tabanan, mt. batukaru, nengah wirawan 454 (bo); gunung batukaru, sarip 385 (bo). 2. begonia coriacea hasskarl― fig.2 begonia coriacea hassk., cat. hort. bogor. 192. 1844; hassk., pl. jav. rar. 239. 1848; hassk., hort, bogor. descr. 328. 1858. — b. hasskarlii zoll. & mor., syst. verzeich. 31. 1846. — mitscherlichia coriacea (hassk.) klotzsch, abh. königl. akad. wiss. berlin 1854: 74. 1855. type: hort. bog. 6075 holotype (l). begonia hernandiifolia hook., bot. mag. 78: t. 4676. 1852. type: hooker, plate 4676 (smith et al. 1986 [page 154, fig. 2:30] cite this plate as the type for b. coriacea). mitcherlichia junghuhniana miq., fl. ned. ind. 1(1): 696. 1856; — begonia junghuhniana miq., pl. jungh, 4: 418. 1857. type: java, junghuhn s. n. (lectotype, here designated, l!, sheet no 898. 195-2). stem creeping, subglobose, rooting at the nodes, succulent, unbranched, stout, without tuber, 10–18 cm long, 1–3 cm thick, nodes not swollen, internodes 5–15 mm long, 2.5–10 mm thick. stipules broadly triangular, spreading, 12–16 x 7– 10 mm, hairy on the middle, margin not toothed, tip pointed, terminating in a hair, setose, persistent. leaves tufted, up to 5–6 mm apart; petioles terete, glabrous, 10–21 cm long, ca. 2–3 mm in diam.; lamina peltate, glabrous, oblique, drying papery, upper side dark green and glossy, pale green beneath, 16–24 x 13–23 cm, broad side 4.5–5.2 cm wide, base rounded ca. 2.3 cm long, margin not toothed, crenate, tip rounded; venation palmate-pinnate, 3 pairs with another 3 veins at the peltate base, branching toward the margin, veins plane above, red beneath. inflorescences axillary, longer than the leaves, 10–16 cm long with a peduncle 9–15 cm long, branches 1–2 cm long, glabrous, protandrous. bract brownish green, ca. 3 x 2 mm, bracteoles ca. 2 x 1 mm, pale green, margin hairy. male flowers with pedicel 5– 6 mm long; tepals 4, margin entire, tip rounded, outer two orbicular, 10–13 x 9–13 mm, inner two 2009] girmansyah: bali and lombok begonia (begoniaceae) 425 narrowly obovate, 9–13 x 5–6 mm; stamens many, golden yellow, stamen cluster with a stalk ca. 1 mm long; filaments ca. 1 mm long; anthers dull yellow, broadly obovate, 0.75–1 mm long, tip rounded, opening by slits. female flowers with a pedicel ca. 11 mm long; ovary of 3 locules, placenta 1 per locule; tepals 4, glabrous, outer two broadly obovate, 11–13 x 10–11 mm, inner two narrowly obovate, 9–11 x 5–6 mm; style and stigma golden yellow, 4 mm long, stigmas spiral. fruit a capsule with a reddish green pedicel 10–11 mm long with 3 equal wings. seed barrel-shaped, ca. 0.35–0.4 mm long, collar cell a quarter of the seed length. distribution. java and bali. habitat. confined to karst limestone at 30–1000 m, in shaded stony situations, and in steep gullies. notes. begonia coriacea is the only peltate leaved begonia in bali and lombok where it grows on limestone. this species is a new record from lombok and bali. specimens examined. bali. lempuyang temple, abang subdistrict. karang asem distr., 13 mar 2007, deden girmansyah 802 (bo); lempuyang. 24 apr 2006, leg. ign. dm 1267 (bo). fig.2. begonia coriacea hassk. (a. habit, b. female flower, c. style, d. male flower, e. stamens, f.fruit in cross section, g. fruit, h. seed). 3. begonia lempuyangensis girmansyah sp. nov. ― fig.3 begonia robusta blume omino glabra, pedunculus breviore (petiolis pedunculis triplo longioribus), fructus alis non cornuatus differt.—type: bali: lempuyang temple, abang subdistrict, karang asem distr., 13 mar 2007, deden girmansyah 805 (holotype–bo). stem without a tuber, brownish green to red, erect, unbranched, glabrous, succulent, arising from a basal rhizome, up to 50 cm tall, 11–14 mm thick at base, nodes red or reddish green, swollen; internodes short, 7–12 cm. stipules caducous. leaves distant, alternate; green to brownish green, glabrous, 15–21 cm long; thick 6–11 mm; lamina very oblique, glabrous, thinly papery when dried, reinwardtia [vol.12 426 broadly ovate, asymmetric, 23.5–24 x 13–16 cm, broad side 8.5–14 cm wide, base deeply cordate, unequal, basal lobes not overlapping, basal lobe rounded, 5–6.5 cm long, margin shallowly to deeply scalloped; venation palmate-pinnate, 2–3 pairs of veins at the base and 2–3 pairs along the midrib with 2 pairs in the basal lobes, bifurcating at 1/3 of the distance from the base towards the margin, veins impressed above, beneath prominent, with sparse hairs. inflorescences axillary, erect, shorter than the leaves, with glandular hairs, peduncle 5-10 cm long, flowers, protandrous. bracts caducous. male flowers 12, with reddish to reddish white pedicel 2–2.5 cm long; tepals 4, rotund, margin entire, tip rounded, outer two reddish on the dorsal side, 14–17 x 12– 14 mm, inner two smaller, white, 13–15 x 9–10 mm; stamens many, cluster globose, filaments 1–2 mm long, anthers yellow, narrowly obovate, tip rounded, opening by slits, 2–3 mm long. female flowers 8, with reddish white pedicels, 9–10 mm long; ovary pale green with white spot, sub globose, 6–10 x 6–13 mm; wings 3, unequal, larger one with reddish on the margin, locules 3, placenta one per locule; tepals 5, white, broadly elliptic, margin entire, tip rounded, outer three, 9– 17 x 7–11 mm, reddish around the middle, inner two glabrous, white, 9–13 x 6–9 mm, styles 3, style with stalks 2 mm long, greenish yellow, ca. 3 mm long, stigma spiral, greenish yellow, ca. 3 mm long. fruit a berry splash cup pendent on a fine pedicel, 9–11 mm long, globose, ca. 11 x 17 mm, glabrous, wings 3, unequal, usually one longer than the other two. seeds brown, broadly ellipsoid, 0.3–0.4 mm long, base truncate, rounded distally, collar cell half of the seed length. fig.3. begonia lempuyangensis girmansyah. (a. habit, b. male flower, c. stamens, d. female flower, e. style, f. fruit in cross section, h. fruit, i. seeds). distribution. pura lempuyang, bali. habitat. humid shady situations, especially on the forest floor at 1000–2000 m. notes: begonia lempuyangensis resembles b. robusta in being rhizomatous and having similarly shaped leaves, but the species differ in several characters. b. robusta has fruits with a single 2009] girmansyah: bali and lombok begonia (begoniaceae) 427 large wing, peduncles more than half the length of the petioles and the plant body is covered with long hairs while b. lempuyangensis has fruits with similar or equally short wings, very short peduncles about a quarter of the petiole length and the stem without hairs. specimen examined. bali. gunong abang, 9 apr 1936, van steenis 8059 (bo). 4. begonia lombokensis girmansyah sp. nov. ―fig.4 begonia isoptera dryander foliis serratis, stipulis persistens angustae ovatae, flore femineo tepalis duo differt. type: lombok: jeruk manis waterfall, 18 march 2007, deden girmansyah 812 (holotype–bo). fig.4. begonia lombokensis girmansyah. (a. habit, b. male inflorescence, c. male flower, d. stamens, e. female flower, f. style, g. fruit, h. fruit in cross section, i. seed). stem cane-like, glabrous, rooting at the base, stem green, up to 1 m tall, erect, much branched, succulent, woody at the base; stipules narrowly triangular, ca. 17 mm long, caducous, green, glabrous, base truncate, margin entire, apex acuminate ending with a hair; internodes 2–8 cm long. leaves distant, 5–10 cm apart, held horizontally; petiole 1–8 cm long, glabrous, terete; lamina plain, thinly and soft when life, papery when dried, broadly ovate, strongly asymmetric, 8–15 x 3–7 cm, broad side 1.8–4 cm wide, basal lobe broadly rounded, 1–3.5 cm long, margin scalloped and toothed at the vein endings and minutely toothed between, apex elongate, venation palmate reinwardtia [vol.12 428 pinnate, 2 veins in basal lobe, 4–6 pairs along the midrib, branching 2/3 of way to margin, plain above, prominent beneath. inflorescences axillary and terminal, pale green, shorter than the leaves, 2 pairs of female flowers at the base and many male flowers above, female flowers open first (protogynous). male flowers with pedicels 1-2 cm long, tepals 2, white or greenish white, broadly ovate, 8–15 x 5–10 mm base truncate, margin entire, tip rounded; stamens many, ca. 24, cluster conical, filaments 1–2 mm long, anthers broadly obovate, ca. 1 mm long, tip notched, opening by slits for about 1/3. female flowers with pedicels ca. 13 mm long, ovary ellipsoid, glabrous, locules 3, placentas 2 per locule, 12–14 mm long; wings 3, equal, 6 mm wide; tepals 2, 11–16 x 12–15 mm, broadly ovate, glabrous, pure white, basally truncate, margin entire, tip rounded; style and stigmas pale yellow, 5–7 mm long, stigma spiral. fruits with pedicels 1.2–2.8 cm long, capsule 1.8–2.5 x 1.7–2.4 cm, broadly ovate, glabrous, splitting between the locules; wings 3, equal, 7–9 mm wide, entire wings thinly fibrous. seeds barrel-shaped, ca. 0.35 mm long, collar cells about half of seed length. distribution. lombok (close to jeruk manis waterfall area). habitat. open areas and on the forest floor at 1000 – 2000 m. notes. begonia lombokensis has been found only in the area near the jeruk manis waterfall. it is similar in habit, stem, and leaves to begonia isoptera from java but different in the number of female tepals and the persistent stipule. the flowers of begonia isoptera have five tepals, and b. lombokensis has only two. this species is endemic in lombok. specimens examined. jeruk manis waterfall, 21 jul 2003, tokuoka et al. t.0030 (bo); jeruk manis waterfall, 2 aug 2003, tokuoka et al. t.0334 (bo). 5. begonia longifolia blume ―fig.5 begonia longifolia bl., catalogus 102. 1823; koord., exkurs. fl. java 2: 650. 1912; back. & bakh. f. fl. java vol 1: 313. 1964; steenis, mt. fl. java, pl. 5-7. 1972; tebbitt, brittonia 55 : 25. 2003 ; kiew, begonia of pen. malay. :107-111. 2005. diploclinium longifolium (blume) miq., fl. ned. ind. 1(1) : 687. 1856. diploclinium longifolium var. luxurians miq. ex koord., in exkurs. fl. java 2 : 650. 1912. type: java, salak, blume 740 (b †, holotype–l). begonia trisulcata (a.d.c.) warb., in engler & prantl, nat. pflanzenfam. 3.6a (1894) 142. type: java, zollinger 2850 (holotype–g). stem erect, cane-like, glossy, woody, unbranched, nodes swollen, stout, up to 150 cm tall, 2 cm thick at base; without a tuber. stipules pale green, glabrous, narrowly triangular, 10–17 x 2–3 mm, margin entire, tip 2–3 mm long, setose, caducous. leaves distant, internode length 3–14 cm apart; petiole pale green, 2–15 cm long, grooved above; lamina oblique, green with short hairs on the upper surface, thinly leathery in life, papery when dried, oblong-lanceolate, asymmetric, 9–23 x 4–12 cm, broad side 2.5–7 cm wide, basal lobe rounded, 1.5–6 cm long, margin minutely toothed, apex elongate; venation pinnate, 5–6 pairs of veins along the midrib and another 2– 3 veins in basal lobe, branching towards the margin, impressed above, prominent beneath. inflorescences axillary, shorter than the leaves, few flowered, once branched per axil, 9–13 mm long, peduncle green, glabrous, 5–10 mm long, protandrous. bract pair pale or whitish green, narrowly triangular, 6–12 x 2–4 mm, margin entire, tip narrowing and setose, persistent. male flowers 3, with a pale green pedicel 6–25 mm long; tepals 4, white, glabrous, rotund, margin entire, tip rounded, outer two ca. 11 x 11 mm, inner two similar but smaller, 9–11 x 7–10 mm; stamens many, stamen cluster globose, ca. 5 mm across, stalk 1.5 mm long; filaments ca. 1 mm long; anthers pale yellow, narrowly obovate, ca. 2 mm long, apex emarginate, opening by slits. female flowers 4, with a pale green pedicel 5–7 mm long; ovary white becoming green, thick and fleshy, 3-angled on top, 10–13 x 8–11 mm, locules 3, placentas 2 per locule; tepals 4–6, white, broadly oval, margin not toothed, tip rounded, 11–12 x 8–9 mm; styles 3, style and stigma greenish yellow, 4–5 mm long, stigma spiral. fruit pendent on stiff fleshy pedicel, 7–10 mm long, berry green with ripe, fleshy, 14–20 x 12–17 mm, globose, elongated into a fleshy beak, ca. 4–6 mm long, glabrous, 3-lobed, without wings, locules 3, not splitting, stigma persistent. seeds barrel-shaped, 0.25–0.3 mm long, collar cell almost as long as or 3/4 the seed length. distribution. northeastern india, bhutan, southern china (yunnan to fujian, including hainan), taiwan, myanmar, northern thailand, northern and central vietnam, peninsular malaysia, sumatra, java, bali, and sulawesi. habitat. shady and humid forests, and along riversides, at 1000–2000 m 2009] girmansyah: bali and lombok begonia (begoniaceae) 429 notes: having a very widespread distribution, begonia longifolia is distinct from other species in sect. sphenanthera in being completely glabrous. the others are densely hairy. specimens examined. bali. bedugul forest region, mt. batukau complex, 23 jun 1958, kostermans cs 92 (bo); batu karu, 23 jan 1935, de voogd 2142 (bo); mt. abang, 7 apr 1936, v. steenis 7925 (bo); bratan kaldera, 11 apr 1936, v. steenis 8075 (bo); bedugul. bali botanic gardens area, 11 mar 2007, deden girmansyah 802 (bo). fig.5. begonia longifolia blume (a. habit, b. female flower, c. style, d. male flower, e. stamens, f. fruit, g. fruit in cross section, h. seed). 6. begonia multibracteata girmansyah sp. nov. ― fig. 6 begonia robusta blume bracteis et bracteolis persistens, petiolis pedunculis triplo longioribus, fructus glabrus vel glabrescens sine aliis cornuatus differt. type: mt. rinjani, between shelter 1 and shelter 2, trail to the summit from senaru, 16 mar 2007, deden girmansyah 811 (holotype–bo). stem rhizomatous, rooting at base, green to reddish green, hairy, succulent, unbranched, up to 1 m tall. stipule persistent, broadly triangular, 25– 18 x 8–16 mm base truncate, margin entire, apex acuminate, ending with a hair. leaves distant; petiole 7–13 cm long, green to reddish green, hairy; lamina broadly ovate, hairy on both surfaces, 11–17.5 x 8.5–15 cm, strongly asymmetric, broad side 4.5–8.5 cm, base unequally heart shaped, not overlapping, basal lobes 10–15 cm long, margin deeply scalloped, toothed, each tooth tipped by a hair, apex acuminate; venation reinwardtia [vol.12 430 palmate-pinnate, 2 pairs at the base, 4–5 pairs along the midrib, 2–3 in basal lobes, branching towards the margin, vein impressed above, prominent beneath. inflorescence axillary, cymose, erect, hairy, peduncle shorter than petiole and ca. 6.5 cm long, with two main branches; bract persistent, broadly ovate, glabrous, violet. male flowers white, pedicels 2.5–4 cm, tepals 4, broadly ovate, 16–17 x 12–13 mm, margin entire, tip rounded, outer tepals hairy on outside; inner two oval, 14–15 x 7–9 mm; stamens yellow, ca. 87, cluster globose, 6 mm across, filaments 1–2 mm long, pale yellow, anthers oblong to narrowly obovate, 2–2.5 mm long, yellow, tip notched, opening by slits. female flowers white, pedicels 5–7 mm long, ovary thick and fleshy, 3 angled, 1– 13 x 14–20 mm, locules 3, placentas 2 per locule. tepals 5, outer one broadly ovate 18 x 12 mm, with scattered hairs outside, inner one smaller, narrowly ovate, 18 x 8 mm, glabrous; style 3, yellowish green, stigmas spiral, y-shaped, 7–8 mm long, persistant. fruit a berry, globose, with scattered hairs, 3-lobed, each lobed with a fleshy ridge, without wings, locule not splitting, 1.2–1.8 x 1.5–2.3 cm; pedicels hairy, 9–15 mm long. seed barrel-shaped, ca. 0.4 mm long, collar cells half the seed length. fig.6. begonia multibracteata girmansyah (a. habit, b. bract, c. bracteole, d. fruit, e. female flower, f. male flower, g. fruit in cross section, h. stamens, i. style, j. seed). distribution. bali, mt rinjani, between senaru village and the summit. habitat. on primary forest floor at 1000–2000 m. notes. begonia multibracteata was found on the forest floor along the trail between shelter i and shelter ii on mt. rinjani. plants were scattered in a small colony, associated with gesneriads and urticaceae. this species similar to b. robusta in habit with a rhizomatous stem, but differs in indumentum and leaf colour, colour and 2009] girmansyah: bali and lombok begonia (begoniaceae) 431 indumentum of flowers while the fruits lack the larger wing. this species has also special characters on the inflorescences. the male flowers are covered by more than one large persistent bract. specimen examined: bali. mt. rinjani, around po sition 2, 26 jul 2003, tokuoka et al. t.0150 (bo). 7. begonia pseudomuricata girmansyah sp. nov. —fig. 7 begonia pseudomuricata girmansyah, habitu begonia muricata blume simile, differt caule glabra vel glabrescens, floribus glabris et fructus rubellus. type: bali, tegal cangkring, negara, 15 mar 2007, deden girmansyah 810 (holotype–bo). fig. 7. begonia pseudomuricata girmansyah (a. habit, b. male flower, c.female flower, d. fruit, e. stamens, f. style, g. seed). stem rhizomatous, slender, up to 5 cm tall, 5– 9 mm thick, unbranched, rooting at the nodes, pale green to reddish, hairy, succulent, without a tuber. stipules triangular, 9–10 x 10–11 mm, bright rosy red, broadly margin entire, hairy along the middle toward, tip ending with a long hair 0.9–1 cm long. leaves tufted; petiole 5–20 cm long, 2–4 mm in diam., rounded in cross section, pale green to bright rosy red, hairless; lamina oblique, ovate, strongly asymmetric, 5.5–10 x 5–9 cm, broad side 3–5.5 cm wide, pale green above and beneath, thinly succulent in life, thin and papery when dried, slightly glossy above, margin undulating, very minutely toothed, base heart-shaped, basal lobe 2–3 cm long, apex acute, veins palmatepinnate, 2–3 pairs of vein at the base and 2–3 pairs along with midrib with 1–2 in the basal lobe, branching a halfway to margin, veins slightly impressed above, slightly prominent beneath, without hairs. inflorescences axillary, longer than the leaves, protandrous, peduncle erect, 10–25 cm long with two main branches, each 1–2 cm long, brownish pale green, without hairs; bract pair elliptic, ca. 3 x 1 mm, persistent. male flowers 8, with a yellowish green pedicel, 10–15 mm long, tepals 4, outer two ovate, 12–15 x 11–12 mm, inner two narrowly oval 15–19 x 7 mm, pale pink outside, almost white inside, glabrous, margin entire, apex rounded; stamens many, in a globose cluster, filaments 0.5–1 mm long, anthers narrowly obovate, 0.7–1 mm long yellow, tip rounded, opening by slits. female flowers 10, reinwardtia [vol.12 432 with reddish white pedicels, 7–9 mm long; ovary subglobose, 7–8 x 4–5 mm, reddish white; wings 3, equal, locules 3, placenta one per locule; tepals 3, broadly elliptic, bigger one 10–11 x 9–10 mm, pink, smallest one, pinkish white, 9–10 x 3–4 mm, margin entire, tip rounded; styles and stigmas pale yellow and slightly greenish, style 3, without stalk, ca. 2 mm long, stigma spiral, ca. 2 mm long. fruit a capsule, ca. 1.1 x 1.7 cm, dangling from a slender pedicel, 5–10 mm long. seeds barrel-shaped, broadly ellipsoid, 0.2–0.3 mm long, collar cell a quarter of the seed length. distribution. western bali, tegal cangkring area. habitat. especially in humid shady forests, on the flat forest floor at 1000 – 2000 m. notes. begonia pseudomuricata is allied to bego nia muricata, mainly in the creeping habit but differs in the stem indumentum, plane upper surface of leaves, glabrous tepals and the colour of fruits and flowers. specimen examined. bali. gunong pala, r. maier sarip 278 (bo). 8. begonia tenuifolia dryander ―fig. 8 begonia tenuifolia dryander, trans. linn. soc. 1: 162, pl. 14, fig. 4. 1791; koord., exkurs. fl. java 2: 651. 1912; back. & bakh. f. fl. jav. 1: 308. 1964. ―platycentrum tenuifolium (dryander) miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1): 693. 1856. type: trans. linn. soc. 1: 162, pl. 14, fig. 4. 1791. b. rupicola miq., pl. jungh. 4. 1855 418; platycentrum rupicolum miq., fl. ned. ind. 1(1) : 693. 1856. type: bali, gunong gambing, junghuhn s. n. (lectotype l, here designated, sheet no. 898.195-178). fig. 8. begonia tenuifolia dryand. (a. habit, b. male flower, c. stamens, d. female flower, e. style, f. fruit, g. fruit in cross section, h. seeds). stem weak, erect, 2–25 cm tall, 1–4 mm in diam., little branched, pale green, succulent, densely or sparsely hairy, hairs short, white; tuber small, ca. 5 mm; stipules caducous. leaves distant, 1–3 or more on each stem or branchlet; petioles flat or grooved above, 0.5–10 cm long, translucent, pale green or whitish green, densely to sparsely hairy; lamina oblique, broadly ovate, 2009] girmansyah: bali and lombok begonia (begoniaceae) 433 1.5–8.5 x 1.2–6 cm, asymmetric, broad side 0.7– 3.2 cm, dull plain green above and whitish or pale reddish beneath; thin and soft in life, thinly papery when dried, base unequally cordate, basal lobes not overlapping, 0.3–2.3 cm long, apex blunt or rounded; margin minutely toothed with sparse hairs, sometimes undulate, venation palmatepinnate, 4–5 pairs of veins, with another 2 in the basal lobe, plane or slightly impressed above, beneath slightly prominent, whitish green or reddish. inflorescences terminal, longer than the leaves, reddish white, glabrous, peduncle 5–20 cm long, branched, branches 1–4 cm long, protandrous. male flowers on pedicel 10–11 mm long, pure white to pinkish white; tepals 4, outer two rounded, 7–10 x 6–7 mm, inner two narrowly oval, 7–10 x 2.5–0.3 mm, margin entire, tip rounded; stamens many, in a globose cluster, stalk 2 mm long; filaments 0.5–0.75 mm long; anthers obovate, ca. 1 mm long, yellow, tip rounded, opening by slits. female flowers on pedicels 5–12 mm long, white to pinkish white, ovary pinkish white, locules 2, placentas 2 per locule; tepals 5, ovate, outer one larger, 9–12 x 3–4 mm, innermost one smaller, 6–11 x 2–3 mm, white, margin entire, tip rounded; styles 2, yshaped, 3–4 mm long, styles and stigmas yellow, stigma spiral, 1.5–2 mm long. fruit a capsule 5–6 mm long, pinkish white or pale green, wings 3, unequal, larger wing 3–7 mm wide, smaller two 2–3 mm wide. seeds ellipsoid to oblong, 0.3–3.5 mm long, brown, collar cell a half or 3/4 of the seed length. distribution. java, sumatra, bali, nusa tenggara. habitat and ecology. shady situations in steep stony gullies and sometimes growing on karst limestone at 50-900 m. notes. the spotted begonia, b. tenuifolia, shows a great range in habit and leaf size. plants begin to flower when only 2 cm tall, and having two leaves, each leaf 1.5 cm long. in damp and sheltered conditions plants grow up to 25 cm tall with up to four well-developed leaves, the largest can be up to 8.5 cm. the spotted begonia is apparently a short-lived species, with the vegetative state dying down in the dry season, to resprout from the tuber at the beginning of the rainy season. it also regenerates from seed as small plants and seedlings can always be found. specimen examined: bali. boomloop dajan, 8 feb 1935, de voogd 2104 (bo); baturuen, troenjan, 23 mar 1936, de voogd 2773 (bo); gitgit waterfall, buleleng distr. 5 apr 1936, v. steenis 7764 (bo); danau batur, trunyan, mar 1992, j.j. afriastini bi214a (bo); gitgit waterfall, buleleng distr. 13 mar 2007, deden girmansyah 804 (bo). lombok. inland from the northeast, near gangga waterfall in valley, genggeang village, tobe 1130 (bo). acknowledgments i would like to thank my supervisors, dr. sri soedarmiyati tjitrosudirdjo (ipb) and dr. harry wiriadinata (lipi) for their valuable advice and guidance in completing my thesis. this paper has been supported by the new england tropical conservatory (netc), vermont, usa and a hunter research grant funding a pilot year for the indonesian botanical exploration and taxonomy project. i am grateful for dr. mary m. fuqua, mr. w. scott hoover, and mr. james m. hunter for their financial support for my research allowing me to receive a master’s degree at the graduate school ipb. i would like to express my gratitude to the herbarium bogoriense (lipi) and the bali botanic garden, for granting me permission to conduct this research and providing me some facilities. in particularly i am grateful to the following persons: dr. eko baroto walujo, head of herbarium bogoriense (bo); dr. dedy darnaedi, head of the research centre for biology-lipi; ir. mustaid siregar, head of the bali botanic garden. i am also very grateful to dr. mark hughes, dr. jun wen, dr. laurence skog and dr. dan nicolson for their interest, discussion, english editing and valuable comments on the manuscript, as well as to mr. iskak samsudin and mr. wahyudi santoso for their excellent line drawing. references burkill, i.h. 1935. a dictionary of the economic products of the malay peninsula. i (a-cod). governments of the straits settlements and federated malay states by the crown agents for the colonies. london. :313–314. doorenbos, j., sosef, m.s.m. & de wilde, j.j.f.e. 1998. the sections of begonia. studies in begoniaceae vi. agricultural university wageningen papers. 98(2): 1–266. girmansyah, d. 2005. reinstate begonia repanda blume (begoniaceae). floribunda 2(8): 222–224. hasskarl, j.k. 1848. plantae javanicae rariores. berolini. :239–242. harris, j.g. & harris, m.w. 1994. plant identification terminology, an illustrated glossary. utah: spring lake publishing. :149– 154. http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?begonia+gran dis+evansiana, accessed on 5/8/2008 http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?begonia+pict a, accessed on 5/8/2008 reinwardtia [vol.12 434 hughes, m. 2006. four new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sulawesi. edinburgh j. bot. 63: 191–199. kiew, r. 2005. begonias of peninsular malaysia. national history publication (borneo) in association with singapore botanic gardens national parks board. singapore. :1–28. klotzsch, j.f. 1855. begoniaceen-gattungen und arten. abhandlungen der königlichen akademie der wissenchaften zu berlin 1854: 121-255. lawrence, g.h.m. 1955. taxonomy of vascular plants. new york: macmillan company. :1-823 leenhouts, pw. 1968. a guide to the practice of herbarium taxonomy. regnum vegetabile 58: 60. lewis, w.h. & elvin-lewis, m.p.f. 1977. medical botany: plants affecting man’s health. new york. : 312. linnaeus, c. 1759. species plantarum. the ray society, london. 2: 1–1056. maxed, n. 1992. toward defining a taxonomic revision methodology. taxon 41: 653–660. miquel, f.a.w. 1855. flora van nederlandsch indië. leipzig: fried. fleischer. 1: 683–697. perry, l.m. 1980. medicinal plant of east and south east asia. mit press, cambridge, massachusetts. :54. rheede, h. van. 1689. hortus indicus malabaricus :continens regni malabarici apud indos cereberrimi onmis generis plantas rariores, latinas, malabaricis, arabicis, brachmanum character reibus hominibusque expressas. :1678–1703. rifai, m.a. 1976. sendi-sendi botani sistematika. lembaga ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (lipi). :59– 60. rugayah, t., retnowati, a., windardi, f.i. & hidayat, a. 2004. pengumpulan data taksonomi. in rugayah, t., widjaja, e.a. & praptiwi (eds.). pedoman pengumpulan data keanekaragaman hayati. puslit biologi-lipi, bogor. :5-40. smith, l.b., wasshausen, d.c., golding, j. & karegeannes, c.e. 1986. begoniaceae, part i. illustrated key. part ii: annotated species list. smithsonian contributions to botany 60: 1584. tebbitt, m.c. 2003. notes on south asian begonia (begoniaceae). edinburgh j. bot. 60(1): 1-9. tebbitt, m.c. 2005. a new species of fleshy –fruited begonia (begoniaceae). blumea 50(1): 153-156. vogel, de e.f. 1987. manual of herbarium taxonomy theory and practice. unesco, regional office for science and technology. jakarta. :76. watson, l & dallwitz, m.j. 2000. the families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identifications and information retrieval. version 14 december 2000, :1-2. http://biodiversity.uno. edu/delta/. http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/ http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/ r e i n w a b d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense •— lbn, bogor * vol. 10, part 1, pp, 1 — 4 (1982) in memoriam prof. ir. kusnoto setyodiwiryo mien a. rifai lembaga biologi nasional — l1pi, bogor after a long illness, prof. ir. kusnoto setyodiwiryo died peacefully in his home in bogor on 29 april 1981. he was the first indonesian to become the director of the botanical gardens of indonesia, the forerunner of the national biological institute. it was mostly due to his far-sighted action that at the moment many biological, agricultural, fishery and oceanological laboratories in indonesia are manned by qualified and fullfledged scientists. kusnoto setyodiwiryo was born on 11 february 1911 in banyurip, a village near purworejo (central java). at first he attended the local village school in which javanese was used as a medium of instruction. fortunately a helpful uncle, mr. m. sardjono, took him up and sent him to a dutch elementally school (his) first in singaraja (bali) and later in pasuruan (east java). this had opened the way for him for further education, especially because his school marks were always good. after completing the dutch junior high school (mulo) in surabaya in 1928, he entered the general high school (ams) in yogyakarta, obtaining a b /science certificate in 1981. for a period he was enrolled in nias or nederlands-indies school for physicians in surabaya, but in the same year he won a government scholarship which enabled him to study at the faculty of agriculture in wageningen university (holland). after graduating as agricultural engineer from that university in 1936, he was employed as a plant breeder at the general agricultural research station in bogor. he was mainly concerned with the development of cotton, jute, roselle, castor-oil plant and maize cultivars for the semi arid areas in the lesser sunda islands. this interest took him to many areas in timor and flores and the dutch colonial government even sent him to india for comparative study purposes. his few scientific publications were written about this period and dealt with selections and cultivations of those crops he was working with. — 1 — 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 during the world war ii he was appointed as the deputy director of the general agricultural research station, a post he held until 1945. when the japanese director left the country together with the japanese colonial government, the ministry of welfare of the newly proclaimed republic of indonesia naturally appointed him as the director of the institute. when the republican government had to migrate to yogyakarta from jakarta, being a die-hard nationalist he kept to his post as a republican employee, eventhough he lost contact with the central government during the most part of the war of independence period. when the sovereignty of the state was transferred again to the indonesian government, early in 1950 he was appointed as the director of the research institute for natural sciences (botanic gardens of indonesia). being one of a few qualified scientists available to the government his service was solicited from far and wide, often outside his official jurisdiction. he was charged with the leading of indonesian delegations after delegations to fao and unesco council meetings and chairing several government committees (among others the state committee on textile industry, committee on sea fishery development, board of curators of college of biology). he also served as committee member in the indonesian council for sciences, the international rice committee, the pacific science association, the bogor war museum foundation and so on. these activities were resented by many people who believed that he was very ambitious of getting further personal promotion that he officially requested the government to relieve him from these involvements. the heads of department in the research institute for natural sciences often also missed his presence that they wrote the government to "return" him to them because his guidance was very much needed in the growing research activities in botanical gardens of indonesia. as was always happened with such requests, the government turned a deaf ear. from the very beginning he realized that the future of the institute depended upon the manpower development. he already envisioned that the institute could not relied upon forever on foreign scientists hired under the fragile political agreement between the governments of the republic of indonesia and the nederlands. therefore he developed means to overcome the situation by immediately implemented a plan to set up the college of biology in 1955. he broke away from the then prevailing system of higher education by asking the students to sit the examination at an appointed time and not at the time chosen by the students when they thought that they were ready. in order to attract 1982] rifai: kusnoto setyodiwiryo the best brains to this newly created college, he offered a special scholarship on top of free board, lodging and tuition fee. out of the 2700 applicants for the first batch, 30 were selected and 27 graduated with bachelor degree in early 1959, a record time for that period. the same success story was repeated in subsequent batches year after year, and many of them who were given opportunity to study further managed to obtain their ph.d. degrees from the best universities in the united kingdom, usa, netherlands and other countries in the world, and now hold the key positios in indonesia in the field of biology, fishery, oceanography and agriculture. characteriscally kusnoto setyodiwiryo himself took an active part in educating these students (which he considered as his own sons and daughters so that he invited them to his birthday parties) by lecturing on the introduction to general biology and on genetics. this was not altogether surprising because in 1951 he was appointed as an extraordinary professor of biology at the university of gajah mada. that he was sincerely interested in educating the younger generations was evident from the fact that he was also one of the founder of the private national university in jakarta in 1949, no doubt spurred by his deep nationalistic feeling, as this university was also an answer to the action by the dutch colonial government who established the university of indonesia, in fact during the war of independence, while serving as a republic employee, he taught in a "republic high school" in bogor and because of his non-conformity with the colonial government he was imprisoned in jakarta for 6 months. the impressions planted in the minds of those who knew him were the same: he was an extremely active man, open to suggestion and liked to make an immediate firm decision. the appointment of mr. anwari dilmy as the head of the herbarium bogoriense to replace the expatriate head who was considered making actions detrimental to the institute was clinched in one day. it was due to his initiative and his forcefulness that in that politically difficult period the plans to establish additional botanical gardens near padang in west sumatra (the setia mulia botanic garden in 1956) and in bali (the eka karya botanic garden in 1959) were executed. when the fruits of all his activities were beginning to be felt, to his disappoinment at the end of 1959 he was asked to leave bogor and became permanently attached to the minister of agriculture as a scientific adviser, a post he held until the time of his retirement. soon afterwards he suffered from a serious illness which compelled him to move about on 4 r e i n w a r d t 1 a [vol, 10 a wheel chair. being an active person, his deanship in the faculty of biology at the national university was performed efficiently from his home. this illness did not deter him to supervise innumerable research students of that university, who regularly flocked to his home for consultations. in fact he was still the dean of that faculty at the time of his death. he will be missed by his former colleagues and students but mostly by his family. he was survived by his wife, his two sons and two daughters who between them gave him twelve grandchildren. our deepest sympathy goes to them. 10(1) 248 binder cover-100_page_007 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor. indonesia vol. 8, part 2, pp. 333 — 334 (1972) note on hymenodictyon (rub.) and its occurrence in malesia, especially in west java c. g. g. j. van steenis rijksherbarium, leyden, netherlands the genus hymenodictyon is a genus of often large, often deciduous trees which is widely distributed over the african and asian-malesian tropics, with 11 species recorded for madagascar. within malesia it is found in most major islands cq. island groups, but from borneo and new guinea there are no collections yet known to me. from the malay peninsula it was recorded only once, viz. from the langkawi is. in the extreme northwest on the border with thailand. over the whole range records are very patchy and scarce. the above given distribution would suggest a slight preference for a seasonal climate. this is also stated by backer & bakh. f. (fl. java 2:297) who say that it occurs in java only in the eastern half, "especially in periodically dry areas, rare". in scanning the collections at leyden, it appears, however, that the climatic response is certainly not valid for the whole of malesia, as specimens of the island morotai (n. moluccas), south sumatra (palembang res.), and west java are certainly from everwet rain-forest. it is probably more the rarity of hymenodictyon than the climate which encouraged this suggestion. i get the impression that it is rather indifferent to climate, but that its rarity is probably caused by its reproduction and ecology which approach that of a nomad plant, which can only settle temporarily in dense rainforest and needs open space and spots for its germination and upgrowth seedlings and saplings. this would also explain why it is more frequently found in dry areas, because these offer more open spaces that the dense rain-forest. the data from the invaluable work of troup on the, silviculture of indian trees (vol. 2: 625 seq.) support this opinion. he says that: — "h. excelsum wall, occurs scattered throughout the dry, mixed deciduous forests of india and burma, being particularly common on loose dry deposits of boulders and debris along the base of the outer hills — 333 — 334 r e i n w a r d t i a [voi,. 8 in the sub himalayan tract, especially where the subsoil level is at great depth". the associates he mentions are characteristic for seasonal climatic conditions. "it is also frequently met with on sandy or stony soils on alluvial ground near rivers, and in savannah lands. bare ground is favourable to germination and subsequent survival, young seedlings being killed off in quantity where weeds are present; shade also contributes towards failure of natural reproduction which explains to some extent its comparative scarcity in many localities". this is, therefore, well in agreement with the occurrence in malesia and points to nomad ecology. however, troup does not mention its occurrence in rain-forest localities, which is in malesia certain for morotai and palembang, and with two indubitably native localities in the everwet forest of west java, viz. an old collection from mt. gedeh — because of its sterile state hitherto filed under rubiaceae inc. sedis — and a new collection from the extreme part of sw. java, viz. peutjang i. off udjong kulon peninsula. the locality on mt. gedeh, one. of the most intensively explored areas in java, sustains also its rare and possibly ephemeral occurrence, as it has never been collected again there in a century. the records are: west java, mt. gedeh: hoidsoortcn van den gedeh, no. 567, sterile, vern. (prpbably sundanese) ki-gala. this collection was according to me (fl. mai. 1: 248. 268) made at the instigation of junghuhn, probably end 1850s. udjong kulon peninsula: peutjang i., at sealevel, fl. j. 1964, n. wiraivam 408. as to the precise species identity there is uncertainty, three species having been recorded from malesia, viz. h. excelsum wall., h. horsfieldii r. br. from java and h. koordersii k. sch. from celebes. backer & bakhuizen van den brink jr. maintain the view of valeton that the first two are different species. it may well turn out that we have only one species, but this needs further detailed research. it is a pleasure to contribute to this reinwardtia instalment dedicated to dr. a. j. g. h. kostermans who, assisted by young colleagues, stimulated so much the botanical exploration of udjong kulon and adjacent isles and discovered or re-collected not a few most interesting woody plants in this part of west java which was, since kuhl & van hasselt's exploration one and a half century ago, botanically badly neglected. hal 333-334_page_1 hal 333-334_page_2 lipi a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(4) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(4): 261 337, 31 march 2008 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondece on the reinwardtia journal and subscriptions should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 4, pp: 275 – 276 275 endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai, spec. nov. (hyphomycetes) received october 11, 2007; accepted october 25, 2007. mien a. rifai indonesian academy of sciences (aipi) jakarta, indonesia c.o. herbarium bogoriense puslit biologi – lipi cibinong bogor, indonesia e-mail: herbogor@indo.net.id abstract rifai, m.a. 2008. endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai, spec. nov. (hyphomycetes). reinwardtia 12 (4): 275 – 276. –– a new species of endophragmiella is described and illustrated based on a specimen found growing on dead branchlets of morinda citrifolia in bogor, west java, and compared with its closely related congeners thus far known. keywords: hyphomycetes, java, endophragmiella bogoriensis. abstrak rifai, m.a. 2008. endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai, spec. nov. (hyphomycetes). reinwardtia 12 (4): 275 – 276. – –– suatu jenis baru endophragmiella dipertelakan dan digambarkan berdasarkan koleksi yang ditemukan tumbuh pada ranting mengkudu morinda citrifolia di bogor jawa barat, serta dibandingkan dengan jenis-jenis semarga kerabat dekatnya yang telah diketahui. kata kunci: hyphomycetes, jawa, endophragmiella bogoriensis. introduction colonies of a dematiaceous hyphomycetes was observed growing on the dead branchlets of morinda citrifolia (rubiaceae) in kotabatu near bogor (west java). the features of this fungus answer all the diagnostic characters of endophragmiella sutton (1973), a genus which according to hughes (1979) should be characterized mainly by its rhexolytically seceding conidia. its 1-septate, oblong, and brown conidia make this species somewhat resembles endophragmiella uniseptata (m.b. ellis) hughes– –originally classi-fied as endophragmia uniseptata m.b. ellis (1959, 1971)–– but that british and new zealand species has larger conidia masuring 13–27 x 9–12.5 μm with the lower cell sometimes slightly paler. in some respects, it is also similar to endophragmiella pallescens sutton except for the fact that that canadian species has branched conidiophores producing longer conidia measuring 15–24 x 7–8 μm. as implied by its name, the other canadian species endo-phragmiella angustispora hughes (1979) has navicular to ellipsoidal to narrowly ovoid conidia measuring 14.5–20.5 x 4.5–5.5 μm. endo-phragmiella cambrensis m.b. ellis (1976) from wales also has 1-septate and small-sized conidia measuring 13 – 18 x 8 – 10 μm, but those conidia are obovoid or clavate and dark brown coloured. likewise the 1-septate conidia of the mostly temperate species endophragmiella globulosa (sutton) hughes, endophragmiella taxi (m.b. ellis) hughes, endophragmiella pinicola (m.b. ellis) hughes, and endophragmiella boewei (crane) hughes (1979) are obovoid or pyriform, so that they are markedly different from the present tropical species. accordingly, this javanese collection is made the type specimen of endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai, a new species described below. it clearly belongs to the narrowly envisaged endophragmiella as this genus is circumscribed by ellis (1976). it should be noted that in emending the genus by absorbing many species previously accommodated in endophragmia duvernoy & maire by ellis (1959, 1971, 1976), hughes (1979) already indicated the possibility of segregating several more managable genera based on the nature of their spore septation. endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai, spec. nov. – fig. 1. coloniae effusae, brunneae, pilosae. mycelium immersum vel superficiale, ex hyphis ramosis, septatis, pallide brunneis, levibus compositum. conidiophora simplicia, recta vel flexuosa, pallide brunnea, laevia, septata, usque ad 200 μm longa, 3–4,5 μm crassa, per proliferationes percurrentes elongascentes. conidia acrogena, oblonga vel ellipsoidea, brunnea, laevia, 1septata, 12–18 x 7–9 μm, basic claro protrudenti praedita. reinwardtia [vol.12 276 fig.1. conidophores, conidiogenous cells, and conidia of endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai (based on type specimen). habitat in ramolis emortuis morindae citrifoliae, kotabatu, prope bogor, java, 22 februarii 2007, m.a.rifai s.n. (bo typus). colonies effused, pale brown to brown, distinctly hairy. mycelium both superficial and immersed in the substratum, composed of branched, septate, pale brown to brown, smooth walled, 2–4 μm thick hyphae. conidiophores erect, straight or flexuous, simple or very rarely branched, cylindrical, brown, smooth walled, septate, elongate through percurrent proliferations, 60–200 μm long, 3.5–5 μm thick, sometimes swollen up to 6.5 μm at the base. conidiogenous cells monoblastic and integrated, terminal, generally percurrently elongated, cylindrical but rather abruptly taper to the truncate pale brown apex. conidia solitary, acrogenous, broadly oblong to ellipsoidal and rounded at the apex, smooth walled, brown, 1 septate, 12–18 μm long and 7–9 μm thick in the broadest part, rhexolytically secede from the conidigeneous cell so that each one is provided with a protuberant thin walled up to 3.5 μm diam. peg. distribution. known only from one collect ion in west java. specimens examined. west java. bogor, kotabatu, on dead branchlets of morindae citrifolia, 22 february 2007, m.a. rifai s.n. (bo type) acknowledgements i would like to thank dr. kartini kramadibrata, ms.atik retnowati, and ms. s. dewi (bogor) for kindly reviewing the first draft of this paper. references ellis, m. b. 1959. clasterosporium and some allied dematiaceae-phtagmosporae ii. c.m.i mycol. pap. 72: 1 – 75. ellis, m. b. 1971. dematiaceous hyphomycetes. kew: c.m.i ellis, m. b. 1976. more dematiaceous hyphomycetes. kew: c.m.i. hughes, s.j. 1979. relocation of species of endophragmia auct. with notes on relevant generic names. new zealand j. bot. 17: 139 – 188. sutton, b.c. 1973. hyphomycetes from manitoba and saskatchewan. c.m.i. mycol. pap. 132: 1 – 143. instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles wich have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processes further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author (s) attestingto its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation autohrs should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for paper in french or german) of not more than 250 words.keywords should be given below each abstract, on a peparated paper author(s) sholud the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanica monenclatural is observed, so that taxonamix and nomenclatural novelties sholud be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illistration sholud be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free og charge, any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 4. 2008 contents page j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for the tetrastigma (vitaceae) host of rafflesia (rqfflesiaeeae) in malesia and a (not so) new species ... 261 wj.j.ode wilde &b.e.e. duyfes. miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news 267 m.a. rifai. endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai,spec. nov (hyphomycetes) 275 m.a. rifai. another note on podoconismegaspemiaboedijn(hyphomycetes) 277 topik hid a w ; m. ito; t. yukawa. the phylogenetic position of the papuasian genus sarcochilus r.br. (orchidaceae: aeridinae): evidence frommolecular data 281 c.e. ridsdale. notes on maiesiznneonaucleea 285 c.e. ridsdale. thorny problems in the rubiaceae: benkara, fagerlindia andoxyceros 289 kuswatakartawinaia, purwaningsih, t. partomihardjo, r. yusuf, r. abdulhadi, s. riswan. floristics and structure of a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, east kalimantan, indonesia 301 rugaiah & s. sunarti. two new wild species of averrhoa (oxalidaceae) from indonesia 325 atikretnowati. anew javanese species of marasmius (trichlomataceae ) 334 reinwardtia is a lepi acredited journal (80/akred-lipi/p2mbi/5/2007) herbarium bogoriense bidang botani , pus at penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia depannnn 49-102-1-sm acknowledgements i would like to thank dr. kartini kramadibrata, ms.atik retnowati, and ms. s. dewi (bogor) for kindly reviewing the first draft of this paper. references blkngg eeinwaedtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 6, part 4, p.p. 443 — 447 (1963) subgeneric categories of pithecellobium mart. robert h. mohlenbrock*) pithecellobium (leguminosae — mimosoideae — ingeae) was published by martius in 1829. derivation of the name is from the greek, meaning "monkey earring", alluding to the fruit shape of one of the species. martius changed the spelling in 1837 to pithecollobium. it is thought by some workers that this change is the result of a printer's error. at any rate, bentham changed the spelling again in 1844 to pithecolobium, deriving it from two greek words meaning "monkey ear-lobe". pithecellobium is accepted as the correct spelling. martius listed three species in his original publication. these were p. cyclocarpum (based on inga cyclocarpa willd., which equals enterolobium cyclocarpum), p. inundatum, and p. unguis-cati. the last has been adopted as the type species. bentham's treatment in 1875 is the first major one for pithecellobium. that bentham placed diverse entities in pithecellobium may be seen by his statement: "the pod in this genus is almost as much diversified as in acacia, often very different in species otherwise closely allied, and in many species as yet unknown." bentham divided pithecellobium into seven sections. of these, only the first three, with legumes contorting following dehiscence, are considered to be pithecellobium by this writer. for a discussion of the other sections and their status, see mohlenbrock (1963). segregate genera which are considered synonymous with pithecellobium are spiroloba raf., abarema pittier, jupunba britt. & rose, punjuba britt. & rose, cojoba britt. & rose, klugiodendron britt. & killip, morolobium kostermans, archidendron f. muell., and hansem,annia k. schum. reasoning behind these unions has been given previously (mohlenbrock, 1963). morphology op the genus pithecellobium the bark of the trunk usually remains smooth for a long period, finally becoming roughened. the branchlets are frequently lenticellate. the bark of some species contains saponins (kostermans, 1954). *) southern illinois university, carbondale. 444 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 6 the leaves in all species are alternate. they are usually bipinnate, except for § morolobium and part of § cojoba. leaflet shape, number, and pubescence are variable and cannot be relied upon exclusively for species determination. in general, the terminal leaflets are the largest. the base of the leaflet is symmetrical or oblique. leaflets vary from membranaceous to subcoriaceous. the rachilla is often prolonged into a threadlike projection beyond the terminal pair of leaflets.. the leaflets are opposite, sub-alternate, or rarely alternate. in many species, one member of the lowest pair of leaflets is missing. glands are invariably present on the rachilla between the leaflets and frequently on the petiole. they are usually constant for a given species. the glands may.be sessile or stalked, cupular or crateriform. stipules in § pithecellobium are reduced to slender spines. in all other sections, the stipules are foliaceous and often caducous. in some instances, glands may occur at the base of the petiole. these may represent stipules. the inflorescence may be terminal, axillary, or cauliflorous. if terminal, the leaves below the inflorescence are somewhat reduced. the flowers are nearly always grouped in a pseudo-umbel subtended by small bracts. the pseudo-umbel is really a shortened spike or raceme. occasionally, slender racemes are encountered, especially in § archidendron. one to four peduncles may be formed in the leaf axils. if the inflorescence is terminal, the clusters of flowers become shorter from top to bottom, giving the appearance of a panicle. the flowers are pedicellate or sessile. they are very uniform in shape, differing only in degree of pubescence and size. the calyx is (4-) 5-lobed or the lobes may be obsolete. the tubular corolla is (4-) 5-lobed. the numerous stamens are united for part of their length. the free parts of the filaments are usually twisted. the number of ovaries per flower ranges from 1 to 15. with the exception of p. dewitianum, which may have one or two ovaries per flower, all species with two or more ovaries belong to § archidendron. the ovary is elongate and slender. in some functional staminate flowers, the ovary may be reduced. the legume, which is usually coriaceous, may be flattened or moniliform. if flattened, one or both margins may be lobed. the legume may be straight, arcuate, or circinate. in any case, the valves become contorted following dehiscence. the inside of the pod is frequently highly colored. the seeds are either orbicular or flattened. they are black or brown. in § pithecellobium and § klugiodendron, the seeds are arillate, 1963] r. h. mohlenbrock: categories of pithecellobium. mart. 445 distribution of genus pithecellobium occurs in both the eastern and western hemispheres. it is rather abundant from central america through northern south america, in the west indies, tropical asia, malesia, and australia. pithecellobium mart. hort. monac. 188. 1829. . spiroloba, raf., sylva tell. 119. 1838. arohidendron f. muell., fragm. 5: 59. 1865. ' hansenmannia k. schum. in bot. jahrb. 9: 201. 1887. abarema pittier, arboles & arbustos legum. 56. 1927. jupunba britt. & rose, n. am. flora 23 (1) : 24. 1928. punjuba britt. & rose, n. am. flora 23 (1): 28. 1928. cojoba britt. & rose, n. am. flora 23 (1) : 29. 1928. klugiodendron britt. & killip in ann. n. y. acad. sci. 35: 125. 1936. morolobium kostermans in bull. org. sci. res. indonesia 20 (11) : 11. 1954. zygia sensu kostermans in bull. org. sci. res. indonesia 20 (11): 24. 1954, non p. browne (1789). usually small, unarmed trees, or with spinescent stipules, bipinnate (rarely once-pinnate). inflorescence capitate, racemose, or pseudo-umbelliform, sometimes cauliflorous; bracts and bracteoles present, often caducous; calyx carnose, coriaceous, or membranaceous, cupular or cylindric, (4-) 5-lobed or -toothed; corolla carnose, coriaceous, membranaceous, or chartaceous, tubular, (4-) 5-(6-) lobed; stamens numerous, the filaments partly united into a tube, the anthers small; ovaries 1—15, severalto many-ovuled; style slender; stigma small, capitate. legume compressed or turgid or terete, continuous or moniliform, 2-valved, dehiscent, with the valves contorting following dehiscence; seeds arillate or exarillate. t y p e : pithecellobium unguis^cati (l.) mart. key to sections of pithecellobium a. seeds without aril; plants unarmed (see § klugiodendron below). b. some or usually all the flowers with two or more ovaries; plants frequently cauliflorous section archidendron b. none of the flowers with two or more ovaries; plants not cauliflorous (except § morolobium and rarely in § clypearia). c. leaves reduced to a single leaflet; flowers cauliflorous section morolobium c. leaves with more than one leaflet; flowers rarely cauliflorous. d. legume compressed or turgid, continuous section clypearia d. legume moniliform section cojoba a, seeds arillate; stipules spinescent or, if not spinescent, then the leaves 1-jugate with one pair of leaflets. e. stipules spinescent; leaves (1-) 2to several-jugate, with several pairs of leaflets section pithecellobium e. stipules unarmed; leaves 1-jugate, with one pair of leaflets section klugiodendron 4 4 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol,. 6 section archidendron (f. muell.) mohl., stat. nov. archidendron f. muell., fragm. 5: 95. 1865. hansemannia k. schum. in bot. jahrb. 9: 201. 1887. unarmed. leaflets bipinnate, usually rather large. inflorescence racemose, fasciculate, or pseudoumbellate, frequently cauliflorous. ovaries (1—) 2—15, separate. legume rather fleshy or coriaceous, more or less compressed; seeds exarillate. type: pithecellobium vaillantii (f. muell.) f. muell. new guinea (irian), philippine islands, moluccas (maluku islands), australia. section morolobium (kostermans) mohl., stat. nov. morolobium kostermans in bull. org. sci. res. indonesia 20 (11) : 11. 1954. unarmed. leaflets reduced to 1, very large. inflorescence cauliflorous. ovary 1. legume unknown. t y p e : pithecellobium monopterum kosterm. morotai island. section clypearia benth. in trans. linn. soc. 30: 574. 1875. section abaremotemo benth. in trans. linn. soc. 30: 581. 1875, pro parte. abarema pittier, arboles & arbustos legum. 56. 1927. jupunba britt. & rose, n. am. flora 23 (1) : 24. 1928. i punjuba britt. & rose, n. am. flora 23 (1) : 28. 1928. zygia sensu kostermans in bull. org. sci. res. indonesia 20 (11) : 24. 1954, now, p. browne (1789). unarmed. leaves bipinnate, frequently rather small. inflorescence often diffuse, paniculate, racemose, pseudoumbelliform, or capitate, rarely cauliflorous. ovary 1. legume compressed, usually lobed along one suture. seeds exarillate. t y p e : pithecellobium clypearia benth. asia, malesia, australia, south america, west indies. section cojoba (britt. & rose) mohl., stat. nov. cojoba britt. & rose, n. am. fl. 23 (1): 29. 1928. unarmed. leaves (1-) 2-jugate, the leaflets small or large. inflorescence capitate. ovary 1. legume terete, moniliform. seeds exarillate. t y p e : pithecellobium arboreum urban. west indies, central america, south america. 1963] r. h. mohlenbrock: categories of pithecellobium mart. 447 section pithecellobium spiroloba raf., sylva tell. 119. 1838. section unguis-cati benth. in ti-ans. linn. soc. 30: 571. 1875. stipules spinescent. leaves bipinnate, usually small. inflorescence capitate or umbelliform. ovary 1. legume compressed. seeds arillate. type : pithecellobium v;nguis-cati (l.) mart. southern united states, west indies, central america, south america; introduced elsewhere. section klugiodendron (britt. & killip) mohl, stat. nov. kltiffiodendron britt. & killip in ann. n. y. acad. sci. 35: 125. 1936. unarmed. leaves reduced to 1 pair of leaflets, the leaflets large. inflorescence capitate or umbelliform. ovary 1. legume coriaceous, compressed. seeds arilate. t y p e : pithecellobium laetum (poepp. & endl.) benth. south america. literature cited bentham, g. (1844). notes on mimoseae. hookers london journ. bot. 3: 195. , (1875). revision of the suborder mimoseae. trans. linn. soc. london 30 (3) : 355-668. kostermans, a. (1954). a monograph of the asiatic, malaysian, australian, and pacifis species of mimosaceae, formerly ineluded in pithecolobium mart. bull. org. sci. res. indonesia 20 (11) : 1-122. martius, k. (1829). hortus regius monacensis. 210 pp. munchen and leipzig. —, (1837). herbarium florae brasiliensis. flora 20 (20): beibl. 144. mohlenbrock, r. (1963). reorganization of genera within tribe ingeae of the mimosoid leguminosae. reinwardtia 6 (4) : 429-442. hal 443-447_page_1 hal 443-447_page_2 hal 443-447_page_3 hal 443-447_page_4 hal 443-447_page_5 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, part 1, pp. 27 — 34 (1982) chydenanthus miers (lecythidaceae) kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor, indonesia abstract chydenanthus is accepted as a monotypic genus and its type species c. excelsus (bl.) miers is redescribed. c. dentato-serratus r. knuth belongs to barringtonia and is thus excluded from the genus. abstrak chydenanthus diperlakukan sebagai suatu marga yang monotipe dan pertelaan baru c. excelsus (bl.) miers disajikan. c. dentato-serratus r. knuth termasuk marga barringtonia, karena itu dikeluarkan dari marga ini. the genus chydenanthus was established by miers in 1875, comprising of one species, c. excelsus (bl.) miers (basionym: barringtonia excelsa bl.). a second species, c. dentato-serratus r. knuth was later described by knuth (1939) based on a fruiting specimen collected by r. c. bakhuizen van den brink. it was said to differ from c. excelsus by its dentate-serrate leaves. i agree with airy-shaw (1949) that it does not belong to chydenanthus; in all respects, in particular the spikelike inflorenscence, it matches barringtonia, spicata bl. the type species was earlier included in the genus stravadium (a. p. de candolle, 1828; blume, 1851-1852). barringtonia vriesei t. & b. which was established by teijsmann and binnendijk (1851) and later included by miers (1875, p. 112) in the genus doxoma is considered conspecific with c. excelsus. chydenanthus is characterized by its panicled inflorescence, ascendent ovules, and pubescent flowers. another feature is the presence of minute, subulate and caducous stipules (or sometimes reduced into dots) at the base of the petioles, which are usually discernable in very young leaves. — 27 — r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. jo the genus, like barringtonia and abdulmajidia, has one-seeded fruit. the entire seed is an embryo, consisting of the inner and outer parts, which on cross section are separated by a concentric woody ring. the seed has no cotyledons, and when germinating the plumule emerges from one end and the radicle from the other, i.e. the barringtonia type germination (cf. de vogel, seedlings of dicotyledons, 1980). the development of the embryo was amply described by treub (1884). chydenanthus exgelsus (bl.) miers chydenanthus excelstis (bl.) miers m trans. linn. soc. london 2 ( 1 ) : 112, t. 17, f. 5 & 20. 1875; niedenzu in engler & pranti, nat. pf'l. fain. 3 ( 7 ) : 33. 1898; koordcrs & valeton, bijdr. booms. java 6, in med. 'slands pi. tuin buitenzorg 40: 20. 1900; boorsma in bull. d'agric. ind. neerl. 16: 10. 1908; de clerq, nieuw plantk. woordenb. ned. indie 199. 1909; backer, schoolfl. java 54, 1911; bekn. fl. f i g . 1. chydenanthus excelsus (bl.) miers: a) flowering branch, h) 'longitudinal section of calyx and ovary, c) petal, d) stamens, and e) anther. — after koorders 25249 (a) and livingspecimen cultivated in the bogor botanical garden, va 5 ( b e ) . 19&2] k a r t a w i n a t a : chydenanthus \ 5 mm fig. 2. chydenanthus excelsus (bl.) m i e r s : a) r i p e f r u i t , b) longitudinal section, and c) cross section. note t h e fibrous p e r i c a r p . — a f t e r living specimen cultivated at t h e bogor botanical garden, va 5. 30 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 1982] kartawinata: chydenanthug 81 java, fam. 4b, 99: 5. 1944; backer & bakh. v.d. brink, fl. j a v a 1: 353. 1965; koorder, exkurs. fl. j a v a 2: 666. 1912; greshoff in med. 'slands fl. tuin buitenzorg 25: 82. 1898; in med. dept. landb. 17,3 (suppl) : 118. 1913; van dongen in pharm. weekbl. 50: 446. 1913; in meded. kol. inst. amsterdam 123. 1913; janssonius, mikrogr. holzer j a v a 3: 502. 1914; anat. bestimm. j a v a holzer 81. 1940; key java woods 84. 1952; heyne, nutt. pi. ned. indie (ed. 1) 3: 343. 1917; (ed. 2) 2: 1161. 1927; (ed. 3) 1: 1161. 1950; duyster in pharm. weekbl. 60: 777. 1923; r. knuth in engl. pflanzenreich 105 (4, 219): 56, f. 12. 1939; airy shaw in kew bull. 152 (excl. syn. b. cymosa c. e. c. fischer). 1949. — barringtonia excelsa blume, bijd. 17de s t u k : 1097, 1826; miquel, fl. ned. ind. 1 ( 1 ) : 491. 1855; c. muellerberol. in walp. ann. 4: 852. 1857. — stravadium excelsus (bl.) a .p. de candolle, prodr. 3: 289. 1828; blume in fl. serres 7: 24. 1851-1852; greshoff, i.e. 117 — type: blume 1733 ( l ) . careya, valida (non (bl.) kurz) parkinson in for. fl. andam. isl. 175. 1923. barringtonia vriesei teijsmann & binnendijk in nat. tijdschr. ned. indie 2: 308. 1851; in ned. kruidk. arch. 3: 411. 1855; miquel, fl. ind. bat, 1(1): 491. 1855; c. mueller-berol. in walp. ann. 4: 854. 2857; bisshop grevelink, pi. ned. indie 159. 1883; niedenzu, i.e. 33; treub in ann. jard. bot. buitenzorg 4: 101, t. 8. 1884. — doxoma vriesei (t. & b.) miers, i.e. 106. tree up to 30 m high, 50 cm diam., bole fluted, modular. bark smooth, greyish brown. branchlets up to 5 mm thick, greyish brown or brown, striate, lenticellate. buds 3 — 4 mm long, pubescent. leaves simple, alternate, penninerved, glabrous, papyraceous to coriaceous, membranaceous when young, elliptic to elliptic oblong, rarely ellipticobovate or obovate, (4-)7 — 26 (130) x (1.2-)3 — 8 (11.5) cm, base generally cuneate, sometimes rounded; margin slightly plicate below, entire or faintly serrulate; apex acuminate, acumen up to 15 mm long, tip blunt; midrib strongly prominent beneath, prominulous or flat above; lateral nerves 7 —15 pairs, angles with the midrib about 50°, prominent beneath, prominulous or sometimes obscure above, arcuate and anastomosing near margin, often branched; secondary nerves distinct, reticulation visible or sometimes obscure above; petiole not winged, flat with sharp margin above, convex below, 10 — 20 mm long, 2 mm thick, very dark brown, when dry, greyish brown when fresh. stipules caducous, minute, subulate or reduced to dots. panicle terminal or subterminal, many flowered, up to 18 cm long. rachis pulverulent to pubescent, greyish brown, striate, often lanticellate, ± 5 mm diam. pedicel velutinous, up to 5 mm long, 3 mm thick. bracts and bracteoles velutinous outside, caducous. bracts triangular, 5 mm long, 3 mm wide; bracteoles 2, opposite, 3 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. calyx lobes 3—4, small, triangular, ciliate, velutinous outside, glabrous inside, connate at the base forming a funnel-shaped or slender urn-shaped tube, up to 2 cm long (after anthesis). petals 4, longer than calyx lobes, loosely attached to the staminal tube, obovate, apex rounded, ± 3 cm long, ± 1.5 cm wide, veined, thinly papyraceous, membranaceous at the margin, greenish white when fresh, dark brown when dry, pulverulent to 32 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 pubescent outside (in bud). stamens numerous, inflexed in bud, multiseriate, the inner ones shorter and sterile, the basal part connate into a tube, the entire tube caducous, glabrous, filaments yellow (fresh), very slender up to 4.5 cm long, tube 0.5 cm long. anthers small, versatile, basifixed, ovoid to ellipsoid, bilocular, longitudinally dehiscent. pollen grains prolate to subprolate, 41—51 x 32—39 µ, tricolpate, colpi margin thick, sexine thick, reticulate the polar region with thick and blunt sexine projection. intrastaminal disc consists of the vertex of the ovary and a ring-like rim. ovary inferior, biloculate, ovules ascendent, 2 in each cell, placentation central. styles slender, as long as stamens; stigma simple or pin-head shaped. fruit indehiscent, generally inserted at the terminal end of the peduncle, bluntly quadrangular, elongate ellipsoid or obovoid, about 12 cm long, 6 cm wide, lenticellate or warty, puberulous, crowned by the persistent calyx; pericarp fibrous to woody, up to 1 cm thick; fruit stalk thickened, 5 cm long, 8 mm thick. seed one, ellipsoid, hard and stonelike when dry. embryo large; cotyledons absent. distribution: lower burma, andaman and nicobar islands, sumatra, java, bali, sumbawa, celebes, moluccas and new guinea. vernacular names : putat lembek (indon.); kayu bodoh (sumatra: pariaman) ; besole, songgom anjing (java: sunda) ; besole, brosol, blundeng, bosgol, emprak, leprak (central and east java); puyung-puyung (bali); kujung (sumbawa); kalowe (sulawesi: buton). u s e the wood of this species is of little economic value. it is strong but not very durable; the specific gravity is 0.66. the bark is fatally poisonous (grashoff, i.e.). seeds contain chydenantine, a glycoside (duyster, i.e.), and according to van dongen (i.e.) they can be used as a fish poison and a medicine against diarrhoea. the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of this species are amply given by boorsma (i.e.) and duyster (i.e.). e c o l o g y the species occurs in moist areas but is more common in drier areas where the dry period with a monthly rainfall of less than 60 mm can last more than 6 months. in dry areas it grows on moist soils in valleys or along rivers. it has been recorded as occurring in primary and secondary forests as well as in planted teak forests on a variety of soils including those on limestone and peat swamp, from sea level to 600 m. it flowers and fruits throughout the year, but flowering seems to be more common from june to september and fruiting from september to january. flowers open at night and drop early in the morning. 1982] kartawinata : chydenanthm 38 andaman islands. locality not indicated, f l , fr., anno 1899, prain's coll. s.n. (cal). nicobar islands. s. nicobar, galathea river to pigmalion point, coastal forests on wet places with sandy loam soils, alt. 0 m, fr., july, balwkhrisnan 3871 ( l ) ; n. nicobar, tree top, car nicobar subtidal forests on moist loam soil, alt. 0 m, fl., may, nair 2607 (l). sumatra. west sumatra, pariaman, stsr., diepenhorst 2569 h.b. (bo); ayer mancior (air-mancur), alt. 360 m, ster., aug., beccari 762 ( l ) ; kuantan river, near great mokko, loam on blue lime rocks, alt. 100 m, pebr., ster., koorders 10391 (bo); riau, indragiri, pagerumbai, cinako river, alt. 8 m, oct., ster., 66. 26081 (a, bo, k, l, sing). south sumatra, fl., forbes 2597 ( l ) ; rupit river, alt. ± 250 m. fr., forbes 2927 (cal), lampung, slope of mt. rate berenong, edge of ladang, alt. 400 m, nov., fl., ibut 230 (bo, l, stng); ibid., wai lima estate, roadside, alt. 200 m, dec, fl. ibut 471 (bo, l). java. locality not indicated. blume 1733 (l type). west java, tasikmalaya, cipatujah, riverside, valley bottom, jan., fr., dransfield 1155 (bo). central java, east of tegal, teak forest, along river alt. 60 m, sept., fl., beum.ee 4451 (bo); pekabngan, subah, oct., ster., koorders 11563 (bo, l ) ; ibid., sept., fl., fr., koorders 11565 (bo, k, u ) ; ibid., alt. 150 m, jan., fl., fr., koorders 11566 (bo); ibid., june, fl., koorders 13363 (bo); ibid., june, ster., koorders 13463 (bo); ibid., june, fl., koorders 13489 (bo); ibid., june, ster., koorders 14266 (bo); ibid., apr. fl., koorders 27u67 (bo); ibid., may, ster., koorders 36801 (bo, l ) ; ibid., koorders 26955 (bo); ibid., margasari, limestone, alt. 100 m, sept., fl., volte 4025 (bo); ibid., nov., fl., koorders 5416 (bo, l ) ; semarang, kedungjati, teak forest, aug\, ster., koorders 5410 (bo, l ) ; ibid., july, ster., koorders 5411, 5412 (bo, l ) ; ibid., march, ster., koorders 5414, 100201 (bo); ibid., oct., ster., koorders 5423 (bo); ibid., manggar district, deras, sept., fl., fr., koorders 25249 (b, bo, l) ; ibid., setro batealit, alt. 600 m, dec, ster., wagiman, ja 3725 (a, bo, l ) ; karangasem, north of wirosari, teak forest, alt. 200 m, march ster., koorders 6415 (bo); ibid., bontar berjo, primary forest, june, ster., koorders 28364 (bo); ibid., teak, forest, nov., ster., koorders 34147 (bo); japara, juwana, taju, ngarangan, teak forest, alt. 50 m, may, fl., koorders s5038, 35039 (bo); north west muria, setio near pecangan, old forest, alt. 300 m, oct., fl., fr., docters van leeuwen-rijnvaan 918 (bo) ; purworejo, ster., vorderman a 22 (bo); bagelen, cangkrep, july, ster., vorderman s.n. (bo); ngorogunung, near celebung, ster., kalshoven 45 (bo, l ) ; ibid., jan., ster., koorders 22118 (bo, l ) ; cilacap, nusakambangan, nov., ster., koorders 20024 (bo, l ) ; ibid., ster., koorders 20215 (bo); ibid.. jan., ster., koorders 22118 (bo, l ) ; ibid., oct., ster., koorders 24553 (bo, k, u ) ; ibid., oct., fl., koorders 24611 (bo, l ) ; ibid., pebr., fr., koorders 26947,26949 (bo, l) ; ibid., pebr., koorders 26948 (bo); ibid., jan., ster., koorders 27509 (bo); cilacap, cikorol, alt. 35 m, may, ster., verduyn lunel, ja 2921 (bo, l, pnh). east java, purwodadi, gunung baung, dec, fr., dilmy, soejarto, priyanto & wirawan 24 (a, bo, k, l, sing); jember, puger, aug., fl., koorders 5418 (bo); ibid., sept., fl., koorders 5419 (bo, l) ; ibid., 5420 (bo, k, l ) ; ibid., rogojampi, aug., ster., koorders 5421 (bo); ibid., oct., ster., koorders 13182 (bo); ibid., march, fr., koorders 30080 (bo); ibid., may, ster., koorders 39735 (bo); jember, nogosari, old forest, alt. 50 m, dec, ster., backer 18342 (bo) ; ibid., kemiri sanga, old forest alt. 100 — 250 m, apr., fr., backer 30609 (bo); ibid., nov. ster., kalshoven 102 (bo); ibid., sabrang, alt, 15 m, may, ster., aris, ja 3354 (bo, p n h ) ; ibid., muncar, humid lowland, forest, alt. 5 m, oct., ster., becking 88 (bo); ibid., curacabe near 34 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 bangsalsari, alt. 50 m, nov., fl., kctishoven 74 (bo); pusuruan, c. abang near kapuh, alt. 75 m, june, ster., backer 8316 (bo); surabaya, fl., teijsmann s.n. (bo); ngawi, jan., ster., beumee 1295 (bo); north of kediri, tanjir, aug., fr., grusternik 3098 (bo); ibid., utan panjang, ster., den berger s.n. (bo); nusabarung, oct., fl., koorders 5422 (bo); gunung lanang, near ginandong, febr., ster., boerigter 100s (bo); purwo, blambangan reserve, ster., sept., hoogerwerf 164 (l). locality not indicated. blume 1733 (type, l); horsfield s.n. (cal). south kalimantan (s. borneo). g. pamaton, fr., korthals s.n. (l). bali. candikesuma, old forest, alt. 100 m, jan., ster., de voogd 1670 (bo, l, pnh) ; ibid., lowland forest, alt. 20 m, apr., ster., becking 150 (bo, l ) ; jembrana, fr., dec, gede ranten & made raditha 60/h (bo), nusa tenggara (lesser sunda islands). sumbawa, singa, alt. 500 m, july, ster., de voogd 1621 (bo, l, pnh); bangkat munteh, alt. 46 m, apr., ster., 66. 14014 (bo). sulawesi (celebes). buton, kambowa, apr., fr., walangitang, 66. 6642 (bo); kampung lowolowo, fl., fl., van vuuren 785 (bo). maluku (moluccas). ceram, wahai, ster., teijsmann s.n. (bo). irian jaya (west new guinea). salawati island, kaloal, primary forest along river, flatland, flooded during rainy season, clay soil, alt. 0 m, oct., fl., versteegh bw 4675 (bo, l) ; fak-fak, adi island, young secondary forest on marshy peat, alt. ca. 5 m, fr., aug., versteegh bw 7584 (l, lae). culta. bogor, botanical garden, va. 2a, nov., fl., kuswata 3 (a, bo, k, l, lae, ny, p, sing, us); ibid., va. 5., fl., fr., kuswata 4 (a, bm, bo, k, l, lae, ny, p, sing, us). i wish to thank the director of rijksherbarium, leiden, for the loan of the herbarium specimens. 10(1) 252 binder cover-100_page_007 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 4, p. 413 (1960). the genus muricococcum chun & how (euphorb.). a. j. g. h. kostermans* the monotypical genus muncococcum was published in 1956 (in acta phytotaxonomica sinica 5: 14) with a latin and chinese diagnosis. the authors compared it with chaetocarpus, to which it is certainly only remotely related and with coelodepas, to which it is closely related. the specific description of muricococcum sinense chun & how (i.e. 15) is accompanied by an excellent drawing, which, together with the ample description, enable me to refer it to its proper genus, although the type specimen is inaccessible for the time being. i fail to find any differences with the genus cephalomappa and the species resembles cephalomappa mallotricarpa j. j. s. i venture to reduce muricococcum to cephalomappa and to rename the species: cephalomappa sinense (chun & how) kostermans, comb. nov. (basionym: muricococcum sinense chun & how). * d. sc; forest research institute, bogor; collaborator herbarium bogoriense, bogor. — 413 — img564 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoricnse — lbn, bogor vol. 10, part 2, pp. 113 (1985) chydenanthus miers (lecythidaceae): a correction kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, lembaga biologi nasional-llpi, bogor in my article on the genus chydenanthus miers in reinwardtia 10 (1) : 28, 1982, i stated that "the genus, like barringtonia and abdulmajidia, has oneseeded fruit". this statement is partially wrong. abdulmajidia fruit has 2 5 seeds, the main reason that the genus was established (kochumen in hit. 18 march 1983; whitmore in kew bull. 29 ( 1 ) : 2 0 7 2 1 1 . 1974). the type of seed germination of the three genera is, however, similar. i should like to thank mr. k.m. kochumen of the forest research institute, kepong, malaysia, for drawing my attention to the above error. 113 — 10(2) 262-1738-2-pb binder cover-100_page_009 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, part 1, pp. 99 — 102 (1982) a new melanographium with mononematous conidiophores mien a. rifai herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor, indonesia abstract melanographium laxum rifai is described and illustrated, based on colonies growing on palm petioles collected in bogor botanic gardens, java. unlike the other members of melanographium, the present species does not form tufted or fasciculated conidiophores. abstrak jenis baru melanographium laxum rifai dipertelakan dan digambar berdasarkan koloni yang tumbuh pada tangkai daun palem di kebun raya bogor. berbeda dengan anggota marga melanographium lainnya, jenis ini tidak membentuk konidiofor yang memberkas atau bertukal. melanographium laxum rifai, spec. nov. — fig. 1. coloniae effusae, lanulosae, atro brunneae vel brunneo atrae. mycelium in substrato immersum, vel partim superficiale ex hyphis septatis pallide brunneis vel brunneis, laevibus, 3—6 µm crassis, ramosis, reticulatis compositum. conidiophora singula ex lateritibus hypharum oriunda, simplicia, ascendentia, flexuosa vel raro recta, septata, pallide brunnea vel brunnea, laevia, usque ad 190 µm longa, 4—8 µm crassa, apicem versus pallidora et saepe incolorata, cicatricibus minutis praedita. conidia solitaria, non septata, laevia, brunnea, obovoidea vel saepe curvata vel subcymbiformia, 16—20 x 7—10 µm. habitat in petiolis emortuis astrocaryi, horto botanico bogoriensis, septembri 1977, m.a. rifai (bo 18380 typus est.). the dead petioles of the brazilian palm genus astrocaryum cultivated in bogor botanic gardens occasionally harbour widely effused and dark blackish brown to brownish black colonies of a dematiaceous fungus which undoubtedly belongs to melanographium sacc, inspite of the fact — 99 — 100 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 fig. 1. melanograpiiium la sum rifai: conidiophores and conidia. 1982] rlfai: new melanographium 101 that it does not have conidiophores arranged in loosely or densely compacted fascicles or synnemata. consequently the colonies do not appear bristly, hairy or velvety as in other species of this genus (ellis 1963, 1971). instead they are laxed and loosely woolly or lanulose, and hence the name melanographium laxum is chosen to characterize its deviation from the other members of the genus. the stroma is poorly developed in this species. its mycelium is mostly immersed in the substrate or partly superficial. this mycelium is composed of a network of much branched, pale brown to brown, smooth walled, septate hyphae with cells measuring 3—6 µm in diameter. the conidiophores are arising in a wide area over the surface of the substrate. they are macronematous, distinctly mononematous and arising laterally or apically on the hyphae, unbranched, generally ascending, mostly flexuous or sometimes straight, many septate, brown to pale brown, much paler towards the apex, smooth and thin walled. they measure up to 190 µm long by 4—8µm thick. in common with the other species of the genus melanographium, the conidiogenous cells of the present species are polyblastic, integrated terminal, elongate by sympodial growth but hardly enlarging in width, cicatrized but the conidial scars are thin and tiny and hence visible only under a high power microscope. the one-celled conidia of melanographium laxum are also typical for the genus. they are asymmetrically obovoid, slightly curved to subcymbiform and often a little protruding at the flattened base, dark reddish brown, smooth walled but with a distinct hyaline germslit running longitudinally along their side. these conidia measure 16—20 x 7—10 µ.m. they are usually formed singly as blown-out ends at the apex of the conidiogenous cell and the tips of the successive new growing points which develop immediately below and to one side of the previous terminal conidium. as ellis (1963) has written, under the microscope the conidia of this genus are seldom found attached to their conidiophores. java. on dead petioles of astrocaryum vulgare, bogor botanic gardens, september 1977, m.a. rifai (bo 18380 typus). this work was completed while i was a recipient of a british council fellowship in birmingham university and i am very grateful t'o prof. j.g. hawkes, head of tha plant biology department of that university for the research facility put at my disposal. i should like also to thank dr. m.b. ellis who in a conversation during the 1978 b.m.s. exeter 102 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 autumn foray bindly commented on the affinity of the species described above. references ellis, m.b. (1963). dematiaceous hyphomycetes. v. in cm. i. mycoi pap. 93: 1—33. ellis, m.b. (1971). dematiaceous hyphomycetes. comm. mycol. inst. kew. 10(1) 259 binder cover-100_page_007 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia vol. 8, part 2, pp. 365 — 367 (1972) a new tropical species of triposporium mien a. rifai herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia summary an illustrated description of trvposporium novoguineensei rifai sp. nov. is presented based on a specimen collected at garaina, new guinea. a special visitor award from the australian government enabled me to attend the 42nd australian and new zealand association for the advancement of science (anzaas) congress held in august 1970 in port moresby (territory of papua and new guinea), and to participate in a botanical and agricultural post-congress tour around the territory. the ample opportunity to collect fungi during this tour was fully utilized and a specimen which appeared to represent an undescribed species of triposporium was found in garaina tea estate, garaina, territory of papua. although the generic name triposporium has appeared several times in malesian mycological literature (wakker & went, 1898; van overeem & van overeem — de haas, 1922; boedijn, 1931; boedijn & steinmann, 1931; teodoro, 1937), hughes (1951) showed that the many species involved were in fact almost always referable to the sooty mould genus tripospermum. they were totally unrelated to triposporium elegans corda — the type species of the genus — which so for has only been reported from temperate regions. except for one collection from ghana in west africa, the second species accepted in this genus by hughes, triposporium cambriense hughes, is also mainly a temperate species. without doubt the new tropical species described below belongs to triposporium. it has all the diagnostic characters of that genus, which include the dark coloured, tetraradiate aleuriospores typically provided with three arms born on an obconical stalk or pedicel and produced by stout and erect conidiophores which in the present species are also capable of elongating themselves by percurrent proliferations. from the other two species of triposporium, the present taxon can be distinguished by the shape and size of its aleuriospores. — 365 — 3 6 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 triposporium novoguineense rifai, spec. nov. — fig". 1 coloniae inconspicuae, effusae, atro-brunneae. mycelium immersum vel superficiale, ex hyphis pallide-bruneis, septatis, ramosis 2 — 4.5 µ diam. compositum. conidiophora curta, erecta vel flexuosa, attenuata, 40 — 65µ longa, 2.5 — 4 . 5 µ , crassa, ad basi saepe inflata ad 7 µ diam., pallidobrunnea, septata, interdum perproliferationes elongascentia. conidia singularia in apice conidiophora oriunda, pallido-brunnea vel brunnea, stauriformia, ex pedicello et ramis composito; ramis plerumqua 3 vel interdum 4, subconicis, 1 — 3 septatis, usque 20µ longis, basi 6 — 1 0 µ crassis, apice pallido-brunneis, 2 — 3.7 µ crassis; pedicello obconico, truncato, 1 — 3 cellulato, 7 — 1 2 µ crasso, usqua ad 17 µ. longo. colonies effused, blackish brown, usually inconspicuous. myselium composed of mostly immersed, branched, septate, pale brown hyphae 2 — 4.5 µ diam. conidiophores generally solitary, erect or bent or occasionally flexuous, short but stout, those seen measuring up to 65µ long, base inflated to somewhat bulbous about 7 µ diam. then immediately above this attenuate into a 3 — 4.5 µ diam. body and 2 — 3 µ. diam. apex, septate, unbranched and capable of elongating by a series of percurrent proliferations. conidia aleuriosporous, produced singly and successively as blown out ends of the conidiophores, tetraradiate, with an obconical 1 — 3 celled stalk or pedicel which is pale brown to brown, truncate and measuring 2 — 3 µ diam. at the base, then widened to 7 — 12µ diam. and up to 17 µ long; on top of this broadened pedicel are attached 3 (or sometimes 4) subconical short 1 — 3 septate arms, up to 20 µ. long, 6 — 10 µ diam. at the base and attenuate considerably at the blunt and much paler 2 — 3.7µ tips. the details of the conidial development do not differ from those of triposporium cambriense as elucidated by hughes (1951). apparently precocious germination of conidia occurs readily in this species, because from the tips of the arms of conidia can often be seen elongating, slender, septate, very pale brown, undulating hyphae. type : between colonies of other hyphomycetes, on dead stick, garaina tea estate, territory of papua, new guinea, august 1970, m. a. rifai (bo) acknowledgements i should like to thank the authorities of the australian colombo plan technical assistance cooperation scheme for granting me the special visitor award. mr. j. womersley (lae) kindly handled the specimens collected during the tour. i am also indebted to mr. a. hutton (the manager of garaina tea estate) for his generous hospitality; without his help it would have been impossible to discover this new species. 1972] rifai: new triposporium 367 fig. 1. triposporium novoguineense rifai: conidiophores and conidia. references boedijn, k. b. (1931). notes on some sooty moulds. in bull, jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 11: 220 — 231. boedijn, k. b. & steimann, a. (1931). over de roetdauwschimmels van de thee. on the so-called sooty moulds of tea. in arch. theecult, ned.-indie 5: 25 — 27. hughes, s. j. (1951). studies on micro-fungsi. xii. triposporium., tripoapermum, ceratosporium, and tetraposporium (gen. nov.). in mycol. pap. 46: 1—35. van overeem, c. & van oveeejem — de haas, d. (1922). verzeichnis der in niederlandisch ost — idien bis dem jahre 1920 gefundenen myxomycetes, fungi und lichenes. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz iii, 4: 1 —146. teodoro, n. g. (1937). an enumeration of philippine fungi. manila. wakker, j. h, & went, f. a. f. c. (1898). de ziekte van het suikerriet op java,. leiden. hal 365-367_page_1 hal 365-367_page_2 hal 365-367_page_3 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, 'part 2, pp. 127—130 (1985) two new species of poaceae from india k. gopalakrishna bhat & c. r. nagendran department of botany, university of mysore, manasa gangotri, mysore 570 006, india abstract two new species of poaceae namely, erayrostis santapaui k. g. bhat & c. r. nagendran and chrysopogon pseitdozeylanicus k. g. bhat & c. r. nagendran have been described from materials collected by the senior author from coorgand south kanara districts of karnataka state, india. abstrak dua jenis baru poaceae, eragrostis santapaui k. g. bhat & c. r. nagendran dan ckrysopogou pseudozeylanicus k. g. bhat & c. r. nagendran dipet'telakan berdasarkan koleksi dari daerah coorg dan kanara selatan (negara bagian karnataka, india). eragrostis santapaui k. g. bhat & c. r. nagendran sp, nvv. — fig. 1 affinis e. poaeoides p. beauv. et e. eilianensis (all.) vignolo-lutati, sed distinguitur barbatis panieulis ramorum axillis, laevibus foliarum marginibus et in pedicellis absentia crateriformium glandium. allied to e. poaeoides p. beauv. and e. cilianensis (all.) vignololutati, but differs in having bearded panicle branch axils, smooth leaf margins and the absence of crateriform glands in the pedicels. a tufted annual. culms 6—20 cm high, slender; nodes glabrous. leaves up to 9 cm long and 3 mm wide, linear, acute, margins nonglandular, upper surface pilose, lower glabrous; sheaths glabrous, bearded at mouth; ligule a pubescent ridge. panicle up to 20 cm long, open; peduncle glabrous except at branch axils; branches alternate, spreading, bearded in axils, up to 3 cm long. spikelets 5—10 mm long and 2—2.8 mm wide, ovate-oblong, up to 20-flowered, pale green or olive-grey, sometimes tinged with pink; rachilla persistent; pedicels non-glandular, shorter than spikelets except the terminal ones, the latter up to 10 mm long. glumes 2, 1-nerved, ovate, acute; lower 1.2—1.7 mm long; upper 1.6—1.8 mm long. lemmas ca 2 mm long, ovate acute, 3-nerved, lateral nerves prominent. paleas persistent, obovate-oblong, shorter than lemmas, keels scabrid. stamens 3; anthers ca 0.3 mm long. lodicules 2, minute, cuneate. grains 0.6—0.8 mm long, globose or oblong, dorsally slightly flattened. — 127 — 1 2 8 r k i n w a l i i d t i a [vol. 1 ' india. karnataka state, coorg district: mercaru, growing in moist soil. 18 december 1980, k.g. bhat 794, a (holotype in gal),794 (isotype in k) and k.g. bhat 1003 (paratype in mysore university herbarium). chrysopogon pseiidozevianicus k. g. bhat & c. r. nagendran, up. hoc. fig. 2. affinis c. zeylanicus nees ex steud., sed distinguitur autem brevioribus pedicellatis spiculis paniculisque, et basalibus vaginis basi serieeis. allied to c. zeylamcus nees ex steud., but differs in having shorter pedicelled spikelets and panicles, and basal sheaths silky at base. a perennial grass. culms ca 90 cm high, tufted, erect, smooth: nodes glabrous. leaves chiefly basal, up to 50 long and 5 mm wide, upper leaves shorter, linear-acute, glabrous, margins minutely spinulosc, midrib below scaberulous; sheaths keeled, basal ones silky at base, upper glabrous; ligule of short hairs. panicle ca 10 cm long, contracted: peduncle glabrous except at nodes; nodes shortly pubescent; branches capillary, in 3—4 whorls, unequal, lowest up to 3.5 cm long upper shorter, smooth, tip oblique, bearing one sessile and two pedicelled spikelets. sessile spikelets ca 5 mm long, laterally compressed; callus ca 1 mm long, bearded with brown hairs. glumes 2, coriaceous, subequal, ca 5 mm long; lower one linear-oblong, 4-nerved, nerves obscure, tip spinulose near apex; upper lanceolate, shortly pubescent, 3-nerved, keeled, keel shortly ciliate, margins ciliate, tip 2-lobed with an awn up to 5 mm long. lower lemma empty, oblong, subacute, 2.5—3 mm long, 2-nerved, hyaline, ciliate, epaleate. upper lemma enclosing a bisexual floret, linear, 3—3.5 mm long, hyaline, shortly 2-lobed with a geniculate awn, paleate; awn up to 2.5 cm long, column ca 1 cm long, twisted, white hairy; palea ca 1.5 mm long, linear-oblong? hyaline. lodicules 2, ca 0.5 mm long. stamens 3; anthers ca 2 mm long. grains not .seen. pedicelled spikelets male, 4 5 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; pedicels 3.5—4 mm long, sides densely ciliate. glumes 2, membranous; lower 4—5 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-nerved, lateral nerves submarginal, minutely ciliate; upper ca 4 mm long, lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, margins ciliate. lower lemma 2.5—3 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, hyaline, nerveless or 2-nerved, margins ciliate. upper lemma similar but smaller, 3-nerved, margins ciliate. enclosing a male floret. india. karnataka state, south kanara district: charmadi ghat, about 15 km from kotigehar on the way to dhacmasthala, 24 november 1977, k.g. filial 550 a (holotype at cal) and 550 (isotype at k). thanks are due to dr. t. a. cope, kew, for his opinion on the identity of these grasses; dr. m. a. ran for going through the manuscript; 1985] k. gopalakkishna bath & c. r. nagendran: two new grasses 129 ft. j. b. fraigneae for latin diagnosis; the head of the department of botany of mysore university, for facilities and the ugc, new delhi, for financial assistance. :; i fig. 1. eragrostis sanmpaui k. g. bhat & c. r. nagendran. — a. habit b. spikelet c. lower glume d. upper glume e. lemma f. palea g. grain. 30 r e 1 n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 fig. 2. chrysopogon pseudozeylanicus k. g. bhat & c. r. nagendran. — a. spike b. lower glume. c. upper glume d. lower lemma. e. upper lemma. f. flower. g. lower glume. h. upper glume. i. lower lemma. j. upper lemma (figs. b—f of sessile spikelet, g—j of pedicelled spikelet). 10(2) 266-1742-2-pb binder cover-100_page_009 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 3, p.p. 341-369 new and critical malaysian plants vi* a j . g . h . kostermans ** summary 1. alseodaphne nees and nothaphoebe bl. are reinstated as distinct genera. 2. newly described a r e alseodaphne corneri kosterm., a. montama kosterm.; nothaphoebe paehyphylla kosterm. and n. pahangensis kosterm. 3. iteadaphne philippinensis elmer is relegated to alseodaphne. 4. newly described in beilschmiedia are: b. filicifolia kosterm., b. glaueiphylla kosterm., b. pilosa kosterm. 5. endiandra eusideroxylocarpa kosterm., a new species from borneo. 6. dehaasia hirsute/, kosterm., a new species from borneo. 7. a new millettia (m. vasta kosterm.) is described from borneo with notes on its distributional area. 8. lansivm dornesticum, var. aquewm jack (a common market fruit in sumatra, java and s. borneo) is raised to specific rank. 9. teijsmanniodendron pendulum kosterm., a new species from centraleast borneo. lauraceae alseodaphne nees formerly i included alseodaphne and nothaphoebe as sections in persea; after having been able to study the american representatives of persea, i believe that they may be upheld as proper genera, the former differing by its usually swollen and enlarged fruit pedicel, the latter by the sunken ovary and the not fleshy pedicel. although these characters are perhaps of minor importance, they have been useful also to maintain the generic status of dehaasia. apart from the above mentioned characters all species of alseodaphne and nothaphoebe of the malaysian area have a leaf reticulation, different from that of persea. *) the first and second part of this series appeared in reinwardtia 2: 357—366. 1953 and 3: 1—25. 1954 respectively; the third and fourth part appeared as separate issues of the planning division of the forestry service of indonesia in febr. and oct. 1955 respectively; the fourth part appeared also in reinwardtia 4: 1—40. 1956; the fifth part appeared in gardens bull., singapore 17: 1-—10. 1958. **) d. sc, forest research institute, bogor; collaborator herbarium bogoriense, bogor. — 341 — 342 reinwardtia [vol. 5 the genus machilus, however, belongs definitely in persea and cannot even be maintained as a section of the latter genus. alseodaphne corneri* kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. la et l b . arbor in omnibus partibus glabra (floribus intus exceptis), ramulis percrassis, rugosis, griseis; foliis rigide coriaceis, magnis, obovato-ellipticis, basi sensim cuneatis, apice cuspidatis, supra viridis, nitidis, nervo mediano prominente, nervis lateralibus subimpressis, subtus glaucis, nervo mediano valde prominente, venis lateralibus prominentibus, marginem versus arcuatis, venis secundariis distantibus, prominulous; petiolo longo. paniculae sub innovatione foliorum confertae, vix ramosae, bracteatae; floribus pro genera maioribus. fructus ellipsoideus, in pedicello valde incrassato, rugoso impositus; tepala persistentia. tree, glabrous in all its parts (some hairs along the margins of the foliar bud scales and the inside of the flower excepted); branchlets very stout, grey, corky, with protruding, large petiole scars; terminal bud with lanceolate, acute, narrow, up to 1 cm long scales. leaves subverticillate at apex of branchlets, rigidly coriaceous, obovate-elliptical, 28—52 by 12—16 cm, base tapering into the stout, ca 3—4 cm long, concolorous petioles, apex cuspidate; upper surface glossy, green, midrib prominent, nerves subimpressed; lower surface glaucous, midrib strongly prominent, nerves ca 22 pairs, prominent, arcuate towards margin; secondary nerves lax, prominulous. panicles clustered below the apical bud, axillary, narrow, up to 8 cm long, fleshy, hardly branched; bracts up to 6 mm long, persistent; pedicels 3 mm long. flowers 5—6 mm long; tepals equal, elongate, acutish; 5 mm, inside pilose; stamens 2—3 mm long; anthers oval, about 1 mm long; outer ones with introrse cells; inner ones with extrorse basal and lateral apical cells; glands large; staminodes large, very acute, triangular, 1,5 mm long, stipitate. ovary glabrous, merging into a 2 mm long style, broadened at apex (stigma). fruit ellipsoid, up to 3 by 2 cm, seated on a very thick, rough, rustywarted, obconical pedicel, 2—3 cm long, at apex 1—1,5 cm in diam.; tepals persistant, 3—4 mm long. typus. — corner s.f.n. 284u (sing). distribution. — malay peninsula. *) named in honour of e. j. h. corner, p. r. s., reader in plant taxonomy, botany school, cambridge, england, a well-known student of the flora of the malay peninsula. 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical malaysian plants vi 343 a species related to a. paludosa gamble, but the leaves much larger and cuspidate. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a . johore, 13½ mile, mawai-jemaluang rd., low, may, fr., corner s.f.n. 28444 (sing); ibid. febr., fl., corner s.f.n. 28991 (sing). alseodaphne montana kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 2a et 2b. arbor in omnibus partibus (florum partibus interioribus exceptis) glabra; ramulis griseis, suberosis; foliis ramulorum apicem congestis, rigide coriaceis, ellipticis usque ad obovato-ellipticis vel suboblanceolatis, basi cuneatis, decurrentibus, apice subacutis vel rotundatis, supra nitidis laevibus, nervo mediano sulcato, subtus glaucescentibus, dense minute subareolate-reticulatis, petiolo concolore, longo; paniculis axillaribus paucifloris; floribus pro genera maioribus; tepalis equalibus, intus pilosis; filamentis pilosis, longis, glandulis et staminodiis longe stipitatis; ovario glabro in stylo longo transeuns; stigmate inconspicuo; fructu globoso, incrassato. tree 35 m high, 1 m in diam., glabrous in all its parts (except the inside of the flowers). branches grey with a corky layer; apical buds ovate, acute, 7 mm. leaves alternate, congested near apex of branchlets, rigidly coriaceous, elliptical to subobovate-elliptical and suboblanceolate, 9—19 by 2—7 cm, base cuneate, somewhat decurrent into the slender, concolorous, up to 3 cm long petiole, apex acutish or rounded; upper surface glossy, smooth (in young leaves densely reticulate), midrib sulcate; lower surface glaucous, subareolate-reticulate, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves 12—16 pairs, slender, prominulous. panicles axillary below the new flush, 6—15 cm long; peduncle 4—13 cm long, ramifications few, up to 2 cm long; flowerbuds subtended by slender, acute, 2 mm long, deciduous bracts. flowers large, 5—6 mm long; tepals elongate, base broad, 5 mm long, about equal in size, outer ones partly pilose near apex inside; inner ones pilose over the entire inner surface. filaments slender, pilose, 3.5—4 mm long; anthers oval, 1 mm, outer ones introrse, inner ones extrorse; glands on slender, pilose, 0.5—1 mm long stalks; staminodes triangular on 1.5—2 mm long, pilose stalks; ovary glabrous, merging into a 2 mm long style; stigma inconspicuous. pedicels slender, 5—7 mm long. fruit globular, sometimes a little pointed, up to 3.5 cm in diam., rustygreen (fresh), roughish; pedicel stout, warty, up to 12 mm long and 8mm in diam. typus. — j. & m. s. clemens 28915 (sing). distribution. — north borneo, mt. kinabalu. 344 reinwardtia [vol. 5 the species is related to a. hainanensis merr., from which it differs in its leaf and flower characters; the fruiting pedicel in a. hainanensis is much longer. n o r t h b o r n e o , mt. kinabalu, tenompok, above dallas trail, jungle trail to tomis, alt. 1600 m., jan., young fr., j. & m.s. clemens 27890 (bo, g, sing); ibid., march, young fr., j. & m.s. clemens 28709 (bo); ibid., march, fr., j. & m.s. clemens 28795 (bo); ibid., march, fl., j. & m.s. clemens 28915 (bo, g, sing); ibid., apr., buds, j. & m.s. clemens 29426 (bo, g); ibid., apr., fr., j. & m.s. clemens 29452 (bo, g, sing); ibid., febr. fr., j. & m.s. clemens 39352 (bo). alseodaphne philippinensis (elmer) kosterm., comb. nov. — fig. 3 iteadaphne philippinensis (basionym) elmer, leaflets philipp. bot. 21: 713. 1910. — elmer 11493. tree glabrous in all its parts; branches grey-white, roughish, corky, leaves alternate, congested near appex of branchlets, rigidly coriaceous, oblanceolate, 3.5—7 by 1—2.5 cm, base acute, somewhat decurrent, apex acute or subacuminate; upper surface glossy, rather smooth, midrib channeled; lower surface glaucous, densely areolate-reticulate, midrib prominent, nerves rather patent, ca 9 pairs, slender. petioles up to 10 mm long. infructescence up to 7 cm long, not branched. fruit globular (only immature ones seen); pedicel about 1 cm long, thickened (3 mm diam.). philippines. — m i n d a n a o , todaya (mt apo), distr. of davao, aug., fr., elmer 11493 (bo, g, n y ) . nothaphoebe bl. nothaphoebe pachyphylla kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 4. arbor in omnibus partibus glabris, foliis coriaceis, magnis, obovatoellipticis, basi sensim acutatis, apice obtusis, petiolo crasso, suberoso; infructescentiis parvis; fructu magno, claviforme vel ellipsoideo. tree, glabrous in all its parts, ca 20 m. high, free bole 12 m, diameter up to 70 cm, slightly buttressed. bark pinkish grey to yellowish brown, slightly fissured, ca 1 mm thick, with numerous lenticels; living bark pink to dark red, outside glossy lack-red, inside brown, 10—15 mm thick. sapwood yellowish, 10 mm thick; heartwood yellowish blackish-brown with cigarbox-wood smell. branchlets rough; apical bud broadly conical, 5 mm long; branches brownish grey, covered with a corky layer, rough. leaves congested near apex of branchlets, coriaceous, up to 36 by 16 cm (average 26 by 11); obovate-elliptical, base gradually acute, apex rounded; upper surface glossy, smooth; lower surface dull, dark rusty when dried, midrib 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans : new and critical malaysian plants vi 345 and the 11—15 pairs of the erect-patent nerves prominent; secondary nerves slender, lax. petioles stout, grey-brown, corky, rough, about 2 cm. infructescence below the new flush or farther down, 2—10 cm long, rough. fruit club-shaped or ellipsoid, 8 by 3.5 cm, on a very short, thick stalk. typus. — kostermans 13376 (bo). distribution. — east indonesian borneo, sangkulirang district. in general appearance resembling alseodaphne panduriformis hook, f.. but different by its long petioles and not auriculate leafbase. the specimen kostermans 5554 has flowers (post anthesim) of which the description follows: inflorescence up to 10 cm, stiff, few-branched, slightly, sparsely, microscopically pilose towards the apex of the ramifications. tepals ovate-triangular, acute, outer ones 1—1.5 mm, inner ones 2 mm long; stamens sessile, outer ones flat, depressed-ovate, broader than long, hardly 1 mm; cells very small in one arc, introrse; ovary glabrous, style short, stigma inconspicuous. the inner stamens could not be traced any more. the species occurs along rivulets in moist places up to 400 m. alt. e a s t i n d o n e s i a n b o r n e o . sangkulirang distr., sg. susuk region (n. of sangkulirang), alt. 20 m., june, post anthesis, kostermans 5554 (a, bo, k, l, lae, nsw, p, pnh); ibid., mt. medadem, alt. 200 m. (n.w. of sangkulirang), aug., fr., kostermans 13376 (a, bm, bo, cal, g, k, kep, l, lae, ny, p, pnh, sing); berouw, mt. has bungaan, alt, 300 m., sept., fr., kostermans 1390k (a, bo, canb, k, kep, l, lae, p, pnh, sing). nothaphoebe pahangensis kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 5. alseodaphne reticulata (gamble) kostermans, new and crit. mai. pl 4: oct. 1955., p.p., quoad spec. henderson s.f.n. 23483 et nur s.p.n. 32925. arbor mediocris ramulis crassis glabris, foliis alternantibus apicem ramulorum sub-aggregatis, coriaceis glabris ellipticis apice inconspicue acuminatis basi acutis utrinque dense prominule reticulatis nervo mediano supra sulcato; petiolo longo; paniculis magnis multifloris, apicem versus minute pilosis; floribus dense minute pilosis parvis pedicellatis, tubus parvis, tepalis aequalis; filamentis brevis; ovario glabro; stigmate peltato. small tree, 10 m tall; branchlets stout, glabrous; apical bud small, ovoidacute, densely pulverulently pilose. leaves alternate, more or less aggregate near apex of branchlets, coriaceous, glabrous, elliptical 12—31 by 4—10 cm, apex rather shortly sharply acuminate, base acute, both surfaces densely, prominulously reticulate, upper surface glossy midrib impressed, 346 . a e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 lower surface less glossy, midrib strongly prominent, nerves about 10 pairs, erect-patent, prominent. petiole 2—5 cm long. panicles axillary below the apical bud, up to 35 cm long with stout bare peduncle (up to 15 cm long) and widely spaced patent ramifications, glabrous, the ultimate branchlets minutely pilose; bracts caducous. flowers densely, minutely pilose, ca 2 mm in diameter; tube ca 1 mm; tepals spreading, stiff, ovate-acute, ca 1 mm. anthers glabrous, about ¾ mm, outer ones oval with introrse cells, placed in 2 tiers, filament very short, but distinct; inner ones more narrow, cells lateral; filament about half as long as the anthers; basal glands large, sessile; staminodes small. ovary glabrous ovoid; style ¾ mm long, stigma peltate. typus. — henderson s.f.n. 23483 (sing). the species is related to alseodaphne petiolans hk. f. (which belongs in nothaphoebe) and differs by the dense reticulation and the narrower leaves. m a l a y a . pahang, camerons highlands, alt. 1500 m., april, fl., henderson s.f.n. 2sa83 (bo, ny, sing); ibid., boh plantation, alt. 1300 ra, april, young fr., nur s.f.n. 32925 (sing). beilschmiedia nees • a beilschmiedia filicifolia kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 6. arbor ramulis glabrescentibus, apice excepta, foliis alternantibus, glabris, rigide coriaeeis, valde bullatis, anguste lanceolatis, petiolatis; inflorescentibus immaturis pulverulente pilosis. tree 27 m high, 41 cm diameter; bark 10 mm, thick, black; wood rose; crown not wide spreading. branchlets black (dried), glossy, smooth; apical buds short, sparsely, pulverulently pilose. leaves alternate, glabrous, rigidly coriaceous, conspicuously bullate, narrowly lanceolate, 8—12 by 1—2 cm, apex gradualy acute, base cuneate, margins strongly incurved; upper surface glossy, midrib prominent in a grove, nerves numerous (ca 30 pairs) parallel, patent, impressed, reticulation not visible; lower surface paler, dull, midrib strongly prominent, nerves very slender, reticulation not visible. petiole 5—8 mm, sulcate above. inflorescence (immature) axillary, paniculate, pulverulently pilose, bracts aciculate, lower ones 3 mm long. flower buds yellowish green. typus. — brass & versteegh 11132 (bo). distribution. — w. n e w g u i n e a , habbema lake region. a. j. g. h. kostebmans : new and critical malaysian plants vi 347 according to the information on the label the tree is common in primary forest at about 2400 m altitude. although there are no mature flowers present, the species is so characteristic by its leaves, that i have ventured to describe it here. new guinea, bele r., 18 km. n.e. of lake habbema, alt. 2400 m, nov., fl. buds, brass & versteegh 11132 (a, bo). beilschmiedia glauciphylla kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 7. arbor in omnibus partibus glabra, ramulis subcompressis; foliis suboppositis, coriaceis, conspicue reticulatis, basi cuneatis, apice breviter acuminatis, supra nitidis, subtus glaucis; petiolo magno; fructu obovoideo. tree, glabrous in all its parts; branches opposite, regular, apical part compressed; apical bud conical, 3—5 mm long. leaves coriaceous, subopposite, oblong or elliptical, 11—12.5 by 3.5—6 cm, base cuneate, somewhat decurrent, apex very shortly acuminate; both surfaces conspicuously, prominulously, laxly reticulate; upper one glossy, lower one glaucous; nerves 6—7 pairs, arcuate, prominulous. petiole 1.5—2 cm, rather stout. infructescence axillary, about 6 cm long, unbranched, bearing a single club-shaped fruit, 3 cm long, at apex 15 mm in diam.; pedicel obconical, 5 mm long, 4 mm diam. at apex. typus. — beccari 686 (g). distribution. — borneo. the species looks very similar to b. percoriacea allen from hainan, but the latter species has a non-decurrent leafbase and the lower leaf surface is not glaucous. b o r n e o , locality not indicated, fr., beccari p.b. 686 (bo, g, k, l, s). beilschmiedia pilosa kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 8. arbor (?), ramulis crassis dense minute pilosis; foliis chartaceis, obovato-elipticis, basi sensim acutis, apice conspicue cuspidatis, supra glabris, perlaxe prominulo-reticulatis, nervo mediano impresso, subtus hirsutis; infructescentiis parvis, dense minute pilosis. tree (?); branches stout, densely pale brown, velvety pilose; leaf-scars large; apical bud conical, 5—-8 mm long, densely velvety. leaves congested near apex of branchlets, chartaceous, obovate-elliptical, 19—26 by 6—8.5 cm, towards base gradually acute, apex cuspidate, acumen slender, up to 2 cm long; upper surface glabrous, primary and secondary nerves prominulous, midrib impressed; lower surface covered with brown, erect hairs; midrib 348 reinwardtia [vol. 5 strongly prominent; nerves about 15 pairs, rather straight, arcuate towards margin, prominulous, secondary nerves slightly prominulous, lax. petiole stout, densely, rusty hirsute, 1.5—3 cm long. infructescence densely pilose, 2—3 cm long, below the apical bud, slightly branched towards apex. fruit on a naked pedicel. typus. — j.&m. s. clemens 30235 (bo). distribution. — n. b o r n e o , mt. kinabalu. the species is easily recognizable by the shape and pilosity of the leaves. n. b o r n e o , mt. kinabalu, dallas, alt. 1000 m., sept., young fruit, j. & m. s. clemens 30235 (bo, g). endiandra r. br. endiandra eusideroxylocarpa kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 9. arbor elata ramulis foliisque glabris; foliis alternantibus (apicalibus suboppositis), rigide coriaceis, obovato-spathulatis, basi decurrentis apice obtusis, nervis lateralibus paucis, secundariis prominentibus, perlaxe reticulatis, petiolo breve. fructus ellipsoideus, magnus. tree 40 m tall, 55 cm diameter. buttresses 1 m high, 7.5 cm thick. bark scaly, living bark 6 mm, brown; sapwood pink; heartwood reddish-brown. branchlets slender, cylindrical, glabrous. leaves alternate (apical ones subopposite) , rigid coriaceous, glabrous, obovate to obovate-spathulate, 4—7 by 1.5—4 cm, apex rounded, base tapering, both surfaces glossy with slightly prominent midrib and rather erect, few (3—4 pairs) nerves and laxly reticulate secondary ones. petioles short, thick, 5 mm, with decurrent leaf margins. infructescence short, unbranched, with one fruit. fruit ellipsoid, up to 13 by 5.5 cm, russet. typus. — smythies, brun. 0831 (bo). distribution. — brunei, borneo. the enormous fruit resembles that of eusideroxylon zwageri t. & b. b o r n e o . brunei. belait distr., andulau for. res., boundary trail between badas and jelutong r., ridge, alt. ib m, sandy loam, dec, fr., smythies, brun. 0831 (bo, k). dehaasia bl. dehaasia hirsuta kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 10. arbor (?) ramis griseis, suberosis, ramulis dense minute pilosis; foliis apicem versus confertis, chartaceis, obovato-oblongis, conspicue prominulo1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical malaysian plants vi 349 reticulatis, basi acutis, apice acuminatis, supra glabris, nervo mediano subimpresso, subtus sparse pilosis; petiolo crasso, dense piloso, infructescentiis perbrevibus; fructu ellipsoideo, glabro, in pedicello perlongo colorato (?) imposito. tree (?); branches grey-white, smooth, corky, towards apex densely minutely pilose; apical bud ovoid, acute, densely minutely, sericeous-strigose. leaves alternate, congested near the apex of the branches, thinly chartaceous, obovate-oblong, 19—31 by 8.5—12 cm, base acute, apex shortly acuminate with a sharp tip; above glabrous, conspicuously, rather laxly, prominulously reticulate, midrib slightly impressed; lower surface dull, laxly pilose, midrib strongly prominent, nerves about 12—15 pairs, arcuate, prominulous, reticulation lax, prominulous. petiole stout, densely, minutely pilose, up to 1.5 cm. infructescence very short (or fruit single). fruit ellipsoid, smooth, 3 by 1.5 cm, seated on a fleshy, coloured (?), 6 cm long stalk, 4 mm in diam. typus. — ridley s.n. (k).) distribution. — borneo, only known from type locality. the species is related to dehaasia membranacea kostermans, differs by its acute leaf base. b o r n e o . bongaya, dec, fr., ridley s. n. (k). leguminosae millettia vasta kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 11, 12. arbor vasta foliis imparipinnatis, glabris; inflorescentiis pilosis terminalis paniculatis; floribus breve pedicellatis in racemo dispositis; calyce cupuliforme glabro, corolla purpurea, papilionacea, ovario stipitato, stylo parvo. large tree, up to 40 m tall, up to 90 cm in diameter; buttresses up to 2 m high, out 1.5—2 m. bark smooth, lightbrown. branches with a soft pit, sometimes hollow. leaves simply imparipinnate, glabrous; rachis up to 32 cm long, cylindrical, glossy, smooth; leaflets subopposite, up to 4 pairs, coriaceous, glabrous, elliptical to ovate and obovate-elliptical, 8—18 x 6—9 cm, base contracted into petiolule, apex obscurely acuminate (in young leaves caudate-acuminate), on both surfaces prominulously reticulate, midrib (upper part) somewhat impressed on upper surface, prominent on lower one, nerves about 6 pairs, curved, running out along margin. leaves after drying brown or yellow on lower, green on upper surface. petiole (drying black), 5—10 mm long, cylindrical. 3 5 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 inflorescence terminal, consisting of racemes, arranged in a lax, pyramidal panicle, up to 35 cm long, peduncle and the virgate branches stout, minutely, densely pilose (towards base glabrous). flowers dark purple, shortly (2 mm) petioled, glabrous; calyx cupshaped, stiff, up to 4 mm deep, up to 9 mm in diameter. vexillum 2 cm long, 16 mm wide (folded), top incised, claw curved, 5 mm, conspicuous; keel up to 25 mm, knee-shaped, claw small; wings 15 mm, obliquely spathulate, at base auricled, claw 5 mm. staminal tube up to 23 mm, the (5 mm) apical part bent upwards at an angle of 90 degrees; connate stamens 9, free stamen one; anthers versatile, elliptical, 1.5 mm long. ovary slender, glabrous, 1.5 mm, on a 3 mm long stype; style 23 mm, stigma inconspicuous. pod up to 25 cm long, obliquely spathulate, top acuminate; margins somewhat thickened, reticulation obscure (originating from basal suture), dehiscent along both sutures and becoming somewhat twisted spirally, inside smooth. seeds oval, up to 3 cm long. typus. — kostermans 12516 a (bo). distribution. — e. borneo. the area of distribution in east indonesia borneo is rather sharply marked. travelling from east to west it appears somewhat south of kembang djangut on belajan r. and melak on mahakam r. and is found as far as the foothills of the central bornean range. in south borneo it appears likedise near the foothills. it is always restricted to alluvials along rivers and rivulets. the tree in fruit may be easily mistaken for endertia spectabilis. from a distance the hanging, stiff pods are conspicuously protruding from the dense dark green foliage of the canopy. the pods are similar to those of endertia spectabilis. the latter grows in the same area, but not on the alluvial river banks, but on the slopes; moreover endertia has no buttresses, and milletia vasta has enormous buttresses. the timber is used for the same purposes as that of endertia spectabilis. the local tribes make no difference between the two species. the inflorescence and colour of flowers strongly resemble those of millettia atropurpurea from sumatra, which is characteristic for slopes. the local name near belajan was dalok (name a tree finder from the lake district). indonesian borneo, e. b o r n e o , w. kutei, belajan r. near tabang, aug., fr., kostermans 12668 (a, bm, bo, canb, k, l) ; ibid., near muara lempong, alt. 20 m., june, fl., kostermans 12516 a, type (a, bo, k, l, s i n g ) ; ibid., near long bleh, alt. 30 m, d e c , ster., 66. 16066, 16113, 16118 (bo, l ) ; ibid., oct., ster., 66. 29600 (bo); ibid., near kembang djangut, sept., ster., 66. 15607 (bo, k, l ) ; s o u t h b o r n e o , baritu basin, puruktjahu, kalapak, alt. 200 m., march, ster., 66. 10988 (bo), 11035 (bo), 11091 (a, b o ) ; 11112 (bo); ibid., oct., ster., 66. 10482 (bo, l ) . a. j. g. h. kosteemans : new and critical malaysian plants vi 351 meliaceae u lansium aqeum (jack) kosterm., comb, et stat. nov. — fig. 13. lansium doinestieum, var. aqueum jack in trans. linn. soc. 14 (1): 116. 1823. lansium domesticum, var. pwbescens koord. & valeton, bijdr. boomsoort. java 3 in meded. 's lands plantentuin 16: 181. 1896. illustrative specimen. — kostermans s.n. (bo). apart from lansium domesticum, the "duku" or "langsat" of indonesia, a common market fruit is the "kokkossan", which has been considered a simple variety of l. domesticum. the variety was described for the first time by jack from sumatra, where it is (was) known under the local name of "ayer-ayer" (= water), an appropriate name, as the fruit is more juicy than that of l. domesticum and is eaten — not like those of the "duku" by peeling off the skin and consuming the aril of each seed — but by pressing the fruit till it bursts and then sucking out the juice through the aperture. the partitional septa in the kokkossan are thicker and tougher than those of the "duku"; the fruit skin is thicker and pilose. koorders and valeton created the varietal name pubescens for the kokkossan, as they were not sure about the conspecificity of the variety aqueum of jack. they stated incorrectly that jack's variety should be at the specific level and their contention, that jack's description consisted of one line only, is partly misleading, as jack provided, apart from a short latin diagnosis, also a more ample english one. from jack's description it is almost certain, that the javanese "kokkossan" is meant. in ochse (like burkill, diet. econ. prod. mai. pen. 2: 1314. 1935 and heyne, nuttige pi. ned. indie, ed. 3, 1: 896. 1950), vruchten & vruchtenteelt in nederl. oost-indie 63, pi. 25. 1931) the "kokkossan" was considered to be a mere variety of the "duku" (lansium domesticum). after studying the flowers of the "kokkossan" (a fact neglected by former authors) it became evident, that a species quite distinct from lansium domesticum was involved. the main differences are tabulated below : l. domesticum l. aqueum leaves and branches glabrous leaves and branches pilose, larger than in l. domesticum flowers pedicelled . flowers sessile 3 5 2 r ei n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 calyx tube large, sepals calyx tube minute, sepals minute large anthers 1—1.5 mm anthers 2—3 mm ovary glabrous ovary densely pilose fruit glabrous with very thin fruit pilose with thicker septs septs trees of both species are much alike in habit, but the leaves of the kokkossan are distinctly larger. the inflorescences of l. aqueum are always at the underside of the bare branches, in the "duku" they appear also on the upper side. the fruit are sessile and hence the infructescence looks more compact. the kokkossan is found wild in java in some vestiges of forests, the "duku" not. it is possible that lansium domesticum was endemic in borneo and l. aqueum in java, sumatra and borneo. of the pisitan variety of west java i have seen thus far only sterile specimens, which have the large leaves of l. aqueum but the pilosity is very scanty. this variety might eventually represent a hybrid between l, aqueum and l. domesticum. b o g o r . culta, nov., fl., kostermans s.n. (bo, bm, canb, k, l, mo, lae, p, ny). verbenaceae teijsmanniodendron pendulum kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 14. arbor mediocris, foliis palmate compositis, rigide chartaceis, glabris, petiolo longo; foliolis elliptico-lanceolatis acuminatis, basi in petiolulum conspicuum cuneatim angustatis, untrinque reticulatis, subtus glaucis. infructescentia plerumque simplex, longa; fructu plerumque uno, pendulo, subgloboso, basi sepalis persistentibus pateriformibus. tree 15 m tall, diameter 30 cm, with irregular 9 m long free bole. bark smooth, brown, thin. living bark 15 mm, redbrown, brittle. wood lightbrown, rather soft. leaves, glabrous, palmately compound; petiole slender up to 5 cm long, thickened at base; leaflets usually 3, glabrous, rigid-chartaceous, elliptical-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5—18 by 1.5—4 cm, acuminate, base cuneate, reticulate on both surfaces, midrib and the 3—6 pairs of arcuate, ascending nerves prominent on the lower surface; reticulation marked in grey with microscopical dark dots; petiolule 1—1.5 cm, slender, thickened at base. living leaf dark green on upper, dull pale green on lower surface (dried: somewhat glaucous below). 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans : new and critical malaysian plants vi 353 infructescence apical, unbranched or hardly branched at apex, up to 15 cm long with thickened nodes and bract scars, at the apex with a few, very short branchlets. fruit green, subglobose, glabrous, about 2 cm in diameter, seated on the round, hardened, 5 mm long sepals which are arranged in one plane; young fruit completely filled with a jelly-like substance. typus. — kostermans 13007 (bo). distribution. — indonesian east borneo. the species was seen only once on a small area of loam soil intercalated between acid sandy soil. the lobed fruit cup and the pendulous solitary fruit are characteristic. e a s t i n d o n e s i a n b o r n e o . w . kutei, belajan r . region near tabang, mt. palimasen near tabang, alt. 500 m, sept., fr., kostermans 13007 (a, bish, bm, bo, bei, bzf, cal, canb, k, l, sing, ny, p, pnh, canb). 354 reinwardtia [vol. 5 "1 pig. la. — alseodaphne corneri kosterm. 1>'o] a. j. g. h. kostermans : new and critical malaysian plants vi 355 fig. lb. — alseodaphne corneri kosterm. 356 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fig. 2a. — alseodaphne montana kosterm. 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical malaysian plants vi 357 fig. 2b. — alseodaphne montana kosterm. 358 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fig. 3. — alseodaphne philippinensis (elm.), kosterm. 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans : new and critical malaysian plants vi 359 fig. 4. — nothaphoebe pachyphylla kosterm. 360 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fig. 5. — nothaphoebe pahangensis kosterm. 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans : new and critical malaysian plants vi 361 fig. 6. — beilschmiedia filicifolia kosterm. 862 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fig. 7. — beilschmiedia glauciphylla kosterm. 1960] a. j. g. h. kosteemans: new and critical malaysian plants vi 363 fig, 8.— beilschmiedia pilosa kosterm. 364 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fig. 9. — endiandra cusideroxylocarpa kosterm. 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical malaysian plants vi 365 fig. 10. — dehaasia hirsuta kosterm. 366 re in w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fig. 11. — millettia vasta kosterm, 1960] a. j. g. h. kostermans : new and critical malaysian plants vi 367 fig. 12. — millettia vasta kosterm. 368 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fig. 13. — lansium aqueum kosterm.; top left: fruit of l. aqueum and of l. domesticum for comparison. 1900] a. j. g. h. kostermans: new and critical malaysian plants vi 369 fig. 14. — teijsmanniodendron pendulum kosterm. img561_page_01 img561_page_02 img561_page_03 img561_page_04 img561_page_05 img561_page_06 img561_page_07 img561_page_08 img561_page_09 img561_page_10 img561_page_11 img561_page_12 img561_page_13 img561_page_14 img561_page_15 img561_page_16 img561_page_17 img561_page_18 img561_page_19 img561_page_20 img561_page_21 img561_page_22 img561_page_23 img561_page_24 img561_page_25 img561_page_26 img561_page_27 img561_page_28 img561_page_29 reinwardtia_13_1_101209 + dftar isi+new re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia vol 13, part 1, pp: 13 − 14 13 new species of pandanus (pandanaceae) from kabaena island, south east sulawesi, indonesia received february 26, 2009; accepted june 16, 2009 ary prihardhyanto keim herbarium bogoriense, research centre for biology lipi. jl. raya jakarta bogor km 46, bogor 16911, indonesia. e-mail: arypkeim@yahoo.com abstract keim, a. p. 2009. new species of pandanus (pandanaceae) from kabaena island, south east sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(1): 13–14. ⎯ pandanus kabaenaensis a.p. keim is described as a new species from kabaena island in the province of south east sulawesi, indonesia. keywords: austrokeura, kabaena, pandanus, pandanaceae, sulawesi. abstrak keim, a. p. 2009. jenis baru pandanus (pandanaceae) dari p. kabaena, sulawesi tenggara, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(1): 13–14. ⎯ pandanus kabaenaensis a.p. keim dari pulau kabaena, sulawesi tenggara, indonesia dipertelakan sebagai jenis baru. kata kunci: austrokeura, kabaena, pandanus, pandanaceae, sulawesi. introduction kabaena island (5.25° s, 121.94° e) is in the bone bay of south east sulawesi province, indonesia.the island has an area of 873 km² and rises to 1560 m at its highest point. despite previous botanical explorations made in kabaena by beccari in 1874, weber van bosse in 1899, elbert in 1909, de boer in ca. 1922 (van steenis, 1950), herbarium bogoriense (bo) and harvard university herbaria in 1993 (ismail, 2005 pers. comm.), and bo in 2006 (rugayah, 2006), the pandan flora of the island remains largely unknown. this paper describes a new species, pandanus kabaenaensis, from herbarium specimens collected by the most recent expeditions to the island. pandanus kabaenaensis a.p.keim spec. nov. ⎯ figs. 1. pandan mediocris; infructescentia terminalis, solitaria; cephalium globosum; phalanges a profundus sulcus separatus; phalange 4 – 6 drupa constans; stigmata aspicientia extrinsecus. ⎯ typus: indonesia, south east sulawesi, kabaena island, gunung katopi, 18 km northwest of tangkeno, 05° 12’ s 121° 25’ e, 7 aug. 1993, mc donald & ismail 4183 (holotypus–bo; isotypus–a). medium size tree pandan, 5 m tall. stem hard, slender, 2.5–3 cm diameter, leaf scars crowded, distance between leaf scars ca. 0.5 cm. leaves in a rosette, spirally arranged in three ranks (tristichous); leaf–blade lanceolate–elongate, ca. 90 cm long, ca. 2 cm wide; leafsheath short, clasping, ca. 1.5 cm long; margin spinose, spines hard, sharp; lamina surfaces bifacially glabrous; adaxial surface green, adaxial ventral pleats absent; abaxial surface pale green, main nerve more apparent, with spines, recurved spines obvious; acuminate apex, acumen ca. 30 cm long. infructescence terminal, solitary, ca. 20 cm long; peduncle ca. 5 × 2 cm. cephalium globose, ca. 8 × 5.5–7.0 cm. phalanges ca. 30, separated by deep furrows, each 3.0 × 1.7 cm. drupes 4 –6, oblong to slightly oblanceolate, ca. 3.0 × 1.4– 1.5 cm, crowded; style short, 0.1–0.3 cm long, weakly ascending; stigmas facing outwards (extrorse). field characters. common short tree, 5 m tall, branching sparingly above and below, stems more than 4 cm diameter; inflorescence 20 cm long, secondary staminate branches cylindrical, 5 cm long, 2 cm diameter; branches elliptical of equal size; fruit immature, subrotundate, ca. 7 cm diameter. distribution. known only from type locality. habitat & ecology. occurring in open savannah on serpentine soil, at 250 to 500 m altitude. etymology. named after the type locality. reinwardtia 14 [vol.13 sembles an immature form of p. odoratissimus l. f. however, unlike the latter species, most of the phalanges in p. kabaenaensis are separated by deep furrows, such that each phalange can be easily separated in the manner characteristic of section austrokeura stone (1974). the outwardly–facing stigmas of the new species are also opposite to the introrsely–turned stigmas of p. odoratissimus. within section austrokeura, pandanus kabaenaensis is most similar to p. brassii martelli of new guinea. the phalanges in the latter species are also separated by deep furrows, but the cephalia are much larger (40×35 cm; see martelli, 1929). the number of drupes (6–10) in a phalange are also more numerous than for p. kabaenaensis. the section austrokeura was previously known only from the savannahs of new guinea and northern australia. the discovery of a new representative from sulawesi supports the possibility of a strong floristic link between sulawesi and the eastern parts of malesia (see lam, 1945a; b). acknowledgements i am grateful to drs. rugayah and laode alhamd (bo) for information on kabaena island. my deepest gratitude also extended to mr. ismail (bo) for valuable information on the type collection and habitat where the new pandan was collected. prof. n. fukuoka (jica) and dr. wayne takeuchi (a) made some preliminary suggestions on the manuscript. references lam, h.j. 1945a. contributions to our knowledge of the flora of celebes (collections of c. monod de froidville) and of some other malaysian islands. blumea 5 (3): 554−599. lam, h.j. 1945b. notes on the historical phytogeography of celebes. blumea 5 (3): 600–640. martelli, u. 1929. the pandanaceae collected for the arnold arboretum by l.j. brass in new guinea. j. arnold arb. 10: 137–142. rugayah, t. 2006. keanekaragaman & pengungkapan potensi flora pulau kabaena sulawesi tenggara. herbarium bogoriense, cibinong. [mimeograph]. stone, b.c. 1974. towards an improved infrageneric classification in pandanus (pandanaceae). bot. jahrb. syst. 94: 459−540. van steenis, c.g.g.j. 1950. flora malesiana. vol. 1. ser. 1: spermatophyta. noordhoff−kolff, jakarta. fig. 1. pandanus kabaenaensis a.p. keim (a. lanceolate−longate leaf, b. leaf margin with obvious spines, c. medium−sized habit and slender stem, d. solitary cephalium, half part of cephalium consists of phalanges separated each other by deep furrows, e. a phalange with 5 drupes with outwardly–facing stigmas, which is a distinctive character for the section astrokeura). drawn from the holotype (mc donald & ismail 4183, bo!) by wahyudi santoso. conservation status. although the species is common on kabaena island, it has not been reported elsewhere and can thus be regarded as vulnerable (vu). notes. based on the structure of the cephalium, this species is undoubtedly a member of subgenus pandanus (see infrageneric classification in stone, 1974). in overall appearance, p. kabaenaensis rec 3cm 3cm 3cm 2cm d e b a cover.pdf reinwardtia_13_1_291209_ary.pdf reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010 re in w ar dt ia 13 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, november 2, 2010 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedy darnaedi tukirin partomihardjo joeni setijo rahajoe teguh triono marlina ardiyani eizi suzuki jun wen managing editors elizabeth a. widjaja himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirat hidayat ilustrators subari wahyu santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers r. abdulhadi, sandy atkins, julie f. barcelona, todd j. barkman, nico cellinese, mark coode, gudrun kadereit, rogier de kock, n. fukuoka, kuswata kartawinata, ary p. keim, p. j. a. kessler, a. latiff–mohamad, m. a. rifai, rugayah, h. soedjito, t. setyawati, d. g. stone, wayne takeuchi, benito c. tan, j. f. veldkamp, p. van welzen, h. wiriadinata, rui-liang zhu. correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 2, pp: 167 − 169 167 goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. received august 27, 2010; accepted september 6, 2010. j. f. veldkamp netherlands centre for biodiversity naturalis, section national herbarium of the netherlands, nhn, leiden university, po box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl r. m. k. saunders school of biological sciences, the university of hong kong, pokfulam road, hong kong, china. e-mail: saunders@hkucc.hku.hk abstract j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. 2010. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r.m.k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. reinwardtia 13(2): 167–169. — goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r.m.k. saunders (annonaceae) is a new combination. key words: ambon, annonaceae, ceram, goniothalamus, malesia, moluccas, rumphius, uvaria. abstrak j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. 2010*. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r.m.k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. reinwardtia 13(2): 167–169. — goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r.m.k. saunders (annonaceae) dikemukakan sebagai kombinasi baru. kata kunci: ambon, annonaceae, ceram, goniothalamus, malesia, moluccas, rumphius, uvaria. introduction the combination uvaria tripetala lam. (1785: 597) (annonaceae) was exclusively based on the description and plate by rumphius (1741: 197–199, t. 66, f. 1) of his cananga sylvestris trifolia from ambon. dunal (1817: 104) published the illegitimate new combination unona tripetaloidea for it, which was corrected to un. tripetala by de candolle (1824: 90). hasskarl (1866: 182) surprisingly suggested that it might be a species of artabotrys r. br., despite the fact that it is a tree and so lacks the climbing hooks, such a diagnostic feature of the genus. we agree with merrill (1917: 228) that the name uvaria tripetala is referable to goniothalamus (blume) hook. f. & thomson due to the overall flower structure, with three smaller apically connivent inner petals, and three larger spreading outer petals with a conspicuous midrib. rumphius (1741, t. 66, f. 1, our fig. 1) described and illustrated the species in detail, and listed a number of native names. two features of the fruit morphology are particularly striking: each monocarp has a longitudinal ridge running its entire length, from the stipe to the apex; and the pericarp surface is markedly pusticulate. rumphius reported that the trees were not common in ambon, occurring sporadically in abandoned gardens, both in the lowlands and higher mountains. remarkably, the species has never been collected again. robinson, for instance, who collected extensively on ambon with the aim of providing new specimens as representatives of rumphius’ species, failed to find it (merrill, 1917). the names given by rumphius are furthermore not listed by heyne (1950: 633), who under ?goniothalamus spec. merely summarised the rumphian text and merrill’s brief note, indicative of a lack of further information. only one species of goniothalamus is known from the moluccas: g. ceramensis miq. (1865: 33), collected in 1860 in ceram by teijsmann (hb 1990) and sent to u (now in l) with a duplicate in bo. as far as known this also has never been collected again and only leafy branches and a single fragmented fruit are available. miquel noted a ridge on the monocarp (“uno latere costa obtusa longitudinali”), similar to that in the species illustrated by rumphius. the holotype sheet has an attached envelope with shards of a monocarp and three seeds that were clearly originally inside it in view of the corresponding ridges on the inside of the remnants. on the outside of one fragment there is a thin white line which may be the remnant of a reinwardtia 168 [vol.13 fleshy ridge, but it does not conform with miquel’s description. the surface of the pericarp is smooth, unlike the pusticules illustrated by rumphius” only with an oblique illumination some darker patches can be discerned. given the possible discrepancies between the protologues of uvaria tripetala and goniothalamus ceramensis (and the type collection of the latter name), we hesitate to unite the two names. a new combination is nevertheless required for the rumphian enigma: goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders, comb. nov. — fig. 1. uvaria tripetala lam., encycl. 1: 597. 1785. (cananga sylvestris trifolia rumph., 1741. herb. fig. 1. cananga sylvestris trifolia rumph. ≡ goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r.m.k. saunders.rumphius, herbarium amboinense 2: tab. 66, fig. 1. 2010] 169 veldkamp & saunders: goniothalamsu tripetalus (lam) veldk. & rmk saunders (annonaceae), amboin. 2: 197–199, t. 66, f. 1. 1741, nom. inval.). [uvaria zeylanica auct. non l.: l. (stickman), herb. amboin.: 10. 1754; (edited in amoen. acad. 4: 121. 1759]. unona tripetaloidea dunal, monogr. anon.: 104. 1817, nom. superfl. unona tripetala (lam.) dc., prodr. 1: 90. 1824. — type: rumphius’s plate. — epitype: by lack of material none could be designated. for completeness’ sake we add: goniothalamus ceramensis miq., ann. mus. bot. lugduno-batavum 2: 33. 1865. — type: teijsmann hb 1990 (u, holo, sh. 014759, now in l; bo), ceram, see http://145.18.162.53:81/c8 polyalthia ceramensis boerl., icon. bog. 1, 2: 106 (name); 1, 3: 187 (validation), t. 65. --type: treub s.n. (bo, holo, not found; nor in l), “habitat in insula ceram, prope wahai”. note. because of the epithet, we were suspicious that polyalthia ceramensis might be another name for g. ceramensis, but according to the plate and description this is a “true” polyalthia blume s.l. ms. van steenis-kruseman (1950) noted that treub’s moluccan collections would be in bo and l, but the specimen could not be found in either herbarium. acknowledgements mr. a. sumadijaya (bo) went into great efforts but failed to find additional material in bo. dr. p.j.a. keßler (l) is thanked for his comments. references blanco, f.m. 1837. flora de filipinas: 465. lopez, manila. boerlage, j.g. 1899-a. anonaceae. icones bogorienses 1, 2: 106 (name). brill, leiden. boerlage, j.g. 1899-b. anonaceae. icones bogorienses 1, 3: 187 (validation), t. 65. brill, leiden. candolle, a.p. de. 1824. prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 1: 90. treuttel & würtz, paris, strasbourg, london. dunal, m.-f. 1817. monographie de la famille des anonacées: 104. treuttel & würtz, paris, london, strasbourg & renaud, montpellier. hasskarl, j.k. 1866. neuer schlüssel zu rumph’s herbarium amboinense: 182. schmidt, halle. heyne, k. 1950. de nuttige planten van indonesië: 633. van hoeve, ’s gravenhage / bandung. lamarck, j.b.a.p. de monnet. 1785. encyclopedie méthodique. botanique 1: 597. panckoucke, paris; plompteux, liège. linnaeus, c. 1754. (stickman), herbarium amboinensis: 10. höjer, upsala. linnaeus, c. 1759. (stickman), herbarium amboinensis. amoenitates academicae 4: 121. salvius, stockholm. merrill, e.d. 1917. an interpretation of rumphius’s herbarium amboinense: 228. bureau of printing, manila. miquel, f.a.w. 1865. anonaceae archipelagi indici. ann. mus. bot. lugduno-batavum 2: 33. roxburgh, w. 1814. hortus bengalensis: 43. mission press, serampore. roxburgh, w. 1832. flora indica, ed. 2: 667. thacker & co., calcutta & parbury, allen & co., london. rumphius, g.e. 1741. herbarium amboinense 2: 197– 199, t. 66, f. 1. changuion, catuffe & uytwerf, amsterdam, etc. van steenis-kruseman, m.j. 1950. malaysian plant collectors and collections. fl. males. i, 1: 532. noordhoff-kolff, jakarta. reinwardtia 170 [vol.13 altingia excelsa noronha, altingiaceae. (photo: h. wiriadinata) costus speciosus (j. konig) sm., costaceae (photo: h. wiriadinata) nelumbo nucifera gaertn., nelumbonaceae (photo: e. a. widjaja) instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 2. 2010 contents page harry wiriadinata & rismita sari. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra ………………………………………………………………………..……………….. 95 ary p. keim. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea………………… 101 robert gradstein et al. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia……………………... 107 abdulrokhman kartonegoro & j. f. veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia………………………………………………………...…………… 125 nursahara pasaribu. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 147 ary p. keim. & m. rahayu. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia................ 151 k. mat-saleh, ridha mahyuni, agus susatya, j. f. veldkamp. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia.............................................................................................................................. 159 j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. .......................................................................................... 167 m. m. j. van balgooy. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families..................................... 171 nurhaidah iriany sinaga. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua ............................................................................................................................... 183 nurhaidah iriany sinaga, rita megia, alex hartana & ary prihardhyanto keim. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea................................................................................................................................ 189 eizi suzuki. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites.. 199 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia.......................................................................................................... 211 m. ardiyani, a. d. poulsen, p. suksathan, f. borchsenius. marantaceae in sulawesi..... 213 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research centre for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_1-1 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_2-2 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_75-75 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_76-76 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_77-77 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_78-78 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_129-129 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_130-130 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010 re in w ar dt ia 13 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, november 2, 2010 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedy darnaedi tukirin partomihardjo joeni setijo rahajoe teguh triono marlina ardiyani eizi suzuki jun wen managing editors elizabeth a. widjaja himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirat hidayat ilustrators subari wahyu santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers r. abdulhadi, sandy atkins, julie f. barcelona, todd j. barkman, nico cellinese, mark coode, gudrun kadereit, rogier de kock, n. fukuoka, kuswata kartawinata, ary p. keim, p. j. a. kessler, a. latiff–mohamad, m. a. rifai, rugayah, h. soedjito, t. setyawati, d. g. stone, wayne takeuchi, benito c. tan, j. f. veldkamp, p. van welzen, h. wiriadinata, rui-liang zhu. correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 2, pp: 101 − 106 101 cence unknown. infructescences terminal and lateral, ternate or quaternate, ca. 5 cm long; peduncles ca. 1 cm, cicatrose, fibrose, cylindrical, decorticating on older surfaces; prophylls 3, 0.5–1.2 cm long; bracts 6 in 2 whorls, bracts in outer whorl 1.3– 1.5 cm long, bracts in inner whorl 3.4–4 cm long; pedicel 1.6–1.7 cm long, glabrous. cephalium ellipsoidal, red, 1.1–1.5 cm long, 0.5–0.6 cm wide. berry rhomboid, red, 1.5–2 mm long, pileus rigid; stigmas 1–2. field characters. leaves green above, pale green below; fruits red. distribution. known only from the type locality. habitat and ecology. disturbed poor montane forest at about 1200 m altitude. etymology. named after estonian botanist heinar streimann, collector of the type specimen. conservation status. probably vulnerable (vu). the menyamya area has been extensively disturbed by anthropogenic activities. the roadside forest visited by streimann has been either eradicated or severely impacted. introduction new guinea is renowned as a centre for floristic diversification in the paleotropics. the spacious nature of its major families is particularly evident in the pandanaceae, and especially so in the genus freycinetia. although huynh (1996; 1997; 1999; 2000; 2002) recently added some species to the generic conspectus, there are still many taxa awaiting formal description. the following account presents yet another novelty from new guinea, lending further support to stone’s (1982) contention that the island is unquestionably the centre of diversity for freycinetia. freycinetia streimannii a.p. keim, spec. nov. — figs. 1–3. mediocris scandens; infructescentia terminalis et lateralis, terna et quaterna; bacca rhomboideus; stigmata 1–2. — typus: papua new guinea, morobe, menyamya, aseki–koki road, 07° 20’s, 146° 10’e, 9 jan. 1972, h. streimann lae 51997 (holotypus–lae!; isotypi–a, bo!, bri, canb, k, l, sing!). medium sized climbing pandan, glabrous. stem 0.6–0.65 cm diam., sulcate or angulate, brunnescent. leaves elliptic–oblong, 14–15 cm long, ca. 4.5 cm wide, bifically brunneous, base cuneate, margins entire, apex acuminate; auricle tapered. infloresa new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea received november 3, 2009; accepted february 2, 2010 ary prihardhyanto keim herbarium bogoriense, research center for biology–lipi. jl. raya jakarta–bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail: arypkeim@yahoo.com abstract keim, a.p. 2010. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea. reinwardtia 13(2): 101–106. ⎯ freycinetia streimannii a.p. keim is newly described from papua new guinea. the novelty is closest to freycinetia normanbyensis huynh but is clearly separated by differences in the size of the cephalia and in the number of stigmas. keywords: freycinetia, pandanaceae, papua new guinea. abstrak keim, a.p. 2010. jenis baru freycinetia (pandanaceae) dari papua niugini. reinwardtia 13(2): 101–106. ⎯ jenis baru freycinetia streimannii a.p. keim dari papua niugini dipertelakan. jenis baru ini dibedakan dengan f. normanbyensis huynh pada ukuran cephalia dan jumlah kepala putiknya. kata kunci: freycinetia, pandanaceae, papua niugini. reinwardtia 102 [vol.13 fig. 1. freycinetia streimannii a. p. keim. holotype (streimann lae 51997, lae!) showing the lateral and terminal infructescences (x 2/5). photo: wayne takeuchi. 2010] 103 keim : a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea fig. 2. freycinetia streimannii a.p. keim. holotype (h. streimann lae 51997, lae showing the remains of terminal infructescence (x 1). photo: wayne takeuchi. reinwardtia 104 [vol.13 fig. 3. freycinetia streimannii a.p. keim. holotype (h. streimann lae 51997, lae!) showing the ternate and quaternate infructescences (× 1). photo: wayne takeuchi. 2010] 105 keim : a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea stone (1967) mentioned f. hollrungii warburg as a species with both terminal and lateral infructescences. indeed, with number of stigmas 1 to 2, f. hollrungii seems to be the closest morphologically to f. streimannii. however, i am not in accordance with his account, as warburg (1900) did not write that f. hollrungii has both terminal and lateral inflorescences and infructescences. in fact, he did not mention anything about the position of the infructescence except that it consists of 2 to 3 cephalia (infructescences binate or ternate). unfortunately, the syntypes of f. hollrungii were destroyed during the world war ii and there is no information about the presence of any copies in other herbaria. thus, everything is based only on the protologue. nonetheless, the protologue is not in favour of stone. among the extra–papuasian taxa, freycinetia imbricata blume is a well–known species having both terminal and lateral infructescences. this species is commonly found in java, borneo, and the malay peninsula (stone 1970a, 1970b, 1970c, 1972), but so far has never been recorded in new guinea. nevertheless, with rather globose cephalia (9–10 × 6–7 mm) and with 3–5 stigmas, f. imbricata is immediately distinguishable from f. streimannii. acknowledgements i am grateful to dr. wayne takeuchi (a) for valuable discussions, suggestions, and photographs of the holotype. deepest appreciation is sent to dr. rugayah (bo) for the encouragement. warmest appreciation is also mailed to prof. n. fukuoka (jica) for constructive suggestions to the manuscript. references huynh, k–l. 1996. the genus freycinetia (pandanaceae) in new guinea (part 1). bot. jahrb. syst. 118: 529–545. huynh, k–l. 1997. the genus freycinetia gaudich. (pandanaceae) in the solomon islands. candollea 52: 359–382. huynh, k–l. 1999. the genus freycinetia (pandanaceae) in new guinea (part 2). bot. jahrb. syst. 121: 149–186. huynh, k–l. 2000. the genus freycinetia (pandanaceae) in new guinea (part 3). candollea 55 (2): 283–306. huynh, k–l. 2002. the genus freycinetia (pandanaceae) in new guinea (part 4). blumea 47 (3): 513–536. stone, b. c. 1967. materials for a monograph of freycinetia (pandanaceae) i. gard. bull. sing. 22 (2): 129 –152. notes. in new guinea, there are only a few species with both terminal and lateral infructescences. among the congeners in this group, freycinetia streimannii is the only one with 1–2 stigmas. freycinetia normanbyensis huynh is probably the closest to the new species (see huynh, 2002), but can be easily distinguished by the characters listed in table 1. there are also apparent similarities between freycinetia madangensis and f. streimannii. however table 2 provides a decisive compilation of their differentiating attributes. characters freycinetia normanbyensis f. streimannii leaf dimension 14–20 x 2–2.5 cm 14–15 x 4.5 cm number of cephalia per infructescence 3 3 or rarely 4 cephalium dimension 2x3 cm 1.1–1.5 x 0.5–0.6 cm length of a berry 5 mm 1.5–2 mm number of stigmas 3–4 (also found 5–10) 1–2 colour of a berry orange red table 1. comparison of freycinetia normanbyensis and f. streimannii. table 2. comparison of freycinetia madangensis and f. streimannii. characters freycinetia madangensis f. streimannii infructescence position always lateral terminal and lateral number of cephalia per infructecence 3 3, rarely 4 cephalium dimension 2 x 1–1.8 cm 1.1–1.5 x 0.5–0.6 cm length of a berry 3 mm 1.5–2 mm number of stigmas 2 1–2 reinwardtia 106 [vol.13 stone, b. c. 1970a. materials for a monograph of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae). v. singapore, malaya & thailand. gard. bull. sing. 25 (2): 189–207. stone, b. c. 1970b. materials for a monograph of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae). vi. species of borneo. gard. bull. sing. 25 (2): 209–233. stone, b.c. 1970c. malayan climbing pandanus: the genus freycinetia in malaya. malay. nat. j. 23: 84– 91. stone, b.c. 1972. studies in malesian pandanaceae: vii. a review of javanese pandanaceae with notes on plants cultivated in the hortus botanicus bogoriensis. reinwardtia 8 (2): 309–318. stone, b.c. 1982. new guinea pandanaceae: first approach to ecology and biogeography. in gressitt, j.l. (ed.). 1982. biogeography and ecology of new guinea. vol.1. monographiae biologicae vol. 42. dr. w. junk publ., the hague. warburg, o. 1900. pandanaceae. in engler, a. (ed.). 1898–1923. das pflanzenreich. 4, 9 (3): 1– 100. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 2. 2010 contents page harry wiriadinata & rismita sari. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra ………………………………………………………………………..……………….. 95 ary p. keim. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea………………… 101 robert gradstein et al. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia……………………... 107 abdulrokhman kartonegoro & j. f. veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia………………………………………………………...…………… 125 nursahara pasaribu. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 147 ary p. keim. & m. rahayu. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia................ 151 k. mat-saleh, ridha mahyuni, agus susatya, j. f. veldkamp. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia.............................................................................................................................. 159 j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. .......................................................................................... 167 m. m. j. van balgooy. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families..................................... 171 nurhaidah iriany sinaga. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua ............................................................................................................................... 183 nurhaidah iriany sinaga, rita megia, alex hartana & ary prihardhyanto keim. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea................................................................................................................................ 189 eizi suzuki. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites.. 199 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia.......................................................................................................... 211 m. ardiyani, a. d. poulsen, p. suksathan, f. borchsenius. marantaceae in sulawesi..... 213 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research centre for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_1-1 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_2-2 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_9-9 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_10-10 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_11-11 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_12-12 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_13-13 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_14-14 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_129-129 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_130-130 reinwardtia vol. 11, p a r t 4, pp. 227-280 (1999) conspectus of trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, botany division, r. & d. centre for biology, bogor, indonesia & w.j.j.o. de wilde rijksherbarium/hortus botanicus, leiden, netherlands abstract trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia comprises 5 sections with 39 species, here alphabetically arranged. key to the sections, keys to the species within the sections and eight regional keys are presented twenty-five taxa are newly proposed: 1 section, 14 species, 1 subspecies, 2 varieties and 7 forms. abstrak trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) di malesia terdiri atas 5 seksi dengan 39 jenis yang berikut ini disajikan menurut abjad. kunci untuk seksi, kunci jenis dalam seksi dan delapan kunci regional untuk mendeterminasi jenis disuguhkan. dua puluh lima takson baru diusulkan: 1 seksi, 14 jenis, 1 anak jenis, 2 varietas dan 7 forma. introduction the genus trichosanthes l. comprises some 100 species in the area of india and s. china through indo-china and malesia, into the pacific and n australia. with the completion of the revision of the genus for malesia in the near future, 39 species are recognized for which new taxa (14 species, 1 subspecies, 2 varieties and 7 forms) have to be formally described. eight practical regional keys to the species, applicable for both male flowering as well as for fruiting material are presented. for each region the list of accepted species is given, followed by a key. for java we refer to a previous publication, in blumea 42, 2 (1997) p. 4 7 1 482. in this way it is hoped that the present publication has an enhanced practical value. a provisional division of the malesian species 227 228 reinwardtia [vol. 11 into sections (including 1 new section) and subsections is given, and within these, keys to the pertaining species. at the end an enumeration of all accepted species names for malesia is presented, with references of valid publication. the new taxa, on the authority of rugayah, described in this enumeration. are key to the sections in malesia (mainly based on fruit and seed characters) — fig. 1 l a . seed 'turgid', i.e. with at two sides hollow extensions. fruit pulp orange or red. probract absent : ... 2 sect. cucumeroides (with subsect. cucumeroides and subsect. tetragonosperma) b. seed flat, thin or thick, not turgid 2 2a. seed with margin, i.e. either (1) with a narrow or broad marginal band of different colour and/or texture, or, if this obscure, (2) with the rim ± thickened, or the edge coarsely undulate or finely crenate. , 3 b. seed without or with faint margin, edge entire, shape of seed subcircular, (ob)ovate, or elliptic, rounded at both ends, rarely notched, at base pointed, colour mostly dark brown or blackish, rarely greyish. fruit pulp green-black. probract present 5. sect. involucraria (with subsect. involucraria and subsect. pedatae) 3a. edge of margin of seed coarsely undulate. seed thickish, grey or (pale) brown. fruit pulp white, turning orange-red. probract absent 1. sect. trichosanthes b. edge of margin of seed entire (straight) or (partly) finely crenate. seed thin or thickish, (pale) brown 4 4a. seed subcircular, (ob)ovate, or elliptic(-oblong), rounded at both ends or ± truncate at one end; edge entire. fruit pulp pinkish (always?). probract present or absent 4. sect. foliobracteola (incl. t. auriculata, t. rotundifolia) b. seed oblong, ± parallel-sided, ± quadrangular, or seed long-triangular, frequently truncate or notched at one or both ends; edge smooth or (partly) crenulate. fruit pulp whitish or creamy, turning red. probract present 3. sect. edulis enumeration of sections and subsections, with keys to the species within the sections l. sect. trichosanthes malesian taxa (1 species, 1 var.): t. cucumerina var. cucumerina, t. cucumerina var. anguina. 1999 ] rugayah & w. j.j.o. dewllde : conspectus of trichosanthes 229 2. sect. cucumeroides (gaertn.) kitam. cucumeroides gaertn., fruct. sem. plantarum 2 (1791) 485, t. 4, f. 4. sect. cucumeroides (gaertn.) kitam., journ. jap. bot. 19 (1943) 35. type: trichosantjtes cucumeroides (ser.) maxim. = t. ovigera blume. in malesia 2 subsections: a. subsect. cucumeroides (gaertn.) kitam. malesian taxon (1 species): t. ovigera. b. subsect. tetragonosperma (cheng & yueh) rugayah, stat. nov. sect. tetragonosperma cheng & yueh, acta phytotax. sin. 12(4) (1974) 424. type: trichosanthes tetragonosperma cheng & yueh (china). malesian taxa (3 species, 1 subspecies): t. beccariana subsp. beccariana, t. beccariana subsp. pusilla, t. mucronata, t. pendula. note — this subsection is distinct by the lateral inflated parts of the seed being broadly rounded or ± quadrangular, not ± conical. the status of subsection is largely provisional, as we feel that a division of the tumid seeded trichosanthes species into several groups of sectional rank seems unwarranted pending extensive further investigation of the species. we tentatively include here t. pendula and t. mucronata from borneo, which possibly represent a separate subsection; t. pendula strongly deviates in general habit by alate stem and pendent inflorescences. key to the malesian species of section cucurmeroides la. seed with lateral hollow parts turbinate. fruit pulp not fibrous. stem ± grooved t. ovigera b. seed with lateral hollow parts subtetragonous or subspherical 2 2a. seed flattish; lateral parts flattish, subquadrangular. fruit pulp fibrous. stem ± grooved t. beccariana b. seed± terete; lateral parts inflated, subglobose. fruit pulp not fibrous 3 3 a. stem subterete. leaves densely soft-hairy. inflorescences patent t. mucronata b. stem sharply angular-winged. leaves sparsely harshly hairy (scabrous). inflorescences pendent t. pendula 230 reinwardtia [vol. 11 fig. 1. note of seed of trichosanthes spp. i. section trichosanthes 1. t. cucumerina l. var. cucumerina (koorders 27327p) 2. t. cucumerina l. var. anguina (l.) haines (agus sujadi s.n.) ii. section cucumeroides a. subsection cucumeroides 3. t. ovigera blume (a. steenis 11083; b. kosterman 816; c. vanoverbergh 3662 bis; d. streimann & kairo ngf 27797) b. subsection tetragonosperma 4. t. beccariana cogn. subsp. beccariana (de wilde 21954) 5. t. beccariana cogn. subsp. pusilla rugayah (fidilis krispinus san 95877) 6. t. pendula rugayah (aban g. & dewol s. san 91628) iii. section edulis 7. t. dentifera rugayah (mcgregor s.n.) 8. t. densiflora rugayah (henty et al. ngf 41616) 9. t. edulis rugayah var. sativa (a. vink 16350; b. barran ng-9-15) 10. t. edulis rugayah var. edulis (a. takeuchi 7170; b. streimann ngf 30731) 11. t. hastata harms (streimann & fasavalu ngf 47746) 12 a. t. laeoica cheng & huang f. sorongensis rugayah (ave 4782) 12 b. t. laeoica cheng & huang f. sicyocarpa rugayah (brass 5347) 13. t. schlechteri harms (coode ngf 32837) iv. section foliobracteola 14. t. auriculata rugayah (paul chai s 36193) 15. t. coriacea blume (laumonier 4363) 16. t. rotundifolia rugayah (16a. cross section of the seed) (rijksen s.n.) 17. t. villosa blume subsp. villosa (wiriadinata hw 8284) 18. t. villosa blume subsp. mindorensis rugayah (stone et al. ppi403) v. section involucraria a. subsection involucraria 19. t. borneensis cogn. (meeter 67) 20. t. emarginata rugayah (de wilde 14862) 21. t. globosa blume (kasik 104) 22. t. kinabaluensis rugayah (beaman 7171) 23. t. leuserensis rugayah (lorzing 5212) 24. t. longispicata rugayah (hyde & company s.n.) 25. t. montana rugayah (susiarti s.n.) 26. t. obscura rugayah (hansen 968) 27. t. philippinensis rugayah (bartlett 14725) 28. t. planiglans rugayah (ramos & edano bur. sci. 29110) 29. t. pubera blume (de wilde 21667) 30. t. quinquangulata asa gray (de wilde, 21661) 31. t. sepilokensis rugayah (sinclair et al. 9341) 32. a t.tricuspidata lour. f. tricuspidatq (de wilde 21773) b. t. tricuspidata f. siberutensis (wiriadinata hw 6874) c. t. tricuspidata f. seramensis (ramlanto & mogea 803) 33. t.^alida rugayah (koorders 16613p) b. subsection pedatae 34. t. celebica cogn. (de vogel 6136) 35. t. elmeri merr. (a. ridsdale smhi1852; b. elmer 20298) 36. t. floresana rugayah (schmutz 4385) 37. t. papuana f. m. bailey (kalkman bw 3668 a) 38. t. wawrae cogn. (fanani s.n.) 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewilde : conspectus of trichosanthes 231 fig. 1. seed of trichosanthes spp. 232 reinwardtia [vol.11 3. sect. edulis rugayah, sect. nov. pulpa semenque edulis, semen oblongum lateribus plusminusve parallelis vel plusminusve longe triangulari saepe apicibus uno vel ambobus truncatis vel emarginatis. type: trichosanthes edulis rugayah. dioecious (always?) subherbaceous climbers or creepers, to c. 8 m long. probract present, sometimes inconspicuous. male bracts various, 5-30 mm long. seed often numerous, densely packed in the fruit (not verified in t. hastata and t. schlechteri); seed flat, either oblong, ± parallel-sided, ± quadrangular, or seed ± long triangular; seed frequently truncate or notched at one or both ends; margin thickened or not, the edge smooth or (partly) crenulate. fruit pulp whitish, turning red (pulp and seed edible) . new guinea and e. pacific. note this section is distinct as a group of species largely restricted to new guinea, where it appears that all species have eatable fruit. trichosanthes edulis var. sativa seems exclusively cultivated. the elongated seed of most species is reminiscent of lagenaria. it should be mentioned that species with resembling seed occur in china, but we know little of these. distribution 8 species in new guinea. malesian taxa (8 species, 2 varieties, 3 forms): t. densiflora, t. dentifera, t. dieniensis, t. edulis vars. edulis, sativa, septemloba, t. hastata, t. laeoica forms sorongensis, sicyocarpa, yapenensis, t. pulleana, t. schlechteri. for the key to the species, see the regional key for new guinea. 4. sect. foliobracteola cheng & yueh acta phytotax. sin. 12(4) (1974) 427. type: trichosanthes kirilowii maxim. (china). malesian taxa (4 species, 1 subspecies): t. auriculata, t. coriacea, t. rotundifolia, t. villosa subsp. villosa, t. villosa subsp. mindorensis. note section foliobracteola appears not sharply defined. it is heterogeneous, and seems to intermingle with sect. involucraria. it is not sure whether the here named species truly belong to sect. foliobracteola. especially the species t. auriculata and t. rotundifolia, both with margined seed, but mutually very different; each may represent separate subsections, but their formal description should wait 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewllde : conspectus of trichosanthes 233 for a better insight into the overall division of the genus. trichosanthes villosa was formerly included in section involucraria, but now has been tentatively replaced into sect. foliobracteola because it has creamy pinkish edible fruit pulp, not green-black and bitter as in section involucraria. key to the malesian species of sect. foliobracteola 1 a. plant wholly densely villous. seed elliptic with truncate base, 14-25 mm long; margin broad but faint t. villosa b. plant (sub)glabrous. seed broad-elliptic or circular 2 2 a. plant slender, dioecious. fruit oblong. seed c. 5 mm diam. with smooth margin c. 5 mm broad, inside chambered. sumatra t. rotundifolia b. plant more robust, dioecious or (partly?) monoecious 3 3 a. leaf blade with 2 gland-bearing auricles at base, at the transition to the petiole. seed subcircular, c. 9 mm diam., with broad radially striate margin. male bracts linear. -borneo t. auriculata b. leaf blade without basal auricles. seed broadly obovate, 13-15 long, without radially striate margin. male bracts ovate.w java, s & c sumatra t. coriacea 5. sect. involucraria (ser.) wight madras journ. lit. sc. 12 (1840) 52. involucraria ser., mem. soc. phys. geneve 3(1) (1825) 27, t. 5. — type: involucraria wallichiana ser. = trichosanthes wallichiana (ser.) wight. in malesia 2 subsections: a. subsect. involucraria type: trichosanthes wallichiana (ser.) wight. synonym: subsect. bracteatae s.k. chen, bull. bot. 5(2) (1985) 113. type: trichosanthes tricuspidata lour. note — the name subsect. bracteatae was previously provisionally (not formally) used by jeffrey (cucurbitaceae of eastern asia, kew, 1980, 38) for a group of species including the type of sect. involucraria. malesian taxa (17 species, 3 forms): t. borneensis, t. ellipsoidea, t. emarginata, t. globosa, t. kinabaluensis, t. leuserensis, t. longispicata, t. montana, t. obscura, t. philippinensis, t. planiglans, t. pubera (a species close to the continental se asian t. wallichiana), t. 234 reinwardtia [vol. 11 quinquangulata, t. refracta, t. sepilokensis, t. tricuspidata forms tricuspidata, asperifolia, seramensis, siberutensis, t. vdlida note — fruit and seed is not known in t. refracta. b. subsect. pedatae (c.y. cheng & yueh) s. k. chen bull. bot. res. north-east. forest inst. 5(2) (1985) 113. sect. pedatae c.y. cheng & yueh, acta phytotax. sin. 12(4) (1974) 444. type: trichosanthes pedata merr. & chun (china). malesian taxa of subsect. pedatae (5 species, 1 form): t. celebica, t. elmeri, t. floresana, t. papuana, t. wawrae forms wawrae and hirsuta. key to the malesian species of sect. involucraria 1 a. leaves simple (lobed or unlobed). fruit globose or ovate-elliptic. pericarp thick, ± fleshy (subsect. involucraria) 2 b. leaves all or partly 3-5(-7)-foliolate. fruit ovate or elliptic-oblong. pericarp thin, leathery, (subsect. pedatae) 16 2 a. fruiting pedicel of two differently coloured and textured parts, i.e. distal with a smooth part with surface similar to the fruit surface 3 b. fruiting pedicel uni-coloured. [fruit and seed incompletely known in t. planiglans and t. refracta.] 4 3 a. seed rounded at both ends. fruit globose t. borneensis b. seed notched at one end. fruit short ellipsoid t. emarginata 4 a. fruiting pedicel c. 5 mm thick or less. male rachis 2-3 mm thick 5 b. fruiting pedicel 10—15 mm thick. male rachis thickened, (3—)5 mm thick 12 5 a. fruit globose 6 b. fruit (short) ellipsoid 9 6 a. leaves ± 5-angular. blade glands several, small, close to the insertion of the petiole. male bracts c. 20 mm long, entire. seed chisel-shaped pointed at one end t. quinquangulata b. leaves unlobed or (deeply) lobed 7 7 a. plant drying (reddish) brown. younger parts reddish tinged. male bracts less than 1/4 incised 8 b. plant drying dull blackish; not reddish tinged. male bracts deeply finely fanshaped incised t. obscura 8 a. stem sharply angular(-winged). sabah t. kinabaluensis b. stem faintly angular and/oir grooved. — n sumatra t. leuserensis 1999] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewllde : conspectus of trichosanthes 235 9 a. leaf blade unlobed. blade glands conspicuous, c. 2 mm diam t. ellipsoidea b. leaf blade 3(-5)-lobed. blade glands l(-2) mm diam. or less 10 10 a. young parts of plant reddish tinged. leaves ± pubescent beneath. probract oblong. fruiting pedicel 2.5-5 cm long t. pubera b. young parts green. leaves (sub)glabrous beneath. probract ovate or elliptic. fruiting pedicel 0.5-2 cm long 11 11 a. leaves drying brownish. male bracts shallowly incised. sepals (sub)entire. — widespread in w malesia, not in philippines t. tricuspidata b. leaves drying green. male bracts deeply and finely incised. sepals deeply and finely incised. — philippines t. philippinensis 12 a. tendrils simple. male bracts entire, pale yellowish brown, minutely soft hairy t. globosa b. tendrils 2-4-fid. male bracts coarsely dentate, drying dark brown 13 13 a. leaves unlobed or shallowly (2-)3-lobed t. sepilokensis b. leaves deeply 5(-7)-lobed 14 14 a. fruit globose (or occasionally in t. montana obovoid when in male raceme). w malesia 15 b. fruit ellipsoid-obovoid. [seed 8—12 by 5—7 mm.] lowland or montane area. — e malesia t. valida 15 a. fruit 10-14 cm long. fruiting pedicel 3-5 cm long. seed 17-20 by 6-8 mm. montane t. montana b. fruit c. 7.5 cm long. fruiting pedicel 2—2.5 cm long. seed c. 17 by 5—6 mm. lowland t. longispicata 16 a. plant slender, 2-5 m high. leaves membranous, 3-foliolate or frequently partly (or all) simple (lobed or hastate). fruit 6.5-10 cm long. fruiting pedicel 1.5-2.5 cm long. seed 15-18 mm long. west malesia t. wawrae b. plant stouter. leaves ± chartaceous, 3—5-foliolate (rarely simple) 17 17 a.fruit 12-18 cm long. w malesia t. elmeri b.fruit 10.5 cm or less. -e malesia 18 18 a.fruiting pedicel c. 5 cm long. fruit c. 6.5 cm long. seed 9-10 mm long. sulawesi, moluccas t. celebica b. fruiting pedicel shorter 19 19 a.fruit c. 4—8 cm long. fruiting pedicel 1—1.5 cm long, c. 2 mm thick. seed 11—17 mm long. — flores t. floresana b.fruit c. 9-10.5 cm long. fruiting pedicel 1.5-3 cm long, 6-10 mm thick. seed 20-25 mm long. — aru i. & new guinea t. papuana 236 reinwardtia [vol. 11 regional enumerations and keys to the species java (10 species) for key and enumeration of species, see blumea 42, 2 (1997) 471. note that the name t. sumatrana as given in 1997 has been replaced by t. montana, as explained in reinwardtia 11 (1998) p. 218. sumatra (15 species) t. beccariana cogn. subsp. beccariana t. borneensis cogn. t. coriacea blume t. cucumerina l. [including var. anguina (l.) haines] t. elmeri merr. t. emarginata rugayah, sp. nov. t. globosa blume t. leuserensis rugayah, sp. nov. t. montana rugayah t. ovigera blume t. pubera blume t. quinquangulata asa gray t. rotundifolia rugayah t. tricuspidata lour. {tricuspidata f. siberutensis rugayah, /. nov. t. wawrae cogn. key to the species 1 a. leaves foliolate (sometimes partly or all simple) 2 1 b. leaves simple (unlobed or lobed) 2 a plant slender, 2-5 m high. leaves 3-foliolate, chartaceous; probract membranous, flat (sometimes caducous). tendrils simple or 2-fid. fruit 6-10 cm long.... • t. wawrae b plant stouter. leaves 3-5-foliolate, coriaceous; probract chartaceous, mcurvedcucullate. tendrils 2-3-fid. fruit more than 10 cm long t. elmeri 3 a. leaves unlobed. [leaves subcircular or ovate, margin entire, minute sparse dents excepted.] b. leaves lobed • 4 a. leaf margin ± revolute t. coriacea b . l e a f m a r g i n f l a t 5 a. l e a v e s ( u s u a l l y ) p u b e s c e n t b e n e a t h (lens!) • 6 b . l e a v e s g l a b r o u s b e n e a t h 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewllde : conspectus of trichosanthes 237 6 a. leaves ± membranous; venation not or but little raised beneath t. ovigera b. leaves chartaceous or (sub)coriaceous; venation raised beneath, distinct.... t. beccariana subsp. beccariana 7 a. leaves chartaceous, ovate; venation ± raised, distinct. seed 8—10 mm long siberut i t. tricuspidata f. siberutensis b. leaves ± membranous; venation flat, faint beneath. seed 15-20 mm long 8 8 a. leaves subcircular t. rotundifolia b. leaves ovate-hastate t. wawrae 9 a. plant with fruit (and female flowers) 10 b. plant with male flowers 22 10 a. fruit ovoid. seed turgid n b. fruit globose, ellipsoid, (ob)ovoid, or long-cylindrical. seed flat 12 11 a. fruit pulp not fibrous. seed barrel-shaped t. ovigera b. fruit pulp fibrous. seed butterfly-shaped with inflated lateral parts. (lobed leaves not found in sumatra) t. beccariana subsp. beccariana 12 a. seed edge undulate or coarsely notched. fruit ± ellipsoid, c. 5 cm long, or longcylindrical in cultivated var. anguina t. cucumerina b.seed edge entire. fruit globose, ellipsoid, or (ob)ovoid 13 13 a. fruiting pedicel with 2 parts with differing surface colour and texture 14 b. fruiting pedicel uni-coloured 15 14 a. fruit ellipsoid. seed notched at one end t. emarginata b. fruit globose. seed not notched t. borneensis 15 a. fruit globose 16 b. fruit longer than broad 19 16 a. fruiting pedicel 10—15 mm diam. thick 17 b. fruiting pedicel c. 5 mm thick 18 17 a. tendrils simple. fruit less than 10 cm diam t. globosa b. tendrils 2—3-fid. fruit more than 10 cm diam t. montana 18 a. leaves deeply 3-5-lobed. seed 2-3 mm thick t. leuserensis b. leaves shallowly 5-lobed or ± pentangular. seed c. 1 mm thick, chisel-shaped pointed at one end t. quinquangulata . 19 a. fruit more than 10 cm long; fruiting pedicel c. 15 mm diam t. montana b. fruit less than 10 cm long; pedicel 5 mm diam. or less 20 20 a. pericarp thin, less than 5 mm. seed broadly ovate-oblong, 15-18 mm long, 2-3 mm thick .t. wawrae b. pericarp thick, c. 5 mm or more. seed obovate, 10—13 mm long, less than 2 mm thick... 21 238 reinwardtia [vol. 11 21 a. leaves pubescent. stem and leaves when young drying red-brown. probract oblong • t.pubera b. leaves glabrous. stem and leaves green, drying (green)brown. probract ovateelliptic... t. tricuspidata 22 a. bracts l(-2) mm long, often caducous (including cultivated var. anguina t. cucumerina b.bracts more than 2 mm long.. 23 23a.rachis 1-2 mm thick 24 b.rachis 2-10 mm thick 25 24 a.persistent basal part of pedicel 2-15 mm long t. ovigera b. persistent basal part of pedicel (nearly) absent t. wawrae 25 a.rachis of raceme 5-10 mm thick 26 b.rachis of raceme 2-5 mm thick 27 26 a. tendrils simple. bracts membranous, with soft yellowish hairs, margin entire t. globosa b. tendrils 3-fid. bracts chartaceous, with minute brown hairs, apical part coarsely dentate.... t. montana 27 a.younger parts reddish tinged on drying 28 b. whole plant green, brown, or blackish on drying 29 28 a. leaves glabrous. petals completely white t. leuserensis b. leaves pubescent. petals with pinkish veining and/or pinkish fringes t.pubera 29 a. leaves ± pentangular, with several minute glands close to the insertion of the petiole. bracts entire [sepals with slender side lobes] t. quinquangulata b. leaves (deeply) 3-5-lobed, c. 1/3 or deeper; glands fewer, not close to the insertion of the petiole. bracts dentate 30 30 a. leaves deeply 5-lobed, lobes oblong. sepals (entire or) lobed 31 b. leaves to c. 1/2-way 3-lobed, lobes ± ovate-triangular. sepals entire t. tricuspidata 31 a. probract ± elliptic, c. 4 mm long. seed notched t. emarginata b. probract lanceolate(-subulate), 5-18 mm long. seed elliptic, not notched t. borneensis peninsular malaysia & singapore (7 species) t. borneensis cogn. t. cucumerina l. t. elmeri merr. t. ovigera blume t. quinquangulata asa gray t. tricuspidata lour. t. wawrae cogn. 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewilde : conspectus of trichosanthes 239 key to the species l a . leaves foliolate (in t. wawrae partly or all simple) 2 b. leaves simple 3 2 a. leaves 3-foliolate, membranous or chartaceous. probract membranous, flat, sometimes caducous. tendrils 1or 2-fid. rachis of male raceme 1-1.5 mm thick. fruit ovoid, 6-10 cm long r t. wawrae b. leaves 3-5-foliolate, chartaceous or coriaceous. probract chartaceous, concave. tendrils 2—3-fid. male rachis 2-3 mm thick. fruit narrowly ovoid, more than 10 cm long t. elmeri 3 a. plant (sub)annual; monoecious. leaves membranous, green-yellow on drying. corolla c. 3 cm diam. male bract l(-2) mm long, persistent or caducous. [fruit ovoid, or much elongated, cylindrical in cultivated var. anguina.] seed edge undulate t. cucumerina b. plant (sub)perennial; monoecious or dioecious. leaves membranous or chartaceous, green, brown, or blackish on drying. corolla more than 3 cm diam. male bract 3 mm long or more. seed edge not undulate 4 4 a. plant with fruit (and female flowers) 5 b. plant with male racemes 9 5 a. fruit globose 6 b. fruit ovoid or ellipsoid 7 6 a. fruiting pedicel of 2 differently structured and coloured parts. leaves deeply 5(—7)-lobed. seed rounded at both ends txborneensis b. fruiting pedicel of uniform colour and structure. leaves ± pentangular. seed at one side chisel-shaped pointed t. quinquangulata 7 a. seed turgid, barrel-shaped t. ovigera b. seed flat, rounded at both ends 8 8 a. leaves 3-lobed for (1/4—)l/2-way. fruit uniformely red. seed c. 10 mm long... t. tricuspidata b. leaves variously lobed. fruit flamed. seed c. 15 mm long t. wawrae 9 a. rachis 1-2 mm thick. 10 b. rachis 2-4 mm thick 11 10 a.leaves usually pubescent beneath (lens). [seed turgid, barrel-shaped.] .... t. ovigera b. leaves glabrous beneath. [seed flat.] t. wawrae 11 a. leaves ± pentangular, with small glands near the insertion of the petiole. bracts entire. sepals (mostly) with narrow lateral lobes t. quinquangulata b. leaves unlobed or variously lobed. bracts incised. sepals entire, rarely fewlobed 12 240 reinwardtia [vol. 11 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewllde : conspectus of trichosanthes 241 12 a leaves deeply 5-7-lobed, usually with few glands 1-2 mm diam t. borneensis b leaves globed for 1/4-1/2-way; glands scattered, less than 1 mm diam t. tricuspidata borneo (21 species, 1 subspecies, 1 form) t. auriculata rugayah t. beccariana cogn. subsp. beccariana subsp. pusilla rugayah t. borneensis cogn. t. cucumerina l. t. ellipsoidea merr. t. elmeri merr. t. globosa blume t. kinabaluensis rugayah, sp. nov. t. longispicata rugayah, sp. nov. t. montana rugayah t. mucronata rugayah, sp. nov. t. obscura rugayah, sp. nov. t. ovigera blume t. pendula rugayah t. pubera blume t. quinquangulata asa gray t. refracta yueh & huang t. sepilokensis rugayah, sp. nov. t. tricuspidata lour. t. villosa blume f. wawrae cogn. forma wawrae forma hirsuta rugayah, /. nov. key to the species 1 a. leaves foliolate (in t. wawrae sometimes, in t. elmeri rarely partly or all simple) b. leaves simple (lobed or unlobed) 2 a leaves 3-foliolate, membranous or chartaceous; probract membranous, flat (sometimes caducous). tendrils simple or 2-fid. male rachis c. 1-1.5 mm thick. fruit 6-10 cm long t. wawrae b leaves 3-5-foliolate, chartaceous or coriaceous; probract chartaceous, concave. tendrils 2-3-fid. male rachis 2-3 mm thick. fruit more than 10 cm long.... t. elmeri 3 a. plant (sub)annual; monoecious. [leaves membranous, green-yellow on drying.] corolla c. 3 cm diam. male bracts 1(—2) mm long, often fugacious. [fruit ovoid, or long-cylindrical in cultivated var. anguina.] seed with undulate edge t. cucumerina b. plant (sub)perennial; monoecious or dioecious. corolla more than 3 cm diam. male bract 3 mm long or more (± absent in t. mucronata and t. pendula). seed turgid or flat, edge not undulate 4 4 a. whole plant conspicuously (densely) soft hairy; hairs 1 mm long or more. leaves mucronate 5 b. whole plant glabrous or (sparsely) hairy, or scabrous; hairs less than 1 mm long. leaves not or little mucronate (long-mucronate in t. pendula) 6 5 a. indumentum of stem and leaves (grey-)rusty villose. tendrils (2or) 3-5(-9)fid. seedflat t. villosa b. indumentum of stem and leaves grey(-brown), hirsute. tendrils 2 or 3-fid. seed turgid t. mucronata 6 a. leaf blade at transition to petiole with 2 gland-bearing auricles. [male bracts linear. fruit in a raceme, globose.] seed subcircular with broad radially striate margin t. auriculata b. leaf blade at base without auricles. seed turgid or flat, without radially striate margin 7 7 a. stem sharply angular or ridged 8 b. stem smooth, striate, or grooved 9 8 a. stem and leaves drying brown, reddish tinged. probract oblong. male raceme solitary. seed flat, chisel-shaped pointed at one end t. kinabaluensis b. stem and leaves drying green or brown, not reddish tinged. [leaf apex narrowly mucronate.] probract absent. male (and female) racemes mostly fascicled, pendent. seed turgid t. pendula 9 a. plant with fruit (and/or female flowers) (incompletely known in t. refracta) ... , 10 b. plant with male flowers 23 10 a. seed turgid 11 b. seed flat 12 11 a. leaf venation ± flat beneath. fruit pulp not fibrous. seed barrel-shaped t. ovigera b. leaf venation much raised beneath. fruit pulp coarsely fibrous. seed butterflyshaped t. beccariana 12 a. fruit globose 13 b. fruit ovoid/ellipsoid.; 19 13 a. fruiting pedicel with two parts of different surface and colour, ± tapering t. borneensis b. fruiting pedicel uni-coloured 14 242 reinwardtia [vol. 11 14 a. fruiting pedicel less than 10 mm thick 15 b. fruiting pedicel 10—15 mm thick 16 15 a. leaves ± 5-angular, with several small glands close to the insertion of the petiole. seed oblong, chisel-shaped pointed at one end t. quinquangulata b leaves unlobed or (deeply) lobed, drying blackish brown, dull, roughish above; glands few, scattered. seed 18—21 by 7—8 mm, rounded at both ends t. obscura 16 a. leaves drying pale green. tendrils simple t. globosa b. leaves drying green or brown. tendrils (usually) 2-4(-5)-fid 17 17 a. leaves unlobed or shallowly 3-lobed, drying green. seed 13-16 by 7-8 mm t. sepilokensis b. leaves deeply 5-7-lobed 18 18 a. fruit less than 10 cm diam., fruiting pedicel 2—3 cm long. seed c. 17 by 5—6 mm. — lowland t. longispicata b. fruit 10 cm diam. or more, fruiting pedicel c. 2 cm long. seed 17-20 by 6-8 mm. — montane t. montana 19 a. fruiting pedicel c. 10 mm thick t. montana b. fruiting pedicel c. 5 mm thick or less 20 20 a. plant slender, leafy stem 2-3 mm diam. pericarp ± leathery, thin 21 b. plant stouter, leafy stem 3-4 mm diam. or more. pericarp carnose, c. 5 mm thick when dry. [dry fruit uniformely (orange-)red. seed c. 10 mm long. leaves 3-or 5-lobed.] 22 21 a. leaves ovate-hastate, usually ± lobed. blade glands c. 0.5 mm diam. fruit 6-10 cm long, yellow flamed. seed 15—18 mm long t. wawrae b. laves ovate, margin entire. blade glands 1-2 mm diam. fruit c. 5 cm long. seed c. 13 mm long t. ellipsoidea 22 a. leaves (±) pubescent, 3-5-lobed, margin coarsely dentate. young parts (drying) reddish brown. probract oblong. petal fringes tinged pinkish. fruiting pedicel 2-3 cm long t. pubera b. leaves glabrous or early glabrescent, 3-lobed to 1/4-1/2 of the blade, margin entire or dentate. petals completely white. fruiting pedicel (0.5-)l-2 cm long t. tricuspidata 23 a.rachis of male raceme 1—1.5(—2) mm thick. [leaves frequently unlobed.] 24 b.rachis of male raceme 2-10 mm thick. [leaves mostly lobed.] 27 24 a. blade glands c. 2 mm diam t. ellipsoidea b.blade glands less than 1 mm diam., or absent 25 25 a. leaves ± pubescent beneath. remaining part of pedicel 2 mm long or more.. 26 b. leaves glabrous beneath (except in f. hirsuta). remaining part of pedicel almost absent t. wawrae 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. d e w i l d e : conspectus of trichosanthes 243 26 a. venation on lower leaf surface raised. peduncle less than 1 cm long ....: t. beccariana b. venation on lower leaf surface ± flat. peduncle more than 1 cm long t. ovigera 27 a.leaves± 5-angular. bracts entire. sepals mostly with narrow side lobed t. quinquangulata b. leaves various. bracts incised. sepals entire or lobed 28 28 a. persisting part of pedicel 5-10 mm long (in deviating specimens shorter, see note). bracts less than 15 mm long t. longispicata b. persistent part of pedicel shorter or absent. bracts larger, partly withering... 29 29 a.rachis 2-4 mm thick 30 b.rachis 5-10(-20) min thick 34 30 a. rachis ± zig-zag t. refracta b.rachis straight 31 31 a. bracts broad, deeply fan-shaped incised. plant drying dull blackish t. obscura b.bracts incised, but not fan-shaped. plant drying green or (reddish) brown .... 32 32 a. leaves ± hairy. shoots reddish tinged. [probract oblong.] petal fringes tinged pinkish t. pubera b. leaves glabrous or early glabrescent. shoots green or brown. petals completely white 33 33 a. leaves 5-7-lobed. blade glands few (or absent), c. 1 mm diam. probract membranous, elongate t. borneensis b. leaves 3-lobed to 1/4 -1/3 of the blade. blade glands scattered, less than 1 mm diam. probract ± (ob)ovate, chartaceous, with conspicuous glands t. tricuspidata 34 a. bracts entire, membranous, pale pubescent. tendrils simple t. globosa b. bracts incised, (sub)glabrous. tendrils 2-4-fid 35 35 a. leaves unlobed or shallowly (2or) 3-lobed. lowland t. sepilokensis b leaves deeply 5(-7)-lobed. montane t. montana sulawesi (6 species) t. celebica cogn. t. cucumerina l. t. ovigera blume t. quinquangulata asa gray t. tricuspidata lour. t. valida rugayah, sp. nov. 246 reinwardtia [ vol. 11 9 a. fruit flamed. seed turgid, barrel-shaped t. ovigera b. fruit uniformely red. seed flat, ovate-oblong t. philippinensis 10 a. bracts entire. leaves 5-angular, drying green-blackish t. quinquangulata b. bracts incised. leaves various 11 11 a. male raceme with stout rachis, c. 5 mm thick. leaves deeply 5-lobed t. valida b.male raceme with slender rachis, 1-2 mm thick. leaves unlobed or 3(-5)lobed, 12 12 a. leaves usually ± pubescent beneath. corolla c. 3.cm diam t. ovigera b. leaves glabrous (early glabrescent). corolla larger 13 13 a. raceme zig-zag; bracts 10-25 mm long, shallowly coarsely incised, without glands t. refracta b.raceme straight; bracts 25-45 mm long, deeply finely incised, glandular t. philippinensis moluccas (8 species, 1 form) t. celebica cogn. t. cucumerina l. t. ovigera blume t. papuana f.m. bailey t. pulleana harms t. quinquangulata asa gray t. tricuspidata lour. f. seramensis rugayah, /. nov. t. valida rugayah, sp. nov. key to the species 1 a. leaves 3-foliolate (or partly or all simple) 2 b. leaves simple (unlobed or lobed) 3 2 a. fruit c. 6.5 cm long. fruiting pedicel c. 5 cm long. seed 9-10 by 2-3 mm. buru t.celebica b. fruit 9-10.5 cm long. fruiting pedicel 1.5-3 cm long. seed 20-25 by 13-14 mm. a r u l s t. papuana 3 a. plant (sub)annual; monoecious; diurnal. [probract absent.] male bracts l(-2) mm long, mostly fugacious. corolla c. 2 cm diam. seed flat, pale, with coarsely undulate edge. [fruit small, ovoid, or long-cylindrical in cultivated var. anguina.] t. cucumerina b. plant (sub)perennial; monoecious or dioecious. probract present or absent.] male bracts larger. corolla c. 3 cm diam. or more. seed turgid or flat, edge not undulate • • •••• • •••••• • 4 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewilde : conspectus of trichosanthes 247 4 a. plant with fruit (or female flowers) 5 b. plant with male flowers. [male flowers not known in t. tricuspidata f. seramensis.] 9 5 a. seed turgid, barrel-shaped. [probract absent] t. ovigera b. seed flat 6 6 a. fruit globose. leaves ± 5-angular; with several small blade glands close to the insertion of the petiole. seed oblong, chisel-shaped pointed at one end t. quinquangulata b. fruit dbovoid or ellipsoid (not known in t. pulleana from aru is.) 7 7 a. fruit large, ± obovoid, c. 10 cm long; fruiting pedicel c. 10 mm thick. halmahera t. valida b. fruit smaller; fruiting pedicel more slender 8 8 a. leaves ± hastate (or 3-foliolate). fruiting pedicel c. 5 cm long. buru t. celebica b. leaves 3-lobed to c. half-way. fruiting pedicel c. 1 cm long. seram t. tricuspidata f. seramensis 9 a. bracts c. 2 cm long, entire. [sepals mostly with narrow lateral lobes. leaves 5angular, drying green blackish; with small glands close to the insertion of the petiole.] t. quinquangulata b. bracts either large (c. 20 mm long or more), incised (sometimes only shallowly so at apex), or bracts much smaller 10 10 a. leaves deeply 5(-7)-lobed. rachis of raceme c. 5 mm thick t. valida b. leaves unlobed or lobed. rachis 1—3 mm thick 11 11 a. leaf margin conspicuously dentate. bracts 6—8 mm long. bracts and flowers (inflorescence) densely brown pubescent. aru is t. pulleana b. leaf margin entire. bracts larger. bracts and flowers (sub)glabrous 12 12 a. remaining part of pedicel 2 mm long or more t. ovigera b. remaining part of pedicel less than 2 mm long or absent (but flowers from moluccas not seen) t. celebica (buru), t. papuana (aru is.) lesser sunda islands (6 species, 1 form) t. cucumerina l. t. floresana rugayah, sp. nov. t. ovigera blume t. quinquangulata asa gray (not yet recorded for lesser sunda is.) t. tricuspidata f. asperifolia rugayah, /. nov. t. villosa blume ; 248 reinwardtia [vol.'11 key to the species 1 a. leaves 3(-5)-foliolate (or partly unlobed?) f t. floresana b. leaves simple (unlobed or lobed) , 2 2 a. plant (sub)annual; monoecious; diurnal. male bracts l(-2) mm long, mostly fugacious. corolla c. 2 cm diam. [fruit small, ovoid, or long-cylindrical in cultivated var. anguina.] seed flat, pale, edge coarsely undulate t. cucumerina b. plant (sub)perennial. corolla c. 3 cm diam. or more. seed turgid or flat, edge not undulate 3 3 a. whole plant densely grey-brown villose t. villosa b. plant thinly pubescent or glabrous (glabrescent) 4 4 a. plant with fruit (or female flowers) 5 b. plant with male flowers 7 5 a. fruit globose. seed oblong, chisel-shaped pointed at one end [leaves ± 5angular, drying green-blackish; with several small glands close to the insertion of the petiole.] t. quinquangulata b. fruit ovoid(-ellipsoid). seed turgid or flat, not pointed. [leaves unlobed or (deeply) lobed.] 6 6 a. seed turgid, barrel-shaped. leaves (sub)glabrous or pubescent, not scabrous • t. ovigera b. seed flat, ovate-oblong, rounded at both ends. leaves scabrid t. tricuspidata f. asperifolia 1 a. leaves glabrous, ± 5-angular, [drying green blackish, with several small glands near the insertion of the petiole.] bracts c. 20 mm long, entire. sepals with narrow lateral lobes t. quinquangulata b. leaves glabrous, pubescent, or scabrous, unlobed or (deeply) lobed. bracts (coarsely) indented, or much smaller, ± unlobed. sepals (mostly) entire 8 8 a. leaves subglabrous or pubescent, not scabrous. bracts 15 mm long or less, coarsely dentate or entire t. ovigera b. leaves scabrous. bracts c. 20 mm long, deeply indented t. tricuspidata f. asperifolia new guinea (12 species, 3 varieties, 3 forms) t. cucumerina l. t. densiflora rugayah, sp. nov. t. dentifera rugayah, sp. nov. t. dieniensis merr. & perry 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewllde : conspectus of trichosanthes 249 t. edulis rugayah, sp. nov. var. edulis var. sativa rugayah var. septemloba rugayah t. hastata cogn. ex harms t. laeoica cheng & huang f. sorongensis rugayah, /. nov. f. sicyocarpa rugayah, /. nov. f. yapenensis rugayah, /. nov. t. ovigera blume t. papuana f.m. bailey t. pulleana harms t. quinquangulata asa gray t. schlechteri cogn. ex harms key to the species 1 a. leaves 3—5-foliolate (sometimes simple in juvenile stages) t. papuana b. leaves simple (unlobed or lobed) 2 2 a. plant (sub)annual; monoecious; diurnal. probract absent. male bracts l(-2) mm long, mostly fugacious. corolla c. 2 cm diam. seed flat, pale, edge coarsely undulate. [fruit small, ovoid, or long-cylindrical in cultivated var. anguina.] t. cucumerina b. plant (sub)perennial; monoecious or dioecious; largely nocturnal. male bracts 5 mm long or more. corolla c. 3 cm diam. or more. seed (turgid in t. ovigera) flat, edge not undulate 3 3 a. entire portion of petal oblong. seed turgid, barrel-shaped t. ovigera b. entire portion of petal ± obovate. seed flat 4 4 a. male bracts c. 20 mm long, entire. fruit globose; seed embedded in green-black pulp, uneatable, oblong, chisel-shaped pointed at one end. leaves ± 5-angular t. quinquangulata b. male bracts dentate (sometimes only at very apex), or bracts much smaller. fruit globose, ellipsoid, or oblong; pulp not blackish; seed various, usually densely packed. leaves of various shape, unlobed or (deeply) lobed. peduncles and/or pedicels often persistent, straw-like. sect. edulis 5 5 a. plant with fruit (or female flowers) (fruit not known in t. dieniensis, t. pulleana) 6 b. plant with male flowers (male flowers not known in t. dentifera) 11 6 a. adult leaves scabrous above, pubescent or subglabrous beneath. [fruit globose, ellipsoid, or oblong.] seed ± parallel-sided t. laeoica b. adult leaves smooth or rough, but not scabrous above, glabrous (glabrescent) beneath. [fruit ellipsoid or oblong.] 7 250 reinwardtia [v6l. 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewllde : conspectus of trichosanthes 251 7 a. leaves ± hastate or triangular; margin usually remotely spiny-dentate 8 b. leaves subcircular or ovate in outline, unlobed or (deeply) lobed; margin entire or obscurely minutely dentate 10 8 a. lowland and lower montane, up-to 1500 m 9 b. montane, 1800-2500 m. [fruit ovoid-oblong, 6-8 by 4.5 cm. seed parallel-sided, 10—13 by 4—5 mm, c. 1 mm thick, shallowly notched at one or both ends.]. t. densiflora 9 a. leaf margin spiny-dentate. petiole with scabrous hairs. fruit ca. 7.5 by 4.5 cm. seed± triangular, 8-10 by 4-5 mm, 1-2 min thick, shallowly notched at both ends t. hastata b. leaf margin towards base usually with some prickly teeth only. petiole glabrous. fruit 6.5-11 by 5-7.5 cm. seed elliptic-oblong, 17-20 by 8-10 mm, ca. 3 mm thick, not notched t. schlechteri 10 a. leaves broadly ovate, unlobed. fruit 7.5-10 by 5-6 cm. seed narrowly oblong, tooth-like cuneate at base, [12-13 by 5 mm, c. 1 mm thick.] lowland e papua new guinea, solomon is t. dentifera b. leaves ± orbicular in outline, unlobed or lobed. fruit 15-20 cm long. seed parallel-sided or somewhat triangular, base not cuneate. lowland and montane, whole of new guinea t. edulis 11 a. inflorescences (and flowers) densely hairy. plants drying green or brown. peduncle c. 10 cm long 12 b. inflorescences (sub)glabrous (glabrescent). plants drying greenish. peduncle c. 5 cm long or less 14 12 a. hairs of inflorescences and flowers ± straight, light brown, 1-2 mm long 13 b. hairs of inflorescences and flowers woolly, ± curly, dark brown, more than 2 mm long t. edulis 13 a. leaves hastate, unlobed, (sub)glabrous, not scabrous. bracts oblong, entire, less than 10 mm long t. pulleana b. leaves ovate, unlobed, or shallowly 3-lobed, pubescent or glabrescent, scabrous above. bracts elliptic or obovate, dentate, c. 10 mm long t. laeoica 14 a. plant delicate. leaves membranous, ovate, margin entire. bracts less than 10 mm long t. dieniensis b. plant stouter. leaves chartaceous, or coriaceous, ± hastate, margin usually ± dentate. bracts 10 mm long or more 15 15 a.rachis c. 5 mm thick. bracts 30-45 mm long. montane at c. 2000 m t. densiflora b.rachis c. 2 mm thick. bracts smaller 16 16 a. leaves (sub)coriaceous, towards the base usually with some marginal prickles. petiole glabrous. rachis ± zig-zag. bracts c. 10 mm long t. schlechteri b. leaves chartaceous, margin remotely spiny-dentate. petiole scabrous. rachis straight. bracts 10-25 mm long t. hastata enumeration of accepted species, with descriptions of new taxa l. trichosanthes auriculata rugayah trichosanthes auriculata rugayah, reinwardtia 11(3) (1998) 216. -type: paul chai s 36193 (l; iso k, kl, sar), sarawak. distribution borneo: sarawak, sabah, e. kalimantan. note clemens 21110 and kato et al. 11279, both (almost) sterile, possibly r e p r e s e n t a new species close to t. auriculata or t. mucronata. 2. trichosanthes beccariana cogn. a. subsp. beccariana trichosanthes beccariana cogn. in a.dc. & cdc, mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 380. type: beccari 802, 802 bis (fi; iso k, mel), w. sumatra. distribution west s u m a t r a , borneo (sabah). b. subsp. pusilla rugayah trichosanthes beccariana cogn. subsp. pusilla rugayah, reinwardtia 11(3) (1998) 217. type: mogea (with de wilde) 4372 (bo; iso k, l), c kalimantan. distribution borneo (sarawak, sabah, c & e kalimantan). 3. trichosanthes borneensis cogn. trichosanthes borneensis cogn. in a.dc &c.dc, mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 369 type: korthals 54 (l), borneo (kalimantan). trichosanthes sumatrana cogn. in a.dc &c.dc -mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 373 (incl. a acutiloba, lectotype; excl. p obtusiloba^iuch. is t. globosa blume). type (i.e. lectotype of t. sumatrana): beccari s.n. (fi acquisition number fi 4427 'trichosanthes sumatrana cogn. a acutiloba cogn.'), prov. padang, 360 m (fi). distribution s u m a t r a , p e n i n s u l a r malaysia, borneo. 4. trichosanthes celebica cogn. trichosanthes celebica cogn. in a.dc. & cdc, mon. phan. prodr. 3 (18881) 385. — type: beccari 51 (fi), lepo-lepo near kendari, se sulawesi. distribution — sulawesi, moluccas (buru). 252 reinwardtia [vol. 11 5. trichosanthes coriacea blume trichosanthes coriacea blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1826) 935; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1 (1856) 674; cogn. in a.dc. & c d c , mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 355; backer in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1963) 303; rugayah & w.j. de wilde, blumea 42, 2 (1997) 477. type: blume s.n. (l), mt. salak, w. java. distribution w java (mt. salak), s & c sumatra. 6. trichosanthes cucumerina l. a. v a r . cucumerina trichosanthes cucumerina l., sp. pi. (1753) 1008; blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1826) 933; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1 (1856) 676; cogn. in a.dc. & cdc, mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 357; ridl., fl. mai. penins. 1 (1922) 844; backer in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1963) 304; jeffrey, the cucurbi'taceae of eastern asia, roy. bot. gard., kew (1980) 51; rugayah & w.j. de wilde/blumea 42, 2 (1997) 478. type: pada valam, p.39, tab. 15 in rheede, hort. ind. malab. 8 (1688), fide jeffrey (1980). trichosanthes reniformis miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1 (1856) 675. type: horsfield s.n. (bm), java. trichosanthes pedatifolia miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1 (1856) 677. type: horsfield s.n. (bm), java. distribution w i d e s p r e a d ; i n d i a , s r i l a n k a , s c h i n a , t h r o u g h malesia eastward to n australia. b. var. anguina (l.) haines trichosanthes cucumerina l. var. anguina (l.) haines, bot. bihar orissa (1922) 388; jeffrey, the cucurbitaceae of eastern asia, roy. bot. gard., kew (1980) 52; rugayah & w.j. de wilde, blumea 42, 2 (1997) 478. trichosanthes anguina l., sp. pl (1753) 1008; blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1826) 933; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1 (1856) 677; cogn. in a.dc & c d c , mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 359; backer in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1963) 304. type (lectotype, jeffrey, 1993): 'anguina', micheli, nov. pi. gen.: t. 9. 1729. distribution w i d e s p r e a d ; c u l t i v a t e d . 7. trichosanthes densiflora rugayah, sp. nou. trichosanthes bracteata auct. non voigt: harms, bot. jahrb. 60 (1925) 160, p.p. cirrhi bifidi, inflorescentiae masculae rhachis 11-13 cm longus 3(-5) mm crassus multiflorus, bracteae 30-45 mm longae subintegrae. type: von roemer 706 (bo), irian jaya. 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewilde : conspectus of trichosanthes 253 climber, dioecious; glabrescent (but see note). probract c. 5 mm long. tendrils 2-fid (one branch much reduced). leaves unlobed, subhastate; margin minutely nearly spiny dentate. blade glands small, several at very blade base. male: raceme 17-19 cm long, peduncle 4.5-6 cm long included, rachis stout, with bract scars, 11-13 cm long, (3-)5 mm thick; flowers many; bracts obovate-oblong, 30-45 mm long, membranous, subentire, with few scattered glands less than 1 mm diam.; male flowers incompletely known. female flowers not known. fruit ± fleshy, ellipsoid(-oblong), 6-8 by 4.5 cm, shortly contracted at base (when dry), fruiting pedicel c. 3 cm long, c. 3 mm thick. seed flat, narrowly oblong, ± parallel-sided, notched at apex, cuneate at the other end, 10-13 by 4-5 mm, c. 1 mm thick, margin faint, edge entire. distribution new guinea (sw irian jaya; papua new guinea: western highlands, west sepik). collections: flenley anu 2703; henty et al. ngf 41616; von roemer 706. habitat & ecology-montane area; 1500-1700 m altitude. note — known from a few scattered collections, which differ in details. eyma 5123 (from wissel lake area in irian jaya), is provisionally mentioned here; it differs markedly in conspicuous dense red-brown indumentum, and possibly it represents a separate taxon, but with its immature female flowers it does not permit an adequate description. 8. trichosanthes dentifera rugayah, sp. nov. folia elobata late ovata cordata margine integro, cirrhi 2vel 3-fidi, fructus longitudinaliter vadose sulcatus 10-12 cm longus 6—7 cm latus, semen oblongum 12—13 mm longum c. 5 mm latum c. 2 mm crassum apice emarginato basi cuneata margine integro. — type: mcgregor s.n. (anno 1890) (mel), papua new guinea. climber, dioecious, glabrescent, drying (dark) greenish brown. probract oblong, 3-4 mm long, entire, glands not obvious. tendrils 2 or 3-fid. leaves unlobed, ovate, base cordate, margin entire with minute remote teeth only. blade glands several to many, c. 0.5 mm diam. male flowers incompletely known. female sepals linear, c. 12 mm long, entire. fruit (dry) ellipsoid or ellipsoid-oblong, 10-12 by 6-7 cm, shallowly lengthwise grooved; fruiting pedicel c. 2.5 cm long, c. 6 mm thick. seed brown, flat, oblong, 12—13 by 5 mm, c. 2 mm thick, ± notched at apex, cuneate at base, margin obscure, edge (sub)entire. distribution e papua new guinea and w pacific area (bougainville, new hebrides). collections: brass 1533; mcgregor s.n. (anno 1890); kajewski 1936; raynal rsnh16306. habitat & ecologyc o a s t a l forest a n d s c r u b . 254 reinwardtia [vol. 11 9. trichosanthes dieniensis merr. & perry trichosanthes dieniensis merr. & perry, journ. arn. arb. 30 (1949) 59. type: brass 3898 (a; iso k, us), papua new guinea. distribution papua new guinea. 10. trichosanthes edulis rugayah, sp. nov. racemus masculus pilis lanatis ferrugineis 2-3 mm longis obtectus, bracteae obovatae 10-25(-40) mm longae margine superiore undulato vel vadose plusminusve dentato, fructus (10-15-25 cm longus 5-7 cm latus. semina dense farcta margine integro vel subtiliter crenulato. type: streimann ngf 30731 (l; iso bri, canb, lae), papua new guinea. medium sized climber; dioecious; brown pubescent, usually largely glabrescent. probract elliptic or oblong, 5—15 mm long, often caducous. tendrils 2-4-fid. leaves unlobed or 3-7-lobed to 1/3-5/6. blade glands few or many, c. 1 mm diam. or less, mostly scattered. male: raceme 10— 25(—55) cm long, with woolly rusty hairs 2—3 mm long; peduncle 4—16(— 20) cm long, rachis slender or stout, with bract scars; bracts chartaceous or coriaceous, ovate-rhomboid, 10-15(-40) mm long, upper margin undulate or coarsely dentate; sepals narrowly triangular or ovateelliptic, 5—15 mm long, margin entire or lobed (or incised). ovary ellipsoid or oblong, densely brown hairy. fruit pyriform or oblong, (10— )15-25 cm long, c. 5 cm diam.; pulp red; fruiting pedicel (3-)4-10 cm long. seed densely packed, (pale) brown or blackish, flat, narrowly oblong (± parallel-sided), or obtriangular, notched at one or both ends, 10—15 by 4—8 mm, 1—2 mm thick, lateral sides ± depressed in the centre or not, margin broad, edge entire or faintly crenulate towards the apex. distribution whole of new guinea; 3 varieties. key to the varieties 1 a. leaves deeply 5-7-lobed, margin coarsely irregularly dentate. plant (especially the tendrils) rather sparsely hirsute c. var. septemloba b. leaves 3-lobed or ± unlobed, margin entire (except minute dents) 2 2 a. plant drying greenish. male bracts rather shallowly undulate in upper margin. seed 12—15 by 4-5 mm. degraded places, but not cultivated; up to c. 1200 m a. var. edulis b. plant drying dark brown. male bracts coarsely dentate. seed 10-12 by 5—8 mm. montane at 1000—2500 m, cultivated b. var. sativa 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewilde : conspectus of trichosanthes 255 av* fig. 2. trichosanthes edulis rugayah var. edulis. twig and male flower (streimann ngf 25890, l) 256 reinwardtia [vol. 11 a. var. edulis fig. 2 distribution new guinea (irian jaya, papua new guinea). collections: brass 1359; clemens 2179; damas lae 58939 (l, p.p.); fryar ngf 3993; hartley tgh 9871, tgh 10505; henty & osborn ngf 14804; streimann ngf 25890, ngf 30731; takeuchi 7170; womersley 17613. habitat & ecology secondary growth and degraded forest in logged areas; also in swampy places; 0—1500 m altitude. uses apparently never cultivated, but fruit frequently recorded as edible. note — most collections of the typical variety are from e papua new guinea. one collection, kalkman 4401 from star mountains (at c. 1500 m), deviates by smaller flowers. three collections from vogelkop, from lower altitudes, up to 450 m, viz ave 4076, polak 850, vink 17576, are tentatively included in the present variety; they agree vegetatively, but differ in the seed which is broadly obtriangular (not parallel sided), approaching the cultivated, mountainous var. sativa in this respect. more material, and preferably field study is needed to establish the status of the present varieties. b. var. sativa rugayah, var. nov. florum masculorum bracteae margine grosse vadose dentato, fructus plusminusve pyriformis c. 15 cm longus. — type: vink 16350 (l; iso can, lae), papua new guinea. leaves drying dark brown, usually 3-5-lobed to c. 1/3-way. male: peduncle not seen; bracts irregularly dentate. fruit pyriform-ellipsoid, 15-20 cm long (c. 25 cm long when fresh), c. 5 cm wide; fruiting pedicel c. 4.5 cm long; seed narrowly oblong or obtriangular, parallel-sided, 10— 12 by 5—8 mm, c. 1 mm thick, notched at one or both ends, not grooved in the middle; edge entire or finely crenulate. distribution papua new guinea. collections: barran ng-9-15; borgmann 323; carr 15654; hamilton 55; hays 451; hiepko et al. 1110; hyn 182; panoffngf 133; sterley 1615; vink 16350. habitat & ecology cultivated, 1000-2500 m altitude. c. var. septemloba rugayah, var. nov. fig. 3 planta omnis pubescens cirrhis inclusis. folia profunde 5-7-lobata margine irregulariter grosse dentato. type: stevens lae 54823 (l; iso bri, canb, lae), papua n4w guinea. 1999 ] rugayah & w. j. j.o. dewilde : conspectus of trichosanthes 257 fig. 3. trichosanthes edulis var. septemloba rugayah. twig and male flower. (stevens lae 54323, l) 258 reinwardtta [vol. 11 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewilde : conspectus of trichosanthes 259 whole plant softly brown pubescent. leaves drying (dark) brown, pubescent at both sides. blade deeply (5-)7-lobed to 3/4-5/6, margin coarsely irregularly dentate. tendrils 3-fid, markedly pubescent. probract oblong, 10-15 mm long. male: raceme 10-17 cm long, including the 9-15 cm long peduncle; bracts 20-30(-40) mm long, subentire or minutely incised at very apex. female flowers and fruit not known. distribution papua new guinea (morobe prov.). collections: brass 5445; damas lae 58939; lane poole 375; stevens lae 54823. habitat & ecology secondary forest borders and scrub; 800-1600 m altitude. 11. trichosanthes ellipsoidea merr. trichosanthes ellipsoidea merr., philipp. journ. sc, bot. 13 (1918) 332. type: bs 30364 ramos (pnh; iso k, us), philippines. distribution sarawak, philippines. 12. trichosanthes elmeri merr. trichosanthes elmeri merr., univ. calif. publ. bot. 15 (1929) 299. type: elmer 20298 (pnh; iso br, canb, u), sabah. distribution sumatra, peninsular malaysia, borneo, philippines. 13. trichosanthes emarginata rugayah, sp. nov. — fig. 4 probractea oblonga, folia profunde 5-lobata, semen apice emarginato. type: de wilde & duyfjes 14862 (l; iso bo, k), n sumatra. climber, 5—20 m long; dioecious(?); glabrescent. probract oblong, c. 4 mm long, with few glands. tendrils 2-fid. leaves chartaceous, deeply 5lobed to 4/5, margin entire. blade glands absent or few, c. 1 mm diam. or less, near the blade base. male: raceme 15-22 cm long, thinly hairy, peduncle 13-18 cm long, rachis c. 3 mm thick; bracts obovate rhomboid, 40-55 mm long, at apex faintly or distincly dentate, without glands; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 13-15 mm long, at base 4-5 mm wide, entire. fruit broad ellipsoid, 10-14 by 6-8 cm, dry pericarp (5-) 10-15 mm thick; fruiting pedicel c. 5 cm long, two-coloured, with a smooth part c. 1 cm long at the side of the fruit. seed oblong, 15-18 by 7-10 mm, 3-5 mm thick, conspicuously notched at apex, margin not obvious, edge entire. fig. 4. trichosanthes emarginata rugayah. a. fruit; b. seed. (de wilde & duyfjes 14862 , l.) 260 reinwardtia [vol. 11 distribution n sumatra. collections: lbrzing 8347; be wilde & duyfjes 14862. habitat & ecology forest edge, and along river; 200-400 m altitude. plant died off when with ripe fruit. note insufficiently known, but distinct by ellipsoid fruit with 2coloured fruiting pedicel, and conspicuously notched seed. it has the 2coloured fruiting pedicel in common with t. borneensis, which differs in globose fruit and seed not notched at apex. 14. t r i c h o s a n t h e s floresana rugayah, sp. nov. — fig. 5 folia 3—5-foliolata, fructus 4—8 cm longus, pedicello 1—1.5 cm longo, semen 11-16 mm longum 6-10 mm latum 3-5 mm crassum. type: schmutz 4614 (l), flores. climber, dioecious; early glabrescent. probract ovate-elliptic, 5-10 mm long, glands not obvious. tendrils 2 or 3-fid. leaves subcoriaceous, 3—5-foliolate, margin entire. blade glands not apparent. male: raceme 10-16 cm long, sparsely pubescent; peduncle c. 8 cm long; bracts obovate-rhomboid, 20-35 mm long, glandular, entire or shallowly or deeply incised; sepals narrowly triangular, 15 mm long, entire. fruit subglobose-ovoid, 4—8 by 3—6 cm; fruiting pedicel 1—1.5 cm long, 3—4 mm thick. seed ± flat, ovate-oblong, 11—16 by 6—10 mm, 3—5 mm thick, margin absent, edge entire. distribution lesser sunda islands (flores). collections: loeters 1397a.; schmutz 1287, 4385, 4614; verheijen 4282. habitat & ecology secondary forest; 400-650 m altitude. note — close to t. celebica and t. wawrae; distinct by subcoriaceous leaves, and comparatively small fruit with short fruiting pedicel. 15. trichosanthes globosa blume trichosanthes globosa blume, bijdr. flora ned. ind. (1826) 936; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1 (1856) 679; cogn. in a.dc. & c d c , mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 363; backer in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1963) 304; rugayah & w.j. de wilde, blumea 42, 2 (1997) 478. involucraria globosa (blume) m.j. roemer, syn. fasc. 2 (1846) 99. type: blume s.n. (l; iso br, p), java. trichosanthes grandiflora blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1826) 934; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1 (1856) 674; cogn, in a.dc. & c d c , mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 364. type: blume s.n. (l; iso br, p), java. distribution s u m a t r a , j a v a , b o r n e o . 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewilde : conspectus of trichosanthes 261 fig. 5. trichosanthes floresana rugayah. a. habit; b. fruit; c. seed. {schmutz 4385, l.) 262 reinwardtia [vol. 11 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. d e w i l d e : conspectus of trichosanthes 263 16. trichosanthes hastata harms trichosanthes hastata harms, engl. bot. jahrb. 60 (1925) 160. type: schlechter 19286 (b, lost; iso br), papua new guinea. distribution papua new guinea. 17. t r i c h o s a n t h e s k i n a b a l u e n s i s rugayah, sp. nou. — fig. 6 caulis 5-angulatus rubelle suffusus, florum masculorum bracteae grosse incisae, semen oblongum c. 10 mm longum 3-4 mm latum, basi cuneata. type: chew, corner & stainton 2830 (bo; iso k, l, san), sabah or de wilde & duyfjes san 139472 (san holo; l iso) climber or creeper, dioecious; stem 4 or 5-angular or winged, young parts pubescent, pink-purple tinged. probract oblong-lanceolate, c. 1 cm long. tendrils 2-fid. leaves shallowly 3-5-lobed up to 1/3, margin ± undulate-dentate. blade glands few, (0.5-)l—2 mm diam., near the insertion of the petiole. male: raceme stout, peduncle 7—16 cm long, rachis 4-12 (or more) cm long; bracts ± rhomboid, 30—45 mm long, deeply irregularly incised at apex, without or with few glands; flowers large, sepals long-triangular, 10—17 by 3—5 mm, usually coarsely dentate or entire. fruit globose, 5.5—7.5 cm diam.; fruiting pedicel 1.5— 2.5 cm long, 4—7 mm thick. seed flat, elliptic, c. 10 by 3—4 mm, 1—2 mm thick, base ± cuneate, margin obscure, edge entire. distribution n sabah (kinabalu and crocker range area). collections: beaman et al. 7171; chew et al. 2830; clemens 26250, 29041 (in l for the leaves only, the detached fruit is t. montana), 32076; kokawa & hotta 3011; maikin et al. san 132160; ogata 11278; vermeulen & chan 414; de wilde & duyfjes 21956, 21950, san 139460, 139472. habitat & ecology secondary roadside vegetation, forest and scrub edges; 1000—1600 m altitude. 18. trichosanthes laeoica cheng & huang trichosanthes laeoica cheng & huang, bull. bot. research (bijing) 16(4) (1996) 503, f. 2. type: coode, henty & dockrill ngf 32585 (canb; iso bo, k, l), papua new guinea. distribution — whole of new guinea; 4 forms. . fig. 6. trichosanthes kinabaluensis rugayah. a. habit, b. male flower. (de wilde & duyfjes 21956, bo) 264 reinwardtia [vol. 11 key to the forms 1 a. leaves unlobed, low$r surface glabrous; fruit pyriform, exocarp ± smooth. e papua new guinea...v b. forma sicyocarpa b. leaves unlobed or shallowly 3-lobed, or 3-angular, lower surface densely hairy or glabrescent 2 2 a. fruit (sub)globose or short ellipsoid, exocarp woody, smooth. irian jaya: bird's head (sorong area) c. forma sorongensis b. fruit ellipsoid-oblong, exocarp wrinkled (not completely known in forma laeoica) 3 3 a. male flower 40-50(-80) mm long. papua new guinea: eastern highlands prov a. forma laeoica b. male flower c. 35 mm long. western irian jaya d. forma yapenensis a. forma laeoica leaves unlobed, 3—5-angular or shallowly 3-lobed, greenish brown on drying, pubescent on lower surface. male raceme with solitary flower (the pedicel often as a straw-like remnant) at base. male flowers: pedicel c. 5 mm long, c. 75 mm in solitairy flowers; receptacle tube (40-)50—80 mm long. fruit not completely known, c. 5 cm wide; exocarp finely wrinkled, glabrous. distribution — papua new guinea: eastern highlands prov. — collections: clarke 88; coode et al. ngf 32585. habitat & ecology secondary forest, at c. 1400 m altitude. note — fruit said to be red when ripe; fruit edible. b. forma sicyocarpa rugayah, /. nov. folia integra infra glabrescentia, fructus pyriformis c. 20 cm longus. — type: brass 5347 (bo; iso bri), papua new guinea. leaves unlobed, broadly ovate, margin entire or shallowly undulate, green or brown (blackish) on drying, lower surface glabrous. male raceme and male and female flowers not known. fruit oblong or pyriform (precise size and shape not known), c. 20 by 8 cm; exocarp thinly woody, smooth, glabrous, paler blotched when dry; fruiting pedicel c. 3 cm long, c. 8 mm thick. distribution papua new guinea (central prov., morobe prov.). collections: brass 5347; clarke anu 9557; katik lae 77807a. habitat & ecology secondary regrowth forest at 900-1400 m altitude. note fresh fruit orange to red, cucumber-like; sometimes cultivated. 1999] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewilde : conspectus of trichosanthes 265 c. forma sorongensis rugayah, /. nov. folia integra vel vadose 3-lobata infra pubescentia, fructus subglobosus vel breviter ellipsoideus c. 10 cm diam. type ave 4782 (l), irian jaya (vogelkop). leaves unlobed or 3-lobed to c. 1/4, greenish on drying, lower surface densely pubescent, glands many, scattered. male raceme, and male flowers and female flowers not known. fruit (sub)globose or shortellipsoid, 7.5-12.5 by 8-10 cm (spirit); exocarp thinly woody, smooth, sparsely hairy; fruiting pedicel 1.5—3 cm long, 4—6 mm thick. distribution new guinea, irian jaya (vogelkop). collections: ave 4782; de vogel 9817. habitat & ecology secondary forest, margin of garden, at c. 450 m altitude. note — fruit red when ripe, inside orange-red; edible. d. forma yapenensis rugayah, /. nov folia integra subcircularia vel plusminusve triangularia supra scabra infra breviter pubescentia vel subglabrescentia, flores masculi c. 5 cm longi, fructus c. 10 cm longus 5 cm latus. widjaja et al. eaw 6882 (bo; iso l), irian jaya (yapen i.). leaves unlobed or 3-lobed 1/3—2/3 deep, green or brown on drying, scabrous on both surfaces, lower surface scabrous hairy or glabrous. male raceme at base with straw-like appendage(s) presenting withered peduncle or pedicel of solitary flower. male flower: pedicel c. 5 mm long; receptacle tube c. 35 mm long. fruit ellipsoid-oblong, c. 10 by 5 cm (c. 12 by 6 cm in spirit), leathery, finely wrinkled; fruiting pedicel c. 3.5 cm long, c. 4 mm thick. distribution irian jaya: bird's head (s of manokwari), yapen i., wapoga drilling camp (3.08 s, 136.34 e). collections: aet & idjan 957; kanehira & hatusima 13392; ridsdale cer 2559; widjaja et al. eaw 6882, 6968. habitat & ecology secondary forest, roadsides; sea level to c. 1000 m altitude. note fruit edible. 19. trichosanthes leuserensis rugayah, sp. nov. folia 3-5-lobata scabra rubella in sicco, probractea ovata at linearis 10-15 cm longa, fructus subglobosus c. 8 cm diam., pedicello c. 4 mm crasso, semen 15—18 mm longum 3-4 mm crassum. type: de wilde & duyfjes 18605 (bo; iso k, l), sumatra (aceh). 266 reinwardtia [vol. 11 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewilde : conspectus of trichosanthes 267 medium liana, 10—20 m long; monoecious (always?). stem and leavee drying reddish-brown. probract obovate to linear, 10-15 mm long. tendrils 2 or 3-fid. leaves early glabrescent but ± scabrous above, 3-5(7)-lobed to 1/2-2/3, margin remotely minutely dentate. blade glands few, 0.5-1 mm diam., at base near the insertion of the petiole, and near apex. male: raceme 10-20 cm, peduncle 6-11 cm long; rachis not thickened, 2-4 mm thick; bracts broadly ovate-rhomboid, 3-4.5 cm long, without glands, shallowly or deeply (up to 10 mm) incised; sepals longtriangular (ovate-oblong), 13-15 mm long, margin mostly dentate. female flower solitary or 1 or 2 at base in male raceme. fruit subglobose, 6-8 by 4.5-8 cm, dry pericarp 10-15 mm thick; fruiting pedicel 0.5-1.5 cm long, c. 4 mm thick. seed flat, elliptic-oblong (various of shape), 15-18 by 6-11 mm, 3-4 mm thick, margin absent, edge entire. distribution c & n sumatra. collections: ldrzing 5212, 5215, 6149; nur 7406; de wilde & duyfjes 18605, 20060. habitat & ecology forest borders, scrub along rivers; 60-600 m altitude. note — close to t. pubera (with similar reddish tinge of young parts), but t. pubera differs in elongated probract, smaller ellipsoid fruit, and thinner seed. 20. t r i c h o s a n t h e s longispicata rugayah, sp. nov. fig. 7 folia profunde 3-5(-7)-lobata, racemus masculus ad 30 cm longus bracteis mumerosis persistentibus 7—12 mm longis, fructus globosus, pedicello 10—20 mm crasso. type: yii & othman s 46270 (l; iso bo, k, sar), sarawak. climber, c. 5 m long, dioecious, glabrescent, drying dark brown. probract lanceolate, 4—5 mm long. tendrils 2-3-fid. leaves deeply 3—5(— 7)-lobed, margin entire. blade glands absent or few, c. 1 mm diam. male: raceme 14-32 cm long, peduncle 2-5 cm long, rachis not thickened, many-flowered, bracts persistent, (ob)ovate-oblong, 7-10 mm long, conspicuously dentate, pedicels persistent, 3-11 mm long; sepals lanceolate, c. 4 mm long, entire. female flowers not known. fruit (depressed) globose, c. 7.5 cm diam., dry pericarp c. 10 mm thick; fruiting pedicel 2-2.5(-3) cm long, 10-20 mm thick. seed flat, narrowly oblong, c. 18 by 5-8 mm, c. 2 mm thick, margin faint, edge entire. distribution borneo (sarawak, sabah, kalimantan). collections: amdjah 72, 748; hallier 1200; hyde et al. s.n.; jaheri 1113; fidilis san 130111; teysmann 8240; yii & othman s 46270. habitat & ecology lowland forest. fig. 7. trichosanthes longispicata rugayah. twig and male flower (yii & othman s 46270, l.) 268 reinwardtia [vol. 11 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewllde : conspectus of trichosanthes 269 note -the homogeneity of the specimens cited is not sure. possibly the male specimen san 130111, differs in shorter persistent pedicels, c. 3 mm only, larger bracts, and the basal part of the hypanthium tube thickened into a pseudo-ovary. 21. trichosanthes montana rugayah trichosanthes montana rugayah reinwardtia 11(3) (1998) 218. trichosanthes sumatrana auct. non cogn.: rugayah & w.j. de wilde, blumea 42, 2 (1997) 479, f. 4. type: de wilde & duyfjes 21841 (bo; iso l), w java. distribution s u m a t r a , j a v a , n b o r n e o . 22. trichosanthes mucronata rugayah, sp. nov. planta omnis cinereo-brunnee pubescens, folii apex 10—20(—25) mm longus mucronatus, racemus masculus brunnee pubescens 6—10 cm longus pauciflorus. — type: de wilde & duyfjes san 139464 (san holo; bo, l iso), sabah (tenompok). climber, c. 5 m long, dioecious, drying greenish, grey-brown pubescent all over. probract absent. tendril 3—5-fid. leaves unlobed, (broadly) ovate, densely pubescent, base cordate, apex 10—20(-25) mm long mucronate, margin minutely serrate-dentate. blade glands several, scattered, less than 0.5 mm diam. male: raceme 6-10 cm long, sparsely to densely brown hairy; peduncle 4—8(—9) cm long, c. 3 mm thick, flowers few, brown hairy; bracts c. 1 mm long, caducous; receptacle tube 35—65 mm long, sepals narrowly triangular, acute, 11—16 mm long, entire; petals oblong, c. 15 mm long. fruit oblong, 9-10 by c. 6 cm, green, whitestriped. seed whitish, turgid with two lateral inflated parts, c. 10 by 18 mm, c. 4 mm thick, margin absent, edge entire. distribution sabah (mt. kinabalu area). collections: makoto togashi 6718; de wilde & duyfjes 21949 (sterile); de wilde & duyfjes san 139459, 139463, 139464, 139467, 139473. habitat & ecology wet places in forest edges, shrubby roadsides; 1000-1400 m altitude. note may be related to t. pendula, with leaves with similarly long mucronate apex, and with similar seed. two (sub)sterile resembling collections are mentioned under t. auriculata. 23. trichosanthes obscura rugayah, sp. nov. planta sordide nigro-brunnea in sicco, florum masculorum bracteae late obovoideae profunde flabellatae 15-20 mm longae, fructus globosus c. 8 cm diam., pedicello c. 2 cm longo 5 mm crasso. type: hansen 968 (l; iso c, sar), sarawak. climber to 8 m long, dioecious, glabrescent, drying dull (greyish or blackish) dark brown. probract (ob)ovate, 4-8 mm long, subentire. tendrils 2 or 3-fid, sometimes pubescent at base. leaves ± scabrous above, glabrescent beneath, unlobed or 3-lobed to 1/3-2/3, margin subentire. blade glands few, 1-2 mm diam., or absent, mainly towards the base of the blade. male: raceme 8—14 cm long (including peduncle 8— 10 cm), minutely brown pubescent; bracts broadly obovate-rhomboid, 15-20 mm long, not glandular, the upper margin finely deeply incised; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 5—7 mm long, c. 3 mm wide at base, entire. fruit globose, c. 8 cm diam. (white spotted when immature); fruiting pedicel c. 2 cm long, c. 5 mm thick. seed (narrowly) oblong, 18-22 by 7-8 mm, c. 2 mm thick, margin faint (but broad), edge entire. distribution n borneo (sarawak, brunei, sabah, kalimantan). collections: hansen 968; ilias paie s 39228; jaheri 1570; sumbing jimpin san 110399, 116679; wong wkm1581. habitat & ecology mixed forest, riversides; low altitudes. 24. trichosanthes ovigera blume trichosanthes ovigera blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1826) 934; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1 (1856) 674; cogn. in a.dc. & c d c , mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 380; backer in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1963) 303; jeffrey, the cucurbitaceae of eastern asia, roy bot. gard., kew (1980) 49; rugayah & w.j.j. de wilde, blumea 42, 2 (1997) 478. t y p e : blume s.n. (l; iso p), java. trichosanthes horsfieldii miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1 (1856) 677. type: horsfield s.n. (k; iso bm), java. trichosanthes vanoverberghii merr., philipp. journ. sc. bot. 9 (1914) 458. type: vanoverbergh 3662 (iso k), philippines (luzon). trichosanthes mafulensis merr. & perry, journ. arn. arb. 30 (1949) 58. type: brass 5257 (iso bo), papua new guinea. distribution wide-spread, se a s i a through malesi a to n australia. note a very variable taxon. de wilde & duyfjes san 116493 from sepilok (sabah) strongly deviates in obtriangular petals, at variance with narrowly elliptic petals typical for the species. 270 reinwardtia [vol. 11 fig. 8. trichosanthes philippinensis rugayah. a. habit; b. male flower. (elmer 11067, l.) 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewllde : conspectus of trichosanthes 271 25. trichosanthes papuana f.m. bailey trichosanthea papuana f.m. bailey, queensl. agric. journ. 7 (1900) 349; harms, bot. jahrb. 60 (1925) 160. type: ruthven le hunte s.n. (canb, n.v.), se papua new guinea. distribution aru i., p a p u a new guinea. 26. trichosanthes pendula rugayah trichosanthes pendula rugayah, reinwardtia 11(3) (1998) 219, f. 1, 2, 3. type: joseph b. et al. san 120771 (male fl.) (kep; iso l), sabah. distribution e sabah. 27. trichosanthes philippinensis rugayah, sp. nov. fig. 8 folia viridescentia in sicco 3-lobata, florum masculorum bracteae plusminusve rhomboideo-obovatae 25-45 mm longae subtiliter ad fere medium incisae. type: elmer 11067 (l; iso bm, k, u), philippines (mindanao). climber, dioecious; glabrescent, drying greenish. probract ovate, 5—8 mm long, glandular. tendrils 3-fid. leaves 3 or 5-lobed to 1/3-3/4, margin (coarsely) dentate-serrate. blade glands few, 0.5—1 mm diam., scattered or near the insertion of the petiole. male: raceme (including peduncle 5—7 cm long) 10-20 cm long, densely brown pubescent; bracts rhomboid, 25-45 mm long, in apical part densely laciniate 4-15 mm deep; sepals long-triangular, 10-14 mm long, 2-5 mm wide at base, margin finely 1-2 mm deep incised. fruit ovoid, c. 6.5 by 5—6 cm; fruiting pedicel c. 2 cm long, c. 2 mm thick. seed obovate-oblong, 10-12 by 4.5—7 mm, c. 2 mm thick, margin obscure or absent, edge entire. distribution philippines (luzon, mindanao). collections: anu 1684; bartlett 14725; elmer 11067; loher 2121; mendoza pnh 18235; ramos & edano bs 49596. habitat & ecology degraded and secondary forest; 500-1200 m altitude. note possibly most related to t. tricuspidata; variable of leaf shape (depth of lobing), but characterised by green drying colour and the finely and deeply incised male bracts. m 272 reinwardtia [vol. 11 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewllde : conspectus of trichosanthes 273 fig. 9. trichosanthes planiglans rugayah. a. habit; b. fruit (a part of dried fruit); c. seed. (ramos & edaiio 29910, us) 28. trichosanthes planiglans rugayah, sp. nov. fig. 9 folia elobata ovata margine grosse serrato-dentato, laminae glandulae c. 5 mm diam., semen 13-16 mm longum basi cuneata. type: ramos & edaiio bs 29110 (us; iso k), philippines (luzon). slender climber, dioecious, glabrescent, drying greenish. probract ± concave, glandular, c. 5 mm long. tendrils 2-fid. leaf blade unlobed, membranous, (broadly) ovate, margin coarsely dentate-serrate. blade glands large, flat, (1—)4—5 mm diam., close to the insertion of the petiole. fruit incompletely known; fruiting pedicel c. 2 cm long, 4 mm thick. seed flat, ± lanceolate, 13-16 by 6—7 mm, c. 1.5 mm thick, with cuneate base, margin faint or not obvious, edge entire or indistinctly crenulate. distribution philippines; known only from the type, mt. tulaog, luzon. collection: ramos & edano bs 29110. habitat & ecology nothing known. note t h e seed, with cuneate base, reminds of t. quinquangulata. 29. trichosanthes pubera blume trichosanthes pubera blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1826) 936; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1 (1856) 675; rugayah & w. j. j. de wilde, blumea 42, 2 (1997) 479, f. lc. trichosanthes bracteata (lam.) voigt var. pubera (blume) cogn. in a.dc. & cdc, mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 377. type: blume s.n. (l; iso p), java. distribution wide-spread in w malesia. note this species is close to t. ruhriflos thorel ex cayla (1908) and t. wallichiana (ser.) wight (1825). 30. trichosanthes pulleana harms trichosanthes pulleana harms, bot. jahrb. 60 (1925) 160. trichosanthes papuana pulle, nova guinea 8 (1910) 406. type: versteeg 1116 (l; iso k, u), irian jaya. distribution moluccas (aru is.), w irian jaya. 31. trichosanthes quinquangulata asa gray trichosanthes quinquangulata asa gray, bot. un. st. exo 1. exped. 1 (1854) 645; cogn. in a.dc. & cdc, mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 378; rugayah & w.j. de wilde, blumea 42, 2 (1997) 479, f. la. type: wilkes s.n. (gh-a), mangsi i., sulu sea. trichosanthes longiflora cogn. in a.dc. & cdc, mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 374. type: beccari 223 (fl), irian jaya (vogelkop: sorong). distribution wide-spread in malesia. 274 reinwardtia [ vol. 11 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewilde : conspectus of trichosanthes 275 32. trichosanthes refracta yueh & huang trichosanthes refracta yueh & huang, bull. bat. research (beijing) 16(4) (1996) 500, f. 4. type: m. ramos bs 43279 (uc), philippines. distribution b r u n e i , p h i l i p p i n e s (bohol is.). 33. trichosanthes rotundifolia rugayah fig. 10 trichosanthes rotundifolia rugayah, reinwardtia 11(3) (1998) 223. type: lorzing 5284 (bo; iso l), n sumatra. distribution whole of sumatra. 34. trichosanthes schlechteri harms trichosanthes schlechteri harms, bot. jahrb. 60 (1925) 159. type: schlechter 16866, 17144, 18079; gjellerup 718 (b, lost: isolecto bo, l), irian jaya. distribution whole of new guinea. 35. t r i c h o s a n t h e s sepilokensis rugayah, sp. nov. folia integra vel subtiliter (2vel) 3-lobata, margine integro. inflorescentiae masculae rhachis c. 5 mm crassus, bracteae 20-30 mm longae, fructus subglobosus c. 13 cm diam., pedicello 15-20 mm crasso. type: de wilde & duyfjes san 139042 (san; iso l), sabah. liana 15-20 m, monoecious. probract ellipsoid-oblong, 3-4 mm long, entire. tendrils 4-6-fid. leaves unlobed or shallowly (2or) 3-lobed, margin entire. male: rachis c. 5 cm thick; bracts 20-30 mm long, coarsely irregularly incised; sepals narrowly triangular, 10(—12) mm long, entire. fruit (sub)globose, 10—13 cm diam.; fruiting pedicel 3.5-4.5 cm long, 15—20 mm thick. seed brown, flat, (ovate or) elliptic-oblong, 13— 18 by 7-9 mm, 3-4 mm thick, margin absent, edge entire. distribution sabah, in the sepilok area. collections: sinclair et al. 9341; de wilde & duyfjes san 139042, 139475. habitat & ecology lowland (degraded) forest borders; fl. & fr. jan.-feb. fig. 10. trichosanthes rotundifolia rugayah. twig and male flower. (de wilde &duyfjes 12412, l) 276 reinwardtia [vol. 11 36. trichosanthes tricuspidata lour. trichosanthes tricuspidata lour., fl. cochinch. 2 (1790) 588; blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1826) 935; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1 (1856) 676; cogn. in a.dc. & cdc, mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 374; ridl., fl. mai. penins. 1 (1922) 844; keraudrenaymonin in aubrev. & leroy, fl. camb., laos, vietnam 15 (1975) 81, p.p., pi. 14, f. 1, 4-7; jeffrey, the cucurbitaceae of eastern asia, roy. bot. gard., kew (1980) 39, p.p.; rugayah & w.j. de wilde, blumea 42, 2 (1997) 481, f. lb. type: loureiro s.n. (lost); neotype (keraudren-aymonin, 1975): j. & m.s. clemens 3267 (p; iso bm), vietnam. trichosanthes tricuspis miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1 (1856) 679. type: horsfield s.n. (k), java. trichosanthes bracteata auct. non (lam.) voigt: backer in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1963) 304, p.p. distribution w i d e s p r e a d in indochina, w a n d c malesia; 4 forms. key to the forms 1 a. leaves lobed. fruiting pedicel 0.5-2.5 cm long 2 b. leaves unlobed. fruiting pedicel c. 0.5 cm long. siberut i d. forma siberutensis 2 a. leaves deeply (far over half-way) 3-lobed; scabrous. timor b. forma asperifolia b. leaves 3-lobed to l/3(-l/2)-way 3 3 a. seed flat, 1 (-2) mm t h i c k . w & c malesia a. forma tricuspidata b. seed 2-3 mm thick. seram c. forma seramensis a. forma tricuspidata trichosanthes tricuspidata lour, forma tricuspidata distribution wide-spread in w malesia. b. forma asperifolia rugayah, /. nov. trichosanthes asperifolia zipp. ex span., linnaea 15 (1841) 206, nomen. a forma typica in foliis profunde lobatis, supra scabris, margine grosse serrato differt. type: zipelius 14 (l), timor. plant drying (bright) brown. leaf blade 3(-5)-lobed to c. 2/3, margin coarsely dentate; upper surface scabrous. 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewlldfe : conspectus of trichosanthes 277 distribution lesser sunda islands (timor). collection: zipelius 14. habitat & ecology nothing known. c. forma seramensis rugayah, /. nov. a forma typica semine crassiore 2-3 mm crasso differt. type: ramlanto & mogea 803 (bo; iso l), moluccas (seram). leaves subcoriaceous, 3-lobed to 2/3, not or hardly scabrous above, margin subentire. seed obovate, 2—3 mm thick, edge entire. distribution moluccas (seram). collection: ramlanto & mogea 803. habitat & ecology nothing known. note in habit this form resembles the type form, but differs in much thicker seed. it is known only from one collection, far away from the area of the typical form in w. malesia. d. forma siberutensis rugayah, /. nov. a forma typica in foliis integris elobatis ovato-cordatis, pedicello in fructu c. 0.5 cm longo differt. type: wiriadinata hw 6874 (bo; iso l), sumatra (siberut i.). small perennial climber. leaves chartaceous, unlobed, margin obscurely minutely dentate. fruit 5-6 by 4-5 cm, pericarp 6—7 mm thick; fruiting pedicel c. 0.5 cm long. seed flat, obovate, 8—10 by 5-6 mm, c. 2 mm thick, edge entire. distribution sumatra (siberut i.) collection: wiriadinata hw 6874. habitat & ecology nothing known. note this taxon possibly represents a local geographical form, in an isolated environment, quite distinct in its unlobed leaves and shortpedicelled fruit. 37. trichosanthes valida rugayah, sp. nov. inflorescentiae masculae rhachis 5—10 mm crassus, bracteae 40—50 mm longae1 vadose dentatae, fructus ellipsoideo-obovoideus 10-12 cm longus c. 8 cm latus, semen planum obovatum 8-11 mm longum. type: koorders 16611/3 (bo; iso l), sulawesi (minahasa). climber, 10 m, dioecious, largely glabrescent. probract oblong, c. 3-4 mm long. tendrils 2 or 3-fid. leaf blades deeply 5-lobed, margin entire. blade glands several, ± scattered, 1-2 mm diam. male raceme thinly pubescent, 15—25(—30) cm long; peduncle 9—13(—18) cm long, rachis 5—10 278 reinwardtia [vol. 11 1999 ] rugayah & w.j.j.o. dewllde : conspectus of trichosanthes 279 mm thick, with bract scars; bracts 40-50 mm long, upper margin shallowly lobed. male flower: pedicel short; receptacle tube c. 45 mm long; sepals narrow, 10-12 mm long, entire; petals (excluding threads) c. 12 mm long. female flower: pedicel 15-20 mm long; ovary ellipsoidoblong, c. 15 by c. 7 mm, pubescent. fruit ellipsoid-obovoid, c. 10 by 8 cm, pericarp thick; fruiting pedicel c. 4.5 cm long, 10-20 mm thick. seed flat, obovate, 8-11 by 6-7 mm, c. 2 mm thick, margin absent, edge entire. distribution -' sulawesi, moluccas (halmahera), philippines. collections: bicknell 666 1344; conklin & buwaya 80390; idjan & mochtar 229; koorders 16611/3, 16613/3; sidiyassa et al. tcw 3660; de vogel & vermeulen 6989; de wilde & duyfjes 21914. habitat & ecology — forest edges and secondary scrub,; wet soil; sealevel up to 1000 m altitude. 38. trichosanthes villosa blume key to the subspecies 1 a. male bracts more than 20 mm long. seed 20-25 by 10-15 mm, 5 mm thick a. subsp. villosa b. male bracts 20 mm long. seed 14-18 by 8-9 mm, 2-3 mm thick b. subsp. mindorensis a. subsp. villosa trichosanthes villosa blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1826) 934; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1 (1856) 675; cogn. in a.dc. & cdc, mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 366; backer in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1963) 304; rugayah & w.j. de wilde, blumea 42, 2 (1997) 481. type: blume s.n. (l; iso p), w java. distribution wide-spread in west malesia; possibly also in indochina. b. subsp. m i n d o r e n s i s rugayah, subsp. nov. scandens villosus. inflorescentiae masculae bracteae c. 20 mm longae integrae, semen planum ovato-oblongum 14-18 mm longus 8-9 mm latum 2-3 mm crassum. type: conklin pnh 19132, (bo; iso l), philippines (mindoro). climber, younger parts wholly densely brown villose. probract absent. tendrils 3-5-fid. male bracts c. 20 mm long, entire. male flowers: sepals narrow, c. 10 mm long, entire. fruit c. 10.5 by 8 cm, dry pericarp c. 5 mm thick; fruiting pedicel c. 3.5 cm long, c. 3 mm thick. seed ovate-oblong, 14—18 by 8—9 mm, 2—3 mm thick. distribution philippines (luzon, mindoro, cebu, palawan). collections: bicknell 1467; conklin pnh 18707, 19132; edano pnh 12009; gutierrez pnh 78316; ramos bs 42735; stone et al. ppi 403, 677. habitat & ecologysecondary forest; 300-700 m altitude. 39. trichosanthes wawrae cogn. key to the forms 1 a. plant glabrous. fruiting pedicel c. 2 cm long, b. plant hairy. fruiting pedicel c. 0.5 cm long... a. forma wawrae b. forma hirsuta a. forma wawrae trichosanthes wawrae cogn. in a.dc. & cdc, mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 384 cwawraei'); ridl., fl. mai. penins. 1 (1922) 845; rugayah & w.j. de wilde, blumea 42, 2 (1997) 481. type: wawra 241 (w), singapore. trichosanthes trifolia auct. non (l.) blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1826) 936 (trifoliate,1); sev. in dc, prodr. 3 (1828) 316; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1 (1856) 679; cogn. in a.dc & cdc, mon. phan. prodr. 3 (1881) 383; merr., interpret. rumph. herb. amb. (1917) 494; backer in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1963) 303. involucraria trifolia auct. non. (l.) m. roem.: m. roem., syn. 2 (1846) 99 (trifoliata'), based on blume s.n., "crescit in provincia krawang juxta tjiradjas, w java, in herbarium l". distribution s u m a t r a , peninsular malaysia, singapore, borneo, w java. b. forma h i r s u t a rugayah, /. nov. scandens dense brunnee pubescens, folia 3-foliolata. type: banyeng s 44194 (sar; iso l), sarawak. small climber, rather densely brown pubescent. probract elliptic, c. 4 mm long, with few glands, coarsely dentate at apex. tendrils simple or 2-fid. leaves 3-foliolate, ± chartaceous, margin few-dentate. flowers not known. fruit (immature?) c. 4 by 3.5 cm, glabrous; fruiting pedicel c. 1 cm long. 280 reinwardtia [vol. 11 distribution borneo (sarawak). collection: banyeng s 44194. habitat & ecology degraded forest edge along logging road in mixed forest; low(?) altitude. acknowledgement we thank the curators of herbaria of a, bm, bo, br, bri, canb, fi, k, kep, klu, l, lae, p, san, sar, sing, tns, u, ukmb, us and w for providing essential study material for composing this survey of trichosanthes. the leiden university, and wotro (the hague) made the visit of rugayah to leiden, respectively the visits of the second author to bogor, financially possible. j.f. veldkamp generously translated the diagnoses of the new taxa into latin. thanks to mr. jan van os (l) and iskak samsoedin (bo) for preparing the illustrations. we thank all colleagues for intensified field collecting, assembling indispensable fresh and well preserved material of various critical taxa. continued field study is requested for many still incompletely known species. reinwardtia vol. 11, part 4, pp. 281-284 (1999) a new species of anadendrum (araceae) from malesia d. s. wldyartini faculty of biology, university of jendral soedirman, purwokerto & elizabeth a. widjaja herbarium bogoriense, r & d centre for biology lipi, bogor abstract a new species of anadendrum ellipticum widyartini & widjaja, collected from malay peninsula, kalimantan, north sulawesi and java proposed. this species is closely related with a. microstachyum but it differs on the structure of leaves, perianth and filament. abstrak sebuah jenis baru dari anadendrum ellipticum widyartini & widjaja, dari semenanjung malaya, kalimantan, sulawesi utara dan jawa dipertelakan. jenis ini sangat berdekatan dengan jenis anadendrum microstachyum tetapi dibedakan dari struktur daun, daun tenda dan tangkai sarinya. anadendrum is one of the genus of araceae which grow widely in malesia. according to engler (1905) there are six species of anadendrum growing in indomalaya, that is a. marginatum, a. affine, a. angustifolium, a. latifolium, a. montanum and a. cordatum. in 1898, koorders described two species of anadendrum from sulawesi namely a. montanum and a. malayanum, whereas in 1920 backer & alderwereld proposed a. superans and a. microstachyum from sumatra. mabberley (1987) estimated that there are 9 species of anadendrum in indomalaya. in revising anadendrum in malesia, the first author encountered that there is a number of specimens which are not identical with the known species. after a long study on the morphological and anatomical aspects, finally it is concluded that those specimens belong to a new species which we herewith name anadendrum ellipticum. 281 dr botjah prijanto (1942 — 1969) r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 8, part 1. pp. 1 — 2 (1970) in memoriam doctor botjah prijanto mien a. rifai herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia with the premature death of dr. botjah prijanto on 29 april 1969, indonesian botany has lost one of its few potential cadres. that the progress of the development of botany in indonesia will be seriously impeded by his untimely death will be evident from the fact that dr. prijanto was the first and only indonesian palynologist. moreover he was one of the very few indonesian qualified taxonomic botanists to obtain and complete their academic training in well established botanical institutions abroad. botjah prijanto — pri to his close friends — was born in djombang (east java) on 1 april 1942, the second son of a family of five. the economic situation of the family made it impossible for him to pursue his cherished ambition of entering the bandung institute of technology and becoming an engineer. therefore, after obtaining his b/science certificate from the state senior high school in malang in 1959, he applied for admission and was accepted as a government grant student at the college of agricultural sciences at tjiawi, bogor. he obtained his bachelor degree from this college in 1962, chosing taxonomy of flowering plants as his major subject. it was in this college that his keenness for botany became apparent, and during his college days he discovered a new species of lansium (meliaceae). later he described and published this as lansium kostermansii prijanto, in honour of prof. a. j. g. h. kostermans, d. sc, who adopted him, and under whose most able supervision and guidance, both in the field and in the laboratory, prijanto learned a great deal about taxonomic botany. prijanto then joined the staff of the botany division of the forestry research institute in bogor as assistant botanist. in 1963, thanks to a grant from the british council (the colombo plant technical assistance co-operation scheme), he was able to continue his study at the university of edinburgh under the supervision of dr. p. h. davies and mr. b. l. — 1 — 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 burtt. after submitting a thesis on taxonomic problems of the scrophulariaceae, he was awarded the degree of doctor of philosophy of that university in 1966. prof. kostermans then assisted him to obtain a grant from the swedish international development authority to enable him to spend one year in the palynological laboratory in stockholm, where he studied basic palynology from the nestor of palynologists, prof. g. erdtman. on his way home to indonesia he received a further grant from the netherlands organization for the advancement of pure scientific research (zwo) for working in utrecht university for two months. in 1968 he was appointed botanist at the forest research institute in bogor, and at the same time he regularly came to work in the herbarium bogoriense where he started to build up a palynology section. he continued his old interest in the meliaceae and was contemplating monographing the genus aglaia of that family. his hard working habits, his frequent presence at odd hours in the herbarium bogoriense, his readiness to do something for other people — often at his own expense — as well as his pleasant personality and ever smiling countenance, have become familiar to all those who knew him. he maintained a keen interest in field work, and this took him to many places in indonesia such as udjung kulon in west java, sumbawa (with prof. kostermans) and south sumatra (with dr. m. jacobs). in -1969 he took part in a collecting trip in south celebes designed to pave the way for a subsequent and bigger botanical expedition sponsored by the british museum (natural history) of london and the indonesian institute of sciences, and it was during this collecting trip that he met his tragic death in a car accident. in connection with his field activities it is worth noting that prijanto was an accomplished photographer; he pursued this hobby both artistically and very seriously. our deepest and most sincere sympathy goes to his widow and his son in their tragic loss. scientific publications of dr. b. prijanto a new species of lansium correa (meliaceae), in reinwardtia 7: 63—66. 1965. taxonomic studies in the scrophulariaceae. ph. d. thesis, edinburgh university, 1966. the asiatic species of lindenbergia lehm. (scrophulariaceae). in reinwardtia 7: 543—560. 1969. pollen morphology of gyrostemonaceae. in erdtman, world pollen flora (in press). •pollen morphology of batidaceae. in erdtman, world pollen flora (in press). hal 1-2_page_1 hal 1-2_page_2 hal 1-2_page_3 prof. ir. anwari dilmy reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, part 1, pp. 5 — 7 (1982) in memoriam professor anwari dilmy a. j. g. h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor with the death of professor anwari dilmy on 25 april 1979, indonesia lost a man who contributed a large part of his life to safeguard the valuable collections of the herbarium bogoriense of the national biological institute. anwari dilmy was born in marabahan (south kalimantan) on 11 august 1915. as a student of the dutch secondary school (m.u.l.o.) in banjarmasin, he soon attracted the attention of his teachers because of his mental capabilities. he moved to the home of ir. schophuis, at that time an agricultural adviser, where he learned to master the dutch language and where he came into close contact with western ideas. after finishing secondary school in surabaya, he moved with the help of ir. schophuis to the agriculture vocational school (middelbare landbouwschool or m.l.s.) in bogor and was taken up in the home of dr. nijholt, the then head of the chemical laboratory at bogor. in 1937 he entered the service of the forestry department, as a volunteer in the gombong resort (central java), but was released because of his nationalistic activities and was transferred to sampit and kapuas (s. kalimantan). at the end of the japanese occupation he was attached to the office of governor of borneo in yogyakarta. towards the end of. the independence war he returned to school in bogor and continued at the akademi kehutanan (forestry college), where he finished his studies in 1952. he was then nominated forest conservator oftarakan district. in 1954 he returned to java and became the head of the forest botany branch of the forest research institute in bogor. here i made his acquaintance, as i was employed in the same department and a life long friendship started. his transfer to herbarium bogoriense in february 1955 was a startling surprise for him. professor kusnoto setyodiwiryo, the first indonesian 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 director of the botanic gardens of indonesia wanted to pension off the ex-patriate head of herbarium bogoriense, and i suggested to him to engage anwari dilmy. it took me half a day to convince dilmy that he should take the post. as the only dutch botanist left in bogor, working part time in the forest research institute and part time in the herbarium bogoriense, my cooperation and collaboration with anwari dilmy developed more and more over the years. although he was not a qualified taxonomist, his keen mind and his willingness to accept advice was one of the reasons that the valuable collections of herbarium were saved for posterity. the buildings were in an abominable state after the world war ii, but anwari dilmy managed — with the help of his numerous political acquaintances — to obtain funds for new roofings, the first step in safeguarding the collections. in a coordinated effort, funds were obtained from the national science foundation (u.s.a.) and dilmy was active in importing mounting paper, corrosive sublimate and other items for the upkeep of the herbarium. ultimately, and mostly due to professor sarwono prawirohardjo, then the chairman of the indonesian council for sciences (later l.i.p.i.) funds were obtained for the construction of a new and modern building. in order to fill the gap of non-extant indonesian biologists, professor kusnoto setyodiwiryo was able to obtain funds for the establishment of college of biology (first in cibodas, later in ciawi), where anwari dilmy was attached temporarily as a director and as a lecturer in the field of plant taxonomy and plant geography. when in 1962 no director of the botanic gardens of indonesia was available, a collegiate was assigned to perform the director's duties and dilmy was one of them. in 1970 he moved back to banjarmasin to become rector of the lambung mangkurat university. twice he occupied the rector's seat (8 years). in 1972 he obtained the title of guru besar luar biasa (professor extraordinary). he was very active in expanding connections of the university with many institutes abroad, making the university a focus for development of s. kalimantan. he lectured at the same time at the faculties of agriculture, forestry and veterinary sciences. during his tenure as head of herbarium bogoriense, he attended officially pacific science congresses (tokyo, hawaii, bangkok) and the unesco sponsored symposia on humid tropics vegetation in ciawi, goroka and kuching. for several years dilmy was a member of the standing committee of botany in the pacific science association, member of the 1982] kosteemans: anwari dilmy 7 national committee for natural resources and chairman of the committee of forestry publications. he wrote some 25 papers on botanical subjects. it was with very deep regret that i heard, belatedly, of his death (he was a diabetic). besides his wife, he was survived by his 4 children (the last one andreansjah was my godchild, named after me). 10(1) 249 binder cover-100_page_007 untitled reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(2): 249-324, december 23, 2015 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirinpartomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia a c b d e g f h cover images: zingiber engganoensis ardiyani. a. habit b. leafy shoot and the inflorescence showing rhizomes, roots and root-tuber c. leaves d. ligule and swollen petiole e. dissection of inflorescence showing fruit f. spike and flowers g. dissection of flowers and fruits showing bract, bracteole, two lateral staminodes, two petal lobes, labellum, and the four appendages of the anther h. flower. source of materials: e190 (bo). photo credits: b, c, d by arief supnatna. a, e, f, g, h by marlina ardiyani. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 14(2): abdul latiff mohamad, faculty of science & technology, universiti kebangsaan malaysia, malaysia abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk campbell o. webb arnold arboretum, university of harvard, usa edwino fernando dept. of forest biological sciences, university of the philippines, los baños, philippines fabian brambach dept. of ecology & ecosystem research, georg august university, gottingen, germany john mood lyon arboretum, university of hawaii, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, chicago, usa mark newman royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk martin dancak faculty of science, palacky university, czech republic mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi) ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 14, no 2, pp: 265 – 286 265 the vegetation of lambusango forest, buton, indonesia received april 03, 2015; accepted june 27, 2015 andrew powling school of biological sciences, university of portsmouth, portsmouth, uk. e-mail: andrew.powling@port.ac.uk. aurora phillips school of biological sciences, university of brighton, brighton, uk. rosie pritchett centre for biological sciences, university of southampton, highfield campus, southampton, uk. simon t. segar school of biological sciences, university of reading, reading, uk. rebecca wheeler school of biological sciences, university of portsmouth, portsmouth, uk. ani mardiastuti faculty of forestry, bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia. abstract powling, a., phillips, a., pritchett, r., segar, s. t., wheeler, r. & mardiastuti, a. 2015. the vegetation of lambusango forest, buton, indonesia. reinwardtia 14(2): 265 – 286. ― lambusango forest is a tropical rainforest on the island of buton, which lies close to south east sulawesi. the forest covers an area of about 95.000 ha, with different parts of the forest having different levels of conservation protection. it lies on rocks of both calcareous (limestone) and non-calcareous (sandstone, conglomerate, peridotite and chert) nature, which give rise to soils with varying ph values, nutrient levels and water-holding capacities. the climate is seasonal, with a dry season of three months and considerable year-to-year variability due to el niño and la niña events. the vegetation on the different soils and in different habitats has been studied. over 300 species of vascular plants found in the forest and surrounding areas are listed, including trees and shrubs, herbs, climbers, epiphytes, ferns and club-mosses. two genera, calamus with 18 species and ficus with 29 species, are particularly species-rich, apparently due to their ability to occupy numerous edaphic and ecological niches. species of these two genera are also good colonists and so better able to reach buton in the recent past than other species. the plants of the forest indicate that buton is floristically very similar to sulawesi, with at least 83% of the species found in the forest also being known from sulawesi. most of the plant families and genera present on buton are common in se asia, indicating colonisation primarily from that continent. many fewer families and genera have colonised from the australasian continent. the conservation of plant diversity is necessary for the forest to continue as a functioning ecosystem, to the benefit of the animals of the forest and also the local people. key words: buton, calam us, climate, ficus, flor istics, lambusango, soils, sulawesi. abstrak powling, a., phillips, a., pritchett, r., segar, s. t., wheeler, r. & mardiastuti, a. 2015. vegetasi hutan lambusango, buton, indonesia. reinwardtia 14(2): 265 – 286. ― hutan lambusango adalah hutan hujan tropik di pulau buton yang terletak dekat dengan sulawesi tenggara. luas hutan ini adalah 95.000 ha dengan beberapa bagian hutan yang mempunyai tingkat perlindungan konservasi yang berbeda. hutan ini berkembang pada tanah berkapur (limestone) dan non-berkapur (batupasir, konglomerat, peridotit dan rijang) sehingga tanahnya memiliki berbagai nilai ph, kadar hara dan kapasitas penahan air. daerahnya beriklim musiman, dengan musim kemarau tiga bulan dan bervariasi tinggi dari tahun ke tahun karena pengaruh el niño dan la niña. vegetasi pada tanah yang berbeda dan dalam habitat yang berbeda telah dipelajari. lebih dari 300 jenis tumbuhan yang ditemukan di hutan dan daerah sekitarnya, termasuk pohon-pohon dan semak-semak, herba, liana, epifit, tumbuhan paku dan kerabatnya. dua marga, calamus dengan 18 jenis dan ficus dengan 29 jenis, termasuk jenis yang berlimpah, tampaknya karena kemampuan mereka untuk menempati berbagai relung ekologis dan edafis. jenis dari dua marga ini juga merupakan penjelajah yang baik dan lebih mampu untuk mencapai buton pada masa lalu dibandingkan jenis lainnya. tumbuhan di hutan menunjukkan bahwa buton secara floristik sangat mirip dengan sulawesi, setidaknya 83% dari jenis yang ditemukan di daerah ini juga terdapat di sulawesi. sebagian besar tumbuhan di buton merupakan jenis umum di asia tenggara, sehingga menunjukkan kolonisasi terutama dari benua tersebut. hanya sedikit suku dan marga yang berasal dari benua australasia. konservasi keanekaragaman tumbuhan diperlukan bagi hutan untuk melanjutkan fungsi ekosistem, serta untuk kepentingan binatang dan juga masyarakat setempat. kata kunci: buton, calam us, ficus, floristik, iklim, lambusango, sulawesi, tanah. reinwardtia 266 [vol.14 introduction the biogeographic region known as wallacea includes sulawesi and its neighbouring islands, the moluccas and the lesser sunda islands. the region has always been separated by deep seawater from the continental masses of both asia and australasia, so is occupied by organisms which colonised from one or other of the continents and also by species that evolved in the region. as a result the forests of wallacea are in some ways different from those known in asia and australasia, with different communities of plants and animals (primack & corlett, 2005). wallace‟s line marks the western edge of wallacea and the westernmost limit of organisms which originated on the australasian continent. buton is an island lying close to south-east sulawesi, the biggest island in wallacea (fig. 1). lambusango forest is situated in the southern half of the island (fig. 2) between 5°s, 122.68°e and 5.5°s, 123.22°e (widayati & carlisle, 2012). the altitude of the forest ranges from sea level to about 700 m above sea level (asl), so all the area can be classified as lowland forest. the forest is seasonal evergreen rain forest with almost continuous canopy cover. it consists of many different sub-types due to the varied geology and topology of the area. some parts of the forest have steep slopes with thin soils due to karst limestone; other parts are flatter with deeper soils produced from sandstone and ultrabasic bedrock. chert ridges and volcanic rocks are very exposed, with poor and drought-prone soils. valleys and their alluvial soils are a major habitat type, formed by the rivers that flow outwards from the high ground in the centre of the forest. the forest covers 95,000 ha, of which 27,000 ha in the west of the forest is the lambusango wildlife sanctuary, an area in which no logging, rattan harvesting or hunting is officially permitted. the remaining 68,000 ha is production forest or limited production forest with less stringent conservation regulations (widayati & carlisle, 2012). the officially separate kakenauwe nature reserve, a small (810 ha) spur of forest immediately adjoining to the north, is here treated as part of the lambusango forest. surrounding the forested areas to a width of a few kilometres is a „non-forest zone‟ which has been mostly cleared and used for settlements and agriculture, although some small areas of forest still exist (widayati & carlisle, 2012). lambusango forest is the subject of an ongoing research effort led by operation wallacea and it was investigated as part of a programme financed by the world bank‟s global environment fund (purwanto, 2008). the programme ran from 2005 to 2008. it involved the study of biodiversity in lambusango forest by indonesian and british scientists, together with conservation agreements with local villagers whereby they agreed to forest conservation measures in exchange for investment in educational and business development, including ecotourism. little has been published on the vegetation of buton and this paper, part of the operation wallacea research programme, is the first general description of the vegetation of lambusango forest. research site general buton is separated from south-east sulawesi by a strait 10 km wide with depth less than 100 m. it has thus been connected by land to sulawesi at times of lower sea level during the repeated ice ages of the pleistocene epoch (voris, 2000). there are reasons to think that the climate of sulawesi was cooler and dryer during the ice ages (de deckker et al., 2003; whitten et al., 2002). such a climate fig. 1. map of buton and se sulawesi; lambusango forest is shown by the dashed line. powling et al.: vegetation of lambusango forest, buton, indonesia 2015] 267 might well have affected the nature and extent of forest on sulawesi and buton. following the declaration of conservation zones in the early 1980s, villages were moved to the periphery of the forest. areas formerly inhabited or cultivated are regenerating but clearly show evidence of their previous usage. people still exert an influence on the forest by legal and illegal logging, legal rattan harvest and hunting. some encroachment into the forest has occurred due to land being taken for settlement and conversion to agriculture (purwanto, 2008). geology and soils buton is a fragment of the australasian continent that separated from australia in the late triassic or early jurassic and accreted onto the eurasian plate in the early or middle miocene (milsom, 2000). rocks formed since the triassic consist of a variety of marine sedimentary strata, some calcareous and some non-calcareous in nature. after the middle miocene the geological history of buton is similar to that of eastern sulawesi and includes the emplacement of ophiolite during the mid to late miocene. chalks, marls and reef carbonates were deposited during the last five million years as buton subsided to bathyal depths and later rose again (milsom, 2000). as a result of this history buton has a wide variety of rock types which give rise to a range of soils. the main types of rocks are: i. limestones and other calcareous rocks of various ages from late triassic to very recent times; ii. late cenozoic sandstones and conglomerates; iii. mesozoic chert sediments that now form steep ridges; iv. ultrabasic (ultramafic) rocks of the ophiolite body including peridotites (j. milsom, pers. comm.) ultrabasic rocks have low percentages of silicates and frequently high levels of minerals that are toxic to plants. the limestones give rise to calcareous, basic soils which are often thin and free-draining, although sometimes containing appreciable clay and organic components. the sandstones and conglomerates produce acidic soils which are generally nutrient poor, whilst the ultrabasic rocks produce soils, often called ultramafic soils, with a distinctive vegetation of noticeably small stature. a minor component of the geology is chert, which forms very acidic soils with distinctive vegetation. river valleys contain alluvial deposits that can be very variable in composition, depending on which sediments are being washed into the valleys by side streams. because of the variety of soils in close proximity to each other, lambusango forest is expected to have diverse vegetation. climate buton has a seasonal climate with a dry season lasting normally from august to october, due to south easterly winds blowing from the dry continent of australia (whitten et al., 2002). annual rainfall has been measured at the coastal town of kapantori, on the north east edge of lambusango forest, for the five years from 1997 to 2001. the average figure was 1967 mm, with a highest figure of 2488 mm in 1999 and a lowest of 941 mm in 1997. the fig. 2. south-central buton showing lambusango forest. dashed line = production forest; dotted line = conservation forest (information from widayati & carlisle, 2012); open circles = sites from which the forest was surveyed. reinwardtia 268 [vol.14 year 1997 was very dry due to a developing el niño event, with no rainfall during the months of august, september and october. the higher parts of lambusango forest almost certainly receive more rainfall than kapantori, but no measurements have been made. the temperatures measured at kapantori give a mean daily maximum figure of 26.8°c, with a yearly range from 25.7°c in june to 27.7°c in october and december (ministry of agriculture, bau bau, south-east sulawesi, pers. comm.). two series of annual rainfall measurements exist for the island of tobea besar, which lies close to the north west coast of buton, together making a total of 15 years (1954-1960 and 1975-1982). these measurements give an average of 1678 mm and the site normally has its driest month in september or october (whitten et al., 2002). yearly totals for tobea besar (read from the bar chart on page 27 in whitten et al., 2002) have been compared with the yearly cumulative totals of the oceanic niño index (oni) produced by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, usa, (noaa, 2014). the cumulative totals of the oni give positive values for el niño years and negative values for la niña years. a significant inverse relationship between the oni and yearly rainfall totals was found (r = -0.641, p=0.010). since el niño and la niña conditions normally develop during the second half of the year, the cumulative oni values for just the second half were also tested for correlation with observed rainfall measurements and a closer correlation was found (r = − 0.729, p − 0.002). this confirms that in el niño years there is below average rainfall in the region and in la niña years there is above average rainfall. as noted above, 1997 was an el niño year, while heavy rainfall was experienced on buton in the augusts of 2007 and 2010, both years in which la niña conditions developed. therefore the vegetation of lambusango must be able to cope with very irregular rainfall amounts both during a year and from year to year. a yearly average rainfall of approximately 2000 mm or higher with a dry season of about three months means that lambusango forest can be classified as a seasonal rain forest. it is thus distinguished from ever-wet forests with no dry season and monsoon forests with a longer dry season (primack & corlett, 2005). materials and methods investigation of the soils and the forest was undertaken during the months of july and august in the years 2001 to 2012. soils were tested to determine their ph values and also their conductivities, low values of which indicate low levels of soluble mineral nutrients. soil samples were taken from the top 10 cm of soil, usually from near paths or transect lines running through the forest. two to five sites were sampled for each underlying rock type, with at least six samples from each site. the spacing of samples within a site varied between 30-60 m. a volume of 20 ml of loose soil was mixed with an equal volume of deionised water. a hanna combo ph and ec meter was used to make ph and conductivity measurements. analysis of variance, with tukey‟s hsd comparisons, was used to determine significant differences between the means of the measurements. analysis of variance was performed using the computer program minitab. chi-square tests were done manually. the forest was explored from sites and camps within the forest, as shown in figure 2: kakenauwe (limestones), lapago (limestones, sandstones, alluvial), anoa (sandstones, ultrabasic), bala (chert, conglomerates, alluvial), wahalaka (limestones) and wabalamba (limestones, alluvial). exploration was conducted mostly by following pre-existing paths or transect lines. the transect lines, which had different orientations in different sites, were 3 km long and ran straight through the forest, so crossed many different geological features and habitat types. specimens of canopy trees and their epiphytes were obtained by tree climbers. plant parts, mainly leaves, were either: (i) collected and pressed as herbarium specimens and then sent to herbarium bogoriense for confirmation of identification, or (ii) photographed and the photographs compared with specimens in the royal botanic gardens‟ herbarium at kew, london, for identification to species with the expert assistance of herbarium staff. information on the identities of many forest trees was obtained from the listing of lambusango trees published on the internet by widayati et al. (2008). these authors also collected specimens which were identified and stored at herbarium bogoriense, bogor. for the present work nearly all information on plant species obtained from the various sources was checked by comparison of photographs with identified specimens in kew herbarium. results and discussion soils the results of the soil tests are summarised in table 1. it was found that soils derived from calcareous rocks gave relatively high ph values (mean ph = 6.54), with high values for powling et al.: vegetation of lambusango forest, buton, indonesia 2015] 269 conductivities also. this suggests that these soils contain comparatively high levels of mineral nutrients necessary for plant growth, as might be expected from the active erosion of surface rocks creating new soil. soils in river valleys were mostly similar to calcareous soils in their ph and conductivity values, despite the mixed origins of the sediments forming them. waters from many rivers originate from or flow through areas with calcareous rocks, so it is to be expected that alluvial soils in the river valleys have some characteristics of calcareous soils. the other soils tested were derived from: noncalcareous sandstones, siltstones and conglomerates (soil mean ph = 5.08); chert (soil mean ph = 4.28); and ultrabasic rocks such as peridotites (soil mean ph = 5.03). all these soils gave ph and conductivity measurements lower than the calcareous and alluvial soils. this indicates that these soils are strongly leached and have low levels of mineral nutrients necessary for plant growth. analysis of variance using tukey‟s hsd comparisons showed that the latter three soil types are all significantly different, at the 1% level, from the calcareous and alluvial soils (table 1). it should be noted that, although the soils derived from the ultrabasic rocks have low conductivities, they may contain levels of certain mineral ions that are toxic to many plants. nickel, chromium and manganese are present at high levels in ultrabasic soils in sulawesi (whitten et al., 2002) and nickel is produced commercially on buton. vegetation of the forest forest types are divided according to the rock and soils on which they grow. two general categories of calcareous and non-calcareous (acidic) soils are discussed, but two subcategories of acidic soils, soils derived from chert and ultrabasic rocks, are sufficiently different to be described separately. other types of forest, namely riverine, coastal and regenerating secondary, are also described. two very species-rich genera, calamus and ficus are described separately. over 300 species, consisting of approximately 150 trees, 20 shrubs, over 50 climbing plants and epiphytes, 40 herbs, 40 ferns and three club mosses were found growing in the wild in lambusango forest, including areas used for human settlements and agriculture (table 2). species planted by people for food, medicine or decoration are not included. the list is not complete; many species were seen but not identified and many more must have remained unseen. soil preferences for some of the commoner tree species are shown in table 3. forest on calcareous rocks considerable areas of the forest have calcareous soils formed from limestone. the soils vary from new, formed recently from the protruding limestone; to older, with high organic content and in places regularly waterlogged at times of heavy rain. some areas have much limestone rock protruding at the surface with thin pockets of soil; this soil is clearly very dry during the dry season, due to the rapid loss of water through the underlying limestone. tree species, considered to be common based on frequency of encounter, include buchanania arborescens and b. sessilifolia, canarium asperum, dillenia serrata, elaeocarpus angustifolius, heritiera trifoliata, planchonia valida, pometia pinnata, pterocymbium javanicum, pterospermum celebicum and p. diversifolium (table 2). many species of figs (genus ficus) are present, although most are rare. among the tallest trees are bombax ceiba, tetrameles nudiflora and some strangling figs, for example f. glandifera which can be over 60 m in height. table 1. ph and conductivity measurements for soils derived from different rock types found at or near the forest sites *= limestones; **= sandstones, conglomerates; µs = micro siemens ; sd = standard deviation. a , b , c , indicate distinct statistical populations, as determined by analysis of variance using tukey‟s hsd comparison with a family error rate of p = 0.01. rock type sites samples ph conductivity (µs) n n mean sd mean sd calcareous* 5 66 6.54 a 0.61 116.2 a 46.8 alluvial 2 21 6.43 a 0.88 117.1 a 50.3 non-calcareous* 5 40 5.08 b 0.63 51.5 b 24.8 chert 2 15 4.28 b 0.71 56.7 b 30.4 ultrabasic 2 19 5.03 b 0.37 34.0 c 11.9 reinwardtia 270 [vol.14 table 2. vascular plant species recorded in lambusango forest and the surrounding area. families are grouped alphabetically within the classes listed by mabberley (2008), appendix. no. class/ family species class lycopodiopsida 1 lycopodiaceae lycopodiella cernua (l.) pic.serm huperzia phlegmaria (l.) rothm. 2 selaginaceae selaginella plana (desv. ex poir.) hieron. class psilotopsida 3 ophioglossaceae ophioglossum pendulum l. class marattiopsida 4 marattiaceae angiopteris evecta (g. forst.) hoffm. class polypodiopsida 5 aspleniaceae asplenium longissimum blume asplenium macrophyllum sw. asplenium nidus l. 6 blechnaceae stenochlaena palustris (burm.) bedd. 7 cyatheaceae cyathea cf. roroka hovenkamp cyathea cf. elmeri copel. cyathea contaminans copel. cyathea moluccana r. br. ex desv. 8 davalliaceae davallia denticulata (burm.) mett. ex kuhn 9 dennstaedtiaceae pteridium aquilinum sensu lato (l.) kuhn 10 dryopteridiaceae teratophyllum aculeatum (blume) mett. dicranopteris linearis (burm. f.) underw. 11 gleicheniaceae sticherus truncatus (willd.) nakai 12 lindsaeaceae lindsaea lucida blume 13 lomariopsidaceae nephrolepis biserrata (sw.) schott nephrolepis hirsutula (g. forst.) c.presl. 14 lygodiaceae lygodium circinnatum (burm) sw. 15 polypodiaceae drynaria quercifolia (l.) j. sm. drynaria sparsisora (desv.) t. moore microsorum membranifolium (r. br.) ching microsorum punctatum (l.) copel. phymatosorus scolopendria (burm. f.) pic.serm. pyrrosia longifolia (burm. f.) c.v.morton pyrrosia piloselloides (l.) m. g. price 16 pteridaceae acrostichum aureum l. adiantum malesianum j. ghatak pteris ensiformis burm. pteris moluccana blume pteris tripartita sw. pteris vittata l. 17 schizaceae schizaea dichotoma (l.) sm. schizaea digitata (l.) sw. 18 tectariaceae pleocnemia irregularis (c. presl.) holttum pteridrys syrmatica (willd.) c. chr. & ching powling et al.: vegetation of lambusango forest, buton, indonesia 2015] 271 table 2. vascular plant species recorded in lambusango forest and the surrounding area (continued) no. class/ family species stenosemia aurita (sw.) c. presl. tectaria crenata cav 19 thelypteridaceae cyclosorus callosus (blume) ching cyclosorus heterocarpus (blume) ching cyclosorus subpubescens (blume) ching 20 woodsiaceae diplazium sp. class cycadopsida 21 cycadaceae cycas rumphii miq. class pinopsida 22 araucariaceae agathis dammara (lamb.) rich. 23 gnetaceae gnetum gnemon l. class magnoliopsida basal angiosperms 24 annonaceae cananga odorata (lam.) hook. f. & thomson polyalthia lateriflora kurz 25 hernandiaceae hernandia ovigera l. 26 lauraceae alseodaphne borneensis gamble cinnamomum celebicum miq. litsea cordata hook.f. 27 myristicaceae myristica koordersii warb. myristica malaccensis hook. f. 28 piperaceae piper abbreviatum opiz piper amboinense c. dc. piper betle l. piper caninum blume piper cf. bantamense blume piper fragile benth. monocotyledons 29 amaryllidaceae crinum asiaticum l. 30 araceae alocasia cf. balgooyi a. hay amorphophallus sp. pothos cylindricus c. presl. pothos scandens l. rhaphidophora cf. koordersii engl. rhaphidophora korthalsii schott 31 asparagaceae dracaena angustifolia (medik.) roxb. 32 cyperaceae cyperus kyllingia endl. 33 commelinaceae commelina diffusa burm. f. 34 dioscoreaceae dioscorea cf. pyrifolia kunth dioscorea hispida dennst. 35 flagellariaceae flagellaria indica l. 36 graminae apluda mutica l. cenchrus brownii roem. & schult. reinwardtia 272 [vol.14 table 2. vascular plant species recorded in lambusango forest and the surrounding area (continued) no. class/ family species coix lacryma-jobi l. cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. dactyloctenium aegyptium (l.) willd. digitaria ciliaris (retz.) koeler eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. eragrostis tenella roem. & schult. imperata cylindrica (l.) p. beauv. oplismenus compositus (l.) p. beauv. polytrias amaura kuntze saccharum spontaneum l. setaria palmifolia stapf sorghum propinquum (kunth) hitchc. 37 marantaceae donax canniformis k. schum. 38 orchidaceae bulbophyllum flabellum-veneris (j. koenig) aver. calanthe millikenii p. j. cribb trichoglottis geminata j. j. sm. 39 palmae* areca catechu l. arenga pinnata (wurmb) merr. areca vestiaria giseke calamus koordersianus becc. calamus leiocaulis becc. ex k. heyne calamus leptostachys becc. ex k. heyne calamus macrosphaerion becc. calamus minahassae warb. ex becc. calamus mindorensis becc. calamus ornatus blume var. ornatus calamus pachystachys warb. ex becc. calamus paucijugus becc. ex k. heyne calamus pedicellatus becc. ex k. heyne calamus robinsonianus becc. calamus siphonospathus mart. var. dransfieldii baja-lapis calamus suaveolens w.j.baker & j. dransf. calamus subinermis h.wendl. ex becc. calamus symphysipus mart. calamus zollingeri becc. calamus l. spp. caryota mitis lour. corypha utan lam. daemonorops robusta warb. ex becc. hydriastele selebica (becc.) w. j. baker & loo licuala celebica miq. nypa fruticans wurmb oncosperma horridum (griff.) scheff. powling et al.: vegetation of lambusango forest, buton, indonesia 2015] 273 table 2. vascular plant species recorded in lambusango forest and the surrounding area (continued) no. class/ family species pinanga rumphiana (mart.) j. dransf. & govaerts saribus rotundifolius (lam.) blume 40 pandanaceae freycinetia cf. devriesi solms freycinetia cf. funicularis merr. pandanus cf. borneensis warb. eudicotyledons 41 acanthaceae acanthus ebracteatus vahl andrographis paniculata nees 42 achariaceae pangium edule reinw. 43 anacardiaceae buchanania arborescens blume buchanania sessilifolia blume dracontomelon dao (blanco) merr. & rolfe koordersiodendron pinnatum merr. semecarpus cf. cuneiformis blanco spondias pinnata (l. f.) kurz 44 apocynaceae alstonia macrophylla wall. alstonia scholaris (l.) r. br. var. velutina dischidia nummularia r. br. hoya diversifolia blume tabernaemontana macrocarpa jack 45 araliaceae arthrophyllum sp. 46 balanophoraceae balanophora fungosa j. r. forst. & g. forst. 47 balsaminaceae impatiens platypetala lindl. 48 burseraceae canarium asperum benth. canarium cf. balsamiferum willd. 49 calophyllaceae calophyllum inophyllum l. calophyllum soulattri burm. ex f. mull. 50 capparaceae crateva religosa g.forst. 51 casuarinaceae gymnostoma sumatranum (jungh. ex devriese) l.a.s. johnson 52 combretaceae terminalia copelandii elmer 53 compositae ageratum conyzoides l. blumea balsamifera dc. chromolaena odorata (l.) r. m. king & rob. emilia sonchifolia (l.) dc. erechtites valerianifolius (wolf) dc. erigeron sumatrensis retz. gynura procumbens merr. pluchea indica (l.) less. synedrella nodiflora gaertn. tridax procumbens l. vernonia cinerea (l.) less. 54 convolvulaceae ipomoea aquatica forssk. ipomoea hederifolia l. ipomoea pes-caprae (l.) r. br. merremia peltata merr. reinwardtia 274 [vol.14 table 2. vascular plant species recorded in lambusango forest and the surrounding area (continued) no. class/ family species 55 cucurbitaceae gymnopetalum cochinchinense kurz indomelothria w. j. de wilde & duyfjes sp. 56 datiscaceae tetrameles nudiflora r. br. 57 dilleniaceae dillenia serrata thunb. 58 ebenaceae diospyros aff. lanceifolia roxb. diospyros malabarica kostel. 59 elaeocarpaceae elaeocarpus angustifolius blume 60 euphorbiaceae cleistanthus oblongifolius (roxb.) m. a. macaranga cf. grandifolia merr. macaranga gigantea müll. arg. macaranga tanarius müll. arg. mallotus floribundus müll. arg. phyllanthus niruri l. 61 fagaceae castanopsis buruana miq. lithocarpus celebicus rehder 62 goodeniaceae scaevola sericea vahl 63 icacinaceae iodes cirrhosa turcz. phytocrene hirsuta blume 64 lamiaceae clerodendrum paniculatum l. hyptis capitata jacq. lantana camara l. premna serratifolia l. stachytarpheta jamaicensis (l.) vahl vitex cofassus reinw. ex blume vitex quinata f.n.williams 65 lecythidaceae barringtonia aff. pendula kurz barringtonia racemosa (l.) spreng. planchonia valida blume 66 leguminosae albizia lebbeck (l.) benth. clitoria ternatea l. cynometra cauliflora l. entada adans. spp. erythrina subumbrans merr. erythrina variegata l. flemingia strobilifera (l.) w.t.aiton inocarpus fagiferus (parkinson) fosberg intsia palembanica miq. mimosa pudica l. mucuna sp. mucuna pruriens (l.) dc. parkia sumatrana miq. pterocarpus indicus willd. senna alata (l.) roxb. vigna marina merr. powling et al.: vegetation of lambusango forest, buton, indonesia 2015] 275 table 2. vascular plant species recorded in lambusango forest and the surrounding area (continued) no. class/ family species 67 loganiaceae strychnos axillaris colebr. 68 lythraceae duabanga moluccana blume 69 malvaceae bombax ceiba l. grewia glabra blume heritiera littoralis aiton heritiera trifoliolata (f.muell.) kosterm. hibiscus tiliaceus l. kleinhovia hospita l. microcos paniculata l. pterocymbium javanicum r.br. pterospermum celebicum miq. pterospermum diversifolium blume sterculia longifolia vent. sterculia macrophylla vent. urena lobata l. 70 melastomataceae melastoma malabathricum l. 71 meliaceae aglaia odoratissima blume chisocheton kingii harms dysoxylum arborescens miq. xylocarpus granatum koen. 72 menispermaceae arcangelisia flava merr. pycnarrhena tumefacta miers tinospora crispa (l.) hook.f. & thomson 73 moraceae artocarpus elasticus reinw. artocarpus heterophyllus lam. ficus adenosperma miq. ficus benjamina l. ficus botryocarpa miq. ficus callophylla blume ficus caulocarpa (miq.) miq. ficus chrysolepis miq. subsp. chrysolepis ficus congesta roxb. var. menadana (miq.) corner ficus cordatula merr. ficus crassiramea (miq.) miq. subsp. crassiramea ficus disticha blume subsp. disticha ficus drupacea thunb. ficus fistulosa reinw. ex blume ficus glandifera summerh. ficus gul k.schum. & lauterb. ficus heteropleura blume ficus hispida l.f. ficus hombroniana corner var. madhucifolia ficus lawesii king ficus lepicarpa blume ficus magnoliifolia blume reinwardtia 276 [vol.14 no. class/ family species ficus microcarpa l. f. ficus nervosa roth. subsp. pubinervis (blume) c.c. berg ficus pisifera wall. ex voigt ficus prasinicarpa elmer ex c.c. berg ficus racemosa l. ficus recurva blume var. urnigera (miq.) king ficus riedelii teijsm. ex miq. ficus septica burm. f. ficus sumatrana (miq.) miq. ficus tinctoria g. forst. subsp. gibbosa (blume) corner ficus variegata blume var. sycomoroides (miq.) corner ficus variegata blume var. variegata ficus variegata blume var. viridicarpa corner ficus virens aiton 74 myrtaceae syzygium zeylanicum (l.) dc. syzygium zollingerianum (miq.) amshoff xanthostemon petiolatus (valeton) peter g. wilson 75 oleaceae chionanthus montanus blume 76 oxalidaceae averrhoa carambola l. 77 passifloraceae passiflora foetida l. 78 proteaceae macadamia hildebrandtii steenis 79 ranunculaceae naravelia laurifolia wall. ex hook. f. & thomson 80 rhizophoraceae bruguiera gymnorhiza (l.) lam. rhizophora apiculata blume rhizophora mucronata lam. sonneratia ovata backer 81 rubiaceae borreria laevicaulis ridl. hydnophytum formicarum jack hymenodictyon horsfieldii miq. ixora sp. morinda citrifolia l. myrmecodia tuberosa jack var. bullosa myrmeconauclea cf. stipulacea ridsdale nauclea orientalis (l.) l. neolamarckia cadamba (roxb.) bosser neolamarckia macrophylla (roxb.) bosser neonauclea calycina (bartl. ex dc.) merr. neonauclea cf. havilandii koord. ex ridsdale pavetta cf. montana reinw. ex blume 82 sabiaceae meliosma sumatrana (jack) walp. 83 salicaceae homalium foetidum benth. table 2. vascular plant species recorded in lambusango forest and the surrounding area (continued) powling et al.: vegetation of lambusango forest, buton, indonesia 2015] 277 table 2. vascular plant species recorded in lambusango forest and the surrounding area (continued) no. class/ family species 84 sapindaceae dimocarpus dentatus meijer ex leenh. lepisanthes cf. rubiginosa (roxb.) leenh. lepisanthes tetraphylla radlk. pometia pinnata j. r. forst. & g. forst. schleichera oleosa (lour.) oken madhuca betis (blanco) j.f.macbr. palaquium obovatum (griff.) engl. palaquium obtusifolium burck. planchonella duclitan (blanco) bakh.f. planchonella obovata (r.br.) pierre 85 solanaceae solanum ferox l. 86 thymelaeaceae phaleria capitata jack 87 ulmaceae trema orientalis blume 88 urticaceae dendrocnide oblanceolata (merr.) chew dendrocnide sinuata (blume) chew dendrocnide stimulans (l.f.) chew poikilospermum suaveolens (blume) merr. 89 vitaceae cissus sp. leea aculeata blume leea angulata korth. ex miq. tetrastigma cf. pedunculare planch. tetrastigma lanceolarium planch. small trees and shrubs commonly found in the understorey include caryota mitis, cleistanthus oblongifolius, dysoxylum arborescens, leea aculeata and l. angulata, phaleria capitata and pinanga rumphiana. where water and organic matter can accumulate a characteristic plant is a species of pandanus, possibly p. borneensis, which forms one of the tallest elements of the understorey when well grown. certain species of tree are valued for their timber by local people. the best timber comes from vitex cofassus, intsia palembanica, pterocarpus indicus and madhuca betis. other species appreciated for their timber include dracontomelon dao, homalium foetidum and various species in family sapotaceae including palaquium obovatum, planchonella duclitan and planchonella obovata. a few species are valued for specialised and ornamental uses, including pterocarpus indicus and at least one unidentified diospyros species. neolamarckia macrophylla is grown in plantations as a source of planks for fences to keep pigs out of fields. another species appreciated for a particular use is tetrameles nudiflora, which is used for dug -out canoes. root-climbing plants are common, among them two species of pothos, p. cylindricus and p. scandens, and two species of freycinetia, believed to be f. devriesii and f. funicularis. two root-climbing figs, ficus disticha subsp. disticha and f. recurva var. urnigera, are also found. rhaphidophora korthalsii is a plant of more open situations. species that can be grouped as climbers and lianas include hoya diversifolia, dioscorea hispida, flagellaria indica, arcangelisia flava and poikilospermum suaveolens. the commonest group of climbing plants is the rattans, which have been described by powling (2009). as a group these can be dominant in places where forest is regenerating but also persist at a lower density in areas of mature forest. where significant light penetrates under the normally dense canopy cover various herbaceous plant species are found. the clubmoss selaginella plana is widespread and common, while the fern lygodium circinnatum is common in places. colourful flowers are rare but include impatiens platypetala, while solanum ferox is distinctive. the root parasite balanophora fungosa is relatively common on both basic and acidic soils. r e in w a r d t ia 2 7 8 [v o l .1 4 table 3. tree species present in forest on various soils and of various types. tree species soil type or forest type calcareous riverine non-calc* ultrabasic chert coastal secondary agathis dammara × barringtonia racemosa × × buchanania arborescens × castanopsis buruana × × × dillenia serrata × × × dimocarpus dentatus × dracontomelum dao × × duabanga moluccana × heritiera trifoliate × inocarpus fagiferus × lithocarpus celebicus × macaranga gigantea × mallotus floribundus × myristica malaccensis × × neolamarckia macrophylla × × parkia sumatrana × × palaquium obovatum × × planchonia valida × × × pometia pinnata × × polyalthia lateriflora × schleichlera oleosa × syzygium zeylanicum × × × × terminalia copelandii × tetrameles nudiflora × vitex cofassus × xanthostemon petiolatus × xylocarpus granatum × * = non-calcareous powling et al.: vegetation of lambusango forest, buton, indonesia 2015] 279 grasses are all but absent from areas with substantial canopy cover, but one species found in clearings is oplismenus compositus. some conspicuous examples of plant-ant symbioses were observed. two epiphytic ant plants of the family rubiaceae were found, hydnophytum formaricum in the forest, and myrmecodia tuberosa on trees near the coast. another species in the genus rubiaceae, possibly myrmeconauclea stipulacea, also has a symbiosis with ants. this species has ants living in swollen and hollow sections of its twigs, entering and exiting through small holes. a common epiphytic ant plant on trees in more open areas and in plantations is dischidia nummularia, while a damaged specimen of a fern in the ant-sheltering genus lecanopteris was once found on the forest floor after it had fallen. these plants gain nitrogenous compounds from the excreta and dead bodies of the ants, and the ants also defend the plants against herbivores (primack & corlett, 2005). many epiphytic orchids were seen but only two were found in flower and therefore identified: trichoglottis geminata and bulbophyllum flabellum-veneris. two species of fern are very common as epiphytes; asplenium nidus grows in areas of forest with dense canopy cover, whilst drynaria sparsisora tends to occurs where the canopy is sparser, so light levels are higher and presumably the humidity lower. microsorum punctatum is also a common epiphytic fern, one that superficially resembles a. nidus. some epiphytic species have been observed growing from the „bird‟s nests‟ of a. nidus, among them the club moss huperzia phlegmaria and, once, the fern ophioglossum pendulum, but this latter species appears to be rare. stag‟s horn ferns (platycerium desv.) have not been observed on buton. common epiphytes on trunks include pyrrosia longifolia and pyrrosia piloselloides. species of the forest floor that scramble up tree trunks include stenochlaena palustris, teratophyllum aculeatum and lygodium circinatum. phymatosorus scolopendria is found growing on tree trunks but is also found on rocks which are exposed and often dry. a species of open areas that can be common in forest clearings with exposed rock and sparse soil is pteris tripartita. forest on non-calcareous, acidic, rocks a small number of tree species are very characteristic of forests on acidic soils derived from sandstone, siltstone and conglomerate rocks. castanopsis buruana is common in places and its typical form, with many suckers encircling the main trunk, is a clear marker for sandy, acidic soils. it is found at altitudes of 350 m and above. lithocarpus celebicus is found on similar soils, although at higher altitudes (500-600 m). it can be abundant in areas with sandy soil of low ph and low conductivity. other species found frequently on acidic soils include dillenia serrata and dimocarpus dentatus. some species, such as artocarpus elasticus and barringtonia racemosa, are like d. serrata in that they are able to grow on acidic soils but are also found on other soils types (table 3). only one species of conifer was found in the forest, agathis dammara (synonym a. celebica). this was a single well grown individual at about 400 m asl. an understorey palm, licuala celebica, is often found growing on acidic soils and in places can be very frequent. another palm species, oncosperma horridum, is less common. in areas of acidic, nutrient-poor soils the canopy is usually lower and thinner than on limestone soils. in these places drynaria sparsisora is the most common epiphytic fern, although asplenium nidus is still found in darker and damper places, such as river valleys. a characteristic fern of tree trunks is davallia denticulata. the forest floor in clearings caused by human activities and in other areas of high light intensity can be dominated by dicranopteris linearis, in combination with pteridium aquilinum (sensu lato) in places. indeed, the presence of d. linearis serves as a good indicator that the soil is acidic. steep slopes with unstable soil can be covered with sticherus truncatus. a species of lindsaea, probably l. lucida, occurs on ground with little cover, often in the shelter of exposed tree roots. other forest floor species on thin acidic soils include lycopodiella cernua, schizaea digitata and s. dichotoma, whilst on deeper soils pleocnemia irregularis occurs. two species of tree fern were found at altitudes varying between 400 to 600 m asl., cyathea contaminans and a species with affinities to c. roroka. in the west of the forest are steep slopes of exposed igneous rock (j. milsom, pers. comm) with pockets of thin soil. vegetation is sparse on these slopes but one tree species is dominant in very exposed places, gymnostoma sumatrana, where it forms apparently permanent stands. this species gives a completely different, more open, character to the forest. the palm hydriastele selebica grows in more sheltered places on these slopes, while the rattan calamus koordersianus grows widely, including on rocky, exposed terrain. reinwardtia 280 [vol.14 forest on chert ridges in the east of the forest are some ridges formed from chert (j. milsom, pers. comm.). these can have steeply sloped or horizontal crests, but always have thin soils which are very acidic (table 1) and must be very drought prone. they have characteristic vegetation made up of a limited number of species, in some ways analogous to heath forest in other parts of se asia. very common on the higher parts of the steep ridges and on the horizontal crests are syzygium zeylanicum, a small tree with small, hard leaves and characteristic red, flaking bark; and the palm hydriastele selebica. lower down on these ridges, where there is more moisture in the soils, are found two other palms, areca vestiaria and licuala celebica, although these two species are widespread on acidic soils and not confined to chert ridge habitats. on the crests of horizontal ridges are very large specimens of xanthostemon petiolatus, which must be able to get their roots into lower levels of the rocks where there is sufficient water. these large trees produce valuable timber but their remote locations save them from felling, due to the difficulty of carrying the timber out of the forest. the small tree fern cyathea moluccana is common on the very exposed crests of these ridges, where the soil is evidently thin and fast drying. lycopodiella cernua and schizaea dichotoma are also found on the ridges. forest on ultrabasic (ultramafic) soils forest on ultrabasic soil is made up of small trees, their growth restricted by the general lack of mineral nutrients and the presence of elements which inhibit plant growth, such as nickel. identifying tree species in these forests presents problems, due to the stunted growth. there is also the possibility that some plants present, having evolved to grow on ultrabasic soils, might be better considered as new species. among the restricted range of tree species present are some also able to grow on the nutrientpoor sandstone soils, such as castanopsis buruana and syzygium zeylanicum. some other species present are also found on calcareous soils, for example syzygium zollingerianum and a species in the family rubiaceae believed to be neonauclea calycina. another species present that is very widespread on different soil types is dillenia serrata. the palm saribus rotundifolius is found here but not restricted to such areas. a species of tree fern, probably cyathea elmeri, appeared to be limited to ultrabasic soils, while lycopodiella cernua and a species of nephrolepis, possibly n. biserrata, are common in places. river valleys river valleys can be divided into two general types: steep-sided valleys with densely vegetated alluvial soils which must sometimes flood; and more open valleys with larger rivers which have areas of incompletely vegetated stone and gravel deposits. these two types of valley have differing plant species and will be treated separately. due to the abundance of calcium carbonate containing rocks, water in rivers is often alkaline (ph > 7.0) even if the rocks in the area it is flowing through are acidic in nature. this is shown by the presence of tufa (calcium carbonate) dams on the river bed. steep sided river valleys contain some of the tallest trees in the forest. these include terminalia copelandii, which grows with its roots in the river water, and parkia sumatrana, growing on more acidic alluvial soils in regions of sandstone and conglomerate rocks. many species are common on river alluvium, but not confined to it. these include barringtonia racemosa, calophyllum soulattri, crateva religiosa, hernandia ovigera, macaranga gigantea, myristica malaccensis, oncosperma horridum, pangium edule and pometia pinnata. valleys with dense canopy cover are also the habitat of large lianas of the genus entada, and the epiphytic fern asplenium nidus is common as well. river valleys and areas of wet soil can have large patches of ground covered by donax canniformis, and a species of alocasia, thought to be a. balgooyi, also occurs in such habitats. some flowering plants of the ground orchid calanthe millikenii were seen in 2008, but not in other years. among the many ferns found in valleys angiopteris evecta occurs rarely on the sides of deep river valleys, whereas aspidium crenatus occurs on flatter alluvial areas. tectaria crenata grows as a rheophyte on the rocky beds of rivers, where it is frequently inundated but sometimes common. the gravel and boulder banks of faster flowing rivers in open valleys form an unstable substrate for plant growth, so it is to be expected that many species found are pioneers in the ecological sense. many probably need the open, disturbed habitat rather than the river water. small trees that can establish near the river edge include duabanga moluccana and microcos paniculata, whilst terminalia copelandi and macaranga gigantea are found in more stable areas. smaller plants include mucuna pruriens and flemingia strobilifera. powling et al.: vegetation of lambusango forest, buton, indonesia 2015] 281 the grass saccharum spontaneum forms large clumps and is probably one of the first species to colonise bare shingle and gravel. the fern pteris moluccana is also found in this habitat. open, stony river valleys are possibly the only natural habitat in the forest that has been colonised by non -native plants brought to buton by people. species of this type which are present include lantana camara, senna alata and chromolaena odorata. these are colonising species that benefit from the high light levels and lack of established competition. mangroves and coastal forest the main species of mangrove include bruguiera gymnorhiza, rhizophora apiculata, r. mucronata and sonneratia ovata. behind the mangroves and the nypa fruticans, in the forest surrounding tidal creeks, tree species include inocarpus fagifer, schleichera oleosa and xylocarpus granatum. also present is heritiera littoralis, a species which, perhaps surprisingly given the size of its fruits, occurs in nearby forest on limestone about 100-200 m asl. the fern acrostichum aureum grows in brackish water and the epiphytic ant-plant myrmecodia tuberosa was found in trees, both just behind beaches. dry, sandy ground can be covered by ipomoea pes-caprae and vigna marina. no clear examples of the „barringtonia‟ or the „pes caprae‟ formations (whitten et al., 2002) were found. this was probably due to few coastal areas being investigated and also because those coastal areas that were accessed had been extensively altered by people. individual species characteristic of the formations were found, however, and examples most probably exist around the lambusango forest. the „pes caprae’ formation is found on the nearby island of hoga in the wakatobi peninsula, off the south east coast of buton. cleared areas and secondary forests around the edge of lambusango forest ground has been cleared at various times for plantations and arable fields. many are still in use but some have been abandoned and are in various stages of reversion to forest. within the continuous forest are many areas where habitations were abandoned in the late 1970s and early 1980s and which are now regenerating and can be classified as secondary forest. the road running around edge of the forest actually passes through dense forest between the north of lambusango and the smaller kakenauwe reserve. various plants of secondary forests grow on these verges, many of which have been introduced from other places in the tropics, mainly herbaceous plants (“weeds”), including many of the members of the families graminae and compositae listed in table 2. imperata cylindrica is a common grass of open, man-made habitats. ipomoea aquatica grows in wetter areas, whilst ipomoea pes-caprae can appear in more ruderal, human-dominated habitats. two species of fern can be common and even dominant on cleared and steep soils, particularly the sides of road cuttings: nephrolepis hirsutula and cyclosorus callosus. plants of a mid stage of succession in fields include blumea balsamifera, while cleared areas in full sun are often dominated by the introduced species lantana camara and eupatorium odoratum. these species normally cover ground densely and must retard the progress of succession back to forest. small trees of regenerating habitats include species of macaranga and mallotus, with neolamarckia macrophylla and other members of the family rubiaceae soon appearing as well. no examples of deliberate forest regeneration for nature conservation are known, but some small -scale plantations of trees, mainly tectona grandis, gmelina arborea and vitex cofassus, have been started for timber production on abandoned farm land. two species-rich genera: calamus and ficus table 2 shows that more species were found in the genera calamus (16 identified species, also at least two unidentified species) and ficus (29 identified species) than in other genera. palms, including calamus, have been covered in a separate publication (powling, 2009). nineteen species of rattan have been found in lambusango forest and at least two more (one being korthalsia celebica) have been found in northern buton. a reason for the co-existence of many calamus species is that different species have adapted to different soil types (table 4); so they occupy many different ecological niches, reducing the competition between them. some are colonising species adapted to the high light levels in areas cleared and abandoned by humans. such species include c. zollingeri and c. ornatus. other species are better able to persist in places with dense tree cover, where the lack of light prevents fast-growing pioneer species dominating, for example c. mindorensis and c. leptostachys among many others. the most common genus is ficus, the figs. species of fig were found in a wide variety of reinwardtia 282 [vol.14 habitats, including mature forest, secondary forest, roadsides, riversides and abandoned fields. a range of growth forms are present: free-standing canopy trees (8 species), small trees or shrubs (5 species), hemi-epiphytes (i.e. strangler figs, 14 species) and root-climbers (2 species). position of syconia varied in the different species, from among the foliage (ramiflorus), to on the trunks (cauliflorous) and in the ground (geocarpic). in all, 29 species were recorded in lambusango forest and its environs (roadsides and areas associated with farming). in addition, two further species were found on the nearby coral island of hoga (ficus hombroniana and f. prasinicarpa) and another species (f. lepicarpa) was found in forest in northern buton near ereke. these three species may also be present in lambusango. it is probable that other fig species occur in lambusango which were not recorded. in particular, root climbing epiphytes were probably under-recorded due to the limited amount of canopy surveying done during this work. fig species were particularly diverse in areas with calcareous soils, presumably due to these soils providing relatively high levels of mineral nutrients. it is known that figs grow best on fertile soils, since their high assimilation rates and production of latex to protect against herbivores require such soils (harrison, 2005). another factor relevant to the high diversity of fig species is the reluctance, for cultural reasons, of local people to cut down fig trees (n. priston, pers. comm.). reasons for such reluctance are discussed by berg and corner (2005). the different subgenera of ficus were not equally represented in the species found. table 5 shows the subgenera recognised by berg and corner (2005) and their breeding system (monoecious or dioecious). also shown are the numbers of species in the subgenera identified in lambusango, the numbers of species known from sulawesi (berg & corner, 2005) and the proportion of lambusango species as a percentage of sulawesi species. the percentage figures vary considerably between subgenera, from 0% for subgenus ficus to 67% for subgenus urostigma. although the totals for the numbers of lambusango species with the different breeding systems are similar, the percentage of monoecious species (58%) is considerably higher than the percentage of dioecious (26%). if the ficus species found in northern buton and the two found on hoga (referred to earlier) together with the three separate varieties of f. variegata are included in the analysis the percentages show a similar discrepancy (65% for monoecious and 32% for dioecious). however, the difference in the proportions of the two breeding types present in lambusango relative to the numbers in sulawesi is barely statistically significant (goodness-of-fit chi-square test with yates correction factor, degrees of freedom = 1, p = 0.050). little of biological significance can be assumed from this statistical result since the addition of one more dioecious species would have given a non-significant probability value. the apparent lack of dioecious species in tree species soil type calcareous non-calc* ultrabasic chert areca vestiaria × × calamus koordersianus × × × calamus leptostachys × × calamus macrosphaerion × calamus minahassae × × × calamus mindorensis × × calamus ornatus × × × calamus pedicellatus × × × calamus siphonospathus × × calamus suaveolens × calamus subinermis × × calamus symphysipus × × calamus zollingeri × × × caryota mitis × × × hydriastele selebica × × oncosperma horridum × pinanga rumphiana × × × saribus rotundifolius × × * = non-calcareous table 4. palm species present in forest on various soil types. powling et al.: vegetation of lambusango forest, buton, indonesia 2015] 283 lambusango may be a result of not finding all the root climbers in the subgenus synoecia, due to lack of work in the canopy. alternatively, the apparent excess of monoecious species can be attributed to the high proportion of species in subgenus urostigma that are present. this might result from some aspect of their biology other than monoecy, such as the relatively small sizes of their syconia making them easily taken by flying animals which then disperse the seeds. discussion many plants of lambusango forest belong to pan-tropical families, including annonaceae, euphorbiaceae, leguminosae, meliaceae, moraceae, myristicaceae, palmae, rubiaceae and sapotaceae. these families are characteristic of se asian forests (primack & corlett, 2005). genera and species of these families found to the east of wallace‟s line are considered to have mostly or entirely colonised from the west (primack & corlett, 2005). the predominance of asian families and genera is due to plants of these taxa being able to successfully colonise wallacea across the relatively narrow water gaps from asia and between the islands−tens of km, at least at times of low sea levels during the pleistocene ice ages. another possible reason for the predominance has been suggested by morley (2003), namely that the south western arm of sulawesi was attached to borneo in the middle miocene before moving to its present position. flora on the arm would then have been able to colonise eastwards without having to cross wallace‟s line. a few genera are considered to have colonised from the australasian continent after it started to collide with the philippine plate at the oligocenemiocene boundary (morley, 2003), e.g. agathis in araucariaceae, gymnostoma in casuarinaceae, macadamia in proteaceae and xanthostemon in myrtaceae. these genera are all represented by one species only. the australasian continent, having moved northwards through temperate latitudes, did not have as many plant species adapted to tropical climates as asia and therefore able to colonise lowland rain forests in wallacea and compete with the asian taxa (primack & corlett, 2005). lambusango forest differs from typical se asian forests in the apparently complete lack of species of the family dipterocarpaceae. this is due to two factors: the low number (six) of dipterocarp species that are present on sulawesi (keßler et al., 2002) and the seasonal climate of buton, which would be unsuitable for the many dipterocarp species that have evolved for ever-wet climates. of the woody species identified, 174 were checked against the compilation of trees known on the island of sulawesi published by keßler et al. (2002). this showed that 73% of the lambusango species are also known to occur on sulawesi. however, if the known distributions given for calamus by powling (2009) and for ficus by berg and corner (2005) are used instead, then the figure becomes 83% of a total number of 176 species checked. this indicates that buton can be considered to be a part of sulawesi floristically, as might be expected given the close proximity and the land connection during the quaternary ice ages. various factors influence the diversity of plants in lambusango. diversity is increased by the variable topology, with its flat areas, steep slopes, ridges and deep river valleys. these features produce many different habitats and microhabitats for plants to occupy. many soil types are present, with their varying ph values, levels of mineral nutrients and water contents during the year, allowing species with different edaphic requirements to grow. widayati and carlisle subgenus breeding system* buton species sulawesi species* percentage ficus dioecious 0 9 0 pharmacosycea monoecious 2 7 29 sycidium dioecious 5 22 23 sycomorus monoecious 1 1 100 sycomorus dioecious 7 16 44 synoecia dioecious 2 6 33 urostigma monoecious 12 18 67 totals monoecious 15 26 58 dioecious 14 53 26 *information from berg & corner (2005) table 5. analysis of ficus subgenera present on buton and sulawesi by breeding system. reinwardtia 284 [vol.14 (2012) showed that tree species diversity in lambusango increases with slope gradient and altitude, probably because of lower disturbance by humans in higher and steeper places, although steep gradients might also increase the variety of habitats available to trees. the work of widayati and carlisle (2012) indicated that soil chemical composition has little effect on tree diversity. the present work made no quantitative comparisons of overall diversity on different soil types, but it was observed that figs were very diverse on calcareous soils. the work showed that some dicotyledonous tree species and some palms (tables 3 & 4) are restricted to certain soil types whilst others are able to grow on a wide range of soils. it is possible that some of the widespread species have different physiological races which are able to grow on different soil types. the short dry season on buton prevents the growth of some species that require an ever-wet climate, e.g. some dipterocarp species. it must also restrict the number of species adapted to a longer dry season. however, the thin, dry soils in parts of lambusango do permit the existence of some species adapted to a dryer climate, e.g. alstonia angustifolia, buchanania arborescens and cananga odorata, which are characteristic of forests with drier, more seasonal climates than experienced by buton (whitten et al., 2002). another factor acting to decrease species diversity on buton is relative isolation, it being an island off the coast of an island. it is possible that sulawesi and buton have experienced repeated loss of diversity during the succession of ice ages over the past two million years, when the climate became colder and dryer (whitten et al., 2002; de deckker et al., 2003), leaving few refugia for tropical lowland rainforest species. local extinctions of species may have occurred but recolonisation not subsequently happened. some families and genera may be better able to colonise or recolonise than others, which could account for some genera being much richer in species than others. the two species-rich genera may be examples: calamus (palmae) with 18 species and ficus (moraceae) with 29 species (table 2). both genera are known to be very species-rich in se asia (dransfield et al., 2008; berg & corner, 2005), and their fruits are eaten by frugivorous birds (pigeons, hornbills, etc.) and fruitbats (corlett, 1998; shanahan et al., 2001; zona & henderson, 1989) capable of flying across the sea from sulawesi to buton, carrying seeds in their guts. species of other genera might be less likely to colonise due to their fruits being less attractive to birds, on account of colour, nutritional value or size. however, it could be that other genera are more species rich than shown in table 2, but their species were under-recorded because they received less attention. possible examples include elaeocarpus, macaranga and syzygium, which are known to be diverse in borneo and sulawesi (de kok & utteridge, 2010; keßler et al., 2002). only one species of conifer was found in the forest, agathis dammara (syn. a. celebica). this was a single well grown individual at about 400 m asl. species such as a. dammara, lithocarpus celebicus and castanopsis buruana occur at altitudes of 400 m to 600 m in lambusango, although these species are normally components of the lower montane rain forest, which is considered to have a lower altitudinal limit of 1200–1500 m (whitten et al., 2002). however, on isolated, small mountains the lower limit is 700–900 m (grubb, 1971). the reduced heights of vegetation zones on outlying mountains, compared with main ranges, is known as the „massenerhebung‟ effect, and the low altitudes of the three species mentioned may be an example of this effect. however, it has been reported that a. dammara occurs naturally at low altitudes in central sulawesi, but only at higher altitudes on the peninsulas (whitten et al., 2002), which is contrary to expectations if the massenerhebung effect applies. clearly more information on the distribution of a. dammara is needed. many alien species flourish in and near the settlements surrounding the forest but few have colonised the intact forest. as noted above, some are able to colonise unstable shingles in open river valleys, but not invade the continuous forest. an introduced species that has become naturalised in the forest is areca catechu, which persists at the sites of deserted settlements. other non-native species which show some encroachment on the forest edges are muntingia calabura and psidium guajava, although there is little sign that they can naturalise in the continuous forest. overall there are very few introduced species in the forest, despite the presence of many animals capable of transporting seeds, such as fruit bats, monkeys and pigs, which feed in cultivated land but spend much of their time in the forest. the continuous canopy cover in the forest results in low levels of light on the forest floor and it seems probable that competition for light prevents crop and weed species from establishing. it is noticeable that the three species mentioned above are plants of the forest understorey, so adapted to the lack of light powling et al.: vegetation of lambusango forest, buton, indonesia 2015] 285 beneath a forest canopy. the genus ficus, the figs, was found to be the most species-rich of the plant genera on buton. this high diversity is not a local phenomenon. there are about 735 fig species worldwide and 367 species in malesia (berg & corner, 2005). harrison (2005) has observed that ficus is the most diverse genus in plant lists for many sites in the indo-pacific and african regions. his explanation is that the figs display evolutionary flexibility and morphological diversity, and have speciated to occupy many different ecological niches, some of which are rare. as a result figs can have a diversity of species in a small forest area, since they do not compete with each other. the variety of growth forms and morphologies of the figs on buton suggests they do indeed occupy a variety of ecological niches. as noted before, fig seeds are efficiently dispersed over long distances by birds and bats. a result of this is that a small forest area such as lambusango might contain a large proportion of the fig species found in a much larger neighbouring area, in this case sulawesi. in the present work this was found to be the case, with 29 species out of a sulawesi total of 78 (berg & corner, 2005), that is 37%, found in lambusango. twelve species in the subgenus of urostigma were present (67% of the sulawesi total), suggesting species in this subgenus are particularly good colonisers. in addition, species in this subgenus are strangler figs, which must be able to survive dry conditions when they first germinate in the canopy of a host tree. this ability may allow them to survive the seasonally dry conditions in some of the soils of lambusango. figs are pollinated by fig wasps which are often, but not always, species specific. this is a very effective mechanism which combines the advantages of wind pollination, since the wasps can be carried long distances by winds above the canopy, with the ability of insects to find rare individuals of a plant species, by responding to volatile chemicals released by the plant (cook & rasplus, 2003). due to this mechanism pollen is not limited in most fig species in most environments and species are able to persist at low densities of individuals. as a result some figs are able to occupy rare ecological niches which have low competition due to limited recruitment opportunities (harrison, 2005). lambusango forest persists as a functioning forest ecosystem, with a degree of conservation protection. from an ecological point of view the forest needs to maintain a certain level of intactness to function successfully as an ecosystem. if forest is lost due to human activities then ecological interactions will start to break down. if hornbills and pigeons were lost then rattan fruit would not be successfully dispersed and there would be less rattan for the local men to harvest. hunting of animals and birds would result in less fig seed being dispersed and fig populations decreasing, with fewer figs for other forest animals. indeed, figs have been shown to be „keystone‟ species for the forest since so many animals rely on them as a source of food throughout the year (kinnaird et al., 1999), so loss of figs would cause many further detrimental changes. the forest edge is under direct threat from human activities, such as encroachment by settlements and loss of peripheral areas to agriculture (purwanto, 2008), but all the forest is affected to a greater or lesser extent by human actions, since access to the forest is very easy from the communities around the forest edge. rattan canes are extensively collected by local men (powling 2009; widayati et al. 2010). certain tree species, of which the most sought is vitex cofassus, are felled for their timber. this is much in demand for local house and boat building, among other uses. at least one unidentified species of diospyros, ebony, is taken (often illegally) because of the commercial value of the wood. it might be that agathis dammara was once more common but has been extensively logged in the past. local people living on the periphery understand the importance of maintaining the forest as a reliable source of water for the rice padi fields on the flood plains of rivers leaving the forest. they also appreciate the forest as a source of rattan cane and honey, the two main non timber forest products. ecotourism is presently bringing money to the people living near the forest. their co-operation will be needed if the forest is to survive. acknowledgements we thank operation wallacea for funding and logistics. we also thank bksda south-east sulawesi for giving us permission to work in the lambusango wildlife sanctuary and the kakenauwe nature reserve. this work was done under a research permit issued by the indonesian institute of sciences (lipi). sahimu, tarahu, kuseh, imu and mesilili, men of labundo-bundo village, were essential guides in the forest. we thank the following people who have helped us with this work: nenni babo, w.j. baker, d. blakesley, tharada reinwardtia 286 [vol.14 blakesley, marie briggs, eric clement, j. dransfield, christopher fraser-jenkins, stuart frost, graeme gillespie, grant harris, aelys humphreys, rogier de kok, rio kornel, john milsom, j.p. mogea, patricia moss, titien ng. praptosuwiryo, jean-yves rasplus, alison richardson, h. rustiami, a. schuiteman, d. seymour, steve sudworth, vicky tough, t. utteridge, the late trevor walker and paul wilkin. references berg, c. c. & corner, e. j. h. 2005. flora malesiana series 1 (seed plants) .17(2). 733 p. cook, j. m. & rasplus, j. y. 2003. mutualists with attitude: coevolving fig wasps and figs. trends in ecology and evolution 18: 241‒248. corlett, r. t. 1998. frugivory and seed dispersal by vertebrates in the oriental (indomalayan) region. biological reviews 73: 413‒448. de deckker, p., tapper, n. j. & van der kaars, s. 2003. the status of the indo-pacific warm pool and adjacent land at the last glacial maximum. global & planetary change 35: 25‒35. de kok, r. p. j. & utteridge, t. m. a. 2010. a field guide to the plants of east sabah. richmond, kew publishing. dransfield, j., uhl, n. w., asmussenlange, c. b., baker, w. j., harley, m. h. & lewis, c. e. 2008. genera palmarum. richmond, kew publishing. grubb, p. j. 1971. interpretation of the „massenerhebung‟ effect on tropical mountains. nature 229: 44‒45. harrison, r. d. 2005. figs and the diversity of tropical rainforests. bioscience 55(12): 1053‒1064. keßler, p. j. a., bos, m. m., sierra daza, s. e. c., kop, a., willemse, l. p. m., pitopang, r. & gradstein, s. r. 2002. checklist of woody plants of sulawesi, indonesia. blumea supplement 14: 1‒160. kinnaird, m. f., o‟brien, t. g. & suryadi, s. 1999. the importance of figs to sulawesi‟s imperilled wildlife. tropical biodiversity 6: 5‒18. mabberley, d. j. 2008. mabberley’s plant book (3 rd ed.). cambridge, cambridge university press. milsom, j. 2000. stratigraphic constraints on suture models for eastern indonesia. journal of asian earth sciences 18: 761‒779. morley, r. j. 2003. interplate dispersal paths for megathermal angiosperms. perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics 6: 5‒20. national oceanic and atmospheric adm i n i s t r a t i o n ( u s a ) 2 0 1 4 . h t t p : / / www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitor ing/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml powling, a. 2009. the palms of buton, indonesia, an island in wallacea. palms 52: 84‒91. primack, r. & corlett, r. 2005. tropical rain forests. oxford, blackwell publishing. purwanto, e. 2008. lambusango forest conservation project (lfcp), southeast sulawesi, indonesia – final report (december 2008). bau bau lfcp. shanahan, m., harrison, r. d., yamuna, r., boen, w. & thornton, i. w. b. 2001. colonization of an island volcano, long island, papua new guinea, and an emergent island, motmot, in its caldera lake. v. colonization by figs (ficus spp.), their dispersers and pollinators. journal of bio-geography 28: 1365‒1377. voris, h. k. 2000. maps of pleistocene sea levels in southeast asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations. journal of biogeography 27: 1153‒1167. whitten, t., henderson, g. s. & mustafa, m. 2002. the ecology of sulawesi. hong kong, periplus editions (hk) ltd. widayati, a., jones, s. & carlisle, b. 2010. accessibility factors and conservation forest designation affecting rattan cane harvesting in lambusango forest, buton, indonesia. human ecology 38: 731‒746. widayati, a. & carlisle, b. 2012. impacts of rattan cane harvesting on vegetation structure and tree diversity of conservation forest in buton, indonesia. forest ecology and management 266: 206‒215. widayati, a., carlisle, b., & soedradjat 2008. trees of lambusango forest (tolf). http:// www.numyspace.co.uk/~unn_szbc1/butontrees/ butontrees.html zona, s. & henderson, a. 1989. a review of animal-mediated seed dispersal of palms. selbyana 11: 6‒21. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act 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description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1671-3290-1-sm_1-1 1671-3290-1-sm_2-2 1671-3290-1-sm_3-3 1671-3290-1-sm_4-4 1671-3290-1-sm_5-5 1671-3290-1-sm_6-6 1671-3290-1-sm_7-7 1671-3290-1-sm_8-8 1671-3290-1-sm_9-9 1671-3290-1-sm_10-10 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_26-26 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_27-27 reiwandtia part 2 rev email_28-28 1671-3290-1-sm_11-11 1671-3290-1-sm_12-12 1671-3290-1-sm_13-13 1671-3290-1-sm_14-14 1671-3290-1-sm_15-15 1671-3290-1-sm_16-16 1671-3290-1-sm_17-17 1671-3290-1-sm_18-18 1671-3290-1-sm_19-19 1671-3290-1-sm_20-20 1671-3290-1-sm_21-21 1671-3290-1-sm_22-22 1671-3290-1-sm_23-23 1671-3290-1-sm_24-24 1671-3290-1-sm_25-25 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 4, p.p. 415-417 (i960) basiloxylon k. schumann and pterygota endl. (stercul.) * a. j. g. h. kostermans ** in martius, fl. brasil. 12 (3): 12. 1886 (in observ.) k. schumann described a specimen (peckolt 628) collected in cantagallo (rio de janeiro), conserved in the brussels herbarium and marked by martius sterculia rex (after the local name pao del rey); he suggested to name it basiloxylon rex, if it should prove to be new; the name is consequently not valid under the rules, but it was validated by schumann in the same year (in berichte deutsche bot. gesellsch. 4: 82, t. 3. 1886). the latter description was based partly on the specimen glaziou 10310. it is peculiar, that he omitted to compare his new genus with pterygota. in engler and prantl, nat. pflanzenfam. 3 (6): 98. 1895, schumann had apparently discovered the earlier description of the species under pterygota brasiliensis allemao (in trab. comm. sci. explor. bot. 1: 7. 1862); he referred the species to basiloxylon, but did not mention his former species b. rex, although he cited the local name: king's wood. none of the characters, stressed by schumann to separate basiloxylon from pterygota holds true; the number of carpels is variable, even in the same individual of pterygota; parallel and irregularly placed anthers are found in pterygota, this character is on the specific level; the character of the thickness of the wing is even on the specific level rather dubious. recently i received material of a tree, grown in the botanical garden in rio de janeiro assumed to represent pt. brasiliensis (constantine, herb j. botan. no. 18106), which actually is pterygota alata r. br., a species from india. i saw the same species grown in the garden of the agricultural experimental station of santiago de las vegas in cuba. the leaves of pt. alata and pt. brasiliensis show a striking simillarity, but pt. brasiliensis has a kind of sacs between the bases of the main nerves near the petiole insertion on the lower leaf surface; these are absent in pt. alata. the flowers of pt. brasiliensis are smaller than those of pt. alata and their indumentum is less "woolly". * the bulk of this paper could be completed during a study tour, sponsored by the ford foundation, djakarta in 1959. i herewith repeat my expression of gratitude to the ford foundation, djakarta. ** d. s c ; forest research institute, bogor; collaborator herbarium bogoriense, bogor. — 415 — 4 1 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 lasser (in bolet. soc. venezolana sci. nat. 15 (81): 114. 1954) mentioned a fruit of pterygota, collected in venezuela. this might represent a new species, but the possibility that it is pt. brasiliensis should by no means be excluded. in central america a species was discovered (standley and williams in ceiba 3: 30. 1952), which was named basiloxylon excelsum, of which only the fruit are known. the leaves are similar to those of pterygota brasiliensis; they show some scattered stellate hairs near the base of the lower leafsurface; these occur also in the specimen: glaziou 10310 of pt. brasiliensis. for the time being, i prefer to keep it separate from pt. brasiliensis as pterygota excelsa (standley & williams) kostermans, comb. nov. (basionym: basiloxylon excelsum standley and williams), although i have the feeling that it is conspecific with pt. brasiliensis. in his flora of panama (in fieldiana, bot. 24: 404. 1949), standley already suggested the possibility that basiloxylon should be referred to pterygota. the author mentioned, beside of the type specimen, two photographs of a leaf and fruit, attained from morales, dept. izabal, guatemala by r. w. hess and fruit and leaves from las quebradas. the vernacular name in brasil is pao del rey or farinha secca; in guatemala: papo de vieeja. a species with very distinct leaves is pterygota colombiana quatrecasas (in rev. acad. colomb., bogota 8: 485. 1952), which that author placed rightly in pterygota. : . material examined. pterygota brasiliensis allemao. b r a z i l . rio de janeiro, cantagallo, buds, peckolt 628 (br); larangeiras, cantagallo, oct., ster., glaziou 1584.0 (bo, br, c, gh) et 12454 (c); minas, rio manso, febr., fl., glaziou 10310 (c, p ) ; fazenda de cachaeira, tombos, july, fl., barreto 1556 — h.r.j. 13725 et fr, barreto 1556 — h.r.j. 13734 (f); pernambuco, tanera, sept., fl., picket 2763 (us). pterygotu excelsa (st. & will.) kosterm. h o n d u r a s . locality not indicated, may, ster., whitford, stadtviiller & francis s.n. (yu); c o s t a r i c a . prov. puntarenas, golfito de golfo dulce, march, fr., allen 5984 (f,na,uc). ' pterygota brasiliemis allemao — after picket 2763 (us); smithsonian institution negative n. 45550. img565_page_1 img565_page_2 img565_page_3 volume 4 december 1956 part i reinwardtia being a continuation of t h e bulletin du jardin botanique de buitenzorg (bulletin of the botanic gardens, buitenzorg) editors a n w a r i dilmy (herbarium bogoriense) and c. g. g. }. van steenis (flora malesiana) published by herbarium bogoriense kebun raya indonesia reinwardtia vol.4, part 1, pp. 1-118, bogor, december 1956 74 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 mainly based on material from the indian peninsula, which represents c. rosayroana. wight had, however, at least one ceylonese specimen of c. ceylanica (thwaites 734) before him. wight changed (illegitimatedly according to modern rules) gardner's name durio ceylanicus into cullenia excelsa, but it is beyond doubt that he intended to give only some corrections and emendations to gardner's description (which he cited frequently). moreover wight had before him two different species. the binomial cullenia excelsa consequently should be considered a mere synonym of durio ceylanicus. as in malaysian species of durio, it is extremely difficult to differentiate species by their leaves, because of their variability in texture, shape and size. the only reliable characters are as a rule found in the fruit. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 1, pp. 75-87 (1956) florae malesianae praecursores xii some notes on the genus dichapetalum (dichapetalaceae) in asia, australia, and melanesia p. w. leenhouts* summary some general notes are given on the morphology of the inflorescences and flowers in the genus dichapetalum and on the nomenclature of the generic name dichapetalum. an attempt has been made to revise the c. 40 species described in it from the indo-australian area. it appeared necessary to reduce a large number of specific names to synonymy. in the present paper 16 species have been recognized among which 4 are new. besides, a number of infraspecific taxa have been distinguished. pentastira ridley, referred to the icacinaeeae, has been reduced to dichapetalum. a census is given of indo-australian species including one extra-malaysian one, 16. d. vitiense. introduction up till the present about 40 species had been described in dichapetalum from se.asia, malaysia, australia, and melanesia. though in africa, where the genus possesses its greatest development, many revisional papers have been devoted to its taxonomy, no revision has hitherto been envisaged to frame for the indo-australian representatives. during my attempt in preparing a revision for the flora malesiana i have given attention to some morphological features of the inflorescence and flowers and to the nomenclature of the generic name. these notes are followed by a census of the species. it has appeared that the number of taxa deserving specific rank is very much less than those proposed by random description. this is in accordance with hauman's experience with the african species of which he finds specific delimitation generally too narrowly drawn (cf. bull. jard. bot. brux. 25: 339. 1955). a few species, notably d. timoriense and d. gelonioides, are exceedingly variable, specially in vegetative characters, with no possibility to draw specific demarcations in the population. *) flora malesiana foundation, leyden. — 75 — 70 r e i n w a r d t t a [vol. 4 four new species and a number of new infraspecific taxa have been distinguished. morphological notes and nomenclature morphology.—1. i n f l o r e s c e n c e s . among the species treated here three main types of inflorescences can be distinguished, though the boundaries between them are not very sharp. these types are: (1) the inflorescences of some species, especially d. timoriense and d. papuanum seem at first sight to be genuinely dichotomously branched, at least in the lower bifurcations. there is no trace of a median flower in the lower forks which are only provided with one transversal bract (comparable with the 'angular leaves' in the dichotomous branchings in selaginella, cf. h. j. lam, act. biotheor. 8: 119. 1948). the upper part of the inflorescence, however, seems to be dichasial or monochasial and in the south american d. pedunculatum i found a median flower even in the lower forks. this shows that the inflorescence in dichwpetalum is essentially dichasial (cymose), though the median flower of the lower forks is suppressed in almost all species. apparently the bracteoles of these median flowers are present and are each adnate to the stalk they sustain appearing then as a transversal bract to the next fork. in this way all bracteoles are shifted upwards one degree. essentially similar adnations are known to occur in the family as is distinctly shown by both some african dichapetalums and by the genus gonypetalum in which the peduncle of the inflorescence is fully adnate to the petiole of the bract. (2) inflorescences glomerulous, small (typically developed in e.g. d. griffithii, tenuifolium, longipetalum, helferianum, and laurocerasus). obviously derived by contraction from the first type. (3) inflorescences paniculate (best developed in some african species, for example d. dusenii and d. toxicarium, cf. engl. & prantl, nat. pfl. fam. 2. auf 1., 19c: 8, fig. 3b). as is shown by some deviating specimens of d. geionioides, this type is very probably derived from the second type (and may possibly also be derived from the first one). d. geionioides ssp. geionioides usually has glomerulous inflorescences of the second type. in some specimens, for instance wallich 4342, these glomerules are inserted together on short axillary shoots with rather caducous, bract-like, stipulate leaves. an extreme example of this development is shown by cowan u2 (e) : the 'panicles' are up to 15 cm long, with up to c. 8 glomerules, the upper one being (sub ?) terminal; the bracts are usually either very caducous or (the upper ones) not developed with the exception of the stipules. this comes very close to the paniculate inflorescences as they 1956] p. w. leenhouts: notes on the genus dichapetalum 77 are to be found in some african species, for instance d. dusenii, in which often also some small leaves are still developed. 2. f1 o w e r s. it may be interesting to mention two specimens with abnormal flowers, who obviously point to a staminodial nature of the petals and the disk-lobes respectively. both these specimens belong to d. timoriense. in griffith kew distr. 2170, the upper part of one of the unguiculate petals consists of a normal petal-lobe on the one side and a fertile theca on the other. in my opinion this observation strengthens the idea that the petals have a staminodial nature, an impression one receives already looking at the young petals in bud. in the other specimen, zollinger s392, the disk-lobes are replaced by an inner circle of 5 stamens. normally the disk-lobes are usually slightly narrowed at the base and with a broadened often distinctly 2-lobuled apex; these lobules are thickened in their central part, giving the disklobes a shape resembling that of very young stamens. in other cases, however, the disk-lobes are larger, thinner, spathulate, and then they look like small, non-emarginate petals. nomenclature.—both dichapetalum and leucosia, which have for over a century been accepted as synonymous, were simultaneously described by du petit thouars (gen. nov. madagasc.: 23. 1808). both names were soon replaced by chailletia dc. 1811, thus falling out of usage. as far as i was able to trace, endlicher (genera: 1105, no 5758. 1839) was the first who united them, choosing for the name dichapetalum, reducing leucosia to synonymy. it is possible that in some little known publication, published between 1808 and 1839, this or an other choice will have been made earlier, but i thought it a mere waste of time going through as many of these publications as possible, either to come to the same result, or to be obliged to propose the conservation of the name dichapetalum. census of the species under each species collections are cited geographically. they have only been mentioned as far as examined and named by me; some dubious ones and most which were unnumbered have been omitted. the following abbreviations of series-numbers have been used in citing the collections: bs.—bureau of science, manila bw.—boswezen, hollandia r e i n w a r b t i a [vol. 4 fb.—forestry bureau, manila kep.—conservator of forests, kepong nbfd.—north borneo forest department, sandakan ngf.—new guinea forestry, lae pnh.—philippine national herbarium, manila sf.—singapore field number, singapore these series-numbers always have been given priority over the personal numbering of the collectors. 1. dlchapetalum timoriense ( d c . ) b o e r l . chailletia timoriensis dc. prodr. 2: 57. 1825. — timor, unknown coll. s.n. (g). malaysia. l i n g g a a r c h i p e l a g o . p . s e l a j a r : biinnemeijer 6571 (bo) . — m a l a y p e n i n s u l a . alvins 319 (sing) ; curtis 3571, (sing) ; derrylo52 (sing), 1195 (p, sing) ; goodenough 1917 (e, k, sing; griffith kew distr. 2170 (a, k, m, syntype d. malaccense engl.) ; holmberg 687 (sing) ; king's coll. 9u (l), 2054 (us), 3869 (bm, k, syntype d. malaccense engl.), 5345 (bm, k ) , 5501 (sing), 6697 ( k ) ; maingay 1125 = kew distr. 368 (k, syntype ch. deflexifolia var. tomentosa hook./.); ridley 1602 (sing), 9636 ( s i n g ) ; scortechini 1282 (bm, k, syntype chailletia hookeri king), 1654 (e, s i n g ) ; sf. 33282 = spare 1296 ( s i n g ) ; wray jr. 3184 (sing), 3185 (bm, k, syntype chailletia tesselata k i n g ) . — j a v a . backer 17821 (bo, k, u ) , 17949 (bo, ny, sing), 18230 (bo); van hasselt in herb. l 899. 255-10 (l, u ) ; koorders 20916 ft (bo); zollinger 3652-1 (bm, k, type chailletia deflexifolia turcz.). — l e s s ( e r s u n d a i s l a n d s . b a l i : herb. l 899. 255-40 {is), s u m b a w a : zollinger 3392 (bm, l ) . s u m b a : iboet 249 (bo, l ) . t i m o r : baudin s. n. ( p ) ; unknown coll. s.n. (k, ny, p, type chailletia timoriensis d c ) . — b o r n e o . beccari pb. 3892 (k, syntype d. beccarianum ridl.) ; endert 1527 (b, bo, k, l) ; haviland & hose 3365 (a, bm, k, syntype d. beccarianum ridl.) ; kostermans 7279 a (a, bo, k, l ) ; native coll. 1074 (a, k, p n h , u s ) ; ridley 12465 (bm, k, sing, syntype d. beccarianum ridl.) ; teijsmann 11365 (b, bo, k, syntype d . b e c c a r i a n u m r i d l . ) , i n h e r b . b o 1 7 0 4 5 4 ( b o ) . — n a t u n a i s l a n d s , b u n g u r a n : van steenis 1381 ( b o ) . — p h i l i p p i n e s . p a l a w a n : bs. 15551, kienholz (ny), 15598, fenix (bm, k, u s ) , 77734, edano (ny), 77793, id. (ny, sing), 77871 = edano 1918 (ny, sing), 77885 = id. 1884 (ny, s i n g ) ; ebalo 60s ( a ) ; elmer 12919 (a, bm, e, k, l, ny, u, us, type d. olivaceum elm.) ; fb. 19890, danao, (k, u s ) ; merrill 9398 (a, bm, k, ny, sing, u s ) ; pnh. 6011, alcacid (a), 12281 = sulit 3714 (bo, l, p n h ) , 12508 = sulit 3968 (l, p n h ) , 13977 = edano 2965 (l, p n h ) , 23080 — celestino & ramos 184 a (l, p n h ) . m i n d o r o : bs. 40975, ramos (a, u s ) ; merrill 2254 (k, u s ) . l u z o n : bs. 1128, ramos (a, bo, k, ny, sing, us, syntype d. luzoniense merr. & rolfe), 7710, id. (us), 7721, id. (us), 17334, robinson & brown (bm, u s ) , 33465, ramos & edano (a), 33481, id. (sing), 33506, id. (bm), 43532, mcgregor (a, bm, k ) ; clemens 17889 ( s i n g ) ; cuming 1192 (bm, k, l, type chailletia benthamiana turcz.) ; elmer 9411 (e, k, syntype d. luzoniense merr. & rolfe), 16357 (a, ny) ; fb. 3157, ahern's coll. (br, ny, sing, u s , syntype d. luzoniense merr. & rolfe), 24291, bawan & borromeo (a, sing), 27091, 1956] p. w. leenhouts: notes on the genus dichapetalum 79 mabasa (a) ; loher 181 (k) ; merrill sp. blanc. 991 (a, bm, k, l, ny, us, neotype quilesia sericea blanco); pnh. 3740, gutierrez ( s i n g ) ; vidal 469 (k, syntype d. luzoniense merr. & rolfe), 1690 (k), 2390 (k). p o l i l l o: pnh. 4294 — salvoza 1044 ( p n h ) . s i b u y a n : elmer 12245 (a, bm, e, k, ny, us, type d. submaritimum elm.). s a m a r : pnh. 14460 = sulit 4294 (k, l, p n h ) . l e y t e : wenzel 775 (a, bm), 1350 (a, bm, n y ) , 1414 (a, bm). b o h o l : bs. 43183, ramos (a, k ) . c e b u : cuming 1788 (bm, k ) . m i n d a n a o : bs. 11771, robinson (bm, k, l, u s , type d. robinsonii merr.), bs. 34575, ramos & pascasio (us), 34596, id. (k, u s , type d. nitidum merr.), 34951, id. (l, sing), 34987, id. (a), 49052, ramos & edano (b, bo, ny, s i n g ) ; fb. 9115, whitford & hutchinson (ny), 23182, agama ( u s ) ; pnh. 11678 — edano 1426 ( p n h ) . — c e l e b e s . elbert 3291 (bo, l) ;eyma 3502 (bo, l ) ; kjellberg 658 (bo) . — m o l u c c a s . m o r o t a i : main & aden 804 (bo, l ) . s u l a i s l a n d s , taliabu: hulstijn 9 6 (bo). c e r a m : kornassi 778 (bo, l, u ) . — n e w g u i n e a . brass 1661 (a, bri, k, type d. venulosum c. t. w h i t e ) ; carr 13639 (a, bm, k, l ) , 14167 (a, bm, k ) , 15664 (a, bm, k, l, s i n g ) ; clemens 8249a (a, b ) , 8266a (a, b ) , 8392 (a, b), 8427a (b), 8640a (a, b ) , 8709 ( b ) ; ledermann 6656 (sing, syntype i), maluense k r a u s e ) , 6673 (sing, syntype d. maluense krause) ; peekel 1947 (drawing in b sub nom. d. missionum k r a u s e ) ; schlechter 17862 (br, k, type d. schlechteri krause). c u l t i v a t e d . beccari herb. 2387 ( p i ) ; hort. bot. bog. xi b 489 (bo, br, k, l, n y ) ; warburg 1928 (a). according to the circumscription accepted here d, timoriense is a species which on the one hand is very variable in many characters — even such important ones as absence or presence of a disk, 2or 3-merous pistil, and unior bisexual flowers —, but on the other hand, seems to represent a natural entity. the specific population encompasses a number of local races which, as they are often very constant, have usually been described as distinct species. the most striking case is that of the two main philippine races, described as d. luzoniense and d. sericeum, which are not only well distinguishable vegetatively, but moreover nearly always differ in the number of pistil-cells (3, respectively 2). therefore, considering the philippines only, one should indeed be inclined to accept these two races as 'good' species. the main local races are: (a) d. timonense sensu strieto (java and lesser sunda islands) ; medium-sized slightly pubescent leaves, glands often absent, if present exclusively beneath; inflorescences rather large, stalked; flowers bisexual, petals rarely more than halfway incised, disk nearly always absent, pistil 2-3-celled; fruits 1-seeded. (b) d. malaccense (malay peninsula) : medium-sized rather pubescent leaves, glands nearly always present, above; inflorescences large, not rarely subterminal (or sometimes truly terminal?), usually short-stalked or seemingly 2 collateral ones; flowers mostly unisexual, petals deeply cleft, disk present, pistil 2-celled; fruits 2-seeded. 80 reinwardtia [vol. 4 (c) d. beccarianum (w. borneo; closely related forms on sumba and new guinea) : leaves rather narrow, nearly glabrous, glands beneath; inflorescences rather small, stalked; flowers unisexual, petals halfway incised, disk present, pistil 2-celled. (d) in e. borneo and the moluccas a narrow-leaved form of d. beccarianum can be distinguished; the leaves are somewhat more hairy and coriaceous, glands above or sometimes on both sides; the inflorescences are very small and few-flowered; the petals are incised for about a quarter of their length, the disk fails. (e) d. luzoniense (luzon, mindanao) : leaves medium-sized, rather broad, rather densely yellowish-pilose, glands often absent, if present above; inflorescences not very large, distinctly stalked; flowers bisexual, petals slightly incised, disk present, pistil 3-celled; fruits 1-2-seeded. (f) d. sericeum (philippines) : distinguished from the foregoing one by its thinner, thinly greyish-pubescent leaves, which are often larger, by its rather large inflorescences, and by its 2-celled pistil. (g) the few specimens from the lingga and natuna islands are characterized by extremely large, very hairy leaves. 2. dichapetalum sordidum (hook./.) leenh., nov. comb. chailletia deflexifolia turcz. var. sordida hook./., fl. br. ind. 1: 571. 1875. — chailletia sordida ridl., fl. mai. pen. 1: 418. 1922. — singapore, wallieh 9016, lectotype (k). malaysia. — s u m a t r a . r i o u w a r c h i p e l a g o : biinnemeijer 7722 (bo); tejjsmann hb. 6674 (bo, k, l, u), 6702 (bo, k, l). — m a l a y p e n i n s u l a . derry u6 (sing) ; maingay 3143 = kew distr. 368/2 (k); ridley 6752 (bo) 12181 (sing), 12182 (k), 15848 (k, sing); wallieh 9016 (k, lectotype). 3. dichapetalum papuanum (becc.) boerl. chailletia papiuma becc. malesia 1: 176. 1877. — netherlands new guinea, ramoi, beccari pp. 307, lectotype (fl). ssp. papuanum. malaysia.—m o l u c c a s . c e r a m : kornassi 1370 (bo) ; rutten 14-5 (bo, u), 319 (bo); teijsmann 16387 (bo), s.n. in herb. bo 170428/9/30 (bo). a m b o n : boerlage 474 (bo); robinson 1858 (us), pi. rumph. amb. 602 (a, bm, k, l, ny, type d. moluccanum merr.). — n e w g u i n e a . beccari pp. 307 (fl, lectotype); brass 620 (a, bo), 5577 (a), 7972 (a, bo, k) ; carr 11068 (a, bm, k, ny, sing), 12007 (k, sing), 12785 (a, bm, sing), 13124 (k, sing), 13125 (a, bm, k, sing), 14938 (a, bm, k, l) ; clemens 456 (a), 950 (a), 3208 (a, b) ; docters van leeuwen 9541 (bo, l), 10483 (bo), 10606 (bo, l), 11299 (bo, l) ; feuilletau de bruyn 48 (bo) ; forbes 224 (k, l), 349 (bm), 414 (bm), 898 (bm) ; gjellerup 491 (bo); hollrung 37 g (bo); kanehira & hatusvma 11607 (a, bo), 11984 (a, bo); kloss s.n. (bm, syntype pentastira flava ridl.), kloss s.n. (bm, syntype pentastira nitida ridl.); von romer 525 (bo); van royen 3577 (l) ; schlechter 16957 (a, k, l, syntype d. glabratum krause). a r u i s l a n d s : treub s.n. in herb. bo 170408/9/10 (bo). 1956] p. w. leenhouts: notes on the genus dichapetalum 81 melanesia.—s 0 l o m 0 n i s l a n d s . s a n c r i s t o b a l : brass 2797 (a, bish, bri). australia—q u e e n s l a n d . brass 2510 (bri, type d. australianum c. t. white). d. glabratum krause is based upon two syntypes, viz. schlechter 16463 and 16957. the latter represents d. papuanum and is cited above; from the former i did see two specimens (e, k), both representing glochidion sp. (euphorb.). possibly they were mislabelled, as both were fruiting, and as krause mentions flowering material only. ssp. borneense leenh., nov. subsp. d. grandifolium ridl. kew bull.: 373. 1930.—borneo, sarawak, haviland 2192 (k). malaysia.—b o r n e 0. haviland 2192 (k, type); nbfd. 1424, puasa (k, l). 4. dichapetalum platyphyllum merr. d. platyphyllum merr. philip. j. sc. 30: 401. 1926. — philippines, sulu archipelago, tawitawi, bs. 44045 (ramos & edano) (pnh+). malaysia.—p h i l i p p i n e s. l e y t e : wenzel 1584 (a, bm, ny). s u l u i s l a n d s : bs. 44045, ramos & edano (a, b, bm, k, ny, sing, us, type). 5. dichapetalum gelonioides (roxb.) engl. moacurra gelonioides roxb. fl. ind. 2: 69. 1832. — silhet, n.v. ssp. gelonioides. ceylon. gardner 194 (bm), 1205 (bm, k) ; rechinger 2467 (m); thwaites cp. 1231 (br, mel), 1245 (bo, br, k, mel, p) ; walther 1228 (k). india. s o u t h d e c c a n . barber 3901 (k), 6195 (k) ; cole 76 (k); stocks in herb. bri 417 (br, bri, e, k, mel), in herb. l 899.255-27 (k, l, m) ; wight 167 (e), 746 (e), 3504 (e). east pakistan. cowan 12 (cal, e ) ; herb. hooker in herb. l 899.255-28 (l, m), in herb. u 45526a (u); wallieh 4342 (bm, br, k, m, p), pro parte. assam, herb. hooker in herb. l 899.255-29 (l, m, u); prazer in herb. l 899.255-26 (bo, l). burma. kermode 7322 (k); lace 4486 (e); parker 2618 (k) ; parkinson 14134 (k). siam. kerr 6008 (k, sing), 6036 (bk, k, sing, type d. kerrii craib). china. y u n n a n : henry 12692 (e, k). malaysia. s u m a t r a . e a s t c o a s t : krukoff 4362 (a, sing); rahmat 1143 (a, us). s i m a l u r : achmad 1621 (b, bo, k, sing, u). vern. balunakuta, ceylon; moukoora, assam (silhet). note. the specimens from ceylon possess sometimes very small leaves, which are caudate-acuminate. 82 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol.. 4 ssp. tuberculatum leenh., nov. subsp. d. monospermum merr. govt. lab. publ. no 35: 34. 1906. — philippines, mindoro, baco riv., macgregor 230, lectotype (pnh f)indo-china. s. a n n a m : hayata 569 (p) type d. gagnepainii pellegr.). c o c h i n c h i n a : pierre 4000 (l, p), 4000 a (e, p) ; thorel 608 (bm, k, p). peninsular siam. seidenfaden 26u (sing); sf. 2719, haniff & nur (sing), 3921, id. (sing), 3922, id. (sing). malaysia. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a . curtis 2589 (sing), 3208 (sing); ridley 5839 (sing), 13538 (sing), 15519, haniff (k, sing); scortechini 607 b (bm, k, l, type ellipanthus scortechinii king) ; sf. 11684, nur (k, sing), 18843, id. ( s i n g ) , 21791, henderson ( s i n g ) , 35288, kiah ( s i n g ) . — b o r n e o . b r i t i s h n o r t h b . : evangelista 1108 ( a , n y , s i n g ) . — p h i l i p p i n e s p a l a w a n : bs. 77830, edano (ny, sing); elmer 12616 (a, bm, e, k, ny, u, us); fb. 3815, cm-ran (k, us), 30092, cenabre (us); pnh. 12434 = sulit 3916 (l, pnh). m i n d o r o : bs. 39365, ramos (a), 39518, id. (a, ny, sing), 39708, id. (a, bm, bri), 40913, id. (a); fb. 11870, amarillas (k, us), 12009, merritt (us), 31201, lasquety (ny); macgregor 230 (k, ny, us, lectotype d. monospermum merr.) ; merrill 1801 (a, k, ny, us, syntype d. monospermum merr.), 3323 (k, ny, us, syntype d. monospermum); pnh. 1931, celestino & castro ( a , n y , s i n g ) . l u z o n : cuming 1551 (bm, k). s i b u y a n : elmer 12121 (a, bm, e, k, ny, us), 12211 (a, bm, e, k, l, ny, us), 12284 (a, bm, e, k, l, ny, us). ssp. sumatranum (miq.) leenh., nov. stat. chailletia sumatrana miq. sum.: 328. 1861. — sumatra, palenibang, muara enim, teijsmann hb. 3817 (l). malaysia. s u m a t r a . forbes 2781 (a, bm, l, sing), 3149 (a, bm, l), 3176 (a, bm, l, sing) ; junghuhn in herb. l 908. 352-858 (l) ; lorzing & jochems 71,76 (bo); rahmat 807 (a, sing), u09 (a, ny, sing), 1516 (a, ny, sing); teijsmann hb. 3817 (a, bo, k, l, mel, type); yates 2051 (bri, ny). — b o r n e o . bs. 21804 = clemens 5935 (a, k, ny), 26256, clemens (a, b, k, m), 26862, id. (a, b, bm, k, m, ny, sing), 26282, id. (a, k, m, ny), 27027, id. (a, b, k, m, ny), 29928, id., (k); darnton 246 (bm) ; elmer 20139 (a, bm, bo, br, k, l, m, ny, sing, u, paratype d. bomeense merr.), 20378 (a, bm, k, l, m, ny, sing, type d. bomeense merr.); hoilier b. 1230 (bo, l), 1240 (bo); jaheri 974 (bo, l), 1736 (bo, l) ; korthals in herb. l 909.54-151 (l) ; kostermans 5172 (bo, k, l) ; w. meijer 2164 (bo, l) ; motley 419 (k); nbfd. 1309 = ramos 192 (a, k, pnh, us, paratype d. bomeense merr.), sh. 4008, puasa angian (k, kep, sing); rutten 252 (u); sf. 27211, carr (sing); teijsmann 11264 (bo), in herb. bo 170445/6 (bo). p h i l i p p i n e s . m i n d a n a o : zwickey 7 8 (ny). philippines, mindanao, ssp. pilosum leenh., nov. subsp. d. holopetalum merr. philip. j. sc. 17: 271. 1921. lake lanao, camp keithley, clemens 1039 (pnh f). malaysia. b o r n e o . elmer 20037 (a, bm, k, l, m, ny, sing, u), 2073?' (a, bm, br, k, l, m, ny, sing, u) ; endert 2784 (b, bo, k) ; nbfd. 1296 — ramos 179 (a, bm, k, pnh, us), 1750 = ramos 681 (a, bm, l, pnh), 1956] p. w. leenhouts: notes on the genus dichapetalum 83 1971, goklin (k), 2640, id. (a, k), 2666, tandom (a, k), 3771, sales (a), 9422, keith (a, bo, k, kep, l, sing), a-923, kadir (k, kep, pnh, sing); wood 2032 (bm, k, sing). — p h i l i p p i n e s . m i n d a n a o : bs. 36702, ramos & edano (us, paratype d. euphlebium merr.), 37284, id. (a, k, l, type d. euphlebium merr.); clemens 1039 (m, us, type d. holopetalum merr.). ssp. andamanicum (king) leenh., nov. stat. chailletia andamanica king, j. as. soc. beng. 64, ii: 93. 1895. — south andamans, hobdaypur, 28-11-1891, king's coll. s.n. in herb. l 899.255-2, lectotype (l). andamans. king's coll. 316 (bm, e, l, syntype), in herb. l 899.255-2 (bm, l, lectotype) ; prain's coll. 3 (br, u). 6. dichapetalum tricapsulare (blanco) merr. riana tricapsularis blanco, fl. filip.: 850. 1837. — luzon, bataan prov., mt mariveles, elmer 6642, neotype (k). malaysia. p h i l i p p i n e s . l u z o n : bs. 5087, ramos (a, k), 26851, edano (a, k), 26852, id. (bm, us), 38324, id. (a), 78739, ramos (ny); elmer 6642 (e, k, ny, neotype); fb. 145, barnes (ny, us), 2077, borden (e, k, ny, us), 2824 = r. meyer 359 (k, ny, sing, us), 8121, curran & merritt (us), 27295, udasco (a); loher 5202 (k, us); merrill 3191 (k, ny), 5190 (bri, ny, us); pnh. 3137 = edano 395 (a) ; whitford in herb. hk 4871 (k) ; williams 441 (ny). l e y t e : elmer 7275 (ny, type d. glabrum elm.) ; wenzel 282 (a, e, us), 342 (us), 1282 (a, bm, ny), 1518 (a, bm, ny). bo h o i : bs. 43171, ramos (a, k, us), 43280* id. (a. k). b u c a s g r a n d e i s 1.: bs. 35044, ramos & pascasio (a, k, us, type d. oblongifoliwn merr.). m i n d a n a o : bs. 11819, robinson (k, us, paratype d. ciliatum merr.) ; clemens 1204 (m); fb. 9139, whitford & hutchinson (k, type d. ciliatum merr.); pnh. 13572 — anonuevo 161 (a, l, pnh); williams 2172 (ny). 7. dichapetalum tenuifolium (king) engl. chailletia tenuifolia king, j. as. soc. beng. 64, ii: 91. 1895. — malay peninsula, perak, larut, king's coll. 3498 (cal). malaysia. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a . p e r a k : king's coll. $101 (bm, l, sing, us), 3498 (bm, k, type), 4954 (bm, k) ; wray jr. 1850 (sing), 3304 (sing). 8. dichapetalum griffithii (hook. /.) engl. chailletia griffithii hook. /. fl. br. ind. 1: 571. 1875. — malacca, griffith s.n., lectotype (k). malaysia. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a . alvins 435 (sing), 1989 (sing), 2300 (sing), 2323 (sing); griffith kew distr. 2169 (k, syntype), s.n. (k, lectotype); hume 7180 (sing), 7505 (sing), 7855 (sing); kep. 7419 (kep, sing), 15210, kassim (kep, sing), 17016, osman (kep), 20895, symington (kep), 23067, id. (kep, sing), 4581s, id. (kep) ; king's coll. 6117 (bm, k, l, sing, us), 10429 (bm, k, sing, type chailletia setosa king) ; kloss uu (k) ; maingay kew distr. 370 (k, syntype); melville 4710 (k) ; ridley 3315 (sing), 7375 (sing), 7377 (sing), 84 re in w a r d t i a [vol. 4 8261 (k, s i n g ) ; sf. 214, murdok (k, s i n g ) , 1621, nur (sing), 157s6, burkill & haniff (sing), 16726, id. (sing), 30734, corner (pnh, sing), 40087, sinclair (e, k, sing). 9. dichapetalum setosum leenh., nov. sp. frutex scandens dioecus. ramuli pilosi. folia elliptica, 13-19 x g^-ll cm, rigide herbacea, bullata, supra sparse pilosa, subtus in costa nervisque et ad marginem pilosa, setis basi bulbiformibus; subtus glandulosa, basi late cuneata, apice breviter acuminata; nervi utrimque 7-9, conspicue arcuatim conjuncti. infructescentiae axillares, c. 1 cm longae, fructus 2 gerentes. fructus subdidymi, l%-2 x 2-2% x % cm, dense pilosi, sutura dorsali conspicua omnino cincti; pyrena bilocularis endocarpio tenui. typus.—borneo, sarawak, gat, upper rejang riv., july 25, 1929, clemens 6159 = bs. 21803 (k). malaysia. b o r n e o . clemens 6475 = bs, 21101 (a, k, n y ) , 6159 = bs. 21803 (k, ny, t y p e ) ; teijsmann 8547 (bo, l). 10. dichapetalum steenisii leenh., nov. sp. dioeca. ramuli pilosi, glabrescentes. folia lanceolata 14-19 x 4-5 cm herbacea utrimque sparse pilosa, subtus glandulosa, basi acuta, apice sensim acute acuminata; nervi utrimque 7-9, conspicue arcuatim conjuncti. infructescentiae axillares 1 cm longae, fructus 1-3 gerentes. fructus subdidymi, 1% x 1% x % cm, dense tomentosi, sutura dorsali conspicua omnino cincti. typus.—natuna is, p. bunguran, g. ranai, e-slope, april 10, 1928, van steenis 1182 (bo). ssp. steenisii. malaysia. n a t u n a i s l a n d s . p . b u n g u r a n : van steenis 1182 (b, bo, ny, sing, type), 1184 (bo). ssp. celebicum leenh., nov. subsp. a ssp. steenisii praecipue differt characteribus sequentibus: nervi utrimque 9-10. fructus tricocci. typus.—se. celebes, mengkoka, baula, sept. 26, 1909, elbert 3215 (bo). malaysia. s e . c e l e b e s . elbert 3135 (l), 3215 (a, bo, type). 11. dichapetalum longipetalum (turcz.) engl. chailletia longipetala turcz. bull. soc. nat. mosc. 36, 1: 611. 1863. orientalis, moulmeyn, griffith kew distr. 701 (cw) n.v. s. burma. heifer kew distr. 2171 (k) ; packman 70 (bm) ; su koe 9091 (k). indo-china. balansa 3327 (k, syntype d. tonkinense engl.), 3328 (br, k, l, p, syntype d. tonkinense engl.), 3852 (k) ; bon 6229 (p) ; chevalier 31788 (p) ; clemens 4206 (k) ; eberhardt 3292 (p) ; pierre 1528 (k, l, p, syntype d. baillonii p i e r r e ) ; poilane 1o1ss ( p ) , 15229 (p) ; c. b. robinson 1460 (k). — india 1956] p. w. leenhouts: notes on the genus dichapetalum 85 h a i n a n . fung 20117 (bm, e) ; how 70-492 (k), 73245 (bm), 73457 ( s i n g ) ; lau 52 (bm, e) ; lei 100 (k, l, sing), 358 (sing), tsang 180 (k) ; wang 3461.2 (e, m). malaysia. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a (including also peninsular siam). curtis 2909 (sing) ; kloss 6782 (k), 6801 (k) ; ridley 12183 (bm, k, sing). 12. dichapetalum helferianum (kurz) pierre chailletia helferiana kurz, j. as. soc. beng. 41, i i : 297. 1872. — s. burma, tenasserim, heifer kew distr. 2172 (ace. to king, j. as. soc. beng. 64, ii: 92. 1895), n.v. s. burma. wallich 4038 (k). s. siam. khoon winit 607 (k); pierre 2780 (bm, bo, k, l, p, sing). malaysia. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a . p e r l i s : ridley 15103 (bm, k, sing). k e d a h , l a n g k a w i i s 1.: curtis 1687 (k, sing) ; ridley 8314 (sing), 15802 (bm, k, s i n g ) ; h. c. robinson 6299 (bm, k ) ; sf. 1057, haniff (bm, k, k e p , sing). 13. dichapetalum laurocerasus (hook./.) engl. chailletia lauroeeraeus planch, ex hook. /. fl. br. ind. i : 572. 1875. — malay peninsula, p. penang, government hill, maingay 2279 = kew distr. 369, lectotype (k). malaysia. m a l a y p e n i n s u l a . p e r a k : king's coll. 6056 (bm, sing). p. p e n a n g : burkill 815 (sing); curtis 152 (k, sing), 1553 (sing) ; lobb s.n. (k, syntype) ; maingay 2279 = kew distr. 369 (bm, k, l, lectotype) ; ridley 9352 (sing); sf. 815, burkill (sing), 1533, nur (sing), 3355, haniff (bri, sing), 3441, haniff (sing), 35766, johya (sing). 14. dichapetalum sessiliflorum leenh., nov. sp. liana dioeca. ramuli dense tomentosi, glabrescentes. folia lanceolata, 12-14 x 3-4 cm, chartacea, supra glabra, subtus in costa nervisque sparse et appresse pilosa; subtus basi glandulosa; basin et apicem versus angustata, acuta; margo crenulatus; nervi utrimque 8-9 curvati conspicue arcuatim conjuncti. flores 1-2 axillares subsessiles. calyx dense tomentosus. petala minute emarginata, extus margine excepto, et intus ad basin longe pilosa. discum non vidi. pistillodium patente pilosum. typus.—se. new guinea, boridi, alt. 4000 ft. nov. 21, 1935, carr 13455 (k). malaysia. se. n e w g u i n e a . carr 13455 (k, sing, type), 13487 (a, bm, k ) , 14474 (sing). note, possibly aet 78 (bo, l) from nw. new guinea (vogelkop) belongs to the same species. this specimen mainly differs by its larger (14-25 by 6v2-io cm), more pubescent, and more nerved (10-12 pairs) leaves, which are rounded at base and blunt-acuminate at apex; the fruits are apparently rather alike, flowers are unknown. 86 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 15. dichapetalum tenerum leenh., nov. sp. liana dioeca(?). ramuli velutini glabrescentes. folia elliptica vel ovata, 7-9 x 3-4 cm, herbacea, supra in costa, subtus in costa venisque, insuper ad marginem pilosa, subtus glandulosa; basi rotundata; apice sensim obtuso-acuminata; nervis utrimque c. 8 curvati. fructus axillares solitarii subdidymi, 1 1/4 x 11/4 cm, velutini minute tuberculati, sutura dorsali conspicua omnino cincti. typus.—west new guinea, east of sorong, near kampong baru, alt. 20 m, march 26, 1954, van royen 3180 (l). malaysia. nw. n e w g u i n e a . aet 78 (bo, l), 286 (bo, l) ; kanehira & hatusima 12982 (a, bo) ; van royen 3180 (l, type). note. possibly the specimens brass 3834 (a, ny) from the central division, papua, and bw. 1563, schram (l) from holtekang near hollandia belong to this same species; they are slightly different, however, in their leaves. 16. dichapetalum vitiense (seem.) engl. chailletia vitiensis seem. [viti: 434, 1862. no-men] fl. vit.: 38. 1865. — d. vitiense engl. in e. & p. nat. pfl. fam. 3, 4: 348. 1896. — fiji, storck 876, lectotype (k). dioecious liana or scandent shrub. branchlets thinly tomentose when young, glabrescent, grey to purple-brown, sometimes strongly lenticellate. leaves elliptic to oblong or lanceolate, 6-15 by 21/2-6 1/2 cm, chartaceous (to subcoriaceous), (glabrous to) more or less densely soft-pubescent, especially on the nerves beneath; glands nearly always present, rather many, scattered, beneath, usually one between every pair of nerves; base usually strongly oblique, broadly cuneate or rounded on one side, more or less decurrent; apex blunt or faintly blunt-acuminate; nerves 7-8 pairs, curved, indistinctly interarching. inflorescences compact, dichotomously branched, 1 cm long, subsessile, rather many-flowered, fulvous-tomentose. flowers (s unknown) c. 2 1/2 mm. petals elliptic, 2 1/2 by 1 1/2 mm, 3/4 mm incised, glabrous. disk-lobes nail-shaped, 2 1/2 mm, glabrous. pistilloid densely woolly pubescent. fruits solitary, short-stalked, l-2(-3)-lobed, the lobes bean-shaped, 2 1/2 by 1 1/2 cm, densely minutely tawny tomentose, possibly more or less glabrescent; sutures conspicuous; endocarp ruggy. m e l a n e s i a . f i j i i s l a n d s . degener & ordonez 11,045 (k, l ) ; gillespie 2025 (k, p), 3510 (k) ; greenwood 509 (k), 509 a (bri) ; meebold 16899 (m) ; setchell & parks 15005 (bm) ; a. c. smith 1831 (k), 4385 (a, k), 6504 (k, l), 6902 (a, k, l) ; storck 876 (k, lectotype) ; tothill 530 (k) ; vaughan 3307 (bm). — t o n g a i s l a n d s . v a v a u : crosby 2 u (k, m e l ) . e u a : parks 16357 (k). ecol. in forests and mangroves, up to c. 900 m. fl. mainly oct.dec.; fr. mainly may-aug. vern. wa ramende, vanua levu. 1956] p. w. leenhouts: notes on the genus dichapetalum 87 notes. this species can be inserted in the key as published in flora malesiana i, 5, p. 307 as follows: 12(b). dioecious. petals as long as the sepals or only slightly longer. branches terete. fruits always with distinct sutures. 12a. pistil 2-merous. fruits up to lms cm long. leaves ± equilateral, nearly always subglabrous; glands usually few, mainly near the base . . 5. d. gelonioides 12a. pistil 3-merous. fruits 2% cm long. leaves more or less inequilateral at base, nearly always more or less pubescent; glands usually rather many, one between every pair of nerves 16. d. vitiense the specimens from tonga differ slightly from those of fiji; their leaves are thinner and fully glabrous. as a whole the species is rather variable. d u b i o u s s p e c i e s dichapetalum howii merr. & chun. d. howii merr. & chun, sunyatsenia 2: 256, f. 28. 1935. — hainan, ngai yuen, how 71068 (ny), n. v. i did see only one specimen which very probably belongs to this species, viz. wang 34201 (e, k, m), and this resembles d. longipetalum engl., which is a rather variable species and the only one furthermore known from hainan; so i am rather convinced of the conspecificity of d. howii and d. longipetalum, but as there are still some slight differences in the leaves and as the flowers are still unknown, i hesitate in uniting them. moreover, another specimen from hainan, lav, 530 (bm, e, k), possibly also belongs to d. howii; this specimen, with very young fruits, is rather different from d. longipetalum. rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_01 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_39 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_40 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_41 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_42 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_43 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_44 rein.vol 4, part 1, pp 1-118_page_45 k e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2, part 3, pp. 367-372 (1954) .. in memoriam doctor dirk fok van slooten march 17, 1891 — march 7, 1953 (with frontispiece) in the midst of his work van slooten has been suddenly called away at the relatively early age of 61. it was known that his heart was not too good, but it was expected that living a quiet life he would be able to finish his life's work, the monograph of the malaysian dipterocarpaceae, to which he had been able since 1951 to devote all his time and concentration undisturbed by other duties. the striving towards the completion of this work on the most important family of malaysian forest trees always occupied his mind and had been to a large extent the main object of his life. van slooten's ambition was to produce careful work, meticulous in all details. this made him a slow worker, but at the same time one of the trustworthy kind. this trend towards perfectionism expressed itself equally in the preliminaries and routine work towards his objective. through his method of working progress was steady but unfortunately relatively slow. other factors beyond his control added to this result. besides delays due to world war ii, van slooten performed many other official duties in the same earnest way in which he carried out his research work. any spontaneity and opportunism he had in his character was suppressed through his orderliness. only in exceptional and very urgent circumstances would he make decisions á 1'improviste. it is of course questionable whether one can deduce a man's character from his published writings. whether this thesis be accepted as a generality or not, it is certain that it held for van slooten. his care for details, for straightforwardness, for trying to find the truth in his work found a remarkable parallel in his office work, and his private life. he wanted things to be clean and orderly. even on excursions, which he made surprisingly seldom, his clothes were as speckless as they could possibly be in the circumstances. [reinwardtia, vol. 2, part 2 was issued october 26, 1963] — 367 — 3 6 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 quiet, never spectacular, avoiding the limelight, he lived a life of a rather retiring nature. he always had himself under control and his honesty and integrity could never be doubted. all this gave a rather grave tinge to his behaviour, at the same time giving it the firmness of one who could be trusted to make decisions with care. to a certain extent a man characterises himself by the devices he chooses; van slooten chose for his presidential address to the biological section of the 1935 science congress at bandung: quidquid agis, prudenter agas et respice finem (what you do, do it with consideration, and do not lose sight of the aim). writing an obituary note we should know the motives of the deceased. these are, in all respects, far more important to know than the facts themselves. i have had the privilege of working closely with van slooten for nearly two decades and i have always felt a great admiration for the noble, tolerant and reasonable way in which he viewed both personal and objective things. no living person is of course devoid of idiosyncracies, of sympathies and dislikes, but van slooten appreciated good qualities, even in those whom he would not call his friends. he was always kind and tolerant to his personnel and i have myself on several occasions profited by his generous way of arranging work in the office. it is clear from the above that he was exemplary in doing his duties for the benefit of the herbarium and the botanic gardens. official, often dull, routine work was executed with the same care as his scientific research. vanity was unknown to him, and he accomplished all he had to perform as well as he could. he had few further ambitions. it was certainly with no special enthusiasm that he accepted responsibility when he was on several occasions appointed acting director of the gardens (1935-1936, 1940-1943) and when he was finally made director in 1949. still, he did not like to refuse, as he found it his duty to give his full energy if such unasked for obligations were laid on his shoulders. manifold were the services he rendered to scientific and semi-popular societies, always showing that he was ready to give, to help, and to cooperate. for several years (1929-1934) he was the chief editor of ''de tropische natuur," a well-known semi-popular natural history magazine which, under his care, maintained its unique standard. he served the natural history society as its president 1933-1942. for several years (1936-1938) he was president of the buitenzorg branch of the royal physical society. later he felt strongly attracted to rotary, a movement which by its device of mutual help among mankind carried a great attraction for him. he was an active member and served it in several capacities. 1954] van steenis: in memorium d. f. van slooten 869 1 have always felt that rotary suited him exceedingly well by its appeal to ideals of social ethics which fitted the ideals he carried himself. he tried to fathom the essence of rotary in his '"de kern van rotary," printed 1939. a special word should be said about the very difficult period of the japanese occupation when all of us were under arms save a very few who were appointed to the emergency formation. van slooten, then temporary director of the gardens, tried to organise what he could, both for the dislocated institutes and for the equally confused community. he organized social help, specially for the families of the personnel of the gardens. throughout this period his calm, correct behaviour did a lot of good, both in relations with the japanese civilians serving with their army and with others. he tried to impress the small european community and the garden personnel with the need for unselfishness. for all those who tried to make the best of it, his appreciation was alike, regardless of race or nation. through this exemplary behaviour he was respected by all. his work on the dipterocarpaceae, a huge task, started about 1925 and at first revisions of separate genera appeared at fairly short intervals. coming to the large genera shorea and vatica, he found the intense concentration needed for this kind of work made almost impossible by the official work which fell on his shoulders soon after 1930. in addition, the staff of herbarium bogoriense dwindled, owing to the slump of the thirties, to three botanists, viz., a keeper, a phanerogamist and a mycologist, a deplorable situation which lasted until 1940. also the postwar years immediately following the so-called liberation were entirely unfit for concentrated herbarium work. this opportunity came again about 1950 when his research gradually gained pace and his insight into the large genera vatica and shorea was deepening. after his settling down at amsterdam, where he could work undisturbed, results seemed to speed up and i had the impression that he had definitely gained command of the situation and that it merely required time to perform the task. unfortunately fate had decided otherwise and suddenly deprived him of the opportunity to complete his magnum opus. his death means a serious loss to malaysian botany and forestry. dirk fok van slooten was born march 17, 1891, at amersfoort, netherlands, where he attended the primary school and the grammar school. he entered utrecht university in 1910, attained his bachelor's degree in 1913 and his master's degree in 1916. he then started to write his thesis on the taxonomy of the combretaceae and flacourtiaceae of the 3?0 reinwardtia [vol. 2 netherlands east indies on which he got his doctor's degree in february 1919. he was the first pupil of prof. a. a. pulle at utrecht and was his assistant 1913-1918. in july 1919 he was appointed botanist in the herbarium bogoriense, serving as acting keeper july 1929 to april 1930, finally being appointed as keeper february 1931, and remaining in that position till january 1949, when he was appointed director of the botanic gardens of indonesia, to be replaced by prof. ir. kusnoto in january 1950, remaining advisor to kebun raya indonesia, and during the absence of the director replacinghim. in january 1951 he went on leave to holland and retired february 1952, after 33 years of service in the botanic gardens. he proceeded in holland with his studies on the dipterocarpaceae and through the generous co-operation of the royal institute for the tropics at amsterdam he obtained a reasonable working space in the herbarium of that institute. in addition to his other functions he gave lectures on fodder,, poisonous and medicinal plants at the netherlands indies veterinary school at bogor (1922-1927, 1932-1934). he was elected a member of the "utrechtsch provinciaal genootschap voor kunsten en wetenschappen," utrecht, in 1932. the great and long services he rendered to the botanic gardens at bogor were recognized by appointing him as honorary co-operator of these gardens, may 18, 1952, a distinction he highly appreciated. when he definitely settled in holland he accepted the position of honorary co-operator of the rijksherbarium, leyden, july 1951. c. g. g. j. van steenis list of publications 1919. bijdrage tot de kennis der combretaceee'n en flacourtiaceee'n van nederlandschindie. proefschrift, utrecht, (viil), 170, & (3) pp. 2 pis. 1922. index flaeourtiacearum quae anno 1921 in horto botanico bogoriensi coluntur. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill 4: 279-280. index combretacearum quae anno 1921 in horto botanico bogoriensi coluntur. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill 4: 281-282. de nederlandsch-indisehe lumnitzeva-soorten en hare verspreiding. in trop. natuur, weltevreden 11: 51-56, 65-70 i, /»., 1 textmap. 1924. (with c. a. backer:) geillustreerd handbook der javaansche theeonkruiden en hunne beteekenis voor de cultuur. batavia. 47 & (308) pp. 240 pis. contributions a l'etude de la flore des indes neerlandaises, ii. the combretaceae of the dutch east indies. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill 6: 11-64 5 fs., 1 textmap. contributions a l'etude de la flore des indes neerlandaises. iii. the stylidiaceae of the dutch east indies. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill 6: 65-67. 1954] van steenis: in memorium d. f. ran slooten 371 1925. contributions a l'etude de la flore des indes neerlandaises. vi. the flacourtiaceae of the dutch east indies. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. i l l 7: 291-421. is h. 1926. contributions a l'etude de la flore des indes neerlandaises. viii. the dipterocarpaceae of the duteh east indies. i. the genus anisoptera. in bull. jard bot. buitenz. i l l 8: 1-17 2 fs. flacourtiaeeae. in nova guinea 14: 190-194. -1927." stylidiaceae. hi nova guinea 14: 195. -1927." combretaceae. in nova guinea 14: 19g-198. '1927." dipterocarpaceae. in nova guinea 14: 222-227 pi. is. "1927." 1927. contributions a l'etude de la flore des indes neerlandaises. xi. the dipteroearpaeeae of the dutch east indies. ii. the genus dipterocarpus. in bull. jard. tot. buitenz. ill 8: 263-352 15 fs. contributions a l'etude de la flore des indes neerlandaises. xii. the dipteroearpaeeae of the dutch east indies. iii. the genus paraskorea. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill 8: 370-380 3 fs. contributions a l'etude de la flore des indes neerlandaises. xiv. the dipterojarpaceae of the dutch east indies. iv. the genus vattca. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. i l l 9: 67-137 13 fs. 1928. het geslacht dipterocarpus. hi trop. natuur, weltevreden 17: 139-149. is fs. 1929. contributions a l'etude de la flore des indes neerlandaises. xvhi. the dipterocarpaeeae of the dutch east indies. v. the genus cotylelobium. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. i l l 10: 393-406 s fs. dipterocarpaeeae. apud merrill, pi. elmer, born, in univ. california publ. bot. 15: 200-206. heinrich zollinger als botaniker und seine bedeutung fur unsere kenntnis der flora java's, hi mitt. gruppe niederl. indien neu. helvet. ges., buitenzorg 8: 15-22 1 f. 1931. yeysmann herdacht bjj gelegenheid van het eeuwfeest ziiner benoeming tot hortulanus van s1 lands plantentuin. in natuurk. tijdschr. ned. indie 91: 27-49 1 portrait, 1 pi. 1932. contributions a l'etude de la flore des indes neerlandaises. xx. the dipterocarpaceae of the dutch east indies. vi. the genus dryobalanops. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill 12: 1-45 5 fa. 1933. biologisch en landbouwkundig werk in nederlandsch indie. 15. het herbarium en museum voor systematische botanie van 's lands plantentuin. in vakbl. biologen 14: 161-174. 1934. zum geleit. in blumea 1: 7-9. 1935. mr. ridley and the flora of the netherlands indies. in gdns' bull., straits settl. 9: 44-48. 1936. wetensehap en maatschappy. in handel, zevende ned.-ind. natuurw. congr., batavia 395-402. 1937. dr j. j. smith on the occasion of his 70th birthday 29-vi-1867—29-vi-1937. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill 14: 99-114 pi. 2. contributions a l'etude de la flore des indes neerlandaises. xxxi. the stylidiaceae of the netherlands indies. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. i l l 14: 169-174 s fs. die verbreitung von lmnnitzera und einigen anderen mangrovengewachsen. in blumea, suppl. 1: 162-175 g fs. 372 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 het proefstation en de flora van ned.-indie. zjjn beteekenis voor de kermis van onkruiden. in soerabaiasch handelsblad, e x t r a uitgave ter eere van het gouden jubileum proefsta. pasoeroean 11-12. vrjjdag 9 juli. 1939. (with c. g. g. j. van steenis:) dr august adriaan pulle 18-v-1914—18-v-1939. in bull. j a r d . bot. buitenz. i l l 16: 103-105 1 portrait. 1940. sertulum dipterocarpacearum malayensium. i. in bull. j a r d . bot. buitenz. i l l 16: 430-454 10 fs. 1941. sertulum dipteroearpacearum malayensium. i i . in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 96-138 so fs. 1942. sertulum dipteroearpacearum malayensium. iii. in bull. bot. gdna buitenz, iii 17: 220-255 36 fs. 1949. sertulum dipterocarpacearum malayensium. iv. hi bull. bot. gdns buiten?.. i l l 18: 229-269 u fs. wetenschap: het reserve-kapitaal der maatsehappij. in chron. nat., batavia 105: 186-190. 1951. kebun raya indonesia. in vakbl. biologen 3 1 : 130-134. 1952. sertulum dipterocarpacearum malayensium—v. the dipterocarpaceae of eastern malaysia (celebes, the moluccas, and new guinea). in reinwardtia 2: 1-68 22 fs. in preparation: stylidiaceae. in fl. mal. i 4, — in the press. sertulum dipterocarpacearum malayensium—vi. sertulum dipterocarpacearum malayensium—vii. 367 368 369 370 371 372 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kfcbun raya indonesia volume 5, part 4, p.p. 419-456 (196t) preliminary revisions of some genera of malaysian papilionaceae i m. s. van meeuwen, h. p. nooteboom, & c. g. g. j. van steenis * summary the revisions have been performed by miss m. s. van meeuwen (pycnospora, smithia, uraria), h. p. nooteboom (galactia, moghania, rhynehosia, stylosanthes, zornia), and c. g. g. j. van steenis (cyclocarpa, neocollettia). cyclocarpa has been recorded for borneo and java. galactia is represented in malaysia by only one species; its variability in the old and new world is discussed. of moghania (flerningia) 4 species are distinguished. f. cumingiana, f. philippinensis, and f. latifolia have been merged with m. macrophylla. on neocollettia particulars are given on its occurrence in java and its ecology. pycnospova has only one species in malaysia; its distribution is given. rhynehosia has been revised and several specific names have been reduced, specially under r. acuminatissima which ranges from sumatra to queensland. in stylosanthes three species are distinguished and a key is given for their identification. smithia possesses only three species in malaysia; s. geminiflora and s. hispidissima have been reduced to s. conferta. uraria is obviously in malaysia only represented by 5 species which have been keyed out; their synonymy has been corrected. desmodium horsfieldii miq. has been reduced to u. rufescens. in zornia only one species is accepted; it is very variable and shows regional and local racial variation. no new species or new combinations have been proposed. in the introduction a discussion is given on the distribution pattern in malaysia of plants bound to a seasonal climate the pathway of which runs from continental asia to australia via the philippines, celebes, and moluccas to java, the lesser sunda islands and south new guinea. it is assumed that this pathway consisted of more and larger stepping stones during the pleistocene glacial epoch. * foundation flora malesiana, leyden. — 419 — 420 reinwardtia [vol. 5 introduction although there are as yet no definite prospects to revise the subfamily papilionaceae for the flora malesiana, it seems to me that something is gained if we can gradually accumulate precursory data for its study. it is remarkable that, although backer and merrill accomplished most useful work on it for java and the philippines respectively, this large group has been much neglected and that taxonomical work performed on it is inversely proportional to its size and importance in various aspects. one of its interesting aspects is ecological. many genera show a distinct centre of development inside malaysia and there are even endemic or subendemic malaysian genera; they are mostly constituents of the rainforest. another group, however, consists of genera which are worldwide distributed in the tropics; even many of their species show very large ranges. in general the latter do not belong to the rain-forest (with exceptions), but to the areas subject to a dry season. these are the most interesting ones, as their distribution involves the problem how seasonal plants could cross the everwet tropics between continental asia to australia. southeastern continental asia, including burma, siam, indo-china, s. china, and hainan, is an area of which the major surface is subject to annual drought, certain everwet foci excepted; southwards this climatic regime is found to the south of peninsular siam about the isthmus of kra. the western part of malaysia, including malaya, sumatra, borneo, and west java, forms a colossal continuous area with an everwet climate; as far as we can conclude from the fossil record this has been so at least onwards of the pliocene, and probably even the miocene. in it are only a negligeable number of very local dry spots caused by rain-shadows cast by mountains (pleihari in se. borneo, sumatra west coast, tapanuli, atchin). the central part of malaysia, including the philippines, celebes, the moluccas, central and east java, and the lesser sunda islands, is an area characterized by a climatic mosaic of everwet and seasonal. the amount of seasonal area differs from island to island. in the philippines the western faces of almost all western islands are subject to a dry season. in celebes the largest areas with a dry season are found in the southern extremities of the two southern peninsulas, but in central and north celebes there are only very local areas which, through topographic causes, c. g. g. j. van steenis c.s.: malaysian papilionaceac i 421 have a dry season. the moluccas show a mosaic which is predominantly everwet, but with isolated spots or local areas which are seasonal; they are found in halmahera, buru, ceram, the aru is., etc. central and east java, however, possess more seasonal area than everwet, and in east java the everwet spots are simply caused by local topography, the s. sides of the volcanoes having an everwet climate due to the rain given off by the monsoon winds ascending the slopes. the lesser sunda islands have a similar mosaic as east java. new guinea is almost entirely everwet, the southern coastal part from frederik hendrik i. to moresby excepted; besides, there are along the coasts some local dry pockets caused by rain-shadow. new britain is also everwet in general, but shows in various places dry pockets. north australia and north queensland are also largely subject to a seasonal climate. in mapping the distributional areas of the species of the seasonal flora it appears that they follow the seasonal areas and spots, that is, they occur with a large number of localities in continental southeast asia, they occupy the isolated dry spots in central malaysia, where they are consequently commonest in java and the lesser sunda islands, and then they reappear again in south new guinea, the bismarcks, and australia. if we consider for a moment this pattern of seasonal climatic conditions (map 1), it appears that the distributional pathway of drought plants through malaysia is very much broken up in smaller or larger 'stepping stones', because apart from the insular character of central malaysia, it is only small parts of these islands which offer a suitable ecological seasonal climate. several of the leguminosae treated in this contribution exactly fit in with this climatic distribution pattern. i may add that in hundreds of other maps i have made, specially of leguminosae and grasses, the same pattern reappears again and again. these areas are obviously ecologically defined. this raises of course not the problem how the plants have 'found' this corridor. it is clear that they have avoided the huge west malaysian everwet rain-forest area as they cannot compete with rain-forest vegetation, although they can be grown under everwet conditions; see under neocollettia. the problem is, however, how they could disperse themselves over these (now) remote stepping stones which are separated by wide distances, in fact too wide to imagine that the intervening spaces could be bridged 422 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 by natural means of dispersal. even sporadic chance dispersal is unlikely in most cases. it might be held that some of these distributions are due to anthropogenous dispersal, but in many cases these plants have such huge areas, and occupied them already one or two centuries ago, that this explanation is unlikely in most cases. i have been aware of this problem and its implications several decades ago, when i made my first attempt to define the plant geographical regularities in the malaysian flora 1 , specially those of the remarkably disjunct so-called monsoon plants between asia and java. i was confronted with it again in connection with the alleged introduction of teak in java by the hindus and with the origin of sandalwood. for a solution of the problem i have indicated that the same drought-pathway has not only been occupied by species which came from asia, but also by those which came from australia, and by those which are native to malaysia. for the latter two categories anthropogenous dispersal from australia or inside malaysia is excluded. for that reason the problem of the present absence of sufficient, and sufficiently close, stepping stones for dispersal of drought plants through malaysia remains valid. its solution must be found in either a drier climate or more stepping stones in the past which enabled their active dispersal which is impossible by the present configuration of land, sea, and climatic conditions in the archipelago. i believe i have found a solution which satisfies all these conditions, viz the influence of the pleistocene ice age. as is well-known this was accompanied by a worldwide lowering of the level of the sea, which resulted in the merging of the landmasses of west malaysia on the sunda shelf into one very large peninsula and the merging of the north australian with the aru islands and new guinea in the papuasian sahul shelf area. according to dr. h. p. berlage, then meteorologist at djakarta, the increase of the landmasses changed the wind regime and air humidity in malaysia. the overall result would be that there must have been distinctly more and larger areas of periodical drought between the two large rainforest areas in west and east malaysia respectively. these two everwet cores remained stable, but locally, and along their margins, more local dry spots were found than there are at present, for example in sumatra in palembang, sumatra westcoast res., tapanuli, gajo lands, and atchin, furthermore in se. borneo. all these spots are also now only faintly set with some indicator plants tolerant of a feeble dry season. 1 in bull. jard. bot. btzg iii, 13: 31—33, fig. 9. 1933. 2 in hand. 8e ned. ind. natuurwet. congr. 1938: 408—409. 1939. 1961] c. g. g. j. van s t e e n i s c.s.: malaysian papilionaceae i 423 with the post-glacial rising of the sealevel the situation as it is at present gradually returned. many stepping stones disappeared and were overwhelmed by the rain-forest, but some remained intact, notably the rain-shadow slopes and valleys. naturally the percentage of area subject to annual drought in the corridor decreased and stepping stones became more spaced than they were before. the spacing of these stepping stones was caused partly by the postglacial increase of humidity but also by the submersion of large areas, notably in the south china sea, by the rising sealevel, which caused the origin of a big gap between the drought areas of indo-china and the philippines. how the extension of the dry period may have affected malaysia during the ice age has been tried to reconstruct from observations in exceptionally dry years. see the instructive map by c. braak '. a (geologically) rather recent exchange of drought plants between asia and australia fits nicely with the fact that practically all of these species are exactly the same as are found on the continents, which pleads for recent dispersal. a similar observation was made by warburg -' on the savannah plants in the dry areas of south new guinea which are specifically not distinct from those of australia and must be of 'recent' arrival. the reaction of plants on a seasonal climate is of course widely differing: some are indifferent to climate, as for example smithia sensitiva (map 2). others are obviously bound to the annual occurrence of a severe dry season, as for example rhynchosia rothii (map 6). between these extremes there are intermediates, some which need a short dry season, others which prefer a distinct dry season, etc. miss a. lammertse has tried to find out for the flora of java how many 'drought classes' it would be convenient to distinguish in order to fit plant distributions. for that purpose she has used a transparent climatic base map with 6 climatical drought classes in colours which she projected over maps of the same scale on which the localities of a number of common javanese plant species were dotted. her results, which are as yet not published, have shown that indeed species can be sorted out into drought classes and that certain species can be used as distinct indicators for these classes. from her work it also appeared that some species belonging to the lower drought classes (needing only a feeble dry period) are found (very locally) in some isolated dry pockets in the rain-forest area, but that those of the higher classes (needing a strong or long dry period) are rarest and show the most disjunct localities. 1 braak, in verh. kon. magn. meteor. obs. batavia 1: map facing p. 218. 1923 2 warburg in bot. jahrb. 13: 238—242. 1891. 424 r e i.n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 though not all distribution maps of the species treated in this paper could be reproduced, a few have been chosen to show this response of plants to a seasonal climate (maps 2—6). the taxonomical revisions have been primarily based on the material represented in the collections of the rijksherbarium, leyden. for loan of the sheets of rhynchosia cunninghamii bth. we are indebted to the government botanist, brisbane, mr s. l. everist, and for loan of the type material of rhynchosia sumatrana merr. to the curator of the herbarium of michigan, ann arbor, dr. r. mcvaugh, to both of whom we tender our sincere thanks. the pathway for drought plants from asia to australia through malaysia vice versa with plant maps in sequence of increasing droucht requirement although the number of papilionaceous species revised in this paper is only small, their distributions show various patterns of drought requirement, 'drought' taken in the sense of the occurrence of a dry season. they can serve as rough illustrations of the drought classes of plants mentioned in the introduction. although some of these plants are weeds and others are distinctly native species, their reaction to climatic conditions is essentially similar. in map 1 the two cores of rain-forest area have been drawn black, in the west the sunda shelf area, in the east the papuasian or sahul shelf. in both of the adjoining continental areas of asia and australia a seasonal climate is predominant, and the intervening areas of central malaysia, almost coinciding with that which dickerson and merrill termed ,,wallacea", including the major part of java, are also either seasonal or consist of a mosaic of everwet and seasonal climate. this intervening area is the pathway of the drought plants, vice versa. the areas of the drought plants have been arranged in maps 2—6 in the sequence of increasing drought, viz starting with a species requiring a feeble dry season (map 2), followed by one with a pronounced dry season (map 3), a rather strong dry season (map 4), a strong dry season (map 5), and a severe dry season (map 6). from the fact that distributions naturally show less localities, in proportion to the decrease in surface of areas subject to a stronger and severe dry season, it must be concluded that they are e q u i f o r m, i.e. in hulten's sense, that they are comparable, or in other words that their genesis rests on the same base or cause. 196*] c. g. g. j. van steenis c.s.: malaysian papilionaceae i 425 in this sequence the species show an increasing 'aversion' for the two everwet rain-forest cores and 'retreat' steadily more from the neighbourhood of these rain-forest areas. as the surfaces of the areas suitable for representatives of the higher drought classes are very restricted, the distributions of these species become disrupted; in map 4 the example shows a semi-disjunction between s. celebes and luzon; in maps 5 and 6 a complete disjunction is found. the arrangement of drought classes distinguished here as proportional to the size of the disjunction between the areas in asia and malaysia is of course open to dispute. i admit that chance factors may have played a role and that much more must be known about the autecology of the individual species before we can definitely assign a species to a drought class. for the present it seems convenient, however, to identify the geographical distribution patterns with the drought classes. arranging the species treated in this paper ] according to drought class types they can be tabulated as follows: 1. indifferent to climate: — 2. feeble dry season: — (map 2) 3. pronounced dry season: — (map 3) 4. rather strong dry season: (map 4) 5. strong dry season: — (map 5) 6. severe dry season : — (map 6) moghania macrophylla strobilifera rhynchosia acuminatissima viscosa uraria crinita lagopodioidec cyclocarpa stellaris smithia sensitiva zornia diphylla galactia tenuiflora moghania lineata involucrata pycnospora lutescens uraria picta nifescens smithia ciliata conferta rhynchosia minima neocollettia gracilis rhynchosia rothii rufescens stylosanthes fruticosa sundaica uraria candida 1 stylosanthes rufescens, which is only found as a recent adventive, is excluded; the adventive locality of s. sundaica at singapore has also been disregarded. 1961] c. g. g. j. van steenis c.s.: malaysian papilio-naeeae i 427 map 3. pyenospom lutescens as an illustration of a species requiring a pronounced dry season, viz absent from the sunda shelf and in papua only in strictly seasonal spots. map 4. smithia ciliata as an illustration of a montane species requiring a rather strong dry period; between the philippines and java there is still a locality in celebes. the area is semi-disjunct. 428 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 map 5. rhynehosia minima as an example of a species requiring a strong dry season, with an obvious disjunction. map 6. rhynehosia rothii illustrating a distribution of a species bound to a severse dry season, in malaysia restricted to the driest area. the disjunction is still wider than that shown in map 5. 1961] c. g. g. j. van steenis e.s.: malaysian papilionaceae i 429 it will be observed that i have in the foregoing applied the term ,,equiformal areas" in a wider sense than that of hulten's original concept of the ,,equiformal progressive areas", that is, areas of taxonomically unrelated species which radiate from a common centre to form a common pattern, although to various degree1. hulten had especially in view the explanation for such extending areas during the retreat of the ice in the northern polar regions. the extending and retreat of these areas followed of course also a given pattern of ecological conditions to which the species and their distribution responded. it seems to me that the concept ,,equiformal" can be used in essentially the same way for all areas which show in their entirety, or in part of their delineation, a comparable geographical pattern which can be correlated with former or present ecological patterns. in the case of the malaysian leguminosae we cannot speak about progressive, but rather of regressive areas of distribution which are equiformal. i feel there is no objection in a wider application of this useful concept in distributional plant geography. c . g. g. j. van s t e e n i s . 1 e. hulten, outline of the history of arctic and boreal biota during the quaternary period. stockholm, 1937: 9—11. c y c l o c a r p a afz. ex baker through the publication of specht's elaborate volume on the flora of arnhem's land, in which cyclocarpa stellaris was mentioned with the note that ,,it seems hardly credible that it will not be discovered in some of the intervening areas", between africa and north australia, mr airy shaw became interested in it and found a specimen collected by motley in se. borneo. in passing, it has appeared that dr leonard knew these localities already. at his suggestion i scanned indeterminate leguminosae in the rijksherbarium and succeeded in locating one specimen, collected by myself in indramaju, west java, between djakarta and cheribon, where i have collected so many novelties and new records, 1935—1937. its main biotope, which i have described formerly1, is not particularly aberrant or unique and similar areas must be common in india, burma, siam, and indo-china. by its heat and mud it is not particularly inviting but exploration proved most profitable. it is a landscape on rather coastal low-lying, marine clays and loams, receiving large quantities of water in the rainy season. drainage is impeded and the entire area is full of the hummocks of low termite hills. in the dry period these soils are baked hard and crack, and are liable to great desiccation by hard, dry se. winds. the original vegetation has been a mixed monsoon forest, with teak in it, but man fires these areas frequently, and the region is now occupied by a poor, stunted savannah-like teak-forest, mixed with teak co-dominants, alternating with plenty of high grass fields, in which the most prominent one as to volume is siil, sorghum nitidum (l.) pers., over a man's height. but with it are very numerous other grasses and specially cyperaceae, many of which are very rare and only known in java or malaysia from this spot. under the siil there is in the months of march to may still wettish clay and this is the habitat of a number of most interesting small herbs, many of which are again very rare in malaysia. the best time to collect is from april to early june, after which the vegetation gets parched and shrivels up. i am very sure that still new records can be found. the plant in question is one of these small herbs and superficially it resembles a smithia or zornia in habit. the pod is most peculiar; it is xin trop. natuur 25, jub. no: 111—123, 21 fig. 1936. — 430 — 196(1] c. g. g. j. van steenis c.s.: malaysian papilionaceae i 431 twisted but flat and disk-like, and both taubert and specht gave a very good picture of it. the record is as follows: cyclocarpa stellaris afz. ex baker cyclocarpa stellaris afz. ex baker, fi. trop. afr. 2: 151. 1871; urban in jahrb. bot. gart. berl. 3: 248. 1884; taubert in e. & p., pfl. fam. 3, 3: 320, 246, fig. 112 m. 1894; gagnep., fl. gen. i.-c. 2: 554, fig. 53 (9—10). 1920; hutch. & dalz., fl. west trop. afr. 1: 416. 1928; white & francis in proc. r. soc. queensl. 41: 140. 1929; leonard, fl. cong. belg. 5: 241. 1954; specht, rec. amer.-austr. exp. arnhem land 3: 242, pi. 3 fig. b. 1958. distribution. — tropical africa, indo-china (laos, gagnepain, i.e.), java (indramaju, terisi, near plosokerep, 25 m alt., van steenis 8188, may 3, 1936, bo, l), se. borneo (bandjermasin, motley, k), north australia, and queensland (specht, i.e.). g a l a c t i a p. browne galactia tenuiflora (klein ex willd.) w. &. a. galactia tenuiflora (klein ex willd.) w. & a., prod.: 206. 1834; miq., fl. ind. bat. 2: 220. 185.7; bth. in mart., fl. bras. 15, 1: 143. 1859, p.p.1; baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 192. 1876; f. v. m., descr. not. pap. pi. 3: 42. 1876; f. m. bailey, queensl. fl. 2: 430. 1900; k. sch. & laut., fl. deut. schutzgeb. sudsee: 369. 1901; back., schoolfl. java: 366. 1911; merr., en. philip. fl. pi. 2: 310. 1923; back., fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 131. 1941; robijns, fl. cong. belg. 6: 140. 1954. — glyeine tenuiflora klein ex willd., sp. pi. 3: 1059. 1800; dc, prod. 2: 241. 1825. — g. dubia dc, prod. 2: 238. 1825. — teramnus tenuiflorus spreng., systt. 3: 235. 1826. — g. villosa w. & a., prod.: 207. 1834; bth. in miq., pi. jungh.: 233. 1852; miq., fl. ind. bat. 2: 220. 1857. distribution. — tropical africa and asia through malaysia (luzon, sw. celebes, java, madura, kangean, bali, lombok, and e. new guinea) to tropical australia. this species has a worldwide distribution in the tropical regions. in the malaysian region it is a twiner in grasslands and savannahs and is obviously more or less bound to seasonal climatic conditions, from sealevel to c. 2000 m; often subject to grass-fires, then the root and stembase thickening. it shows a rather wide variability in degree of hairiness and shape and size of the leaflets; the latter vary from ovate to lanceolate, 17—60 by 7—25 mm, with a subcordate to rounded base, the mucronate tip being blunt or emarginate; petiole 8—25 mm; petiolules ½— 2 mm; peduncle 2½—20 cm; pedicels ½—3 mm. the flower colour is mostly noted as red, purplish, lilac, pink, white, and in one case even yellow. 4 3 2 r e i n \ y a p d t i a [ v o l . 5 bentham gave, in 1859, i.e., an account of the complicated synonymy; he distinguished three varieties on the indument of the leaves and the pods; these are extremes of a larger series of variability into which one of the new guinean specimens cannot be arranged. from the fact that the variability does not show any special geographical (racial) segregation and is found all over the range, i conclude that it is largely an individual response to habitat factors, and that no taxonomical importance should be attributed to it. in identifying the malaysian material with the key in the revision of the caribbean galactias by urban (symb. antill. 2: 307—336. 1900) i arrived mostly at g. dubia dc. and with two specimens (brass 6363, carr 11195) at g. longifolia (jacq.) bth. in comparing this papuan material with that of the caribbean and with urban's description the only difference between the asiatic and american material seems to be the very short petiole and the appressed hairs on the stem in the latter. this seems a slight difference indeed. the malaysian materials identified as g. dubia with urban's key can, however, not be distinguished from those of the caribbean where they show a similar range of variability; for that reason the epithet dubia turns up in three places in urban's key; g. tenuiflora has also been reduced to g. dubia in index kewensis, although the former name has priority. the definite conclusion reached is that the species at hand occurs in both the new and old world. the correct name of the species is probably galactia longifolia (jacq.) bth. [syn. g. filiformis (jacq.) bth.], which have simultaneously been described (under galega) by jacquin as early as 1789 in coll. bot. vol. 2 (and in the same year in ic. pi. rar. 3) from tropical america, but the final disposition would require a larger study of american material which falls outside the scope of the present note. m o g h a n i a s t . h i l . in revising the malaysian material of flemingia i have come to the conclusion that only four species can be recognized. two endemic species described from the philippines, f. cumingiana and f. philippinensis, fall within the range of variation of f. maerophylla; besides i can not uphold f. latifolia against f. macrophylla, the distinction of which was already doubted by backer; backer distinguished them as varieties of one species. the malaysian species fall apart into two distinct ecological groups. f. lineata and f. involucrata show a distributional pattern coinciding with a seasonal rainfall regime and no specimen has ever been collected 196!)] c. g. g. j. van steenis c.s.: malaysian papilionaccac i 433 in the everwet west malaysian sunda area (malay peninsula, sumatra, borneo). f. strobilifera and f. macrophylla on the other hand are indifferent to rainfall conditions. it is unfortunate that the well-known name flemingia roxb. ex ait. (1812) is a later homonym of flemingia roxb. ex rottl. (1803) which is a taxonomic synonym of thunbergia retz. (acanthaceae). the name to accept seems to be moghania st. hil. 1813, but also this can only be used if it is conserved against lourea st. hil. 1812, an earlier homonym of lourea desv., which, now necker's names have been declared invalid, must also be conserved. see hui-lin li in am. j. bot. 3 1 : 224—225. 1944, and abeywickrama hi taxon 8: 29. 1959. key to the species 1. flowers in small cymes, each enveloped by a large, folded, reniform, persistent bract, the cymes arranged in copious simple or slightly branched racemes. leaflet 1 1. m. strobilifera 1. bracts never reniform and folded, usually early caducous. leaflets 3. 2. flowers in loose panicles 2. m. lineata 2. flowers in dense, spike-like, often fascicled racemes. bracts imbricate in bud, linear or lanceolate, usually early caducous, sometimes very large 3. m. macrophylla 2.. flowers in copious heads, surrounded by a dozen bracts. . . 4. m. involucrata 1. moghania strobilifera (l.) st. hil. ex jacks. moghania strobilifera (l.) st. hil. ex jacks, in ind. kew. 2: 252. 1894; hui-lin li in am. j. bot. 31: 227. 1944. — hedysanim strobiliferum linne, sp. pi.: 764. 1753; roxb., fl. ind. (ed. carey) 3: 350. 1832. — zornia strobilifera pers., syn. 2: 319. 1807. — flemingia strobilifera r. br. in ait., hort. kew. ed. 2, 4: 350. 1812; dc, prod. 2: 351. 1825; wall., cat.: 5753. 1832; w. & a., prod.: 243. 1834; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 161. 1855; baker, fl. br. ind. 2: 227. 1876; kurz in 3. as. soc. beng. 45, ii: 260. 1876; prain, ibid. 66, ii: 437. 1897; backer, schoolfl. java: 383. 1911; gagnep., fl. gen. i.-c. 2: 296. 1916; backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 144. 1941. — hedysanim bracteatum roxb., fl. ind. (ed. carey) 3: 351. 1832. — flemingia bracteata (roxb.) wight, i c : t. 268. 1840; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 162. 1855; kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 45, ii: 260. 1876; prain, ibid. 66, ii: 437. 1897; gamble, fl. madras 2: 378. 1918. — flemingia, fruticulosa wall. [cat.: 5754. 1832, nomen] ex bth. in miq., pi. jungh.: 245. 1852; prain in j. as. soc. beng. 66, ii: 438. 1897. — flemingia fluminalis clarke ex prain in j. as. soc. beng. 66, ii: 438. 1897. — m. bracteata hui-lin li in am. j. bot. 31: 227. 1944. — m. fluminalis hui-lin li, i.e. distribution. — india to southern china, throughout malaysia introduced in mauritius (ex litt.) and in the west indies (e.g. jamaica and trinidad). 4 3 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 flemingia bracteata (roxb.) wight has been regarded by baker, i.c., as a variety of f. strobilifera; kurz, i.c., prain, i.c., and gamble, i.c., accepted it as a distinct species. after having seen much material of both india and malaysia i agree with wight & arnott, i.c., that f. bracteata can not be kept apart. according to some of these authors it would differ from f. strobilifera by the pubescent bracts, in combination with emarginate bracts and long stipules. but i have seen pubescent bracts which were not emarginate and the other way round. besides, the size of the stipules varies considerably. flemingia chap-par ham. ex wall, is an allied indian species, superficially very similar but clearly distinct by deeply emarginate bracts, relatively short calyx lobes, and orbicular-cordate leaflets. 2. moghania lineata (l.) 0. kuntze moghania lineata (l.) 0. kuntze, rev. gen. pi. 1: 199. 1891; hui-lin li in am. j. bot. 31: 227. 1944. — hedysarum lineatum l., sp. pi.: 1054. 1753. — lespedeza lineata pers., syn. 2: 318. 1807. — flemingia lineata roxb. [hort. beng-.: 56. 1814, nomen], fl. ind. (ed. carey) 3: 341. 1832; wall., cat.: 5752. 1832; dc, prod. 2: 351. 1825; w. & a., prod.: 242. 1834; wight, i c : t. 327. 1840; bth. in miq., pi. jungh.: 245. 1852; fl. austr. 2: 268. 1864; baker, fl. br. ind. 2: 228. 1876; kurz in j. as. soc. beng-. 45, ii: 260. 1876; prain, ibid. 66, ii: 438. 1897; gagnep., fl. gen. i.-c. 2: 298. 1916; backer, schoolfl. java: 384. 1911; gamble, fl. madias 2: 378. 1918; backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 145. 1941. — flemingia hlancoana llanos, fragm.: 80. 1851. distribution. — india, burma, siam, through malaysia, w. australia ; in malaysia only found in the philippines (luzon), sw. celebes, java, the lesser sunda islands (bali, timor), and south new guinea. 3. moghania macrophylla (willd.) o. kuntze moghania \imcrophylla (willd.) o. kuntze, rev. gen. pi. 1: 199. 1891; hui-lin li in am. j. bot. 31227. 1944. — cvotalaria macrophylla willd., sp. pi. 3: 982. 1800. — flemingia trinervia desf., tabl. ed. 2: 269. 1815, ex ind. kew. — rhynchosia crotalarioides dc, prod. 2: 387. 1825. — flemingia angustifolia roxb. [hort. beng.: 98. 1814, nomen], fl. ind. (ed. carey) 3: 341. 1832. — flemingia congesta roxb. [hort. beng.: 56. 1814, nomen], fl. ind. (ed. carey) 3: 340. 1832; dc, prod. 2: 351. 1825; w. & a., prod.: 241. 1834; wight, i c : t. 390. 1840; dalz. & gibs., bomb. fl: 75. 1861; bth, in miq., pi. jungh.: 246. 1852; baker, fl. br. ind. 2: 228. 1876; kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 45, ii: 260. 1876; prain, ibid. 66, ii: 440. 1897; backer, schoolfl. java: 384. 1911; gagnep., fl. gen. i.-c. 2: 302. 1916; backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 145. 1941. — flemingia prostrata roxb. [hort. beng.: 56. 1814, nomen], fl. ind. (ed. carey) 3: 338. 1832; bth. in miq., pl jungh.: 245. 1852; kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 45, ii: 260. 1876; prain, ibid. 66, ii: 440. 1897. — flemingia procumbens roxb. [hort. beng.: 56. 1814, nomen], fl. ind. (ed. carey) 3: 338. 1832; 196ft] c. g. g. j. van stbenis c.s.: malaysian papuionaceae i 435 wight, i c : t. 408. 1840; gagnep., fl. gen. i.-c. 2: 301. 1916. — flemingia semialata roxb. [hort. beng.: 56. 1814, nomen'], fl. ind. (ed. carey) 3: 340. 1832; don, prod. fl. nepal. 2: 242. 1825; w. & a., prod.: 241. 1834; wight, i c : t. 326. 1840; kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 45, ii: 261. 1876; prain, ibid. 66, ii: 441. 1897. — flemingia stricta roxb. [hort. beng.: 56. 1814, nomen], cor. pi. 3: t. 248. 1815; fl. ind. (ed. carey) 3: 342. 1832; dc, prod. 2: 351. 1825; w. & a., prod.: 241. 1834; wight, i c : t. 329. 1840; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 164. 1855; baker, fl. br. ind. 2: 228. 1876; kunz in j. as. soc. beng. 45, ii: 261. 1876. — flemingia wightiana r. grah. [in wall., cat.: 5751. 1832, nomen'] ex w. & a., prod.: 242. 1834; prain in j. as. soc. beng. 66, ii: 441. 1897. — flemingia capitata buch. ham. in wall., cat.: 5746. 1832, nomen. — flemingia bhottea buch. ham., i.e. 5749, nomen. — flemingia wallichii w. & a., prod.: 242. 1834; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 165. 1855; baker, fl. br. ind. 2: 229. 1876; prain in j. as. soc. beng. 66, ii: 442. 1897. — flemingia graha?niana w. & a., prod.: 242. 1834; baker, fl. br. ind. 2: 228. 1876; prain in j. as. soc. beng. 66, ii: 439. 1897. — flemingia ferruginea r. grah. [in wiall., cat.: 5750. 1832, nomen] ex bth. in miq., pi. jungh.: 245. 1852; kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 45, ii: 260. 1876; prain, ibid. 66, ii: 440. 1897. — flemingia latifolia bth. in miq., pl jungh.: 246. 1852; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 163. 1855; kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 45, ii: 261. 1876; prain, ibid. 66, ii: 441. 1897; backer, schoolfl. java: 385. 1911; gagnep., fl. gen. i.-c. 2: 299. 1916; backer. bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 146. 1941. — flemingia cumingiana bth. in miq., pi. jungh.: 245. 1852; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 165. 1855; merr. in philip. j. sc. 5: bot. 103, 354. 1910; en. philip. 2: 317. 1923. — flemingia teysmanniana miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 1083. 1858. — flemingia rhodocarpa baker, fl. trop. afr. 2: 231. 1871. — flemingia sericans kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 43, ii: 186. 1874; prain, ibid. 66, ii: 442. 1897. — flemingia lamontii hance in journ. bot. 16: 10. 1878, ex descr. — m. cumingiana (bth.) o. kuntze, rev. gen. pi. 1: 199. 1891. — m. grahamiana (w. & a.) 0. kuntze, i.e. — m. strieta (roxb.) o. kuntze, i.e. — m. wallichii (w. & a.) o. kuntze, i.e. — flemingia macrophylla (willd.) 0. kuntze ex prain in j. as. soc beng. 66, ii: 440. 1897; bold., zakfl. landb.: 121. 1916; merr. in philip. j. sc. 5: bot. 130. 1910; en. philip. 2: 317. 1923; in brittonia 5: 25, 28. 1943. — flemingia philippinensis merr. & rolfe in philip. j. sc 3: bot. 103. 1908; merr., ibid. 5: bot. 130. 1910. — m. philippinensis (merr. & rolfe) hui-lin li in am. j. bot. 31: 227. 1944. — m. ferruginea (wall, ex bth.) hui-lin li, l.c. — m. teysmanniana (miq.) hui-lin li, i.e. 228. distribution. — africa, mozambique distr.; asia, central himalayas to ceylon and china, throughout malaysia, probably also in australia. this species is very variable as to the shape and size of the leaflets, the indument of the leaflets and the branches, the indument of the calyx and the size and shape of the calyx lobes, of which the inferior one is always the longest. after having seen many plants from malaysia and the asiatic continent i can say that range of the variability covers all the descriptions which belong to the synonyms, 436 reinwardtia [vol. 5 moghania macrophylla seems tolerant to rainfall and occurs under both everwet and seasonal rainfall regimes. it seems probable that the wide variation in indument and size can partly be ascribed to the large range of habitats. as to flemingia philippinensis merr. & rolfe, i have seen an isotype of merrill 4460 (l), which fully agrees with m. macrophylla (willd.) 0. kuntze; it is remarkable, however, that the type description by merrill does not agree in detail with this isotype. probably flemingia parviflora bth., fl. austr. 2: 269. 1864, also belongs to m. macrophylla; it has been recorded for new guinea by specht, rec. arnhem land exp. 3: 246. 1958. i prefer to postpone a final decision until i have studied australian material; i have seen several malaysian specimens which agree with bentham's description and which doubtless belong to m. macrophylla. 4. moghania involucrata (wall, ex bth.) 0. kuntze moghania involucrata (wall, ex bth.) 0. kuntze, rev. gen. pi. 1: 199. 1891; hui-lin li in am. j. bot. 31: 227. 1944. — lepidocoma trifoliatum jungh., reisen: 338. 1845, nomen. — flemingia involucrata bth. in miq., pi. jungh.: 246. 1852; fl. austr. 2: 269. 1864; baker, fl. br. ind. 2: 229. 1876; backer, schoolfl. java: 384. 1911; merr., en. philip. 2: 316. 1923; backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 145. 1941. — flemingia capitata zoll. [nat. geneesk. arch. 3: 64. 1846, nomen] ex miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 166. 1855. distribution. — eastern himalayas, assam, and sikkim, to burma, siam, and indo-china, through malaysia to queensland; in malaysia in the philippines (culion i.), sw. celebes, java (east java, and a few localities in indramaju in west java), lesser sunda islands (bali, sumba), and se. new guinea. n e o c o l l e t t i a hemsl. this is a remarkable monotypic genus, both by its disjunct distribution and in the ecology of its fruit. originally it was described from flowering material, the pods being unknown. these have later appeared to be geocarpous. in java it was found in teak forests, but the prostrate, rooting, herbaceous plant, producing roots from all nodes and attaining a length of 50—100 cm, is inconspicuous and easily escapes attention of field botanists. though it distinctly belongs to regions with a semi-arid climate, and is for that reason absent in the area between burma and central java, it is cultivated in the bogor botanic gardens under everwet conditions. 1964] c. g. g. j. van steenis c.s.: malaysian papuionaceae i 437 after anthesis the pedicel recurves and penetrates with the undeveloped ovary into the soil. between the calyx and the ovary two strong, opposite roots develop on the short gynophore which in all probability feed the growing ovary and may be instrumental in pulling the pod deeper into the earth. as far as i know it is only known from burma and java. the synonymy and javanese records are as follows: neocollettia wallichii (kurz) schindl. neocollettia wallichii (kurz) schindl. in pedde, rep. 21: 16. 1925; backer, bekn. pi. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 9*6. 1941. — teramnus wallichii kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 45, ii: 255. 1876. — stylosanthes sp. wall., cat.: 5974, cited under desmodium rottleri by baker, pi. br. ind. 2: 174. 1876. — neocollettia gracilis hemsl. in j. linn. soc. bot. 28: 43—44, 189—191, t. 6. 1890; taub. in e. & p., pfl. fam. 3, 3: 384. 1894. — neocollettia sp. beumee, flor.-anal. onderz.: 30. 1922. distribution. — central java (res. cheribon: kadipaten, tjikamuning estate, j.e.a. den doop, april 1928; res. surabaja: forestry distr. mantup, bremekamp, aug. 1919; ditto, forest complex pandjeran, weeda, april 1918). p y c n o s p o r a w . &a. pycnospora lutescens (poir.) schindl. pycnospora lutescens (poir.) schindl. in j. bot. 64: 145. 1926; backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 89. 1941; leonard, pl cong. belg. 5: 239, fig. 16. 1954. — hedysarum lutescens poir. in lamk, enc. bot. 6: 417. 1806. — zornia lutescens steud., nom. ed. 1: 900. 1821. — desmodium lutescens dc., prod. 2: 326. 1825. —? flemingia monosperma moon, cat. ceyl.: 54. 1824, sec. w. & a. — phyllodium lutescens desv. in mem. soc. linn. paris 4: 324. 1825, pro nom. — crotalaria nervosa grah. in wall., cat.: n. 5428. 1832, nomen; mor., syst. verz.: 7. 1846. — pycnospora nervosa w. & a., prod.: 197. 1834; merr. in philip. j. sc. 5: bot. 91. 1910; en. philip. 2: 292. 1923. — pycnospora hedysaroides r. br. ex. w. & a., i.e., nomen; baker in hook., fl. br. ind. 2: 153. 1876; f. v. m., descr., not. pap. pi. 1: 42. 1876; bailey, queensl. fl. 2: 416. 1900; laut. & k. sch., nachtr. fl. deut. schutzgeb. siidsee: 277. 1905; pulle in nova guinea 8: 377. 1910; backer, schoolfl. java: 347. 1911. — desmodium viride vog. in nov. act. ac. nat. cur. 19, suppl. 1: 29. 1843. — lndvgofera desmodioides bth. in hohen., pi. ind. or. n. 303, nomen; ex baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 153. 18:76, in synon. — crotalaria tappenbeckiana k. sch. & laut., fl. deut. schutzgeb. siidsee: 351. 1901. distribution. — from tropical africa and asia (india through burma, siam, indo-china to s. china and formosa) through malaysia (philippines, s. celebes, java, lesser sunda islands, moluccas, aru islands, and se. new guinea) to tropical e. australia. — map 3. this species clearly avoids the everwet sunda shelf area and most o f new guinea except i n its seasonal parts. . . . . . . 438 reinwardti a [vol. 5 r h y n c h o s i a lour. during the revision it has appeared that there are obviously only 5 species in the malaysian region. the current name of a rather wellknown species, r. sericea, cannot be used because of homonymy; it is remarkable that, though bentham provided a new name for it already 90 years ago, nobody has cared to take it up. a widely distributed, wellcharacterized species, described by miquel from java, r. acuminatissima, appears to have also been described under two other names from new guinea, under a fourth one from sumatra, a fifth from mindanao, and a sixth from queensland. distributionally, some species seem to be tolerant of climate, but r. rufescens and r. minima are strictly bound to seasonal climate conditions and show the usual pattern avoiding to occur in malaya, sumatra, and borneo. k e y to the species corolla included in the calyx. calyx deeply cleft with hardly any tube left at the base, the lobes oblong with ± parallel margins, and a very blunt apex (sometimes provided with a mucro). seed 1, black, shining, strophiolate. pod as long as the calyx or slightly exceeding it, 10—12 by 6—7 mm . . . . 1. r. rufescens corolla longer than the calyx. calyx cleft to ¼—2/3, but with a distinct tube at the base, the lobes triangular, acute or almost so. seeds 2 (occasionally 3), estrophiolate. 2. lamina of the standard 3—6 mm. free tops of the upper lip of the calyx 1—2 mm. pod c. 14 by 4% mm. leaflets small 2. r. minima 2. lamina of the standard 7—14 mm. free tops of the upper lip of the calyx ½—1¼ mm. pod 20—25 mm by 6—10 mm. 3. pedicels during anthesis 2—5 mm, then lengthening to 4—8 mm. stipules deltoid-lanceolate, acute, very early caducous. lamina of the standard usually without distinct callosities. vexillar stamen egeniculate. pods tomentose or velutinous, gold-green or grey-brown, often with a mixed tomentum. plant always without glandular hairs. seeds blue or blue-black. . . 3. r. acuminatissima 3. pedicels in anthesis 1—2 mm, not lengthening. stipules ovate short-acuminate to lanceolate, not early caducous. lamina of the standard above the claw whether or not with two distinct calluses. vexillar stamen geniculate above the base. stem and outer side of the calyx sometimes with glandular hairs. 4. stipules c. 5 mm. standard without two distinct calluses. ovary with a mixed tomentum of short pubescent hairs and rather stiff, long, silky bulbous-based hairs. pods with long yellow or white bulbous-based bristly hairs. plant with many glandular hairs, also on the calyx. . . . . . . . . . . 4. r. viscosa 196*1] c. g. g. j. van steenis c.s.: malaysian papilionaceae i 439 4. stipules c. 7 mm. standard at the inner side with two distinct calluses above the claw. ovary with a dense and soft, long, silky tomentum, hairs not bulbous-based. pod with a long, soft tomentum. stem sometimes with, calyx without glandular hairs 5. r. rothii 1. rhynchosia rupescens (willd.) d c . rhynchosia rufescens (willd.) dc, prod. 2: 387. 1825; w. &a., prod. 1: 239. 1834; baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 220. 1876; hook., ic. pi. xx, 2: 189. 1837; backer, schoolfl. java: 381. 1911; bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 142. 1941. —glycine rufescens willd., neue schrifte 4: 222. 1803. — hallia trifoliata roth, nov. sp. pl: 352. 1821. — flemingia rothiana dc, prod. 2: 351. 1825. — glycine pondicheriensis sprang., syst. 3: 196. 1826. — lespedeza indica spreng., l.c. 202. — cylista suaveolens grah. in wall., cat.: 5587. 1831—32, nomen. — cyanospermum javanicum miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 167. 1855. distribution. — widely distributed in ceylon and continental se. asia (deccan peninsula, assam, khasia, siam, and cambodia); in malaysia only known from a few scattered localities, viz west java (dago), extreme east java (asem bagus), and the lesser sunda islands (sumba and alor i.), up to c. 1000 m, obviously restricted to regions with a dry monsoon, snowing the usual disjunction of the monsoon plant flora between continental se. asia and java. the malaysian material agrees very well with that of asia. in leyden i have seen an isotype of hauia trifoliata roth, which is the basis of flemingia rothiana. 2. rhynchosia minima (l.) dc. rhynchosia minima (l.) dc, prod. 2: 385. 1825; baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 223. 1876; backer, scoolfl. java: 381. 1911; merr., en. philip. 2: 316. 1923; backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 142. 1941; hauman, fl. cong. belg. 6: 166. 1954. — dolichos minimus l., sp. pl: 1020. 1753. — dolichos medicagineus lamk, enc. meth. 2: 297. 1786. — glycine rhombifolia willd., sp. pl 3: 1065. 1800. — r. medicaginea dc, prod. 2: 386. 1825; w. & a., prod.: 238. 1834. — r. rhombifolia dc, prod. 2: 386. 1825, incl. var. fi. timoriensis dc. — r. nuda dc, l.c. — r. ervoidea dc, l.c. — r. candollei decne in nouv. ann. mus. hist. nat. 3: 473. 1834 (herb. timor. 145). — r. fridericiana (non weinm.) zoll. & mor. in nat. & geneesk. arch. neerl. ind. 3: 631. 1846. — r. adenantha miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 170. 1855; backer, schoolfl. java: 381. 1911. distribution. — pantropical, recorded from america, the cape and tropical africa; rather common in se. — e. asia (northward to yunnan) and australia; in malaysia only found in the extreme nw. corner of luzon, further in w. java (only once, of course in indramaju), east java, kangean, sumba, and papua. all localities are situated under conditions of a typically seasonal lowland climate, with a pronounced dry season. — map 5. 4t40 reinwardtia the malaysian material is not entirely homogeneous in all details. the specimens from java and papua are very similar, but differ slightly from those of asia and luzon in having a shorter tomentum on the ovary through which the glandular dots are distinctly visible and not obscured by the tomentum. in the specimens from the lesser sunda islands, which have been described as a separate species, r. candollei, the ovary is still less hairy and shorter hairy, the specimens are almost glabrous (leaves, pods), and the standard is entirely glabrous on the dorsal surface. 3. rhynchosia acuminatissima miq. rhynchosia acuminatissima miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 171. 1855; backer, schoolfl. java: 382. 1911; bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 143. 1941. — dunbaria acuminatissima miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 180. 1855. — r. cunninghamii bth., fl. austr. 2: 266. 1864; f. v. m. in ann. rep. br. new guinea 1892—94, app. ii: 127. 1895; bailey, queensl. fl. 2: 440. 1900; c. t. white in froc. r. soc. queensl. 34: 37. 1922. — r. calosperma warb. in bot. jahrb. 13: 324. 1891; k. sch. & laut., fl. deut. schutzgeb. siidsee: 370. 1900; pulle in nova guinea 8: 383. 1910; merr. in philip. j. sc. 5: bot. 128. 1910; en. philip. 2: 316. 1923; hosokawa in trans. nat. hist. soe. form. 25: 244. 1935; hatusima in bot. mag. tokyo 56: 370. 1942. — r. versteegii pulle in nova guinea 8: 383. 1910. — r. myriocarpa quis. & merr. in philip. j. sc. 37: 153. 1928, ex descr.; merr. & chun in sunyatsenia 2: 249. 1935; tanaka & odashima in j. trop. agric. 10: 369. 1938. — r. sumatrana merr. in pap. mich. ac. sc. 24: 74. 1938. distribution. — hainan, philippines (luzon, mindanao, guimaras), n. sumatra, java, lesser sunda islands (sumba, sumbawa), moluccas (klein key), new guinea, bismarck arch., micronesia (tinian), and queensland. in thickets and along forest edges and river banks, from the lowland up to c. 1000 m alt., nowhere common. some specimens possess small, black dots on the undersurface of the leaflets; pulle used these as a botanical character; under the microscope no fungal hyphae or spores are be found; there is black-coloured substance in the intercellular spaces which does not make the impression of being 'normal', specially as the dots are of unequal size and seem to enlarge and produce 'pseudopodia' so that the dots are no longer circular in shape. pulle further mentioned that r. versteegii would differ from r. calosperma by more glabrous leaves and acute upper calyx lobes. additional material, however, shows that these differences grade and cannot be upheld. of r. sumatrana merr. i could borrow the type specimens from herb. michigan; merrill declared it allied to r. calosperma, but i cannot observe any difference with it and it has accordingly been reduced to r. acuminutissima. it extends the distribution to sumatra. i960] c. g. g. j. van steenis c.s.: malaysian papilionaceae i 441 of r. myriocarpa quis. & merr. i have seen no material but as there are no points in its description which disagree with the other material, it is consequently reduced. the blue or blue-black seeds which remain attached on a short f unicle in open pods produce a marked colour contrast with the pale-brown or golden yellow pod valves. 4. rhynchosia viscosa (roth) dc. rhynchosia viscosa (roth) dc, prod. 2: 387. 1825; hassk. in flora beibl. 2: 67. 1842, incl. var. mollis hassk.; cat. hort. bog.: 282. 1844; bth. in miq., pl jungh.: 244. 1852; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 168. 1855; baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 225. 1876; backer, schoolfl. java: 382. 1911; bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 143. 1941. — glydne viscosa roth, nov. sp. pl: 349. 1821. — dolichos glwbinosus roxb., fl. ind. (ed. carey) 3: 312. 1832, ex descr.; wall., cat.: 5560. 1831—32; w.&a., prod.: 248. 1834. — r. stipulosa a. rich., tent. fl. abyss. 1: 229. 1847, sec. lit. — r. sericophylla kuwze in linnaea 20: 63. 1874, ex descr. distribution. — widely distributed in africa, madagascar, mauritius, and continental se. asia; in malaysia in west java, in a very restricted area from bogor northward to djakarta and its harbour tandjongpriok. the species was at least in 1844 cultivated in the botanic gardens at bogor and possibly even earlier. it is almost certain that it has escaped from these gardens and has naturalized; we do not believe it is native in malaysia. along the coast near priok it is found up to the sandy beach and may be very common in thickets behind it. in have seen an isotype of glydne viscosa roth at leyden with which the javanese plants fully agree. hasskarl's var. mollis seems not worthy of distinction. r. sericophylla was raised from seeds in the botanic garden at leipzig received in 1844 (from hasskarl?); according to the description this material agrees with var. mollis. 5. rhynchosia rothii bth. ex aitch. rhynchosia rothii bth. ex aitch., cat. pi. punjaub & sindh: 50. 1869, a new comb, based on dolichos tomentosus roth 1821; non r. tomentosa hook. & arn. 1835. — dolichos tomentosws roth, nov. sp. pl: 345. 1821; dc, prod. 2: 401. 1825; w. & a., prod.: 248. 1934. — r. sericea span, in linnaea 15: 195. 1841, non gill, ex hook. & arn., bot. misc. 3: 199. 1833; baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 225. 1876; gamble, fl. madras: 3175. 1918. — r. mollissima zoll. & mor. in nat. & geneesk. arch. neerl. ind. 3: 63, 78. 1846, non g. don, gen. syst. 2: 347. 1832; backer, schoolfl. java: 382. 1911. — r. tomentosa kurz ex ind. kew 2: 718. 1895, non hook. & arn. 1835; ostenfeld in bull. herb. bpiss. ii, 5: 713. 1907; williams, i.e. 961; hosseus in beih. bot. centr. bl. 27, ii: 494. 1910, in syn. sub bracteata; craib, fl. siam. en. 1: 466. 1928, ditto. 4 4 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 distribution. — tropical se. asia (india, burma); in malaysia only in the driest parts of east java (djatiroto to mt baluran), and the lesser sunda islands (sumba, timor), in asia ascending into the montane zone, in malaysia in lowland country only, in teak savannahs, grass-thickets, and on the sandy beach. — map 6. the complicated synonymy is caused by the fact that all three epithets of the early names were homonyms or would become later homonyms if transferred to rhynchosia; for that reason bentham has proposed a new name, r. rothii, for r. sericea spreng. (sic) which is based in turn on dolichos tomentosus roth. at leyden we have several sheets named so by bentham in his own hand. sometimes it is referred to as r. tomentosa kurz, with the reference j. as. soc. ueng. 43, ii: 186. 1874; this is an error taken up by index kewensis; kurz did not make the transfer, although he suggested that dolichos tomentosus should be referred to rhynchosia. kurz made here an error, in reducing dolichos bracteatus (wall., cat.: 5554) bth. [ex baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 225. 1876] to dolichos tomentosus roth, although they were properly distinguished by baker in the flora of british india. i could study isotypes of both dolichos bracteatus wall., cat.: 5554 and of dolichos tomentosus roth and they are perfectly distinct species. kurz's erroneous reduction was perpetuated by hosseus (i.e.) and by craib (i.e.). gamble rightly recognized them as distinct species (fl. madras: 375, 376. 1918). in the herbarium i found several sheets of r. rothii misidentified as r. viscosa; both species possess glandular hairs but they can easily be identified by the characters given in the key. excluded species rhynchosia, biflora dc, prod. 2: 387. 1825; mor., syst. verz.: 3. 1846 = cantharospermum scarabaeoides baill. rhynchosia reticulata (vahl) dc, prod. 2: 385. 1825; bth. in mart., fl. bras. 15, 1: 203. 1859; urban, symb. antill. 4: 307. 1905. — glycine reticulata vahl, symb. 3: 88. 1794. — glycine fridericiana weinm. in flora 4, 1: 29. 1821. — r. fridericiana dc, prod. 2: 387. 1825; non zoll. & mor. in nat. & geneesk. arch. need. ind. 3: 63. 1846, quae est r. minima sec. backer det. (zoll. 2800). distribution. — this species is a native of the warmer parts of the new world, extending from mexico to peru and the west indies. c. g. g. j. van steenis c.s.: malaysian papilionaceae i 443 the reason that it is treated here is the fact that r. fridericiana was described by weinmann from plants raised in the imperial botanic gardens of pawlowsk (e of moscow) from seed said to have come from manila. merrill has not recorded the species from the philiptines and it has been reduced in index kewensis. in the herbarium of hasskarl at leyden is a specimen named r. fridericiana by hasskarl, which he might have received from weinmann; it agrees exactly with the description and with the west indian specimens. obviously the provenance of the seed was not manila, unless it has been a post-columbian import which has failed to naturalize. rhynchosia volubilis lour., fl. coch.: 460. 1790; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1. 1: 169. 1855; gagnep., fl. gen. i.-c. 2: 353. 1916; merr., comm. lour.: 212. 1935. this se. — e. asiatic species has never been found native in malaysia; it was cultivated in the botanic gardens at bogor in blume's time, but has obviously disappeared and not been naturalized. s m i t h i a ait. it appears that there are only three species of this genus in malaysia which are well-distinguished and can easily be recognized. the species of smithia, like so many other grasses and leguminosae, behave ecologically as typical ruderals and if they were originally native — which seems slightly dubious for s. sensitiva and s. conferta — they must have been very rare in the forested islands of malaysia which offered very few suitable places to these typical heliophilous plants, except in a few ecological niches (along streams and swamps, and in rocky places). man must have considerably increased their potential area by his opening of land, his fields, and roads which could be easily invaded. s. dliata is an exception, this being almost certainly a native mountain plant. s. sensitiva ait. is very tolerant ecologically, the two others, s. dliata and s. conferta, are both confined to areas subject to a dry season. distributionally they follow the usual pattern of drought-loving plants, viz by going round the large everwet part of west malaysia (sumatra, malaya, borneo, west java) from continental se. asia to the philippines (west side of the islands), south celebes, and the lesser sunda islands. s. ciliata is not found further to the east, but s. conferta is spread also over the drier parts of new guinea onto australia. the three species were rightly distinguished in java already more than a century ago, by zollinger, although under different specific names. 4 4 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 there appear to occur no other species on the islands outside java. they can be distinguished as follows: key to the species 1. flowers yellow. calyx and bracteoles glabrous or provided with some bristle-like bulbous-based hairs but not ciliate on the margin. calyx densely parallel-stripedveined. 1. flowers pale blue or pale violet, in racemes. calyx and bracteoles dorsally with some scattered bulbous-based bristle-hairs, their margin ciliate. calyx not densely parallel-veined, the veins reticulate towards the apex 1. s. ciliata 2. flowers in peduncled racemes. calyx and bracteoles glabrous or with a few scattered bristle-hairs 2. s. sensitiva 2. flowers in axillary fascicles of 1—4, the subtending leaves close together, the flowers therefore in a more or less head-like 'inflorescence'. upper lip of the calyx glabrous or with a few bristle-hairs, lower lip long-hairy. bracteoles with some long hairs 3. s. conferta 1. smithia ciliata royle smithia ciliata royle, 111. bot. himal.: 201, t. 35 fig. 2. 1934; baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 150. 1876; c.b. rob. in philip. j. sc. 3: bot. 184. 1908; merr., ibid. 5: bot. 77. 1910; en. philip. 2: 283. 1923; backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 71. 1941; in blumea 5: 512. 1945. — s. coerulescens zoll. & mor. in nat. & geneesk. arch. neerl. ind. 3: 76, 56. 1846; in flora 30: 696. 1847; bth. in miq.:, pi. jungh.: 213. 1852; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 273. 1855; backer, schoolfl. java: 334. 1911. distribution. — continental asia (himalaya, n. siam, tonkin), formosa, philippines (n. luzon), south celebes, east java (mt idjen), lesser sunda islands (bali, timor), c. 1000—2200 m alt. — map 4. 2. s m i t h i a sensitiva a i t . smithia sensitiva ait., hort. kew. ed. 1, 3: 496. 1789; mor., syst. verz.: 6. 1846; zoll. & mor. in flora 30: 696. 1847; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 272. 1855; pulle in nova guinea 8: 650. 1911; merr., en. philip. 2: 283. 1923; backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 71. 1941. — s. javanica bth. m miq., pi. jungh.: 211. 1852; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 271. 1855; backer, schoolfl. java: 334. 1911. — s. laxiflora bth. in miq., pi. jungh.: 211. 1852, pro specim. zoll. 897. distribution. — tropical africa and asia to formosa, throughout malaysia (not yet recorded for borneo) and australia, from the lowland up to c. 2000 m. — map 2. there are slight variations in habit; in some specimens the stems become slightly woody, while in others the roots and root-crown can become thickish and woody. the dorsal face of the calyx is mostly glabrous 196fr] c. g. g. j. van steenis c.s.: malaysian papilionaceae i 445 but some specimens have a few scattered hairs here; a new guinean collection (hoogland & pullen 5258) has unusually many. usually the peduncle is rather longish and well-visible, but in a few new guinean collections (v. romer 320, 170, brass 11651) the peduncle is relatively very short. we have at leyden a duplicate specimen of zollinger 897 from java which was cited by bentham as one of the constituents of his s. laxiflora, though without flowers; it does not seem to differ from s. sensitiva. it is distinctly not s. purpurea hook, to which s. laxiflora is reduced by baker in the flora of british india vol. 2, p. 149; also hook., bot. mag. t. 4283. 3. smithia conferta j. e. smith smithia conferta j.e. smith in rees, cycl. 33, no 2. 1816, non vidi; bth. in miq., pi. jungh.: 213. 1852; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 272. 1855; bth., fl. austr. 2: 228. 1864; backer, schoolfl. java: 334. 1911; gibbs in j. linn. soc. bot. 42: 68. 1914, gagnep., fl. gen. i.-c. 2: 531. 1920; backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 129, p. 72. 1941. — s. geminiflora roth, nov. pi. sp.: 352. 1821; baker in honk, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 149. 1876, incl. var. conferta. — s. hispidissima zoll. & mor. in nat. & geneesk. arch. neerl. ind. 3: 76, 56. 1846; in flora 30: 696. 1847. distribution. — continental asia (india, indo-china) through malaysia: philippines (mindoro), n. borneo, s. celebes, java, and lesser sunda islands (lombok) to queensland. from the lowland up to c. 1000 (rarely 1400) m alt. it is newly recorded here for the philippines (west mindoro: pnh 22478 sulit). it has been suggested that the oldest name for this species is s. capitata desv. in j. bot. 1: 121. 1813. this is, however, a nomen nudum. desvaux gives a schematic figure in his work (t. iv, fig. xii), but this is merely intended to elucidate the characters of the genus. its detail (no corolla is given) does not tally with s. conferta and there is no indication that the figure in fact represents an illustration of his new species. therefore the indian species s. capitata dalz. is not a later homonym and can stand. the figure does not validate the nomen nudum in the text. in the flora of madras gamble (p. 329. 1918) distinguished two species, s. geminiflora and s. conferta, which had been considered as varieties of one species by baker in the flora of british india. the differential characters cited in his key: smooth pod-joints and a lower calyxlip bristly on the back in s. conferta and papillose joints combined with a lower calyx-lip with a tuft of bristles near the apex in s. geminiflora do not hold in the indian and malaysian material i have studied. the 446 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fragment of an isotype of s. geminiflora possesses sparse bristle hairs in the upper half of the lower calyx lip. the density and degree of these bristles show an appreciable degree of variation which is also found on the upper lip; they may even be found near the base. the degree of papillosity of the pod joints varies also; i have not seen any which are really smooth. i cannot find reason to distinguish these two species. excluded species smithia bigeminata blanco, fl. filip. ed. 2: 395. 1845 = zornia diphylla (l.) pers. s t y l o s a n t h e s swartz stylosanthes swartz, prod. veg. ind. occ: 108. 1788; vogel in linnaea 12: 63. 1838; taubert in verh. bot. ver. brandenburg 32, 1: 1—34. 1890; mohlenbrock in ann. mo. bot. gard. 44, 4: 299—355. 1957. — styposa-nthes herter in rev. sudani. bot. 7: 209. 1943. both taubert and mohlenbrock had for their revision only scanty material from malaysia at their disposal and it seemed worthwhile to make a new revision. this is especially urgent because there appear to exist rather serious differences of opinion about the identity of the malaysian species. before giving my results in a new key some general remarks should be made. stylosa/nthes is a genus comprising some two dozens of species which were mainly described from tropical america and from another centre in africa. in the asiatic and malaysian tropics it is poorly represented and partly introduced. in queensland one species is introduced according to mohlenbrock, i.e. 347. the species are much resembling one another in habit; the main specific differences are found in the structure of the partial inflorescences of the head-like spikes and the pods. the flowers are very uniform; the calyx possesses a long narrow tube with a 5-lobed ciliate limb and the petals and stamens are inserted in the throat of the calyx, the whole withering and caducous during the ripening of the pod. the pod has two joints of which often only the superior is fertile. the style hardens during the ripening and is frequently provided with a hooked or coiled apex. each partial inflorescence consists of one flowers, subtended by a large, stipule-like, greenish, 3-nerved bract, sometimes bearing 1—3 rec. g. g. j. van stbenis c.s.: malaysian papilionaceae i 447 duced leaflets. within this stipular bract a short rachis is found which bears one 2-tipped hyaline-membranous, 2-nerved, narrow-lanceolate bract. opposite this bract there is in certain species a filiform, terete, sterile, hairy appendage, inserted at the same height, which can vary in length. bract and appendage are situated in the transversal plane. between them the flower is found on a very short pedicel provided with 1—2 linear, hyaline, 1-tipped, but often cleft, membranous bracteoles, of which the adaxial one is higher inserted than the abaxial one. they resemble the 2-tipped bract but are narrower, almost linear. both taubert and mohlenbrock have given great attention to this structure, specially to the presence or absence of the sterile appendage, on which vogel based his sections styposanthes and eustylosanthes respectively, raised by herter (1943) to generic rank under the names stylosarir thes and astyposanthes, considered to represent sections stylosanthes and astyposanthes by mohlenbrock. i do not understand that mohlenbrock made sections without regard to those of vogel which have clear priority and further that he typified stylosanthes by s. hamata (l.) taub., as the type of the genus should be one of the two original species of swartz, viz s. viscosa sw. and s. procumbens sw. as vogel distinguished sect. eu-stylosanthes to which s. viscosa sw. belongs, it is clear that this must be the type species of the genus and of the sect. eu-stylosanthes vogel = sect. astyposanthes (herter) mohlenbrock, nom. illeg. = sect. stylosanthes in the modern nomenclatural sense. sect. styposanthes vogel (syn. sect. stylosanthes sensu mohlenbrock) is not typified by s. hamata (l.) taub., but by one of the species vogel enumerated. it seems appropriate to choose for the other species of swartz, viz s. procumbens sw. the taxonomical importance of the presence or absence of the sterile appendage, which has been unanimously morphologically accepted as the abortive apex of a 1-flowered raceme, has given raise to a controversy, as some authors believed this was a variable character, and maintained that it was frequently absent in the upper flowers of a head. in dissecting more than one hundred heads and examining about four hundreds of flowers in malaysian material of s. sundaica my observations led to the following conclusions: (1) in setting fruit the appendage becomes caducous in the lower flowers, (2) during anthesis the appendage is smallest in the youngest flowers and obviously lengthens towards anthesis, (3) the relative position of the two bracteoles in the diagram is somewhat variable, and occasionally only 1 bracteole is present. in material of all other spe4 4 8 r e i n w a e d t i a [vol. 5 cies of sect. styposanthes vogel i found always the appendage, the 2tipped bract, and the two bracteoles. in species of sect. stylosanthes (astyposanthes (hert.) mohl.) i never found any appendage and always the 2-tipped bract, but only 1 bracteole. in determining the malaysian material with mohlenbrock's key it appears impossible to identify the malaysian material of s. sundaica, which mohlenbrock reduced to s. humilis; for the latter he stated i.e. p. 308: ,,beak nearly 2—4 times longer than the upper articulation of the pod", but in his description i.e. p. 346 one reads: ,,beak equaling to greatly surpassing the upper articulation". besides this, s. sundaica belongs, by virtue of the presence of an appendage, to the other section. in trying to identify s. macrocarpa blake, from mexico, of which i had an isotype of pringle 6721, with mohlenbrock's key, one comes into great difficulty. after having arrived at the entry gg, s. subsericea is split on account of a strongly coiled beak of the pod; but the figure he gives i.e. p. 301, f. 11, does not mark this as a particularly strong character as a nearly equal strongly uncinate beak tip occurs in pringle 6721. as an additional character it is recorded in the key that subsericea should often have a sericeous indument on stem and bracteal sheath, but not other species {macrocarpa, nervosa, and fruticosa), which would have a stem with tuberculate bristles but not sericeous. through this it impossible to identify s. macrocarpa with this key, as the stem in the isotype of s. macrocarpa is distinctly densely sericeous-pubescent with sparse tubercle-based bristles, which mohlenbrock also mentions in his description i.e. p. 322 (sic). in passing it may be remarked that s. subsericea is known from only few collections, inter alia from oaxaca, which is the type locality of s. macrocarpa. besides it appears difficult to judge the degree in which the tip of the beak is recurved, uncinate, or coiled. the next entry in the key, s. macrocarpa is distinguished by having an upper articulation + beak combined of 8 mm (plant to 20 cm tall) against 5—7½ mm in s. fruticosa and s. nervosa (plant to 1 m). the type of s. macrocarpa has beak + articulation 6¼ mm long; in mohlenbrack's description i.e. p. 323 he records the length in s. macrocarpa as 6—8½ mm (sic). besides, the difference between 7½ and 8 seems ridiculous and the height of the plant must be influenced strongly by the environment. in identifying the type of s. macrocarpa further we come to s. nervosa, as there is only one articulation fertile, and the bracteal sheath is short-hispid (and finally sericeous-ciliate along the margin). 196 1] c. g. g. j. van steenis c.s.: malaysian papilionaceae i 449 key to the species 1. flowers not subtended by a filiform, hairy appendage (axis-rudiment) (sect. stylosanthes). beak of the pod distinctly uncinate, mostly much longer than the upper articulation. usually only the upper articulation fertile, pilose-pubescent with a pubescent beak. bracteole 1 1. s. humilis 1. mature flowers always subtended by an appendage (below young buds insignificant). upper articulation and beak short-pubescent. 2. beak of the pod curved but not distinctly uncinate, usually shorter than the upper articulation, sometimes of the same length. usually both articulations fertile. appendage not caducous. always 2 bracteoles present. 2. s. fruticosa 2. beak of the pod distinctly uncinate, nearly always much exceeding the upper articulation. usually only the upper articulation fertile, but not rarely the lowermost too. appendage caducous,½—3 mm long. mostly 2 bracteoles, sometimes only 1 3. s. sundaica 1. stylosanthes humilis h.b.k. stylosanthes humilis h.b.k., nov. gen. sp. 6: 506, t. 594. 1823; vogel in linnaea 12: 66. 1838; taub. in verh. bot. ver. brand. 32: 30. 1890; mohlenbrock in ann. mo. bot. gard. 44: 345. 1957, excl. syn. s. sundaica. — astyposanthes humilis herter in rev. sudam. bot. 7: 209. 1943. distribution. — native in central mexico through guatemala and panama to columbia, venezuela, and brasil, recently introduced in the philippines (luzon: zambales prov., zambales breeding station at san marcelino, pnh 37087 e. c. farinas) and in queensland (townsville, c. t. white 8818, cf. mohlenbrock, i.e. p. 347). besides by the absence of an appendage differing from s. sundaica and s. fruticosa by the indument of the pod which is denser and longer than in the two other species. the size and the shape of beak and the loment are similar to those of s. sundaica. 2. stylosanthes fruticosa (retz.) alston stylosanthes fruticosa (retz.) alston in trimen, handb. fl. ceyl. 6 suppl.: 77. 1931; mohlenbrock in ann. mo. bot. gard. 44: 318. 1957. — hedysurum hamatum (non l.) burm., fl. ind.: 167. 1768. — arachis fruticosa retz., obs. 5: 26. 1791. — s. mucronata willd., spec. pi. 3: 1166. 1800; dc, prod. 2: 318. 1825; w. & a., prod. 1: 218. 1834; decne in nouv. ann. mus. hist. nat. 3: 471. 1834; vogel in linnaea 12: 68. 1838; zoll. in nat. & geneesk. arch. neerl. ind. 3: 55. 1846; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 277. 1855; baker, fl. trop. afr. 2: 157. 1871; in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 149. 1876; taub. in verh. bot. ver. brand. 32: 19. 1890. — s. bojeri vogel in linnaea 12: 68. 1838, ex descr. — s. sletosa harv., fl. cap. 2: 227. 1862, ex descr. — s. flavicans baker, fl. trop. afr. 2: 156. 1871, ex descr. distribution. — south africa, madagascar, east africa: abessynia, zanzibar, mozambique, india, ceylon; in malaysia once found: lesser 4 6 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 sunda islands, wetar i., elbert 4651 (l), in dry lowland, eucalypt savannah on the south coast near ilmedo. mohlenbrock, i.e. p. 318, reduced stylosanthes aprica span. nom. nud., collected in timor, to this species, adding curiously behind the name, as the type, a south african collection, burke & zeyher 404, which belongs to s. setosa, a line lower. the type of s,. aprica span, at leyden belongs undoubtedly to s. sundaica. 3. stylosanthes sundaica taub. stylosanthes sundaica taub. in verh. brand. 32: 21. 1890; backer, schoolfl. java: 335. 1911; bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 72. 1941; mohlenbrock in ann. mo. bot. gard. 44: 345. 1957, in syn. sub. s. hum/ms. — s. aprica span, in linnaea 15; 192. 1841, nom. nud. — s. mucronata (non willd.) miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 277. 1855. — s. fruticosa [non (retz.) alston] sinclair in gard. bull. sing. 14: 32. 1953. distribution. — malaysia: malay peninsula (adventive in singapore: sinclair, i.e.), central and east java, lesser sunda islands (bali, lombok, sawu, timor, kisar), and ?moluccas (unspecified). s. sundaica is considered by most recent authors as conspecific with s. fruticosa, but in my opinion it differs distinctly in size and form of the beak on the pod which is longer and more uncinate and in the caducous appendage. this beak is similar to that of s. humilis h.b.k. for this reason, and because he could not find an axis-rudiment, mohlenbrock reduced it to s. humilis. however, i have found in many specimens an evident axis-rudiment, though sometimes early caducous. besides there are nearly always 2 bracteoles. sometimes i could find only 1 bracteole, the way it always occurs in s. humilis, but this only in a few flowers. considering these facts it seems that s. sundaica, although a distinct species, stands between s. fruticosa and s. humilis. u r a r i a desv. as far as i have ascertained there are only five species of uraria in malaysia, all of them also occuring in java. they are all plants of ruderal places, grassland, and open forest. u. candida and u. rufescens seem bound to a distinctly seasonal climate; u. picta prefers a less strong seasonal climate. there are some discrepancies in the citation of references to the names. index kewensis attributed several combinations to desvaux, journ. de botanique 1: 123. 1813, but desvaux, though indicating that several hedysarums belong to his genus, did not effectively publish them 196^] c. g. g. j. van sthenis c.s.: malaysian papuionaceae i 4 § t under tirana. as far as i can trace de candolle (1825) made the effective combinations. index kewensis also erroneously referred desvaux's figure (t. 5, fig. 19) to u. picta; it belongs, however, to u. cercifolia desv., which is accepted as a taxonomic synonym of u. picta. i have examined the type specimens of desmodium horsfieldii miq. and found it conspecific with u. rufescens. key to the species 1. flowers in panicles. pedicels 4—5 mm, with short (± ½ mm), patent, brown, ± straight hairs without hook. racemes rather loose. leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets ovate, elliptical or oblong, obtuse, rounded or emarginate, 3—7 by 1½—5½ cm. all bracts caducous. lower calyx-lobes 1½%—2 times as long as the upper ones. ripe pod with 3—7 articulations, grey, with short hooked hairs and long erect hairs 5. u. rufescens 1. flowers in simple, spike-like racemes. pedicels either with long (more than 1 mm), thin, soft, whitish hairs or with short (± ½ mm) stiffish hooked hairs, or with both these types. racemes dense. 2. pedicels either only with long, soft, white hairs or also with some hooked hairs or also with some hooked hairs at the apex. 3. all bracts prominent. pedicels 4—8 mm long, only with long, soft, white hairs. lower calyx-lobes more than 3 times as long as the upper ones. leaflets 1—3, obovate, circular, ovate or elliptic, obtuse or acute. terminal leaflets 2—8 by 1½—6 cm. ripe pod with 2 articulations, pod joints brown, grey or black, glabrous or short-hairy, without hooked hairs 1. u. lagopodioides 3. bracts caducous during anthesis, except the lower ones. pedicels 6—12 mm long, with white, soft, long hairs and at the top some short, hooked hairs. lower calyx-lobes 2—2½ times as long as the upper ones. upper leaves 5—7 (—9)-foliolate, leaflets elliptical acute, lanceolate, 8—16 by 1½—5½ cm. ripe pod with 3—6 articulations, glossy black, short-hairy, without hooks 4u. crinita 2. pedicels predominantly with the short hooked hairs and some long, soft, white hairs at the base. 4. pedicels 6—7 mm. ripe pod with 3—5 articulations, black, short-hairy, without hooks. upper leaves 3—5-foliolate, leaflets ovate to ovate-oblong, 1¼—15 by ½—10 cm. lower calyx-lobes 1½—2 times as long as the upper ones. upper calyx-lobes united for half their length 2. u. candida 4. pedicels 4—6 mm. ripe pod with 3—6 articulations, light grey, glabrous. leaves 3—7 (—9)-foliolate. leaflets of the upper leaves ± linear, longattenuate, from a rounded base, 4—20 cm by 3½—20 mm. lower calyxlobes twice as long as the upper ones, the last ones not united. . 3. u. picta 1. uraria lagopodioides (l.) desv. ex dc. uraria lagopodioides (l.) desv. ex dc., prod. 2: 324. 1825 (,,lagopoides"); in mem. soc. linn. paris 4: 309. 1826; kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 45, ii: 235—237. 1876 (,,lagopoides"); bth., fl. austr, 2: 237, 1864 (,,lagopoides"); gagnep., pi. gen. i.-c. 462 reinwabdtia [vol. 5 2: 541. 1920 (jagopoides"); ridl., fl. mai. pen. 1: 603. 1922 (jagopoides"); merr., en. philip. 2: 293. 1923; backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 92. 1941. — hedysarum lagopodioides l., sp. pi.: 1198. 1753; burm., fl. ind. 3: 168, t. 53 f. 2. 1768 (,,lagopoides"). — lespedeza lagopodioides pers., syn. 2: 318. 1807 (,,lagopodoides"). — u. cercifolia desv. in journ. bot. 1: 123, t. 5 f. is. 1813. — doodia lagopodioides roxb., fl. ind. 3: 366. 1832. — u. cylindracea bth., fl. austr.: 237. 1864; specht, rec. am.-austr. exp. arnhem land 3: 244. 1958. distribution. — n. india, sw. china, hainan, malaysia, n. australia, polynesia, e.g. bismarck i., solomons, new hebrides, new caledonia, fiji, samoa (in tonga introduced). 2. uraria candida backer uraria candida backer in blumea 5: 512. 1945. distribution. — malaysia: kangean archipelago and wetar. 3. uraria picta (jacq.) desv. ex dc. uraria picta (jacq.) desv. ex dc., prod. 2: 324. 1825; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 267. 1855; bth., fl. austr. 2: 237. 1864; kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 45, ii: 235—237. 1876; hook, f., fl. ind. 2: 155. 1879; gagnep., fl. gen. i.-c. 2: 547. 1920; ridl., fl. mai. pen. 1: 603. 1922; merr., en. philip. 2: 293. 1923; backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 92. 1941; leonard, fl. cong. belg. 5: 232, fig. u. 1954; non wight, i c : t. ill. 1840 (= u. crinita). — hedysarum pictum jacq., coll. bot. 2: 262. 1788; ic. pi. rar. 3: 13, t. 567. 1793. — doodia picta roxb., fl. ind. 3: 368. 1832. — u. linearis hassk. in flora 25 beibl. 2: 48, 61. 1842. distribution. — india to southern china, throughout malaysia, australia (queensland), tropical africa, introduced into the west indies. 4. uraria crinita (l.) desv. ex dc. uraria crinita (l.) desv. ex dc, prod. 2: 324. 1825; kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 45, ii: 235—237. 1876; hook, f., fl. ind. 2: 155. 1879; gagnep., fl. gen. i.-c. 2: 546. 1920; ridl., fl. mai. pen. 1: 602. 1922; backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 92. 1941. — hedysarum oriniuim l., mant. 1: 102. 1767; burm., fl. ind. 3: 169, t. 56. 1768. — doodia crinita roxb., fl. ind.: 369. 1832. — u. picta (non desv.) wight, i c : t 411.1840. 1840. distribution. — india to southern china, hainan, malaysia with the exception of the philippines and new guinea. u. crinita var. macrostachya wall, in fedde, rep. beih. 49: 364 a.o. 1928; pi. as. rar. 2: 8, 1.110. 1831, has been regarded by schindler as a distinct species u. macrostachya, but i could not see any difference, except a more robust habit and larger leaves. . .. 196$] c. g. g. j. van steenis c.s.: malaysian papilionaceae i 453 5. uraria rupescens (dc.) schindl. uraria rufescens (dc.) schindl. in fedde, rep. 21: 14. 1925. — desmodium rufescens dc. in ann. sc. nat. 4: 101. 1825, non vidi. — doodia hamosa roxb., fl. ind. 3: 367. 1832. — doodia, simplicifolia roxb., i.e. 366. — u. hamosa [sweet, hort. brit, ed. 2: 149. 1830, nom. nud.; wall., cat.: n. 5681 b. 1831—32, nom. nud.] wall, ex w. & a., prod.: 222. 1834; gagnep., fl. gen. i.-c. 2: 544. 1920; backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 92. 1941. — u. paniculata hassk., cat. hort. bog.: 273. 1844; schindl. in fedde, rep. beih. 49: 367. 1928. — desmodium horsfieldii miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 251. 1855 (type in u). distribution. — india to southern china, in malaysia known only from the northern part of the malay peninsula, w. java, and sw. celebes. uraria paniculata hassk. is distinguished by schindler from u. rufescens (dc.) schindl. a type specimen was not available. javanese specimens of blume of u. paniculata agree with the description of hasskarl, except the indument of the pod. the difference between u. rufescens and u. paniculata according to the original descriptions is the hairiness of the leaflets and the pods. after seeing some material of java i observed that these differences do not hold good. so i conclude that u. paniculata hassk. is a synonym of u. rufescens. doodia simplidfolia roxb. seems to be only the simple-leaved form of this species. excluded species uraria cordifolia wall., pi. as. rar. 1: 33 p.p. 1830 = u. latifolia prain in j. as. soc. beng. 66, ii: 383. 1897 = urariopsis cordifolia (wall.) schindl. in bot. jahrb. 54: 51. 1916; backer, bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 5: fam. 120, p. 93. 1941. uraria obcordata miq. sum. 305. 1861 = lourea vespertilionis [(non. l.f.) desv.j zoll. & mor. in nat. geneesk. arch. 3: 56. 1846 = desmodium obcordatum (miq.) kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 229. 1873; ibid. 45, ii: 230. 1876. z o r n i a gmel. zornia gmel., syst.: 1076, 1096. 1791; dc, prod. 2: 316—317. 1825; g. don, gen. syst. 2: 280. 1882. zornia diphylla (l.) pers. zornia diphylla (l.) persoon, syn. pi. 2: 318. 1807; bth., fl. bras. 15: 80, t. 21— 22. 1859; fl. austr. 2: 228. 1864; baker, fl. br. ind. 2: 147. 1876; bailey, queensl. fl. 2: 409. 1900; merr. in philip. j. sc. 5: bot. 77. 1910; backer, schoolfl. java: 336. 1911; gagnep., fl. gen. i.-c. 2: 611. 1920; merr., en. philip. 2: 283. 1923; domin 454 reinwardtia [vol. 5 in bibl. bot. 89: 209. 1926; craib, fl. siam. en. 1: 402. 1928. — hedysarum diphyllum linne, sp. pl: 747. 1753; ed. willd.: 1178. 1800. — hedysarum conjugatum willd., sp. pl: 1178. 1800. — z. zeylonensis pers., syn. pl 2: 317. 1807; dc, prod. 2: 316. 1825; w. & a., prod.: 217. 1834; dalz. & gibs., bomb. fl: 62. 1861. — z. angustifolia sin. in rees, cycl. 39: n. 1. 1819; dc, prod. 2: 316. 1825; w. & a., prod.: 217. 1834. — z. conjugata (willd.) sm. in rees, cycl. 39: n. 3. 1819. — z. reticulata sm. in rees, cycl. 39: n. 2. 1819; dc, prod. 2: 316. 1825. — z. pubescens h.b.k., nov. gen. sp. 6: 515. 1823; dc, prod. 2: 317. 1825. — z. thymifolia h.b.k., nov. gen. sp. 6: 514. 1823!; dc, prod. 2: 317. 1825. — z. dyctiocarpa dc, prod. 2: 317. 1825. — z. graeilis dc, i.e. — z. latifolia dc, l.c. — z. microphylla desv. in mem. soc. linn. paris 4: 325. 1826. — z. laevis schlecht. & cham, in linnaea 5: 582. 1830. — z. nuda vogel in linnaea 10: 587. 1836. — z. walkeri am. in nov. act. nat. cur. 18: 330. 1836. — lupinus angustifolius blanco, fl. filip.: 566. 1837. — z. ovata vogel in linnaea 12: 58. 1838. — z. perforata vogel, i.e. 59. — z. gemella vogel, i.e. 61. — z. trachycarpa vogel, l.c. 60. — z. gibbosa span, in linnaea 15: 192. 1841. — z. graminea span., i.e. — z. surinamensis miq. in ann. & mag. nat. hist. ser. 1, 11: 14. 1843. — smithia bigeminata, blanco, fl. filip. ed. 2: 395. 1845; ed. 3, 2: 362. 1878. — z. chaetophorm f. v. m. in trans. phil. inst. viet. 3: 56. 1859. — z. biarticulata g. don, gen. syst. 2: 280. 1882. — z. filifolia domin in bibl. b.ot. heft 89: 210. 1926. — z. stirlingii domin, l.c. distribution. — pantropical herb in malaysia found in almost all islands or island groups except borneo and distinctly rare in sumatra, malaya, west java, s. philippines, celebes, and new guinea, an example of a class of plants which, though not absent under everwet climatic conditions favours those areas which are subject to a dry period. zornia diphylla is a pantropical species which is fairly common in grasslands and savannahs up to 2000 m. in malaysia it prefers on the whole localities subject to an annual drought. in africa specimens of this species are even found in places with an arid climate. the large number of synonyms is caused by the great variability of this species. after having seen much material of zornia i cannot but conclude that the genus is represented in malaysia by only one species. if only some of the sometimes widely differing specimens were considered, one could easily come to the conclusion that there are several species. but i have found transitions between all the different forms. the variable characters are mainly: (1) the shape and size of the leaflets; (2) the occurrence of pellucid glands on the stipules, inflorescential stipules, and leaflets; (3) the size of the flowers, which are sometimes entirely enveloped by the inflorescential stipules but sometimes 1½ times as large; (4) the size and the number of articulations of the pods; (5) the occurrence and size of stiff, usually retrorsely hispid bristles on the pod;_{6) the hairiness, of. the pod;. (7) the indument of the .whole plant;.. c. g. g. j. van stbenis e.s.: malaysian papilionaceae i 455 (8) the size and shape of the inflorescential stipules. the habit is also very variable; plants can be prostrate or erect, much branched or only sparsely branched. the inflorescential stipules, by all authors called bracts, are situated in twos on the rachis; they enclose one or two flowers and obviously they represent the stipules of a reduced leaf with 1—2 axillary flowers. all stipules are peltately attached and of about the same shape, save that those envelopingflowers are generally wider. in the malaysian material i have found that some variations do not occur at racdom but show a geographical pattern. i have found plants with linear leaflets, glandular stipules, and fairly long bristles on the pods in most of the material from india, the philippines, and celebes, and in about half the material from java and the lesser sunda islands. predominantly ovate-lanceolate leaflets, eglandular stipules and rather short bristles on the pods i have found in all the material from cochinchina and sumatra, about half of the material from java and in only a few specimens from the philippines and celebes. these two main forms had been already distinguished by bentham a century ago, as var. k. vulgaris punctata and i. vulgaris impunctata respectively. in some other specimens the pods are glabrous or puberulous and in both cases this can be combined with the occurrence of a few very short bristles or absence of bristles. these sheets are predominantly from the lesser sunda islands. sometimes the bristles were only found at the apex of each articulation. there is in these lesser sunda islands specimens no correlation between the character of the indument and the shape of the leaflets. in one of the philippine specimens the leaflets are orbicular and very small, c. 5 by 5 mm. the racemes, which usually possess c. 10—20 pairs of inflorescential stipules, have in this specimen only one pair of stipules. all but one of the specimens from new guinea which i have seen possess puberulous pods without bristles, while the branches and the rachis of the racemes are silvery-white curly pilose, a character not encountered in any other malaysian specimen. these papuan plants are all small, about 1 dm, the usual length being 1—5 dm. this papuan form seems to have been described by domin as var. hirsuta from queensland. i have reached the same conclusion to which bentham came already a century ago when he studied zornia over a very wide range from almost all major areas of the world, namely that although some major forms can be distinguished, there is no distinct correlation of characters in strict groups resulting into various transitional forms between a multi456 reinwardtia [vol. 5 tude of paramorphs and clines. bentham and also domin named a number of varieties but i have refrained from doing so. milne-redhead (in bol. soc. brot. 28: 79. 1954) recently made an extensive study of zornia in africa and came to the conclusion that z. diphylla does not occur there, but in my opinion z. glochidiata rchb. ex dc. is the african form of z. diphylla (l.) pers., a point of view i share with bentham, baker, pirotta, and robijns. one of the major characters for specific distinction used by milneredhead is whether the plants are annual or perennial. i fail to see how this can be applied in plants as zornia, from savannahs, grassfields, and roadsides where this distinction fades away in the tropics. merrill mentioned that zornia. ,,has all the appearance of an introduced species" in the philippines and it is indeed mainly ruderal in malaysia but it seems not possible to decide to its post-columbian introduction. img566_page_01 img566_page_02 img566_page_03 img566_page_04 img566_page_05 img566_page_06 img566_page_07 img566_page_08 img566_page_09 img566_page_10 img566_page_11 img566_page_12 img566_page_13 img566_page_14 img566_page_15 img566_page_16 img566_page_17 img566_page_18 img566_page_19 img566_page_20 img566_page_21 img566_page_22 img566_page_23 img566_page_24 img566_page_25 img566_page_26 img566_page_27 img566_page_28 img566_page_29 img566_page_30 img566_page_31 img566_page_32 img566_page_33 img566_page_34 img566_page_35 img566_page_36 img566_page_37 untitled 356 reinwardtia [vol. 7 phoebe nitida bl; cf. kostermans, i.e. 1292 no 114. — typus: praetorius s.n., palembang, ster. (l). phoebe lamponga miq.; cf. kostermans, i.e. 1284 no 84. — typus: 4.222 h. b. (u), tarabangi, lampongs, "kajoe helah (hoeroe mehrang)". phoebe sumatrana miq.; cf. kostermans, i.e. 1302 no 165a. — typus: junghuhn s.n., sumatra, hochankola, ster. (l, u) et junghuhn s.n., herb, de vriese, leaves with large, hairy galls, battak region, sumatra (l, 2 sheets, u). ocotea excelsa bl., p.p., no collector, no number, ster. (l). laurus longifolia reinw. ex blume; cf. kostermans, i.e. 649 no 214d. — typus: two loose leaves (l). laurus gewmdflora reinw. ex blume (nomen) ; cf. kostermans, i.e. 628 no 156b (non 156a). — typus: reinwardt 831 (l), "huru hiries", java, fl. (in leiden the number 831 appears also on one type sheet of ocotea declinata bl, marked "huru leuur", salak, dec. 1822). persea rimosa zoll. ex meissn. (non machilus riinosa bl.) ; cf. kostermans, i.e. 1253 no 250, quoad zollinger 13484 (l). reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 4, pp. 357—374 (1968) the hyphomycete genus dactylaria sacc. mien a. rifai *) summary an emended delimitation of the genus dactylaria sacc. is proposed and the two accepted species, which are non-predaceous and dematiaceous, are redescribed and illustrated. the affinity of many nematode-trapping species currently classified in dactylaria with the didymosporous genera arthrobotrys corda, candelabrella rifai & r. c. cooke and genicularia, rifai & r. c. cooke is discussed and the scopes of the latter genera are enlarged, and consequently several new combinations are made. introduction in an earlier attempt to find the appropriate genera for some species of didymosporous nematode-trapping hyphomycetes of the trichotheciumarthrobotrys complex (rifai & cooke, 1966), several phragmosporous genera have been seriously considered. of these the genus dactylaria sacc. has received a special attention, especially because soprunov (1958) transferred arthrobotrys dactyloides drechsler (1937) to it. this disposition was tentatively rejected by rifai & cooke (1966) because they believed that the affinity of a. dactyloides with a. superba corda, the type species of the genus arthrobotrys corda, was sufficiently close to warrant their inclusion in one genus. they further pointed out that the limits of the genus dactylaria was not yet fully understood. the result of the subsequent study on the taxonomy of dactylaria reported below does not only prove that the retention of a. dactyloides in arthrobotrys is fully justified, but also shows that the majority of species now included in dactylaria cannot be retained in this genus any longer. in 1877 saccardo described and illustrated acrothecium purpurellum sacc, a purplish phragmosporous hyphomycete which was found growing saprophytically on a piece of decayed quercus wood in italy. based on this species the new genus dactylaria was created by saccardo (1880) three years later, which he described as follows: " saprophila. hyphae fertiles erectae, simplices, apice capitulum conidiorum gerentes; conidia fusoidea v. clavulata, 2-pluriseptata " in compiling the fourth *) herbarium bogoriense, bogor (java), indonesia. — 357 — 358 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 volume of sylloge fungorum saccardo (1886) transferred four more phragmosporous species to this genus, which he placed in the family mucedineae (= the moniliaceae). since then all species with similar kind of conidia which cannot be ranged in arthrobotrys, dactyllela grove or monacrosporium oud. have been assigned to dactylaria. in a long series of excellent papers drechsler (1937, 1940, 1944, 1950) described and illustrated in great details the morphology and biology of several species of dactylaria. unfortunately, however, the morphological charaters and the biology of the type species of this genus is still imperfectly known. while investigating the ecology of microfungi colonizing forest leaf litter in great britain, hering (1965, 1965a) came across with an interesting hyphomycete growing on decaying leaves of quercus which had been in the ground for over six months. dr. m. b. ellis of the commonwealth mycological institute (kew) identified this fungus as dactylaria purpurella (sacc.) sacc.; he (pers. comm., 1967) has also compared this british collection with the original specimen of the latter and found them to be identical. a study of an isolate of this species kindly supplied to me by dr. t. f. hering shows that it differs considerably from almost all species currently classified as dactylaria, so that it has been found necessary to emend the limits of this genus. dactylaria purpurella, which is a non-predaceous species, markedly differs from the nematode-trapping species of dactylaria in its macroscopic as well as its microscopic characters. in culture d. purpurella forms compact, fluffy or thickly cottony colonies with a very slow growth r a t e ; they only attain a 19 mm diameter after 12 days at 25°c (hering, 1965a). these colonies are greyish brown to dark brown because most of their mycelia are composed of distinctly brown walled hyphae. when seen from the reverse of the petri-dish these colonies often appear almost opaque. in contrast colonies of the nematophagous group of species have a much faster growth rate and are capable of covering a 90 mm diameter petri-dish in about one or two weeks at 25 °c. their colonies are translucent and smooth surfaced because they do not normally form aerial hyphae and the network of their creeping hyphae are thin and sparse. they are whitish or pale pinkish and their individual hyphae are colourless; the colonies do not also discolour their media. the difference in the cultural characters of d, purpurella and the other species of dactylaria is such t h a t those who have seen the colonies of the two groups side by side would certainly classify them in different genera. although in recent years the significance of the hyphal pigmentation as a major taxonomic evidence has occasionally been doubted (barron, 1962, 1964; rifai, 1964), it is worth noting here 1968] rifai: the genus dactylaria 359 t h a t should saccardo (1877, 1877a, 1880, 1886) see the colonies of d. purpurella in culture, undoubtedly he would have put the genus dactylaria in the dematiaceae and not in the moniliaceae. the habit of conidiophores of d. purpurella shows also some differences from t h a t of the nematode-trapping series. as has been well known, in the latter group of species the conidiophores are usually long, erect, regularly septate, generally straight or sometimes jointed, and normally they arise from the creeping or submerged hyphae. depending upon the species the apices of the conidiophores of the nematode-trapping species of dactylaria may become slightly swollen and bear numerous small denticles, or they may become simply geniculate, or form a candelabrumlike branching system to which their obovoid or ellipsoid conidia are attached. on the other hand the conidiophores of d. purpurella are rather short, frequently and irregularly septate; in colonies grown on artificial media these conidiophores normally arise from the aerial hyphae and are straight or curved, whereas their apices become irregularly dilated and bear a few denticles which produce narrowly subcylindrical or subclavate conidia. cooke & satchuthananthavale (1966) considered that d. purpurella and the nematode-trapping species of dactylaria could be placed in one genus, but the cultural and morphological characters enumerated above do not seem to support their view. in fact among the many species which in the last thirty years have been assigned to dactylaria there is only one species that can be accepted as a member of the genus dactylaria, namely the indian species dactylaria fulva roy & gujarati (1965), which is also a non-predaceous fungus. it is very likely t h a t diplorhinotrichum juncicola macgarvie (1965) belongs also to dactylaria as this genus is understood here, but i have not seen this species. macgarvie (1965), who described the cultural behaviour of this species very briefly, stated that it had a slow growing colony which at first appeared white, becoming light grey and finally dark grey towards its centre and produced short, flask-shaped, subcapitate and pigmented conidiophores and 1-septate subcylindrical conidia. the shape of the sporogenous cell of diplorhinotrichum juncicola seems to be basically different from that of the two species of the genus diplorhinotrichum von hohnel accepted by hughes (1951), namely diplorhinotrichum candidulum von hohnel and diplorhinotrichum africanum hughes. papendorf (1967) suggested t h a t diplorhinotrichum might not be generically distinct from dactylaria but the cylindrical shape of its sporogenous cells appears to be acceptable as the leading character which distinguish this genus from 360 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 dactylaria. unfortunately these two hyaline species of diplorhinotrichum have not been grown in culture so t h a t it has not been possible to assess the taxonomic value of their cultural charaters. the generic name dactylaria has been much used in mycological and phytopathological literature for the nematophagous species that its conservation might be preferred to preserve current usage. since it will be shown later that the commonly accepted circumscription of dactylaria (clements & shear, 1931; drechsler, 1937, 1940, 1944, 1950; dollfus, 1946; bessey, 1950; soprunov, 1958; barnett, 1960; cooke & godfrey, 1964; cooke & satchuthananthavale, 1966) is a heterogeneous one and because its species can be referred to some existing genera, the conservation of dactylaria which will exclude its original type species is unnecessary. the taxonomy of dactylaria dactylaria sacc. emend. rifai dactylaria sacc. in michelia 2: 20. 1880; syll. fung. 4: 194. 1886; lindau apud eng-ler & prantl, nat. piflanzenfam. i, 1: 448. 1900; clem. & shear, gen. fung.: 207. 1931; bessey, morph. tax. fung.: 615. 1950; barnett, 111. gen. imp. fung.: 70. 1960. in pure culture colonies grow very slowly, restricted, fluffy or thickly cottony, compact, grey to dark brown; colour of reverse also brown or dark brown to almost opaque. mycelium composed of compact network of septate, much branched, subhyaline to brown coloured and smooth walled hyphae, with abundant but paler aerial hyphae. conidiophores arise from aerial or creeping hyphae, generally short, straight or flexuous, frequently septate, smooth walled, occasionally irregularly branched, pale brown to suhyaline below, paler towards the dilated subcapitate apex; the latter bears a few small conical truncate conidial pegs which arise through repeated subapical proliferations, a process which makes the conidiophores very slightly elongate and dilated at the apex; sometimes a renewed growth of conidiophore occurs after the formation of the first group of conidial pegs and a second group will be formed at some distance above the first. conidia arise singly as blown out ends of the conidiophores, blastogenous, hyaline to pale pink, 1—many-septate, smooth walled, subcylindrical or narrowly subclavate, distally rounded but truncate at the base. the slow growing, restricted, fluffy, compact, dematiaceous colonies, t h e generally rather short conidiophores with subcapitate apices which produce subcylindrical conidia and the non-predaceous habit serve to distinguish this genus from other radulasporous nematode-trapping genera of hyphomycetes, to which dactylaria is only remotely related. habitat: mostly saprophytic in soil or on decayed vegerable matter. type species: acrothecium purpurellum sacc. 1968] rifai: the genus dactylaria 36t key to species of dactylaria la. [parasitic on juncus; conidiophores bulbous, conidia at maturity regularly 1-septate ; "diplorhinotrichum" juneicola] b. saprophytic; conidiophores not bulbous, conidia at maturity 1—3-septate '. 2 2a. colonies grey brown to dark brown; conidia 1—3-septate, 17.2—26.3(—30) x 2.7— 4 n. italy, great britain dactylaria.purpurella b. colonies at maturity grey to brownish grey; conidia 1—2-septate, 13.6—23.9 (—50) x 1.5—2.2(—3)n. india dactylaria fulva < dactylaria purpurella (sacc.) sacc. acrothecium purpurellum sacc, fung. ital. autograph. del., fasc. i-iv: t.8. may 1877; fung. ital. autograph. del. comm.: 75. june 1877. •— dactylaria purpurella (sacc.) sacc. in midhelia 2: 20. 1880. in pure culture on corn-meal agar colonies grow very slowly (only attain a 60 mm diameter after 6 weeks at room temperature of 25 °c), restricted, at first smooth surfaced but soon becoming compactly fluffy or cottony from the formation of abundant interwoven aerial hyphae which usually form raised thick cushions, indistinctly zonate, greyish brown to blackish brown or rarely dark olive brown, often tinge with some shades of pink; colour of reverse also dark blackish or reddish brown, often almost opaque, whereas the media are discoloured by a red brown pigment; according to hering (1965a) on its natural substrates colonies of this species form conspicuous white patches. mycelium composed of a compact network of profusely branched hyphae which are subhyaline, pale brown to dark brown, 1.3—4µ. diameter, frequently septate and their cells sometimes slightly inflated or barrel shaped, their walls rather thick, smooth or very rarely minutely echinulate; the aerial hyphae mostly composed of lighter coloured elements, but some of these may become tightly aggregated with each other to form irregular capillitium-like hyphal cords which are dark blackish brown and appear shining under the reflected light. conidiophores arise singly as lateral branches of the aerial or sometimes also, of the creeping hyphae, straight or gently curved, simple or irregularly branched, pale brown below and becoming paler towards the subhyaline apex, smooth walled, many septate, 2—4.8 µ. diameter by 20—100 µ long (but on its natural substrate the length of the conidiophore may reach 500µ according to hering, 1965a) ; the apices of the conidiophores ultimately become slightly dilated and bear a few pronounced, flat-topped, irregularly disposed conidial pegs or scars which arise by successive subapical proliferations of the conidiophores; through a renewed growth another group of conidial pegs may be formed at a higher level. conidia arise singly and successively as blown out ends of the conidiophores, hyaline to subhyaline, smooth walled, subclavate to subcylindrical, rounded at the apex, base obconical and truncate, mostly 1-septate but a few are 3-septate, 17.2—26.3(—30) x 2.7—4µ; saccardo (1877a, 1886) and hering (1965a) 362 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 fig. 1. dactylaria purpurella: a, eonidiophores and conidia (from t.f. hering bc/ 1040, living culture) ; b, conidia (from t.f. hering bcj10ao, on leaf litter). 1968] rlpai: the genus dactylaria 363 gave the range of the spore size j.s being 20—25 x 4 \i. and 16—23 x 3 5 p. respectively (fig. 1). habitat: on decayed leaves and wood of quercus. distribution: italy (type locality) and the great britain. illustrations: saccardo, fung. ital. autograph. del., fasc. 1-1v: t.8. 1877; lindau apud engler & prantl, nat. pflanzenfam. i, 1: 449, fig. 232j. 1900; hering in trans. br. mycol. soc. 48: 665, fig. 5. 1965; cooke & satchuthananthavale in trans. br. mycol. soc. 49: 30, fig. 2e. 1966. great britain. on querous leaf litter, merlewood, lancashire, 8 january 1963, t.f. hering bc/loio (imi 101627) ; a culture was isolated from the latter and a dried culture on corn-meal agar is preserved in bo. dactylaria fulva roy & gujarati : dactylaria fulva roy & gujarati in lloydia 28: 53. 1965. the following description is drawn from the dried type culture isolate and supplemented with roy & gujarati's (1965) original account: in pure culture on potato-dextrose-agar colonies grow very slowly, only reach a 9 mm diameter after one week at 25 °c, restricted, fluffy or compactly cottony, at first dirty white, becoming grey to brownish grey at maturity; colour of reverse also brownish at maturity. mycelium made up of intricate network of hyphae which are subhyaline to yellowish brown or brown, 1—3 µ diameter, smooth walled, septate, much branched, sometimes aggregated with each other to form hyphal cords. chlamydospores present in older cultures, subglobose to elongated, mostly intercalary or arise laterally to the hyphae, thick walled, dark reddish brown and measure 5.4— 36.4 x 5.4—21.8 µ. according to roy & gujarati. conidiophores mostly arise as lateral branches of the hyphae, straight or flexuous, irregular in length, may be very short and only 4µ, long but mostly vary 'from 6 to 50 µ, long by 2—3µ. diameter, septate, subhyaline to pale yellowish brown below; the apex of conidiophore hyaline, subhyaline or yellowish, distinctly dilated to 2.7—4.5 µ. diameter, bearing numerous irregularly disposed, flat-topped conidial pegs to which conidia formerly attached; a conidiumproducing apex may be formed at a higher level through a renewed growth of the conidiophores. conidia arise singly as blown out ends of the conidiophores, smooth walled, hyaline, subcylindrical to almost subclavate, only slightly or hardly narrower at the base, at maturity generally regularly 2-septate, 13.6—23.9 x 1.5—2.2 µ.; roy & gujarati gave the range of the spore size as being 13—50 x 1.5—3µ (fig. 2). habitat : in rhizosphere of dichantium annulatum. distribution: india. illustration: roy & gujarati in lloydia 28: 54, fig. 1—11. 1965. india. isolated from decayed roots of dichantium annulatum, botanical garden, banaras hindu university, varanasi, u. p., 1963, s. gujarati (imi 104480, isotypus). 864 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 a reassessment of the excluded species in recent years it has been more or less generally accepted that the taxonomic value of the spore septation in delimiting genera of some groups of fungi has been given an undue emphasis. in many cases modern authors have ignored this character and classified numerous species of hyphomycetes with various types of spore septation in one genus, which in saccardoan (1880, 1886) system of classification will require two, three or four separate genera. boedijn & reitsma (1950) pointed out t h a t the genera cylindrocladium morgan and candelospora rea & hawley were separated form each other solely by the formation of 3—many-septate conidia and 1-septate conidia respectively; since all their other morphological and cultural characters are basically identical, they justifiably merged the two genera. hughes (1958) erected the genus scheleobrachea hughes, which has been shown to represent a later synonym of the genus pithoniyces berk. & br. by ellis (1960) ; in both hughes' and ellis' accounts fig. 2. dactylaria fulva: conidiophores and conidia (from s. gujarati). 1968] rifai: the genus dactylaria 365 species with 1-celled, 1-—3-septate conidia and even those with muriform conidia are accommodated in the same genus. endophragmia maire & duvernoy now does not only contain species with phragmosporous conidia but also a few species which have 1-septate conidia (ellis, 1959). sutton & pirozinsky (1965) united taeniophora karst, and alysisporium pyronel with pragmotrichum kunze & schmidt because of their overall similarity except in the possession of phragmosporous and muriform conidia respectively ; similarly the genus hansfordiella hughes also embraces species with phragmosporous and muriform conidia (hughes, 1951). madelin (1966) correctly transferred botrytis acridiorum trabut to the traditionally didymosporous genus trichothecium link ex fr., although this species has 1-celled, 1—3-septate conidia; because of this the taxonomic relation of cylindrophora apiculata tubaki and trichothecium roseum (pers.) link ex s. f. gray should now be reconsidered (cf. tubaki, 1954; rifai & cooke, 1966). in the ascomycetes we find that the helotiaceous genus hymenoscyphus s. f. gray emend. dennis (= helotium auct., non helotium tode ex lehman, which is agaricaceous) has species with both 1-celled as well as 1—many-septate ascospores (dennis, 1964) ; the same situation can also be found in the hyaloscyphaceous genus dasyscyphus s. f. gray (dennis, 1960). in the pyrenomycete genus massarina sacc. there are many species with 1-septate ascospores besides those with phragmosporous ones (bose, 1961; muller & von arx, 1962). although it must be admitted that a character widely accepted as having a generic value in one group will not always be of equal importance in a different context, it seems t h a t the unsuitability of the spore septation to serve as a major taxonomic evidence in delimiting the genera of nematode-trapping hyphomycetes is manifest. the currently accepted conception t h a t arthrobotrys is a didymosporous genus with dactylaria sensu lato serving as its phragmosporous counterpart has not been consistently put into practise: though definitely exceptional, conidia of arthrobotrys superba and a. dactyloides (drechsler, 1937) may have more than one septum. this anomaly, however, has always been played down largely because there is no doubt whatsover that these species are good members of arthrobotrys. it follows t h a t it would not be possible to use the number of spore septation as a key character to separate arthrobotrys from dactylaria sensu lato because of the existence of these intermediate forms. the taxonomic value of the spore septations is further weakened by the fact t h a t in nematode-trapping hyphomycetes the types of media appear to have an effect on the number of septa produced. when grown on a nematode-infected agar dactylaria clavispora r. c. cooke produces conidia 366 beinwaedtia [vol. 7 which are " 1—2-septate, about twice as many having one septum as two " but on corn-meal agar the conidia of this species become 1—3-septate, the majority of which have " 2 septa, about three times as many with 1 or 3 septa " (cooke, 1964). a similar situation can also be found in dactylaria eudermata drechsler (1950). as has been hinted earlier, the conidiophores of the nematode-trapping species to be excluded from dactylaria can be grouped into at least three types, each of which corresponds to the conidiophore type found in the didymosporous genera arthrobotrys, genicularia rifai & r. c. cooke and candelabrella rifai & r. c. cooke respectively. the only character which these species have in common with each other is the phragmosporous nature of their conidia, which is also the only character which so far has prevented them from being referred to the three didymosporous genera. from the above consideration it would be obvious, however, that for the nematodetrapping species the number of spore septation should not be accorded a generic value. therefore it would be fully justifiable to distribute these species among the genera arthrobotrys, candelabrella and genicularia and at the same time to enlarge the scopes of these originally didymosporous genera to enable them to accommodate the phragmosporous species as well. the other alternative would be the proliferation of newly described phragmosporous genera for the reception of the numerous species currently classified as members of dactylaria, but this is wholly undesirable because it will only make the ralationship of these species becomes more obscure than as it is. genicularia rifai & r. c. cooke emend. rifai genicularia, rifai & r. c. cooke in trans. br. mycol. soc. 49: 153. 1966. in pure culture colonies grow quite rapidly, effused, pale pink to whitish. mycelium composed of septate, hyaline, smooth walled, branched hyphae which mostly form thin and sparse mat over the surface of the media, with scanty aerial growth. conidiophores arise from creeping or submerged hyphae, hyaline, smooth walled, septate, erect or ascending, at first straight, becoming geniculate or flexuous, elongating, sometimes considerably, by repeated subapical renewal of growth; its apex is blown out blastogenously to form a conidium and after the first conidium has been formed a new growing point appears at one side of it and the second conidium is formed at the new apex, displacing the first conidium to a lateral position, this process being repeated several times. conidia short obpyriform, obpyriform to obvoid-turbinate or broadly fusoid-ellipsoidal, 1—many-septate, the basal cell usually obconical and truncate, hyaline when viewed singly but appearing pale pinkish-white in mass, smooth walled. 1968] rifai : the genus dactylaria 367 habitat: mostly (? always) capturing and parasitizing nematodes by means of various kinds of traps in soil or debris. type species: trichothecium cystosporium duddington. the species included in this genus by rifai & cooke (1966) so far are didymosporous. as has been indicated above in geniculairia clavispora (r. c. cooke) rifai, comb. nov. (basionym: dactylaria clavispora r. c. cooke in trans. br. mycol. soc. 47: 307, fig. 1. 1964) the number of spore septation in each conidium varies from 1, 2 or 3, mostly one or two depending on the type of media used. as far as the spore septation is concerned, this species appears to represent an intermediate form between the didymosporous members of genicularia and genicularia psychrophila (drechsl.) rifai, comb. nov. [basionym: dactylaria psychrophila drechsl. in mycologia 36: 161. 1944. — monacrosporium psychrophilum (drechsl.) r. c. cooke & dickinson in trans. br. mycol. soc. 48: 622. 1965], because the latter has 2—{mostly 3—)4-septate conidia. the type of conidiophore of g. clavispora and g. psychrophila is similar to that of g. cystosporia (duddington) rifai & r. c. cooke. drechsler (1950) described the conidiophores of dactylaria eudermata as follows: " simple conidiophores bear terminally a single conidium much like the simple conidiophores, for example, of dactylella aphrobrocha and d. bembicodes, which, indeed, in their dimensions they resemble rather closely. the fungus likewise puts forth distally branched conidiophores that beside producing a spore at the tip of the main hypha bear additional spores singly on its primary branches and also on its secondary branches if such are present. as the branches are often rangy, sometimes exceeding 50 jj, in length, the conidia produced plurally are in many instances attached at generous distances from one another " there is no doubt that this species (fig. 3) likewise should be known as genicularia eudermata (drechsl.) rifai, comb. nov. [basionym: dactylaria eudermata drechsl. in mycologia 42: 40. 1950. — monacrosporium eudermatum (drechsl.) subram. in j. indian bot. soc. 42: 293. 1963]. as cooke & dickinson (1965) already stated this species is closely related to genicularia bogoriensis rifai, nom. nov. [basionym: monacrosporium cystosporum r. c. cooke & dickinson in trans. br. mycol. soc. 48: 623. 1965; non genicularia cystosporia (duddington) rifai & r. c. cooke]. on nematode-free media these two species often produce conidia which are similar in outline to those of g. perpasta r. c. cooke apud rifai & r. c. cooke. subramanian (1963) and cooke & dickinson (1965) placed g. psychrophila, g. eudermata and g. bogoriensis in the genus monacrosporium. 370 reinwardtia [vol. 7 apparently one or two more species of dactylaria will have to be included in the present genus as well. arthrobotrys corda emend. rifai pracht fl • 43 1839; sacc. syll. fung. 4: 181. 1886; lindau nat.planzenfam . i, 1: 445. 1900; clem. . shear, gen. fung. fig 4. candelobreua haptotyla: comdiophores and conidia (redrawn from drechsler, 1950). 1968] rlfal: the genus dactylaria 371 206. 1931; bessey, morph. tax. fung.: 615. 1950; barnett, 111. gen. imp. fung.: 66. 1960; rifai & cooke in trans. br. mycol. soc. 49: 164. 1966. didymozoophaga soprunov & galiulina in mikrobiologiya 20: 494. 1951 (sine diagnose latina). in pure culture colonies grow rapidly, translucent, watery white to pale pinkish white, mostly smooth surfaced. mycelium made up of smooth walled, septate, branched and hyaline hyphae forming a thin sparse mycelial mat on the media, typically with scanty aerial growth. conidiophores arise from creeping or submerged hyphae, hyaline, smooth walled, septate, subulate or subcylindrical, mostly erect and straight but sometimes jointed, very rarely branched; at maturity conidiophore apex typically capitate, namely terminated by a swelling which is mostly subglobose or sometimes irregularly elongated, lobed or clavate and bearing numerous minute and sterigma-like conidial pegs which previously produce t h e conidia ; sometimes renewed growth of the conidiophore occurs after the formation of the first conidial head and a second head will be formed at some distance above the first; the process may be repeated and leads to the production of several such swellings along the length of the conidiophores, which cause the latter to become jointed. conidia distinctly blastogenous, arising singly as blown out ends of the conidiophore and the ends of the newly formed growing points, narrowly obovoid to oblong-ellipsoidal, sometimes slightly curved, 1—many-septate, smooth walled, hyaline. habitat: in soil or debris, mostly capturing nematodes by means of simple or elaborate traps. type species: arthrobotrys superb a corda. besides a. superba and a. dactyloides, there are other normally didymosporous species of arthrobotrys which occassionally have been observed to produce conidia with more than 1 septum, such as a. oligospora fres. (drechsler, 1937), a. anchoina drechsler (1954) and a. longispora soprunov (1958; non a. longispora preuss, 1851). in arthrobotrys vermicola (r. c. cooke & satchut.) rifai, comb. nov. (basionym: dactylaria vermicola r. c. cooke & satchut. in trans. br. mycol. soc. 49: 27. 1966) the conidia prodused have 1 to 3 septa, but mostly have 2 septa. it is of interest to note t h a t in referring the predominantly 4-septate spored species arthrobotrys polycephala (drechsl.) rifai, comb. nov. (basionym: dactylaria polycephala drechsl. in mycologia 29: 530. 1937) to the genus dactylaria a remark was made by drechsler (1937) t h a t this species " shows such obvious parallelism, both in reproductive habit and in make up of predaceous apparatus, to the retiary species of arthrobotrys t h a t its assignment to another genus, however clearly necessitated by the plural septation of its conidia, cannot be regarded with any 372 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 gratification " since the number of spore septation is no longer maintained to be of important generic value there is nothing to prevent the inclusion of this species in arthrobotrys, especially because the morphology of its conidiophore and conidium-producing organ is essentially identical with that of a. superba. i have not been able to study the developments of the first conidia of a few more species currently classified as dactylaria so that their eventual classification cannot be proposed at the moment. dactylaria haptospora drechsler (1940), however, does not seem to belong to any of the genera discussed above because of its peculiar sporogenous cells as well as the unusual morphology of its conidia; ultimately it may be necessary to propose a new genus for it. a c k n o w l e g d e m e n t s i would like to thank dr. t. f. hering (loughborough) for kindly supplying me with a living culture of dactylaria purpurella and to dr. m. b. ellis (kew) for generously placing the commonwealth mycological institute material of dactylaria at my disposal. r e f e r e n c e s barnett, h. l. (1960). illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. minneapolis. baeron, g. l. (1962). stachybotrys aurantia sp. nov. from soil. in can. j. bot. 40: 257—261. barron, g. l. (1984). a note on the relationship between stachybotrys and hyalostachybotrys. in mycologia 56: 313—315. bessey, e. a. (1950). morphology and taxonomy of fungi. philadelphia. boedijn, k. b. & reitsma, j. (i960). notes on the genus cylindrocladium ( f u n g i : mucedinacaas). in reinwardtia 1: 51—60. bose, s. k. (1961). studies on massarina sacc. and related genera. in phytopath. zi.. 4 1 : 151—213. clements, f. e. & shear, c. l. (1931). the genera of fungi. new york. cooke, r. c. (1964). dactylaria clavispora,, a new nematode-trapping hyphomycete. in t r a n s . br. mycol. soc. 47: 307—309. cooke, r. c. & dickinson, c. h. (1965). nematode-trapping species of dactylella and monacrosporium,. in t r a n s . br. mycol. soc. 48: 621-—629. cooke, r. c. & godfrey, b. e. s. (1964). a key to the nematode-destroying fungi. in t r a n s . br. mycol. soc. 47: 61—74. cooke, r. c. & satchuthananthavale, v (1966). some nematode-trapping species' of dactylaria. in t r a n s br. mycol. soc. 49: 27—31. dennis, r. w. g. (1960). british cup-fungi and their allies. london. 1968] rifai : the genus dactylaria 373 dewnis, r. w. g. (1964). remarks on the genus hyttienoscyphus s. f. gray, with observations on sundry species referred by saccardo and others to the genera helotium, pezizella or phialea. in persoonia 3: 29—80. dollfus, r. p. (1964). parasites (animaux et vegetaux) des helminthes. in encycl. biol. 27: 1—481. .. : • ' drechsler, c. (1937). some hyphomycetes t h a t prey on free-living terricolous nematodes. in mycologia 29: 447—552. drechsler, c. (1940). three new hyphomycetes preying on free-living terricolous nematodes. in mycologia 32: 448—470. drechsler, c. (1944). three hyphomycetes t h a t capture nematodes in adhesive network. in mycologia 36: 138—171. drechsler, c. (1950). several species of dactylella and dactylaria t h a t capture freeliving nematodes. in mycologia 42: 1—79. drechsler, c. (1954). some hyphomycetes t h a t capture eelworms in southern states. in mycologia 46: 762—782. e l l i s , m. b. (1959). clasterosporium and some allied dematiaceae—phragmosporae. ii. in mycol. pap. 72: 1—75. e l l i s , m. b. (1960). dematiaceous hyphomycetes. i. in mycol. p a p . 76: 1—36. hering, t. f. (1965). succession of fungi in the litter of lake district oakwood. in trans. br. mycol. so. 48: 391—408. hering, t. f. (1965a). british records: 89. dactylaria purpurella (sacc.) sacc. in t r a n s . br. mycol. soc. 48: 666—667. hughes, s. j. (1951). studies on micro-fungi. xiii. beltrania, cerutocladium, diplorhinotrichum and hansfordiella (gen. nov.). in mycol. p a p . 47: 1—15. hughes, s. j. (1958). revisiones hyphomycetum aliquot cum appendice de nominibus rejiciendis. in can. j. bot. 36: 727—836. macgarvie, q. d. (1965). diplorhinotrichum juncioola sp. nov., causing a disease of juncus effusu8. in trans. br. mycol. soc. 4 8 : 269—271. madelin, m. f. (1966). triehothecium acridiorwm (trabut) comb. nov. on red locusts. in t r a n s . br. mycol. soc. 49: 275—288. muller, e. & von arx, j. a. (1962). die gattungen der didymosporen pyrenomyceten. in beitr. kryptogamenfl. schweiz i i , 2: 1—922. papendorf, m. c. (1967). two new genera of soil fungi from south africa. in t r a n s . br. mycol. soc. 50: 69—75. rifai, m. a. (1964). stachybotrys bambusicola sp. nov. in trans. br. mycol. soc. 47: 269—272. rifai, m. a. & cooke, r. c. (1966). studies on some didymosporous genera of nematodet r a p p i n g hyphomycetes. in trans. br. mycol. soc. 49: 147—168. roy, r. y. & gujarati, s. (1965). a new species of dactylaria from soil. in lloydia 28: 53—54. saccardo, p. a. (1877). fungi italici autographice deliniati. fasc. i—iv. patavii. saccardo, p. a. (1877a). fungi italici autographice deliniati. commentarium. in michelia 1: 73—100. saccardo, p. a. (1880). conspectus generum fungorum italiae inferiorum. in michelia 2: 1—38. saccardo, p. a. (1886). sylloge fungorum 4. patavii. s74 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 7 soprunov, f. f. (1958). [predaceous fungi — hyphomycetes and their application in the control of pathogenic nematodes. ashkabad. — in russian]. subramanian, c. v. (1963). dactylella, monacrosporium and dactylina. in j. indian bot. soc. 42: 291—300. sutton, b. c. & pirozynski, k. a. (1965). notes on microfungi. ii. in trans. br. mycol. soc. 48: 349—366. tubaki, k. (1954). studies on the japanese hyphomycetes. i. coprophilous group. in nagaoa 4: 1—20. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia volume 7, part 4, pp. 375—381 (1968) kostermansinda rifai genus novum hyphomycetarum mien a. rifai *) summary the conidial development of sclerographium magnum boedijn is described and illustrated; based on this species the new aleuriosporous genus kostermansinda rifai is proposed. the morphology of the conidiophores and conidia of sclerographium aterrimum berk., the type species of the stilbaceous genus sclerographium berk., was described and illustrated in details by hughes (1951). the murif orm conidia of this species are radulaspores because they arise blastogenously and produced on numerous small denticles on the somewhat dilated apices of the fasciculated conidiophores, which during the process of the conidial development elongate slightly by subapical proliferations. therefore this genus has been correctly included in the section ii of hughes' (1953a) experimental system of classification of hyphomycetes or in the radulasporae of tubaki (1963), nilsson (1964) and rifai & cooke (1966). in 1960 boedijn described sclerographium, magnum boedijn, based on a collection of a fungus which he found growing on the decaying petiole of a palm species in bogor botanic garden, java. from boedijn's description and illustration, as well as from the results of my own observations on more recent collections of this species which were made from decaying petioles of several palm species cultivated in bogor botanic garden, it is evident that sclerographium magnum has murogenous conidia produced by simple conidiophores, so that it is an aleuriosporous species which consequently should be referred to the aleuriosporae or to the section iii of hughes' system of classification. although boedijn (1960) was fully aware that this species was not at all related to sclerographium aterrimum, he nevertheless preferred to place it in the genus sclerographium because of the superficial similarity between the two species, and also because of the artificial nature of the classification of deuteromycetes; in recent years, however, substantial evidence are available to show that the system of classification proposed by hughes (1953a), which is based on the methods *) herbarium bogoriense, bogor (java), indonesia. — 375 — rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_34 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_35 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_36 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_37 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_38 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_39 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_40 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_41 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_42 rein.vol.7 part 4,pp 291-420_page_43 reinwardt1a vol. 10, part 3, pp. 381 382 (1987) anew status foe desmodium ovalifolium (papilionaceae) rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia abstract based on differences in anatomical and morphological characters, the new combination desmodium heterocarpon (l.) dc. subsp. heterocarpon var. ovalifolium (wall, ex prain) rugayah is proposed to accommodate some specimens formerly included in d. heterocarpon var. heterocarpon, abstrak berdasarkan perbedaan ciri anatomi dan morfologinya, kombinasi baru desmodium heterocarpon (l.) dc. subsp. heterocarpon var. ovalifolium (wall, ex prain) rugayah diusulkan untuk mewadahi beberapa spesimen yang sebelumnya dimasukkan dalam d. heterocarpon var. heterocarpon. in a recent study on the d. heterocarpon (l.) dc. complex (rugayah 1986), some specimens were found to fit with the concept of d. ovalifolium (wall, ex prain) gagnep. which some recent authors (van meeuwen, van steenis & stemmerik 1961; knaap-van meeuwen 1962; ohashi 1973) would include in d. heterocarpon var. heterocarpon. based on anatomical and morphological evidences they are considered to belong to a separate taxonomic entity, as can be recognized from the key presented below. 1 a. stem and rachis strigosely-hairy, pods hairy at the margin only; the upper leaf epidermis thicker than the lower one var. strigosum b. stem and rachis with hooked hairs, pods evenly hairy; the upper leaf epidermis as thick as the lower one 2 2 a. flowers loose, 3-4 mm long, pedicel 4-7 mm; leaflets obovate or elliptical; papilla on both lower and upper epidermis, epidermal cells slightly sinuous; stomata 13,7516,25 x 10 12,5 pm var. heterocarpon b. flowers dense, more than 4 mm long, pedicel 2-3 mm; leaflets broadly elliptical to almost orbicular; papilla on the lower epidermis only, epidermal cells very sinuous; stomata 16,25 21,25 x 12,5 • 13,75 /µm var. ovalifolium consequently a new combination is proposed to accommodate this taxon as a variety of d. heterocarpon subsp. heterocarpon. 3 8 1 382 kkinwardtfa [.vol. 10 desmodium heterocarpon (l.) dc. subsp. heterocarpon var. ovalifolium (wall, ex prain) rugayah, comb. nov. desmodium ovalifolium wall. cat. no. 5730, nom. nud. —d. polycarpum dc. var. ovalifolium (wall, ex) prain in king, j. as. soc. beng. 66 (2) : 141. 1897 (basionym). —d. ovalifolium (wall, ex prain) gagnep., fi. indo-china 2 : 587. 1920. distribution : siam, indo-china, malay peninsula, sumatra, borneo, celebes and java. specimens examined. siam : holttum 9714. indo-china : squires 104. malay peninsula : henderson 38116. — sumatra : bunnemeijer 1361, 1592, 2274, 2307, 2376, 5774; kostermans 473;l'drzing 11626; ouwehand 300; rutten kooistra 57; teysmann s.n.; de voogd 137, 152; van der voort 3; van steenis 1146. — borneo : jaheri s.n.; j, & m.s. clemens 205 78; mondih 281; tandom 2818. celebes : kjellberg 1 746— java.: backer 1890, 4242, 4609, 9026, 32042; bakhuizen v/d brink f. 810; huitema s.n.; karta 186. references knaap-van meeuwen. m.s. 1962. preliminary revisions of some genera of malaysian papilionaceae v — a census of the genus desmodium. in reinwardtia 6 (3) : 239 — 276. ohashi, h. 1973. the asiatic species of desmodium and its allied genera (leguminosae). in ginkgoana 1 : 4 — 318. kugayah. 1986. penelaahan kembali status taksonomi desmodium ovalifolium. in berita biologi 3 (5) : 203 208. van meeuwen. m.s., van steenis, c.g.g.j. & stemmerik. j. 1961. preliminary revisions of some genera of malaysian papilionaceae ii. in reinwardtia 6 (1) : 85 — 108. 10(3) 275-1754-2-pb binder cover-100_page_011 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, part 1, pp. 69 — 79 (1982) the genus vatica l. (dipterocarpaceae) in ceylon a. j. g. h. kosteemans herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor, indonesia abstract in ceylon 4 endemic species of vatica occur of which one, (vatica obscura) occurs as a riverine species in the dry zone, the other three are restricted to the wet zone, two of them on well drained soils, one (v. paludosa) in marshy places. vatica lewisiana is removed from cotylelohium and again asigned to vatica. vatica paludosa kosterm., sp. nov. is neither identical with v. roxburghiana, an indian species, nor the same as v. chinensis l., a species of unknown origin, to which the ceylonese material has been referred formerly. abstrak di ceylon terdapat 4 jenis vatica yang endemik. satu (v. obscura) merupakan jenis yang hidup di hutan tepi sungai di daerah kering, dua tumbuh di tanah berdrainase baik di daerah basah dan satu lagi (v. paludosa) ada di tempat berpaya-paya. yang terakhir ini tidak sama dengan jenis india v. roxburghiana ataupun v. chinensis yang tidak diketahui asal-usulnya, v. lewisiana dikeluarkan lagi dari cotylobium dan dikembalikan ke vatica. introduction although the ceylonese species of vatica have been treated recently by ashton (1977, 1980), a number of mistakes in references, typification, characters and ecology have crept in, which need correction. for this reason the following is presented. v a t i c a l. vatica linnaeus, mantissa pi. 2: 152. 1771; a. dc, prodr. 16(2): 618. 1868; dyer in hooker f., fl. br. ind. 1: 302. 1874 (sect. isauxis); trimen, handb. pi. ceylon 1: 127. 1893; brandis in j. linn. soc. 31: 119-. 1895; ashton in dassanayake — 69 — 70 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 (editor), revised handb. fl. ceylon 1(2) : 195. 1977 and 1: 420. 1980. — type species: vatica chinensis l. isauxis arnott in ann. nat. hist. 3: 155. 1839; in wight, illustr. ind. bot. 1: 88. 1840; reichenbach, nomencl. 210. 1841; benth. & hook., gen. pi. 1: 199. 1862. retinodendron korthals in verhandel. natuurl. geschied. nederl. overz. bezitt; bot., batavia 55. 1839; benth. & hook., i.e. 192; brandis, i.e. 119 (submenus). key to the species la. leaves very densely, minutely stellate-lepidote underneath; midrib impressed above. fruit sepals pointing downward 1. v. lewisiana b. adult leaves glabrous underneath; only stellate hairs present. midrib prominent above. fruit sepals loosely clasping the fruit base or patent 2 2a. lateral nerves 6-8 pairs , 2. v. affinis b. lateral nerves more than 11 pairs ,3 3a. leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, base rounded to subcordate; lateral nerves conspicuous on the lower surface. fruit large, depressed globose, with rather thin, much enlarged sepals adpressed to its base 3. v. paludosa b. leaves lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, base rounded or acute; lateral nerves very faint on the lower surface. fruit ovoid-globose, small, with rigid not enlarged patent or reflexed sepals 4. v. obscura 1. vatica lewisiana (trimen ex hooker f.) livera vatica lewisiana (trimen ex hook, f.) livera in ann. roy. bot. gard. peradeniya 9: 97, t. xi, 1-4. 1924; lewis, veget. prod. ceylon 49. 1934; alston in trimen, handb. fl. ceylon 6 (suppl.) 25. 1931 (as a synonym of vateria? lewisiana); ashton in blumea 20: 358. 1972 and in dassanayake (editor) revised handb. fl ceylon 1(2): 167. 1977 and 1: 366. 1980 (as a syn. of cotylclobium lewisianum). — stemonoporus lewisianus trimen ex hooker f., in trimen, handb. fl. ceylon 5: 383. 1900; lewis, trees & fl. pl w. and sabaragamuwa prov. 37. 1902; veget. prod. ceylon 49. 1934; e.j. livera, i.e. 97 (as a syn. of vatica lewisiana); alston, i.e. (as a syn. of valeria ? lewisiana); ashton, 11. cc. (as a syn. of cotylelobium lewisianum); kostermans, monograph of stemonoporus, in press. — vateria ? lewisiana (trimen ex hooker f.) alston, i.e. 25; ashton, 11, cc. (as a syn. of cotylelobium lewisianum); kostermans, i.e. — cotylelobium lewisianum (trimen ex hooker f.) ashton, 11. cc.; kostermans, i.e. — typus: lewis s.n., jan. 1893 (k) (pda, isotype: 2 sheets); syntypus: lewis s.n., fr. april 1893 (pda). tree, up to 35 m tall and 130 cm dbh. buttresses none. bark pale grey, becoming irregularly flaky (ashton). twigs thin, densely buff stellate-lepidote (scales very small). stipules minute, caducous. leaves rigidly coriaceous, oblong or elliptic, rarely (young trees) subovateoblong, 2 x 5—4 x 10 (average)—7 x 17 cm, shortly (5 mm) acuminate, arumen with broad base; base obtuse; above glossy, glabrous, smooth, the thin midrib slightly" impressed, the lateral nerves very l982] kostermans: ceylonese vatica 71 obscure; below very densely buff lepidote-stellate haired (scales with minute body and flat thin arms, very minute), midrib prominent, lateral nerves thin, prominulous, rather patent, c. 10 pairs with intermediate, almost as long ones, combined in a thin, wavy marginal vein, in between microscopic reticulation. petiole slender, densely lepidote-stellate haired, 1—1 1/2 cm long, finely channeled above. panicles axillary, erect, lax, many-flowered, densely minutely buff stellate-lepidote (arms more erect), up to 8 cm long. branchlets few, short. pedicels nodding, 4—6 mm long, densely stellate-lepidote. sepals ovate-triangular, acute, densely lepidote-stellate, 2—3 mm long. petals fleshy, white, broadly elliptic, obtuse, 6—7 mm long, 5 mm wide, the parts outside not covered by the adjacent petal densely buff lepidote stellate. stamens 15, in two whorls of 10 and 5, inner slightly longer. filaments 1 mm, base broad, triangular, apex filiform; anthers oblong, appendix half as long, slender. ovary densely pilose. style as long as stamens with depressed capitellate stigma with 3 excrescences. fruit (immature) sub-globose, densely pilose; the sepals hardened, turned downwards. distribution: near pelmadulla, kiribatgalle and hunawalakande. the species is in its salient characters not different from the other three ceylonese species of vatica, except the fruit sepals, which are turned downward and the stellate-lepidote leaves. for other notes cf. kostermans' monograph of stemonoporus. kiribatgalle near pelmadulla, 750 m, ster., ashton 2016 (quoted 2116) and 2117 (pda); kiribatgalle near kahawatte, sapling, livera s.n. (pda); hunawalakande near pelmadulla, 600 m, jan. 1893, fl., lewis s.n. (pda, 3 sheets); apr. 1893, fr., lewis s.n. (pda); nov. 1891, lewis, sapling (pda). 2. vatica affinis thw. — fig. 1. vatica affinis thwaites, enum. pi. zeyl. 404. 1864; dc, prodr. 16(2): 619. 1868; dyer in hooker f., fl. br. ind. 1: 303. 1874; trimen, handb. fl. ceyl. 1: 128. 1893; ashton in dassanayake (editor), revised handb. fl. ceylon 1(2): 195. 1977 and 1: 421. 1980; maury, dipterocarpacees, du fruit a la plantule (thesis): 1a: 63; 2: fig. 116, 228, 241, 473, 474, 587, 633, 678 nc. 1978; — lecto typus propositum: c.p. 3416, pasdoon korale, apr. 1855, young fr. and fls. (pda); syntypus: cultura (kalutara), c.p. 3416 (pda). isauxis roxburghiana auct. non wight, thwaites, enum., i.e. 37. 1858 and 404. 1864. — c.p. 3416 (pda). canopy tree, up to 35 m tall and 70 cm dbh. bark smooth, grey, hoop ringed, thin. branchlets apically with microscopical fugaceous indumentum or glabrous. leaves chartaceous to sub-coriaceous, glabrous (initially with few hairs below), ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 21/2 x 7 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 fig. 1. vatica affinis thw. 1982] kostermans: ceylonese vatica 73 —31/2 x 10—7 x 18 cm, acute, base obtuse to shortly acute, both sides minutely reticulate, above the slender midrib and thin lateral nerves prominulous, below midrib prominent, the 4—6 pairs of lateral nerves erect-patent (lower pair more erect), slender, prominent, arcuate; secondary nerves (intercostals) not different from the reticulation. petiole slender, 1 1/2—3 cm long, apically thickened or not. panicles axillary, erect, many-flowered, up to 10 cm long with few thin main branchlets, up to 3 cm long with sparse microscopic indumentum of stellate hairs, indumentum becoming denser towards the flowers. pedicels 2—3 mm long. flowers densely pale, stellate-pilose; sepals ovate, very acute, up to 3 1/2 mm long; petals pinkish yellow, narrow, up to 13 mm long. stamens 15; ovary densely pilose, style with depressed capitulate stigma with obscure accrescences. fruit globose, smooth, glabrous ultimately, 2—2 1/2 cm diam., the persistent sepals ovate to ovate-oblong, c. 1 cm long, 6 mm wide, loosely clasping the fruit, thickish; pedicel 6 mm long. fruit completely dehiscent, cotyledons free, epigeal. the first leaves in a whorl. distribution: s.w. ceylon, wet, evergreen rainforest: hiniduma, kalutara, hewesse, scattered, indifferent to deep or shallow soils. not restricted to stream sides. the leaves are not coriaceous (ashton) and never elliptic (ashton), the base is never broadly cuneate (ashton), the inflorescence is a panicle, not a cyme (ashton). the fruit has no grooves at maturity, the fruit sepals are ovate or ovate oblong, not oblong (ashton), the pedicel not 11 mm long, but shorter. according to maury the cotyledons remain within the half opened fruit after germination. in our material the valves drop completely. according to trimen the wood is like that of v. paludosa, but heavier and of darker colour. kalutara distr.: boralugodde, s. coll., youngfr., c.p. 3416 (b, k, pda 2 sheets); nelunkeliya forest res., bajalingam 409 (pda, n.v.); galle distr., nellowe-pelawatte road, april, buds, ashton 2074 (pda); s.e. margin of sinharaja forest, ster., ashton 2083 (quoted as 2082) (pda); kanneliya forest, alt. 200 m, febr., buds, jayasuriya 1540 (pda); ibid., april, fl., waas & peeris 560 (pda); ibid, ripe fruit, balasubramaniam s.n. (l). 3. vatica paludosa kosterm., sp. nov. — fig. 2. vatica roxburghiana auct. (non bl., nee benth.) thwaites, enum. pl zeyl. 404. 1864; dyer in hooker f., fl. brit. ind. 1: 302. 1874, p.p., quoad ceylon; trimen, handb. fl. ceylon 1: 128, 1893 (exclud. cit. vatica chinensis); alston in ibid. 6 (suppl.): 25. 1931; worthington, ceylon trees 67. 1959; ashton in dassanayake r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 fig. 2. vatica paludosa kosterm. 1982] kostermans: ceylonese vatica 75 (editor), revised fl. ceylon 1: 422. 1980 (id. 1(2): 166. 1977, exclud. cit. isauxis roxburghiana thw.). — isauxis roxburghiana (wight) thwaites, enum. 37. 1859, (non valeria roxburghiana wight), — c.p. 3416 (later c.p. 604) (pda). vatica chinensis auct. (non l.), alston, i.e.; ashton, 11. cc. arbor, ramulis hornotinis minutissime stellato-lepidotis, foliis subovato-oblongis, basi obtusis, rarissime subcordatis, floribus dense stellato pilosis, sepalis brevis, rigidis ovatis acutiusculis, stigmate obscure trifidis, fructus magnis depresso globosis dense minutissime lepidotis, sepalis coriaceis incrassatis applantis ovatis persistentibus. typus: c.p. 604 (pda). tree, up to 15 m tall and 50 cm dbh. buttresses up to 1 m tall and 50 cm out, concave. bark smooth, grey, resin plenty, clear, thin. branchlets densely covered with brown, extremely small stellate scales with short arms, soon glabrous. leaves chartaceous to sub-coriaceous, lower surface initially finely lepidote, soon glabrous, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 5 x 12—10 x 25—15 x 30 (epicormic shoot) cm, gradually tapered to an obtuse tip or obscurely, broadly, obtusely acuminate (more conspicuous in juvenile plants), base rounded, very rarely sub-cordate; above smooth, glossy, midrib prominulous, lateral nerves thin, prominulous, secondary veins none or obscure; below paler midrib slightly prominent, lateral nerves 7—11 pairs erect-patent, slender, prominulous, towards margin arcuate, secondary nerves faint, scalariform. petiole slender, 21/2—41/2 cm long, apical part thickened. panicles axillary on the terminal leaves, densely very minutely stellate pilose, rather few flowered, erect, up to 8 cm long with few, up to 3 cm long branches; pedicel thickish, up to 2 mm long. calyx lobes thick, ovate, acute, 8—4 mm long, densely stellate pilose, the base forming a 1—2 mm high broadly funnel-shaped obscure tube. petals rather thick, narrowly oblong 1 cm long, outside (where they are not covered by the adjacent one), densely, microscopically stellate pilose. anthers with short apiculi. stigma obtusely 3-lobed. fruit depressed globose, up to 5 cm diam. with 3 obscure furrows, densely microscopically lepidote, dehiscing by 3 thick, woody, ovate-acute valves; base with spreading, very thick, wrinkled, glossy, ovate, acutish 1— 1 1/2 cm long lobes (at their base a little erect, then bending outwards). cotyledons thick, each consists of two equal parts. distribution: endemic to ceylon, growing in marshy land of the s.w. lowlands. almost extinct. vateria roxburghiana wight (icones t. 26, sept. 1838 and text sub explan. of plates no. ii) is an indian plant. in the text to plate 26, wight made the remark: "i am indebted to the unaided ingenuity of the artist for these analysis who was not at the time of making them 76 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 under my superintendence, and i have not since had the means of verifying them myself". in illustr. ind. bot., wight provided in 1850 a very short diagnosis of vateria roxburghioma. thwaites in 1859 (enum. pi. zeyl. 37) compared his specimens (c.p. 604 from kalutara, one sheet in young fruit, another in flower, pda), with wight's plate of vateria roxburghiana and described it as isauxis roxburghiana wight (sphalm., it is a new combination of thwaites), referring it in the addenda of his book (404, 1864) to vatica (quoting again isauxis roxburghiana wight, instead of thwaites, as a synonym). he made the remark: "i have little doubt of this being dr. wight's plant, though there is a slight (sic!) discrepancy between my specimens and the figure in the icones, but this is most likely due to a little want of accuracy on the part of the draughtsman". actually it was thwaites who had the little want of accuracy; the plate is in all respects an almost ideal one of the indian vatica roxburghiana, which is quite different from thwaites's ceylonese plant. the (for me) illogical way of reasoning of thwaites, that an artist could be inaccurate in depicting a large fruit of v. roxburghiana, entirely different from that of the ceylonese plant; he could be inaccurate in the small analysis of microscopical details. c.p. 604, the ceylonese plant has depressed globose, rather immature fruit with very thick, short sepals, whereas in v. roxburghiana the fruit are (young and old) ovoid, very long pointed with very long, thin, transparent calyx lobes. there are also, less conspicuous differences in the indumentum, the stamens and the stigma. i have been fortunate to collect the fully mature fruit of the ceylonese plant. de candolle (prodr. 1: 517. 1824) gave a short description of vatica chinensis l. (mantissa pi. 242. oct. 1771) and relegating it to smith, icon. ined. t. 36 (and lamarck, diet. 8: 418, 111. t. 397). in dc, prodr. 16(2): 619. 1868 a more lengthy description was presented; here it was kept separate from v. roxburghiana (wight) bl. (p. 618). wight & arnott (prodr. 84. 1834) stated that v. chinensis was not from china and they thought, that it was probably identical with v. laccifera w. & arn. (dc, i.e. 619, showed that this was not true). dyer (in hooker f., fl. br. ind. 1: 302. 1874) accepted thwaites's viewpoint and included v. chinensis in v. roxburghiana. trimen (handb. fl. ceylon 1: 128. 1893) followed suit. he made the remark, that plate 26 of wight might be this species, but the plate was not "characteristic". alston (in trimen, handb. 6, suppl. 25. 1931), not going into the 1982] kostermans: ceylonese vatica 77 matter taxonomically, logically named the ceylonese plant vatica chinensis and was followed herein by ashton (revised handb. fl. ceylon 1: 422. 1980). linnaeus must have seen a specimen of his vatica chinensis, according to the description. although the description is very poor, at least the "rami subtomentosi" militates against this being the ceylonese v. paludosa or the indian v. roxburghiana and moreover, the latter two species have never ovate—cordate leaves. it can be concluded that vatica chinensis still might be a species from china. the tree in the botanical garden of peradeniya is vatica roxburghiana with ovoid, long-poined fruit. and the heneratgoda garden trees might be the same. ashton collected some sterile specimens. there is still a possibility that the real v. roxburghiana occurs in ceylon, although the chances are remote. hence i have quoted below the sterile specimens with an interrogation mark. from the leaves alone the two species can not be separated. moreover, more developed flowers of v. paludosa are necessary to make sure whether the heneratgoda specimens are this. s.w. ceylon, kalutara distr., dec. 1854, fl., fr., c.p. 604 (pda); kalutara distr., bulathsinhala near horana, low marshy forest along a sluggish brown-water rivulet, inundated in the wet season, forest rich in syzygium cordatum, stemonoporus moonii, areca eoneinna, etc., 5 sept. 1980, ripe fr., kostermans 28734 (aau, g, l, pda); w. prov., nurapitiya hanwelle, near pond, alt. 30 m, ster., ashton 2060 (pda) ( ? ) ; banks of kalu ganga near kiriella, 50 m alt., ster., ashton 2135 (pda) ( ? ) ; heneratgoda gatdeh, apr., fl., simpson 9419 (pda) ( ? ) . 4. vatica obscura trimen — fig. 3. vatica obscura trimen in 3. of bot. 23: 203. 1885; ibid. 27: 161. 1889; handb. fl. ceylon 1: 129. 1893; lewis, trees & fl, pi. w. & sabaragamuwa prov. 35. 1902; worthington, ceylon trees 68. 1959; ashton in dassanayake (editor), revised handb. fl. ceylon 1(2): 196. 1977 and 1: 423. 1980. — typus; vincent s.n., e. province, anno 1882, fls. and fr. (pda, 2 sheets). tree, up to 30 m tall and 70 cm dbh. bark smooth, grey; no buttresses. twigs either microscopically buff stellate pilose or glabrous. stipules very slender, acute, 5 6 mm long, caducous. leaves chartaceous, glabrous (young leaves initially sometimes with few hairs below), lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, 11/2 x 8—3 x 16—4 1/2 x 15 cm, gradually acute or sub-acuminate, base rounded, sometimes shortly acute; both sides minutely densely reticulate (more conspicous below); above glossy, midrib prominulous, lateral nerves faint; below more dull, midrib pror e i n w a rd t i a [vol. 10 fig. 3. vatica obscura trimen 1982] kostermans: ceylonese vatiica 79 minent, the c. 12 pairs of lateral nerves (with intermediate shorter ones) very thin and faint, erect-patent, arcuate near the margin. petiole slender, 1— 1 1/2cm, concave above. panicles axillary and extra-axillary, many-flowered, up to 8 cm long, microscopically stellate-pubescent, denser towards the fragrant, white flowers with thin main peduncle and branches. pedicels c. 3 mm, slender, densely stellate-pilose. sepals ovate-oblong, acutish, 2—3 mm, densely stellate-pilose. petals thin, up to 1 cm long and 4 mm wide, outside stellate-pilose, except the covered part at base by the adjacent petals. filaments 1/2 mm with broad triangular base and filiform apical part. anthers oblong, 1 mm with small appendage. ovary densely pubescent. style as long as the stamens; stigma depressed capitellate with 3 excresences at the top. mature fruit ovoid-globose, up to 3 cm. long, smooth, glabrous with 3 faint longitudinal grooves. sepals hardened, not enlarged, turned downwards. pericarp leathery, 2 mm thick. cotyledons red (turning green after germination), each splitting vertically almost completely into two, thick, wedge shaped halves. germination epigeal, the fruit splits along the grooves into 3 valves, completely, the radicle comes out from the top and bends downward, the epicotyl lifts the cotyledons (which look as if there are 4) far above the ground and the valves drop. wood hard, heavy, light brown. distribution : riverine forest from polonaruwa and batticaloa southwards; devulane forest; also in bintenne in uva. locally abundant. i doubt whether the trees reach 30 m, i have seen them never more than 20 m high; the boles are as a rule straight. the fruit sepals are well described by trimen, less acurately by ashton. ashton misquotes trimen; dummala is a vedda not a sinhala name (by trimen given as dun). the tamil name is tumpalai. dummala in sinhalese means simply resin. the tree produces a clear resin. badulla distr., ster., bailey s.n. (pda); kalodai, e. of mahiyangane, bank of stream, dry zone, ster., ashton 2137 (pda); mahiyangane forest area, monaragala distr., june, fl., kostermans 24430 (pda); batticaloa, polukanawa, june 1884, fl.. walker 5, 132 sept. 1885, fr., walker s.n. (on sheet 132 pda); e. province, vincent, 1882, fl. (pda, 2 sheets); batticaloa, june, fl., livera s.n. (pda); polonaruwa distr., yaklawa, e. of wasganawa reserve, ster., waas 604 (pda); maduroya, s. of polonaruwa, jan., ripe fr., kostermans 28022 (pda) ; devulana forest, nuwaragala res., riparian, low, may, fl., jayasuriya 2086 (pda); 18th mile ampara-kandy road, may, fl., kostermans 24850 (pda); e. base friar's hood, nuwaragala res., may, buds, jayasuriya 2102 (pda). 10(1) 255 binder cover-100_page_007 rein wardtia published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 8, p a r t 4, pp. 495 498 (1974) the soil algae of cibodas forest reserve anne johnson biology department, nanyang university, singapore 22 summary three species of green algae and one blue-green alga were recorded from eight samples of soil found associated with bryophytes in the cibodas ' forest reserve. chemical analysis of the soil showed severe leaching of soluable mineral substances associated with a low ph. the low light intensity under forest conditions and the low ph may account for the limited algal flora. small samples of epiterranean and epiphytic soil from cibodas forest reserve, indonesia were received together with bryophytes collected by the botany honours students (university of singapore) taking part in the first biotrop training course in ecological plant taxonomy in august 1969. the samples which were stored in polythene bags were received a few weeks after collection. the soil was carefully separated from the bryophytes and liquid cultures were set up following the method of john (1942). in this method small quantities of soil were introduced into a nutritive solution in conical flasks under sterile conditions. the nutritive solution was modified knop's solution (pringsheim, 1946) at full strength. the cultures were exposed to daylight in a window at approximately 26°c. the day-length was about 12 hours. in three of the samples where sufficient soil was available, an analysis was made of nitrate, phosphate, calcium, ammonium, nitrite, magnesium, iron, aluminium, manganese, chloride, potassium, sulphate and hydrogen ion (ph), using simplex soil-test methods supplied by nasco industries incorporated, fort atkinson, wisconsin, u.s.a. results after about ten days the liquid cultures showed the appearance of algal growth and this continued until staling set in after six months. the ph of the cultures remained at 5.6 for two months and were adjusted to this value where the ph started to rise. the algae appearing in the various samples are listed below. 495 496 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 cibodas locality 1, epiterranean, 1400—1500 m, collected 20.8.69. apatococcus lobatus (chod.) boye petersen. cibodas locality z, epiterranean, ground covered with rocks and tree roots, abundant organic matter, 1500 m, collected 21.8. 69. apatococcus lobatus (chod.) boye petersen. cibodas locality 4, on ground in the shade, 1400 m, collected 16.8.69. apatococcus lobatus (chod.) boye petersen. desmococcus vulgaris brand. cibodas locality 5, epiterranean, 1500 m, collected 19.8.69. apatococcus lobatus (chod.) boye petersen. chlamydomonas (chlamydomonas) sp. cibodas locality 6, epiterranean, rocky, shaded, 1400 — 1600 m, collected 18.8.69. apatococcus lobatus (chod.) boye petersen. cibodas locality 7, on ground, in shade, 1600 m, collected 22.8.69. apatococcus lobatus (chod.) boye petersen. cibodas locality 8, epiphytic on bark of trees, 1500 m, collected 21.8.69. apatococcus lobatus (chod.) boye petersen. desmococcus vulgaris brand. anabaena anomala fritsch. cibodas locality 30, waterfall at 1600 m, rocky ground, collected 14.8.69. apatococcus lobatus (chod.) boye petersen. anafoaena anomala fritsch. the soil from localities 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 (all epiterranean) was of a richly organic nature and very dark in colour. the soil from locality 8 (epiphytic) was also dark coloured with only very fine particles of organic debris. this soil had accumulated beneath a cover of moss. the soil from locality 30 was a paler coloured alluvial clay with less organic matter. the chemical analysis of localities 7, 8 and 30 is given below. 1974] j o h n s o n : cibodas soil algae the results above show two outstanding features: (i) the extreme poverty of algal flora in the localities examined, and (ii) the very acid nature of the soil which shows signs of severe leaching of soluable mineral elements despite the high organic content. in this investigation only the extreme top soil was examined. as was expected apatococcus lobatus was ubiquitous. this species or a close relative is to be found in an active or dormant state in nearly all soil samples of whatever origin. desmococcus vulgaris was found in one of the epiterranean localities (4) and as an epiphyte (8). these two species are closely related and both form cubical clusters of cells. in apatococcus lobatus there is no pyrenoid and the division is less regular. this species may develop parenchymatous outgrowths in culture. in desmococcus vulgaris a pyrenoid is present, although this may be difficult to see. division ia regular and outgrowths are uniseriate. it is most readily identified by the verrucose aporocysts which have the appearance of trochiscia (bourrelly, 1966). an unidentified species of chlamydomonas was abundant in culture from locality 5. the nitrogen fixing bluegreen alga, anabaena anomala was found in the epiphytic soil and in the waterfall. this grew exceedingly well in culture forming a thin gelatinous matrix of contorted filaments (desikachary, 1959). this species has been found in rice-field soils in india (fritsh, 1939) and sumatra (de, 1939). its taxonomic position is obscure since it resembles nostoc in some features. fritsch suggested it be placed in isocystis. a tropical forest reserve with continuous canopy cover is not a favourable locality for terrestrial algae due to the extremely low light intensity at level. the soil examined here was found in association with bryophytes which would further reduce the light available. previous results in singapore (johnson, 1962) showed the absence of pigmented algae in 498 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 mac ritchie reservoir forest under heavy shade conditions. in this forest the ph of the top-soil was 5.7. the top-soil in cibodas is extremely acid (ph 4.0) which would limit the species in lighted areas to acid-tolerant species. references boueeelly, p. (1966). les algues d eau douce. tome i: les algues vertes. paris. de, p.k. (1939). the role of the blue-green algae in nitrogen fixations in rice fields. in proc. roy. soc. lond. ser. b., 127: 121 139. desikachaey, t.v. (1959). cyanophyta. new delhi. fritsch, f.e. (1939). john, r.p. (1942). an ecological and taxonomic study of algae of british soils i. the distribution of surface-growing algae. in ann. bot., n.s. 6: 323 349. johnson, a. (1962). precursory studies on the epiterranean soil algae of singapore and malaya. in gard. bull. (sing.) 19: 379-384. peingsheim, o.g. (1946). pure cultures.of algae. cambridge. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense lbn. bogor vol. 10, p a r t 2, pp. 115 — 117 (1085) aegopogon (gramineae) in malesia j. f. veldkamp kijksherbarium; leiden, the netherlands abstract aeyopoyoil ceucliroides willd. var. cenchroides is recorded for the first time from malesian area based on a collection from mt. michael (papuu new guinea). a description is provided. abstkak aegopogou cenchroides willd. var. emtchrvkles direkam untuk perfcamu kali dari kawasan malesia, berdasarkan koleksi dari gummg michael 'papua nugini). sebuah pertelaan disajikan. in june 1979 mr. k. kerenga, lae, papua new guinea, visited the summit of mt, michael, ca. 3750 m high. among his collections was a curious grass (lae 74443), .said to cover large areas by sprawling, which has turned out to be aegopogon cenchroides willd. var. cenchroides. neither the species, not the genus was so far known from malesia, and as i think existing descriptions may not always be within reach of malesian botanists a short generico-specific description is given here based on the new guinea collection. the plant is especially conspicuous for the one-sided panicle with paired, much-bristled spikelets that drop off as small burs. the genus of three species is restricted to subtropical america, while our species occurs from northern mexico to bolivia and venezuela. this distribution would seem to make introduction hardly likely on a mountain only rarely visited by local people and even less outsiders. the latter would be mainly australian, but the genus has not yet been reported from that continent (simon in techn. bull. bot. br. dept. prim. industr., brisbane 3: 1—89. 1978). the relationship is according to the older authors with the zoysieae, but lately the (jhlorideac have been suggested (stebbins & crampton in rec. adv. bot.: 133—145. 1961; tiirpe in lilloa 33: 259—282, 1973; eohl, ft coslarisensis 15: 26—28, 1890), with an affinity to bouleloua (clayton & richardson: 37—48. 1973). actually these tribes seem to bo extremely close with the zoysieae mainly distinguished because the — 11.5 — 11c reinwardtia [vol. id spikelets fall entire and/or in sometimes much modified bur-like grouplets. the use of modifications of the diaspore to distinguish tribes, or even genera for that matter, seems artificial to me, useful for keys of course, but hazardous in phylogyny because of polyphyletit parallelism. aegopogon cenchroides willd. var. cenchroides aeyopoyon cenchroides h u m b . & b o n p l . ex w i l l d . , sp. pl, ed. 4, t r i n . ill mem. a c . s c . s t . p e t e r s b . v i , 5: .7.11840; 4, 2: 89ft. 18(0:6; h i t c h , in c o n t r , . u. s. n a t . hb. 24, &: 40:7.. 1&2t; b e e t l e m . u n i v . wyoming... p u b l . 1 3 : • 2 1 . . 1948.; p o h t f l . . c o s t a r i c 1 6 : 2 6 , f. 3. 1980. — a. cenchroides, v a r . • cenchroides: t t i r p e in 'lilloa 33:. 267, f. 2 1973. — t y p e : humbold & bonpl-and s.n. in h b . w i l l d . 1637 ( b , holo, n . v . ; idc 7 4 4 0 ! ) , v e n e z u e l a , c a r a c a s , c u m a n a . foi''fufthet"sytio"n"ymy"see",.b^etl'e, he.*;where' a" g e n e r i c r e r m o k is " g i v e n . small, wiry, glabrous perennial, branching extra-vaginally at base, rooting in the decumbent nodes. ligule ± triangular, (1.3—)2—2.35 mm long, scarious, glabrous, fimbriate. blades ascending to patent, flat, flaccid, 2—4.3 cm by 1—1.7 mm, scaberulous. inflorescence a unilateral pseudo-spike, 3—4 cm long, of ca. 20 clusters of paired, unequally pedicelled, laterally compressed, 1-flowered spikelets in two rows along two sides of a triquetrous rachis. clusters falling as a bur-like entity with the common, up to 0.5 mm long, setulose common stipe. • subsessilo spikelets bisexual. pedicel up to 0.5 mm long, setose. .glumes subequal, slightly obovate-linear-lanceolate,. 2.25—2.5 by 0.3—0.4 mm, about as long as the body of the lemma, membraneous, midrib scaberulous, apex bilobed, lobes rounded to acutish, with a 1.1—1.2 mm long arista from the sinus. rachilla-process absent. lemma ovate-lanceolate, sulcately 3-nerved, finely scaberulous in a slightly transverse pattern, membraneous, rounded on the back, callus obconical, not articulating, glabrous, ca. 0.35 mm long, body ca. 2.5 mm long, apex 3-lobed, lobes 1.1—1.35 mm long, aristate, the central arista longest, 5.8 7 mm long, slightly wavy. palea lanceolate, sulcately 2-nerved, finely scaberulous, body 2.85—3.25 mm long, apex biobed lobes with 0.6—0.75 mm long aristas. antheis 3, 2—2.2 mm long, yellow. stigmas laterally exserted, purple. caryopsis not present, in extra-malesian material oblong with a subbasal, punctiform hilum and an embryo ca. 0.3 times as long as the fruit. pedicelled spikelet much smaller, from reduced to the glumes and lemma and neuter, to ca, subequal and apparently bisexual. pedicel »p to 1 mm long.there are: some differences between-the. aboye and .descriptions,et other specimens.. .the plants are .always described, as..annual,.but..the presence of extra-vaginal branching and cataphylls points'" at a longlived habit (see also trin., 1840). the spikelets are strictly paired here, while triads seem to be the rule. the pedicelled spikelets may be bisexual, 1985] j. p. veldkamp: aegopogon in malesia117 at least with well-developed anthers and plumose stigmas as in the sessile spikelets, but they are reportedly at most male elsewhere. the lubes of the glumes seem to be narrower with less developed lobes, while the anthers are longer than the 2 mm described. hitchcock (1927) and pohl (1980) have mentioned an extreme morphological variability in the development of the clusters and spikelets, so these characters may fall within the existing pattern, which has so far never been described adequately. anatomy of the leaf has been described by turpe (1973), while pohl (1980) gave as chromosome numbers n = 20, 30, 40. acknowledgements i want to thank dr. a. a. beetle, laramy (wyo.), u.s.a., for confirmation of the identity of the new guinea collection. 10(2) 263-1739-2-pb binder cover-100_page_009 reinwardtia vol. 10, part 3, pp. 271 280 (1987) morphological, anatomical and chemical analyses of amorphophallus paeoniifolius and related taxa elizabeth a. widjaja herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia & r.n. lester plant biology department, birmingham university, birmingham, england abstract a study on the affinity of undescribed taxa of amorphophallus with a. paeoniifolius and its related species was undertaken using numerical analyses of data derived from preserved and living specimens. the results obtained were compared with the system of classification produced by classical taxonomic methods. the javanese wild and cultivated forms of amorphophallus paeoniifolius respectively known locally as "amorphophallus campanulatus f. hortensis" and "amorphophallus campanulatus f. sylvestris" were confirmed as two distinct but closely related taxa. abstrak penelitian hubungan takson-takson amorphophallus yang baru untuk ilmu pengetahuan dengan amorphophallus paeoniifolius dan jenis kerabatnya dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis numeris yang datanya diambil dari spesimen hidup dan mati. hasil yang diperoleh diperbandingkan dengan sistem klasifikasi taksonomi klasik. bentuk liar dan kultivar a. paeoniifolius yang berturut-turut dikenal sebagai a. campanulatus f. hortensis dan a. campanulatus f. sylvestris dalam kepustakaan setempat dinyatakan sebagai dua takson yang berbeda tapi berkerabat dekat. introduction amorphophallus bl. is one of several important genera in the family araceae grown for human consumption as well as for animal feed, medicine and other industrial purposes. the elephant yam (amorphophallus paeoniifolius (denns.) nicolson), devil's tongue (a. konjac c. koch) and a. oncophyllus prain ex hook.f. are among the approximately one hundred species 2 7 1 272 reinwardtia [vol. 10 which make up this genus, which is widely spread throughout the tropics of asia, africa, the pacific islands and some other areas in the subtropics. the main characteristics of the genus is that the tuber produces an evilsmelling inflorescence with a terminal sterile spongy phallic appendage enclosed in a spathe. male flowers are on the upper part of the sterile zone of the spadix and female ones below. it has a single petiole and a compound leaf which dies down before the plant flowers. the discovery of the recently described amorphophallus lambii mayo & widjaja (1983) as well as an undescribed cultivar from timor (hereafter referred to as amorphophallus eaw 1177) and two other taxa from thailand (amorphophallus ng 2 and amorphophallus rbg 1) which in some respects resembled amorphophallus paeoniifolius, made it necessary to study their taxonomic relationships to other described species of amorphophallus. since not all of these undescribed taxa produced inflorescences, all available data which might be useful as taxonomic evidences have been employed. pending their formal descriptions as new taxa, the present study was designed to investigate the affinity of these undescribed taxa with a. paeoniifolius, a. oncophyllus, a. bulbifer (roxb.) bl. and a. variabilis bl. using data derived from vegetative morphology, anatomy and chemotaxonomy. materials and methods both living plants and herbarium specimens were used in this study. a total of 30 accessions of living plants were grown, including four accessions of cultivated a. paeoniifolius, six of wild a, paeoniifolius, seven of a. variabilis, eight of a. oncophyllus and one accessions each of a. bulbifer, a. lambii, amorphophallus eaw 1177, amorphophallus ng 2 and amorphophallus rbg 1 (widjaja 1981). twenty-three of these living accessions had been collected in various parts of indonesia. living materials were brought to birmingham (england) in august 1980 and the tubers were planted in john innes no. 2 compost in pots and grown in a glass house at about 25°c. automatic watering was used and mercury vapour provided supplementary lighting, especially during the winter period. it was difficult to obtain leaf material under standard conditions and impossible to obtain replicate leaves for any one accessions, since only one tuber was available of most accessions and the leaves were produced singly and erratically, independent of any season. one accession of cultivated a. paeoniifolius was bought from an indian food shop in smethick near birmingham. herbarium specimens, living collections and paintings were studied at the royal botanic gardens, kew. these were particularly valuable for pro1887) widjaja & lester : numerical taxonomy of amorphophallui 273 viding data on inflorescence characters since only a. variabilis flowered in birmingham. morphological observation thirty-five morphological characters of tubers, petioles and leaves were recorded for 15 accessions of living plants of four species. twenty-five characters were recorded for all 15 accessions but some data were unobtainable for some accessions of a. oncophyllus and in this case the average value of the appropriate characters from the other accessions was used (widjaja 1981). chemotaxonomic study chromatography of phenolic compounds fully mature top folioles were collected from 25 plants and dried in a forced ventilation oven at 45°c for 96 hours. half a gram of dried leaves were ground and extracted with sufficient 3 ml 0.5% v/v hydrochloric acid in methanol kept overnight in darkness. leaf extracts were applied to a 1.5 cm diameter circle 4.5 cm from the corner of whatman no. 1 filter paper. the papers were clipped into a shandon universal holder and run in 250 ml of the first solvent (butan-1-ol : acetic acid : water = 3:1:1) for about 12 hours; the papers were dried then run in the second solvent (acetic acid : water = 15% v/v) for 4 hours. after drying, the papers were analysed under an ultra violet lamp. any spots and their colours were recorded and their distribution was examined. electrophoresis of proteins electrophoresis of proteins was done by polyacrylamide gel methods following the method of davis (1964). about 10 grams of good fresh tubers and 7.5 grams of fresh leaves were sampled from each of 14 accessions. after washing with tap water and cleaning from soil, tubers and leaves were kept in polythene bags in the deep freeze for at least 4 hours. tubers and leaves were thawed to ± —1°c and then crushed in the polythene bag by hand at room temperatures. the juices were collected, spun in a centrifuge for about 6 minutes at 15,000 g and then kept in the freeze at ± —3°c. samples of 0.1 — 0.2 ml of protein extract were analysed and after electrophoresis the gels were stained with 0.1% w/v naphthalene black in 7% v/v acetic acid for 1 — 2 days and stored in the dark. examinations were made over fluorescent light and the distribution of bands of proteins from each sample were recorded. 274 reinwardtia [vol. 10 anatomical observations only the forms of raphide were investigated during the course of this anatomical study. raphides were prepared by crushing the tubers in a mortar with some distilled water and allowed to settle or filtered by filter paper and dried. a pinch of sample was taken and placed on a stub and coated with gold. examinations were conducted under a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (cambridge stereoscan 600). data analyses data were analysed numerically using principal components analysis, and clustering techniques by euclidean distance and ward's method using clustan l.c programmes. the chromatographic and electrophoresis data were also analysed by jaccard's coefficient and upgma using clustan l.c programme (wishart 1978). result and discussions morphology cluster analyses based on all 35 morphological characters of tubers, petioles and leaves of all 15 accessions indicated that a. oncophyllus was very distinct and clearly separated from the other species in principal components analysis by the first factor. this distinction was maintained even when only 25 characters recorded from all four accessions of a. oncophyllus were used. because a. oncophyllus was so distinct, further analyses were made of the remaining 11 accessions using all 35 characters. principal components analysis of four accessions of the wild a. paeoniifolius showed that they formed a very distinct group. however, one accession was shown to be distinct from the other accessions of the wild a. paeoniifolius and rather similar to the undescribed amorphophallus eaw 1177 and three accessions of the cultivated a. paeoniifolius (fig. 1).. the cluster analysis also showed that the two accessions of a. variabilis were similar to each other. chemotaxonomy chromatography chromatographically speaking a. oncophyllus appeared as a distinct group, with two spots appeared only in this species. the chromatographj also showed that a. bulbifer and amorphophallus rbg 1 were separatee from each other as well as from the other species. all five accessions of the wild a. paeoniifolius clustered together. amorphophallus eaw 1177 was included in this cluster and two accessions of a. 276 reinwardtia [vol. 10 variabilis were close to it. however, the remaining accessions of a. variabilis clustered together outside these groups. the three accessions of the cultivated a. paeoniifolius occured in two clusters together with accessions of a. lambii and amorphophallus ng 2. these last two taxa biochemically are rather similar to the cultivated a. paeoniifolius although the latter has more prickles on their petioles. based on the above data, it seemed that the wild a. paeoniifolius is related to the cultivated one and both taxa are closer to a. variabilis than to a. oncophyllus. amorphophallus rbg 1 and a. bulbifer are clearly distinct from a. paeoniifolius and a. variabilis. electrophoresis leaf proteins from the electrophoresis of leaf proteins a total of 25 protein bands were recognised, of which as many as 11 were detected in one accession but as few as three in another. there were bands which were observed in many taxa (e.g. band 22) but others could be detected only in one species. consequently band 12 was found in a. paeoniifolius but not in any other species, so that it can be used as a diagnostic character for this species. band no. 4, 14 and 18 may be considered as diagnostic characteristic for the cultivated a. paeoniifolius and band 17 for the wild one. both dendrograms derived from jaccard or euclidean approaches agreed in placing all four accessions of the wild a. paeoniifolius in a single cluster. a. oncophyllus, a. lambii and amorphophallus ng 2 were fairly similar to each other, but amorphophallus eaw 1177 showed little similarity to any of them either by jaccard's or euclidean coefficient. tuber proteins the result of tuber electrophoresis of 23 accessions of amorphophallus showed a total of 18 protein bands, with as many as 11 bands in one accession but as few as one in another. the most universal protein was band 15 which appeared in all accessions of amorphophallus. band 2 and 3 were found in a. variabilis but not in other species. all accessions of the wild a. paeoniifolius formed a single cluster. similarly all accessions of a. variabilis also formed a single tight cluster. a. oncophyllus and the cultivated a. paeoniifolius formed two distinct but related clusters by euclidean distance, but were more intermingled by jaccard's coefficient. amorphophallus eaw 1177 was similar to a. paeoniifolius accession 7d. the difference between accession 7d and 7y is noteworthy since the former was sampled from the main tuber and the latter was sampled from a young tuber which grew from the main tuber (fig. 2). 278 reinwardtia [vol. 10 based on the tuber electrophoresis it can be concluded that the wild a. paeoniifolius was slightly distinct from the cultivated one and was distantly related to a. variabilis. on the.other hand the cultivated a paeoniifolius was somewhat related to a. oncophyllus. anatomy two kinds of raphides, one small and the other one much larger, were observed in the wild and cultivated a. paeoniifolius, a. oncophyllus, a. variabilis and amorphophallus eaw 1177. the length of the large raphides of a. variabilis was 0.0112 —0.0128 mm and the small ones was± 0.0004 mm. in amorphophallus eaw 1177 the large raphides measured ± 0.0136 mm and the small one ± 0.0032 mm in length. the large raphides of a. paeoniifolius may reach 0.0144 mm long and the small one ± 0.0004 mm. it is difficult to distinguish the two forms of this species by the length of their large raphides but under a light microscope it could be seen that the small raphides in the wild a. paeoniifolius were more abundant than in the cultivated one. this result is contrary to kirtikar's (1954) findings who reported that there were two kinds of raphides in the wild variety while the cultivated one showed only one kind. besides the size, the raphides of the species investigated could also be distinguished by their grooves and their surface ornaments. the tip ends of the large raphides of a. oncophyllus were acute and tapering. there are canaliculate grooves on the side, of this large raphide and its surface is sparsely ornamented with thin but broad protuberances. the large raphides of a. variabilis were also provided with tapering and acute ends and canaliculately grooved, but unlike those of a. oncophyllus the surface is ornamented with sharp barb-like protuberances. in both the wild and cultivated forms of a. paeoniifolius the large raphides appear to have interrupted canaliculate grooves. in this species the barbs occur on the tip ends, whereas in amorphophallus eaw 1177 they could not be found at the tip ends of the large raphides. the sharpness and the position of the barbs on the surface of the raphides as well as the abundance of the small raphides might be used as characteristics to distinguish the forms of a. paeoniifolius although it was difficult to see. conclusions as a general conclusion of this study it can be stated that within the genus amorphophallus, a. oncophyllus is very distinct on morphological, chromatographic as well as tuber electrophoretic grounds. a. bulbifer is also distinct, although it clustered with a. oncophyllus in the chromatographic studies. the results of leaf electrophoresis, however, showed a. bulbifer 1987] widjaja & lester : numerical taxonomy of amorphophallus 2 7 9 to be different from a. oncophyllus. in engler's (1911) classification a. bulbifer and a. oncophyllfis were placed as neighboring species in section conophallus, a conclusion which is supported by the present study. it appears that a. variabilis is closer to a. paeoniifolius than to a. oncophyllus; this is contrary to engler's contention who placed a. variabilis in the section conophallus as well. the wild a., paeoniifolius stands out as a distinct taxon based on morphological, electrophoretic as well as the chromatographic studies. it is linked with the cultivated a. paeoniifolius and a. variabilis rather than with a. oncophyllus. the smooth petioled amorphophallus eaw 1177 which was collected in timor island as a cultivated plant in the kitchen garden is very similar to the cultivated a. paeoniifolius in morphological and tuber electrophoretic characteristics. its leaf chromatography, however, points to a relationship with the wild a. paeoniifolius. in javanese literature the wild and cultivated forms of a. paeoniifolius have been known respectively as a. campanulatus f. sylvestris backer and a. campanulatus f. hortensis backer (backer 1920, backer & bakhuizen van den brink f. 1968, sastrapradja et al. 1977). their nomenclature is being worked out in the light of the present study. on vegetative morphological grounds amorphophallus ng 2 and amorphophallus rbg 1 appear related also to these last complex of taxa but in the absence of the inflorescence their true relationships cannot as yet be ascertained. electrophoretically they are related to a. oncophyllus and a. bulbifer, as is the case with a. lambii. acknowledgement this paper is adapted from an m.sc. thesis submitted in 1981 by one of us (eaw) to the university of birmingham. we are very grateful to prof. j.g. hawkes, the then head of the department of plant biology, university of birmingham, for allowing us to use the research facilities in the department. we would like also to thank the director of national biological institute bogor for her interest and for sending the living specimens used in this study, and to the director of royal botanic gardens kew for the permission to examine the herbarium specimens as well as the living collections under his keepings. we are indebted to dr. simon mayo (kew) for his hospitality and fruitful discussions during the course of this study, and to the british council (the colombo plan technical assistance cooperation scheme) for a maintenance grant to one of us (eaw). 280 reinwardtia [vol. 10 references backer, c.a. 1920. determinatie-tabel voor de javaansche soorten van amorphophallus bl. in tropische natuur 9 : 21 32. backer, c.a. &bakhuizen van den brink jr., r.c. 1968. flora of java 3. woltersnoordhoff, groningen. davis, b.j. 1964. disc-electrophoresis ii. methods and application to human serum proteins. . in ann. new york acad. sci. 121 : 404 427. engler, a. 1911. araceae-lasiodeae. in das pflanzenreich 48 (iv.23j : 1 130. klrtlkar, k.r. 1954. the poisonous plants of bombay. amorphophallus campanulatus. in j. bom. nat. his. soc. 9 : 42 60. sastrapradja, s . , s o e t j i p t o , n.w., danimihardja, s. & soeyono, r. 1977. ubiubian. sde-lbn no. 40, bogor. wldjaja, e.a. 1981. taxonomy of amorphophallus campanulatus (araceae) and other taxa, using morphological, anatomical and chemical characters. m.sc. thesis, department of plant biology, university of birmingham, birmingham. england. wlshart, d. 1978. clustan user manual. university program library unit, edinburgh. 10(3) 272-1749-3-pb 2711 2712 2713 2714 2715 2716 2717 2718 2719 27110 binder cover-100_page_011 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, part 1, pp. 103 — 106 (1982) anatomical evidence for reinstating schizostachyum longispiculatum and s. biflorum suhardjono prawiroatmodjo herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor, indonesia abstract based on the differences in their leaf anatomy, it is suggested that s. longispiculatwm, s. biflorum and s. blumei, should be considered as three distinct species, abstrak berdasarkan perbedaan anatomi daunnya, diusulkan agar s. longispiculatum, s, biflorum dan s. blumei diperlakukan sebagai tiga jenis yang berbeda, introduction schizostachyum longispiculatum kurz was merged with s. blumei nees by monod de froideville (1968) but ridley (1925) discriminated the two species by their flowers. s. longispictdatum has lanceolate and mucronulate glumes and glabrous lodicules, but in s. blumei the glume and lodicule are absent. mcclure (1936) described a new species s. biflorum mcclure based on specimen collected by blume from mount salak. this species looks similar to s. blumei, but the flowers of these two species are different, because s. blumei has one floret in each pseudospikelet whereas s. biflorum has two. at mount salak, in the area probably visited by blume i found one grove of s. biflorum. monod de froideville (1968) did not mention s. biflorum among the species occurring in java. the present study is aimed at discriminating s. biflorum, s. longispiculatum and s. blumei on the basis of the characters of leaf epidermis. materials and methods the material of s. biflorum was collected from mount salak, whereas — 103 — 1 0 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 that of s. blumei and s. longispiculatum came from the bogor botanical garden. fresh material was placed in faa and kept for about 24 hours. to get the abaxial part of the leaves, the adaxial part was removed by scraping with a sharp knife, and 1% safranin in water and 1% fast green in absolute alcohol were used for double staining, followed by serial dehydration with alcohol. the specimens were then mounted in canada balsam. results and discussion in the epidermis of the abaxial part of schizostachyum leaves it was observed that short-cells are pairing with silica-cells. the latter has a dumb-bell .shape and consists of granular bodies. one-celled macrohairs, two-celled micro-hairs, prickle-hairs and papillae are present. the stomata are arranged in rows, each stoma is covered with 8 papillae. the papilla consists of a deeply hollow long-cell and has an irregular form. the differences of the epidermal structure of the three species are presented in table i and illustrated in figure 1 a, b, c. table 1. diagnostic microscopic characters of three species of schizostachyum s. longispiculatum s. blumei s. biflorum 1. macro-hairs rare abundant abundant 2. micro-hairs the distal cells equal the distal cells the distal cells longer to or shorter than equal to or shorter than the basal cells the basal cells than the basal cells 3. 4. prickle-hairs stomata 2 rare -5 rows abundant 2—4 rows abundant 3—4 rows the anatomical characters elucidated would seem to indicate that the three species are closely related and quite similar in that the individual stoma is covered by 8 papillae and that the shape of micro-hairs, papillae, prickle-hairs and stomata are irregular. however, the size and 1982] prawieoatmodjo : schizostachyum anatomy 105 fig. 1. a. abaxial leaf epidermis of schizostachyum longispiculatum kurz, b. s. blumei nees, c. s. biflorum mcclure, 1. short-cells, 2. silica-cells and silica-bodies, 3. prickle-hairs, 4. micro-hairs, 5. stomata, g. papillae, 7. long-cells, 8. macro-hairs. 1 0 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 abundance of micro-hairs, prickle-hairs, papillae and stomata are different in s. longispiculatum, s. blumei and s. biflorum. it is justified, therefore, to keep s. longispiculatum and s. blumei as two distinct species, thus supporting ridley's (1925) conclusion. similarly the anatomical characters also support the flower characters in distinguishing s. blumei from s. biflorum. further observations on the anatomy of leaf-epidermis of other species of schizostachyum reveal that the above anatomical features can also be used in characterizing and discriminating species. these are summarized in the following key. key to the species of schizostachyum 1. macro-hairs and prickle-hairs abundant 2. distal cells of micro-hairs longer than the basal cells 3. papillae relatively small, stomata 2—3 rows s. brachycladum (kurz) kurz 3. papillae relatively big, stomata 2—5 rows s. biflorum mcclure 2. distal cells of micro-hairs longer than the basal cells 4. stomata 2—4 rows s. blumei neen 4. stomata 4—6 rows s. lima (blanco) merr. 1. macro-hairs and prickle-hairs rare 5. papillae abundant s. longispiculatum (kurz) kurz 5. papillae rare 6. miero-hairs with 2 cells s. zollingeri steud. 6. micro-hairs with 3 cells, occasionally with 2 cells s. eaudatum back. i should like to thank dr. soejatmi dransfield for kindly supervising this study. references mcclure, f.a. (1936). the generic type, and new species, of the bamboo genus schizostachyum from java. in blumea 2 ( 2 ) : 86—97. monoid de froideville, c.h. (1968). gramineae. in backer, c.a. & bakhuizen van den brink j r . , r.c. flora of java. 3. noordhoff, groningen. ridley, h.n. (1925). the flora of the malay peninsula. 5. reeve & co., london. 10(1) 260 binder cover-100_page_007 reinwardtia vol. 10, part 4, pp. 475 (1988) a note on franciscodendron hyland & steenis (sterculiaceae) a.j.g.h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia franciscodendron hyland & van steenis (in burnonia 10: 211-214. 1987) is, as stated by the authors, related to hildegardia because of its samaralike, indehiscent, one-to two-seed papyraceous (when mature) fruit (differing by the stelate pilose seeds). the statement that pterygota, (p. 211) should have thick woody indehiscent fruit is wrong; pterygota has early widely dehiscent fruit with numerous, closely packed, samara like seeds, which drop out already on the tree. the main difference with hildegardia is not stressed by the authors; the former has a tube like corolla, as in firmiana, brightly coloured, whereas the flowers of franciscodendron have 5 valvate free sepals and no corolla; its flowers being exactly like those of pterygota. it is stated that the flowers are hermaphrodite, but from the drawings i have the impression that the lefthand flower is a female one with 5 free carpels, at the base surrounded by sterile anthers, and this seated on an androgynophore, whereas the righthand flower is a male one with the androgynophore bearing a clump of anthers with (i suspect) the sterile reduced gynaecium in between and covered up, or entirely missing. 475 10(5) 475 binder cover-100_page_015 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia vol. s, p&rt 2, pp. 335 — 344 (1972) the vegetative anatomy of kostermansia malayana soegeng p. baas rijksherbarium, leydent netherlands summary the anatomy of leaves, twigs, wood and seedling of kostermansia soegeng is described. a comparison with some species of coelostegia and durio indicates the close affinities between the three taxa, but also shows some differences in leaf anatomy, probably valuable for diagnostic purposes. the stomata in kostermansia show a very remarkable arrangement in circles around the insertions of the scales. introduction in 1959 soegeng reksodihardjo described the genus kostermansia with one species, k. malayana from the malay peninsula. the new genus was said to be closely related to durio and coelostegia, and he listed macromorphological characters with the aid of which the three genera could be recognized, but which also indicated the strong affinities between the genera. an anatomical investigation of the genus has never been undertaken and was considered of some importance in order to fill one of the gaps in our knowledge of bombacaceae anatomy and also to compare the results of macromorphology with those of vegetative anatomy concerning the affinities with coelostegia and durio. the choice of kostermansia for a short study was all the more attractive since it would provide a most suitable subject to honour dr. a. j. g. h. kostermans, after whom the genus was named. methods and materials the techniques employed in preparing anatomical slides and macerations and for making measurements are as previously described elsewhere (baas, 1970). specimens used are listed below. institutional wood collections are abbreviated according to stern 1967. specimens from leyden (l) were used for leaf anatomy. — 335 — 336 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 coclostegia bornccns-is becc, malaya, fri 3626 (l). c. griffithii benth., malaya, fri 90744 (l), slides fhoiv 716l, 7166 and 7167 (k-jw). durio ussocarpiis mast., borneo, bb. 14394 (slide k-jw) ; d. oxleyanus griff., slides fhou: 7172 and 7173 (k-jw) ; d. testidimarum becc, borneo, san 31421 (l) ; d. zibethimis mui'r., malaya, kep. 57405 (l), slide s.v. (k-jw), india-, gamble 5074 (slide k-jw). durio spp. (aff. lowianus and malaccensis), slides fhow 7169, 7170, 7171 and 7174 (k-jw). kostcrm.ansia malayana soegeng, malaya, sfn $4673, sfn 37100 and hassan (slide k-jw). durio spp. (aff. lowianus and malaccensis), slides fhow 7169, 7170, 7171 wt 4400 and wt 5691 (kepw) for wood anatomy. anatomical description of kostermansia malayana leaf i n s u r f a c e v i e w : cuticle smooth with internal coarse granules or holes (?) on adaxial surface, striated on abaxial surface. adaxial surface mainly glabrous apart from area overlying midrib, where partly covered with scales. epidermal cells with straight or slightly curved anticlinal walls. mucilage cells with thicker walls and narrower lumina at high focus frequently present, surrounded by a circle of radially orientated unspecialized cells (fig. 1 and 2). abaxial surface densely covered with sessile scales. scales composed of numerous radial cells (fig. 3). multicellular, 1 — 2 seriate, glandular hairs occasionally present underneath some of the scales. unspecialized cells like those of adaxial surface. stomata confined to abaxial surface, regularly arranged in complete or partial circles around the, insertions of the scales and covered by the latter (fig. 4), anisocytic with bean shaped guard cells and subsidiary cells with more or less mucilaginous walls, swelling considerably in water. diameter of guard cell pairs perpendicular to the pore 16 — 24 µ (mean 20µ). in t r a n s v e r s e s e c t i o n : cuticle 6 — 9 µ. thick. adaxial epidermis composed of tall rectangular cells interspersed with mucilage cells with narrowly pointed apices and broadly globular bases, invading the palisade tissue below (fig. 2). unspecialized cells of abaxial epidermis square; guard cells flattened. bases of scales surrounded by thick cutinized walls (fig. 5). mesophyll composed of 2 — 3 adaxial layers of palisade cells and very loose, spongy tissue. midrib adaxially grooved and abaxially prominent with complex and variable arrangement of vascular bundles (e.g. fig. 6), the whole system sheathed with sclerenchyma fibres. ground tissue of midrib collenchymatous to parenchymatous with occasionally some lignified cells in abaxial part and wholly lignified in 1972] baas: the anatomy of kostermansia malayana, kostermansia malayana soegeng, leaf anatomy, 1. adaxial epidermis in surface view; fig. 2. ibid, in transverse section; fig. 3. scale; fig. 4. abaxial epidermis in surface view; fig. 5. ibid, in transverse section; fig. 6. midrib; fig. 7. distal part of petiole; fig. 8. basal part of petiole. fig. 1-5 x 300; fig. 6 8, x 17. e = epidermis, g = glandulan hairs, m.c. == mucilage cell, cavity or canal, p = palisade parenchyma, s — scale. mucilaginous substance in fig. 2 dotted, surface of scale in fig. 4 grey, sclerenchyma in fig. 6-8 black, xylem shaded, phloem dotted. 3 3 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 central part included in vascular system. vascular bundles of veins with tall vertical parenchymatous to sclerenchymatous bundle sheath extensions reaching upper and lower epidermis. petiole densely covered with scales, supplied with complex vascular system consisting of a closed cylinder at the base and an almost closed horse-shoe-shaped arc at the distal end surrounding central vascular bundles in variable arrangement (fig. 7 and 8). the latter composed of peripheral xylem and central phloem with internal fibres, probably of pericyclic origin; the bundles representing folded or strongly incurved collateral bundles. the whole vascular system surrounded by a thin, sometimes incomplete, fibrous sheath. ground tissue of petiole parenchymatous to collenchymatous. parenchyma cells included within vascular system and some, cells of peripheral ground tissue with lignified walls. mucilage cells present in adaxial epidermis (see above). mucilage canals and cavities present in peripheral ground tissue of midrib in petiole, in some specimens also in central ground tissue of vascular system. crystals of prismatic shapes, clusters and druses occurring with various frequencies and ratios in ground tissue of petiole and midrib and in parenchyma cells of bundle sheaths of veins. phloem of midrib and petiole with infrequent prismatic crystals. axis (materials: one twig of 3 mm diam., and three twigs of 7 mm diam.). epidermis of young twigs with same indumentum as abaxial leaf surface. cork arising in epidermis, composed of thin-walled cells which are flattened and rectangular in transverse and radial section and polygonal in tangential section. cortex fairly broad, composed of peripheral smallcelled, occasionally lignified, parenchyma and a fairly loose inner tissue of unlignified parenchyma cells interspersed with lignified ones. perivascular fibre ring almost closed in very young twigs, interrupted by broad phloem rays in older twigs. phloem with sieve-tubes and companion cells in groups surrounded by parenchyma, fibres and rays. fibres abundantly present in very irregular and frequently interrupted bands or diffuse groups. phloem rays of two types: broad rays, strongly dilatated and triangular in transverse section and narrow rays without dilatation. many of the axial phloem parenchyma cells and ray cells with lignified walls. secondary xylem with conspicuous growth rings marked by thick-walled fibres of late wood and thin-walled fibres of early wood. vessels diffuse, solitary and in radial multiples of 2 —4 (—10), circular to oval or tangentially flattened if in multiples, perforations simple in oblique to horizontal end walls. lateral wall pits abundant and in alternate arrangement, rounded polygonal, diam. 4 — 8 µ, inter-vessel pits bordered, 1972] baas: the anatomy of kostermansia malayana 339 vessel-ray pits half bordered. some vessels filled with dark brown solid amorphous contents. fibres and parenchyma as in wood, apart from dimensions. rays tending to be of two sizes: narrow 1or 2-seriate rays and broad rays up to 4-seriate, heterogeneous, composed of upright to square cells; tile cells of the durio type present abaxially from first growth period. primary xylem in continuous closed cylinder. node threelacunar with three leaf traces, the central one moreover splitting into three just above the leaf gap. pith composed of parenchyma cells with thin lignified walls, interspersed with two or three large mucilage canals. mucilage cavities infrequently present in cortex but abundant in nodal region. crystals present as cluster crystals and prisms in cortex and pith, as prisms in axial xylem and phloem parenchyma and in phloem rays. seedling the following striking differences exist between the anatomy of the cotyledons and the hypocotyl and the anatomy of foliage leaves and twigs. cotyledon: cuticle and cell walls of the epidermis thinner. mucilage cells more frequent. indumentum consisting solely of infrequent multicellular glandular hairs occurring on both adand abaxial surface. stomata, confined to the abaxial surface, randomly distributed, also anisocytic, but with a larger diameter perpendicular to the pore (26 — 30 µ). fig. 9. palisade tissue of the mesophyll less well developed. vascular system of the midrib consisting of one large collateral bundle with an abaxial and adaxial fibre cap and a small phloem strand enclosed in the adaxial cap. many of the vascular bundles of the veins embedded in the mesophyll and only about half of the bundles with vertical bundle sheath extensions. petiole bearing stellate hairs rather than scales and supplied with a closed vascular cylinder in the distal end and an open arc at the base, without central bundles. hypocotyl: indumentum consisting of scales and of types intermediate between scales and stellate hairs. cotyledonary node onetrace, one-lacunar. wood (materials: two samples of mature wood ex kepw) g e n e r a l f e a t u r e s : wood of medium density. colour light to pinkish brown. texture medium to fairly coarse. m i c r o s c o p i c f e a t u r e s : growth rings present, indistinctly demarcated by more thick-walled fibres of the late wood. vessels diffuse, tending to form an oblique pattern, ca 3 — 4 mm2, solitary and in radial 340 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. kostermansia malayana soegeng. fig. 9. abaxial epidermis of seedling in surface view, x 300, fig. 10. wood in transverse section; parenchyma distribution only indicated on the lefth, x 17. , multiples of 2 — 3 (— 6), circular to oval (radially elongated) in transverse section, tangentially flattened if in multiples, tangential diameter 90 —. 350 :u (mean 240 µ), radial diameter up to 450 µ walls 4 — 7 µ thick, vessel member length 360 —1030 jx (mean 750 µ.) . perforations simple in slightly oblique to horizontal end walls. lateral wall pits alternate. inter-vessel pits rounded polygonal, diam. 7 —'9 µ, with small oval or occasionally elongated and then coalescent apertures. vessel-parenchyma and vessel-ray pits similar but sometimes unilaterally compound and less frequent with more wall surface between them. some vessels in wt 5691 with brown to yellow solid amorphous contents. tyloses not seen. tracheids absent. fibres arranged in radial rows, 15 — 30 µ in diam., walls 3 — 5 µ thick, 1050 — 2100 µ(mean 1670 µ) long, with minutely bordered pits with ± vertical slit-lite apertures, rather frequent and mainly confined to radial walls. parenchyma paratracheal as one or two layers of flattened cells around the vessels and apotracheally diffuse and in irregular uniseriate lines, forming a network with the rays (fig. 10). apotracheal parenchyma in long strands of 7 — 8 —12 cells. some cells of these strands are subdivided by thin walls, each daughter 1972] baas: the anatomy of kostermansia malay ana 341 cell containing a single rhomboidal crystal. many of the non-crystalliferous parenchyma cells with brown contents. rays ca 9/mm, 1 — 4-seriate, the number of uniseriates constituting about 1/3 of the total number of rays, multiseriates up to 1.2 mm high in wt 4400, up to 1.6 mm high in wt 5691, kribs heterogeneous type iib or virtually homogeneous, composed of erect or square and procumbent cells with brown contents and rows of empty tile cells of the durio type. rows of tile cells as seen in transverse and radial section, occasionally interspersed with square cells with brown contents, and with procumbent cells with brown contents where in contact with the vessels. perenchyma and ray tissue non-storied. silica bodies absent. comparison with some species of coelostegia and durio soegeng reksodihardjo (1959: 1 and 1960: 271) stated that kostermansia seems to be intermediate between durio and coelostegia. although a thorough anatomical study of the last two genera is beyond the scope of this paper, some leaf sections of coelostegia borneensis, c. griffithii, durio zibethinus and d. testidunarum were prepared and investigated for comparison, and in addition all wood slides of coelostegia griffithii, durio lissocarpus, d. oxleyanus, d. zibethinus and several other, not confidently named durio specimens from the kew slide collection of the jodrell laboratory were studied. a further comparison with data from literature is also included below. the leaves of the two coelostegia species differ anatomically from kostermansia in the presence of a multiple epidermis, the distribution cf stomata, which is random or only very imperfectly arranged around the scale insertions, the shorter glandular hairs which are sunken in between the other epidermal cells, and the presence of crystalliferous cells with one-sided lignified wall thicknings in the peripheral cell layers of the petiole, the subepidermal layer on the abaxial side of the midrib and in the bundle sheath extension of the veins. other characters such as mucilage cells in adaxial epidermis, vasculature of midrib and petiole are of the same structure as in kostermansia (see also dumont 1887: 177 and havez 1950: 66). the wood of coelostegia is identical to that of kostermansia in all details. the leaves of the two durio species investigated differ from kostermansia anatomically in the random distribution of stomata, the indumentum which consists of 6 —10 armed stellate hairs and glandular hairs covered by large scales, and the absence of special mucilaginous cells in 342 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 the adaxial epidermis. the midrib and petiole structure is again fundamentally similar to that of kostermansia. see also dumont 1887: 176, kuntze 1891: 197 — 202, 229 — 234 and 293 — 299, solereder 1899, gehrig 1938: 60 and havez 1950: 62. kuntze reported a three-layered epidermis for durio zibethinus, but gehrig stressed the variability of this character in the same species. solereder mentioned the occurrence of mucilage cells in the adaxial epidermis of durio, in contrast to my own observations. the wood of durio is again identical with that of kostermansia and coelostegia. characters variable within the genus or within the species such as ray width and height, degree of homoor heterogeneity of the rays, vessel diameter and frequency of vessel multiples behave in such a way that both kostermansia malayana and coelostegia griffithii are within the limits of structural variation of durio. for details about the wood anatomy of coelostegia and durio see moll and janssonius 1908: 404, metcalfe and chalk 1950: 237, chattaway 1951, desch 1954: 574 and 1957: 55 and rao 1958: 186. discussion and conclusions vegetative anatomy fully supports the suggestions by soegeng reksodihardjo (1959, 1960) about the close affinities of coelostegia, durio and kostermansia. on the basis of leaf anatomy, kostermansia seems to be closer to coelostegia than to durio, because of the absence of star-shaped hairs from the lower leaf surface in the first two genera. the presence of partly lignified crystalliferous cells in the leaf of coelostegia and the conspicuous arrangement of the stomata in kostermansia are the only two important characters from vegetative anatomy in which these two genera differ. durio stands out from the other two genera by its complex indumentum. kostermans (1958a: 2, and 1958b: 361) expressed as his view that differences between durio, coelostegia and neesia may not be substantial enough to recognize them as distinct genera. it is interesting to note that the wood of neesia is also very similar to that of coelostegia, durio and kostermansia (moll and janssonius 1908: 378). the pollen grains of these four genera have also many features in common (see fuchs 1965: 125 and literature cited by him). the question remains which taxonomic conclusions can be drawn from these similarities in anatomical structure. it is obvious that no objections from vegetative anatomy would exist against regarding coelostegia, durio and kostermansia as belonging to one genus, since the anatomical differences could just as well exist between the species of one genus. it might well be, 1972] baas: the anatomy of kostermansia malayana 343 however, that using anatomical characters only, the other two genera of durionae, neesia and cullenia, could also be included in this taxon. the leaf and twig anatomy of the two latter genera is insufficiently known unfortunately. a very brief investigation of some species showed that the vascularization of the petiole in these genera is basically similar to that of the other durionae (see also havez 1950). more research is obviously needed, however, to use anatomical characters validly in delimiting genera within this group. the differences in leaf anatomy between coelostegia, durio and kostermansia might be helpful in the identification of sterile material. the absolute diagnostic value of these characters remains to be assessed, however, because of the small number of specimens and species studied. the remarkable arrangement of stomata around the scale insertions in foliage leaves and the absence of such a pattern in the scale-less cotyledons tentatively suggest a morphogenetic interaction of scale initials and stoma mother cells during the ontogeny in kostermansia. the result of this interaction is exactly opposite to the phenomena described by btinning 1948: 176 for vriesia hieroglyphica, where the stomata are distributed at the greatest possible distance from the scales. himantandra is, to my knowledge, the only other genus in which a distribution of stomata in close circles around the scale-bases has been recorded (bailey, nast and smith 1943: 196). from the resemblance in wood structure one might expect kostermansia to produce a timber of the same restricted applicability as durio and coelostegia (see desch 1957: 58). acknowledgements thanks are due to miss r. angel (ke,w) and mr. wong tuck meng (kepong) for providing wood samples and to mr. f. r. richardson (kew) for lending slides of coelostegia and durio. miss m. gregory (kew) kindly provided me with references on anatomical literature. references baas, p. 1970. — blumea 18: 369'—391. bailey, i. w., c. g. nast and a. c. smith, 1943.. — j. arnold arboretum 24: 190 — 206. bunning, e. 1948. — entwicklungsund bewegungsphysiologie der pflanze. chattaway, m. m. 1951. — austr. j. sci. res., ser. b, biol. sci. 4: 1 — 27. desch, h. e., 1954 and 1957. — manual of malayan timbers i & ii, malayan forest rec. no. 15. dumont, m. a. 1887. — ann. sci. nat. 7e ser., 6: 129 — 246. 344 rein wardtia [vol. fuchs, h. p. 1967. — rev. palaeobotan. palynol. 3: 119 — 132. qehrig, m. 1938. —• b e i t r a g e z u r p h a r m a k o g n o s i e der malvales, thesis basel. havez, j. m. 1950. — l'appareil libero-ligneux foliaire des bombacees, thesis lille. kostermans, a. j. g. h. 1958a. — communication f o r . res. inst. bogor no. 62: 2. , 1958b. r e i n w a r d t i a 4 ( 3 ) : 361. kuntze, g. 1891. — bot. c e n t r a l b l a t t 45. metcalfe, c. r. and l. chalk 1950. a n a t o m y of the dicotyledons i. m o l l , j. w. and h. h. janssonius 1908. mikrographie des holzes i. rao, r. k. 1958. — in k. a. chowdhury and s. s. ghosh, indian woods i. soegeng reksodihardjo. w. 1959. — r e i n w a r d t i a 5: 1 — 9. , 19g0. — r e i n w a r d t i a 5: 269 — 291. solereder, h. 1899. — system. a n a t o m i e der dikotyledonen (under malvaceae). stern, w. l. 1967. — index x y l a r i o r u m , regnum vegetabile 49. hal 335-344_page_01 hal 335-344_page_02 hal 335-344_page_03 hal 335-344_page_04 hal 335-344_page_05 hal 335-344_page_06 hal 335-344_page_07 hal 335-344_page_08 hal 335-344_page_09 hal 335-344_page_10 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2, part 1, pp. 1 68 (1952) sertulum dipterocarpacearum malayensium—v* d. f. van slooten** the dipterocarpaceae of eastern malaysia (celebes, the moluccas, and new guinea) some 70 years ago thiselton dyer showed dipterocarpaceae from new guinea to the linnean society of london. this event is referred to in the "journal of botany"1 as follows:— "mr tbiselton dyer exhibited the dipterocarpaceae collected by beccari on his visit to new guinea in 1872. these were only three in number, an extremely poor result compared with the extraordinary abundance and variety in the forms belonging to this family previously collected by the same botanist in the adjacent island of borneo, . . . the dipterocarpaceae being, perhaps, the most characteristic family of the indomalayan flora, the poverty of its representation in new guinea was a conclusive proof that its vegetation was not a markedly malayan type." in addition to the data relating" to the dipterocarpaceae of new guinea to be found in literature in scattered references, surveys were given by diels2 in 1922 and by van slooten3 in 1926. starting from the geographical distribution of the dipterocarpaceae, e. d. merrill in a comprehensive publication4 traced the former land routes along which an exchange of floral elements might have taken place from western to eastern malaysia."' as to the dipterocarpaceae he reached the conclusion that this exchange had not taken place directly via celebes, but via the philippines, i.e. from and to borneo across the sulu and palawan bridges, from and to celebes via the sangi (sangihe) islands, and from and to halmahera and new guinea via celebes or talaud island.*1 *the following parts already appeared in this series: i, in bull. jard. hot. buitenzorg iii 16: 430-454. 1940; ii, in bull. bot. gdns buitenzorg iii 17: 96-138. 1941; iii, ibid. 17: 220-255. 1942; iv, ibid. 18: 229-269. 1949. **formerly director, royal botanic gardens, buitenzorg. 1.j. of bot. 16: 93-94. 1878. 2.die dipterocarpaceen von papuasien. in bot. jb. 57: 460-463. 1922. 3. dipterocarpaceae. in nova guinea 14 (2): 222-228 pi. 19. 1926. 4. e. d. merrill: distribution of the dipterocarpaceae. origin and relationships of the philippine flora and causes of the differences between the floras of eastern and western malaysia. in philipp. j. sci. 23: 1-32. 1923. 5in the present paper 'eastern malaysia' does not cover more than the eastern' part of the" former netherlands east indies, exclusive of the philippines and the lesser sunda islands. °in my opinion the distribution of the recent species does not point to the possibility that "a few came from java through bali, lombok, and what are now the postilion and paternoster islets to southwestern celebes." (merrill, op.cit. p. 21). _ 1 _ 2 r e i n w a r d t i a . [vol. 2 merrill gives a detailed account of how the dipterocarpaceae have developed as a family in south-east asia and in western malaysia at a time when the sunda islands still formed part of the asiatic continent. at that period they could easily spread across this continent. starting from this extensive central area, the sunda land, they spread eastwards, where they are far less numerous than in the west, in spite of the fact that conditions in eastern malaysia on the whole meet the requirements of the dipterocarpaceae. merrill now concludes that geological history shows that the dipterocarpaceae were unable to cross the sea east of borneo, and could only make use of the bridges referred to above. since merrill's publication, herbarium bogoriense has been supplied with new material from eastern malaysia. though scanty and in many cases incomplete and not to be determined as to species, it nevertheless clearly demonstrates that—with the exception of anisoptera costata {q.v.) •—merrill's view still holds good; the ratio of the number of species from western malaysia to that from eastern malaysia has remained the same, those from western malaysia having continued to be in the great majority. with the exception of anisoptera costata and vatica papuana, all of the species treated below are restricted to eastern malaysia. the philippines ' show an endemism of approximately 70%. this phenomenon, too, points to an immigration from the west and to conditions favouring 'regeneration.' i do not intend, however, to elaborate this theoretical problem in the present publication, the primary aim of which is to define the species from eastern malaysia taxonomically. for this reason i precede the main subject only by the mention of a number of facts and conclusions which have emerged from my studies. in the accompanying table the genera were arranged alphabetically, the species geographically, according to their occurrence from west to east. the well-known species were numbered and so were those which, owing to insufficient material could not yet be described , but could nevertheless with a high degree of certainty be recognized as independent species. in order to give as complete as possible a survey of the dipterocarpaceae of eastern malaysia, an enumeration of the material which is too incomplete for identification and description ("specimina inquirenda") was also added, but not numbered. in eastern malaysia ,the dipterocarpaceae appear to be represented by four genera,viz anisoptera, hopea, shored, and vatica. the number of species considered adequately founded is 26, although 7 of them could not yet be described owing to incompleteness of the material and hence 1952] van slqoten: sertidum dipterocarpacearum—v tabel 1 the dipterocarpaceae of e a s t e r n malaysia celebes moluccas new guinea i 1. anisoptera costata 1. anieoptera costata 2. anisopttra polyandra 3. anisoptera?spec.nov.: kostermans 1337 anisoptera sp,: beccari s.i anisoptera sp.: bb.22351 ?anisoptera sp.: bb.31344 4. hopea celebica 5. hopea dolosa 6. hopea gregaria 7. hopea ?spec. nov.: bb.24903 8. hopea ?spec. nov.: bb.25259 and 25320 hopea or shorea sp.: kostermans 828 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. hopea nodosa hopea parvifolia hopea sp.: beccari a.n. hopea nabirensis hopea iriana hopea sp.: bb.30359 hopea similis hopea novoguineensis hopea papuana hopea celebica sensti jdiels hopea papuana seyisu white & francis hopea ?spec. nov.: ngf 1251 hopea sp.: ngf 1307 hopea glabrifolia hopea or shorea sp.: ngf 1333 24. 25. 28. vatiea vatica vatiea vatica 1888 and vatica vatica vatica 17. shorea koordersii sp.: bb.32438 celebensis flavovirens sp.: bb.1860, , 1904, 1913, 1920 sp.: bb.30172 fspec. nov.: pella 62 sp.: bb.14540 18. 10. 20. shorea shorea shorea selanica montigena fspec. nov.: bb.228o8 and 31349 23. vatica 21. shorea fspec. nov.: bb.22567 shorea sp.: bb.31092 22. shorea forbesii papuana 4 e e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 are provisionally listed as " ?spec. nov." they are distributed over the genera as follows: anisoptpya 2 + 1 ?spec. nov. hopea 10 + 3 ?spec. nov. skorea 4 + 2 ?spec. nov. vatica 3 + 1 fspec. nov. there are also bound to be new species among the remainder of the msteria). in the following, the accompanying table is further elucidated. celebes .—a nisopte ra.—represented solely by a. costata, which is restricted to the malili district in the southernmost part. hopea.—also occurring exclusively in the southern part, but on the western (h. celebica) as well as on the eastern peninsula (h. dolosa and h. gregaria). shore a.—shorea koordersii is known from five localities, from all parts of the island. vatic a.—most probably represented by some seven species, occurring in north, central, and south celebes. m o l u c c a s . — a n i s o p t e r a . — a n i s o p t e r a costata and a.polyandra are restricted to halmahera and batjan, and obira and the aru islands, respectively. on morotai a third species appears to occur. hope a.—this genua is also represented by only two, as yet not further to be described, species, also in halmahera and on the aru islands. a third species (or shorea?) seems to be restricted to morotai. shore a.—shorea koordersii and s. selanica are very common in the central part of the western moluccas. shorea montigena is restricted to buru and western ceram, a sterile collection showing a fourth species to occur, also on buru. vatic a.—only v. papuana, in the northern half and on the aru islands. new guinea.—anisoptera.—only a.polyandra is here widely distributed and is found to extend as far as the easternmost point. anisoptera costata is known only from the bomberai peninsula in the western part, together with a third species of anisoptera, a fourth species probably occurring in the arfak mountains and a fifth in the'surroundings of hollandia. hopea.—of the four genera the one most widely represented, by at least eight species , possibly by more. the species are scattered throughout the island and are found even in the louisiade archipelago. the majority of them, however , are (so far) known from only one locality. 1952] van slooten: sertulum dipterocarpacearum—v 5 shore a.—unlike hopea, represented by only three species: a probably new species in west new guinea, an as yet not to be described species in central new guinea, and s. forbesii in east new guinea. vatic a.—vatica papuana is found from the extreme west to the extreme east, including the louisiade archipelago. from these surveys a few general conclusions may be drawn: (i) celebes, and to a lesser degree also the moluccas, are poor in dipterocarpaceae. (ii) from celebes only some eight localities are known. in this island there would seem to be distinct centres of distribution. (iii) as far as the moluccas are concerned, it is in the northern moluccas that relatively the greatest number of dipterocarpaceae are found. in the sula archipelago, on the islands south of halmahera, and on buru, shorea koordersii and s. selanica, are (together with vatica papuana) the predominant dipterocarpaceae. dipterocarpaceae are also found in the aru islands. (iv) in contradistinction to celebes, dipterocarpaceae are in new guinea found throughout the island. here they extend from west to east, be it that one single species is widely distributed (anisoptera polyandra, vatica papuanu), or that one genus is represented by several species (hopea). (v) together with anisoptera costata, the two species mentioned sub (iv) are the only dipterocarpaceae with an extensive area of distribution. anisoptera costata extends farthest west, where it has its main distribution: siam, malay peninsula, sumatra, borneo, and eastern malaysia; vatica papuana has its principal distribution within eastern malaysia, but is, with the exception of celebes, also met with in north and north-east borneo, inclusive of tawitawi. these are the only species found also outside eastern malaysia. anisoptera polyandra is limited to the moluccas and new guinea. these three are followed by shorea koordersii from celebes, the sula archipelago, batjan and obira, and the islands in between. (vi) the remaining species are known from only one or two, or at most three localities. (vii) anisoptera costata excepted, the dipterocarpaceae from eastern malaysia are undoubtedly purely eastern species. the presence of vatica papuana in north-east borneo and on the adjacent island of tawitawi (belonging to the philippine archipelago) may be assumed to be due to the fact that its fruits (which are often found floating in the sea) are distributed by currents. even so the question remains why celebes was 'skipped.' 6 . r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 (viii) none of the dipterocarpaceae from eastern malaysia, not excepting those which, owing to insufficient material can not yet be described, are to be identified with species from the philippine archipelago, if vatica papuana is left out of consideration. the species from eastern malaysia relatively most closely related to one from the philippines, is anisoptera polyandra, which is nearest to a. thurifera. leaving a. eostata (q.v.) out, it appears safe to share merrill's view that the dipterocarpaceae of eastern malaysia have indeed found their way there via the philippines. this applies, however, only to the genera which in eastern malaysia—and also at an earlier date in the philippines themselves, for that matter— found a basis for 'regeneration.' judging by the number of species, in particular as far as hopea is concerned, conditions have evidently been more favourable in the direction of new guinea than further west in the moluccas and in celebes. (ix) in the philippine archipelago the dipterocarpaceae are represented by some 50 species, 35 of which are endemic. all of the non-endemic species have their area of distribution in western malaysia, vatica papuana excepted. it may hence be readily assumed that the dipterocarpaceae element in the philippine flora has been introduced from the west, and has in the philippines found the opportunity of developing in a definite direction. compared with the main area of distribution of the dipterocarpaceae around the chinese sea, where hundreds of species occur, the philippine flora is poor in species. the number of dipterocarpaceae decreases even further towards the east. since in new guinea three out of the four genera are found scattered throughout the island, it is to be expected that further exploration and reclamation will result in substantial additions as to the localities as well as the number of species, particularly of the genus hopea. (x) although the number of their species is far below that of the western part of malaysia, the dipterocarpaceae are nevertheless often locally very numerous in eastern malaysia. occasionally they even grow gregariously or serm'gregariously: anisoptera eostata in the malili district of south celebes and in the weda district of halmahera, a. polyandra in south and east new guinea, hopea gregaria in the kendari district of south celebes, shorea selanica on buru and the sula islands, shorea ?spec. nov. (bb.22808 and 31349) on buru, and vatica papuana on morotai, batjan, and in new guinea. (xi) the great majority of the localities are situated at 500 m at most, and often much lower. there are relatively few exceptions, viz. 1952] van slooten: sertulum dipterocarpacearum—v 1100 400—1000 300—1000 900 850 800 750 600 m m m m m m m m anisoptera polyandra (schlechter 19859) in eastern new guinea. shorea monitigena on b u m and ceram. vatica spec, (bb.1860, etc.) in the malili district (celebes). shorea forbesii (forbes 861) in eastern new guinea. hopea celebica sensu diels (lederman 9586 and 9846) in -eastern new guinea. hopea spec, (bb.30359) on japen island. shorea tspec. nov. (bb.22567) in western new guinea. anisoptera polyandra (forbes 373 and lanepoole 223) hopea spec. (lane-poole 113) in eastern new guinea. (xii) as is to be expected those genera are represented in new guinea which most easily spread eastwards. as was already stated hopea is the unrivalled first in this respect. in the easternmost corner and/or still further east in the louisiade archipelago are found anisoptera polyandra, hopea glabrifolia, h. papuana, hopea spp., shorea forbesii, and vatica papuana. in a few instances (cf. hopea dolosa, shorea koordersii, and s. selanica) references are found below to two publications, cited as "harsonderzoek" by dr. f. h. endert and "herkomst damar." the first appeared as "korte mededeeling van het boschbouwproefstation no. 51" in 1935 and simultaneously in "tectona," volume 28, in the same year, under the title: "het harsonderzoek in nederlandsch indie, meer in het bijzonder der damarsoorten"; the second contribution was published under the title: "de botanische herkomst van damar," in the form of a "voorloopig rapport van het boschbouwproefstation no. 5" ("voorloopig rapport no. 2 van de afd. bosehexploratie") in september 1937. see further the "bulletin of the botanic gardens, buitenzorg," series iii, volume 18 (1949), pages 229 and 230. ngf-numbers refer to the queensland herbarium of the botanic gardens, brisbane. after my return to the netherlands from indonesia i had the opportunity to make some corrections and additions in the manuscript of the present paper on the basis of the collections of the "rijksherbarium" at leyden and not in the least of those of beccari. specimens collected by that explorer were sent on loan by the botanical institute at florence through the kind intermediance of prof. dr. c. g. g. j. van steenis. i am very much indebted to the directors of these institutes for their co-operation. 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 a n i s o p t e r a korth. 1. anisoptera costata korth. anisoptera costata korth. (1839-42); van slooten in bull. j a r d . hot. buitenz. i l l 8: 7-11 fig. 1. 1926. — adde: thorenaar in meded. proefst. boschw. buitenz. 16: 106 fig. 15. 1926; heyne, nutt. pl ned. ind., 2nd ed., 1098. 1927; foxworthy in mai. for. eee. 10: 97. 1932; symington in gdns' bull., str. settl. 8: 9 pi. 3a. 1934; van slooten apiid holthuis & lam in blumea 5: 214. 1942; symington in mai. for. rec. 16: 204 fig. 101. 1943. in 1926 only one collection of a. costata from eastern malaysia could be mentioned by me, viz. lam 3533 (morotai). now the species is known ' from south-east celebes, the moluccas (morotai, halmahera, and batjan) and western new guinea. s p e c i m e n s e x a m i n e d ( i n t r a l i m i t a l ) . — c e l e b e s . s o u t h e a s t e r n p e n i n s u l a : malili district {bb.20045, 23910, 32468, and 32611, baoti; bb24493 tolu). moluccas. m o r o t a i : g. sabatai (lam 3533, bolam); g. baru (bb£i552, k o r a ; bb.246ol, hate besi). — h a l m a h e r a : tobelo district (23748,23754,, 23756, and 23758, kora or h i r u s ) ; weda district (bb.2is65, kokodaka; bb.24913, owiru; bb.24938, kako). — b a t j a n : saoran domut (bb.23163, damar utan or asomban; bb23171 gawi; bb23175, wewe perempuan); masurung {bb23123, bohe; bb23140, damar hiru). new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : bomberai peninsula, babo ( b b . 3 2 6 9 2 , t a i r i ) . the vertical distribution in eastern malaysia shows the same altitudinal range as in the western part, it being usually between sea level and 200 m, and also exceptionally reaching 500 m, as is the case on pulau batjan (bb.23123 and 23140). locally the species is rather or very common, usually growing in scattered specimens, and even semigregariously (bb. 24493), which is also in agreement with western malaysia. the only two dipterocarpaceae also to be found outside eastern malaysia are anisoptera costata and vatica papuana. anisoptera costata has, in fact, contrary to vatica papuanci, its principal distribution outside this region wild can be counted among the dipterocarpaceae which have the widest distribution altogether. in order to show this conclusively i append a map (fig. 1) of the complete distribution of a. costata. this map shows that it may be found from the burmese border in siam, in the malay peninsula, in western malaysia, up to the moluccas and western new guinea. (the identifications of the only specimen known from west java and of that from sarawak are rather doubtful. for the latter, see p. 10). there are other dipterocarpaceae in south-east asia which have their principal region of distribution in western malaysia, none of them however extending as far eastwards as a. costata. the species of diptero1952] van slooten : sertuhtm dipterocavpacearrum—v carpaceae meant here are three in number, viz. dipterocarpus gracilis bl., d. hasseltii bl, and d. grandiflorus blanco. they do extend fairly far eastwards, even to the philippines, but within the malay archipelago they do not reach beyond java and borneo. fig. 1. distribution of auisoptera costnta korth. i have purposely added this outline of the distribution of a. costata. because it requires an explanation on a few points. as this can be given more fully only within an all-over review of the distribution of dipterocarpaceae in malaysia as a whole, i want for the present to stress only the following facts. above all i should like to point out the rather peculiar distribution of a. costata in borneo. had this species been restricted to this island, there would have, been nothing puzzling in the fact it occurs there only in the whole of the eastern and in the central part of the extreme south of borneo. in connection, however, with the further distribution in malaysia the fact that the species occurs 'locally' on borneo should considerably help to explain how the distribution of a. costata came about and consequently to establish the place of origin of this species. 10 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 in view of several facts it can be assumed that the locality of origin of the dipterocarpaceae lies in the region which is now occupied by the south china sea. in connection with a. costata one may assume that of this region only the southernmost part is to be taken into consideration, viz. that part which is surrounded by the malay peninsula and the greater sunda islands, i.e. sumatra, java, and borneo. the occurrence of the species in siam might then be explained by immigration from the south. even if along these lines an acceptable explanation of the distribution of a. costata in western malaysia can be found, the occurrences in eastern malaysia may be much harder to explain. there are neither northern nor southern links which could be considered, as a. costata is absent in those regions through which it could have passed, unless a. mindanensis foxw. from the philippines should prove to be identical with a. costata. synonymy in this case does not seem impossible to me, as the description does not show any important differences. i do not have sufficient material for comparison, however, to be able to make any definite statement. in addition, in a. costata the leaves seem to be rather variable in form, size, and (in sicco) colour, which is not surprising considering its wide distribution. however, a, costata could in this case, in the form of a. mindanensis, have used the philippines and one of the northern routes for its distribution eastward. otherwise we must assume that a. costata has somewhow emigrated to the east without using the philippine archipelago as a link. 1 should like to refer here to dr. van steenis' monograph on the styracaceae7 in which in connection with the genera styrax and bruinsmia he also has to assume them to have somehow crossed the macassar strait directly on their way east. in 1926 (van slooten, op. cit. p. 10) i suggested that a. grandiflora brandis (in j. linn. soc, bot. 31: 43 pi. 2 fig. 29. 1895) might prove to be synonymous with a. costata korth., but symington (op. cit. p. 13) was of the opinion that it is based merely on a large-leaved collection of a. marginata korth. "this is, however," he wrote (p. 14), "difficult to prove because these two species are essentially similar in flower structure, the best diagnostic character being the more numerous veined and more pubescent leaves of a. costata." after having studied in the herbarium at leyden the duplicate specimen of haviland 959, collected near kuching, sarawak, i am still not convinced that in this case we are really dealing with a. marginata, although the latter species is also known from west borneo, and a. costata is not. in view of the distribution areas symington 'c. g. g. j.van steenis: the styraeaeeae of netherlands india. in bull. jard. bot buitenz. ill 12: 254-265. 1932. 1952] van slooten: serlnhtm dipterocarpaceantm—v ii might be correct. however, in my opinion, the kind of hairiness on the lowep surface of the leaves reminds one rather of a. costata. together with haviland s.n. in the sarawak museum (fruiting feb. 26, 1893), haviland 959 is the only material of anisoptera i know from sarawak. additional collections are highly desirable. as long as these are not available the correct position of a. grandiflora remains uncertain. the specimen from new guinea (bb.32692), lacking flowers and fruits, has extraordinarily large leaves (up to 25 by 16 cm). it is from a young tree, but the determination seems to me nevertheless to be sufficiently reliable. "when treating anisopte-ra korth. on a former occasion (van slooten, op.cit. p. 8), i stated: "the manuscript-names dipterocarpus parallehis korth., d. tampurau korth. and dryobalanops hallii korth., recorded by burck as synonyms of a. costata, i was not able to find either in the specimens of herb. bog., nor in those of h.l.b. or of h.a.r.t." apparently i had at that time not received on loan all the leyden material; last year i came across three sheets, numbered 902,146-40 and -43 and 925,250-338. on the two first mentioned korthals wrote the name dipterocarpus tampoerau korth., while on the third sheet the names dipterocarpus parallelus korth. and dryobalanops hallii korth. are written, also in his handwriting. numbers 902,146-43 and 925,250-338 are fruiting specimens of a. costata. we are dealing here with three herbarium names. — it follows from the denomination dipterocarpus tampoerau, that korthals himself—doubtlessly because of the incompleteness of the material—had no clear conception of the true d. tampurau korth. (cf van slooten, op.cit. 8: 290 fig. 1. 1927), with which this herbarium name should not be confused. 2. anisoptera polyandra bl. anisoptera pol-yavdra el. (18521; van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. i l l 8: 15. 1926, excl. syn. avisoptera spec.nov. dyer. — adde: lane-poole, report for. resources terr. papua and new guinea 22, 33, 119, & 167. 1925; white & francis in proc. roy. soc. queensl. 38: 247. 1927. the following addition might be made to my previous description: the leaves may be as large as 20.0—25.0 by 10.0—11.0 cm; in saplings the main nerves may be 20 pairs and the petioles may reach a length of 5.5 cm; the subspherical fruiting calyces exceptionally attain 1.8 cm in diameter and the enlarged lobes 12.0 by 2.5 cm in size. anisoptera polyandra is a large tree up to 50 m high, with a clear bole up to 20—30 m, with good form and even taper (large trees almost r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 3 cylindrical), at the base channelled or with root swellings. the bark is grey or grey-brown, longitudinally fissured and tending to form scales; the inner bark is reddish, exuding a gum when cut. the sap wood is (pale) straw-coloured, the heartwoord (very) pale brown with narrow, concentric, pinkish bands. the wood has a resinous odour and a pale watery-white coloured gum exudes slowly from it and is also present in old wounds in the bark. the species "yields copious supplies of a very inferior gum" (lane-poole, op. dt. p. 167). leaves bright green above, the younger ones (almost) golden beneath, the older ones a duller shade of brown or merely greyish. — flowering specimens are known from the months of april, july, and august, fruiting ones, from march and from june to september. anisoptera polyandra occurs throughout new guinea, even in the eastern division of papua (milne bay) and so belongs to the most eastwards extending dipterocarpaceae (fig. 2). we find it in primary forests f i g . 2. distribution of anisoptera polyandra bl. where it can be the largest tree in its locality. it grows on clayey, sandy, or calcareous, even stony soil on level, never inundated ground as well as on tops and slopes of ridges and mainly on the spurs. only a few times it is recorded as having its habitat on a bank. it has been found at a maximum altitude of 600 m, with one exception, as schlechter (19859) 1952] van slooten: sertulum dipterocarpacearum—v 13 collected it also at an elevation of 1100 m; the tree, however, mainly occurs between 10 and 200 m above sea level. generally it is (very) common in its habitat, but it usually grows in scattered specimens or with few specimens together. lane-poole records (op. cit. pp. 33, 167) that the karawa is very common in the northern division of papua and especially in the bunda district: it forms (op. cit. p. 119) "a social-two-species-forest with afzelia bijuga in the foot-hills of the hydrographer's up to 1,000 feet; above that it is more scattered, and afzelia. does not occur." according to schlechter 19859 they are "maehtige baume, stellenweise massenhaft," according to zippelius they are "in massa vorhanden" near the triton bay. brass (no. 9000) calls it a "common canopy tree in rainforest of ridges." specimens exammtd.—moluccas. o b i i s . : p. obira, kasina (bb.23804,, kora). — a m i s . : p . kobroor (bb.253t9, j a m a r ) ; p . wokam (bb.25280, doka). new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : "vogelkop," amaroe lake (bb.22148, avan marei) ; onin peninsula, pikpik (bb.22244, wuhu), bomberai peninsula, agonda (bb. 22328 and 223i8, taire and damar papan respectively), argoeni bay, rauna {bb.22558, damar papan), triton bay, mt. lihminsir (zippelius s.n. in herb. lugd. bat. sub nos. 902, 146-52 and -59 to -64 incl., type); mios noem (island) (bb.30931, 30932, and 30970, t a a i ) ; japen i. (bb.30388, baurai; bb.30i02, maniuri; bb.30472, a r m a n i u r i ; bb.30644 and 30652, kansiopi; bb.30675, ansiopi); mamberamo r. basin, "pionierbivouac" (bb.31067, m e r a i t ) ; hollandia (bb.14568, kandau; bb.2501,6, 25063, and 2 5 6 5 2 ; b r a s s 9 0 0 0 ) ; d i g o e l , 2 0 k m n n e ( w i t k a m p s . n . ) , — e a s t e r n p a r t : j a d u n a (schkchter 19311; fide diels in bot. jb. 5 7 : 461. 1922); maboro, 1100 m (smechter 198s9; fide diels, i.e.): morobe (ngf 8ss, "in alluvial silt on flat"; ngf 133 and 1250) ; vailala r. (lane-poole, op. cit. pp. 32, 33, 119, k a r a l a k a ) ; buna on the ambogi r. (lane-poole 136, g a r a w a ) ; forests between pernambata and embi in tbe hydrographer's range to 600 m (lane-poole 228, karawa or w a r a w a ) ; embi lakes, inland from buna (ngf 1266, balia) ; sogeri region, 600 m (forbes 373, type of a. forbesii; forbes 730, mt. wori-wori) ; milne bay area, on " a n ironstone-gravel capped ridge in comparatively open forest" (ngf 1296, porluma or baridfl; ngf 1297, ord'-ma or barida; ngf 1301, barida). 3. anisopteea ?spec. nov. specimen examined.—moluccas. m o r o t a i : songowo r., 5 0 m (kostermavs 1387; common, growing in scattered small groups; tree 35 m high with a greyish coloured bole). — leaves only. the brownish leaves are densely covered with coarse, stellate tufts of rather long hairs on the midrib, nerves, and veins on the lower surface. the young parts of the branches bear a dense tomentum of the same kind. the pairs of main nerves are about 15—18 in number. the petioles are 2.5—3.0 cm long and densely stellate-tomentose. on account of this pubescence i am rather sure that this collection represents a new species, distinguishable from the four species from the philippines. — fig. 3. 1 4 h e i n . w a b d t i a [vol. 2 s p e c i m i n a i n q u i r e n d a anisoptera spec. specimens examined.—new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : arfak mts. {beccari s.n., 'type' of anisoptera spec.nov. dyer; in herb. univ. florent., no. 1517 of beccari's herbarium). — broken fruits only. previously (van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill 8: 15. 1926) i regarded this specimen as belonging to a. polyandra bl. after having received it from florence, i find that some caution seems to be called for. the accrescent calyx-segments, the longest of which reaches 10 cm in length and which are at most 1.3 cm wide, are characterised on both sides by a dense indumentum of faintly shining, brown glandor scale-like emergences which make a different impression from the scale-like indumentum characteristic of the lower leaf-surfaces of anisoptera. these elements of the covering, by their density and their colour, render the sparse star-shaped hairs hardly detectable. i incline to believe that, when more material will become available, the indumentum as just described may furnish more important differences with a. polyandra than the length of the calyx segments emphasized by dyer (in j. of bot. 16: 99. 1878). for these reasons i prefer to keep this material apart again from a. polyandra for the time being. — fig. 3. anisoptera spec. specimen examined.—new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : bomberai peninsula, tovui, in primary forest on dry, hilly ground on clay (bb.22351, t a i r e ; rather common, although growing scattered). — leaves only. not to be identified with one of the two species of anisoptera known from new guinea. slightly resembles a, marginata korth. but differs in the larger leaves which are greenish or yellowish brown below when dry. perhaps to be compared with a. aurea foxw. frorn the philippines, though the main nerves are less in number and the petioles shorter. — fig. 3. ?anisoptera spec. specimen examined.—new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : hollandia, "pionierbivouac" in the mamberamo r. basin, along rivulet in primary forest on dry, level land on stony soil, 30 m {bb.31344, wapei; young tree 15 m high). — leaves only. this sterile collection impresses me as a species of shorea, but may be an anisopteru although the minute scales on the underside of the 1952] van slooten : scrtulum dipterocarpacearum—v leaves, which are typical of this genus, are not so pronounced as is usually the case in anisoptera. — fig. 3. f i g . 3. distribution of anisoptera ?spec. nov. (kostermans 1337) (1), anisoptera spec. (bb. 22351) {21, anisoptera spec. (beceari s.n.) (3), and i anisoptera spec. (bb. 31s44) (4). e x c l u d e d s p e c i e s anisoptera parvifolia warburg (in bot. jb. 13: 382. 1891; van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. i l l 8: 5. 1926, sphalm. "parviflora") = hopea parvifolia (warb.) van slooten (see p. 37). h o p e a r o x b . f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n m a p , see f i g u r e 4 4. h o f e a c e l e b i c a b u r c k — f i g . 5 hopea celebica burek in ann. jard. bot. buitenz. 6: 237. 1887; brandis in j. linn. soc, bot. 3 1 : 64. 1895; non sensu diels in bot. j b . 57: 462. 1922. type.—teysmann 12779hb. — illustrative specimen.—bb.25554. branches greyish brown puberulous, glabrescent, slightly angular by short elevated ribs decurrent from the insertion of the leaves. stipules not seen. leaves drying yellow-brown or greenish yellow, flat, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, attenuate, acuminate, the acumen subacute and up to 1.5 cm long, obtuse or rounded at the hardly asymmetrical base, the margins slightly revolute, especially at the base, 13.0—18.0 cm long, 5.0— r e i b w a k d t i a [vol. 2 f i g . 4. distribution of the species of hopca in eastern malaysia. the numbers and species correspond as follows: h. celebica burck h. celebica sensu diels h. dolosa van slooten h. glabrifolia c. t. white h. gregaria van slooten h. iriltna van slooten h. nabirensis van slooten h. nodosa van slooten h. navoguineensis van slooten h. papuana diels h. papuana sensu white & f r a n c i s h. parvifolia (warb.) van slooten h. similis van slooten hopea 'spec. nov. (bb. 24903) hopea fspec. nov. (bb. 26259 and 25320) hopea 'spec. nov. (ngp 1251) hopea spec. (beccari s.ti.) hopea spec. (bb. 30359) hopea spec. (ngf 1307) hopea or shorea spec. (ngf 1333) hopea or shorea spec. (kostermans 828) 1 17 2 21 3 12 and 10 11 6, 7, and ?12 14 15, 16, 17 and ?20 18 and 720 8 13 4 10 19 9 12 20 20 5 it will be l-eadily noticed that all species of hopea, whether definitely or tentatively recognized, except for at most four, are known each from one locality. (a note of interrogation indicates a doubtful identification.) the numbers 12, 16, 17, and 20 show that only in those regions two or more specifes were collected. the genus hopea is, therefore, a fine example to demonstrate that our knowledge of the dipterocarps of new guinea may be expected to increase considerably in the future by an intensive exploration. 6.0 cm wide, glabrous and somewhat shining on both sides; midrib hardly elevated above, prominent beneath; main nerves 7—8 pairs, conspicuous above, elevated beneath, forming sharp angles to the midrib, curved upwards near the margin; domatia conspicuous, canaliculate, glabrous as is the ostium, present in most of the axils of the main nerves but always absent at the very base; nervules numerous, visible on both sides; petioles robust, ruberulous, soon glabrous, 1.2—2.0 cm long. inflorescences axillary and 18 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 stamens 15, in 2 rows, of 2 different lengths; anthers ovate-oblong; filaments 1 to 2 times as long as the anthers, broad at the base, narrowing towards the top, the filiform portion as long as the broadened base or absent; appendage to connective linear, up to one and a half times as long as the anther. ovary ovoid, broad at the base, tapering into the stylopodium, glabrous; stylopodium obviously subpapillose; style very short, as long as the stylopodium, glabrous. fruit unknown to me (see below). the only dipterocarpacea from smith-west celebes, hopea celebicu, has only been found twrice, exclusively in the neighbourhood of maros. — the specimens from the sepik region of the territory of new guinea collected by ledermann, which were identified by diels (i.e.) as belonging to this species, must represent a different species (see hopea, celebica se-nsu diels). — l. g. den berger & f. h. endert (in meded. proefst. boschw., buitenz. 11; 108 pi. 13 fig. 51. 1925) deal with the principal timber-species of the malay archipelago. among these is pooti from kendari (se celebes). this name must pertain to hopea gregaria van slooten, and not to h. celebica burck as mentioned there. the description above is entirely taken from specimen bb.25554. it is incomplete, as was burck's, since open flowers and fruits are lacking. the specimens in the herbaria of bogor and leyden do not include fruits; yet very young ones were described by burck, merely as follows: "fructus immaturi breviter pedunculati. calycis fructiferi laciniae majores 7-nerviae." backer (no. 36886) collected material with flower-buds, very likely representing h. celebica, in the park of tjiomas estate near buitenzorg (bogor), now the site of the forest research institute. the tree must have been planted there in teysmann's time. if attention will be paid to full-grown flowers and ripe fruits, it will be possible some day to describe these completely. specimens examined.—celebes. s o u t h w e s t e r n p e n i n s u l a : maros (teysmann 12779hb, immediately after blossoming sept. 1877) ; near kappang, in old forest on steepy, stony ground (matrix: limestone), 500 m (bb.2555&, fl. buds sept. 1938, hulodere or k e r i ; common, a few trees growing together; tree 25 m high; bark •with a small quantity of clear resin). 5. hopea dolosa van slooten, spec. nov.—fig. 6 type.—kjellberg 2065. hopeae celebicae burck valde affinis et foliorum habitu subsimilis, sed ramulis petiolis inflorescentiisque glaberrimis, nervis secondariis pvwribus, domatiis paucioribus, sepalis glaberrimis valde inequalibus facile distinguenda. van slooten: scrtuluin dipterocarpaccarum—v 19 branches glabrous, finally lenticellate, dark when dry, without decurrent ribs.stipules not seen. leaves coriaceous, drying (pale) brown on the flower surface,flat, oblong, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, attenuate fig. 6. hopea dolosa van slooten: a, flowering branch (x 0.5); b, flower bud (x 3); c, expanded flower (x 3); d, petal (x 5); e, stamens (x 10); f, ovary (x 5) g; immature fruit (x 2). — drawing after kjellberg 2065;.. _,. vmg g, after cel./ii-377. 20 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 from the lower half, whether or not acuminate, the acumen blunt and 1.0—1.5 cm long, rounded at the base which is symmetrical or very nearly so, the margins conspicuously revolute, (12.0—)15.0—20.0 cm, sometimes even up to 25.0 cm long, usually 6.0—8.0 cm wide, glabrous and hardly shining or dull on both sides; midrib hardly elevated above, prominent beneath; main nerves 8—12 pairs, conspicuous above, elevated beneath, forming wide angles to the midrib, curved upwards near the margin; domatia often absent, but conspicuous and usually in the axils of the higher main nerves only if present, not canaliculate, glabrous; nervules numerous, visible on both sides; petioles robust, rugose, glabrous, (1.0—) 1.5—2.0 cm long. inflorescences axillary and terminal, solitary or 2—3 together, the rhaehis and branches grooved, flattened, very fine and slender, entirely glabrous, drying black, up to 12.0 cm long; branches solitary; ultimate branchlets up to 3.0 cm long, each bearing 5—6 secund flowers; bracts and bracteoles not seen. flowers 4.0—6.0mm apart, oblong in bud; pedicels glabrous, about 2 mm long. sepals very unequal in size, fleshy, glabrous, the 2 outer ones linear, broad at the base, blunt or subacute at the top, 3.0—4.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, the 3 inner ones ovate, attenuate, acute, membranous at the margins, slightly fringed, about 1.5 mm in diameter. petals oblique-oblong, attenuate, sericeous on the portion exposed in bud, smooth inside, fringed along one margin, about 6.0 mm long, 2.0 mm wide, many-nerved. stamens 15, in 2 rows, pairs alternating with single stamens, of 3 different lengths, 0.75—1.25 mm long; anthers ovateoblong, about 0.5mm long; filaments broad and flattened at the base and as wide as the anther, filamentous in the upper portion, about 0.50— 0.75 mm long; appendage to connective linear, up to 1.5mm long. ovary ovoid-oblong, broad at the base, about 2.0 mm long, glabrous; stylopodium glabrous or very slightly pubescent; style glabrous, very short, as long as the stylopodium, together about 0.75 mm long. fruiting calyx segments (of immature fruit) glabrous on both sides, the 2 long wings linear or spathulate, obtuse at the top, at the very base narrowed and flat, about 7-nerved (the rest too immature for description). tree up to 40 m high. bark black-grey, producing a small quantity of white or pale yellow7 clear resin, which in the malili district is commonly known as damar mata kuching, in the surroundings of lengkobale also as damar dere. in his "harsonderzoek" (p. 286) endert mentions this resin as being produced by h. celebica, and ranges it under the beautiful mata kuching resins. he says (p. 283) that this tree is tapped, which, however, is annuled in "herkomst damar" (pp. 1-2). an experiment in 1935 showed that tapping did not stimulate the production of resin. "it is said that only trees in bad condition produce the resin spontaneously in considerable quantities." the flowers are whitish yellow' and have been collected in august; very young fruits are known from september and january. 1952] van slooten: sertuhtm dipterocarpacearum—v 21 from bb.8569 the following data have been derived. tree with small buttresses. bark coffee-brown, shallowly longitudinally fissured, flaking off in small patches; inner bark yellowish white. sapivood pale brown. heartwood brown, sharply demarcated from the sapwood. the wood is in great demand (for instance for doorposts), as it is said to be very durable if used together with the bark. though it is difficult to fell, it is easy to split, to saw, and to plane; it is resistant to attacks of seaand riverpileworms, white ants, cryptotermes sp,, powderpost beetles, xylocopa, and rotting; it splits, shrinks, and warps only little. hopea dolosa is a tree of the primary forest in the malili district from steepy ground on rocky or clayey soil, whether or not growing along liver or lake; only twice (bb.8569 and 32526) it is recorded from soil which is temporarily inundated by fresh water (during the rainy season). it has been found at an altitude of 500 m (bb.23839), but the localities of the majority of the trees (usu and lengkobale) are between 150 and 300 m above the sea. kjellberg collected his specimen at sea level. locally it is (very) common near malili, though it always grows scattered or with a few trees together. the material, consisting merely of leaves, looks deceptively ('dolosus') like h. celebica burck: the leaves differ only slightly and are but little thicker . the lateral nerves, however, are at much wider angles to the midrib, which angles are clearly acute in h. celebica. in h. dolosa the domatia are found generally in the leaf axils of the higher nerves. they are fewer in number and less clear than in h. celebica and are often lacking altogether. the inflorescences and their ramifications are completely glabrous and black when dry, in h. celebica, however, they are greyish pubescent; the terminal ramifications are sparsely flowered, and the stalk and calyx of the flowers are also completely glabrous. specimens examined.—celebes. s o u t h e a s t e r n p e n i n s u l a . malili dist r i c t : lampea, along the coast (kjellberg 2065), usu (cd.lii-206 to -209, hulo d e r e ; cti. ii-s77, damar dere item; bb.£1654 to 21658; bb.82526, damar dere lotong), dopi 4api ibb.23839), la rona (bb.1826, bisik bisilt; bb.1832, damar dere; bb1897, rinni rani; bb.1905, sare pare; bb.x91i, torinni; bb.1868), lengkobale, along lake (bb.20522 to20534 and bb.23918), w a r a u (66.25535), timampu, along lake (bb.8569, damar « r « item). 6. hopea gregaria van slooten, spec. nov.—fig. 7 type.—kjellberg 615. species nova nuce globosa rostellata segmentis maioribus patentibus ct ncurratis nucem non superantibus facile distinguenda*. branches slightly puberulous, glabrescent, drying blackish, with very : elevated ribs below the insertion of the petioles. stipules not seen. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 leaves coriaceous, brown or brownish green when dry, flat, ovate-oblong or oblong, from the lower half gradually tapering into the apex, whether or not acuminate, blunt at the top, base (sub) equal and rounded or obtuse, the margins usually slightly revolute, especially at the base, 10.0—14.0 cm long, 4.0—6.0 cm wide (in the flowering specimen, bb.21750, most of the leaves much smaller), glabrous on both sides, shining above, dull beneath; midrib visible above, slightly elevated beneath; main nerves about 8 pairs, not elevated above, slightly so beneath; domatia usually absent, very few in number in the lower axils, hardly developed and glabrous if present; nervules visible on both sides; petioles robust, rugose, glabrous, 1.0 cm long. inflorescences axillary and terminal, solitary or sometimes in pairs, the rhachis and branches densely brownish tomentose, 5.0—7.0 cm long; branchlets solitary, up to 2.0 cm long, 5—8-flowered; bracts and bracteoles not seen. flowers (bb.21750) with very short pedicels. sepals subequal in length, broadly ovate, about 2.0 mm in diameter, the portions exposed in bud densely puberulous, blunt or rounded at the top; the 2 outer ones puberulous on the upper half inlde, the 3 other ones glabrous inside, the third sepal pig. 7. hopea gmgaria van slooten: a, fruiting one-sided, the 2 inner ones blanch (x 0.5); 6 and c, immature fruits (x 2) : two-sided, membranous. petals oblique-oblong, attenuate, puberulous on the portion exd, mature fruit (x 2). — drawing after kjellberg 618. posed in bud, smooth inside, erose at the top and along one margin, about 4.5 mm long and 2.0 mm wide, many-nerved. stamens 15, of 3 different lengths, pairs alternating with single stamens, about 0.75 mm long; anthers suboblong, about 0.25mm long; filaments broad and flattened at the base and as wide as the anther (about 0.25 mm), filamentous in the upper half, about 0.5 mm long; appendage to connective linear, about twice as long as the anther. ovary with stylopodium oblong, slightly con1952] van slooten: sertulum dipterocarpaceanim—v 23 stricted in the middle, together about 1.0 mm long, the ovary glabrous, the stylopodium subpapillose and rounded at the top; style very short, about 0.25 mm long. fruiting calyx segments coriaceous, not overtopping the nut, puberulous at the very base outside, glabrous inside, the 2 outer wings spreading and reflexed, oblong, rounded at the top, about 10.0 mm long and 4.0 mm wide, the 3 inner wings enveloping the base of the nut, ovate , rounded at the top, about 4.0—5.0 mm long and 4.0 mm wide. nut woody, (sub) globular, pointed, glabrous, about 7.5 mm in diameter. the field notes of bb.3885 give the following data. tree with a very straight bole, said to be hollow when adult; buttresses small. bark brownish black, shallowly longitudinally fissured; inner..bark white. sapwood hardly present, somewhat paler coloured than the pale brown heartwood. the wood is said to be very good for interior constructions and is used for roofs, doorposts, handles of axes, etc.; it is easy to fell, though difficult to split, to saw, and to plane and it is resistant to sea-pileworms, white ants , and powderpost beetles; it splits, shrinks, and warps only little. hopea gregaria is a tree up to 35 m high, producing usually a small quantity of clear candle-white or yellowish resin. it occurs in the kendari district only, where it is commonly called poo'ti. there is a rather pure pooti stand at the staring bay near the coast on hills steeply rising up from the sea. such a complex is said to be known from this place only through the species is growing gregariously also on pulau wawosunggu. the species occurs in primary forest on dry, hilly or steepy ground on stony or clayey soil. the complex at the staring bay lies at an elevation of about 60 m, but the altitudinal limit of h. gregaria is apparently 200 m (kampong langgowala). hopea gregaria appears to be a very conspicuous species by its peculiar fruits, the two large calyx-segments at best being as long as the nut . these segments are spreading and reflexed and quite free from the lower portion of the fruit, which is globular and enveloped in its lower half only by the three smaller wings. as a result the nut is nearly completely visible. l. g. den berger & f. h. endert cite pooti from kendari under tho most important timbers of the malaysian archipelago. the name refers to hopea gregaria van slooten and not to h. celebica burck as was supposed. specimens examined.—celebes. s o u t h e a s t e r n p e n i n s u l a : kendari district: kendari {kjellberg 615, fr. march 1929; brainier 50), wawunggu (bb.3885), p. wawosunggu (bb.5001, fl. nov. 1922; bb.9350, fl. aug. 1924; bb.24071; bb.24072 ind 24073, fr. april 1938), langgowala (bb.21750, fl. dec. 1939). 24 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 7. hopea ?spec. nov. specimen examined.—moluccas. h a l m a h e r a : weda district, tiloppe, in primary forest on hilly ground on stony soil (matrix: coral), at sea level (bb.2i903). — leaves only. a large-leaved species of hopea which is said to be rather rare though growing gregariously, obviously occurring locally only. in type of leaf actually closely related with h. novoguineensis and h. sirnilis, the leaves being similar in size and shape, but readily distinguishable by the hairy undersurface and the barbate domatia in the lower half or third part below. these domatia it has in common with h. philippinensis dyer which species, however, is quite distinct in the glabrous, differently shaped leaves. the vernacular name reported for it is tandjung, which, however, is untrustworthy. this collection represents the only species of hopea known from the northern moluccas up till now, the following collection originating more eastwards, viz. from the aru islands. 8. hopea ?spec. nov. specimens examined.—moluccas. a r u i s . : p. wokam, in primary forest on dry, hilly ground on sandy clay (matrix: limestone), 25 m ibb.25259, kamura; tree 31 m high); p. kobrobr, in primary forest on dry, level ground on sandy clay, 10 m (bb.25320, kamura; tree 23 m high), — leaves and a few remnants of inflorescences only. in appearance this species of hopea, which is said to be rather common on the islands mentioned, though it grows in scattered specimens, comes nearest to the celebesian species of this genus. from h. celebica burck it differs by its leaves, which have a conspicuous asymmetrical base, 10—12 pairs of main nerves forming far less sharp angles to the midrib, and no or hardly differentiated domatia. the rhachis and branches of the inflorescences are densely greyish tomentose in contradistinction to the glabrous ones in h. dolosa. of h. gregaria it is distinguishable, for instance, by the number of main nerves and the colour of the pubescence of the inflorescences. the underside of the leaves, which is soft to the touch, is covered with minute, scale-like, stellate hairs only visible under high magnification and vanishing in the older leaves. they are absent in the celebesian species mentioned above. only remnants of inflorescences are present. 1352] van slootek: sertulum diptemcarpacearum—v 25 9. hopea nodosa van slooten, spec. nov.—fig. 8 type.—pleyte 689. species nova ramis nodosis, foliis latissime acuminatis, paginis superioribus pilis minutissimis stellatim fasciculatis munitis itaque quasi squamulosis facile cognoscenda. branches glabrous, drying brownish or dark in colour, with long decurrent ribs making the branchlets subangular. stipules not seen. f i g . 8. hopea nodosa van slooten: a, flowering twig (x 0.5); b, flower bud (x 4 ) ; c, mature flower (x 4 ) ; d, mature flower, sepals partly and petals all removed (x 4 ) ; e, stamens (x 10) ; f, ovary (x 5 ) ; g, mature fruit (nat. size). — drawing after pleyte g89; g, after bb. 21884. leaves coriaceous, the younger drying yellowish green on both sides, the older ones brownish, flat, ovate-oblong or ovate, rarely oblong, attenuate 26 r e i n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 2 from the lower half, acuminate, the acumen broad and plump, blunt, 0.5—1.0 cm long, rounded at the symmetrical base, margins not revolute, 12.0—16.0(—20.0) cm long, 6.0—8.0 cm wide; shining on both sides when young, dull or nearly so when adult, seemingly glabrous, but sprinkled with minute pits only visible under high magnification and perhaps due to very minute, scale-like, stellate hairs above, to a lesser extent so beneath; midrib hardly elevated above, strongly prominent beneath: main nerves 9 pairs, visible and slightly sunken above, elevated beneath, strongly curved upwards near the margin and whether or not confluent in the upper half; domatia absent or hardly differentiated in the very base of the axils, not canaliculate; nervules and venation hardly visible on both sides; petioles robust, rugose, glabrous, 1.0—1.5cm long. inflorescences axillary, solitary or 2—4 together, the rhachis grooved, slender, glabrous, drying brown, 4.0—6.0cm long; ultimate branchlets solitary, 1.0 cm long at the utmost, 4—5-flowered; bracts and bracteoles not seen. flowers 1.0—1.5mm apart, ovoid in bud; pedicels glabrous, 1.0 mm long. sepals equal in length, glabrous, 1.5 mm in diameter, the 2 outer ones fleshy, broadly ovate, attenuate, acute, the 3 inner ones suborbicular, the third sepal one-sided, the 2 inner ones two-sided, membranous. petals linear-oblong, the top oblique, blunt and erose, sericeous on the portion exposed in bud, smooth inside, 5.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, many-nerved. stamens 15, in 2 rows, pairs alternating with single stamens, of 3 different lengths, 0.75—1.0 mm long; anthers subovate, about 0.25 mm long; filaments broad and flattened at the base and as wide as the anther, filamentous in the upper portion, 0.5—0.75 mm long; appendage to connective linear, about 0.75 mm long. ovary and stylopodium subconical, hardly constricted halfway, glabrous, the upper (stylopodial) portion subpapillose, less than 1.5 mm long; style short, less than 0.5 mm long. hopea nodosa is very easily distinguished by the swollen nodes of the branches and by the broad and plump acumen of the leaves; there seems to be little difficulty in identifying the species by these vegetative characters alone. by the very fine, scale-like, stellate hairs, too, which high magnification reveals the upper surface of the leaves to be punctate, h. nodusa is easily distinguishable from other species as h. celebica, h. dolosa, and h. gregaria, with which it undoubtedly is closely related. moreover, the named species are quite distinct in details of inflorescential and floral morphology. specimen examined.—new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : "vogelkop," kelamono near sorong, in primary forest on ridge of hill, 30 m (pleyte 689, fl. aug. 1948; common; tree 40 m high; flower pale brown). though the minute pits on the upper surface are less conspicuous in the two following collections, i consider them also to belong here. if i am right hopea nodosa is a wingless member of the genus. the description of the fruit then would be, as drawn up from bb. 21884, as follows. 1952] van slooten: sertuhtm dipterocarpacearum—v 27 fruiting calyx segments closely embracing the lower portion of the nut but quite free from it, unequal in size, none of them reaching the top of the nut, woody, the margins thin, brownish, glabrous, the 2 outer sepals smaller than the 3 inner ones, oval, about half as high as the mature nut, unequal in size, 0.5 and 0.6 cm long, 0.4 and 0.5 cm wide, the 3 inner sepals suborbicular to transversely oval, concave, two-thirds of the length of the nut, about 0.7 cm long and 0.8 cm wide. nut ovoid, somewhat flattened, attenuate, pointed, glabrous, 1.0 cm long, about 0.5— 0.6 cm wide. the material of bb.21878 belonging to the forest research institute at bogor was lost during the war and there is no duplicate in herbarium bogoriense. the data on the label are detailed enough to conclude that the same species as bb.21884 is involved. new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : "vogelkop," kariri a t kamundan r., i n primary forest on dry, level ground on sandy soil, 3 m \bb.21878 and 21ssi, biamo(ro); very common locally; tree up to 25 m high; bark with a small quantity of r e s i n ] . i doubt if the following specimen belongs here as the leaves are thin and the petioles slender, perhaps because they were taken from a young tree (15m high). however, the branches are somewhat nodose and the upper surface of the leaves are punctate as in h. nodosa. domatia are lacking. new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t ; japen i.: seroei, i n primary forest o n hilly ground on stony soil, 50 m (bb.30589, k u r e ; common; young tree of 15 m high). — leaves only. 10. hopea nabirensis van slooten, spec. nov.—fig. 9 type.-kanehira & hatusima 12544. species nova foliis ovatis glabris, domatiorum canaliculatorum ostio distinctissimo munitorum magnitudine inusitata facile distinguenda. branchlets glabrous, drying dark. leaves subcoriaceous, ovate or oval, acutely acuminate-caudate at the asymmetrical apex, conspicuously unequal and usually cuneate at the base, the margins there revolute, 7.5—10.0 cm long, 4.0—4.5 cm wide; entirely glabrous on both surfaces, dull and drying greyish green above, slightly shining and brownish green beneath; midrib elevated on both surfaces, particularly on the lower, pale; main nerves 8—9 pairs, hardly raised above, prominent beneath, in the axils of 4—6 pairs furnished with very conspicuous, glabrous, canaliculate domatia with very large, glabrous ostia, the impression of the domatia being visible on the upper surface; tertiary nerves not elevated but clearly defined and visible on both surfaces; petioles rather slender, not thickened in the upper half, glabrous, drying black, up to 1.0 cm long. inflorescences obviously solitary in the axils of the leaves and unbranched, greyish pubescent. flowers unknown. fruit very shortly r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 stalked; calyx-segments woody at the base, closely embracing the lower portion of the nut, glabrous or with hardly any remnants of a very fine pubescence, the 2 long wings obovate-oblong, rounded or subretuse at the apex, narrowed downward up to the base, 6.0—7.5 cm long (including the very base), 1.5—2.0 cm wide, about 12-nerved, the 3 short wings obtuse at the apex and only half height of the nut, about 0.5 cm long. nut ovoid, pointed by the style remnant, glabrous, about 1.0 cm long, the upper half free. this is a distinct species by its large domatia though for the rest they are typical of many species of the genus. they are very conspicuous, canaliculate, not barbate, with a distinct, glabrous ostium, situated a few millimeters outside the axil of the main nerves, while the bases of these nerves are pressed downwards. the species is also characterised by its ovate leaves, which are entirely glabrous. f i g . 9. hopea nabirensis van slooten: «, leafy twig (x 0.5); &, p a r t of leaf showing domatia (nat. size); c, mature fruit (x 0.5) — drawing after kanehira & hatusima 12544. specimen examined.—new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : geelvink bay, sennen (40 km inwards of nabire), in agathis forest, 500 m (kanehira & hatusima 125^4, fr. march 1940; tree 30m high). 11. hopea iriana van slooten, spec. nov.—fig. 10 type.—bb.25644. species nova foliis levibus utrinque pilis minutissimis squamiformibus stellate-fasdculatis vestitis, venatione reticuiata, distributionis domatiorum modo alanimque maiorum forma distinguenda. young parts of branches very slightly puberulous, soon glabrescent, drying dark in colour, with long, elevated ribs decurrent along the greater part of the internodium. stipules not seen. leaves coriaceous, drying greyish on the upper, brown on the lower, surface, flat, oblong or obovateoblong (in bb.30645 lanceolate), attenuate, acuminate, the acumen acute and up to 1.0 cm long, usually conspicuously unequal at the base, rounded on one side, cuneate on the other, the margins hardly revolute, 8.0—11.0 cm long, 3.0—4.5 cm wide; dull on both sides or hardly shining above, both 1852] van slooten: sertulum dipterocaypacearum—v 29 surfaces very densely covered with an extremely minute, scale-like, stellate pubescence (only visible under high magnification); midrib hardly elevated above in the lower half, prominent beneath; main nerves 7—9 pairs, visible above, slightly elevated beneath; domatia conspicuous and in the axils of the lower main nerves only if present, canaliculate, glabrous, their impression being visible on the upper surface, obviously always f i g . 10. hopea iriana van slooten; a, fruiting twig (x 0.5); b, p a r t of leaf showing domatia (nat. size). — drawing after bb. 25644. absent in the axils of the lowest pair of nerves at the very base, a number of leaves without domatia; nervulesnumerous, faint but visible to the naked eye on both sides, connected by a reticulate venation; petioles slender, hardly pubescent, soon glabrous, 0.75—1.0 cm long. flowers and ripe fruits unknown. infructescences axillary and terminal, obviously mainly solitary and hardly branched, the rhachis and branchlets fine and so r e i n w a r d t i a [vol, 2 slender, densely pale brown or greyish stellate-tomentose, (as far as present) up to 6.0 cm long. fruiting calyx segments (of immature fruit) minutely puberulous on both sides, the 2 long wings oblong or subobovateoblong, more than twice as long as wide, rounded at the top, at the very base narrowed and flat, 10—11-nerved, the 3 short wings about as long as the (unripe) nut (the rest too immature for description). the field notes of bb.25060 are as follows. tree with a very straight bole and black branches. leaves somewhat yellowish green-. bark black, with many deep, longitudinal fissures, shedding in long,' thick patches; inner bark in transverse section pale brown. heartwood yellowish brown. hopea iriana has been found in primary, rather heavy forest on hilly ground on clay or sand, rich in mould. near hollandia it seems to be rather common, though growing in small groups, at an elevation of about 50 m. specimens examined.—new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : japen i.: seroei, 250m (bb.30645, sam; tree 25m high). hollandia, on hill, 5 0 m (bb.25060 and 256h, the second with very young fruits july 1938; tree 22m high). 12. hopea similis van slooten, spec. nov. type.—docters van leeuwen 10247. hopeae novoguineensi van slooten valde similis sed foliis basi non inaequilateralibus, in iuventute tomento minutissimo sublatericiis, marginibus in sicco valde revolutis, domatiis absentibus, inflorescentiis longioribus dense brunneo-stellato-tomentosis recedit. branchlets densely rusty stellate-tomentose, glabreseent and drying dark in colour and becoming ientieellate, flattened and slightly angular by long elevated ribs decurrent along the whole of the internodium. stipules not seen. leaves drying brown, the younger ones somewhat brick-coloured below by a very dense and extremely minute, tomentose, finally vanishing pubescence, thickly chartaceous, oblong, 16.0—20.0 cm long, 6.0—8.0 cm wide, rather abruptly acuminate, the acumen blunt and 0.5—1.0 cm long, equal at the rounded base or nearly so, the margins strongly revolute at the very base; glabrous and hardly shining above, dull and with remnants of a stellate pubescence on the midrib and main nerves beneath, without domatia; midrib not prominent on the upper, strongly elevated on the lower, surface; main nerves 12—16 pairs, visible above, elevated beneath; nervules joining the principal nerves in very numerous subparallel lines, visible on both sides; petioles thick, rusty tomentose, soon glabrous or nearly so, drying black, 1.25—1.5 cm long. panicles axillary (partly in axils of recently fallen leaves) and terminal, solitary or in pairs, shorter than the leaves, lax, up to 13.0 cm long; ultimate branehlets bearing 4—6 biseriate, secund flowers, up to 2.0cm long; pedicels very short; axes of inflorescences and pedicels covered by a dense, rusty or brownish coloured tomentum of stellate hairs. flowers ovate in bud. sepals unequal in shape, equal in length, about 2.5 mm long, 2 ovate, attenuate towards 1952] van slooten: sertulum dipterocarpacearum—v 31 the obtuse apex, fleshy, densely stellate-tomentose outside, puberulous on the upper portion inside, minutely fimbriate, 1.5—2.0 mm wide at the base,the 3 inner ones broadly ovate, about 2.5 mm wide, rounded at the top, the centre rather thick, the dorsal part minutely pubescent, glabrous inside, slightly fimbriate towards the apex, the third sepal one-sided, the 2 inner ones two-sided, membranous. petals of mature flowers and stamens not seen; stamens possibly 15, remnants of 2 opposite filaments being present. ovary in the very young fruit subconical, constricted in the middle, glabrous, the upper (stylopodial) portion subpapillose, style 1.0 mm long. fruits unknown. in outward appearance herbarium specimens of h. similis are rather like those of h. novoguineensis, with which it belongs to the largest-leaved species from new guinea. the differences between them are partly perhaps of degree rather than kind, but nevertheless, by the sum of them i feel confident in separating the collections specifically. the differences are the following: in h. similis the undersurface of the leaf in a young stage is brick coloured when dry owing to a very fine tomentum of minute, stellate hairs; the leaf is equal at the base and strongly involute, the margins being inflexed over their length up till the very top in diminishing degree; domatia are entirely absent; the petioles are 1.25—1.50cm long; the inflorescences may be 13.0 cm in length, the texture of their branches and flowers is distinct, forming a close rusty or brownish coloured tomentum; the stamens may be 15 in number. since the two collections are quite distinct in these respects i consider them worthy of specific rank until additional material may possibly prove them to be conspeeific. as to the absence of domatia, it is known to me that in a number of species their presence in the axils of the nerves is variable. however, as not the slightest indication exists that they may be present by way of exception, i am inclined provisionally to attach some value to this character when seer, in combination with the other differences mentioned above. specimen examined.—new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : rouffaer r., 250 m (dorters van leemuen 10217, fl. buds sept. 1928). according to a list of plants collected by docters van leeuwen, his no. 10468 also represents a species of hopea. probably it belongs here, originating from the same locality and having been collected in the same month though at an altitude of 350 m. specimen as well as label have been lost. 13. hopea novoguineensis van slooten hopea novoguineenkis van slooten in nova guinea 14: 224 pi. la. 1926. type.—feuilletau de bruyn 74. branches glabrous, dark, lenticellate, with rather distinct, elevated ribs decurrent along the internodium. leaves thickly chartaceous, oblong 3 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 or oblong-ovate, 14.0—23.0 cm long, 6.5—9.5 cm wide, rather abruptly acuminate, the acumen blunt and 0.75—1.0 cm long, mostly markedly unequal at the base, rounded or subcordate on one side, cuneate or angulate-cuneate on the other, shining" and glabrous on both surfaces, with domatia in the axils of the main nerves of the lower half beneath, the domatia in pairs in the lowest axils, glabrous and with distinct ostia, their impressions faintly visible on the upper surface; midrib strongly elevated beneath, slightly prominent above; main nerves 14—16 pairs, visible above, elevated beneath; nervules joining the principal nerves in very numerous subparallel lines, inconspicuous above, visible beneath; petioles thick, glabrous, 0.7—1.0 em long, blackish when dry. panicles axillary .(sometimes in axils of recently fallen leaves), obviously solitary and branched from the very base or with 2 or 3 main branches, much shorter than the leaves, lax, up to 9.0 cm long; ultimate branches subtended by caducous bracts, bearing few biseriate flowers, about 4.0 cm long; pedicels 1.0 mm long; axes of inflorescences and pedicels densely greyish or greyish brown stellate-pubescent. flowers 8.0 mm long, 9.0 mm in diameter. sepals unequal in size and shape: 2 oblong, attenuate towards the obtuse apex, fleshy, densely stellate-pubescent outside and on the upper portion inside, on the lower portion glabrous, minutely fimbriate, 2.75—3.25 mm long, 1.5—1.75 mm wide at the base, the inner 3 broadly ovate, the centre rather thick, the dorsal part minutely pubescent, otherwise glabrous, slightly fimbriate towards the apex, about 2.0 mm in diameter. petals lanceolate, rotundate at the base, rather abruptly attenuate towards the unequal-sided apex, the margins very finely and shortly fimbriate, 7.5 mm long, 2.0 mm wide, stellate-pubescent on the portion exposed in bud, otherwise glabrous, many-nerved. stamens 10, in 1 row, of 2 sizes, longer ones (1.75—2.0 mm) alternating with shorter ones (1.75—l1.5 mm); filaments flattened, 0.5 mm long or snorter, as long as or longer than the anthers; appendage to connective as long as the anthers. ovary and stylopodium very minutely pubescent, 1.0 mm in diameter; stylopodium attenuate, surmounted by the very short style, nearly as long as the smaller sepals. fruit unknown. as no complementary data are available i give here my original description in translation since it has not been published in a periodical of herbarium bogoriense. the description of the flowers is taken from the single one present, which i had to dissect; the unripe fruits are much too young for description. in 1926 h. novoguineensis was compared by me with three other species from eastern malaysia and the philippines, as follows: "h. papuana diels . . „ a" species of n. e. new-guinea, is discernible, i.a. by the 'pilis stellatis majoribus minoribusque dispersis' on the lower sides of the leaves, which measure 15—717 by 41.4—8 cm., and by the absence of domatia in the axils of the lateral nerves, the number of the latter amounting to 18—22 pairs. in h. philippinensis dyer . . . these domatia are barbate, while the axes of the inflorescence are glabrous and the branchlets, petioles, van" slooten: scettiutm diptcnwarjmccanwi—v 33 midribs and lateral nerves of the narrowly oblong leaves are usually finely and more or less densely fusco-canescent. h. celebicuburck comes nearest to h. novoguineensis, la. by the glabrous domatia, but it possesses much smaller leaves (10—15 by 4 1/2—6cm.) and a much smaller number of lateral nerves (7—9)." specimen examined.—new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : idenburg r., i n forest on riverclay, 40 m {feuilletau da bruyu 74, fl. and very young fr. sept. 1914; tree 25 m high; wood said to belong to the softwoods; flowers yellowish). 1 4 . h o p e a papuana d i e l s — f i g . 11 hopea imimhui dieis in bot. jb. 57: 461. 1922. type.—ledermann 10432. young branches densely t'erruginous-tomentose. leaves coriaceous, obovate-oblong or obovate-elliptic, 15.0—17.0 cm long, 4.5—8.0 cm wide, acuminate, the acumen acute and up to 1.5 cm long, unequal at the emarginate or subcordate base, the upper surface shining and glabrous, the lower surface dull and scabrous by larger and smaller stellate hairs, without domatia; midrib slightly prominent above, strongly elevated and furnished with coarse, tufted, stellate hairs beneath; main nerves (12—) 16—22 pairs, visible above, conspicuously elevated and coarsely stellate-hairy beneath; nervules conspicuous, parallel, and with occasional stellate hairs on the lower surface; petioles thick, densely covered with coarse, stellate hairs, 0.7—0.8 cm long. inflorescences axillary, solitary, simple or branched from the very base, much shorter than the leaves, up to 5.0 cm long. flowers: "stamens 15, connectives subulate-elongate, stylopodium conspicuous" (schlechter 17480). fruiting alyx segments at their base fig.11 hopea papuana diels: a, leafy closely embracing the nut,the branch (x0.5); b base of leaf (nat.siz); 2 long wings oblanceolate, (sub) c,mature fruits(x 0.5).-drawing after ledermann 10432 34r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 obtuse at the top, strongly angustate towards the base, up to 10.0 cm long, 1.5—2.0 cm wide, above the very base only a few mm wide, glabrous, 7—9-nerved. tree up to 25 m high (ledermann 10432) ; crown round and dense; wood brown (brass & versteegh 14001) ; bark greyish brown, leaves shining dark green with whitish midrib. fruit green; calyx-lobes white (immature?!). hopea papuana was recorded for the first time from the territory of new guinea, where it has been found in the sepik region on hills in dense forest with scanty undergrowth of pandanus, slender palms, and lianes, between an altitude of 50—120 m. the above description has been completed and emendated as far as the inadequate material permits: new fertile collections are not available. diels did not describe the flowers and i have not seen them; the brief diagnosis given above is taken from an annotation accompanying schlechter 17480. for comparison with other large-leaved species of hopea from eastern malaysia and the philippines, see h. novoguineensis. specimens examined.—new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : idenburg r., bernhard camp, in primary rain-forest on ridge, 150m (brass & versteegh 14001; common; leaves only april 1939). — e a s t e r n p a r t : sepik region, malu, "in dichtem urwald der hfigelkette," 50—100 m (ledermann 101,32, fr. jan. 1913), j a t u n a , in forests, 120m (schlechter i748o, fl. buds march 1908). there are two sterile collections from hollandia which resemble h. papuana. the first, bb.25089, is a small-leaved specimen, but the leaves have about the same shape, the same coarse pubescence, and the same colour when dry, while the petioles are as short as in diels' species. the leaves of bb.28010 are of about the same size as those of ledermann 10432, but they differ in number of the main nerves (24—28 pairs). new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : hollandia, i n primary forest o n hill north of the town, 50 m (bb.25089; tree 37 m high; buttresses 1.0 m high; bole dark, the bark scaling off in large patches; heartwood brown; bb£8010, without d a t a ) . a third collection cited below also resembles h. papuana, by the dense young parts of its branches. however, the leaves are elliptic, smaller, and much less scabrous, their base is nearly equal and the petioles are slightly longer. the flower buds are too young for description. new guinea. e a s t e r n p a r t : milne bay area, near mapo, i n rather mixed oak forest, about 450 m (ngf 1842, fl. march 1945, emisopua; tree about 30 m .over all; bole 15 m, no buttresses; outer bark brown with pale lenticels arranged in b62] van slooten : sertulum diptcvocarpacearum-—v 35 longitudinal lines, scaly in a few patches; sapwoud pals s t r a w ; heart brown; wood fairly hard). 1 5 . hopea ?spec. nov.—fig. 12 specimen examined.—new guinea. e a s t e r n p a r t : morobe district, ooinsis creek at the foot of the labu-wau road, on the slopes of a ridgy, mainly in the. gulleys, 215 m (ngf 1251; t r e t about 50 m over-all with r a t h e r sparse, narrow crown; bole about 30m, spur rootsd to about 0.75 m; outer bark dark brown, prominently longitudinally fissured ; sapwood pale s t r a w ; heartwood brown; wood harder, heavier and darker in colour than that of aniscptem polyandra; "fovaeolae present in axils of main nerves"). — leaves only. the last character is a very striking one because of the conspicuous domatia which are canaliculate with a glabrous ostium and which can be found all over the undersurface of the leaves: they are present in the axils of the very base and in those of the main nerves as well as in the axils of the nervules. they resemble those of h. nabirensis though they are smaller and more numerous; moreover, the named species is quite distinct in the shape of its leaves. f i g . 12. ho pea ?spec. vov.: a, leafy branch (x 0.5); b, base of leaf showing the domatia (nat. size). — drawing after ngf 1251, 16. hopea glabkifolia c. t. white.—fig. 13 hopeu glabrifotia c. t. white in proc. roy. soc. queensl. 43: 40. 1932. type.—staniforth smith s.n. from misima i. topmosts parts of young branchlets puberulous; branchlets soon glabrous, drying blackish. stipules caducous, lanceolate, puberulous on both sides. leaves coriaceous, oblong or oblong-elliptic, attenuate, whether or not acuminate, the acumen about 0.5—] .0 cm long, base unequal, rounded on one side and subcordate on the other, in young leaves equal or nearly so and subcordate, the margin not revolute, 10.0—14.0 cm long, 3.5—4.5 cm wide, hardly shining or dull on the upper, dull on the lower, surface; midrib not or slightly elevated above, prominent beneath; midrib and main nerves initially hardly sprinkled with minute, stellate hairs beneath, very soon glabrous; main nerves 9—11 pairs, visible above, re i n w a r d t i a [vol. t elevated beneath, forming sharp angles to the midrib; domatia absent; petioles nearly immediately glabrous, 0.5—0.75 cm long. inflorescences axillary and terminal, obviously always solitary, the rhachis and branches slender, greyish puberulous, up to 5.0 cm long; ultimate branchlets solitary, at most 1.5cm long, 3—4-flowered; pedicels very short; bracts minute, ovate, puberulous. sepals unequal in length and in shape, the 2 outer ones fleshy, ovate, densely lepidote-tomentose outside, glabrous inside the upper half excepted, blunt or rounded at the top, very broad at the base and there 1.5 mm wide, about 2.0 mm long, in the upper half 0.75 mm wide, the 3 inner ones broadly ovate to orbicular, lepidote-tomentose on the portion exposed in bud, smooth inside, 1.5 mm long, 2.0 mm wide, the third one-sided, the 2 other ones two-sided, membranous. petals oblique-oblong or subfalcate, attenuate at the very base, puberulous on the portion exposed in bud, fringed along one margin, about 6.0 mm long, 2.0 mm wide, many-nerved. stamens 15, of different lengths, minute, 0.75 —1.0mm long; anthers elliptic, about 0.25 mm in diameter; filaments flattened and about as wide as the anther, the longest filiform in the upper portion and nearly 0.75cm long; appendage to connective linear, four times as long as the anther. ovary and stylopodium subcylindrical, narrowed above the ovary, together 2.0mm long, glabrous; stylopodium about 1.0 mm long, tapering in the style; style very short, 0.5 mm long. fruit unknown. with vatica papuana dyer, which also occurs in the louisiade archipelago, h. glabrifolia is the most eastwards extending dipterocarpacea. i have prepared the foregoing description, which is an extension and correction of that by white, from the type of h. glabrifolia. he erroneously mentions 10 stamens, the correct number being 15, whereas the petals are about 6.0 mm, not 3.0 mm, in length. of h. glabrifolia, the genus is not to f i g . 13. hopea glabrifcliu c. t. white: a, flowering twig ()4p.5) ; b, flower bud ( x 3 ) ; c, mature flower ( x 3 ) , d, ovary (x 7). — drawing after smith s.n. 1952] van slooten: sertulum dipterocarpacearum—v 37 be fixed with certainty, mature fruits being unknown. obviously the third sepal undergoes a change in shape after blossoming as is the case in shorea forbesii (see there). hence it is possible that it may also grow out into a large segment. in shape the ovary with the stylopodium and the very short style resembles that of shorea forbesii. however, the number of ib stamens points to a species of hopea, in which genus it may by way of precaution be maintained for the time being. sfecimen examined.—new guinea. e a s t e r n p a r t : louisiade archipelago, misima i. (sutvifnrth smith s.n., r u l ; "a very useful mining timber"). s p e c i e s i n q u i r e n d a hopea parvifolia (warb.) van slooten, comb. nov. anmoptera pfirvifolia warb. in bot. jb. 13: 382. 1891; brandis in j. linn. soc, bot. 31: 45. 1895; diels in bot. jb. 57: 461. 1922; van slooten in bull. jard. bot. bwtenz. ill 8: 5. 1926, sphalm. "parviflora"; in nova guinea 14: 225. 1926. type.—warburg 20034. branches glabrous, fuscous, finely lenticellate. leaves coriaceous, broadly lanceolate, attenuate and rather bluntly acuminate at the apex, attenuate at the base, 7.0—9.0 cm long, 2.5—3.5 cm wide, the margin subrevolute; upper surface glabrous and dull, lower surface glabrous and shining; main nerves 9—12 pairs, originating rather close (about 0.6 cm) to each other, widely spreading, elevated beneath, reddish yellow when fresh; tertian.nerves joining the main nerves in fine parallel lines; petioles robust, transversely sulcate, black, 0.6 cm long. inflorescence axillary, 1.1 cm long: peduncle slightly pubescent. flower buds "von sparrig stehenden. lang lanzettlichen schuppen eingehiillt." fruiting calyx segments closely embracing the nut; the 2 long wings oblong-elliptic, glabrous, 7—9-nerved. nut coriaceous, connate with the calyx-tube which is slightly pilose, nearly entirely hidden by the bases of the calyx-segments. as i have not seen material of warburg 20034 i have given here the original description in translation, though it is not very satisfactory. it is too incomplete for deciding whether it is a well-founded species and whether some of the unidentified collections may belong to it. for the time being it has to remain represented by the type only. in 1922 diels (i.e.) doubted the correctness of taking the specimen of warburg for a species of anisoptera. as early as 1926 (ii. ce.) i suspected it to be a species of hopea, the two large segments of the fruiting calyx being said to have seven to nine nerves. new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : onin peninsula, sekar bay (mccluer gulf), "an trocknem abhang im buschwald" near the coast (warburg 20034, type of amsoptera parvifolia warb.). r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 hopea spec. hopm, sp.imv. dyer in 3. of eot. lfi: 100. 1878; brandis in 3. linn. soc, bot. 3 1 : 05. 1895; diels in bot. jb. 57: 402. 1922; van siooten in nova guinea 14: 2251928. specimen examined.—new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : "vogelkop," arfak mts. {beccari s.n., anno 1872). the 'original' description by dyer follows, since the material itself, consisting of fruits only, is not known to me:— "calyee fructifero obscure puberulo, lobis majonbus basi elliptieo, limbo onlongospathulato, apiee obtuso, infra plus minusvc abrupte coaretato, nervis erebis (ad 10) percurso. . . . calycis fructiferi lobi aueti 1 1/2—2 poll, longi, 1/2—3/4 poll. lati. capsula 1/4 poll, longa." no essential, characteristics are mentioned here. though dyer may "have considerable confidence in its being otherwise unknown," the fragmentary fruits and their description are too unsatisfactory to be used for identification of further collections. in 1926 (i.e.) i could only state that according to dyer the fruits agree in general facies perhaps more closely with his h. pkilippinenrix than with those of any other species. i did not see these fruits. diels (i.e.) remarks: "vielleicht mit einer der beiden vorigen [viz. h. papuana diels and h. celebica burck] identisch." for the time being i can only add that such fragmentary material will continue to be worthless to science, even if more complete collections become available. hopea spec. specimen examined.—new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t . japcn i.: seroei, i n primary forest on hilly ground on stony soil, 800m (bb.30359 ajandorie; common; tree 27 m high; bark with a small quantity of clear resin). — leaves only. the leaf-bases are remarkably asymmetrical, being rounded on one side and cuneate on the other. hence one would be inclined to look upon this number as representing h. iriana van siooten which also occurs on japen island, though at lower altitude. comparison shows that it is distinct in the following vegetative characters: the leaves are broader, less attenuate, and more suddenly acuminate, drying dark brown, the venation is more conspicuous, domatia are entirely absent. 1952] van slooten: serf utnm dipterocarpacearinn—v 39 hofea celebica sensu diels (non burcfc) hopea celebica (non burekl scusn diels iv bot. jb. 57: 4g2. 1922. diels includes two specimens under burck's species and merely states as follows: ' " n o r d o s t l i e h . e s n e u g u i n e a : sepik-gebiet: etappenberg, im hohenwald, 850 m ii. m. '15—20 m hoher baum, blatter glanzendgriin mit weissem mittelnerv1 (ledermann n, 9536. — mit bliitenknospen 31. okt. 1912!); aprilflusa (ledermann n. 9846, — verbliiht 25. nov. 1912!). "ich habe von dieser pflanze weder gut entwickelte bliiten noch friichte. sie -zeigt aber in den elattern so genaue ubereinstimmung mit dem original burcks, daas ich an der identitat nicht zweifle." although no description of the specimens exists, i doubted the correctness of this identification from the first, also because the new guinea species of hopea are as yet very insufficiently known, owing-to the material available of many species. in 1950 i could study a duplicate of ledermann 9586, with very juvenile flower buds (cf. diels, i.e.), in the leyden herbarium. it certainly reminds one of hopea celebica burck, but differs, for instance, in the total lack of domatia. in my opinion it represents a large-leaved species comparable to h. similis van slooten, h.novoguineensis van slooten, h. glabrifolia c. t. white, and hopea sp. (lane-poole 113), although distinguishable from each of these by different characters. ledermann's collection perhaps agrees best with h. similis and may indeed belong to that species, although—judging from the material available at present—it does not fully agree with it. intensive collecting in new guinea will have to be done before it will be possible to assign the numerous doubtful dipterocarps of this region to their proper taxa; this applies more in particular to the numerous specimina inquirenda of hopea. ledermann 9846 (cf. diels, i.e.) i nave not seen, *ut in the leyden herbarium there is a duplicate of ledermann 9462, presumably belonging to the same species as ledermann 9586. an error in the number seems hardly likely and yet number 9462 was not mentioned by diels in spite of the fact that it was collected on the same expedition in the same region. hopea papuana sensu white & francis {non diels) hopea paptiqva (wow diels) sensu white & francis in lane-poole, report for. resources terr. papua and new guinea 119. 19251-; in proc. roy. soe. queenal. 38: 247. 1927. s in this publication one will find the specimen cited below referred to as "h. papuana diels (affin.)?"; in a "corrigendum et addendum," "(affin.)?" is indicated as to be deleted according to white. lane-poole no. 113 is considered to belong to diels1 species without further comment by white & fi'ancis. 40 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 specimen examined.—new guinea. e a s t e r n p a r t : vanapa r.t towards suku (about 12 miles above doura), up the foothills, to about 600 m [lane-poole 113, fr. june 1922, koka(ka)-p'lo-pilo.—'"the winged seeds are a plaything for the native children."]. describing the foothill forests, which lie between the lowland mixed rain forests and the mid-mountain forests (op. cit. p. 33), lane-poole (op. cit. p. 34) mentions that "two dipterocarps occur of which no. 113 is perhaps the commonest." i suppose that with the second dipterocarp lanepoole 112 is meant, cited by him (op. cit. p. 119) as "indt, no. 112" and also from the surroundings of suku with the native name demo. this num-, ber, of which only leaves were collected, i have not seen. from the annotations made by lane-poole (i.e.) and from those accompanying the material in the herbarium of brisbane i have drawn up the following description comprising also some additions of mine. young shoots, branchlets, and petioles covered with a grey, stellate pubescence. leaves chartaceous, elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, shortly and obtusely acuminate, obtuse or slightly rounded at the base, which is equalsided, the margins slightly though conspicuously recurved up to the top when dry. 16.0—19.0 cm long, 5.0—6.5 cm wide; hardly shining and glabrous on the uoper surface, dull and with occasional stellate hairs along midrib and main nerves on the lower, the pubescent base of the costa excepted; midrib slightly elevated above, strongly beneath; main nerves 15—17 pairs, depressed above, elevated beneath, without domatia; tertiary nerves visible but not conspicuous on the lower surface; petioles 1.2—1.5 cm long. flowers unknown. fruit immature. fruiting calm-segments concave at the very base, closely embracing the nut, the 2 long wings oblanceolate to spathulate, obtuse at the top, strongly narrowed downwards up to the base, glabrous or with remnants of a fine pubescence in the lower part, up to 9.0 cm long, 1.25—1.50 cm wide, 6—7-nerved. medium tree with an unbuttressed stem about 2 m in circumference . and a bole of about 18 m high. bark dark brown, somewhat scaly; inner bark white. wood slightly resinous; sap cream-coloured. the above description in my opinion clearly proves this specimen not to belong to hopea papuana. an annotation on the sheet says that "it differs in the non-cordate base of the leaf blade, the longer petioles and the fewer lateral nerves of the leaves." i would add that it also differs in the shape of the leaves, in the kind of pubescence of the branchlets and petioles which is not at all ferruginous-tomentose and does not cause the leaves to be scabrous beneath, and in the nervation which is not elevated. 1952] van slooten: sertulum dipterocarpaeearum—v 41 by the shape and the size of its leaves this species comes nearest to h. novoguineensia and h. similis, the material being too fragmentary for further conclusions. it is not impossible that the following; collections represent the same species as lane-poole 113. new guinea. e a s t e r n p a r t : vanapa area, koitaki, forest, 450m (carr 12739; very young fruits j u n e 1935); milne bay area, north of waigani plantation on the slopes of an ironstone-gravel capped ridge, 25 m (ngf 1280, lomas or koperitoma; tree about 30 m over-all; hole 18m, swollen slightly at the butt; outer bark ' purplish brown, pustular lenticela numerous and forming longitudinal lines, shedding here and there in thin flakes; sapwood pale s t r a w ; heart very pale brown). — leaves only, hopea spec. specimen examined.—new guinea. e a s t e r n p a r t : milne bay area, north of waigani plantation, on ridge in rain forest, 80 m (ngf 1307, kopilatoma; tree about 43 m, bole 30 m high, buttressed to about 1.8 m; outer bark fairly dark brown, reticulately marked from the shedding of irregularly shaped flakes; sapwood pale s t r a w : heartwood brown, fairly hard; leaves yellowish green beneath). — leaves only. a small-leaved species of hopea without domatia, resembling h. glabrifolia but differing by the topmost parts of the young branchlets and by the petioles which are glabrous almost from the start; the leaves are different in shape and the veinlets of this unnamed species are not visible to the naked eye. hopea spec. new guinea.(bb..32698.) of this collection no duplicate from the forest research institute at bogor was received by herbarium bogoriense. this material as well as the data were lost during the war. hopea or shorea spec. of the two following collections the genus could not be fixed with certainty; they may belong either to hopea or, perhaps, to shorea. moluccas. m o r o t a i : tjao, 30m (kostermans 828; tree 12m high; hole grey). — leaves only. new guinea. e a s t e r n p a r t : milne bay area, about 2 miles up the dawa dawa r., on slopes, 25 m [ngf 1333, malehai or mala(a)i, and matapo; very common on the slopes; tree about 3 0 m over-all; bole 18 m, unbuttressed; bark grey or brown, deeply fissured, shedding in longitudinal strips; sapwood straw coloured and hard; heart brown; leaves s m a l l ] . ' — leaves only. 4 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 s h 0 k e a r o x b . 17. shorea koordersii brandis apud koorders—fig. 14 shoira koordcrsii brandis upud koorders, flora n. o. celebes iv meded. 's lands plantentuin 19: 355. 1898; koorders, flora n. o. celebes, suppl. 2: 8 pi.hi. 1922; ibid., suppl. s; 44. 1922; boerlage in icon. bog. 1: pi. 80. 1901; koorders-schumacher, syst. verz., abt. 3: 88. 1914; heyne, n u t t . pi. ned. ind. 3: 303. 1917; 2nd ed., 1120. 1927. shorca ass<tmicitdyer forma koordcrsn (brandis) symington in gtlns' bull., str. settl. 9: 331. 1938. vatica celebica koorders in sched. in herb. bog. (1895) : symington in gdns' bull., str. settl. 9: 331. 1938, pro synon. type.—koorders 16736 β( (according to the annotations on the sheets). — illustrative specimen: van hulstijn 362. branches covered by a greyish brown tomentum of simple hairs of different lengths (reduced tufts of stellate hairs), glabrescent, with slightly elevated ribs decurrent along; the internodium from the insertion of the leaves. stipules of young branches of adult trees or of young trees conspicuous, subpersistent, oblong-elliptic, attenuate, 7—9-nerved, finely pubescent on both sides, 1.0—2.0cm long, 0.5—1.0cm wide; stipules of adult branches caducous. leaves flat, ovate, subattenuate, acuminate, the acumen blunt and 1.0 cm long, rounded or even subcordate at the base, 5.0—12.0 cm long, 2.5—7.0 cm wide (or even larger, the leaves of trees which represent immature stages such as seedlings and those of young trees reaching a size of 22.0 by 10.0 cm; the acumen may be 1.5 cm long) ; sublucid and glabrous on the upper surface the midrib excepted, dull and with a hardly visible pale brownish tomentum which is papillose to the touch beneath, giabrescant; midrib elevated beneath; main nerves 10—15 pairs, visible above, hardly elevated beneath, slightly pubescent on the lower surface; domatia barbate, only few in number and hardly developed, although usually absent; nervules joining the main nerves in parallel lines; petioles tomentose, up to 0.75, in young leaves up to 1.5 cm long. panicles axillary and terminal, widely spreading, lax, the rhachis and branches greyish or pale brownish tomentose, up to 15.0 cm long; bracts, caducous, oval-oblong, 7-nerved, finely pubescent on either side, 0.7—1.0 cm long, 0.3—0.5 cm wide; bracteoles caducous, linear, pubescent on either side, 3.0 mm long, 0.5—0.75 mm wide; pedicels 1.0 mm or shorter. sepals different in length, fleshy or partly membranous, manynerved, greyish brown pubescent outside and on the upper half inside, the 3 outer ones oblong, broad and blunt at the top, 4.0—5.0 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the very base 2 mm wide, the third sepal one-sided membranous, the 2 inner ones triangular-oblong, attenuate, acute, 3.5—4.0 mm long, membranously dilated downwards, 1.5 mm wide. petals membranous, oblong, 0.8—1.0 cm long, 0.4 cm wide at the base, truncate or subretuse at the top, densely sericeous-tomentose on the portion exposed in bud, smooth inside, about 10-nerved. stamens 15, in 2 rows, of 2 different lengths, the 5 inner ones 3.5—3.75 mm long, the 10 outer ones 3.25 mm 1952] van slooten: sertvhim dipterocarpaceanim—v 43 long, all 0.3 mm wide at the flattened base; filaments linear in the upper half; anthers 0.75 mm long; appendage to connective 1.5—1.75 mm long. ovary tapering into the style, pubescent, 1.0—1.5 mm long; style pubescent at the base, for the rest glabrous, 3.5—5.0 mm long. fruiting eabjx segments (after heyne s.n. from obira i.) chartaceous, on both sides stellateflg. 14. shorca koordersii brandis: a, shoot with stipules (x 0.5); b, flowering branch (x 0.5); c, flower' bud (x 2 ) ; d, expanded flower (x 2) ; e, petal (x 2) ; f, stamens (x 51 ; (g,ovary (x 3) ; h, mature fruit (x 0.5). — drawing after van hulstijn s62. 44 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 puberiilous, concave at the very base and there 0.7—0.8 cm long, 0.6—0.8 cm wide; the 3 ions wings linear-(ob)lanceolate, gradually widened towards the obtuse or rounded top, 8.0—10.0 cm long, near the top 1.2—1.8 cm wide, the base flat, slightly narrowed and 0.4—0.5 cm wide, 9—11-nerved, nervules conspicuous, the 2 short wings linear, abruptly narrowed above the very base, acute or subobtuse at the top, 3.0—4.5 cm long, 0.4—0.7 cm wide, 3—5-nerved. nut ovoid, attenuate, crowned by the remnant of the style which is up to 1.0 cm long, finely pubescent the base excepted, about 1.0 cm long and 0.8 cm wide at the base. concerning s. koordersii, the producer of the valuable damar tenang, which as to appearance, clearness, purity, and colourlessness so strongly resembles the damar mata kuching^that heyne calls it "the damar mata kuching of the moluccas." ham, who in 1900 investigated the forest products and their exploitability on pulau obira, and a few other authors cited below" furnished some data which were made use of in the following. of this forest giant, which has an average height of from 45 to 50 m, ham {op. cit. p. 318) on pulau bisa measured a specimen which was 60 m high and heavily buttressed. koorders records that in one instance he found these buttresses to measure 2.5 m in diameter (at breast height). however, even very heavy trees do not always have buttresses: they were absent in three trees, the respective heights of which were 30, 45, and 53 m. the bole is very straight and hence suitable for the building of lcpa-lepa (prahus) ; the diameter may be as much as 1.5 m (circumference approximately 4.7 m). the crown starts high: the height from the ground to the first branch may be 30, occasionally even 38 m. the bark is superficially and longitudinally fissured and hardly scaling off (bb.23121 and 28878) ; along the branchlets the bark is dark brown-red to blackish, along the bole dark grey. judging by herbarium specimens it usually contains a small quantity of white or hyalin resin; according to literature on the subject, however, only the pith contains resiniferous tubes. endert ("harsonderzoek," p. 288) ranges the resin among the "beautiful mata kuching species." spontaneously exuded resin is quantitatively insignificant. bloembergen10 only found lumps the size of a marble on the trees on the sula ftj. stormer: schets delobi-eilanden. in tijdschr. ind. taal-, landen volkenk. 32: 620-636. 1883. j. stormer apnd encyclopaedisch bureau: het sultanaat batjan. in meded. bureau beatuursz. buitenbez. afl. 1: 39-42. 1911. s. p. h a m : over de damarwinning in obi (iii. damar tenang). in tectona 4: 317-334. 1911. v. e. korn: het damarbedrjjf in het sultanaat van batjan. in tydschr. binnenl bestuur 5 1 : 277-294. 1917. 1fhs. bloem.bergen : verslag van een exploratie-tocbt n a a r de soela-eilanden {juli—oct. 1939). — this report which as yet exists only as a manuscript, was kindly put at my disposal by the author. 1952] van slooten: serttdmn dipterocarpatxarum—v 45 islands , where the resin was never collected on a large scale. according to korn (op. cit, p. 281) this spontaneously exuded resin is a solid, translucent pale yellow substance which is slightly sticky to the feel. it may , however, also be practically colourless, green, or brownish. according to ham (op. cit. pp. 326-331) s. koordersii does not react on wounds by increased exudation, this exudation setting in and increasing strongly as a result of a kind of disease due to infection. this phenomenon is to be observed mainly in the crowns of the trees, where each wound caused by fracture is liable to become infected." ham sets out in detail a number ofarguments which he thinks conclusive proof of this theory. korn (op. cit. p. 280), on the other hand, prefers to subscribe to the view of the collectors of damar, who are of the opinion that strong winds contort the branches, as a result of which the resin is squeezed out. he states that the branches show distinct indications of strain at the places where resin oozes out. in any case the resin is not found in all trees: as a rule the resiniferous tenang trees are among the tallest and heaviest of their kind, so that climbing may be considered out of the question. for the sake of the resin production—and because of the fact that they are supposed to produce resin only once during their lifetime and to die afterwards (stormer, op. cit. p. 41)—, the trees are simply cut down, which on pulau obira and later on also on pulau bisa resulted in a marked decrease in the number of resiniferous trees. as to batjan, where according to korn (op. cit. p. 280) the resin is called damar mata kuching or damar tenang, but also salo tena (language of ternate) he found (op. cit, p. 293) that on this island not the slightest attention is given to young damar plants112 owing to the fact that the damar collecting population stays on batjan only temporarily and ultimately returns to halmahera, so that they are not interested in what happens to those who will' come after them. "as a result the damar trees have in the course of a few years' time disappeared from a several miles' wide strip of mountains along the beach and are at present to be found only on ever higher and more inaccessible places . . . . " heringa1:i calls s. koordersii on obilatu the producer of the damar buwah or mata kuching. he reports that this shorea does not produce any resin on tapping, not even after months and years, so that in order to collect the damar the tree is always felled. this statement is confirmed by korn (op. cit. p. 293), according to whom the damar tenang trees are cut n s e e for the controversity between j. g. b. beumee and k. heyne as to whether or not the resin is exuded solely as a result of wounds, tectona 10: 299, 701, 702. 1917. 12this applies not only to damar tenang, but also to damar radja (aguthis) and damar hiru (vatica papvana) and the damar producing burseraceae. "in. tectona 14: 809. 1921. 46 re i n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 2 ('own, whether they sire old or young, big or small. as late a^ 1935 endert ("harsonderzoek," p. 288) admits that the data concerning the possibilities of tapping are rather vague and that further investigation is badly needed, nhereas in "herkomst damar" (p. 3) it is, moreover, stated that tentative tapping experiments in celebes were disappointing. concerning the resin itself'is recorded that the product which was finally obtained by a certain tapping method proved after one year already brittle and full of airbubbles: it turned out to be so-called damar mati. — the wood is said to be very durable. and useful and to be suitable for house-building, inside work, and furniture, as well as for prahus. during the flowering season from february till july the trees may be loaded with flowers, making the crowns appear white. flowers whitish or cream-coloured with pink. shorea koordersii is the only dipterocarpacea which is found on celebes as well as in the northern moluccas, i.e. the sula, batjan, and obi islands (fig. 15). in c e 1 e b e s it is the only representative of the genus. in south celebes it occurs in the malili district14 of the south-eastern peninsula, where it is common and grows even gregariously (bb.33086, 33087, and 33088; see also a few lines farther down). from central celebes, it is known from two localities, viz. from the parigi district (bb.17510) where steup found it to be fairly common, and from poso. in the minahasa (north celebes) from where it was first known, s. koordersii is also locally fairly common and ranks among the tallest and biggest trees of the forest. in one part of the minahasa, the moreah mountains, s, koordersii is—according to steup15—so numerous in association with albizzia minahassae, that here one may speak of a shoreaalbizzia forest. the upper stratum at any rate consists of these two fig. 15. distribution of shorea koordersii brandis. u i t is not known to me {from material) that s. koordersii also occurs in south kendari, though steup—cf. next footnote—states that he was told that 5. koordersii forests are to found there. 15 f . k. m. steup: over vegetatietypen op celebes. in natuurk. tijdsehr. ned. ind. 98: 283-293. 193s. 1952] van slooten: strtidinn dijytvyucarpaccui-um—v 47 species, which also occur in combination along the main road from masamba to malili (op. cit. p. 291). the following data concerning the s u l a i s l a n d s have been derived from communications by dr. s. bloembergen (i.e.). he calls the dipterocarp forest the most common forest type on these islands. it comprises s. koordersii, s. selanica, and vatica papuana and grows mainly on older rocky soils with the exception of lime. on sula sanana, kaju pien is very common and grows there in great numbers of gigantic specimens (60 m and upward) on soils which are rich in humus; the dipterocarp forest may locally be cut down to a very considerable degree. on sula mangole, s. koordersii is less predominant than it is on sula sanana; the 60 m giants are also absent, probably owing to their being used for the building of prahus. near lampaii the intact primary forest reaches down to the coast ridge; in this hilly country, situated at from 5 to 10 m above sea bvel, all three dipterocarps mentioned above are common. on sula taliabu, kaju pini is also found. in the b a t j an a r c h i p e l a g o s. koordersii is very common in the sibela mountains, according to a statement by korn (op. cit. p. 231). these mountains take up the greater part of the southern peninsula of lulau batjan. on pulau mandioli it is also common. as regards the o b i a r c h i p e l a g o , stormer (op. cit. p. 630) states that the damar tenang is found on all of the islands. he mentions the hilly pulau bisa (= pulau selili) as the principal locality. according to ham (op. cit. p. 319) the tree grows on pulau obi(ra) on the northern, western, and eastern coasts: along ths west coast dense forests of these trees are by stormer (op. cit. p. 630) reported to grow. it is also found on pulau tapat and on pulau ombilatu. since the damar tenang is found neither in pure forests, nor as predominant timber species, it is permitted, ham (op. cit. p. 319) says, to speak of damar tenang areas, but not of damar tenang forests. shorea koordersii is a forest giant of the primary forest and occurs, according to ham's own observation as well as according to information supplied by the native population, preferably near the sea and in the lowlands and coastal plains. in the lowland plains it is commonly found, but it is not rare on ths lower hills either. it grows on dry soils, whether or not along rivers or rivulets; only once it has been reported (bb.32363) to grow on soil which is periodically, during the rainy season, inundated by peaty water. it is apparently found as a rule on fertile ,soil: on clay as well as on (volcanic) sand; on pulau bisa (bb.23885) the matrix consists of coral. usually it is (very) common locally, though growing in scattered 48 re i n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 2 specimens, sometimes also gregariously, however (malili, parigi). its range of vertical distribution lies between 15 and 500 m. taking the migration of the dipterocarpaceae from the west to the east as an established fact, it may be assumed that s. koordersii has come from 'the philippines either via the sangi (sangihe) islands or by way of the talaud islands, or via, both bridges, in view of the fact that it occurs in celebes as well as in the western moluccas. this hypothesis gains in probability if this species and 5. philippinensis are looked upon as being two forms of one and the same, in the west widely distributed, species (s. assamica) as is done by symington (i.e.). concerning s. assamica dyer and s. philippinensis brandis we find the following remarks by symington (op. dt., 1938, pp. 332, 333) about s. koordersii brandis (and s. globifera ridl. from the malay peninsula and sumatra) : • "i have here united under one specific head four 'species'—s. assamica dyer (from assam), s. philippinensis brandia (from the philippines), s. koordersii brandis (from celebes), and s. globifera ridl. (from the malay peninsula). having examined a considerable amount of material of each i do not think that specific differentiation of these forms is justified, but there are certain fairly constant definable minor differences such as one would expect in distinct geographical races of a widely distributed species. i have, therefore, recognized four forms—forma assamica (from assam and burma), forma philippinensis (from the philippines), forma koordersii (from celebes and the moluccas), and forma globifera (from the malay peninsula and sumatra).. . . "the various forms have been fairly adequately described under the names of is\ assamica, s. philippinensis, s. koordersii, and s. globifera, but concerning foxworthy's description of the flowers of the last-named, i would remark that i have been unable to verify the presence of more than 15 stamens, the species being typical of the section anthoshorea brandis. "in the following key the main differences between the forms are enumerated. "(1) branchlets of raceme usually simple, solitary, and alternate; stigma distinctly 3-partite; fruit wings up to about 10.0 cm long; appendage to connective about l 1/2 times as long as the anther forma assamica "(1) branchlets of raceme frequently bi-furcate or fascicled "(2| stigma usually distinctly 3-partite; fruit wings up to about 10.0 cm long; appendage to connective as long as the anther , , . forma globifera "(2) stigma simple, flattened, or obscurely lobed; fruit wings up to about 7,0 cm long; appendage to connective about twice as long as the anther . . (3) "(3) leaves usually closely peltate and smooth beneath . . forma koordersii "(3) leaves usually sparsely soft-stellate-hairy beneath forma philippinensis." so the species which we in indonesia have been accustomed to call s. koordersii and s. globifera are looked upon by symington as geograph1952] van slooten: serttdmn dipterocarpatxarum—v 49 ical races "of a remarkably widely-distributed species occurring from assamto the moluccas. this species has been described separately in several different localities . . . . these are here united under the oldest spesific name s. assamica but the various geographical races, which do exhibit slight differences, are recognized as formae . . .." (op. cit. p. 334). it may be admitted that the differences have possibly no specific valueand that symington is right in reducing the four species to one only, viz. s. assamica, the first name to be published. yet, i shrink from following him; personally i am inclined to persist in considering the four named fhoreas as distinct species, although i hardly consider the cited differences as satisfying. this , however, is a matter of opinion. the main point in this question is the resultant extensiveness of the area of distribution of s. assamica. such a vast area would be a very great exception in the distribution of the dipterocarpaceae (as for instance in anisoptera costata; see this paper, p. 8). all species of shorea mentioned here belong, according to symington (in mal.. for. rec. 16: 27, 1943), to the meranti pa'ang group, which forms "a natural, homogeneous group, which corresponds botanically with section anthoshoreaof the genus shorea as defined by brandis" (in j. linn. soc, bot. 31: 84. 1895). to the same group belong, for instance, s. javanica k. & v., s. lamellata foxw., s. virescens parijs, s. retinodes van slooten, and s. soroha van slooten (see bull. bot. gdns buitenz. ill 18: 230-251. 1949) and also several undescribed species from sumatra aa well as from borneo, which have been collected fragmentarily. all these show a distinct agreement in their many-nerved leaves, richand relatively large-flowered inflorescences, and in the form of their fruits. it does not, in connection with the above, seem right to me to lump species of such diverse regions before more is known about the elements constituting section anthoshorea. i have no sufficiently founded opinion about s. assamica itself. the scantly material i saw cannot induce me to share symington's view. i should not be surprised if it would appeal1 that aporoaa? minahassae koorders (fl. n. 0. celebes in meded. 's lands plantentuin 19: 588, 625. 1898; koorders 18743/0, described as a euphorbiacea, is a dipterocarpaceous plant and more in particular synonymous with s. koordersii, simultaneously published, because the latter is the only shorea species known in the region of s. koordersii. — the specimen in question is apparently juvenile and gall-bearing. i am not prepared to give a definite opinion in this matter. 5 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 specimens examined and cited from literature.—celebes. m a n a d o, minah a s a : tondano (koorders 16742β[2882], malue) ; pinamorongan mts., kakas (koorders 16739β[1321] and 1679β[899\, haro or waro(h); kajuwatu (koorders 16737[1453]\ and 16738β[1574'\, haro or w a r o ) ; bivouac pingsan near kajuwatu {koorders 16741β [1293], 16736β[1222], 16735β{1794], and 15982β[1086}, waro or r a m a willing); bivouac totok near ratatotok (koorders 16740βi[2577], induk or waro; 16734β[2527], asi asin). — c e n t r a l c e l e b e s : parigi near pebengko (bb.17510), poso (bb.19i.29, tambija). — s o u t h e a s t e r n p e n i n s u l a : malili district, angkona (bb.32363), usu (bb32605), lauwo (bbji3086, 33087, and 330s8), toletole and surroundings (bb.21664to 21668, bb.2384d, and 28920)—all of these malili specimens, (damar) l a r i l a r i e ; kawata near toletole (cet.fv-260, wara w a r a or tamungku, and cel /v-378 to -381, lari l a r i e ) . moluccas. s u l a i s . : p. taliabu, tg, niu (van hulstijn 362, honi), samuja (bb.29925, pini fatau or honi); p. mangole: mangole (bb.29769 and 29799, pini or pini botti) ; p. sanana (sulabesi) (van hulstijn all, pien; bb.28878, pien or t e n a n g ) . — b a t j a n i s . : p. batjan (warburg 18180™), kaputusan (bb.164-61 and 16as2 > damar tenang putih and damar t e n a n g merah resp.), masurung (bb.2s121, 23132, 23145, and 2314-7, damar tenang p u t i h ) , saoran domut (bb.2s184, damar tenang putih or tenang bobudo), southern peninsula on mt. sibela (vide ham and korn, it. cc.) ; p. mandioli (vide stormer, 1911, and korn, tf.ee.). — o b i i s . : p. bisa, tsouthcoast near gafela (atasrip 54 and 55, d a m a r t e n a n g ; cf. ham, op.cit. p. 318), nw point near galala (atasrip 97 and 98, damar t e n a n g : also fide stormer, 1889, i.e.), wadapolo (bb.23885, t e n a n g p u t i h ) ; p. t a p a t and p. obilatu (fide stormer, 1889, i.e.); p. obira (fide ham, op.cit. p. 319; stormer, 1889, i.e.), laiwui (obi-co-mpanie, e coll. heyne s.n., damar tenang). 18. shorea selanica (bl.) bl—fig. 16 dammam selanica [bu.mpk.] lam., encyc. 2: 259. 1786. unona? selanica (lam.) d c , p r o d r . 1: 92. 1824. engelhardtia, selanica bl, f l o r a j a v a e 1 (juglandeae) : 8. 1828, hopea selanica hasskarl, cat. h o r t . bogor. a l t e r 209. 1844 (sub "hoppea" ut "h. selanica rxb. . . . " ) ; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1 (2) : 504. 1859. shorea selanica (bl.) bl., mus. bot. 2: 33. 1852; de candolle, prodr. 16: 629. 1868; hance in j. of bot. 14: 242. 1876; burck in ann. j a r d . bot. buitenz. 6: 21g. 1887; brandis in j. linn. soe., bot. 3 1 : 86. 1895; merrill, i n t e r p r . rumph. herb. amb. 375. 1917; heyne, nutt. pi. ned. ind. 3: 306. 1917; 2nd ed., 2: 1124. 1927. shorea aelaniea bl. var. latifolia bl., mus. bot. 2: 33. 1852; burck in ann. j a r d . bot. buitenz. 6: 216. 1887; merrill, i n t e r p r . rumph. herb. amb. 375. 1917. shorea selanica (bl.) bl. var. obtusa burck in ann, j a r d . bot. buitenz. 6: 216. 1887. [dantmara selanica rumphius, herb. amb. 2: 168 pi. 56. 1750.] 16 e. gilg mentions in his "bemerkungen zu den ,botanischen notizen' des h e r r n dr. moszkowski" (in notizbl. bot. g a r t . mus. berlin-d. 4 3 : 83. 1908), t h a t he possessed a sterile branch of a tree which supplies d a m a r mata kuching. "den warburg (n. 18180) von batjan mitbrachte." this must have been s.koordersii as s. selanica is not known from batjan, 1952] van slooten: sertulum dipterocarpacearum —v 51 type.—rumphius, herb. amb. 2: pi. 56. 1750. buds, young shoots, branchlets, and branches densely rusty or greyish stellate-tomentoae; branchlets flattened, with distinct and long elevated ribs decurrent along the internodium. stipules caducous, oval, oblique, onesided attenuate, broad at the base, stellate-tomentose outside, pubescent fig. 16. shorea nelavica (bl.) bl.: a, flowering' twig with flowers in two stages {x 0-5); 6, shoot with stipules (nat. size); c, branchlet of panicle {nat. size); d, flower bud (x2.5); e, mature flower (x 2.5); f, petal (x 2.5); g, stamens (x 5); h, iry (x 5); i, mature fruit (nat. size). — drawing after hort. bog. vii. b. 25. mat ova 52 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 inside, 1.5 cm long, 0.7—0.9 cm wide, 6—8-nerved. leaves drying brown on both sides, oblong, abruptly attenuate and acuminate, the acumen acute, up to 1.5 cm long, rounded or subcordate at the slightly asymmetrical base, usually 10.0—20.0 cm long, 4.5—7.5(—9.0) cm wide; upper surface dull or slightly shining, minutely stellate-pubescent, glabrous when adult the midrib excepted; lower surface dull (or slightly shining when young), sprinkled with scale-like tufts of brownish stellate hairs on midrib, nerves, and nervules; midrib prominent beneath; main nerves 16—20 pairs, elevated beneath; domatia hardly developed, nearly invisible by the indumentum of the leaves, may best be observed by the small depressions in the upper surface; nervules visible on both sides; petioles rusty or greyish stellate-tomentose, 0.8—1.4 mm long. inflorescences terminal and axillary, the rhachis and branches flattened, densely greyish tomentose, up to 20.0 cm long; the upmost floral leaves lanceolate, only present in anthesis, 9.0— 12.0 em long, 2.5—3.0 cm wide, the lower ones equalling the normal leaves, persistent; branches alternating, unbranched, up to 2.5cm long, about 12-flowered; bracts transversely oval, bilobed, pubescent on both sides, 3.0—4.0 mm long, 4.0 mm wide, about 14-nerved. flowers unilateral, approximate, biseriate; pedicels at best 0.5 mm long. sepals distinctly unequal, ovate to subtriangular, (sub) acute, 3.0—2.0 mm long, at the base 2.0 mm wide, the portions exposed in bud minutely greyish tomentose, smooth inside except on the upper half, many-nerved, the 2 outer ones fleshy, the third one-sided, the 2 other ones two-sided, membranous. petals oblong, gradually attenuate, truncate, minutely puberulous on the portion exposed in bud, glabrous inside, 6.0—7.0 mm long, at the base 3.5 mm wide, about 10-nerved. stamens 15, in 3 rows, of 3 different lengths, from the outside to the inside 2.3—3.0 mm long; dilated portion of filaments 0.5— 1.0 mm, filiform portion about 0.3 mm, anthers 0.5 mm, and appendage to connective 1.0 mm long. ovary gradually tapering to the style, distinct stylopodium absent, minutely pubescent, 2.0 mm long; style glabrous, 1.5 mm long". fruiting calyx segments chartaceous, minutely puberulous on both sides, concave at the very base and there about 0.7 cm long and 0.5— 0.8 cm wide, closely embracing the nut; the 3 long wings linear-lanceolate to spathulate, the base narrowed, flat and 0.4 cm wide, blunt at the top, 8.0—10.0 cm long, near the apex about 1.5 cm wide, 7—9-nerved, the 2 short wings linear, abruptly narrowed above the very base, acute at the top, 3.0—4.5 cm long, 0.4—0.6 cm wide near the apex, 3—5-nerved. nutovoid, acutely apiculate by the style remnant, minutely greyish brown tomentose, 1.2—1.5 cm long, at the base 0.8 cm wide. gigantic trees reaching a height of 50, even 58 m, being 34—42 m to the first branch and 1 m in diameter on breast height. bark dark in colour, deeply fissured and flaking off in longitudinal pieces; strips of bark are said to be used for the walls of small houses (martin, op. cit. p. 302; see footnote 17). according to ham (op. cit. p. 336) not all bau iamo trees produce resin in large quantities, which is found only in the pith. for these reasons he thinks the production of a large amount 1952] van slooten: sertulum dipterocarpacearum—v to be a result of injury and infection as in s. koordersii. usually the quantity produced spontaneously is inconsiderable; the resin itself is of inferior quality and has no commercial value. it is solid, not translucent, and whitish yellow if young and found on the bole and the branches; it is blackish, porous, and rough if found in lumps at the base of the tree. it is used by the natives for torches and other lighting purposes. in "herkomst damar" (p. 17) its author thinks it possible that the damar selan does not originate from a single species of shorea, at the present time four species being known from the moluccas, viz. s. selanica, s. koordersii, &. montigena, and shorea sp. (bb.22808 and 31349). the wood is said to be hard and suitable for house-building and prahus and also for masts as the trees have beautifully straight boles, which have a considerable diameter according to their age. branches and ultimate parts pale green or pale brown when fresh and young, ultimately greyish coloured. leaves dark green and shining above, with a pale or pale brownish indumentum beneath. pedunculus and branches of inflorescences pale green. sepals cream-coloured. petals pale yellow. for the distribution area of this species, see map (fig. 17). in literature the statement repeatedly occurs that the kaju bapa, found particularly on the island of b u r u, is very common on this island. it is growing distinctly gregariously, dominating the lowland forests from 15—120 m above sea level. in spite of this there is little and only incomplete material of s. selanica available in herbarium bogoriense and since the literature cited above is based solely on the remark rumphius made about his dammara selanica, without describing it accurately, the above-mentioned description is exclusively founded on no. vii.b.25 cultivated in the gardens at bogor, a tree which has developed from the material sent from buru by teysmann in 1860 (see below). various data, e.g. about habitats on buru of the kaju bapa, which belongs to the valuable wood species and produces the damar selan, could f i g . 17. distribution of shorea selanica (bl.) bl. 6 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 be derived from records of travel.17 the statements about the large quantities of damar found everywhere on bum, and the conclusions that might possibly be drawn from such statements regarding the area of distribution of these damar-producing trees, had to be put aside since they refer not to the damar selan of the kaju bapa, but to the damar radja of agathis (damara) alba foxw., which is one of the highest and largest trees of the moluccas and is also common on buru. this may appear, inter alia, from the following statement by teysmann (op. cit. pp. 319-320): "the best damar (damar toenei)[18] is here [viz. near oki on the south coast] mainly obtained from the damara alba, but an inferior quality (damar seelan) from the kajoe bapa, (hopea selanica) which are both very common in the interior." for this reason the following statement concerning the dammara selanica of rumphius (op. cit. p. 170), who repeatedly mixed up damar producing dipterocarpaceae, is cited with some reserve: " . . . [eopiose vero est] in boero circa lucielam veterem [i.e. lisela] & kelangam [i.e. p. kelang, situated between buru and ceram] . . . . invenitur autem aeque in litore, ac in altis montibus, nullibi autem in planis silvis, sed semper ad pedes montium declivos, qui juxta oras fluminum ac maris sunt siti. hinc in boero haec dammara fluctuans reperitur aeque ad litus, ac in majoribus fluviis, qui in sinum cayli [i.e. kajeli] excurrent. in hujus sinus parte orientali quaedam arbores in montium adscensu ita alte eriguntur, ut coma sua in mare declinent." this floating damar1" teysmann did apparently not see near kajeli; he does not mention it at all, anyway, no more than j. h. w. van der miesen does. about the environment of kajeli on the north-east coast of buru, wilier (op. eit. p. 559) says: ". . . after that, the kaju bapas and other trees with tall boles are in the majority and soon form a dense forest of the very high and most beautiful trees. the height of an average kaju bapa is more than 100 feet from the ground to the main branches and is very suitable for the making of masts; the bole is as a rule perpendicular," whereas he remarks about the habitat (op. cit. pp. 561-562): ". . . the " j . e. teysmann in natuurk. tijdschr. ned. ind. 23: 290-309. 1861. j. h. w. van der miesen: een tocht langs de noord-oostkust van boeroc, 6—29 jan. 1908. in tijdschr. nederl. aardrjjksk. gen. 25: 833-871. 1908. j. h. w. van dee miesen: tochten op het eiland boeroc, 7 febr.—16 juli 1908. ibid. 26: 214-263. 1909. t. j. w i l l e h : beschrijving van het eiland boeroe. in indisch archief 1 (1). 1849; 1 (2). 1850. k. martin: ueber seine reise in den molukken durch buru, seran und benaehbarte kleinere inseln. in. verh. ges. erdk. 1894. s. p. h a m : over de damarwinning op obi. in tectona 4: 336-337. 1911. 1kthis damar is usually called damar radja. 1!lthis points to damar selan, because damarradja sinks in water. 56 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 wood is said to occur, but is reported to be of inferior quality." rumphius does not mention the possibility of its having been introduced into amboma in former days, but dammara selanica is not credited to amboina by him. the specimens of the kaju bapa, collected by reinwardt during his tour through the moluccas in 1821 and present in the herbarium at leyden (no. 902.146-650, -653, -656, and 909.56-417) probably originate from amboina, as reinwardt did not visit buru on that occasion. shorea selanica occurs also o n p u l a u o b i r a . ham (op. cit. p. 336) found it, for instance, in the borniu regions at about 150 m above sealevel. the tree, which there too belongs to the forest giants, has hard wood and dark brown bark. the yield of the damar, known on obira as damar bau lamo, is inconsiderable, so that exploitation is of no importance. not all trees produce resin, no more than all damar tenang trees do. bloembergen 20 reports that on the s u l a i s l a n d s (on sula sanana near molbufa) s. selanica is strongly dominant in the old dipterocarp forests with enormous trees, 50—60 m in height; it is distinctly gregarious. on sula mangole, kaju bapa is much less in evidence than on sula sanana, the gigantic specimens are lacking there. at lampau the untouched primary dipterocarp forest reaches down to the shore. in this hilly country, at 5—10 m above sea level, kaju bapa is common. on sula taliabu s. selanica can be found too. as far as i know s. selanica is found neither on ternate nor on ceram. the vernacular names solo garo or solo garu (ternate) and umar (west ceram) which i met with in "harsonderzoek" (p. 299) and "herkomst damar" (p. 17) are not corroborated by herbarium material. rumphius' plate 56 (dammara selanica) was twice used as the base of a 'new' species, first by lamarck as dammara selanica, secondly as engelhardtia selanica by blume who does not refer to lamarck's earlier name. the combination under shorea of the epithet 'selanica lam.' would be preoccupied by that of shorea selanica (bl.) bl. and hence cannot be restored. the "index kewensis" (1: 714, 1895) incorrectly suggests the identity of dammara selanica lam., which is wholly based on rumphius' account, with "diospyros embryopteris?" specimens examined and cited from literature.—moluccas. s u l a i s . : p. taliabu, samuja (bb.29947, sehu or boba) ; p. mangole, kimehol—lampau (bb.29802, b a p a ) ; p. sanana, kabauw (bb.28879, kaju bapa). — o b i i s . : p. obira, northcoast near sepepe (atasrip 117, bau lamo). — b u r u : (de vriese in herb. lugd. bat. sub nos. 902.146-648 and -651); wai ula [bb.22800, luma or b ( i ) a h u t ] ; batuboi (namlea) footnote 10. 1952] van slooten: sertuhun dipteroearpacearam—v 57 (bb.28298 to 28307, kaju b a p a ) ; balobalo {bb.313i8, biahgawa); wai apu near kajeli teysmann 1875hb, kaju b a p a ) ; southcoast near oki {teysmann, cf. natuurk. tydsch. ned. ind. 23: 319. 1861). — a m b o i n a (reinwardt, see above; de vriese in herb. lugd. bat. sub nos. 902.146-652 and -655; teysmann 5146hb, kaju bapa: originally introduced, see above). cultivated in the botanic gardens, bogor: no. vii.b.25 and 25a. in the "catalogus plantarum quae in horto botanico bogoriensi coluntur" by teysmann & binnendijk (1866)—which by the way was ready for the press as early as 1863, accordingto treub—as well as in a "plantenlijst" by binnendijk, which must have been compiled between 1869 and 1870, only "moluccas" is given as locality of origin. the "tuinboek" (1902) however mentions "ambon" which may possibly be taken from boerlage (cat. pi. phan. hort. bot. bogor. col. 2: 107. 1901). only from 1865 onwards plants and seeds received were recorded and registered, therefore it is impossible to consult the garden files on whence, from whom, and when the plants before 1865 were received and where they were planted. the garden cannot find any clue as to how teysmann set up his internal administration, how he recorded plants, received and numbered them. concerning vii.b.25 one can only assume that it was probably received from teysmann himself, who in 1860 for the first time made a journey to the moluccas and in his itinerary (see above) records the kaju bapa from buru as well as from amboina, but fails to mention any consignments to the hortus at buitenzorg. shorea selanica cannot have been received from binnendijk, who visited buru in 1866, in the first place because there was only one dipterocarpacea (s. montigena van slooten, q.v.) among the plants received on august 24, 1866, and secondly because, as was stated above, the kaju bapa was present in the garden as early as 1863. — at present both vii.b.25 and 25a are about 47 m tall and have a diameter at breast height of about 1 m. the buttresses are up to 3 m long and 1.15 m high. flowering material was collected in april 1896, november 1919 and 1923, july 1925 and march 1926, fructiferous material in april 1896, january 1920, july 1925, and march 1926. 19. shorea montigena van slooten, spec. nov.—fig. 18 sharea balungeran burck var. binnendykii boerl., cat. pi. pban. hort. bot. bogor. col. 2: 108. 1901. type.—tree viii.d.25, cultivated in the botanic gardens, bogor. species nova sectionis "eushoreae" foliis glaberrimis levibus, petiolis foliorum magnitudine comparatis satis longis, alabastris ovatis, floribus magnis staminibusque numerosissimis (65—72) facile cognoscenda. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 branchlets strongly flattened, densely covered by a brownish, later on greyish tomentum of minute, scale-like tufts of stellate hairs, ultimately glabrescent, with slightly elevated ribs decurrent along the internodium. stipules caducous, lanceolate, falcate, blunt at the top, stellate-tomentose outside, puberulous inside, up to 3.0 cm long, 0.5 cm wide. leaves coriaceous, flat, drying brown or reddish brown, oblong-elliptic attenuate, oblique at the top, whether or not acuminate, the acumen blunt and at best 0.5 or 1.0 cm long, rounded or blunt at the base, the very base usually symmetrical, the margin not revolute, (8.0—) 10.0 —11.0 cm long, 4.5—5.0 cm wide; upper surface hardly shining, glabrous, lower surface dull, glabrous when adult; midrib sunken above, elevated and with remnants of minute stellate hairs or glabrous beneath; main nerves 10 —12 pairs, hardly elevated beneath; domatia absent; petioles greyish tomentose, glabrescent, thickened in the upper half, often genieulate, 2.5—3.0 cm, long. inflorescences axillary and terminal, solitary, the rhachis and branches flattened, densely brownish or greyish stellate-tomen-f i g . 18. shorea montigena van slooten: a, flower-ing twig with flowers in two stages ( x 0 . 5 ) ; 6, flower bud (x 2) ; c, expanding flower (x 2) ; d, mature flower with sepals and petals removed (x 3 ) ; e, petal from mature flower (x 2} ; f, stamens (x 4); g, ovary (x 3 ) ; h, fruiting twig (x 0.5). — drawing after hort. bog. viii. d. 25. tose, 9.0—12.0 cm long, together forming a large panicle of about 17.0 cm long; the floral leaves smaller than the normal leaves, 5.0—6.0 cm long, 3.0—4.0 cm wide; branchlets alternating, unbranched, up to 4.0 cm long, 7—9-flowered; bracts minute, very early deciduous. flowers unilateral, biseriate, about 5.0 mm apart. sepals fleshy, 1952] van slooten: sertulum dipterocarpacearuvi—v 59 subequal, broadly ovate to ovate-rotundate, densely silvery tomentose outside on the portions exposed in bud, smooth inside, fringed along the margins, many-nerved, the 3 outer wings subacute, about 4.0 mm in diameter, the third sepal one-sided membranous, the 2 inner ones two-sided membranous, about 3.0 mm in diameter. corolla falling in one piece. petals large, oblong, truncate at the top, ovate at the base, silvery puberulous on the portion exposed in bud, smooth inside, about 10.0 mm long, 5.0 mm wide, 12—15-nerved. stamens 65—72, of 4—5 different lengths, the inner ones 5.0—5.5 mm, the outer ones about 4.0 mm long; filaments flattened, tapering to the linear upper portion, up to 4.5 mm long; anthers oblong, about 1.0mm long; appendage to connective 1.5—2.0 mm long. ovary ovoid, broad at the base, tapering into the style, glabrous in its lower half, puberulous at the top, 2.0 mm high, 1.5 mm wide; style puberulous at the base, 2.5 mm long. fruiting calyx segments chartaceous, minutely stellate-puberulous on both sides, the very base concave, very closely embracing the nut, about 1.0 cm long and wide, above the very base narrowed and with revolute margins, the 3 long wings linear-lanceolate to subspathulate, rounded at the top, 8.0—10.0 cm long, 1.0—1.5 cm wide near the apex, about 0.5 cm wide at the base, 9—10-nerved, the 2 short wings linear, (sub) acute at the top, abruptly narrowed above the very base, 2.5—3.5 cm long, about 0.3 cm wide, 3-nerved. nut ovoid, acutely acuminate by the style-remnant, minutely puberulous glabrescent, about 2.0 cm long, at the base up to 1.5 cm wide. leaves dark green above, light green beneath, glaucescent. peduncle, branches of inflorescence and calyx-segments light green. petals spreading, yellowish white outside, yellow inside tinged reddish rose at the top, silvery tomentose. stamens conspicuous during anthesis; anthers strawcoloured. ovary and style pale green. shorea montigena is a gigantic tree up to 45 m high of the primary forest of buru, where it occurs on dry, steep, and stony ground with sand or clay; the altitudinal range is from about 400 to 1000 m: it is an inhabitant of the hill as well as of the upper dipterocarp forests, the altitudinal range of the last according to symington being approximately from 2500 to 4000 feet. bahut is of common occurrence on buru, growing even gregariously locally, thus being in the moluccas a representative of hills or mountains occupying and gregariously growing species of shorea. also ir, west ceram this species is rather common; the field notes show that bb.23033 originates from a young secundary forest where it was not cultivated. — the tree contains a rather large quantity of colourless resin; the resin of the specimen of ceram, however, is said to be dark. boerlage did not have fertile material at his disposal; the sterile collection was wrongly identified by him as a variety of s. balangeran, which bornean species in my opinion does not show near relationship 60 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 f i g . 19. distribution of shorea montigena van slooten ( v ) , shorea tepee, nov. (bb. 22808 and 31s49) ( a ) , shorea ?spec. nov. (bb. 22567) ( x ) , shorea spec. (bb. 31092) ( _ ) , a n d s . forbesii brandis ( • ) . to this shorea from the moluccas, since, for instance it has only 15 stamens. though the stamens vary slightly in number, s. montigena belongs to the species with the highest number of stamens of the genus. by this character it clearly belongs to section "eushorea" as distinguished by brandis. other polyandrous species are s. glauca king (60— ?90), s. ovalis (korth.) bl. (55 —67), and s. collina ridl. (55). of the philippine species of shorea not a single one is as rich in stamens as is s. montigena, the number of stamens in s. negrosensis foxw. {in philip. j. sci. bot. 6: 274. 1911; ibid. 67: 315. 1938) being about 30 and sometimes as many as 50. shorea, montigena is readily recognizable by its flat, glabrous leaves, comparatively long petioles, large flowers, and its remarkable number of stamens. specimens examined.—moluccas. b u r u. walada, 1000 m (bb.21499, bahut or kaju bapa) ; walpangat, 900 m (bb.22816, bahut or g a w a ) ; mngesa ingan, 800 m (bb.22837, bahut or b a b a t ) ; waldefat, 400 m (bb31914, babat). — c e r a m. honitetu, 600 m (bb.23033, umale). cultivated in the botanic gardens, bogor, no. viii.d.25, from buru, type of shorea balangeran burck var. binnendijkii boerl. sent by binnendijk from the surroundings of kajeli and received in the gardens on august 24, 1866. at present the tree is 43 m high. flowering material was collected in december 1923 and february 1948, fructiferous material in february and july 1948. — fig. 19. 20. shoeea ?sfec. nov. specimens examined.—moluccas. b u r u : walur-wau, 150—200 m (bb.22808, kultelu or b a h u t ) ; balobalo, 100m (bb31349, luma). — leaves only. this shorea, which occurs on hills or steep slopes, is said to be very common in buru, growing there even gregariously. it is a tree of up to 40 m high; its bark contains a fairly large quantity of resin. — fig. 19. it may easily be mixed up with s. selanica, the well-known kaju bapa from buru and the sula islands. confusion is all the more possible since 1952] van slooten: sertulum dipterocarpaceamm—v 61 s. selanica has been collected in the same place (balobalo) and is known locally by the same name of luma or b(i)ahut. therefore, one should be cautious as to the data given for these two numbers, both species being very likely to be confused in the field by the collectors. comparison of the leaves of this shorea with those of s. selaniea gives the following essential differences: leaves reddish beneath when dry, rounded at the base and not cuneate-rounded or subcordate, 15.0—17.5 cm long, 6.7—7.5 cm wide, oblong or ovate-oblong; petioles slender, 2.0—3.0 cm. these slender, rather long petioles are the most conspicuous character of this vegetative material, which in my opinion represents a new species. 21. shorea ?spec. nov. specimen examined.—new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : bomberai peninsula, mt. genofa (argoeni bay), in primary forest on steep, stony ground, 750 m {bb.22567; very common, a few trees growing together; tree about 35 m high; bark with a small quantity of resin). — leaves only. conspicuous by its entirely flat leaves, only the midrib being elevated beneath, and by the undersurface being lepidote by minute, scale-like, black dots over the whole of the leaf-blade. — fig. 19. 22. shorea forbesii brandis—fig. 20 shorea forbesii brandis in j. linn. soc, bot. 31: 92. 1895; in forbes's new guinea plants tn j. of bot. 61 (suppl : 5. 1923. type.—forbes 861. branehlets densely clothed with scale-like tufts of short, pale brown, stellate hairs, glabrescent, and drying" blackish. stipules caducous, lanceolate, the outside densely stellate-pubescent. leaves coriaceous, flat, (ovateor oblong-) lanceolate, gradually attenuate towards the obtuse top or slightly acuminate, the acumen about 1.0 cm long, rounded at the hardly asymmetrical base, the margins revolute at the very base, 9.0—12.0 cm long, 2.5—3.5 cm wide; midrib puberulous though glabrescent above, elevated and thinly sprinkled with minute, stellate hairs beneath; main nerves 10— 15 pairs, visible above, elevated beneath, forming sharp angles to the midrib, hardly stellate-pubescent; domatia absent; nervules like the main nerves hardly pubescent on both sides, glabrescent; petioles densely minutely stellate-pubescent, glabrescent, about 0.75 cm long. inflorescences axillary and terminal, solitary or 2—3 together, the rhachis and branches slender, densely brownish or greyish stellate-pubescent, up to 4.0 cm long; ultimate branchlets solitary, at best 1.0 cm long, 3—4-flowered; pedicels very short. sepals unqual in shape, nearly equal in length, the 2 outer ones fleshy, ovate, lepidote-tomentose outside, glabrous inside, blunt at the top, very broad at the base, about 2.0 mm long, in the upper half 0.75 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 mm, in the lower half 1.5 mm, wide, the 3 inner ones broadly ovate to orbicular, lepidote-tomentose on the portion exposed in bud, smooth inside, shortly acuminate, acute, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, the third one-sided, the 2 other ones two-sided, broadly membranous. petals oblique-oblong or subfalcate, slightly attenuate at the very top, lepidote-tomentose on the portion exposed in bud, smooth inside, fringed along one margin in the upper half and sub-erose as is the top, about 4.0 mm long and 2.0 mm wide, many-nerved. stamens 20 (counted in 1 flower), of 3 different lengths, minute, 0.75—1.0 mm long; anthers oval to elliptic, about 0.5 mm long and 0.25 mm wide; filaments flattened and as wide as the anther, the longest filiform in the upper portion and about 1.0mm long; appendage to connective linear, 1.0 and 1.5 mm long. ovary glabrous, 1 mm long, about 0.75 mm wide, narrowed at the top; ovary and stylopodium subconical, hardly constricted halfway; stylopodium oblong, papillose, 1 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, gradually tapering into the very short style. fruits unknown. large tree up to 35 m high. bole slender and straight, unbuttressed (ngf 1315). bark dark grey (appearing black from a distance) or dark brown, here and there slightly flaky. sapwood straw-coloured to pale brown. heurtwood brown with darker bands. flowers pink-cream. this shorea belongs to the dipterocarpaceae with the most eastern distribution (fig. 19). in the milne bay area (ngf 1315) it is "the dominant tree in many parts of the local rain forest." f i g . 20. sltorca forbesii brandis: a. flowering branch (x 0.5); 6, flower bud (x 5 ) ; c, expanded flower (x 4 ) ; d—h, sepals (x 5 ) ; i, third sepal after blossoming (x 5); j, petal from mature flower (x 5) ; k, stamens (x 10); 1, ovary (x 5). — drawing after forbes 861. 1952] van slooten: sertulmn diptcrocarpaceanim—v 63 symington (in gdns' bull. str. settl. 9: 341. 1938) suspected "that shorea forbesii is a hopea." before examining the flower, i felt inclined to share his opinion. in bud the sepals are nearly equal in length though unequal in shape, the three inner ones being suborbicular in contradistinction to the two outer ones which are ovate, broad at the base and abruptly narrowed towards the top. moreover the style is very short as is usual in hopea, while the stamens are minute. further examination, however, showed that the third sepal immediately after blossoming" attains the shape of the two outer ones; apparently it will grow out to a third large segment. brandis himself already says of the sepals: " . . . 3 exteriora longiora in acumen lineare . . . prolongata." the number of stamens is 20, which points also to a shorea, for hopea having 15 or less; as to the style, a short one occurs also exceptionally in the genus shorea. for all these reasons i am of the opinion that s. forbesii should not be referred to the genus hopea before this change is made imperative by mature fruits. — see also under hopea glabrifolia c. t. white. specimens examined.—new guinea. e a s t e r n p a r t : vanapa area, koitaki, forest, 450 m (carr 12072, 12132, 1220s, and 12551, fl. april and may 1935); port moresby area, in brownish grey loam on medium northerly slope, 460 m (ngf 26, fl. april 1944, t a t a m i ) ; sogeri region, 900 m (forbes 861, fl. april 1886); milne bay area, dawa dawa r., forest, 50 m (ngf 1315, yala yala and emisapu). s p e c i m e n i n q u i r e n d u m s h o r e a s p e c . specimen examined.—new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : hollandia, "pionierbivouac" in the mamberamo r. basin, along rivulet in primary forest on dry level land on stony soil, 30m (bb.31092, marao; tree 25m high). — leaves only. — fig. 19. leaves l a r g e , u p t o 28.0 c m l o n g a n d 10.0 c m w i d e , c o r d a t e a t t h e b a s e , w i t h a b o u t 2 5 p a i r s o f m a i n n e r v e s ; petioles 1 . 5 c m l o n g . v a t i c a l . f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n m a p s , see f i g u r e s 2 1 a n d 2 2 2 3 . v a t i c a p a p u a n a d y e r vatioa papuana dyer (1878); van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. i l l 9: 112-114. 1927; in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 233-237 fig. 27. 1942. — adde: van slooten apud holthuis & lam in elumea 5: 214. 1942. the proof that v. papuana does indeed occur in borneo could be given in my second cited publication by two collections only, viz. by ramos 1903 from the surroundings of sandakan in british north borneo, and by bb.17215 from the beraii district of indonesian north borneo. in r e i n w a rd t i a [vol. 2 1950, however, mr. h. g. keith, conservator of forests, sandakan, kindly sent to bogor for study some collections of dipterocarpaceae in which v. papuana was represented by a number of specimens. on the other hand this vatica species remains as yet unknown from celebes, but is moreover the most eastwards extending dipterocarpacea known up to now (see the map of distribution, fig. 21). f i g . 21. distribution of vatica papuana dyer. in british north borneo the wood has been suggested as a good material for the manufacturing of bobbins and shuttles on account of its fine texture and hardness. brass calls v. papuana a very common canopy tree for papua, clear boled or slightly spurred at the base , attaining a large size on flood-plains and being fairly common on riverbanks and in fringing rain-forest. specimens examined additional to those cited by van slooten ((.&, 1942) : borneo. b r i t i s h n o r t h b o r n e o : sandakan (damit 3848); elopura distr. (kahili for. res.: s.h.-a.s9, resak batu; sepilok for. res.: s.h.-a.523, -a.s69, and -a.2523, and -a.s502, resak bunga; sapagaya e . : s.h.-a3261, resak bunga). moluccas. m o r o t a i : hutan tjao (kostermans 782; r a r e ) ; sg. sambiki (kostennans 892; very common) ; totodoku {bb.33907, hiru, and bb.33765). — m i s o o i: fakal (pleyte ills). — a r u i s . : p. trangan, ngaibor, savannah in hilly country, a few metres above sea level (buwalda 5340, fr. june 1938, ul); p. kobroor, dosina1952] van slooten: sertulum dipterocarpacearum—v malau, in primary forest, a few metres above sea level (buwalda 5097, fr. may 1938, ulai). new guinea. w e s t e r n p a r t : "vogelkop": momi near manokwari (66. 33454 and 33559, keska); bomberai peninsula, agonda near babo (bb.32975 [= lundquist 256], a r a w e ; aet 726 [exp. lundquist]). japen i.: kamioraro near seroei (aet & idjan 660 [exp. van z j p ] ) , — e a s t e r n p a r t : without locality (ewart s.n.); oriomo r., wuroi (brass 5884); fly r., 528 mile camp (brass 6826) ; palmer r., 2 miles below junction black r. (brass 7367); lower fly r., east bank opp. sturt i. (brass 8009) ; milne bay area, about 6 miles up to dawa dawa r. (ngf 1316 and 1332, laguna and mutani). 24. vatica celebensis brandis vatica celebensis brandis in j. linn. soc, bot. 8 1 : 126. 1895; van slooten in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 254. 1942. vatica cehbica van slooten in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. i l l 17: 237 fig. 28, £9. 1942. type.—beccari s.n. (herb. beccari 1529c). — illustrative specimen: cel./ 111-12, type of v. celebica van slooten. when describing v. flavovirens van slooten (in bull. bot. gdns buitenz. ill 17: 252. 1942) i devoted some remarks to v. celebensis—at that time unknown f i e . 22. distribution of the species of vatica in celebes. the numbers and species correspond as follows: v. celebemis brandis 2 and 5 v. flavovirens van slooten 2 and 4 vatica 'spec, nov, (pella 62) 4 vatica spec. (bb. 32438) 1 vatiea spec. (bb. 1860, etc.) 2 vatica spec. (bb. 30172) 3 vatica, spec. (bb. 14540) 6 of this genus only v. papuana dyer (q.v.) is known to occur in the moluccas and new guinea. it may be assumed that future exploration will reveal a more profuse occurence to m e . t h e l a t t e r s p e c i e s w a s c o l l e c t e d in a district close to one of the regions where v. flavovirens is known to occur. the description is rather fragmentary and no characters are mentioned which would render the species clearly recognizable. there remained a possibility that the two might prove to be conspecific, although brandis did not allude to the striking colour of the dried leaves, one of the most notable characters of v. flavovirens and one that can hardly be overlooked. when the type of brandis' species, preserved at florence, was put at my disposal, it became at once clear that there is no question of identity: the fruits—not seen by brandis according to his annotation, "fruit unknown"—prove that it represents a species belonging to subgenus isauxis (arn.) brandis and not to subgenus synaptea (griff.) brandis, to which v. flavovirens belongs. p of this genus also in the case of vatica in eastern malaysia than is known for the present. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 agrees fully with the species i described and depicted as v. celebica and which is known from the malili district north of the kendari district where v. celebensis was collected. the latter name has priority; the most ample description of brandis' species will be found under the name of v. celebica. specimens examined.—celebes. s o u t h e a s t e r n p e n i n s u l a : malili district [cf. v. celebica van slooten, op.cii. p. 239; usually (rather) common locally and occuring up to 400m above sea level]; kendari district: lepolepo (beccari 3tv.; in herb. beccari nos. 1529, 1529c, 1530, 1530a; fl. and fr. july 1874). 25. vatica flavovirens van slooten vatica flavovirens van slooten in bull. hot. gdns buitenz. ill 17: 252 fig. 36. 1942. of this celebesian species, too, a complete treatment was given in the "bulletin" cited above. since 1942 no additional data or material have been received. known from the eastern peninsula of south celebes, where it was collected in the north in the malili district, and in the south-east near kendari. it usually occurs on slopes up to 400 m above the sea, and it is (rather) common locally. 26. vatica ?spec. nov. specimen e x a m i n e d . — c e l e b e s . s o u t h e a s t e r n p e n i n s u l a : s t a r i n g b a y , n e a r t h e coast on limestone hills steeply r i s i n g up from t h e sea (pella 62, l o n g o r i ) . this specimen, obviously originating from the same habitat as hopea gregaria, in all probability represents a new species, for instance, in view of its leaves and the dense yellowish brown tomentum of its inflorescences. in examining the collection i was fortunate in finding one perfect flower which has enabled me to ascertain without doubt that the specimen is a true vatica. however, all other flowers seem to be mis-shapen, being developed into thick fleshy sepals and petals, closely pressed together, the margins induplicate and densely tomentose on both sides. i did not dissect the sole flower and as the subgenus can not be fixed, owing to the absence of mature fruits an adequate description has to be postponed. s p e c i m i n a i n q u i r e n d a vatica spec. specimen examined.—celebes. m a n a d o : pulias in toli district, along bank of rivulet on hilly, stony ground, 40 m (bb.32438, arsad; very common, a few trees growing together; tree of 25 m). — leaves only. 1952]" van slooten: sertulum diptevocarpacearum—v a vatiea, conspicuous by its narrow lanceolate leaves. — it is said to be easily recognizable by its stems which are ash-coloured. vatica spec. specimens examined.—celebes. s o u t h e a s t e r n p e n i n s u l a : malili district, la rona, 300—1000m (bb.1860, kareto b a t u ; bb.1888, palopo; bb1904, sangrok; bb.1913, tallu lolona; bb.1820, talongan). — leaves only. about this material nothing definite can be said. it was collected in 1923 and new collections have not been received. data other than those cited above are not available. vatica spec. s p e c i m e n e x a m i n e d . — c e l e b e s . c e n t r a l c e l e b e s : b a y o f k o l o n e d a l e (bb. 3 0 1 7 1 2 . , p o o t i ) . — l e a v e s o n l y a fragmentary collection showing some similarity to the leaves of vatica papuana dyer. however, one has to be careful in view of the fact that the latter species (q.v.) is not known from celebes up to now. vatica spec. specimen examined.—celebes. m a n a d o : lumpias, in primary forest on steep ground, 200m (bb.14540, fl. nov. 1930; tree 3 2 m high, flowers whitish yellow). flowering specimens of vatica when not recognizable by the shape of the leaves are mostly indeterminable on account of the uniformity of the flowers. the collection bb.14540 possibly represents a new species but owing to the fact that even the subgenus can not be fixed, it seems desirable to await further collections before describing a new species. index the names of the speeies fully treated are printed either spaced or, in case of new species or new combinations, in bold face type. synonyms are in italics. pages on which analytical drawings occur are marked with an asterisk. afzelia byuga 13. agathis 45; alba 54. albizzia minahassae 4g. anisoptera 2,4, 8—15,37; aurea 14; c o s t a t a 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8—11, 49; grandi_ flora 10, 1 1 ; marginata, 10, 14; mindanensis 10; parvi folia 15, 37; p o l y a n d r a 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11—13, 14, 35; thurifera 6; ?spec. nov. (kostermans 1337) 3, 13; spec. (beceari s.n.) 3, 14; spec. bb. 22351) 3, 14; ?spec. (bb. 31344) 3, 14—15. aporosa? minahassae 49. bruinsmia 10. dmnara alba 54; selanica 50, 53, 54, 56. dipteroearpus gracilis 9; grandiflorus 9; hasseltii 9; parallelus 11, tampurau 11. dryobalanops hallii 11. engelhardtia selanica 50, 56. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 hopca 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15—41,63; e e l e b i c a 3, 15—18, 17", 8, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 33, 38, 39; eelebica sensu diels 3, 7, is, 39; dolosa 3, 4, 7, 18—21, 19", 24, 26; g 1 ab r i f o l i a 3, 7, 35—37, 36*,, 39, 41, 63; gregaria 3, 4, 6, 18, 21—23, 22", 24, 26; iriana 3, 28—30, 29*, 38; nabirensis 3, 27—28*, 35; nodosa 3, 25*—27; n o v o g u i n e e n s i s 3 , 24, 31—33, 34, 39, 4 1 ; p a p u a n a 3, 7, 32, 33* —35, 38, 39 40; papuana sensu white & francis 3, 39—40; parvifolia 3, 15, 37—38; philippinensis 24, 32, 38; selanica 50; similis 3, 24, 30—31, 39, 4 1 ; ?spec. nov. (bb. 24903) 3, 24; ?spec. nov. (bb. 25259, 25320) 3, 24; spec, (bb. 30359) 3, 7, 38; spec. (bb. 32698) 4 1 ; spec. nov. dyer (beccari s.n.) 3, 3 8 ; spec. (lane-poole 113) 7, 39, 40; ?spee. nov. (ngp 1251) 3, 35*; spec. (ngp 1307) 3, 4 1 ; 'spec. (kostermans 828; ngf 1333) 3, 41. hoppea 50. shorea 2, 4, 5, 42—63; sect. anthoshorea 49; sect. ,,eushorea" 57, 60; assamica 48, 49; assamica f. assamica 48; assamica f. globifera 48; assamica f. koordersii 42, 48; assamica f. philippinensis 48; balangeran 59; balangeran var. binnendijkii 57, 60; collina 60; f o r b e s i i 3, 5, 7, 61—63, 62*; glauca 60; globifera 49; javanica 49; k o o r d e r s i i 3 , 4, 5, 7, 42—50, 4 3 ' , 49, 50, 53; lamellata 49; montigena 3, 4, 7, 53, 57—60, 58*; negrosensis 60; ovalis 60; philippinensis 48; retinodes 49; s e 1 a n i c a, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 47, 50—57, 51*, 60, 6 1 ; selanica var. latifolia 50, selanica var. obtysa 50; sororia 49; virescens 49; ?spec. nov. (bb. 22567) 3, 7, 6 1 ; ?spec. nov. (bb. 22808, bb. 31349) 3, 6, 53, 60; spec. (bb. 31092) 3, 63 ?spec. (kostermans 828, n g f . 1ss3) 3, 41. styrax 10. unona? selanica 50. vatica 2, 4, 5, 63—67; subgen. isauxis 65; subgen. synaptea 65; c e l e b e n s i s 3, 65—66; eelebica 65; eelebica kds. (non v. si.) 42; f l a v o v i r e n s 3, 65, 66; p a p u a n a 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 36, 45, 47, 63—65, 67; ?spec. nov. (pella 62) 3, 66; spec. (bb. 1860, enz.) 3, 7, 67; spec. (bb. 14540) 3, 67; spec, (bb. 30172) 3, 67; spec. j b b . 32438) 3, 66—67. a relic xanthostemon in natuna island, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 5, pp: 447– 449 447 a new species of xanthostemon (myrtaceae) from natuna islands, indonesia received december 18, 2008; accepted december 23, 2008 agung sedayu biology department, faculty of mathematics and sciences, universitas negeri jakarta, jl. pemuda 10 rawamangun, jakarta timur 13220, indonesia. e-mail: goeng93@yahoo.com abstract sedayu, a. 2009. a new species of xanthostemon (myrtaceae) from natuna islands, indonesia. reinwardtia 12(5): 447–449. — a new species of xanthostemon, x. natunae was collected from natuna islands, indonesia, outside the previous known westernmost distribution limit in palawan (x. speciosus). its differences with x. confertiflorus merr. (celebes) are discussed. key words: myrtaceae, natuna islands, xanthostemon. abstrak sedayu, a. 2009. satu jenis baru xanthostemon (myrtaceae) dari p. natuna, indonesia. reinwardtia 12(5): 447– 449. —jenis xanthostemon baru, x. natunae ditemukan di kepulauan natuna, indonesia. lokasi tumbuh jenis baru tersebut jauh di luar distribusi paling barat marga xanthostemon, yaitu x. speciosus yang berada di palawan. perbedaan karakter x. natunae dengan x. confertiflorus merr. yang berasal dari sulawesi didiskusikan. kata kunci: myrtaceae, kepulauan natuna, xanthostemon. introduction during a field trip to access the population structure and habitat of presbytis natunae, an endemic and endangered primate species in natuna islands, indonesia, january 2003, two myrtaceous specimens were collected from the study area. pre-identification at herbarium bogoriense (bo) showed that the two specimens have close affinities with xanthostemon confertiflorum merr. the first specimen is a fruiting plant, with its three-locular dehiscing capsule revealed its identity as xanthostemon. the second specimen is a sterile specimen taken from a rather young branch. further investigations resulted in the conclusion that the natuna islands collections represent a new species of xanthostemon, described here as x. natunae. xanthostemon natunae a. sedayu, sp. nov. (fig. 1a-d). a xanthostemon confertifloro merr. ramulis foliisque pubescentibus, capsulis majoribus et sulcatis differt. — typus: natuna islands, pulau natuna besar, gunung sekunyam, 03° 39' 883'' n, 108° 14' 756'' e, f.n. rangkuti, s.m. leksono & a. sedayu pi0240 (bo holotype). tree up to 10 m, with diameter above 10 cm (pi0240 is 14.3 cm, st0239 is 17.8 cm); bark flaking covered with reddish “dust” (this dust probably comes from shedding waxy substance, possibly cuticles, similar to those found on the twig and base of petiole); young stems with minute trichomes; latex absent. leaves alternate; ovate or obovate in older specimen, 14 cm long x 7.5 cm wide or smaller (7–10 cm long x 4–5 cm wide) in older specimen; petiole 0.3–10 mm long x 1–2 mm wide; the younger are covered with trichomes; base acute, abaxially occasionally covered with trichomes; apex acute to bluntly obtuse or mostly rounded in older specimens; margin in young leaf with trichomes; midrib prominent abaxially, basally covered with trichomes and cuticles; lateral nerves 15 pairs on younger (bigger) leaf or 11–15 pairs on older (smaller) leaf; intramarginal vein to 5 mm from margin on younger (bigger) leaf or 1–2 mm on older (smaller) leaf; lamina venation reticulate, with blackish glandular dots inside the reticulations; glandular dots raised adaxially. trichomes very minute, to 0.1 mm long (fig. 1b), probably covering the whole twig and abaxial surface of lamina and subsequently shedding away. cuticle covers twigs, petioles and lamina, subsequently degrades into a whitish waxy substance towards the basal portion of lamina/twigs. inflorescence axillary; flower not seen; pedicel 6 mm. fruit capsule, hemi inferior, reinwardtia [vol.12 448 arranged most likely in 3s, but seen as in pairs, as the third fruit might had been lost, globose or subglobose, 14 mm long x 18 mm diameter when dehiscing, loculicidally dehiscing, 3 locular, each with dividing placenta, making up of (pseudo) 6celled capsule (fig. 1d), exocarp scabrid, lined with longitudinal sulci (fig. 1c), the mesocarp lignified, shiny; placenta axillary, oblique, almost reach to the inner wall of the loculli; hypanthium cup-shaped, enclosing 1/3 of capsule, 6 mm high x 14 mm diameter, base concave at the insertion of pedicel; calyx 5 lobes, apex acuminate; staminal remains between calyx and capsule. seed not seen. notes. comparison to x. confertiflorus merr.: the specimens examined were pre-identified as x. confertiflorus merr. as this species is the westernmost xanthostemon species in indonesia, available at bo. close examination showed some differences from x. confertiflorus as described by merrill (1952). in bo, there are only three specimens of x. confertiflorus, all from celebes (soroako: w. meijer 11090, soroako, luwu: ramlanto ram160, kabaena: mcdonald & ismail 3854). the leaf shape outline is similar between the natuna and celebes specimens, but other attributes differ: 1. the presence of trichomes on the young twigs, petiole and abaxial surface of the lamina of the natuna specimens which is not recorded by merrill for x. confertiflorus: “ut videtur arbor vel arbor parva omnino glabra” (merrill, 1952). 2. axillary inflorescence in the natuna materials. in x. confertiflorus merr. the inflorescense appeared terminal (pseudoterminal). wilson (1990) mentioned that in xanthostemon, the inflorescence is always axillary or pseudoterminal. 3. bigger capsule compared to x. confertiflorus merr. in x. confertiflorus merr. (w. meijer 11090), the capsule is 10 mm long (from the base of calyx) x 13 mm diameter when dehiscing, as almost exactly described by merrill (1952). in pi0240 the capsule is 14 mm long x 18 mm diameter when dehiscing. as the overall size of the capsule is bigger than x. confertiflorus merr., the calyx and the placenta are of bigger size as well. the placenta is long, almost reaching to the inner wall of the loculi, unlike x. confertiflorus merr., which only shortly protruded from the central axis. 4. the presence of sulci along the capsule exocarp surface, which is absent in x. confertiflorus merr. ecology and distribution. politically the natuna islands are included in riau islands province, however, geographically included in the borneo group, as they are situated at its westernmost extremity. natuna besar is the main and biggest island of the group; the whole is extensively exploited for its oil and natural gas. forested areas are left at some unwanted lands as lowland freshwater swamp and kerangas and at the slopes of hills and mountain (the highest is mt. ranai, 1000 m alt.). no nature conservation scheme is set in the surrounding area. the specimens are collected from a slope of gunung sekunyam, natuna besar island, indonesia at 350 m altitude (03° 39' 883'' n, 108° 14' 756'' e). the surrounding habitat is still considered as lowland mixed forest, which suffered from quite recent commercial logging. the last comprehensive botanical excursion in the area was undertaken by van steenis & henderson, but the presence of xanthostemon was not recorded (steenis, 1932). the genus xanthostemon consists of about 45 species, distributed in philippines, new guinea, solomon islands, 19 endemic species in new caledonia (dawson, 1992), 13 species in australia (wilson, 1990) and westward toward palawan. in indonesia (celebes), it is represented by only one species: x. confertiflorus merr. (merrill, 1952). despite numerous biological and botanical excursions had been carried out in great island borneo, which lies between natuna and celebes, there is no record of xanthostemon in plant species lists; the genus is completely absent throughout borneo. the distribution pattern of the genus, with its center in new caledonia, had showed disjunction by this finding. it could have existed previously in borneo and surrounding islands as well, but subsequently become restricted to natuna. since the genus is not known in borneo, the occurrence of x. natunae in natuna is evidence of vicariance. vernacular name. pelawan punai (natuna). traditional use. the bark is taken, and the “dust” on its surface is traditionally applied onto the face and skin as mosquito repellent and sunscreen by forest wanderers. specimen examined. natuna islands, pulau natuna besar, gunung sekunyam: f.n. rangkuti, s.m. leksono & a. sedayu st0239 (bo). acknowledgements i thank fardi rangkuti for a detailed field note of 2009] sedayu: new species of xanthostemon from natuna, indonesia 449 the plant collection of natuna. i thank the curator of bo for permission to conduct detailed observation on the xanthostemon materials. l. craven (csiro, australia) is acknowledged for providing the latin diagnosis and discussions of the manuscript. i also thank s. sunarti & z. fanani (bo) for their valuable discussions. merrill, e.d. 1952. notes on xanthostemon f. mueller and kjellbergiodendron burret. journal of arnold arboretum 33: 150–161. steenis, c.g.g.j. van. 1932. botanical results of a trip to the anambas and natoena islands with “notes on the vegetation of djemadja” by m.r. henderson. bulletin du jardin botanique de buitenzorg. ser iii. 12: 151–211. references wilson, p.g. 1990. a revision of the genus xanthostemon (myrtaceae) in australia. telopea 3: 451–603. dawson, j.w. 1992. xanthostemon f. mueller. flore de la nouvelle-caledonie 18: 162–216. fig. 1. xanthostemon natunae sedayu. a. infructescence, b. twigs and base of petiole with trichomes, c. capsule with sulcus, d. dehiscing capsule showing placentation. photos taken from specimen f.n. rangkuti, s.m. leksono & a. sedayu pi0240 (bo). a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(3) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociolog y and ecolog y vol. 12(3): 205-259. 22 desember 2006 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lip1, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 3, pp: 223 – 235 evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology of subtribe aeridinae (orchidaceae) topik hidayat department of biological education, faculty of mathematic and natural science education, indonesia university of education (upi); jl. dr. setiabudi 229 bandung 40154 indonesia; e-mail: topik28@yahoo.com tomohisa yukawa tsukuba botanical. garden, national. science museum; 1-1, amakubo 4, tsukuba, tel. +81-(0)29-853-8475; e-mail: yukawa@kahaku.go.jp motomi ito department of general systems sciences, graduate school of arts and sciences, the university of tokyo; komaba 3-8-1, meguro-ku, tokyo, tel. +81-(0)3-5454-6638; e-mail: cmito@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp abstract hidayat, topik; yukawa, tomohisa; ito, motomi. 2006. evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology of subtribe aeridinae (orchidaceae). reinwardtia 12(3): 223–235. –– pollinarium is one of the distinct synapomorphies of orchidaceae. with using characters derived from the pollinarium, phylogenetic relationships among genera of subtribe aeridinae was examined. cladistic analysis showed that (1) subtribe aeridinae is monophyletic group. (2) five of six groups constructed in the analysis are consistent with the groups recognized in previous molecular phylogenetic analyses. (3) the genera cleisostoma and phalaenopsis are non-monophyletic group. (4) pollinarium morphology endorses monophyly trichoglottis and phalaenopsis alliances. (5) although transformation of the stipe and viscidium shapes in the subtribe is subjected to parallelism, the results showed that these characters are much useful in determining relationships in the subtribe than those of pollinium. keywords: aeridinae, orchidaceae, pollinarium, cladistic abstrak hidayat, topik; yukawa, tomohisa; ito, motomi. 2006. analisis evolusi morfologi polinaria pada subtribe aeridinae (orchidaceae). reinwardtia 12(3): 223–235. –– di dalam famili orchidaceae, polinarium merupakan salah satu ciri pembeda dari famili tumbuhan angiospermae lainnya, dan berperan dalam menyediakan karakter bagi penelitian-penelitian taksonomi dan filogenetika. polinarium tersusun dari polinium dan organ-organ tambahan seperti kaudikel, stipe dan viscidium. dengan menggunakan karakter morfologi dari polinarium, hubungan filogenetika diantara marga-marga yang tergolong ke dalam subtribe aeridinae (famili orchidaceae) telah diteliti. analisis kladistik dengan melibatkan 90 jenis (50 marga) menunjukkan bahwa: (1) subtribe aeridinae adalah kelompok monofiletik. (2) lima dari enam kelompok monofili yang dihasilkan sesuai dengan beberapa kelompok yang dihasilkan dari penelitian sebelumnya berdasarkan karakter molekuler. (3) dua marga yaitu cleisostoma dan phalaenopsis bukan kelompok monofiletik. (4) meskipun hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakter bentuk stipe dan viscidium mengalami evolusi paralel, kedua karakter ini secara taksonomi lebih berguna dibandingkan polinium. kata kunci: aeridinae, orchidaceae, pollinarium, kladistik introduction the pollinarium is defined as pollinia, a pollen mass, and accessory organs such as a caudicle, a stipe, and a viscidium. in orchidaceae, this feature is an informative source both in taxonomy and phylogenetics (freudenstein and ramussen 1996) and has been considered to be less subject to parallelism than are other floral features (chase 1987). in particular, pollinia characters have been used as a cardinal marker for classification systems such as brown (1810) and lindley (1826). further, micromorphology of pollinia has often given a great impact on the classification in various orchid groups (e.g., ackerman and williams 1980,1981; schill and wolter 1986; zavada 1990; freudenstein 1991,1994). chase (1987), on the other hand, has used pollinarium structure in clarifying systematic problems in subtribe oncidiinae. the orchid subtribe aeridinae is a large, diversed group with many taxonomic and phylogenetic problems among the members. the subtribe comprises 103 genera with approximately 1350 species, distributed throughout warm temperate asia to tropical asia and australia, and 223 mailto:topik28@yahoo.com mailto:yukawa@kahaku.go.jp mailto:cmito@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp 224 reinwardtia [vol.12 the pacific islands in the east. two genera, taeniophyllum and acampe, extend the distribution as far west as tropical africa. vegetative parts of the subtribe are characterized by monopodial growth and highly developed velamentous layers of roots adapted to epiphytic life form. the pollinarium parts are characterized by two or four hard pollinia with a definite stipe and a viscidium. several genera are further characterized by a column foot and a spurred lip. most systematic work in the subtribe has been concentrated at the generic level (e.g., garay 1972; christenson 1994). several workers, however, have attempted to trace relationships at higher levels. schlechter (1926) subdivided subtribe aeridinae into two groups on the basis of presence or absence of the column foot. the usefulness of pollinia characters (number and aperture) to subdivide this group was outlined by smith (1934) and was further elaborated by holttum (1958), senghas (1988), seidenfaden (1988) and dressler (1993), but they neglected information of the shape of stipe and viscidium. our recent study of molecular phylogenetics based on plastid matk, a maturase-coding gene, and internal transcribed spacers (its) of nuclear ribosomal dna sequences recognized 14 monophyletic groups within the subtribe (topik et al., 2005). the result is inconsistent with previous classifications of the subtribe such as schlechter (1926) and senghas (1988). in addition, the result indicated parallel evolution of characters such as pollinium number and presence or absence of column foot. although diversity in pollinarium structure in subtribe aeridinae has been studied (szlachetko 2003), no satisfactory conclusion existed in relation with the process leading to character evaluation, which would then be useful in inferring phylogenetic evidence. in this study, therefore, we re-examined phylogenetics implication of pollinarium morphology in subtribe aeridinae with emphases on the structure of stipe and viscidium in more explicit cladistic approach. the cladistic analysis is useful for evaluating previous systems of classification in providing a concrete, explicit set of characters, and coding (gravendeel 2000). materials and methods a total of 90 species that represent 50 genera in subtribe aeridinae, five genera of subtribe angraecinae, and a single genus of subtribe aerangidinae were examined. the two latter subtribes have been recognized as the sister group to subtribe aeridinae on the basis of morphological characters (dressler 1993) and macromolecular characters (jarrell and clegg 1995; cameron et al., 1999; chase 2005; van den berg et al., 2005). the plant materials are shown in table 1. t able 1. plant materials examined in this study. taxon sources voucher 1 2 3 tribe vandeae subtribe angraecinae angraecum germinyanum hort. sand. ex hook.f. aeranthes orthopoda toill.-gen.,ursch & bosser cribbia confusa p.j. cribb jumellea sagittata h.perrier calyptrochilum christyanum (rchb.f.) summerh. subtribe aerangidinae podangis dactyloceras schltr. subtribe aeridinae abdominea minimiflora j.j.sm. adenoncos parviflora ridl. aerides flabellata rolfe ex downie aerides houlletianum rchb.f. aerides krabiensis seidenfaden aerides odorata lour. acampe ochracea hochr. acampe rigida (buch.-ham. ex sm.) p.f. hunt amesiella monticola j.e. cootes & d.p. banks ascocentrum ampullaceum schltr. ascocentrum christensonianum j.r. haager ascocentrum garayi christenson ascocentrum pusillum averyanov tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg na na tbg133855 tbg140595 tbg134582 na b200107222 tbg142425 tbg144183 tbg85031 tbg118176 tbg118480 tbg180168 tbg56086 tbg123790 tbg133686 na tbg145826 tbg100228 tbg130213 2006] hidayat et.al.: evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology 225 taxon sources voucher 1 2 3 ascochilus siamensis ridl. brachypeza zamboangensis (ames) garay ceratocentron fesselii senghas ceratochilus biglandulosus blume chiloschista parishii seidenfaden christensonia vietnamica j.r. haager cleisomeria lanatum lindl. ex g.don cleisostoma arietinum (rchb.f.) garay cleisostoma aff. gjellerupii (j.j.sm.) garay cleisostoma javanicum (bl.) garay cleisostoma weberi (ames) garay cleisostoma uraiense (hayata) garay & h.r. sweet doritis pulcherrima lindl. dyakia hendersoniana (rchb.f.) christenson gastrochilus calceolaris d.don gastrochilus obliquus kuntze grosourdya callifera seidenf. haraella retrocalla kudo holcoglossum subulifolium (rchb.f.) christenson hygrochilus parishii pfitzer lesliea mirabilis seidenf. luisia amesiana rolfe malleola witteana j.j.sm. & schltr. ex schltr. micropera philippinensis lindl. micropera spp micropera spp microsaccus griffithii (par. & rchb.f.) seidenf. neofinetia falcata hu. omoea philippinensis ames paraphalaenopsis laycockii (m.r. hend.) a.d. hawkes pelatantheria ctenoglossum ridl. phalaenopsis amabilis blume phalaenopsis appendiculata carr phalaenopsis chibae t. yukawa phalaenopsis fasciata rchb.f. phalaenopsis lowii rchb.f. pomatocalpa kunstleri j.j.sm. pomatocalpa spicatum breda pteroceras fragrans (ridl.) garay pteroceras pallidum (bl.) holttum pteroceras semiteretifolium h.a. pedersen renanthera bella j.j.wood renanthera angustifolia hook.f. renanthera spp rhyncostylis coelestis rchb.f. rhyncostylis gigantea (lindl.) ridl. rhyncostylis retusa (l.) blume robiquetia cerina (rchb.f.) garay robiquetia bertholdii schltr. saccolabium pusillum bl. sarcoglyphis comberi (j.j.wood) j.j. wood schoenorchis fragrans (parish & rchb.f.) seidenf. & smitin. schoenorchis paniculata bl. schoenorchis secundiflora j.j.sm. sedirea japonica (l. linden & rchb.f.) garay & hr. sweet seidenfadenia mitrata (rchb. f.) garay staurochilus ionosma schltr. stereochilus aff. dalatensis (guill.) garay thrixspermum centipeda lour trichoglottis latisepala ames var. tricarinata t. hashimoto trichoglottis philippinensis lindley trichoglottis pusilla rchb.f. trichoglottis wenzeilli ames trudelia cristata (lindl.) senghas trudelia pumila (hook.f.) senghas tuberolabium escritorii (ames) garay tuberolabium odoratissimum (j.j.sm.) garay vanda roeblingiana rolfe vanda tricolor lindley ventricularia tenuicaulis (hook.f.) garay tbg tbg tbg tbg thai (chiang mai) tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg thai (chiang mai) tbg tbg tbg thai tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg thai (bangkok) tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg mal (cameron highland) tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg tbg thai (chiang mai) tbg144146 tbg145835 tbg133203 tbg144188 na tbg118224 tbg126617 tbg84208 or 118430 cult. k. tsukahara na tbg128820 na tbg118344 tbg133581 tbg142434 na tbg145840 tbg133078 tbg141082 tbg118479 tbg145844 tbg128939 tbg140471 na tbg118437 tbg141027 tbg129769 tbg140668 tbg133261 tbg134851 tbg118382 tbg145847 na tbg115846 tbg145726 tbg144316 tbg145833 na na tbg140670 tbg133232 tbg134821 tbg124337 tbg140551 tbg100261 tbg78872 tbg118423 tbg126665 tbg125177 tbg145481 tbg144127 na tbg140487 na tbg145832 tbg141188 tbg130159 tbg127489 tbg118459 tbg79675 na tbg132859 tbg130161 na tbg118899 tbg141159 na tbg118900 na tbg145846 the materials were collected from tsukuba botanical garden-japan (tbg), thailand (thai) and malaysia (mal). na= not available 226 reinwardtia [vol.12 fig. 1. pollinarium diversity of some represented genera in subtribe aeridinae (a-h) and the angraecoids group (i-k). a. brachypeza zamboangensis. b. pelatantheria ctenoglossum. c. malleola witteana. d. phalaenopsis lowii. e. schoenorchis fragrans. f. cleisomeria lanatum. g. micropera philippinensis. h. thrixspermum centipeda. i. calyptrochilum christyanum. j. angraecum germinyanum. k. podangis dactyloceras. p= pollinium, c= caudicle, s= stipe, v= viscidium. for pollinarium preparation, the methods described in chase (1987) were used with several modifications. pollinarium morphology was observed only from living materials due to the fact that: (1) the caudicle is easy to dry and dissolve in alcohol and permits the pollinia to fall away, (2) the viscidium is easy to change its shape in alcohol, and (3) intact pollinaria are easy to remove. pollinaria were observed using a light microscope and a stereo-dissecting microscope, illustrated on a drawing book, photographed using a stereo dissecting microscope, and stored in 70% ethanol. the cladistic analysis was conducted with paup version 4.0 v 10 (swofford 1998). homogeneous genera were represented by a single species only, whereas larger, more variable genera were represented by several species. in total, 59 taxa were used in the analysis. all character states were equally weighted and unordered (fitch 1971). the data set was analyzed by the heuristic search method with tree bisection-reconnection (tbr) branch swapping and the multrees option on, saving all most parsimonious trees (mpts). evaluation of internal support of clades was conducted by the bootstrap analysis (felsenstein 1985) with 1,000 replicates, simple stepwise addition, tbr branch swapping, and the multrees option off. the number of steps, consistency indices (ci), and retention indices (ri) were calculated on one of the mpts using the tree scores command in paup*. 2006] hidayat et.al.: evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology 227 results characters as found in some orchid groups, e.g., subtribe oncidiinae (chase 1987), a substantial diversity of the pollinia (p); the caudicle (c), thread connecting between the pollinia and the apex of the stipe; a cellular stipe (s), thread connecting between the caudicle and viscidium; and a sticky viscidium (v), viscid plate adhering to the pollen vector (fig. 1-a) was observed in subtribe aeridinae. in this study, we found some typical features of pollinarium structure in subtribe aeridinae; the stipe is flattened of variable width and length and the pollinia orientation when four is typically superposed, the pairs of pollinia are stacked one on another. characterization and scoring were made for each character state and were summarized in table 2. polliniumin their molecular phylogenetic study, topik et al., (2005) suggested the ancestral condition of two pollinia in subtribe aeridinae. most genera studied have either compressed or globular pollinia. only a single genus, thrixspermum (fig. 1-h), has peculiar pollinia shape, triangular. phalaenopsis (fig. 1-d), doritis, and lesliea have pollinia that ventrally attach to the stipe. stipesubtribes angraecinae and aerangidinae, the outgroups of our study, have diversed shape of stipe. predominantly, they have a separate double stipe, of which each part is either attached to a separate viscidium (e.g., angraecum; fig. 1-j) or share a common viscidium (e.g., podangis; fig. 1-k), but a few have a single stipe (e.g., calyptrochilum; fig. 1-i). in contrast, the stipe of subtribe aeridinae is always single with great diversity in shape. for example, cleisomeria (fig. 1-f) has a “y”-like stipe whereas malleola (fig. 1-c) has a “wing”-like stipe. length of stipe within subtribe aeridinae varies very much. we scored very long stipe (> seven times longer than the diameter of pollinia) (e.g., micropera; fig. 1-g) to be the derived state due to the fact that no outgroup taxa demonstrates this state. the stipe shape varies from strap-like (e.g., brachypeza; fig. 1-a), linier (e.g., micropera; fig. 1-g), to very broad (e.g., pelatantheria; fig. 1-b). chase (1987) used this character as a major feature to infer the affinity of subtribe oncidiinae. caudiclethe caudicle facilitates pollinia to divide into each pollinium (rasmussen 1986). freudenstein and rasmussen (1999) showed that the caudicle is one of important states for orchid relationships. the prominent state seems to be stable in a few genera examined such as brachypeza (fig. 1-a). table 2. pollinarium characters and polarization characters. no. characters character states 1. number and aperture of pollinium 0= two-cleft or porate 1= two-entire 2= four 2 shape of pollinium 0= compress~globular 1= triangular 3. attachment of pollinium 0= apical 1= ventral 4. number of stipe 0= double 1= single 5. length of stipe 0= short~long (< seven times of diameter pollinium 1= very long (> seven times of diameter pollinia) 6. shape of stipe 0= narrow 1= strap 2= rectangular 3= linier 4= broadening at apex (“wing”-like) 5= broadening toward the apex 6= “y”-like 7. basal caudicles 0= not prominent 1= prominent 8. shape of viscidium 0= triangular 1= quadrangular 2= more and less oval 3= surfboard-like 4= irregular 9. broad viscidium 0= absent 1= present viscidiumthe viscidium plays role in attaching the pollinia to an insect allowing the pollinia to be carried to another flower. fruedenstein and rasmussen (1999) recognized detachable group of viscidium (sticky pad-like structure), against to diffuse group, a much less elaborate structure, looking like a glue. in subtribe aeridinae, we recognized five states: triangular, quadrangular, oval, surfboard-like and irregular. in addition, a 228 reinwardtia [vol.12 very broad viscidium was found in several genera such as schoenorchis (fig. 1-e). tree topology 102,5 mpts, with length= 25 steps, ci= 0.80, and ri= 0.89 were generated from the analysis of nine characters and 59 taxa (table 3). the tree shown in fig.2 is strict consensus of the 1025 mpts. although the tree is not well resolved as deduced by the low bootstrap percentages (bp<50) in most clades, six groups are recognized. all the ingroup taxa share an apomorhic states, a single stipe. group i includes ascochilus, brachypeza, grosourdya, and pteroceras, which is defined by the prominent basal caudicle, strap-like stipe, and two pollinia. phalaenopsis, doritis, and lesliea make up group ii, characterized by the ventral attachment of pollinia to the apex of stipe and broadening stipe toward the apex. group iii has a quadrangular viscidium, two pollinia, and a strap-like stipe, comprising robiquetia, omoea, maleolla, aerides, holcoglossum, ascocentrum, christensonia, neofinetia, rhyncostylis, vanda, and trudelia. pollinarium morphology in all of the members of group iv is defined by the linier, very long stipe. oval viscidium characterizes micropera, sarcoglyphis, and dyakia, whereas seidenfandenia has quadrangular viscidium. placement of three sampled species of cleisostoma, namely, c. weberi, c. arietinum, and c. javanicum, suggests a close relationship to schoenorchis and pelatantheria (group v), because they all have a very broad viscidium; viscidium shape is either surfbroad-like or irregular. group vi comprises trichoglottis, staurochilus, ceratochilus, and ventricularia, all of which share a quadrangular viscidium and four pollinia. discussion characteristics of morphological data in cladistic analyses of morphological data, support values such as bootstrapping (felsenstein, 1985), bremer support (bremer, 1988), and jackknifing (farris, 1996) are often much lower than those in cladistic analyses of molecular data. many groups are only supported by a few characters, simply because the ratio of characters to taxa is small and many of these characters are homoplasious (freudenstein and rasmussen 1999). in these cases, support indices become less important to evaluate the robustness of each clade. in this study only group v had bootstrap percentages more than 50 (fig. 2). intergeneric relationships pollinarium morphology has provided valuable source of characters to evaluate hypothesis of relationships within subtribe aeridinae. although the number of character found here is somewhat meager (only nine characters), pollinarium analysis has added another features from which such systematic information may be derived. smith (1934) noticed that the shape of stipes and viscidium could be useful characters in determining major systematic groups in subtribe aeridinae. in accordance with the results of molecular phylogenetic analysis based on matk and its regions (topik et al., 2005), the results of pollinarium analysis (fig. 2) supported the monophyly of subtribe aeridinae. moreover, five of the six groups recognized in the pollinarium analysis agree with groups resulted in molecular phylogenetic analysis (topik et al., 2005). group i, consisting of brachypeza, ascochilus, pteroceras, and grosourdya, is considerably appeared to be a monophyletic group because this group has a synapomorphic state, the prominent basal caudicle. several genera recognized as phalaenopsis alliance in molecular analyses (topik et al., 2005) have pollinia attached ventrally to the broadening stipe toward the apex. moreover, we confirmed that genus phalaenopsis is non-monophyletic group as has been reported in previous study (topik et al., 2005). as depicted in fig. 2, within this group, species of phalaenopsis is split according to their pollinium number: one is with two pollinia and the other is with four pollinia. according recent study of molecular phylogenetic of phalaenopsis and allied genera (see detail in yukawa et al., 2005), the latter has been transferred to the genus doritis. most members of the aerides alliance examined here: aerides, holcoglossum, ascocentrum, christensonia, neofinetia, rhyncostylis, vanda, and trudelia merged in group iii, by the quadrangular viscidium and long stipe (< seven times longer than the diameter of pollinium). further, some of the traditional character states have defined this group. these character states include a long leafy stem, a stout column, and a broad epichile of the lip (christenson 1987, 1994). an exception is seidenfadenia, which is embedded within group iv due to having very long stipe. 2006] hidayat et.al.: evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology 229 table 3. data matrix for the cladistic analysis. character numbers as in table 2. no taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 abdominea miniflora 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 adenoncos parviflora 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 3 aerides odorata 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 4 acampe ochracea 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 5 amesiella monticola 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 6 angraecum germinyanum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 armodorum sullingii 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 8 ascocentrum ampullaceum 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 9 ascochilus siamensis 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 10 brachypeza zamboangensis 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 11 ceratocentron fesselii 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 12 ceratochilus biglandulosus 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 13 chiloschista parishii 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 14 christensonia vietnamica 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 15 cleisomeria lanatum 2 0 0 1 0 6 0 2 0 16 cleisostoma arietinum 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 1 17 cleisostoma aff. gjellerupii 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 18 cleisostoma javanicum 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 1 19 cleisostoma weberi 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 1 20 cleisostoma uraiense 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 21 doritis pulcherrima 2 0 1 1 1 5 0 0 0 22 dyakia hendersoniana 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 2 0 23 gastrochilus calceolaris 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 24 grosourdya callifera 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 25 haraella retrocalla 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 26 holcoglossum subulifolium 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 27 hygrochilus parishii 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 28 lesliea mirabilis 2 0 1 1 0 5 0 0 0 29 luisia amesiana 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 30 malleola witteana 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 1 0 31 micropera philippinensis 2 0 0 1 1 3 0 2 0 32 microsaccus griffithii 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 33 neofinetia falcata 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 34 omoea philippinensis 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 35 paraphalaenopsis laycockii 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 36 pelatantheria ctenoglossum 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 4 1 37 phalaenopsis amabilis 1 0 1 1 0 5 0 0 0 38 phalaenopsis appendiculata 2 0 1 1 0 5 0 0 0 39 phalaenopsis fasciata 0 0 1 1 0 5 0 0 0 40 phalaenopsis chibae 2 0 1 1 0 5 0 0 0 41 phalaenopsis lowii 2 0 1 1 1 5 0 0 0 42 pomatocalpa kunstleri 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 43 pteroceras semiteretifolium 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 44 renanthera angustifolia 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 45 rhyncostylis retusa 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 46 robiquetia bertholdii 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 47 saccolabium pusillum 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 48 sarcoglyphis comberi 2 0 0 1 1 3 0 2 0 49 schoenorchis fragrans 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 1 50 sedirea japonica 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 51 seidenfadenia mitrata 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 2 0 52 staurochilus ionosma 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 53 stereochilus aff. dalatensis 2 0 0 1 0 5 0 2 0 54 thrixspermum centipeda 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 55 trichoglottis latisepala 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 56 trudelia pumila 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 57 tuberolabium escritorii 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 58 vanda tricolor 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 59 ventricularia tenuicaulis 2 0 0 1 0 4 0 1 0 230 reinwardtia [vol.12 fig. 2. strict consensus tree of 1025 mpts (length= 25 steps, ci= 0.80, ri= 0.89) derived from pollinarium morphology. bootstrap percentage of >50 is given about branch. black bars are synapomorphies transformed only once and gray bars are synapomorphies transformed more than once. character numbers are above bars and states are indicated below. 2006] hidayat et.al.: evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology 231 fig. 3. stipe reconstruction mapped on one molecular tree (topik et al., 2005). 232 reinwardtia [vol.12 fig. 4. viscidium reconstruction mapped on one molecular tree (topik et al., 2005). 2006] hidayat et.al.: evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology 233 the grouping of dyakia, sarcoglyphis, seidenfadenia, and micropera (group iv) provides insight into affinities among them. they are united by very long stipe. molecular phylogenetic analyses showed that these four genera have polyphyletic relationships (topik et al., 2005). heterogeneity of a large, complex genus cleisostoma recognized by molecular tree (topik et al., 2005) has been confirmed in the present study. three sampled species of cleisostoma (c. weberi, c. javanicum, and c. arietinum), pelatantheria and schoenorchis are united (group v) by a unique synapomorphic state, broad viscidium with either irregular or surfboard-like in shape. the remaining two sampled species of cleisostoma (c. gjellerupii and c. uraiense) are scattered in the tree. as found in our molecular analysis (topik et al., 2005), trichoglottis alliance contains trichoglottis, ceratochilus, staurochilus, and ventricularia, and that this group also share a morphological character, raising tongue across the spur from the column base to the spur base (seidenfaden, 1988). a pollinarium character state, quadrangular viscidium, is further support this grouping. evolution of stipe and viscidium the significance of stipe and viscidium characters has been received much attention in orchid taxonomy for a long time (e.g., williams 1970a, 1970b, 1972; chase 1987). since this study showed that the shape of stipe and viscidium varies greatly in subtribe aeridinae, we tested the evolutionary trend of these characters. using macclade 3.05 under accelerated character transformation (acctran) optimization, we thus mapped the character states of stipe and viscidium shape onto one tree derived from molecular data (topik et al., 2005). as shown in fig. 3, seven states of stipe shape were recognized in the subtribe in which the narrow stipe is the ancestral state. the strap-like stipe that appeared once is likely an intermediate form from which other derived states are evolved. while the linier stipe likely evolved four times, the wing-like and broadening toward the apex stipes probably appeared two times. the rectangular and “y”-like stipes occurred once. the viscidium shape, on the other hand, comprises four states in which the triangular shape represents the plesiomorphic state (fig. 4). the quadrangular and oval viscidiums were shown to evolve three times and twice respectively, whereas the broad irregular or surfboard-like viscidium appeared once. on the other hand, reversal occurred once from the quadrangular to the triangular viscidiums. these facts indicated that changes of states both in stipe and viscidium shapes occurred repeatedly in subtribe aeridinae as many other similar evolutionary events are found in orchidaceae. pollinarium versus pollinators relationships between the diversity of pollinarium morphology in subtribe aeridinae and their pollinators still remain unresolved. pollinia characters are not likely to be correlated with particular classes of pollinators as the hard pollinium cannot be used as food by pollinators. besides, pollinia are enclosed within an anther cap so that not visible by pollinators; color and shape of pollinia are not related to pollinators preferences. it seems logical to suppose that there is no direct relationship between pollinium characters and pollinators in subtribe aeridinae. however, there is an assumption that the diversity of pollinarium structure could be stimulated under the influence of evolutionary interactions between flowers and pollinators (cozzolino et al., 2001). it is well known that morphological characters of stipe and viscidium are directly related with functions in pollination (dressler 1981, 1993). the stipe plays a role in determining efficiency of pollination in which, if long, the pollinia are relatively easy to reach stigma to initiate pollination. viscidium is functioned in transportation of the pollinia from one flower to another via a pollinator as “vehicle” to which it is attached. consequently, its shape (and size as well) seems likely to be a factor in mechanism of attachment to the pollinator’s body either the head or the trunk. accordingly, with having of a broad viscidium enable plant prone to attach to the pollinator’s body and lead to an increased probability of pollination, or the reverse. the diversity of stipe and viscidium found in this study, therefore, indicate diversity of evolutionary interactions between flowers and pollinators in the subtribe, which would then promote diversity of pollinarium structure as a whole. conclusion the reconstruction of cladogram based on pollinarium morphology has substantially illuminated systematic usefulness of this feature in subtribe aeridinae. the results supported the monophyly of subtribe aeridinae. five of six groups revealed in this analysis fit with groups recognized in the molecular data of subtribe aeridinae. pollinarium morphology endorses monophyly of trichoglottis and phalaenopsis alliances and supports non-monophyly of 234 reinwardtia [vol.12 cleisostoma and phalaenopsis indicated by molecular characters. although transformation of the stipe and viscidium shapes in the subtribe is subjected to parallelism, the results showed that these characters are much useful in determining relationships in the subtribe than those of pollinium (number and aperture) as indicated by our previous molecular analyses (topik et al., 2005). further cladistic analysis through rigorously examining more characters of pollinarium morphology and utilizing more taxon intensities will improve the results and reveal more reliable hypothesis on relationships of subtribe aeridinae. outputs from pollination biology of the group are much needed to understand the character evolution of the pollinarium. acknowledgement the authors are much indebted to kazuhiro suzuki for skilful cultivation of the plants. this study was partly supported by a grant-in-aid for scientific research from jsps (mi). references ackerman, j.d.; williams, n.h. 1980. pollen morphology of the tribe neottieae and its impact on the classification of the orchidaceae. grana 19:7-18. ackerman, j.d.; williams, n.h. 1981. pollen morphology of the chloraeinae (orchidaceae: diurideae) and related subtribes. am. j. bot. 68:1392-1402. bremer, k. 1988. the limit of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. 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university 23:149-212. gravendeel, b. 2000. reorganizing the orchid genus coelogyne: a phylogenetic classification based on morphology and molecules. national herbarium nederland, universiteit leiden branch, nederland holttum, r.e. 1958. evolutionary trends in the sarcanthine orchids. proc of the second world orchid conference. harvard university printing office, cambridge, massachusetts, usa jarrell, d.c.; clegg, m.t. 1995. systematic implications of the chloroplast-encoded matk gene on the tribe vandeae (orchidaceae). am. j. bot. 82 (supplement):137. lindley, j. 1826. orchidearum sceletos. richard taylor, london. rasmussen, f.n. 1986. ontogeny and phylogeny in the orchidaceae. lindleyana 2:114-124 schill, r.; wolter, m. 1986. on the presence of elastoviscin in all subfamilies of the orchidaceae and the homology to pollenkitt. nordic j. bot. 6:321-324 schlechter, r, 1926. das system der orchidaceen. notizblatt des botanischen gartens und museums zu berlin-dahlem 9:563-591. 2006] hidayat et.al.: evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology 235 seidenfaden, g. 1988. orchid genera in thailand xiv: fifty-nine vandoid genera. opera botanica 95:1-357. senghas, k. 1988. eine neue gliederung der subtribus aeridinae (= sarcanthinae). die orchidee 39(6):219-223. smith, j.j. 1934. artificial key to the orchid genera of the netherlands indies, together with those of new guinea, the malay peninsula and the philippines. blumea i:194-215 swofford, d.l. 1998. paup*4.0b10. phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). version 4. sinauer associates, sunderland, massachussets, usa szlachetko, d.l. 2003. gynostemia orchidalium iii. acta botanica fennica 176:1-311 topik, h.; yukawa, t.; ito, m. 2005. molecular phylogenetics of subtribe aeridinae (orchidaceae): insight from plastid matk and nuclear ribosomal its sequences. j. plant res. 18:271-184 van den berg, c; goldman, d.h; freudenstein, j.v; pridgeon, a.m; cameron, k.m; chase, m.w. 2005. an overview of the phylogenetic relationships within epidendroideae inferred from multiple dna regions and recircumscription of epidendreae and arethuseae (orchidaceae). am. j. bot. 92: 613-624 william, n.h. 1970a. some observations on pollinaria in the oncidiinae. am. orchid soc. bull. 39: 32-43 william, n.h. 1970b. some observations on pollinaria in the oncidiinae-ii. am. orchid soc. bull. 39:207-220 william, n.h. 1972. additional studies on pollinaria in the oncidiinae. am. orchid soc. bull. 41: 222-230 yukawa, t; kita, k; handa,t; topik, h; ito, m. 2005. molecular phylogenetics of phalaenopsis (orchidaceae) and allied genera: re-evaluation of generic concept. acta phytotax. et geobot. 56: 141-162 zavada, m.s. 1990. a contribution to the study of pollen ultra-structure of orchid pollinia. ann. missouri bot. gard. 77: 785-801 instruction to authors taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 3. 2006 contents page benito c. tan, boon-chuan ho, virgilio link, eka a.p. iskandar, ipah nurhasanah, lia damayanti, sri mulyati and ida haerida. mosses of gunung halimun national park, west java, indonesia ,.... 205 s. dewi. stachylidium pallidum dewi sp. nov. from java 215 w.j.j.o. de wilde, b.e.e. duyfjes and r.w.j.m. van der ham. anangia, a new monotypic genus of cucurbitaceae from east mollucas 219 topik hidayat, tomohisa yukawa and motomiito. evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology of subtnbe aeridinae (orchidaceae) 223 dolly priatna, kuswata kartawinata and rochadi abdulhadi. recovery of a lowland dipterocarp forest twenty two years after selective logging at sekundur, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia 237 marthen t. lasut. a new species of ischaemum from sulawesi 257 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia haldepan 65-134-1-sm topik hidayat tomohisa yukawa motomi ito taxon sources voucher 1 2 3 micropera spp renanthera spp rhyncostylis retusa (l.) blume staurochilus ionosma schltr. trichoglottis wenzeilli ames characters no abdominea miniflora acampe ochracea ceratocentron fesselii rhyncostylis retusa halbel r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 2, pp. 163 188 (1957) florae malesianae praecursores xv the genus gaultheria in malaysia by h. sleumer* summary in this revision of the malaysian species of the genus gaultheria kalm ex l. 24 species and 9 varieties resp. forms are recognized. among the new taxa described are 9 species and 1 variety. the localities of the revised material are given in detail. an index to specimens is added. although our knowledge of the genus gaultheria has increased considerably in the last 25 years by the description of numerous new species, by local floras and partial revisions, limited to certain phytogeographic areas or to some natural groups of species, no general treatment has been undertaken, since de candolle in 1839 enumerated the 43 species known at the time in the 'prodromus'. airy-shaw published in 1940 a 'classification of the asiatic species of gaultheria', which includes a few malaysian and north american species. he designates 5 sections (incl. 3 series), and gives keys to the species of the smaller units. after having studied all the malaysian, asiatic, and australian species of gaultheria, to get a view on their mutual relationships, i tried to extend airy-shaw's classification to the gaultherias of malaysia and australia. soon it became apparent, that his system has a weak spot in the sect. gymnobotrys (g. leucocarpa bl. and its allies) with so called 'eperulate' inflorescences, a character which does not exist in a proper sense, as the perulae may be reduced in number and size or are so early caducous, that they are practically absent at flowering time. also in other characters the connection of g. leucocarpa bl. with the sect. leucothoides airy-shaw (containing the bulk of the asiatic species) is so narrow, that a distinction of these two sections, which comprise the majority of the malaysian gaultherias, becomes uncertain. it is clear, that a general system of gaultheria can only be reached by a thorough knowledge of all species of the genus. to work out such system goes beyond the scope of my actual work, and it is for that * flora malesiana foundation, leyden. . — 163 — 164 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] h. sleumek: gouts gaultheria reason, that i have omitted to give any classification into natural units here, which would be fragmentary and premature only. working further with the genus, which has attracted me since many years, i hope to be able to publish a complete system in a future paper. the present work gives the basis of my treatment of gaultheria, to appear later in the flora malesiana where descriptions of all species in english language will be included; it offers a key to the species, the latin descriptions of the new7 taxa., and the localities of all species, taken from a large number of herbarium specimens, which have been at my disposal through the courtesy of the directors of the following institutions: arnold arboretum (a) bogor (bo) brisbane (bri) florence (fi) gray herbarium (gil) kepong (kep) leiden (l) the material preserved in british museum (bm) edinburgh (e) has been studied during a stay lae (lae) melbourne (mel) new york (ny) manila (pnh) stockholm (s) kuching (sar) singapore (sing) utrecht (u) kew (k) paris (p) in these herbaria. g a u l t h e r i a kalm ex l. gaultheria kalm ex linnaeus, sp. pi, 1: 395. 1753; bl., bijdr. 856. 1826; dc, prodr. 7: 592. 1839; miq., fl. ind. bat. 2: 1055. 1859; ann. mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 1: 40. 1863; clarke in hook., fl. br. ind. 3: 456. 1882; k. & g. in j. as. soc. beng. 74, ii: 68. 1906; koord.-schum., syst. verz. fam. 233, p. 107. 1912; koord., exk. fl. java 3: 9. 1912; j. j. s. in k. & v., bijdr. booms. 13: 113. 1914; men-., en. philip. 3: 246. 1923; ridl., fl. mai. pen. 2: 212. 1923; dop in fl. gen. i.-c. 3: 720. 1930; copel. f. in philip. j. sc. 47: 57. 1932; steen. in bull. jard. bot. btzg iii, 13: 204. 1934; airy-shaw in kew bull. 1940; 306. 1941; sleum. in bot. jahrb. 72: 211. 1942; amshoff in back., bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 7b fam. 162, p. 4. 1948. key to the species 1. bracteoles alternate, resp. subopposite and inserted on the pedicel in a marked distance from the calyx, or, in case of very short and condensed inflorescences or solitary nearly sessile flowers, alternate, i.e. one bracteole inserted below, the other high on the pedicel resp. nearly under the calyx. 2. flowers in axillary (lateral) racemes. 3. racemes rather short, few-flowered; bracts mostly small, occasionally (and only in part) in form of reduced leaves. leaves up to 2.5 by 1.6 cm. 165 4. stem ± upright. leaves obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, (0.8—) 1—2 by 0.3— o.c(—0.7) cm. branchlets minutely pubescent. (formosa), philippines (luzon), br. n. borneo l.g. bonieensis. 4. stem ± prostrate. leaves ovate, (1—) 1.2—1.8(—2.5) by (0.7—)0.8—1.4(—1.6) cm. branchlets finely pubescent and setulose, or setulose only. 5. rhachis and pedicels finely pubescent only. (corolla shortly 5-iobed. filaments villose their entire length). sumatra 2. g. atjehensis 5. rhachis setulose only, not pubescent. pedicels glabrous. 6. corolla shortly 5-lobed, densely short-pilose inside. filaments laxly subpatentpilose in their middle, glabrous at the base and apex. java. . 3. g. solitaria c. corolla deeply 5-cleft, completely glabrous inside. filaments papillose. sumatra 4. g. dialypetala j 3. racemes ± elongate, normally many-flowered. leaves at least 3 by 2 cm., mostlymuch larger. 7. branchlets with scattered sessile glands, glabrous otherwise. pedicels shortpilose, not glandular-pilose at all, mostly glabrescent upwards, resp. almost glabrous immediately under the calyx. sumatra 5. g. acroleia 7. branchlets finely pubescent and rather long ± patent-glandular-setulose. pedicels pilose, with a ringof dense, patent, glandular setulose hairs immediately under the calyx. sumatra 6. g. barbulata 2. flowers axillary, in fascicles or solitary (in the latter case sometimes forming a leafed terminal raceme, when present in the axils of all upper decrescent leaves). 8. flowers in few-flowered fascicles. 9. branchlets glabrous or practically so. reticulation not impressed on the leafsurface. 10. leaves ovate, rounded at the base, 5.5—9.5 by 3.5—5.5 cm. sumatra 7. g. kemiriensis 10. leaves elliptic to broadly ovate-lanceolate, acute at the base, 3.5—4.5 by 1.8—2.5 cm. sumatra 8. g. losirensis 9. branchlets rather densely clothed with ± longish bristles. reticulation ± distinctly impressed on the leaf surface. sumatra 9. g. abbreviata 8. flowers solitary (resp. forming a terminal leafed raceme). 11. stem weak, creeping. each tooth of the lamina ending in a fina long-ish ± persistent bristle. (himalaya, se. tibet, assam, upper burma, sw. china), sumatra, java, bali 10. g. nwmmularioides 11. stem stiff. each tooth of the lamina thickly and ± obtusely gland-tipped. 12. leaves lanceolate-ovate to elliptic-ovate, cuneate to rounded at the base. fruit calyx ± red-purplish at maturity. new guinea 11. g. mundula 12. leaves ovate, ± distinctly cordate at the bass. fruit calyx white at maturity. 13. leaves not or very slightly setose at the midrib beneath only. new guinea. 12a. g. tanythrix var. tanythrix 13. leaves l,axly setose all over the lower surface. new guinea. 12b. g. tanythrix var. setifolia 1bracteoles strictly opposite, inserted on the pedicel immediately under the calyx. 14. flowers in not or not properly leafed racemes or panicles. 15. flowers in terminal panicles, or flowers both in terminal panicles and solitary axillary (only upper) racemes, i.e. the upper 3—4 racemes forming a panicle which may bear one or the other reduced leaf. 166 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] h. sleumer: genus gaultheria 167 16. branchlcts glandular-setose or -setulose. leaves manifestly setose underneath. 17. panicles stoutish and rather short. rhachis and pedicels densely hirtellous. 18. leaves sessile or nearly so, the base cordate. celebes. 13a. g. celebica var. celebica 18. leaves 5—10 mm petiolate, the base ± rounded. celebes. 13b. g. celebica var. petiolata 17. panicles slender, ± elongate. rhachis and pedicels clothed with fine rather lax hairs. new guinea 14. g. gracilescens 16. branchlets finely pubescent or glabrous. 19. branchlets ± sharply trigonous, resp. winged by the decurrent petioles. panicles exclusively terminal. sumatra, java, bali . . . . 15. g. punctuba, 19. branchlets terete or nearly so, the petioles not decurrent. both terminal panicles and solitary (upper) racemes present in the same specimen. 20. leaves cordate at the base. new guinea 16. g. arfakana 20. leaves broadly cuneate to rounded at the base. 21. leaves elliptic to suborbicular, or broadly obovate-elliptic, obtusely attenuate to rounded at the apex, laxly to rather densely blackish-punctate beneath. malay peninsula 17. g. malayana 21. leaves oblong-ovate, acutely acuminate at the apex, not punctate underneath. java?, sumatra? 18. g. intermedia 15. flowers in solitary racemes only, these both in the lower and upper subsequent axils of normal leaves, the uppermost raceme often seemingly terminal. 22. leaves pubescent beneath. corolla pubescent. 23. leaves (laxly) longish glandular-pubescent, especially on the lower surface and along the margin, the teeth minute, each of them ending in a longish glandular bristle-like hair. malay peninsula 19. g. hiria 23. leaves glabrous above, rather densely shortly non-glandular-hairy beneath, the teeth ± coarse, each of them ending in a very short thick glandular point. sumatra 22b. g. leucocarpa var. hirta 22. leaves and corolla glabrous. 24. leaves short-acuminate at the apex. 25. leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, cuneate at the base, very laxly or not punctate underneath. corolla subcampanulate, 3.5—4 by 3(—4) mm celebes 20. g. viridiflora 25. leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic, rarely elliptic-oblong, broadly attenuate to rounded at the base, mostly manifestly laxly punctate underneath. corolla cylindric-urceolate, 5—6(—7) by c. 3 mm. 26. ovary densely pubescent or hirsute. new guinea . . . . 21. g. -pullet 26. ovary glabrous or nearly so. new guinea . . 21a. g. pullei var. leiothecci 24. leaves ± subcaudateor elongate-acuminate at the apex (± ovate, the base rounded to cordate, rarely broad-attenuate). 27. ovary densely pubescent or hirsute. 28. inflorescence glabrous, or practically so. 29. fruit white or rose tinged at maturity. sumatra, java. 22a. g. leucocarpa f. leucocarpa 29. fruit deep-red or purple to blackish at maturity. (s.w. china, upper burma, indochina, siam), malay peninsula, sumatra, java, philippines. 22c. g. leucocarpa f. cumiiigiana 28. inflorescence densely short-pubescent. 30. fruit white or pink tinged at maturity. malay peninsula, sumatra, java. 22d. g. leucocarpa f. scandens 30. fruit blackish purple tinged at maturity. malay peninsula, sumatra, java. 22e. g. leucocarpa f. melanocarpa 27. ovary glabrous or practically so. philippines (mindanao, negros, luzon). 22f. g. leucocarpa var. psilocarpa 1.4. flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. 31. flowers subsequent, i.e. in the axils of all upper (manifestly decrescent) leaves, thus a leafed raceme is formed. branchlets somewhat winged, glabrous. 32. ovary glabrous. new guinea . . 23a. g. novaguineensis var. novaguineensis 32. ovary manifestly pubescent. new guinea. 23b. g. novaguineensis var. pascua 31. flowers remote, i.e. in the axils of some and generally not subsequent upper (slightly or not decrescent) leaves. branchlets terete, setulose. sumatra. 04. g. pernettyoides 1. gaultheria borneensis stapf. gaultheria borneensis stapf in trans. linn. soc. ser. 2. bot. 4: 190, t. 15 f. c ~4—6. 1894; rendle in j. bot. 34: 355. 1898; merr. in philip. j. sc. 3: bot. 378. 1908; gibbs in j. linn. soc. bot. 42: 101. 1914; merr., en. born. 465. 1921; en. philip. 3246. 1923; steen. in bull. jard. bot. btzg iii, 13: 205. 1934; sleum. in bot. jahrb. 71: 141. 1940, in text. — g. benguetensis copel. f. in philip. j. sc. 47; 58, pi. 1 f. 4,5. 1932; steen. in bull. jard. bot. btzg iii, 13: 205. 1934. br. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 3350—3960 m, haviland 1085 (k, type of g. borneensis); gibbs 4421; clemens 277s3, 23861, 29954, 32328, 50807, 51405. philippines. l u z o n : mountain prov., 1800—3000m: benguet, loher 3755, 3756; pauai to baguio, merrill 4796 (k; pnh, type of g. benguetensis, f; us, not seen) ; mt pauai, b. sci. 4283, 4286 means; f.b. 14438 darling (cit. copeland, not seen); b. sci. 8421 mcgregor; merrill 710; clemens 9206 (cit. copeland, not seeni ; b. sci. 31839 santos; b. sci. 82377 quisumbing & sulit; mt pulog, b. sci 44977 ramos & edano; pnh 4345 celestino; lepanto, b. sci. 5955 ramos; mt data, clemens 16393 (cit. copeland, not seen), 18778. "n.w. central luzon", whitehead s.n. 2. gaultheria atjehensis j. j. s. gaultheria atjehensis j. j. smith in fedde rep. 35: 293. 1934 (atjehense) ; steen. bull. jard. bot. btzg 13: 205. 1934; airy-shaw in kew bull. 1940: 313. 1941; i.e. 1 5 8 , /• 3. 1948. sumatra. a t j e h : bur ni telong, 2500 m, frey-wysslivg 27 (bo, type; l) ; mt kemiri, e slope, 2900—3314 m, van steenis 9580; mt losir, 2950—3500 m, van steenis 8643. 3. gaullheria solitaria sleum., nov. spec. jfruticulus, ramulis gracilibus (2 mm diam.), ut videtur, prostratis. famulus unicus 25 cm longus extat, teres, in sicco rubescens, laxe setulosus el basibus setularum tantum permanentibus nigro-punctatus, ceterum 168 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] h. sleumer: genus gaidtht 169 apicem versus laxe brevissime pubescens. folia ovata, apice breviter acuminata, glandula crassa prorumpente terminata, basi rotundata, ± coriacea, in sicco supra nigrescenti-brunnea, subtus dilute castanea, utrinque subnitida, supra glabra, subtus passim caduce brevissime setulosa seu punctata, ± regulariter serrata, dentibus glandulosis obtusis 1—2 mm distantibus 0,3—0.5 mm altis, haud ciliato-setulosis, 1,8—2,5 cm longa, 1,2—1,5 cm lata, costa supra immersa, subtus prominente, nervis lateralibus e basi et inieriore tertio costae enascentibus pinnatis utroque latere 3 alte ascendentibus, supra levissime vel haud impressis, subtus prominulis, venis ± transversis subtus tantum prominulis, rete venularum laxo supra leviter impresso, subtus prominulo; petiolus crassiusculus, setulosus, c. 2 cm longus. racemi solitarii, ut videtur ex axillis 2 ultimis enascentes (apice ramuli destructo haud viso), c. 2—3 cm longi, basi pluribracteati, 6—8-flori. rhachis crassiuscula, laxe setulosa. pedicelli glabri, c. 3—5 mm longi, in axilla bracteae foliaceae 3—6 mm longae, 2—8 mm latae (id est, in axilla foliorum apicem inflorescentiae versus gradatim reductorum) instructi, supra basin vel fere ad medium bracteolis 2 suboppositis ovatooblongis parvulis ornati, ceterum in apice, sed paullo a calyce distanter bracteola minuta praediti. calyx 3 mm longus, lobis ovato-acuminatis c. 2 mm longis, extus glabris, intus puberulis, ciliolatis. corolla urceolata, c. 5,5 mm longa, extus glabra, intus (certe infra medium) manifeste puberula, lobis 1—1,5 mm longis. stamina 10; filamenta linearia, in media parte ± patenter subvilloso-pilosa ceterum glabra, c. 2 mm longa; antherae haud bene evolutae. ovarium glabrum vel parcissime pilosum; stylus glaber 2,5 mm longus. java. p a s u r u a n : g. kembar (g. ardjuno), vaccinietum, 2900 m, fl. 7-1918, bremekamp s.n. (bo, type; l, fragm.). 4. gaultheria dialypetala sleum., nov. spec. frutex prostratus, ramis pluribus 30—40 cm longis, e radice tuberculato-incrassata abeuntibus, ramulis teretibus, gracilibus (1—2 mm diam.), parum ramosis, per totam longitudinem sat dense pilis setosis ruf is ± patentibus tenuibus c. 1,5 mm longis eglandulosis obsitis, haud puberulis, sat dense foliatis. folia ovata, apice breviter acuminata, glandula prorumpente valde crassa terminata, basi rotundata vel latissime attenuata, coriacea, supra in sicco brunneo-nigrescentia, subtus castanea, utrinque subnitida, supra, glabra, subtus laxe brevissime caduce setulosa vel nigropunctata, ± regulariter serrata, dentibus prorsus versis caduce setulosociliatis 1—2 mm distantibus vix 0,5 mm altis, margine paullo revoluta, (1—)1,2—1,8(—2) cm longa, 0,8—1,3 cm lata, costa supra leviter imprestsa, subtus bene prominente, nervis lateralibus c. 3(—4) paribus alte ascendentibus supra parum, subtus magis conspicuis, rete venarum subtus prominulo; petiolus laxe setulosus 1—2 mm longus, crassiusculus. racemi ex axillis ultimis 3—5 orti, abbreviati, inferiores 3—5-flori, summi 2-flori vel ad florem unicum reducti. rhachis 0,5—1,5 cm longa, glabra, basi bracteis parvis 2—3 instructa. pedicelli glabri, 1—2(—3) mm longi, basi bractea oblonga ciliolata c. 2 mm longa, superne bracteolis 2 ovatis alternantibus a calyce breviter, sed distincte remotis instructi. calyx 4 mm longus, lobis ovato-acuminatis, acutiusculis, ciliolatis, extus glabris, intus secus medianam puberulis, c. 2,5 mm longis. corolla alba, urceolata, paullo 5-angulata, utrinque glabra, 4 mm longa, initio, ut videtur, breviter, sub plena anthesi profundius 5-lobata, corollis denique ad 3/4 longitudinis fissis. stamina haud bene evoluta; filamenta (possibiliter haud normalia) anguste subulata, papillosa; antherae haud visae. ovarium sat dense flavidopilosum; stylus 3 mm longus, pilis patentibus nonnullis instructus. sumatra. w e s t c o a s t : top g. talakmau (mt ophir), boulder plain, common, 2900m, fl. white, 2-6-1917, biinnemeijer 978 (bo, type; l, fragm.). note. in accordance with other cases of deeply split corollas in ericaceae, especially in vactinium, which apparently are due to insects (galls), i suspect, that in g. dialypetala also galls might be the cause of the anomalies noticed in the corollas and stamens. 5. gaultheria acroleia sleum., nov. spec. frutex. ramuli apice subangulati vel applanati, deorsum cito teretiusculi, sparse glandulis sessilibus, id est basibus setularum caducarum persistentibus adspersi, ceterum omnino glabri. folia subovatoelliptica vel subovato-oblonga, apice sensim sat breviter acuminata, glandula terminali crassa instructa, basi late cuneata interdum subrotundata, subcoriacea usque coriacea, rigiduia, opaca, supra m sicco* olivaceo-brunnea, subtus pallidiora rubescenti-brunnea, regulariter serrulata, dentibus ± 1 mm altis et 1,5—2(—3) mm distantibus caduce setuloso-ciliatis, subobtusis, supra glabra, subtus laxe usque subdense glanduloso-punctata, (3—)4—-7(—8) cm longa, (2—)2,2—3(—3,5) cm lata, costa, nervis venisque supra ± distincte impressis, costa sudtus valde prominente, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 5(—6) curvatis alte ascendentibus praeter marginem anastomosantibus subtus prominentibus, venis ± transversis subtus parum elevatis, venulis subobscuris; petiolus supra canaliculatus, glaber, 7—9 mm longus. racemi ex axillis superioribus singuli, basi bracteis 2 ovatis vel ovato-oblongis acutiusculis subcoriaceis subglabris c. 4 mm longis et 2,5 mm latis mox caducis fulti, (3—) 3,5—5 cm longi, patuloerecti, sat multiflori. rhachis rigidiuscula, basi 1,5 mm diam., densissime pilis tenuissimis crispulis albido-flavescentibus apice minute caduce glanduliferis instructa, pilis setosis glanduliferis nullis. pedicelli subgraciles, inferne sicut rhachis pubescentes, superne saepius manifeste glabrescentes itaque infra calycem omnino glabri, sub anthesi 6—-8 mm longi, postea elongati, basi bractea ovato-oblonga pubescente 2—3 mm longa, 1,5—2 mm lata, m infenore tercio usque ad medium bracteolis 2 suboppositis ovato-lanceolatis, pubescentibus, c. 2 mm longis et 1 mm latis instructi. calyx 2,5 mm longus, lobis ovatis subacutis dorso glabris, intus parce pubescentibus, ciiiatis. corolla urceolata, alba vel rosacea, extus glabra, intus laxe pubescens, c. 5 mm longa, 2,5 mm diam., apice paullo contracta et brevissime 5-loba. stamina 10, dimidium corollae aequantia; filamenta 170 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 supra basin dilatata, papillosa, inferne laxe pubescentia; antherae ovatooblongae, tubulis brevissimis sat longe (c. 0.7 mm) biaristatis. ovarium dense pubescens; stylus 2,5 mm longus, inferne pubescens, superne glaber. fructus subgiobosus, c. 6 mm diam., calyce carnosulo atrescente. sumatra. a t j e h: gajo and alas lands, mt kemiri, e. slope, bivouac 2 to summit, 2900—3314 m, fl., fr. imm. 7-3-1937, van steenis 96h (a, k; l, t y p e ) ; putjuk angasan, 2500 m, van steenis 8^18; mt losir, 2250—3500 m, van steenis sa85, 8570, 8606, 8680. 6. gaultheria barbulata sleum., nov. spec. frutex. ramuli apice paullo applanati, ceterum subteretes, sat dense brevissime albido-pubescentes et subpatenter longe glanduloso-subsetosopilosi, in sicco saturate rubro-brunnei. folia ovata vel oblongo-ovata, apice breviter sat abrupte acuminata, subacuta, glandula minuta terminata, basi in petiolum contracta, subtruncato-rotundata vel -subcordata, firmule subcoriacea, utrinque opaca, in sicco castanea, subtus paullo pallidiora, ad costam nervosque utrinque brevissime pubescentia, ceterum supra glabra, subtus initio per totam faciem subdense, ad costam et nervos densius pilis setosis brevibus basi incrassatis instructa, demum basibus setularum persistentibus manifeste punctata, regulariter serrulata, dentibus caduce glanduloso-ciliatis 0,5 mm altis et ± 1 mm distantibus, (3—) 3,5—6 cm longa, (2—)2,5—3,5 cm lata, costa supra bene impressa, subtus crasse prominente, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 4—5 longe arcuatoascendentibus, supra sicut venae in sicco levissime immersis, subtus elevatis, venis transversis subtus conspicuis, venulis minus distinctis; petiolus setulosus, 3—6 mm longus. racemi axillares simplices subgraciles 4—8 (—10) cm longi, multiflori. rhachis dense pilis albidis vel flavescentibus ± patentibus brevissimis laxeque pilis setulosis (1—1,5 mm longis) glanduliieris instructa, basi bracteis paucis e±to caducis instructa, florendi ternpore quasi eperulata. pedicelli sat graciles 6—8 mm longi, dense brevissime pilosi laxeque glanduloso-setuliferi, basi bractea ovato-lanceolata acuta pubescente c. 2.5 mm longa fulti, in medio vel supra medium bracteolis 2 ± distincte alternantibus ovato-acuminatis pubescentibus c. 1,5 mm longis, a calyce certe 1 mm (vel longius) remotis instructi, infra calycem annulo pilis glanduliferis densissimis formato quasi barbulati. calyx 2 mm, lobis ovatis, utrinque dense subadpresse pubescentibus, haud glanduloso-pilosis. corolla urceolato-cylindrica, extus glabra, intus patenter pilosula, c. 6 mm longa, 3,5 mm diam.. brevissime 5-lobata. stamina 10; filamenta supra basin dilatata, inferne laxissime pilosula, ceterum papillosa, 2,5 mm longa; antherae late oblongae, curvatae, c. 1 mm longae, tubulis brevissimis apice longe (c. 1 mm) biaristatis. ovarium dense albido-erecto-pilosum; stylus sat dense patenter pilosus, in summo apice tantum glaber, c. 3 mm longus. fructus haud visus. sumatra. a t j e h : gajo and alas lands, putjuk angasan, bivouac 1—2, 2500m, fl. 28-1-1937, van steenis 837k (l. type). 1957] h. sleumbr: genus gaultheria 171 7. gaultheria kemiriensis sleum., nov. spec. frutex. ramuli graciles subangulati, in sicco saturate rubrobrunnei, glabri. folia, ovata, apice breviter acuminata, subacuta, glandula crassa terminata, basi ± rotundata, coriacea, supra in sicco olivaceo-brunnescentia, subtus rubescenti-brunnea, opaca, supra glabra, subtus sat dense punctulata ceterum glabra, adpresse glanduloso-serrulata, dentibus prorsus versis vix 0,2—0,4 mm altis, 1,5—3 mm distantibus setula caduca terminatis, 5,5—9,5(—10,5) cm longa, 3,5—5,5(—6) cm lata, costa supra leviter impressa, subtus crasse prominente, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 2(—3), infimis e laminae basi, superioribus supra basin a costa abeuntibus alteque usque ad apicem ascendentibus, supra leviter impressis, subtus bene prominentibus, venis transversis cum venulis valde laxe reticulatis subtus tantum elevatis; petiolus 4—5 mm longus. fasciculi axillares 3— 7-flori, basi multibracteati. pedicelli sat graciles, sub anthesi 3—4 mm longi, postea usque ad 7 mm elongati, supra basin bracteolis 2 ovato-acuminatis instructi. calyx usque ad medium 5-partitus, 2,5—3 mm longus, glaber, lobis acutis. corolla breviter urceolata, viridis, glabra, c. 4 mm longa, 3 mm diam., breviter 5-loba. stamina, haud bene evoluta; filamenta papillosa, c. 1,5 mm longa; antherae reductae, apice 4-aristatae. ovarium dense flavido-pilosum; stylus glaber 3 mm longus. sumatra. a t j e h : gajo & alas lands, mt kemiri, e. slope, 2900—3314 m, fl. 7-3-1937, van steenis 965i (bo, type; l) ; ibid., van steenis 96k3; mt losir, bivouac 4 to 5, waterdivide, 2700—2800 m, van steenis 8535. 8. gaultheria losirensis sleum., nov. spec. frutex. ramuli leviter angulati, glaberrimi, in sicco saturate rubrobrunnei. folia elliptica usque late ovato-lanceolata, apice acuminata, subacuta, glandula crassa obtusa terminata, basi in petiolum cuneata, coriacea, supra glabra, subtus laxe usque subdense nigro-punctulata, in sicco brunnea, subtus paullo pallidiora, argute minuteque serrata, dentibus vix 0,5 mm altis caduce setiferis 2—3 mm distantibus, 3,5—4,5 cm longa, 1,8—2,5 cm lata, costa supra subimpressa, subtus prominente, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 2, extremis e basi orientibus praeter marginem excurrentibus, superioribus paullo supra basin laminae ortis usque ad laminae apicem ascendentibus, omnibus supra leviter immersis, subtus prominulis, venis sive nervis superioribus a costa transverse abeuntibus pluribus, cum venulis valde laxe reticulatis utrinque ± inconspicuis; petiolus robustus, 3—4 mm longus, c. 1,5 mm diam. fasciculi axillares 6—8-flori, basi bracteis bracteolisque numerosis ovato-acutis ciliatis ceterum glabris instructi. pedicelli crassiusculi, glabri, 6—8 mm longi. calyx profunde 5-lobus, glaber, c. 2,5 mm longus, lobis acutis apicem versus ciliolatis. corolla et stamina haud visa. ovarium sat dense flavescentihirtum; stylus glaber, c. 3 mm longus. fructus ignotus. sumatra. a t j e h : gajo and alas lands, mt losir, central top, bivouac 6, summit zone, 3300—3460 m, defl. 2-2-1937, van steenis 8568 (l, type). 172 r e i n w a r d t i a [ v o l . 4 9. gaultheria abbreviata j. j. s. gaultheria abbreviata j. j. smith in pedde rep. 35: 292. 1934; steen. in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 13: 204. 1934; airy-shaw in kew bull. 1940; 311. 1941; i.e. 158, f.l. 1948. sumatra. e a s t c o a s t : g . pinto, top, 2200 m , lorzing 8273. w e s t c o a s t : g. talakmau, nw slope, 1800 m, biinnemeijer 963; g. singgalang, above 2000 m, beccari a. 1878, lcefmans 46; ibid., top, 2800m, docters van leeuwen 3983 (a, bo; l, type). 10. gaultheria nummularioides d. don. gaultheria nummularioides d. don, prodr. fl. nepal. 150. 1825; wall., cat. n. 1524. 1829; g. don, gen. syst. 3: 839. 1834; royle, 111. 260, t. 63 f. 2 a-e. 1835; clarke in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 3: 457. 1882; hallier f. in med. rijksherb. 12: 28. 1912; koord., exk. fl. j a v a 3: 10. 1912; koord.-schum., syst. verz. fam. 233, p. 108. 1912; j. j. s. in k. & v., bijdr. booms. 13: 114. 1914; ridl. in j. fed. mai. st. mus. 8(4) : 57. 1917; koord., fl. tjib. fam. 233, p. 6. 1918; doct. v. leeuwen in trop. n a t u u r . 13: 99. /. 2. 1924; sp. moore in j. bot. 6 3 : suppl. 57. 1925; hochr. in candollea 2: 49g. 1925; heyne, nutt. pi. 1218. 1927; doct. v. leeuwen, pangrango 202, /. 45. 1933; steen. in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 13: 205. 1934; j. j. s. in merr. in contr. arn. arb. 8: 127. 1934; kanj. etc., fl. assam 3: 148. 1939; airy-shaw in kew bull. 1940: 314. 1941; amshoff in back., bekn. fl. j a v a (em. ed.) 7b fam. 162, p. 5. 1948. — g. repens bl., bijdr. 857. 1826; g. don, gen. syst. 3: 839. 1834; d c , prodr. 7: 593. 1839; hassk., cat. hort. btzg 160. 1844; zoll. in nat. geneesk. arch. n.i. 2: 9. 1845; miq., ann. mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 1: 41. 1863; nee rafin. 1828.—g. nummulariae d c , prodr. 7: 592. 1839.—g. trichophylla (non royle in dc.) hassk., retzia (ed. 1) 1: 108. 1855; in nat. tijd. n.i. 10: 108. 1856; retzia ed. nov. 1: 148. 1858; miq., fl. ind. bat. 2: 1056. 1859; koord. in nat. tijd. n.i. 60: 265. 1901.—pernettya repens (bl.) zoll. & mor., syst. verz. zoll. 42. 1846; zoll., verz. 2: 138. 1854; miq., fl. ind. bat. 2: 1054. 1859.—brossaea nummularioides (d. don) o. kuntze, rev. gen. pi. 2: 388. 1891, incl. a normal-is, jj glauca o. ktze. sumatra. a t j e h : gajo lands, mt losir, 2900—3460 m, van steenis 8647, 9589. e a s t c o a s t : g. sinabung, 2100—2560m, lorzing 8148; for. dep. f.m.s. 25092 symington; bartlett 8638; bangham 1178. w e s t c o a s t : g. k e r i n t j i , 2 3 0 0 — 3350 m, robinson & kloss s.n.; jaeobson 2474; holttum sf 26232; biinnemeijer 10033, 10393; g. m e r a p i , 2640 m, sehiffner 2355; g. t a l a n g , 2590 m, biinnemeijer 5520; g. singgalang, 2800 m, beccari p.s. 338; g. talakmau (ophir) 2700—2800 m, homer s.n., biinnemeijer 852, 852 a. p a l e m b a n g : mt d e m p o , 2745—3100 m, forbes 2443; ale voogd 1561. java. d j a k a r t a / p r e a n g e r : mt gedeh, 2135—2960 m, reinwardt s.n.; blume s.n. (l, type of g. repens) ; o. kiintze 4648; hallier 437; van steenis 1234c>, 17560; de voogd 737; koorders 26080; hub. winlder 1s20; docters van leeuwen 4185; yates 2796; clemens 30428; lam 406; moiler 4; mt pangrango, 2500—3000 m, kurz 1503; sapiin 2454; sehiffner 2379; bur ok s.n.; van steenis 17613; j. j. smith s.n.; beccari s.n.; koorders 31768; zollinger 437; docters van leeuwen 153, 272; mt malabar, 2135 m, anderson 150; tjibodas, scheffer s.n.; raap 815, sapiin 524; sindanglaya, hullet s.n.; " w . j a v a " , lobb 40; horsfield s.n.; leschenault s.n.; kollmann 1957] h. sleumer: genus gaultheria 173 s.n.; zollinger 2126; warburg 3314. b a n j u m a s : g . s l a m a t , 3 1 0 0 m , backer 523. s e m a r a n g : g. murjo, 700 m, kostermans 6340; g. u n g g a r a n , junghuhn s.n. k e d u: djieng, 2000—2150 m, backer 21582; van slooten 373; karsten 61; o. kuntze 5762; g. merbabu, 3100 m, docters van leeuwen s.n.; g. merapi, junghuhn 93. m a d i u n : g. lawu, 2900—3200m, van slooten 2563; coert 265, 1053; elbert 72. m a 1 a n g: g. lawangan, 1500 m, molhuysen s.n.; mousset 844; g. panadjaan, 2600 m, van slooten 2356; g. kawi, docters van leeuwen 12328; g. tengger, kobus s.n.; g. tengger-g. kembang, koorders 37521; g. welirang (ardjuno), 3000—3300 m, van steenis 7022; laitterbach 6152. b e s u k i : g. m e r a p i , i d j e n , 2 6 0 0 m , koorders 43168. bali. g. agung, de voogd 1943. 11. gaultheria mundula f. v. m. gaultheria mundula f. von mueller in trans. r. soc. viet. n.s. 1 (2) : 21. 1889; diels in bot. j a h r b . 62: 437. 1929; steen. in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 1 3 : 205. 1934; sleum. in bot. j a h r b . 72: 214. 1942.—diplycosia mundula (f. v. m.) schltr. in bot. j a h r b . 55: 162. 1918; lane-poole. for. res. 130. 1925; white & francis m proc. r. soc. queensl. 39: 68. 1928. new guinea. c e n t r a l h i g h l . : bismarck mts, wahgi valley watershed, 1585—2745m, gilliard s.n.; mt wilhelm, 3350—4570m, sample & rayner. n e . n e w g.: morobe distr., mt saruwaged 2000—4500 m, keysser 18; lane-poole 504; clemens 5890, 5891, 5892, 7289 a, 9505 a, 9552 a, 9598, 9.958 a; rawlinson range, 2135— 3655m, clemens 12319, 41140, 41389. se. n e w g.: centr. distr., summit of mt victoria, mcgregor s.n., anno 1889 (bri; mel, t y p e ) ; summit of owen stanley range, mcgregor s.n., anno 1889; mt knutsford, mcgregor s.n., anno 1889; mt scratchley, 3300—4300 m, gildianetti s.n.; wharton range, 3700 m, giulianetti & english s.n.; ibid., murray pass, 2800—2840 m, brass 4183, 4186, 4745; mt albert edward, 3680—3810 m, brass 4213, 4280, 4497. 1 2 . gaultherra tanythrix s l e u m . gaultheria tanythrix sleumer in bot. j a h r b . 72: 214. 1942. 12a. var. tanythrix. nw. new guinea. oranje mts, mt wilhelmina, 3750—3800 m, brass & meijer drees 10128 (a; l, type), 10342. 12b. var. setifolia sleum. var. sctifolia sleumer in bot. j a h r b . 72: 215. 1942. nw. n e w guinea. oranje mts, lake habbema, 3225 m, brass 9223 (a, bm; l, type). 13. gaultheria celebica j. j. s. gaultheria celebica j. j. smith in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg iii, 1: 404, i. 52. 1920; steen. i.e. i l l , 1 3 : 205. 1934. 174 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] h. sleumer: genus gaultheria 175 13a. var. celebica. c. celebes. quarles mts, g. sinadji, rachmat 887 (bo, type; l). 13b. var. petiolata j. j. s. var. petiolata 3.3. smith in fedde rep. 30: 171. 1932; bot. j a h r b . 68: 204. 1937. c e l e b e s . c. c e l e b e s : masamba, between tomadu and sing kalong, 1000— 1400 m, eyma 14.62. enrekang, ridge batubollong-madjadja, 2900 m, eyma 958; ibid., pokapindjang-tinabang, 2800—3000 m, eyma 626; b. poka pindjang, 2700 m, kjellberg 3918; rante lemo, 1800 m, kjellberg h85. sw. c e l e b e s : g. bantaeng (peak of bonthain), l400—2890 m, bunnemeijer 12242, 12394 (bo, type; k, l;. 14. gaultheria gracilescens sleum., nov. spec. frutex. ramuli brevissime sat dense pubescentes et patenter setulosi, teretes, in sicco brunneo-rubescentes. folia ovata usque oblongo-ovata, apice breviter subacute acuminata, glandula terminali minuta instructa, basi leviter cordata, subcoriacea, in sicco brunnescentia et opaca, supra costa brevissime pubescente excepta glabra, subtus sat dense breviter setulosa, vel demum setulis basi excepta caducis punctata, regulariter denseque serrulata, dentibus vix 0,5 mm altis initio seta gracillima terminatis, (2—)2,5—4,5(—5) cm longa, (1,5—)1,8—2,5(—2,8) cm lata, costa nervisque supra levissime impressis vel subobscuris, subtus distinctis, costa subtus crasse prominente, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 2—3 alte curvato-aseendentibus prope marginem inter sese conjunctis, inferioribus 1—2 e laminae basi, superioribus 1—2 supra basin orientibus, nervis aliis transverse a costa. abeuntibus seu venis pluribus cum venulis subtus: rete laxum prominulum formantibus; petiolus nigrescens, pubescens, laxe setulosus, parum applanatus, 1,5—2 mm longus, 1—1,5 mm crassus. paniculae terminales, e racemis ex axillis foliorum cito decrescentium ortis compositae, interdum racemis ex axillis foliorum normalium inferiorum enascentibus additis, racemis ipsis ± patentibus subdensifloris gracilibus, (4—) 5—12 cm longis. rhaches 0,5—0,7 mm diam., dense breviter subflavescenti-pubescentes laxeque setulosae. pedicelli dense flavido-pubescentes, c. 3 mm longi. bracteae ovatae, subacuminatae, pubescentes, 2—3 mm longae. bracteolae infra calycem insertae, subovato-semiorbiculatae, pubescentes, c. 1,5 mm longae. calyx sat profunde 5-partitus, 2,5 mm longus, dorso brevissime pubescens, lobis ovato-acutis dense ciliatis. corolla subcylindrico-urceolata, 4,5—5 mm longa, c. 2,5 mm diam., ore parum contracta, glabra. stamina 10, c. 2,5 mm longa; filamenta papillosa; antherae ovato-oblongae, tubulis brevissimis longe (c. 0,7 mm) biaristatis. ovarium albido-flavescenti-hirtum; stylus glaber, 3 mm longus. fructus maturus haud visus. nw. new guinea. wissel lake region, environs of post, fl. 5/6-1939, eyma 4937 (a; l, type; sing)) ibid., south border of lake paniai, from kotebu to tore river and lake, 1750 m, eyma 4480. 15. gaultheria punctata bl. gaultheria punctata bl, bijdr. 856. 1826; g. don, gen. syst. 3: 840'. 1834; dc, prodr. 7: 593. 1839; hassk., cat. hort. btzg 160. 1844; zoll. in nat. geneesk. arch. n.i. 2: 9. 1845; syst. verz. 2: 138. 1854; miq., fl. ind. bat. 2: 1055. 1859; ann. mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 1: 41. 1863; boerl. in veth, midden sumatra 22. 1884; gresh., schets. 33, fig. 1894; koord. in teysmannia 10: 454. 1899; sp. moore in 3. bot. 63: suppl. 57. 1925, non kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 46, ii: 215. 1877; for. fl. br. burma 2: 92. 1877, non h. & a. in hook., j. bot. 1: 281. 1834.—g. fragrantissima (non wall.) moritzi, syst. verz. zoll. 42. 1846; koord.-schum., syst. verz. fam. 233, p. 107. 1912; koord., exk. fl. java 3: 10. 1912; ridl. in j. fed. mai. st. mus. 8 (4): 57. 1917; koord., fl. tjib., fam. 233, p. 5. 1918; de voogd in trop. natuur 23: 82, /. 1. 1934; steen. in bull. jard. bot. btzg iii, 13: 2c6. 1934; merr. in not. nat. ac. nat. sc. philad. 47: 2. 1940.—g. fragrantissima wall. var. punctata (bl.) j. j. s. in k. & v., bijdr. booms. 13: 121. 1914; hochr. in candollea 2: 495. 1925; heyne, nutt. pi. 1217. 1927; doct. v. leeuwen, pangrango 198, /. b2. 1933; j. j. s. in merr. in contr. arn. arb. 8: 127. 1934; amshoff in back., bekn. fl. java (em. ed.) 7b, fam. 162, p. 5. 1948.—brossaea fragrantissima (non wall.) o. ktze, rev. gen. pi. 2: 388. 1891. sumatra. a t j e h : bur ni telong, 1800—2500m, frey-wyssling 28; van steenis 6331; laut pupandji, 2050 m, van steenis 6523; g. peeut sago, 2300 m, gall 86. e a s t c o a s t: mt sibajak, 1280—1980 m, yates 1974; bangham 1026; docters van leeuiven 12871; takigeum, 1220—1525 m, bangham 677; redelong volcano, 1095— 1830 m, bangham 908. t a p a n u l i : summit of dolok surunga, habinsaran, bartlett 8028. w e s t c o a s t : g. merapi, 2200—2600 m, schiffner 2357, 2376; bunnemeijer 4734, 4905; g. singgalang, 2400 m, matthew s.n.; yates 2465; beccari p.s. 22k; g. kerintji, 2225—3700 m, jacobson 2467; bunnemeijer 10023, 10024, 10150; robinson & kloss s.n.; g. talakmau 2400—2800 ra, bunnemeijer 835, 842; g. talang, 2350— 2400m, bunnemeijer 5219, 5508. p a l e m b a n g : mt dempo, 2500m, forbes 2439. b e n k u l e n : lebong-, pasir lebar, 1000m, de voogd 1125; g. pesagi, 2230m, van steenis 3678. l a m p o n g : mt besagi, 2140m, forbes 2055. without locality: korthals s.n. j a v a . d j a k a r t a / p r e a n g e r : mt g e d e , blume s.n. (l, t y p e of g. punctata) ; ibid., 2500—2900 m, hub. winkler 1818; schiffner 2360; docters van leeuwen 8714, 12961; kurz 2373; koorders 15612, 15639, 25987; lam 413; palmer & bryant 891; clemens 30429; yates 2802; backer 3289, 31302; hallier 436, 456; o. kuntze 4644; van steenis 17568; brascamp s.n.; mt papandajan, 2000—2400 m, korthals s.n.; koorders 4-2550; backer 5511; kjellberg s.n.; tjibodas, 2200—2600 m, koorders 9691, 31955; scheffer s.n.; mt pangrango, 2300—2500 m, moller 51; koorders 31825; van steenis 17617; burck s.n.; de monchy s.n.; beccari s.n.; tjibeureum, 1600 m, van steenis 1896; schiffner 2366; yates 2978; gegerbintang, 1400—2000 m, van steenis 11691; den berger 498; g. wayang, 1800—1900 m, junghuhn s.n.; forbes 847; g. patuha, 2200—2470 m, teysmann & scheffer s.n.; korthals s.n.; lb'rzing 1334, 1402; koorders 9692; reinwardt s.n.; van steenis 6893; g. tangkuban prahu, c. 1800 m, docters van leeuiven 11500; zollinger 86s; popta s.n.; junghuhn s.n.; holstvoogd 329; horst s.n.; g. masigit, 2050 m, backer 12388; g. guntur, 1500 m, koens 99; sindanglaja, ploem s.n.; garut, c. 1600 m, burck s.n.; bakhuizen v.d. br. 1660; " preanger", warburg 3293. s e m a r a n g : g . t e l e m o j o , 1880 m , koorders 36015. b a n j u m a s : g . s l a m a t , 3 1 0 0 m , backer 524. p a s u r u a n : g . a r d j u n o ( k e m b a r ) , 2 6 0 0 — 3 0 0 0 m , arcns s.n.; 17g r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 lautcrbach 6293; van steenis 11874; g. welirang, 2900 m, van steenis 7038. k e d u: g. sindoro, 3000 m, docters van, leeuwen 8946; djieng plateau, 2300 m, backer 21809; junghuhn s.n.; k e d i r i : g . k e l u d , 1 7 0 0 m , coert 1530. 16. gaultheria arfakana sleum. gaultheria arfakana sleumer in bot. j a h r b . 72: 215. 1942.—g. leucocarpa bl. var. papuana becc, malesia 1 : 213. 1878. nw. n e w guinea. mt arfak, hatam, c. 2000 m, beccari (herb. beccari 5780, p i , type; 5780 a, b, c) ; .nettoti, top, 1980 m, van roy en 3882. 17. gaultheria malayana airy-shaw. gaultheria malayana airy-shaw in kew bull. 1940: 304. 1941; henders. in mai. natur. j. 6: 263, /. 246 a, b. 1950.—g. fragrantissima (non wall.) k. & g. in j. as. soc. beng. 74, ii: 69. 1906; ridl. in j. fed. mai. st. mus. 6: 49. 1915; pi. mai. pen. 2: 212. 1923; henders. in j. mai. br. r. as. soc. 5: 256. 1927. malay p e n i n s u l a . p e r a k : g. kerbau (korbu), 1830m, h. c. robinson s.n. (bm; k, t y p e ) ; ibid., ridges above 1650m, f. dep. f.m.s. 32117 symington; cameron highl., 1370m, hancock s.n.; batten pooll s.n.; ibid., g. terbakar, 1370m, henderson 10991; f. dep. f.m.s. 36233 symington; g. batu brinchang, f. dep. f.m.s. 36505 ja'amat & yalip; g. batu puteh, summit, scortechini 405; wray 879 (cit. k. & g., not seen), 1580 (cit. k. & g., not seen). 18. gaultheria intermedia j. j. s. gaultheria intermedia j. j. smith in med. rijksherb. 30: 1, /. 1, pi. 1916; steen. in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 13: 205. 1934. java or sumatra: junghuhn 96 (l, type). 19. gaultheria hirta ridl. gaultheria hirta ridley in j. fed. mai. st. mus. 6: 49. 1915; fl. mai. pen. 2: 213. 1923; steen. in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 13: 205. 1934. malay p e n i n s u l a . p e r a k : g. kerbau, c. 1525 m, h.c. robinson s.n. (bm; k, t y p e ) ; ibid., c. 1370m, haniff (herb. ridley 16307). 20. gaultheria viridiflora sleum., nov. spec. frutex c. 1 m altus. ramuli subteretes, glaberrimi, in sicco saturate brunneo-rubescentes. folia ovato-oblonga vel ovato-lanceolata, apice sensim acuminata glandulaque terminata, basi cuneata, subcoriacea, supra in sicco olivacea vel brunnea, subtus pallidiora, opaca, glabra, subtus haud punctata, sat regulariter serrata, dentibus ± 1 mm altis et 2—3 mm distantibus glandula obtusatis, 4—5,5(—6) cm longa, (1,7—)2—3 cm lata, costa supra plana vel subimmersa, subtus prominente, in sicco rubescente, nervis lateralibus utroque latere c. 4 alte curvato-ascendentibus interque sese anastomosantibus, supra, parum conspicuis, subtus prominentibus, 1957] h. sleumer: genus gaultheria 177 venis venulisque sat dense reticulatis, plerumque subtus tantum distinctius elevatis; petiolus incrassatus, glaber, 2—3(—4) mm longus, 1 mm diam. racemi simplices plerumque axillares, solitarii, interdum axillares et pseudoterminales, graciles, erectiusculi, 8—12-flori, sub plena anthesi jam eperulati. rhachis ± 0,5 mm diam., sicut pedicelli sat dense brevissime patenter pubescens. pedicelli 3—5 mm longi, basi bractea lanceolata ciliata 2—3 mm longa, apice infra calycem bracteolis 2 ovatis ciliatis 2 mm longis instructi. calyx in vivo rubescens, 2,5 mm longus, glaber, lobis ovatis ciliolatis. corolla subcampanulata, in vivo viridescens, 3,5—4 mm longa, 3(—4) mm lata, fere ad medium 5-loba, glabra, stamina 10; filamenta linearia papillosa, 1 mm longa; antherae ovato-oblongae c. 1,5 mm longae, tubulis brevissimis dorso breviter biaristatis. ovarium flavescenti-hirtum; stylus glaber 2 mm longus. fructus, ut videtur, atroviolaceus, c. 6 mm diam. c. c e l e b e s . enrekang, ridge batubollong-madjadja, arid, sandy ridge nnw madjadja, open country, 2900 m, fl. green-white, base reddish, 24-6-1937, eyma 957 (l, type), 968; latimodjong mts, rantemario, 2700 m, frequent, fl. 6-1929, kjellberg 3791 (s) ; between tinabang and rante mario, 3000—3300 m, fl., fr. 17-6-1937, eyma 681. 21. gaultheria pullei j. j. s. gaultheria pullei j. j. smith in med. rijksherb. 25: 7. 1915; nova guinea 12 (5): 513. 1917; i.e. t. 207. 1918; steen. in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 13: 205. 1934; sleum. in bot. j a h r b . 72: 214. 1942.—g. calycidata wernh. in trans. linn. soc. 2. ser. bot. 9: 93. 1916; steen. in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 13: 205. 1934.—g. fragrantissima wall. var. papiiana j. j. s. in nova guinea 12 (2): 143. 1914; steen. in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 13: 205. 1934. 21a. var. pullei. n e w g u i n e a . w. p a r t : mt goliath, 3200—3450 m, de kock 67 (bo, type of g. fragrantissima var. papuana), 82, 157; mt treub, 2400 m, pulle 1108 (k; l, type of g. pullei; u ) ; utakwa river to mt carstensz, 2530—3200 m, kloss (bm, type of g. calyculata) ; mt wilhelmina, 11 km ne of wilhelmina top, 3450 m, brass & meyer drees 9763; lake habbema, 3225m, brass 9051. n e . p a r t : morobe distr., mt saruwaged, samanzing, 2500—2600 m, clemens 9375; ulap trail, clemens u1139. c. h i g h l a n d s : behind nondugl, bismarck mts, wahgi valley watershed, 2745 m, gilliard s.n.; se. p a r t : centr. distr., wharton range, murray pass, 2840 m, brass 4621; mt tafa,.235o—2700m, brass 4066, 4176, 4849. 21b. var. leiotheca (sleum.) sleum., stat. nov. gaultheria leiotheca sleumer in bot. j a h r b . 72: 213. 1942. new guinea. se. p a r t : centr. distr., mt ganeve, c. 2600m, carr 15292 (a; b, type, f; bm, k, l, sing). n e . p a r t : rawlinson range, 2135—3655m, clemens 12315 bis, 41388. 178 r e i n w a e d t i a [vol. 4 22. gaultheria leucocarpa bl. gaultheria leucocarpa blume, bijdr. 856. 1826; g. don, gen. syst. 3: 840. 1834; d c , prodr. 7: 593. 1839; hassk., cat. hort. btzg 160. 1844; zoll. in nat. geneesk. arch. n.i. 2: 9. 1845; moritzi, syst. verz. zoll. 42. 1846; 'zoll., syst. verz. 2: 138. 1854; miq., fl. ind. bat. 2: 1056. 1859; ann. mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 1: 41. 1863; koord. in nat. tijd. n.i. 60: 264. 1901; i.e. 6 3 : 41. 1904; k. & g. in j. as. soc. beng. 74, ii: 70. 1906; ridl. in j. fed. mai. st. mus. 4: 44. 1909; koord., exk. fl. j a v a 3: 9. 1912; koord.-schum., syst. verz., fam. 233, p. 107. 1912; back, in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg ii, 12: 16. 1913; j. j. s. in k. & v., bijdr. booms. 13: 117. 1914 ind. f. fflabra, nom. nud.; koord., fl. tjib., fam. 233, p. 6. 1918; ridl. in j. mai. br. r. as. soc. no 87: 75. 1923; fl. mai. pen. 2: 212. 1923; sp. moore in j. bot. 63: suppl. 57. 1925; hochr. in candollea 2: 494. 1925; heyne, nutt. pi. 1218. 1927; renders, in j. mai. br. r. as. soc. 5: 256. 1927; steen. in arch. hydrobiol. suppl. 1 1 : 317, /. 25 (veg.). 1932; doct. v. leeuw., pangrango 200, /. 43. 1933; j. j. s. in merr. in contr. arn. arb. 8: 127. 1934; steen. in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 13: 205. 1934; amshoff in back., bekn. fl. j a v a (em. ed.) 7 b, fam. 162, p. 5; steen. in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 17: 388. 1948; henders. in mai. nat. j. 6: 264. /. 246c (leaf). 1950.—brossaea leucocarpa (bl.) o. ktze., rev. gen. pl 2: 388. 1891. 22a. f. leucocarpa gaultheria leucocarpa bl. with white fruits occurs in java in two forms, one with completely glabrous, the other with densely short-pilose inflorescences. these forms, as far as can be judged from herbarium specimens at hand, seem to exclude each other in most of the places where they have been found, and no intermediates have been observed. it seems therefore desirable to distinguish two forms taxonomically, as j. j. smith and hochreutiner did before. blume attached the name g. leucocarpa to both forms in the herbarium ; his very short description does not mention any pubescence. therefore the glabrous form has been chosen by me as the type from blume's type-material in the leyden herbarium. this 'typical' form with glabrous inflorescences and white fruits seems not to occur in the malay peninsula, from where the collectors only mention dark fruits; in cases where no fruit colour is stated on the labels, the fruits are dark when dry. specimens from malay peninsula which bear glabrous inflorescences but no fruits, therefore are listed under f. cumingiana. for sumatra and java, however, all specimens having glabrous inflorescences but no fruits, or without the indication of the colour of the fruit on the labels, are enumerated under f. leucocarpa; it is possible that a part of them belongs to f. cumingiana. sumatra. a t . ] e h : laut pupandji, 2000m, van steenis. 6521; bur ni telong, 1100 m, van steenis 6108. e a s t c o a s t : redelong volcano, 1100—1830 m, bang ham 907, p.p.; asahan, bartlett & ha rue 498; simelungun, yates 1961; keers 35; dolok 1957] h. sleumer: genus gaultheria 179 pintau, 2000 m, frey-wyssling 12; seribu dolok, 1420 m, lorzing 9819. t a p a n u 1 i: balige, van de koppel 6; toba highland, 1200—1500 m, posthumus s.n.; dolok sangul, 1300 m, huitema 76.; huta gindjang, ruttner 46; tor dabolon, bartlett 7879 p.p.; habinsaran, 1300 m, lorzing 6629; g. singgalang, beccari p.s. 286 p.p. w e s t e o a s t : g. kerintji, 2200—2400 m, biinnemeijer 9666, 10075, 10146, 10439. j a v a . d j a k a r t a / p r e a n g e r : g . s a l a k , 2 1 0 0 * — 2 2 1 5 m , z oiling e r 1711; koorders 25969, s2017, 32152, 36741, docters van leeuwen 14039; van steenis 2986; tjibodas, 2200—2400 m, koorders 15626, 15640, 31765; de monchy s.n,; scheffer s.n.; raap 774; g. pangrango, 2600—3020 m. palmer & bryant 997; koorders 31775; reijnvaan 125; backer 22353; yates 2753; schiffner 2362, 2367; j.j. smith s.n.; van steenis 5200, 17619; g. gede, 2100—2800 m, backer 3244, 3294, 31305; den berger 646; braskamp s.n.; hallier 435; reinwardt s.n,; clemens 30,427'; o. kuntze 4642; palmer & bryant 1117; van steenis 1998, 10617, 12564; scheffer s.n.; docters van leeuwen 8714 a; bakhhuizen v.d. br. 53, 64; burck s.n.; hub. winkier 1815; de voogd 736; sapiin 237; lorzing 2178; mt malabar, anderson 151 p.p.; g. papandayan, scheffer s.n.; s i n d a n g l a y a , ploem s.n.; hullett s.n. p e k a l o n g a n : g. r a g a d j e m b a n g a n , 2 6 0 0 m , backer 16143. m a d i u n : g . l a w u , waitz s.n.; l o c a l i t y n o t g i v e n ( p r o b a b l y from west j a v a ) : blume s.n.; (l, lectotype of g. leucocarpa); lobb 41. 22b. var. hirta val. gaultheria leucocarpa bl. var. hirta valeton ex j. j. smith in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 13: 454. 1935. sumatra. t a p a n u l i : batak toba near kuta lekole, pringgo atmodjo 515 (l, type). 22c. f. cumingiana (vid.) sleum., stat. nov. gaultheria cumingiana vidal, phan. cuming. philip. 184. 1885; rev. pi. vase. filip. 170. 1886; merr. in philip. j. sc. 2: bot. 292 p.p. 1907; i.e. 3: bot. 378. 1908; en. philip. 3: 246 p.p. 1923; lingn. agr. rev. 4: 132. 1927; copel. f. in philip. j. sc. 47: 61, pi. 1 f. 2. 1932.—g. laxiflora diels in bot. j a h r b . 29: 515. 1900.—g. yunnanensis (franch.) rehd. in j. arn. arb. 15: 282. 1934, et syn. alt.—g. crenulata (non kurz) j. j. s. in merr. in contr. arn. arb. 8: 127. 1934; steen. in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 13: 205. 1934; fletcher, fl. siam. en. 2: 315. 1938.—vaccinium yunnanense franch. in morot, j. de botan. 9: 368. 1895. u p p e r burma. naung-chaung — nwai divide, k. ward 1840; hpimaw hill, farrer 1324. c h i n a : kwangsi, kwangtung, kweichow, yunnan, szechuan, hunan, fukien. indochina. t o n k i n : prov. caobang, massif du piahouac, 1300m, poilane 19115 (l, p ) . formosa. mt taihei, c. 1500—1600 m, bartlett 6063 (l). siam. p a y a p : chiengmai, doi lang ka, put 3757. malay p e n i n s u l a . p e r a k: 'top of high rocks, 300—400 ft'. kunstler 8025 (bm). p a h a n g : cameron highl., 1465—1585m, in swamps, henderson sf 23292; vesterdal 367; f. dep. f.m.s. 11542 watson; ibid., taman sedia, 137am, f. dep. f.m.s. 20981 symington; ibid., batu brinchang, 1980 m, f. dep. f.m.s. (kep) 36510 ja'amat. 180 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 sumatra. e a s t c o a s t : foot of sibajak volcano, 1600m, ba.ngh.am 993; deleng siosar, karo highland, 1400—1500 m, lb'rzing 8605; simalungan, aekanuli distr., rim of crater on e side of toba lake, 1220—1830 m, bangham 1291. t a p an u l i : prangonan, toba, 1100m, ouwehand 65; huta gindjang, nw of balige, bartlett 8355. p a l e m b a n g : mt d e m p o , 2900—3300 m, forbes 2383; de voogd 385; jacobson 524; brooks 15908. l a m p o n g : g . t e n g g a m u s , 2000 m , forbes 1873', lieftinck 14. java. m a d i u n: sungi pait, widodaren (tengger), zoilinger 284.1 p.p. (l, 'g. bandongensis'). b e s u k i : idjen plateau, 1250—1800 m, zollinger 2841 p.p. (a, bo) ; backer 25244; koorders 19932. philippines. l u z o n : albay, loco haud ind., cuming 926 (a), 934 (cit. '932', bm, k, l; ma, type of g. cumingiana, not seen; mel); mt mayon, 2100 m, vidal 818; b. sci. 6500 robinson (cit. copel., not seen), b. set. 2923 mearns (not seen). laguna, mt banahao, 2250 m, loher 6200; f.b. 7896, 8009 curran & merritt (not seen) ; b. sci. 9846 robinson (not seen) ; mt san cristobal, gates 6375 (not seen). zambales, mt pinatubo, clemens 17472. mountain, benguet, loher 3782, 3783 (not seen); mt santo tomas, 2285m, elmer 6253; williams 951, 1331; santos 5804; f.b. 4958 curran (not seen) ; f.b. 14170 merritt; sandkuhl 330 (not seen) ; merrill 11735; mcclitre 16050 (not seen); baguio, hancock 89; elmer 8589; sevrens 21 (not seen); baguio to ambuklao, merrill 4376; pauai, b. sci. mearns 4277; f.b. 14444 darling (not seen), b. sci. 8417 mcgregor (not seen); clemens 9190; b. sci. 31785 santos; b. sci. 82399 quisumbing & sulit; pauai to mt data, clemens 16392; mt data, micholitz s.n.; loher 5049; baguio-bontoc road, km 21, 1800 m, pnh 20376 mendoza; mt pulog, pnh 4307 celestino; bugias, merrill 4672; batan, b. sci 5891 ramos; bucao, f.b. 14424 darling (not seen). lepanto, highland of lepanto, 1525—2135m, whitehead s.n.; lepanto, vidal 1829; trail to balbalasan, f.b. 5698 klemme (not seen). bontoc: barrio agawa, besao, datakan, 915—975 m, santos 5504. bontoc, vanoverbergh 748 (not seen). ifugao, mt polis, b. sci. 37619 ramos & edafio. note. in the specimens from china, formosa, and the philippines the leaves are mostly less deeply serrate-crenulate than in those from tonkin, siam, the malay peninsula, sumatra, java, and bali. also in a part of the specimens from china the leaves are less ovate resp. less cordate than in the proper malaysian ones. in the essential characters, however, there are no differences between the materials cited above under /. cumingiana. gaultheria crenulata kurz, described from yunnan, has been considered by various authors to occur in malaysia; apparently belonging to g. leucocarpa bl. in a broad sense and probably better merged in it as a var., g. crenulata kurz is different from all malaysian varieties and forms of g. leucocarpa in its indument-characters. 22d. f. scandens hochr. gaultheria leucocarpa bl. f. scandens hochreutiner in candollea 2: 494. 1925.— ?g. bandongensis >zoll., syst. verz. 2: 138. 1854, nom.nud.; zoll. ex miq., pl ind. 1957] h. sleumer: genus gaultheria 181 bat. 2: 1056. 1859, descr.—?g. leucocarpa bl. var. seminuda j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. btzg iii, 13: 455. 1935.—g.leucocarpa bl. f. pubeseens, j. j. s. in k. & v., bijdr. booms. 13: 119. 1914, nom. nud.—ibrossaea bandongensis (zoll. ex miq.) o. ktze., rev. gen. pl 2: 388. 1891. the f. scandens which combines pubescent inflorescences with white fruits, seems not to occur in the malay peninsula, as in all specimens of that region, where the inflorescences are pubescent, the fruits are dark red, resp. reported to be dark red on the labels by the collectors. specimens from the malay peninsula with pubescent inflorescences, bearing nofruits, therefore are recorded under f. melanocarpa. for sumatra and java, however, all specimens with pubescent inflorescences, and no indication of the fruit colour, are enumerated under f. scandens; it is probable, that some of them belong to f. melanocarpa, especially from localities for which the latter is; known. of g. bandongensis and g. leucocarpa var. seminuda the fruits are unknown, and therefore no decision is possible at the moment, whether the material, on which these names are based, belong either to f. scandens or to f. melanocarpa., before new and complete material is collected in the correspondent type localities. the long spreading bristle-like hairs on the lowest parts of the specimens described as var. seminuda indicate a juvenile state of these plants; the same hairs have been observed on young specimens from java and the philippines. the name 'gaultheria bandongensis' is attached to zollinger 2841 x, 'ex pr. bandong' in zollinger, syst. verz. 2:138.1854, without a description; specimens of 2841 x, named g. bandongensis by zollinger himself, have been seen by me from the paris herbarium and from the arnold arboretum ; they have densely pubescent inflorescences, but no fruits and belong to f. scandens. (or possibly f. melanocarpa). the plant described by miquel in fl. bat. 2: 1056. 1859 as g. bandongensis zoll. with 'in bandong' as locality, is preserved in. the utrecht herbarium and completely identical with the above mentioned material; the label, however, bears no zollinger collector's number. zollinger 2841 (without v ) , in zollinger's syst. verz. is said to be collected 'inter rupes ad rivulum (sungi) pait, idjen, 500 ft.'. apparently the material of this number has been collected in different localities. the specimen of 'zollinger herbarium venale 2841' in the leyden herbarium bears the label 'g. bandongensis! in decliv. sungi pait ad m. widodaren, bacca nigra, 22—x—58'. this specimen is completely glabrous. another specimen of zollinger 2841 in the bogor herbarium states in zollinger's handwriting 'g. leucocarpa. bacca nigra, ad-ripas rivularom montosis idjen, ± 4000 ft., 30-4-45.' other speci182 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 mens of zollinger 2841 in various herbaria are labelled 'g. leucocarpa', without locality. all these 2841-numbers are glabrous and belong to f. cumingiana. sumatra. a t j e h : mt losir, 2300 m, van steenis 868s; g. peeut sago, 2300 m, gall 87. e a s t c o a s t : redelong volcano, 1095—1830 m, bangham, 907 p.p.; sibolangit, 1900—2210 m, lorzing 6131, 8252; g. sibayak, 1900—2000 m, lorzing 8301; stomps s.n.; van der meer mohr 5048; bartlett 6515; g. pinto, hamel & rahmat si toroes 595; f. dep. f.m.s. 24669 symington; berastagi, ridley s.n.; g. sinabung, f. dep. f.m.s. 24700 symington; bartlett 8643; dolok marpalatuk, 1700 m, batten pooll s.n.; locality not given: yates 96, 1502. t a p a n u l i : summit of dolok surungan, bartlett 7996; habinsaran, tor dabolon, bartlett 7879 p.p.; gudarim b a r u , 1000—1300 m, junghuhn 96 (l, lectotype of var. seminuda). w e s t c o a s t : g. singgalang, 2700—2800 m, beccari p.s. 186, 286 p.p. (l, syntype of var. seminuda); w. meijer 3892; yates 2456; biinnemeijer 2846; mt ophir (talakmau), 1500—2800 m, homer s.n.; biinnemeijer 693, 801, 834, 955, 976; g. talang, 2300— 2400 m, biinnemeijer 5252, 5509; g. merapi, 2300—2500 m, sehiffner 2371; biinnemeijer 4750. ' s u m a t r a ' : korthals s.n. (l, syntype of var. seminuda). java. d j a k a r t a / p r e a n g e r : g. wajang, forbes 721; rant & smith s.n.; g. p a p a n d a j a n , 2000—2400 m, sehiffner 2370; hochreutiner 2132 (g, type of f. scandens, not seen), ridley s.n.; junghuhn s.n.; boerlage s.n.; kjellberg s.n.; koorders 41585; scheffer s.n.; korthals s.n.; backer 5560; koens 474bis; pangentjongan, 1700 m, koorders 1813, 26478; g. kendang, van rijckevorsel 60; g. guntur, 900— 1800 m, kerkhoven 25, koens 109, 377, 414; bandung, telaga putih, docters van leeuwen s.n.; garut, burck 164, 417; g. sunda, 1900 m, bakhuizen v.d. br. 4603; mt malabar, forbes 957; anderson 151 p.p.; g. patuha, 2100—2200'm, korthals s.n.; hildebrandt 235; lorzing 1333; backer 12752; hardon 9; telagabodas, korthals s.n.; tangkuban p r a h u , 1800—1900 m, popta 13, holstvoogd 330, docters van leeuwen 11458; ' p r e a n g e r ' , warburg 3295. "prov. bandung", zollinger 2841 x (a, p; u, type of g. bandongensis). p e k a l o n g a n : g. slamat, 1400m, brinkman 857; petung kriana, 1500—1600 m, backer 15970; g. p r a h u , wonosobo, 2200 m, brinkman 205; djieng plateau, 2200 m, vorderman s.n.; backer 21810; rant s.n.; c h e r i b o n : g. tjerimai, 2000—3000 m, backer 5092; vermeulen 36; van der meer mohr 28; docters van leeuwen 2521. k e d u : g. sindoro, 3100m, docters van leeuwen 8898, junghuhn s.n.; g. sembung&n, blokhuis 20; g. sumbing, 2000 m, lorzing 39; loogen s.n.; g. merbabu, 1900—2400 m, backer 30265; coert 136; den berger 90; bilsgen 187; g. merapi, 1700—2000m, de haan 159; junghuhn 97; hemken 12. s e m a r a n g : g. telemojo, 1500—1800 m, koorders 27855, 36014 (cit. '39614'), 36016; docters van leeuwen 165; g. u n g a r a n , 2050 m, docters van leeuwen 2089. m a l a n g : tengger, 2000—2500m, koorders 37510—14, van der meer mohr s.n.; kobus s.n.; kobus & lotsy s.n. m a d i u n : g. lawu, 2200m, rant s.n.; g. lamongan, 900—1600m, altmann 153, bijhouwer 205, van steenis 10674. " j a v a " , no locality given: korthals s.n. (bo, "f. pubescens"), blume s.n.; horsfield 47. 2 2 e . f. melanocaepa j. j. s. gaultheria leucocarpa bl. f. melanocarpa j. j. smith ex amshoff in back. bekn. fl. j a v a (em. ed.) 7 b fam. 162, p. 5. 1948.—g. leucocarpa bl. var. melanocarpa j. j. s. ex steen. in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 17: 388. 1948, in text.—g. leucocarpa 1957] h. sleumer: genus gaultheria 183 bl. var. melanocephala j. j. s. ex steen. in arch. hydrobiol. suppl. 1 1 : 317. 1932, in text. malay p e n i n s u l a . p e r a k : locality not known, scortechini 1348; g. bintang, f.m.s. mus. 13003; g. kerbau, 2135 m, haniff (herb. ridley 16308; cameron highl., f. dep. f.m.s. 27020 ja'amat; g. brumbun, 1525—2135 m, henderson f.m.s. mus. 11681; ridley 13695; wray 1573; foster's hill, 1465 m, henderson sf 17846. pa h a n g : g. terbakar, 1370 m, henderson f.m.s. mus. 10983; sg. lemoi, f. dep. ' f.m.s. 28121 ja'amat; ulu telom, ulu perla, f. dep. f.m.s. 27613 dolman; f r a z e r hill, f. dep. f.m.s. 32271 symington. sumatra. e a s t c o a s t : sinabung, n. slope, sibolangit, 1850—2470m, lorzing 5992, 8153; g. sibajak, 1900 m, docters van leeuiven 12867; g. pinto, upper slopes, hamel & rahmat si toroes 597. b e n g k u l e n : lebong, 1000 m, de voogd 1161; g. kawa, de voogd 512. j a v a . m a d i u n : g. lawu, teijsmann s.n. m a l a n g : g. smeru, loogen s.n.; g. lamongan, jesiviet s.n.; g. tengger, mousset 854. b e s u k i : g. hijang, 2600— 3000 m, backer 9731; bremekamp 9831; summit of mt argopuro, 3020 m, koorders 43670 (bo, lectotype of f. melanocarpa; l ) . 22f. var. psilocarpa (copel. f.) sleum., stat. nov. gaultheria psilocarpa copeland f. in philip. j. sc. 47: 62, pi. 1 f. 3. 1932.—g. 'cumingiana (non vid.) merr. in philip. j. sc. 2: bot. 292. 1907 p.p.; elm., leafl. philip. bot. 3: 1091. 1911; merr., en. philip. 3: 246. 1923 p.p. formosa. price 789; wilson 11239. p h i l i p p i n e s . m i n d a n a o : bukidnon, mt candoon, 1800m, b. set. 38903 ramos & edano (a, bm, bri, l; p n h , type, f) ; davao, mt calelan, 2800 m, elmer 11678. n e g r o s : canlaon volcano, merrill 235. m i n d o r o : mt halcon, merrill 5725. l u z o n : laguna, mt maheyhey, lobb s.n. (k). 23. gaultheria novaguineensis j. j. s. gaultheria novaguineensis j. j. smith in med. rijksherb. 25: 5. 1915; nova guinea 12: 512. 1917; i.e., t. 206. 1918; steen. in bull. j a r d . bot. btzg i i i , 13: 205. 1934; sleum. in bot. j a h r b . 72: 213. 1942. 2 3 a . v a r . novaguineensis new g u i n e a . w. p a r t : wichmann mts, 3000m, pulle 990 (k; l, type, u ) . oranje mts, waterval-bivak, 3400—3500 m, versteeg 2478; 2 km e of wilhelmina top, 3700 m, brass & meyer drees 1011423a. var. pascua sleum., nov. var. ovario in vertice subdense breviter griseo-pubescente, rhachide pedicellisque sat dense brevissime pubescentibus diversa. flores desunt. pedicelli fructiferi (7—)8—10 mm longi. new g u i n e a . w e s t e r n p a r t : m t carstensz, camp x v a , " carstenzweide", c. 3700m, fr. nov.-dec. 1936, f. j. wissel 167 (bo, t y p e ; l, fragm.). 184 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 24. gaultheria pernettyoides sleum., nov. spec. frutex, ut videtur prostratus, ramulis tenuibus (1 mm) teretibus dense subadpresse setulosis, setulis superne filiformibus, basi manifeste incrassatis. folia lanceolata, rarius subelliptico-lanceolata, apicem ramulorum versus paullo decrescentia et subsessilia, apice basique attenuate, apice ipso subacuta, subcoriacea, in sicco supra saturate brunnea, subtus pallidiora, opaca, regulariter serrulate, dentibus caduce ciliatis minutis 0,2—0,3 mm altis, c. 1 mm distantibus', 0,8—1,3 cm longa, (2—)3—5 mm lata, ad supra costam imprimis inferne minutissime puberula, subtus hie inde setula conspicua instructa, ceterum glabra, costa supra levissime immersa, subtus paullo prominente, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 2 alte ascendentibus supra levissime impressis, subtus parum distinctis vel prominulis, reticulatione ± obscura; petiolus glaber, c. 1 mm longus. flores axillares solitarii, sparsi, remoti. pedicelli recurvati, glabri, crassiuseuli, c. 2 mm longi, basi ebracteati, apice infra calycem bracteolis. 2 oppositis ovato-acuminatis c. 2 mm longis instructi. calyx 2,5 mm longus, profunde 5-partitus, extus glaber, lobis ovatis abrupte acuminatis apice ciliolatis intus brevissime pubescentibus. corolla et stamina haud visa. ovarium in vertice brevissime manatissime pubesens; stylus glaber, 2 mm longus. calyx fructiferus parum auctus, inferne subcarnosus, superne pergamaceus, capsulam depresso-globosam glabram includens. sumatra. a t j e h : gajo and alas lands, mt losir, from bivouac 6 to 8, mountain heath, 2950—3460 m, defl. et fr. 5/6-2-1937, van steenis 8648 (a, k; l, t y p e ) . excluded gaultheria blumei f. v. m. in trans. r. soc. viet. 1 (2) : 21. 1889, in text. f. van mueller says on p. 21: "g. blumei (vaccinium microphyllucm bl. bijdr. 851) has according to the notes of beccari and clarke somewhat larger and blunter leaves, seemingly never racemous flowers, blunter calyx lobes, again tubulated anthers, and may differ in further characteristics." although f. van mueller gives vaccinium microphyllum bl. as a basionym of gaultheria blumei, which thus, in a strict and formal sense, becomes a superfluous name of blume's species, we might, of course, conclude from the added text, that f. v. mueller means blume's species in the sense of clarke in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 3: 458. 1882, the apparently only source of information for him. unfortunately, clarke has made a double mistake: the plant he describes under the name of diplycosia microphylla "becc." is not identical with beccari's species, and diplycosia microphylla becc. is not based on vaccinium microphyllum bl., but has been described independently as a new species by beccari. in the kew index g. blumei is considered a valid new name for diplycosia microphylla 1957] h. sleumer: genus gaultheria 185 becc. in case this species is transferred to gaultheria, because of gaultheria microphylla hook. f. 1847. i prefer to consider g. blumei a superfluous name of vaccinium microphyllum bl. the correct name for diplycosia microphylla {mm becc.) clarke then becomes diplycosia elliptica ridley 1920. gaultheria heterophylla (bl.) endl. ex hassk., cat. hort. btzg 160. 1844 = diplycosia heterophylla blume 1826. gaultheria latifolia (bl.) endl. ex hassk., cat. hort. btzg 160. 1844 = diplycosia heterophylla bl. var. lati folia (bl.) sleum. 1957 (d. latifolia bl. 1826). gaultheria luzonica a, gray in proc. am. ac. arts. sc. 5: 324. 1861 = diply&osia luzonica (a. gray) merr. 1907. gaultheria pilosa (bl.) endl. ex hassk., cat, hort. btzg 160. 1844 = diplycosia pilosa bl. 1826. index to collectors and numbers the numbers collected in the series b.sci., p.b., f. dep. f.m.s., n.g.f. and p.n.h. have been listed under these abbreviations. the numbers collected in other series have been listed under the collector's names. there is referred to the numbers of species. • altmann 153: 22d. anderson 150: 10; 151: 22a; 151: 22d. arens s.n.: 15. backer 523: 10; 52i: 15; 32h: 22a; 3289: 15; 329a: 22a; 5092: 22d; 5511: 15; 5560: 22d; 9731: 22e; 12388: 15; 12752: 22d; 15970: 22d; 16us: 22a; 21582: 10; 21809: 15; 21810: 22d; 22353: 22&; 252u: 22c; 30265: 22d; 31302: 15; 31305: 22a. bakhuizen van den brink s.n.: 15; 53: 22a; 6u: 22a; l<603: 22d. bangham 677: 15; 907: 22a; 907: 22d; 908: 15; 993: 22c; 1026: 15; 1178: 10; 1291: 22c. bartlef.t & larue 498: 22a; 6063: 22c; 6515: 22d; 7879: 22a; 7879: 22d; 7996: 22d; 8028: 15; 8355: 22c; 8638: 10; 8643: 22d. batten pool s.n.: 17; s.n.: 22d. beccari s.n.: 9; s.n.: 10; s.n.: 15; s.n.: 16. p.s. 186: 22d; p.s. 224: 15; p.s. 286 p.p.: 22a; p.s. 286 p.p.: 22d; p.s. 338: 10; p.s. 5780: 16. den berger 90: 22d; 498: 15; 646: 22a. bijhouwer 205: 22d. blokhuis 20: 22d. blume s.n.: 10; s.n.: 15; s.n.: 22a; s.n.: 22d. boerlage s.n.: 22d. brascamp s.n.: 15; s.n.: 22a; 4066: 21a; 4176: 21a; 4183: 1 1 ; 4186: 11; 4213: 1 1 ; 4280: 1 1 ; 4497: 1 1 ; 4621: 21a; 4745: 1 1 ; 4849: 21a; 9051: 21a; 9223: 12e. brass & meijer drees 9763: 21a; 10114: 23a; 10128: 12a; 10342: 12a. breniekamp s.n.: 3; 9831: 22e. brinkman 205: 22d; 857: 22d. 188 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 sample & rayner s.n.: 11. sandkuhl 330: 22c. santos 550u: 22c; 5504: 22c. sapiin 237: 22a; 524: 10; 2454: 10. scheffer s.n.: 10; s.n.: 15; s.n.: 22a; s.w.: 22a; s.n.: 22d. schiffner 2355: 10; 2357: 15; 2350: 15; 2362: 22a; 2566: 15; 23(57: 22a; 2370: 22d; 237.z: 22d; 2176: 15; 2379: 10. scortechini io5: 17; 1345: 22e. sevrens 21: 22c. -yaw slooten 373: 10; 2356: 10; 2563: 10. j.j. smith s.n.: 10; s.n.: 22a. van steenis 1896: 15; 1998: 22a; 2956: 22a; 3675: 15; 5200: 22a; 6105: 22a; 6331: 15; 6521: 22a; 6523: 15; 6893: 15; 7022: 10; 7038: 15; 5374: 6; 5415: 5; 5455: 5; 5535: 7; 8568: 8; 5570: 5; £006: 5; 5643: 2; 5647: 10; 5645: 24; 5653: 22d; 5650: 5; 9550: 2; 9559: 10; 96u3: 7; 9644: 5; 9654: 7; 10617: 22a; 10674: 22d; 11691: 15; 11574: 15; 12345: 10; 1256&: 22a; 17560: 10; 17565: 15; 17613: 10; 17617: 15; 17619: 22a. stomps s.n.: 22d. teijsmann & scheffer s.n.: 15. vanoverbergh 7k-8: 22c. vermeulen 36: 22d. versteeg 2u78: 23a. 376: 22c. sis: 22c; 1529: 22c. voo^d 355: 22c; 512: 22e; 736: 22a; 737: 10; 1125: 15; 1161: 22e; 1561: 10; 1943: 10. vorderman s.n.: 22d. s.n.: 22a. warburg 3293: 15; 3295: 22d; 3314: 10. ward 1540: 22c. whitehead s.n.: 1; s.m,: 22c. williams 951: 22c; 1331: 22c. wilson 11239: 22f. wissel 167: 23b. 579: 17; 1573: 22c; 15s0: 17. yates 96: 22d; 1502: 22d; 1981: 22a; 1974: 15; 2456: 22d; 2465: 15; 2753: 22a; 2796: 10; 2802: 15; 2975: 15. zollinger u37: 10; 565: 15; 1711: 22a; 2126: 10; 2541: 22c; 2541: 22c; 2541a;: 22d. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part 2, pp. 189 -191 (1957) a note on the pollen of whiteodendron and kjellbergiodendron (myrtaceae) by kathleen m. mcwhae * (nee pike) summary a description has been given of the pollen grains of whiteodendron moultonianum and kjellbergiodendron celebicum. after this the relationships of both are discussed. introduction the pollen grains of many of the genera of the myrtaceae were investigated and described by the present author (pike 1956), but during this investigation material of the genera whiteodendron and kjellbergiodendron was not available. since the publication of this work dr c.g.g.j. van steenis of leyden has very kindly supplied mature flower buds of whiteodendron moultonianum (w. w. sm.) steen. and kjellbergiodendron celebicum, (koord.) merr. and the purpose of this account is to record the results of the pollen examination of these additional genera. description of pollen grains the pollen of both species studied conforms with that typical of the myrtaceae. the grains are free, isopolar to slightly anisopolar, tricolporate, angulaperturate and have a triangular amb. whiteodendron moultonianum (w. w. sm.) steen. sarawak, beecari p.b. 879. polar diameter range 5-7 µ, average 6 µ, equatorial diameter range 12-15 µ,, average 13 µ. parasyncolpate, with conspicuous polar islands, which are sometimes smaller at one pole than the other. sides of amb straight to convex. exine thin less than 1µ., pattern extremely faint, especially in the mesocolpia. kjellbergiodendron celebicum (koord.) merr. misool isl., west new guinea, pleyte 1050. polar diameter range 8-12µ, average 9 µ ; equatorial diameter range 19-21µ, average 20 µ. coipi shallow, not syncolpate and often torn around * botany school, university of western australia, perth, — 189 — binder8 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_01 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_24 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_25 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_26 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_27 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_28 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_29 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_30 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_31 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_32 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_33 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_34 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_35 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_36 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_37 r e i n w ar d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bog'or vol. 10, part 2, pp. 119 — 121 (1985) bolbitis nagalandense r. r. rao & n. s. jamir a new species of lomariopsidaceae from nagaland, india r. r. rao botanical survey of india, howrah 717 jos (india) & n. s. jamir botanical survey of india, shillong 793003 (india) abstract an illustrated description of the new species bo-lbitis nagalandense is presented. abstrak pertelaan bergambar jenis baru bolbatis nagalandense disajikan. the authors while working on the pteridophytic flora of nagaland tate (india), collected numerous interesting species of ferns, some of hich proved to be new to science. bolbitis nagalandense r. r. rao & n. s. jamir a new fern species belonging to lomariopsidaceae is described here. bolbitis nagalandense r. r. rao & n. s. jamir sp. nov. — fig. 1. satis distincta habitu scandenti, et stipitibus in rhizomate semote lispositis. rhizoma usque ad 1 cm crassum, longe repens, ad apicem squamis atrobrunneis ovate-lanceolatis, ca 0.5 cm longis tectum. stipites usque ad 15—25 cm longi, 6—10 cm distantes, omnino sparsim squamati, squamis illis rhizomatis similibus, straminei, in sicco pallide viridulis, usque ad 10—20 cm longi in frondibus sterilibus et usque 20—30 cm longi in frondibus fertilibus. frondium sterilium lamina usque ad 60 x 20 cm, obovato-lanceolata, simpliciter pinnata; pinnae laterales numerosae, usque ad 25 vel plus paribus, alternatim dispositae in costa subsessiles vel brevissime stipitatae, par infimum non redactum; pinnae maximae usque ad 8—13 x 15—25 cm, obovato-lanceolatae, ad basin subtruncatae, parum inaequales in latere acroscopico, gradatim angustatae prope apicem. ad anicem obtusae, ad marginem crenatae vel dentatae, tenues, herbaceae, in sicco atro-virides; rhachides pallide bruneae, stramineae sparsim — 119 — 120 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. i ' squamatae, costa 1—2.5 cm distans, infra breviter squamata, supra glabra, lamina utrinque glabra; venae distinctae, seriem regularem areolae formantes, sine venulis inclusis, liberae ad marginem laminae. frondium fertilium lamina usque ad 30 x 8 cm, simpliciter pinnata. usque ad 15 paribus, subopposita vel alterna, sessiles vel subsessiles, pinnae laterales maxime usque ad 5 x 0.7 cm, lineares, ovato-lanceolate. parum falcatae, gradatim angustatae in apicibus acuminatis, ad margi nem integrae, venae 1111s frondium sterilium similes sed multo approximatae; sporangia atro-brunnea, ad maturitatem paginam totam inferiorem dense tegentia. holotypus lectus a n. s. j a m i r sub numero 7112, ad locum changki. alarimeru, alt. 1000 m mokokchung district, nagaland, india, et positus in cal. isotytnis positus in herbario north-eastern hill university, shillong (nehu). rhizome up to 1 cm thick, long creeping the apical part covered with dark-brown, ovate-lanceolate scales, about 0.5 cm long. stipes up to 15—25 cm long, 6—10 cm apart, sparsely scaly throughout, similar to rhizome scales, stramineous, pale-greenish when dry to about 10—20 cm long in sterile fronds and to 20—30 cm long in fertile fronds. lamina of sterile frond up to 60 x 20 cm obovate-lanceolate in outline, simple pinnate; lateral pinnae numerous, up to 25 of more pairs, alternately arranged on costa, subsessile or very shortly stalked; the lowest pair not reduced; largest pinnae up to 8—13 x 1.5—2.5 cm, obovate-lanceolate, subtruncate at base, slightly unequal on the acrosconic side, gradually tapering towards apex, blunt at apex, margin crenate or dentate; texture thin, herbaceous, dark-greenish when dry; rachises pale-brown, stramineous, sparsely scaly, costa 1—2.5 cm apart, short scaly beneath, glabrous above, lamina glabrous on both surfaces; veins distinct, forming regular series of areoles without included veinlets, free at the margin. lamina of the fertile fronds up to 30 x 8 cm, simple pinnate, up to 15 pairs, subopposite or alternate, sessile or subsessile, largest lateral pinnae up to 5 x 0.7 cm, linear ovate-lanceolate, slightly falcate, gradually tapering into an acuminate apex, margin entire; veins similar to sterile fronds but much closer; sporangia dark-brown, densely covering the entire lower surface at maturity. ecology: rare in moist shady places along river banks, creeping on rocks and also climbing on tree trunks up to 3 m or even more in dense evergreen forests. distribution : nagaland. specimens examined: a changki, mokokchung distr., 1000m, jamir 7112 (gal holotype; isotype in north-eastern hill university, shillong — nehu). this species is quite remarkable on account of its climbing habit and very distantly placed stipes on the rhizome. tt is fertile in may. 1984 r. r. rao & n. s. jamir: a new species 12.! acknowledgements we are thankful to the director, botanical survey of india for extending herbarium and library facilities. thanks are also due to dr. n. c. majumdar, regional botanist, botanical survey of india, howrah for providing latin diagnosis. fig\ 1. bolbitis nagalandense r. r. rao & n. s. jamir, sp. nov. a — habit; b — sterile pinna showing venation; 0 — fertile pinna: d — rhizome scale; e — sporangium. 10(2) 264-1740-2-pb binder cover-100_page_009 lipi a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(4) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(4): 261 337, 31 march 2008 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondece on the reinwardtia journal and subscriptions should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia floristics and structure of a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, east kalimantan, indonesia received november 3, 2007; accepted january 20, 2008. kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, research center for biology lipi, cibinong, bogor, indonesia; unesco jakarta office, jakarta, indonesia; botany department, field museum, chicago, illinois 60605-2496, usa. e-mail: kkjak@indo.net.id (author for correspondence). purwaningsih, tukirin partomihardjo, razali yusuf, rochadi abdulhadi & soedarsono riswan herbarium bogoriense, research center for biology lipi, cibinong, bogor, indonesia abstract. kartawinata, k., purwaningsih, partomihardjo, t., yusuf, r., abdulhadi, r. & riswan, s. 2008. floristics and structure of a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, east kalimantan, indonesia. reinwardtia 12(4): 301– 323. — the results of a floristic inventory of trees with dbh < 10 cm in a lowland dipterocarp forest in east kalimantan show that 553 species of 192 genera in 62 families, represented by 5847 individuals, with the total basal area of 350.01 m2 occurred in the plot of 10.5 hectare sampled. the two leading families in terms of number of species were myrtaceae and lauraceae while according to the total sum of importance values for families were dipterocarpaceae and euphorbiaceae. the forest had the second highest species richness in indonesia. we recorded 25 species of dipterocarps , constituting 4.53 % of total species with basal area of 85.53 m2. or 24.44 % of the total basal area in the plot. shorea laevis (a diptererocarp) and pholidocarpus majadum, (a palm) were the most prominent species occurring here and were two of the ten leading species. the species-area curve rose steadily even up to an area of 10.5 hectare, with a very slight indication of levelling off at about five hectares, indicating high heterogeneity of the forest. three largest trees were shorea pauciflora (dbh = 196.50 cm) dipterocarpus cornutus (dbh = 170.90 cm), and alstonia scholaris (dbh = 170.00 cm) , some species could be identified as fruit trees and medicinal plants. key words: composition, structure, dipterocarp forest, species richness, east kalimantan reinwardtia vol 12, part 4, pp: 301 323 301 mmkkkmmkkkk kartawinata, k., purwaningsih, partomihardjo, t., yusuf, r., abdulhadi, r. & riswan, s. 2008. floristik dan struktur hutan pamah dipterocarpa di wanariset samboja, kalimantan , indonesia. reinwardtia 12(4): 301– 323. — hasil inventarisasi pohon dengan dbh (diameter setinggi dada) > 10 cm menunjukkan bahwa 553 spesies dari 192 marga dalam 62 suku, yang diwakili oleh 5847 batang pohon dengan luas bidang dasar total 350.01 m2, terdapat dalam plot cuplikan 10.5 hektare. berdasarkan jumlah spesies dua suku utama adalah myrtaceae dan lauraceae, sedangkan menurut nilai penting suku adalah dipterocarpaceae dan euphorbiaceae. hutan di sini mempunyai kekayaan spesies pohon tertinggi kedua di indonesia. spesies dipterocarpaceae tercatat 25 spesies atau 4.53 % dari jumlah total spesies dengan luas bidang dasar 85.53 m2 atau 24.44 % dari luas bidang dasar total seluruh pohon dalam petak shorea laevis (diptererokarpa) dan pholidocarpus majadum ( palem) adalah spesies pohon paling menonjol di sini dan merupakan dua dari sepuluh jenis pohon utama. kurva spesies-luas menanjak tajam bahkan sampai 10.5 hektare, dan agak mendatar pada luasan lima hektare, yang menunjukkan heterogenitas hutan yang tinggi. tiga pohon terbesar adalah shorea pauciflora (dbh = 196.50 cm) dipterocarpus cornutus (dbh = 170.90 cm), dan alstonia scholaris (dbh = 170.00 cm) beberapa jenis dapat diidentifikasi sebagai pohon buah-buahan dan tumbuhan obat kata kunci: komposisi, struktur, hutan dipterokarpa, kekayaan jenis, kalimantan timur. introduction borneo is widely acknowledged as one of the most important centers of plant diversity in the world as well as the center of distribution and species diversity for a large number of families and genera within the malesian archipelago (whitmore, 1986; soepadmo, 1995). the most widespread forest ecosystem in borneo is the mixed dipterocarp forest, mainly characterised by a 40-60 m tall canopy dominated by an association of species of the dipterocarpaceae family. this forest shows the greatest number of species of any rain forest ecosystem in malesia (whitmore, 1986; philips et al., 1994). mixed dipterocarp forests are also one of the most productive in the tropics and have been extensively logged during the last 30 years. harvesting rates range from 80 to100 m3 ha-1 whereas in other parts of the tropics they do not exceed 30 to 50 m3 ha-1 (sist, 2000). in kalimantan, most of the lowland dipterocarp forests have been heavily logged and now the hill forests of the interior constitute the remaining primary forest and the main source of timber. current knowledge of the ecology, floristics, structure and species richness of the lowland mixed dipterocarps forests is mainly based on studies carried out in sabah, brunei and sarawak (e.g. burgess,1961; ashton, 1964; nicholson, 1965; bruenig, 1969, 1970, 1973; proctor et al., 1983; baillie et al., 1987; ashton et al., 1992; newberry et al., 1992; davies & becker, 1996). for kalimantan, the studies remain few (kartawinata et al., 1981; riswan, 1982; guhardja et al., 2000; riswan, 1987a & b; suselo & riswan, 1987; partomihardjo et al., 1987; soekardjo et al., 1990; setiadi et al., 1996; soedjito, 1990; soedjito & kartawinata, 1995; sist & saridan, 1999; tanuwijaya et al., 1996). a floristic analysis of the lowland dipterocarp forests of borneo found that on a regional scale, diversity is highest in southeast borneo and central sarawak with dipterocarpaceae as the most common family followed by euphorbiaceae and several geographically distinct floristic regions could be detected. (slik et al. 2003). based on data from northern borneo, mainly sarawak, brunei and sabah, it was suggested that forests of western borneo were significantly richer in dipterocarp species than those of eastern borneo (ashton, 1989; davies & becker, 1996). the richness of the lowland rainforest of sarawak and brunei might be linked to the higher climatic stability of northwestern borneo which experiences less dramatic and severe drought periods attributed to el niñosouthern oscillation (enso) events than the eastern part of the island, especially sabah (ashton, 1989; goldammer et al. 1996; walsh; 1996,) and east kalimantan (guhardja et al. 2000; leighton & wirawan 1986; ). however, sist & saridan (1999) recently reported that the species richness of the mixed dipterocarp forest of berau in east kalimantan, in spite of its eastern location and its proximity to sabah was much higher than that of the forest of sabah and similar to that recorded in sarawak. similarly, the forest at wanariset samboja, was reported to be the richest in borneo and even in the world (kartawinata et al. 1981, whitmore 1986). these facts clearly show that our knowledge of the floristic richness and variability of the mixed dipterocarp forest of kalimantan is still limited. during the last two decades, the forest of kalimantan has been depleted and is disappearing at an alarming rate. the main causes are intensive and uncontrolled logging, and conversion into industrial plantations. successive fires following land clearing affected million of hectares during el nino events (sunderlin and resosudarmo, 1996; dennis, 1999). regeneration after fires in east kalimantan was mainly through seedbank germination in lowland dipterocarp forest and through repsrouting in kerangas ( riswan 1982; riswan & kartawinata 1988a, 1989) and dipterocarp forests. the regeneration developed better in the twice-burnt area than that in the area burnt once and the density of young trees was higher and even exceeded that of primary forest (eichhorn 2006). furthermore, in the burnt forest, the survival and sprouting capacity of primary forest trees and seedling establishment of pioneer trees and shrubs suppressed the establishment of non-forest species and post fire vegetation was found to be less resilient than it was presumed (nieuwstadt 2002; nieuwstadts et al. 2001,). fires resulted in changes of forest structure and composition, loss of tree species diversity and invasion of pioneer species. in sum, forest recovery was not only affected by burning but also by environmental changes resulting from fire (simbolon et al. 2005) a better knowledge of basic ecological information, including floristic composition and structure of the forest, are necessary for development of a sustainable forest management scheme. to date, there are still very few detailed descriptions and quantitative assessments of forest floristics and structure from a huge area of the malesian rain forests (whitmore & sidiyasa 1986) and for indonesia. kartawinata (2005) reviewed the state of quantitative vegetation studies from 1960’s 302 reinwardtia [vol.12 onwards and recommended a list of future actions on the subject. the lembaga biologi nasional (national biological institute), now known as pusat penelitian biologi (research center for biology) noted such needs and in the mid 1970s initiated and integrated the vegetation analysis project into its overall biological research program (kartawinata 2005). the present study was a part of this program presenting a basic descriptive account of the structure and floristic composition of a 10.5 ha permanent plot set up in a lowland mixed ditperocarp forest in wanariset samboja in east kalimantan. it was intended for use by various future studies in order to provide a permanent basis for long-term study of forest dynamics and floristic changes. in this paper, analysis of the species inventory data collected in the plots will be limited to the description of the forest in terms of the main structural parameters (basal area and density), species richness, pattern of relative abundance and family composition, integrating also data from a 1.6 ha section of this plot reported earlier by kartawinata et al. (1981) and on forest gaps by partomihardjo et al. (1987). study site and methods the study area is located within a 500-ha research forest managed by the wanariset (field research station) of the forest research and development agency (forda) of the ministry of forestry of indonesia at samboja, district of kutai kertanegara, east kalimantan, indonesia at 0o 59’ lat. and 116o 57’ long, about 38 km north of balikpapan (figure 1). the physiography is undulating to flat. the forest is lowland dipterocarp forest on dryland with small patches of seasonally swampy ground. the elevation varies between 3 to about 50 m above sea level. the climate is everwet and belongs to the rainfall type a with the ratio between dry and wet months (q) of 4.4 (schmidt and ferguson, 1951). the mean annual rainfall recorded at the nearest meteorological station (balikpapan bp (woods and bower, 1982)) was 2425 mm for the period of 1927-1980. the mean monthly rainfall ranged from126 mm in october to 236 mm in march (figure 1) and the mean annual number of raindays was 145 with the mean number of monthly raindays ranging from 9 to 14. the forest is situated on the red yellow podsolic soil and occurs on an alluvial plain of upper miocene sedimentary rocks (soepraptohardjo, 1972). a block of 150m x 700 m was set up in 1979 in an undisturbed location within a lowland dipterocarp forest about 50 m to the north of km 1.6 of the now semboja-semoi-sepaku road. it was constructed by sequentially placing a series of 10 m x 10 m plots, first along the width of the block, thus forming a 150 m x 10 m transect consisting of 15 plots; with the surface of each plot was parallel to the ground. the second, third ….. and 70th transects were laid down adjacent to one another along the 700-m length of the block thus 1050 plots were established . the 700-m length of the plot stretched roughly south to north and the 150m width from east to west. the habitat of each plot with reference to topography, whether it is located on a swampy site, a flat dry land, a slope or a ridge was noted qualitatively. in each plot, all the trees with dbh (diameter at breast height) > 10 cm were mapped, numbered with aluminum tags, identified, and measured for dbh. important features of the forest were also recorded qualitatively. the gaps within the plot were mapped and a profile diagram of a 15 x 60 m2 subplot was made as reported by partomihardjo (1987). voucher specimens or fallen leaves (if a leafy twig was not accessible) from each tree was collected for identification at the herbarium bogoriense, bogor. the authority of botanical names of plants in the plot followed whitmore et al. (1989, 1990), keßler & sidiyasa (1994) and keßler et al. (2000) the inventory was carried out between 1979 and 1981. results and discussion floristic characteristics and diversity the results of the inventory of trees with dbh > 10 cm showed that 553 species of 192 genera in 62 families, represented by 5847 individuals, with the total basal area of 350.01 m2 (table 1) occurred in the 10.5 hectare plot. of 550 species recorded, we were able to name 425 species. appendix 1 lists all species of trees with dbh > 10 cm by family and reports absolute densities, relative densities, frequencies, relative frequencies, basal areas, relative basal areas and importance values (iv). these parameters were calculated following the standard procedure as discussed by muellerdombois & ellenberg (1974). the total species importance values for a family (tsivf) indicates the family importance value based on the sum of ivs of all species in a family (kartawinata et al. 2008] kartawinata et al:: wanariset dipterocarp forest structure 303 2004). it is evident that the forest had a high species richness compared to other areas within the region. no single species was dominant, instead dominance was shared by several common species. the forest was characterized by uneven species composition, certain species were represented by large number of individuals, while the majority of species were represented by only a few individuals and often only by one specimen. (appendix 1). the ten richest families in terms of number of species are shown in table 3. ranked by number of species present, myrtaceae, lauraceae, euphorbiaceae and myristicaceae were the top four families and dipterocarpaceae occupied the 5th ranking. in small plots in borneo and sumatra, balikpapan (3 m) mm 2425 mm study area figure 1. the location of the study area at wanariset samboja, east kalimantan 304 reinwardtia [vol.12 lauraceae constitutes one of the top three most common families (whitmore & sidiyasa 1986). in the lowland forests of west malesia, euphorbiaceae is by far the richest family (cf abdulhadi 1991, davies & becker 1996, poore 1968, riswan 1982, sist & saridan1999, suselo & riswan 1987, whitmore 1986, whitmore & sidiyasa 1986). as in the present study, annonaceae, burseraceae, dipterocarpaceae, moraceae, myristicaceae and rubiaceae are also in the top ten families ranked by species richness in borneo and sumatra (kartawinata et al. 1981, table 1). in terms of the total sum of important values for families (tsivf), the ten most important amilies show different order. dipterocarpaceae and euphortable 2. density and number of species of trees with dbh > 10 cm in selected plots of different forest types in kalimantan, sumatra and sulawesi (extracted from kartawinata 2006) locality alt. (m) plot size (ha) mean density (trees/ha) number of species reference east kalimantan wanariset samboja malinau 1 malinau 2 malinau 3 berau lempake bukit bangkirai < 100 100 100 <100 <100 <100 110 10.5 2 x1.0 4 x 1.0 1,0 3 x 4.0 1.6 1.0 557 413 759 567 521 445 445 552 240 404 225 538 209 141 present study yusuf (2003) samsoedin (2005) kartawinata (unpublished) sist & saridan (1999) riswan, (1987a simbolon et al. (2005) north sumatra leuser national park ketambe 1 ketambe 2 ketambe 3 batang gadis national park aek nauli 450-670 350-450 350-450 660 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.0 538 420 475 583 116 94 127 182 abdulhadi et al. (1989) abdulhadi (1991) abdulhadi et al. (1991) kartawinata et al. (2004) riau bukit tigapuluh national park bukit lawang 297 1.0 453 216 polosakan (2001) 2008] kartawinata et al: wanariset dipterocarp forest structure 305 table 1. floristic and structural characteristics biaceae had the first and second highest values (table 3). the high value for dipterocarpaceae was attributed to the presence of large trees in the plots (annex 1). it is interesting to note that although it contains only three species, arecaceae had a high tsivf value, resulting from the high number of individuals of pholidocarpus majadum and borassodendron borneensis. in order to determine whether the 550 species recorded in the 10.5-ha plot represent the total number of species in the area studied, a species-area curve was constructed (figure 2). the 1050 subplots of 10x10 m each were examined to determine the number of additional species recorded each time a subplot was stand characteristics dipterocarps nondipterocarps total number of species 25 (4.53 %) 527 (95.47 %) 552 number of trees 575 (9.83) 5272 (90.17 %) 5847 mean density (trees/ha) 54.76 502.10 556.86 basal area (m2) 85.53 (24.44 %) 264.48 (75.56 %) 350.01 mean basal area/ha (m2) 8.48 25.19 33.33 added. a considerable number of additional and it continued to rise steeply even up to 10.5 hectare. there was a very slight indication of leveling off at about five hectares. this implies that a minimum area can not be determined for this forest. this is similar to lowland tropical rain forests elsewhere in borneo and the malay peninsula as reported by various authors (kartawinata 2006, kartawinata et al. 1981; sist & saridan 1999, riswan 1982; whitmore 1986; wyatt-smith 1966, etc.), but it is less dramatic compared to lowland forests of sulawesi (kartawinata 2005; whitmore & sidiyasa 1986). n o . s p e c i e s f a m i l y i v 1 s h o r e a l a e v i s d i p t e r o c a r p a c e a e 1 1 . 9 4 1 2 p h o l i d o c a r p u s m a j a d u m a r e c a c e a e 1 0 . 6 5 6 3 d i o s p y r o s b o r n e e n s i s e b e n a c e a e 6 . 5 1 2 4 e u s i d e r o x y l o n z w a g e r i l a u r a c e a e 6 . 1 3 9 5 s c a p h i u m m a c r o p o d u m s t e r c u l i a c e a e 5 . 8 0 0 6 p o l y a l t h i a s u m a t r a n a a n n o n a c e a e 5 . 1 9 0 7 g a n u a m o t l e y a n a s a p o t a c e a e 5 . 0 7 1 8 b o r a s s o d e n d r o n b o r n e e n s i s a r e c a c e a e 4 . 9 1 8 9 d i p t e r o c a r p u s c o r n u t u s d i p t e r o c a r p a c e a e 4 . 5 6 8 1 0 s h o r e a o v a l i s d i p t e r o c a r p a c e a e 4 . 1 5 5 the forest of the present study is the second most species rich in east kalimantan after that in malinau, which constitutes the richest forest in indonesia (kartawinata 2005). it can be seen from table 2 that if the number of species in one hectare is extrapolated from the number in 10.5 ha plot, as is shown also in the species-area curve (figure 2, and see also data of abdulhadi et al. 1981), the total species richness may be comparable to that of lempake (e. kalimantan), gunung mulu (sarawak) belalong and andulau (brunei), bukit lawang (riau), bukit lagong (penisular malaysia), and higher than that of aek nauli and ketambe (sumatra) and toraut (sulawesi). the species richness was however lower than at malinau 3 (east kalimantan), at least partly due to different plot design. the calculation of species frequencies was based on the species data from the 70 transects, each consisting of 15 subplots with the total area of 1500 m2. the majority of species had frequencies of less than 50 % and species with frequencies greater than 50 % are shown in table 5. interestingly, among dipterocarps only shorea ovalis and s. laevis howed relatively high frequency, suggesting that most dipterocarps species apparently grow in clumps in this forest. simple ordination of the plots did not produce a recognizable pattern of grouping the plots that warrants the separation of swampy habitat on flat lands from dry habitat on slopes and ridges. field observations concurred that the composition of the forest on swampy sites was not much different from that on dryland, although the following species were 306 reinwardtia [vol.12 table 3. ten important families in terms of the total sum of importance values (tsivf) and number of species arranged in descending order indicating the rank figure 2. species-area curve in a lowland dipterocarp f o r e s t a t wa n a r i s e t s a m b o j a , e a s t kalimantan 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 0 5 1 0 1 5 a rea (ha ) n um be r o f s pe ci es table 4. ten most important species in decending order of importance value (iv) order family no of species order family ts iv f (%) 1 myrtaceae 59 1 dipterocarpaceae 44.272 2 lauraceae 51 2 euphorbiaceae 29.277 3 euphorbiaceae 45 3 myrtaceae 18.592 4 myristicaceae 33 4 lauraceae 17.999 5 dipterocarpaceae 25 5 myristicaceae 17.982 6 annonaceae 24 6 arecaceae 16.608 7 rubiaceae 22 7 sapotaceae 15.336 8 burseraceae 21 8 annonaceae 13.061 9 moraceae 21 9 ebenaceae 12.164 10 fabaceae 19 10 burseraceae 9.316 mostly found in or were restricted to the swampy sites:actynodaphne procera, cratoxylum laevifolius, dialium hydnocarpoides, diospyros elliptica, d. laevifolia, d. maingayi, d. pentaphylla, d. sumatrana, elipanthus beccarii, elmerillia tsiampacca, eugenia accuminatissima, e. beccarii, e. densiflora, e. densinervia, e. lineata, e. oleosa, ganua motleyana, horsfieldia crassifolia, litsea noronhae, mammea 2008] kartawinata et al:: wanariset dipterocarp forest structure 307 table 5. ten species with highest frequency obovata , urophyllum corymbosum and xanthophyllum adenotum. three species of tree palms were prominent in the forest and two of them, oncosperma horridum and pholydocarpus majadum, mainly occurred on swampy habitats, while the other, borassodendron borneensis, was present mainly on dryland. certain other species which occurred at lower densities were also characteristic of swampy habitats: anthocephalus cadamba, knema laurina, neesia altissima and pometia pinnata.. the total number of individuals recorded is indicated in appendix. 1. the area of the swampy sites was difficult to quantify precisely because they were patchy, but they occurred mainly on the northern part of the plot and there was no ambiguity in assigning trees to this habitat type. no. species family frequency (%) 1 diospyros borneensis eben 87.14 2 polyalthia sumatrana anno 87.14 3 eusideroxylon zwageri laur 78.57 4 borassodendron borneensis arec 74.29 5 pholidocarpus majadum arec 67.14 6 madhuca sericea sapo 62.86 7 mallotus leptophyllus euph 61.43 8 shorea laevis dipt 60.00 9 dacryodes rugosa burs 60.00 10 shorea ovalis dipt 57.14 some species could be identified as (potential) fruit trees and medicinal plants, including the followings: (1) fruit trees: anacardiaceae (bouea macrophylla, mangifera caesia, m. foetida, m. pajang). bombacaceae ( durio acutifolius, d. dulcis, d. graveolens, d. kutejensis, d. lanceolatus, d. oxleyanus), burseraaceae ( canarium dichotomum, c. denticulatum, d. littorale, d. patentinervium, d. pilosum, d. rugosum), clusiaceae ( garcinia celebica, g. littorale, g. nervosa), euphorbiaceae (baccaurea deflexa, b. kunstleri, b. racemosa, b. rumphii, b. sumatrana), fabaceae (parkia roxburghii, p. speciosa), meliaceae (sandoricum borneensis) and sapindaceae (nephelium lappaceum, pometia pinnata) , and (2) medicinal plants: apocynaceae (alstonia angustifolia, a. scholaris, dyera costulata), thymelaeaceae (aquilaria malacensis) and annonaceae ( cananga odorata). structure the basal area of each tree recorded in the plot was calculated. appendix 1 shows these data grouped by family, as well as for individual species, along with other measures. the total basal area of trees recorded in the plot was 350.01 m2, resulting in a mean basal area of 33.33 m2/ha (table 1). ten species with the highest basal areas are presented in table 4, in which shorea laevis, pholidocarpus adum and scaphium macropodum were the most prominent. it was also evident that ten dipterocarp species were prevalent, with a total basal area of 53.86 m2 (46.74%) as a whole, the dipterocarps were the largest trees and dominated the forest with 25 species (representing 4.47% of the total species richness) occupying a total basal area of 85.53 m2 (24.96 %). most species had basal areas of less than 1.0 m2 and only 71 species (12.90 %) had basal areas greater than 1.0 m2, of which the highest basal areas of 10-31 m2 were shared by three species (figure 3), i.,e. shorea laevis, pholidocarpus majadum and scaphium macropodum (table 6). table 6. ten species with highest ba in a 10.5-ha plot no. species family ba (m2) 1 shorea laevis dipt 30.455 2 pholidocarpus majadum arec 16.534 3 scaphium macropodum ster 16.500 4 anthocephalus cadamba rubi 9.734 5 eusideroxylon zwageri laur 9.379 6 dipterocarpus cornutus dipt 9.315 7 ganua motleyana sapo 9.223 8 shorea parvifolia dipt 7.242 9 shorea ovalis dipt 6.844 10 shorea pauciflora dipt 6.499 121.725 figure 4 shows the diameter class distribution of trees with dbh > 10 cm in the 10.5-ha plot. the data show more or less a typical size class distribution of tropical undisturbed primary forest. this reveals that 79.13% of the total trees had dbh of less than 30 cm and only 20.87 % occurred in the diameter class greater than 30 cm. the trees with large dbh were mainly dipterocarps. three largest tree species were shorea pauciflora ( dbh =196.50 cm), dipterocarpus cornutus (170.90 cm ) and alstonia scholaris (170.0 cm). it is interesting to note that a pioneer species, anthocephalus cadamba, developed well in this forest, where trees were distributed in all diameter classes and reached a maximum dbh of 128 cm. in contrast, alstonia scholaris, another pioneer species, demonstrated a disjunct size distribution (table 7) disjunct size distribution (table 7) with only two large individuals of dbh 140 cm and 170 cm (appendix 1). a. cadamba is a light-demanding species (whitmore 1986) and, in this study, had a large number of individuals with big diameters and a low number of small individuals. this pattern contrasts that of shade-demanding species, such as dipterocarpus cornutus, which had a higher number of individuals of small sizes (figure 5). other secondary forest species present in a relatively high number of individuals in the plot are shown in table 7, but none were as large as a. cadamba and alstonia scholaris. these species appeared to occur on sites previously occupied by gaps. an earlier study on this plot (partomihardjo et al. 1987) (figure 6) reported that gaps covered a total area of 17, 399 m2 (16.6 % of the canopy) and gap formation was estimated to be 1,187 m2 (1.05 % of the canopy opening annually) and the recovery rate was about 16 years. meanwhile, a man-made gap of 0.5 ha in a lowland dipterocarp forest at lempake, about 100 km north east of wanariset samboja (riswan 1982; riswan & kartawinata 1989) was immediately occupied by secondary forest species after clearing. the primary forest species arrived later and achieved a 50% proportion of all species after 18 months. the primary forest arrivals included dipterocarps, hopea rudiformis, shorea parvifolia and shorea leprosula, which were present also in the present study (appendix 1) and have been reported to behave like pioneer species (riswan 1982; riswan & kartawinata 1989, 1991). furthermore, in a 35 year old 0.8-ha gap at lempake the large trees were dominated by secondary forest species, primarily macaranga spp. (riswan 1982; riswan &kartawinata 1988a). 308 reinwardtia [vol.12 33 45 99 101 207 533 1260 1202 2367 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 100-200 80-99.9 60-79.9 50-59.9 40-49.90 30-39.90 20-29.9 15-19.90 10-14.90 d ia m e t e r c la s s ( c m ) number of trees figure 4. diameter class distribution and number of tree species with dbh > 10 cm in a 10.5-ha plot in a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, e. kalimantan. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 10-19.9 20-29.9 30-39.9 40-49.9 50-59.9 > 60 diameter class (cm) n u m b e r o f t r e e s /1 0. 5 h a dipterocarpus cornutus athocephalus cadamba figure 5. number of individuals of a light-demander (anthocephalus cadamba) and shade-demander (dipterocarpus cornutus) according to diameter-class in a 10.5-ha plot of a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, kalimantan timur 1 3 8 1 2 8 8 4 6 1 3 6 2 2 1 0 3 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 1 6 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 0 . 0 3 0 0 . 0 9 9 0 . 1 0 . 4 9 0 . 5 0 . 9 9 1 . 0 2 . 9 9 2 . 0 4 . 9 9 5 . 0 9 . 9 0 1 0 . 0 3 1 . 0 b a s a l a r e a ( s q . m . ) n u m b e r o f s p e c ie s figure 3. basal area class distribution and number of tree species with dbh > 10 cm in a 10.5-ha plot in a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, e. kalimantan table 7. number of trees of major secondary forest species according to diameter class in the 10.5-ha plot of lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, east kalimantan. 2008] kartawinata et al:: wanariset dipterocarp forest structure 309 15 10 5 0 gap building mature building mature gap 30m 0 12 m 10 20 30 40 50 60 m mature figure 6. canopy phases and a profile diagram of a portion of the 10.5-ha plot within a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, east kalimantan. d – dysoxylum sp., dl – drypetes laevis, dr – dacryodes rostrata, gb – gonystylus bancanus, h – horsfieldia sp., kc – knema cinerea, km – koompasia malaccensis, madhuca sp., mc – microcos crassifolia, ml – mallotus leptophyllus, ms – madhuca sericea, nk – neoscortechinia kingii, p – polyalthia sp., pl – polyalthia rumphii, sl – shorea laevis, so – shorea ovalis, sp – shorea parvifolia, vu – vatica umbonata. (after partomihardjo et al. 1987) diameter class species 10 -1 9. 9 20 -2 9. 9 30 -3 9. 9 40 -4 9. 9 50 -5 9. 9 60 -6 9. 9 70 -7 9. 9 80 -8 9. 9 90 .9 9. 9 10 010 9. 9 11 012 9. 9 13 017 0 anthocephalus cadamba 8 1 1 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 alstonia scholaris 5 3 1 2 alstonia angustifolia 4 2 1 artocarpus anisophyllus 12 2 2 1 artocarpus rigidus 13 2 1 buchanania sessifolia 3 12 7 dillenia excelsa 15 2 3 1 endospermum diadenum 2 1 1 porterandia anisophylla 8 1 macaranga gigantea 2 3 2 2 macaranga hypoleuca 4 1 macaranga tanarius 14 1 parinari oblongifolia 7 1 3 1 1 2 schima wallichii 2 2 1 acknowledgement we thank the forest research and development agency for allowing us to undertake the study at the forest at the wanariset samboja. we are also grateful to mrs. j.j. affriastini and mr. ismail rahman of the herbarium bogoriense for assisting us in field identification and identifying voucher specimens, as well as to others who have in many ways helped us in the field. references abdulhadi, r., 1991. a meliaceae forest in ketambe, gunung leuser national park, sumatra with special reference to the status of dipterocarp species. in soerianegara, s.s. tjitrosomo, r.c.umaly & i. umboh (eds.). proceedings of the fourth roundtable conference on dipterocarps. bogor, indonesia, 12-15 december 1989. biotrop special publication no. 41: 307-315, abdulhadi, r., mirmanto, e. & yusuf, r.1989. s t r u k t u r d a n k o m p o s i s i p e t a k h u t a n dipterocarpaceae di ketambe, taman nasional g. leuser, aceh. ekologi indonesia 1: 29-36. abdulhadi, r. , yusuf, r, & kartawinata, k. 1991. a riverine tropical rain forest in ketambe, gunung leuser national park, sumatra, indonesia. in soerianegara, s.s. tjitrosomo, r.c.umaly & i. umboh (eds.). proceedings of the fourth roundtable conference on dipterocarps. bogor, indonesia, 12-15 december 1989. biotrop special publication no. 41: 247-255. ashton, p.s. 1964. ecological studies in the mixed dipterocarp forests of brunei state. clarendon press, oxford. 75 pp ashton, p. s. 1989. dipterocarp reproductive biology. in lieth, h. and werger, m.j.a. 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(ed). proceedings of the third international round table on dipterocarps. :459-470. unesco, jakarta, indonesia. tanuwijaya, s.m., alimudin, r.h., pert, d.ra., webb, c.o. & leighton, m. 1996. population structure and regeneration in two potentially valuable leguminous rain forest tree species, sindora coriacea and dialium platysepalum in gunung palung national park, indonesia. tropical biodiversity 3: 157-168. walsh, r.p.d. 1996. drought frequency changes in sabah and adjacent parts of northern borneo since the late nineteenth century and possible implications for tropical rain forest dynamics. j. trop. ecol. 12: 385-407. whitmore, t. c. 1986. tropical rain forests of the far east . english language book society/ oxford university press, oxford, 1st edition. whitmore, t.c. & k. sidiyasa. 1986. composition and structure of a lowland rain forest at toraut, northern sulawesi. kew bulletin 41: 747-756. whitmore, t.c., tantra, i.g.m. and sutisna, u. 1989. tree flora of indonesia. check list for kalimantan. part i. forest research and development centre, bogor. whitmore, t.c., tantra, i.g.m. and sutisna, u. 1990. tree flora of indonesia. check list for kalimantan, part ii. forest research and development centre, bogor. woods, t.n. & bower, r.p. 1982. rainfall records, east kalimantan catatan curah hujan kalimantan timur. report: analysis summaries and histograms. transmigration area development project, dinas pekerjaan umum propinnsi daerah tingkat i, kalimantan timur. samarinda. 2008] kartawinata et al:: wanariset dipterocarp forest structure 313 appendix 1. number of species in a family (in parenthesis), number of occurrence, frequency (%), number of trees, basal area ( cm2), relative basal area (%), relative frequency (%), relative density (%, ) importance value in a 10.5 ha plot of lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset semboja, east kalimantan, indonesia. the family importance value is the total spesies importance values for a family (tsivf). number of frequency number of basal area relative relative relative importance no. family and species occurrence (%) trees (cm2) basal area frequency density value in plots (in 10.5 ha) (%) (%) (%) 1 actinidiaceae (2 spp.) 1 saurauia sp. 1 1 1.43 1 132.73 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 2 saurauia sp. 2 1 1.43 1 196.07 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 family importance value 0.098 2 alangiaceae (1 sp.) 3 alangium ebenaceum 20 28.57 26 6,899.50 0.201 0.538 0.446 1.186 family importance value 1.186 3 anacardiaceae ( 15) 4 bouea oppositifolia 7 10.00 8 2,910.34 0.085 0.188 0.137 0.411 5 buchanania sessifolia 17 24.29 23 6,344.42 0.185 0.457 0.395 1.037 6 campnosperma coriaceum 2 2.86 2 1,005.31 0.029 0.054 0.034 0.117 7 koordersiodendron pinnatum 1 1.43 1 426.38 0.012 0.027 0.017 0.057 8 mangifera caesia 10 14.29 10 9,984.09 0.291 0.269 0.172 0.732 9 mangifera foetida . 9 12.86 10 2,646.81 0.077 0.242 0.172 0.491 10 mangifera indica 1 1.43 1 84.95 0.002 0.027 0.017 0.047 11 mangifera macrocarpa 1 1.43 1 343.07 0.010 0.027 0.017 0.054 12 mangifera pajang 4 5.71 4 4,616.66 0.135 0.108 0.069 0.311 13 melanochyla bracteata 4 5.71 4 716.21 0.021 0.108 0.069 0.197 14 melanochyla fulvinervis 7 10.00 8 1,873.00 0.055 0.188 0.137 0.380 15 parishia maingayi 2 2.86 2 7,853.05 0.229 0.054 0.034 0.317 16 semecarpus bunburyanus 1 1.43 1 271.72 0.008 0.027 0.017 0.052 17 semecarpus forstenii 3 4.29 3 1,740.21 0.051 0.081 0.051 0.183 18 semecarpus glauca 1 1.43 1 4,185.39 0.122 0.027 0.017 0.166 family importance value 4.552 4 annonaceae (24) 19 cananga odorata 5 7.14 6 8,079.85 0.236 0.134 0.103 0.473 20 cyathocalyx sumatrana 1 1.43 3 1,359.32 0.040 0.027 0.051 0.118 21 goniothalamus macrophylla 4 5.71 4 637.27 0.019 0.108 0.069 0.195 22 meiogyne virgata 5 7.14 5 1,111.89 0.032 0.134 0.086 0.253 23 mitrephora polypyrena 1 1.43 1 132.73 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 24 monocarpia marginalis 9 12.86 13 7,056.34 0.206 0.242 0.223 0.671 25 oxymitra sp. 1 1.43 1 122.72 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 26 polyalthia lateritica 2 2.86 2 753.94 0.022 0.054 0.034 0.110 27 polyalthia glauca 1 1.43 1 109.36 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 28 polyalthia lateriflora 31 44.29 78 29,839.03 0.871 0.834 1.339 3.043 29 polyalthia rumphii 19 27.14 26 6,745.95 0.197 0.511 0.446 1.154 30 polyalthia sp. 1 1 1.43 1 426.38 0.012 0.027 0.017 0.057 31 polyalthia sp. 2 1 1.43 1 124.69 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 32 polyalthia sp. 3 1 1.43 1 116.90 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 33 polyalthia sp. 4 1 1.43 1 692.79 0.020 0.027 0.017 0.064 34 polyalthia sp. 5 1 1.43 1 829.58 0.024 0.027 0.017 0.068 35 polyalthia sumatrana 61 87.14 143 37,494.99 1.094 1.641 2.455 5.189 36 popowia hirta 6 8.57 6 1,025.05 0.030 0.161 0.103 0.294 37 popowia sp. 1 1 1.43 1 162.86 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 38 popowia sp. 2 1 1.43 1 95.03 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 39 popowia tomentosa 2 2.86 2 276.78 0.008 0.054 0.034 0.096 40 xylopia ferruginea 2 2.86 2 979.93 0.029 0.054 0.034 0.117 41 xylopia malayana 13 18.57 16 5,242.90 0.153 0.350 0.275 0.777 42 xylopia sp. 1 1 1.43 1 86.59 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 family importance value 13.061 5 apocynaceae (5) 43 alstonia angustifolia 6 8.57 7 2,778.12 0.081 0.161 0.120 0.363 44 alstonia scholaris 11 15.71 11 41,046.72 1.198 0.296 0.189 1.683 45 dyera sp. 1 1.43 1 1,231.63 0.036 0.027 0.017 0.080 314 reinwardtia [vol.12 number of frequency number of basal area relative relative relative importance no. family and species occurrence (%) trees (cm2) basal area frequency density value in plots (in 10.5 ha) (%) (%) (%) 46 dyera lowii 1 1.43 1 1,063.62 0.031 0.027 0.017 0.075 47 willughbeia firma 3 4.29 4 3,277.67 0.096 0.081 0.069 0.245 family importance value 2.445 6 aquifoliaceae (1) 48 ilex cymosa 4 5.71 4 17,262.70 0.504 0.108 0.069 0.680 family importance value 0.680 7 arecaceae (3 ) 49 borassodendron borneensis 52 74.29 120 49,993.30 1.459 1.399 2.060 4.917 50 oncosperma horridum 13 18.57 25 8,783.28 0.256 0.350 0.429 1.035 51 pholidocarpus majadum 47 67.14 266 165,336.91 4.825 1.264 4.566 10.655 family importance value 16.608 8 bombacaceae (7) 52 durio acutifolius 17 24.29 28 13,674.62 0.399 0.457 0.481 1.337 53 durio dulcis 9 12.86 9 27,197.65 0.794 0.242 0.154 1.190 54 durio graveolens 16 22.86 17 7,520.90 0.220 0.430 0.292 0.942 55 durio kutejensis 1 1.43 1 314.16 0.009 0.027 0.017 0.053 56 durio lanceolatus 12 17.14 16 3,490.79 0.102 0.323 0.275 0.699 57 durio oxleyanus 17 24.29 22 11,462.90 0.335 0.457 0.378 1.169 58 neesia synandra 12 17.14 13 12,072.47 0.352 0.323 0.223 0.898 family importance value 6.289 9 burseraceae (21) 59 canarium decumanum 1 1.43 1 143.14 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 60 canarium denticulatum 1 1.43 1 224.32 0.007 0.027 0.017 0.051 61 canarium dichotomum 3 4.29 4 765.21 0.022 0.081 0.069 0.172 62 canarium hirsutum 6 8.57 6 1,248.98 0.036 0.161 0.103 0.301 63 canarium littorale 6 8.57 6 965.46 0.028 0.161 0.103 0.293 64 canarium patentinervum 1 1.43 1 232.35 0.007 0.027 0.017 0.051 65 canarium pilosum 3 4.29 5 1,618.41 0.047 0.081 0.086 0.214 66 dacryodes laxa 1 1.43 1 193.59 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 67 dacryodes rostrata 39 55.71 62 21,663.10 0.632 1.049 1.064 2.745 68 dacryodes rubiginosa 1 1.43 1 535.02 0.016 0.027 0.017 0.060 69 dacryodes rugosa 42 60.00 66 17,259.69 0.504 1.130 1.133 2.766 70 haplolobus moluccanus 7 10.00 7 1,833.09 0.053 0.188 0.120 0.362 71 santiria griffithii 14 20.00 19 5,495.28 0.160 0.377 0.326 0.863 72 santiria laevigata 1 1.43 1 3,067.96 0.090 0.027 0.017 0.134 73 santiria megaphylla 6 8.57 6 1,003.10 0.029 0.161 0.103 0.294 74 santiria sp. 1 1 1.43 1 502.73 0.015 0.027 0.017 0.059 75 santiria sp. 2 1 1.43 1 730.62 0.021 0.027 0.017 0.065 76 santiria sp. 3 1 1.43 1 165.13 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 77 santiria sp. 4 1 1.43 1 103.87 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 78 santiria tomentosa 7 10.00 7 2,042.89 0.060 0.188 0.120 0.368 79 trioma malaccensis 6 8.57 7 1,540.18 0.045 0.161 0.120 0.326 family iv 9.316 10 celastraceae (3 ) 80 bhesa paniculata 16 22.86 22 6,563.37 0.192 0.430 0.378 1.000 81 euonymus javanicus 2 2.86 2 460.45 0.013 0.054 0.034 0.102 82 lophopetalum javanicum 1 1.43 1 91.61 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 family importance value 1.148 11 chrysobalanaceae (6 ) 83 atuna racemosa ssp. excelsa 7 10.00 7 7,044.01 0.206 0.188 0.120 0.514 84 licania splendens 19 27.14 27 27,448.19 0.801 0.511 0.463 1.776 85 maranthes corymbosa 2 2.86 3 1,596.52 0.047 0.054 0.051 0.152 86 parastemon urophyllus 4 5.71 4 4,844.15 0.141 0.108 0.069 0.318 87 parinari oblongifolia 13 18.57 15 15,568.71 0.454 0.350 0.257 1.061 88 parinari sp. 1 1.43 1 84.95 0.002 0.027 0.017 0.047 family importance value 3.867 12 clusiaceae (19 ) 89 calophyllum pulcherrimum 3 4.29 3 1,347.71 0.039 0.081 0.051 0.172 90 calophyllum soulattri 11 15.71 11 42,461.00 1.239 0.296 0.189 1.724 91 garcinia celebica 8 11.43 10 6,005.72 0.175 0.215 0.172 0.562 2008] kartawinata et al::wanariset dipterocarp forest structure 315 number of frequency number of basal area relative relative relative importance no. family and species occurrence (%) trees (cm2) basal area frequency density value in plots (in 10.5 ha) (%) (%) (%) 92 garcinia dioica 2 2.86 2 642.71 0.019 0.054 0.034 0.107 93 garcinia lateriflora 1 1.43 1 114.99 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 94 garcinia nervosa 4 5.71 4 1,002.63 0.029 0.108 0.069 0.206 95 garcinia parvifolia 2 2.86 2 3,808.13 0.111 0.054 0.034 0.199 96 garcinia rigida 2 2.86 2 1,093.09 0.032 0.054 0.034 0.120 97 garcinia sp. 1 3 4.29 3 1,589.75 0.046 0.081 0.051 0.179 98 garcinia sp. 2 2 2.86 2 569.29 0.017 0.054 0.034 0.105 99 garcinia sp. 3 2 2.86 2 1,328.64 0.039 0.054 0.034 0.127 100 garcinia sp. 4 1 1.43 1 390.57 0.011 0.027 0.017 0.055 101 garcinia tetrandra 4 5.71 4 538.77 0.016 0.108 0.069 0.192 102 kayea macrantha 11 15.71 14 4,794.23 0.140 0.296 0.240 0.676 103 mammea acuminata 1 1.43 1 143.14 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 104 mesua borneensis 1 1.43 1 320.63 0.009 0.027 0.017 0.053 105 mesua caroidea 1 1.43 1 298.50 0.009 0.027 0.017 0.053 106 mesua sp. 1 1 1.43 1 102.07 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 107 mesua sp. 2 1 1.43 1 95.03 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 family importance value 4.719 13 combretaceae (3 ) 108 terminalia foetidissima 4 5.71 4 1,342.12 0.039 0.108 0.069 0.215 109 ellipanthus beccarii 1 1.43 1 314.16 0.009 0.027 0.017 0.053 110 mastixia tricholoma 3 4.29 4 689.22 0.020 0.081 0.069 0.169 family importance value 0.438 14 crypteroniaceae (1 ) 111 crypteronia cumingii 13 18.57 15 59,833.97 1.746 0.350 0.257 2.353 family importance value 2.353 15 ctenolophonaceae (1 ) 112 ctenolophon parviflorus 3 4.29 2 495.60 0.014 0.081 0.034 0.129 family importance value 0.129 16 dilleniaceae (4 ) 113 dillenia excelsa 18 25.71 21 7,974.88 0.233 0.484 0.360 1.077 114 dillenia grandiflora 12 17.14 13 5,501.57 0.161 0.323 0.223 0.706 115 dillenia obovata . 6 8.57 7 8,360.12 0.244 0.161 0.120 0.526 116 dillenia pentagyna 1 1.43 1 116.90 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 family importance value 2.357 17 dipterocarpaceae (25 ) 117 anisoptera costata 1 1.43 1 3,903.63 0.114 0.027 0.017 0.158 118 dipterocarpus cornutus 33 47.14 56 93,147.45 2.719 0.888 0.961 4.567 119 dipterocarpus gracilis 15 21.43 18 22,960.57 0.670 0.403 0.309 1.383 120 dipterocarpus humeratus 8 11.43 9 2,949.50 0.086 0.215 0.154 0.456 121 hopea dryobalanoides 10 14.29 11 1,602.06 0.047 0.269 0.189 0.505 122 hopea mengerawan 9 12.86 24 9,409.26 0.275 0.242 0.412 0.929 123 hopea rudiformis 1 1.43 1 1,320.25 0.039 0.027 0.017 0.083 124 parashorea malaanonan 5 7.14 6 2,822.65 0.082 0.134 0.103 0.320 125 shorea acuminatissima 2 2.86 2 2,255.07 0.066 0.054 0.034 0.154 126 shorea almon 7 10.00 11 8,868.85 0.259 0.188 0.189 0.636 127 shorea gibbosa 6 8.57 6 4,801.37 0.140 0.161 0.103 0.404 128 shorea johorensis 1 1.43 1 226.98 0.007 0.027 0.017 0.051 129 shorea kunstleri 1 1.43 1 555.71 0.016 0.027 0.017 0.060 130 shorea laevis 42 60.00 112 304,547.17 8.888 1.130 1.922 11.940 131 shorea lamellata 20 28.57 26 64,794.59 1.891 0.538 0.446 2.875 132 shorea leprosula 17 24.29 29 27,590.48 0.805 0.457 0.498 1.760 133 shorea ovalis 40 57.14 63 68,438.42 1.997 1.076 1.081 4.155 134 shorea palembanica 8 11.43 8 5,381.47 0.157 0.215 0.137 0.510 135 shorea parvifolia 29 41.43 42 72,416.11 2.114 0.780 0.721 3.614 136 shorea pauciflora 5 7.14 7 64,986.79 1.897 0.134 0.120 2.151 137 shorea smithiana . 17 24.29 18 38,451.69 1.122 0.457 0.309 1.888 138 upuna borneensis 1 1.43 1 615.75 0.018 0.027 0.017 0.062 139 vatica macrantha 22 31.43 48 20,564.74 0.600 0.592 0.824 2.016 140 vatica rassak . 12 17.14 18 10,256.16 0.299 0.323 0.309 0.931 141 vatica umbonata 39 55.71 56 22,428.86 0.655 1.049 0.961 2.665 family importance value 44.272 316 reinwardtia [vol.12 number of frequency number of basal area relative relative relative importance no. family and species occurrence (%) trees (cm2) basal area frequency density value in plots (in 10.5 ha) (%) (%) (%) 18 ebenaceae (12) 142 diospyros borneensis 61 87.14 195 52,219.17 1.524 1.641 3.347 6.512 143 diospyros buxifolia 2 2.86 2 1,755.56 0.051 0.054 0.034 0.139 144 diospyros elliptica 5 7.14 8 11,884.09 0.347 0.134 0.137 0.619 145 diospyros macrocarpa 12 17.14 18 7,307.95 0.213 0.323 0.309 0.845 146 diospyros maingayi 19 27.14 48 20,940.24 0.611 0.511 0.824 1.946 147 diospyros malayana 1 1.43 1 510.71 0.015 0.027 0.017 0.059 148 diospyros oblonga 15 21.43 26 5,646.10 0.165 0.403 0.446 1.015 149 diospyros sp 1 1 1.43 1 111.22 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 150 diospyros sp. 2 1 1.43 1 191.18 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 151 diospyros sp. 3 2 2.86 3 287.15 0.008 0.054 0.051 0.114 152 diospyros sumatrana 5 7.14 6 677.98 0.020 0.134 0.103 0.257 153 diospyros wallichii 8 11.43 12 4,804.86 0.140 0.215 0.206 0.561 family importance value 12.164 19 elaeocarpaceae (5) 154 elaeocarpus glaber 12 17.14 12 6,224.44 0.182 0.323 0.206 0.710 155 elaeocarpus obtusus 2 2.86 2 701.87 0.020 0.054 0.034 0.109 156 elaeocarpus oxypyrens 1 1.43 2 545.17 0.016 0.027 0.034 0.077 157 elaeocarpus polystachyus 9 12.86 11 6,417.47 0.187 0.242 0.189 0.618 158 sloanea javanica 1 1.43 1 346.36 0.010 0.027 0.017 0.054 family importance value 1.568 20 euphorbiaceae (45) 159 antidesma neurocarpum 1 1.43 1 706.86 0.021 0.030 0.017 0.068 160 aporusa elmeri 27 38.57 29 5,017.06 0.146 0.726 0.498 1.370 161 aporusa falcifera 16 22.86 24 5,683.79 0.166 0.430 0.412 1.008 162 aporusa lucida 5 7.14 6 2,450.46 0.072 0.134 0.103 0.309 163 aporusa lunata 2 2.86 2 478.95 0.014 0.054 0.034 0.102 164 aporusa maingayi 4 5.71 5 2,271.45 0.066 0.108 0.086 0.260 165 aporusa nitida 1 1.43 2 184.92 0.005 0.027 0.034 0.067 166 aporusa sp. 8 11.43 8 1,368.64 0.040 0.215 0.137 0.392 167 aporusa sphaeridophora 8 11.43 8 1,368.64 0.040 0.215 0.137 0.392 168 baccaurea costulata 18 25.71 23 5,928.13 0.173 0.484 0.395 1.052 169 baccaurea kunstleri 3 4.29 3 493.87 0.014 0.081 0.051 0.147 170 baccaurea macrocarpa 28 40.00 42 13,486.93 0.394 0.753 0.721 1.868 171 baccaurea minor 4 5.71 4 553.61 0.016 0.108 0.069 0.192 172 baccaurea parviflora 1 1.43 1 113.10 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 173 baccaurea racemosa 7 10.00 7 12,883.86 0.376 0.188 0.120 0.684 174 baccaurea sp. 1 1 1.43 1 615.75 0.018 0.027 0.017 0.062 175 baccaurea sp. 2 1 1.43 1 136.85 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 176 baccaurea sp. 3 1 1.43 1 188.69 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 177 baccaurea sp. 4 1 1.43 1 408.28 0.012 0.027 0.017 0.056 178 baccaurea sp. 5 1 1.43 3 436.76 0.013 0.027 0.051 0.091 179 baccaurea sumatrana 9 12.86 9 1,814.82 0.053 0.242 0.154 0.450 180 blumeodendron elatriospermum 3 4.29 3 488.67 0.014 0.081 0.051 0.146 181 blumeodendron tokbrai 3 4.29 3 1,188.70 0.035 0.081 0.051 0.167 182 chaetocarpus castanocarpus 21 30.00 25 14,811.69 0.432 0.565 0.429 1.426 183 cleistanthus maingayi 1 1.43 1 95.03 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 184 croton oblongus 16 22.86 24 4,227.28 0.123 0.430 0.412 0.966 185 drypetes crassipes 3 4.29 1 900.26 0.026 0.081 0.017 0.124 186 drypetes laevis 33 47.14 78 56,120.60 1.638 0.888 1.339 3.864 187 drypetes littoralis 1 1.43 1 95.03 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 188 drypetes longifolia 8 11.43 11 3,770.41 0.110 0.215 0.189 0.514 189 drypetes minahasae 22 31.43 38 17,926.66 0.523 0.592 0.652 1.767 190 drypetes sp. 1 1.43 1 201.06 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 191 endospermum diadenum 3 4.29 4 1,701.44 0.050 0.081 0.069 0.199 192 fahrenheitia pendula 6 8.57 6 1,317.20 0.038 0.161 0.103 0.303 193 glochidion philippicum 7 10.00 7 1,510.91 0.044 0.188 0.120 0.353 194 glochidion rubrum 4 5.71 5 1,294.68 0.038 0.108 0.086 0.231 195 macaranga gigantea 8 11.43 9 6,069.00 0.177 0.215 0.154 0.547 196 macaranga hypoleuca 5 7.14 5 1,181.77 0.034 0.134 0.086 0.255 197 macaranga lowii 3 4.29 5 669.15 0.020 0.081 0.086 0.186 198 macaranga tanarius 12 17.14 15 2,836.33 0.083 0.323 0.257 0.663 199 macaranga winkleri 2 2.86 2 250.65 0.007 0.054 0.034 0.095 200 mallotus penangensis 38 54.29 69 12,328.46 0.360 1.022 1.184 2.566 201 mallotus leptophyllus 43 61.43 104 15,928.22 0.465 1.157 1.785 3.407 202 neoscortechinia kingii 30 42.86 39 10,504.88 0.307 0.807 0.669 1.783 2008] kartawinata et al::wanariset dipterocarp forest structure 317 number of frequency number of basal area relative relative relative importance no. family and species occurrence (%) trees (cm2) basal area frequency density value in plots (in 10.5 ha) (%) (%) (%) 203 pimeleodendron griffithianum 23 32.86 28 8,699.46 0.254 0.619 0.481 1.353 204 ptychopyxis bacciformis 1 1.43 1 201.06 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 family importance value 29.824 21 fabaceae (19) 205 archidendron clypearia 5 7.14 5 1,420.93 0.041 0.134 0.086 0.262 206 archidendron microcarpum 5 7.14 5 6,417.90 0.187 0.134 0.086 0.408 207 crudia reticulata 2 2.86 2 168.27 0.005 0.054 0.034 0.093 208 crudia ripicola 1 1.43 1 962.11 0.028 0.027 0.017 0.072 209 dialium hydnocarpoides 1 1.43 1 547.39 0.016 0.027 0.017 0.060 210 dialium indum 7 10.00 9 2,909.06 0.085 0.188 0.154 0.428 211 dialium platysepalum 5 7.14 5 3,675.24 0.107 0.134 0.086 0.328 212 dialium sp. 1 1.43 1 2,436.69 0.071 0.027 0.017 0.115 213 koompassia excelsa 13 18.57 15 14,019.13 0.409 0.350 0.257 1.016 214 koompassia malaccensis 32 45.71 76 42,828.62 1.250 0.861 1.304 3.415 215 milletia sericea 2 2.86 2 193.22 0.006 0.054 0.034 0.094 216 parkia speciosa 1 1.43 2 4,964.70 0.145 0.027 0.034 0.206 217 parkia timoriana . 5 7.14 5 29,722.22 0.867 0.134 0.086 1.088 218 phitecelobium sp. 1 1.43 1 141.03 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 219 pithecellobium microcarpum 3 4.29 3 988.22 0.029 0.081 0.051 0.161 220 saraca declinata 3 4.29 3 431.36 0.013 0.081 0.051 0.145 221 sindora leiocarpa 2 2.86 2 254.63 0.007 0.054 0.034 0.096 222 sindora velutina 12 17.14 17 8,645.59 0.252 0.323 0.292 0.867 223 uittienia modesta 2 2.86 2 228.97 0.007 0.054 0.034 0.095 family importance value 8.995 22 fagaceae 12) 224 castanopsis costata 2 2.86 2 995.29 0.029 0.054 0.034 0.117 225 castanopsis javanica 1 1.43 1 1,116.28 0.033 0.027 0.017 0.077 226 castanopsis lucida 1 1.43 2 732.57 0.021 0.027 0.034 0.083 227 castanopsis sp. 1 1.43 1 452.39 0.013 0.027 0.017 0.057 228 lithocarpus blumeanus 18 25.71 29 15,863.89 0.463 0.484 0.498 1.445 229 lithocarpus conocarpus 5 7.14 5 1,545.08 0.045 0.134 0.086 0.265 230 lithocarpus hystrix 2 2.86 2 2,133.34 0.062 0.054 0.034 0.150 231 lithocarpus sp. 1 1 1.43 1 186.27 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 232 lithocarpus sp. 2 1 1.43 1 769.45 0.022 0.027 0.017 0.067 233 lithocarpus sundaicus 4 5.71 4 3,680.77 0.107 0.108 0.069 0.284 234 quercus argentata 8 11.43 10 7,462.50 0.218 0.215 0.172 0.605 235 quercus gemelliflora 2 2.86 2 475.36 0.014 0.054 0.034 0.102 family importance value 3.301 23 flacourtiaceae (1) 236 hydnocarpus polypetala 23 32.86 32 5,820.27 0.170 0.619 0.549 1.338 family importance value 1.338 24 hypericaceae (2) 237 cratoxylon cochinchinense 1 1.43 1 1,075.21 0.031 0.027 0.017 0.075 238 cratoxylon hypericinum 5 7.14 5 4,156.45 0.121 0.134 0.086 0.342 family importance value 0.417 26 icacinaceae (1) 239 stemonurus sp. 1 1.43 1 229.66 0.007 0.027 0.017 0.051 family importance value 0.051 27 lauraceae (51) 240 actinodaphne glomerata 1 1.43 1 283.53 0.008 0.027 0.017 0.052 241 actinodaphne procera 4 5.71 6 1,347.67 0.039 0.108 0.103 0.250 242 alseodaphne sp. 1 1 1.43 1 138.93 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 243 alseodaphne sp. 2 8 11.43 9 4,093.17 0.119 0.215 0.154 0.489 244 alseodaphne oblanceolata 9 12.86 11 4,027.09 0.118 0.242 0.189 0.548 245 alseodaphne umbelliflora 9 12.86 9 8,616.86 0.251 0.242 0.154 0.648 246 beilschmiedia glabra 7 10.00 7 1,734.66 0.051 0.188 0.120 0.359 247 beilschmiedia maingayi 20 28.57 24 5,837.79 0.170 0.538 0.412 1.120 248 beilschmiedia sp. 1 1 1.43 1 349.67 0.010 0.027 0.017 0.054 249 beilschmiedia sp. 2 1 1.43 1 206.12 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 250 cryptocarya crassifolia 1 1.43 1 314.16 0.009 0.027 0.017 0.053 251 cryptocarya crassinervia 3 4.29 3 892.88 0.026 0.081 0.051 0.158 252 cryptocarya cumingii 1 1.43 1 193.59 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 253 cryptocarya ferrea 1 1.43 1 219.04 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 318 reinwardtia [vol.12 number of frequency number of basal area relative relative relative importance no. family and species occurrence (%) trees (cm2) basal area frequency density value in plots (in 10.5 ha) (%) (%) (%) 254 dehaasia borneensis 1 1.43 1 444.88 0.013 0.027 0.017 0.057 255 dehaasia caesia 5 7.14 5 3,377.01 0.099 0.134 0.086 0.319 256 dehaasia firma 1 1.43 1 136.85 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 257 dehaasia incrassata 2 2.86 2 255.64 0.007 0.054 0.034 0.096 258 dehaasia sp. 1 1.43 1 404.71 0.012 0.027 0.017 0.056 259 endiandra beccariana 5 7.14 6 1,140.00 0.033 0.134 0.103 0.271 260 endiandra rubescens 18 25.71 19 7,708.87 0.225 0.484 0.326 1.035 261 eusideroxylon zwageri 55 78.57 112 93,791.11 2.737 1.479 1.922 6.139 262 litsea accendens 2 2.86 2 487.39 0.014 0.054 0.034 0.102 263 litsea angulata 1 1.43 1 397.61 0.012 0.027 0.017 0.056 264 litsea crassifolia 1 1.43 1 459.96 0.013 0.027 0.017 0.057 265 litsea elliptica 11 15.71 13 6,147.83 0.179 0.296 0.223 0.698 266 litsea ferruginea 10 14.29 12 8,534.30 0.249 0.269 0.206 0.724 267 litsea firma 2 2.86 2 712.37 0.021 0.054 0.034 0.109 268 litsea grandis 9 12.86 10 3,329.13 0.097 0.242 0.172 0.511 269 litsea lancifolia 2 2.86 2 308.14 0.009 0.054 0.034 0.097 270 litsea mappacea 1 1.43 1 390.57 0.011 0.027 0.017 0.055 271 litsea noronhae 4 5.71 4 1,672.54 0.049 0.108 0.069 0.225 272 litsea resinosa 11 15.71 16 10,845.73 0.317 0.296 0.275 0.887 273 litsea robusta 1 1.43 1 314.16 0.009 0.027 0.017 0.053 274 litsea sp. 1 1 1.43 1 346.36 0.010 0.027 0.017 0.054 275 litsea sp. 2 1 1.43 1 637.94 0.019 0.027 0.017 0.063 276 litsea sp. 3 1 1.43 1 89.92 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 277 litsea sp. 4 1 1.43 1 102.07 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 278 litsea sp. 5 1 1.43 1 118.82 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.048 279 litsea sp. 6 1 1.43 1 183.85 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 280 litsea sp. 7 1 1.43 1 452.39 0.013 0.027 0.017 0.057 281 litsea sp. 8 1 1.43 1 471.44 0.014 0.027 0.017 0.058 282 litsea sp. 9 1 1.43 1 539.13 0.016 0.027 0.017 0.060 283 litsea sp. 10 1 1.43 1 725.83 0.021 0.027 0.017 0.065 284 litsea sp. 11 1 1.43 1 1,152.09 0.034 0.027 0.017 0.078 285 litsea tomentosa 1 1.43 1 98.52 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 286 litsea wallichii 1 1.43 1 84.95 0.002 0.027 0.017 0.047 287 neolitsea cesiaefolia 4 5.71 4 505.50 0.015 0.108 0.069 0.191 288 notaphoebe sp. 1 1.43 1 237.79 0.007 0.027 0.017 0.051 289 notaphoebe umbelliflora 8 11.43 10 10,307.36 0.301 0.215 0.172 0.688 290 phoebe laevis 4 5.71 4 1,922.09 0.056 0.108 0.069 0.232 family importance value 17.408 28 lecythidaceae (5) 291 barringtonia acutangula 1 1.43 1 286.52 0.008 0.027 0.017 0.052 292 barringtonia lanceolata 7 10.00 9 4,867.72 0.142 0.188 0.154 0.485 293 barringtonia macrostachya 15 21.43 19 5,246.79 0.153 0.403 0.326 0.883 294 barringtonia sp. 1 1.43 1 95.03 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 295 planchonia valida 3 4.29 3 1,047.29 0.031 0.081 0.051 0.163 family importance value 1.630 29 loganiaceae (1) 296 strychnos lucida 1 1.43 1 188.69 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 family importance value 0.050 30 lythraceae (1) 297 lagerstroemia floribunda 6 8.57 9 6,505.05 0.190 0.161 0.154 0.506 family importance value 0.506 31 magnoliaceae (4) 298 elmerillia tsiampacca 2 2.86 3 430.96 0.013 0.054 0.051 0.118 299 magnolia candollii 1 1.43 1 122.72 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 300 magnolia elegans 2 2.86 2 367.57 0.011 0.054 0.034 0.099 301 magnolia sp. 4 5.71 4 663.21 0.019 0.108 0.069 0.196 family importance value 0.460 32 melastomataceae (14) 302 memecylon beccarianum 6 8.57 6 2,593.09 0.076 0.161 0.103 0.340 303 memecylon costatum 2 2.86 2 320.27 0.009 0.054 0.034 0.097 304 memecylon lilacinum 7 10.00 8 2,081.88 0.061 0.188 0.137 0.386 305 memecylon ovatum 6 8.57 8 1,263.34 0.037 0.161 0.137 0.336 306 pternandra azurea 3 4.29 3 357.79 0.010 0.081 0.051 0.143 307 pternandra caerulescens 32 45.71 60 11,172.08 0.326 0.861 1.030 2.217 2008] kartawinata et al::wanariset dipterocarp forest structure 319 number of frequency number of basal area relative relative relative importance no. family and species occurrence (%) trees (cm2) basal area frequency density value in plots (in 10.5 ha) (%) (%) (%) 308 pternandra cordata 26 37.14 57 10,460.75 0.305 0.699 0.978 1.983 309 pternandra galeata 21 30.00 25 4,376.10 0.128 0.565 0.429 1.122 310 pternandra latifolia 2 2.86 2 254.01 0.007 0.054 0.034 0.096 311 pternandra rostrata 14 20.00 21 2,786.40 0.081 0.377 0.360 0.818 312 pternandra sp. 1 1 1.43 1 130.70 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 313 pternandra sp. 2 1 1.43 1 86.59 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 314 pternandra sp. 3 1 1.43 1 186.27 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 315 pternandra sp. 4 1 1.43 1 136.85 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 family importance value 3.519 33 meliaceae (17) 316 aglaia macrocarpa 6 8.57 13 2,514.29 0.073 0.161 0.223 0.458 317 aglaia odorata 2 2.86 2 221.24 0.006 0.054 0.034 0.095 318 aglaia silvestris 26 37.14 32 6,969.66 0.203 0.699 0.549 1.452 319 aglaia sp. 1 1.43 1 109.36 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 320 aphanamixis polystachya 12 17.14 15 4,866.39 0.142 0.323 0.257 0.722 321 chisocheton cumingianus 1 1.43 1 143.14 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 322 chisocheton medusae 5 7.14 6 2,331.40 0.068 0.134 0.103 0.306 323 chisocheton sp. 5 7.14 1 246.06 0.007 0.134 0.017 0.159 324 chisocheton patens 1 1.43 1 86.59 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 325 dysoxylum arborescens 1 1.43 1 881.41 0.026 0.027 0.017 0.070 326 dysoxylum densiflorum 2 2.86 2 364.57 0.011 0.054 0.034 0.099 327 dysoxyllum excelsum 16 22.86 25 5,843.87 0.171 0.430 0.429 1.030 328 dysoxylum macrocarpum 4 5.71 4 3,081.34 0.090 0.108 0.069 0.266 329 dysoxylum pachyrache 4 5.71 4 598.12 0.017 0.108 0.069 0.194 330 kokoona littoralis 3 4.29 3 1,641.02 0.048 0.081 0.051 0.180 331 lansium domesticum 21 30.00 21 4,071.20 0.119 0.565 0.360 1.044 332 sandoricum borneense 6 8.57 7 2,706.12 0.079 0.161 0.120 0.361 family importance value 6.576 34 monimiaceae (1) 333 kibara coriacea 4 5.71 4 670.89 0.020 0.108 0.069 0.196 family importance value 0.196 35 moraceae (21) 334 artocarpus altilis 6 8.57 6 2,939.32 0.086 0.161 0.103 0.350 335 artocarpus anisophyllus 13 18.57 17 6,330.02 0.185 0.350 0.292 0.826 336 artocarpus champeden 1 1.43 2 1,719.72 0.050 0.027 0.034 0.111 337 artocarpus dadah 5 7.14 14 5,363.16 0.157 0.134 0.240 0.531 338 artocarpus kemando 6 8.57 9 3,150.37 0.092 0.161 0.154 0.408 339 artocarpus longifolius 1 1.43 1 235.06 0.007 0.027 0.017 0.051 340 artocarpus nitidus 27 38.57 38 11,924.51 0.348 0.726 0.652 1.726 341 artocarpus rigidus 12 17.14 16 3,729.70 0.109 0.323 0.275 0.706 342 artocarpus sp. 1 8 11.43 9 7,243.06 0.211 0.215 0.154 0.581 343 artocarpus sp.2 1 1.43 1 174.37 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 344 artocarpus tamara 1 1.43 1 664.10 0.019 0.027 0.017 0.063 345 ficus ampelas 1 1.43 1 130.70 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 346 ficus aurata 2 2.86 2 211.76 0.006 0.054 0.034 0.094 347 ficus crassiramica 1 1.43 1 136.85 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 348 ficus sp. 1 2 2.86 2 295.98 0.009 0.054 0.034 0.097 349 ficus sp. 2 2 2.86 2 463.40 0.014 0.054 0.034 0.102 350 ficus sumatrana 3 4.29 3 327.63 0.010 0.081 0.051 0.142 351 ficus sundaica 2 2.86 2 335.08 0.010 0.054 0.034 0.098 352 ficus variegata 1 1.43 1 160.61 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 353 ficus xanthophylla 4 5.71 4 3,609.92 0.105 0.108 0.069 0.282 family importance value 6.363 36 myristicaceae (33) 354 gymnacranthera contracta 36 51.43 69 21,616.58 0.631 0.968 1.184 2.784 355 gymnacranthera sp. 1 1 1.43 1 363.05 0.011 0.027 0.017 0.055 356 gymnacranthera sp. 2 1 1.43 1 498.76 0.015 0.027 0.017 0.059 357 gymnacranthera sp. 3 1 1.43 1 257.30 0.008 0.027 0.017 0.052 358 horsfieldia bracteosa 18 25.71 27 10,393.08 0.303 0.484 0.463 1.251 359 horsfieldia crassifolia 1 1.43 1 2,463.01 0.072 0.027 0.017 0.116 360 horsfieldia glabra 20 28.57 32 14,414.24 0.421 0.538 0.549 1.508 361 horsfieldia grandis 10 14.29 12 1,783.58 0.052 0.269 0.206 0.527 362 horsfieldia irya 2 2.86 4 1,863.20 0.054 0.054 0.069 0.177 363 horsfieldia punctatifolia 13 18.57 25 9,126.34 0.266 0.350 0.429 1.045 320 reinwardtia [vol.12 number of frequency number of basal area relative relative relative importance no. family and species occurrence (%) trees (cm2) basal area frequency density value in plots (in 10.5 ha) (%) (%) (%) 364 horsfieldia sp. 1 1 1.43 1 254.47 0.007 0.027 0.017 0.051 365 horsfieldia sp. 2 1 1.43 1 206.12 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 366 horsfieldia sp. 3 1 1.43 1 153.94 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.049 367 horsfieldia sp. 4 1 1.43 1 176.71 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 368 knema cinerea 28 40.00 72 21,642.47 0.632 0.753 1.236 2.621 369 knema conferta 24 34.29 42 10,594.10 0.309 0.646 0.721 1.676 370 knema latericia 19 27.14 24 5,754.04 0.168 0.511 0.412 1.091 371 knema latifolia 4 5.71 6 1,248.47 0.036 0.108 0.103 0.247 372 knema laurina 9 12.86 13 2,643.36 0.077 0.242 0.223 0.542 373 knema lunduensis 23 32.86 29 7,643.17 0.223 0.619 0.498 1.339 374 knema percoriacea 8 11.43 13 2,975.00 0.087 0.215 0.223 0.525 375 knema sp. 1 1 1.43 1 283.53 0.008 0.027 0.017 0.052 376 knema sp. 2 1 1.43 1 467.59 0.014 0.027 0.017 0.058 377 knema sp. 3 1 1.43 1 514.72 0.015 0.027 0.017 0.059 378 knema sp. 4 1 1.43 1 376.68 0.011 0.027 0.017 0.055 379 knema sp. 5 1 1.43 1 452.39 0.013 0.027 0.017 0.057 380 knema sp. 6 1 1.43 1 174.37 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 381 myristica gaulterifolia 19 27.14 25 10,447.70 0.305 0.511 0.429 1.245 382 myristica iners 2 2.86 2 286.07 0.008 0.054 0.034 0.096 383 myristica lanceifolia 1 1.43 1 339.79 0.010 0.027 0.017 0.054 384 myristica maxima 4 5.71 5 1,198.73 0.035 0.108 0.086 0.228 385 myristica sp. 1 1.43 1 176.71 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 386 myristica villosa 3 4.29 4 583.19 0.017 0.081 0.069 0.166 family importance value 7.572 37 myrsinaceae (1) 387 ardisia sp. 1 1.43 1 105.68 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 family importance value 0.047 38 myrtaceae (59) 388 cleistocalyx operculata 1 1.43 1 441.15 0.013 0.027 0.017 0.057 389 eugenia acuminatissima 7 10.00 12 3,825.07 0.112 0.188 0.206 0.506 390 eugenia acutangula 35 50.00 62 22,772.72 0.665 0.941 1.064 2.670 391 eugenia albidiramea 10 14.29 15 9,549.71 0.279 0.269 0.257 0.805 392 eugenia aquea 3 4.29 4 884.95 0.026 0.081 0.069 0.175 393 eugenia beccarii 2 2.86 2 2,140.21 0.062 0.054 0.034 0.151 394 eugenia boerlagei 6 8.57 9 4,743.91 0.138 0.161 0.154 0.454 395 eugenia bruneorhamea 5 7.14 6 1,066.18 0.031 0.134 0.103 0.269 396 eugenia corymbosa 21 30.00 38 15,267.54 0.446 0.565 0.652 1.663 397 eugenia decipiens 4 5.71 8 2,846.91 0.083 0.108 0.137 0.328 398 eugenia densiflora 1 1.43 1 176.71 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 399 eugenia densinervia 2 2.86 2 745.47 0.022 0.054 0.034 0.110 400 eugenia excelsa 1 1.43 1 706.86 0.021 0.027 0.017 0.065 401 eugenia fastigiata 25 35.71 40 17,213.92 0.502 0.672 0.687 1.861 402 eugenia jamboloides 8 11.43 9 4,955.50 0.145 0.215 0.154 0.514 403 eugenia lanceolata 1 1.43 1 191.18 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 404 eugenia lineata 7 10.00 7 1,151.49 0.034 0.188 0.120 0.342 405 eugenia ochneocarpa 17 24.29 25 10,150.70 0.296 0.457 0.429 1.183 406 eugenia oleosa f. muell. 9 12.86 20 11,454.01 0.334 0.242 0.343 0.920 407 eugenia opaca k. & v. 13 18.57 16 5,807.38 0.169 0.350 0.275 0.794 408 eugenia operculata 1 1.43 1 441.15 0.013 0.027 0.017 0.057 409 eugenia rostrata bedd. ex dut 2 2.86 2 617.52 0.018 0.054 0.034 0.106 410 eugenia sp. 1 4 5.71 4 854.31 0.025 0.108 0.069 0.201 411 eugenia sp. 2 3 4.29 6 2,111.62 0.062 0.081 0.103 0.245 412 eugenia sp. 3 7 10.00 10 5,842.20 0.171 0.188 0.172 0.530 413 eugenia sp. 4 1 1.43 2 465.31 0.014 0.027 0.034 0.075 414 eugenia sp. 5 4 5.71 1 394.28 0.012 0.108 0.017 0.136 415 eugenia sp. 6 1 1.43 1 83.32 0.002 0.027 0.017 0.046 416 eugenia sp. 7 1 1.43 1 98.52 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 417 eugenia sp. 8 1 1.43 1 109.36 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 418 eugenia sp. 9 1 1.43 1 124.69 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 419 eugenia sp. 10 1 1.43 1 136.85 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 420 eugenia sp. 11 1 1.43 1 143.14 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 421 eugenia sp. 12 1 1.43 1 151.75 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 422 eugenia sp. 13 1 1.43 1 206.12 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 423 eugenia sp. 14 1 1.43 1 268.80 0.008 0.027 0.017 0.052 424 eugenia sp. 15 1 1.43 1 352.99 0.010 0.027 0.017 0.054 425 eugenia sp. 16 1 1.43 1 397.61 0.012 0.027 0.017 0.056 426 eugenia sp. 17 1 1.43 1 452.39 0.013 0.027 0.017 0.057 2008] kartawinata et al::wanariset dipterocarp forest structure 321 number of frequency number of basal area relative relative relative importance no. family and species occurrence (%) trees (cm2) basal area frequency density value in plots (in 10.5 ha) (%) (%) (%) 427 eugenia sp. 18 1 1.43 1 530.93 0.015 0.027 0.017 0.060 428 eugenia sp. 19 1 1.43 1 660.52 0.019 0.027 0.017 0.063 429 eugenia sp. 20 1 1.43 1 730.62 0.021 0.027 0.017 0.065 430 eugenia sp. 21 1 1.43 1 764.54 0.022 0.027 0.017 0.066 431 eugenia sp. 22 1 1.43 1 907.92 0.026 0.027 0.017 0.071 432 eugenia sp. 23 1 1.43 1 907.92 0.026 0.027 0.017 0.071 433 eugenia sp. 24 1 1.43 1 951.15 0.028 0.027 0.017 0.072 434 eugenia sp. 25 1 1.43 1 1,029.22 0.030 0.027 0.017 0.074 435 eugenia sp. 26 1 1.43 1 1,640.30 0.048 0.027 0.017 0.092 436 eugenia sp. 27 1 1.43 1 83.32 0.002 0.027 0.017 0.046 437 eugenia sp. 28 1 1.43 1 98.52 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 438 eugenia sp. 29 1 1.43 1 109.36 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 439 eugenia sp. 30 1 1.43 1 124.69 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 440 eugenia suringariana 19 27.14 43 22,042.61 0.643 0.511 0.738 1.892 441 rhodamnia cinerea 7 10.00 8 3,765.40 0.110 0.188 0.137 0.435 442 rhodamnia sp. 1 1 1.43 1 172.03 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 443 syzygium aqueum 1 1.43 1 114.99 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 444 syzygium corymbosum 1 1.43 1 226.98 0.007 0.027 0.017 0.051 445 tristaniopsis obovata 1 1.43 1 260.16 0.008 0.027 0.017 0.052 446 tristanopsis whiteana 4 5.71 7 3,347.54 0.098 0.108 0.120 0.325 family importance value 14.918 38 ochnaceae (1) 447 gomphia serrata 3 4.29 4 3,252.70 0.095 0.081 0.069 0.244 family importance value 0.244 39 olacaceae (5) 448 anacolosa frutescens 1 1.43 1 201.06 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 449 ochanostachys amentacea 40 57.14 72 25,596.86 0.747 1.076 1.236 3.059 450 scorodacarpus borneensis 12 17.14 17 7,612.93 0.222 0.323 0.292 0.837 451 strombosia ceylanica 2 2.86 2 535.05 0.016 0.054 0.034 0.104 452 strombosia javanica 4 5.71 4 1,298.09 0.038 0.108 0.069 0.214 family importance value 4.263 40 oxalidaceae (1) 453 sarcotheca glauca 1 1.43 1 498.76 0.015 0.027 0.017 0.059 family importance value 0.059 41 podocarpaceae (1) 454 nageia wallichiana 3 4.29 4 1,208.91 0.035 0.081 0.069 0.185 family importance value 0.185 42 polygalaceae (8) 455 xanthophyllum adenotus 1 1.43 1 263.02 0.008 0.027 0.017 0.052 456 xanthophyllum affine 2 2.86 2 571.78 0.017 0.054 0.034 0.105 457 xanthophyllum scortechinii 10 14.29 12 7,025.07 0.205 0.269 0.206 0.680 458 xanthophyllum sp.1 1 1.43 1 1,562.28 0.046 0.027 0.017 0.090 459 xanthophyllum sp. 2 1 1.43 1 143.14 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 460 xanthophyllum sp. 3 1 1.43 1 598.28 0.017 0.027 0.017 0.062 461 xanthophyllum sp. 4 1 1.43 1 3,631.68 0.106 0.027 0.017 0.150 462 xanthophyllum stipitatum 11 15.71 13 4,704.18 0.137 0.296 0.223 0.656 family importance value 1.842 43 proteaceae (2) 463 helicia robusta 1 1.43 1 224.32 0.007 0.027 0.017 0.051 464 heliciopsis incisa 1 1.43 1 229.66 0.007 0.027 0.017 0.051 family importance value 0.101 44 rhamnaceae (1) 465 zizyphus angustifolius 4 5.71 4 4,146.51 0.121 0.108 0.069 0.297 family importance value 0.297 45 rhizophoraceae (3) 466 carallia brachiata 6 8.57 8 7,184.41 0.210 0.161 0.137 0.508 467 pelacalyx axilaris 4 5.71 5 3,632.48 0.106 0.108 0.086 0.299 468 pellacalyx lobbii 5 7.14 1 804.25 0.023 0.134 0.017 0.175 family importance value 0.983 322 reinwardtia [vol.12 number of frequency number of basal area relative relative relative importance no. family and species occurrence (%) trees (cm2) basal area frequency density value in plots (in 10.5 ha) (%) (%) (%) 46 rosaceae (4) 469 licania splendens 27 38.57 27 27,448.19 0.801 0.726 0.463 1.991 470 prunus arborea 10 14.29 10 4,280.74 0.125 0.269 0.172 0.566 471 prunus beccarii 13 18.57 15 3,070.82 0.090 0.350 0.257 0.697 472 prunus sp. 1 1 1.43 240.53 0.007 0.027 0.000 0.034 473 prunus sp. 2 1 1.43 1 3,216.99 0.094 0.027 0.017 0.138 family importance value 1.434 47 rubiaceae (22) 474 adina minutiflora 5 7.14 5 6,614.45 0.193 0.134 0.086 0.413 475 anthocephalus cadamba 20 28.57 28 98,044.19 2.861 0.538 0.481 3.880 476 gardenia forsteniana 4 5.71 4 1,163.60 0.034 0.108 0.069 0.210 477 gardenia sp. 1 1.43 1 349.67 0.010 0.027 0.017 0.054 478 gardenia tubifera . 1 1.43 1 268.80 0.008 0.027 0.017 0.052 479 ixora .grandifolia 3 4.29 4 395.95 0.012 0.081 0.069 0.161 480 lasianthus sp. 1 1.43 1 145.27 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 481 nauclea junghuhnii 2 2.86 2 516.50 0.015 0.054 0.034 0.103 482 nauclea sp. 1 1.43 1 201.06 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 483 nauclea subdita 1 1.43 2 714.43 0.021 0.027 0.034 0.082 484 petunga sp. 1 1.43 1 196.07 0.006 0.027 0.017 0.050 485 porterandia anisophylla . 10 14.29 10 2,952.47 0.086 0.269 0.172 0.527 486 randia sp. 1 1.43 1 314.16 0.009 0.027 0.017 0.053 487 tarenna winkleri 3 4.29 3 1,075.01 0.031 0.081 0.051 0.164 488 timonius flavescens 7 10.00 7 1,664.09 0.049 0.188 0.120 0.357 489 timonius sericeus 2 2.86 2 1,082.48 0.032 0.054 0.034 0.120 490 tricalysia malaccensis 1 1.43 1 93.31 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 491 tricalysia singularis 3 4.29 3 320.17 0.009 0.081 0.051 0.142 492 urophyllum arboreum 5 7.14 5 1,119.94 0.033 0.134 0.086 0.253 493 urophyllum borneensis 2 2.86 2 282.03 0.008 0.054 0.034 0.096 494 urophyllum corymbosum 2 2.86 2 268.05 0.008 0.054 0.034 0.096 495 urophyllum polyneurum 12 17.14 23 2,867.25 0.084 0.323 0.395 0.801 family importance value 7.759 48 sabaiaceae (1) 496 meliosma sumatrana 5 7.14 5 2,767.26 0.081 0.134 0.086 0.301 family importance value 0.301 49 santalaceae (1) 497 scleropyrum wallichianum 5 7.14 5 1,237.81 0.036 0.134 0.086 0.256 family importance value 0.256 50 sapindaceae (13) 498 allophylus cobe 1 1.43 1 162.86 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 499 didymocarpus sp. 1 1.43 1 226.98 0.007 0.027 0.017 0.051 500 didymocarpus longan 7 10.00 7 930.20 0.027 0.188 0.120 0.336 501 guioa sp. 1 1.43 1 183.85 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 502 nephelium cuspidatum 4 5.71 4 539.34 0.016 0.108 0.069 0.192 503 nephelium lappaceum 4 5.71 4 635.56 0.019 0.108 0.069 0.195 504 nephelium maingayi 1 1.43 1 122.72 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 505 nephelium ramboutan-ake 5 7.14 5 2,089.81 0.061 0.134 0.086 0.281 506 paranephelium sp. 1 1.43 1 141.03 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 507 pometia pinnata 14 20.00 17 3,697.80 0.108 0.377 0.292 0.776 508 rhysotoechia acuminata 1 1.43 1 543.25 0.016 0.027 0.017 0.060 509 xerospermum laevigatum 2 2.86 2 613.26 0.018 0.054 0.034 0.106 510 xerospermum xanthophyllum 3 4.29 4 1,460.11 0.043 0.081 0.069 0.192 family importance value 2.383 51 sapotaceae (16) 511 chrysophyllum lanceolatum 1 1.43 1 576.80 0.017 0.027 0.017 0.061 512 ganua motleyana 24 34.29 101 92,233.50 2.692 0.646 1.734 5.071 513 madhuca ligulata 1 1.43 2 2,116.49 0.062 0.027 0.034 0.123 514 madhuca magnifolia 6 8.57 7 8,087.12 0.236 0.161 0.120 0.518 515 madhuca malaccensis ( 1 1.43 3 1,620.98 0.047 0.027 0.051 0.126 516 madhuca motleyana 3 4.29 4 3,721.56 0.109 0.081 0.069 0.258 517 madhuca sericea 44 62.86 80 21,007.02 0.613 1.183 1.373 3.170 518 madhuca sessiliflora 1 1.43 1 130.70 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 519 palaquium calophyllum 10 14.29 14 6,978.71 0.204 0.269 0.240 0.713 520 palaquium dasyphyllum 22 31.43 32 9,954.55 0.291 0.592 0.549 1.432 521 palaquium ferox 10 14.29 12 9,806.05 0.286 0.269 0.206 0.761 2008] kartawinata et al::wanariset dipterocarp forest structure 323 in plots (in 10.5 ha) (%) (%) (%) 522 palaquium rostratum 26 37.14 41 12,565.50 0.367 0.699 0.704 1.770 523 palaquium sericeum 3 4.29 3 413.71 0.012 0.081 0.051 0.144 524 palaquium sp. 1 1.43 1 1,590.43 0.046 0.027 0.017 0.090 525 payena lucida 15 21.43 20 8,807.83 0.257 0.403 0.343 1.004 526 payena sericea 1 1.43 1 107.51 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 family importance value 15.335 52 simarubaceae (1) 527 irvingia malayana 5 7.14 5 4,917.83 0.144 0.134 0.086 0.364 family importance value 53 sonneratiaceae (1) 528 duabanga moluccana 1 1.43 1 122.72 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 family importance value 0.048 54 sterculiaceae (9) 529 heritiera javanica 1 1.43 1 176.71 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 530 heritiera littoralis 8 11.43 8 3,001.48 0.088 0.215 0.137 0.440 531 heritiera simplicifolia 6 8.57 6 3,826.99 0.112 0.161 0.103 0.376 532 pterocymbium tubulatum 8 11.43 8 1,943.91 0.057 0.215 0.137 0.409 533 pterygota sp. 2 2.86 2 3,079.08 0.090 0.054 0.034 0.178 534 scaphium macropodum 20 28.57 26 165,001.32 4.816 0.538 0.446 5.800 535 sterculia gilva 4 5.71 5 2,058.76 0.060 0.108 0.086 0.253 536 sterculia rubiginosa 7 10.00 7 2,062.43 0.060 0.188 0.120 0.369 537 sterculia sp.1 1 1.43 1 136.85 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.048 family importance value 7.923 55 symplocaceae (1) 538 symplocos odorartissima 1 1.43 1 100.29 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 family importance value 0.047 56 theaceae (3) 539 schima wallichii 5 7.14 5 4,723.370 0.138 0.134 0.086 0.358 540 541 tetramerista glabra 8 11.43 11 18,722.63 0.546 0.215 0.189 0.950 thea sp. 1 1.43 1 80.12 0.002 0.027 0.017 0.046 family importance value 1.309 57 thymelaeaceae (4) 542 aquilaria malaccensis 22 31.43 30 18,030.69 0.526 0.592 0.515 1.633 543 gonystylus forbesii 1 1.43 1 113.10 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.047 544 gonystylus macrophyllus 7 10.00 7 1,530.18 0.045 0.188 0.120 0.353 545 gonystylus velutinus 4 5.71 4 1,242.89 0.036 0.108 0.069 0.213 family importance value 2.246 58 tiliaceae (4) 546 microcos crassifolia 3 4.29 3 403.18 0.012 0.081 0.051 0.144 547 microcos hirsuta 2 2.86 2 202.39 0.006 0.054 0.034 0.094 548 pentace laxiflora 21 30.00 30 9,843.85 0.287 0.565 0.515 1.367 549 pentace triptera 1 1.43 1 174.37 0.005 0.027 0.017 0.049 family importance value 1.654 59 ulmaceae (2) 550 gironniera nervosa 26 37.14 54 19,101.88 0.557 0.699 0.927 2.184 551 gironniera subaequalis 1 1.43 1 237.79 0.007 0.027 0.017 0.051 family importance value 2.235 1 1.43 1 298.65 0.009 0.027 0.017 0.053 60 urticaceae (1) 552 poikilospermum suaveolens 1 143.00 1 298.65 0.009 0.027 0.017 0.053 family importance value 0.053 61 verbenaceae (2) 553 teijsmanniodendron bogoriense 2 2.86 2 4,183.23 0.122 0.054 0.034 0.210 554 teijsmanniodendron coriaceum 1 1.43 1 81.71 0.002 0.027 0.017 0.046 family importance value 0.257 62 violaceae (1) 555 rinorea benghalensis 17 24.29 28 13,946.90 0.407 0.457 0.481 1.345 family importance value 1.345 number of frequency number of basal area relative relative relative importance no. family and species occurrence (%) trees (cm2) basal area frequency density value total 3,762 5,515.86 5,848 3,500,424.54 102.162 101.187 100.378 303.726 324 reinwardtia [vol.12 instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles wich have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processes further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author (s) attestingto its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation autohrs should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for paper in french or german) of not more than 250 words.keywords should be given below each abstract, on a peparated paper author(s) sholud the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanica monenclatural is observed, so that taxonamix and nomenclatural novelties sholud be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illistration sholud be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free og charge, any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 4. 2008 contents page j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for the tetrastigma (vitaceae) host of rafflesia (rqfflesiaeeae) in malesia and a (not so) new species ... 261 wj.j.ode wilde &b.e.e. duyfes. miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news 267 m.a. rifai. endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai,spec. nov (hyphomycetes) 275 m.a. rifai. another note on podoconismegaspemiaboedijn(hyphomycetes) 277 topik hid a w ; m. ito; t. yukawa. the phylogenetic position of the papuasian genus sarcochilus r.br. (orchidaceae: aeridinae): evidence frommolecular data 281 c.e. ridsdale. notes on maiesiznneonaucleea 285 c.e. ridsdale. thorny problems in the rubiaceae: benkara, fagerlindia andoxyceros 289 kuswatakartawinaia, purwaningsih, t. partomihardjo, r. yusuf, r. abdulhadi, s. riswan. floristics and structure of a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, east kalimantan, indonesia 301 rugaiah & s. sunarti. two new wild species of averrhoa (oxalidaceae) from indonesia 325 atikretnowati. anew javanese species of marasmius (trichlomataceae ) 334 reinwardtia is a lepi acredited journal (80/akred-lipi/p2mbi/5/2007) herbarium bogoriense bidang botani , pus at penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia depannnn 72-146-1-sm blkngg reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010 re in w ar dt ia 13 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, november 2, 2010 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedy darnaedi tukirin partomihardjo joeni setijo rahajoe teguh triono marlina ardiyani eizi suzuki jun wen managing editors elizabeth a. widjaja himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirat hidayat ilustrators subari wahyu santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers r. abdulhadi, sandy atkins, julie f. barcelona, todd j. barkman, nico cellinese, mark coode, gudrun kadereit, rogier de kock, n. fukuoka, kuswata kartawinata, ary p. keim, p. j. a. kessler, a. latiff–mohamad, m. a. rifai, rugayah, h. soedjito, t. setyawati, d. g. stone, wayne takeuchi, benito c. tan, j. f. veldkamp, p. van welzen, h. wiriadinata, rui-liang zhu. correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia 198 [vol.13 coridor halimun–salak national park (photo: h. wiriadinata) central kalimantan in plot plk2 at flooding time (photo: e. suzuki) reinwardtia vol 13, no 2, pp: 199 − 210 199 tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites? received august 17, 2010; accepted september 15, 2010 eizi suzuki graduate school of science and engineering, kagoshima university, kagoshima 890-0065, japan email. suzuki@sci.kagoshima-u.ac.jp abstract suzuki, e. 2010. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites?. reinwardtia 13(2): 199–210. — the floristic records of lowland forests of borneo in dry (not inundated) and wet (kerangas and peat swamp) habitats, and in montane forest of west java were compared to clarify the characteristics of the flora in the lowland wet habitats. the data was flora of trees (dbh is equal to or more than 4.8 cm) in 12, 7, and 3 plots in dry lowland, wet lowland and mountain, respectively (20.9 ha in total). plots in dry habitats had 42 to 53 families in 1 ha, except two plots on river banks (33 and 37 families). plots in wet habitats and in mountain had 32 45 and 21 40 families, respectively. the clusters of plots in dendrogram using number of species in family mostly coincided with the difference in habitats. the preference for wet habitats existed in some families: aquifoliaceae, icacinaceae, thymelaeaceae, guttiferae, myrtaceae, and anacardiaceae though most families including dipterocarpaceae and euphorbiaceae had no tendency. myristicaceae, meliaceae, and sapindaceae preferred dry habitats. some species consisting of the flora of tropical mountains were found occasionaly in wet habitats of lowland though very rarely in dry habitats. there was a weak but singificant correlation between preference for wet habitats and abundance in japanese tree flora of each family. these results suggest that the wet habitat where the forest floor is periodically filled with water has cooler environment than dry habitat, and families adapted cooler climate prefer the former. key words: flora, borneo, peat swamp, kerangas. abstrak suzuki, e. 2010. flora pohon pada habitat basah di dataran rendah borneo: apakah kebasahan mendinginkan lokasi?. reinwardtia 13(2):199–210 — hasil penelitian floristik hutan dataran rendah di borneo di habitat daerah kering (tidak bergelombang) dan basah (kerangas dan rawa gambut), dan di hutan pegunungan di jawa barat dibandingkan untuk mengklarifikasi ciri-ciri flora di habitat basah dataran rendah. data flora pohon (dengan diameter setinggi dada sama dengan atau lebih dari 4.8 cm) pada plot 12, 7 dan 3 di dataran rendah kering, dataran rendah basah dan hutan pegunungan, masing-masing (20.9 ha jumlahnya). plot di habitat kering mempunyai 42–53 suku per 1 ha, kecuali 2 plot di sepanjang sungai (33 dan 37 suku). plot di habitat basah dan di pegunungan mempunyai masing-masing 32 –45 dan 21–40 suku. pengelompokan plot dalam dendrogram dengan menggunakan jumlah jenis dalam suku kebanyakan berhubungan erat dengan perbedaan dalam habitat. beberapa suku yang menyukai habitat basah adalah: aquifoliaceae, icacinaceae, thymelaeaceae, guttiferae, myrtaceae, and anacardiaceae walaupun kebanyakan suku termasuk dipterocarpaceae dan euphorbiaceae yang tidak ada kecenderungan ke arah itu. myristicaceae, meliaceae, dan sapindaceae lebih menyukai habitat kering. beberapa jenis yang termasuk dalam flora pegunungan tropika umumnya ditemukan di habitat basah di dataran rendah sangat jarang ditemukan di habitat kering. walaupun lemah tetapi korelasi positif antara menyukai habitat basah dan kelimpahannya di flora pohon di jepang dari setiap suku. hasil ini menyarankan bahwa habitat basah dimana lantai hutan secara periodik berisi air mempunyai lingkungan lebih dingin dari pada habitat kering, dan suku yang beradaptasi pada iklim dingin lebih disukai daripada sebaliknya. kata kunci: flora, borneo, rawa gambut, kerangas. introduction borneo and some islands in the tropical zone have wide areas of flat lowlands. with the rainy climate, many areas of flat topography become wet habitats: mangrove, freshwater swamp, peat swamp, and kerangas (tropical heath). the flora of mangrove, which is affected by the salty water, is very different from other vegetations, and is not discussed here. freshwater swamps, and peat swamps cover 3,895,000 ha and 4,403,000 ha in kalimantan, respectively (mackinnon et al. 1996.) yamada (1997) reviewed the studies of freshwater and peat swamp forests in southeast asia. he stated that there were little studies of these vegetation because of the difficulty of approach．whitmore (1984) mentioned the vegetation in the context of general description of tropical vegetations of the far east. browne (1952) studied kerangas lands in sarawak. the first comprehensive study of peat swamp in reinwardtia 200 [vol.13 sarawak and sabah was made by anderson (1963). brunig (1974) has provided a detailed monograph and classification of heath forests of sarawak and brunei from 57 sampling plots. newbery (1991) reevaluated the data of 38 plots (mostly c. 0.2 ha in size) including 636 taxa by brunig from brunei and sarawak with principal component analysis. on continental part of southeast asia, wyatt-smith (1959) studied the peat swamp forest in malaya. suzuki & niyomdhamn (1992) made phytosociological study of peat swamp in thailand. there have been far less studies of wet habitats than those of dry habitats. to reveal the characteristics of particular vegetation, it is useful to compare it with other vegetation. this approach was rarely adopted in the floristic study of wet habitat vegetations. the purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the flora of wet habitats on lowland of borneo by comparing it with those of dry lowland and mountain. the specimens are identified to species in most case, but not always. long time is necessary to complete the identification. then in this paper, the number of species in family is mainly used. records of family level make possible to compare floral data between sites with very few common species such as japan and borneo. study sites and methods the 22 study plots of 20.9 ha in total were made from 1987 to 2003 by the author and many coworkers (table 1). all plots located in lowland (altitude between 10 to 250 m) of borneo (figure 1), except three mountain plots on mt. halimun national park, west java (suzuki, et al. 1998). in wet habitats, where water inundated in some seasons, seven plots were set, and the total area was 5.9 ha. two plots (man1, man2, unpublished data by e. suzuki and l. gadrinab) were from a small nature reserve in mandor, west kalimantan. they were kerangas forests with many shorea stenoptera burck. nishimura & suzuki (2001) and miyamoto et al. (2003) studied the plots at lahei, central kalimantan. kohyama et al. (2001) described the plot in serimbu. plots in merimbun heritage park, brunei, sunujuh, betung kerihun, and berau were unpublished data collected by e. suzuki et al. in all plots, trees equal to or bigger than 15 cm in girth (= 4.78 cm in diameter) at breast height were measured and identified. results clustering of plots plots in dry habitats had from 42 to 53 families in 1 ha, except two plots on river banks (33 and 37 families). plots in wet habitats and on mountain had 32–45 and 21–40 families, respectively. the plots in dry habitats were the richest in number of families. the similarity among plots was analyzed with dendrogram. there are several equations expressing (dis)similarity between sites: correlation coefficient, euclidean distance, standardized euclidean distance, generalized distance of mahalanobis etc (kobayashi 1995). the correlation figure 1. map showing the plot site 2010] 201 suzuki : tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo coefficient was inappropriate for this data set because it was not in a normal distribution. because the euclidean distance is affected by the absolute value of abundance, it can not express the dissimilarity exactly among plots if the abundance of each family is different. the standardized euclidean distance can avoid this defect. the generalized distance of mahalanobis can avoid defect caused by the correlation between families, though it has the same default caused by the absolute value of abundance. then the standardized euclidean distance of each plot was calculated from the data of the number of species in each family in each plot (appendix 1), and they were clustered with group average method (upgma) (figure. 2). in most cases, the wet and dry habitats gathered in lower and upper parts of the figure, respectively. the two in three plots on mountain in west java were out of branch gathering the plots on lowland of borneo, though the remainder was in the branch and more similar to plots in wet habitats than those in dry habitats. at the bottom of the figure, three plots in kerangas made a group of kerangas (plk1, and 4 in central kalimantan, and man2 in west kalimantan) except man1. three plots in peat swamp made a group of peat adjacent the group of kerangas. the two groups of kerangas and peat swamp were combined in one upper group, and it was connected with one plot on mountain in java (ha1). be1 and be2 on a river bank of dry habitats were the most similar plots to those of wet habitats. they were on flat land of sandy alluvial soil along small stream, which seemed to be an intermediate between dry and wet habitats. area locality long. lat. alt. (m) plot name habitat type plot size (ha) no. of trees no. of family wk mandor 0ﾟ19'n 109ﾟ19'e 10 man1 wet(kerangas) 0.6 968 45 wk mandor 0ﾟ19'n 109ﾟ19'e 10 man2 wet(kerangas) 0.3 473 34 ck lahei 1ﾟ55'.s 114ﾟ10'e 20 plk4 wet(kerangas) 1.0 2,271 32 ck lahei 1ﾟ55'.s 114ﾟ10'e 20 plk1 wet(kerangas) 1.0 2,146 37 ck lahei 1ﾟ55'.s 114ﾟ10'e 20 plk2 wet(peat) 1.0 1,560 32 br merimbun 4ﾟ35'n 114ﾟ40'e 20 mr2 wet(peat) 1.0 1,691 34 br merimbun 4ﾟ35'n 114ﾟ40'e 20 mr3 wet(muddy peat) 1.0 1,909 40 br merimbun 4ﾟ35'n 114ﾟ40'e 20 mr1 dry 1.0 1,206 53 br merimbun 4ﾟ35'n 114ﾟ40'e 30 mr4 dry 1.0 1,440 48 wk serimbu 0ﾟ43'n 110ﾟ05'e 250 s1 dry 1.0 1,337 48 wk serimbu 0ﾟ43'n 110ﾟ05'e 250 s2 dry 1.0 1,408 47 wk sunujuh 1ﾟ26'n 109ﾟ27'e 300 su1 dry 1.0 1,335 47 wk sunujuh 1ﾟ26'n 109ﾟ27'e 160 su2 dry 1.0 1,401 46 wk betung kerihun 0ﾟ59'n 113ﾟ15'e 200 bk1 dry 1.0 1,531 45 wk betung kerihun 0ﾟ59'n 113ﾟ15'e 240 bk2 dry 1.0 1,808 44 ek berau 2ﾟ22'n, 117ﾟ12'e 30 be1 dry(river bank) 1.0 1,332 37 ek berau 2ﾟ22'n, 117ﾟ12'e 30 be2 dry(river bank) 1.0 1,037 33 ek berau 1ﾟ55n, 117ﾟ11'e 80 be3 dry 1.0 1,395 43 ek berau 1ﾟ55n, 117ﾟ11'e 80 be4 dry 1.0 1,516 42 wj halimun 06ﾟ43.5's, 106ﾟ29'e 1700 ha1 mountain 1.0 925 21 wj halimun 06ﾟ45.3's, 106ﾟ32.5'e 1100 ha2 mountain 1.0 978 38 wj halimun 06ﾟ44.7's, 106ﾟ33'e 1100 ha3 mountain 1.0 1,587 40 total 17.9 27,764 72 wk:west kalimantan, ck:central kalimantan, br:brunei, ek:east kalimantan; wj:west java. table 1. plots description reinwardtia 202 [vol.13 preference for wet habitats table 2 shows the number of species in each family found in plots of wet and dry habitats in lowland of borneo. in total, 1279 species of 72 families were found. in wet and dry plots, 432 and 1059 species were found, respectively. the ratio was 0.408 (432/1059). i designate an index, index of wet preference (iwp) for each family as follow, iwp = number of species in wet plot/number of species in dry plot/0.408. when species ratio of species number in wet plots to that in dry plots in a given family is the same with the average of all species, iwp = 1. when the family has more species in wet plots than the average, iwp > 1. it can show the tendency whether the family has more species in wet or dry habitats. in table 2, the families are divided into two groups: one with more than four species, another with less than five species. the former and the latter are shown in upper and lower parts of table 2. in each group, the families were arranged in the order of iwp. figure 3 shows frequency distribution of iwp for families with more than four species. the mode was near 1, and many families had species evenly in both habitat types. there was, however, a small peak in the class of 1.5–1.7 which imply the existence of family adapted to wet habitats. i. families preferring wet habitats as shown in figure 3, there was a group of families with iwp around 1.6, i considered that families with iwp >1.5 prefer wet habitats: aquifoliaceae (6 spp in total), icacinaceae (8 spp), thymelaeaceae (11 spp), guttiferae (52 spp), myrtaceae (64 spp), anacardiaceae (39 spp), theaceae (9 spp), palmae (5 spp), and symplocaceae (5 spp), apocynaceae (8 spp), and oleaceae (5 spp). though it is possible that the families with a few species have a big value of iwp by chance, families with many species such as anacardiaceae probably prefer the wet habitats. aquifoliaceae has only one genus, ilex in tree flora of sabah and sarawak (soepadmo et al. (eds.) 2002). though the species do not become tall tree or dominant ones, ilex cymosa bl., i. wallichii hook. f. were often found in wet habitats. icacinaceae and thymelaeaceae are more common families. stemonurus in icacinaceae and gonystylus in thymelaeaceae look to prefer wet habitats. the latter often becomes the dominant species, and produces most valuable wood in swamp area, “lamin” in local name. these families were not so big ones as the following families, but seemed to prefer wet habitats. guttiferae, myrtaceae, and anacardiaceae had many species, and were common both in wet and dry habitats. because we found these families in every plot, they seemed not m (ha3) m (ha2) d (s2) k (man 1) d (mr 4) d (mr 1) d (su2) d (su1) d (be4) d (s1) d (be3) d (bk2) d (bk1) r (be2) r (be1) m (ha1) p (plk2) p (mr3) p (mr2) k (man2) k (plk1) k (plk4) pl ot standardized euclidean distance figure 2. dendrogram of plot similarity expressed by standardized euclidean distance of species number in each family. type: m:mountain, d:dry habitats, r:river bank( in dry habitats), k:kerangas, and p: peat swamp. 2010] 203 suzuki : tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo no family iwp number of species sum wet dry japan <family with 4 or more species> 1 aquifoliaceae 4.90 6 4 2 23 2 icacinaceae 2.94 8 6 5 1 3 thymelaeaceae 2.10 11 6 7 15 4 guttiferae 1.79 52 27 37 1 5 myrtaceae 1.74 64 37 52 5 6 anacardiaceae 1.63 39 20 30 7 7 palmae 1.63 5 2 3 6 8 symplocaceae 1.63 5 2 3 21 9 theaceae 1.63 9 4 6 18 10 apocynaceae 1.47 8 3 5 3 11 oleaceae 1.47 7 3 5 25 12 leguminosae 1.31 36 15 28 30 13 magnoliaceae 1.23 6 2 4 6 14 rutaceae 1.23 8 3 6 20 15 lauraceae 1.17 71 29 61 25 16 ebenaceae 1.14 52 20 43 5 17 celastraceae 1.13 15 6 13 19 18 elaeocarpaceae 1.11 13 5 11 4 19 bombacaceae 1.09 11 4 9 20 myrsinaceae 1.09 12 4 9 13 21 rubiaceae 1.09 44 16 36 31 22 fagaceae 1.05 18 6 14 22 23 lecythidaceae 1.05 8 3 7 2 24 melastomataceae 0.98 23 8 20 6 25 burseraceae 0.90 46 14 38 26 moraceae 0.85 28 8 23 20 27 sapotaceae 0.84 44 12 35 1 28 dipterocarpaceae 0.82 106 29 87 29 sterculiaceae 0.82 15 4 12 4 30 euphorbiaceae 0.79 117 34 106 32 31 tiliaceae 0.77 18 5 16 8 32 annonaceae 0.72 60 15 51 33 chrysobalanaceae 0.61 9 2 8 34 polygalaceae 0.61 20 5 20 35 verbenaceae 0.57 15 3 13 18 36 myristicaceae 0.53 53 10 46 37 dilleniaceae 0.49 5 1 5 38 sapindaceae 0.49 27 5 25 4 39 meliaceae 0.26 50 5 48 1 40 flacourtiaceae 0.22 12 1 11 3 41 alangiaceae 0.00 5 5 2 table 2. number of species in each family found in wet and dry habitat plots, respectively. iwp = (sp. no. in wet/sp. no. in dry)/(total sp. no. in wet/total sp. no. in dry) sp. no. = number of species japan: number of species in japanese tree flora. (satake et al. ed., 1989) reinwardtia 204 [vol.13 figure 3. frequency distribution of index of wet preference (iwp) for families with five or more species.   no   family   iwp number of species sum wet dry japan <family with 4-1 species> 1 anisophylleaceae 0.61 4 1 4 2 olacaceae 0.61 4 1 4 1 3 oxalidaceae 1.23 4 2 4 4 pandanaceae 1.63 4 2 3 2 5 proteaceae 0.61 4 1 4 1 6 rosaceae 0.61 4 1 4 103 7 crypteroniaceae 7.35 3 3 1 8 escalloniaceae (saxifragaceae) 1.23 3 1 2 32 9 linaceae 2.45 3 2 2 10 ochnaceae 2.45 3 2 2 11 rhizophoraceae 0.82 3 1 3 3 12 saurauiaceae (actinidiaceae) 0.00 3 3 1 13 ulmaceae 0.00 3 3 11 14 violaceae 0.00 3 3 15 combretaceae 0.00 2 2 3 16 connaraceae 2.45 2 1 1 17 ixonanthaceae 2.45 2 1 1 18 loganiaceae 2.45 2 1 1 1 19 podocarpaceae 1.23 2 1 2 2 20 simaroubaceae 1.23 2 1 2 1 21 araliaceae 1 1 1 17 22 juglandaceae 1 1 1 3 23 tetrameristaceae 1 1 1 24 trigoniaceae 1 1 1 25 araucariaceae 1 1 26 capparidaceae 1 1 1 27 erythroxylaceae 1 1 28 convolvulaceae 1 1 29 leeaceae 1 1 30 rhamnaceae 1 1 17 31 santalaceae 1 1 2 32 family unknown 47 15 35 total 1279 432 1059 602 0 2 4 6 8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 >=3 n um be r o f fa m ili es index of wet preference 2010] 205 suzuki : tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo to be specialized in wet habitats, though they have many species there. buchanania, campnosperma, and gluta in anacardiaceae often become the dominant trees in swamps. syzygium (=eugenia) in myrtaceae is very diversified and taxonomically most difficult genera, though apparently it has many species in wet habitats. some small families have specialists in wet habitats. dactylocladus stenostachys oliver (crypteroniaceae), combretocarpus rotundatus danser (anisophylleaceae) are example of such species, which often become one of the dominant canopy trees in wet habitats. ii neutral families most families have no tendency of biased distribution in wet or dry habitats, as the aggregating distribution of iwp around 1.0 (figure 3). rubiaceae, myrsinaceae, bombacaceae, fagaceae, lecythidaceae, melastomataceae, and burseraceae had iwp between 0.9 and 1.1. they have no clear tendency. leguminosae, rutaceae, m a g n o l i a c e a e , l a u r a c e a e , e b e n a c e a e , celastraceae, and elaeocarpaceae have a little greater value of iwp. they might prefer wet habitats a little. moraceae, sapotaceae, dipterocarpaceae, sterculiaceae, euphorbiaceae, tiliaceae, and annonaceae had a little small value of iwp. it is unclear whether these small differences have some meaning or not. even in these families, they have some species specialized in wet habitats. in dipterocarpaceae, dryobalanops rappa becc., shorea balangeran vidal, s. rugosa heim., and s. teysmanniana dyer ex brandis, are important emergent trees of wet habitats, and not found in dry habitats. in sapotaceae, madhuca motleyana j. f. macbr. (=ganua motleyana), palaquium leiocarpum boerlage are common in swamp forest. iii families preferring dry habitats verbenaceae, myristicaceae, dilleniaceae, sapindaceae, meliaceae, flacourtiaceae, and alangiaceae had the value of iwp less than 0.6. especially meliaceae had 50 species and iwp was only 0.25, apparently preferring dry habitats. discussion clustering the plots the dendrogram (figure 2) separated most plots in wet and dry habitats into different clusters. the used data was only number of species in family though it appeared to successfully separate the plots into some reasonable groups. in the montane plots, one was in the cluster of borneo and more similar to the plots in wet habitats than those in dry habitats, though the remaining two plots were out of the cluster of borneo. it might suggest the mountain flora was rather similar to that in wet habitats than in dry habitats in the lowland vegetations. preference of wet habitats table 2 suggests that there is some preference for the wetness of habitats at family level. among large families, anacardiaceae and meliaceae preferred wet and dry habitats, respectively. dipterocarpaceae seemed to be neutral. the taxonomic monographs usually describe the habitats for each species in addition to the taxonomic description. though some families in malesia have no comprehensive monographs, many families have. the number of species, which are described as growing in wet habitats (swamp, kerangas and so on), was counted in anacardiaceae (ding hou, 1978), dipterocarpaceae (ashton, 1982), and meliaceae (mabberley et al., 1995) in flora malesiana. they are bigger families with more than 100 species in malesia. anacardiaceae had the highest both in iwp and in the ratio of species in wet habitats among the three. meliaceae had the lowest in iwp though the second in the ratio of wet habitats. the descriptions in monographs partly coincides with the result of this study, but not completely. it seemed that different author described the habitats in different level. some author seems to describe only typical habitats, another do all possible habitats. it is difficult to compare data strictly. the resemblance to mountain flora the dendrogram of figure 2 suggests that the flora of wet habitats in lowland of borneo has some similarity with mountain flora on west java. in wet habitats, we sometimes found strange distributions of plants: exceptional distributions of mountain flora on lowland. acer laurinum hassk (=a. niveum bl.), a common tree on mt. halimun, was found in lowland of lahei, central kalimantan (e. suzuki, personal observation; simbolon & mirmanto, 2000). malesia area has only this species in acer, and widely distributed on mountains (bloembergen, 1948). engelharditia serrata bl. in juglandaceae also has similar tendency. syzygium are dominant everywhere in tropical area, but more common in wet habitats of low altitude and mountains. reinwardtia 206 [vol.13 conifers are less common in the tropical zone than in the cool temperate and boreal zone. though they often dominate on the mountain forests such as kinabalu, where dacrycapurs imbricatus de laub., dacrydium pecitinatum de laub, falcatiflium falciforme de laub. are common conifers (aiba et al., 2004). they are rare in the tropical lowland especially in dry habitats. they seem to be, however, rather common in wet habitats. agathis borneensis warb. (= a. dammara richard) was also found in wet habitats in lahei, and common on mountain. it has scattered distribution in upland rain forest from low elevation to 1200 m (de laubenfels, 1986). in podocarpaceae, i found nageia wallichiana o. k. (= podocarpus blumei) (on halimun, lahei and serimbu), and dacrydium pectinatum (in mandor and lahei). de laubenfels (1988) mentions that “quite a number of conifers grow, sometimes in great quantity, on alluvial sand flats or on podosolized sands and stand stone (kerangas) and in peat-swamps, but they are not always limited to such habitats, as both dacrydium pectinatum and agathis borneensis are also commonly met as scattered individuals in middle elevations rain-forest.” aquifoliaceae have only a genus ilex, which is also one of the common genera in warm temperate japan and mountain flora of west java. in lowland forest, ilex is a rare genus, but it was frequently found in wet habitats. in peat swamp forest in sumatra, two species of ilex (i. cymosa and i. pleiobrachiata loes.) are common (shimamura & momose, 2005). in “tree flora of sabah and sarawak (soepadmo et al., (eds.) 2002), this family consists of 22 species of ilex, distributing from mangrove, peat swamp to montane forest until altitude of 3500m. in 15 species found in lowland, seven species distribute in swamp and/or kerangas. nearly half of lowland species grows in wet habitats. this genus (family) seems to prefer wet habitats in the tropical lowland, tropical mountain, and warm temperate forests, though it seems not to be common in dry habitats of tropical lowlands. to explain the existence of mountain flora on figure 4. the relationship between abundance in japanese tree flora and index of wet preference among families. the rank data ordered from bigger to smaller was used. table 3 rate of species growing on wet habitat from description in flora malesiana. family a. number of all species b. number of species on wet habitat rate (b/a) anacardiaceae 150 46 0.31 dipterocarpaceae 386 49 0.13 meliaceae 225 44 0.20 data source: ding hou (1978), ashton (1982), mabberley et al. (1995) r an k of in de x of w et p re fe re nc e rank of abundance in japanese tree flora 2010] 207 suzuki : tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo lowland wet habitats, the difference of species richness between dry and wet habitats can be considered. the dry habitats on the lowland had more species than wet habitats. it may affect the competition among species. when some mountain species try to enter the lowland, the dry habitats may have stronger competitor than wet habitats. this can also explain the resemblance of families between the wet habitats and the mountains. the resemblance to flora in cooler zone the resemblance of wet habitat flora in tropical lowland to that in cooler climate was considered in this section. to compare the preferences for tropical wet habitats and cool climate, the right side column in table 3 shows number of tree species in japanese tree flora from satake et al. (1989), as an representative of flora in cooler climate of humid asia. all families with iwp>1.1 had tree species in japan though several families with iwp<1.1 did not. because the distribution of number of species in each family was not normal distribution, the correlation between iwp and number of species in japan was analyzed with spearman’s coefficient of rank correlation (sokal & rohlf, 1995). figure 4 shows the relationship between rank of species abundance in japan and rank of iwp. the coefficient was statistically significant at the level of 0.05 (r=0.416, n=41). families with the higher iwp seemed to be commoner in japan. environment of wet habitats it seems that families distributing into subtropical and temperate zone in japan prefer wet habitats in the tropical lowlands. inside of forest in wet habitats filled with water are cooler than that in the dry habitats. though the field works in wet habitats were more difficult and harder than those in dry habitats, one of the better conditions was its coolness, especially in the flooded forests. it may allow the growth of plants adapted to cooler climate. the wetness in wet habitats may cool the microenvironment of the forest and have some effect on the plant distribution. the plant distribution is affected not only by temperature but also by many factors. deficit of oxygen and nutrient in the inundated soil is also one of the severe limiting factors for plants. as the result, the relationship is vague as shown in the low value of the above coefficient. the difference between dry and wet habitats in species richness or the number of the potential competitors may also have some effects on the results shown here. we need further study of plant physiology and microenvironment in wet habitats to explain the reason for resemblance of family compositions in the lowland wet habitats, tropical mountain, and japan. acknowledgements this paper is based on many field works in borneo and java, indonesia from 1987 to 2003 as the researches permitted by lipi or activity of jica. i thank many coworkers (tukirin partomihardjo, herwint simbolon, ngakan putu oka, edi mirmanto, muhammad mansur, lilian u. gadrinab, kohyama takashi, yamada toshihiro, noma naohiko, nishimura takashi, miyamoto kazuki, seino tatsuyuki, wakiyama seiji, nagano toru, kawabata yuki, watanabe m. natsuki, and fujii sakae) for doing these researches, and the permission of research. aiba shin-ichiro and watanabe m. natsuki of kagoshima university, and yamada toshihiro of kumamoto prefectural university gave valuable comments for the earlier draft. references aiba, s., kitayama k., & takyu, m. 2004. habitat associations with topography and canopy structure of tree species in a tropical montane forest on mount kinabalu, borneo. plant ecology 174: 147 –161. anderson, j. a. r. 1963. the flora of the peat swamp forests of sarawak and brunei including a catalogue of all recorded species of flowering plants, ferns and fern allies. gardens bulletin singapore 20: 131–228. ashton, p. s. 1982. dipterocarpaceae. flora malesiana ser. 1. 9(2): 237–552. bloembergen, s. 1948. aceraceae. flora malesiana ser. 1. 4(1): 3–4. browne, f. g. 1952. the kerangas lands of sarawak. malayan forester 15: 61–73. brunig, e. f. 1974. ecological studies in the kerangas forests of sarawak and brunei. borneo literature bureau, keching, malaysia. 238 pp. de laubenfels, d. j. 1988. coniferales. flora malesiana ser. 1. 10(3): 337–453. ding hou. 1978. anacardiaceae. flora malesiana ser. 1. 8(3): 395–548. koybayashi, s. 1995. multivariate analysis of biological communities. soju shobo, tokyo, (in japanese). 194 pp. kohyama, t., suzuki, e., partomihardjo, t., & yamada, t. 2001. dynamic steady state of patch -mosaic tree size structure of a mixed dipterocarp forest regulated by local crowding. ecological research 16: 85–98. mackinnon, k., hatta, g., halim, h. & mangalik, a. 1996. the ecology of kalimantan. periplus editions (hk) ltd. 802 pp. mabberley, d. j., pannel, c. m. & sing, a. m. 1995. meliaceae. flora malesiana ser. 1. 12(1): 1– 407. reinwardtia 208 [vol.13 newbery, d. mcc. 1991. floristic variation within kerangas (heath) forest: re-evaluation of data from sarawak and brunei. vegetatio 96: 43–86. satake, y., hara, h., watari, s., & tominari, t. 1989. wild flowers of japan. woody plants. heibonsha, tokyo. 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(eds.). research and conservation of biodiversity in indonesia. 4: 60–81. lipi-jica-phpa, bogor. suzuki, k., & niyomdham, c. 1992. phytosociological studies on tropical peat swamps 1. classification of vegetation at narathiwat, thailand. tropics 2: 49–65. whitmore, t. c. 1984. tropical rain forest of the far east. (2nd ed.). clarendon press, oxford. 352 pp. wyatt-smith, j. 1959. peat swamp forest in malaya. malayan forester 23: 5–32. yamada, i. 1997. tropical rain forests of southeast asia. a forest ecologist's view. university of hawaii press. 392 pp. 2010] 209 suzuki : tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo plot no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 habitat type k k k k p p p d d d d d d r r d d d d m m m plot man 1 man 2 plk 4 plk 1 plk 2 mr2 mr3 mr1 mr4 s1 s2 su1 su2 be1 be2 be3 be4 bk1 bk2 ha1 ha2 ha3 aceraceae 1 1 alangiaceae 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 anacardiaceae 5 8 3 3 4 1 6 4 7 6 7 9 9 3 1 7 6 7 7 1 1 anisophylleaceae 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 annonaceae 7 5 8 7 3 2 7 8 8 3 14 7 7 16 16 12 9 3 6 2 1 apocynaceae 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 aquifoliaceae 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 araliaceae 1 1 1 1 araucariaceae 1 1 bombacaceae 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 3 2 5 2 2 3 1 1 burseraceae 8 8 4 5 4 3 1 13 11 14 18 9 12 2 2 7 7 9 11 1 capparidaceae 1 1 caprifoliaceae 1 celastraceae 4 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 3 3 3 3 4 chrysobalanaceae 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 3 2 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 combretaceae 1 1 1 compositae 1 connaraceae 1 1 1 cornaceae 1 1 cunoniaceae 1 convolvulaceae 1 1 crypteroniaceae 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 dilleniaceae 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 dipterocarpaceae 12 9 11 12 4 4 5 6 18 20 20 16 7 10 20 21 27 34 ebenaceae 11 8 6 7 4 1 3 6 1 7 9 13 6 14 12 7 3 4 9 elaeocarpaceae 1 2 2 2 1 3 2 3 4 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 3 erythroxylaceae 1 escalloniaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 euphorbiaceae 13 11 8 7 2 8 16 31 14 31 38 16 18 15 13 24 21 25 26 1 11 7 fagaceae 2 4 5 4 1 4 1 1 3 3 2 4 3 2 6 6 7 flacourtiaceae 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 5 6 2 1 guttiferae 4 4 13 16 7 5 4 8 7 10 9 10 6 4 8 5 10 13 3 3 hamamelidaceae 1 1 icacinaceae 3 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 ixonanthaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 juglandaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 lauraceae 9 10 4 8 3 4 10 20 15 15 23 8 5 8 7 4 10 9 13 6 14 13 lecythidaceae 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 4 1 3 2 1 1 leeaceae 1 1 leguminosae 7 2 3 5 3 7 5 6 6 10 7 4 4 4 6 6 8 7 7 linaceae 1 2 1 1 1 loganiaceae 1 1 1 magnoliaceae 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 melastomataceae 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 3 5 5 2 2 5 5 4 4 1 4 4 meliaceae 4 2 1 3 1 1 2 6 2 15 22 5 9 14 9 7 9 9 7 1 3 4 moraceae 5 1 1 2 1 2 5 6 4 9 6 6 3 3 4 4 2 4 7 5 myristicaceae 8 5 4 5 2 2 3 9 11 14 16 9 8 4 5 9 8 14 12 3 3 myrsinaceae 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 myrtaceae 9 8 14 14 7 11 9 12 10 19 14 11 7 8 5 7 10 9 11 3 8 7 ochnaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 olacaceae 1 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 oleaceae 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 1 oxalidaceae 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 palmae 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 pandanaceae 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 podocarpaceae 1 1 1 1 1 3 polygalaceae 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 2 12 10 4 5 2 1 4 4 8 8 proteaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 appendix 1. number of tree species in each family and plot. habitat type: k: kerangas, p: peat, d: dry, r: riverbank (dry habitat), and m: mountain. reinwardtia 210 [vol.13 plot no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 habitat type k k k k p p p d d d d d d r r d d d d m m m plot man 1 man 2 plk 4 plk 1 plk 2 mr2 mr3 mr1 mr4 s1 s2 su1 su2 be1 be2 be3 be4 bk1 bk2 ha1 ha2 ha3 rhamnaceae 1 rhizophoraceae 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 rosaceae 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 rubiaceae 5 2 6 7 2 4 4 11 9 9 5 7 6 5 3 7 8 5 3 1 6 5 rutaceae 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 santalaceae 1 1 1 sapindaceae 5 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 4 6 7 2 2 9 6 4 3 4 5 1 sapotaceae 5 4 5 5 2 1 1 3 4 9 14 10 9 3 3 7 9 3 5 3 1 saurauiaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 simaroubaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 staphyleaceae 1 1 1 sterculiaceae 4 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 5 3 1 3 1 symplocaceae 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 tetrameristaceae 1 1 1 1 theaceae 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 thymelaeaceae 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 3 tiliaceae 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 trigoniaceae 1 1 1 1 ulmaceae 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 urticaceae 1 verbenaceae 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 4 1 violaceae 1 1 1 1 family unknown 5 2 4 2 1 2 2 4 5 4 6 2 1 7 7 3 1 6 1 1 species number 172 122 127 145 70 81 118 222 174 260 303 205 184 158 136 194 202 204 242 38 110 99 family number 45 34 32 37 32 34 40 53 48 48 47 47 46 37 33 43 42 45 44 21 38 40 instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 2. 2010 contents page harry wiriadinata & rismita sari. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra ………………………………………………………………………..……………….. 95 ary p. keim. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea………………… 101 robert gradstein et al. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia……………………... 107 abdulrokhman kartonegoro & j. f. veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia………………………………………………………...…………… 125 nursahara pasaribu. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 147 ary p. keim. & m. rahayu. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia................ 151 k. mat-saleh, ridha mahyuni, agus susatya, j. f. veldkamp. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia.............................................................................................................................. 159 j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. .......................................................................................... 167 m. m. j. van balgooy. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families..................................... 171 nurhaidah iriany sinaga. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua ............................................................................................................................... 183 nurhaidah iriany sinaga, rita megia, alex hartana & ary prihardhyanto keim. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea................................................................................................................................ 189 eizi suzuki. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites.. 199 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia.......................................................................................................... 211 m. ardiyani, a. d. poulsen, p. suksathan, f. borchsenius. marantaceae in sulawesi..... 213 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research centre for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia 12_1-1 12_2-2 12_4-4 12_5-5 12_6-6 12_7-7 12_8-8 12_9-9 12_10-10 12_11-11 12_12-12 12_13-13 12_14-14 12_15-15 12_16-16 12_17-17 12_18-18 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010 re in w ar dt ia 13 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, november 2, 2010 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedy darnaedi tukirin partomihardjo joeni setijo rahajoe teguh triono marlina ardiyani eizi suzuki jun wen managing editors elizabeth a. widjaja himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirat hidayat ilustrators subari wahyu santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers r. abdulhadi, sandy atkins, julie f. barcelona, todd j. barkman, nico cellinese, mark coode, gudrun kadereit, rogier de kock, n. fukuoka, kuswata kartawinata, ary p. keim, p. j. a. kessler, a. latiff–mohamad, m. a. rifai, rugayah, h. soedjito, t. setyawati, d. g. stone, wayne takeuchi, benito c. tan, j. f. veldkamp, p. van welzen, h. wiriadinata, rui-liang zhu. correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 2, pp: 171 − 181 171 complete overhaul of the scrophulariaceae and the removal of calophyllum from the clusiaceae. in writing this update mabberley’s plantbook was indispensable (mabberley o.c.). new insights provided by the angiosperm phylogeny group (chase o.c.) have also been incorporated. the last word in family classification is far from being said. continued molecular research will no doubt lead to new family arrangements. by providing this survey i can do no more than provide a snapshot of current views, thus enabling users of my books to place their taxa in the “correct” family. in the family survey the number preceding the family name refers to the comments following the survey. the number following the family name indicates the number of genera in the family represented in malesia by indigenous species. this figure is largely based on the checklist by van steenis (1987). the figure in brackets is the number of naturalized genera. an asterix (*) before a name means that the family was not recognized in my seed plant books. the name in brackets following a name indicates the family upon which the new family is based. examples: *achariaceae (flacourtiaceae p.p.) means that the new family achariaceae contains part of the genera formerly placed in flacourtiaceae. a family no longer an updated survey of malesian seed plants families received april 29, 2010; accepted september 6, 2010 m.m.j. van balgooy ncb naturalis, netherlands centre for biodiversity naturalis (section nhn), leiden university, p.o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. abstract van balgooy,m.m.j. 2010. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families. reinwardtia 13(2): 171– 181. — the conservative family concept has been adopted on the malesian seed plants families i – iii to show the visible characters to help identify specimen herbarium of the malesian plants. during a new classification of orders and families of flowering plants based on the molecular data has been leaded, some changes in family delimitation have occurred. by providing this family survey, the users of malesian seed plants book can place their taxa in the correct family. key words: malesian, seed plants, family, survey. abstrak van balgooy,m. m. j. 2010. survai pembaruan buku malesian seed plants. reinwardtia 13(2):171–181. — konsep suku yang konservatif digunakan dalam buku “malesian seed plants families i – iii” untuk menunjukkan ciri yang mudah dilihat untuk membantu mengidentifikasi specimen herbarium untuk tumbuhan dari kawasan malesia. selama klassifikasi baru untuk bangsa dan suku dari tumbuhan berbunga yang didasarkan pada data molekular digunakan, beberapa perubahan dalam batasan suku terjadi. dengan mengadakan survai suku ini, pengguna buku malesian seed plants dapat meletakkan taksanya dalam suku yang betul. kata kunci: malesian, seed plants, famili, survai. introduction in my handbooks for recognition of malesian seed plants (van balgooy 1997, 1998, 2001) i adopted a conservative family concept. these publications were mainly intended to help identify herbarium material of malesian plants by means of characters visible with some training, experience and perseverance. apparently these books fill a need and i have been assured from various sides that they are frequently being consulted. a cd version (malesian key group, 2004) does not seem to enjoy the same popularity. recent molecular research has resulted in a new classification of orders and families of flowering plants (mabberley 2008, chase 2009). some of the changes in family delimitation were expected on morphological grounds. examples: the inclusion of asclepiadaceae in apocynaceae, the transfer of many verbenaceae genera to the lamiaceae, and the merging of bombacaceae, malvaceae, sterculiaceae and tiliaceae into a single family malvaceae. as could be predicted the liliaceae and saxifragaceae have been dismembered. however, some of the changes are not so evident from a morphological viewpoint such as the inclusion of many flacourtiaceae genera in the salicaceae, the reinwardtia 172 [vol.13 recognized is indicated by “see”. example: flacourtiaceae see achariaceae and salicaceae. a family name in brackets is an alternative name e.g. poaceae (graminae). it can also mean that the family in brackets was considered distinct in my books. example amaranthaceae (chenopodiaceae). an arrow (↑) following a name means that the family is represented in malesia by naturalized species e.g. cactaceae of which some species have firmly established themselves in the vegetation. families represented only by cultivated nonnaturalized species have not been included, e.g. caricaceae. a family or genus represented by both naturalized and native species is considered native. family survey notes family naturalized number of genera native genera 1 acanthaceae (verbenaceae pp., avicennia) (5) 40 54 aceraceae see sapindaceae 2 * achariaceae (flacourtiaceae p.p.) 7 3 * acoraceae (araceae p.p.) 1 actinidiaceae 2 agavaceae see asparagaceae aizoaceae 4 alangiaceae see cornaceae alismataceae (butomaceae p.p., limnocharitaceae) (1) 5 alseuosmiaceae 1 4 * altingiaceae (hamamelidaceae p.p.) 1 5 amaranthaceae (chenopodiaceae) (4) 20 6 amaryllidaceae (1) 4 anacardiaceae 22 ancistrocladaceae 1 7 * anisophylleaceae (rhizophoraceae p.p.) 2 annonaceae 50 8 apiaceae (umbelliferae) (4) 10 9 apocynaceae (asclepiadaceae) (4) 83 aponogetonaceae 1 aquifoliaceae 1 10 araceae (lemnaceae) (4) 45 11 araliaceae 14 araucariaceae (coniferales p.p.) 2 arecaceae (palmae) 50 aristolochiaceae 2 asclepiadaceae see apocynaceae 12 asparagaceae (agavaceae) (1) 12 13 * asteliaceae (liliaceae p.p.) 1 asteraceae (compositae) (30) 64 14 * atherospermataceae (monimiaceae p.p.) 1 balanophoraceae 4 balsaminaceae 2 basellaceae ↑ (2) 2010] 173 van balgooy : an updated survey of malesian seed plants families, notes family naturalized number of genera native genera bataceae 1 begoniaceae 2 berberidaceae 2 bignoniaceae (3) 14 15 bixaceae (cochlospermaceae) 1 bombacaceae see malvaceae 16 * bonnetiaceae (theaceae p.p.) 1 17 boraginaceae (hydrophyllaceae) 15 brassicaceae (cruciferae) (2) 3 burmanniaceae 3 burseraceae 9 butomaceae see alismataceae buxaceae 2 byblidaceae 1 cabombaceae (nymphaeaceae p.p.) (1) 1 cactaceae ↑ (1) calceolariaceae ↑ (scrophulariaceae p.p.) (1) calophyllaceae (clusiaceae p.p.) 1 callitrichaceae see plantaginaceae campanulaceae 5 18 cannabaceae (ulmaceae p.p.) (1) 5 cannaceae ↑ (1) capparaceae 5 19 caprifoliaceae (dipsacaceae, valerianaceae) 5 cardiopteridaceae 1 19 * carlemanniacee (caprifoliaceae p.p.) 1 cartonemaceae see commelinaceae caryophyllaceae (2) 8 casuarinaceae 3 20 celastraceae 16 centrolepidaceae 2 20 * centroplacaceae (celastraceae p.p. bhesa) 1 ceratophyllaceae 1 chenopodiaceae see amaranthaceae chloranthaceae 4 chrysobalanaceae 7 * cleomaceae (capparaceae p.p.) 1 clethraceae 1 21 clusiaceae (guttiferae) 4 cochlospermaceae see bixaceae 22 * colchicaceae (liliaceae p.p.) 4 combretaceae 5 commelinaceae (cartonemaceae) 11 reinwardtia 174 [vol.13 notes family naturalized number of genera native genera coniferales see araucariaceae, cupressaceae, pinaceae, podocarpaceae and taxaceae connaraceae 5 convolvulaceae (2) 20 coriariaceae 1 23 cornaceae (alangiaceae, nyssaceae) 3 corsiaceae 1 corynocarpaceae 1 costaceae 2 crassulaceae 2 cruciferae see brassicaceae crypteroniaceae 3 24 * ctenolophonaceae (linaceae p.p.) 1 cucurbitaceae (8) 29 cunoniaceae 9 cupressaceae (coniferales p.p.) 1 cycadaceae 1 * cymodoceaceae (potamogetonaceae p.p.) 4 cyperaceae 30 daphniphyllaceae 1 61 datiscaceae 1 dichapetalaceae 1 dilleniaceae 5 dioscoreaceae 3 dipsacaceae see caprifoliaceae dipterocarpaceae 10 droseraceae 2 ebenaceae 1 elaeagnaceae 1 elaeocarpaceae 5 elatinaceae 2 25 epacridaceae see ericaceae 25 ericaceae (epacridaceae) 15 eriocaulaceae 1 26 * erythropalaceae (olacaceae p.p.) 3 erythroxylaceae 1 27 * escaloniaceae 1 28 euphorbiaceae (3) 69 eupomatiacae 1 fabaceae (leguminosae) (18) 130 29 fagaceae 4 30 flacourtiaceae see achariaceae and salicaceae flagellariaceae 1 31 * gelsemiaceae (loganiaceae p.p.) 1 2010] 175 van balgooy : an updated survey of malesian seed plants families, notes family naturalized genera number of native genera gentianaceae 10 geraniaceae 1 gesneriaceae 28 gnetaceae 2 goodeniaceae 5 gramineae see poaceae 32 * gunneraceae (haloragaceae p.p.) 1 guttiferae see clusiaceae haemodoraceae 1 32 haloragaceae 3 hamamelidaceae 6 33 * hanguanaceae (agavaceae p.p.) 1 heliconiaceae (strelitzeaceae p.p.) 1 hemerocallidaceae see xanthorrhoeaceae hernandiaceae 3 himantandraceae 1 55 * hydrangeaceae (saxifragaceae p.p.) 3 hydrocharitaceae 10 17 * hydroleaceae (hydrophyllaceae p.p.) 1 17 hydrophyllaceae see hydroleaceae * hypericaceae (clusiaceae p.p.) 2 * hypoxidaceae (amaryllidaceae p.p.) 2 34 icacinaceae 20 illiciaceae see schisandraceae iridaceae (3) 2 57 * irvingiaceae (simaroubaceae p.p.) 1 55 * iteaceae (saxifragaceae p.p.) 1 35 * ixonanthaceae (linaceae p.p.) 2 * joinvilleaceae (flagellariaceae p.p.) 1 juglandaceae 1 juncaceae 2 juncaginaceae 1 lamiaceae (labiatae) 45 lauraceae 21 lecythidaceae 6 leeaceae see vitaceae lemnaceae see araceae lentibulariaceae 1 36 liliaceae 2 37 linaceae 3 56 * linderniaceae (scrophulariaceae p.p.) 6 38 loganiaceae 9 lophopyxidaceae 1 loranthaceae 25 reinwardtia 176 [vol.13 notes family naturalized number of genera native genera lowiaceae 1 39 lythraceae (sonneratiaceae, trapaceae) (3) 8 40 magnoliaceae 1 malpighiaceae 5 41 malvaceae (bombacaceae, sterculiaceae, tiliaceae) (10) 45 marantaceae 8 melastomataceae (3) 35 meliaceae 20 menispermaceae 25 menyanthaceae 2 * mitrastemonaceae (rafflesiaceae p.p.) 1 molluginaceae 2 monimiaceae 11 moraceae (2) 14 moringaceae ↑ (1)    musaceae 2 42 * myodocarpaceae (araliaceae p.p.) 1 56 myoporaceae see scrophulariaceae    myricaceae 1 myristicaceae 6 myrsinaceae see primulaceae    myrtaceae (2) 34 najadaceae see hydrocharitaceae    36 * narthesiaceae (liliaceae p.p.) 1 * nelumbonaceae (nymphaeaceae p.p.) 1 nepenthaceae 1 43 * nothofagaceae (fagaceae p.p.) 1 nyctaginaceae 2 nymphaeaceae 1 nyssaceae see cornaceae    ochnaceae 9 44 olacaceae 4 oleaceae 8 onagraceae (1) 2 opiliaceae 7 orchidaceae 207 56 orobanchaceae 8 oxalidaceae 4 palmae see arecaceae    28 * pandaceae (euphorbiaceae p.p.) 2 pandanaceae 3 papaveraceae ↑ (1)    45 * paracryphiaceae (saxifragaceae p.p., sphenostemonaceae) 2 passifloraceae (turneraceae ↑) (2) 4 2010] 177 van balgooy : an updated survey of malesian seed plants families, notes family naturalized number of genera native genera * paulowniaceae (scrophulariaceae p.p.) 1 pedaliaceae 1 pentaphragmataceae 1 46 pentaphyllacaceae (theaceae p.p.) 2 pentastemonaceae see stemonaceae    36 * petrosaviaceae (liliaceae p.p.) 1 47 philesiaceae 1 philydraceae 2 56 * phrymaceae (scrophulariaceae p.p.) 2 28 * phyllanthaceae (euphorbiaceae p.p.) 18 phytolaccaceae ↑ (2)    28 * picrodendraceae (euphorbiaceae p.p.) 4 pinaceae (coniferales p.p.) 1 piperaceae 4 pittosporaceae 3 48 plantaginaceae (5) 16 plumbaginaceae 2 poaceae (graminae) (23) 155 podocarpaceae (coniferales p.p.) 6 podostemaceae 3 polygalaceae 6 polygonaceae 4 pontederiaceae 1 portulacaceae 2 49 potamogetonaceae 2 50 primulaceae (myrsinaceae) 19 proteaceae 9 punicaceae * (1)    28 * putranjivaceae (euphorbiaceae p.p.) 1    rafflesiaceae 2    ranunculaceae 5    restionaceae 1    rhamnaceae 11 7 rhizophoraceae 7 * ripogonaceae (smilacaceae p.p.) 1    rosaceae 12 51 * rousseaceae (saxifragaceae p.p.) 1    rubiaceae (4) 140 * ruppiaceae (potamogetonaceae p.p.) 1    rutaceae 39    sabiaceae 2 52 salicaceae (flacourtiaceae p.p., scyphostegiaceae) 13    salvadoraceae 1 53 santalaceae (viscaceae) 13 reinwardtia 178 [vol.13 notes family naturalized number of genera native genera 54 sapindaceae (aceraceae) (2) 40 sapotaceae (sarcospermaceae) 15 saururaceae 1 55 saxifragaceae 1 schisandraceae (illiciaceae) 3 44 * schoepfiaceae (olacaceae p.p.) 1 56 scrophulariaceae (loganiaceae p.p., myoporaceae) 2 scyphostegiaceae see salicaceae    57 simaroubaceae 7 smilacaceae 2 solanaceae (7) 1 sonneratiaceae see lythraceae    sparganiaceae seetyphaceae    sphenocleaceae 1 stackhousiaceae see celastraceae    staphyleaceae 1 58 stemonaceae (pentastemonaceae) 3 * stemonuraceae (icacinaceae p.p.) 1 sterculiaceae see malvaceae    59 strelitzeaceae ↑ see heliconiaceae (2)    stylidiaceae 1 styracaceae 2 57 * surianaceae (simaroubaceae p.p.) 1 symplocaceae 1 taccaceae 1 taxacaceae (coniferales p.p.) 1 60 * tetrameristaceae (theaceae p.p.) 1 61 * tetramelaceae (datiscaceae p.p.) 1 60 theaceae 8 thymelaeaceae 12 tiliaceae see malvaceae    11 * torricelliaceae (araliaceae p.p.) 1 trapaceae see lythraceae    trigoniaceae 1 trimeniaceae 1 triuridaceae 1 turneraceae ↑ see passifloraceae    62 typhaceae (sparganiaceae) 2 63 ulmaceae 1 umbelliferae see apiaceae    urticaceae 25 valerianaceae see caprifoliaceae    64 verbenaceae ↑ (5)    violaceae 4 53 viscaceae see santalaceae    65 vitaceae (leeaceae) 9 winteraceae 12 66 xanthorrhoeaceae (hemerocallidaceae) 6 xyridaceae 1 zingiberaceae 25 * zosteraceae (potamogetonaceae p.p.) 1 zygophyllaceae 1 umbelliferae see apiaceae    urticaceae 25 2010] 179 van balgooy : an updated survey of malesian seed plants families, in his checklist van steenis recognized 239 families of which 23 only were represented by naturalized or cultivated species, thus accepting 216 native families. in my plant books i adopted a slightly less conservative family concept and accepted 235 families of which 8 only are represented by naturalized species. in the present survey there are 255 indigenous and 10 naturalized families. van steenis listed 2382 genera with indigenous species, whereas in the present survey 2403 genera are accepted and 191 genera only represented by naturalized species.. notes 1 avicennia, now placed in acanthaceae (formerly in verbenaceae or in avicenniaceae) differs from the rest of the family by the following features: mangrove trees with breathing roots, no cystoliths, viviparous. 2 achariaceae split off from flacourtiaceae accommodates the following genera: eleutherandra, erythrospermum, hydnocarpus, pangium, ryparosa, scaphocalyx and trichadenia. see also notes 30 and 52. 3 acorus is removed from araceae, recognizable by its iris like leaves. see also note 10. 4 altingia, removed from hamamelidaceae is placed in a monospecific family. 5 amaranthaceae now harbours the genera formerly in chenopodiaceae. 6 allium ↑ treated as liliaceae in mal. seed pl. is now in amaryllidaceae. 7 anisophyllea and combretocarpus are placed in a separate family from rhizophoraceae as was expected. the leaves are alternate in a n i s o p h y l l a c e a e a n d o p p o s i t e i n rhizophoraceae. 8 mackinlaya, formerly in araliacea, has been moved to apiaceae. 9 as could be predicted apocynaceae now includes the asclepiadaceae. 10 acorus has been removed from the araceae but the lemnaceae are added. 11 aralidium, placed with some doubt in araliaceae, is now in a separate family. mackinlaya is now in apiaceae and delarbrea is now in a separate family, myodocarpaceae. 12 asparagaceae now accommodates some genera formerly placed in other families: cordyline and dracaena (ex agavaceae), arthropodium, asparagus, chlorophytum, disporopsis, liriope, ophiopogon, peliosanthes, thysanotus and tupistra (ex liliaceae). 13 astelia, formerly in liliaceae, is now in asteliaceae. 14 atherospermataceae now harbours dryadodaphne (ex monimiaceae) 15 next to the cultivated bixa, the bixaceae now harbours cochlospermum. 16 ploiarium, formerly in theaceae, is now in bonnetiaceae as has been suggested before. 17 hydrophyllaceae has been reduced to boraginaceae, but the sole representative of the family in malesia, hydrolea, has been placed in a separate family. the aberrant genus pteleocarpa is retained in boraginaceae. 18 cannabaceae, so far only represented by the cultivated cannabis, has been expanded to include several genera formerly in ulmaceae: aphananthe, celtis, gironniera, parasponia and trema. see also note 62. 19 caprifoliaceae now also harbours triplostegia (ex dipsacaceae) and valeriana (ex valerianaceae) but carlemannia is placed in a separate family. 20 bhesa, easily recognized within the celastraceae by its bipulvinate petiole and scalariform venation is placed in a separate family (centroplacaceae). stackhousia (stacknotes family naturalized number of genera native genera valerianaceae see caprifoliaceae    64 verbenaceae ↑ (5)    violaceae 4 53 viscaceae see santalaceae    65 vitaceae (leeaceae) 9 winteraceae 12 66 xanthorrhoeaceae (hemerocallidaceae) 6 xyridaceae 1 zingiberaceae 25 * zosteraceae (potamogetonaceae p.p.) 1 zygophyllaceae 1 reinwardtia 180 [vol.13 housiaceae) and parnassia (formerly saxifragaceae) have been added to the celastraceae. 21 calophyllum is removed from clusiaceae. 22 colchicaceae accommodates part of the former liliaceae: disporum, gloriosa, iphigenia and schellhammera. see also note 36. 23 cornaceae, apart from mastixia, now also harbours alangium (alangiaceae) and nyssa (nyssaceae). 24 ctenolophon, uncomfortably lodged in linaceae is now in a family of its own. see also note 37. 25 epacridaceae has been sunk in ericaceae, but can easily be told apart by the very close longitudinal venation. 26 erythropalum, as expected is removed from olacaceae, and is rather unexpectedly joined by scorodocarpus and strombosia, in a separate family. 27 polyosma (ex saxifragaceae) is the sole representative of the escalloniaceae in malesia. see also note 55. 28 euphorbiaceae has always been a notoriously difficult family. during pre-identification sessions, whenever coming across an unknown specimen i used to say mockingly: “if in doubt say euphorbiaceae”. more often than once the guess proved to be correct. the removal of several genera to other families makes the family slightly less heterogeneous. pandaceae: galearia, microdesmis. phyllanthaceae: actephila, antidesma, aporosa, baccaurea, bischofia, breynia, bridelia, dicoelia, distichirops, cleistanthus, flueggea, glochidion, hymenocardia, leptopus, margaritaria, nothobaccaurea, phyllanthus and sauropus. picrodendraceae: austrobuxus, choriceras, kairothamnus and petalostigma putranjivaceae: drypetes. 29 as has been suggested before nothofagus is removed from fagaceae. 30 flacourtiaceae has ceased to exist. flacourtia, along with most other genera, has been transferred to salicaceae, seven have moved to achariacea. see note 2. paropsia now belongs to the passifloraceae. 31 gelsemium is removed from loganiaceae. see also note 38. 32 gunnera as has often been suggested before has been removed from haloragaceae. 33 after moving from one family to another, hanguana is now placed in a family of its own. 34 stemonurus, formerly in icacinaceae, is now in a separate family. 35 ixonanthaceae split of from linaceae also harbours allanthospermum, formerly in simaroubaceae. 36 liliaceae has always been a catchall for doubtfully related genera. the genera accepted as belonging in this family in mal. seed pl. are now placed as follows: asparagaceae, see note 12 asteliaceae, see note 13 colchicaceae, see note 22 narthesiaceae: aletris xanthorrhoeaceae, see note 65. 37 linaceae is represented by hugonia, indorouchera and philbornea. see notes 24 and 35. 38 several genera removed from loganiaceae are back in the family, but buddleja is now in scrophulariaceae (see note 56) and gelsemium in gelsemiaceae. see note 31. 39 lythraceae now includes the widely different sonneratiaceae and trapaceae. 40 all genera of the family in malesia have been reduced to a single genus, magnolia. 41 the enlarged family malvaceae now comprises four families which have always been difficult to tell apart. on the other hand it has also been suggested to recognize ten families instead of one. 42 delarbrea is now in a separate family. see also note 11. 43 similarly nothofagus has been removed from the fagaceae. 44 erythropalaceae (see note 26) and schoepfiaceae (schoepfia) have been split off from olacaceae. 45 the malesian genera of this new family are quintinia (ex saxifragaceae) and sphenostemon (ex sphenostemonaceae). 46 ternstroemia (ex theaceae) is now in pentaphyllacaceae. 47 eustrephus is the only genus in philesiaceae. geitonoplesium has been moved to xanthorrhoeaceae. 48 plantaginaceae now harbours several genera formerly placed in other families: callitriche (callitrichaceae), bacopa, brookea, detzneria, limnophila, parahebe and veronica (scrophulariaceae). see also note 56. 49 cymodoceaceae, ruppiaceae and zosteraceae have been split off from potamogetonaceae, which now only harbours potamogeton and zannichelia. 50 myrsinaceae, including maesa, have been sunk in primulaceae. 51 carpodetus (ex saxifragaceae) is placed in a separate family rousseaceae. see also note 55. 52 salicaceae has been considerably enlarged by 2010] 181 van balgooy : an updated survey of malesian seed plants families, scyphostegia (scyphostegiaceae) and the inclusion of most genera formerly in flacourtiaceae. see also note 2. 53 viscaceae is now part of the santalaceae. 54 acer now placed in the sapindaceae can easily be distinguished from the rest of the family by its opposite leaves. 55 dismemberment of the saxifragaceae was to be expected. the only genus remaining in the family is astilbe. the other genera have found other families: carpodetus (rousseaceae) deutzia, dichroa and hydrangea (hydrangeaceae) itea (iteaceae) polyosma (escalloniaceae) quintinia (paracryphiaceae) 56 the only indigenous genera of scrophulariaceae are buddleja (formerly loganiaceae) and myoporum (formerly myoporaceae). all other genera have been moved to other families: linderniaceae (i.e. microcarpaea, picria and torenia) orobanchaceae (i.e. buchnera, centranthera, euphrasia and striga) paulowniaceae (wightia) phrymaceae (mazus, mimulus) plantaginaceae see note 48. 57 as expected simaroubaceae has also undergone changes: allantospermum is now in ixonanthaceae, harrisonia in rutaceae, irvingia in irvingiaceae, suriana in surianaceae. the remaining 6 genera are retained in the family. 58 pentastemon sunk into stemonaceae can easily be distinguished from the rest of the family by being five-numerous instead of two-merous. 59 strelitzeaceae is only represented in malesia by introduced species (ravenala and strelitzea). heliconia is now in heliconiaceae. 60 some genera formerly in theaceae have now moved to other families: ploiarium to bonnetiaceae, ternstroemia to pentaphyllacaceae and tetramerista to tetrameristaceae. 61 tetrameles (ex datiscaceae) is now in a separate family. 62 sparganium despite completely different inflorescence is placed in typhaceae. 63 most genera formerly in ulmaceae have been transferred to cannabaceae. only ulmus remains. see note 18. 64 if phyla is native in malesia it is the only representative of the verbenaceae. all indigenous genera formerly in verbenaceae are now in lamiaceae. 65 leeaceae (only genus leea) once split off from vitaceae is now back in that family. 66 xanthorrhoeaceae, formerly only represented in malesia by lomandra and romnalda has been expanded to include geitonoplesium (ex philesiaceae), caesia, dianella and tricoryne (ex liliaceae). acknowledgements i would like to thank mark coode and sandy atkins for reading and correcting the original manuscript and the following persons for providing information on the numbers of indigenous genera in their respective families: frits adema (fabaceae), peter boyce (araceae), sigrid liede (asclepiadaceae), david middleton (apocynaceae and gesneriaceae), mark newman (zingiberaceae), ed de vogel (orchidaceae), peter van welzen (euphorbiaceae s.l.), elizabeth a. widjaja and jan-frits veldkamp (poaceae) and brigitta and willem de wilde (cucurbitaceae). last but not least i am grateful to hanneke de wolf for typing out the manuscript. references chase, m.w. et al. 2009. an update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: apg iii. bot. journl. linn. soc. 161: 105—121. mabberley, d. j. 2008. mabberley’s plant book. a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. edition 3. cambridge univ. press xviii + 1021 pp. the malesian key group. 2004. interactive key to malesian seed plants. nation. herb. nederl. leiden/royal bot. gard. kew. van balgooy, m. m. j. 1997. malesian seed plants i. spot-characters. rijksherb./ hortus bot. leiden. 154 pp. van balgooy, m. m. j. 1998. malesian seed plants ii. portraits of tree families. rijksherb./hortus bot. leiden 307 pp. van balgooy, m. m. j. 2001. malesian seed plants iii. portraits of non-tree families. nation. herb. nederl. leiden, 260 pp. van steenis, c. g. g. j. 1987. checklist of generic names in malesian botany. flora malesiana foundation, leiden, 162 pp. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 2. 2010 contents page harry wiriadinata & rismita sari. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra ………………………………………………………………………..……………….. 95 ary p. keim. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea………………… 101 robert gradstein et al. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia……………………... 107 abdulrokhman kartonegoro & j. f. veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia………………………………………………………...…………… 125 nursahara pasaribu. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 147 ary p. keim. & m. rahayu. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia................ 151 k. mat-saleh, ridha mahyuni, agus susatya, j. f. veldkamp. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia.............................................................................................................................. 159 j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. .......................................................................................... 167 m. m. j. van balgooy. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families..................................... 171 nurhaidah iriany sinaga. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua ............................................................................................................................... 183 nurhaidah iriany sinaga, rita megia, alex hartana & ary prihardhyanto keim. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea................................................................................................................................ 189 eizi suzuki. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites.. 199 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia.......................................................................................................... 211 m. ardiyani, a. d. poulsen, p. suksathan, f. borchsenius. marantaceae in sulawesi..... 213 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research centre for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_1-1 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_2-2 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_79-79 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_80-80 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_81-81 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_82-82 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_83-83 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_84-84 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_85-85 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_86-86 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_87-87 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_88-88 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_89-89 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_129-129 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_130-130 re1nwardtia vol. 10, part 4, pp. 477478 (1988) novelties in heritiera d r y . a n d scaphium schott & endl. (sterculiaceae) a.j.g.h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia abstract heritiera magnifica kosterm. and scaphium velutinosum kosterm. are described as new species based on specimens collected in sumatra and borneo respectively. abstrak heritiera magnifica kosterm. dan scaphium velutinosum kosterm. dipertelakan sebagai jenis baru berdasarkan spesimen yang berturut-turut dikumpulkan di sumatra dan borneo. heritiera magnifica kosterm., spec. nov. arbor magna, ramulis erassis, foliis ad adicem ramulorum congestis, digitatis 5-7-fofiolatis coriaceis late ellipticis, supra glabra nervo mediano gracilibus prominulis, costis et venis secundariis subimpressis, subtus laxe minutissime stellato-pilosis, nervo mediano crasso prominentibus costis erectopatentibus arcuatis, petiolulis distinctis supra convolutis, petiolis longissimis minutissime stellato pilosis, paniculis axillaribus aggregatis, dense minutissime stellato pilosis, calyx urceolatis utrinque dense minutissime rufo stellato pilosis, flores foemineis androgynophoris brevissimis, ovariis conglutinatis apice curvatis, basi antheris sterilibus. typus : s 27752 (bo), sarawak. tree, 37 m tall, diameter 2 m. buttresses to 2 m high. branchlets stout, 12-15 mm diameter, glabrous, minutely pustular. leaves spirally arranged, crowded at the end of the branchlets, digitate, folioles 5 or 7, broadly elliptic, coriaceous, the central one larger than the other ones, 5 x 10 — 10 x lb — 11 x 20 cm, very shortly apiculate (the tip bent down), base contracted cuneately; upper surface glabrous, glossy, smooth, microscopically superficially pitted; midrib slender, prominulous, nerves and secondary nerves filiform, prominulous in a groove; lower surface sparsely stellate pilose, the rays filaments straight, thin, long, few; midrib stout, prominent, nerves slender, prominent, erect-patent, arcuate, ca 11 pairs, at the margin arcuately ascendent. petiolulus 1.5 — 2 cm, pubescent, upper surface folded leaving a narrow slit; petioles densely minutely stellate pubescent, 15-24 cm long. panicles crowded axillary and extra-axillary, many flowered, brownish red 477 478 reinwardtia (vol. 10 (fresh), 5-15 cm long, densely, shortly stellate hairy, branches short filiform. flower (female) urceolate, densely minutely stellate pubescent out and inside, ca 3 mm high and broad with 5 broadly deltoid, acute erect, 1 mm long lobes. androgynophore very short, bearing the 5 conglutinate, laterally flattened ovaries with hook-like bent apices, the base surrounded by clumps of reduced anthers (in pairs). distribution : only known from the type locality, wet, evergreen, lowland tropical forest. superficially somewhat like heritiera sumatrana, but the leaves much larger and thicker, the flowers different. at this stage the shape of the sanaras is not predictable. borneo. sarawak, outside niah forest reserve, 4 th division, febr., fl. (female), s 27752 (bo,holo,k,l,sing). scaphium velutinosum kosterm., spec. nov. arbor vasta, foliis chartaceis suborbiculato-ellipticis obscure breve acuminatis basi subpeltatis, supra glabra nerviis sat obscuris subtus dense minutissime stellato-pilosis, nerviis basalibus palmatis nerviis secundariis parallelis prominulis, fructus membranaceis scaphiformis longitudinaliter distincte venosis utrinque minutissime sat laxe stellato, pilosis.— typus : whitmore & sidiyasa t.c.w. 3250 (bo). tree 40 m; crown small, thin. bole fluted to 2 m, ringedbark greygreen, smooth, coarsely granular; wood pale yellow, soft (very curious). leaves chartaceous, suborbicular-elliptic, 12-13 x 15-16 cm, obscurely shortly acuminate, base slightly peltate; above dull, midrib and nerves thin prominulous, secondary nerves rather obscure; below densely, minutely stellate pubescent (long, thin rays arms), midrib prominent, the 5 palmate basal nerves prominent, above these 5-7 pairs of sub-opposite (the lower ones) erect-patent straight prominent nerves, connected by parallel widely spaced secondary veins. fruit membranous, boat shaped with strong longitudinal nerves, out-and inside minutely, rather laxly (except the curved base of the fruit outside) stellate pubescent. distribution : only known from the type locality, n. sumatra, low land tropical rain forest. i have hesitated to describe this species as only a couple of fallen leaves and empty fruit are available. the description of tree, bark and wood, the stellate pilosity of the leaves make it sure, that the parts belong together. n. sumatra. gunung leuseur national park, lowland rainforest, steep ridge, aug., fr., t.c. whitmore & k. sidiyasa t.c.w. 3250 (bo). 10(5) 477_page_1 477_page_2 binder cover-100_page_015 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, part 2, pp. 107 — 111 (1984) three new nepenthes from sulawesi tengah j. r. turnbull & a. t. mlddleton a.i.n., 575 avenue rd. apt. 202, toronto, ontario canada, muv 2k2 abstract three new high mountain forest taxa of nepenthaceae are described from central sulawesi. the new species are nepenthes glabratus, n. hamatus and n. infundibuliformis. existing material at herbarium bogoriense indicated that all three are widespread in central sulawesi. abstrak tiga jenis nepenthaceae penghuni hutan pegunungan di sulawesi tengah dipertelakan. jenis-jenis tadi adalah nepenthes glabratus, n. hamatus dan n, infundibuliformis. bahan-bahan yang ada di herbarium bogoriense menunjukkan bahwa ketiga jenis ini tersebar luas di sulawesi tengah. this paper is a preliminary report of three new taxa of nepenthaceae collected on a botanical survey undertaken by both authors in sulawesi tengah, indonesia from 14 august to 11 november, 1983. the new taxa are: nepenthes glabratus, n. infundibuliformis and n. hamatus. a more formal report with photographs and an expanded diagnosis will be published as soon as we return to canada. type material will be deposited at the herbarium bogoriense and duplicate material will be distributed to other leading herbaria. all sheets collected by us, bearing the same collection number were obtained from the same plant unless indicated otherwise. alphabetic characters appending the collection number designate individual sheets. 1. nepenthes glabratus turnbull & middleton, spec. nov. liana caulis cylindricis vel triangularibus glabris, foliis adultis alternantibus coriaceis glabris sessilibus vel subpetiolatis linearibus obtusis basin versus non decurrentibus, nervis lateralibus inconspicuis, nervis longitudinalibus parallelis utrinque 1-2. ascidia superiora glabra subtubulosa breviter incurvata, alae simpliciae vel costis duabus prominentibus. os oblique rotundatus; peristomio cylindrico vel applanato, costis indistinctis; operculo orbiculato. racemis unifructus. preprinted on 10 february 1984. — 107 — 108 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 stems climbing, cylindrical or triangular. leaves of the climbing stem scattered, sessile to slightly petiolate; lamina linear, up to 12 cm long, 2 cm broad, obtuse at the apex, base clasping the stem for 1/2the width and not decurrent; pennate nerves inconspicuous, longitudinal nerves 1 or 2 on each side, originating from the base, running parallel to the margin in the outer 1/3 of the lamina; tendrils as long or longer than the lamina. pitchers of the climbing stem abruptly originating from the tendril, shortly incurved, almost tubulose, with simple wings, or 2 prominent ribs over the whole length; mouth oblique and round; peristome cylindrical to flattened, 1 2.5 mm broad, the ridges indistinct; lid orbiculate and of the same size as the mouth opening. fruit on a one-flowered raceme. indumentum absent from all vegetative parts of the climbing stem. — type: sulawesi tengah, tri tunggal eboni corp. lumber concession, 120°55'e 1°33's, 1666 m, turnbull & middleton 83113a. fr., 31/8/83 (bo). distribution: this species has a wide distribution in sulawesi tengah, with known populations as much as 200 air kilometers apart on 3 mountain chains. ecology: at all of the sites observed, the plants were growing with n. maxima nees in open high mountain forest; usually clmbing into low bushes or short trees to flower. derivation : this name was chosen due to the lack of any conspicuous indumentum on all vegetative parts of the adult plant. the wings of the upper pitchers are often retained without fringe. in this species two forms of rosettes were observed in the field. the first, seen most often in young plants, has extremely linear leaves with long filiform tendrils ending in small globose pitchers (well represented in eyma, 3585a). the second rosette type was found on mature plants. rosettes were growing on ground stems which had become buried in moss. in these rosettes the leaf blade was greatly reduced or nearly absent; forming a rosette reminescent of those found on n. ampullaria hook f. (danser, 1928, pg. 266). representative specimens examined: sulawesi tengah, tri tunggal eboni corp. lumber concession, 1666 m, turnbull & middleton 8311sb-g, 83114, 31/8/83: g. towako, 1625 m, turnbull & middleton 83080-9s, 16/8/83; g. lumut north spur, eyma 3585, 8585a, 8/9/88 (bo): boro-poena, 1700-1800 m. eyma 1604., 10/8/37 (bo). 2. nepenthes hamatus turnbull & middleton, spec. nov. n. dentata kurata (rwmen tmdum) "nepenthes of mount kinabalu" pg. 11, 1976. liana caulis cylindricis vel triangularibus glabris, foliis alternantibus coriaceis glabris sessilibus ellipticis vel lanceolatis acutis vel obtusis basi conspicue obliquis cordatis subamplexicaulis, nervis lateralibus patentibun 1984] turnbull & middleton: new nepenthes 109 nervis longitudinalibus parallelis utrinque 3-4 ad basin laminarum ortis. ascidia superiora usque ad 20 cm longa, parte basalibus sensim attenuatis, parte basalibus 1/3 subovoidea apicem versus angustata tubulosa plerumque alae fimbriatae. os conspicue obliquis ellipticis, operculum versus acutis; peristomio cylindrico vel applanato, 1-3 mm lato, hamato, hamatae ad basin 1-2 mm diametro, sensim attenuato, in ore incurvato, 4-6 mm distantio margine exterioribus insertis; operculo elliptico vel ovato plerumque appendiculis filiformibus obtectis, infructescentiis racemiformibus ebracteatis, pedicellis unifructus. stem climbing. leaves of the climbing stem scattered, coriaceous, sessile; lamina elliptic to lanceolate, up to 15 cm long, 2 cm broad, base very oblique, almost amplexical and cordate, tip acute to obtuse; pennate nerves more or less transversely running towards the margin, longitudinal nerves 3-4 on a side originating at the base and running parallel in the outer 2/3 of the lamina; tendrils up to twice as long as the lamina, usually with a curl. pitchers of the climbing stem up to 20 cm, gradually originating from the tendril, almost ovate in the lower 1/3narrowing, becoming tubular or gradually expanding towards the mouth with 2 fringed wings or 2 prominant ribs; mouth very oblique, elliptic, acute towards the lid; peristome cylindrical or flattened, 1-3 mm wide, with hooks spaced uniformly around the outer edge, 4-6 mm apart; hooks 1-2 mm wide at the base, gradually attenuate and curving into the mouth orifice with up to a 7 mm diameter arch; lid elliptic to ovate, rounded at the base, as long and wide as the mouth and usually with filiform appendages on the upper surface. fruit on a raceme; pedicels 1-flowered without bract; tepals 1.5-2 mm long. indumentum of variable hairs. type: sulawesi tengah, g. lumut west ridge, 121°39'e l°07's, 1850-1900 m, turnbull & middleton 83121a, fr., 19/9/83 (bo). distribution : this species has a very wide distribution in sulawesi and has been found in several different mountain systems by a number of collectors. ecology: nepenthes hamatus was observed and collected by one or both of us at two locations. at both sites the plants were growing only at the top of very steep ridges and no other species of nepenthes were observed in the immediate area. all specimens were rooted in the moss and climbing into those trees which overhung a steep cliff. the populations ended where the grade of the ridgeside became gradual enough to support forest growth. derivation : the name chosen refers to the well developed and unique hooked appendages attached to the peristome and vaulting into the mouth of the pitcher. we feel that the name dentata (teeth) does not adequately distinguish this species from many other nepenthes taxa which also possess conspicuous teeth of one form or another. 1 1 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 in this species the development of the hooks is quite variable; large pitchers on adult climbing stems best show the feature. the seedlings or young plants with intermediate sized pitchers can be distinguished from n. tentaculata hook. f. by the presence of a distinctly ridged peristome (the height of the ridges being greater than the distance between adjacent ridges). individual pitchers on a single plant can exhibit wide variations in this feature. in n. tentaculata the peristome has minute or inconspicuous ridges only (danser 1928, pg. 380). representative specimens examined: sulawesi tengah, g. lumut west ridge, 1850-1900 m, turnbull & middleton 83121b-f, 8s122-32, 19/9/83; g. lumut north ridge, eyrna 3572, 3572bis, 357s, 3/9/38 (bo); 3648, 5/9/38 (bo). g. sojol (g. ogoomas), 2500 m, middleton 83166-78, 83185-97, 27/10/83; mt. roroda timbu summit, 2450 m, balgooy ss35, 14/5/79 (bo); tomongkobae mts., eyma 39(19, 3969a, 3970, 9/10/38 (bo); g. poka pindjang. 2000-2200 m, kjellberg 1492, 28/5/29 (bo). 3. nepenthes infundibuliforrais turnbull & middleton, spec, nov. liana caulis cylindricis, inovationibus extra-axillaribus saepe spiniformis 2 cm longis, foliis adultis alternantibus coriaceis petiolatis oblongis ad ellipticis obtusis vel acutis, basi obtusis, petioli anguste alatis, nervis inconspicuis. ascidia superiora basi contracta incurvata usque ad 1/2 eylindrica, caetera infundibuliformibus, sub peristomio subcontracta, costis duabus prominentibus; os orbicularibus horizontalibus parte posterioribus exceptis; peristomio cylindrico vel subcompresso costata sub collum erectum, 1.5 cm longus abrupte expansa, usque ad 8 mm; operculo subspathulato, parte anguste superiora obtusis longis, carte into basalibus abrupte orbicularis basi subcordatis; appendice basalibus glandulosis angulato-falcatis, appendice apicalibus glandulosis filiformibus. racemis plerumque bifloratis in parte basalibus. partibus iuvenilibus dense pilosis, pili variabilis, persistentibus in caulibus, parte inferioribus petiolis, floribusque. stems climbing, the part with adult leaves up to 8 mm thick, cylindrical and with extra-axillary buds often forming 2 cm long spikes 5 mm above the leaf axis. leaves of the climbing stem coriaceous, scattered, petiolate; lamina oblong to elliptic, up 20 cm long, 7 cm broad, obtuse to acute at the apex, petiole narrowly winged clasping 1/2 of the stem, nervation indistinct; tendril about 2 times the length of the lamina. pitchers of the climbing stem originating abruptly from the tendril with a wide curve and remaining a uniform diameter to 1/2 the height of the pitcher, gradually and uniformly expanding then rapidly but shortly contracted at the mouth; ribs prominent; mouth horizontal at the front and sides, 8 cm in diameter and circular; peristome rounded to slightly flattened with ribs 1/3-2/3 mm apart, 4 mm wide in front abruptly expanding to 8 mm at the short, perpendicular and 1.5 em high neck; lid elongate, 1984] 111 turnbull & middleton : new nepenthes spathulate, slightly cordate at the wide base, obtuse to abruptly rounded at the apex, with an 8 mm long, hook shaped glandular crest at the base and a 12 mm long filiform glandular appendage at the tip. fruit on a raceme, mostly 2 flowered in the lower part. hairs variable, abundant on all young parts, persistant on the stem, lower surface of the petiole, and flower parts. — type: sulawesi tengah, g. lumut kecil, 121°41’e 1°03’s, 1500 m, turnbull & middleton 83148a, fr., 20/9/83 (bo). distribution: this species is widely distributed in the eastern arm of sulawesi tengah. ecology: the plants we observed were growing on a narrow mossy ridge with n. tentaculata. all plants were growing rooted in the moss, and climbing stems extended into trees overhanging a cliff. only climbing stems in well exposed areas were flowering and most of the leaves of these stems bore pitchers. derivation: this name was chosen because of the funnel shaped pitcher. this species most closely resembles the extremely variable n. maxima (danser 1928, pg. 325-7). the shape of the pitcher of the climbing stem however is sufficiently unique in both its exaggerated funnel shape and narrow elongated lid that we feel justified in the establishment of a separate species. representative specimens examined: sulawesi tengah, g. lumut kecil, 1500 m, turnbull & middleton 83148b-n, 83142-7, 20/9/83: g. loemoet (lumut), eyma 3571, 3/9/38 (bo); tomongkobae mts., eyma 3968, 9/10/38 (bo). acknowledgements we wish to thank lbn-lipi for sponsorship of this project, the staff of the herbarium bogoriense for assistance, dr. a. kostermans for the latin translations and the ambulatory institute of nepentheology for financial support. literature cited 1. danser, b. h. (1928). the nepenthes of the netherlands indies. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz., serie iii, vol. ix, livr. 3-4. 2. kurata, s. (1976). nepenthes of mount kinabalu. sabah national parks publ., kota kinabalu, sabah, malaysia. a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(3) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociolog y and ecolog y vol. 12(3): 205-259. 22 desember 2006 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lip1, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 3, pp: 237 – 255 recovery of a lowland dipterocarp forest twenty two years after selective logging at sekundur, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia dolly priatna* leuser management unit, jl. dr. mansyur no. 68 medan 20154, north sumatra, indonesia kuswata kartawinata** unesco office jakarta, regional science bureau for asia and the pacific, jl. galuh (ii) no. 5, kebayoran baru, jakarta, p.o. box 1273/jkt, jakarta 12110, indonesia. k.kartawinata@unesco.org rochadi abdulhadi herbarium bogoriense, pusat penelitian biologi, lipi, jl. juanda 22, bogor 16122, indonesia abstract priatna, d.; kartawinata, k.; abdulhadi, r. 2004. recovery of a lowland dipterocarp forest twenty two years after selective logging at sekundur, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia. reinwardtia 12 (3): 237–255. — a permanent 2-ha plot of lowland forest selectively logged in 1978 at sekundur, gunung leuser national park, which is also a biosphere reserve and a world heritage site, north sumatra, was established and investigated in 1982. it was re-examined in 2000, where remeasurement and reidentification of all trees with dbh ≥10 cm were made. the areas of gap, building and mature phases of the canopy were also measured and mapped. within this plot, 133 species, 87 genera and 39 families were recorded, with the total number of trees of 1145 or density of 572.5/ha. euphorbiaceae was the richest family with 18 species (13.5 % of the total) and total number of trees of 248 (21.7 % of the total or density of 124 trees/ha. the most important families were dipterocarpaceae with iv (importance value) = 52.0, followed by euphorbiaceae with iv = 51.8. the most prevalent species was shorea kunstleri (dipterocarpaceae) with iv =24.4, followed by macaranga diepenhorstii (euphorbiaceae) with iv = 12.4. they were the species with highest density, 34 trees/ha and 23.5 trees/ha, respectively. during the period of 18 years there has been no shift in the richest families, most important families and most important species. euphorbiaceae was the richest family and dipterocarpaceae was the most important family, with shorea kunstleri as the most important species with highest importance value throughout the period. the number of species increased from 127 to 133 with increase in density by 36.8% , from 418.5 trees/ha to 572.5 trees/ha. the mortality was 25.57 % or 1.4 % per year. the diameter class distribution indicated that the forest recovery has not been complete. trees were small, comprising 67.6 % with diameters of 10-20 cm and only two trees had diameters of 100 cm, i.e. melanochyla caesia and lithocarpus urceolaris. based on the basal area of all species, the logged-over forest at sekundur is estimated to reach the situation similar to undisturbed primary forest in 56 years after logging, but on the basis of basal area of dipterocarpaceae such condition could be achieved in 172 years. the canopy has not fully recovered and the complete closure of gaps is estimated to take 53 years since the logging started. the canopy consisted of gap phase (24.6 %), building phase (19.7 %) and mature phase (55.7 %). during the period of 18 years the tree mortality was 25.57 % or the rate of 1.4 %/year. euphorbiaceae experienced the highest mortality, particularly among the trees with diameters of 10-20 cm. mortality decreased with the increase of diameters. during the same period 520 new trees of 16 species were recruited. the densities of 53 % of the species experienced changes of only one tree or no changes at all. drastic increase in tree population occurred in light demanding species, such as baccaurea kunstleri, endospermum diadenum, mallotus penangensis, sapium baccatum and macaranga diepenhorstii . key words: forest recovery, selective logging, structure and composition, mortality, recruitment, canopy closure, sumatra. * present address: the zoological society of london, jambi tiger project, , po box 2000, jambi, indonesia, dpriatna@asiaticpersada.com. ** concurrently research associate at: (1) herbarium bogoriense, pusat penelitian biologi, lipi, jl. juanda 22, bogor 16122, indonesia, kkjak@indo.net.id; and (2) botany department, field museum, 1400 s. lake shore drive, chicago, illinois 60605 2496, usa 237 mailto:kkjak@indo.net.id 238 reinwardtia [vol.12 abstrak priatna, d.; kartawinata, k; abdulhadi, r. 2004. –– pemulihan hutan pamah dipterocarpaceae 22 tahun setelah tebang pilih di sekundur, taman nasional gunung leuser, sumatra utara, indonesia. reinwardtia 12(3): 237–255. — sebuah petak permanen seluas dua hektar dalam hutan pamah yang ditebang-pilih tahun 1978 dibuat dan ditelah pada tahun 1982 di sekundur, taman nasional gunung leuser, sumatera utara. petak tersebut diteliti ulang pada tahun 2000; semua pohon dengan diameter setinggi dada ≥10 cm, ditandai, diukur diameter dan tingginya dan diidentifikasi. luas fase-fase rumpang, membangun dan matang dalam kanopi diukur dan dipetakan. dalam petak ini tercatat 133 jenis, 87 marga dan 39 suku, dengan jumlah pohon sebanyak 1145 atau kerapatan 572.5 pohon/ha. euphorbiaceae merupakan suku terkaya dengan 18 jenis (13.5 % dari semua jenis) dan jumlah pohon sebanyak 248 (21.7 % dari total) atau kerapatan 124 pohon/ha. suku yang paling penting adalah dipterocarpaceae (nilai penting, np = 52.0), diikuti oleh euphorbiaceae (np = 51.8). jenis yang paling menonjol adalah shorea kunstleri (dipterocarpaceae) dengan np =24.4, diikuti oleh macaranga diepenhorstii (euphorbiaceae) dengan np = 12.4, dan dua jenis ini mempunyai kerapatan tertinggi, masing-masing 34 pohon/ha and 23.5 pohon /ha. selama 18 tahun tidak terdapat pergeseran suku-suku terkaya dan terpenting serta jenis-jenis terpenting. euphorbiaceae merupakan suku terkaya dan dipterocarpaceae suku terpenting, dengan shorea kunstleri sebagai jenis terpenting selama 18 tahun ini. jumlah jenis bertambah dari 127 menjadi 133 dengan peningkatan kerapatan sebanyak 36.8 %, yaitu dari 418.5 pohon/ha menjadi 572.5 pohon/ha. mortalitas tercatat 25.57 % atau 1.4 % per tahun. sebaran kelas diameter menunjukkan bahwa pemulihan hutan belum lengkap. sebagian besar pohon-pohon berukuran kecil; 67.6 % termasuk kelas diameter 10-20 cm dan hanya dua pohon yang mempunyai diameter > 100 cm, yaitu melanochyla caesia and lithocarpus urceolaris. berdasarkan luas bidang dasar semua jenis, hutan bekas pembalakan ini akan mencapai kondisi seperti hutan primer yang tidak terganggu dalam waktu 56 tahun setelah pembalakan, tetapi berdsarkan luas bidang dasar dipterocarpaceae pemulihan ini memerlukan waktu 172 tahun. kanopi hutan belum sepenuhnya pulih dan penutupan rumpang spenuhnya diperkirakan memerlukan waktu 53 tahun sejak hutan dibalak. kanopi terdiri atas fase rumpang (24.6 %), fase membangun (19.7 %) dan fase matang (55.7 %). selama 18 tahun mortalitas mencapai 25.57 % atau laju mortalitas 1.4 %/tahun dan tidak ada mortalitas dalam 44.1 % dari jenis. penambahan pohon baru tercatat sebanyak 520 pohon yang termasuk16 jenis. sebanyak 53 % dari semua jenis, kerapatannya mengalami perubahan hanya satu pohon atau sama sekali tidak mengalami perubahan. jumlah pohon yang meningkat drastis terjadi pada jenisjenis yang memerlukan cahaya, seperti baccaurea kunstleri, endospermum diadenum, mallotus penangensis, sapium baccatum and macaranga diepenhorstii. kata kunci: pemulihan hutan, pembalakan selektif, struktur dan komposisi, mortalitas, rekrutmen, penutupan kanopi, sumatera. introduction in view of continuous and rapid decrease of the tropical forest area, information on forest is badly needed (wich et al. 1999). research on the ecology of primary forests of indonesia is still relatively meager, although at the same time ecological information has to be accumulated before the primary forest disappears (abdulhadi et al. 1998). during the last three decades, various ecological research activities have been undertaken by various national and international institutions, but most of them have been shortterm research projects on vegetation in kalimantan and sumatra (kartawinata, 1990; lamounier, 1997). the success of conservation and management of tropical forests depends among others on a profound knowledge regarding forest dynamics (hartshorn, 1990). to study forest dynamics, several permanent plots have been established in various localities, including at the gunung-gede pangrango national park, west java; kayan mentarang national park, lempake and wanariset samboja in east kalimantan; gunung palung national park in west kalimantan; barito ulu in central kalimantan; and the gunung, leuser national park, north sumatra (budiman & abdulhadi, 1995; kartawinata 1990; riswan, 1987). indonesia has extensive areas of logged-over forests and degraded lands arising from intensive exploitation of forest resources. in 2000 the logged-over forests covered about 23 million hectares or 55 % of the total logging concession area (kartawinata et al. 2001). selective logging operations led to the formation of canopy openings, resulting from tree felling, skid trails, haul roads and log-yards. the structure and composition of residual stands have been investigated by various authors (e.g. abdulhadi et al. 1981; bertault et al., 1997; cannon et al., 1994; haeruman 1978; rosalina 1986; sist et al., 2003; soemarna & suyana 1979; soemarno, 2001; tinal & palinewen 1978; see also some articles in sist et al. 1997). the number of tree 2006] priyatna et.al.: recovery of lowland dipterocarp forest 239 species in logged-over forests is usually lower than in primary forests ( kartawinata et al. 2001) and the tree mortality is higher (cannon et al. 1994), which can be 2.1 % per year in logged over forests and 1.7 % in primary forests (whitmore, 1984). bare areas in the logged-over forests covered 14 to 50 % of the ground and were invaded by light-demanding, fast-growing and light-wood pioneer species (abdulhadi et al. 1981; fox 1969; kartawinata et al., 1983; meijer, 1970; nicholson, 1958; riswan & kartawinata, 1991; tinal & palinewen 1978). should there be no additional disturbances, logged-over forests will return to compositional and structural characteristics similar to undisturbed primary forests in at least 150 years (riswan et al. 1986; riswan & kartawinata, 1988, 1991). selective logging operations have left a mosaic of unlogged and logged areas. the unlogged primary forest areas are mainly on the less accessible or less productive areas, while the logged areas developed into secondary forest. there is a great spatial variation in term of degree of damages and consequent forest structure and species composition in the logged-over forest. this heterogeneity of habitat can support a diversity of species different from pre-logging conditions and is of value to conservation (cannon et al. 1994). in 1982 a study of a two-hectare plot of lowland forest selectively logged in 1978 was conducted at sekundur, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra (abdulhadi et al., 1987). the present study was the re-invetigation of the same two-hectare plot carried out in 2000 to provide information on the recovery of selectively logged-over forests, with the objective of investigating the structural and compositional changes during the last 18 years since the previous study was conducted in 1982. study area and method the study was carried out in a selectively logged lowland dipterocarp forest at 04 o 58’04 o 59’ n dan 98 o 04’-98 o 05’ e, in sekundur, within the gunung leuser national park (glnp) and leuser ecosystem area in the besitang subdistrict, langkat district, north sumatra, (figure 1). in 1981 the glnp was designated as a biosphere reserve and in july 2004, together with the kerinci seblat and bukit barisan selatan national park, it was inscribed in the world heritage list as the cluster tropical rainforest heritage of sumatra. the study area is located at 75-100 m above sea level within the 1978 logging block of the pt raja garuda mas (abdulhadi et al., 1987). the terrain ranges from undulating to somewhat hilly with gentle to steep slopes. the climate is very humid without dry months with the rainfall type a (schmidt & ferguson, 1951), and the annual rainfall is 3500 4000 mm (leuser management unit, unpublished). soil in the area is classified as ‘tropudult’ (usda) or equivalent to red yellow podsolic soil (soepraptohardjo & ismangun 1980). the parent material is acid tuff, sandstone and sand deposit. solum is thick, red to yellow, with variable texture, firm to friable consistency, acidic, low nutrient content, slow to medium permeability, and easily erodable . a permanent plot was subjectively established in a selectively logged-over forest in 1982 by abdulhadi et al. (1987). the plot was two hectares (100 x 200 m) and was divided into subplots of 10 x 10 m. it covered the logging roads, skid trails, extracted area and undisturbed section of the logged forest. all trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm occurring within the subplots were recorded and numbered with metal tags at 160 cm above ground. the dbhs were measured at 130 cm above ground. for trees with tall buttresses measurements were made 20 cm above the upper ends of the buttresses. the gap, building and mature phases of the canopy (sensu whitmore 1984) and a profile diagram were drawn. in february-march 2000 and augustnovember 2000 the above two-hectare permanent plot was re-surveyed and all trees were renumbered, re-marked and remeasured. the height of each tree within the plot was measured and its position was drawn on a graph paper with the scale of 1:200. the mosaic of the gap, building and mature phases of the canopy and a profile diagram of the forest were re-drawn on a 10 x 60 m plot. voucher specimens were collected for identification at the herbarium bogoriense. the density, frequency, and dominance as measured by basal area and their relative values as well as the importance values (bray & curtis, 1957) of each species were computed following the standard calculation described in detail in mueller-dombois and ellenberg 1974. calculation of the family importance value follows the method used by kartawinata et al. (2004). to show the diversity of tree species of the 1982 and 2000 results, shannon-winner indices of diversity and evenness were calculated using the standard formulas (magurran, 1988; zar, 1996). 240 reinwardtia [vol.12 the results of the present study were compared with the data of investigation of the same plot carried out in 1982 (unpublished data of abdulhadi and abdulhadi et al. 1987) and that in undisturbed primary forest at ketambe (abdulhadi et al. 1989). the estimate of floristic and structural recovery rate after logging was carried out by comparing the density, basal area and canopy coverage by applying the method used by abdulhadi (1992). results and discussion composition in the study of the 2-ha plot in year 2000, 133 species, 87 genera and 39 families of trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm (table 1; see appendix 1 for details) were recorded. eighteen years earlier in 1982, 127 species, and 88 genera, 43 families were registered (abdulhadi et al., 1987). in the present study euphorbiaceae was the richest family with 18 species (13.5% of the total), followed by lauraceae with 10 species (7.5%), and anacardiaceae and dipterocarpaceae with 8 species (6%) each. beside the richest in species, euphorbiaceae had the highest number of genera ( 11) and number of trees (248). it is well known that, next to dipterocarpaceae, euphorbiaceae is in general the richest family in the primary and secondary lowland rain forests of malesia (abdulhadi et al. 1991; kartawinata et al. 1981; kartawinata, et al. 2004;riswan, 1987). the success of euphorbiaceae appeared to be closely related to its adaptive capability. it contains species preferring to grow on open places, such as gaps and they form the canopy of secondary forests (riswan, 1982; whitmore, 1984; riswan, 1987; manullang, 1998). figure 1. map of the study area in a selectively logged lowland forest at sekundur, glnp, north sumatera 2006] priyatna et.al.: recovery of lowland dipterocarp forest 241 the importance values of families differed from density, frequency and dominance (basal area). seven families had fiv (family importance values) >10, where dipterocarpaceae had the highest fiv (52.0), followed by euphorbiaceae with fiv of 51.8. these high values were contributed by shorea kunstleri (diptero-carpaceae) with iv (importance value) of 24.4 and macaranga diepenhorstii (euphorbiaceae) with iv of 12.4. table 1. important families in the 2-ha plot of a selectively logged lowland forest at sekundur in the gunung leuser national park, north sumatra in 1982 and 2000. family number of species % number of species number of genera number of trees (dbh ≥ 10 cm) family importance value 1982 * 2000 1982 * 2000 1982 * 2000 1982 * 2000 1982 * 2000 dipterocarpaceae 7 8 5.52 6.02 3 3 118 127 57.6 52.0 euphorbiaceae 19 18 14.96 13.53 11 11 94 248 27.5 51.8 lauraceae 10 10 7.87 7.52 5 5 71 96 21.1 21.0 anacardiaceae 8 8 6.29 6.02 5 5 55 65 24.2 20.0 myrtaceae 6 6 4.72 4.51 2 2 54 64 17.8 15.4 sapotaceae 4 4 3.15 3.01 3 3 31 59 9.2 13.0 flacourtiaceae 4 4 3.15 3.01 4 4 41 45 13.0 11.6 annonaceae 7 4 5.52 3.01 6 4 33 38 12.5 10.0 fagaceae 3 3 2.36 2.26 2 2 14 21 9.4 8.9 tiliaceae 1 1 0.79 0.75 1 1 42 40 11.8 8.6 moraceae 3 3 2.36 2.26 2 2 29 33 9.7 8.39 other families 55 64 43.31 48.10 44 45 255 309 86.2 87.7 total 127 133 100 100 88 87 837 1145 300 300 *) abdulhadi (unpublished data) ten most important species arranged in descending order of importance values (figure 2) were shorea kunstleri, mangifera gracilipes, cinnamomum iners, eugenia acutangula, pentace polyantha, cleistanthus bakonensis, shorea pauciflora, lophopetalum javanicum, lithocarpus urceolaris and mezzettia parviflora. the total ivs of these species was 35.5 % of the total ivs of all species and shorea kunstleri had the highest iv of 24.4 or 8.11 % of the total. data recorded in 1982 (abdulhadi et al. 1987) showed similar values, where the ivs of ten most important species was 38.8 %, and s. kunstleri had the highest iv of 29.8 or 9.9 % of the total; only one species, cleistanthus bakonensis, was secondary species in this group. it should be noted, however, that macaranga diepenhorstii with iv of 12.37, endospermum diadenum with iv of 7.62 and sapium bacccatum with iv of 7.36 should be considered important species in year 2000 whereas they had lower ivs in 1982. figure 2 also shows the decrease of the ivs in 8 of the 10 most important species when ivs in 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 sk mg ci ea pp cb mp sp lj lu species im p o rt a n ce v a lu e 1982 2000 fig. 2. ten most important species recorded in 1982 (abdulhadi, unpublished data) and 2000 in a 2ha plot of a selectively logged lowland forest at sekundur, glnp, north sumatra. sk= shorea kunstleri; mg= mangifera gracilipes; ci=cinnamomum iners; ea= eugenia acutangula; pp=pentace polyantha; cb=cleistanthus bakonensis; mp= mezzettia parviflora; sp= shorea pauciflora; lj= lophopetalum javanicum; lu= lithocarpus urceolaris. 1982 compared with those in 2000. the decrease were likely attributed to the death of trees, where, except for lophopetalum javanicum, the mortality rates of these species were 4.76 –51.85 %. meanwhile, the ivs of mezzettia parviflora and lophopetalum javanicum increased, which could be attributed to the high percentage of recruitment of 57.1 % for the former and 44.4 % for the latter. 242 reinwardtia [vol.12 twenty two years after logging, the ten most important tree species based on density in the two-hectare permanent plots are shown in table 2. the density of these ten tree species constituted 35.7 % of the total density of all tree species. note that in 2000, a secondary forest species, macaranga diepenhorstii, was the leading species with the highest density of 34 trees/ha and represented 5.9 % of the total density. the second prevailing species was shorea kunstleri with density of 23.5 trees/ha and made up of 4.1 % of the total. it was noted that macaranga diepenhorstii filled up and grew in the gaps created by selective logging whilst shorea kunstleri occupied the unlogged portion of the forest within the plot. density measurement undertaken in the same plot in 1982 (abdulhadi, unpublished data) showed a similar pattern where the ten most important species made up 37.4 % of the total. during the period of 18 years, a drastic increase of density occurred in macaranga diepenhorsti from 10 trees/ha in 1982 to 34 trees/ha in 2000, sapium baccatum from 1 trees/ha to 19 trees/ha and litsea noronhae from 0 to 15 trees/ha. litsea noronhae should be registered as a new arrival. there was, however, a decrease in density of shorea kunstleri during the period of 18 years. in 1982, shorea kunstleri was the leading species with the highest density of 25.5 tree/ha or 12.2 % of the total, whereas in 2000 its density was 23.5 tree/ha. see also table 4 for density figures of all species. table 2 . ten most important tree species based on density (trees/ha) in 2000 compared with the density in 1982 in the two-hectare plot of a lowland dipterocarp forest at sekundur, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra. density (tree/ha) species family year 2000 year 1982 * macaranga diepenhorstii euphorbiaceae 34 10 shorea kunstleri dipterocarpaceae 23.5 25.5 eugenia acutangulum myrtaceae 22.5 19 cinnamomum iners lauraceae 21 21 pentace polyantha tiliaceae 20 21 sapium baccatum euphorbiaceae 19 1 mangifera gracilipes anacardiaceae 17 15 mezzettia parviflora annonaceae 16.5 10.5 endospermum diadenum euphorbiaceae 16 3.5 litsea noronhae lauraceae 15 0 *) abdulhadi (unpublished data) table 3. the ten most important tree species based on basal area ( m 2 /ha) measured in 2000 and in 1982 in the twohectare plot of a lowland dipterocarp forest at sekundur, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra. basal area (m 2 /ha) species family year 1982* year 2000 increase in 18 years shorea kunstleri dipterocarpaceae 3.89 4.48 0.59 dipterocarpus grandiflorus dipterocarpaceae 0.91 1.25 0.34 mangifera gracilipes anacardiaceae 1.46 1.21 (-0.25) lithocarpus urceolaris fagaceae. 1.1 1.16 0.06 shorea pauciflora dipterocarpaceae 0.67 0.91 0.24 macaranga diepenhorstii euphorbiaceae 0.1 0.84 0.74 lophopetalum javanicum celastraceae 0.57 0.82 0.25 shorea leprosula dipterocarpaceae 0.46 0.79 0.33 shorea multiflora dipterocarpaceae 0.46 0.78 0.32 mezzettia parviflora annonaceae 0.53 0.74 0.21 total 10.15 12.98 2.83 *) abdulhadi (unpublished data) in term of basal area the ten most important tree species measured in 2000 (22 years after selective logging) in the two-hectare plot are presented in table 3. the total basal area of the ten most important species amounted to 12.98 m 2 /ha or 43.5 % of the total basal area of all species. shorea kunstleri was the leading species 2006] priyatna et.al.: recovery of lowland dipterocarp forest 243 with the basal area of 4.48 m 2 /ha or 16.1 % of the total basal area for all species. the next important species was dipterocarpus grandiflorus with the basal area of 1.25 m 2 /ha or 4.5 % of the total for all species. the measurements in the same plot made in 1982 (abdulhadi, unpublished data) showed comparable figures, where the total basal area of the ten most important species amounted to 10.15 m 2 /ha or 47.2 % of the total for all species. within the period of 18 years, with the exception of mangifera gracilipes, the basal area increased ranging from 0.06 to 0.74 m 2 /ha. being a fast-growing secondary forest species, mangifera gracilipes showed the highest increase (0.74 m 2 /ha). the second highest increase was shown by shorea kunstleri with the increase of 0.59 m 2 /ha; it may be considered as a fast growing species, faster than shorea leprosula, which is generally accepted as one of the fast growing dipterocarps. the basal area increase of the other dipterocarp species ranged from 0.24 to 0.34 m 2 /ha. structure the diameter class distribution of 837 trees recorded in 1982 and 1145 trees measured in 2000 (figure 3) shows a shape almost like a short. inverted j, the shape of the curve typical for primary forest (whitmore, 1984; abdulhadi et al. 1991). it implies also that new growth is booming along just fine. in general the trees were small, consisting of 67.6 % with diameters of 1020 cm and 17.0 % of diameters 21-30 cm. only two trees (0.2 %) had diameters > 100 cm, i.e., melanochyla caesia (anacardiaceae) and lithocarpus urceolaris (fagaceae). it can be definitely inferred that the recovery process of the selectively logged forest here is still in progress the forest has not reached the conditions of an undisturbed primary forest 22 years after logging. within this 2-ha plot, euphorbiaceae and dipterocarpaceae had the highest number of trees, 248 (density = 124/ha) and 127 ( density = 63.5 trees/ha) and were greater than in 1982 (table 1). more than 85 % of the trees of euphorbiaceae consisted of macaranga diepenhorstii, sapium baccatum, endospermum diadenum, cleistanthus bakonensis, mallotus penangensis and baccaurea lanceolata, which were pioneer species filling up gaps or growing on forest edges. in dipterocarpaceae 73 % of the trees were composed of shorea kunstleri, s. multiflora and s. leprosula., which are primary species that usually grow better in small gaps than in open sites or under closed canopy (abdulhadi et al. 1987). 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 i ii iii iv v vi diameter class n u m b e r o f t re e s number of trees in 1982 number of trees in 2000 figure 3. diameter class distribution of trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm recorded in 1982 (abdulhadi, unpublished data) and 2000 in a 2-ha plot of selectively logged forest at sekundur, glnp, north sumatra. i = 10-20 cm; ii = 21-30 cm; iii = 31-40 cm; iv = 41-50 cm; v = 51-60 cm; vi = > 60 cm in year 2000, 1145 trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm were recorded in the 2-ha plot, an ingrowth of 308 trees in 18 years. forty species (31 % of the total) were each represented by a single tree, while 62 species (23 %) were each represented by 11 trees. macaranga diepenhorstii and shorea kunstleri were the most abundant species represented by 68 and 47 trees, respectively. s. kunstleri had the mean diameter greater than that of m. diepenhorstii. in the forest of sekundur m. diepenhorstii regenerated well, especially in gaps and other open places table 3 shows that the total basal area of 1145 trees (572.5 tree/ha) in the plot was 55.36 m 2 (27.68 m 2 /ha). of these the dipterocarpaceae contributed 127 trees with basal area of 16.49 m 2 (8.25 m 2 /ha) in 1982, the same plot contained 837 trees with the total basal area of 42.87 m 2 (21.44 m 2 /ha), including 118 trees of dipterocarpaceae with basal area of 12.98 m 2 (6.49 m 2 /ha). table 3 shows also that there was an increase of basal area from 21.44 m 2 /ha in 1982 to 27.68 m 2 /ha 18 years later in 2000, implying that the rate of basal area increment was 0.35 m 2 /year. using this rate of increment and the total basal area of undisturbed primary forest at ketambe of 40.90 m 2 /ha (abdulhadi et al. 1989), it can be estimated that the loggedover forest at sekundur would reach the structure similar to the undisturbed primary forest in 244 reinwardtia [vol.12 (40,90-27.68)/0.35 = 37.77 years from year 2000 or 33.77 + 18 = 55.77 years from 1982. if the basal area of dipterocarpaceae was used as the basis of calculation it would take 154.39 years from the year 2000 or 154.39 + 18 = 172.39 years from the year 1982. this is based on the fact that in 18 years the basal area of dipterocarpaceae in the logged-over forest increased from 6.49 m 2 /ha in 1982 to 8.25 m 2 /ha in 2000, thus giving the rate of basal area figure 4. the gap, building and mature phases of the canopy of a 2-ha plot of selectively logged forest 22 years after logging at sekundur, gnlp, north sumatra. the mature phase consists of the unlogged forest left during the logging in 1978 and the mature phase developed from the building phase during 18 years since the observation made in 1982. figure 5. gap, building and mature phases in the canopy of 2-ha logged-over lowland forest four years after logging at sekundur, glnp, north sumatra (after abdulhadi et al.1987). the mature phase consists of the unlogged forest left during the selective logging in 1978. 2006] priyatna et.al.: recovery of lowland dipterocarp forest 245 increment of 0.098 m2/year, while the basal area of dipterocarpaceae in the undisturbed primary forest at ketambe was 23.38 m 2 /ha (abdulhadi et al. 1989). meanwhile the restoration of a selectively logged forest (meijer 1970) and a small area of clear-cut forest (riswan et al. 1986) to a forest similar to original undisturbed conditions would take more than 150 years. however, due to various habitat changes during the log extraction, such as loss of nutrients and soil soil compaction, the logged-over forest will probably never return to original conditions. gaps figure 4 shows the results of mapping the canopy in the two-ha plot carried out in the year 2000 or 22 years after selective logging, indicating the gap, building and mature phases . it should be noted that the mature phase consists of the unlogged forest left during the selective logging in 1978 and the mature phase developed from the building phase during 18 years since the observation made in 1982. it is evident that there were many small and big gaps forming scattered patches with a total area of 4920 m 2 (24.6%), while the building phase and mature phase covered 3940 m 2 (19.7%) and 11140 m 2 (55.7%), respectively (table 4). figure 5 shows the gap, building and mature phases of the canopy in 1982 with their areas shown in table 3. the gap area amounted to 31 %, indicating the severe damage of the canopy that affected the further development of the forest. comparing the above canopy situations revealed that as yet 22 years after logging the full recovery has not been achieved. gaps in undisturbed lowland primary forests of malesia are only 10 –17 % of the canopy coverage (hopkins et al., 1976; partomihardjo et al., 1987; poore, 1968; whitmore, 1984) table 4. basal area of trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm in a 2-ha plot of a selectively logged lowland forest four years (1982) and 22 years (2000) after logging at sekundur and in an undisturbed lowland primary forest at ketambe, glnp, north sumatra. four years after logging (1982)* twenty two years after logging (2000) undisturbed primary forest**) number of trees/ha 418.5 572.5 538 basal area (m 2 /ha) 21.44 27.68 40.90 number of trees of dipterocarpaceae/ha 59 63.5 139 basal area of dipterocarpaceae (m 2 /ha) 6.49 8.25 23.38 source: *) abdulhadi (unpublished data of 2 ha logged forest at sekundur); **) abdulhadi et al. (1989) from primary forest plot of 1.6 ha at ketambe, tngl, north sumatra table 5. the area and percentage of the canopy phases in a 2-ha plot of a selectively logged lowland forest four years and 22 years after logging at sekundur, glnp, compared with an undisturbed lowland dipterocarp forest at sungei menyala, peninsular malaysia canopy phase four years after selective logging (1982)* twenty two years after selective logging (2000) primary forest ** area (m 2 ) % area area (m 2 ) % area area (m 2 ) % area gap 6200 31.0 4920 24.6 2400 12.0 building 6200 31.0 3940 19.7 6800 34.0 mature 7600 38.0 11140 55.7 10800 54.0 *) the present 2-ha plot measured in 1982 (abdulhadi et al., 1987). **) a primary lowland dipteroccarp forest at sungei menyala (whitmore, 1984). table 5 shows also the closure of 20.6 % of gaps from 6200 m 2 to 4920 m 2 during the period of 18 years or a rate of closure of 1.14 % per year, while the mature phase increased by 46.6 % or a rate of 2.6 % per year. trees that played a role in 246 reinwardtia [vol.12 the closure of gaps were 34 % euphorbiaceae (in particular baccaurea kunstleri , cleistanthus bakonensis, endospermum diadenum, macaranga diepenhorstii, mallotus penangensis and sapium baccatum), 9.5% dipterocarpaceae ( especially shorea kunstleri, s. pauciflora and s. multiflora), 8.4 % lauraceae (particularly cinnamomum inners and litsea noronhae), and 5 % anacardiaceae (in particular mangifera gracilipes and mangifera odorata). other species contributing to the gap closure included lophopetalum javanicum (celastraceae), archidendron bubalinum (fabaceae), artocarpus kemando (moraceae), ardisia lanceolata (myrsinaceae), eugenia acutangula (myrtaceae), pentace polyantha (tiliaceae), and teijsmanniodendron coriaceum (verbenaceae). considering the closure of gaps took place in 18 years from 6200 m 2 to 4920 m 2 or 71.11 m 2 per year and referring to the area of gaps of 2400 m 2 in an undisturbed forest of similar kind, it is predicted that the gap pattern in the loggedover forest at sekundur would be restored to a condition similar to undisturbed forest in about 53 years after logging. the gap phase of 6200 m 2 measured in 1982 had developed into building and mature phases of 4240 m 2 (68.4% of the total gap area in 1982), while the remaining 1960 m 2 (31.6%) by 2000 still remained in gaps whose ground surfaces were invaded luxuriantly by a creeping fern dicranopteris linearis of 1-2 m thick. the largest area of such gaps occurred on the logging roads where the d. linearis cover was gradually thinning out as the tree crowns were getting wider. while in general the total area of gaps decreased during the period of 18 years as indicated in table 5, it was observed also that during the same period new gaps, resulted from broken crown and naturally fallen trees, were also formed totaling 2960 m 2 or 21.5 % giving the rate of formation of 1.2 % per year. this is slightly higher than 1.05 % recorded for east kalimantan forest (partomihardjo et al. 1987). the gap formation could be attributed to the bohorok windstorm that regularly passed through the area. figure 4 shows one large and several small gaps that did not develop into building phase during the period of 18 years, totaling 1960 m 2 or 31.6% of the total area in1982. they were mainly logging roads and skidtrails with bare and compacted soils devoid of top layers. figures 6 show the profile diagrams of the logged-forest 22 years after logging. it is evident that the second layer with height of 10-20 m was already well occupied by young trees. it was apparently attributed to the growth of both undamaged and damaged trees and re-sprouting figure 6. profile diagram of a selectively logged lowland forest at sekundur, glnp, north sumatra 22 years after logging. shaded trees are species of dipterocarpaceae, including diterocarpus grandiflorus and shorea kunstleri as the emergent reaching the height of about 40 m. 2006] priyatna et.al.: recovery of lowland dipterocarp forest 247 was responsible for the growth of damaged trees. soemarno (2001) found that in sekundur forest recovery on logging roads were slower than on skidtrails, which in turn slower than on the areas of log extraction. in sabah, meijer (1970) noted that such areas were still discernible 40 years after logging. the slow recovery was perhaps due to heavy disturbance of soils, whose magnitude depend on the nature of soils, topography, logging intensity, technique of logging and the size and numbers of the equipment used (kartawinata et al. 2001). the disappearance of top soils resulted in the loss of seed bank in the soil (abdulhadi et al., 1987). on compacted logging tracks the water infiltration rate is slow and could be seven times slower than that in the undisturbed soils (abdulhadi et al. 1981), leading to an increase in surface runoff and subsequent erosion (burgess 1971, liew 1974). growth of dipterocarp seedlings are hampered by drainage impediment resulted from soil compaction (kartawinata et al., 2001) changes in tree density and species richness between 1982 and 2000, the number of trees and the species richness increased (table 6). in 1982 there were 837 trees recorded in 2-ha plot of which 214 trees could not be recovered in 2000. it indicates that during the period of 18 years the tree mortality was 25.57% or 1.4% per year, with the highest mortality occurred in the 10-20 cm diameter class, where 118 trees (14.10 %) died (figure 7) . it was observed also that the mortality decreased as the diameter increased. most of the 214 trees died between 1982 and 2000, were euphorbiaceae (16.8 %), including cleistanthus bakonensis and macaranga diepenhorstii, followed by tiliaceae (8.9 %), i.e., pentace polyantha, while anacardiaceae (m. odorata) and dipterocarpaceae (shorea kunstleri) lost only 8.9 %, respectively. the mortality rate in the present study area was lower than that of the result of a long term investigation in undisturbed forest at ketambe, which was only 2.3% per year (wich et al. 1999). the high mortality at ketambe was attributed among others to the high density of the strangling figs (schaik, 1996), which was 8.5 trees/ha (palombit, 1992). the mortality at sekundur was comparable to the rate of 1-2 % generally recorded in tropical forests elsewhere (swaine et al., 1987; whitmore, 1984), although lower than the rate of 2.1 % per year occurring in secondary forests, where 40 % of the mortality taking place in trees with dbh of 19-24 cm (whitmore, 1984). 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 10--20 20--30 30--40 40--50 50--60 60--70 70--80 80--90 90--100 > 100 diameter class (cm) m o rt a lit y figure 7. mortality of trees by diameter classes between 1982 and 2000 in the 2-ha plot of selectively logged lowland forest at sekundur, glnp, north sumatra. figure 8 shows that there was no mortality in 56 of 127 species recorded in 1982 (class i). the remaining 71 species experienced mortality table 6. changes in composition and density of trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm in the 2-ha plot of a selectively logged lowland forest between 1982 (abdulhadi, unpublished) and 2000 at sekundur, glnp, north sumatra. four years after logging (1982) twenty two years after logging (2000) number of trees 837 1145 number of species 127 133 number of genera 88 87 number of families 40 39 species diversity index (h’) 1.826 1.843 species evenness index (e) 0.271 0.262 248 reinwardtia [vol.12 between 10 % and 100 % . sixteen species had 100 % mortality (class vii). ten of them did not regenerate. single trees that did not regenerate included alstonia sp. (apocynaceae), dillenia indica (dilleniaceae), macaranga triloba, spathiostemon javensis (euphorbiaceae), petunga sp. (rubiaceae), polyalthia sumatrana, popowia hirta, xylopia mucronata (annonaceae), scaphium macropodum (sterculiaceae), and scleropyrum cf. wallichianum (santalaceae). 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 i ii iii iv v vi vii mortality class n u m b e r o f sp e ci e s fig. 8. number of species and mortality class (i= 0.0%; ii= 1.0-19.9 %; iii= 20.0 -39.9 %; iv= 40.0-59.9 %; v= 60.0-79.9 %; vi= 80.0-99.9 %; vii= 100%) in the 2-ha plot of selectively logged lowland forest during the period of 18 years at sekundur, glnp, north sumatra. in 18 years, 520 new trees with dbh of 10-46 cm belonging to 101 species appeared in the 2-ha plot of the selectively logged forest. among these new recruits, 16 species with a total of 17 trees were not recorded in 1982, indicating new appearance stimulated by logging. the 16 new species included the following: barringtonia macrostachya (lecythidaceae), canarium kipella (burseraceae), dysoxylum sp3., dysoxylum sp4. (meliaceae), elattostachys sp. (sapindaceae), euodia robusta, euodia sp1. (rutaceae), garcinia dioica (clusiaceae), leea sp. (leeaceae), myristica maxima (myristicaceae), rubiaceae sp1. (rubia ceae), shorea sp2. (dipterocarpaceae), sizygium racemosum (myrtaceae), trigonostemon serratus (euphorbiaceae), vitex gamosepala (verbenaceae) and xanthophyllum erhychum (polygalaceae). the number of species in secondary forests within the selectively logged forests is less than in primary forests. figure 9 shows the changes of number of trees in 127 species during the period of 18 years. it should be noted that 52.8 % of the species showed the change in density only by one tree or no change at all. the number of trees of eight species (ganua mottleyana , mezzettia parviflora, litsea noronhae, baccaurea kunstleri, mallotus penangensis, endospermum diadenum, sapium baccatum and macaranga diepenhorstii) changed from 12 to 48 trees. the number of trees of lightdemanding species (baccaurea kunstleri, mallotus penangensis endospermum diadenum, sapium baccatum and macaranga diepenhorstii) increased sharply. most likely they were recruited from seeds stored in the soils under the canopy in response to the formation of gaps in the canopy. figure 9. the change in number of trees during the 18 year period in 127 species occurring in a 2-ha plot of the selectively logged lowland forest at sekundur, glnp, north sumatra. 2006] priyatna et.al.: recovery of lowland dipterocarp forest 249 conclusion during the period of 18 years there has been no shift in the richest families, most important families and most important species. euphorbiaceae was the richest family and dipterocarpaceae was the most important family. shorea kunstleri was the most important species with highest importance values throughout the period. the number of species increased from 127 to 133 with increase in density by 36.8%. euphorbiaceae experienced the highest mortality, particularly among the trees with smaller diameters. mortality decreased with the increase of diameters. in 18 years the tree mortality rate was 1.4 % per year. the diameter class distribution indicated that the forest recovery has not been fully achieved. the canopy has not fully recovered and the complete closure of gaps is estimated to take 58 years since the logging started. based on the basal area of all species, the logged-over forest at sekundur is estimated to reach a situation similar to undisturbed primary forest in 56 years after logging, but on the basis of basal area of dipterocarpaceae such condition could be achieved within 172 years. the construction of wide logging roads and skidtrails and heavy compaction of soils delayed the recovery of the logged-over forest. the above facts have implications for the improvement of silvicultural system by adopting the reduced-impact logging technique in order to reduce the degree of destruction, hence increase the recovery rate and thus reduce the length of cutting cycle. without additional disturbances the selectively logged forest will naturally develop into a more complex forest through succession. the recovery may be accelerated by rehabilitation measures while allowing natural succession to take place. in the sekundur forest the objective of rehabilitation should be to achieve species diversity, hence the use of a wider set of species should be preferred. acknowledgement we are grateful to all persons, including the reviewers, who assisted us in many ways that made this study and publication possible. we thank the head of the gunung leuser national park for the permit to undertake this study in the park. the first author (dp) received a financial assistance and other supports from the leuser development program, for which he wishes to render his thanks to the director and staff of the leuser management unit, in particular prof. m. ali basyah amin, mr. mike griffiths, dr. zainal a. pian, dr. kathryn a. monk, and dr. yarrow robertson. he thanks also mr. ibrahim k.s., a local plant taxonomist, for his assistance in plant identification, without which he would not have been able to clomple the field work. references abdulhadi, r. 1992. floristic changes in a subtropical rain forest succession. reinwardtia 11: 13–23. abdulhadi, r.; srijanto, a. & kartawinata. k. 1998. composition, structure, and changes in a montane rain forest at the cibodas biosphere reserve, west java, indonesia. pp. 601-612 in dallmeier, f. & comiskey, j.a. 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(eds.), leuser: a sumatran sanctuary, yabshi, jakarta. tinal, u. & palinewen, j. 1978. mechanical logging damage after selective cutting in the lowland dipterocarp forest at beloro, east kalimantan. in suparto, r.s. and seven others (eds.), proceedings of the symposium on long term effects of logging in southeast asia. biotrop special publication 3: 91-96 schmidt, f.r. & ferguson, j.a. 1951. rainfall types based on wet and dry period ratios for indonesia with western new guinea. verhandelingen 42, djawatan meteorologi dan geofisika, jakarta. sist, p.; sabogal, c & byron, y. 1997. management of secondary and logged-over forests in indonesia; selected proceedings of an international workshop, 17-19 november, 1997. cifor, bogor whitmore, t.c. 1984. tropical rain forest of the far east,. 2nd ed., oxford university press, oxford. wich, s.a.; steenbeek, r.; sterck, e.h.m.; palombit, r. a. & usman, s. 1999. tree mortality and recruitment in an indonesian rain forest. tropical biodiversity 6: 189–195. sist, p.; sheil,d.; kartawinata, k. & priyadi, h. 2003. reduced-impact logging in indonesian borneo: some results confirming the need for new silvicultural prescriptions. forest ecology and management 179: 415-427. zar, j.h. 1996. biostatistical analysis. prentice-hall international inc., new jersey. 252 reinwardtia [vol.12 appendix 1. composition of tree species with dbh ≥ 10 cm in a two-hectare plot of selectively logged lowland forest at sekundur, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra. family and species basal area (m²) density (trees/ha) frequency (%) relative density (%) relative frequency (%) relative basal area (%) importance value (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. anacardiaceae: 4.70 32.50 0.29 5.677 5.734 8.487 19.899 1 campnospermum auriculatum 0.09 2.50 0.020 0.437 0.402 0.164 1.003 2 dracontomelon dao 0.07 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.127 0.315 3 gluta renghas 0.10 4.00 0.040 0.699 0.805 0.172 1.676 4 mangifera foetida 0.04 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.070 0.634 5 mangifera gracilipes 2.41 17.00 0.140 2.969 2.817 4.354 10.141 6 mangifera odorata 0.42 4.50 0.040 0.786 0.805 0.764 2.355 7 mangifera sp1. 0.14 2.00 0.020 0.349 0.402 0.250 1.001 8 melanochyla caesia 1.43 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 2.585 2.773 2. annonaceae: 1.67 19.00 0.18 3.319 3.622 3.017 9.958 9 cananga odorata 0.05 1.00 0.010 0.175 0.201 0.088 0.464 10 goniothalamus giganteus 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.021 0.209 11 mezzettia parviflora 1.47 16.50 0.155 2.882 3.119 2.655 8.655 12 polyalthia lateriflora 0.14 1.00 0.010 0.175 0.201 0.254 0.630 3. apocynaceae: 0.33 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.591 1.155 13 dyera costulata 0.33 1.5 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.591 1.155 4. bombacaceae: 0.71 12.50 0.120 2.183 2.414 1.284 5.882 14 durio griffithii 0.71 12.50 0.120 2.183 2.414 1.284 5.882 5. burseraceae: 0.66 9.00 0.090 1.572 1.811 1.201 4.583 15 canarium caudatum 0.56 5.00 0.050 0.873 1.006 1.007 2.886 16 canarium kipella 0.02 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.028 0.216 17 dacryodes laxa 0.03 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.053 0.241 18 dacryodes rostrata 0.01 1.00 0.010 0.175 0.201 0.019 0.395 19 santiria oblongifolia 0.05 2.00 0.020 0.349 0.402 0.094 0.846 6. celastraceae: 1.64 13.00 0.125 2.271 2.515 2.959 7.745 20 lophopetalum javanicum 1.64 13.00 0.125 2.271 2.515 2.959 7.745 7. clusiaceae: 0.87 8.50 0.085 1.485 1.710 1.571 4.766 21 calophyllum saigonense 0.38 2.00 0.020 0.349 0.402 0.680 1.432 22 calophyllum soulattri 0.29 1.00 0.010 0.175 0.201 0.518 0.894 23 calophyllum venulosum 0.11 3.50 0.035 0.611 0.704 0.194 1.510 24 garcinia celebica 0.02 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.040 0.228 25 garcinia dioica 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.014 0.202 26 garcinia havilandii 0.07 1.00 0.010 0.175 0.201 0.125 0.501 8. dipterocarpaceae: 16.49 63.50 0.550 11.092 11.066 29.790 51.948 27 dipterocarpus grandiflorus 2.49 5.50 0.055 0.961 1.107 4.496 6.564 28 dipterocarpus rigidus 0.07 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.118 0.682 29 hopea beccariana 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.024 0.212 30 shorea kunstleri 8.96 23.50 0.205 4.105 4.125 16.184 24.414 31 shorea leprosula 1.57 10.50 0.090 1.834 1.811 2.843 6.488 32 shorea multiflora 1.55 12.50 0.090 2.183 1.811 2.808 6.802 33 shorea pauciflora 1.82 9.00 0.085 1.572 1.710 3.287 6.570 34 shorea sp2. 0.02 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.030 0.218 9. ebenaceae: 0.30 9.00 0.090 1.572 1.811 0.550 3.933 35 diospyros malabarica 0.15 3.00 0.030 0.524 0.604 0.276 1.404 36 diospyros pychocarpa 0.15 6.00 0.060 1.048 1.207 0.274 2.529 10. euphorbiaceae: 6.84 124.00 0.885 21.659 17.807 12.347 51.813 37 aporusa antennifera 0.03 1.00 0.010 0.175 0.201 0.058 0.434 38 aporusa nitida 0.18 2.50 0.025 0.437 0.503 0.334 1.274 39 aporusa quadrilocularis 0.03 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.049 0.613 40 baccaurea deflexa 0.24 3.50 0.030 0.611 0.604 0.431 1.646 41 baccaurea kunstleri 0.71 11.00 0.105 1.921 2.113 1.286 5.320 2006] priyatna et.al.: recovery of lowland dipterocarp forest 253 appendix 1. continued. family and species basal area (m²) density (trees/ha) frequency (%) relative density (%) relative frequency (%) relative basal area (%) importance value (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 42 baccaurea lanceolata 0.06 2.00 0.020 0.349 0.402 0.115 0.867 43 baccaurea sp. 0.05 1.50 0.010 0.262 0.201 0.085 0.548 44 blumeodendron elatriospermum 0.03 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.050 0.238 45 blumeodendron tokbraii 0.20 1.00 0.010 0.175 0.201 0.362 0.738 46 bridelia glauca 0.06 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.116 0.304 47 cleistanthus bakonensis 0.45 14.00 0.100 2.445 2.012 0.820 5.278 48 drypetes longifolia 0.46 3.00 0.030 0.524 0.604 0.835 1.962 49 endospermum diadenum 1.28 16.00 0.125 2.795 2.515 2.312 7.622 50 macaranga diepenhorstii 1.67 34.00 0.170 5.939 3.421 3.012 12.371 51 mallotus penangensis 0.61 12.00 0.080 2.096 1.610 1.109 4.815 52 mallotus sp1. 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.019 0.207 53 sapium baccatum 0.73 19.00 0.135 3.319 2.716 1.327 7.362 54 triginostemon serratus 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.026 0.214 11. fabaceae: 0.52 11.00 0.100 1.921 2.012 0.940 4.873 55 parkia timoriana 0.11 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.207 0.771 56 pithecellobium cf. bubalinum 0.40 9.00 0.080 1.572 1.610 0.717 3.898 57 sindora leiocarpa 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.016 0.204 12. fagaceae: 2.82 10.50 0.100 1.834 2.012 5.099 8.945 58 lithocarpus urceolaris 2.31 3.50 0.035 0.611 0.704 4.166 5.482 59 lithocarpus wrayii 0.50 6.50 0.060 1.135 1.207 0.901 3.244 60 quercus argentata 0.02 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.032 0.220 13. flacourtiaceae: 1.87 22.50 0.215 3.930 4.326 3.373 11.629 61 hydnocarpus kunstleri 0.61 2.50 0.025 0.437 0.503 1.106 2.045 62 osmelia maingayi 0.38 5.00 0.050 0.873 1.006 0.682 2.562 63 pangium edule 0.71 12.00 0.110 2.096 2.213 1.276 5.586 64 scolopia macrophylla 0.17 3.00 0.030 0.524 0.604 0.309 1.436 14. icacinaceae: 0.16 3.00 0.03 0.524 0.604 0.282 1.409 65 stemonurus secundiflorus 0.16 3.00 0.030 0.524 0.604 0.282 1.409 15. juglandaceae: 0.14 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.252 0.440 66 engelhardtia spicata blume 0.14 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.252 0.440 16. lauraceae: 2.66 48.00 0.390 8.384 7.847 4.799 21.030 67 alseodaphne cf. elmeri 0.15 2.00 0.020 0.349 0.402 0.268 1.019 68 alseodaphne crassifolia 0.05 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.092 0.656 69 cinnamomum iners 1.25 21.00 0.170 3.668 3.421 2.267 9.355 70 cinnamomum subterapterum 0.02 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.037 0.225 71 cryptocarya crassinervia 0.02 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.028 0.216 72 endiandra rubescens 0.08 2.00 0.020 0.349 0.402 0.142 0.894 73 litsea glutinosa 0.11 3.50 0.020 0.611 0.402 0.200 1.214 74 litsea noronhae 0.92 15.00 0.115 2.620 2.314 1.653 6.587 75 litsea sp1. 0.05 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.093 0.657 76 litsea sp3. 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.019 0.207 17. lecythidaceae: 0.02 1.00 0.010 0.175 0.201 0.033 0.409 77 barringtonia macrostachya 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.016 0.204 78 barringtonia scortechinii 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.017 0.205 18. leeaceae: 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.017 0.205 79 leea sp. 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.017 0.205 19. melastomataceae: 0.16 6.00 0.055 1.048 1.107 0.288 2.442 80 pternandra caerulescens 0.16 6.00 0.055 1.048 1.107 0.288 2.442 20. meliaceae: 1.47 14.50 0.140 2.533 2.817 2.648 7.998 81 dysoxylum sp1. 0.85 7.00 0.065 1.223 1.308 1.534 4.065 82 dysoxylum sp2. 0.19 2.00 0.020 0.349 0.402 0.334 1.086 254 reinwardtia [vol.12 appendix 1. continued. family and species basal area (m²) density (trees/ha) frequency (%) relative density (%) relative frequency (%) relative basal area (%) importance value (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 83 dysoxylum sp3. 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.024 0.212 84 dysoxylum sp4. 0.05 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.096 0.283 85 lansium domesticum 0.12 2.50 0.025 0.437 0.503 0.211 1.151 86 sandoricum koetjape 0.25 2.00 0.020 0.349 0.402 0.449 1.201 21. moraceae: 1.27 16.50 0.160 2.882 3.219 2.290 8.391 87 artocarpus elasticus 0.06 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.110 0.298 88 artocarpus kemando 0.75 12.00 0.115 2.096 2.314 1.353 5.763 89 sloetia elongata 0.46 4.00 0.040 0.699 0.805 0.827 2.331 22. myristicaceae: 1.39 11.50 0.105 2.009 2.113 2.508 6.629 90 horsfieldia cf. subglobosa 0.28 5.00 0.045 0.873 0.905 0.514 2.293 91 horsfieldia grandis 0.21 3.00 0.030 0.524 0.604 0.374 1.502 92 horsfieldia macrocoma 0.54 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.972 1.160 93 knema mandaharan 0.35 2.50 0.020 0.437 0.402 0.631 1.470 94 myristica maxima 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.017 0.205 23. myrsinaceae: 0.59 6.50 0.055 1.135 1.107 1.068 3.310 95 ardisia fuliginosa 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.015 0.203 96 ardisia lanceolata 0.51 5.50 0.045 0.961 0.905 0.926 2.792 97 ardisia sp1. 0.07 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.127 0.315 24. myrtaceae: 2.28 32.00 0.285 5.590 5.734 4.120 15.444 98 eugenia acutangulum 1.39 22.50 0.195 3.930 3.924 2.507 10.360 99 eugenia jamboloides 0.38 4.50 0.040 0.786 0.805 0.691 2.282 100 eugenia polyantha 0.02 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.030 0.218 101 eugenia sp3. 0.04 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.069 0.257 102 syzygium laxiflorum 0.07 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.128 0.691 103 syzygium racemosum 0.38 2.50 0.025 0.437 0.503 0.694 1.634 25. olacaceae: 0.95 5.50 0.055 0.961 1.107 1.715 3.783 104 strombosia javanica 0.95 5.50 0.055 0.961 1.107 1.715 3.783 26. podocarpaceae: 0.013 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.023 0.211 105 podocarpus sp1. 0.013 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.023 0.211 27. polygalaceae: 0.29 5.50 0.050 0.961 1.006 0.528 2.495 106 xanthophyllum affine 0.27 5.00 0.045 0.873 0.905 0.494 2.273 107 xanthophyllum eurhychum 0.02 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.034 0.222 28. proteaceae: 0.04 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.065 0.629 108 helicia petiolaris 0.04 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.065 0.629 29.rhizophoraceae: 0.03 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.047 0.611 109 gynotroches axillaris 0.03 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.047 0.611 30. rosaceae: 0.04 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.067 0.255 110 parastemon urophyllus 0.04 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.067 0.255 31. rubiaceae: 0.25 5.00 0.050 0.873 1.006 0.453 2.333 111 neonauclea sp. 0.03 1.00 0.010 0.175 0.201 0.051 0.427 112 plectroniella didyma 0.13 2.00 0.020 0.349 0.402 0.226 0.978 113 randia macrophylla 0.09 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.162 0.726 114 rubiaceae spec1. 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.014 0.202 32. rutaceae: 0.15 3.00 0.030 0.524 0.604 0.273 1.400 115 clausena engleri 0.08 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.143 0.707 116 euodia robusta 0.06 1.00 0.010 0.175 0.201 0.103 0.479 117 euodia sp1. 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.027 0.215 2006] priyatna et.al.: recovery of lowland dipterocarp forest 255 appendix 1. continued. family and species basal area (m²) density (trees/ha) frequency (%) relative density (%) relative frequency (%) relative basal area (%) importance value (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 33. sapindaceae: 1.06 13.50 0.145 2.358 2.918 1.922 7.198 118 elattostachys sp. 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.018 0.206 119 lepisanthes alata 0.16 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.297 0.861 120 nephelium lappaceum 0.57 6.00 0.055 1.048 1.107 1.029 3.184 121 nephelium ramboutanake 0.27 3.50 0.035 0.611 0.704 0.493 1.808 122 pometia pinnata 0.05 2.00 0.035 0.349 0.704 0.085 1.139 34. sapotaceae: 1.32 29.50 0.270 5.153 5.433 2.382 12.968 123 ganua mottleyana 0.68 12.00 0.100 2.096 2.012 1.235 5.343 124 palaquium dasyphyllum 0.04 1.00 0.010 0.175 0.201 0.070 0.445 125 palaquium sumatranum 0.47 12.50 0.120 2.183 2.414 0.857 5.455 126 pouteria malaccensis 0.12 4.00 0.040 0.699 0.805 0.221 1.725 35. sterculiaceae: 0.12 1.50 0.015 0.262 0.302 0.216 0.780 127 sterculia cordata 0.03 1.00 0.010 0.175 0.201 0.053 0.429 128 sterculia oblongata 0.09 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.163 0.351 36. symplocaceae: 0.09 3.00 0.030 0.524 0.604 0.160 1.288 129 symplocos fasciculata 0.09 3.00 0.030 0.524 0.604 0.160 1.288 37. tiliaceae: 1.15 20.00 0.150 3.493 3.018 2.070 8.581 130 pentace polyantha 1.15 20.00 0.150 3.493 3.018 2.070 8.581 38. ulmaceae: 0.09 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.171 0.359 131 gironniera subaequalis 0.09 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.171 0.359 39.verbenaceae: 0.22 5.00 0.050 0.873 1.006 0.392 2.272 132 teijsmannoidendron coriaceum 0.21 4.50 0.045 0.786 0.905 0.373 2.064 133 vitex gamosepala 0.01 0.50 0.005 0.087 0.101 0.020 0.208 total 55.37 572.50 4.970 100.000 100.000 100.000 300.000 instruction to authors taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 3. 2006 contents page benito c. tan, boon-chuan ho, virgilio link, eka a.p. iskandar, ipah nurhasanah, lia damayanti, sri mulyati and ida haerida. mosses of gunung halimun national park, west java, indonesia ,.... 205 s. dewi. stachylidium pallidum dewi sp. nov. from java 215 w.j.j.o. de wilde, b.e.e. duyfjes and r.w.j.m. van der ham. anangia, a new monotypic genus of cucurbitaceae from east mollucas 219 topik hidayat, tomohisa yukawa and motomiito. evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology of subtnbe aeridinae (orchidaceae) 223 dolly priatna, kuswata kartawinata and rochadi abdulhadi. recovery of a lowland dipterocarp forest twenty two years after selective logging at sekundur, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia 237 marthen t. lasut. a new species of ischaemum from sulawesi 257 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia haldepan 48-100-2-pb recovery of a lowland dipterocarp forest twenty two years af herbarium bogoriense, pusat penelitian biologi, lipi, jl. ju abstract abstrak introduction study area and method a permanent plot was subjectively established in a selectively logged-over forest in 1982 by abdulhadi et al. (1987). the plot was two hectares (100 x 200 m) and was divided into in february-march 2000 and august-november 2000 the above tw the density, frequency, and dominance as measured by basal a composition gaps changes in tree density and species richness conclusion acknowledgement references palaquium dasyphyllum halbel reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia vol. 8, p a r t 2, pp. 345 — 349 (1972) botanical exploration in the lampung province, sumatra m. jacobs rijsherbarium, leyden, netherlands introduction this is the report of a trip in 1968 conducted by dr. m. jacobs of the rijksherbarium, leiden, netherlands, and dr. b. prijanto of the forest research institute, bogor, indonesia. financial support was given by the netherlands foundation for the advancement of tropical research (wotro). our sincere thanks are due to the liberal way in which this organisation made the enterprise possible, as a continuation of an expedition to the philippines, on which a report by the same author is now in the press with the journal blumea. southern sumatra was chosen for its ready accessibility from bogor, and its long neglect on the part of botanists hitherto. at a relatively modest expense, our party obtained in one month nearly five hundred numbers, many of them trees, in 10 duplicates. the first set went to leiden (l), the second to bogor (bo), the third to kew (k), the fourth to kepong (kep), the fifth to singapore (sing), the sixth to arnold arboretum (a), the seventh to copenhagen (c), the eighth to honolulu (bish), the ninth to manila (pnh), the tenth to washington (us). many wood samples were also collected. mount tanggamus the position of this extinct volcano in southern sumatra, lampung province, is approximately 05°26' s 104°25' e. the pillar on its top (primary triangulation point number 73) is at 2102 m. it lies ne of kota agung, and nw of gisting, the latter village is on the slope, and easily accessible by road. from there the party set out, after having left bogor on 21 april 1968. camp was made at ± 1100 m, at the upper limit of the cultivation, with bearings of 239° to the main top of the mountain, of 99° to mt pesawaran, and 109° to mt radja basah. our first collectingday was — 345 — 346 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 25 april; the last one was 4 may. the numbers collected start with 8021 and end with 8274, all in the name of m. jacobs. the soil on mt tanggamus is deep, loose, rich in humus, and apparently fertile, to judge from the gardens on the lower slopes, where mainly coffee and coconut is grown by the population. the virgin forest seems indifferent to this fertility. besides, the slopes of the mountain are steep and notwithstanding the everwet climate, surface water is surprisingly scarce. the site of our camp, one thousand metres below the summit, was the highest one where, according to local information, permanent water still was available, and a poor trickle it was at that. at 200 m below the summit a dried up temporary watercourse was found. springs of great production are, said to occur at the foot of the mountain. on our map (hind 1042, sheet 69, 4th ed. 1946), 1 to 250,000, a trail is shown from kampung muaradua in a sw. direction on the northern slope to a triangulation point at 1641 m on kabawok hill; this trail is said to be no longer in existence. the trail from kota agung up to the sw. side is probably good, but gisting is much closer to the slopes than is kota agung, although at the latter side the primary forest reaches down somewhat lower. on the side of gisting the forest had been destroyed completely below 900 m. between 900 and 1200 m some primary forest trees were still standing over a landscape of destruction in which some rice, cabbage, and maize had been planted. above 1200 m, the forest canopy was more or less intact, but part of the trees had been felled and hauled down the mountain on primitive sledges, for timber. only above ± 1500 m can the forest be said to be largely untouched. through this forest, we had a trail cut up to the summit; this required five days. it followed the ridge next to our camp site on the southern side, that is left of the great valley which comes in a ne. direction down from the mountain which is more or less shaped like a horseshoe open to that side. this main valley was not visited; in other valleys that were, the flora and vegetation seemed not significantly different from those on the, ridges. the original vegetation is a rain forest, not particularly luxuriant, up to the upper regions dominated by fagaceae and vernonia (8101) and in the regions below about 1600 m, rich in meliaceae, elaeocarpus (8102), ostodes, annonaceae, lauraceae. in the undergrowth, big zingiberaceae are frequent, and musa. above ± 1500 m, important co-dominants are weinmannia (8201), symingtonia populnea, pithecellobium (8206), many species of eugenia and ficus, the latter as stranglers, 3 4 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 i am happy to remember here the cordial hospitality of father tromp, the pastor of gisting, who told me i was the first dutchman to visit the region since about ten years. northwest of kota agung in this area, at approximately 05° s 104°30' e, from where mt tanggamus was sighted at 100°, we worked in dryland forest between 300 and 400 metres. this is a transmigration area, where, settlers from java convert the forest into permanent agricultural land; they are kind, hardworking people. after transport by a 14 year old truck to sanggi and a days' walk from there, we arrived near the virgin forest, where we could camp in a native house. operations started on 9 may with number 8275, and finished on 19 may, with number 8515. the forest is poor in dipterocarps, with a normal assortment of rubiaceae (22 species taken), but remarkably rich in annonaceae (19 species) and meliaceae (16 species). also euphorbiaceae were well represented (16 species). among the 8 secured species of rattan, one calamus manan (8388, det. j. dransfield) was the largest of my career, the leaves 5 m long with another 4.20 m for the spiny whip, the inflorescence to 2.50 m long; it took six men five hours to maneuver the plant in a position where it could be cut up and prepared for the herbarium. more species seemed in fruit than in flower, at this time of the year. it is hard to estimate at this time the amount of novelties that the collection contains. two new records for sumatra have already been spotted, notably the genus neuropeltis (convolvulaceae), number 8434 (cf, fl. males. i, 4: 400. 1953), identified by dr. s. j. van ooststroom, and the species gnetum gnemonoides (gnetaceae), number 8399 (cf. fl males. i, 4: 344. 1951), identified by dr. f. markgraf. further exploration seems rewarding, also for the entomologist; there was, both on mt tanggamus and here, a striking abundance and variety of insects. although the attitude of the carriers was not so pleasant as i had experienced in central sumatra and east java on former trips, this proved not an essential drawback. on the home voyage, we were surprised to learn that the price of the ferry boat between sumatra and java (one service in the daytime, one at night) had during our trip become 1.6 times as high as first. there also was an apparent shortage of gasoline in the merak region; nonetheless, the old truck we had rented there brought us safely back at bogor on 22 may very early in the morning. 1972] jacobs: exploration of lampung 349 conclusion the lampung province has been so badly neglected by botanical exploration, that according to the flora malesiana i, 1: lxxx (1950), in that year the average 'density index' of collecting stood at 9 specimens per 100 square kilometres. for sumatra as a whole the figure at present stands slightly over 20, for malesia as a whole it is approaching 50. if our efforts, the first after 1950, caused the, figure to rise from 9 to nearly 11, it is yet evident that there lies a good future for further work. as an area of particular interest, i would like to point out the big game reserve 'south sumatra', which occupies the peninsula west of kota agung, opposite udjung kulon. it is largely under forest. from local information i concluded, that the best way to reach it is by boat directly from java. another place worth visiting is mount radja basah. that the results of our work are so encouraging, is due to the kind collaboration of several persons. firstly, here must be named the officials of the forestry service, in bogor at the forest research station, in the capital of lampung province tandjung karang, in gisting, and in kota agung. also the civil and police authorities in the province proved to be cooperative, for which we felt very grateful. in the second place is to be named the lembaga biologi nasional at bogor, as a main contributor to this enterprise of its former staff member. the herbarium bogoriense (which resorts under the lembaga) enabled three employees to join the expedition, among whom mr. nedi gave us the full benefit of his legendary knowledge of plants, it lent schweinfurth equipment, and gave facilities for drying and dispatch. as a link between the two institutes, and as the main force behind the enterprise, acted dr. b. prijanto. he conducted and coordinated the preparations, saw everything duly carried out, and while out in the field, was the hardest working man of the team, good humouredly and with keen enthusiasm. he proved himself a worthy pupil of dr. a. j. g. h. kostermans, and it was evident that he acted from a deep sense of responsibility. the trip had made him eager to return to south sumatra and to continue the exploration in the future, as he told me when we were leaning over the railing of the ferry boat on the calm waters of sunda strait. it was only a year later that he died in an accident. i still feel sad because of this enormous loss. 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 15(2): david simpson, herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk herwasono soedjito, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein, robert j. kibbee library, kingsborough community college, new york, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, 1400 lake shore drive, chicago, usa mark hughes royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), indonesia siti nur hidayati middle tennessee state university, tennessee, usa soejatmi dransfield herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk wong khoon meng singapore botanic garden, singapore reinwardtia vol 15, no 2, pp: 119 − 122 119 a new species of schizostachy um (poaceae: bambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia received 01 august, 2016; accepted 10 october, 2016 i putu gede p. damayanto herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: parlida.damayanto.tab@gmail.com elizabeth a. widjaja herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. present address: rt/rw 03/01, kp. cimoboran, ds. sukawening, dramaga, bogor. e-mail: eawidjaja3003@gmail.com abstract damayanto, i p. g. p. & widjaja, e. a. 2016. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceae: bambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia. reinwardtia 15(2): 119 – 122. — schizostachyum purpureum damayanto & widjaja is a new species from sumba island. its description and illustration are presented. key words: new species, schizostachyum purpureu m , sumba island. abstrak damayanto, i p. g. p. & widjaja, e. a. 2016. jenis baru schizostachyum (poaceae: bambusoideae) dari pulau sumba, indonesia. reinwardtia 15(2): 119 – 122. — schizostachyum purpureum damayanto & widjaja adalah jenis baru dari sumba. pertelaan dan gambar disajikan. kata kunci: j enis bar u, pulau sumba, schizostachyum purpureu m . introduction schizostachyum nees is one of the native genus in indonesia. nees described the schizostachyum for the first time in 1829 based on one species, s. blumei nees ('blumii') (dransfield, 1983; yang et al., 2007). after that, many species have been described. there are 45 to 50 species of schizostachyum distributed from south china through south east asia to the pacific (widjaja, 1997). according to dransfield & widjaja (1995), there are 30 species of schizostachyum in south east asia, wild and cultivated mostly in lowland. it is suggested that there are ca. 24 species of schizostachyum found in indonesia (widjaja, 1997). widjaja & karsono (2005) recognized 2 species of schizostachyum from sumba island. recently, damayanto found another species during his exploration to sumba island. although without inflorescence, this species can be recognized easily by its equal and subequal branchings (no dominant middle branch), leaf blade with conspicuous auricle, few bristles on leaf sheath, and purplish shoot blades. since it can not be matched with other known member of the genus, it is proposed as a new species of schizostachyum. schizostachyum purpureum damayanto & widjaja, spec. nov. — fig. 1. this species is similar to schizostachyum bamban widjaja (widjaja, 1997) by its truncated apex of culm sheath, inconspicuous culm sheath and leaf sheath auricles. it can be distinguished from schizostachyum bamban by its purplish green shoot; purplish, spreading and shorter culm sheath blade; serrate and glabrous leaf sheath ligules. — type: indonesia, east sumba, tn laiwangi-wanggameti, laiwangi area, along the road to laputi lake, 29 april 2016, damayanto & mahendra 143 [(holotype bo! accession no. bo−1935811! (culm sheath); bo−1935813! (shoot); bo−1935816! (leafy branch) ; k isotype)]. sympodial, densely tufted bamboo. shoot purplish green with white hairs. culms erect with pendulous tips, 5–6 m high, 4–5 cm diameter, internode 50–65 cm, walls thin, green, covered by white to light brown hairs at the node and has circular white wax. branch complements subequal, develop about 2 m from ground. culm sheaths up to 14.6–23 × 17.2 cm, not easily fall; margin of culm sheath with white to light brown hairs up to 1 mm long; apex truncated; auricles inconspicuous, glabrous or sometime with few bristle (1–5 mm long) at the outer end; ligule serrate, 1–2 mm high and glabrous; sheath blades purplish, concave and spreading, narrowly triangular, 13–17 × 1.2–2 cm, white to light brown hairs on the abaxial side. leaves 21.5–26.6 × 3.5–4.0 cm, slightly pubescent beneath; leaf sheath auricle inconspicuous with few bristles 1–5 mm long; ligule serrate 1–1.5 mm high and glabrous. inflorescences not seen. distribution. this species is only known fr om the type locality in east sumba, lesser sunda islands. reinwardtia 120 [vol.15 habitat. pr imar y for est and on the mar gin of the primary forest at 525 m alt. vernacular name. au tamiang. uses. this bamboo is used for making mat (gedeg) and flute (seruling). notes. the epithet purpureum is based on the purplish shoot blade which is uncommon in the genus schizostachyum. the similarity of s. purpureum and s. bamban can be seen at table 1. this species also differs from s. castaneum widjaja (widjaja, 1997) because the latter has green shoots with densely brown to chestnutcolored shoots hairs; erect, concave, ovate-oblong culm sheath blade; auricle of the culm sheath extend along to sheath apex up to the blade base, up to 2 mm high with bristles 4−11 mm long. conservation status. so far , only 2 clumps of this species have been found, one in the primary forest is still growing although very badly, the other in the primary forest margin has been cut off and left only 5 culms. so, a further study on this bamboo species should be done to ascertain its conservation status. specimens examined. lesser sunda islands. sumba island: east sumba, tn laiwangiwanggameti, laiwangi area, along the road to laputi lake, damayanto & mahendra 143 (bo, k), 151 (bo). acknowledgements the first author would like to thank e-win program of lipi for the opportunity to join in the expedition to sumba island. thanks also to mr. alex sumadijaya, mr. taufik mahendra, and mrs. dewi rosalina for helping to collect the specimens. we also would like to thank the director of taman nasional laiwangi-wanggameti for the permission to enter the national park and to collect specimens, and for his assistance in sending them to bogor. we sincerely thanks to dr. soejatmi dransfield and dr. mien a. rifai to review this manuscript. references dransfield, s. & widjaja, e. a. 1995. introduction. in: dransfield, s. & widjaja, e. a. plant resources of south-east asia no. 7. bamboos. backhuys publishers, leiden. pp. 15−49. dransfield, s. 1983. notes on schizostachyum (gramineae-bambusoideae) from borneo and sumatra. kew bulletin 38(2): 321−332. table 1. schizostachyum purpureum damayanto & widjaja compared with closely related species s. purpureum s. bamban s. castaneum shoot purplish green with white hairs green with white hairs green with densely brown to chestnut-colored hairs branching above 2 m from ground above 1.5 m from ground above 1.5 m from ground culm green, covered by white to light brown hairs green, covered by brown hairs bellow the node green, covered by white to brownish scattered hairs culm high 5−6 m high up to 10 m high up to 15 m high culm internodes 50−65 cm long 40−80 cm long 45−70 cm long culm diameter 4−5 cm 2−8 cm 4.5−6 cm culm sheath apex truncated truncated to slightly recessed in the middle slightly recessed in the middle to truncated culm sheath auricles inconspicuous, glabrous or sometimes with few bristle 1−5 mm long inconspicuous to rim-like with bristles up to 10 mm long extending along to sheath apex up to the blade base, up to 2 mm high with bristles 4−11 mm long culm sheath ligule serrate 1−2 mm high, glabrous denticulate up to 1 mm high with bristles up to 3 mm long denticulate up to 1 mm high with bristles up to 1 mm long culm sheath blade purplish, spreading, concave, narrowly triangular, 13−17 × 1.2−2 cm erect, slightly concave, narrowly triangular, 12−26.5 × 1.5−2.5 cm green, erect, concave, ovate-oblong, 5−7 × 2.3−2.7 cm hairs on culm sheath margin white to light brown hairs up to 1 mm long glabrous glabrous leaf blade slightly pubescent beneath glabrous hairy beneath leaf sheath auricles inconspicuous with few bristles 1−5 mm long inconspicuous with bristles up to 6 mm long curved outward up to 1 mm high with bristles 7−9 mm long leaf sheath ligule serrate 1−1.5 mm high, glabrous denticulate up to 1 mm high with bristles up to 2 mm long entire up to 1 mm high, glabrous 2016] 121 damayanto & widjaja : a new species of schizostachyum from sumba island, indonesia fig. 1. schizostachyum purpureum damayanto & widjaja. a. leafy branch. b. shoot. c. culm sheath, showing inconspicuous auricles. (drawing by i putu gede p. damayanto from damayanto & mahendra 143 (bo)). reinwardtia 122 [vol.15 widjaja, e. a. 1997. new taxa in indonesian bamboos. reinwardtia 11(2): 57−152. widjaja, e. a. & karsono. 2005. keanekaragaman bambu di pulau sumba. biodiversitas 6(2): 95−99. yang, h. q., peng, s. & li, d. z. 2007. generic delimitations of schizostachyum and its allies (gramineae: bambusoideae) inferred from gbssi and trnl-f sequence phylogenies. taxon 56: 45–54. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id> or in our website: http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/ index. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, part 1, pp. 35 — 61 {1982) revision of the genus catanthera f.v. muell. (melastomataceae) m. p. nayar central national herbarium, botanic garden, howrah s, india abstract a historical sketch of the genus catantlicra is presented and its relationship with the two allied genera dissockaeta bl. and mediniltu gaud, is discussed. the 16 species recognised in the genus cntantkcra are described and a key to the species so far known is presented. the genus cata-nthera is entirely restricted to malesia, occuring in new guinea, borneo and sumatra. they are ivy-like climbers which form a canopy in the tropical rain forests. five new species, catanthera royenii nayar, c. pifosa nayar, c. novoguinevnsis nayar, c. hleuineri nayar and c. peltata nayar are described and illustrated. abstrak scjarah singkat catanthera disttjikan dan kekerabatannya dengan marga-marga dissochuesta bl. dan medinilla gaud, dibahas. ke-i6 jenis yang diakui dipertelakan dan kunci determinasinya diberikan pula. marga ini terbatas penyebarannya di irian, kalimantan dan sumatra, liana yang menghuni tajuk pohon di hutan basah tropik. lima jenis baru, c. royenii nayar, c. pilosa nayar, c. vnovguineensis nayar, c. slewmeri nayar dan c. peltata nayar diusulkan. introduction the genus catanthera was founded by f.v. mueller (in journ. bot. 24: 289, 1886) on the basis of specimens forbes 419 and forbes 451 from new guinea which have the remarkable ivy-like habit, the extraovarial chambers descending to the base of the ovary and the stamens with distinct dorsal and ventral appendages. mueller's description of the genus was quite good, but he erroneously assigned the genus catanthera to the family vacciniaceae (nayar in gard, bull, singap. 24: 851, 1969). — 35 — 3 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 the genus was described again as hederella by stapf in 1895 (hook f. ic. pi. 25: t. 2415 & 2416) on the basis of hederella multiflora stapf, h. tetrandra stapf, h. quintuplinervis (cogn.) stapf and h. forbesii stapf. and stapf appropriately assigned the genus hederella to the family mekistomataceae and placed it in the tribe dissochaetea, while establishing the genus hederella, stapf observed that cogniaux's dissochaeta quintuplinervis differs from other dissochaetas in its trailing habit with its long, slender and wavy branchlets and the flexuose stem. stapf (1895) correctly commented that "this species would represent a very peculiar type of dissochaeta, if left in that genus, so peculiar indeed, that its deviation from the remainder of the genus would be quite equivalent to the differentiation on which the genera of dissochaetcae altogether rest. this alone would suffice to raise dissochaeta quintupli nervis to the type of a new genus .... as to the affinity of the genus malantos, i believe it lies more with medinilla than with dissochaeta." apparently stapf changed his mind regarding the name of the new genus and he gave a new name 'hederella' later on. this is evident from stapf s annotations in the type specimens beecari iso2, beecari 3274. at kew. gilg (in engl. & prantl. pflanzenfam. ill 7: nachtr, 266, 1897) referred stapf's genus hederella to dissochaeta as he considered the connective similar to that of dissochaeta. mansfekl {in engl. bot. jahrb. 60: 113, 1926) combined hederella, with medinilla. bakh. f. (i.e. 26, 1943) with hesitation referred hederella to a section of medinilla since in his opinion it is more allied to medinilla than to dissochaeta-. however he could not consider its character in his diagnoses on account of insufficient material. in 1925 mansfeld (i.e.) established the genus phyllapophysis on the basis of schlechter 20117 from new guinea. in the key to the papuan dissochaeteae (in l.c.p. 113) mansfeld grouped the new genus with omphalopus naud, on the basis of phylloid dorsal appendage and reticulate anthers. the shape and orientation of the phylloid appendage in omphalopus is quite characteristic and it is in no way related to this taxon. the anther in omphalopus is reticulate with bullate thecae, whereas in this species the anthers are not reticulate. it is presumed that mansfeld might have been misled by the shrunken anthgrs in the herbarium material. the nature of the staminal appendages, the extraovarial chambers descending to the base of the ovary and the ivy-like habit clearly indicate that the taxon phyllapophysis scklechteri should be assigned to the genus catanthera and hence the genus phyllapophysis 1882] nayar: the genus catanthera is reduced to a synonym of catantkera. (nayar i.e.) since a validly published generic name catanthera f.v. mueller (1886) is available for this homogeneous group of species nayar (i.e.) reduced hederella to the synonymy of the genus catanthera. the genus catanthera is closely allied to both medinilla and dissockaeta. the diagnostic characters of dissockaeta, medinilla and catanthera are given in tabel i. table l diagnostic characters of dissockaeta, medinilln. and catanthera. dissocliaeta medimlla catanthera stamens 4 or 8; equal or unequal; isomorphcrus (same shape for both large and small stamens). anther ends dorsally in a, triangular appendage and venlrally in two or more setose appendages. stamens 8; equal or subequal or unequal; isomorphous. anther ends dorsally in a spur and ventrally in two lobes, or i nap pendiculate. stamens 4 or 8; equal if 4; unequal if 8; dimorphous. anther (large) ends dorsally in a triangular or rounded appendage and ventrally in two subulate appendages or lobes. connective shortly produced. connective not produced. connective usually produced; rarely not produced. extra-ovarial chambers 8, all descending to the hasp nf the ovary. extra-ovarial chambers 8, not descending beyond the middle of the ovary. extra-ovavial chambers 4 or b, all descending to the base of the ovary. climbers or lianas. epiphytic or terrestrial epiphytic with ivyshrubs or climbers. like habit. the genus catanthera is entirely restricted to malesia with nine species in new guinea, seven species in borneo and one species in sumatra. c a t a n t h e r a f.v. muell, catanthera, f.v. muell. in. journ. hot. 24: 289, 188(5; nayar in gard. bull, singap, 21: 351. 1969. hederella stapf in hook. f. lc. pi. 25: t. 2415. 1895; nayar in kew bull. 20: m. 1966. phyllapophysis mansf. in enfrl. bot. jahrb. 60: 113. 19213. 3ft reinwardtia [vol. 10 epiphytic climbers with ivy-like habit, branches striate, angular, fiexuose, glabrous, furfuraceous or pilose. leaves opposite or alternate, ovate or ovate-oblong or elliptic, base subcordate or rotund or acute, apex shortly acuminate or obtuse or rotund, margin entire, glabrous or densely furfuraceouk or pilose, 3 7 nerved. inflorescence axillary, usually umbellate or paniculate or solitary. calyx tube ovoid or obeonic, glabrous or densely pilose, limb truncate or dentate. petal oblong or ovatelaneeolate. stamens 4 or 8; if 4 the stamens are equal and isomorphous; if eight the stamens are unequal and dimorphous; large stamen; anther lanceolate or oblong, connective usually produced, rarely not produced, ending dor sally in a triangular spur or appendage and ventrally in two subulate appendages; small stamen: anther oblong or lanceolate or linear, connective hardly produced, dorsally calcarate and ventrally in two linear or subulate appendages. ovary concrescent with the calyx tube by 4 or 8 sedta, extra-ovarlal chambers 4 or 8, all descending to the base of the ovary. style filiform, stigma punctiform or inconspicuous. fruit baccate. type species: catanthera lysipetala f.v. muell. key to the species of catanthera 1. calyx tube truncate 2. leaf not peltate 0. stamens 8. 4. large anthers ovate or lanceolate 5. large anthers ovate; inflorescence paniculate i. c. paniatiata ~>. large anthers lanceolate; inflorescence not paniculate, usually umbelliform, rarely solitary or in threes fi. under surface of leaf stellate-furfuraceous, t. connective of large stamens prominently produced 0.8—2.8 mm lone. 8. leaves 3-veined; petiole 4—5 mm long; leaves 2—2.7 em x 1.6—2.2 cm; petiole 4—n mm long, peduncle i).8—1 cm long; pedicel 0.8—1 cm lon£ 2. c, nvttht 8. leaves 5-veined; petiole more than 10 mm long. 9, small nnthers lanceolate10. calyx tube ohconic, 7—8 mm king; limb dilated; calyx wall o.ii nun wide: peduncle 0.5—0.7 cm long; pedicel 4—-5 mm long connective of large anthers 2 mm long; dorsal nppeiuiatre of large anther short 0..1 mm long 3 c. quintuplinervis 10. calyx tuhe cylindrical, s—9 mm long; limb not dilated; calyx wall 1 mm wide; peduncle 4.5—5.5 em long; connective of large anthers 0.8 mm long; dorsal appendage of large anther triangular 1—1.3 mm long 4. c. pilota !). small anthers oblong 11. leaves ovate, 3—7 cm x 2.3—6 em; large anther g mm long 2.5 mm wide; connective of large anther produced 2.8 mm long, dorsally ending in an appendage 0.5—0.8 mm long and ventrally ending in two subulate appendages 0.8—1 mm long o. c. wavoguiwee-mk 1s82] nayah: the gems catimthera 39 11. leaves elliptic, h.5—5.5 em x 2—3 cm; largo anther 6—7 rum lonft, 1.2 mm wide; connective ol1 largo anther produced 1 mm long, dorsally (.'tiding in a triangular append ape 1 mm long and ventrally ending in two subulate appendages 1 mm long c. c. brasxit 7. connective of large stamens hardly produced <0.2 tarn long). 7. c, royenii g. undersurface of leaf ghtbrous 8. c. lovgixtylix •1. large anthers oblong 12. connective of large stamens produced 2.5 mm long; leaf 7-nc-rved 9. c lyftipetala 12. connective of large stamens produced 0.5 mm \a\\%\ leaf uor 5veined. 13. leaves 5-veined, under surface glabrous?; calyx tubu 5 mm long, ovoid, srlabrous; petals lanceolate s mm x £.5 mm; pedicel 15—25 mm long, . . 10. c. multiflitni 13. leaves ^-veined, undersurface of leaf stellate-furfuraceous, calyx tube 1—.*i mm long, obconie, stellate-furfuraccous; petals i> mm x 2,5 mm; pedicel 5—7 mm long. 11. c, kindbaluentis 3. stamens 4 12. c. tetrandni 2. leaf peltate; leaf ovate, 17 em x 8 cm, base rounded apex acuminate ]3. c. peltafa 1. calyx tube lobed or dentate 14. calyx tube 4 dentate, teeth 1.5 mm long:, ealyx tube 5—7 mm ]ong: inflorescence umbuliform 14. c. endertii 14. calyx tube 4 lobed, lobes 4—6 mm long, calyx tube 12—15 nan long; flowers solitary 15, leaf ovate, base rounded, apex caudate-acuminate, 7-veined; calyx tube with lanceolate lobes; stem, leaves and inflorescence covered with 5—6 min long fulvous pubescence; pubescence persistent; hairs sparsely branched 15 c alemricri table ii. distribution pattern of species of catcmthera, — fig. 1. species sumatra borneo new guinea 1. paniculate + + 2. endertii + 3. lysipetala + 4. tetrandra + 5. multiflora + 6. longistyms + 7. royenii + 8. hinabahtenxi^ + 0. puoaa + 10. ovata + 11. vovoyhincensis + 12. brassii + 13. qtihditplinervis + + 14. sleiuneri + 15. sehteokieri + 16. peltatu + 40 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 fig, 1. distribution of genus cat-anthera f.v. muell, 15. leaf elliptic, base obtuse, apex acuminate, 5-veined; calyx tube with linear lobes; stem, leaves and inflorescence covered with 2—3 mm long ferrugineous pubescence; glabrescent in patches; hairs densely branched . 16. c. sckleckteri the species of catanthera show considerable morphological variations in numerous characters. apart from one pair c. sleumeri and c. schlechteri, the remaining species can be easily and satisfactorily differentiated on the characters of the androecium, in addition to other features like the shape of the calyx tube, the shape of petals and the nature of inflorescence. the genus catanthera is entirely restricted to malesia occuring in sumatra, borneo and new guinea. the main centre of distribution is new guinea with 9 species, all endemic to the region. borneo has 7 species and of which 6 are endemic. the common species occurring in borneo find sumatra is c. quintuplinervis. it is interesting to note that so far no species of catanthera has been recorded from java and celebes. the species of catanthera are ivy-like climbers which form a canopy in tropical rain forests. 1982] nayar: the genus catanthera 41 1. catantheka paniculata (nayar) nayar. — fig. 2. catanthera paniculata (nayar) nayar in gard. bull. singap. 24: 358. ip69. — hederetta paniculata nayar in kew bull. 20: 239. 1966. — typus: new guinea, carr 14189 (holotype bm, isotype k). epiphytic climber. branches annulate, stellate-plumose furfuraceous. leaves ovate, 4—5 cm x 2.5—3 cm, base subrotundate or obtuse, apex acuminate, upper surface glaucous, under surface along the nerves densely stellate-furfuraceous, in between the nerves sparsely furfuraceous. 5-nerved, cross-venules on the upper surface sub-distinct and distinct pic. 2. catanthera paniculata, (nayar) nayar (based on carr 14189). a. plant actual size; b. large stamen, ventral view x 4; c. large stamen, dorsal -view x 4; d. small stamen x 4. 4 2 r ei n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 on the lower surface, coriaceous; petiole 1.2-—2.5 cm long, stellate-plumose furfuraceous. inflorescence axillary, paniculate, 9—12 cm long. flowers tetramerons, pedicel 6—8 mm long, stellate plumose furfuraceous. calyx tube obconic, 7 mm x 4 mm, stellate plumose furfuraceous, limb truncate. petals oblong-ovate, 7—8 mm long. stamens 8, 4 fertile and 4 sterile, fertile stamens: filament 4 mm long, anther ovate, s mm long, connective 2 mm long dorsally ends in a spur 1—1.5 mm long and ventrally ends in two subulate appendages 0.8 mm long. sterile stamens: filament 1.5 2 mm long, anther 2.5 mm long, connective hardly produced, dorsally ends in a spur 0.5 mm long and ventrally ends in two subulate appendages 0,5 mm long. ovary adnate to the calyx tube by 8 septa, extra-ovarial chambers 8, all descending to the base of the ovary; style 6—8 mm long, glabrous, stigma punctiform. . distribution: endemic to new guinea. new guinea: alola, alt. 2000 m., 5 jan. 1936, carr14189 (bm, k). according to carr's field notes the flowers are bright pink and the leaf petioles and neî ves are brownish. catanthera paniculata has fully developed paniculate inflorescence, characteristic ovate anthers for large stamens and lanceolate anthers for small stamens. c.paniculata differs from c. ovata in having ovate anthers for large stamens, many flowered paniculate inflorescence, larger (4—5 cm x 2.5—3 cm) 5-nerved leaves and longer petiole (12—25 mm long) ; whereas in c. ovata anthers of larger stamens are lanceolate, inflorescence is 3 flowered and leaves are smaller and 3-nerved (2—2.7 cm x 1.5-—2,2 cm) and petiole is .shorter (4—5 mm long), 2. catanthera ovata (nayar) nayar. — fig. 3. catanthera ovata (nayar) nayar in gard. bull. stngap. 24: 253. 1969. — hede7-ella ovata nayar hi kew bull. 20: 238. 1966. — typus: new guinea, brans 12726 (violotype k). epiphytic climber. branches angulate, stellate-furfuraceous. leaves ovate, 2—2.7 cm x 1.5—2.2 cm, base rotundate, apex acute, upper surface glaucous, under surface stellate furfuraceous, 3-nerved, cross-venules absent or indistinct, coriaceous; petiole 4—5 mm long, stellate-furfuraceous. inflorescence, axillary 2.5—3.5 cm long, stellate-fuvfuraceous, 3-flowered, peduncle 0.8—1 cm long. flowers tetramerous; pedieel 08—1 cm long, stellate-furfuraceous. calyx tube obconic, 7 mm long, apex dilate, stellate-furfuraceous, limb truncate. petals oblong-ovate, 8—9 mm long, deep rose. stamens 8, unequal, 4 fertile and 4 sterile. fertile stamen: filament 3—3.5 mm long, anther lanceolate, 4—5 mm jong, connective produced at the base 1.5—2 mm long, dorsally ends in 1982] nayar: the genus catanthera 43 d fig. 3, catanthera ovata (nayar) nayar (based on brass; 12726). a. plant actual size; b. large stamen, ventral view x 5; c. large stamen, dorsal view x 5; d. small stamen x 5; e. l.s. of calyx tube x 3. a spur 1.5 mm long and ventrally ends in two subulate appendages 1.2 mm long. sterile stamen: filament 2 mm long, anther 3 mm long, connective not produced, dorsally ends in a spur 0.5 mm long and ventrally ends in two subulate appendages 0.7 mm long. ovary adnate to the calyx tube by 8 septa, extra-ovarial chambers 8 descending beyond the middle of the ovary. distribution: endemic to new guinea. new guinea: west new guinea: idenburg river, eernhard camp, alt. 1600 m, feb. 1939, .brass 12736 (k). 4 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol, 1 0 catanthera ovata is immediately recognisable by 3-veined leaves with rounded base and obtuse apex and very short petiole (4—-5 mm long) and by the characteristic stamens. this species closely resembles c. brasii but differs in having characteristic ovate leaves with obtuse apex, a shorter peduncle to the inflorescence (8—10 mm long); whereas in c. brassii the leaves are elliptic-ovate with acuminate apex and the peduncle is longer (2.5—2.3 cm long). 3. catanthera quintuplinervis (cogn.) nayar. catanthera quintuplinervis (cogn.) nayar in gard. bull. singap. 24: 353. 1969. — dissockaeta quintiiplinervis cogn. in dc, monogr. phan. 7: 556. 1891. — hedereua qmntuplinervis (cogn.) stapf. in hook. f. ic. pl 25: t. 2416. 1895; merrill in journ. str. br. roy. as. soc. 1921. spec. no.: 446. 1921; nayar in kew bull. 20: 236, 1966. — typus: borneo, beccari 1802 & s37i (isosyntypc k). epiphytic climber. branches densely ferrugineo-plumoso-setose. leaves elliptic-ovate or ovate, 5—7.5 cm x 3—5 cm, base rounded, apex briefly acuminate, upper surface glabrous between the nerves and pubescent along the nerves, lower surface plumose setose, pubescence deciduous, 5-nerved, transverse nerves not conspicuous, coriaceous; petiole 2.5—3 cm long, densely plumose-setose. inflorescence: flowers solitary, axillary, densely plumose setose; bracteole subulate 1.5 mm long; pedicel 4—5 mm long. calyx tube obconic, 7—8 mm long, densely plumose setose, ferrugilieous, limb truncate or sinuate. petals 4, ovate 9—10.5 mm long, fleshy. stamens 8, unequal; larger stamen with filament 4—5 mm long, anther lanceolate 5,5—6 mm long, connective long produced 2 mm long, anther dorsajly minutely calcarate, ventrally ending in two subulate appendages; smaller stamen with filament 4—4.5 mm long, anther linear-lanceolate, 3.5 mm long, connective briefly produced or not (0.2 mm long), dorsally ending in a minute tubercle and ventrally ending in two tubercles. ovary concrescent with the calyx tube by 8 septa, extra-ovarial chambers 8 all descending to the base of the ovary; apex of the ovary furfuraceous. style 13—14 mm long, glabrous, stigma inconspicuous. distribution: liana in primary forests. sumatra and borneo. sumatra: central sumatra: indragiri uplands: muara padjanki, 9 apr. 1939, buwalda 6451 (k); ibid., alt. few m,, 6 apr. 1930, buwalda 638$ (k). borneo. sarawak: matang, haviland 153 (k, bm); sine loc. beccari 1803 & ss7i (k); sine loc. native collector bsn 2468 (k), c. quintuplinervis is closely allied to c. schleckteri, a species endemic to new guinea, in the nature of leaves and in the presence of solitary flowers. however in c. sckleekteri the calyx limb is distinctly lobed 1982] nayar: the genus catanthera 45 and the large stamens are widely lanceolate; whereas in c. quintuplinervis the calyx limb is truncate or sinuate and the large stamens narrowly lanceolate. hitherto c. quintuplinervis has been recorded from borneo and buwalda 6451 and buwalda 6383 from central sumatra represent an extension of its range and new record for sumatra. 4. catanthera pilosa nayar, spec. nov. — fig. 4. frutex epiphyticus. eami angulati, penduli, juniores dense pinnatopilosi. folia ovata, 3 4,5 cm x 2 3.5 cm, basi subcorclata vel rotundata, eipice aeuta, supra glauca vel statu juniore decidue stellulata, bubtus dense stellulata et pinnato-pilosa, 5-nervia, supra venulis transversis haud conspieuis, .subtus venulis transversis distinctis, coriacea; petiolns 10—15 mm longus, dense stellatus et pinnato-pilosus. inflovcscentia axillaris. 5—7 cm longa, 3—5 flora; pedunculus dense stellatus et pinnato-pilosus. flores tetrameri; pedicellus 4-—5 mm longus, dense stellulatus et pinnatopilosus, calycis tabus campanulatus, 8—-9 mm longus, stellato-pinnatopilosus, limbo truncate petala 4, ovato-oblonga, 7—7.5 mm x i—4.5 mm longis. stamina 8, subequalia, maionim filamentis 3.5—4 mm longis, basi pilosis, antheris nblongis 7 mm longis, 1-poris, connectivo basi produneto 0.5—0.8 mm longo dorso in calcar 1—1.3 mm loiigum exeunte, in parte ventrali in appendices duas lineares 2.5 mm longas exeunte; minorum filamentis 3—3.5 m mlongis, basi pilosis, antheris 6.5 mm longi.s, connectivo basi haud produeto, dorso in calcar 0.4—0.6 mm longum exeunte, in parte ventrali in appendices duas lineares 1.5 mm longas exeunte. ovarium ealycis tubo septis 8 adnatum, loculi 8 ultra dimidium ovarii descendentes, apice pilosum. stylus 8—10 mm longus, basi furfuraceus, apice incrassatus, glabsr, stigmate haud conspicuo. typus: borneo, g. mikil 38601 (holotype k). distribution: endemic to borneo. borneo. sabah: kinabalu, sosopodon near kundasanr, alt. c. 1333 m. 17 aug. 1963, g. mikil s8g01 (k). c. pilosa is allied to c. endertii in the shape and pubescence of leaves. however this species differs from c. endertii in having larger calyx tube (8-9 mm long) with truncate limb and larger inflorescence ( 5 7 cm) long and 5-nerved leaves; whereas c. endertii has 4 dentate smaller calyx t u b e ( 5 7 mm long) and smaller inflorescence (3-3.5 cm long) and 7-nerved leaves. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 pig. 4. catanthera pilosa nayar (based on mikil 38601), a. plant . actual size b. large stamen x 5; c, small stamen x 5. 19821 nayar: the gemte catavthera •17 5. catanthera novoguineensis nayar, spec. nov. — fig. 5. frutex epiphyticus. kami angulati, juniorea ferrugineo-stellatofurfuracei. folia ovata, 2.5—7 cm x 2.3—6 cm, basi subeortlata ov rotundata, apice acuta, supra glabra, subtus sparse stellato-i'urfuraeea, 5-nervia, ventilis hand conspicuis, coriacea; petiolus 1 5 2 5 mm longus, dense ferrngijieo-stellato-furfui-acews. inflorescentia axillaris, 5 7.5 cm longa, umbelliformis, 5—8 flora; pedunculus 3—3.5 cm longus, dense ferrugineo-stellato-furfuraceus; pedicellus 1—2 em longus, ferrugmeostellato-furfuraceus. calycis tubus obconicus, 6—6.5 mm longus, apicc diktatus, dense stelhilato-furfuraceus, limbo truncate. petala 4, ovata, 9.6—10.5 mm x 6.5—7 mm. stamina 8, inalqualia, 4 fertilia ei 4 sterilia, flg. 5. catanthera novoguineensis nayar (based on womersley & millar ngf 8340). a. plantactual size; b. petal x 3; c. large stamen, ventral view x 5; d), large stamen, dorsal view x 5; e. small stamen x 5. 48 reinwardt1a [vol. 10 maiorum filamentis 7 mm longis, antheris late lanceolatis 5.5 mm longis 2—2.5 mm latis, 1-poris, connectivo basi producto 2.8 mm longo dorso in ealcar 0.5—0.8 mm longum exeunte; minorum filamentis 4 mm longis, antheris oblongo-lanceolatis 3—3.5 mm longis, connect!vo haud producto, dorso in ealcar 0.6—0.8 mm longum exeunte, in parte ventrali in appendices duas snbulatas 0.6—0.8 mm longas exeunte. ovarium calycis tubo septis 8 adnatum, loculi 8, ultra dimidium ovarii descendentes, apice glabrum. stylus 20—22 mm longus, glaber, stigmate punctiformi. typus: new guinea, womersley & millar ngf 8340 (holotype k, isotype bm). distribution; endemic to new guinea; a climber on trees of evergreen forests. new guinea. territory of new guinea: mo robs district, wau-salamaua road, near skindewai, alt. 1800 m,5 jan. 1956, womsrsley & millar ngf 8340 (k. bm). in the nature of stamens and the shape of leaves c. novoffuineenste is closely allied to c. ovata. but in c. novoguineensw the inflorescence is 5—8 flowered, longer pedunculate (3—3.5 mm long) and the leaves are larger (2.5—7 cm x 2.3—6 cm) and longer petiolate (15—25 mm long); whereas in c. ovata the inflorescence is about 3 flowered, shorter pedunculate 0.8—1 cm long) and the leaves are smaller (2—2.7 cm x 1.5—2.2 cm) and shorter petiolate (4—5 mm long). 6. catanthera brassii (nayar) nayar. — fig. 6. catanthera. brassii (nayar) nayar in gard. bull. singap. 24: 353. i960. — hederera brassii nayar in kew bull. 20: 238. 1966. — typus: new guinea, brass 7044 (holotype k, isotype bm). epiphytic climber. branches angular ferrugineous, stellate-furfuraceous. leaves opposite, elliptic-ovate, 3.5—5.5 cm x 2—3 cm, base obtuse or sub-cuneate, apex acuminate, upper surface when young stellate-furfuraceous, and later on glaucous, under surface densely ferrugineous, stellate-furfuraceous, 5-nerved, cross-venules indistinct, coriaceous; petiole 1—1.5 cm long, densely stellate-plumose furfuraceous. inflorescence axillary, 3.5—4.5 cm long, umbelliform, densely stelate plumose furfuraceous; peduncle 2.5 cm long. flowers 4-merous; pedicel 9—12 mm long, densely stellate plumose furfuraceous. calyx tube obconic, 6 mm long, apex dilate, ferruerineous, stellate furfuraceous, limb truncate. stamens 8, unequal, 4 fertile and 4 sterile. fertile stamen: filament 2—2.5 mm long, anther lanceolate 6—7 mm long, connective produced at the base 1 mm long, dorsaly ends in a spur 1 mm long, ventrally ends in two subulate appendages 1 mm long. sterile stamen: filament 2 mm long, anther 3 mm long, connective dorsally ends in a spur 0.7 mm long and ventrally nayah: the genus catanthera 49 fig. 6. catanthera brasii (kayar) nayar. {based on brass 7044). a plant actual size; b, large stamen, ventral view x 5; c. large stamen, dorsal view x 5; d. small stamen, ventral view x 5; e.l.s. of calyx tube x 3. 5 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 ends in two subulate appendages 0.8 mm long. ovary adnate to the calyx tube by 8 septa, extraovarial chambers 8, descending beyond the middle of the ovary; style 7-8 mm long, glabrous, stigma punctiform. distribution: an epiphytic climber with pink flowers in low land rain forests of new guinea. the species forms a canopy in the crown of very tall trees with many pendant slender branches. new guinea. territory of new guinea: palmer river, alt, 100 m., june 1936. brass 7o44(k, bm). catanthera brassii is allied to c. kinabaluensis but differs in the shape of the anthers, petals, calyx tube and in the venation of leaves. in c. brassii the larger anthers are lanceolate, the petals are ovate-oblong (7—8 mm x 5 mm), the calyx tube is dilated (6—7 mm long) and the leaf 5-veined; whereas in c. kinabaluensis the larger anthers are oblong, the petals are lanceolate (9 mm x 2.5 mm) the calyx tube is not dilated (4.5 mm long) and the leaf 3-veined. 7. catanthera royenii nayar, spec. nov. — fig. 7. frutex epiphytieus. rami angulati, juniores dense ferrug-ineo-pinnatopilosi. folia ovata 5—9 cm x 3.5—6 cm basi rotundata vel subcordata, apice breviter acuminata, supra glauca, subtus iimiores stellato furfuracea et sparse, pinnato-puberula, 5-nervia, venulis transversis haud conspicuis, supra siccitate viridia, subtus siccitate pallida, coriacea; petiolus 1—2.5 cm longus, dense ferrugineo-stellato-furfuraceus et pinnato-pilosus. inflorescentia axillaris, umbelliformis, 7—10 cm longa, 5—12 flora; pedunculus dense ferrugineo-stellato-furfuraceus et pinnato-pilosus, 4.5—6 cm longus; bracteae lineares 5—6 mm x 0.8 mm, furfuraceae; pedicellus 20—30 mm longus, dense stellato-furfuraceus et pinnato-pilosus. calycis tubus obconicus 6—7 mm x 4.5—5.5 mm, ferrugineus, furfuraeeus, limbo truncato. petala 4, ovata, 6—7 x 4.5-—5.5 mm. stamina 8, inaequalia, maiorum f ilamentis 3 mm longis, antheris oblongo-lanceolatis 6 6.5 mm longis, connectivo basi haud producto, dorso in calcar 1.5 mm longum exeunte, in parte ventrali in appendices duas subulatas 0.5 mm longas exeunte, minorum filamentis 2.5 mm longis, antheris 4 mm longis, connectivo non produeto, dorso in calcar 1 mm longum exeunte, in parte ventrali inappendiculato. ovarium calycis tubo septis 8 adnatum, loculi 8, ultra dimidium ovarii descendantes, apice glabrum. stylus filiformis, 7—8.5 mm longus, stigmate punctiformi. typus: new guinea, van royen & sleumer 7405 (holotype k, isotype l). distribution: a climber of nothofagus forests of new guinea with flowers having orange brown calyx tube and yellowish petals. endemic. 1u82] nayar: the genus catantkera 51 fig. 7. catantkera royenii nayar (based on van royen & sleumer 74051). a. plant actual size; g. large stamen x 5; c. small stamen x 5. new guinea. west new guinea: vogelkon, nettoti range, southern slope, silt, 1780 in, 28 nov. 1961, van royev, & sleumer 7405 (k, l). catanthera royenii is allied to c. multiflora in the shape and in the venation of leaves and in the long-pedunculate many flowered umbellate inflorescence. however c. royenii is easily distinguishable by its ferrugineous stellate-furfuraeeous and pinnate pubescence; whereas in c. multiflora, branches, leaves and inflorescence are glabrate. c. multiflora is endemic to borneo and c. royenii is endemic to new guinea. 52 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 8. catanthera longistylis (mansf.) nayar. catanthera longistylis (mansf.) nayar in gards. bull. singap. 24: 353. 1969. — medinilla longistylis mansf. in engl. bot. jahrb. 60: 113. 192a. — hederella longistylis (mansf.) nayar in kew bull. 20:238. 1966. — typus: new guinea, schlechter 192ss (isotype k). scandent. branches angulate, young branches sparsely furfuraceous, verrucose. leaves elliptic 3.4—6 cm x 1.5—3.5 cm, base subrotund or acute, apex .subrotund, lower surface glabrous, under surface minutely verrucose, 3—5 nerved, cross-venules absent; petiole 1—2 cm long. inflorescence subpanieulated and umbslliform, 6—8 cm long, glabrate, pedicel 2—3 cm long. calyx tube obconic, 4.5 mm long, glabrous, limb dilated and truncate. petals 4, 11—12 mm long. stamens 8, prominently unequal, anther long 10 mm long, dorsally calcarate and ventvally ends in two subulate appendages, small stamens; 5 mm long. style 15—20 mm long, stigma inconspicuous. ovary concrescent with the calyx tube by 8 septa, extra-ovarial chambers 8, all descending to the base of the ovary. distribution: endemic to new guinea. new guinea. p a p u a : alt. 300 m, 16 apr. 1909, schlechter 19258 (isotype k ) : new guinea: morobe dist., 26 dec. 1935, clemens 1379 (l.) catantkera longistylis is immediately recognised by its elliptic leaves with glabrous upper surface and verrucose under surface, compound umbelliform inflorescence and prominent long style (2 cm long). 9. catanthera lysipetala f.v. muell. catanthera lysipetala f.v. muell. in journ. bot. 24: 289. 1886; nayar in gards. biril singap.24:852.1969 — hederella lysipetala (p.v. muell.) n a y a r in new bull. 20: 237. 1066. — typus: new guinea, forbes 419 (lectotype bm, isolectotype cal). medinilla anomula cogn. in dc. monogr. phan. 7: 1185. 1891. — t y p u s : new guinea, forbes 451 (holotype bm, isotypes k, cal), hederella forbessii stapf in hook, f., ie. pi. 25: t. 2415. 1895. — typus: new guinea, forbes 451 (holotype k ) . epiphytic climber. branches angulate, young branches densely ferrugineo-plumoso-pilose, older branch&s verrucose and grooved. leaves rotundate-elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 5—7.5 cm x 3.5—5.5 cm, base rounded, apex obtuse, upper surface glabrous, under surf ace ferrugineo-plumose pilo.se when young, pubescence deciduous and undersurface of leaf glabrous when old, 7-nerved, cross venules absent, coriaceous; petiole 1.5—2 cm long, ferrugineo-plumose pilose. inflorescence axillary, umbellate, puberulous; peduncle short 0.5—1.5 cm long; pedicel 2—2,8 long. calyx tube carapanulate, 5.5—6 mm long, minutely puberulous, limb dilated. petals nayar: the genus catantkera s3 4, oblong 10—11 mm long. stamens 8, prominently unequal; large stamens: filament 5—5.5 mm long, anther oblong 8—8.5 mm long, connective long produced 2.5 mm long, dorsally endingin a triangular appendage 1 mm long, ventrally ending in two oblong lobes 1—1.2 mm long; small stamens: filament 2.5—3 mm long1, anther broadly oblong, 4.5 mm long, connective not produced, dorsally ending in a short spur, 0.5 mm long, ventrally ending in two subulate appendages 0.8 mm long. ovary concrescent with the calyx tube by eight septa, extra-ovarial chambers 8, all descending to the base of the ovary. style filiform, 15—17 mm long, glabrous, stigma inconspicuous. distribution: endemic to new guinea. new g u i n e a . p a p u a : s o g e n r e g i o n , f o r b e s 473 ( b m , c a d ; ibid., forbes 451 (k, bm, c a l ) . f.v. mueller (1889) erected the type species catantkera lysipelala o:i the basis of syntypes forbes 419 and forbes 151 from new guinea. cogniaux (1891) independently described mediniua anomala on the basis of specimen forbes 451. in 1895 stapf described the genus hederella for the homogenous group of species i.e. hederella multiflora stapf. h. tetrandm stapf. h. quintuplinervies (cogn.) stapf and h. forbesii stapf. stapf s h. forbesii is based on the same type specimen forbes on the basis of which mueller (1889) erected a new genus catantkera and cogniaux (1891) proposed a new species of medinilla. mansfeld (1925) appropriately reduced cogniaux's mediniuaanomala and stapf'.s hederella forbesii to synonyms of catantkera lysipetala f.v. muell and effected the new combination mediniua lysipetala, (f.v. muell.) mansf. 10. catantheka muliiflora (stapf) nayar. catantheramultiflora (stapf) nayar in cards. bull. singap. 21: 352. 1069. — hederlla multiflora stapf in hock. f. ic. pi. 25: t. 2415. 1895; merrill in jourti. st. br, roy. as. soc. 1021, spec. no.: 446. 1921; n a y a r in kew bull. 20: 233. 1966. — typus: borneo, ilaviland 154 (holutype k, isotype bm). medinilin multiflora {stapf.) mansf. in engi. bot. jahrb. go: 124. 1926. epiphytic climber. "branches glabrous, angular, leaves opposite, equal, ovate 7—9 cm x 4—4.5 cm, base rotundate or subcordate, apex acuminate, upper and lower surface glabrous, 3—5-nerved, two, side nerves near the margin not conspicuous, cross-venules indistinct, coriaceous; petiole 2.5—4 cm long. inflorescence axillary, urn belli form glabrous; peduncle 4—5.5 cm long with 8 to 12 flowers; podicel 1.5—2.5 mm long. calyx tube ovoid, 4—5 mm long, glabrous, limb truncate. petals contorted in bud, lanceolate, 8 mm long, rose (ex collector). stamens 8, 5 4 r e i n w a r d t 1 a [vol [ unequal; large stamen: filament 2.5 mm long, anther oblong, b mm long obtuse connective shortly produced 0.5 mm long, dorsally ending i triangular appendage 1.5 mm long, ventrally ending in two subulats appendages 1 mm long, small stamens: filament 2 mm long, anther oblorig.or clubshaped, 3 mm long, dorsally ending in a spur 1.5 mm ion?. ventrally ending in two subulate appendages 0.8 mm long. ovary ton crescent with the calyx tube by 8 septa, extra-ova rial chambers 8, ai descending to the base of the ovary, apex of the ovary glabrous. styl filiform, 9—11 mm long, glabrous, stigma inconspicuous. distribution: a climber with sucker roots in lowland evergreei forests of borneo; endemic to borneo. b o r n e o : s a r a w a k : m a t a n g , a l t . 533 m , haviland 151 ( k , b m ) ; i "do i i e s i a n b o r n e o : p e a k o f e a l i k p a p a n , s e m b u n i , a l t . 650 m , oct. 1953, kotttl mans 7653 ( k ) . this is a glabrous epiphytic climber with pale purplish flowers. 11. catanthera kinabaluensis (nayar) nayar. catanthera kinabahieitsis nayar in gard. bull. singap. 24: 353. 1369, hcdcrrua kinabaluimsis n a y a r in kew bull. 20: 237 1966. — typus: borneo, r.s.n.b no. 70 <hoiotype k ) . epiphytic climber. branches angular, ferrugineous, stellate-furfuraceous. leaves opposite, elliptic ovata, 3.5—4.5 cm x 1.5—2.5, base obtuse, apex acuminate, upper surface densely stellate-furfuraeeous s-nerved, eross-venulea hardly conspicuous, coriaceous; petiole 7—10 mm long, densely stellate-plumose-furfuraceous. inflorescence axillary, 2.5—4 cm long, densely stellate-plnmose-furfuraceous, umbelliform, 3—12 flowers; pedicel 0.5—0.7 cm long. calyx tube widely campanulate 4—5 mm long, limb truncate. petals ovate-oblong or ovate, 8—9 mm long. stamens 8, unequal; large stamen : filament 4.5 mm long, anther oblong 4.5 mm long, connective produced at trie base 0.5 mm long, dorsally ends in a spur 1—1.5 mm long, ventrally ends in two subulate appendages 1.5 mm long; small stamen: filament 4 mm long, anther 2.5-—3 mm long, connective ends in an appendage 2 mm long, ventrally ends in two linear appendages 2—2.5 mm long. ovary adnate to the calyx tube by 8 septa, the extra-ovarial chambers 8 descending beyond the middle of the ovary: style filiform 10—11 mm long, glabrous, stigma punctiform. distribution : a liana of 25 m in height, growing in tropical rain forests of borneo. this forms a canopy in the forests and the branches hang down in bunches from trunks of host. endemic. borneo. sabah : mt. kinabalu, eastern shoulder, alt. llgfi m, is jim. 1961, r.s.n.b. no. 76 ( k ) ; penibukan, w. ridge, alt. 1666 m, 4 oct. 19;w, j. & ms clemens 40562 (k, bm, i,); ibid., alt. 1833 m, 13 nov. i933, j. & m.s. clemous 50343 1982] nayar: the genus catanthera 66 (k, bm, l); ibid., alt, 1333 m, 15 feb. 1933, j. & m.s. clemens s159s (k, bm), indonesian borneo: w. kutai, near mt. kemoel, alt. 1100 m, 10 oct. 1925, endert 38(17 ( k ) ; ibid., alt. c. 12€0 m, 27 sept. 1925, endert 3g08 ( k ) . c. kinabaluensis is related to c. brassii nayar and from which it differs in the shape of the anthers and in the venation of leaves. in c. kinabaluensis the anther of large stamens is oblong and the leaf is 3-nerved, whereas in c. brassii the anther of large stamens is lanceolate and the leaf is 5-nerved. heine (in inaug. dissert, doktor lud.-maximilliaiis univer. 78 (1953)) referred the specimen /. & m.s. clemens 31598 & 40562 erroneously to c. tetrandra (stapf) nayar (= hederella tetrandra stapf). according to j. & m.s. clemens field notes (specimens j. & m.s. clemens 50343) this is a most spectacular climber, drooping in long garlands from trees, 12. catanthera tetrandra (stapf) nayar catanthera tetrandra, (stapf) nayar in gard. bull. singap. 24: 353. 1969 — hvderella tetrandra stapf in hook. f. ic. pi. 25: t. 2415, 1895; merrill ire journ. str. ik. a?. soc. spec. no.: 446. 1921; nayar in kew bull. 20: 237. 19g6. — typus: borneo. p.eccar! 30% (isotype k). epiphytic climber. branches young branches f errugineo-f urf uraceous, glabrous when old, striate or corticated. leaves rotundate-ovate or elliptic-ovate, 4.5—8 cm x 3 — 4 c m , base rounded or subcordate, apex briefly acuminate, glabrous, 5-nerved, cross-venules distinct, coriaceous; petiole 2—4 mm long. inflorescence axillary, umbellate, 3—8 flowers, minutely furfuraceous; peduncle 1—5.5 cm long; bracteole linear 3—4.5 mm long; pedicel 1.5—1.9 cm long, furfuraceous. calyx tube obconic 7—8 mm long, minutely furfuraceous, limb truncate. petals 4, oblong, 10—11 mm x 4—4.5 mm, distinctly veined, apex acuminate. stamens 4, equal filament 6 mm long, anther lanceolate 10—11 mm long, connective hardly produced, dorsally ending in a triangular appendage 1.5—l.s mm long, ventrally ending in two subulate appendages 2—2.5 mm long. ovary concrescent with the calyx tube by 4 septa, extra-ovarial chambers 4, all descending to the base of the ovary, apex of the ovary minutely furfuraceous or glabrate. style 11—12 mm long, minutely puberulous, stigma not conspicuous. distribution: a climber with leathery leaves in evergreen rain forests of borneo. endemic. borneo. sarawak; near kuching, 29 nov. 1894, havilaiid & wose ,3389 (k,bm, l ) ; baram dist., nov. 1891, hose 51 (k, b m ) ; niah, may 1892, haviland & hose 3223 (k) sine loc. deccari 304 ( k ) ; sabah: mt. kinabalu, pinososuk plateau, alt. 1833 m, 20 aug. 1961, r.s.n.b. no. 1326 ( k ) . 56 reinwardtia i vol. 10 c. tetrandra (stapf) nayar is easily distinguishable by the presence of four equal fertile stamens, whereas all other species of catanthera have eight stamens. 13. catanthera peltata nayar spec. nov. frutex ejdiphyticus. rami dense plumoso-pilosi. folia peltata, ovata, 17 cm longa, 9 cm lata, basi rotundata, apice aeuminata margine integra, supra glabra, subtus ad nerves dense plumoso-pilosa, inter nerves sparse plumoso-piloso, 7—9 nervis supra et .subtus venulis transversis distinctis; petiolus 3.5 cm longus, dense plumoso-pilosus. inflorescentia axillaris, c, 7 cm longa, pseudoumbellata, dense plumoso-pilosa; pedunculus 4—5 cm longus; bracteolae lineares 3 mm longae, dense plumosopilosae; pedicellus 5—7 mm longus. calyeis tubus campanulatus, 6—6.5 mm long-us, dense plumoso-setosus, limbo truncate petala late ovata, 3.5—4 mm x 3.5—3.8 mm. stamina 8, subequalia, filamentis 3—3.5 mm longis, antheris oblongis 4,5—6 mm longis, connectivo basi 0.4 mm producto, dorso in calcar 0.3 mm longum exeunte, in parte ventrali in appendices duas subulatas 1 mm longas exeunte, ovarium calycis tubo aeptis 8 adnatum, loculi 8, ultra dimidium ovarii descendentes, apite plumoso-pilosum. bacca subglobosa 7-—9 mm x 6—8 mm, dense plumosopilosa. ssmina cuneata, numerosa, 0.6—0.8 mm longa. typus: sarawak, haviland b.g.v.a. 182 (k.) distkibution : endemic to borneo. borneo. sarawak: sarawak river, trusan, haviland b.g.v.a. 182 (k). as the specific epithet indicates this species is readily distinguishable from other known species of catanthera by its peltate leaves. 14. catanthera endeetii (nayar) nayar. catanthera endermi (nayar) nayar in gards, bull. singap. 24: 353. 1969. — hederella enderfii nayar in) kew bull. 20: 240. 1966. — typus: borneo, evdert 439:/ (holotype k). epiphytic climber, densely ferrugineous and stellate furfuraceous. leaves ovate, 4.5—5.5 cm x 3—4 cm, base cordate, apex acute, uppersurface glaucous, when young stellate furfuraceous, under surface densely stellate plumose furfuraceous, 7-nerved, cross-venules distinct, coriaceous; petiole 1.7—2.7 cm long, stellate plumose furfuraceous. inflorescence axillary, 3—3.5 cm long, umbellate, densely stellate plumose furfuraceous. flowers not seen. calyx tube ovoid, 5—7 mm long, stellate plumose furfuraceous, 4-dentate, lobes 1—1.5 mm long. ovary adnate to the calyx tube by 8 septa, extra-ovarial chambers descend to the base of the ovary. distribution: endemic to borneo. 1982] nayar:the:-genits c&tanthera 57 borneo. indonesian borneo: mt. kemoel, w. kutai, alt. 1850 m., 20 oct. 1925, erulert 4390 ( k ) . catanthera endertii is immediately recognised by its 4 dentate calyx tube (5—7 mm long-) and by its 7-nerved stellate-ferrugineous ovatecordate leaves (4.5—5.4 cm x 3—4 cm), c. endertii is allied to c. pilosa but differs in the presence of 4-dentate calyx tube and 7-nerved leaves. 15. catanthera sleumeri nayar, spec. nov. — fig. 8. frutex epiphyticus. kami angulati, juniores dense pinnato-pilosi. folia ovata, 5—10.5 cm x 3.5—6.8 cm, basi subcordata vel rotundata, apice acummata, supra of subtus dense pilosa, 7-nervis, supra venulis transversis haud conspicuis, subtus nervis urominentibus, chartacea; petiolus 1.5—4 cm longus, dense pilosus. flores axillares, solitari; pedunculus 4.5—5 cm longus, dense pilosus; bracteolae lineares 8—9 mm longae, dense pilosae; pedicellus 1.7—2 cm longu.s, dense pilosus. calycis tubus obronicus 12—13 mm x 8—10 mm, dense pilosus; limbus 4-dentatus, dentibus anguste triangularibus, 7—7.5 mm longug, pilosus. petals 4, ovata, 7.5—8.5 mm x 7 mm. stamina 8, inaequalia, 4 fertilia et 4 sterilia; maorum filamantis 3—3.5 mm longis, antheris 7—8 mm longis 2-2.5 mm iatis, late lanceolatis, connectivo basi producto 1 mm longo, dorso in calcarem triangularem 2.5 mm longum exeunte, in parte ventrali minute bituberculato; minorurn filamentis 3 mm longis, antheris lanceolatis 5.5 mm longis, connectivo basi hand producto, dorso in calcar 2 mm longum exennte, in parte ventrali bituberculato. ovarium calycis tubo stptis 8 adnatum, loculi 8, ultra dimidium ovarii descendentes, apice pilosum. stylus 9—10 mm longus, basi pilosus, stigmate punctiformi. typus: new guinea, van royen & sleumer 7653 (k). distribution: endemic to new guinea. new guinea. west new guinea.: vogelkup, ije river valley, near benfot (bamfot) village, alt. 900 m, 2 nov. 1961, van royen & sleumer 7653 (k). in the case of c. sleumeri and c. schlechten the differential characters of androecium are rather less well marked; but a reliable specific distinction is readily obtained by the utilisation of other characters and they are presented in a tabular form. the presence of long sparsely branched multicelluar hairs (5—6 mm long) and the densely pubescent 7 veined ovate leaves with rounded base and apiculate apex is characteristic for this species. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol, 1u fig. 8. catanthera sleumerl nayar {based on van royen & steamer 7653) • a. plant actual size; b. large stamen; ventral view x 5; c. large stamen, dorsal view x 5; d. small stamen x 5. c. slcumeri leaf ovate, 5—10.5 cm x 3.5—6.8 cm. leaf 7-veined. leaf base rounded, apex caudateacuminate. stem leaves and inflorescence covered with 5—6 mm long fulvous pubescence; pubescence persistent. hairs sparsely branched. calyx tube with lanceolate lobes. c. sekleehteri leaf elliptic 4—8 cm x 2.5—4 cm. leaf 5-veined. leaf base obtuse, apex acuminate. stem, leaves and inflorescence covered with 2—3 mm long ferrugineous pubescence; glabrescent in patches. hairs densely branched. calyx tube with linear lobes. 1982] nayar: the genus catantkera 59 16. catanthera schlechtbri (mansf.) nayar. — fig. 9. catantkera sehlechteri (mansf.) nayar in gards. bull. singap. 24: 353. 1969. — phyllapophysis scklechteri mansf. m engl. bot. jahrb. 60; 114, 192s; ohwi in jap. bot. mag. 57: 5. 1943. — typus: new guinea, scklcckter 20117 (isotype k). climber. branches young densely pinnato-pllose, angular. leaves elliptic or ovate elliptic, 4—8 cm x 2.5—-4 cm, base cuneate cr rounded, apex acuminate, upper surface sparsely pinnato-pilose, pubescence deciduous and glabrous when old, lower surface densely pinnato-pilose, 5nerved, cross venules on the upper surface inconspicuous, cross venules on the lower surface distinct and prominent; petiole 1.5—3 cm long, densely pinnate-pilose. flowers axillary, solitary; peduncle 4—7 cm long, densely pinnate-pilose; bracteole linear 5 6 mm long, pilose; pedicel 1.8—2.2 cm long, densely pinnate-pilose. calyx tube obconic, 1.2—1.5 cm long, densely pinnate-pilose, limb 4-lobed, lobes linear g mm long. petals 4. ovate, 8—-10 mm long. stamens 8, unequal; larger stamens; filament 4—5 mm long, anther widely lanceolate, 8—9 cm long, 2.5—3 mm broad, connective shortly produced 0.8—1 mm long-, dorsally ending in widely triangular .spur 3—4 x 2 mm, ventrally ending in two tubercles; smaller stamens; filament 3—4 mm long, anther lanceolate 4—5 long, connective not produced, dorsally ending in a spur 2.5—3 mm long, ventrally ending in two tubercles. ovary concrescent with the calyx tube by 8 septa, extra-ovarial chambers 8, all descending to the base of the ovary, apex of the ovary furfuraceous. style 10—12 mm long, base of style furfuraceous, stigma punctiform. distribution: a tall climber which forms a canopy in evergreen forests; endemic to new guinea. new guinea. papua: torieelli-gebir^es, alt. 700 m, !) sept. isjo9, sehleekter 20117 (k); west new guinea: jappen-biak, wamiami near seroei, 1 aug. 193s, aet & idjan 300 (k); hollandia dist, cycloop mountains, path ifar-ormce, alt. 1220 m, 24 jun. 1961, van royen & sleumer 5996 (k, l). in 1825 mansfeld (in engl bot. jahrb. 60: 114. 1925) proposed the new genus phyllapophysis on the basis of scklechter 2q117 from new guinea. in the key to the papuan dissochaeteae (in i.e. p. 113) mansfeld placed the genus near omphalopus naud. on the basis of the phylloid dorsal appendage and reticulate anthers. the shape and orientation of the phylloid appendage in omphalopus is quite characteristic and it is in no way related to this taxon. the anthers in omphalopus are reticulate with bullate thecae, whereas in this species the anthers are not reticulate. it is presumed that mansfeld might have been misled by the shrunken anthers in the herbarium material. this species is closely allied to c. slevmcri nayar but for the nature of pubescence and the shape of leaves. 60 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 fig. 9. catanthera scklechteri (mansf.) nayar (based on van royen & sleumer 5s96). a. plant actual size; b. large stamen, ventral view x 4; c. large stamen. dorsal view x 4; d. small stamen x 4; e. petal x 3. nayar: the genus catanthera 61 acknowledgements i wish to extend my thanks to the directors and staff of the herbarium royal botanic gardens, kew, the british museum (nat. hist.), london, and the rijksherbarium, leiden, netherlands, for their hospitality and help during my visits there. my thanks are also due to the director, botanical survey of india for his encouragement. 10(1) 253 binder cover-100_page_007 reinwardtia vol. 10, part 3, pp. 281 290 (1987) experimental taxonomy of the gigantochloa attergigantochloa pseudoarundinacea complex elizabeth a. widjaja herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia & r.n. lester plant biology department, birmingham university, birmingham, england abstract gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea, g. robusta, g. atter, g. atroviolacea and 14 other related malesian species of bamboos were studied from preserved and living materials. characters discerned by morphology, anatomy, chromatography and electrophoresis were analysed by numerical taxonomy. most of the data indicated that the four species named above were distinct although closely related. the relationships of the remaining species were more complex, but the integrity of each species was established. abstrak gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea, g. robusta, g. atter, g. atroviolacea dan 14 jenis kerabatnya yang ada di malesia dipelajari dari spesimen herbarium dan koleksi hidupnya. ciri-ciri yang diambil dari morfologi, anatomi, kromatografi dan elektroforesis dianalisis dengan pendekatan taksonomi numeris. data yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa keempat jenis tersebut di atas berbeda walaupun sangat erat berhubungan. hubungan antar jenis lainnya ternyata lebih kompleks, tetapi integritas setiap jenis dimapankan. introduction there has been much taxonomic confusion of species of the economically important bamboo genus gigantochloa (holttum 1958, monod de froideville 1968, widjaja 1984). this has been partly due to inadequate herbarium specimens, since not only are these woody bamboos difficult to collect, but also vegetative structures are no longer available when the groves flowered. furthermore only limited samples have been studied under cultivation and even less has been seen in the field by bamboo taxonomists themselves. the taxonomic problems are well exemplified by gigantochloa atter (hassk.) kurz and the three allied species, all of which are known only as 281 282 reinwardtia [vol. 10 cultivated plants. backer (1928), followed by monod de froideville (1968) concluded that g. maxima kurz, g. robusta kurz, g. atter and the so called its black variety (g. atroviolacea widjaja of the present paper), were too closely related so that they treated them as one species, g. verticillata (willd.) munro (hereafter referred to as g. pseudoarundinacea (steud.) widjaja). experimental studies have been made of all available materials of malesian species of gigantochloa, using multi-disciplinary approaches as advocated by modern taxonomists, to support and extend the revisionary taxonomic study which is presented in a separate paper (widjaja 1987). although cytogenetic investigations were not undertaken, studies of morphological, anatomical and biochemical characters, utilizing numerical taxonomy, have been accomplished. materials and methods observations were made on both living plants and preserved specimens. field work was conducted in malaysia, sumatra, kalimantan, java, bali and sulawesi. laboratory studies of 18 species were conducted in the herbaria at bogor, kew, leiden, singapore and kepong, using specimens deposited at bo, k, l, sing, bm, dd, cal, and kep, as well as living plants of seven species growing in bogor botanic gardens. the nomenclature for all species mentioned in this paper followed that adopted by widjaja (1987). morphological observations fifty-two characters of 177 accessions of 18 species were analysed from herbarium specimens. characters of culm sheath, leaf blade, and inflorescence were measured. four more culm characters were measured from living plants of other accessions of the same species. anatomical observations a total of 37 characters of 33 accessions of 15 species were measured, based on leaf lamina epidermis, leaf lamina transverse section and culm epidermis. since living plants were not always available, the anatomical characters were also taken from herbarium specimens. specimens were observed by light microscope or by scanning electron microscope as appropriate. 1987] widjaja & lester : gigantochloa experimental taxonomy 2 8 3 chromatography of phenolic compounds fully mature top leaves were collected from 24 plants (7 species) in bogor botanic gardens. each leaf was dried in a forced ventilation oven at 60°c for 2 — 3 days. samples of 0.2 g were ground to a powder and washed in hexane to remove the chlorophylls, and dried. the powder was extracted in 2.5 cm 3 of 1% v/v hydrochloric acid in methanol overnight in darkness. aliquots of 0.05 cm 3 of leaf extracts were separated by ascending two dimensional thin layer chromatography on cellulose. chromatography was conducted in the first solvent (butan-1-ol: ethanoic acid: water = 3:1:1) for about 3 hours, then in the second solvent (ethanoic acid in water, 2% v/v) for 1 hour. the chromatograms were examined under uv light and uv light with ammonia fumes. electrophoresis of proteins electrophoresis of proteins from young shoots was done by polyacrylamide gel methods in acid gel rods (davis 1964). about 10 g of the tips of fresh young shoots 7 cm high (about 7 days emergence) were sampled from 24 plants (6 species) in bogor botanic gardens. after freezing and pounding the juices were collected and centrifuged. 1 ml samples of extract were analysed and after electrophoresis the gels were stained with naphthalene black. the distributions of the protein bands were examined over fluorescent light and recorded on a four-point density scale. data analyses all data were analysed by numerical taxonomy using principal components analysis, and clustering techniques by euclidean distance and ward's method using clustan 2.1 programmes (wishart 1982). the chromotagraphic data were also binarily coded and analysed using jaccard's coefficient and upgma. results morphology when all the 56 morphological characters were analysed by cluster analysis all accessions of each species had very great similarity, d< 4.0. the similarity between species was generally d > 7.5. at the level d > 11.5 the accessions clustered into 9 phenons : 1. g. apus; 2. g. latifolia was clustered closely to g. manggong and also to g. pruriens, which was closely clustered to g. achmadii; 3. g. wrayi; 4. g. scortechinii and g.scortechinii var. albovestita; 5. g. rostrata was clustered closely to g. hasskarliana and then g. nigrociliata; 6. g. ligulata; 7. g. atter was clustered closely to g. atroviolacea; 8. g. levis was clustered closely to g. holttumiana; 9. g. robusta was clustered together with g. pseudoarundinacea. 284 reinwardtia [vol. 10 cluster analysis using only the 26 inflorescence characters showed that two main clusters were clearly distinct, the one containing g. apus, g. hasskarliana, g. manggong, g. wrayi, g. nigrociliata and g. rostrata, and the other containing g. atter, g. robusta, g. levis, g. atroviolacea, g. achmadii, g. latifolia, g. ligulata, g. pruriens, g. pseudoarundinacea, and g. scortechinii. these two main groups are quite distinct in the width of the spikelets, and the colour of their anthers. principal components analysis using all morphological data (fig. 1) dispersed the several species, but placed all members of each species together. g. rostrata was separated clearly by factor 1 which was mainly due to flower length characters. the second factor, which was due to culm size, flower shape and other characters separated g. apus on one side and g. scortechinii and g. holttumiana on the other. further analyses, after removal of these four outliers, distinguished g. pseudoarundinacea, g. atter, g. atroviolacea and g. robusta at one end by the first factor and g. wrayi, g. nigrociliata and g. hasskarlianai at the other. by the second factor, g. levis was placed on one side and g. ligulata and g. manggong on the other. g. latifolia, g. pruriens and g. achrnadii remained in the middle. the two main clusters of species shown by the cluster analyses were also separated in brincipal components analysis, the one ranging from g. apus through g. wrayi to g. rostrata, the other ranging from g. pseudoarundinacea through g. pruriens to g. scortechinii. the four taxa which have been confused under g. verticillata by many taxonomists working with herbarium specimens, in the present studies utilising data from both preserved and living specimens are all easily distinguished although these four taxa are similar. g. pseudoarundinacea and g. robusta are very distinct species; g. atter and g. atroviolacea are more similar, but still distinguishable by the palea apex shape and culm sheath ligule size as well as culm colour. likewise, although g. latifolia and g. ligulata are similar, they were shown as two distinct taxa by cluster analysis using all morphological characters or only using inflorescence characters. this contradicts holttum's suggestion (1958) that these are merely parts of a variable complex: nevertheless observations in thailand and burma, where those species are originated, are still needed. anatomy analysis of the anatomical data, both by clustering and by principal components analysis distinguished each species but indicated two main groups: the one included g. apus, g. hasskarliana, g. atter, g. robusta, g. atroviolacea, g. ridleyi, g. manggong and also g. pseudoarundinacea, the other included g. levis and g. nigrociliata, g. ligulata, g. wrayi, g. scortechinii and g. pruriens and also g. achmadii. there was partial concordance 1987] widjaja & lester : gigantockloa experimental taxonomy 2 8 5 between these two groups and those indicated by gross morphological studies. the four species which have previously been confused were easily distinguished. g. pseudoarundinacea had lower values than the other three on both factors. further principal components analysis showed that g. robusta was distinguished by lower values than g. atroviolacea on factor 1, whereas g. after had lower values on factor 2. chromatography in total, 30 spots were identified. the spots were characterized by their rf values and colours. only spot 6 (rfi = 0.86, rf£ = 0.37) was detected from all species, and may be a tricin flavonoid, as found by harborne & williams (1976) in g. pseudoarundinacea. the spot 8 was found in all species except g. levis, hence this absence may be considered as characteristic for that species. principal components analysis showed the distinctness of each species, except for g. robusta which overlapped with g. atter and g. pseudoarundinacea. this was confirmed by the cluster analysis using jaccard's coefficient, which avoids the distortion caused by conjoint absences of spots, and upgma, where each species appeared as a distinct phenon, except for g. robusta being intermingled with g. pseudoarundinacea and g. hasskarliana. g. atroviolacea and g. atter were distinct but linked together. electrophoresis clear electrophoretograms with some strong bands and several weaker bands were obtained from almost all shoot tip protein samples; only a few were too faint or dark to allow easy analysis. altogether 16 different bands were detected and recorded objectively, of which 6 occured in all taxa, although at different intensities. principal components analysis and cluster analysis, whether by euclidean distance on numeric data or jaccard's coefficient on binary coded data, all produced similar results (fig. 2). g. hasskarliana was clearly distinct from the other species; g. atroviolacea and g. atter were distinct but closely linked, and likewise g. apus, g. robusta and g. pseudoarundinacea were distinct but fairly closely linked. subjective assessment of the electrophoretograms, considering the general pattern of the stronger bands, indicated that both g. apus and g. hasskarliana were distinct. however, g. pseudoarundinacea, g. atroviolacea, g. atter and g. robusta were more similar, especially some individuals of the last two species, which again indicates that these are four closely related, though still distinct species. 286 re1nwardtia [vol. 10 f a c t o r fig. 1. principal components analysis on morphology of gigantochloa (17 species). 4.791 i . 2 9 2 3.790 3 288 2 785 2 283 i. 781 1.278 • 776 271 . q j l u u i q ^ q r c o : t — fig. 2. cluster analysis on gigantochloa shoot electrophoresis. 1987] widjaja & lester : gigantochloa experimental taxonomy 287 discussion all species of gigantochloa included in the present study are distinct. this was clearly demonstrated after analysis of morphological data by numerical taxonomy, and also indicated by some of the other evidence from electrophoresis, chromatography, anatomy, morphology and inflorescence. the results of all these studies suggest more or less indicative phenetic relationships, but little can be deduced of the phyletic relationships or evolutionary trends within the genus gigantochloa. g. pseudoarundinacea was studied by all the methods used in this work, and in each case similarity between all accessions was high and distinction from almost all other species was shown. the morphological study suggested that g. robusta was close to g. pseudoarundinacea. this was supported by chromatography, and also slightly by electrophoresis but not by inflorescence or anatomy data. this similarity of these two species is mainly on anther colour, widely ovate spikelets, green with yellow striped culms, brownish hairs on upper parts of the internodes, and in chromatography. close study of these species show that they are easily separated by differences of the lodicules, palea apex, hairy or glabrous spikelets, filament tubes, culm sheath auricle, bristle, leaf surfaces, culm sheath ligules and leaf sheath auricles. on anatomy and inflorescence these species were close to g. atter in having the same number of epidermis cells, papillae, fusoid cells, widely ovate spikelets, yellow anthers, long hairy anther tips and no lodicules. if one looks at the morphology of those species, both have very distinct characters such as palea apex, bristle of culm sheath auricle, bristle of leaf sheath auricle, leaf hairiness, culm colour and also some anatomical characters such as long cells on culm epidermis and waviness of the epidermis wall of the long cells. great similarity was shown between g. atter and g. atroviolacea in morphology, inflorescence, chromatography and electrophoresis observa'tions but not in the anatomy investigation. the differences in anatomy were seen in epidermis files, the length of epidermis cells on culm epidermis and the sinuousity of the epidermis wall. moreover the differences are also shown by the apices of their paleas, the tips of their anthers, the culm sheath auricles and the culm pigmentation. this evidence showed that these two species are distinct. although by principal components analysis of the morphological data g. rostrata was well separated from the swarm of species composed of g. hasskarliana, g. nigrociliata and g. wrayi, all of these were clustered together on the dendrogram. on the dendrogram from the inflorescence data, the latter three species were intermingled, but g. rostrata was not linked so clearly. g. rostrata and g. hasskarliana are very similar in some features of general morphology and inflorescence characters but they are both different in some other characters such as leaf sheath auricle and dark brown hairs on their lemma. based on the similarity of leaf sheath auricle, spikelet charac288 reinwardtia [vol. 10 ters and hairy leaf, g. rostrata is similar to g. nigrociliata. this view disagrees with the evidence of the other morphological observations which showed that g. rostrata was closer first to g. hasskarliana and then to g. nigrociliata. holttum (1958) did not find any g. nigrociliata in the malay peninsula, so he indicated the similarity of g. rostrata (which was referred to as g. maxima var. minor) to g. hasskarliana. on anatomy and inflorescence, g. hasskarliana was very distinct from g. nigrociliata due to the hairiness of the lower leaf surface, papillae, epidermis files, number of vascular bundles on adaxial side, leaf sheath auricle and hairiness of lemmas. g. scortechinii formed a discrete cluster; it was placed near to but distinct from the species discussed above. morphologically it can be distinguished by many characters. when g. apus was studied by each method it proved to be a very distinct species. it showed some affinity to g. hasskarliana on inflorescence characters and anatomy but not in electrophoresis, morphology or chromatography. this similarity is due to their both having magenta coloured anthers, narrowly ovate spikelet, non-dark brown hair on lemma, auricle of culm sheath, leaf sheath auricle, glabrous leaf, number of fusoid cells and number of minor vascular bundles. the similarity in anther colour, widely ovate spikelets, and long bristles on the culm sheath ligule suggested that g. levis was close to g. holttumiana. in fact, they are different because g. levis does not have lodicules, but has a notched palea, slightly hairy spikelet, hairy leaf on the lower surface, waxy culm and rounded culm sheath auricle, whereas g. holttumiana has lodicule, pointed palea, glabrous spikelets and leaf, no wax on culm, and rim-like culm sheath auricle. by chromatography, g. levis was close to g. hasskarliana due to their having spots 6, 10 and 11 in common, but other studies did not support a close relationship. after some species were taken away, g. levis appeared close to g. robusta on inflorescence and also fairly close on morphology. in anatomy, however, g. levis was very distinct from the other species. g. latifolia, which clustered closely with g. manggong and g. pruriens on the basis of general morphology, was close to g. ligulata on inflorescence characters. both species have yellow anthers and widely ovate spikelets which might place them closely together. this view supports holttum's work on bamboo of the malay peninsula (1958). g. latifolia is very distinct from g. manggong in several characters such as the number of spikelets (2 for g. latifolia and 3 for g. manggong), anther colour (yellow in g. latifolia and maroon to dark magenta in g. manggong) and culm sheath ligule (more than 10 mm in g. latifolia but less than 5 mm in g. manggong). in the morphological observations g. latifolia is close to g. manggong due to their having erect and deltoid blades so that the junction line between sheath and blade becomes inconspicuous. 1987] widjaja & lester : gigantockloa experimental taxonomy 289 g. pruriens was linked to g. achmadii on the morphology, but this, species was linked to g. ligulata and then to g. latifolia on the inflorescence study. on morphology, the similarity of g. achmadii and g. pruriens was very high, which was based mainly on spikelet, culm sheath and leaf sheath characters. however, in the inflorescence study these two species were very distinct and g. pruriens was slightly closer to g. ligulata and g. latifolia, rather than to g. achmadii, due to palea apex differences. the inflorescence characters put g. pruriens close together with g. ligulata and g. latifolia. on anatomy, g. pruriens has a hairy leaf lower surface as does g. scortechinii, and also papillae patterns surrounding the stoma. because of this evidence, it appears that these two species are close to one another; but they would not be close on morphology due to their having different morphological characters such as waxiness of culm, hairiness of the culm, culm sheath, leaf sheath and spikelet characters. numerical taxonomy of morphological, anatomical as well as chemotaxonomic characters proved the integrity of most species and also showed the distinctness of some species (g. pseudoarundinacea, g. apus, g. scortechinii, g. ligulata, g. rostrata, g. levis and g. wrayi). this study showed affinities within complex groups such as g. atter and g. atroviolacea; g. manggong, g. latifolia, g. pruriens and g. achmadii; and g. rostrata, g. hasskarliana and g. nigrociliata. acknowledgement this paper forms part of a dissertation for ph. d. degree submitted by one of us (eaw) to the university of birmingham in 1984. we would like to thank prof. j.g. hawkes and prof. j.a. callow, the previous and present head of the department of plant biology, university of birmingham respectively, for the research facilities in the department. dr. s. sastrapradja, the director of the national biological institute in bogor also provided research facilities and the keepers of the herbaria at bogor, kew, leiden, singapore, calcutta, dehra dun, british museum and kepong loaned the materials used in this study; to them we are very gratefull. this study was completed during the tenure of a scholarship to one of us (eaw) from the british counsil (the colombo plan technical assistance cooperation scheme), to which an acknowledgement is gratefully made. references backer, c.a. 1928. handboek voorde flora van java 2 : 273-277. davis, b.j. 1964. disc electrophoresis ii. method and application to human proteins. in ann. new york acad. sci. 121 : 404-442. 290 reinwardtia [vol. 10 harbone, j.b. & williams, c.a. 1976. in biochemical systematics and ecology 4 : 267 holttum, r.e. 1958. the bamboos of the malay peninsula, in gard. bull. sing. 16 : 104-401. monod d e froideville, ch. 1968. poaceae. in backer, c.a. & bakhuizen v.d. brink jr., r.c. flora of java. 3 : 634-637. wldjaja, e.a. 1984. gigantochloa (bambusoideae, poaceae) in malesia. ph.d. thesis, department of plant biology, university of birmingham, birmingham, england. wldjaja, e.a. 1987. a revision of malesian gigantockloa (poaceae — bambusoideae) in reinwardtia 10 (3) : 291 — 380. wbhart, d. 1982. clustan 2.1. supplement. program library unit. university of edinburgh, edinburgh, england. 10(3) 273-1750-2-pb binder cover-100_page_011 two new species of freycinetia reinwardtia vol 12, part 5, pp: 441– 442 441 a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from jambi, sumatra, indonesia received december 7, 2008; accepted december 16, 2008. elizabeth a. widjaja herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research centre for biology – lipi, jl. raya bogor jakarta km. 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. email. ewidjaja@indo.net.id nursahara pasaribu post graduate school, bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia; biology department, faculty of life science and mathematics, university of north sumatra, medan, indonesia (permanent address) arief hidayat herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research centre for biology – lipi, jl. raya bogor jakarta km. 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. abstract widjaja, e.a., pasaribu, n., hidayat, a. 2009. a new species freycinetia (pandanaceae) from jambi, sumatra, indonesia. reinwardtia 12 (5): 441–442. — freycinetia berbakensis widjaja, pasaribu & hidayat is proposed as a new species. keywords: jambi, freycinetia, pandanaceae abstrak widjaja, e.a., pasaribu, n., hidayat, a. 2009. sebuah jenis baru freycinetia (pandanaceae) dari jambi, sumatera, indonesia. reinwardtia 12 (5):441–442. — freycinetia berbakensis widjaja, pasaribu & hidayat diusulkan sebagai jenis baru. kata kunci: jambi, freycinetia, pandanaceae introduction stone (1970) recorded 10 species of climbing pandans, freycinetia gaudich. (pandanaceae) for sumatra, but none from the jambi province. it is well known that the species rich island of sumatra is very much under collected and this is another example. subsequently, widjaja & hidayat (2007) reported that 8 species occurred in the berbak nature reserve, jambi, based on specimens kept in bo, l, and sing. one of these could not be matched with any known species, and is here described as new. freycinetia berbakensis widjaja, pasaribu & hidayat, spec. nov. — fig. 1. freycinetia confusa auriculis gracillissimis apice parum rotundato contracto dense fimbriato basin versus gradtim minus spinoso, pedicellis intus distaliter scabris angulis glabris, stigmatis 2 vel 3 (–7) differt.— type. jambi, berbak national park, elizabeth a. widjaja eaw 7629 (holotype –bo, isotype –k, l). climber, climbing up to 7 meter high, internodes 5–7 mm long, 2–5 mm in diameter. leaves tristichous, not very closely crowded, narrowly linear, 14–30 x 0.2–4 mm, chartaceous, basal leaves amplexicaul, margin entire, apex attenuate, minutely serrate, sometimes revolute when dry, longitudinal veins invisible on the adaxial and prominent on the abaxial surface. auricle persistent, very slender, ca. 22 x 2 mm, apex tapered to slightly rounded, densely fimbriate at apex and gradually less spinose toward the base, horizontal septa absent. inflorescences terminal, peduncle terete, 18–23 x 2–3 mm in diameter, pedicels quadrangular, 14–15 x 1–2 mm, pedicels inside distally scabrous, glabrous along the angles, brown, bracts 7 or 8, dark green purplish. syncarp 1 (or 2), 10–32 x 5–7 mm in diameter, orange when mature and dark green when young, berry 1–2 mm in diam., pentagonal, stigmas 2 or 3 (–7). distribution. sumatra, jambi, berbak national park, only known from the type. habitat. swampy area, 50 m above sea level. notes. this species differs from f. confusa by the very slender auricle, apex slightly rounded and reinwardtia [vol.12 442 tapering, densely fimbriate and gradually less spinose toward the base, its innersides pedicels scabrous at apex, glabrous along the angle, and the number of stigma 2–3 (7). specimens examined. jambi: berbak national park, elizabeth a. widjaja eaw 7629 (bo, k, l), 8072 (bo, l), arief hidayat ah 987 (bo). b d a c fig. 1. freycinetia berbakensis widjaja, pasaribu & hidayat. (a. leaf, b. syncarp, c. auricle of leaf sheath, d. stigma). acknowledgements we would like to thank to the keepers of the bo, l, sing herbaria for the opportunity to use their specimens for this study. the first author is grateful to the director of the singapore botanical garden, for funding her 3 weeks stay in singapore in 2005 for a study of enicosanthum becc. (annonaceae), during which study there was also an opportunity to study freycinetia. the heads of the berbak national park, bukit dua belas national park, bukit sari botanical gardens and their staffs, are appreciated for all their helps during the field work. we would like to thank anne kusumawaty who make the illustration of this new species. we would like also to thank to dr. mien a. rifai and dr. j. f. veldkamp (l) for kindly reviewing the first draft of this paper and for helping with the latin description. references stone, b.c. 1970. materials for a monograph of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae) v. singapore, malaya and thailand. gard. bull. sing. 25 (2): 187 – 207. widjaja, e.a. & hidayat, a. 2007. the pandanaceae of jambi province, sumatra, indonesia. seventh intern. fl. males. symp. :64. flora malesiana symposium vii, leiden. post graduate school, bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia; biology department, faculty of life science and mathematics, university of north sumatra, medan, indonesia (permanent address) abstrak introduction acknowledgements i, prof. dr. a.j.g.h. kostermans r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, part 1, pp. 9 — 20 (1982) kostermans seventy-five m. jacobs rijksherbarium, leiden, the netherlands on 1 july 1981 'doc', as he is widely known, has reached the age of 75. ten months earlier he returned from ceylon to bogor, his health restored, largely by his own efforts. life brought him fame as well as frowns, of fortune and of people. on his part, he brought much to life. a biographical sketch in the customary sense cannot be attempted here: it would require an amount of documentation hard to obtain, harder to sift and check. basic facts can be found in literature *, in addition, he gave me a number of interviews about his life. this happened in the first half of 1978; the text was taped, and later transcribed by me. the 5 tapes and the text will be deposited in the rijksherbarium files. the story in them has all the charm of spontaneity. on it, the present account has been based. i made efforts to strengthen the factual basis, but on several points am not sure that i succeeded. we met for the first time about may 1955, when he returned from a tour in borneo, and i had just taken up duties as a young plant taxonomist at the herbarium bogoriense. we made some joint excursions but never an expedition together; however, at bogor and later at leiden i saw much of him, and we both attended the dipterocarp round tables at paris and kepong. we had much fun together. he is a man of unexpected turns. i liked the quickness of his mind, his casual mockery, and the great ideals which shine through his deeds, if you observe him over the years. professor c.g.g.j. van steenis thought long and hard before he would acknowledge kostermans as the largest collector of rain forest * for elementary biographical facts and collecting tours in indonesia, see flora malesiana i 1: 298-289 (1950), i .5: 59-60, portr. (1958), i 8: 57 (1974). in flora malesiana bulletin, so far 105 publications by him have been listed. his name is there mentioned 77 times, with important items on pages 43, 470, 550, 623, 802, 877, 884, 976, 1116, 1248, 1396, 1516, 1773, 1883, 2150, 2312, 2339, 2756, 2759, 2976. the account of the unesco symposium at tjiawi, too, gives a number of biographical facts, p. 162-163 (1961). 9 1 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 trees in indonesia. in the opinion of professor c. kalkman, two page of typescript would be enough for the present paper. but the drafi had already been completed by then, and still, in my view, achievements far outshine shortcomings. so here is the story. andre joseph guillaume henri kostermans was born in poerworedjo (now spelt purworejo) in central java, on 1 july 1906. his parents were by his own account, unremarkable people. his father was a teacher at a 'dutch-native' primary school, subsequently in wonosobo, ngawi, and yogyakarta, all in central java. there were two children; his younger brother, d.g.f.r. kostermans, became a chemist, first in indonesia, and now lives at the hague. he grew up rather lonely, the father taught all the time to support his family. a love for insects and minerals came spontaneously, and in the garden he collected butterflies, but he did not receive real stimulation before secondary school at bandung, where he had an excellent teacher of biology. as a boy he fell from a tree and broke his nose; to this event it owes its characteristic, hook-like shape. after about 1 or 1 1/2 years at the bandung school (hbs in dutch) he had to leave for holland, as the father had completed his years of service and at 45 went on retirement. the family moved to maastricht in the very south of the netherlands, whence his mother came. french was frequently spoken in those quarters, and he learnt the language quickly. he also perfected dutch; from the beginning, he had been more familiar with javanese and malay. here, too, was an inspiring teacher of biology. he three times received the prize for being the best pupil of the class ... and about 18 disciplines were taught for the final exam, in those days. having passed with high marks, he could opt for an interest-free loan to finance a study, and chose biology, at utrecht. he went there in 1925 and, like h.j. lam before, was fascinated by h.f. nierstrasz, professor of zoology, whom he reports to have said: "in science, you may deceive everyone except yourself." he wanted to join the student's corporation and had his head shaven as required, but could not persevere for lack of money. initially, he felt attracted to animals rather than plants, and for a time was assistant to h.j. jordan, the professor of zoophysiology. however, as financial prospects looked better for botanists, he turned to a.a. pulle for guidance, and still recollected that pulle sent him to the basement of the utrecht herbarium and to select himself a family to work up for the flora of surinam. he came up with the lauraceae; 1982] jacobs: kostermans seventy-five 11 for his thesis, the malpighiaceae and hernandiaceae were added. he took his ph.d. degree on 20 january 1936. to make ends meet, he was already teaching in secondary schools and this he continued for the next two years, mainly at maastricht and amsterdam. in 1938, he was awarded the buitenzorg fund, so he went back to indonesia and at batavia (now jakarta) found himself a job as a teacher. for the buitenzorg fund, he undertook collecting beach plants on the islets in jakarta bay and nusa kambangan. this first harvest was not particularly good; the displeasure felt at the bogor herbarium has been recorded for posterity in flora malesiana i 1: 299. personally, he was none too fortunate, either; he lost his job and had a difficult time. during it, he made a card file of lauraceae names; this was the beginning of his big bibliography of this family, so dr. van steenis told me. world war ii, which in java began with the japanese invasion early in 1942, changed his life. he was called once again into military service *, helped defend the small airfield of semplak, west of bogor, and told me that from an ambush he killed a handful of japanese soldiers on bicycles, with a hand grenade. he withdrew to bandung, and was there made a prisoner of war. like his fellows he began to suffer from bad conditions, but learnt some japanese and kept on the lookout for opportunities. he was transported to singapore, there in an abandoned chinese shop discovered a lined coffin, which he used as his bed for a month. when food became scanty and bad, he even learnt to prepare and eat the snail achatina fulica. hedges by then were stripped of their leaves by the prisoners. he was lucky in being assigned to the advance party for construction of the infamous burma railway. he was marched along the kwae noi river, to the three pagodas pass. from leaves of psidium guajava (myrtaceae) he brewed 'tea for diarrhoea' which helped many prisoners to get better. he always made enquiries about local medicinal plants, went to volunteer in a camp where cholera had broken out, and thus gradually penetrated the medical sector. he told me a number of horror stories, with cheerful equanimity. during the last year of the war, when he was a nurse in the large camp at nakon patong near bangkok, he set up a distillery for alcohol. mrs. j.c. kostermans lanzing at the hague kindly gave me several old photographs of her brother-in-law, which are now in the rijksherbarium file. on one of them, andre wears military uniform; it is dated august 1924. 1 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 for the soldering of the pipes, he told me, hc1 was used which was taken from the stomachs of just-deceased prisoners. he developed a recipe for a kind of soup from leaves of various plants rich in vitamins. after the war, general spoor sent him a personal letter in acknowledgement of such services. while busy along the railway he noticed interesting plants, and as after the liberation there was not much to do at bangkok, he made a plan to go back for collecting. he approached e.d. merrill for funds, successfully; s. bloembergen, also freed from captivity, tried dutch sources for the same, and they did some work together. bloembergen left before long, however, and kostermans went on alone, assisted by a crew of japanese who now in turn were pow. the railway to burma had been completed but soon fell into disuse. certain stretches could be used, however, he had an engine at his disposal and on this, so to speak, rode into botanical history. when passages looked risky — some beams of bridges began to sprout already — the engine was sent across first, followed by kostermans and his crew running at a distance. the japanese gave good help, and the sergeant even offered to come over to java to serve him as a valet. it demonstrates kostermans's lack of hard feelings. back in java, at last, with his collections of about 2000 numbers from the kwae noi, he saw f.h. endert again, who was a prominent member of a long-standing committee in the forestry service, for the study of useful plants, and was commissioned to prepare a new edition of k. heyne's book. endert sent him to thailand and indo-china to collect useful plants for introduction into indonesia. he went and came back with a seedless mango which he had spotted during captivity, and with 'floating rice' which can grow on long-inundated land. once l.g.m. baas becking, then director of the bogor gardens, asked him why he mixed with all those natives. he replied that as to him it was evident that the dutch would never be able to hold the country, he could as well make friends with the people. in the course of 1947, he was appointed forest botanist, in the forestry service, and his next destination was momi-ransiki in western new guinea, to survey an area which was singled out for transmigration — mistakenly, as it turned out. a substantial report, bosonderzoek kolonisatie object momi-ransiki/nieuw guinea, 2 vol. (1948), was published, anonymously for bureaucratic reasons, but the text on vegetation is nearly all his; the calculations were made by p. tideman. this 1982] jacobs: kostermans seventy-five 13 field work done, he had a month to spare before the ship would be back to pick him up. he had some food left, and decided to explore the arfak mountains. his two javanese assistants, who did not want to come with him, were stationed on the beach to dry the plants, in ovens manufactured from discarded oil drums. so with a few papuans he went up the arfak, 2000 m. instead of drying paper, which he did not have, they took big leaves of a macaranga species (euphorbiaceae) and these served to keep the plants fresh as they were carried down to the ovens, in makeshift bamboo presses or 'sasak'. on hearing that the famous 'massoi' tree might occur in the namtu mountains, further south, he went there, barefoot. he took to eating grubs, and small birds which were roasted quickly and consumed halfraw; the feathers were spat out. he found the tree, cryptocarya aromatica (lauraceae) at 800 m, fully fertile. the bark is medicinally important, and plantations are now said to exist in papua new guinea. when he returned to the coast, his javanese had dutifully dried c. 3000 plants, but the party had to wait another fortnight until the boat came. meanwhile they survived on leaves, lizards, ants, &c.; there was no habitation whatever. (see w. vink, nova guinea 10, bot.: 488 489. 1965; according to him, kostermans was accompanied by at least one european assistant.) now that he had mastered field work under such conditions, and loving it, he looked for more, and found it with the division of planning ('planologie') in the forestry service. for many years, this agency had commercial 'strip-surveys' made of forest lands. tracks 10 m wide, projected in straight lines with the aid of a compass, and stretching for kilometres, were inventorized with the help of knowledgeable natives ('boomkenner'), who identified the trees on the spot by vernacular names. using lists of tree names, in which the vernacular names were referred to scientific ones, the results could be mapped and tabulated. kostermans was to conduct botanical checks in the field, and to collect herbarium material as proof. according to the tradition set by endert, it was considered sufficient in most cases to bring back sterile material, for which endert had devised keys. kostermans, characteristically, did different things than were expected of him. in the first place, he became devastatingly critical of the quality of the work done — if it had been actually done at all — in the strip surveys he examined. second, he made large collections of fertile material, also from beside the strips, where he was not supposed to look. only much later, in 14 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol, 10 holland, he told me, did his superior, j.f. kools, then professor at wageningen, acknowledged that he had been right. his tours have been listed in flora malesiana, as said. worth mentioning is a trip to the malili area in central celebes, in 1950. the entire collection was lost in a fire owing to riots in makassar (now ujung pandang) ; what he saved was a toraja child that had been brought to him almost dead. he restored it to life with quinine shots, took it with him for the rest of the tour, but when time for departure came it did not want to be left behind. what to do? one of the field assistants from bogor offered to take the boy in his own house if kostermans would pay dfl. 25 a month for expenses, and so it happened. before long, in borneo, he likewise took up a small boy who was sick with polio and had been abandoned by its own people. through swimming exercises, in the bogor pool, he invalidated it. when he bought the spacious house at jl. pangrango 20 in bogor, with its magnificent view on the botanical garden and mount salak, he took the children in. other boys soon followed, often bright ones recommended by their school teachers who sensed that in this manner their ambition would be activated. mostly there were between six and twelve at a time; he gave them a good education, often secured fellowships for them, and many of them did very well at school and in later life. however, one of them was unruly, stole money, and another went after him; this ended in the latter killing the former with a knife. it turned out that also a handgun, forgotten by a policeman, also a former foster child, was kept in the kostermans house, and for this he was arrested; he was also needed as a witness in the murder case. this happened in mid-1969. for three months he was kept in custody in jakarta, under atrocious conditions. after much publicity, nationally and internationally, things improved for him and he was interned at bogor under much better conditions, which also permitted him to work, and thus complete the sentence he had to serve of 6 1/2 months. the preparations for a guest professorship in aarhus, denmark, also kept him busy; he went there as soon as he was free, on 1 march 1970. these visiting professorships (also at lexington, kentucky, usa in 1967, and in zurich, switzerland, in 1973), and his time at leiden as a b.a. krukoff botanist (1974 -1978) provided him with much-needed income for the upkeep of his foster family, for which his indonesian salary was insufficient, although he supplemented it with temporary professorships at bandung institute of technology from about 1961 1982] jacobs: kostermans seventy-five 15 onwards. he never had anything for himself but a bicycle, and already in the japanese camps it was his habit to share things with those who had less. after his detention in jakarta, two fellow-prisoners when they too were free again, came to bogor to thank him for what he had given them. in january 1960 he became head of the division of botany in the forestry service, at bogor, and of its modest herbarium. his association with the (much larger) herbarium bogoriense, where nearly all the scientific work had to be done anyway, was never official, and he preferred it that way. without infringing on anybody's position, he could work and advise freely, and this is what he did through the years, especially after m.a. donk left as director of the herbarium in 1954. his close cooperation with the new director a. dilmy, who led the herbarium from 1955 till 1969, is a success story of early 'counterpartship', although in dilmy's obituary in fl. males. bull. (33) 3363 3365 (1980) this is unmentioned. witness to it is beilschmiedia dilmyana (lauraceae), reinwardtia 4: 23, fig. 15 (1956), which kostermans named in dilmy's honour when the latter had succeeded in obtaining new roofing for the herbarium. another benefit of his vantage point in the forestry service was, that this had more funds, to make field work possible and to finance publications for the good of both institutions alike. from his officially modest position, kostermans played a crucial role in four crucial achievements; these will now briefly be discussed. 1. collecting in the lowland rain forests of indonesia. with a roughly estimated 25,000 numbers in his name (plus an amount collected in joint series with others, like kkss, for kostermans, kuswata, soegeng, & soepadmo), of which the majority were taken in kalimantan, the indonesian part of borneo, kostermans is the largest single collector in the lowland rain forests of indonesia. it is the most difficult vegetation type to work in, the most valuable, and the least known. unlike many botanists in the forestry service before him, he never took sterile material. his collections are of high quality (after the ominous beginnings), in many duplicates, well-labelled, and always were speedily distributed. we might wish that he took photographs, and made extensive tour reports of the enormously diverse forests where he went, in the way l.j. brass did in new guinea. however, in that case he would have collected perhaps half of what he took now, and in view of the low 16 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 density of collecting in the lowland rain forests, there is no doubt that by confining himself to gathering specimens, he did the right thing under the circumstances. some of his observations and remarks on forest types can be found in the unesco symposia on humid tropics vegetation: kandy in 1956, tjiawi in 1958, goroka in 1960, kuching in 1962, of which the proceedings were published in subsequent years. he would not have come the long way he did without his amazing toughness. in thailand as a pow he contracted gangrene; he recovered. in new guinea he fell into a thin freshly cut branch which pierced his arm, but in a couple of days he was again at work. in borneo, while roaming alone through the forest with his field glasses to select trees for the next day, he fell between rocks in a gully and broke his arm with the bone sticking out. he was found the following morning and transported in such pain that he nearly fainted, until a hospital was reached on the fourth day. shortly after being operated on, his arm still in a cast, he felt better and escaped from the hospital, furtively, and returned to the site, where he had ordered his men to keep working. 2. new generation of indonesian biologists. in 1954, when things in indonesia were going downhill, there was no view on attracting indonesian staff to the institutes of the bogor botanic gardens (then kebun raya indonesia, now lembaga biologi nasional; the herbarium is one of those institutes), to replace the old hands (mostly dutch) who were gradually leaving. kostermans helped design a plan for an 'akademi biologi', which was to be manned by the available kebun raya staff. pupils were given free board and teaching; in those bad times, this provided a great attraction and about 900 applications came in, from which the very best were selected. kostermans was among the kebun raya people who gave themselves great pains to educate these students; this too is a fine example of early multiple collaboration. he pushed hard for botany, of course, exposing his students to the hardships of field work (even if their tears had to be shed), all the way to processing and distributing the material; they surely learnt to make their hands dirty on the friday afternoons reserved for that. four times a class was enrolled at the akademi biologi; most of the indonesians who now hold positions in lbn were educated there. many students were given further training in taxonomy by kostermans personally; thereafter he would make efforts to get them a fellowship for a ph.d. abroad. 3. new herbarium building. in president sukarno's early days, the two occasionally met and chatted during walks in the botanic 1982] jacobs: kostermans seveilty-five 17 garden, next to the palace grounds. kostermans, always a ready talker, did not forget to mention the dilapidated state of the buildings where the archives of the country's plant resource were kept. he also spoke extensively about it to professor sarwono, then chairman of the indonesian council of sciences (lipi), and indeed enough support materialized to decide upon a new herbarium building. kostermans was unexpectedly requested to supply construction drawings the next day; after a long night of work, he and a few pupils succeeded in producing them in time. after ramshackle accommodation was found to store the collections during the construction, the old buildings were demolished (of the main one, see photograph in fl. males, i 4: cxiv. 1949). president sukarno opened the new construction site. all went well at first, until after sukarno's fall from power, the work slowed down and came to a standstill. funds were also exhausted, the economy was at low ebb, and even professor sarwono seemed unable to get construction resumed. in despair kostermans accompanied by soegeng reksodihardjo and mien rifai went to jakarta to see general piet harjono. unannounced, they came to his house at 7 a.m., to plead the cause of the herbarium. the general was impressed, sent aides to view the situation in bogor, and one month later, kostermans was called to jakarta because rp. 30 million would be made available. kostermans went there, and during an animated conversation, told the general about his work and his foster boys. suddenly general piet said: "i wonder, wouldn't rp. 40 million be better ?" kostermans thereupon flung himself onto the general in a spontaneous embrace, and promised that he would see to it that not one bag of cement would be stolen. this was late in 1968. sure enough, one night he was waked up by one of the boys who was on patrol: cement was being loaded on a truck with policemen passively standing by. he went immediately, and resolutely demanded unloading, white of hair and fury in the dark, a plain show of strength, and kostermans won. on 1 april 1970, the new building was officially used. flora malesiana bulletin 25 carries its picture on the cover. on the ground floor, on the bibliotheca side, a relief is worth seeing, presented by the archipel printer djulie, where reinwardtia and other scientific journals are printed. a truly indonesian landscape is populated with remarkable plants, but also with people and animals who have the features of staff members. a monkey up in the tree on the left bears a human face with kostermans's profile. 18 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 he obviously could never have done this without being an indonesian citizen. when in 1958 the dutch were expelled from the country, he was actually given the choice by his director, e. soesilo: leave as a dutchman or stay as an indonesian. the choice was an easy one for him, and he never had any regrets. he had to take an exam in language and history, thereafter was called back by cable from field work in sumbawa, for the ceremony. he hurried back, only to learn that his presence was not necessary, and that as a consequence of bis decision he had to give up over dfl. 10,000. he took it cheerfully, and threw a big party for his friends. from four of them, he took a new first name: ahmad jahja goh hartono, only his surname was unchanged with the final s (never pronounced in indonesian) was retained. this was in 1962. 4. keeping taxonomy going at bogor. the herbarium's journal reinwardtia was established in 1950; by 1974 it had gone through 8 volumes with a total of 4200 pages (the indexes not reckoned). kostermans is the largest single contributor to these volumes, with 45 papers totalling about 1100 pages; for many of them he raised the funds himself. the 105 papers listed in the flora malesiana bulletin constitute by no means his entire production; there are others, mostly dealing with lauraceae, on africa-madagascar, and on tropical america. papers by his pupils k. kartawinata, b. prijanto, s. reksodihardjo, roekrnowaiihartono, s. soenarko, e. soepadmo, and n. wirawan, were published in reinwardtia volumes 5 (1959) through 9 (1980). his best-known family is, of course, lauraceae, on which he produced three comprehensive, fundamental publications: a historical survey of lauraceae, j. sc. res. indon. 1: 88-159 (1952) ; lauraceae, reinwardtia 4: 193-256 (1957), a discussion of all genera: bihliographia. lauracaerum, xvi -f1450 p. (1964) *. he produced monographs of several genera as well as many revisions in local floras, and many papers with taxonomic suggestions., alterations, descriptions of new species and discoveries of old types, and in many herbaria named innumerable specimens. he confined himself to tree families, and did considerable work in bombacaceae (monograph of durio, reinwardtia 4: 357-460. 1958, see also 7: 215), in guttiferae and meliaceae (monograph of aglaia sect. lansium, reinwardtia 7: 221-282. 1966), mimosaceae (revision of abacritically reviewed by c.g.g.j van steenis in fmbull. (is) 1157 (1864). the a u t h o r ' s interleaved, annotated personal copy got lost in the mail between leiden and sri lanka in 1978, but a xerox of it survives at leiden. 1982] jacobs: kostermans seventy-five 19 rema e.a., org. sc. res. indon. bull. 20, 122 p. 1954), rosaceae (revision of parinari reinwardtia 7: 147-213. 1965), sterculiaceae (monographs of firmiana, reinwardtia 4: 281-310. 1957, and heritiera, ditto 465-583. 1959), and tiliaceae. much of this work was done at the herbarium bogoriense, and there prepared for the press. loans were sometimes received there and if not granted, the data had to be amplified with visits to herbaria, during several journeys. also, he often takes in hand two or three families at a time. as a consequence, the work is uneven in scope and perfection, and in the flora malesiana bulletin received many a rap from c.g.g.j. van steenis (see pages 946, 1326, 1663, 1962, 2112). he on his part did not always spare others, either (e.g. p.s. ashton, in meded. landbouwhogeseh. wagen. 19: 207-219. 1980). when questioned about his lack of reverence for taxonomic rectitude, so prevalent at leiden, he answers disarmingly: "i find people more important than business." i think indeed that the sustained consistency in methodology required to deal with a big family does not precisely tally with his mental make-up. "switching from one family to another enables me to come back fresh", he declares, "and to maintain pleasure". he does not shun the long taxonomic drudgery, but it is so incompatible with his spontaneity, and with his inexhaustible ingenuity to improvise under adverse conditions. his contribution remains very great all the same, but whether his taxonomy will last — even in the lauraceae, where limits between several genera are still doubtful — remains to be seen. as a b.a. krukoff botanist at leiden, he found it hard to digest the very large, exceedingly difficult genus cinnamomum as he was supposed to do all the time. as the task was so much bigger, too, than anyone (including myself, who had intended to assist him) had anticipated, hope for a flora malesiana revision did not materialize. he must be credited, however, with taking up the most difficult parts of the job first, which besides cinnamomum was the sorting out of cryptocarya and litsea, and this in turn required huge amounts of rearrangement among the specimens. homesick for the forest, he was glad to spend his holidays on a stint of field work in south india, together with c.e. ridsdale (report in fl. males. bull. 30: 2759-2766. 1977), and felt it as a relief when he moved to sri lanka to work at peradeniya university with time for large-scale collecting. altogether, he took over 6000 numbers in ceylon, and now claims to he the largest single collector in that island as well. he there also succeeded, after long efforts on the part of medical men, to cure himself of a nasty amoebic dysentery; the recipe is at leiden 20 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 three genera were named after him: kosiermansia, soegeng (bombacaceae), kostermansinda rifai (hyphomycetes), kostermanthus prance (rosaceae-chrysobalanoideae), and dozens of species. refreshingly indifferent to (reputations, for himself and for others, everything to him seems natural. he takes people as they are ("in rome, do as the romans do"), and is careful never to expect too much of anyone. he is always keen on new people, new species, new adventures, yet unshakably dedicated, in his love for botany and for indonesia which he never mentions. across differences in life style and character, by example only, he opened my eyes to what it might mean to be a botanist in indonesia, and for these lessons i feel to him immensely grateful. 10(1) 250 binder cover-100_page_007 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogw vol. 10, part 2, pp. 123 — 125 (1985) two new chrysobalanaceae of eastern new guinea a. j. g. h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor, indonesia abstract hunga fusivarpa kosterm. and pavinari prancei kosterm., from milne bay distr., papua-new guinea are decribed as new species. abstrak hunga fusicarpa kosterm. dan parinari prancei kosterm., dari daerah milne bay di papua nugini dipertelakan sebagai jenis baru. hunga fusicarpa kosterm., spec. nov. arbor mediocris ramulis gracilibus griseis nitidis subglabris, stipulis ignotis, foliis rigide chartaceis glabris oblongis vel ellipticis obscure breve acuminatis basi cuneatis in petiolum brevissimum decurrentibus, utrinque nitidis supra dense reticulatis nervo mediano prominentibus subtus laxe reticulatis, inflorescentiis axillaribus et terminalibus, dense minutissime hirtellis paucifloris multibracte atis, tubus infundibuliformbus, tepalibus anguste subtriangularibus explanatis, filamentis brevis basin versus in annulum connatis, fructus fusiformis breve adpresse acuminatis basi elegantissime obconicis, intus dense lanug-inosis, uni semen unicum. typus: buderus ngf 24059 (l). tree 7 m tall, bole 5 m, diam. 10 cm. bark brown, smooth, inner bark red. wood straw, hard. branchlets slender, grey, glossy, young shoots apically with a lax indumentum of microscopic, thin hairs. stipules not seen. leaves stiffly chartaceous to sub-coriaceous, glabrous, both sides glossy, oblong to elliptic, 2 x 5 — 4.5 x 10 cm, rather obscurely shortly acuminate, base cuneate, decurrent into the ca 3 mm long (concave above) petiole, above midrib strongly prominent, densely reticulate, below much less densely reticulate, the ca 7 pairs of erectpatent lateral nerves faint. inflorescences axillary and terminal, fewflowered, slender, up to 3 cm long, densely, minutely hirtellous, bracts numerous persistent. pedicel 2—3 mm, obconical, merging into the trumpet like tube; lobes narrowly triangular, 1.5 mm long. free part of stamens 0.5—0.75 mm long, the bases connate into a thin, ca 1 mm high tube. — 123 — 12 1 reinwardtia [ v o l . 1 0 fruit spindle shaped, up to 15 x 45 mm; top with a 2—3 mm high, laterally flattened acumen, base with a slender, circa 1 cm long, obconical neck. exocarp thin fleshy: endocarp hard, horney, marbled, inside with a thick layer of woolly reddish hairs. cells one, seed flat, biconvex, ruminate. distribution: coastal forest. morobe distr., ferguson isl., milne bay distr. flower characters are described after remnants below the fruit. papua-new guinea: milne bay distr., ferguson isl., selomo, oct. xi., fr., ngf 2405!) (a, br1, can.b, k, l); morobe distr., waiu bay. coastal rainforest, aug., fr, ngf 15630 (a, bo, bri, oanb, k, l, sing). parinari prancei kosterm., spec. nov. arbor ramulis dense ferrugineo lanuginosis, foliis rigide subcoriaceis elliptieis magnis brevissime late acuminatis basi obtusis juvelinibus trinque dense minutissime ferrugineo-lanuginosis, adultis supra glabris nitidis nervo mediano et nervis lateralibus subimpressis nervis secundariis parallelis prominulis, subtus areolatis adpresse sublanuginosis, nervo mediano valde prominentibus, costis subpatentibus prorninentibus, venis secundariis conspicuis connectis, petiolis brevis dense lanuginosis, inflorescehtiis axillaribus, subracemiformibus, paucifloris, dense minutissime ferrugineo lanuginosis, tubus cupuliformibua, lobis triangularibus, fructus magnis griseis maculatis exocarpio tenuibus endocarpio durissimis, intus bilocellatis, seminibus unicus. typus: ngf 29951 (l). tree, 25 m high, bole 16 m, diarn. 50 cm. bark pinkish brown, rouerhish but not scaling or flaky except down on one side, wood light reddish brown, fibrous, very hard. braneblets apically with a dense rusty layer of woolly, very thin hairs, intermingled with thicker, stiff, longer hairs. leaves stiffly subcoriaceous, elliptic, 4 x 9 — 12 x 21 cm, shortly broadly apiculate, base obtuse or subtruncate, young leaves both sides with a fine woolly indumentum, adult ones above glabrous, glossy, the slender midrib and slender lateral nerves slightly impressed, secondary nerves parallel, rather obscure, prominulous, below caisson-like areolate, the areoles with a thin layer of matted thin hairs, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves rather patent, arcuate near the margins, ca 15 pairs, connected by conspicuous, slender, prominent, parallel secondary nerves. petioles 10—13 mm long, densely minutely rusty lanuginose. inflorescences axillary, racemiform, up to 3 cm long, minutely, densely sub-lanuginose, pedicel 1.5 mm long, densely sub-adpressed tomentellous. tube cup-shaped or urceolate, 3—4 mm high, 5—6 mm diam., lobes triangular, 1.5 mm long, acutish. fruit heavy, sub-globose, laterally flattened, ca 5.5 cm diam., greyish with tiny paler dots; exocarp fleshy, ca 2 mm thick. endocarp woody, very hard and thick, outside wavily 1986] a. j. g. h. kostermans: two new chrybobalanaccae i2r> deeply fissured, inside with a dense woolly layer of thin brown hairs; cells two, one seed abortive. distribution: lowland area in northern diatr. and milne bay distr. near kokoda. differs from p. nonda by the much larger leaves, the indumentum of the branchlets, the cupular flower tube and the large fruit. named in honour of dr. ghillian t. prance, the expert of chrysobalanaceae. papua-new g u i n e a : milne bay dist., kokoda, alt. 400 m, apr., fl., curr 16409 ( l ) ; northern distr., south of loma, alt. 30 m, lowland damp rainforest, june, fr , ngf 29951 (a, bo, br1, canb, k, l, sing, syd, sing, u s ) . 10(2) 265-1741-2-pb binder cover-100_page_009 a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors soedarsono riswan mien a. rifai elizabeth a. widjaja published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 3, 153 225 25 march 1998 10 i s s n 0 0 3 4 3 6 5 x reinwardtia vol. 11, part 3, pp. 191 193 (1998) additional notes on planchonia brevistipitata kusw. (lecythidaceae) kuswata kartawinata john d. & catherine t. macarthur foundation, chicago, il 60603 & field museum of natural history, chicago, il 60605, usa abstract planchonia brevistipitata kusw. is re-described and barringtonia belagaensis p. ghantaranothai is reduced to a synonym of this species. abstrak planchonia brevistipitata kusw. dipertelakan kembali dan barringtonia belagaensis p. chantaranothai dijadikan sinonim jenis tersebut. planchonia brevistipitata kusw. was based only on a single fruiting collection from northeast kalimantan, indonesia. as more flowering and fruiting specimens are now available, i feel that it is appropriate to redescribe this species. the redescription was based on the specimens investigated at the rijksherbarium leiden, the netherlands. the duplicates of these specimens were deposited in various herbaria, but were not seen. barringtonia belagaensis p. chantaranothai (kew bull.. 50 (4): 695697. 1995) has been reduced to a synonym., as its characters, particularly its fruits, agree with those of p. brevistipitata. numerous seeds contained in each fruit distinguish planchonia from barringtonia, which has one-seeded fruit. i am grateful to dr. dan m. martin, director of world environment and resources program, john d. & catherine t. macarthur foundation for encouraging me to continue research in malesian botany and prof. dr. p. baas, the director of the rijks-herbarium and hortus botanicus, leiden, the netherlands, for allowing me to use the facilities and to study the specimens at the rijksherbarium. 191 192 reinwardtia [vol.11 planchonia brevistipitata kuswata kartawinata bull. bot. surv. india 7: 179. 1965. type: amdjah 256 (bo, holo; l, iso), northeast kalimantan, indonesia. barringlonia belagaensis p. chantaranothai, kew bull. 50(4): 695. 1995. type: othman et al. s43541 (k, holo; a, kep, l, san , iso), sarawak, malaysia. small tree up to 15 m tall, branchlets grayish brown, -5 mm in diam., finely grooved, leaf-scars conspicuous. leaves obovate, elliptic to oblanceolate, papyraceous (4.-)8-25 x (2-)6 cm; base decurrent, margin serrulate, apex acuminate, acumen up to 2 cm long, slender, tip sharp; midrib strongly prominent beneath, prominulous above; lateral nerves (8-) 14-18 pairs, making an angle of ca. 60° with the midrib, prominent on the lower surface, prominulous above, arcuately and faintly anastomosing near the margin; reticulation dense, distinct beneath, faint above; petiole 5-10 mm. raceme (l-)2-5 cm long, 2-3 mm thick, 7-9 flowered, pedicel 2-10 mm long, 1-3 mm thick. calyx tube obconical, 8-10 mm long, base stipitate; lobe ovate, 3-6 x 3-8 mm, apex rounded; rim of disc about 2 mm high. corolla obovate to oblong, 2.5—3.5 x 1—1.7 m, papyraceous, apex rounded, staminal tube 5—10 mm long, stamens 5-8 cm,; anther oblong, 0.5 x 0.8 mm. style up to 7 cm long, stigma capitate. ovary 4-celled, up to 20 ovules per cell. infructescence terminal, rachis up to 5 cm long, sometimes angular. pedicel 3-10 mm long, 1-3 mm thick. fruit globular to ovoid, 2-3 x 1.5-2 cm, crowned with persistent calyx and style (up to 7 cm long), base with 2-3 mm long neck, slightly ribbed, 4-celled, septa thin. seed 4-11 in each cell, ovoid to pyramidal, slightly curved, tetragonous, sides concave, 7—9 x 3— 5 mm; seedcoat coriaceous, silvery brown, about 0.5 mm thick; embryo coiled covered by very thin membrane. ecology. common in riverine forest and streamside on sandy and rocky soils (frequently growing together with dipterocarpus oblongifolius), rheophytic zone and in low undulating terrain. field notes. low-spreading small tree up to 20 m tall, up to 8 cm in diameter, crown up to about 8 m in diameter, old leaves withering red. outer bark smooth to flaky, brownish gray; inner bark up to 2.5 cm thick, pinkish to smooth brown, laminated. sapwood soft, whitish, yellow to yellowish pink. inflorescence, terminal, few to many-flowered, bracts distinct. flowers white to pale green, with numerous stamens to 8 cm long, opening at night, young bud greenish. fruits yellowish green to greenish. specimens examined borneo. sabah, danum valley, st., may, c.e. ridsdale 2039a (l); fl., fr., may, c.e. ridsdale 2049 (l); lahad datu district, sg. danum, fr., aug., p.f. cockburn, san 85108 (l; duplicates at k, kep, klu, san, sar, sin, not seen ); beaufort, northeast of rayoh, fl., fr., june, saikeh l. san 72168 (l; duplicates at a, k, sar, sin not seen); beaufort district, mile 70 railway f. res., rayoh, fl., may, dewol & karim, san 77587 (l, duplicates at k, san, sar, sing not seen); sandakan, tongod, kinabatangan. river bank, fl., fr., nov., w. meijer san 23297 (san, l); tongod, kg. ulu menanam, alt.: 500 ft., fr., dewol s & 1998 ] kuswata k.: addditional notes on planchonia brevistipitata kusw. 193 patrick l. san 89287 (l; d u p l i c a t e s at l, san, sar not seen); t a w a u , mile 27 sepulot, l u a s o n g river b a n k , fr., j u l y , f. krispinus san 89872 (l; duplicates at k, san, sar not seen); t e n o m district, mile 75.33, beaufort tenom rail line, n e a r river p a d a s , fr., j u l y , aban gibot, san 64340 (l; d u p l i c a t e s at k, k e p , san not seen); t e n o m district, l u m a k u f o r e s t reserve, mile 80, pangi, fr., may, francis sadau san 50458 (l; d u p l i c a t e s at k, san not seen). s a r a w a k . b a r a m (iv division), a r o u n d long s e l a t o n g lepo ga', fl., fr., aug., s.c. chin 2887 (l; d u p l i c a t e at k l u not seen); b a r a m district, sungei tutoh, lat. 4 n, long 114 48' e, alt: below 200 ft., fr., feb., chew wee-left cwl. 1071 (l; duplicate at k not seen), ulu sg. belaga, 7 t h division, oct., olhman et al. s. 43451 (l, isotype of b. belagaensis p. c h a n t a r a n o t h a i ; holotypes at k a n d isotypes at a, k e p , san not s e e n ) . x< v > , contents page ratna widuri & peter van welzen. a revision of the genus cephalomappa (euphorbiaceae) in malesia 153 alaka pande & v.g. rao. two new species of sphaerulina from india 185 kuswata kartawinata. additional notes on planckonia brevistipitata kusw. (lecythidaceae) 191 a.j.g.h. kostermans. the burmese cimiamomum (lauracee) 195 rugayah & w.j.j.o. de wllde. new taxa in malesian cucurbitaceae.. 215 the publication of this issue of reinwardtia is assisted by a grant from the faculty of science, osaka city university (japan) to which an acknowledgement is gratefully made. printed by 78 cover depan rein. vol 11, part 3, 153-225_page_20 tmapakbelkng a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(3) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociolog y and ecolog y vol. 12(3): 205-259. 22 desember 2006 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lip1, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 3, pp: 205 – 214 mosses of gunung halimun national park, west java, indonesia benito c. tan department of biological sciences, national university of singapore, singapore 119260 boon-chuan ho department of biological sciences, national university of singapore, singapore 119260 virgilio linis botany division, national museum, p. burgos st., manila, the philippines eka a.p. iskandar cibodas botanical garden, lipi, po box 19, sdl sindanglaya, cianjur 43253, w.java,indonesia ipah nurhasanah balai tnbbs-ditjen phka, jl. ir. h. juanda no. 19, kota agung, tanggamus, lampung, indonesia lia damayanti cibodas botanical garden, lipi, po box 19, sdl sindanglaya, cianjur, 43253, w java, indonesia sri mulyati balai taman nasional gunung halimun -ditjen phka, dephut, jl. raya cipanas, kec. kabandungan, kotak pos 2, parung kuda, sukabumi, 43157, jawa barat, indonesia ida haerida herbarium bogoriense, lipi, jl ir. h. juanda no. 22, bogor, java, indonesia abstract tan, benito c.; ho, boon-chuan; linis, virgilio; iskandar, eka a.p.; nurhasanah, ipah; damayanti, lia; mulyati,sri; haerida, ida. 2006. mosses of gunung halimun national park, west java, indonesia. reinwardtia 12(3): 205–214. –– 150 species of mosses in 74 genera and 25 families are reported for the first time from gunung halimun national park (ghnp) in west java. three mosses are new to the indonesia flora (distichophyllum collenchymatosum, d. malayense and fissidens kinabaluensis), and another four mosses represent new records for java (dicranodontium asperulum, daltonia armata, glossadelphus bilobatus and syrrhopodon semiliber). in additions, seven can be classified as uncommon mosses in the malesian region. this shows that the forests of ghnp deserve a high priority of protection not only for the island of java, but also for indonesia and malesia as well. keywords: gunung halimun national park, java, indonesia, mosses, biodiversity abstrak tan, benito c.; ho, boon-chuan; linis, virgilio; iskandar, eka a.p.; nurhasanah, ipah; damayanti, lia; mulyati,sri; haerida, ida. 2006. lumut dari taman nasional gunung halimun, jawa barat, indonesia. reinwardtia 12(3): 205–214. –– untuk pertama kalinya dilaporkan bahwa terdapat 150 jenis lumut daun yang termasuk ke dalam 74 marga dan 25 suku dari taman nasional gunung halimun di jawa barat. terdapat tiga lumut daun yang tercatat baru untuk flora indonesia (distichophyllum collenchymatosum, d. malayense dan fissidens kinabaluensis), dan empat jenis lainnya untuk jawa (dicranodontium asperulum, daltonia armata, glossadelphus bilobatus dan syrrhopodon semiliber). sebagai tambahan, tujuh jenis lainnya dikategorikan sebagai lumut daun yang tidak umum ditemukan untuk daerah malesia. hal ini menunjukkan bahwa hutan di taman nasional gunung halimun pantas mendapatkan prioritas perlindungan tidak hanya untuk pulau jawa, tapi juga untuk indonesia dan malesia. kata kunci: taman nasional gunung halimun, jawa, indonesia, biodiversitas. 205 206 reinwardtia [vol.12 introduction covering 40,000 hectares, the gunung halimun national park (ghnp) [106°21’ to 106°38’e and 6°37’ to 6°51’s], which was formally established in 1997, is the largest preserved primary forests in west java. the park has a steep and much dissected topology, with the highest peaks reaching 1,929 m (g halimun utara). the rainfall varies between 4,000 and 6,000 annually, with a distinct dry season occurring from may/june to september when the precipitation decreases to around 200 mm per month on average. the average daily temperature is 20°-30° c. the dominant vegetation consists of lowland dipterocarp forest from 500-900(1,000) m, the submontane transition forest from 1,000-1,500 m, and the montane lauraceousericaceous forest at attitudes above 1,500 m (see harada et al. 2003). the diversity of seed plants and pteridophytes are reported to be high consisting of about 1,000 species, but very little is known about the bryophytes of this national park. in 2005, the office of seameo-biotrop in bogor offered a workshop to introduce the biodiversity, ecology and conservation of malesian bryophytes and lichens to selected asean participants, indonesian postgraduate students, and national park staff. a two days (sept 10 and 11, 2005) field trip was organized to visit the montane forest on gn kendeng, and to explore the richness of mosses in the lowland rain forest along the cikaniki-citalahab loop trail between 600 to 1,000 m. a set of moss collections was made, identified, and deposited at the herbarium of biotrop office, bogor herbarium (bo) and sinu herbarium. below we present a summary of our moss survey made for gn halimun. relevant information on local distribution and abundance, elevation range, and substrates are reported for all the species identified, while taxonomic synonymy and comments are provided for selected mosses where necessary. the names of individual collectors of moss specimens are listed for each of the species entries for reference. our study of some 300 packets of mosses collected from the two days visit to ghnp shows that the indigenous moss flora is quite diverse and rich in taxa, consisting of 150 species of mosses in 74 genera and 25 families. this represents about 1/5 of the moss diversity of java island (see fleischer 1904-1923). three mosses are confirmed new to the indonesia flora (distichophyllum collenchymatosum, d. malayense and fissidens kinabaluensis), and another four mosses represent new records for java (dicranodontium asperulum, daltonia armata, glossadelphus bilobatus and syrrhopodon semiliber). in additions, seven can be classified as uncommon mosses in the malesian region. these are acroporium longicaule, fissidens hyalinus, distichophyllum jungermannioides, dendrocyathophorum decolyi, pogonatum camusii, p. rutteri, and thamnobryum ellipticum. this shows that the forests of ghnp deserve a high priority of protection not only for the island of java, and also for indonesia and malesia as well. the ghnp is rather unique in having a high concentration of species in some moss genera within the small forested areas that we surveyed. these genera are acroporium (10 spp.), fissidens (10 spp.), distichophyllum (9 spp.), syrrhopodon (7 spp.), leucobryum (6 spp.) and pogonatum (5 spp.). on the other hand, the areas explored by us do not seem to harbour some of the widespread moss taxa found in nearby gn salak and gn gedeh-pangerango, such as arthrocormus schimperi (dozy & molk.) dozy & molk., fissidens ceylonensis dozy & molk., funaria hygrometrica hedw., isopterygium minutirameum (muell.hal.) a.jaeg., leucophanes octoblepharioides brid., neckeropsis lepineana (mont.) m.fleisch., and rhodobryum giganteum (schwaegr.) paris (cf. möller 1919; fleischer 1904-1923; crum 1959). this seemingly paradoxical pattern of distribution of moss species at ghnp is most likely an artifact of our limited collections made along the two forested trails chosen for the inventory exercise. list of mosses found on gn halimun arranged alphabetically first by family, and then, by genera and species. bartramiaceae philonotis hastata (duby) wijk & margad. [syn. philonotis laxissima mitt.] – in wet shaded sites in tea plantation and coconut grove, ca 1,000 m. coll. v. linis. philonotis revoluta bosch & sande lac. – on wet soil and bark of tree trunk in settlement, ca 700 m. colls. b.-c. ho, k.-t. yong. bryaceae bryum apiculatum schwaegr. – on soil and roof tiles at the park station in cikaniki, ca 700800 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. 2006] tan et.al.: mosses of gunung halimun national park, west java, indonesia 207 brachymenium nepalense hook. – common on tree trunks in tea plantation, ca 700 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. an early report on the bryophytes growing in tea plantation in central java also mentioned this species growing abundantly on trunks of tea plants (pancho 1979). calymperaceae calymperes fasciculatum dozy & molk. – on tree trunk, wood stump, and log, ca 1,000–1,400 m. colls. v. linis, k.-t. yong. calymperes serratum a.braun ex. muell.hal. – on tree trunk, ca 1,000 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. only one collection is found during the survey, but the species is not rare in malesian lowland rain forests. exostratum blumei (nees ex hampe) l.t.ellis – common, on shaded tree trunks, 1,000–1,400 m. colls. b.-c. ho, s. lee, m. massora, v. linis. mitthyridium fasciculatum dozy & molk. – on small and large tree trunks. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. mitthyridium fasciculatum subsp. cardotii (m.fleisch.) b.c.tan & l.t.ellis [syn. m. cardotii (m.fleisch.) h.rob.] – on tree trunk and branches, 900–1,200 m. colls. b.-c. ho, k.-t. yong. mitthyridium fasciculatum subsp. obtusifolium (lindb.) m.menzel [syn. m. obtusifolium (lindb.) h.rob.] – on tree trunk and logs, 1,000–1,600 m. coll. v. linis. mitthyridium flavum (muell.hal.) h.rob. – on tree trunk and branches, 1,000–1,600 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. mitthyridium jungquilianum (mitt.) h.rob. – on tree trunk and root mass of epiphytic fern, 1,000– 1,100 m. coll. v. linis. mitthyridium repens (harv.) h.rob. – on tree trunk, rare at elevation higher than 1,000 m. coll. v. linis. syrrhopodon gardneri (hook.) schwaegr. – uncommon in the study sites, on soil, ca 1,300 m. coll. v. linis. syrrhopodon muelleri (dozy & molk.) sande lac. – on tree trunk, ca 1,100 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. syrrhopodon parasiticus (sw. ex brid.) paris – on tea plants in open area, ca 1,000 m. colls. b.c. ho, v. linis. the presence of gemmae on the leaf costa, instead of at leaf tip, is characteristic of this species. the species is not common in primary forests in java. syrrhopodon prolifer var. albidus (thwaites & mitt.) orban & w.d. reese [syn. s. albidus thwaites & mitt.] – on branches, twigs and dead wood, 1,200–1,600 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. syrrhopodon semiliber (mitt.) besch. [plate 2, g & h] – on tree trunks, ca 1,000 m. colls. b.c. ho, k.-t. yong. the specimen of this species is similar to s. parasiticus in having many filamentous gemmae growing on the surface of leaf costa, but differs from the latter in having multipapillose leaf cells (see reese and lin 1991). the specimen from gn halimun has many oblong to oblanceolate, and few ovate-lanceolate, leaves. syrrhopodon. spiculosus hook. & grev. – uncommon in the study sites, on tree trunk, ca 1,000 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. the species is rather abundant in lowland rain forest in malesian region at lower elevations. s. tristichus nees ex schwaegr. – common in forest at high elevations, on tree trunks, 1,200–1,600 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. dicranaceae campylopodium medium (duby) giese & frahm – on disturbed soil in tea plantation, ca 950– 1,000 m. colls. s. lee, v. linis. the curved setae of this species, when fresh, is diagnostic. campylopus subericoides r.s.williams – on soil and log in open sites, 1,200–1,600 m. colls. b.-c. ho, s. lee, v. linis, k.-t. yong. dicranodontium asperulum (mitt.) broth. – uncommon, on decaying logs, 1,350–1,600 m. coll. v. linis. the caducous leaves with a single thick and broad costa are characteristic. new to java island. dicranoloma assimile (hampe) paris – on tree trunks, branches and logs, 1,300–1,600 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k-t. yong. dicranoloma blumei (nees) paris – on tree trunks, near summit of gn kendeng, above 1,600 m. coll. v. linis. this species has the longest and most cylindrical leaves among its congeners. dicranoloma braunii (muell.hal.) paris – on tree trunks, from 1,000–1,600 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. dicranoloma leucophyllum (hampe ex sande lac.) paris – on tree trunks, 1,300–1,600 m. colls. v. linis, k.-t. yong. leucoloma celebesiae broth. – locally rare, on tree trunks, ca 1,000 m. colls. b.c. ho, v. linis. 208 reinwardtia [vol.12 leucoloma. molle (muell.hall.) mitt. – locally common, on trunks, branches, logs and root masses, 1,100–1,600 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, b.c. tan. the partially naked stem and branches caused by the caducous leaves are characteristic of this species. microdus miquelianus (mont.) besch. – on disturbed soils around village near tea plantation, ca 800–1,000 m. coll. b.-c. ho. trematodon longicollis michx. – on soil bank in tea plantation, ca 1,000 m. coll. v. linis. the long “giraffe-like” capsular neck and the erect capsule are distinctive for this species. diphysciaceae diphyscium mucronifolium mitt. [syn. d. involutum mitt.] – on boulders by the trail bank along loop trail. colls. v. linis, b.c. tan. the asymmetrically large and sessile capsule covered by the long excurrent costae of perichaetial leaves is distinctive. the claim of the species as endemic to java, sumatra, borneo, the philippines and japan (see triono et al. 2002) is a misnomer for an indigenous species. ditrichaceae garckea flexuosa (griff.) margad. & nork. [syn. g. phascoides muell. hal.; g. comosa (dozy & molk.) wijk & margad.] – on soil in open, disturbed sites, 900–1,000 m. colls. b.-c. ho, k.-t. yong. fissidentaceae fissidens crassinervis sande lac. – common along forest trail, on soil from 1,000–1,300 m. colls. v. linis, e.a.p. iskandar, k.-t. yong. fissidens crispulus brid. [syn. f. zippelianus dozy & molk.] – common, on rocks and soil inside forest, from 700–1,000 m. colls. e.a.p. iskandar, v. linis. fissidens hollianus dozy & molk. – on rocks, soil, stream bank and root stumps, from 1,000–1,100 m. colls. b.-c. ho, e.a.p. iskandar, s. lee, v. linis, b.c. tan, l. damanyanti. a small population of this species was found growing on an abandoned rubber slipper submerged in a stream along the loop trail. the multipapillose leaf cells, coupled with the rough seta, are diagnostic for this species. fissidens hyalinus hook. & wilson – rare to uncommon, on wet, deeply shaded soil bank and rocks by the stream, ca 1,000 m. coll. e.a.p. iskandar. the absence of a costa is unique and distinctive for this species. fissidens javanicus dozy & molk. – on rocks near stream, ca 1,000 m. colls. e.a.p. iskandar, s. lee. fissidens kinabaluensis z.iwats. – on soil, ca 1,000 m. coll. e.a.p. iskandar the narrow and sharply pointed leaf apices, the pluripapillose leaf cells, and the presence of hyaline nodule help to identify this species. the report of this species from indonesia in li and iwatsuki (2001) is based on the wrong geographical placement of mt. kinabalu of sabah in indonesia. other localities reported for this species in malesia are from malaysian borneo and papua new guinea. our report here is the first confirmed record for indonesia. fissidens nobilis griff. – on soil and wet rocks by stream, ca 1,000 m, along loop trail. colls. e.a.p. iskandar, s. lee, v. linis, radhiah zakaria. this is the largest plant of fissidens in ghnp. fissidens papillosus sande lac. – not common, on tree trunk, ca 1,000 m. coll. v. linis. fissidens pellucidus hornsch. [syn. f. laxus sull. & lesq.] – on forest soil and rocks, from 700–1,500 m. colls. e.a.p. iskandar, k.-t. yong. fissidens serratus muell.hal. – rare, on root stump, ca 1,300 m. coll. v. linis. hookeriaceae actinodontium ascendens schwaegr. – surprisingly rather common in the two study sites, on bamboo stems and decayed logs, ca 1,000 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. callicostella papillata (mont.) mitt. – common, on wet logs, root stumps, and rocks by stream, ca 1,000 m, along loop trail. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. callicostella prabaktiana (muell.hal.) bosch & sande lac. – on wet rocks, c 1,050 m, along loop trail. coll. b.-c. ho. calyptrochaeta remotifolia (muell.hal.) z. iwats., b.c. tan & touw – on tree trunks and decayed logs, ca 1,000–1,200 m, rather common along the loop trail, especially 2006] tan et.al.: mosses of gunung halimun national park, west java, indonesia 209 towards the side of citalahab, but rare on the trail to gn kendeng from the cikaniki station. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. cyclodictyon blumeanum (muell.hal.) kuntze – uncommon, on rotten log in deep shade, ca 1,000 m. coll. b.-c. ho. daltonia armata e.b.bartram – uncommon, on tree trunks and dead leaf sheath of palm, ca 900–1,100 m, along trail to gn halimun and also along the citalahab loop trail. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. this is an uncommon species in malesia. it is a new moss record for java. distichophyllum collenchymatosum cardot [plate 2, f] – on root stumps in deep forest, ca 1,600 m. colls. v. linis, k.-t. yong. in malesia, this widespread temperate asiatic species is known previously only from the philippines. it is new to indonesia. distichophyllum jungermannioides (muell.hal.) bosch & sande lac. [plate 1, d] – uncommon, on tree bases, from 980–1,050 m. coll. k.-t. yong. distichophyllum malayense damanhuri & mohamed [plate 1, a] – rare, on decayed logs inside forest, ca1,000 m. coll. b.-c. ho. the species has similar leaf morphology like distichophyllidium nymanii m.fleisch. see damanhuri and mohamed (1986) for the distinction between these two taxa. new to indonesia. distichophyllum mittenii bosch & sande lac. – common, on various wet substrates in forest, from 900–1,600 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, sri mulyati, k.-t. yong, l. damanyanti. distichophyllum nigricaule mitt. ex bosch & sande lac. var. nigricaule [syn. d. gracilicaule m.fleisch.] [plate 1, c] – not so common, on exposed palm roots, and soil inside forest, ca 900–1,300 m. coll. b-c. ho. the synonymy of this species and its varietal treatment follows tan and robinson (1990). distichophyllum nigricaule var. cirratum (renauld & cardot) m.fleisch. [plate 1, d] – very common, on various wet substrates along forest trails, ca 980–1,500 m. colls. b.c. ho, v. linis, sri mulyati, b.c. tan, k.-t. yong, radhiah zakaria. the broad leaf border and the area of seemingly smaller cells near the leaf margin than near the costa are characteristic of this variety (see tan and robinson 1990). distichophyllum osterwaldii m.fleisch. – on wet rocks in shade near stream, ca 950 m. coll. b.-c. ho. this is the largest plant of distichophyllum found in ghnp growing to 2–3 cm. distichophyllum subnigricaule broth. – uncommon, on wet shaded soil near creek, from 900–1,100 m. colls. b.-c. ho. the uniformly large leaf cells are distinctive. distichophyllum tortile dozy & molk. ex bosch & sande lac. – on soil bank near stream, ca 900–1,000 m. coll. b.-c. ho, l. damanyanti. this species was found also growing on an abandoned rubber slipper submerged in a stream along the loop trail. distichophyllum undulatum dozy & molk. ex bosch & sande lac. [plate 2, a] – not uncommon, on rotten logs and soil in forest, from 1,000–1,500 m. colls. sri mulyati, radhiah zakaria. the irregularly and weakly toothed leaf margin, with a narrow and indistinctive border at leaf apex, is diagnostic for this distichophyllum. hypnaceae ectropotheciella distichophylla(hampe ex dozy & molk.) m.fleisch. – on shaded soil and tree trunk base, half way along the loop trail, ca 1,000 m. coll. b.c. tan. the strongly prorate leaf cells is characteristic for this species. ectropothecium buitenzorgii (bél.) mitt. – common, on tree trunks, rocks and logs, ca 1,000–1,600 m. colls. s. lee, v. linis. the regularly pinnate branching habit is quite distinctive. ectropothecium dealbatum (reinw. & hornsch.) a.jaeg. – on log, ca 1,200 m. coll. b.-c. ho. ectropothecium ichnotocladum (muell.hal.) a. jaeg. – on trunks in tea plantation, ca 1,000 m. coll. s. lee. glossadelphus bilobatus (dixon) broth. – on wet rocks covered with soil, ca 1,000 m., also on deeply shaded rocks by a creek in citalahab. colls. v. linis, b.c. tan. the taxonomic distinction between this species and phyllodon lingulatus (cardot) w.r.buck [syn. glosssadelphus lingulatus (cardot) m.fleisch.; g. laevifolius (mitt.) e.b.bartram] needs clarification. in his revision of the genus, tixier (1988) distinguished g. bilobatus from the latter by its conduplicately bilobed lateral leaves. but this feature is illustrated in noguchi (1994) for japanese specimens of p. lingulatus. it is possible that the two taxa are synonymous. the key character used to separate the two species shown in the chinese revision of the 210 reinwardtia [vol.12 genus glossadelphus (jia and wu 2004), which sees a double-toothed apical leaf margin in g. bilobatus, but not in p. lingulatus, is not supported by the specimens of these two species. tixier (1988) had classified both species in the section anastigma (cardot) m.fleisch. sharing the same doubly toothed apical leaf margin. glossadelphus bilobatus is a new species record for java. glossadelphus cf. micro-similans (dixon) e.b.bartram [syn. taxithelium microsimilans dixon] – on tree trunk, near the ghnp station at citaniki, ca 950 m. coll. v. linis. the collection compares well with the illustrations of this species in dixon (1935) and the description prepared by bartram (1939). the plants look like a specimen of taxithelium instratum without the seriate papillae on leaf cells. the leaves are broadly ovate to ovate, and have a distinctly constricted base consisting of a few enlarged, thin-walled, and coloured, alar cells. the leaf apices are variable, mostly obtuse, at times apiculate, rarely short acuminate, but always strongly serrate, and forming a few irregularly crowded teeth at the leaf tip. the laminal cells are smooth, and linear, with sharp ends, but not “minutely papillose at the apical angles” as reported by bartram (1939), neither “spiculose” as described by dixon (1935). tixier (1988) was not correct to consider this a synonym of g. similans (bosch & sande lac.) m.fleisch. isopterygium albescens (hook.) a.jaeg. – common, on stem bases, soil and logs, 1,200– 1,600 m. colls. v. linis, k.-t. yong. isopterygium bancanum (sande lac.) a.jaeg. – on dead log, ca 1,000 m. coll. b.-c. ho. pseudotaxiphyllum pohliaecarpum (sull. & lesq.) z.iwats. – common, on soil, 1,200– 1,400 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. the purplish color of the population is both attractive and characteristic. trachythecium micropyxis (broth.) e.b.bartram – on rock, ca 1,000 m. coll. v. linis. the strongly mammillose exothecial cells of the capsule help in the correct identification. vesicularia dubyana (muell.hal.) broth. – on soil and rotten logs, ca 800–1,000 m. coll. b.c. tan. vesicularia montagnei (bél.) broth. – on rocks in stream along loop trail. coll. v. linis. vesicularia reticulata (dozy & molk.) broth. on wood, rocks and root stumps in wet places, ca 1,000 m. coll. b.-c. ho, l. damanyanti. a small population was found growing on an abandoned rubber slipper submerged in a stream along the loop trail. hypnodendraceae hypnodendron dendroides (brid.) touw – on logs and root stumps in forest, 1,000–1,400 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. hypnodendron diversifolium broth. & geh. – on forest floor along the trail to summit of gn kendeng. coll. b.-c. ho. hypnodendron milnei mitt. ssp. korthalsii (paris) touw – common on forest floor at higher elevations from 1,000–1,500 m along the trail to summit of gn kendeng, and on shaded wet rocks along loop trail. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. hypnodendron reinwardtii (schwaegr.) lindb. ex a.jaeg. – on tree bases, from 980–1,600. colls. v. linis, k.-t. yong. hypopterygiaceae dendrocyathophorum decolyi (broth. ex m.fleisch.) kruijer [syn. d. paradoxum (broth.) dixon] – on tree trunks and rocks, ca 1,000 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. this is an uncommon species in malesia, but surprisingly rather common in some places in the two study sites on gn halimun. lopidium struthiopteris (brid.) m.fleisch. [syn. l. trichocladon (bosch & sande lac.) m.fleisch.] – locally very common, on tree trunks, 1,000–1,500 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. leucobryaceae leucobryum aduncum dozy & molk. – on tree trunks, soil and logs. colls. b.-c. ho, m. massora. leucobryum aduncum var. scalare (muell.hal. ex m.fleisch.) a.eddy – on root stumps. coll. v. linis. leucobryum aduncum var. teysmannianum (dozy & molk.) t.yamaguchi [syn. l. pentastichum dozy & molk.] – rather common locally, on tree trunks and logs at higher evelvation. colls. b.-c. ho, s. lee, v. linis, m. massora. the clearly five spiral rows of leaves is distinctive for this variety. 2006] tan et.al.: mosses of gunung halimun national park, west java, indonesia 211 leucobryum arfakianum muell.hal. ex geh. – on tree trunks and soil. colls. v. linis, m. massora. leucobryum chlorophyllosum muell.hal. – on log, soil and root stump. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, m. massora. this has the smallest plant size among species of leucobryum. leucobryum javense (brid. ex schwaegr.) mitt. – common, on tree trunks, boulders and soil. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, m. massora. this species is the biggest in leucobryum. leucobryum juniperoideum (brid.) muell.hal. – on tree trunk. coll. m. massora. leucobryum cf. sericeum broth. ex geh. – on soil. coll. m. massora. leucophanes angustifolium renauld & cardot. – common, locally abundant, on tree trunks, logs and soil, from 1,000–1,500 m. colls. b.c. ho, v. linis. octoblepharum albidum hedw. on tree trunks near tea plantation. coll. v. linis. schistomitrium nieuwenhuisii m.fleisch. – on decaying log. coll. m. massora. leucomiaceae leucomium strumosum (hornsch.) mitt. [syn. l. aneurodictyon (muell.hal.) a.jaeg.] – on soil in shaded bank along the loop trail, ca 1,000 m. coll. b.c. tan. the narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate and acuminate leaves, coupled with large and broadly fusiform leaf cells, and the absence of leaf costa, identify easily this species. meteoriaceae aerobryidium filamentosum (hook.) m.fleisch. – common, on trunks and branches inside forest, from 800–1,000 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, b.c. tan. barbella flagellifera (cardot) nog. – on palm tree trunks and branches inside forest, from 600 to1,600 m near summit of gn kendeng. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, ipah nurhasanah. barbella pendula (sull.) m. fleisch. [syn. b. elongata r.s.williams] – on branches and twigs in forest, from 800–1,050 m. colls. b.c. ho, v. linis, ipah nurhasanah. floribundaria floribunda (dozy & molk.) m.fleisch. – on branches, from 1,000–1,200 m. colls. b.-c. ho, ipah nurhasanah. meteorium polytrichum dozy & molk. [syn. m. miquelianum (muell.hal.) m.fleisch.] – on branches and tree trunk, from 600–1,200 m. colls. b.-c. ho, ipah nurhasanah. meteorium subpolytrichum (besch.) broth. – on branches in forest, from 800–1,100 m. also in citalahab tea plantation. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, ipah nurhasanah. papillaria fuscescens (hook.) a.jaeg. – on branches in forest, from 800–1,000 m. colls. v. linis, ipah nurhasanah. neckeraceae himantocladium plumula (nees) m.fleisch. – on tree trunk, ca 1,100 m. coll. v. linis. homaliodendron exiguum (bosch & sande lac.) m.fleisch. – rather common on tree trunks and rocks along loop trail, ca 1,000– 1,200m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. homaliodendron flabellatum (sm.) m.fleisch. – very common, on tree trunks, root stumps and decayed logs, from 1,000–1,400 m. colls. b.c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. pinnatella ambigua (bosch & sande lac.) m.fleisch. – on tree trunk in forest, ca 1,100 m. coll. v. linis. pinnatella mucronata (bosch & sande lac.) m.fleisch. – on tree trunk in forest, ca 1,000 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. orthotrichaceae macromitrium blumei nees ex. schwaegr. – rather common, on tree trunks, branches and logs, from 1,200 m to near summit of gn kendeng. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. macromitrium fuscescens schwaegr. [syn. m. miquelii mitt. ex bosch & sande lac.] – on stem, ca 1,000 m, near tea plantation. coll. b.-c. ho. polytrichaceae pogonatum camusii (thér.) touw [syn. racelopodopsis subcostata dixon & herzog] – rare, on rocks and soil, ca 1,600 m. colls. b.-c. ho, s. lee, v. linis. pogonatum cirratum (sw.) brid. – on soil in shaded bank, trail to gn kendeng. coll. b.-c. ho pogonatum macrophyllum dozy & molk. [syn. pogonatum cirratum (sw.) brid. ssp. macrophyllum (dozy & molk.) hyvönen] – very common, on soil and rocks in deep shade along trail banks, 900–1,350 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. 212 reinwardtia [vol.12 pogonatum neesii (muell.hal.) dozy – on soil in open sites and disturbed road sides, 900– 1,100 m. colls. b.-c. ho, s. lee, v. linis, k.t. yong. pogonatum rutteri (thér. ex dixon) dixon [syn. pseudoracelopus rutteri (thér. ex dixon) a. eddy] – rare, on shaded soil, ca 900–1,050 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. the leaf appearance of this species is not pogonatum-like owing to the absence of lamellae on the ventral side of the leaf. pottiaceae barbula indica (hook.) spreng. – common on soil in tea plantation. coll. b.-c. ho. barbula javanica dozy & molk. – on roots near creek, ca 1,000 m. coll. v. linis. hyophila involuta (hook.) jaeg.common on cement walls in citalahab village, ca 900 m. coll. v. linis. pterobryaceae garovaglia elegans (dozy & molk.) hampe ex bosch & sande lac. [syn. endotrichella pilifera broth.] – on fallen branches and tree trunks inside forest and also on trees in open sites near tea plantation and cikaniki station, 700–1,000 m, colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. pterobryopsis crassicaulis (muell.hal.) m. fleisch. – common at higher elevation, on tree trunks and decayed logs, 1,000–1,600 m. colls. b.c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. symphysodon neckeroides dozy & molk. – common, on tree trunks, inside forest, 900– 1,000 m. colls. v. linis, k.-t. yong. symphysodontella attenuatula m.fleisch. – on tree trunks, 1,000–1,600 m. colls. b.-c. ho, s. lee, v. linis, k.-t. yong. symphysodontella cylindracea (mont.) m.fleisch. – on tree trunk, 1,000–1,500 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. trachyloma indicum mitt. – very common, on tree trunks, 900–1,600 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. racopilaceae racopilum spectabile reinw. & hornsch. – on rock, ca 1,000 m. coll. b.-c. ho. racopilum spectabile var. subisophyllum herzog [syn. racopilum johannis-winkleri broth.] – on rock by the stream along the loop trail, ca 1,000 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. the distal leaves on stem and branches of this species are not arranged in three ranks. rhizogoniaceae pyrrhobryum spiniforme (hedw.) mitt. – common, on tree trunks, plants becoming bigger at higher elevations, 1,000–1,400 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. sematophyllaceae acanthorrhynchium papillatum (harv.) m. fleisch. – on tree trunk, ca 1,250 m. coll. v. linis. acroporium adspersum (hampe) broth. – on trunks and branches, ca 1,000 m. colls. s. lee, v. linis. acroporium convolutum (bosch & sande lac.) m.fleisch. var. elatum (dixon) b.c.tan – on tree trunks, rotten wood and root stumps, ca 900–1,400 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. acroporium diminutum (brid.) m.fleisch. – common, on branches, small stems and logs, 1,200–1,600 m. colls. v. linis, b.c. tan. acroporium johannis-winkleri broth. – common, on logs, root stumps and trunk bases, ca 1,200–1,400 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. acroporium lamprophyllum mitt. – common, on fallen trunks, logs and branches, 1,000–1,400 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. acroporium longicaule (sande lac.) m. fleisch. – locally common, hanging from branches or on tree trunks, 1,400–1,600 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. this is an uncommon malesian species, but locally quite abundant on tree trunks and branches. . acroporium rigens (dixon) dixon – on tree trunks and branches, ca 1,500–1,600 m. colls. s. lee, v. linis, k.-t. yong. acroporium secundum (reinw. & hornsch.) m.fleisch. – on dead branches, ca 1,000 m. coll. v. linis. acroporium stramineum (reinw. & hornsch.) m.fleisch. – common, on trunks and branches in forest, also on shaded stems in tea plantation, 900–1,600 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. acroporium stramineum var. turgidum (mitt.) b.c.tan – on wet, shaded slope. coll. v. linis. 2006] tan et.al.: mosses of gunung halimun national park, west java, indonesia 213 acroporium strepsiphyllum (mont.) b.c.tan in touw – rather common, on logs, branches and root stumps, 1,200–1,650 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis. brotherella falcata (dozy & molk.) m.fleisch. – rare, on tree trunk, ca 1,600. coll. nina r. djuita. the broadly lanceolate, concave leaves, with short acuminate and toothed apex, are quite similar to the temperate asiatic species, b. henonii (duby) m.fleisch. but the latter does not develop a pendant habit as in b. falcate (see tan and jia 1999). clastobryum cuculligerum (sande lac.) tixier – on fallen branches, ca 1,000–1,200 m. colls. k.-t. yong, b.c. tan. clastobryum epiphyllum (renauld & cardot) b.c. tan & touw [syn. c. papillosum r.s.williams] – on wood, ca 1,000 m. coll. k.-t. yong. clastobryum indicum (dozy & molk.) dozy & molk. – on tree trunks in forest, ca 1,200 m, trail to gn kendeng. coll. v. linis. the confusion between this species and c. conspicuum m.fleisch. had been clarified by tan and iwatsuki (1992). the gn halimun specimen of this species looks just like the illustration of this species published in fleischer (1904–1923), especially the drawing of its somewhat long seta with erect capsule and recurved outer peristome teeth (when dry). but the leaves of the specimens from gn halimun are mostly oblonglanceolate. isocladiella surcularis (dixon) b.c.tan & mohamed – common on small stems in forest, 1,100–1,600 m. colls. b.c. ho, v. linis, b.c. tan. the numerous long, flagellate branches found near or at the tip of branches are characteristic. meiothecium hamatum (muell.hal.) broth. – on fallen branch, ca 1,000 m. coll. k.-t. yong. the hamate leaf tips of this species are characteristic. meiothecium microcarpum (hook.) mitt. – on coconut tree trunk in citalahab village and the tea plantation. coll. b.c. tan. the single, whitish and papillose peristome teeth identify the species easily in the field. papillidiopsis stissophylla (hampe & muell.hal.) b.c.tan & y.jia [syn. trichosteleum stissophyllum (hampe & muell.hal.) a.jaeg.] – on rock in wet place, ca 1,000 m. coll. b.c. ho. radulina elegantissima (m.fleisch.) w.r.buck & b.c.tan [syn. trichosteleum elegantissimum m.fleisch.] – on decaying log, trail margin, ca 1,000 m. coll. b.c. tan. this species has not been interpreted as a distinct species by many people. the distinction between this and r. hamata is well outlined by fleischer (1904–1923). in our observation, the slender plant habit, about half the size of r. hamata, is a distinctive character for identifying r. elegantissima. radulina hamata (dozy & molk.) w.r.buck & b.c.tan – common, on log, root stump and tree base, 1,000–1,200 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, b.c. tan, k.-t. yong. sematophyllum subpinnatum (brid.) e.britton var. tristiculum (mitt.) b.c.tan & y.jia – common, on palm trunks in village, 700–900 m. colls. b.-c. ho, s. lee, v. linis, k.-t. yong. pancho (1979) also reported this moss from trunks and leaves of tea plans in central java. taxithelium instratum (brid.) broth. in renauld & cardot – on log and trunk of tree fern, ca 1,000–1,500 m. coll. v. linis. taxithelium lindbergii (a.jaeg.) renauld & cardot – on logs, branches and tree trunks, ca 1,100–1,600 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.t. yong. taxithelium magnum m.fleisch. – on branches, ca 1,250 m. coll. b.c. tan, k.-t. yong. this species is close to t. lindbergii, but differs in being larger plant, with more or less erectspreading (not falcate) leaves, and a series of weakly developed papillae on cell lumen. its type locality is on gn gedeh. taxithelium nepalense (schwaegr.) broth. on lianas, logs and branches, ca 1,000–1,200 m. colls. s. lee, v. linis. trichosteleum boschii (dozy & molk.) a.jaeg. – on log and tree root, ca 1,000 m. colls. s. lee, v. linis, k.-t. yong. trichosteleum stigmosum mitt. – on log, ca 1,000 m. coll. b.-c. ho, l. damanyanti. a small population of this species was found growing on an abandoned rubber slipper submerged in a stream along the loop trail. trismegistia calderensis (sull.) broth. – on root stumps and logs, ca 1,400–1,600 m. colls. b.c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. trismegistia rigida (reinw. & hornsch.)broth. – common, on root stumps, tree trunks, logs and soil, ca 900–1550 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. thamnobryaceae thamnobryum ellipticum (bosch & sande lac.) nog. & z.iwats. – locally common, forming 214 reinwardtia [vol.12 large populations on wet boulders by the stream along loop trail, ca 1,000 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, b.c. tan. the wiry stem and branches with unicostate leaves are characteristic. the wet habitat also helps in its identification. thuidiaceae claopodium assurgens (sull. & lesq.) cardot – on tree trunk, ca 1,000 m. coll. b.-c. ho. pelekium versicolor (muell. hal.) touw – on decayed log, ca 1,200. coll. b.-c. ho. thuidium cymbifolium (dozy & molk.) dozy & molk. – on rocks, logs, stream bank and forest soil, from 1,000–1,200 m. colls. b.-c. ho, v. linis, k.-t. yong. thuidium pristocalyx (muell.hal.) a.jaeg. – on logs and tree bases, from 1,000–1,200 m. colls. v. linis, ipah nurhasanah., b.c. tan, k.-t. yong. trachypodaceae trachypus humilis lindb. – on tree trunk, ca 1,000 m. coll. v. linis. acknowledgement we are grateful to the biotrop office and staff in bogor, especially to dr. sri s. tjitrosoedirdjo and mr. imam mawardi, for organizing the field trip to gn halimun national park. likewise, we are grateful to the administration and officers of the station of gn halimun national park for the permission to conduct the survey of moss diversity. we thank finally the financial support given by the nus research project (#r-154-000-185-112) to the preparation of this manuscript. literature cited bartram, e.b. 1939. mosses of the philippines. philipp. j. sci. 68: 1-422. crum, h.a. 1959. a small collection of west javanese mosses. bryologist 62: 188-190. damanhuri, a. & mohamed, m.a.h. 1986. two new species of distichophyllum from malaya. j. bryol. 14: 327-331. dixon, h.n. 1935. a contribution to the moss flora of borneo. j. linn. soc. bot. 50: 57-140. fleischer, m. 1904-1923. die musci der flora von buitenzorg. vols. 1-4. leiden. harada, k. et al. 2003. taman nasional, gunung halimun national park. lipi-bcp-jica-pka dephutbun, 55 pp. jia, y. & wu, p.-c. 2004. hypnobryales – sematophyllaceae, pp. 84-86. in: p.-c. wu and y. jia (eds.). bryoflora of china, vol. 8.science publisher, beijing (chinese edition). li, z.-h. & iwatsuki, z. 2001. fissidentaceae, pp. 3-67. in: li x.-j. and m. crosby (eds.). moss flora of china (english version), vol. 2. fissidentaceae – ptychomitriaceae. science press, beijing, and missouri botanical gardens, st. louis. möller, von hjalmar. 1919. beiträge zur moosflora javas, straits settlements und birmas. hedwigia 60: 313-330. noguchi, a. 1994. illustrated moss flora of japan. part 5. hattori botanical laboratory, nichinan. pancho, j.v. 1979. some bryophytes in tea plantations, pagilaran, central java. biotrop bull. 11: 279-282. reese, w.d. & lin, p.-j. 1991. a monograph of the calymperaceae of china. j. hattori bot. lab. 69: 323-372. tan, b.c. & iwatsuki, z. 1992. lectotypification of clastobryum indicum and c. conspicuum. hikobia 11: 147-152. tan, b.c. & jia, y. 1999. a preliminary revision of chinese sematophyllaceae. j. hattori bot. lab. 86: 1-70. tan, b.c. & robinson, h. 1990. a review of philippine hookeriaceous taxa (musci). smithsonian contr. bot. 75: 1-41. triono, teguh et al. 2002. a guide to cikanikicitalahab looptrail, gunung halimun national park, west java, indonesia. lipi-bcp-jica-pka dephutbun, 35 pp. tixier, p. 1988. le genre glossadelphus fleisch. (sematophyllaceae, musci) et sa valeur. novahedwigia 46: 319-356. instruction to authors taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 3. 2006 contents page benito c. tan, boon-chuan ho, virgilio link, eka a.p. iskandar, ipah nurhasanah, lia damayanti, sri mulyati and ida haerida. mosses of gunung halimun national park, west java, indonesia ,.... 205 s. dewi. stachylidium pallidum dewi sp. nov. from java 215 w.j.j.o. de wilde, b.e.e. duyfjes and r.w.j.m. van der ham. anangia, a new monotypic genus of cucurbitaceae from east mollucas 219 topik hidayat, tomohisa yukawa and motomiito. evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology of subtnbe aeridinae (orchidaceae) 223 dolly priatna, kuswata kartawinata and rochadi abdulhadi. recovery of a lowland dipterocarp forest twenty two years after selective logging at sekundur, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia 237 marthen t. lasut. a new species of ischaemum from sulawesi 257 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia haldepan 52-108-1-sm literature cited halbel microsoft word 3kramadibrata_347-356.doc reinwardtia vol 12, part 5, pp: 347 – 356 the distribution of glomeromycota in cacao rhizosphere in indonesia received, august 26, 2008; accepted september 12, 2008 kartini kramadibrata herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science centre, jl. raya bogor jakarta km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail: kkramadibrata@yahoo.co.uk abstract kramadibrata, k. 2009. the distribution of glomeromycota in cacao rhizosphere in indonesia. reinwardtia 12(5): 347–356. ⎯ a study on the distribution of glomeromycota (af) in cacao soils in several cacao plantations in java and bali showed that acaulospora walkeri as a dominant species and a. scrobiculata as a predominant species. key words: glomeromycota, cacao, java and bali. abstrak kramadibrata, k. 2009. persebaran glomeromycota pada rizosfer kakao di indonesia. reinwardtia 12(5): 347–356. ⎯ disajikan persebaran glomeromycota (ja) pada beberapa perkebunan kakao di jawa dan bali. jenis acaulospora walkeri merupakan jenis yang dominan disusul oleh a. scrobiculata. kata kunci: glomeromycota, kakao, jawa dan bali. introduction studies on glomeromycota or arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (af) in agricultural soils and soils under natural vegetation in the tropical areas are relatively scarce, and only in some areas they are fairly well documented, such as in brazil, colombia, and peru (schenck et al., 1984; schenck et al., 1986); costa rica, mexico, and panama (janos & trappe, 1982); cuba (ferrer & herrera, 1981); india (gerdemann & bakshi, 1976; bhattacharjee & mukerji, 1980; bhattacharjee et al., 1982; mukerji et al., 1983); indonesia (widiastuti & kramadibrata, 1992 & 1993; kramadibrata et al., 1995; setya et al., 1995; silviana et al., 1999; chairani et al., 2002; muliawan et al., 2002, and kramadibrata & gunawan, 2006), malaysia (wastie, 1965; nadarajah, 1980; chulan & ragu, 1986); pakistan (iqbal & bushra, 1980); phillipines (baradas & halos, 1980); taiwan (wu & chen, 1986). boedijn (1935) did describe endogone tjibodensis from natural vegetation in west java, a taxon later redefined by gerdemann & trappe (1974) as glomus vesiculiferum. boedijn (1935) did not define the mycorrhizal status of this species and until the 1980’s the existence of these indonesian studies remained unknown. furthermore, detailed studies of glomeromycota in soils under cacao plantation in indonesia have not been carried out. the aim of this study is to investigate the dis tribution of glomeromycota in cacao rhizosphere throughout java and bali. materials and methods field sampling of soils under cacao plantation about 2–4 kg of soil was taken from around each cacao trees. the soil was a combination of four sub-samples which were taken from four points at 0–15 cm depth, 40–50 cm from the tree trunk, using a small trowel. ten plantations in java and one in bali were selected (table 1). each plantation was divided into plots on the basis of the ages of trees, or topographical variations of the sites. table 2 shows the abiotic factors in sampling sites. a cacao tree in the centre of each plot was selected. extraction of spores from soil samples spores were extracted from soil samples by use of a series of sieves (gerdemann & nicolson, 1963), following a modification of the technique of centrifugation (walker et al., 1982 and gerdemann & nicolson, 1963). taxa of glomeromycota (af) recovered from soil samples from java and bali table 3 presents a list of the taxa for which spores were recovered during sampling in 1987 for reasonably certain identification was possible. 347 reinwardtia [vol.12 348 table 1. origin of soil samples, no of soil samples and age of plant location site no site name no of soil samples age of cacao plant remarks west java 1 xii plantation state company, rajamandala, cianjur 4 4, 7, 8 and 9 year old trees no ground cover 2 batugajah section, xiii plantation state company, batulawang, banjar 8 3, 4, 5 and five of 7 year old trees no ground cover 3 putrapingan section, xiii plantation state company, batulawang, banjar 12 two of 5, two of 6, 7, three of 8, 11, 12, 13 and 14 year old trees no ground cover 4 pangandaran section, xiii plantation state company, batulawang, banjar 8 2, 3, 6, four of 7 and 9 year old trees central java 5 beji barat section, xviii plantation state company, beji, jepara 5 14, 15, 16, 21 and 24 year old trees no ground cover 6 beji tengah section, xviii plantation state company, beji, jepara 12 1, 1.5, 2, 7, 8, 13, 15, 25, 27, 28, 30 and 31 year old trees no ground cover 7 beji timur section, xviii plantation state company, beji, jepara 6 3, 5, 6, 10, 29 and 30 year old trees no ground cover east java 8 kaliwining experimental station, jember plantation research centre, jember 7 1.5, 2, 4, 9, 10 15 and 31 year old trees no ground cover 9 small farm, pancursari village, malang 2 3 and 14 year old trees no ground cover 10 small farm, peniwen village, malang. 2 both 7 year old trees no ground cover bali 11 local government enterprise, puluhan plantation, pekutatan, jembrana 3 1 year 3 months, 1.5 and 4 year old trees mixed with banana, clove, coconut and cardamom table 2. abiotic factors in sampling sites in java and bali location site no site name soil pha organic matter content + (%) type of soil rainfall mm/yr altitude (metres) west java 1 rajamandala 5.3 (4.5-6.0) 7.20 volcanic > 3,000 (a) + 300 2 batugajah 5.2 (4.5-6.1) 8.79 volcanic* > 3,000 (a) + 300 3 pangandaran 5.8 (5.2-6.2) 5.96 volcanic* > 3,000 (a) 0-20 4 putrapinggan 5.8 (4.6-6.9) 7.40 volcanic* > 3,000 (a) + 300 central java 5 beji barat 5.2 (4.6-5.8) 6.71 volcanic* 2,000 (d) 0-20 6 beji tengah 5.6 (4.9-6.0) 6.16 volcanic* 2,000 (d) 0-20 7 beji timur 5.6 (5.2-6.0) 6.97 volcanic* 2,000 (d) 0-20 east java 8 kaliwining 5.3 (4.6-6.4) 8.96 volcanic 2,000 (d) + 45 9 pancursari 5.6 10.39 volcanic 2,500-3,000 (b-c) + 400 10 peniwen 5.8 (5.6-6.1) 4.07 volcanic 2,500-3,000 (b-c) + 400 bali 11 jembrana 6.0 (5-5-6.3) 6.86 volcanic* nd + 45 notes : a mean ph with range indicated in parantheses nd = no data + organic matter content (%), only sample for each site was determined * have significant recent volcanic material. according to the usda classification most soils were ultisols rather than andisols. analyses of soils were carried out by dr. w adams from soil science unit, dept of biochemistry, aberystwyth university. 2009] kramadibrata: glomeromycota in cacao rhizosphere in indonesia 349 table 3. list of glomeromycota taxa recovered from cacao soils in java and bali no glomeromycota taxa abbreviation of taxa use in figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 1 acaulospora foveata af 2 a. rehmii ar 3 a. scrobiculata as 4 a. tuberculata at 5 a. walkeri aw 6 gigaspora gigantean gig 7 glomus aggregatum gag 8 g. albidum gal 9 g. diaphanum gdi 10 g. fasciculatum gfa 11 g. fuegianum gfu 12 g. invermaium gin 13 g. microaggreagtum gmi 14 g. multicaulis gmu 15 paraglomus occultum poc 16 scutellospora fulgida sfu 17 s. pellucida spe 18 glomus rubiforme ex sclerocystis pachycauluis gru 19 g. sinuosum ex s. sinuosa gsi analysis of populations of glomeromycota (af) taxa present in sampling sites in java and bali the methods of koske (1987) were used to analyze the assemblages of spore types in each of the soil samples examined, to compare sites distributed throughout java and bali. for each sample examined and for each of the eleven sites the following calculations were made: 1. species richness. it was used to determine whether there were differences in af species diversity between samples taken at the same cacao sites as well as differences between sites distributed throughout java and bali. it was simply defined as the number of af taxa recovered from each sample. koske (1987) in his study of sand dune systems in eastern parts of the united states defines species richness of ‘root zones’ of ammophila and other plants. however in the present study it was not possible to assign spores specifically to cacao root systems in all instances, although in most plantations few weed species occurred and it was highly probable that the taxa isolated were associated with the cacao root zone. 2. frequency of occurrence. koske (1987) used the percentage of samples from which particular taxa were recovered as an expression of their relative abundance. in the present study the total number of samples per site containing a taxon was divided by the overall number of samples per site to derive a percentage frequency of occurrence. the numbers of samples per site varied between 2 and 12 (see table 1), which obviously affected the range of data points that could be derived. 3. population density. koske (1987) used the term ‘density’ to describe number of spores per 100 cm3 of soil. here population density has been used to describe numbers of spores of af per 1 kg fresh weight soil (1 kg of soil ca. 500 cm3 of soil) calculated from direct counts of samples. data from samples for each site were averaged to give a site value. 4. spore biovolume. koske (1987) derived this concept from dickman et al. (1984) in order to compensate for the differences in size between spores of af species, pointing out that frequency of occurrence may not accurately reflect the inoculum potential of different species, since large spores have a capacity for multiple germination and are therefore more effective as inoculums than small spores (koske, 1981). spore biovolume was calculated by measuring the diameter of 10–50 spores for each taxon and then multiplying the average volume, calculated by 4/3 πr3, by the average population density of a species at the site. results were expressed per 1 kg fresh weight of soil (1 kg of soil ca. 500 cm3 of soil). 5. dominance index. koske (1987) derived this term from southwood’s 1968 description of dominance in ecosystems, in an attempt to determine the dominance of af spore type in af population of a soil sample in terms of its total volume, rather than numbers, as given by percentage frequency. dominance for each site is expressed as the ratio between the biovolume of the species with greatest spore biovolume (biovolume max) and the overall biovolume of af spores at that site (biovolume total). biovolume max d= biovolume total 6. importance value. koske (1987) adopted this terminology from mueller-dombois & ellenberg (1974), who used it to describe the importance of a plant species in a community in terms of a summation of its relative frequency, relative population density and relative dominance, since in plant ecology this is measured as population density and basal area, i.e. the approximate ‘volume’ of the ecosystem filled by the plant species. the maximum values for each of the three components are 100 (100% frequency of occurrence of a species; 100% of the spore population the same species; 100% of the biovolume one species) giving a maximum iv of 300. figures were thus calculated per site as follows: reinwardtia [vol.12 350 freq. of occurrence of af species relative frequency = ------------------------------------------------- x 100 % sum of the frequency of all af species no of spores of individual af species relative population density = ---------------------------------------------- x 100% total numbers of all af spores biovolume of spores of individual af species relative biovolume = ----------------------------------------------------------- x 100% total biovolume of all af spores table 4. species richness of af spores in cacao soils in java and bali location site no site name range of species richness per sample average species richness per sample no of samples taken from each site west java 1 rajamandala 7-10 9.00 ± 1.22 4 2 batugajah 3-9 5.75 ± 1.38 8 3 pangandaran 3-9 3.75 ± 1.29 8 4 putra pinggan 3-8 5.25 ± 1.59 12 central java 5 beji barat 4-8 4.80 ± 1.60 5 6 beji tengah 3-9 4.16 ± 1.57 12 7 beji timur 4-6 4.33 ± 0.47 6 east java 8 kaliwining 1-4 2.42 ± 1.05 7 9 pancursari 6-8 7.00 ± 1.00 2 10 peniwen 4-9 6.50 ± 2.50 2 bali 11 jembrana 5-8 6.33 ± 1.24 3 results 1. species richness the species richness found during the survey ranged between 1–10 for individual samples. the variation in species numbers for each site is shown in table 4 together with average species richness for each of the sites in java and bali (see figure 1). the variation in numbers of samples taken for each site seems to have little effect on the overall result of the species richness analysis. for example, in site 10 (peniwen), east java where only two samples were taken an average species richness of 6.50 ± 2.5 (range 4–9) was found, as against site 4 (putrapinggan), west java where 12 samples had an average species richness of 5.25 ± 1.59 (range 3–8). however, some sites were definitely species poor, especially site 8 (kaliwining), east java with an average species richness of 2.42 ± 1.05 (range 1–4) based on 7 samples, whereas others are clearly species rich, for example site 1 (rajamandala), west java, with an average index of 9.00 ± 1.22 (range 7–10) based on 4 samples. 2. frequency of occurrence (figure 1). the results of this analysis are shown in fi gure 1 where the average values for each of the 2 species considered are shown as incrementally shaded squares, each increment being equivalent to a 20% increase in the value of the frequency of occurrence. the figure shows that the taxon acaulospora walkeri was present throughout java and bali at an overall average frequency of 98%. a. scrobiculata (93% overall average) was only slightly less frequent. however an examination of figure 1 indicates that frequency of occurrence of some taxa did vary with the geographical location of the sites. west java (sites 1–4) shows high frequencies for a. foveata (73% average) and glomus fuegianum (50% average). central java (sites 5–7) was characterized by a high frequency of g. occultum (91% average). g. multicaulis and gigaspora gigantea, with overall averages of 55% and 50% respectively, seemed to be most abundant in east java (sites 8–10). the bali site (11) was distinguished by a high frequency of a. tuberculata (100%) and g. sinuosum (67%). other taxa had lower frequencies of occurrence but a distribution pattern seems to emerge from the data presented in figure 1 for g. microaggregatum and g. rubiforme which were found in west and central java. other taxa seemed to be randomly distributed. 2009] kramadibrata: glomeromycota in cacao rhizosphere in indonesia 351 figure 1. frequency of occurrence of af in java and bali. key to sites is given in table 2 and the full list of species is given in table 3. 3. spore population density (figure 2). figure 2 shows spore population density for 19 of the af spore types for the 11 sampling sites, using shading to illustrate numbers/kg fresh weight soil in increments of 20 up to 80 or more. the taxa showing the highest frequency of occurrence a. walkeri and a scrobiculata also had the highest spore populations (compare figures 1 and 2). a. walkeri averaged of 440 spores per kg soil for all eleven sites, whilst a. scrobiculata averaged at 102.7 spores per kg. a. walkeri was very abundant at site 9 (pancursari), east java at 1278 spores/kg, at site 2 (batugajah), west java at 1015.7 spores/kg and at site 4 (putrapinggan), west java at 1204.5 spores/kg. a. scrobiculata was most abundant at rajamandala (site 1), west java at 693.6 spores/kg. figure 2 shows that spores of most other taxa were present but in much lower numbers, mostly in the range 1–20 spores per kg soil with the exception of paraglomus occultum at sites 1 (rajamandala) and 2 (batugajah) in west java and 9 (pancursari) in east java, and all sites in central java. some taxa were only found as 11 spores in 1 subsample for some sites, giving a spore population of less than 1 per kg for the site. they do appear in the figure as spores per kg soil, for example, a. rehmii at site 6 (beji tengah, central java), g. diaphanum, g. albidum and g. gigantea in site 4 (putrapinggan) in west java and g. invermaium in site 6 (beji tengah) in central java. clearly these taxa are widely distributed but their spore populations are low. a comparison of figures 1 and 2 shows that some species which had frequency of occurrence, and were found in a large proportion of subsamples, nevertheless had low spore populations. for example, a. foveata at sites 1 (rajamandala) and 2 (batugajah) in west java had 60–100% occurrence, but 8–11 spores/kg, a. tuberculata at site 1 (rajamandala) in west java had 100% frequency, 10 spores/kg and g. sinuosum at site 1 (75% frequency, 2 sporocarps/kg). figure 2. population density of spores (per 1 kg soil) of af in java and bali. key to sites is given in table 2 and the full list of species is given in table 3. 4. spore biovolume (figure 3) figure 3 illustrates biovolumes of spores for af taxa in µm3 per kg fresh weight soil. squares are shaded in steps from 1.0 x 105µm3 to 1.0 x 109µm3. biovolume of the spore population e.g. a. walkeri at 6.93 x 109µm3 at site 9 (pancursari) in east java and a. scrobiculata at 2.23 x 109µm3 per kg at site 2 (batugajah) in west java. the value of this method of analysis is shown by g. sinuosum dan g. rubiforme. the sporocarp of these af were always less than 20 per kg soil (see figure 2 spore population density). yet the biovolume of g. sinuosum exceeded 1.0 x 107µm3 per kg at site 1 (rajamandala) and site 3 (pangandaran) in west java, site 6 (beji tengah) and site 5 (beji barat) in central java, site 8 (kaliwining), site 9 (pancursari), site 10 (peniwen) in east java and site 11 (jembrana in bali). at site 9 (pancursari) the biovolume of g. sinuosum (1.67 x107) exceeded that of g. fuegianum (6.65 x106) even though the latter had a spore population of 12.50 spores/kg whereas g. sinuosum occurred at a density of less than 1 sporocarp per kg soil. other taxa with large spores illustrate the same point, for example g. gigantea occurs at less than 1 spore per kg soil in site 4 (putrapinggan) in west java, at 1–20 spores/ kg at site 2 reinwardtia [vol.12 352 (batugajah) and site 3 (pangandaran) in west java and site 9 (pancursari) and site 10 (peniwen) in east java (see figure 2), yet had biovolume of 1 x 107 – 1 x 108µm3 per kg soil for all these sites (see figure 3). figure 3. spore biovolume (μm3 per 1 kg soil) of af in java and bali. key to sites is given in table 2 and the full list of species is given in table 3. 5. dominance indices (di) these are shown in table 5 together with the biovolumes of the spores of the ‘dominant’ species and the total volume of spores of all af species. table 5. dominance indices of af in cacao soils from java and bali sites site name biovolume max. identity of dominant biovolume all taxa di 1 rajamandala 2.55 x 109 acaulospora walkeri 4.54 x 109 0.56 2 batu gajah 5.51 x 109 acaulospora walkeri 7.92 x 109 0.69 3 pangandaran 1.06 x 109 acaulospora walkeri 1.11 x 109 0.95 4 putrapinggan 6.54 x 109 acaulospora walkeri 6.77 x 109 0.96 5 beji barat 1.66 x 109 acaulospora walkeri 1.82 x 109 0.91 6 beji tengah 4.76 x 108 acaulospora walkeri 5.93 x 108 0.80 7 beji timur 9.28 x 108 acaulospora walkeri 1.09 x 109 0.85 8 kaliwining 8.29 x 107 acaulospora walkeri 1.28 x 108 0.64 9 pancursari 6.93 x 109 acaulospora walkeri 7.19 x 109 0.96 10 peniwen 1.38 x 108 acaulospora walkeri 4.40 x 108 0.31 11 jembrana 3.83 x 108 acaulospora walkeri 6.68 x 108 0.57 in most cases the bulk of the biovolume was made up of the two acaulospora species, a. scrobiculata and a. walkeri. the values of 0.5–0.6 reflect high biovolumes of more than one species e.g. site 1 (rajamandala) in west java (see figure 3). site 10 (peniwen) in east java shows the lowest value, due to high biovolumes of a. scrobiculata and g. gigantea. 6. importance values (iv see figure 4) in the preceding presentation of the results it has been made clear that assessment of frequency (figure 1), population density (figure 2) and biovolumes (figure 3) give conflicting pictures of the relative importance of different af species in the spore populations at the different sites throughout java and bali. the idea of the importance value is to bring these three aspects together. the results are illustrated in figure 4. figure 4. importance values of af in java and bali. key to sites is given in table 2 and the full list of species is given in table 3. the overall averages for all the sites in java and bali confirmed the importance of a. walkeri, with an average iv of 155.99 including values as high as 204.99 for site 4 (putrapinggan) in west java, 198.83 for site 9 (pancursari) in east java and 192.96 for site 3 (pangandaran) in west java. a. scrobiculata had an average iv of 51.43 and its importance in the af community was more site variable, with importance values as high as 98.7 on site 1 (rajamandala) in west java but a trend to greatest importance value in east java and bali at site 8 (kaliwining), site 10 (peniwen) and site 11 (jembrana). p. occultum had the highest average iv at 19.53, again emphasizing the effect of biovolume measurement, as against spore numbers, in assessing relative importance. g. diaphanum was another taxon which proved to be important using the indices, with an average value of 13.56, and values of 14.83 on site 5 (beji barat) 2009] kramadibrata: glomeromycota in cacao rhizosphere in indonesia 353 in central java and 11.05 on site 8 (kaliwining) perhaps indicated east java and central java distribution. by themselves, the data on frequency of occurrence can only roughly indicate distribution, however, the data do emphasize the almost universal presence of the two acaulospora species in cacao soils throughout java into bali. discussion a particular feature of the indonesian soil samples was the abundance of a. walkeri. it was not found in association with cacao in ecuador (kramadibrata, 2009). geographical speciation may be the explanation for this difference, but as yet there is little evidence as to how af speciate and what are the relative effects of geographical isolation, temperature and rainfall differences, soil characteristics and host range. janos (1980) argued that poor dispersal of af fungi probably constrained host specificity by limiting the ability of the fungi to encounter specific host, especially in diverse tropical forests. pirozynski (1968) did note that temperature was the most important climatic factor regulating distribution and occurrence of fungi and koske (1987) agreed that the structure of the af community was affected by temperature; but he also noted that for most species, variation in frequency, spore density or spore biovolume could not be related to any abiotic factors. he argued that one reason could be the aggregated type of distribution of af fungi spores in soil. cacao plantations are managed vegetation stands and man’s activity has been one of the most important single factors affecting the geographical distribution of fungi (pirozynski, 1968). thus the distribution of spore types collected in cacao plantations could have been brought about on their hosts through man’s activity. however, the argument of janos (1980) about poor dispersal of af, could also be applied to speciation due to geographical separation (allopatric speciation). as yet there have been too few studies of spore populations to provide much data, but the present evidence of the abundance a. walkeri in java and bali with cacao, and its complete absence from ecuador, may indicate a geographical factor. however, in contrast, a. scrobiculata seems to be a taxon with worldwide distribution, including sand dunes in the usa (koske, 1987), tropical rain forest in mexico and agricultural soils in the usa (trappe, 1977), sand dunes in australia (koske, 1975), agricultural soils (widiastuti & kramadibrata, 1992 & 1993; silviana et al., 1999; haerida & kramadibrata, 2002; chairani et al., 2002; muliawan, et al., 2002), managed ecosystem or in the bogor botanic garden (setya et al., 1995) and under forest trees (kramadibrata, 1993). koske (1975) stated that he could find no evidence that this spore type was associated with a particular host or ph value in the sand. there is a large literature on the distribution on af spore types, most of it fragmentary, as in the example of a. scrobiculata quoted above. few attempts have been made to make consistent investigation of spore assemblages under the same plant community over a wide geographical range, as was attempted here in the survey of java and bali. one exception was koske (1987) who used the atlantic seaboard of the usa to determine latitudinal differences in spore assemblages. koske (1987) concluded that temperature was the main factor in determining af community in these sand dune systems. however, in indonesia, with regular temperature throughout the year, it would not have affected distribution. ph, organic matter and other soil properties have also been recorded as positive factors in recent publications such as by schenck et al. (1984), morton (1986), sieverding (1987), sieverding & toro (1987 a & b) and soil ph was also mentioned by wang et al. (1985) in connection with af. plant vigour may affect spore production of af fungi as has been reported by chilvers & daft (1982), daft & nicolson (1972), furlan & fortin (1972), hayman (1974) and pugh et al. (1981). it was difficult to ascertain the vigour of the cacao trees under field conditions. although the age of cacao trees were recorded, the many herbaceous plants surrounding them could not be ignored, and the af spores associated with cacao trees were possibly also associated with these other plants. thus whether the age of trees was a major factor in af pattern of distribution, or pattern of association cannot be determined. the determinants of the distribution patterns found in indonesia remain unclear and indeed it was not anticipated that the study could reveal them. however, the evidence presented here has shown that the approaches to the analysis of the data provided by the spore sampling program, namely that based on a descriptive approach, which differentiated geographical distribution (following koske, 1987) did provide useful ways of looking for patterns of distribution. a major difficulty in the analysis of the data was that the original sampling program was not designed with the final analytical method in mind, so that the processing of the data was made more difficult. reinwardtia [vol.12 354 temperature was mentioned earlier as a factor in af distribution and a final point can be made about the overall significance of this study of a tropical crop. in indonesia air temperature, day time is around 25–30º c and, although many fungi have a broad latitudinal range (bisby, 1943; pirozynski, 1968), so that it is difficult to identify a tropical species distribution, it might be speculated that spore types recorded in the survey were of taxa with a tropical or subtropical distribution. examination of the literature showed that a number of taxa found in this study have a very wide geographical range, for example g. fasciculatum (molina, 1985; walker & koske, 1987). other taxa found seem to have a distribution in the northern or southern temperate latitudes, for example s. calospora, from scotland, illinois, pacific northwest and new zealand (nicolson & gerdemann, 1968; gerdemann & trappe, 1974; mosse & bowen, 1968). koske (1987) found in a study of the spore density of this species in sand dunes that it was favoured by cooler soil temperatures and, together with g. gigantea, it was not found in sand dunes in florida (sylvia, 1986). both of these species, although found in the present study, occurred in very low numbers. a similar explanation may be offered for the low numbers of g. mosseae, which has been found in northern latitudes (gerdemann, 1961; koch, 1961; gerdemann & trappe, 1974) and southern latitudes i.e. australia and new zealand (mosse & bowen, 1968). a similar hypothesis could be put forward for a number of the spores found infrequently during the study, but the greater number of studies carried out in the northern latitudes may well influence this data. other taxa which were found did have previous evidence of a tropical distribution. a. rehmii and a. tuberculata seem to occur together in the javan soils and were described from the tropical zones of south and central america (sieverding & toro, 1987; janos & trappe, 1982). s. fulgida was found in indonesia and also in ecuador (kramadibrata, 2008). koske & walker (1986) described this species from sand dunes in the eastern north of the usa. later koske (1987) concluded that s. fulgida in the sand dune system in the east coast of the usa has a significant linear increase in frequency of occurrence and spore density with more southern latitudes, and proposed that it preferred warmer temperatures. this spore type was found from quite a wide area in java and bali. its higher frequency and the higher spore density compared to s. calospora in java and bali (see figures 1 and 2) makes an interesting comparison. other taxa with a probable tropical distribution which were found regularly in the survey in indonesia included g. multicaulis (described by gerdemann & bakshi, 1976 from india). g. sinuosum (formerly sclerocystis sinuosa or s. pakistanica) also from india (gerdemann & bakshi, 1976) and from pakistan (iqbal & bushra, 1980) was another taxon with a possible tropical origin which was found in the survey. most former sclerocystis may have a tropical origin. up to 1974 only three species of sclerocystis were known; two of them s. coremioides and s. dussii have been previously found only in the tropics or subtropics or in tropical greenhouses (gerdemann & trappe, 1974; janos, 1975). g. rubiforme (formerly known sclerocystis pachycaulis or s. rubiformis) was originally described from temperate (gerdemann & trappe, 1974) but than reported from subtropical zone in taiwan (wu & chen, 1986) under bamboo vegetation, it is also widely distributed under bamboo vegetation (setya et al., 1995), durian (chairani et al., 2002), cacao, cogon grass and corn (widiastuti & kramadibrata, 1992), forest trees in indonesia (kramadibrata unpublished data). an interesting feature was that in the 1987 survey g. sinuosum and g. rubiforme never occurred together in the same sample. the former species occurred in wide soil ph range (ph 4.6-6.9) compared to the latter (ph 5.2-6.3). the distribution of other taxa is less capable of environmental interpretation. g. fuegianum was first described from southern temperate (spegazzini, 1887), then new zealand (hall, 1977) and england (godfrey, 1957). in spite of such previous records in temperate zones, it was found widely in the present study in indonesia and it was also reported from under cogon grass, corn and cacao (widiastuti & kramadibrata, 1992). g. invermaium is a similar case. it was firstly described from new zealand (hall, 1977) associated with trifolium repens but was widespread in java and bali associated cacao root. acknowledgement i would like to thank the british council and overseas development administration for financial support. i am grateful to the owner of small scale cacao farms and state plantation companies in indonesia who allowed me to collect soil samples. the author also would like to thank drs. j.n. hedger for supervising during the study, mien a. rifai and k. kartawinata who critically reviewed the manuscript. 2009] kramadibrata: glomeromycota in cacao rhizosphere in indonesia 355 references baradas, n.s. & halos, p.m. 1980. selection of mycorrhizal isolates for biological control of fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli on vigna unguiculata. in mikola, p. 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(eds.). ecological interactions in soil. :219–224. special publication no. 4 of the british ecological society. wastie, r.l. 1965. the occurrence of an endogone type of endotrophic mycorrhiza in hevea brasiliensis. trans. brit. mycol. soc. 48: 167–178. widiastuti, h. & kramadibrata, k. 1992. jamur mikoriza bervesikula arbuskula di beberapa tanah masam dari jawa barat. menara perkebunan 60: 9–19. widiastuti, h. & kramadibrata, k. 1993. identifikasi jamur mikoriza bervesikula arbuskula di beberapa kebun kelapa sawit di jawa barat. menara perkebunan 61: 13–19. wu, chi-guang & chen, zuei-ching 1986. the endogonaceae of taiwan. i. a preliminary investigation on endogonaceae of bamboo vegetation at chi-tow areas, central taiwan. taiwania 31: 68–88. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, part 1, pp. 81 — 92 (1982) the genus mastixia bl. (cornaceae) in ceylon a. j. g. h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor, indonesia abstract five species of mastixia are found in sri lanka, of which m. congylos and m. nimalii are here described for the first time, whereas m. tetrandra var. thwaitesii is raised to specific rank as m. montana. m. arborea does not occur in sri lanka. a key to the species is presented and the specimens examined are enumerated. abstrak lima jenis mastixiaterdapat di sri lanka. dua jenis baru m. congylos dan m. nimalii dipertelakan untuk pertama kali, sedangkan m. tetrandra var. thwaitesii dinaikkan tingkatnya menjadi jenis m. montana. m. arborea tidak terdapat di sri lanka. kunci determinan dan spesimen yang diperiksa disensus. introduction the genus mastixia bl. was created in 1825 by blume and based on two javanese species. in ceylon the genus and its two species were described by thwaites under the generic name bursinopetalum wight, originally in 1855 in araliaceae, later in 1858 referred by him to the tribe icacineae of olacaceae. it was baillon who reduced in 1863 bursinopetalum to mastixia, which was accepted by bentham & hooker, whereas clarke in 1879 relegated the indian and ceylonese bursinopetalum .species to mastixia. they were described under mastixia by trimen in his flora of ceylon. no new species had been added since thwaites, b. tetrandrum var. b thwaites had been given the varietal name thwaitesii by clarke, wangerin in an excellent revision of the genus presented in 1910, mentioned m. tetrandra var. thwaitesii, but m. arborea var. macro— 81 — 82 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 phylla thw. is not mentioned. danser (in blumea 1: 56. 1934) treated the ceylonese m. tetrandra, but omitted by mistake the basionym and mentioned only the nomen nudum bursinopetalum tetrandnim teijsm. & binnend., cat. hort. bogor. 109. 1866. according to the description, the sumatran material of m. tetrandra is different from m. tetrandra of ceylon. this is also matthew's (1977) opinion. it is amazing, that neither wangerin, nor danser, nor trimen (wangerin mentioned the double tip, trimen only the inflexed tip) described fully the remarkable cucullate apex of the petal with the double tip bent at right angles inward and the minute again inflexed terminal tip, well described and depicted by wight for his bursinopetalum arboreum, and also less completely by matthew. the intricate structure of these tips can be observed in a late stage of the bud, by removing the strongly coherent petals and observing them from the inside. wangerin pointed out the most important characters to distinguish the species: 1. the 4or 5-merous flowers (in some extra-ceylonese species this character does not seem to be constant, as in some inflorescence both kinds may be found); 2. the difference in size of the sepal lobes, they are either well developed, but as a rule much broader than high, but in some species they are lacking and only indicated by a sharp tip; 3. the phyllotaxis of the leaves, in the ceylon species this is always a spiral, opposite leaves (except the 2 apical ones) do not occur. danser did not add anything new to this, but considered also the dimensions of twigs and leaves as a useful distinctive character; for the leaves i agree, for the size of the branchlets not, because of the enormous variation in diameter on the same tree. contrary to danser, i believe that the flowers are sessile, and subtended at the base by a bract; each very short branchlet ends in one flower, of the other two flowers only the bracts are present. what danser considered an articulate pedicel, is the ultimate branchlet, not different in shape from the other branches. matthew came to the same conclusion. matthew's treatment in 1977 is not convincing and unacceptable. instead of adhering to the two subgenera pentamastixia and tetramastixia of wangerin which admittedly are not entirely foolproof, as already stated by him and danser, as in some inflorescences up to 20 per cent of the flowers may have a different number of sepal lobes, petals and stamens than the other 80 per cent (matthew), he chose an extremely weak and unreliable character to establish two series oppositae and altenae, 1982] kostermans: ceylonese mastixia 83 based on a single character: whether the first branches (and only these) of the inflorescence are opposite (or sub-opposite) or alternate. a priori this character is to be considered as unreliable in a genus, where opposite, subopposite and .spirally arranged leaves and inflorescence branches are found, and how one can distinguish between subopposite and alternate, is beyond my intelligence. if pentamastixia, and tetramastixia are considered by him to be artificial, his own two series are even much more artificial. observing numerous inflorescences, when collecting, i found in all 5 species of ceylonese mastixia sub-opposite, opposite and alternate lower inflorescence branches, which was predictable. the main base of classification being wrong, matthew lumped many heterogeneous elements under the same species and it is hence not amazing that he finds such a hodgepodge of penta — and tetramerous varieties under his "species". his reasoning that the geographic distribution fits his series, is putting the argumentation upside down. in a restricted area, like ceylon, 2 pentamerous and 3 tetramerous species are found, which are easily distinguishable in other respects. furthermore it should not be forgotten, that all 5 ceylonese species are liable to heavy gall forming (witches brooms of the inflorescence), which is a ready source for changes in the number of flower parts. in two trees of m. tetrandra, not too far apart in the sinharaja forest, one had all healthy inflorescences and in 100 flowers dissected, all proved to be tetramerous. the other tree had witches-brooms and here practically all flowers were abnormal with 3, 4, 5 or 6 flower parts. a complete overhaul of matthew's species concepts is necessary. danser wisely abstained from introducing a new classification, as there was,none. the creation of the subgenus manglesia seems to be warranted, but only on the basis of the two whorls of 4 stamens and perhaps the swollen septa of the fruit, the other characters, mentioned by matthew, occur in mastixia proper, a truncate calyx in m. congylos and 4-angular inflorescence branches in m. macrophylla. the size and shape of the fruit is extremely variable in the same tree, and should be handled with great care, even the shape of the disc in the fruit may differ from completely sunk in the calyx tube to completely protruding. likewise the colour of the dried leaves can only be used for normally shed leaves, the mode of artificial drying makes it as a rule impossible to draw any conclusions in herbarium material. in ceylon m. tetrandra has brown, fallen leaves, in the other species the fallen leaves are black. 84 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 a much more reliable character is the nature (not the density) of the indumentum. it proved to be constant in ceylonese species. the name mastixia refers to the whiplike apex of the petals; bur8inopetalum refers to the thick, leathery petals. m a s t i x i a bl. mastixia blume, bijdr. pi. neerl. indie 13: 654. 1825; mus. bot. lugd. bat, 1: 256. 1850; dc, prodr. 4: 275. 1830; miquel, pi. ind. bat. 1(1): 771. 1856; benth. & hook., gen. pi. 1: 950. 1887; baillon, hist. pl 7: 255. 1879; clarke in hooker f., fl. brit. ind. . 2: 745. 1879; trimen, handb. pi. ceylon 2: 286. 1894; harms in engl. & pr., nat. pfl. fam. 3(8): 263. 1898; wangerin in engl. pfl. reich 4(229): 19. 1910; ridley, pl mai. pen. 1: 889'. 1922; danser in blumea 1: 47. 1934; backer & bakh., fl. java 2: 159. 1959; matthew in blumea 23): 51-93. 1977. mastixia, spach, hist. nat. veget. phaner. 8: 88. 1839. bursinopetalum wight, icon. 3(3): 4. 1847; spicil. neilgher. 1: 22. 1847; walp. ann. 1: 124. 1848; thwaites in hook. j. of bot. & kew miscell. 7: 242, 1855; enum. pi. zeyl. 42. 1864; seemann in j. of bot. 2: 205. 1864; wangerin, i.e. 19; danser, i.e.; matthew, i.e. 61. lecto type species: mastixia pentandrabl (hutehinson, gen. fl. pi. 2: 45. 1967). large trees, usually without buttresses; bark smooth or rough; live bark thick, juicy, soft, granular, usually pale yellow. wood yellowish white or white, soft. leaves spirally arranged (ceylon species), usually long-petioled; upper surface with impressed midrib and also as a rule the thin, lateral nerves impressed; secondary nerves parallel and horizontal, usually clear on the lower surface; the leaves usually drying black, rarely brown (m. tetrandra). flowers in triads, sessile, subtended by tiny, persistent bracts, forming a corymbiform, pseudoterminal or axillary short and rather few-flowered panicle with long thickish peduncle and short stiff, erect-patent apical branches. the greater part of the calyx tube adnate to the ovary, conical or barrel-shaped, the small apical part flaring out, cup shaped, bearing 4 or 5 short lobes, broader than long or sometimes the lobes only indicated by a sharp tip. petals valvate in bud, strongly coherent apically, much longer than the calyx lobes, 4 or 5, concave, fleshy, the tips cucullate and the utmost part bent inwards at 90 degrees, consisting of two concave parts, their backs pressed together, ending in a very short tip, again at an angle of 90 degrees. disc large, a cylinder-segment, usually grooved above. stamens 4 or 5, opposite the calyx lobes, anthers large, introrse -latrose, filaments short, broad at base, tapered to the versatile anther, the stamens attached below the disc. ovary 1-locular with one ovule, pendulous from the apex. style very short, conical, ribbed, with truncate, inconspicuous stigma. fruit ellipsoid, smooth, the apex showing the disc and style remnant, surrounded by the thin, adpressed, often rather irregular rim 1982] kostermans: ceylonese mastixia 85 of the calyx tube. putamen lignose, sulcate at the outside, a vertical lamelliform processus of the endocarp intruding. seed filling the locule completely with membranous testa, fleshy, large endosperm and small embryo; cotyledons thin, foliaceous, radicle long, cylindrical. distribution: india, ceylon, the former indochina, malesia up to new guinea. key to the ceylonese species la. flowers 5-merous 2 b flowers 4-merous 3 2a. flowers glabrous or nearly so. petals yellow to greenish yellow, 4—5 mm long-. calyx lobes distinct 1. m. macrophylla b. flowers densely pubescent. petals green, 2 mm long. calyx lobes hardly visible 2. m. congylofi 3a. panicle and flowers densely pubescent. leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous, longacuminate, drying brown 4. m. tetrandra b. panicles and flowers glabrous. leaves coriaceous to rigidly coriaceous, obtuse or very shortly acuminate, drying black 4 4a. leaves elongate obovate to obovate-spathulate. petiole 1%—4 cm long. fruit 1.5 x 3 cm. lowland tree 3. m. nimalii b. leaves narrowly oblanceolate to oblanceolate. petiole %—1 cm long. fruit 1 x 2 cm. mountain tree 5. m. montana 1. mastixia macrophylla (thw.) kosterm. mastixia macrophylla (thw.) kostermans in ceyion j. sci. (biol. sci.) 12(2) : 129. nov. 1977. — bursinopetalum macrophyllum thwaites, enum. pi. zeyl. 42. 1858. — bursinopetalum arboreum var. macrophyllum thwaites, i.e. — mastixia arborea ssp. macrophylla (thw.) matthew in blumea 23: 90, f. 4. 1977. — lectotypus: c.p. 637 (bm) (matthew, i.e.); syntypus: c.p. 2440 (pda). mastixia arborea, (wight ex thw.) clarke in hooker f., fl. brit. ind. 2: 745. 179, p.p., quoad cit. ceylon; trimen, catal. 40. 1885 & handb. fl. ceylon 2: 287. 1894 (exclud. cit. wight clarke); wangerin in engl., pflanzen, reich 4(229): 27. 1910, p.p., quoad ceylon. bursinopetalum gardnerianum, baillon in adansonia 3: 83. 1862 (in adnot.); wangerin, i.e. 27; matthew, i.e. 87. — mastixia gardneriana baillon in adansonia; 3: 83. 1862; wangerin, i.e. 27; matthew, i.e. 87 — typus: thwaites c.p. 637 (p). mastixia thwaitesii baillon, i.e. (in adnot,); wangerin, i.e. (sub m. arborea) ; matthew, i.e. — typus: thwaites c.p. 2440 (p). tree up to 20 m tall and 40 cm diam. breast high. branches rather scarce, horizontal. bark smooth, light greyish brown, sometimes fissured, the strips 1 cm wide, 2 mm thick and peeling off. live bark up to 10 mm thick, soft, granular, yellowish white. wood white, to yellowish white, soft. branchlets thick, smooth, with large leaf scars. leaves aggregate at the ends of the branchlets, stiffly coriaceous, glabrous, obovate86 reinwardtia [vol. lio elliptic, rarely elliptic or oblanceolate, (3 x 5)—6 x 11—9 x 14— 13 x 21 cm, rounded and usually very shortly and broadly (5—10 mm) acuminate, base cuneate, both sides in sicco wrinkled, above the slender midrib and thin lateral nerves slightly impressed, the venation faint; below paler, midrib prominent, the rather patent, slender, c. 6 pairs of lateral nerves slender, prominulous, near the margin arcuate; secondary nerves almost horizontal, thin; in between a lax thin raticulation. petiole stout, broad (3—4 mm apically), 21/2—4 cm long, above flat and thinly ribbed. panicles corymbiform, pseudo-terminal or axillary, glabrous, or the ultimate branches and flowers minutely, laxly adpressed pilose, 5—12 cm long, stiff, lax; main peduncle stout, long, the branches rather erect, up to 6 cm long. the ultimate branches very short, bearing one or two sessile flowers, subtended by triangular, acute, pilose or glabrous, 1—2 mm long bracts. calyx glabrous or slightly pilose, broadly obconical, c. 2 mm high, flaring into a c. 1 mm high free part with 5 very broad, acute, c. 1 mm high lobes. petals 5, yellow to greenish yellow, fleshy, glabrous or sub-pilo,se, ovate, acute, 4—5 mm long, concave, explanate, the tips cucullate, then bent inwards at right angles (this part consists of tw7o concave parts, concave outside) and a finally bent very short tip. disc large, c. 1 mm high. stamens 5. style 2 mm, obconical; stigma inconspicuous, capitellate-peltate, obscurely 5-lobed. fruit ellipsoid, black, smooth, 2 x 3—21/2 x 4 cm. distribution: mountain forests in the s. parts of adam's peak jungle, at 700—1700 m alt. the name bursinopetalum macrophyllum was published by thwaites as an alternative name of b. arboreum var. macrophyllum thw. as the alternative name was published before 1953 (article 34 of the code), it is validly published. of the 2 specimens enumerated by thwaites, i have not seen c.p. 637. neither wangerin nor matthew mentioned bursinopetalum macrophyllum thw. trimen, i.e. 287, does not even mention thwaites's names, but merely states that c.p. 2uu0 has large petioles and a broader fruit. the leaves of this species are larger than any other kind in ceylon and are moreover very rigidly coriaceous. wight gives the dimensions of the leaves of b. arboreum as 2—3 x l1/^ inch and they are shorter than the panicles, quite different from m. macrophylla. m. macrophylla is easily distinguishable from the other species of ceylonese mostixia by the large, very thick leaves, the long petioles, the large fruit and especially by the exceptionally large, yellow flowers. in some cases the top of the fruit (disc) protrudes for 5 mm, but as a rule the calyx rim reaches practically the top. 1982] kostermans: ceylonese mastixia 87 adam's peak jungle, above moray estate, maskeliya area, alt. 1700 m, jan. fl., kostermans 27237 (g, l, pda); near fishing hut, alt. 1500 m, nov., fl., fr., kostermans 27053 & 27065 (g, l, pda); may, fr., kostermans 24134 (g, k, l, pda, us); trail to adam's peak, y. fr., sumithraafachchi 183 (pda); dam site along maskeliya r., alt. 1200 m, y. fr., kostermans 24104, (g, k, l, pda, us); norton bridge-maskeliya road, may, fr., worthington 2721 (k); doublecutting, road to maskeliya, alt. 900 m, may, y. fr., kostermans 24091 (k, l, pda, us); eakwana, illumbe kande, alt. 1100 m, march, fr., worthington 3631 (k); banbarabotuwa for. res., between pelmadulla & rassagalle, alt. 740 m, oct., fr., huber 500 (pda); tumbagoda above rassegalle, path to moray estate, alt. 800—1200 m, june, fr., kostermans 24475 (k, l, pda, us); ibid., apr., fr., kostermans 24649 (k, l, pda, us); ambagamuwa, march, fl., ferguson s.n. (pda); locality unknown, y.fr., c.p. 2440 (pda); nuwara eliya, fr., gardner 100 in herb. wight (pda). 2. mastixia congylos kosterm., spec. nov. mastixia tetrandra var. tetrandra, matthews in blumea 23: 78. 1977, p.p., quoad balasubramaniam 986 (l). arbor magna, ramulis sparse minutissime pilosis, foliis alternantibus subcoriaceis glabris obovato-oblongis vel oblongis vel oblanceolat-oblongis breviter et abrupte acuminatis basi acutis, supra nervo mediano impresso costis tenuibus prominulis (parte basalibus impressis) rete obscuris, subtus pallidioribus, nervo mediano valde prominentibus costis tenuibus prominulis sat patentibus, rete laxis obscuris, petiolis tenuibus glabrescentibus supra concavis, paniculis corymbiformibus sat paucifloris pseudoterminalibus, floribus versus dense minutissime subadpresse pilosis, bracteis minutis persistentibus, floribus sessilibus, calyx obconicis, parte apicalibus cupuliformibus, lobis 5 inconspicuis, petalis 5 concavis dense pilosis, minute cucullatis, staminibus 5, filamentis latis attenuatis, discus magnis cylindricis supra radiato-sulcatis, stylo crassis breviter costatis, apice truncatis. typus: kostermans 25190 (l). tree, up to 35 m tall and 70 cm dbh. with rather smooth, pale greyish brown, 1 mm thick bark. bole 10 m high, slightly fluted up to 4 m, the flutes merging into 1—2 m high buttresses, 50—100 cm out; live bark 10 mm, yellowish, granular, rather soft, juicy. branchlets apically minutely sub-adpres,sed pubescent. leaves spirally arranged, sub-coriaceous, obovate-oblong to oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, 2 x 5— 21,4 x 3—8 cm, abruptly, very shortly (3—5 mm) acuminate, base acute; above midrib slightly impressed, the lateral nerves very thin, mostly (except the basal ones) prominulous, reticulation obscure; below paler, midrib strongly prominent, the 8—10 pairs of thin, lateral nerves rather patent, reticulation lax, obscure. petiole slender, concave above, 5—13 mm long. 88 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 panicles corymbiform, pseudo-terminal, rather few-flowered, up to 4 cm long (sub-mature), main peduncle long, stiff, rather thick, up to 2 cm, bearing a few very short branches, towards the sessile flowers densely grey puberulous with thin, rather woolly hairs. bracts minute, persistent. calyx obconical, flaring into a short, much wider apical part, the 5 lobes indistinct, acute. petals 5, sub-orbicular, c. 2 mm long (submature), fleshy, concave, in bud strongly cohering at the cucullate tips; stamens 5 with broad, short, apically tapered filaments and large elliptic anthers. disc cylindrical, c. 3/4 mm high, the upper surface deeply, radially sulcate. style short, conical, 5-ribbed, top truncate. distribution: n.w. part of knuckles mts., madulkelle area, at c. 600—800 m alt. wet, but with long dry season. the species differs from all other ceylonese ones by its large buttresses. with its 5-merous flowers it is near m. macrophylla, but is has the indumentum of m. tetrandra. the material available (twice collected from the same tree) was in bud. at this stage the petals strongly adhere at their tips and from the inside, the small cucullate parts seem to be fused. the specimen balasubramaniam 986 was collected from the same tree. named after the knuckles mts. (knuckles = congylos). knuckles mts., madulkelle area, cardamum estate of dr. pereira, reached via lebanon estate, alt. c. 800 m, at the foot of dusingalle, june, buds., kostermans 25190 ( = 25055) (bo, g, k, l, pda, us). 3. mastixia nimalii kosterm., spec. nov. arbor magna, ramulis glabris, foliis glabris, coriaceis obovatospathulatis apice rotundatis vel rotundatis et apiculatis, basin versus sensim attenuatis, supra laevibus nervo mediano et parte basalibus costis lateralibus impressis, subtus pollidioribus, nervo mediano prominentibus, nervis lateralibus paucis tenuibus prominulis, nervis secundariis sat obscuris horizontalibus, petiolis longis, paniculis corymbiformibus glabris paucifloris, floribus sessilibus parvis glabris vel sparse minutissime pilosis, calyx conspicuis, lobis calycibus 4 parvis, petalis 4 subovato-oblongis apice cucullatis appendiculatis, staminibus 4, stylo crasso brevibus, fructus laevibus ellipsoideus, parte apicalibus discus epigynus conspicuis appianates. typus: kostermans 27883 (l). tree, up to 25 m tall and 50—65 cm in diam., glabrous in all its parts, no buttresses; lower part of bole (c. 4 m in larger trees) with very conspicuous longitudinal rows of interrupted ridges, 5 mm wide, lighter on their central upper surface (lenticels!). bark c. 1 mm thick, 1982] kostermans: ceylonese mastixia 89 light grey brown; live bark soft, juicy, granular, pale whitish yellow, 10 mm thick. branchlets grey with large round leaf scars. leaves aggregate, coriaceous, elongate obovate to obovate-spathulate, 3 1/2 x 6— 4 1/2 x 10—5 x 12 cm, rounded or rounded and shortly broadly apiculate, towards the base tapered, acute; above smooth, the thin midrib and the basal part of the thin lateral nerves impressed; below paler, midrib prominent, lateral nerves thin, prominulous, erect-patent, 4—-7 pairs, towards the margin arcuate, connected by faint horizontal secondary nerves, which have in between a lax obscure reticulation. petioles slender, 1 1/2—4 cm long, flat above (apically slightly channeled). panicles axillary, few-flowered, corymbiform, up to 5 cm long; main peduncle thickish, up to 3 cm, bearing a few erect-patent branches, which are twice branched, the branches extremely short, subtended by 2 mm long, narrow, acute bracts. each bract (1 mm long) with one flower. flowers sessile. calyx obconical or barrel-shaped, 2 mm high, flaring into a much wider, free part, c. 1 mm high, bearing the minute, broader than long, c. 1 mm high, acute, 4 lobes. petals 4, fleshy, ovateoblong to oblong, concave, 2 1/2 mm long, with small cucullate and appendaged apex, bent inwards at right angles; stamens 4, filaments thickish, tapered, 1 1/2mm long, anthers large,1 1/2 mm long. disc cylindrical, large, 3/4 mm high, not incised. style thick, sub-conical, 3/4 mm long with sub-globose, small stigma. fruit ellipsoid, up to 15 x 30 mm, smooth, bracts persistent at their base, apex oblique with slightly sunk, up to 7 mm diam., flat disc and style base. distribution: s.w. ceylon, sinharaja forest, wet evergreen. the 4-merous flowers are characteristic for both m. tetrandra and m. nimalii, but the latter has coriaceous obtuse leaves, drying black, glabrous flowers and a very characteristic bark in the lower part of the bole. the species is named in honour of dr. i.a.u. nimal gunatilleke, lecturer at the peradeniya university who, with his wife, dr. savitri gunatilleke-peeris, have been involved in plant sociological and ecological work in the sinharaja forest and they were the first to point out, that this is a species quite distinct from m. tetrandra with a distinct sinhalese name diya (= water) taleya, a name sometimes also used for m. tetrandra. s.w. ceylon, sinharaja forest, weddagale entrance, wet, evergreen alt. 200 m, scattered, 5 oct. buds, kostermans 27836 (g, l, aarh, pda); same tree 19 oct., buds kostermans 27883 (id.); july, fr., kostermans 26648 (p, r, pda); sinhagalle, mar., buds, gunatilleke b. 3389 (pda); s. side of sinharaja forest between opanaka and wewalwatte, oct. fr., nooteboom 3301 (l, pda). 9 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 4. mastixia tetrandra (wight ex thw.) clarke mastixia tetrandra (wight ex thw.) clarke in hooker f., fl. brit. ind. 2: 745. 1879 (exclud. var. thwaitesii clarke); trimen, catal. 40. 1885 and handb. fl. ceylon 2: 287. pi. 47. 1894 (exclud. var thwaitesii) wangerin in engl. pflanzenreich 4, 229; 21. 1910 (exclud. var thwaitesii; danser in blumea 1: 56, 1934 (quoad nomen and quoad cit. ceylon, ceter, exclud.). — bursinopetalum tetrandrum wight ex thwaites, enum. pi. zeyl. 42, 1858 (exclud. var. 6). — typus: c.p. 2u1 (pda). mastixia lanceolata baillon in adansonia 3:: 88. 1862 (in adnot.) — typus: thwaites c.p. 2441 (p). tree, up to 25 m tall and up to 100 cm in diam., no buttresses. bark smooth, pale brown, thin, at base with lenticels, live bark 3—5 mm thick, pale orange yellow. branchlets rather slender, rather densely microscopically adpressed pubescent. leaves chartaceous to sub-coriaceous, oblanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate, 2 x 5 — 2—31/2 x 6 — 5 x 11 cm, acuminate to abruptly subcaudate-acuminate (acumen 10—15 mm long), base tapered, acute; above smooth, midrib and the thin lateral nerves slightly impressed, below sparsely, microscopically pilose, glabrescent, midrib prominent, lateral nerves thin, prominulous, c. 6 pairs, rather arcuately ascendent, reticulation lax, obscure, the horizontal secondary nerves not visible. petioles thin, 1—2 cm long, glabrescent, concave above. panicles pseudo-terminal, densely grey pubescent, rather few flowered, up to 4 cm long, bracts minute, persistent. flowers sessile, calyx tube obconical, 1 mm high; lobes 4, triangular, acute, 1/2 mm high, thickish, broader than long. petals 4, ovate, acute, concave, slightly cucullate, 21/2 mm long. stamens 4 on short filaments. fruit ellipsoid, smooth, 12 x 20 — 13 x 25 mm, at the apex with a flat disc, 3 mm in diam. leaves drying light brown. distribution: s.w. ceylon, sinharaja forest, also gilimale forest near ratnapura and hiniduma. rather common but very scattered. doubtful in s. india. our description differs somewhat from that of clarke: the bracts are persistent, the underside of the leaves is pubescent and there are constantly 4 calyx lobes, 4 petals and 4 stamens. the fallen leaves are light brown, not green as clarke says and in this sense differ from the black leaves of m. nimalii, m. montana and m. macrophylla. the petal tips are distinctly cucullate. eatnapura district, kukulane vihara kande, fehr., buds, waas 265 (pda); walankande, 800 m, may, diseased flowers (witches broom), waas 1561 (pda); sinharaja, horagulkande, alt. 300 m. febr., bads, waas 9.015 (pda); morakale, sinharaja, alt. 2-00 m, febr., y. fr., waas 2067 (pda); galle distr., hinidumkande, alt. 200 m. july, fr., meyer 578 & waas 1356 (pda) ; kanneliya forest, april, y. fr., waas & al. 546 (pda); ambagamuwa, march 1883, buds, w. ferguson s.n. (pda); 1982] kostermans: ceylonese mastixia 91 agalawatte, pasdun korale, dec. 1893, fl., sine coll. (pda); morapitiya, kalutara distr., alt. low, april, fr., kostermans 24675 (k, l, pda, us). 5. mastixia montana kosterm., spec. nov. bursinopetalum tetrandrum var. 6. thwaites, enum. pi. zeyl. 42. 1858 — mastixia tetrandra var. thwaitesii c.b. clarke in hooker f., fl. brit. ind. 2: 745. 1879; trimen, handb. fl. ceylon 2: 287. 1894; alston in id. 6 (suppl.): 139. 1931; lewis, catal. trees & flow. pi. w. & sabaragamuwa prov. 95. 1902; wangerin in engl. pflanzen reich 4, 229: 21. 1910. — typus: c.p. 2542, maturata, sept. 1857, buds (pda). arbor mediocris in omnibus partibus glabris, foliis alternantibus rigide coriaceis anguste oblanceolatis vel oblanceolato-oblongis, obtusis vel breviter acuminatis, basi in petiolum sat brevibus decurrentibus, supra nervo mediano costisque et reticulatio impressis, subtus nervo mediano valde prominentibus, costis tenuibus arcuato adscendentibus, margine incurvis, paniculis pseudo terminalibus parvis paucifloris, floribus sessilibus, tubo calycinus obconicis, lobis latis obtusis, petalis 4, ovato-oblongis, staminibus 4, fructus sat parvis ellipsoideus laevibus. typus: c.p. 2542 (pda) tree up to 15 m tall and dbh. 60 cm, glabrous in all its parts. bark smooth, soft, white, 1 mm thick; live bark pale orange yellow. wood white, soft. leaves sub-coriaceous to rigidly coriaceous, narrowly oblanceolate to oblanceolateoblong, 1 x 3—21/2 x 6—1 x 5 cm, obtuse or acuminate (acumen c. 5 mm long), base tapered and slightly decurrent into the petiole; above smooth, the midrib, lateral nerves and reticulation slightly impressed; below midrib strongly prominent, the thin, 4—6 (-9) pairs of lateral nerves rather arcuately ascendent, prorninulous, reticulation lax, obscure; margins revolute. petioles thin, 5— 10 mm long, concave above. panicles pseudo-terminal, few-flowered, stiff, initially with few hairs, 2—4 cm long with long peduncle and few short branches, corymbiform, bracts minute, persistent. flowers sessile; calyx obconical. 1—11/2 mm high, flaring into four, 1 mm high, obtuse, broader than long lobes. petals 4, with few microscopical adpressed hairs or glabrous, oblong, 2—2 1/2 mm long, slightly cucullate. stamens 4. style short, conical. fruit ellipsoid, 1 x 2 cm, with apically ribbed disc, 5 mm in diam. and style remnant. distribution : only known from maturata and hakgalle, a mountain species. thwaites considered this a variety of bursinopetalum tetrandrum and did not bother to give it a varietal name. clarke coined the name 92 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 var. thwaitesii for it and remarked that it was quite different from mastixia tetrandra, but as thwaites had accepted it as a variety, clarke followed suit. also trimen pointed to the different aspects of this variety. since more material has now become available, it is clear, that this tree deserves specific status; it not only differs in the size, shape and consistency of the leaves, but also the impressed venation on the upper surface is very striking. moreover the flowers are practically glabrous, the calyx lobes have a different shape and the fruit is much smaller. wood soft, perhaps good for tea boxes (lewis). lewis' remark (i.e. 96) that the panicles can be very long, apparently refers to witches brooms. nuwara eliya distr., hakgalie jungle behind the botanical garden, alt. 1500 m, may, fr., kostermans hi 87 (bo, k, l, pda, us); ibid., 1900 m, aug., fl., theobald & grape 2398 (pda); maturata, sept. 1857, fl., c.p. 25 u2 (pda); watawala, march, ster., lewis s.n. (pda). 10(1) 256 binder cover-100_page_007 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense lbn, bogor vol. 10, p a r t 2, pp. 245 264 (1985) hasskarl's cinchona barks 1. historical review c. e. ridsdale rijksherbarium, leiden, netherlands & l. a. anderson. a. t. keene & j. i). phillipson department of pharmacognosy, the school of pharmacy, university of london, u.k. abstract the preliminary results of alkaloid analyses of hasskaii's cinchona bark collection, made in peru in 1852/3' is given, and the identity and historical aspects of the material discussed in respect of the role the plants played in the javanese plantations. abstrak hasil sementara analisis alkaloid koleksi pepagan kina hasskarl yang dibuat di peru tahun 1852/1853 disajikan. identitas dan segi sejarah bahan tadi dibahas dalam kaitannya dengan peranan tanaman di perkebunan di pulau jawa. introduction the dutch were the first to successfully organize cinchona plantations, which were situated in java. materials for these plantations were obtained over a number of years by the import of plants or seeds from various sources either direct, e.g. by hasskarl, ledger, karstens and schuhkraft, or later indirect through exchange of materials from former british india. the basis of the first planting stocks of cinchona in the former dutch east indies was derived from the plants and seeds collected by hasskarl on his expedition to s. america in 1852/3. in addition a limited quantity of 'c. calisaya javanica' was propagated from plants produced from cuttings of the first cinchona plant introduced into java, which was obtained by de vriese (de vriese 1885) from messers thibant & keteleer in paris, an offspring from seed collected by weddell. this latter material is not considered here further in much detail. — 245 — 216 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 the subsequent exploitation of these early cinchona stocks, the early history of cinchona growing, and the establishment of plantations formed the subject of a controversy between botanists, pharmacognosists, planters and politicians, which flourished not only in newspapers, but also in a vast array of scientific and other journals, and was ardently nurtured by the contenders in every conceivable type of article even in book reviews. hasskarl's bakk collection hasskarl not only collected living material but also herbarium material of the different cwchona species he encountered. furthermore, there are references in the older literature phoebus (1864, 1867) and howard (1859-62, 1876) to barks received from hasskari. gorkom (1881) and moons (1882) also allude to the possible existence of such a bark collection, analysis of which would have saved needless effort and expense in the continued propagation of cinchona species, with low quinine yielding barks. in 1980 this bark collection was relocated in the ryksherbarium and as far as can be deduced corresponds with the herbarium material collected by hasskarl. hasskarps bark collection consists of his own material and of duplicate materials exchanged with the english quinologist j. e. howard and from the javanese plantations received from gorkom. these duplicate materials are not considered further here, those from howard were further divided and sent to phoebus (phoebus 1867). the material was preserved in glass cylinders with wooden lids secured by string and finally sealed with wax bearing an impression of a tree on an ornate shield. current investigation of these samples posed problems, e.g. the writing on the labels is now practically illegible due to fading and discolouration so that correlation of the barks with the herbarium material was not easy; the most prominent numerals on the lids have nothing to do with the contents of the jars and merely correspond with the size of the jars. however, in the archives of the rijksherbarium a series of printed lists of the material was found which was prepared for a demonstration held in cleve at an unknown date. it is not known if this lists has been published or further circulated, but it is unfortunate that the numbers and sequence do not correspond to the barks and herbarium material clue to several printing errors in the alignment of the two columns. eventually a version (here after referred to as hasskarl's list) corrected by hasskarl and dated 24.8.1892. c. e. bidsdalh ct.al.: hasskarl's chinchona darks 247 was found which indicated that there should also be a pencil number on the lids corresponding to the numbers in the list. finally, after considerable difficulty, it proved possible to locate, beneath the accumulated grime and dust, the faded numbers which thus enabled the collection to be correlated identity of bark and herbarium material one would expect that the identity of this collection is well established and studied by many. unfortunately this is far from true and even now it is impossible to provide a reliable taxonomic name for the materials as there is no reasonable revision of the genus cinchona. the first tentative identifications of hasskarl's material were made by j. e. howard and a letter from howard to hasskarl dated 3 october 1860 is the main content of the article 'botanisohe notizen zur chinologie' by hasskarl (1860) where howard mentions characters of the bark of "cascarilla naranjada" (bark no. 8). the correspondence continues with a letter dated 29 november 1860 and reproduced by hasskarl on pp 5758 of a review of the work 'china verae et pseudo-chinae regii lugdunensis . . (1816a). here hasskarl notes that he sent herbarium material and barks to howard. somewhat later (1861b) hasskarl reports that the herbarium examined by howard was forwarded to the ministry of the colonies, which informed hasskarl in a letter dated 12 june 1861. that it had been deposited in the herbarium of the botanic garden at leiden under the supervision of de vriese. this material was transferee! to the rijksherbarhim at some period in the following 10 years, probably later than 1869. howard (1859-62) mentions hasskarl's collections of barks in several places, particularly in the introduction p9, and sub c. pahudiana howard (probably 1861), and sub c. lanceolata ruiz & pavon. in a later publication (howard 1876) he gives a short list of the herbarium and bark samples given to him by hasskarl, with little change from that previously published (hasskarl 1861a) and, again using his own (not hasskarl's) number sequence, refers to the numbers 1, 1*, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 18*, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, adding a few comments regarding the identifications of miquel. as howard's original herbarium has not been traced it has not been possible to compare this supposedly duplicate material with that at leiden, which also has identifications in howard's hand writing. the material from hasskarl's own herbarium, received at leiden after his death, lacks such annotations. 218 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 table 1. identity of hasskarl's bark and herbarium collections haisskarl's list hasskarl number h 1 h 2 h 3 h 4 h 5 h 6 h 7 h 8 h 9 h 10 h 11, h 12 h 18 h 14 h 15 <> h 16 h 17 ii 18 h 19 h 20 h 21 h 2.2 11 23 h 24 h 25 h 26 ii 27 h 28 h 2d herb. material local name traced + cascarilla con hoja de durazno + „ punta di lanca + „ baya s. c. amarilla + „ calisaya „ calisaya olerosa • + „ calisaya hembra (femina) ,, naranjada + „ crespilla chique (parva) + „ crespilla grande (major) + mula cascarilla ? cascarilla morada fina fachada + ? ? cascarilla azuhar see footnote + cascarilla carua carua „ pata di gallinazo s. c. loja + „ calisaya + „ amarilla „ provincial is + „ puca quepo + „ echenique + ichu calisaya cascarilla morada cascarilla morada cascarilla morada fina + „ blanca + „ zambo morado „ bobo s. cala delus lomas species c. amygdalifolia c. amygdalifolia c. amygdalifoka c. calisaya, c. calisaya c. calisaya, var. josephiaira c. caloptera c. caloptera (c. pellcteriana) c. carabayensis c. carabayensis forma cascarilla carua c. euneura c. lanceolata c. land folia var. mutisiana — — c. magnifolia c. magnifolia c. nwritziava c. ovata c. pedunculata c. pelletcriana c. purpwescens c. rugosa r. & p. non miq. c. serobiculata c. so-obiculata c. 1 c. 1 c. subses&ilis lucuma argnacoesiiwi d no 15 was misplaced in this series and was one of howard's duplicates vide hasskarl's list. c. = cinchona: case. —cascarilla (ladenbergia,): lad. = ladenbergia — =r not applicable or not mentioned. 1985] c. e. bidsdale et.al.: hassharl's cmnehona barks hassk. number h 1 ii 2 h 3 h 4 h 5 h 6 h 7 h 8 ii 9 h 10 h 11 h 12 h 13 h 14 h 15 0 h 16 h 17 h 18 h is h 20 h 21 h 22 h 23 h 24 h 25 h 26 h 27 h 28 h 20 j. e howard number 8 13 1'6 1, '— — l!l' 4 18 22 5 9 20 21 (5 15 24 3 10 12 10 2 — . 9 14 7 17 . howard determination c. cinchona sp. nov (c. australw)*! pimentelia glomerata c. lanceolata c. oalisaya — — — — indet c. purpurea c. sp. nov.*2 c. ovata cf. ladenbergia cinchona sp. nov.*3 c. lanceolata c. lancifolia, (flora i860, 582) case. (ladenbergia) •magnifolia, case. (ladenbergia) magnifolia case, moritziana c. pelleteriana case, pediimculata c. rufinervis wedd. c. sp. nov. c. ? ealisaya var. nov. — — — — c. sp. nov. aff. ealisaya indet c. erythoderma celastrinea miquel determination c. amygdafolia — — c. carabayensis var. lanecolata c. calisat/a — — _ _ — c. calopatra c. carabayensis c. ovata, case, carua c. euneura c. hasskarliana c. officiva.1 is case, magnifolia case, magnifolia case, moritziana c. subscssilis — c. ovata c. amygdalipolia c. ealisaya var. rugosa miq. — — __ — ? c. euneura __ — c. subsessilis stanley synonomy c. officinais 1'. glomerata c. carabayeyisis c. officinalis — — — — c. pubescens c. pubescens c. carabayensis c. pubescens lad. carua c. ? officinalis c. carabayensis c. officinalis ladenbergia magnifolia ladenbergia magnifolia not cited = lad. moritziana c. pubescens ladenbergia pedhnc»lata*i c. pubescent c. officinalis c. off-icinalis — — _ — c. ? officinalis — — c, pubescens clethra obovata (clethraceae) det. sleumer 1 c. australis vide howard in manuscript list of his barks in the pharmaceutical society museum, bradford. 2 type of c. pahudiana howard (1859 62) . 3 could be confused with bark 26-c. e. r. 4 remijia of most other authors. 250 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 miquel (1869) examined the material at the rijksherbarium and published an account of the genus, abstracted and condensed versions appearing elsewhere. he refused that c. pahudiana, described by howard, (hasskarl sample 9), was a distinct species and considered it to be c. carabayensis wedd., and further described 4 new species, three c. caloptera, c. ,euneura and c. subsessilis being based on hasskarl's material, and c. hasskarliana from javanese plantation material derived from hasskarl's plants/seeds (or according to others a hybrid). miquel seems to have ignored the fact that he had already published two further species (miquel 1861), c. coronudata and c. govana from peru. furthermore there are some discrepancies regarding the said identities and hasskarl's herbarium material. miqueps long awaited work provided no answer to the much debated problems as to the identity if the diverse stocks; the question as to the identity of c. pahudiana howard was then already academic as it was no longer propagated. triana (1870) completes the confusion by the suggestion that c. caloptera miq. = c. purpurrea ruiz & pavon, c. eunura miq. = c. lechleriana schl., c. haskarliana miq. — c. carabayensis wedd., and c. subsessilis: miq. = c. purpurrea ruiz & pavon. subsequently 0. kuntze (1898) astounded everyone by proposing various massive hybrid complexes which nobody considered seriously, but everybody exhaustively debated utnil the editors of various journals refused to publish further articles. between 1870 and 1893 the experimental plantations in many far flung corners of the globe were on the wane; planters in ceylon and many in s. india had decided that it was time for tea, and the dutch had discovered the value of the stocks obtained from the seed from c. ledger, which with relief, was named c. ledgeriana. — whatever that may be. c. ledgeriana is a doubtful entity botanieally and is very heterogeneous. by the end of the century some of the older scientists had already died, weddell followed by howard, hasskarl and de vrij. only one man bridged the generations untill the second world war, that was h. rushby. he visited howard before the latter's death, and subsequently ardently collected and worked on cinchonas in s. america, but published little. unfortunately, by the time of the second world war, camp (1949) records that nothing could be traced of his collections or works which had been disposed of in a phase of modernization. our latest information suggests that his collections may still exist at the botanical museum, harvard university. rushby (1931) was one who opposed the work of standley (1930/31) who 'lumped' most of the 2 5 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1(1 miquel (1869) examined the material at the rijksherbarium and published an account of the genus, abstracted and condensed versions appearing elsewhere. he refused that c. pahudiana, described by howard, (hasskai'l sample 9), was a distinct species and considered it to be c. carabayensis wedd., and further described 4 new species, three c. caloptera, c. puneum; and c. subsessvlb; being based on hasskarl's material, and c. hasskarlmna from javanese plantation material derived from hasskarl's plants/seeds (or accordingto others a hybrid). miquel seems to have ignored the fact that he had already published two further species (miquel 1861), c. coronulata and c. govana from peru. furthermore there are some discrepancies regarding the said identities and hasskarl's herbarium material. miquel's long awaited work provided no answer to the much debated problems as to the identity if the diverse stocks; the question as to the identity of c. pahudiana howard was then already academic as it was no longer propagated. triana (1870) completes the confusion by the suggestion that c. cailoptera miq. = c. jmrpurea ruiz & pavon, c. euneiena miq. = c. lechlevlami schl., c. liasskarittuta miq. = c. carabayen'sis wedd., and c. sicbsessblis miq. = c. purpurea ruiz & pavon. subsequently 0. kuntze (1898) astounded everyone by proposing various massive hybrid complexes which nobody considered seriously, but everybody exhaustively debated utnil the editors of various journals refused to publish further articles. between 1870 and 1893 the experimental plantations in many far flung corners of the globe were on the wane; planters in ceylon and many in s. india had decided that it was time for tea, and the dutch had discovered the value of the stocks obtained from the seed from c. ledger, which with relief, was named c. ledgeriana — whatever that may be. c. ledgeriana is a doubtful entity botanicp.lly and is very heterogeneous. by the end of the century some of the older scientists had already died, weddell followed by howard, hasskarl and de vrij. only one man bridged the generations untill the second world war, that was h. rushby. he visited howard before the latter's death, and subsequently ardently collected and worked on cinchonas in s. america, but published little. unfortunately, by the time of the second world war, camp (1949) records that nothing could be traced of his collections or works which had been disposed of in a phase of modernization. our latest information suggests that his collections may still exist at the botanical museum, harvard university. rushby (1931) was one who opposed the work of standley (1930/31) who 'lumped' most of the 1985] c. e. ridsdale et.al.: hasskarl's chinchona barks 251 earlier described species of cinchona, vast collections of cinchona were made by the 'cinchona missions' during the second world war, but very little was published regarding the taxonomy. hodge (1950), who had considerable field experience in peru, defended the critisism of rushby and considered that many of the taxa reduced by standley were worthy of recognition, even c.pahudiana. finally even hasskarl's plant collections were apparently forgotten; they are not cited in the 'flora of peru' (standley 1930), many cinchona species, some based on his material were reduced, unseen, into synonomy and also his collections of pimentelia, ladenbergia and perhaps of remijia were ignored. unfortunately, since the time of weddell, hasskarl seems to have been the only collector of pimentelia, and the collection of ladenbergia moritziana klotzsch, cited in the older literature, has not been mentioned subsequently. faced with these historical problems it is not possible to identify these hasskarl collections with any degree of certainty at this stage. in table 1 the the material is listed in the numerical sequence accord by hasskarl; the presence of herbarium material is indicated by a + / —; the next two columns the local names, and botanical identity as accorded to the collection in hasskarl's list, prepared for a demonstration held at cleve (with corrections dated 24.8.92) and which is preserved in the archives of the rijksherbarium. the following column contains the number sequence given to the material by howard, followed by the identifications of howard (1876 and howard in hasskarl. 1861a). the final columns give the identitv according to miquel (1r66) followed by the synonomy of standley (1930/31). chemical investigation of hasskarl's barks the results of the preliminary analysis of the material for the presence of alkaloids are given in table 2. twenty-eight of hasskarl's twenty-nine samples were available for chemical investigation (number 15 is missing). the powdered bark samples were moistened with dilute ammonia and the alkaloids extracted with chloroform. subsequent purification by partition techniques resulted in alkaloid samnles. the weights of bark material, the yield of alkaloid and the tentative identification by thin-layer chromatography are given in table 2. the results clearly show that alkaloids have remained in these samples after 130 years of storage. preliminary chromatographic data indicates that quinoline-type alkaloids, e.g. quinine, quinidine, cinchonidine and cinchonine, are present in the majority of hasskarl's barks. quinine is the 252 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 table 2. ssample number wt. extracted (g) total alkaloids yield tentative identification from tlc (qn = quinine; qd = quinidine cn = cinchonine; cd = cinchonidine) h 1 h 2 h 3 h 4 h 5 h 6 h 7 h 8 h 9 h 10 h 11 h 12 h 13 h 14 h 16 h 17 h 18 h 19 h 20 h 21 h 22 h 23 h 24 h 25 h 26 h 27 h 28 2.48 8.1 30.2 14.0 21.7 41.2 10.1 11.3 32.4 36.2 28.0 27.6 26.4 35.4 14.0 41.4 26.8 10.4 7.6 13.4 16.1 2.7 49.8 36.0 52.3 15.3 50.8 1 1 4 " 93 500 893 1320 33 83 346 289 204 940 734 648 7 47 6 127 2 611 17 8 2074 1422 2376 176 1552 0.44 0.05 0.31 3.57 4.12 3.20 0.33 0.73 1.07 0.80 0.73 3.41 2.78 1.83 0.05 0.11 0.0>2 1.22 0.03 4.56 0.11 0.30 4.16 4.95 4.54 1.15 3.09 h 29 37.1 10 0.03 major qn, qd; minor cn, cd major qn (no others seen!) major cn; minor qn, qd, trace cd major qn; minor qd, cd, cn major qn; minor qd, qd, cn major qn; minor qd, cd major qn, cn; minor qd, cd major qn, qd; minor cd, cn major qn; minor cn, qd, cd major arcine; minor qn major qn, qd; cn, cd major qn, cn, cd; minor qd major qn, qd, cn, cd major qn, cd; minor qd, cn major qn, cd; minor qd, cn major cn; minor cd, qn, qd major qn, cd major arcine — no others seen major cd; minor qn major qn; minor qd, cn, cd major qn; minor qd, cn, cd major qn; minor qd, cn, cd major qn; minor qd, cn, cd major qn; minor qd, cn, cd major qn; minor qd, cn, cd major arcine, traces qn ? major areine, some qn? (similarity to h 27) major qn; minor qd, cn, cd major alkaloid in most of the samples, but there are eome exceptions. samples 10, 19, 27 and 28 are markedly different in that the indole alkaloid aricine is the major alkaloid present; the chemistry of these four samples is thus pertinent to the discussion on the following section. samples 3 and 20 are outstanding in that they produce cinchonine and cinchonidine, respectively, as major alkaloids, instead of the corresponding aromatic methoxylated alkaloids, quinidine and quinine. of particular interest to phytochemistry is the fact that seven of these samples, according to standley 1930, are no cinchona species but yet contain quinine-type alkaloids. sample 3 was identified as a species of pimentelia, samples 11, 16, 17, 18 and 20 as ladenbergia species and sample 29 as a clethra species (tables 1 and 2). 196'!>] c. e. bidsdale et.al.: hasekarl's chinchona barks 253 discussion viewed in restrospect the early cultivation and breeding of cinchona was rather haphazard and unsystematic. the exact source of the seeds germinated, in relation to the different plants collected by hasskarl, has never been recorded. the history of the plants cultivated from seed sent to the various dutch botanic gardens is much better documented, see de vriese (1855) and v. gorkom (1881) but junghuhn (1858) writes (translation) "i here include the remaining trees present at cibodas propagated from seed, among which must bo the young plants brought by capt. huidekoper from plolland; these cannot be identified with certainty as the labels placed by teysmann on all the cinchona trees of cibodas were later removed". junghuhn then renumbered the trees apparently in a repative number sequences: calisayas 1—n and lucumaefolia 1—n. he subsequently transplanted the majority of the plantation to ciniruan. at ciniruan were the remainder of the plants brought from holland by junghuhn; these were also transplanted from the open ground to the forest, one assumes also similarly numbered in a series 1—n. indeed the various analyses of de vriese suggest that each establishment had a separate number sequence for each of the then recognized "species". it seems improbable that the succeeding generations of plantation stocks can ever directly be correlated with the original plantation material formerly at cibodas. apparently even moens could not even do this with certainty. furthermore, at a later date, these early stocks were interplanted with material derived from other sources such as from seed from ledger. schukraft and former british plantations. the final complication is that the published results of the early analysed barks do not contain references to tree numbers on the plantations, though these were probably known. furthermore, it is important to remember that miquel did not publish his results until 1869, by which time the progency of the plants introduced by hasskarl was scattered over the different plantations. hasskarl's collection contains some species which are no longer considered to be placed in the genus cinchona. these false cinchona barks have never been cultivated on plantations. false cinchona clethra obovata (ruiz. & pavon) g. don (cletheraceae. — bark no. 29. 2 5 4 r e i n w a r dt i a [vol. this is a .surprising colection as we have not traced any reference to quinoline type alkaloids in this family. however, there are a few collections of this species made by the 'cinchona missions' during the 1940's suggesting that this may be one of the 'false quinines.' pimentelia glomerata wedd. (rubiaceae). — bark no 2. this is a species which has never been exploited for quinim production. ladenbergia (rubiaceae). — barks no 11, 16, 17, and 18. in the older literature these are referred to as false-cinchonas, —bark or —quinines. in the previous century they were often encountered as adulterants of parcels of cinchona barks. mostly only minute traces of alkaloids were reported. the presence of quinoline type alkaloids in the genera pimentelia and ladenbergia is interestingas it indicates that these alkaloids are not restricted to the genus cinchona as has sometimes been suggested. cuprea bark. — bark no 20. this false cinchona bark and the herbarium material correspond to the plant originally described as cinchona peduncidata karstens. however, there is considerable difference of opinion as to which genus this plant belongs and it is surprising that standley retains this within the genus ladenbergia. 'c. peduncidata' played a passing role in the commercial importations of barks from s. america in the early 1880's, the so-called 'cuprea barks' or 'china cuprea'. these barks were generaly considered to be derived from two plant species originally described as cinchona pedunculata karstens and remijia purdiana wedd. triana (1881) placed these species in the genus remijia. this disposition was followed by fluckiger (1883), planchon (1884), and others. karstens (1881) disagreed and proposed a new genus heterasca to accomodate at least c. pedunculata. karstens (1887) later reconsidered his opinion and reduced heterasca, together with ladenbergia and remijia, to sections of cinchona. k. schumann (1889) transferee! c. peduncidata to the genus ladenbergia. it is highly probable that c. peduncidata is misplaced in the genus ladenbergia. aricine has been reported in the early literature from cuprea bark. at present we have insufficient historical bark materials from these false cinchona barks, and much of what exists is without any form of 1985] c. e. ridsdalb et.al.: hassharl's chinehona barks 255 voucher material. it is worthy of note that these hasskarl barks must be among the few where voucher herbarium material is available. the remaining barks and herbarium material have, to date, always been referred to the genus cinchona. true cinchonas cinchona calisaya wedd. gradually a concept of what c. calisaya should be was formed on the plantations and the different entitities cultivated under this name slowly segregated; one of these later emerged as c. ledgeriana moens. ex trimen. it should be realized that c. ledgeriana was delimited pharmacognostically, and not botanically, from fl mixture of plants arising from seed purchased from ledger originating from some 50 different trees in bolivia (letter from ledger in leersum 1915) and the remaining materials of calisaya from hasskarl and weddell. schuhkraft plants seem to have been kept apart. it is not known whether any of these early stocks play a part in the breeding or selection process of c. ledgeriana. holmes (1886) notes: 'still v. gorkom admits that "there are many of the older calisaya trees introduced by hasskarl which do not seem different from the ledgerianas." ' the early herbarium collections of this seem to be exceedingly heterogeneous botanically. weddell's plant obtained via de vriese. since the plants were propagated from cuttings from one original plant, the stocks must have been limited as they must have been selfsterile being composed only of microor macro-stylous plants (which one is not recorded). junghunhn (1860) noted "the two older calisaya no 1 & 2 have continuously flowered and are still flowering but to date have not set a single ripe fruit". this suggests that no suitable cross pollinator was present in the plantation. the results from these preliminary analysis tentatively lead one to conclude that hasskarl certainly did not collect any cinchona calisaya with a high yield of total alkaloids and quinine. it has been repeatedly questioned if he collected the genuine 'var josephina', which, at that time, was thought to be the richest quinine yielding taxon. it would seem that barks 4 & 5 may correspond to this variety and herbarium material somewhat comparable to that of no 4 si also found in junghuhh's herbarium, and so it would appear that this material may also have given progeny which was planted with ledger's plants. at present it is not possible to characterize the early stocks of this species with any certainty. 25(1 rei n w a r i) t i a [voi* 10 oimchomi, liasskarliana miq. the plants originated mostly from seed collected from tree 'calisaya no 33' from cibodas, which set fruit from 1858 until its death in may 1860. the first seedlings were planted in the forest at nagrak and flowered in 1865. miquel described this new species from plantation material. de vri.j repeatedly suggested that this was a hybrid. botanically this is a poorly defined species and it is clear that the early analyses of plantation material supposedly representing this species, refer to two different entities. the confusion begins with miquel's reference that the plant is to be found in hasskarl's material collected in s. america. of the material preserved in the rijksherbarium hasskarl's numbers 3, 13 and 14 bear a label 'c. officinalis var. liasskarliana mlq.'. indeed miquel (1869) cited c. officinalis from collections made at the locality 'escalobo st. raefael' with the reference' c. condaminea var. lancifolia ab howard' and mentions the vernacular names 'cascarilla baya amarilla' (no 3) and 'cascarilla azuhar' (no 14). the confusion becomes greater as miquel under 'c. carabayotsis var. lanccolata' notes that this variety probably originated from seed sent as 'c. amygdalifoliahassk. — (7. lanccolatinn r. & p.'; logically from the identifications in table 1, this can only refer to hasskarl's no 13 (or less likely also no 3). the herbarium material of both no 3 and ib is labelled c. officinalis var. hasskarliava miq.' in the present analyses 3, 13 and 14 all contain cinchonidine. the early published analyses of c. liasskarliana from the plantation nagrak indicate that cinchonidine was absent in the plants called c, hasskarliana. de vrij (1863) analysed 'tree calisaya no 33' and reported per 100 parts 3.148 parts quinine, 0.387 parts quinidine and 1.465 parts cinchonine. the tree 'calisaya no 33' was later identified as c. pahudiana howard and 1 consider that the plants, called c. liasskarliana, which originated from seed from this tree and were established at nagrak, and the subsequent progeny from the nagrak plants were simply what one would expect, c. pahudiana howard. the herbarium material preserved under the name c. hasskarliana has hairy leaves and is also identical with c. pahudiana the second entity cultivated under the name of c. hasskarliana differs from the plants mentioned above in the presence of cinchonidine. whilst cinchonidine was found to be present in hasskarl's no 3, 13 and 14 in the present investigation these could have been the mother plants of the second entity. however, the leaves of these three numbers are 1985] c. e. ridsdalh ct.ul.: haaskarva chinchona barks 257 completely glabrous whilst the second entity of c. hasskarliana has narrow leaves with a distinctly hairy midrib. we can, therefore, disregard miquel's sugestion that 3, 13 or 14 were the mother plants of c. hasskarliana. however, hasskarl no 1 has narrow leaves with a hairy midrib. this was identified as c. amygdalifolia by both hasskarl and miquel. further, material corresponding to this is to be found in the herbarium of junghuhn (ca 1860). it may well be that this group of specimens were the mother plants of the second entity cultivated under the name c. hasskarliana. it is not possible to sort out this problem from the results so far obtained. cinchona sp. — barks no 3, 13, 14. from the herbarium material and howards letter to hasskarl (1861a) it is clear that howard considered that three hasskarl numbers represented the same species. indeed, superficially they appear very similar. the present analyses of three differ slightly in details. it is not possible, at this stage, to analyse the role no 13 and 14 may have played in the plantation stocks. according to howard (1876), triana referred hasskarl's no 3 to c. purpurea ruiz. & pavon but in this species aricine has been reported in the bark. according to the present analyses hasskarl's no 3 is a cinchonine producing bark and quinine is lacking. such species have never deliberately been introduced into the javanese plantations. c. micrantha was introduced by accident in 1862 with material received from british india. this species produces a bark in which cinchonine predominates but cinchonidine is also present. however, searching through the older records there are other non-quinine producing plants recorded in the analyses. these are listed under 'c calisaya javanica' 'c. calisaya schuhkraft' and '? c. hasskarliana' respectively at ciniruan (1875), kuripan (1875), and ciomas (1876) ; all have an alkaloid composition similar to that found in hasskarl 3, the herbarium material of which bears seeds. i suspect that hasskarl no 3 was the mother plant of these stocks. cinchona caloptera miq. — barks no 7, 8. bark no 8 must represent a bark sample from the type collection of c" caloptera miq. the taxonomic relationships of this species are uncertain. it may represent c. gonovana miq. or be related to c. cordifolia mutis ex humb. plants reputed to be c caloptera, were cultivated on the javanese plantations for a short period and occassionally the 2 5 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 bark was harvested. the published analyses of the bark of this material show that this was a cinchonine/cinchonidine producingspecies with some quinine and no quinidine. it may be questioned if these plants were derived from seed from hasskarl's no 8. the herbarium specimens of plantation material cultivated under this name show much resemblance to the herbarium material of haskarl no 7, which according to hasskarl is also c. caloptera. cinchona euneura miq. — bark no 12. bark 12 (and probably bark 26) represents a bark sample from the type collection of this species. as far as is known this species was not cultivated in java. its relationship to other s. american species is uncertain. despite the large leaves which are distinctly pubescent on the undersurface, it would seem to be related to the c. officinalis complex and may possibly be closest to c. uritusinga pav. ex howard, one of the earliest barks to be exported from loxa to europe in the 17th century. a plant considered to be c. uritusinga was grown by howard from seed sent to him by riofrio from loxa. these were sent to british india and thousands were propagated as c. officinalis 'uritusinga'. later these were exchanged and cultivated in java. c. euneura seems to be different from these plants. the differences in alkaloid spectra of components of c. officinalis complex has been reconfirmed by every investigator in the last 150 years. c. uritusinga was one of the first taxa exploited on a large scale, but by the time of condamine (1753) the trees were rare; howard confirms this 100 years later and martin & gandara (1945) record the analyses of only 10 trees. cinchona, subsessile miq. — barks no 19, 28. cinchona spp. — barks 10, 27. barks 19 and 28 belong to the .syntype collections of c. subsessilis miq. the results are interesting as the barks contain aricine. this is most commonly reported as occurring in c. pelleteriana wedd. from which species the alkaloid was first discovered. c. pelleteriana was exported for a short period from the port of arica (hence aricine) but the barks were considered worthless. barks no 10 (the herbarium material identified as c. ovata by howard and miquel) and bark 27 (no definite identification) also belong to this alliance. there are further some 8 'species' of cinchona where 19&5] c. e. ridsdale et.al.: hasakarl's chinchonu barks 259 aricine is reported to be the major alkaloid, most of these were recorded by howard (1859-62) ; they are: c. decurrentifolia. c. lutea, c. microphylla,, c. obovata, c. ovata, c. pelleteriana, c. purpureu and c. villosa, unfortunately it is unknown if aricine occurs in c. puhesicem s. st., this may resemble the pubescent, non-arcine producing c. pahudiana in alkaloid spectra. further aricine is reported from cuprea bark (remijia ? — see hasskai-1 no 20) and an intense yellow colouring associated with an alkaloid is reported from pogonopus tubulosa (d.c.) schum. (syn. hoivardia febrifugia wedd.). none of the aricine producing cinchona species mentioned had been cultivated on plantations. the presence of aricine in c. subsessilis lends some support to the suggestion of triana (1872) that this may only be a later name for c. purpur ea r. & p. cinchona calisaya var. rugosa miq. — bark no 23. this bark must represent a sample of the type collection of this little known variety. this variety may be incorrectly associated with c. calisaijn. cinchona soobiculata. — barks no 24, 25. herbarium material and further identification are lacking for these two collections. conclusions quinine is bitter, its history likewise, chequered by success and mistakes, import carreers or disillusionment, sickness and death and marked by ferocious scientific disputes between mutis and ruiz & pavon, which at the time shook the learned world. it is not surprising that many problems of the early plantations were exaggerated by bitter personal differences, some recorded in the literature and others long buried in dusty archives. these differences make it difficult to objectively analyse many statements made in the older literature. the first plantations found place around the time of darwin's publication of the origin of species, and into taxonomic field were concurrent with "the kew rule": distribution of duplicates of diverse origin, under the same number, of plants considered to represent good species. similarly on the plantations stocks of the 'species' were obtained and propagated, only to find at a later date that these were mixed or had variable characters. furthermore, both in java and india the overseers 2g0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. jo or heads of department were periodically changed which seems to have been disastrous for continuity of research and publications. the discovery of bark material with correlating herbarium material of the mother-plants or-populations of the original stocks cultivated on the javanese plantations enables one to draw certain tentative conclusions. these original stocks of "c. ealisaya" were more heterogeneous than previously considered. there are little or no original correlated data regarding seed source, plants cultivated and bark analyses. this has led to the assumption that cinchona is exceedingly variable and that numerous hybrids or hybrid swarms have been produced. considering the experimental work of engelbeen (1949) such hybridization is unlikely. some experimental crosses are reported in the early literature but no further details are given. the most well known is c. robusta which 'originated' in india; it had an alkaloid spectrum intermediate between c. officinalis (i.e. c. ealisaya) and c. suecirubra. material closely corresponding to 'c. robusta' was widely collected from wild populations in s. america by the cinchona missions of 2nd word] wnr and were considered by martin & candara (1945) as ? c. luciimaefolia. the javanese material originated from the plants cultivated in india plus seedlings from the ledgeriana mother tree 28, supposedly crossed with c. succirubra) . perhaps robert cross was correct when he wrote in a letter to hooker, 'sir, there has been a terrible mistake, they are cultivating the wrong species'. in fact the success of the early cinchona breeding selection may seriously be questioned; perhaps they were simple re-selecting the original breeding stocks. early herbarium collections of c. ledgeriana made from javanese plantations by gorkom are certainly the most heterogeneous assemblage one could meet. unfortunately, in the yearly reports of the government cinchona plantations, the comment that there was no time to make a representative herbarium collection of the different species and clones, occurs very often, indeed there is little herbarium material. the history of cinchona is also one of terrible mistakes and shortcomings, each successive phase of research ignoring the results previously obtained. the result is over a 1000 publications (moreau 1945, rehder 1912, 1915) which show little correlation with each other. the vast number of collections and results obtained by the cinchona missions oi' the 2nd world wai(fosberg 1945, steere 1945) mostly have remained unstudied and unpublished. the research in the genus covers some of 1886] c. e. rldsdale ct.al.: hasskarl'e cliinchuua barks 261 the earliest work on bark morphology and anatomy (berg 1865, phoebus 1864, howard 1850-62, 1872 and vog] 1s67) and that of formation of avound tissue. there is a mass of data on the pharmacognosy of cinchona and some 40 or more alkaloisd are said to occur in the genus. however, many "alkaloids" are merely names for uncharacterised compounds isolated many years ago and their purity as single substances must be in doubt. classical analytical techniques were developed for the separation of four major alkaloids, viz., quinine, quinidine, cinchonidine, cinchonine, and many samples have been investigated chemically for the presence of these four alkaloids. finally there is a mass buried data on the distribution of the different species and populations avhich indirectly give an indication of the composition of the vegetation that dissappeared in areas depleted during the last 200 years it is hoped that the investigation on the historical collections avill be continued and that shortly it will be possible to give quantitative results. further it may avell be possible that the alkaloids found in the leaves (phillipson & hemingavay 1980) may, at a future data, provide further characters for comparison of the different species. it is considered that the analysis of bark and leaves of a limited number of avidely distributed historical collections of cinchona, both avild and early cultivated stocks, could provide a basis for further more detailed research. this could be directed on the one hand at interpretation of the different cultivated clones and species, requiring limited further analyses, and, on the other hand, on the analysis and reassesment of the mass of collections and data assembled from the wild stands of cinchona during the 2nd world war. furthermore reassesment, of the early work of berg (1865) howard (1859, 1862, 1872) and vogl (1867) and that of little (1947) on bark anatomy would be possible and could be based on the same documented collections. the experimental works of engelbeen (1949) indicated that cross pollination of plantation stocks in former belgian congo is effectively nil at a distance of 150 m and further that different clones may be safely isolated at a distance of 300 m. these experimental data certainly exclude the possibility of hybrid swarms and introgression on a scale proposed by camp (1949) and make one question many of the earlier conclusions regarding hybrids in plantations. important tropical genera of avoody crops such as cocoa, coffee, rubber and tea yield products based on the fruits, latex or leaves respectively and selection of these has been on a clonal basis from original wild stocks. cinchona yields alkaloids, all species have alkaloids as far as is knoavn, and only certain species 2 6 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 have been subjected to clonal selection. on all these crops there is a tremendous amount of literature, particularly on the cultivated strains. cinchona is exceptional as vast documented collections have been made throughout the known ranges of the different species. there is a mass of historical documentation and furthermore its products can be analysed from dried specimens of plants and bark. correlation of the mass of information of the genus coupled with a serious rexamination of it, using modern techniques would make cinchona one of the best studied tropical plant genera and could provide a blue print of genetic variation in a genus tropical trees. literature berg, 0. 1865. die chinari-ndeu. der pharmakognostischeii sammlung. zn berlin. berlin. camp, w.h. 1(949. chinoona at high altitudes in ecuador. in brittonia 6: 394-480. engelbeen, m. 1949. contribution a l'etude de la ibiol'ogie florale de cinchona ledgeriana moens. in publ. inst. nat. etude agron. belg. congo, serie scient. no 40. fluckiger, f.a. 1883. die cmnarinden in pharvwkognostischer hinsicht dargeslelh. berlin. : fosberg, p.r. 1945. the work of the botanists of the cinchona missions in columbia. in chronica botanica calendar 9: 119-121. gorkom, k.w. van 1881. de kina,. in oost-indische cultures, amsterdam. 2: 260 474. hasskarl, j.k. 1860. botanische notizen zur chinologie. in flora 43: 653 656. , 1861a. litteratur china verae et pseudo-ichinae verae lugdunensis. in flora 11: 51 58. , 1861b. briefliche mittheilungen. in flora u: 399 400. hemingway, s.r. & phillipson, j.d. 1980. alkaloids of the rubiaceae. lu phillipson, j.d. & zenk, m.h. indole and biogen-etically related alkaloids. new york, pp. 63-90. hodge, w.h. 1&50. notes on peruvian cinchonas. in bor mus. leafl. harvard univ. 14: 137-155. . howard, j.e. 1859-g2. illustrations of the neuva quinologia of p'avon. lio pts. london. -, 1872. quiiwlogy of the east indian plantations. part i. london. . 1876. idem. part 2. london. 1s85] c. e. ridsuale ct.al.: hasekarl's chinchona burks 263 junghuhn,. f. 1858. toestand der aangekweekte kinaboomen in nat. tijd. ned indie 15: 112. , 1860. de kinakultuur of java. in nat. tijd. ned. indie 21: 206. karsten, h. 1881. cinchona & remijia. in archiv. der pharm. 222: 833-840. , 1887. cinchona. in bot. jahrb. 8: 365-356. kuntze, o. 1878. cinchona arten, hybriden und cultur der chininbaume, leipzig-. leersum, p. van 1915. de selectie van kina. in verslag 3rd. vergadring tech personecl part. proefstations & dept. landbouw. batavia (letter from ledger fig. 1) pp. 20-42. little, r.r. 1947. histology of barks of cinchona, and some related genera occurring in columbia, in revista. academ. colomb. 7: 404-425. martin, w.e. & gandaea, j.a. 1945. alakaloia content of ecuadorian and othar american cinchona barks. in bot. gaz. 107: 184-109. miquel, f.a.w. 1861. note sur quelques espeees de cinchona. in journ. de bot. neerl. 1: 139-143. , 1869. de cinchonae specibus quisbusdam adiectis iis quae in java colontur. in ann. mus. bot. ludg.-bat. 4: 263-275. moens, j.c.b. 1882. de kinacultuur in azie 1854-1882. batavia. moreatj, r.e. 1945. an annotated bibliography of cinchona growing from 18831943 in e. afr. agric. res. tnst. phoebus, p. 1864. die delondre-bonchurdatschen cinchona rinden. giessen. , 1867. kleine cinchonologosche notizen. 2. zur einiger cinchona rinden in vierteljahrschrift fur prak. pharmac. 16. planchon, g. 1884. sur le genre remijia. in journ. de pharm, v, 10: 329-336, 419 432. rehder, a. 1912. the bradley bibliography. 2: 811-814. , 1915. idem,. 3: 712-726. rushby, h.h. 1931. the genus cinchona in bolivia, in bull. torrey bot. club. 58: 523-530. schumann, k. 1889. in martius flora braziliensis vi, 6: 146. standley, p.c. 1930/31. the rubiaceae of columbia ecuador bolivia. in field. mus. bot. 7: 10-14; 188-200; 266-273. , 1936. flora of peru: rubiaceae. in field. mus. bot. 6: 24-33. steere, w.c. 1945. the work of the botanists of the cinchona mission in ecuador. in chronka botanica calendar 9: 121-123. triana, j. 1870. nouveiles etudes sur les quinquinas paris. , 1881. the botanical source of 'cinchona cuprea'. in pharm. journ. 12: 861. vogl, a.e. 1867. die clvinarinden. des wiener gvosxhandels und der wiener sa/nvmlungen. 364 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 vriese, w.h. i>e. 1855. de kina doom nit zukl-america overgebragt naar java, 's gravenhage. vrij, j.e. de. 1863. rapport van ht't scheikundip onderzoek gedurende het jaar 1sgo in nat. tijd. n e d indie 25: 8. 10(2) 271-1746-2-pb binder cover-100_page_009 reinwardtia vol. 10, part 4, 383 398 (1988) the orchid genus luisia in indonesia dlah sulistiarini "herbarium bogoriense", puslitbang biologi — lipi, bogor abstract nine species and one new variety of the genus luisia are recognized in indonesia. the newly proposed variety is l. zollingeri rchb. f. var. latipetala ( j. j. s. ) sulistiarini. complete descriptions, key to all species based on morphological characters as well as lists of specimens examined are presented. abstrak marga luisia di indonesia diketahui diwakili oleh sembilan jenis dan satu varietas yang baru diusulkan yaitu l. zollingeri rchb. f. var. latipetala ( j. j. s. ) sulistiarini. pertelaan lengkap, kunci identifikasi jenis berdasarkan ciri-ciri morfologinya serta daftai spesimen herbarium yang diperiksa juga disertakan. introduction in his comprehensive study of luisia gaud., seidenfaden (in dansk bot. ark. 27 (4): 1 — 101. 1971) enumerated the 36 species he recognized in this genus. although he presented a useful key for the identification of the species treatedt together with complete lists of their synonyms as well as some salient notes on the existing taxonomic problems, he omitted the description of each species. moreover he did not study the rather numerous indonesian specimens kept in herbarium bogoriense so that data on the species distribution for this area are sometimes incomplete. in view of these, and because members of luisia are interesting horticulturally due to their ability to cross with many species of other genera, a revision of indonesian species was undertaken based on herbarium collections preserved in herbarium bogoriense (bo), the rijksherbarium leiden (l) as well as the living specimens in the bogor botanic gardens. except for l. celebica and l. unguiculata all species have been studied also in living state. i should like to thank the director of rijksherbarium leiden, the keeper of herbarium bogoriense and curator of bogor botanic gardens for making available their specimens for this study. i am very, grateful to dr. mien. a. rifai of herbarium bogoriense for suggesting the problem. i am under deep obligation to dr. e. f. de vogel of rijksherbarium leiden for 383 384 reinwardtia [vol.10 his guidance and assistance throughout the course of this study and for critically reviewing and improving the manuscript. l u i s i a gaud. luisia gaud, in freycinet, voy. aut. du monde : 426. 1826; lindley in fol. orch. 1 : 1. 1853; rchb. f. in waip. ann. 6 : 619. 1861; hook, f., fl. br. ind. 6 : 22. 1894; j. j. smith in orch. java 6 : 544. 1905; duthie in ann. roy. bot. gard, calcutta 9 (2) : 139. 1906; ridley, fl. mai. pen. 1 : 147. 1907; holttum, orch. malaya : 695. 1964; backer & bakh. v. d. brink f., fi. java. 3 : 422. 1968. mesoclastes lindl., gen. sp. orch. : 44. 1840. type species : luxia teretifoiia gaud. plants epiphytic. stems simple or branched, terete, woody, covered with leaf sheath, with well-spaced leaves, dull green. leafsheaths tubular, leafblade elongate, terete, slender, fleshy, obtuse, dull green but often violet-blotched. inflorescence racemose, breaking through the base of the leafsheath, short, dense, many-flowered. sterile bracts broadly clasping the peduncle, in natural position seen from the side shaped like a swallow's nest, persistent, brown. floral bract more or less shaped like the sterile bracts, persistent, brown. pedicel in section triangular, greenish yellow or yellowish green. flowers small or medium sized, resupinate, greenish yellow or yellowish green with a purple brown fleshy lip. median sepal ovate to oblong or sometimes boat-shaped. lateral sepals boat-shaped, subequal and keeled. petals linear-ovate, strap-shaped, obovate, elliptic, oblong or slightly falcate. lip immobile, sessile on the base of the column, divided into two parts, the hypochilium concave or flat, two-lobed, the epichilium convex or concave, broad, ridged or smooth, entire or undulate, more or less blunt. column short, fleshy, lacking a foot snout, greenish. stigma usually large. anther two celled. pollinia 2, ovoid, orbicular or ellipsoid, cleft, on a short broad stipe:. fruit a capsule, in section triangular, with 3 keels the perianth and column long persistent. distribution : japan, western himalaya, burma, siam, malay peninsula, sumatra, java, borneo, celebes, moluccas, lesser sunda islands, northern part of australia, northern polynesia. key to the species of luisia in indonesia 1. a. median sepals and petals joined forming a hood x. epichilium not or hardly wider than the hypochilium l. zollingeri var. zollingeri y. epichilium distinctly wider than the hypochilium „ l. zollingeri var. latipetata b. median sepal and petals free, not joined 2 2. a. lips more than 11 mm long 3 b. lips less than 7 mm long 4 3. a. petals linear-ovate, 14 — 15 by ca 2 mm; surface of the epichilium with longitudinal grooves l. tristis 1988] sulistiarini: indonesian luisia. 385 b. petals slightly falcate, 17 — 18 by 3 — 3.5 mm, surface of the epichilium irregular ... l. taurina 4. a. petals 2 times as long as the pnedian sepal l. antennifera b. petals at most 1.5 times as long as the median sepal 5 5. a. hypochilium heart-shaped, petals obovate to narrowly obovate l. confusa b. hypochilium quadrangular or rectangular, petals strap-shaped 6 6. a. epichilium reniform, top broadly rounded l. teretifolia b. epichilium heart-shaped, top acute to obtuse 7 7. a. column with obliquely truncate top l. unguiculata b. column with acuminate top 8 8. a. nerves on the petals 3; lateral lobes of the hypochilium attached at about the basal two-third of it l. javanica b. nerves on the petals 1; lateral lobes of the hypochilium attached along the entire length of it l. celebica luisia antennifera b l . luisia antennifera blume, rumphia 4: 50. 1840 (nom. nud.); mus. bot. lugd. bat. 5: 64. 1849; lindley, fol. orch. 1: 1. 1853; rchb. f. in walp. ann. 6: 619. 1861; hook, f., pi. br. ind. 6; 25. 1894; ridley, fl mai. pen. 1: 148. 1907; j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. btzg. ii, 26: 100. 1918; enum. orch. sumatra : 368. 1933; holttum, orch. mai. 1: 696. 1964; backer & bakh. v. d. brink, f., fl. java 3: 423. 1968; seidenfaden in dansk bot. ark. 27 (4): 70, fig. 37. 1971. type: korthah s. n. (l holotype). plants-17 — 80 cm long, with single or branched stems, rooting at the base. roots 2 — 3 mm diam. stems with intemodes 3 — 4 cm long. leafblades 8 — 16 cm long, 1 — 2 mm diam., top obtuse to acute. racemes arke from a node, with 6 — 27 spirally arranged or three rowed flowers, 10 — 30 mm long. peduncle 2 — 7 by ca 3 mm. sterile bracts 2, when flattened measure 6.2 — 4 by 2 — 4 mm. rachis 7 —,25 by 2.5 — 4 mm; intemodes 2 — 3 mm long. floral bracts 1 — 2 by 1 — 2 mm in natural position. pedicel 4 — 10 by ca 1 mm. ovary 2 — 3 by ca 1.5 mm. flowers green with petals distinctly exserted and not overlapping with median sepal. median sepal ovate to oblong, 5.5 — 6.5 by 2.5 — 4 mm; top obtuse; nerves 3 — 5, midrib prominent. lateral sepals 5.5 — 8 by 2 — 2.5 mm in natural position, top acute, nerves 4; keel pronounced, 0.5 — 1 mm wide, its tip overtopping the top of the sepal. petals linear-ovate, 9 — 14 by 0.5 — 1 mm, top rounded, nerves 2 — 3. lip violet 5.5 — 6 by 2.5 — 3.5 mm, hypochilium separated from the epichilium by a groove. hypochilium in outline more or less triangular, rather deeply concave, two-lobed, ca 2 by 1 — 2 mm; lateral lobes directed forwards and upwards, somewhat falcate, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, with rounded top, in front at the base each continued into a swollen ridge on the junction with the epichilium; ridge confluent in front. epichilium in outline more or less obovate, somewhat concave at the base and somewhat convex in the top half, 3 — 4 by 2.3 — 3.2 mm, top truncate, the central part more or less quadrangular, with truncate tip, centrally with a vague low ridge continuing on the blade of the/epichilium; surface and margin somewhat irregular. 386 reinwardtia [vol. 10 column oblong, 2.5 — 4' by 1.5—2 mm; top acute. stigma large, rectangular, ca 1 by 0.5 mm. rostellum band-like, thin. anther heart-shaped, ca 1.5 by 2 mm, thin, top retuse. pollinia ovoid, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, stipes obovoid, ca 0.8 by 0.6 mm, thin, viscidium quadrangular, ca 0.5 by 0.5 mm, thin. fruit narrowly elliptic ovoid, 3 — 3.5 by 1 cm. distribution in indonesia : sumatra, java, borneo, 0 750 m alt. specimens examined. s u m a t r a : lampung, g. sugih, van andei s. n. (bo, l); payakumbuh, jacobson 19 (bo); tandikat, alt. 250 m, april, latif 97 (l). j a v a : preanger, cisokan, alt. 750 m, oct. bakhuizen v.d. brink 977 (bo);cisokan, nov., winckel 245 (bo). b o r n e o : samarinda, lempake, alt. 1 m, june, wiriadinata 539 (bo, l); s. serttabai, oct., polak 2200 (bo); martapura, korthals s, n, (l—holotype); kapuas, teysmann 8448 (bo, l). luisia celebica schlechter luisia celebica schjechter in fedde repert. 10: 191. 1911; j. j. s. in bull. jard. bot. buitz. ill, 10: 18. 1928; seidenfaden in dansk bot. ark. 27(4): 70, fig. 36. 1971. — type: schlechter 20404 (n. v.). plants ca 40 cm long, with simple or branched stems. stems with internodes 2.6 — 3 cm long. leaf blades is — 26.5 cm long by 1.5 — 2 mm diam., top obtuse. racemes, peduncle, sterile bracts, rachis and floral bracts not seen. flowers with petals exserted and not overlapping with median sepal. median sepal ovate; top acute; nerves 3, midrib prominent. lateral sepals broad-shaped, top acute, nerves 3; keel pronounced, its tip overtopping the top of the sepal. petals strap-shaped, top rounded, nerves 1. hypochilium in outline rectangular, concave, two-lofeed; lateral lobes erect, attached along the entire length of the hypochilium margin, more or less obliquely triangular, surface in the middle with a longitudinal groove. epichilium in outline heart-shaped, top acute, surface in the middle with a longitudinal groove, column more or less rectangular, top acuminate. stigma more or less rectangular. rostellum indistinct. anthers heart-shaped, top truncate. pollinia ovoid, stipes more or less rectangular, viscidium more or less orbicular. fruit elliptic, 3.5 — 4 cm long, 5 — 6 mm diam. distribution in indonesia. celebes. the description of the flower is based on a drawing in schlechter, fedde rep. 74: t. 73. fig. 292. 1933 which is also copied by seidenfaden in dansk bot. ark. 27 (4): 70, fig. 36. 1971. no further collection of this species has been available for study. its distinguishing feature is the very long leaves. s p e c i m e n e x a m i n e d : c e l e b e s : m i n a h a s a , koorders 29582 ( b o ) . 1968] sulistiarini : indonesian luisia. 387 luisia conpusa r c h b . f. luwa conftua rchb. f. in walp. ann. 6: 621. 1861; merrill, interp. rumph. herb. amb. : 178. 1917; j. j." s. in phil. journ. sci. 12 (5): 261. 1917; seidenfaden in dansk bot. ark. 27 (4): 47, fig. 24.1971.. plants 30 — 70 cm long, with simple or branched stems, rooting from the base and higher up the stem. roots 2 — 4 mm diam. stems with internodes (1—) 2.5 — 3 cm long. leafblades 11 —15 cm long, 1—3 mm diam., top obtuse to acute. racemes arise from a node or from a point up to 2 — 4 mm above the node, with 3 — 8 spirally arranged flowers, 5 — 18 mm long. peduncle 2 — 4 by ca 3 mm. sterile bracts 1 — 3, measuring about 2 by 4 mm when flattened. rachis 3 — 4 by 2 — 3 mm, internodes ca 2 mm long. floral bracts 1 — 2 by 2 — 3 mm in natural position. pedicel 5 — 11 by 0.5 — 1 mm. ovary 2 — 3 by 1 — 1.5 mm. flowers with petals exserted and not overlapping with median sepal. median sepal ovate, 5 — 7 by 3 — 4 mm, top obtuse to acute, margins somewhat incurved, nerves 5, midrib prominent. lateral sepals yellowish green, outside with violet spots, 6 — 8 by 2.5 — 3.5 mm in natural position, top acuminate, nerves 4; keel pronounced, 0.5 — 1 mm wide, its tip overtopping the top of the sepal or reaching to the same height, rounded or acute. petals obovate to narrowly obovate, 9 — 12.5 bv 2 — 3 mm, yellow, top rounded, nerves 3 — 4 . lips 6 — 7 by 5.5 — 7 mm when flattened, hypochilium and epichilium distinctly divided by a groove. hypochilium more or less heart-shaped, outside yellowish, inside violet with yellow spot, concave, 3 — 4 by 3 — 4 mm, two-lobed; lateral lobes erect and somewhat incurved, attached over the entire length of the hypochilium margins, more or less rectangular with rounded comer, ca 2 by 0.5 mm. epichilium reniform to heart-shaped, outside yellowish, inside two-third to the base violet and one-third to the top yellow, concave, 3 — 4 by 5.5 — 7 mm when flattened, top somewhat acute to rounded, surface smooth, margin entire. column rectangular, yellowish green, 3 — 4 by 2 — 3 mm, top acute to obliquely truncate. stigma rectangular, 1 — 2 by 1 — 2 mm. rostellum band-like, thin. anther heart-shaped, yellowish, 1.5 — 2.5 by ca 2 mm. pollinia more or less orbicular, yellow, 1 — 1.5 by 1 — 1.5 mm, stipes more or less triangular, transparent, whitish, 0.5 — 1 by 0.8 — 1 mm. thin, viscidium rectangular, also transparent, whitish ca 1 by 1 mm. fruit narrowly elliptic ovoid. 3 — 4 cm long, 5 — 7 mm wide. distribution in indonesia: sumatra, timor, moluccas, 0 — 1200 m alt. in the past this species had been considered very close to l. javanica and l, celebica. from examinations of numerous living specimens i can substantiate seidenfaden's conclusion that they can be easily recognized as distinct species. the broad heart-shaped lip which is yellow below the epichilium is the distinguishing character of this species. specimens examined. s u m a t r a : taloe, alt. 500 m, april, bunnemeiyer 10 (bo). t i m o r : oi poela, alt. 680 — 1200 m, bloembergen 3412 (bo); nasimetan, a l t 900 m, march, bloembergen 3472 (bo). m o l u c c a s : bacan, kampung inggoi, alt. 388 reinwardtia [vol.. 10 2 m, sep., nedi 108 (bo); ceram, ruinen 15 (bo); waru, alt. 0 m, rutten 980 (bo, l); wai boiifar, alt 100 200 m, rutten 2141 (bo, l); amboina, robinson 1626 (l); obi, saanam 115 (bo); buru, alt 800 m, feb., toxopeus 24 (bo); halmahera, lohman s. n. (bo), halmahera, g. panjang, alt. 45 m, vogel 3178 (l). luisia javanica j . j . s . luisia javanica j. j. s. in bull. jard. bbt. btzg. ii, 14: 56, 1914; in bull. jard. bot. btzj;. ii, 26: 102. 1918; in bull. jard. bot. btzg. ill, 10 : 18. 1928;backer & bakh. v, d. brink f., pi. java 3: 423. 1968;seidenfaden in dansk bot. ark. 27 (4): 54, fig. 27. 1971. — type: medini s. n. (l isotype). plants 9 — 84 cm long, with simple or branched stems, rooting from the base and higher up the stem. roots 2 — 5 mm diam. stems with internodes 1 — 3 cm long. leafblades 8 — 18 cm long, 1—2 mm diam. with an obtuse to acute top. racemes arise from a node or from a p,oint up to 4 — 5 mm above the node, with 2 — 13 spirally arranged flowers, 4 — 19 mm long. peduncle 2 — 5 by ca 2 mm. sterile bracts 2 (— 4), when flattened measure 1 — 2 by 4 — 5 mm. rachis 2 — 16 by 1 — 3 mm, internodes 1 — 3 mm long. floral bratcs 1 — 2 by ca 2 mm in natural position. pedicel 5 — 8 by ca 1 mm. ovary 3 — 5 by 1 — 2 mm. flowers with petals exserted and not overlapping with median sepal. median sepal rather shallowly concave, ovate, yellowish green 4 — 5 by 2 — 4 mm, top obtuse, margin rolled inward, nerves 3. lateral sepals yellowish green, 4 — 6 by 2 — 3 mm in natural position, margin rolled inwards,, top acuminate, nerves 3; keel pronounced, 6.5 — 0.7 mm wide, its tip about square or extending beyond the top of the sepal. petals strap-shaped, yellow, 5 — 9 by 1.5 — 2 mm, top rounded and somewhat widened, nerves 3, vague to prominent. lip dark violet 4.5 — 6.5 by 3 — 5 mm when flattened, hypochilium separated from the epichilium by a shallow vague groove. hypochilium in outline more or less quadrangular, at the base swollen, two-lobed, 2 — 2.5 by 2 — 2.5 mm, either or not with longitudinal groove; lateral lobes erect and somewhat incurved, attached at about the basal two-third of the hypochilium, leaving about one-third oi its margin free, ca 1 by 1,5 mm, with rounded top, nerves 0 — 3. epichilium heart-shaped, somewhat concave, 2 — 3 by 3 — 5 mm when flattened top acute, margin entire. column oblong, yellowish green, 2 — 3.5 by 1 — 2 mm, top acuminate. stigma large, more or less obovate, ca 1.5 by 1 mm. rostellum more or less rectangular, ca 1 by 0.5 mm. anther heart-shape, yellowish, ca 2 by 2 — 2.5 mm, thin, top margin retuse to obtuse. pollinia ovoid, 1 — 1.5 by 0.5 — 1.5 mm, stipes more or less obovate, 1 —1.5 by 0.5 — 1 mm, thin, viseidium orbicular, ca 1 by 1 mm, thin. fruit narrowly elliptic ovoid, ca 3.3 cm long, ca 6 mm diam. distribution in indonesia: java, celebes, moluccas. this javanese species also occurs in celebes and the moluccas. there is no reason actually to confuse it with l. confusa originally described from the moluccas, or with l. celebica from celebes. the latter has very long 1988] sulistiarini : indonesian luisia. %jfileaves which from the result of a preliminary anatomical observation appear to differ in stomatal structure and density. specimens examined. j a v a : bogor, march,hallier501 (bo);bogor, alt. 250 m, feb., bakhuizen v. d. brink 756 (bo); bubulak, alt. 250 m, march, bahhuizen v.d. brink 6687 (bo); cikurai, backer s.n. (bo); preanger, january, koorders 40280 (bo);preanger, medini s.n. (l — isotype); bandung, pasir wangi, alt. 800 m, docters van leeuwen 424 (bo); garut, alt. 850 m, nov., backer 5297 (bo); salatiga, april, docten van leeuwen 369 (bo); besuki. mountain lien, alt. 700 m, oct., loggers 60 (bo). c e l e b e s , parigi, panette, alt. 4 5 0 m, june, bu'nnemeiyer 12561 (bo). m o l u c c a s , ambon, naai, alt. , 5 m, juli, van der pijl 706 (bo).* luisia taurina j. j. s. luisia taurina j. j, s. in bull. dept. agr. ind. ne'erl. 4 3 : 64, t. 17. 1910; backer & bakh. v. d. brink f., fl. java 3: 4 2 3 . 1 9 6 8 ; seidenfaden in dansk bot. ark. 27 (4): 23, fig. 6. 1971. type: quarlfs s. n. (bo holotype) plants over 60 cm long, with simple stems, rooting from the base and higher up the stem. roots ca 3 mm diam. stems with intemodes 2 — 2.5 cm long. leafblades 14 — 15 cm long, 3 — 4 mm diam., top acute. racemes arise 3 — 5 mm from a node, with 10 — 13 spirally arranged flowers, ca 15 mm long. peduncle ca 2 by 3 — 4 mm. sterile bracts 2, when flattened measure ca 2 by 6 mm. rachis ca 13 by 2.5 mm, internode ca 2 mm long. flora! bracts 1.2 — 2.2 by 1 — 1.6 mm in natural position. pedicel 5 — 10 by 2 — 2.5 mm. ovary ca 5 by 2 — 2.5 mm. flowers with petals distinctly exserted and not overlapping with median sepal. median sepal boat-shaped, narrowly ovate, yellow purplish, 8.5 — 12 by 3 — 4 mm, base broad and somewhat swollen, top acute and in lateral view abrutly cut off, nerves 5 prominent with the midrib ending before the top. lateral sepals purplish yellow, 9 — 12 by 3 — 4 mm in natural position, top acute, nerves 5; keel pronounced, 0.6 — 1 mm wide, its tip level with the top of the sepal. petals slightly falcate, swordshaped, widest near the top, pale yellow, 17 — 18 by 3 — 3.5 mm, top obtuse somewhat swollen, nerves 7 at the base prominent. lip violet, 11 — 12.5 by 6 — 10 mm, hypochilium separated from the epichilium by a vague groove. hypochilium in outline about triangular when flattened, concave, two-lobed, 4.5 — 5.5 by 4 — 4.5 mm, lateral lobes somewhat upright, more or less rectangular, with rounded corners, 3 — 3.5 by 2.5 — 3 mm, nerves vague. epichilium in outline about triangular, somewhat flat, 6.6 — 7 by 6 — 10 mm, top emarginate, surface distinctly irregular, margin irregular. column more or less rectangular in natural position, 3 — 4.5 by 2 — 2.5 mm, top obtuse to shortly acute. stigma large, more or less rectangular, ca 2 by 1 mm. rostellum a narrow band, notched after removal of the pollinarium. anther not seen. pollinia 2, ellipsoid to ovoid. distribution in indonesia: sumatra, java, 300 — 650 m alt. in java this is one of the rare species of luisia, and in recent years very few specimens have been seen in the field. 3 9 0 reinwardtia [vol. 10 fig, 1. luisia teretifolia gaud.: a. flower; b. habitus; c. median sepal; d. lateral sepal; e. petal; f. lip; g. column and lip. from gjellerub 595, 19ft] sulistiarini: indonesian luisia. 391 specimens examined. s u m a t r a : tandikat, alt. 300 m, february, latif 78 (l). j a v a : west java, kiaradua, comber s. n. (bo-slides); east java, trenggalek, quarles s. n. (bo). luisia teretifolia g a u d . — fig. 1 luisia teretifolia gaud, in freycinet, voy, aut. du monde : 427, t. 37. 1826; kume, rumph.4: 50. 1840; lindley, fol. orch. 1: 3. 1853; rchb. f. in walp. ann. 6: 621. 1861; hook, f., fl. br. ind. 6:22. 1894;trimen, fl. ceylon 4: 190. 1898; duthie in ann. roy. bot. gard. 9: 15. 1914; seidenfaden in dansk bot. ark. 27 (4): 56, fig. 30. 1970. type: gaudichaud 37 (p, n. v.). plants 1 — 65 cm long, with simple or branched stems, rooting from the base and higher up the stem. roots 2 — 3 mm diam. stems with internodes 2 — 3 cm long. leaf blades 13 — 20 cm long, 1—3 mm diam., top obtuse to acute. racemes arise 2 — 5 mm from a node, with 4 — 1 0 spirally arranged flowers, 6 — 15 mm long. peduncle ca 2 by 3 mm. sterile bracts 1 — 2 , when flattened measure 1.5 — 3 by ca 4 mm. rachis 4 — 13 by ca 2 mm, internodes 1 — 1.5 mm long. floral bracts ca 1 by 2 — 3 mm in natural position. pedicel 4 — 6 by 0.5 — 1 mm. ovary 2 — 3 by ca 2 mm. flowers greenish yellow, petals somewhat exserted and not overlapping with median sepal. median sepal somewhat concave, elliptic to oblong, 5 — 5.5 by 3 — 3.5 mm, top rounded and somewhat incurved, nerves 5. lateral sepals 4 — 5.6 by 2 — 4 mm in natural position, top broadly rounded to almost truncate, nerves 5, keel prominent rounded. petals strap-shaped, 6 —8 by 1.6 — 2.5 mm, top rounded, nerves 3. lip 3.2 — 4 by 3 — 5.5 mm when flattened, hypochilium and epichilium distinctly divided by a deep groove. hypochilium wider than long, in outline transversely rectangular, at the base concave and convex in the top half, distinctly swollen, two-lobe, ca 2 by 3 mm, lateral lobes erect and somewhat incurved, occupying the entire length of the hypochilium margin, 1.5 — 2 by 0.5 — 1 mm, with rounded top. epichilium in outline more or less reniform, concave, when flattened 2 — 2.5 by 3 — 5.5 mm, top shortly acute; surface with some vague longitudinal grooves, margin entire and incurved. column rectangular, 3 — 3.4 by 2 — 2.5 mm, top obliquely truncate. stigma large, more or less rectangular, 1 —1.5 by 1.5— 2 mm. rostellum ca 0.4 by 0.4 mm, top irregular. anther about semi-orbicular in outline, at the back slightly retuse, ca 2 by 2 mm, top truncate. pollinia orbicular, ca 1 by 1 mm, stipes rectangular, ca 1 by 0.6 mm, thin, viscidium tranversal rectangular, thin. fruit elliptic, ca 4.5 by 0.5 cm. distribution in indonesia: flores, moluccas, west irian, 100 650 m alt. s p e c i m e n s e x a m i n e d . f l o r e s : alt. 100 m , verheijen 3515 ( l ) ; m a n g g a r a i , alt. 6 5 0 m, schmutz 4698 (l). m o l u c c a s : h a l m a h e r a , lohman s. n. ( b o ) ; p. j a m d e n a march, buwalda 4330 (bo). w e s t i r i a n : m a m b e r a m o , sept., janowsky 456 ( b o ) ; h u m b o l a t bai, august., gjellerup 595 (bo, l), n e w g u i n e a : m o n s o n district, alt. 1 5 0 m, oct., schlechter 18362 ( b o , l ) ; k o i t a k i , april, carr. 10020 ( l ) ; tari district, alt. 1 7 0 0 m, dec., reeve 1021 ( l . ) . 392 reinwardtia [vol. 10 fig. 2. luisia tristis hook, f.: a. flower; b. habitus; c. lip; d. lateral sepal; e. median sepal; f. petal. from cult. bogor botanical garden. sulistiarini : indonesian luisia. 393 luisia trktis h o o k . f. — fig. 2 luisia tristis hook, f., pi. br. ind. 6: 25. 1894; ridley, pi. mai. pen. 1: 148. 1907; seidenfaden in dansk bot. ark. 27 (4): 50, fig 25. 1971. plants over 60 cm long, with simple stems, rooting from the base and higher up the stem. roots ca 2 mm diam. stems with internodes 2.5 — 3 cm long. leafblades 12 — 20 cm long, ca 3 mm diam., top obtuse. racemes arise from a node or 2 — 3 mm from a node, with more or less 6 spirally arranged flowers, ca 10 mm longpeduncle ca 2 by 2 mm. sterile bracts 2, when flattened measure ca 2 by 4 mm. rachis ca 8 by 2 mm; internodes ca2 mm long. floral bracts ca 1 by 2 mm in natural position. pedicel 6 — 8 by 1 — 1.5 mm. ovary ca 3 by 2 mm. flowers with petals distinctly exserted and not overlapping with median sepal. median sepal ovate to oblong, greenish, 6 — 8 by 3 — 4 mm, top obtuse, somewhat incurved, concave, nerves 5. lateral sepals greenish, 8 — 10 by 3 — 4 mm in natural position, top obtuse,nerves 5; keel pronounced, swollen, i — 1.5 mm wide, its tip overtopping the top of the sepal. petals linear-ovate, greenish, about one-third towards apex yellowish 14 — 15 by ca 2 mm, upper two-third somewhat swollen, top obtuse, nerves 3. lip dark purple, 11 — 12.5 by 7 — 8.5 mm, hypochilium and epichilium distinctly divided by a groove. hypochilium in outline more or less quadrangular to rectangular, concave, at the base thick, two-lobed, 5 — 6 by 4 — 5 mm; lateral lobes turned upward, more or less rectangular, 2 — 2.5 by ca 1 mm, with rounded corners. epichilium in outline heart-shaped, convex, 5.5 — 6.5 by 7 — 8.5 mm, top obtuse, the central part with longitudinal grooves, in the middle by grooves with two superposed, clavated ridges which are more or less distinctly set off; margin entire. column rectangular in outline, 3.5 — 5 by ca 2 mm; top obtuse. stigma large, more or less rectangular, 2 — 3 by 2 — 2.5 mm. rostellum band-like, thin, after removal of the pollinarium notched. anther heart-shaped, ca 1.8 by 2 mm. pollinia ellipsoid, 1.4 — 2 by 0.8 — 1.5 mm, stipes triangular, 1.5 — 2.2 by 1.2 — 1.6 mm, thin, viscidium rectangular, 1 — 1.5" by 1.5 — 2 mm, thin. fruit not seen. distribution in indonesia : sumatra. specimen examined. s u m a t r a . north sumatra, aek banir, and cultivated in bogor botanical gardens. luisia unguiculata j. j. s. luisia unguiculata j. j. s. in bull. .lard. bot. btzg. ill, 8: 65. 1926; seidenfaden in dansk bot. ark. 27 (4): 46, fig. 23. 1971. t y p e ; groeneveldt 21 (bo — holotype). plants 60 — 70 cm long. stems with internodes 1.5 —2 cm long. leafblades 9 — 10 cm long, ca 2 mm diam., top obtuse to rounded. racemes arise from a node, with more or less 8 spirally arranged flowers, 10 — 15 mm long. peduncle ca 2 by 3 mm. sterile bracts 3, when flattened measure 3 — 6 394 reinwardtia [vol. 10 by 4 ~ 10 mm. rachis 8 — 13 by ca 2 mm, internodes 2 — 3 mm long. floral bracts 1 — 2 by ca 1 mm in natural position. pedicel ca 6.5 by 1 mm. ovary ca 2.5 by 2 mm. flowers with petals exserted and not overlapping with median sepal. median sepal ovate, shallowly boat-shaped, 5 — 5.5 by ca 3 mm, thin, top obtuse, nerves 5 and prominent. lateral sepals 5.2 —6 by 2 — 2.5 mm in natural position, top acute, margin rolled inwards, nerves 6 and prominentkeel pronounced, ca 0.5 mm wide, its tip overtopping the top of the sepal. petals strap-shaped, 6 — 8.5 by 2 — 2.8 mm, top rounded, nerves 5. lip ca 6.5 by 5 mm, hypochilium in outline about rectangular, somewhat concave, two-lobed, ca 3.5 by 3 mm; lateral lobes erect and incurved, attached at the basal two-third of the hypochilium, 1 — 1.8 by 0.5 — 1 mm, with broadly rounded top. epichilium in outline heart-shaped, somewhat convex, when flattened 3 — 3.5 by ca 5 mm, top obtuse, margin entire. column oblong in outline, ca 3 by 2 mm, top obliquely truncate. stigma large, more or less obovate, ca 2 by 1 mm. rostellum a narrow rim. anther about semi-orbicular in outline, at the back slightly retuse, ca 2 by 2 mm; top truncate, the tip shortly acuminate; thin. pollinia ovoid, ca 1.5 by 1 mm, stipes more or less rectangular, ca 1 by 0.8 mm, thin, top obtuse, viscidium more or less transversal, rectangular, ca 1.8 by 1.5 mm, thin. fruit not seen. distribution in indonesia: timor. collector's notes : sepals greenish yellow, midle part green; petals light green, top yellow; lip dark violet; pollinia yellow. seidenfaden (1971) suggested that this species probably could not be separated from l. javanica. actually l. unguiculata can be easily distinguished from l. javanica by its 5 nerved petals as opposed to 3 in the latter species. moreover the petal of l. javanica is narrower than in the present species. the epichilium is convex, whereas those of l. javanica and the other species they are concave. specimen examined. t i m o r : patria, september, groeneveldt 21 ( b o holotype). luisia zollingeri r c h b . f. luisia zoltingeri rchb. f. in walp. ann. 6: 622. 1 8 6 1 . —type : zollinger 1265 ( p . n . v . ) . plants 7 — 65 cm long, with simple or branched stems, r o o t i n g from t h e base and higher u p t h e s t e m . r o o t s 2 — 3 m m d i a m . stems with internodes 1 — 2.5 cm long. leafblades 12 — 17 cm long, 2 — 4 mm diam., t o p obtuse. racemes arise from a n o d e or from a p o i n t up to 2 — 7 mm above t h e n o d e , with 3 — 9 spirally arranged flowers, 9 — 1 5 m m long. peduncle 2 — 3 by ca 2 m m . sterile bracts 2, measuring 1 — 2 by 1.5 — 2 m m ; internodes 1 — 2 mm long. floral bracts 1 — 2 by 0.5 — 1.5 mm in 1988) sulistiar1ni: indonesian luisia. 8 9 5 natural position. pedicel 2 — 4 by 0.5 — 1 mm. ovary 1.8 — 2 by 1 2 mm. flowers with petals about as long as the median sepal, with which they are joined together forming a hood. median sepal ovate, yellow, 4 — 6 by 3 — 4 mm, top obtuse to rounded, nerves 3 — 5 greenish. lateral sepals thin, greenish yellow, 4.8 — 7 by 1 — 2 mm, top acute, nerves 3 — 4 ; keel prominent up to 0.2 mm wide, its tip about squarely cut off. petals ovate, somewhat oblique, greenish yellow, 4.8 — 6 by 3 —4 mm, top obtuse to rounded, nerves 4 — 5. lip violet, 5 — 6 by 3 — 5 mm, hypochilium separated from the epichilium by a shallow vague or a distinctly groove, with 5 — 15 nerves. hypochilium in outline more or less rectangular to quadrangular, concave, two-lobed, 2.0 — 3.0 by 2 — 4 mm, surface in the middle with a longitudinal groove; lateral lobes erect and incurved, attached the entire or over the entire length of the hypochilium margin, more or less obliquely triangular, 1.5 — 2 by 0.5 — 1.5 mm, with rounded top; surface in the middle with a longitudinal groove. epichilium heart-shaped to transversal rectangular, concave, 2.5 ~ 3 by 3.5 — 5 mm, not or hardly or distinctly wider than the hypochilium, lip at junction of these parts not or hardly or distinctly constricted, top rounded to obtuse or acute to more or less obtuse, margin entire. column rectangular, ca 3 by 1 — 2 mm, top obliquely truncate. stigma large, more or less orbicular, ca 1.5 by 1.5 mm.rostellum band-like, thin. anther about semiorbicular in outline, ca 2 by 1.5 — 2 mm; top obtuse. pollinia orbicular, c a l by 0.8 —1mm, stipes obovate, 1—1.5 by 0.5 —0.8 mm, thin, viscidium ca orbicular, 1 — 1.2 by 1 — 1.5 mm, thin. fruit ovoid, 2.5 — 3 cm long, 5 — 6 mm wide. luisia zollingehj rchb. f. var. zollingeri — fig. 3 luisia zollingeri rchb. f. in walp. ann. 6: 622. 1861; j. j. s. in orch. java6: 546, 1905; enum. orch. sumatra: 369. 1933 (p. p.); holttum, orch. maiaya 1: 697. 1964; backer & bahk. v. d. brink f., pl java 3: 423. 1968; seidenfaden in dansk bot. ark. 27 (4): 72. 197.1. lousia brachystachys bl. in rchb. f., xenia orch. : 204. t. 78. 1858. lip 5 — 6 by 3 — 4 mm, hypochilium separated from the epichilium by a shallow vague groove, with 5 — 13 nerves. hypochilium in outline more or less rectangular, concave, two-lobes, 2.5 — 3 by 3 — 4 mm, surface in the middle with a longitudinal groove; lateral lobes erect and incurved, attached the entire length of the hypochilium margin, more or less obliquely triangular, 1.8 — 2 by 0.5 — 1.5 mm, with rounded top. epichilium more or less heart-shaped to transversal rectangular, concave, 2.5 — 3 by 3 — 4 mm, not or hardly wider than the hypochilium, lip at the junction of these parts not or hardly constricted, top rounded to obtuse, margin entire. distribution in indonesia : sumatra, java, borneo. specimens examined, s u m a t r a : berhala island 90 km from belawan, august, meer mohr 47 (bo). j a v a : depok, van steenis 5671 (bo); kalibata, june, raap 382 (l); t o p p e r hoedja', alt. 30 m, feb., docters van leeuwen — reijnuaan 11633 (bo); east java, nusabarung island, september, afriastini 1249 (bo). b o r n e o : mnjarmasin, korthals s. n. (l); kutai, belayan, march, kostermans 10251 (bo). 396 reinwardtia [vol. 10 fig. 3. luisia zollingeri rchb. f. var. zoilingeri: a , flower; b. habitus; c. petal; d. median sepal; e. lateral sepal; f. column and lip; g. lip. from cult. bogor botanical garden. 1988] sulistiarini : indonesian luisia. 897 fig. 4. luisia zollingeri rchb. f, var. latipetata (j. j. s.) sulistiarini: a. flower; b. habitus; c. median sepal; d. petal; e. lateral sepal; f. lip; g. column and lip. from cult. bogor botanical garden. 398 reinwardtia [vol. 10 luisia zollingeri rchb. f. var. latipetala (j. j. s.) sulistiarini, stat & comb. nov. — fig. 4 luisia latipetola j. j. s. in bull. dep. ind. neerl 43: 67, fig. 2. 1910(basionym); in bull. jard. bot. btzg. ii, 26: 102. 1918. type : tiling s. n. (bo holotype, l — isotype). lip 5 — 6 by 3.5 — 5 mm, hypochiliuin separated from the epichilium by a distinctly groove, with nerves 7 — 9. hypochilium in outline quadrangular, concave, two-lobed, 2 — 3 by 2 — 3 mm, surface smooth, in the middle with a longitudinal groove ; lateral lobes erect and incurved, attached, over the entire length of the hypochilium margin, more or less obliquely triangular, 1.5 — 2 by 1 — 1.5 mm, with rounded top. epichilium heartshaped, concave, 3 — 3.5 by 3.5 — 5 mm, distinctly wider than the hypochilium, lip at the junction of these parts distinctly constricted, base broadly rounded, top acute to more or less obtuse, surface smooth, margin entire. distribution in indonesia : sumatra, java, alt. 50 750 m. this taxon had been considered as a synonym of -l. zollingeri (smith 1933, seidenfaden 1971) but besides the difference in the width of epichilium, leaf anatomical observation (sulistiarini, ber. biol. 3(4): 143 — 145. 1986) seems to suggest that it can be treated as a variety of l. zollingeri. specimens examined. s u m a t r a : 'bun',, groeneveldt 6 (l); sijunjung. theunissen & jacohson 1616 (bo); kabanjahe, alt. 750 m, feb., galoengi 57a (bo). j a v a : cikampek, alt. 50 m, now, beumee 4579 (bo); mount slamet, illing s. n. (bo— holotype, l — isotype); mount pancar, joseph s. n, (bo);pati, ngarengan, oct.. beumee 1119 (bo); tempuran, sept., docters van leeuwen 131 (bo); brebes, banjarharjo, nov., beumse 4784 (bo); pekalongan, subah, alt. 200 m. oct., beumee 3482 (bo), all 150 m. april beumee 1980 (l). 10(4) 383_page_01 binder cover-100_page_013 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant -sociology and ecology reinwardtia . editors mien a. kijs wat a kartawinata n. wulijarni-soetjipto 1 published by ' herbarium bogoriense lembaga bio-logi nasional — lipi bo.sor, indonesia eeinwardtia vol. 9, part 1, 1 —182 31 december 1974 10issn 0(f34-365x reinwardtia shed by herbarium bogorirnae — lbn, bujwr vol. 9, part 1, pp. 85 — 96 (1974) a monograph of the genus neocinnamomum liou ho aj. g. h. kostermans cjo herl'tiriitm bogorievae, bagor, indonesia abstract the asiatic gratis neacinvamomum c< n. atjehense is described here for the first lee. is moved to n'eocinnamomwm, n. \ to be conspeeific with it. n. delavayi var. raised to soecific rank. n. haifianiittiitt/t al excluded from the genus is n. cvafm liteea. me. cittnoninjufiin f&yff&sn ftonii a.llen is considered is reduced to n. leeomtet. lorwm, which is moved to abstrak marga neociimamorowm yang tersebar di asia mencakup 6 jenia, termasuk neodwaamoinwm atjehenae yang dip^rteiakan untuk pertama kali sebagai jenis baru. cinnatnqtmtm fargesii dipindahkan ke neqcinnamonaim dan n. wilsonii dianggap sebagai sinonimnya. jv. delavayi var. mekongense dinaikkan tin^iatnya menjadi jenis, sedangkan n. hainanianum disatukan dengan n. lecomtei. n. cowfertiflontm dikeluarkan dari neocmnamovtum dan dipindahkan ke marga litsea. introduction liou ho, who established the genus neocinnamomum in 1932, treated 5 species (n. delavayi, lecomtei, parvifotiutn, poilanei and yunnanense) of which i chose n. detavayi as the lecto-type species. liou ho differentiated the genus mainly by the position of the 4 cells of the anthers, which in cinnamomum are placed in pairs above each other, in neocmnamomum at the same level, one pair being introrse or extrorse, the other lateral. this character, however, is found only in jv. detavayi and to a lesser extent in jv. caiulatum, in the other species the pairs of cells are in pairs above each other and this induced me {in reinwardtia 4, 1957) to include the genus in cmnamnmwm. although the position of the anther cells cannot be used as a generic characteristic (which is also true for all other genera of lauraceae), i have reinstated the genus, because of the peculiar inflorescence, the thick, fleshy, obconical, shallow fruit cup with persistent, enlarged tepals and the distichous leaves. however, the genus remains very near to cin n amomum. — 85 — reinwardtia [vol. 9 of the 5 species recognized by liou ho, i have reduced 3 to synonymy {n. •parvifoliwm and poilanei to w. detavayi and n. yunnanei'se to n. caudatum). n. wilsonii allen, based on a specimen from szechuan, is not different from cinnamomum fargesii from the same province. lecomte described the fruit of the latter (which allen overlooked!) which conforms with those of the other neocinnainomum species. in leaf and inflorescence characters this is a true neocirmamtmium. the position of the enigmatic n. meko-ngev.se is problematic. the typo material could not be examined, but the description conforms very well with the specimens enumerated here. the glabrous branchlets places it near n. fargesii but it has sericeous flowers, hence it might be a hybrid between n. delavayi and n. fargeaii, although this is not very likely. i have excluded n. confertiflorum from the genus, as the fruit cup are different from those of neocinnamomum. the species belongs to the genus litsea and should be renamed: litaea confertiflora (meissn.) kosterm., comb. nov. (basionym: actinodaphwe confertiflora meissner in dc., prodr. 15(1): 219. 1864). discussion on morphological characters s t e m . all species are shrubs or small trees with slender, cylindrical branchlets. the end buds are small and provided with one or two tiny bud scales, which distinguish them from subgenus camphora of cmnamomum, which has spirally arranged leaves but very large perulate end buds. l e a v e s . at first sight the leaves and their phyllotaxy remind one strongly of liiidera. the leaves are very uniform in shape and texture with conspicuous acumen and a rounded base with a small cuneate centre and leaves which tend to become very broad. the leaves are always trinerved, only in n. caudatu-m the basal nerves reach the acumen. n. caudatum can be recognized even from the leaves alone by the numerous parallel secondary veinlets, which produce elongated areoles. the leaves are as a rule distichous, the apical ones may be sub-opposite. at the junction of the basal laterals and the midrib often deep, partly covered domatia are present, sometimes produced as a slight swelling on the upper leaf surface. the petiole is always slender and channeled above. i n f l o r e s c e n c e . the common inflorescence is a peculiar kind of panicle, the main peduncle stiff and well-developed, but the lateral 1974] kostermans: the geteas neoc branches strongly reduced, the flowers forming pseudo-glomerules, actually a very short, bracteate branch, bearing 1—i spirally arranged flowers on long, slender pedicels. this i consider the primitive kind of inflorescence and is only found in n. caudata. occasionally such panicles are found in other lauraceous genera (akeodaphne •petiolaris, many species of caryodaphnopsis). sometimes the apical part of the branches has no leaves and the axilar panicles form a compound, large, terminal panicle (n. caudata, a specimen with terminal panicles was described as iv. yunnamense). in most species, the main peduncle is strongly reduced or more or less lacking, and the pseudo-glomerules of flowers become more or less sessile (a remnant of the bracteate peduncle is, however, always present). f l o w e r . in all species the flowers are more or less identical differing only in their pubescence and the position of the anther cells. the tepals are almost equal in length, although the inner ones arcsomewhat narrower, they are rather fleshy. the stamens are included, have well-developed filaments and are arranged in 3 whorls, the fourth is staminodial. liou ho was struck by the position of the 2 pairs of cells in n. delavayi, where the lateral pair is almost in one level with the oxtrorse or introrse pair. actually they are not exactly in one plane and intermediate stages between this and the normal superposed pairs occur in other species (n. fargesii). as usual in lauraceae, the position of the anther cells cannot be used as a generic character, as it varies within the species of one genus. the small, but conspicuous staminodes are similar to thos.e in cinnamomum and so is the peltate, small stigma. f r u i t . a distinctive feature of the fruit is the fleshy, swollen, obconical, large, but at the top very shallow cup with persistent, enlarged fleshy, erect or patent tepals. the fleshy cup merges into a slightly obconical, slender and long pedicel. the fruit itself is of the common type in lauraceae. neocinnamomum liou ho liou ho, laur. chme et indnchine b2-8g. 1933 and 1934; kostermans to j. s*i. kes. indon. 1: 149. 1952; in reinwardtia 4: 233. 1s57; bib]. laur. 1033. 1964. small trees or shrubs. leaves entire, distichous. flowers disposed in axillary, stiff panicles, consisting of a main peduncle and much reduced side branches (flowers pseudo-glomerulate) or the main peduncle strongly reduced and the flowers almost sessile in the ieaf axils. flowers tri-merous. tepals almost equal. stamens in three whorls of 3, all provided with filaments, the fourth whorl staminodial. anthers 4-celled, reinwardtia [vol. 9 the upper pair of cells introrse (two outer whorls) or introrse (third whorl) or all lateral, the lower larger cells lateral. sometimes the cells almost in one plane. staminodes relatively large, stipitate. flower tube rather shallow. ovary merging into a slightly shorter style with small peltate stigma, pedicels long, slender. fruit ellipsoid or globose, seated on the shallow, fleshy, thickened, club-shaped large cup, which merges into a slender pedicel, the tepals enlarged, persistent, erect or patent. distribution : china from yunnan to hainan, and tonkin. key to the species 1. leaves with numerous, very slender, parallel, sub-horizontal ™ns (forming elongate areoles]. main peduncle of panicle well-developed, inflorescence a panicle 1. n. caudatum 1. leaves with a regular reticulate, very minute reticulation. flowers in pscudoglomerules or single in the leaf axils 2. branehlets glabrous 3. flowere glabrous 3. n. fargesii 3. flowers densely pilose 5. n. mekvngenge . israncniets pilose, at itfadi. irhimhji> 4. branchlets densely rufous pilose. lower leaf surface rufous pilose 4 n fecowitei 4. branehlets hardly pilose. leaves glabrous 2. ff. atjehense 4. branchlcts silvery sericeous, lower leaf surface sparsely silvery sericeous 6. n. delavayi 1. neocinnamomun caudatum (nees) merrill merrill in contr. arnold arb. 8; 64. 1b34; kostcrmans, bihl. laur. 1034. 1b64; ill bull. bot. survey india 10: 287. 196s (escl. cit. van steenis) cinnamomnm amdatum nees in wauich, pi. asiat. rar. 2: 76. 1831; kostermans, i.e. 280 — lauras caudate wallich ex nees, i.e. 76; kostermans, i.e. 595. typus: walliak cat. 2603, fl. (bm, bo, k). neotiknamomv-m poilanei liou ho (sphalm. cinnamomwrn.), laur. chine et indoch. 92, fig. 9 (poilanns). 1932 (and 1934); merrill in contr. arnold arb. 8: 64. 1932; petelot, pi. med. cambodge 3: 53. 1954; kostcrmans, bibl. laur. 1035. 1964; i» records bot. survey india 10: 287. 1968. — typus: poilane 2i29 (k, p). tree or shrub. branchlets slender, minutely sericeousleaves alternate, ehartaceous, broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic to orbicular ovate, 1.5 x 5.6—2 x 5—6.5 x 11.5(—7 x 9—9 x is) cm with a long (1—2 cm) sharp-tipped, rather gradually tapered acumen, base obtuse to cvmeate; upper surface rather dull, the main 3 filiform nerves prominulous, connected by numerous filiform parallel secondary nerves, lower surface paler and more glossy, midrib prominent, the 2 basal laterals reaching the base of the acumen, artuate, prominulous, numerous, parallel, very slender secondary nerves with a very lax reticulation in between. petiole slender, up to x cm long, channeled above. panicles pubescent, axillary and terminal, op to 7 cm long, stiff, unbranched or with few, stiff, slender 1974] kostesmans: the genus ncoeianamomuin sfi branches, up to s cm long; the flowers in groups of 1—4 on very much reduced (0.5—1 mm long),bracteate, widely spaced brancwets, pseudoglomerulate. pedicel filiform, sericeous, up to 6 mm long. flowers densely sericeous. tepals subequal (inner ones narrower), sub-ovate, 1.5 mm long, inside pilose. stamens 0.75—1 mm long, the subquadrangular anthers slightly longer than the filaments. of the outer g anthers the lower large cells introrse or introrse-lateral, the upper smaller ones introrse; inner anthers slightly narrower, the lower cells extrorse, the upper ones (almost at the same level) lateral; basal glands large, sessile. staminodes almost sessile. ovary ellipse id-ovoid with an as long style with small peltate stigma. fruit ellipsoid, up to 8 x 12 mm, obtuse, the shallow, fleshy, obconical cup 6—8 mm long, up to 8 mm diam. at the apex; the persistent, semi-erect, fleshy lobes 3—5 mm long. pedicel obconical, 1—2 cm long. the size of the loaves is extremely variable, evan in the same specimen (5—15 cm long), they vary in shape from narrowly ovate to broadly suborbicular. the anthers have the cells in pairs above each other. characteristic are the numerous parallel secondary veinlets. china. yunnan, poneshee, march, young fr., anderson «.«. (k); fr., forrest 95oa (k); szechuan, nachuan hsien, fr., w.t. fang ssti (kjt bhutan. rinchu runakha, alt. 1700 m, aug., fl., cooper 3il2 (bm). india. sikkim, mongpoo, alt. 1000 m, aug., f l . king's coll. s.n. (bo, cal, k, l ) ; lepcha, singing moon, fr., king s.«, large-leaved (bo, k ) ; fr., thomson s.n. {bo, k, l e ) ; hee, alt. 1000 m, oct., f l , clarke 1s125 (bm); singing pot, alt. 700 m, fr. ie x 25 mm, pedicel 25 mm, at apex 10 mm diam., j.d. hooker s.n. (k, 3 sheets), leaves 7 x 11 b x 13 cm; bungiet, alt. 250 m, nov., fr., clarke 28ss0 (bm, k, le, e), deciduous tepals; ibid., nov., f r , clarke 9.6ss7 (bm>; lepcha, singing king, alt. 1300 m, aug., f l . gamble fss (k); gangtok, alt. 1700 m, sept., f l , eibu & rhomoe 5632 (k) ; sikkim, alt. 700 m; f r , j.d. hooker s.iu (k, marked: haasin ? mudata hk. f. & th.); assam, naga hills, phekrokcdzumj, alt. 1700 m, march, fr. bright red, bar 2u7 (dd, k, 2 sheets); garo hills, tura, alt. 400 m, cup 5 mm diam, febr., f r . parry isis (k), cup and pedicel 10 mm, cup 5 mm diam.; sanitarium hill, alt. 1000 m, tree 20 m, diam. 50 cm, bark dark brown, exfoliating in thin, round flakes, inside red, turning reddish brown, 6 mm thick, aromatic, leaves distichous, march, fr., shining bright scarlet, globose, 17 — 19 mm long, seated on a much thickened whitish cup, very aromatic, but tasteless, seed teeta black, old leaves yellow, branehlets zig-zag. kaniilal s236 (dd), some fruit diseased and turned into a hard ball of up to 6 cm diam.; orissa, yeypore state, koraput distr, under heavy shade in damp glen at 1200 m alt. in bhalopodar valley, ster., leaves orbieular, very large (dd); sambalpur, koraput distr., pottangi, alt. 1300 m, heavy shade near stream on moist site, ster. money .1375 (k); bengal, fr., griffith u250 ( k ) ; bastar state, alt. 1200 nj, aromatic shrub of 2 — s m, ster., baladilla .194 ( k ) ; madras state, ganjam distr, alt. 1500 m, mahendragaa, stsr.! gamble u121 ( k ) ; vizagapatam distr, gudem, f r , lushinyton e.». (k); ibid., vantala, alt. 1500 m, ster., luehiyigton n.n. (k>. west central burma. eaakam, mt. victoria, alt. 1800 m, june, fl., kingdon ward 22j,u1 (bm); ibid., sept., fl., klngdon ward zssib (em); ibid, march, fr. red, dangling like cherries, kingdom 90 reinwardtia [vol. 9 ward 21*87 (em); maymyo plateau, alt. 1200 m, july, f l . lace 5sh (k), inflorescence up t» 5 cm long; ibid., june, fl., lace ss28 (k). slah, chiengmai, mckuns:, alt. 970 m, evergreen shrub or small tree, april, fr. red black when ripe, wirdt 1300 (bkf, bo), doi tung, alt. 1300 m, tree 20 25 m, diam. 50 cm, leaves and bark aromatic, sler, komlcria s.n. (bo), very large leaves; doi chieng dao, alt. 1000 m, tree 15 — 30 m, bole crooked, bark dark brown scaly, cut pinkish brown, spicv smell, 10 mm thick, dec, buds & fr., smitinand 7208 (sar). 2. neocinnamomum atjehense kosterm., spec. nov. neodnnamomum eaudatum. auet. (non merr.), merrill in contr. arnold arb. s: 64. 1943, quoad specimens of bangliam from atjeh, sumatra. arbor parva ramulis gracilis laevis glabris, foliis alternant ibus rigide chartaceis glabris ovatis vel ovato-oblongis conspicue acuminatis basi breve aeuminatis utrinque sat obscure reticulatis, supra mox glabra nerviis prineipalis vix coiispicuis, subtus minutissime laxe sericeis glabrescentibua nervo mediano et costis basalibus filiformis prominulis, petiolis gracilis sericeis, floribus minute adpresse griseo pilosis longe pedicellatis singulis axillaris. typus: van steenis 6268 (bo). small tree, branchlets very slender, glabrous, smooth, at the apex minutely pale sericeous. leaves spirally arranged, chartaceous, ovate or oblong-ovate, 3.5 x 8—5 x 10 cm, caudate acuminate, base shortly cuneate, both surfaces rather obscurely reticulate, lower surface minutely laxly sericeous, glabrescent, the midrib and the 2 basal lateral nerves filiform, prominulous. petioles very slender, sericeous, 5—8 mm long. flowers densely, minutely grey sericeous, solitary on an extremely reduced, axilar branchlet. fruit (specimen bangkam. s15), ellipsoid, 7 x 1 2 mm; cup almost flat-topped, fleshy, obconical, 1 cm long, at apex 6 mm diam., persistent tepals 4 mm long, reflexed; pedicel 2 cm, slender, towards the apex obconical. merrill was right when he referred cinnammnwm eaudatum nees to neoeinnamoitiwrn, but included wrongly the sumatra material, which shows the reticulation and shape of inflorescence of n. delavayi, not that of c. eaudatum.. the fact, however, that the mesh of the reticulation is wider than that in c. delavayi and that the inflorescence is reduced to a single flower, compels me to accept this as a different and imdescribed species. sumatra. gajolnmls, cumpang to kon^ke, alt. 700 m, recently cut forest near alias r., march, fl., vaa steems !>1k6 (bo, l>; takengon a c o a | e u r n i lintong, valley of tile isaq, atjeh, alt. 1200 m, sept., fl., van steems essa (bo, k, l), leaves glaucous below; along road from takigcum to bireuen, km. 90, edge of jungle, alt. 1300 m, tree 6 m, leaves with pungent, spicy odor, dried bark used as spice; along road from takigeuro ta bireuen, km. 06, edge of jungle, alt. 1300 m, tree s m, jan., fr., barwka™. s15 (a, bo). 1974] kostermans: the genus neodnnamomum 91 3. neocinnamomum fargesii (lee:.) kosterm,, comb. nov. citatawumcum fargenii lecomte (basionym) in nouv. arch. mus. paris, 5« s6r. 5: 78, fig. 3. 1913; liou ho, laur. chine et indochine 40. 1932; kostermaos, bib]. laur. 294. 1964 typus: farges losi (bo, p). neocinnamomum leilaonii allen in j. arnold arb. 20: 63. 1939; kostermans, i.e. 1035. — typus: wife™ 4e87' (a, bm, k), syntypes: fang 5666 <p),ckow60!> (a). liteeo fruticosa (hemstey) gamble (non spanoghe) in sargent, pl wilson. 2: 77. 1914, p.p. (quoad specim. wilson 4587); kostermans, i.e. 819. shrub or small tree, 2—7 m high. branchlets slender, glabrous, cylindrical, finely striate. end bud very small, glabrous. leaves chartaceous to thinly chartaceous, glabrous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate to ovaterhomboid, 2 x 4—4 x 7 cm, caudate-acuminate, the acumen broad, sharptipped, base cuneate; both surfaces densely, minutely prominulously reticulate, upper surface dull, main nerves filiform, slightly prominulous; lower surface somewhat paler, more glossy, midrib slender, prominulous, the two basal, filiform arcuate laterals prominulous, reaching v-i—% of the blade length. petiole slender, glabrous, ca 1 cm long, channeled above. inflorescences axillary, strongly reduced, up to 1 mm long, minutely braeteate, bearing 1—3 glabrous flowers. pedicel filiform up to 12 mm long. tube shallow, broad. tepals equal, fleshy, narrowly ovate, 2 mm long, glabrous, glaucous outside. stamens glabrous, 1.5 mm long; outer anthers oval, as long as the filaments, lower cells introrse, the upper ones lateral, inner anthers narrower, the lower large cells extrorse, upper ones very small, lateral. staminodes small. ovary ellipsoid-ovoid with an as long style and small peltate stigma. fruit ellipsoid, ca 1 cm long, apiculate, seated on a very shallow fleshy, massive, obconical cup up to 7 mm long and 5 mm diam. at the apex. pedicel up to 17 mm long1, slightly obconical towards the cup. tepals persistent, patent-erect, narrowly ovate, acute, 4 mm long. the fruit described here, is perhaps immature. lecomte described immature fruit as ovoid, ca 1 cm long and the pedicel plus calyx 2.5—3 cm long. allen stated of cinnamomam fargesii that the fruit was unknown. apparently she overlooked the alinea in lecomte's description of the fruit. china. w. su-tchuen (siechuan), distr. of taken-keou-tin, fl., farges locj, (ro, p ) ; nonchuan hsicn, fr., w.p. fang sw-s (a, k). 4. neocinnamomum lecomtei liou ho, — fig. 1 liou ho, lnur. chine indochine 63. 1932 (and 1934); wi chen y, list spermatoph. yunnan 1: 26. 1959 (nomen, chinese); kostermans, bibl. laur. 1034 1064. typus: bon sub ( p ) . reinwardtia [vov. 6 1974] kostermans: the genus neuci; fig. 1. li™ ho after kbertordt « * » (bo). neocinnamomiim hainamanum c.k. allen tn j. arnold arb. 20: 62. 1939; merrill & chun m sunyatsenia 5: 66. 1940; chow & wang, catal. pi. kwangsi 24. 1955 (nomwi, chinese); lee shqltang in acta phytotax. sinica s<3): j81. 1963; kostermans, bihl. laur. 1034. 1964; chun, chang & chen, fl. hainanica 1: 274, fig. 187. 1864. — typus: luu lhtsi (a, non vidi); lav. s67s1, iso-typus (a, bo). shrub or tree, 3—10 m high, 3—15 cm diam. branchlets rather slender, densely, minutely rusty strigose in their upper part, glabreseent. leaves alternate and sub-opposite, distichous, thinly chartaceous to chartaceous, broadly ovate, 4 x 8—7 x 13 cm, with a conspicuous, slender acumen, up to 1.5 cm long (tip blunt or acute), base abruptly contracted into the petiole, the centre part shortly cuneate; upper surface glossy, glabrous (initially sparsely pilose), except the filiform, slightly promlnuious main nerves, veins only visible under the lens, reticulate; lower surface paler, sparsely, minutely puberulous (denser on the veins), midrib slender, prominent, the basal lateral nerves arcuately ascendent to y.>—% the leaf blade length, prominulous, other laterals 1—3 pairs, arcuately ascendent, secondary nerves patent, very slender. the basal nerves possess also arcuate laterals at the outside. petiole 6—15 mm long, densely appressed pilose, sub-glabrescejit, flat or concave above. inflorescences axillary, densely rusty or aureous appressed pilose, consisting of a hardly developed main peduncle, bearing 1—4 flowers in the axils of tiny bracts. pedicel slender, densely pilose, 1 cm long. flowers densely fleshyj narrowly ovate-elliptic, acute, 3—3.5 mm long; the outer ones slightly shorter and narrower, inside pubescent. stamens 2 mm long, anthers subquadrangular or broadly oval, truncate, as long as the filaments; outer anthers with large lateral iower cells and tiny apical introrse-lateral ones; inner ones same shape; staminodes clubshaped, 1.5 mm long, pilose; ovary slender, merging into a shorter style with small, peltate stigma. fruit red or deep orange, ellipsoid, up to 10 x 15 mm, smooth, dull, cup pubescent, trumpet-shaped, fleshy, 5—10 mm lonjf, at apex 5—9 mm diam., with a shallow cavity, the enlarged, sub-erect, 3—6 mm long, at base 3—6 mm wide, thickened tepals persistent; the solid base of the cup merging into the slender, pilose, 5—15 mm long pedicel. china. hainan, loktung, may, fr., la« 267&1 (a, bo); chin fung mts., near fong ngau po village, kan-en distr., febr., fr. red, b i n ssu (bo); tonkin, trov. langon, thaumoi, fls. brown, eberhardt sus (bo. p ) ; bang mae, sparsely wooded limestone rocks, febr., fr., petelot g7si) (bo, p ) ; mts. chua-hac, fr., bon s11s (p, non vidi). 5. neocinnamomum mekongense (hand.-mazz.) kosterm., tomb. & stat. nov. cinnamemum delavayi var. mekonfumse hand.-mazz. in sitzganz. akad. w. wien 1925:218; symbolas sinicae 7: 251. 1931; kostermans, bib. laur. 290. 1964. — neoein-na/momwm delavayi var. mekongenee (hnnd.-maiz.) allen ex wu chen y, list kelnwflrdtia [vol. 9 shrub 5 m or tree 10 m high. branchlets slender, glabrous. end bud mg, sericeous both sides. stamens 1.5 mm, filaments broad, ng as me oval-quadrangular, truncate anthers; cells of all anthers al, the apical ones very small. glands dub-shaped, flat-topped, .inodes as long the filament with small triangular head; style short; as long as the latera stam stigma peltate. the species is very near to n. delavayi, but has larger leaves and completely glabrous branchlets. the anthers and staminodes are different. yunnan. wei-se hsien, in ravine, alt. 2300 m, nov., abnormal fruit, tsar ss005 (a, bo); ibid., f]., taai 57257 ,(a, bo); ibid., stcr., taai 57076 (a, bo); ibid., fl., tsai 57522 (a, bo); ibid., buds, tsui 58359 (a, bo); lung-ling hsien, alt. 1500 m, march, buds, tsai 55578 (a, bo); lu-ehue, by river, alt. 1400 m, ater., tsai sisis (a, bo); len-ping hsien, alt. 2300 m, ster., teai 562s3 (a, bo). 6. neocinnamomum delavayi (lec.) liou ho. — fig. 2 liou ho, laur. chine et indoeh. 80. 1032 and 1934; kostermans, bibl. laur. 1034. 1964 (exclus. var. mekongense (h.-maza.) allen); cinnammwum delavayi lecomte in nouv. arch. mus. paris, 5" ser. 5: 77. 1913; kostermans, i.e. 289 and 290 (exclus. var. mekowgense h.-mazz.). — typus: delavay 035 (p), syntypus: dela-oay 4338 (p) and s.m. (pse cha ho) <bo, k, p | . n. delavayi var. patkiflorum yang in j.w. china border ees. soc. 15, ser. b: 1945; kostermans, u. 1034. — type material: chen ms6 and 1931, (non vidi). n. parviflorum (lec.} liou ho, i.e. 88, fig. 4, 6, 6, 7. 1932 and 1934; kostcrmans, i.e. 1034; cinnamomum paniftotum lecomte (non eidley), i.e. 80; kostermana, i.e. e34. — typus: dueloua 7115 (k, p), isotypua: dveloux 5292 (k, p). small tree, up to 5 m high. branchlets slender, densely, minutely sericeous. leaves alternate, sub-coriaceous, ovate-elliptic, i x 2—2 x 5.5 cm, rarely broadly ovate, 4.5 x 7 cm, caudate acuminate, acumen up to 1 cm long, obtuse, base shortly cuneate; upper surface glabrous, minutely, densely reticulate (under the lens), main nerves slightly prominulous, slender; lower surface paler, laxly, minutely, finely sericeous, midrib slender, prominulous, the two basal laterals arcuately ascendent to £f+ * • eocmnainhmum delavayi (uc) liou ho. after: forrest 11669 (bo). reinwardtia [vol. 9 1/2-3/4 the leaf length, filiform, prominulous, reticulation regular, dense, very minute; sometimes between-midrib and basals deep doniatia (slightly hullate on the upper surface). petiole slender, 6—10 mm long, laxly sericeous, concave above. inflorescences axillary, consisting of a very short (1—2 mm) reduced main peduncle, bearing up to 5 flowers; sometimes the flowers practically sessile. pedicel filiform, 5—8 mm, densely pilose. tube broadly funnel shaped, 0.5 m, inside densely sericeous. tepals erect-patent, narrowly ovate, acute, stiff, 1.5—2 ram long, densely sub-sericeous on both sides. stamens 1.25 mm long, inserted slightly below the tepals on the rim of the 0.5 mm broad tube; anthers quadrangular or ovate-quadrangular, obtuse, slightly shorter than the almost glabrous, thickish filaments; outer anthers with introrae upper and lateral lower, large, slanting cells, almost in one plane, inner anthers smaller, the lower large cells extrorse, the upper smaller ones lateral; glands large, long-stalked. staminodes sub-spathulate or oval on a thick long filament. ovary ellipsoid-ovoid, merging into a short, thick style •with small stigma. fruit ellipsoid to sub-globose, up to 6 x 10 mm, apiculate. cup fleshy, broadly funnel shaped, up to 6 mm long, the top shallowly excavated, the persistent, sericeous tepals erect, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide at the base; pedicel 1 cm long, slender. i have not seen the material, cited by yang, but the description fits n. delayayi. china. yunnan, fl., forrest lieea (bo, e ) ; pcc-eha-ho, april, fl., dda-ony s.n. (bo, p ) ; tenggueh, alt. 1e00 m, march, buds, fr., farrezt 9 f « (bo, e) ; yung-jen hsien, in ravine, alt. 1700 m, may, fl., tsai 62891 (a, bo); pa-ta-ouan, near pee tchouan, july, fl., jean py (dueloux $292) (bo, p ) ; forest of thou ty, fl., simeon ten (bo, p ) ; locality not indicated, fr., mclaren's coll. u«c (bo, k). re i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, vol. 9, part 1, pp. 97 —115 (1974) materials for a revision of lauraceae iv* a. j. g. h. kostebmans c/o herbarium bogoriense ,bogor,indonesia abstract in the genus actinodaphtie nees one new combination and one new species ace presented; in landera thunb. one new combination, 4 new species and one new forma; in latsea lam. one species has been reduced to synonymy, one nomen novum is presented, 5 new species are described and of 6 species new cecords are given; one species has been reinstated. the obscure mackilus sericea bl. is a3sumed to be conspecific with persea bombyeina (king ex hook, f.) kosterm. in the genus persea mill. one nomen novnm, two new combinations and one new species are created and proposed. in the genus phoebe nees one new combination and two abstrak djiisjyi uijirite ^ctijiodtiohns neea satu korabinasi baru dan ssttu jenis bum diusulkan; dalam lindera thunb. satu kambinasi baru, empat jenis diakut kembalf dan daerah penyebaran enam jenis diperluaa oleh terkumpulnya spesimen-speaimen baru. machilus sericea bl. dianggfap aama dengan perttea bombyema (king ex hoof.f.) kosterm.; da]am. baru diciutakan dalam matsa pho&bg nees satti kombinaai baru dasi du& ienie baru diuaulkan. actinodaphne neea actinodaphne forrestii (allen) kosterm., comb. & stxtt. nov. actinadaphne reticuleta vac. forrestii allen in annals missouri bot. gard. 25: 412. 1ssb. typus: forrest 1s827 (aa, k|. the species differs from a. retioulata, by the larger and thicker leaves, which are not reticulate, but only show some "fielded" pattern, the brown sublanuginose tomentum and the much shorter fruit pedice!part i appear^ m reinwardtia 7: 201-356. 19ge; part ii in ibid. 451-635. 1969; pact iii in ibid. 8: 21-106. 1070. i c o n t e n t s p a g e h a t t i n k , t. a. a revision of malesian caesalpinia, i n c l u d i n g , mezoneuroji ( l e g u m m o s a e c a e s a l p i n i a c e a e ) 1 • j o n e s , h . g < orchidaceae n a v a e vel m i n u s cogtlitae . . . . . . . 7 1 k e n g , h. rediscovery of cheilotheca malayana a n d t h e i d e n t i t y of . cheilotheca, audresia and mo.notropastmm (ericaceae. m o n o t r o p o i d e a e ) 7 7 k o s t e r m a n s , a . j . g . h . a m o n o g r a p h o f t h e genusn.eoanna•momum l i o u h o 8 5 m a t e r i a l s f o r a r e v i s i o n o f l a u r a c e a e i v . . . . . 9 7 r? a new bornean species .of mammea , . 117 triadodapkne, a. new jauraceous genua from borneo . 119 — a monograph of caryodaphnopsis a. shaw . ., . . . 123 larsen, k. & laksen, s. k. a new amorphophallus from thailand ' 139 nayak, m. p. a revision of phtkiandra (melastomataceae) . . 143 rao, a. n. £ leong, f. l. pollen morphology of certain tropical , • plants . . . . . . . . • 153 skvortzov, b. v. on some colourless flagellates from java and brasil 177 distributor bibliotheca bogoriensis, jalan raya juanda 20, eogok, indonesia by archipel rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_01 85-96 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_44 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_45 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_46 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_47 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_48 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_49 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_50 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_95 reinwardtia vol 12, part 5, pp: 357 – 371 357 glomeromycota recovered from cacao soil received august 26, 2008; accepted september 12, 2008 kartini kramadibrata herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, jl. raya bogor jakarta km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail: kkramadibrata@yahoo.co.uk abstract kramadibrata, k. 2009. glomeromycota recovered from cacao soil. reinwardtia 12(5): 357–371. ⎯ glomeromycotan fungi were studied from several cacao plantations in indonesia (java and bali) and ecuador. the identity of 28 species of glomeromycota associated with cacao is presented. key words: glomeromycota, cacao, java, bali and ecuador abstrak kramadibrata, k. 2009. glomeromycota yang berasosiasi dengan tanaman kakao. reinwardtia 12(5): 357– 371. ⎯ disajikan pertelaan 28 jenis glomeromycota yang berasosiasi dengan tanaman kakao di beberapa perkebunan kakao di indonesia (jawa, bali) dan ekuador. kata kunci: glomeromycota, kakao, jawa, bali dan ekuador introduction cacao (theobroma cacao l.) occurs naturally in the amazon basin, but is now a tropical crop of considerable economic importance. it is believed that the wild cacao was transported by human activity from the amazon basin, to central and mesoamerica and established as two different populations separated by the panama isthmus. these two isolated populations are sometimes considered as subspecies, which become the basis of ‘criollo’ and ‘forastero’ cacao. in the 16th century the criollo type spread from mexico to carribean islands and parts of south america and it was also taken to the phillipines in about 1600 by the spanish. from the philippines it was later taken to sulawesi and java and then spread to ambon in the mollucas (wood, 1985). cultivation of forastero began in the 18th century and it replaced the criollo type which was dominant in the 16th and 17th centuries in brazil and ecuador. in ecuador, the cacao planted was the nacional type, which is peculiar to ecuador and is believed to be derived from wild trees chosen for seed when plants were first established as a crop. ecuador was the largest producer in the 19th century for almost 100 years from the mid 19th to the early 20th centuries. cacao is a characteristic crop of the humid tropical zone. it requires well distributed rainfall in the region of 2000 mm annually and an average temperature of 25–26ºc. cacao is now an important crop mainly in the south american tropics, west africa, malaysia and indonesia. the root system comprises a tap root which goes down to a depth of 1 m to 1.5 m and a mass of lateral feeder roots, usually mycorrhizal, most of which lie in the top 20 cm of soil and maybe extend to several metres from the trunk. members of the fungal phylum glomeromycota produces arbuscular mycorrhiza in most land plants, t. cacao being amongst them. the identity of glomeromycotan fungi associated with cacao roots and rhizosphere soils was reported from costa rica by janos (1975), janos & trappe (1982), and malaysia (nadarajah, 1980). these two countries yielded different species. janos (1975) reported sclerocystis dussii and acaulospora sp.; the latter was eventually described as acaulospora foveata trappe & janos. the malaysian worker, nadarajah (1980) reported sclerocystis sp., acaulospora sp., gigaspora sp., glomus fasciculatus, g. macrocarpum and g. geosporum as associated with cacao. a grammatical error in the epithets of species in the genus glomus was corrected by walker (1982) and consequently the epithet endings were changed from the erroneous masculine to the correct neuter. the changes are listed in walker (1982) and later species epithets have been published with the correct neuter gender. glomus macrocarpus var. geosporus was raised to species status as g. geosporum walker (walker, 1982). glomus fasciculatum has been erroneously used for describing different taxa based on misidentification. this led walker & koske (1987) to reinwardtia [vol.12 358 redefine this species from examination of thaxter’s sporocarpic material from the farlow herbarium and other specimens from different parts of the world. almeida & schenck (1990) revised the genera sclerocystis and transferred five out six species into glomus. morton & redecker (2001) erected two families of glomales, archaeosporaceae and paraglomaceae, with two new genera archaeospora and paraglomus, based on concordant molecular and morphological characters. later walker & schϋβler (schϋßler et al., 2001), erected a new phylum, glomeromycota based on natural relationship for the arbuscular mycorrhizal and related fungi. the aim of this study is to investigate the species of glomeromycota associated with cacao in several cacao plantations and small scale cacao plantation in indonesia (java and bali) and ecuador. material and methods field sampling of soils under cacao plant soil samples were collected during the field trip from april to may 1987. approximately 2–4 kg of soil from cacao plantations and small cacao farms throughout java and bali, was excavated from around each cacao tree. the soil was a combination of four sub-samples from four points at 0–15 cm depth, 40–50 cm from the tree trunk, using a small trowel. soil samples were taken to the laboratory in bogor where spore extraction by centrifugation and sugar-floatation (walker et al. 1982) was carried out as soon as possible after the arrival of the soil. other samples were air dried for later spore extraction by the same method. extracted spores in water were transferred to vials of 10% formalin to make up formaldehyde for storage pending identification. about 100 g of soil from each sample was separated, stored and taken to britain for pot culture in order to multiply the number of glomeromycotan spores, based on gilmore’s method (1968). a similar technique was employed to collect samples in march to may 1983 from cacao plantations and other field crops in ecuador by dr. j.n. hedger. one sample (approx. 1 kg) was taken at 10 cm depth about 40 cm from the base of a single wild cacao tree in the amazon area of ecuador and from agricultural soils and greenhouse experiments in ecuador. spores were retrieved by wet sieving and decanting (gerdemann & nicolson, 1963) and the extracts, stored in faa, were subsequently transported to britain for detailed examination. results and discussion twenty eight species in five genera were found in the surveys, 24 species and five genera from indonesia and 13 species and four genera from ecuador. some of the species fitted the species descriptions well, whereas with others, there were some differences. the latter are indicated by a query before their names in the following descriptions. 1. acaulospora foveata trappe & janos, mycotaxon 15: 515-518. 1982. spores were yellowish brown to reddish brown, globose to subglobose, 165–260 x 185– 290 μm. the surface was covered with round to oblong sometimes irregular depressions 4–8 x 4– 12 μm, 1–3 μm deep with curved bottoms, separated by ridges 4–10 μm deep with curved bottoms, separated by ridges 4–10 μm wide. the wall composed of three walls. a sporiferous saccule was not observed in any of the collections made during the study. spore wall structure is of three wall groups. collections examined. indonesia: java, cianjur county, xii state plantation company, rajamandala plantation, kk258, kk260, kk279, kk286, kk294. banjar county, xiii state plantation company, putrapinggan plantation, kk359, kk376, kk389. malang county, sumberpucung subdistrict, peniwen village, kk191. ecuador: los rios province, estacion experiment tropical (eet) pichilingue, iniap, from cacao greenhouse experiments, originally from cacao soil, retrocruce cacao/non sterile, rcc/ns, kk30. the spores from java were smaller (165–260 x 185–290 μm) than the measurements in the original description (185–310(410) x 215–350(– 480) μm) (trappe & janos in janos & trappe, 1982). however a. foveata described from colombia by schenck et al. (1984) also differed in size compared to the measurements of trappe & janos (1982) i.e. (135–)250(300) μm. the spore colour of the javan material was similar to the description of young spores in trappe & janos (1982) and spores with a darker colour were never found (mature spores in the original description are said to be reddish brown to brown). one specimen from ecuador, from non-pasteurised soil in greenhouse experiment, retrocruce cacao, rcc/ns, appeared to be different from a. foveata, 2009] kramadibrata : glomeromycota recovered from cacao soil. 359 but was inadequate for further determination. it was globose, 200 μm in diameter and differed in having a dark brown wall with bigger irregular pits 14–16 μm in diameter separated by wider ridges, 8–10 μm in diameter. this specimen has been placed as (?) a. foveata because of its general resemblance to that species. trappe & janos (1982) originally described this species from soils of tropical forest, cacao plantation in costa rica, panama as well as grass, banana, and sugarcane in mexico. schenck et al. (1984) found it in soil from under native grass in colombia. this species is also reported from java, indonesia such as, under alang-alang in bogor (widiastuti & kramadibrata, 1992), under forest trees in the slope of mount pangrango of the gede pangrango national park (kramadibrata, 1993), palm oil in west java (widiastuti & kramadibrata, 1993), bamboo in bogor botanic gardens (setya et al., 1995), under forest trees in natural forest in the mount halimun national park (suciatmih & kramadibrata, 2002), under durian in bogor (chairani et al., 2002), and under corn in bogor (haerida & kramadibrata, 2002). 2. acaulospora rehmii sieverding & toro, angew bot. 61: 217-223. 1987. spores were light yellow to yellow, globose to subglobose, 90–200 x 100–200 μm. the surface had evenly labyrinthine-form folds, with ridges 1– 4 μm wide and 1–4.5 μm high and depressions between ridges 1–4 μm. the spore wall consisted of four components. reaction to melzer’s reagent was negative, but such reaction may be extinguished by storage in faa or formaldehyde solution. collections examined. indonesia: java, cianjur county, xii state plantation company, rajamandala plantation, kk257, kk258a, kk258b, kk278. this taxon was originally described from colombia. the javan population appeared to be always lighter in colour although than the original description by sieverding & toro (1987) which gave a range of from yellow to black, but dark spores were never found in the samples studied here. spore size from javan samples was bigger 90– 200 x 100–200 μm than in the original description, (82–)112–168(–175) μm (sieverding & toro, 1987). the spore surface was similarly labyrinthine in form but most of the ridges in the javan specimens were 1–4 μm narrower and shorter 1– 4.5 μm than in the original description, 1–4.5 μm and 1–5 μm (sieverding & toro, 1987). nevertheless, these differences do not seem sufficient to consider the javan specimens as a different species. the original description was of a spore type associated with cassava, beans, sorghum and a crotalaria species in colombia (sieverding & toro, 1987). it is also reported from java, indonesia under bamboo in bogor botanic gardens (setya et al., 1995), under corn (haerida & kramadibrata, 2002), and under durian all in bogor area (chairani et al., 2002). 3. acaulospora scrobiculata trappe, mycotaxon 6: 363-366. 1977. spores were borne singly on a globose, to subglobose sporiferous saccule which was, 140160 μm in diameter and formed on a wide thinwalled, hyaline hyphae, ± 50 μm diameter. spores globose, subglobose to broadly ellipsoidal, or ovoid, light brown, 90–(130)–250 x 100–(120)– 250 μm. the surface was uniformly pitted with depressions 1–1.5 x 1–3 μm, separated by ridges 2–4 μm thick with a circular, linear or y-shaped pattern. the spore attachment to the sporiferous saccule was about 15 μm in diameter. the spore wall was composed of four wall components. in melzer’s reagent components 1–3 turned a deeper yellow whilst the innermost component soon became a purple reaction but through the ‘filter’ of a yellow structural wall, it appears red. collections examined. indonesia: java, cianjur county, xii state plantation company, rajamandala plantation, kk407. jepara county, xviii state plantation company, beji plantation, beji barat, kk218a. malang county, sumber pucung subdistrict, peniwen village, kk185; pancursari subdistrict, pancursari village, kk198, kk213. ecuador: los rios province, eet pichilingue, iniap, from cacao soils, finca san carlos, kk136; palma chavez cacao, kk121a; bosque viejo, kk15; napo province, napo station of instituto nacional de investigaciones, agropecuarios, london cocoa trade project – estacion experiment napo (lct-een), napo lcteen136, kk130; napo lct-een137, kk57a. los rios province, near eet pichilingue, iniap, quevedo area, from other agricultural soils, under coffee, kk48; under banana, kk51a, under grass kk59, under maize, kk104 & kk149, under rice, kk116a. los rios province, eet pichilingue, iniap, from greenhouse experiments, originally from cacao soil collected in quevedo area, pichilingue, finca la/non sterile fla/ns, kk1; finca la/ sterile fla/s, kk79; finca donna maria/non sterile fdm/ns, kk122; finca donna maria/sterile fdm/s, kk3; san carlos/non sterile reinwardtia [vol.12 360 sc/ns, kk165; san carlos/sterile sc/s, kk157; retrocruce palma/non sterile rp2/ns, kk152, retrocruce palma/sterile rp2/s, kk13; retrocruce cacao/non sterile rcc/ns, kk29; retrocruce cacao/sterile rcc/s, kk103; cacao soil/non sterile c/ns, kk88; cacao soil/sterile c/s, kk92; retrocruce palma/non sterile rp1/ns, kk138; retrocruce palma/sterile rp1/s, kk41; bosque viejo/non sterile bv/ns, kk73; bosque viejo/sterile bv/s, kk66; 7a eet pichilingue hybrid cacao 7a/s, kk155; finca/sterile f/s, kk154; santa pricia ‘nacional’ cacao/steril sp/s, kk156; originally from maize soil collected in quevedo area, retrocruce maize/non steril rcm/ns, kk26; retrocruce maize/steril rcm/s, kk71. most of sporiferous saccules found were bigger 140–160 μm than the original description 100–160 μm (trappe, 1977). other minor differences were found perhaps reflecting the large number of spores examined in the present investigation. javanese material had a high proportion of ovoid spores, 90–(130)–250 x 100– (120)–250 μm, the collections have extended the size range of the original description 100–240 x 100–220 μm (trappe, 1977). a. scrobiculata was first described from mexico, in association with wild grasses, saccharum officinarum and in rain forest. in the usa it has been found associated with maize and festuca viridula and in japan with wild grasses (trappe, 1977). in java, indonesia it was reported from under alang-alang (widiastuti & kramadibrata, 1992), under forest trees in mount gede pangrango national park (kramadibrata, 1993), palm oil (widiastuti & kramadibrata, 1993), bamboo in the bogor botanic garden (setya et al., 1995), under mangosteen (silviana et al., 1999), under corn (haerida & kramadibrata, 2002), under durian (chairani et al., 2002), and under rambutan (muliawan et al., 2002) 4. acaulospora tuberculata janos & trappe, mycotaxon 15: 515–522. 1982. the spores were globose to subglobose, 120– 280 x 120–280 μm, light yellowish brown to light brown. they had a covering of tubercules 0.5–1.5 μm tall, 1.5 μm diameter at the base, which tapered to 0.8–1 μm at the top. the hyphal attachment was ± 15 μm diameter. the wall structures comprised of three walls. reaction to melzer’s reagent: wall 2 becoming bright brown. the yellowish thick walled sporiferous saccule was recovered from field collections but is not described here due to the poor condition and collapsed nature of all the material examined. collections examined. indonesia: java, cianjur county, xii state plantation company, rajamandala plantation, kk256, kk266, kk289, kk293, kk295. jepara county, xviii state plantation company, beji plantation, beji barat, kk225, kk226. bali, jembrana county, pekutatan subdistrict, puluhan village, kk242, kk244, kk245, kk253. the balian and javan spores were always smaller, 120–280 x 120–280 μm, than the published description 255–327 x 255–340 μm (janos & trappe, 1982) and their colour always resembled the description of the colour of young spores in janos & trappe (1982) as being dark honey brown or almost reddish black but spores of this colour were never found. leaching of pigment by long storage in 5% formalin could have occurred. some of the spores collections also had shorter and finer tubercules (0.5–1.5 μm) compared to the original description 0.7–1.5 μm (janos & trappe, 1982). a. tuberculata was originally described from costa rica and from the lowland tropical moist, wet forest and secondary vegetation (janos & trappe, 1982). in java, indonesia it was recorded from under forest trees in mount gede pangrango national park (kramadibrata, 1993), under palm oil (widiastuti & kramadibrata, 1993), under mangosteen (silviana et al., 1999), and under durian (chairani et al., 2002). these specimens differed from a. spinosa because of the tubercular surface ornamentation. the ornamentation of a. spinosa consists of crowded blunt spines rather than tubercules (walker & trappe, 1981). 5. acaulospora walkeri kramad. & hedger, mycotaxon 37: 73-77. 1990. spores were globose or subglobose or reniform, pale brown or yellow-brown to brown, 140–200 x 140–200 μm. the surface was smooth. spores were formed at about 40–80 μm distant from the neck or stalk of a hyaline sporiferous saccule, and each is separated by a globose to irregular scar 10–20 μm wide left on the spore. the wall structure consisted of four components. spores arising laterally from a sporiferous saccule which collapses as the spore matures. the sporiferous saccule is hyaline to white, globose to subglobose, 80–120 x 100–150 μm diameter, with a hyaline to greenish wall, 0.5–1.0 μm thick. it gives rise to a hypha ± 200 μm long, which is 10– 20 μm broad near the sporiferous saccule, but which tapers to 5 μm at its tip near the spore. the sporiferous saccule itself is sometimes minutely roughened because of minute particles of soil, which appear like granules on the surface. 2009] kramadibrata : glomeromycota recovered from cacao soil. 361 reaction to melzer’s reagent were (a) fresh spores from pot cultures walls 1 and 2 do not react, the inner components become purple; (b) after prolonged storage in 5% formaldehyde, wall components 1 and 2 remain unreactive, but components 3 and 4 become brown in melzer’s, and ornamentation in component 3 become obvious. collection examined. indonesia: java, cianjur county, xii state plantation company, rajamandala plantation, kk277 (holotype), kk275, kk202, kk202a. banjar county, xiii state plantation company, batugajah plantation kk322, kk323, pangandaran plantation kk144, kk340, kk345. jepara county, xvii state plantation company, beji tengah, kk228. malang county, pancursari subdistrict, pancursari village, kk212. bali, jembarana county, pekutatan subdistrict, puluhan village, kk s.n. all collection of spores of a. walkeri from cacao soils throughout java and bali appeared to be very similar. most field collections from bali lacked sporiferous saccules, but were clearly a. walkeri. a. walkeri resembles the description of a. delicata walker, pfeiffer & bloss (1986) but the spores of the latter are smaller 80–125(150) x 80– 110(140) μm in a. delicata, compared to 140–200 x 140–200 μm in a. walkeri but both have a sparkling appearance. fresh spores of a. walkeri are also much darker in colour than those of a. delicata. 6. ? gigaspora cf. decipiens hall & abbott, trans. brit. myc. soc. 83: 204-206. 1984. the spores were globose, greenish yellow, sometimes hyaline, 250–320 μm diameter. the wall structure seemed to consist of three hyaline components. the bulbous suspensor was yellow to light brown, 16–20 μm in width. collection examined. ecuador: los rios province, near eet pichilingue, iniap, quevedo area, field sample from under cacao, san carlos farm, kk134. other field sample, under pasture, kk58. these specimens resembled g. decipiens hall & abbott, although the original description specified a larger range of spore diameters (320– 490 μm as compared to 250–320 μm) and very much thicker walls compared with my specimens (7–8 μm), vs 20–35 μm in young spores, 34–47 μm thick in older spores (hall & abbott, 1984). since all the spores were found in poor condition, further progress with this taxon was not possible but it may represent a form of g. decipiens or an undescribed gigaspora species with affinities with other colourless gigaspora species. this species is said by hall & abbott (1984) to be wide spread in western australia. it forms arbuscular association with kikuyu grass (pennisetum clandestinum). 7. ? gigaspora gigantea (nicol. & gerd.) gerd. & trappe, mycologia memoir 5: 29-30. 1974. endogone gigantea nicol. & gerd. mycologia 60: 321. 1968. the spores were globose to ellipsoid, with a greenish yellow to bright yellow colour after storage in faa, 250–320 x 270–380 μm diameter. a bulbous suspensor ± 40 μm diameter was found on most spores. it had a slender hyphal connection to the base of the spore. the spore wall consisted of two components. germ tube production was observed in a few spores through the spore wall next to the suspensor. auxiliary cells typical of gigaspora type were also found in a number of collections. reaction to melzer’s reagent: wall 1 became yellow, wall 2 turning light yellow. collections examined. indonesia: java, cianjur county, xii state plantation company, rajamandala plantation, kk306, kk307, kk311; banjar county, xiii state plantation company, putrapinggan plantation, kk351, pangandaran plantation, kk344. malang county, pancursari subdistrict, pancursari village, kk213d. ecuador: los rios province, eet pichilingue, iniap, from greenhouse experiments with cacao, rcm/ns, kk20, kk24; los rios province, near eet pichilingue, iniap, quevedo area, from agricultural soil, under maize, kk107; under rice, kk112, kk115. gigaspora gigantea was first described as endogone gigantea by nicolson & gerdemann (1968). the spore size of the javan material was within the range given by the authors (183–500 x 291–812 μm) but spores falling within the upper range of these values were never found. such large spores, would possibly have been retained in the discarded sievings on the 650 μm sieve. in their definition of this taxon gerdemann & trappe (1974) give spore sizes in the range 353–368 x 345–398 μm, which are closer to the javan material but still larger. however since the number of spores of this species in the java collections was limited it is possible that the absence of cylindrical and irregular shaped spores reinwardtia [vol.12 362 giving larger dimensions, which were never seen, could account for this difference. the existence of one wall group is the main characteristic which placed this spore type in gigaspora as also did the position of germ tube. although some auxiliary cells of gigaspora type were found in a field they cannot be associated with this species alone because g. margarita was also found in the same sample of rajamandala. some ecuadorean specimens were placed under g. gigantean group (albida or candida) because of the resemblance of the wall structure. they were globose to subglobose measured 180– 270 μm with a greenish yellow in colour. they were found in poor condition and it will not useful to separate these material from g. gigantea until further collections can be examined. g. gigantea is said by gerdemann & trappe (1974) to be common in midwest of the usa and florida. it forms arbuscular association with maize and a range of tree species (clark, 1969). this species is also reported from indonesia such as under bamboo (setya et al., 1995), under mangosteen (silviana et al., 1999) and rambutan (muliawan et al., 2002). 8. ? gigaspora margarita becker & hall, mycotaxon 4: 155-160. 1976. the spore was globose, white, 300 μm in diameter. the spore wall structure comprised a single group of one wall component. the bulbous suspensor was ± 40 μm wide, hyaline with a slender hypha projecting to the base of spore. auxiliary cells of gigaspora type were also observed in this field collection. collection examined. indonesia: java, cianjur county, xii state plantation company, rajamandala plantation, kk 306a. only one spore of this species was found. since it resembled the description of g. margarita, it was placed in this taxon, although the fresh colour of spore was unknown. becker & hall (1976) originally described this taxon from an agricultural field in east central of illinois and virgin sand prairie in central illinois and florida. it was also found in waikato, north island, new zealand and in south africa. 9. ?glomus aggregatum schenck & smith, mycologia 74: 79-80. 1982. spores were globose to subglobose or obovoid 40–80 x 40–80 μm, with a pale yellow to yellow brown colour. the wall structures comprised two walls. the spore base had a hyphal attachment which was usually straight or on occasions curved, being 5–12 μm at the site of attachment to the spore. reaction to melzer’s reagent was negative. collections examined. indonesia: java, cianjur county, xii state plantation company, rajamandala plantation, kk265. banjar county, xiii state plantation company, batugajah plantation, kk310, kk312, kk319, kk321, kebun putrapinggan, kk396, pangandaran plantation, kk336. malang county, pancursari subdistrict, pancursari village, kk213a, sumberpucung subdistrict, peniwen village, kk194. ecuador: los rios province, near eet pichilingue, iniap, quevedo area, field sample from agricultural soil, under rice, kk113. specimens from java and bali were smaller 40–80 x 40–80 μm than the sizes given in the original description (50.4–)72.5(–91.2) μm when globose or (67.2–)87(–110.4) x (57.6–)72(–79.2) μm when subglobose (schenck & smith, 1982). the spore colour in some specimens from java and bali was darker, from pale yellow to yellow brown, than in the original description, hyaline to yellow, schenck & smith (1982). spore colour could however have been affected by long storage in 5% formaldehyde solution. koske (1985) also found a greater range of spore sizes and shapes than on the original description of this species (20–)40–85(–120) x (20–)40–85(–120) μm when globose or subglobose and (30–)40–120(–210) x (20–)40–90(–120) μm when irregular. the colour of koske’s specimen was also varied from very pale yellow to yellow brown to orange brown and fitted better with the colour range of my samples. however a straight hyphal attachment was by far the commonest type in my material and the curved, infundibuliform, constricted, swollen or irregular types observed by koske were rarely seen. the sporocarps characteristic of g. aggregatum were not observed, although loose aggregates of 3–10 spores were found in some collections. glomus aggregatum was first described from a pot culture from roots of citrus sinensis x poncirus trifoliate in florida (schenck & smith, 1982). it has also been reported from sand dunes of the atlantic coast of the usa and canada, lacustrine dunes of lake huron and lake michigan, abandoned railroad bed in michigan, sand dunes in hawaii and citrus nursery in florida (koske, 1985). it has also been reported from under forest trees in gede pangrango national park (kramadibrata, 1993), under natural 2009] kramadibrata : glomeromycota recovered from cacao soil. 363 forest mount halimun national park (suciatmih & kramadibrata, 2002), under corn (haerida & kramadibrata, 2002), and durian (chairani et al., 2002). 10. ?glomus albidum walker & rhodes, mycotaxon 12: 509–514. 1981. spores were light yellow to yellow, globose to subglobose, 85–160 x 85–160 μm. the wall structure was of two components. the subtending hypha ± 5 μm, straight and simply attached to the spore base, without a constriction or funnel shape. collection examined. indonesia: bali, jembrana county, pekutatan subdistrict, puluhan village, kk251. the spores from bali had persistent roughened granules on the outside thus differing somewhat from the original description but walker (pers. comm.) has confirmed that this species had the general appearance of glomus albidum. bali’s specimen appeared to be smaller, 85–160 x 85– 160 μm, than the original description (85–)95– 168(–198) x (85–)95–168(–177) μm (walker & rhodes, 1981) and was paler. this species was collected from winter wheat (triticum aestivum), bromus inermis, zea mays, setaria spp. and populus spp. in iowa (walker & rhodes, 1981). 11. glomus constrictum trappe, mycotaxon 6: 361–363. 1977. the spores were globose to subglobose, 180– 200 μm, brown to dark brown and smooth. the wall structures comprised one wall. the hyphal attachment was straight then recurved, 10–16 μm diameter. the hyphal wall was yellow to yellowish brown. collection examined. ecuador: los rios province, eet pichilingue, iniap, quevedo area, from cacao soil, finca san carlos, kk135; los rios province, eet pichilingue, iniap, greenhouse experiment, rp2/s, kk10; rcm/s, kk72, bv/s, kk77. indonesia: java, jepara county, xvii state plantation company, beji plantation, beji tengah, kk219 the spores from ecuador were found in poor conditions and were never obtained in clusters as originally described by trappe (1977). the spore size was within the range of 150–330 μm diameter given by trappe. spore colour was paler than the original description in which it was described as dark brown to black, shiny. this species was collected from central california and tropical rain forests of mexico (trappe, 1977). this species is also known from under durian in java, indonesia (chairani et al., 2002). 12. glomus diaphanum morton & walker, mycotaxon 21: 433–434. 1984. the spores were globose to subglobose, 60 x 100 μm, hyaline and smooth. the wall structures comprised two walls each with one component. the subtending hyphae straight, 4–8 μm thick. no sporocarps were found but the spores were sometimes found in loose clusters. collections examined. indonesia: java, cianjur county, xii state plantation company, rajamandala plantation, kk300. malang county, pancursari subdistrict, pancursari village, kk210, kk212a. some spores resembling g. diaphanum were extracted from jepara, xvii state plantation company, beji plantation, beji tengah, kk224a, kk241; beji barat, kk237. the spore size from java was within the range given in the original description (39)–74–(121) μm in west virginia (morton & walker, 1984). most of subtending hypha from java were shorter than west virginian specimens (5.4)–8.1–(11.2) μm. this species has been confused with spores of glomus occultum under the dissecting microscope (morton & walker, 1984) so that during the sorting out of field material some specimens could have been misplaced under g. occultum, although g. diaphanum has a smooth spore surface (so does g. occultum). in west virginia this species has been associated with corn, red clover, subterranean clover, sudan grass, tall fescue, black locust, big tooth aspen (morton & walker, 1984). 13. glomus etunicatum becker & gerdemann, mycotaxon 6: 29-32. 1977. the spores were globose 150 x 150 μm, smooth, pale yellow to yellow. the wall structure comprised two components in one group. in those specimens with intact subtending hyphae, the spore wall thickening extended up to 20 µm distally is as described becker & gerdemann (1977). collections examined. indonesia: java, bogor, indonesian spice and medicinal crops research institute, kk178. ecuador: napo province, napo station of instituto nacional de investigaciones, agropecuarios, london trade project – estacion ex reinwardtia [vol.12 364 periment napo (lct-een), field collections from cacao soils, napo lct-een136, kk31; napo lcteen137, kk56; paloma chavez eetp, kk118. quevedo area, near eet pichilingue, iniap, field collection from agricultural soil, under maize, kk111; los rios province, eet pichilingue, iniap, greenhouse experiment, fdm/s, kk125; c/ns, kk87. spores of g. etunicatum from ecuador were generally in poor condition, although the spore size, 150 x 150 μm compared to 68–144(162) μm, and colour resembled the original description (becker & gerdemann, 1977). the spores from ecuador only possessed one hyphal attachment, although two attachments were observed in some of the collection on which becker & gerdemann (1977) used in their description. glomus etunicatum was described by becker & gerdemann (1977) from prairie in illinois and agricultural fields in missouri, florida and illinois associated with roots of andropogon scoparius and zea mays. this species is also known from under natural forest trees in mount halimun national park (suciatmih & kramadibrata, 2002), under corn (haerida & kramadibrata, 2002), under durian (chairani et al., 2002), under rambutan (muliawan et al., 2002), under mangosteen (silviana et al., 1999), and bamboo in bogor botanic garden ( setya et al., 1995). 14. glomus fasciculatum (thaxter sensu gerd.) gerd. & trappe, mycologia memoir 5: 51– 53. 1974. endogone macrocarpa f. media tul. & tul., fungi hypogaei :192. 1851. endogone fasciculate thaxter, proc. amer. acad. arts sci 57. 308–309. 1922. emend. gerdemann, mycologia 57: 562–575. 1965. endogone arenacea thaxter, proc. am. acad. arts sci. 57: 317. 1922. rhizophagites butleri rosend., bull.torrey bot. club 70: 131. 1943. spores were globose, 90–120 x 90–120 μm, sometimes found in loose aggregations or singly. the colour varied from pale yellow to pale yellow brown. wall structures comprised three components. the subtending hypha was paler than the spore, straight, 5–15 μm diameter. collections examined. indonesia: java, jepara county, xvii state plantation company, beji plantation, beji tengah, kk223, kk224. ecuador: los rios province, eet pichilingue, iniap, greenhouse experiment, c/s, kk94; sc/s, kk158. glomus fasciculatum is a widespread species but many records are probably erroneous identifications as pointed out by walker & koske (1987) who amended the description given by gerdemann & trappe (1974). sporocarps were not found in field collections but spores sizes were within the range of the emended description of walker & koske in 1987 (50–)60–95(–149)x 55– 90(–149) μm. however, the indonesian and ecuadorean spores were never smaller than 90 μm or larger than 120 μm. most spores were rather pale yellow-brown even after preservation in faa. the brown or red colour mentioned as a possible affect of faa storage by walker & koske (1987) was not seen. spores determined as glomus fasciculatum have been described from collections made through the temperate and tropical zones (gerdemann & trappe, 1974; walker & koske, 1987) with a wide variety of vegetation. this species has been also reported associated with bamboo in bogor botanic garden (setya et al., 1995), under mangosteen (silviana et al., 1999), under durian (chairani et al., 2002), and under rambutan (muliawan et al., 2002). 15. ?glomus fuegianum (spegazzini) trappe & gerd., mycologia memoir 5: 58. 1974. endogone fuegiana spegazzini, ann. soc. sci. argentina 29: 125. 1887. the spores of this species were characteristically found in clusters. spores globose to subglobose, 80–100 x 76–120 μm and had a dark brown or reddish brown to black colour. the wall structures comprised two components. the hyphal attachment was concolourous the spores and 2530 μm diameter. the spores attached to a single hyphal system, developing in close clusters or groups. collections examined. indonesia: java, cianjur county, xii state plantation company, rajamandala plantation, kk280, kk288. banjar county, xiii state plantation company, batugajah plantation, kk315, kk316, kk320, putrapinggan plantation, kk362, kk363. jepara county, xvii state plantation company, beji plantation, beji tengah, kk218, kk220. malang county, pancursari subdistrict, pancursari village, kk197, kk202, kk204, kk208, kk209, kk209a. thaxter (1922) described this species from a type specimen collected from staten island, straits of magellan by spegazzini in 1887. the type specimen spores 80 x 65 μm diameter, reddish brown in colour. the specimens from java were 2009] kramadibrata : glomeromycota recovered from cacao soil. 365 bigger than the original description and the spores described by godfrey (1957) and hall (1977), but had similar ‘spore groups’ or a distinct pattern of spore aggregates. since the type specimen was not examined, for the present the specimen from java are provisionally placed in g. fuegianum. some of javan specimens were also darker than those described by thaxter. hall (1977) gives a radically different definition of g. fuegianum, defining two walls, whereas mcgee & trappe (2002) redefined the species from australia and indicated that the wall structures comprised three components. the known distribution of this species has been extended to england and the spores associated with yew trees mostly when ground vegetation was sparse or lacking (godfrey, 1957) and forest trees in new zealand (hall, 1977). this species is also found under alang-alang, corn and cacao in bogor (widiastuti & kramadibrata, 1992), and palm oil in west java (widiastuti & kramadibrata, 1993). 16. glomus geosporum (nicolson & gerdemann) walker, mycotaxon 15:56–59. 1982. endogone macrocarpa (tul. & tul.) tul. & tul. var. geospora nicol. & gerd., mycologia 60: 318–319. 1968. glomus macrocarpus var. geosporus (nicol. & gerd.) gerd. & trappe, mycologia memoir 5: 55–56. 1974. the spores were globose to subglobose, 100– 280 μm diameter. they were smooth and shiny and had a dark yellow-brown to dark red-brown colour. the wall structures comprised three components. the subtending hyphae were straight, 10–20 μm diameter with a yellow to dark yellowbrown wall. reaction to melzer’s reagent was negative. collection examined. ecuador: napo province, napo station of instituto nacional de investigaciones, agropecuarios, london trade project – estacion experiment napo (lct-een), field sample from cacao soils, napo lct-een136, kk129; quevedo area, near eet pichilingue, iniap, from agricultural soils, under maize, kk110; los rios province, eet pichilingue, iniap, from greenhouse experiments under cacao, fdm/s, kk2; fdm/ns, kk124; rcc/s, kk101; c/ns, kk89; c/s, kk95; bv/ns, kk74; rcm/s, kk70; rp1/ns, kk144; rp1/s, kk36. the spore colour of ecuadorean specimens resembled the description in walker (1982) of mature spores of g. geosporum. walker (1982) described young spores as being light yellowbrown and transparent to translucent. such spores were found in the ecuadorean samples. ecuadorean specimens had spore sizes within the description of g. geosporum (100–280 μm vs 110–290) μm and always had straight subtending hypha although walker (1982) also found recurved subtending hypha. g. geosporum has been found in scotland, uk (nicolson & gerdemann, 1968), in the pacific northwest, usa (gerdemann & trappe, 1974) in association with herbaceous plants and tree species. walker (1982) also found it in iowa, georgia, arizona usa, mexico, the netherlands and great britain, thaper & khan (1973) also reported in india, hall (1977) and hayman (1978) also found it in new zealand. 17. ?glomus invermaium hall, trans. br. mycol. soc. 68: 345–346. 1977. spores were singly sometimes loose aggregates, globose to subglobose, 60–130 x 60– 120 μm, yellowish brown to brown and the spore wall smooth, with one wall group. the hyphal attachment 5–6 μm, up to 8–16 μm thick near the spore base, yellowish brown to brown. collections examined. indonesia: java, cianjur county, xii state plantation company, rajamandala plantation, kk270. banjar county, xiii state plantation company, putrapinggan plantation, kk399. other specimens which resembled g. invermaium, malang county, sumberpucung subdistrict, peniwen village, kk193. jepara county, vxii state plantation company, beji plantation, beji barat, kk235. bali, jembrana county, pekutatan subdistrict, puluhan village, kk243. banjar, xiii state plantation company, putrapinggan plantation, kk352, kk361, kk390, kk395. sporocarps of this species were never found in field collections but the spores resembled hall’s description (1977) of the new zealand material in having two wall components in one group. the spores from indonesia appeared to be bigger than those from new zealand which were 50–75 μm. the hyphal attachment was also thinner than those the original description (6–13 μm). this species associated with trifolium repens and was described from new zealand (hall, 1977). 18. glomus microaggregatum koske, gemma & olexia, mycotaxon 26: 125-127.1986. spores of this species were usually free, in clusters, hyaline to smooth pale yellow to reinwardtia [vol.12 366 brownish yellow, globose to subglobose, 30–50 x 30–40 μm in diameter. the sole wall group consisted of just one component. the hyphal attachment straight, 2–3 μm wide at the spore base. reaction to melzer’s reagent was negative. collections examined. indonesia: java, cianjur county, xii state plantation company, rajamandala plantation, kk269. banjar county, xiii state plantation company, putrapinggan plantation, kk369a, kk380, kk386, kk388, kk397. other material from java which resembled g. microaggregatum were from jepara county, xvii state plantation company, beji plantation, beji tengah, kk222. the javan spores fell within the size range of the description of glomus microaggregatum by koske et al. (1986). however, they were always found free, and not, as mentioned by koske et al. (1986), inside dead spores of other species of arbuscular fungi. a minor differences were the uniformly of the size of the indonesian spores and the fact that the spore surface was always smooth. koske et al. (1986) also mentioned that hyphal attachment of this spore maybe straight or infundibuliform. most specimens collected from java had a straight hyphal attachment. many of the javan specimens resembled g. aggregatum and were difficult to differentiate from it because of their pale yellow to brownish yellow and size (30–50 x 30–40 μm) which overlapped with small specimens of g. aggregatum. however, the spore wall structures of these two species is distinct and enabled them to be separated on the basis of the unit wall occurring on g. aggregatum and not on g. microaggregatum. this taxon was described by koske et al. (1986) from field collections from dune systems in california, hawaii, michigan and the atlantic coast of the usa. it has been found associated with roots of sand dune plants. 19. ?glomus microcarpum tul. & tul., giorn. bot. ital. 2: 63. 1845. endogone microcarpa (tul. & tul.) tul. & tul., fungi hypogaei :182. 1851. endogone neglecta rodway, proc. roy. soc. tasmania 1917: 107. 1918. the spores were found as loose aggregates. spores globose, or subglobose, yellow and 25–40 x 30–50 µm. the spore wall appeared smooth and consisted of one wall layer. the subtending hypha 4–8 µm wide near the spore base and was light yellow. reaction to melzer’s reagent was nega tive. collections examined. indonesia: java, banjar county, xiii state plantation company, putra pinggan plantation, kk355, kk360. bali, jembrana county, pekutatan subdistrict, puluhan village, kk250. sporocarps of this species were never found in either java and balian collections. some spores from java and bali were smaller than the description of the lectotype given by berch & fortin (1984) in their reexamination of material collected by tulasne brothers in 1884, 25–40 x 30–50 µm compared to (30–)40(–45) x (30–)35(– 40) µm (berch & fortin, 1984). walker (pers. comm.) reported that this species produces quite large very dense sporocarps and always a rapid blood red reaction to melzer’s reagent, and consequently it is advisable to treat this determination as very provisional. thaxter (1922) described spore collections of this species from aldecroft creek, los gatos, california without any root associations. gerdemann & trappe (1974) mentioned the association with a range of plants in pot cultures for example fragaria sp., geum sp., phleum pretense, rubus spectabilis, taxus brevifolia, thuja plicata, and zea mays. they cite records in the usa from idaho, california and michigan. it was originally collected by tulasne brothers from the bois de boulogne paris, france and vincennes, france in 1844 and by broome from italy in 1846. it was also recorded from tasmania by rodway in 1918 (as endogone neglecta) in gerdemann & trappe (1974). 20. glomus mosseae (nicol. & gerd.) gerd. & trappe, mycologia memoir 5: 40-41. 1974. endogone mosseae nicol. & gerd., mycologia 60: 314–315. 1968. spores were 110–300 µm x 150–290 µm, globose to ovoid, yellow to light brown. the wall structures comprised two components. the subtending hyphae were straight, 20–30 µm near the spore base, usually with a curved septum and had a yellow to light brown colour. collections examined. ecuador: los rios province, near eet pichilingue, iniap, quevedo area, from agricultural soil, under maize 2, eetp, kk148. note: this spore material and other specimens from ecuador resembled g. mosseae but they were parasitized by other fungi making complete identification difficult. 2009] kramadibrata : glomeromycota recovered from cacao soil. 367 sporocarpic specimens were never found. a feature of the original description is the wide range of spore sizes, 60–320 µm (nicolson & gerdemann, 1968) but later gerdemann & trappe (1974) redefined the size range of spore collections examined as 105–310 x 110–305 µm. the colour of spores from ecuador resembled material from scotland and kent (uk), illinois (usa) and germany (nicolson & gerdemann, 1968) and also spores collected in the pacific northwest, hawaii, australia, new zealand and pakistan (gerdemann & trappe, 1974). both nicolson & gerdemann (1968) and gerdemann & trappe (1974) mention a distinct form of this species with a large funnel shaped base found in the usa and australia. however, no ecuadorean material was found with a pronounced funnelshaped base. gerdemann & trappe (1974) quote a wide range of plant taxa assumed to have associations with g. mosseae in the pacific northwest of usa. it appears to be a wide spread in other parts of the world i.e. uk (nicolson & gerdemann, 1968) and australia (mosse & bowen, 1968). 21. glomus multicaulis gerdemann & bakshi, trans. brit. mycol. soc. 66: 340–343. 1976. the spores were very distinct owing to their multiple hyphal attachments. spores ellipsoidal, subangular to subglobose, brown to dark brown, 136–210 x 114–210 µm. one to three hyphal attachments occurred at opposite ends of the spore. the spore surface ornamented with darker rounded projections 1–3.5 µm long in bands over the spore surface orientated at 90º to the spore axis. these bands were connected by axial ridges 2–3 µm in length which were of a lighter colour than the projections. the spore wall structures comprised one component. the subtending hyphae were straight or recurved, 10–30 µm in diameter, yellowish brown to brown. there was no reaction to melzer’s reagent. collections examined. indonesia: java, banjar county, xiii state plantation company, kk372, kk373. jepara county, xvii state plantation company, beji plantation, beji tengah, kk214. malang county, sumber pucung subdistrict, peniwen village, kk195. pancursari subdistrict, pancursari village, kk 203, kk207a, kk213b, kk401. jember county, kaliwining experimental station, kk238, kk239. the javan material differed in a number of aspects from the original description of g. multicaulis. the size of spores from java was smaller, 136–210 x 114–210 µm compared to indian specimens, 149–249 x 124–162 µm gerdemann & bakshi (1976). most spores from javan specimens tended to have a lighter brown colour rather than the dark brown described by gerdemann & bakshi (1976). the triangular spores mentioned by these authors were never seen. the spore wall appeared to be thicker in the javan spores. the spore ornamentation had slightly shorter projections and was found to be more complex in structure. although 2 or 3 spores were often found grouped in field collections sporocarps were not found. gerdemann & bakshi (1976) did not mention the existence of sporocarps. this species was described from a demonstration forest, uttar pradesh, india, and appears to be associated with a range of angiosperms and gymnosperm tree species (gerdemann & bakshi, 1976). this species has been reported from mount gede pangrango national park, java, indonesia, associated with forest trees (kramadibrata, 1993). 22. glomus rubiforme (gerd. & trappe) almeida & schenck, mycologia, 82: 709–710. 1990 sclerocystis pachycaulis wu & chen, taiwania 31 :74–75. 1986 sclerocystis rubiformis gerd. & trappe, mycologia memoir 5: 60–63. 1974 loose aggregates of spores, yellow to yellowish brown, spores were encountered with spores arranged around a central branching system (plexus). individual spores smooth, obovoid to ellipsoid measuring 30–60 x 40–90 µm. the walls consisted of one group. the hyphal attachments were 7–15 µm broad with the same colour as the spore wall. collections examined. indonesia: java, banjar county, xiii state plantation company, putrapinggan plantation, kk346, kk350, kk357a, kk368, kk360, kk387, kk398; pangandaran plantation, kk329; batugajah plantation, kk317, kk318. jepara county, xviii state plantation company, beji plantation, beji timur, kk403. sporocarps were never found, but the loose aggregates were considered to be sufficiently similar, together with spore size and colour, to the original description, to make the classification as g. rubiforme possible. wu & chen (1968) described this species from experimental forest in reinwardtia [vol.12 368 taiwan where it was associated with the root of pteridophytes and angiosperms. almeida & schenck (1990) revised the genus sclerocystis, and they maintained the genus with one species, i.e. s. coremioides, while five other sclerocystis species were moved to the genus glomus, including g. rubiforme). this species has also been reported from java, indonesia such as under alang-alang, corn and cacao in bogor (widiastuti & kramadibrata 1992), under forest trees in gede pangrango national park (kramadibrata, 1993), under palm oil (widiastuti & kramadibrata, 1993), under bamboo in bogor botanic gardens (setya et al., 1995), under mangosteen (silviana et al., 1999) and under durian (chairani, 2002). 23. glomus sinuosum (gerd. & bakshi) almeida & schenck, mycologia 82: 710–711. 1990. sclerocystis sinuosa gerd. & bakshi, trans. br. mycol. soc. 66: 343. 1976 sclerocystis pakistanica iqbal & bushra. trans. mycol. soc. japan. 21: 59–60. 1980. sporocarps brown, 300–450 µm, spores subglobose to oblong, with a peridium, composed of thick walled, sinuous hyphae ± 20 µm thick making irregular patterns. within the peridium the spores obovate, ellipsoidal, diverging from a central plexus of hyphae arranged in a single layer, 80–120 x 65–85 µm. wall thickness was variable but two walls in one group. the spore wall was always thicker at the spore base. the hyphal attachment was very short. collections examined. indonesia: java, jepara county, xvii state plantation company, beji plantation, beji tengah, kk240, beji barat, kk237a. jember county, kaliwining experimental station, kk237b, kk237c, kk405. sporocarps from java, 300–450 µm, were bigger than those described from india 48–412 µm (gerdemann & bakshi, 1976). however, the pattern of the peridium closely resembled the indian specimens. the spores from java were also bigger 80–120 x 65–85 µm compared to 45–118 x 30–80 µm (gerdemann & bakshi, 1976). it has also been reported from under forest trees in gede pangrango national park (kramadibrata, 1993), and under palm oil (widiastuti & kramadibrata, 1993). 24. glomus tortuosum schenck & smith, mycologia 74: 82. 1982. the spores of this taxon were easily recognized by the mantle of sinuous hyphae (peridium) closely appressed to the spore. the yellow to dull brown spores were globose to subglobose, 150–260 µm diameter. the wall structures comprised a single laminated component. hyphal attachments were absent from the specimen examined. collections examined. ecuador: quevedo area, near eet pichilingue, iniap, from cacao soil, finca san carlos, kk135 (mixed collection with g. constrictum). los rios province, eet pichilingue, iniap, cacao greenhouse experiment: rcc/ns, kk31, kk32 (both mixed with g. geosporum and g. mosseae), rcc/s, kk102. although g. tortuosum spores collected from ecuador were in poor condition they appear very similar to the description of schenck & smith (1982) with the exception that the mantle covering the spore was thinner 4–5 µm vs 4–10 µm. both the original floridan description and the ecuadorean spores had a laminated wall. 25. ?paraglomus occultum (walker) morton & redecker, mycologia 93: 190. 2001. glomus occultum walker, mycotaxon 15 :50. 1982. the spores usually found singly, ovoid to globose to subglobose, 30–90 x 40–90 µm, usually hyaline to white. the spore wall structure comprised two components in one group. the subtending hyphae usually axial in position less frequently lateral to the spore axis, some were closed by a distal septum. collections examined. indonesia: java, cianjur county, xii state plantation company, rajamandala plantation, kk282, kk283, kk301. malang county, pancursari subdistrict, pancursari village, kk211. spore size from java was slightly bigger 30– 90 x 40–90 µm than the original description 15– 100 x 20–120 µm (walker, 1982). this species was described from iowa, usa, associated with grasses and poplars, in the netherlands in a polder and reclaimed coal mining spoils in yorkshire, england (walker, 1982). recently, studies on molecular phylogenetic of g. occultum showed that morphological characters alone are not sufficient to describe this species, hence the element of taxonomic doubt expressed here. glomus occultum and g. brasilianum were transferred into paraglomus 2009] kramadibrata : glomeromycota recovered from cacao soil. 369 based on molecular analyses and a new family paraglomeraceae was erected (morton & redecker, 2001). 26. scutellospora calospora (nicol.& gerd.) walker & sanders, mycotaxon 27: 180. 1986. endogone calospora nicol. & gerd., mycologia 60: 332. 1968. gigaspora calospora (nicol. & gerd.) gerd. & trappe, mycologia memoir 5: 28–29. 1974. the spores were globose, 150 x 150 µm and oblong, 100–160 x 165–250 µm. they had a pale yellow or greenish yellow colour. the spore wall comprised two wall groups. most spores were found with a bulbous suspensor cell, concolorous with spore wall, 33–40 µm broad. collection examined. indonesia: java, banjar county, xiii state plantation company, putrapinggan plantation, kk394. ecuador: quevedo area, near eet pichilingue, iniap, field collections from agricultural soils, under grass, kk62, kk63, kk64; under banana, kk51a; under maize, kk106. los rios province, eet pichilingue, iniap, greenhouse experiment with cacao, f/s, kk154; rcm/ns, kk27. spores from java never exceeded 250 µm in diameter although in the original description, nicolson & gerdemann (1968) mentioned an average of 126 x 190 µm, with a maximum of 111 x 511 µm, and later walker & sanders (1986) gave a range of 114–285(–511) x 110–412 (–511) µm. they also discussed the range of colour forms in this taxon within which the present material also fell. this species was originally described from scotland and has also been recorded from illinois (nicolson & gerdemann, 1968) and the oregon and washington coast associated with herbaceous and tree species (gerdemann & trappe, 1974). koske & walker (1986) redefined this taxon from specimens collected from midlothian, scotland in pot culture with trifolium repens plants which had been inoculated with a single spore from under grass. this taxon therefore seem to be widespread in the northern temperate zone. in indonesia it has been reported from under bamboo in bogor botanic gardens (setya et al., 1995), and under corn (haerida & kramadibrata, 2002) all in java. 27. scutellospora fulgida koske & walker, mycotaxon 27 :221-224. 1986 the spore resembling s. fulgida globose to subglobose, smooth hyaline to pale straw, 150– 200 x 170–270 µm. the wall structure comprised three components. bulbous bases seen in some material, were yellowish brown 30–40 µm broad with a wall thickness 1–2 µm and had a projection towards the spore base. reaction to melzer’s reagent: wall 1 and 2 became reddish brown, wall 3 became brown. collections examined. indonesia: java, jepara, xvii state plantation company, beji plantation, beji timur, kk233. malang county, sumberpucung subdistrict, peniwen village, kk187, kk192. bali, jembrana county, pekutatan subdistrict, puluhan village, kk246. ecuador: quevedo area, near eet pichilingue, iniap, from agricultural soil: under maize (1), kk105; under maize (2), kk151. los rios province, eet pichillingue, iniap, from greenhouse experiment with cacao, rp1/ns, kk143. the spores had a similar size range, 150–200 x 170–270 µm, to the original description 100–240 x 160–245 µm (koske & walker, 1986). spore colour from fresh specimens was never examined, a point of difference to koske & walker (1986), but the wall structures resembled their specimens. many spores were in too poor condition to examine properly but one good specimen, kk187 from peniwen, malang, java, was typical of s. fulgida. other characters such as the germination shield were not present. this species was originally described from sand dunes on the eastern north american seaboard, associated with root zones of ammophila brevigulata, solidago sempervirens and uniola paniculata but not proven to be mycorrhizal (koske & walker, 1986). 28. ?scutellospora pellucida (nicol. & schenck) walker & sanders, mycotaxon: 27: 181. 1986. gigaspora pellucida nicol. & schenck, mycologia 71: 189–198. 1979. spore singly, globose to ellipsoid or even irregular, hyaline to pale grey, 160–240 x 150– 350 µm. the spore smooth and comprised six walls. a suspensor-like cell found on some spores, hyaline, ± 40 µm wide. collections examined. indonesia: java, malang county, sumberpucung subdistrict, peniwen village, kk186. cianjur county, xii state plantation company, rajamandala plantation, kk287. banjar county, xiii state plantation company, batugajah plantation, reinwardtia [vol.12 370 kk309, kk311. ecuador: quevedo area, near eet pichilingue, iniap, from cacao soils, bosque viejo, kk18; from other agricultural soils, under pasture, kk60; under maize, kk104. los rios province, eet pichillingue, iniap, from greenhouse experiment: fla/ns, kk169; f/s, kk154; rcc/ns, kk29; rcm/ns, kk23; rp1/ns, kk141 & kk142. the size of s. pellucida spores from java, 160–240 x 150–350 µm was close to those given in the literature, 58–212 µm globose spores or 107–183 x 145–241(–328) µm irregularly shaped spores (nicolson & schenck, 1979) or 58–183(– 250) x 58–241(–410) µm (koske & walker, 1986). these specimens also resembling s. gilmorei such as the character of hyaline spore and the wall structure comprising six components. the size of the spore also overlap with s. gilmorei. koske & walker (1986) redescribed this species after walker & sanders (1986) separated scutellospora from gigaspora s.l. on the basis of membranous walls. it proved the most difficult to identify since it had 3 groups of walls and most specimens collected from java were in rather poor condition for wall examination. however, they possessed the general features of s. pellucida, such as irregular shape and ellipsoid shape, and at least two group of walls could be seen in most specimens. the fresh colour of specimens from java has never been examined and most specimens appeared hyaline or rather pale grey after long storage in faa or 5% formalin solution. the species was first isolated in the usa from cultivated soils in north and central florida (nicolson & schenck, 1979) later koske & walker (1986) redescribed it from florida, sand dunes in california, massachusetts, new jersey, rhode island, south carolina and virginia and also a pot culture from mine site in west virginia, usa. acknowledgement i would like to thank the british council and overseas development administration for financial support and mr. j. allen from the london cocoa trade project, napo, ecuador for soil samples. i am grateful to the owner of small scale cacao farms and state plantation companies in indonesia who allowed me to collect soil samples. the author also would like to thank drs. j.n. hedger for supervising during the study, s. sastrapradja for allowing me to do this research, mien a. rifai and c. walker who critically reviewed the manuscript. references almeida, r.t. & schenck, n.c. 1990. a revision of the genus sclerocystis (glomaceae, glomales). mycologia 82: 703–714. chairani, gunawan, a.w. & kramadibrata, k. 2002. mikoriza durian di bogor dan sekitarnya. j. mikrobiol. indones. 7: 44–46. clark, f.b. 1969. endotrophic mycorrhiza infection of tree seedlings with endogone spores. forest science 15: 134–137. gerdemann, j.w. & nicolson, t.h. 1963. spores of mycorrhiza endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. trans. brit. mycol. soc. 46: 235–344. gilmore, a.e. 1971. the influence of endotrophic mycorrhizae on the growth of peach seedlings. j. am. soc. hort. sci. 96: 35–38. godfrey, r.m. 1957. studies of british species of endogone. i. morphology and taxonomy. trans. brit. mycol. soc. 40: 117–135. haerida, i. & kramadibrata, k. 2002. identifikasi jamur mikoriza arbuskula pasca tanaman jagung manis di jawa. floribunda 2: 33–37. iqbal, s.h. and bushra, p. 1980. some species of sclerocystis (endogonaceae) from pakistan. trans. mycol. soc. japan 21: 57–63. janos, d.p. 1975. effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on lowland tropical rain forest trees. in sanders, f.e., mosse, b. & tinker, p.b. (eds.). endomycorrhizas :437–446. academic press, london and new york. janos, d.p. 1980. vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae affect lowland tropical rain forest plant growth. ecology 61: 151–162. janos, d.p. & trappe, j.m. 1982. two new acaulospora species from tropical america. mycotaxon 15: 515–522. kramadibrata, k. 1993. jenis-jenis glomales dari das cisadane. j. mikrobiol. indones. 2: 24– 26. kramadibrata, k. & hedger, j.n. 1990. a new species of acaulospora associated with cocoa in java and bali (indonesia). mycotaxon 37:73-77. kramadibrata, k., riyanti, e.i. & simanungkalit, r.d.m. 1995. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from the rhizosphere of soybean crops in lampung and west java. biotropia 8: 30–38. kramadibrata, k. & gunawan, a.w. 2006. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi surrounding tropical kudzu and para grass. j. mikrobio. indones. 11: 67–71. koske, k. & walker, c. 1986. species of scutellospora (endogonaceae) with smooth – walled spores from maritime sand dunes; two new species and a redescription of the spores of scutellospora pellucida and scutellospora calospora. mycotaxon 27 :219–235. mcgee, p.a. & trappe, j.m. 2002. the australian 2009] kramadibrata : glomeromycota recovered from cacao soil. 371 zygomycetous mycorrhizal fungi. ii. further australian sporocarpic glomaceae. aus. sys. bot. 15: 115–124. morton, j.b. & redecker, d. 2001. two families of glomales, archaeosporaceae and paraglomaceae, with two new genera archaeospora and paraglomus, based on concordant molecular and morphological characters. mycologia 93: 181–195. muliawan, j., gunawan, a.w. & kramadibrata, k. 2002. mikoriza rambutan di bogor dan sekitarnya. j. mikrobiol. indones. 7: 24–25. nadarajah, p. 1980. species of endogonaceae and mycorrhizal association of elaeis guineensis and theobroma cacao. in mikola, p. (ed.). tropical mycorrhiza research. :232–237. oxford science publications, oxford. nicolson, t.h. & schenck, n.c. 1979. endogonaceae mycorrhizal endophytes in florida. mycologia 71: 178–198. schenck, n.c., spain, j.l., sieverding, e. & howeler, r.h. 1984. several new and unreported vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (endogonaceae) from colombia. mycologia 76: 686– 699. schüßler, a., schwarzott, d. & walker, c. 2001. a new fungal phylum, the glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. myc. res. 105:1413–1421. setya, a.p., gunawan, a.w. & kramadibrata, k. 1995. cendawan mikoriza arbuskula pada bambu di kebun raya bogor. hayati 2: 85–86. sieverding, e. & toro, t.s. 1987. acaulospora denticulata sp. nov. and acaulospora rehmii sp. nov. (endogonaceae) with ornamented spore walls. angew. bot. 62: 217-223. silviana, gunawan, a.w. & kramadibra ta, k. 1999. biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizospheres of mangosteen. in f.a. smith, f. a., kramadibrata, k., simanungkalit, r.d.m., sukarno, n. & nuhamara, s.t. (eds.). proceedings of international conference on mycorrhizas in sustainable tropical agriculture and forest ecosystems. research and development centre for biologylipi, bogor agricultural university and the university of adelaide. :97–100. suciatmih & kramadibrata, k. 2002. arbuscular mycorhizal fungi at different ecosystems of mount halimun national park. berita biologi (special edition) 6: 145–149. thaxter, r. 1922. a revision of the endogonaceae. proc. am. acad. art & sci. 57: 289–350. trappe, j.m. 1977. three new endogonaceae: glomus constrictus, sclerocytis clavispora and acaulospora scrobiculata. mycotaxon 6: 359–366. walker, c. 1982. species in the endogonaceae: a new species (glomus occultum) and a new combination (glomus geosporum). mycotaxon 15: 49– 61. walker, c. & koske, r.e. 1987. taxonomic concepts in the endogonaceae: iv. glomus fasciculatum redescribed. mycotaxon 30 :252–262. walker, c., mize, c.w. & mcnabb jr., h.s. 1982. population of endogonaceae fungi at two locations in central iowa. can. j. bot. 60: 2518– 2529. walker, c. & trappe, j.m. 1981. acaulospora spinosa sp. nov. with a key to the species of acaulospora. mycotaxon 12: 515–521. widiastuti, h. & kramadibrata, k. 1992. jamur mikoriza bervesikula arbuskula di beberapa tanah masam dari jawa barat. menara perkebunan 60: 9–19. widiastuti, h. & kramadibrata, k. 1993. identifikasi jamur mikoriza bervesikula arbuskula di beberapa kebun kelapa sawit di jawa barat. menara perkebunan 61:13–19. wood, g.a.r. 1985. history and development. in wood, g.a.r. & lass, r.a. (eds.) cocoa. :1– 10. longman group limited, harlow. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 2, part 1, pp. 133-183 (1952) a critical study in the complex-polymorphous genus schima (theaceae) s. bloembergen* summary 1. the author considers the genus schima monotypic. its only species, schima wallichii (dc.) korth., is subdivided into nine geographically separated subspecies and three varieties. these may be recognised sometimes by one dominating chax*acter, mostly, however, by a complex of characters. several new combinations are made. 2. yet the variability of most of the subspecies is still often enormous and at first sight appears complex. thus we may often encounter the polymorphy of the whole species in its subspecies again. it was the striking different percentage-numbers of (phenotypically) about the same characters which turned the scale in favour of the recognition of the subspecies, besides their geographic separation. the attempts made by the author to divide certain resulting complex-polymorphous subspecies into units of still lower rank and to trace correlations with peculiarities of environment such as different heights above sealevel, or with different stages in the age of the trees, failed. 3. on account of these negative results and the above mentioned different percentage-numbers for phenotypically about the same characters, the author came to the conclusion that the most probable explanation is that the variability within the subspecies is just due to mendel-segregation and nothing else. it looks very much as if one is dealing here with the inheriting of striking characters, each caused by one or only a few polymeric factors, characters which hold their own, just as in panmictlcally propagated populations (by cross-pollination). this explanation, too, makes the striking fact that in some subspecies we find back phenotypically the whole, or part, of the polymorphy of the entire species more understandable, as well as the fact that individuals of different subspecies may agree phenotypically, whereas genotypically they belong to different races (subspecies), moreover, all these phenomena strongly support the monotypic conception of the genus. 4. the author saw few examples from the area outside indonesia. however, this does neither influence his monotypic conception of the genus, nor his method of dividing it into units of lower ranks. the study of the scanty amount of specimens, literature, and the drawings seen appeared more than sufficiently convincing. yet he is not quite certain whether the correct rank was ascribed to some of the lower taxa involved. it would perhaps have been advisable to consider the variety superba and the continental parts of the subspecies oblata and monticola as distinct subspecies. future consideration of this matter shall have to decide. * formerly botanist, forest research institute, bogor, at present professor of systematic botany and plantgeography, faculty of agriculture, bogor, of the university of indonesia. 134 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol, 2 introduction.—from its discovery in 1823 until the present day many species have been described in the genus schima. in the indonesian part of its area, too, an increasing number of species was recognized, which have later on been reduced to three, namely schima noronhae reinw. ex blume (java), s. bancana miq. (south sumatra, bangka, billiton), and s. crenata korth. (north and central sumatra, borneo). as to these species, however, some questions about their delimitation still remained to be answered, questions pertaining to the extremely large and complex polymorphy of some of them. in literature as well as in herbarium specimens the author met with the same problems for the larger part of the area outside indonesia, especially for burma, siam, indo-china, and south china. from the study of the indonesian material, he received the impression of having before him one complex-polymorphous species for the whole area of the genus. within such a species the polymorphy showed a peculiar distribution both in altitudinal and in horizontal direction, by which it was possible to recognize nine geographically separated, and in turn often rather complex-polymorphous, subspecies, three of these with a few geographically separated varieties each. formerly some authors already advocated the monotypic conception of the genus and this has been partly followed up by van steenis (in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii 13: 50. 1936). the specimens examined were obtained from the following herbaria: bo = herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia, bogor, which herbarium also contains some specimens of schima from outside indonesia. fib = the herbarium of the "boschbouwproefstation" (forest research institute), bogor. specimens cited from literature have been marked "lit." s c h i m a reinw. ex blume flowers hermaphrodite. calyx and corolla mostly 5-, sometimes 6merous, alternating, both quincuncial. sepals small, almost equal, united over a short distance at the base, persistent. petals large, unequal, the exterior one the smallest, united at the base into an annulus which may rarely be partly tubular or funnel-shaped, enveloping the flower-bud successively, cap-shaped, early deciduous as a whole together with the stamens. stamens many, in 3—5 rows, the outer and the inner stamens mostly shorter than the middle ones, and from the inside to the outside arcuate-upright to arcuate-spreading, united at the base writh the corolla and shorter than the latter; anthers ellipsoidal, basifix, with the loculi 1952] bloembergen: study in schema 135 opening laterally.' style 1; stigma short, 5—6-lobed; ovary superior, 5sometimes 6—7-celled at the base; ovules, large, half-campylotropous, epitropous, hanging, 3 in each cell, fixed parallel just beneath the middle of a central axis. fruit a woody capsule, globose, often more or less flattened or elongated, 5sometimes 6—7-celled, opening loculicid; septa loosening over their lower half from the wall of the fruit as blunt toothshaped parts which by pressure against the central columella causes the fruit-wall to split, up to somewhat more than halfway downward; columella thickened at the top, club-shaped to stellate, with 5—6 grooves and ribs corresponding to the scalloped upper halves of the septa; seeds 3 in each cell, side by side in vertical direction, winged all around but especially on the back side, reniform, testa rather thick, endosperm very thin or absent. embryo curved; cotyledons rather thick, often somewhat longitudinally folded; radicula curved, lying against the base of the cotyledons and length somewhat exceeding width.2 evergreen trees; very rarely shrubby or subscandent. the terete twigs are monopodia growing from an obliquely beaked terminal bud; the ramifications originate simultaneously from one or a few of the uppermost buds in the axils of the leaves of the preceding vegetation period and are as strong as the direct continuation of the central twig; twigs from a vegetation period mostly short, with the leaves and flowers crowded. leaves alternate, simple, penninerved, entire or the margin wholly or partly undulate, dentate, or serrate, without stipules; petiole flattened or somewhat gutter-shaped above, rounded beneath. flowers stalked, mostly white, solitary in the axils of the leaves, or by reduction of the leaves grouped into rather small racemes; racemes, which later on may grow on vegetatively, axillary or terminal on the branches. prophylls 2, more or less remotely inserted from the calyx, caducous. one polymorphous species. the first species of the present genus were described in 1824 as members of gordoniu (ellis in philos. trans, roy. soc, lond. 60: 518 t. 11. 1770), nomen conservandum. already blume (1825) segregated them as forming a distinct genus sehima; in this he was followed by most subsequent authors. schhna reinwardt ex blume, cat. gew. buitenz, 80. 1823, nomen nudum; bijdr. fl. ned. indie, 3de stuk: 129. 1825; korthals bijdr. ternstr. in temminck, verh. nat. gesch., bot. 142. 1839-42; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1 (2): 491. 1859; bentham, fl. hongk. 28. 1801; bentham & hooker, gen. pl 1; 185. 1802; baillon, hist. des. pi. 4; 254. 1872; thiselton dyer in hook. 1, fl. br. ind. 1: 288. 1874; kurz, for. fl. burma 1: 106. 1877; king in j. as. soc. beneal 59 (2) : 201. 1890; boerlage, handl. 1 the stamens originate probably by dedoablement of five primordia; the author once saw one flower with three very broad stamens alternating with the petals, before these stamens some normal ones were present and on the 'vacant' places only normal ones, too. 2 the columella of the fruit perforates, and is sharply distinct from, the fruitwall at the base and is to be interpreted as the direct continuation of the petiole (receptacle); the carpels finally break off sharply from the columella. 136 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 1: 96. 1890: szyszylowicz in engl. & pr., pflfam. 3 (6): 186. 1895; koorders & valeton, bijdr. booms. j a v a 3: 282. 1896; brandis, ind. trcos 59, 700 f.16. 1906; pitard in lee , fl. gen. indo-chine 1: 350. 1910; backer, schooul. j a v a 103. 1911: koorders, exkfl. j a v a 2: 609. 1912; ridley, fl. mai. penins. 1: 201. 1922; koorders, fl. tjib. 2: 185. 1923; melchior in engl. & p., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 138. 1926; airy-shaw in kew bull. 1936: 496; adelbert in backer, eeknopte fl. j a v a (noodflora), fam. 93: 5. 1914; keng in taiwania 1: 226. 1950. . schima wallichti ( d c . ) k o r t h . leafy twigs 2.5—30 cm long; internodes between the adult leaves 2—57 mm long, 1.5—6 mm thick, glabrous, silky, tomentose or villose, mostly soon becoming glabrous, not rarely greyish wax coated. petiole 0.2—3.8 cm long; indument as on the twigs. lamina 2.5—29 cm long, 1.4—9.4 cm wide, roundish to linear, mostly oblong to lanceolate, sometimes more or less ovate or obovate, sometimes somewrhat inequilateral or falcate; chartaceous to thin-, more rarely thickor very thick-, coriaceous; base cuneate, rarely acuminate, rarely decurrent on the petiole, or rounded, often somewhat oblique; apex mostly more or less (rarely caudate!}' or even filiformously) acuminate, acute, rarely obtuse, rarely rounded or somewhat emarginate; margin completely entire, or entire over some distance at the apex and at the base and in between faintly or more strongly, somewhat deeply, distantly and obliquely to incliningly undulate, crenate, dentate, or serrate, the 'teeth' often provided with a prickly point or a short needle, sometimes on one and the same twig all the leaves wholly entire or wholly crenate, or partly so and the other leaves with one or few teeth in any combination; lateral nerves 4—20 on either side of the midrib, mostly regularly distributed, sometimes (especially in large laminae) irregularly and widely apart, arcuate and mostly running out directly or with less distinct secundary nerves into the teeth of the margin, sometimes forming a distinct fork before reaching the margin; midrib faintly sunken above, prominent beneath, the lateral nerves and the veins often more or less, sometimes coarsely, prominent, not rarely sunken, very thin to coarse; indument as on the twigs, especially on the nerves and veins and the midrib at the base, rarely the whole lamina more or less adpressedly hairy (to nearly arachnoid-hairy beneath), mostly entirely glabrous or glabrescent, often wax coated on both sides. flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves or united into onceor twice-branched racemes which bear an indument similar to that of the twigs. pedicels 7—65 mm long, 0.5—3.5 (rarely 4—9) mm thick, rigid or flaccid and incurved, sometimes strongly bent upwards, often quadrangular on section, rarely flattened and 2-keeled, mostly thickened at the apex. prophylls 2, caducous, oblong to lanceolate and obovate, rarely roundish, 5—8 mm long, 1.5—2.5(—1c) mm wide, with the apex rounded to acute. sepals 1.5—3(—5) mm long, 1.7—5(—8) mm wide, semicircular to roundish, rarely cordate at the base, hairy outside like the twigs, with ciliate edge, densely silky to tomentose inside; corolla in the adult flowerbud globose to obovate, 6—18 mm long, 5—16 mm in diameter, glabrous to finely short-hairy, shortly tomentose at the base, in open flowers 15 —70 1952] bloembergen : study in schima 137 mm in diameter. petals 8—33 mm long, 7—25 mm wide, obovate with rounded apex, more or less (especially the outermost and smallest one) cap-shaped, the smallest one split and with ciliate edge, at the base over 2.5—5 mm mutually united into an annulus which may sometimes be partly tubular and is also united with the bases of the united stamens, caducous, falling off together with the latter. stamens glabrous, inserted at the base, rarely on the top, of a short tubular part of the corolla; filaments 2—15 mm long, finely apiculate; anthers ellipsoidal, 1—2 mm long. ovary 2.5—4 mm long, 2.5—5 mm in diameter, ovate, densely silky to tomentose, grading into the 3.75—18 mm long, 0.5—2 mm thick, glabrous, and somewhat longitudinally fissured style; stigma flattenedcapitate, 0.5—1 mm long, 1—3 mm in diameter, the small lobes somewhat reflexed. adult but still closed fruit 6—10 mm long, 10—22 mm in diameter, mostly somewhat flattened, rarely elongate-globose, sometimes more or less blunt 5-angular, appressedly silky to tomentose; open fruit 5—23 mm long, 7—26 mm in diameter; valves ovate and cap-shaped, more or less acuminate to the acute apex, glabrous or short-silky outside. seed suboblong reniform, 6—12 mm long, 3—7 mm broad (without wing respectively 3—6 and 2.25—4 mm), up to 1 mm thick. (description after the herbarium material mentioned below; some living material from tjibodas, mounts gede-pangerango, and the arboretum, forest research institute, bogor; and literature.) schima wallichii is (according to notes on the herbarium labels and literature) a tree, very rarely shrub-like or subscandent, reaching a height up to 47 m, with a bole up to 127 cm in diameter, rarely with buttresses up to 1.8 m high, 0.5 m wide, and 0.2 m thick. the leaves are mostly glossy green to dark-green above, dull and more pale-green below, not rarely, however, glaucescent, with the nerves often yellowish; young leaves are mostly red, pink, or purple. the flowers are fragrant; the calyx is light-green; the corolla in bud is scarlet outside, over purplishred, purplish-cream to white in flower (the outermost petal sometimes persistently scarlet outside), rarely yellowish, light-red, red-brown or purple (clemens 27110); the filaments are yellow, sometimes orange or brown; the anthers more yellow or brown; the style is often yellowish cream or green; the stigma is green. the fruit in the young state is green, turning whitish to red, violet, at last black and dry. the species occurs from 5—3300 m above sealevel, probably over the whole area in primary as well as in secondary forests, but also on devastated places; it is often very common, often gregarious; sometimes it is cultivated in gardens, along way-sides, or for reafforestation purposes. flowering and fruiting occurs during the whole year, flowering especially at the end of the wet and the beginning of the dry season (april—june) and at the end of the dry and the beginning of the wet season (october 138 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 january), fruiting especially in the wet season (january—march) and at the beginning of the earlier half of the dry season (may—july). gordonia walliehii de candolle, prodi-. 1: e28. 1824; sprengel, syst. 3: 125. 1826; hasskarl, cat. pi. horto bot. bogor. alter 210. 1844; van eeden, houtsoorten n.o.i. 33. 1872. — schima walliehii (dc.) korthals, bijdr. ternstr. in temminck, verh. nat. gesch., bot. 143. 1839-42; choisy in zoll., syst. verz. ind. archip. hft. 2: 144. 1854 (var. obtnsata); micmel, fl. ind. bat. 1 (2): 492. 1859; ibid., suppl. sum. 190, 484. 1862; in ann. mus. lugd. bat. 4: 113. 1868; thiselton dyer in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 1: 289. 1874; kurz in j, as. soc. bengal a3 (2): 93. 1874; for. fl. burma 1: 106. 1877; szyszylowicz in engl. & pr., pflfam. 3 (6): 180, 1895; gamble, man. ind. timb., 2nd ed., 66. 1902; bvandis, ind. trees 59. 1906; foxworthy if) philip. j. sci. 4 (bot.): 503. 1909; pitard in lee , fl. gen. indo-chine 1: 350. 1910 (with var. lobbii) ; howard, timb. of the world 254. 1920; ibid., 2nd ed., 478. 1934; troup, silvic. ind. trees 1: 29. 1921; melehior ill engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 21: 139. 1925; craib, fl. siam. enum. 1: 130. 1925; pearson & brown, commerc. ind. timb. 1: 64 3 fs(f. 25 ). 1932; airy-shaw ill kew bull. 1936: 498. gordonia integnfolia roxburg, hort. bengal. 52. 1814, nomen nudum; fl. ind., ed. carey, 2: 572. 1832. gordonia oblatu roxburg, hort. bengal, 93. 1814, nomen nudum; fl. ind., ed. carey, 2: 572. 1832. — schima oblata (eoxb.) kurz in j. as. soc. bengal 39 (2): 65. 1870; ibid. 43 (2) : 94. 1874. gordonia chilaunea buehanan-hamilton in d. don, prodr. fl. nepal. 225. 1825. schima noronhae reinwardt apud blume, cat. gew. buitenz. 80. 1823, nomen nudum; ex blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. 3e. stuk: 130. 1825; korthals bijdr. ternstr. in temminck, verh. nat. gesch., bot. 144 pi. 29 f. 21-27. 1839-42; walpers, repert. 5: 135. 1845; teysmann & binnondijk, cat. pi. horto bot. bogor. 175. 1854 (not legitimately published); cat. pl horto bot. bogor. 204 & 390 (var. grandiflom). 1866; choisy in zoll., syst. verz. hft. 2: 144. 1854; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1 (2): 492. 1859; bentham, fl. hongk. 29. 1861; miquel, fl. ind. bat., suppl. sum. 190, 484. 1862; miquel in ann. mus. lugd. bat. 4: 112. 1868; kurz in j. as. soc. bengal 13 (2): 93. 1874; for. fl. burma 1: 107. 1877; maximowicz, mel. biol. 12: 426. 1886; forbes & hemsley in 3. linn. soc. (bot.) 23: 80. 1886; king in j. as. soc. bengal 59: 201. 1890; szyszylowicz in engl. & pr., pflfam. 3 (6): 186. 1895; koordeis & valeton, bijdr. booms. j a v a 3: 283. 1896 (with vars. serrata & angusiifolia); matsumura in bot. mag., tokyo 12: 63. 1898; ito & matsumura, tent. fl. lutch. 828. 1899; gamble, man. ind. timb., 2nd ed., 67. 1902; ridley in agric. bull. str. & fed. mai. st., n.s. 1: 47. 1901; mai. timmerhout. 12. 1903; van eeden, houts. n.o.i., 3e druk, 23. 1905; moll & janss, mikrogr. holzes 1: 327. 1906; merrill & rolfe in philip. j. sci. 3 (hot.): 113. 1908; poxwortliy in philip. j. sci. 4 (bot.): 503. 1909; becker, schoolfl. java 103. 1911; hayata, ic. pi. form. 1: 89. 1911; koorders, exkfl. j a v a 2: 610. 1912; koorders-schumacher, syst. verz. i, abt. java, fam. 186. 1912; imd. i i , abt. sumatra 37 & 58 (var. crenata). 1914; koorders, atlas baumarten j a v a 3: f.581 a-c. 1915 (with var. crenata); kanehira, form. trees 60-61. 1917; matsumura in bot. mag., tokyo 12: 63. 1917; hayata in sched. herb. imp. univ. tokyo (var. bomnevnia) ; nakai in bot. mag., tokyo 32: 222. 1918 (var. boninensis), in syn.; merrili, bibl. enum. born. pi. 390. 1921; k a n e h h a , anat. char. identif. form. woods 38 pl. e fs. 34-35. 1921: ridley, fl. mai. penins. 1: 201. 1922 (with var. rigida) ; koorders, 1952] bloembergen: shtdy in sckima 139 fl. tjib. 2: 185 pi. 6. 1923; melchior hi engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925; craib, fl. siam. enum. 1 : 130. 1925; heyne, nutt. pl ned. ind., 2de druk, 1076. 1927; crook, flow. pi. hongkong, ran.mel. 70. 1930; burkill, diet. econ. prod. mai. penins. 2: 1973. 1935; van steenis in bull. j a r d . bot. buitenz. i l l 13: 50. 1936 (with subsp. brevifolia) ; airy-shaw in kew bull. 1936 : 497; corner, wayside trees malaya 630 / s . 238-239 pi. 187. 1940; adelbert in backer, beknopte fl. j a v a (nooduitgave), fam. 93 : 5. 1944. cleyera mertensiana siebold & zuccarini, fl. japon. i: 154. 1835. — schima mcrtensiana (sieb. & zucc.) koidzumi iv bot. mag., tokyo 44: 107. 1930; airy-lshaw ill kew bull. 1936: 497. schima creimta korthals, bijdr. ternstr. in temminck, verh. nat. gesch., bot. 143 pi. 29 fs.1-2. 1839-42; walpers, repert. 5: 135. 1845; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1 (2) : 491. 1859; ibid., suppl. sum. 190, 483. 1862 (with var. pediedlosa) ; in ann. mus. lugd. bat. 4: 113. 1868; kurz in j. as. soc. bengal 39 (2): 64. 1870; for. fl. burma 1: 107. 1877; pierre, fl. for. coehineh. 2: pi. 131. 1887; pitard m l e e , fl, gen. indo-chine 1: 35. 1910; merrill, bibl. enum. born. pi. 390. 1921; craih, fl. siam. enum. 1: 129. 1925; handel-mazzetti, symb. sinicae 7: 396. 1931 (n.v.) ; airyshaw in kew bull. 1936: 497. schima antherisosa korthals, bjjdr. ternstr. hi temminck, verh. nat. gesch., bot. 145. 1839-42; walpers, repert. 5: 135. 1845; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1 (2): 492. 1859; ibid., suppl. sum. 190. 1862; szyszylowicz in engl. & pr., pflfam. 3 (6): 186. 1895; melchior in engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925. schima superba gardner & champion in hook. j. of bot. & kew gard. misc. 1: 246. 1849; seeman, bot. voy. herald. 367 pi. 75. 1855; szyszylowicz in engl. & pr., pflfam. 3 (61: 186. 1895; melchior iu engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925; render in j. a m . arb. 8: 176. 1927; kanehira, form. trees, 2d ed., 471 f.430 pi. 44. 1936; airy-shaw in kew bull. 1936: 497; keng in taiwania 1: 227. 1950 (with var. haukaoensis). — gordonia supcrba (gard. & champ.) hooker f. & thomson en thiselton dyer in hook. 1, fl. br ind. 1; 289. 1874, in syn. gordonia javanica hooker in curtis bot. mag. i l l 6: pl.4539. 1850. — schima javanica, (hook.) szyszylowicz in engl. & pr., pflfam. i l l 6: 186. 1895, in syn. gordonia floribnuda wallich, cat. no. 1456. 1828, nomen nudum; ex griffith, not. pi. asiat. 4: 563. 1854; ic. pl asiat. 4: pi. 600 f.2. 1854. gordonia brtvifolia hooker f. in trans. linn. soc. 23 (1): 162. 1860; walpers, ann. 7: 367. 1868; burkill in j. str. br. as. soc. bengal 76: 158. 1917. — sckima brevifolia (hook, f.) stapf in hook. icon. pi. 23 (4): pi. 2264. 1893 ("baillon"); stapf in t r a n s . linn. soc, bot. ii 4: 135. 1894; gibbs in j. linn. soc. (bot.) 42: 00. 1914; merrill, bibl. enum. born. pl 390. 1921; melchior in engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925; airy-shaw in kew bull. 1936: 498. gordonia lobbii hooker f. in trans, linn. soc. 23 (1): 162 1860; walpers, ann. 7: 367. 1868; burkill in j. str. br. as. soc. bengal 76: 156. 1917 — schima lobbii (hook, f.) pierre, fl. for. coehineh. 2: text to pi. 121. 1887 (also "lawii'); airy-shaw in kew bull. 1936: 498. schima hypogerrima miquel, fl. ind. bat., suppl. sum. 190, 484. 1862; in ann. mus. lugd. bat. 4: 113. 1868; szyszylowicz in engl. & pr., pflfam. 3 (6): 186. 1895. gordonia integci-rima teysmann & binnendiik, cat. pl horto bot. bogor. 174, 247. 1854 (not legitimately published), nomen nudum, prob.; cat. 's lands plantent. 204, 1866, nomen nudum, prob. 140 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 schima bancana miquel in ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 4: 113. 1868; kurz in j. as. soc. bengal 43 (2) : 94. 1874, for. fl. burma 1: 108. 1877; szyszylowicz in engl. & pr., pflfam. 3 (6): 186. 1895; melchior tii engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925; heyne, nutt. pl1 ned. ind., 2e druk, 1076. 1927. schima rigida miquel in ann. mus. lugd. bat. 4: 113. 1868; melchior in engl. &"pr., pflfam., 2. ausg-., 2 1 : 139. 1925. schima sulcinervia miquel in ann. mus. eot. lugd. bat. 4: 113. 1868; melchior in engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925. schima khasimm thiselton dyer in hook. 1'., fl. br. ind. 1: 289. 1874; szyszylowicz iu engl. & pr., pflfam. 3 (6); 186. 1895; brandis, ind. trees. 60. 1906; melchior in engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 ; 139. 1925. gordonia moliis wallich, cat. no. 1458, 1828, nomen nudum.— schima mollis thiselton dyer in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 1 : 288. 1874; kurz in j. as. soc. bengal 43 (2): 93. 1874; for. fl. burma 1: 106. 1877; szyszylowicz in engl. & pr., pflfam. 3 (6): 186. 1895; melchior in engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925. schima monticola kurz in j. as. soc. beng. 43 (2); 93, 181. 1874, 186. 1895; for. fl. burma 1: 107. 1877; szyszylowicz in engl. & pr., pflfam. 3 (6): 186. 1895. schima hypochra pierre, fl. for. cochinch. 2: text to pi. 121. 1887, nomen nudum. schima argentea pritz. in bot. j b . 29: 473. 1900; melchior in engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg,, 2 1 : 139. 1925; handel-mazzetti, symb. sinicae 7: 397. 1931 (n.v.) ; airy-shaw in kew bull. 1936: 497. gordonia sinensis hemsley & wilson in kew bull. 1906: 153; burkill in j. str. br. as. soc. bengal 76: 146. 1917; melchior hi engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 138. 1925. — schima sinensis (hemsl. & wils.) airy-shaw in kew bull. 1936: 49fi. schima pulgarensis elmer in leafl. philipp. bot. 5: 1843. 1913; merrill, en. philip, fl. pi. 3: 71. 1923; melehior in engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925. schima brevipes craib in kew bull. 1915: 423; fl. siam. enum. 1: 129. 1925; melchior in engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925. schima mairci hoehreutiner in ann. cons. j a r d . bot, geneve 20: 190. 1917; melchior in engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925. schima confertiflora merrill in philip. j. sci, 13 (bot.): 150. 1918; melchior in engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925; hu & chun, ic. pi. sinicarum pi. 92. 1929 (n.v.). schima noi'onhae var. boninensis h ayat a in sched. herb. imp. univ. tokyo; nakai in bot. mag., tokyo 32: 222. 1918, in syn. — schima boninensis nakai in bot. mug., tokyo 32: 222. 1918, nan melchior. schima liukiuevsis nakai in bot. mag., tokyo 32: 223. 1918. schima kankaoensis hayata, ic. pl form. 8: 9. 1919; melchior in engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925; kanehira, form. trees, 472 f.4sl. 1936. schima beccarii warburg in fedde rep. 18: 329. 1922. •schima boninensis melchior in engl. &. pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925, non nakai. schima bambusifotia hu in j. arn. arb. 11: 224. 1930; in bull. fan. mem. inst. biol. 5 (bot.): 310. 1934; hu & chun, ic. pi. sinicarum pi. 172. 1935 (n.v.). schima sericea airy-shaw in hook. ic. pi. v 4: pl.8809. 1936; in kew bull. 1936: 498. schima forrestii airy-shaw in kew bull. 1936: 496. schima villom hu in bull. fan. mem. inst. biol. 8 (bot.) : 141. 1938. 1952] bloembergen: study hi schima 141 gm-donia sp. griffith, not. pi. asiat. 4: 562. 1854?; ie. p l _ a s i a t . pi. 585a f.o. 1854? gordonia sp. griffith, not. pi. asiat. i: 562. 1854; ie. pi. asiat. pl.600 (excl. / . « ) . 1854. concerning the nature and causes of the polymorphy of this species and the delimitation of its subspecies and forms of lower rank, some remarks may follow. much may be accounted for by the peculiar distribution (fig. a), as the horizontal as well as the altitudinal distribution extend over a large area. the species avoids regions with an extremely dry season; it has not yet been found in central burma, it occurs in north burma in three separated places, is lacking in central and west siam, and central and east java, as well as in central and south-west borneo, in the latter region, however, through causes unknown to the author. it is distributed from 5—3300 m above sealevel. so there would appear to be enough opportunities to favour the origination of subspecies in more or less isolated parts of the area. and such subspecies are indeed to be found, often connected by transitional series, the subspecies mertensiana, liukiuensis, noronhae, wallichii, oblata, bancana, and crenata in horizontal direction and the subspecies monticola and brevifolia in vertical direction. what are the facts supporting the monotypic conception of the genus ? the variation of the vegetative parts, which was used previously in the delimitation of species, varies between clear-cut and rather narrow limits. for instance, the laminae vary greatly in length and width, but laminae of quite different forms, such as have a cordate base or are basinerved, have never been found. their margin varies from completely entire to strongly serrate with all possible transitions, but incisions of another type do not occur. the generative parts (flowers and fruits) could never be used in the delimitation of species. they vary merely in dimensions, not in number or form of the composing parts, and their plan is always quite the same. to my mind it was not merely the fact of the existing differences in vegetative characters, but also the peculiar distribution of these variations all over the area, which struck the authors. they dit not and often could not realize the nature of this distribution. there is a matter of forms which differ in rather slight characters of the vegetative parts, such as the dimensions of the laminae, the incisions of their margin, their indument, their texture, and their nervation. evidently such forms have the possibility of maintaining their characters more or less, although 1 4 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 there are transitions. the blending is evidently not absolute. however, the differences are not large and sharp enough to be used as specific characters. in short, scattered and intermingled over the area there exist forms which differ merely in vegetative characters and which are more or less connected by transitions. at first, the author assumed that the cause of this peculiar distribution of the polymorphy might perhaps be explained by some irregularities in propagation or in nuclear reduction, such as more or less strong autogamy, apomixis, or apogamy, as well as by factors of isolation; later on he became more and more convinced that a different explanation was called for, as is mentioned on page. 144-145 and in the summary. the author succeeded in grouping these forms in geographically more or less separated subspecies, each marked by one typical dominating character, or by a complex of characters which may be the same in different subspecies, but which in the latter case are displayed in different proportions. thus, there occurs in some of the subspecies, distinguished by a complex of characters, as for instance in subspecies oblata and noronhae, nearly the whole scale of polymorphy of the species. this polymorphy may reappear largely in some subspecies characterized by one dominating character, such as subspecies bancana and crenata. the same forms may be present all over the area of the species and this makes it understandable now, why previous authors mention some of the species recognized by them as having a very scattered distribution. examples are schima noronhae and other so-called species mentioned from all over the distribution area of s. wallichii. these facts in themselves, too, strongly support the monotypic conception of the genus. the following examples may give an idea not only of the complexity of the polymorphy of the species but also of that of some of the subspecies. the author investigated the nature of the complex polymorphy of subspecies noronhae and oblata, respectively from java and sumatra only, of which abundant specimens were available. thus in subspecies oblata 85% of the herbarium numbers have more or less crenate-dentate, 5% very strongly crenate-serrate, 10 % completely or nearly completely entire laminae. in subspecies noronhae, however, 9%of the herbarium numbers have more or less crenate-dentate, 4%. more strongly crenate-serrate, 72% completely entire, and 15% nearly entire laminae (in the latter case some leaves with only one or a few teeth). 1952] bloembergen: study in schimn 143 in both subspecies these different forms occur scattered over their area; true correlation with the elevation above sealevel, the climate, or the soil could not be established exactly. however, there exists a slight possibility that in java forms with strong incisions are more frequently encountered from 100—1500 m above sealevel. the question whether the differences shown in different habitats are due to (abnormal ?) genetical variation and not merely to modification has also been investigated. it has been established that some twigs of one and the same individual may have small, others medium-sized leaves. twigs with large leaves are nearly always sterile and possibly always suckers. fertile twigs from the same individual have nearly always medium-sized leaves. twigs from very young plants (2—6 m height) generally have large leaves. four living trees in the botanic garden at bogor were rather uniform in form and dimensions of the leaves and demonstrated each a very small part of the polymorphy. the author arranged herbarium specimens of 152 collection numbers with sufficient data of the whole species from the whole indonesian area in classes after the total height of the trees and the diameter of the boles, to arrive at an at least somewhat reliable estimation of relative age. in this way it could be demonstrated that very young individuals have large leaves. no matter what age classes were adopted for the older individuals, the results show invariably that 15% has small and often narrow leaves, 32 % oblong medium-sized leaves, 27.5%more or less lanceolate mediumsized leaves, 14.5% conspicuously large leaves. there is also no question of correlation, except in a very young state, between the shape of the leaf and the age of the plant. from the specimens koorders repeatedly collected over a period of 23 years (1890—1913) over the whole area of west java from the same numbered trees, the author received the following impression about this subject. he obtained a very slight indication, but by no means the conviction, that younger trees (exclusive of the discarded very young state) have smaller, older trees more oblong medium-sized, still older trees conspicuously long, leaves. the very weak arguments in favour of this correlation are contestable and not to be checked, because in many cases suckers might have been collected or any other uncheckable choice might have been made. the specimens demonstrated, however, without doubt that a particular type of incisions of the margin of the blade never changed but persisted. 144 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 the question whether modifications caused by different environmental conditions in different individuals, play a part, can be answered only after many years of experimental and genetical investigation. that they might be of importance is not probable, as the differences are too significant and too constant. it seems after all quite probable that the peculiar polymorphy is due to genetical variation. motives for subdividing the most complex-polymorphous subspecies, as subspecies oblata, noronhae, baneana, and crenata, in taxa of the rank of formae might appear to exist. but such forms would occur in scattered areas and would, in turn, be complex-polymorphous. their differentiation, however, is impossible, because specimens which might be differentiated owing to one noticeable characteristic generally possess other remarkable characteristics which could also be used as a foundation for other formae. for instance, the material of subspecies oblata which might be recognized as a forma owing to its remarkably narrow leaves, could also be assigned to various formae distinguished by noticeably large or noticeably small leaves, by entire leaves, by prominent or sunken nervation, and by papery texture of the laminae. species and varieties were described in former times precisely on such characteristics, for instance in subspecies oblata: schinia crenata var. pedicellosa (long pedicels), s. hypoglavca (wax coated leaves), s. sulcinervia (sunken nervation), s. brevipes (short pedicels) ; in subspecies noronhae: s. noronhae var. serrata (serrate margins), s. noronhae var. crenata (crenate margins), and s. noronhae var. migustifolia (narrow leaves), s. rigida (thickly coriaceous laminae), s. sericea and s. argentea (indument), s. bambusifotia (small leaves); etc. what may be the probable explanation of the polymorphy in sehima ? all things considered, the facts point in one direction! (i) within the species s. wallichii differentiation of races has taken place, i.e. the subspecies described in the present paper. (ii) the polymorphy of these subspecies, most amply demonstrated and expressed in numbers by the author in the subspecies oblata and noronhae, is exactly comparable with that of populations in general that originated due to (preponderant) cross-pollination (of all individuals), eventually after many generations from a pair of heterozygotic parents (panmixy). this polymorphy then would be nothing else but normal genetical variation owing to mendel-segregation. the 'complex' nature of the polymorphy in the subspecies of 5. wallichii would have to be interpreted 1952] bloemhergen: study in schima 145 as the inheriting of striking" morphological differences caused merely by one or only few polymeric factors. that in most other species and races the genetical variation has a much less striking character is due to the fact that the differences between the individuals form a more or less fluent transitional series. this latter fact is due to the inheriting of small morphological differences caused by mostly many polymeric factors. see also the "summary." the following parts of the plants and their variations are of importance in connection with the distinction of subspecies and varieties. the petiole.—mostly more than 1 cm long; subspecies brevifolia always has petioles 0.2—0.5 cm long. the length of the lamina.—varies from 2.5—29 cm. rather uniform in this character are subspecies brevifolia with the lamina up to 5, the variety pulgarensis of subspecies erenata with the lamina up to 6.2, subspecies mertensiana with the lamina up to 10.3, and the continental part of subspecies oblata, with the lamina up to 13 cm long. the complexpolymorphous subspecies noronhae, oblata (sumatra), bancana, and crenata have forms distributed over their area with laminae up to 10 cm long (for instance, subspecies norm/hue from java, 22% of the collection numbers); other numbers have medium-sized laminae from 10—17 cm long (subspecies noronhae, java 68 %), and more rarely specimens, mostly sterile, have been collected with laminae 17—29 cm long (subspecies noronhae,, java, 10'/r). the latter evidently represent mostly suckers or were derived from very young plants. the shape of the lamina.—varies from roundish to linear. in sub species brevifolia the lamina is always roundish, in subspecies monticola (mt. kinabalu) oblong, in subspecies mertensiana lanceolate, in subspecies liukiuensis linear-lanceolate. in subspecies noronhae the shape varies from elliptic to linear, although some more or less constant forms occur within its range; in china and indochina the shape varies from elliptic to lanceolate (in china oblong to lanceolate, in indochina dominantly lanceolate) ; in java it varies from elliptic to linear, with linear-lanceolate and oblong laminae dominant, linear and elliptic laminae being rather rare; in borneo it varies from elliptic to lanceolate, but elliptic dominant. the shape of the laminae in subspecies wallichii and oblata from continental asia varies from elliptic to lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate laminae being dominant; in subspecies oblata (sumatra), however, oblong laminae are dominant. the laminae of subspecies bancana vary from oblong to linearlanceolate, oblong laminae being dominant, and linear-lanceolate laminae 140 r e i n w a r d t m a [vol. 2 not rare; of subspecies crenata the laminae vary from elliptic to lanceolate, in south-eastern borneo from oblong to lanceolate, in east borneo oblong laminae being dominant. the incisions of the margin of the lamina.—in subspecies mertensiana the margins vary from completely entire to more or less obliquely to incliningly serrate, completely entire margins being dominant; in subspecies liukiuensis they are never completely entire (from more or less crenate to dentate or serrate, very rarely to subentire) ; in the variety superba they range from completely entire to strongly serrate (completely entire and dentate-serrate laminae sometimes together with subentire leaves on one and the same twig; very strongly serrate laminae being not too frequent). in the variety noronhae from continental south-eastern asia and borneo the margins vary from completely entire to distantly dentate. (collections with completely entire laminae or on one and the same twigmost of the laminae entire and some leaves with one or a few teeth occurring rather frequently are found in about equal numbers as those with the laminae distantly dentate.) on java the situation is: 72% with completely entire, 16% with entire and on the same twig with laminae possessing one or few teeth, 9% with on one and the same twig slightly and rather distantly crenate-dentate, 4% with strongly dentate-serrate, laminae. in subspecies wallichii the margins are generally completely entire, a few individuals possessing crenate-serrate laminae, or rarely strongly serrate laminae. in subspecies oblata the margins vary from completely entire to serrate, crenate-dentate laminae being strongly dominant; rarely the margins are entire or coarsely serrate. for instance, in the sumatra material 85% of the laminae are more or less crenatedentate, 5% strongly crenate-serrate, 10% completely entire or subentire. in subspecies bancana the margins are always completely entire; in subspecies crenuta always crenate-dentate or serrate, often slightly, rarely rather coarsely, so; in subspecies monticola always crenate-serrate, sometimes subcrenate, often rather coarsely crenate-serrate; in subspecies brevifoliu completely entire, very rarely finely crenate-dentate. the nervation of the lamina.—the lateral nerves and veins vary from sunken and often thin and hardly visible to mostly more or less prominent, more rarely to coarsely and markedly prominent; the latter condition occurs scattered especially in the variety superba, and in subspecies oblata (sumatra). subspecies wallichii nearly always has forked lateral nerves, but also in other subspecies this forking is sometimes present; in subspecies oblata, for instance (sumatra), it is not rare. 1952] bloembergen: study in sclnmu 147 the texture of the lamina.—varies from chartaceous to very thickcoriaceous. in subspecies mertensiana, oblata (continental asia), and noronhae (borneo) the coriaceous to rarely thick coriaceous texture is predominant. very thick-coriaceous texture is found in subspecies movticola. in the other subspecies the whole polymorphy occurs, but thincoriaceous texture is dominant. the indument.—scattered over the china and borneo parts of the area of subspecies noronhae, and the sumatra part of the area of subspecies oblata occur some more conspicuously and persistentlyhairy forms. subspecies irallichii always seems to be soft-hairy on the nerves beneath. the thickness of the pedicels.—this varies from 0.5—10 mm! the pedicel is mostly 6.5—2(—3) mm thick and thickens generally gradually from its base upwards. more rarely some forms occur with pedicels more or less thickened and swollen, up to 3 mm over their whole length. in subspecies monticola, in plants from mt. kinabalu (1200—1500 m elevation) , the pedicel is always thickened and swollen from 4—10 mm; in plants from the asiatic continent (] 500—2100 m elevation) from 3—4 mm. in subspecies brevifolia (1650—3300 m elevation) the pedicel is always from 2—3.5 mm thick. in some specimens of subspecies crenata (especially from mount kinabalu, 1200—1500 m elevation) and one specimen from east borneo (1200 m) the pedicel varies from 1.5—3.5 mm in thickness. the diameter of the flowers.—this varies from 15—70 mm, generally from 20—40 mm. scattered, and generally at higher elevations, large flowers have been found, i.a. in subspecies noronhae and oblata. moreover, subspecies monticola and brevifolia are characterized by large flowers (35—70 mm diameter), as in subspecies mertensiana (50 mm in diameter). the dimensions of the sepals.—these vary in length from 0.5—5 mm, in width from 1.7—10 mm, generally from 1.5—3 and 1.75—5 mm respectively. forms with large flowers have often (although not always) large sepals; for instance in subspecies monticola and brevifolia, they arc 2.5—5 mm long and 4—8 mm wide, in subspecies tnertevsiana 5—g mm long. the dimensions of the fruit.—these vary from 5—23 mm in length and 6—26 mm in diameter; generally the diameter is up to 20 mm. forms with large fruit occur especially in subspecies oblata (up to 22 mm in diameter) and in subspecies noronhae (up to 26mm in diameter). 1 4 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 key to the subspecies and varieties of schima wallichii 1. petioles of a larger ov smaller amount of the leaves more than l c m long. . 2 petioles of all the leaves never more than 0.2—0.5 cm long. borneo; mt. kinabalu (elevation 1650—3-300 m) 9. subsp. brevifolin 2. laminae chartaceous to coriaceous, seldom thick-coriaceous; pedicels 0.5—-2(—3) mm thick, rarely over their whole length 1.5—3.5 mm thick 3 laminae pronouncedly thick-coriaceous; pedicels thickened and swollen over their whole length, rigid, 3—10 mm thick. borneo: mt. kinabalu (elevation 1200—1500 in) ; malay peninsula: g. tahan (elevation 1500—1600m); burma: martaban, nattoung hills (elevation 1800—2160 m); china: yunnan, east of teng yueh (elevation 1800 m) 8. subsp. monticola laminae either always more or less crenate, dentate, or serrate (se, e, and n borneo, palawan, riu kiu islands), or always completely entire (sumatra: • palembang, lampung; bangka; billiton) 4 laminae of most individuals completely entire (bonin islands, himalaya, upper burma, w borneo, and java) or about ns many with completely entire laminae as with more or less crenate, dentate, or serrate ones (china, formosa, indochina, e siam), or else laminae of most individuals crenate, dentate, or serrate, more rarely entire or subentire (lower burma, w siam, malay peninsula, n and central sumatra) 7 4. laminae always more or less crenate-dentate, or serrate, rarely subentire. . . 5 laminae always completely entire. sumatra: palembang, lampung; bangka; billiton (elevation 5—800 m) fi. subsp. bancana . 5. laminae elliptic to lanceolate (borneo, palawan) 6 laminae always linear-lanceolate, 8—20 em long; flowers 4 cm in diameter. riu kiu islands 2. subsp. lutkiuoisis (5. laminae 3.5—19cm long, mostly thin, rarely thick-coriaceous; pedicels 10—50 mm long; flowers 17—35 mm in diameter. se, e; and n borneo (elevation 8—1500 m) 7a. subsp. crenatn var. crevata laminae up to 6.2 cm long, chartaceous; pedicels 1—1.5 cm long (always?) ; flowers 10—15 mm in diameter (always ?). philippines: palawan (elevation 1100—1275 m) 7b. subsp. croiata vav. ptilgarensis 7. laminae of most individuals completely entire or about as many with completely entire laminae as with more or less crenate, dentate or serrate margins. . 8 laminae mostly slightly, sometimes strongly crenate, dentate, or serrate, rarely entire or subentire. nw siam, lower burma, malay peninsula, n and central sumatra (elevation 50—2000 m) 5. subsp. obtota 8. laminae always small, 7—10.5 cm long, lanceolate, rarely more oblong, coriaceous, flowers 5—6 cm in diameter, sepals 5—6 mm long. bonin islands. 1. subsp. hicrteusicaia laminae 3—29 cm long, mostly longer than 10.5 cm 9 0. lateral nerves not, or rarely, forked; young parts and leaves often glabrous, rarely silvery-white or silky-hairy; nerves and veins rarely strongly prominent (china, formosa, indo-china, nw siam, w borneo, w java) 10 lateral nerves mostly forked; young parts and leaves especially on the nerves below more or less silky-hairy; nerves and veins generally distinctly prominent (himalaya to upper burma) . 1 1 1952] bloembergek: study in schimn 149 10. laminae 3—29 cm long, 1.5—10 cm wide, elliptic to linear, mostly quite entire, or on one and the same twig some laminae with one or a few teeth, sometimes (especially in indo-china, and e siam more frequently) with the whole margin of the laminae slightly, rarely strongly, cienate-dentatc. indument of the young parts sometimes short, ferrugineous, rarely more conspicuously densely silky or tomentose, mostly glabrescent and adult laminae glabrous, sometimes persistent, especially alongthe midrib below. laminae cbartaceous to thick-coriaceous, mostly thin-coriaceous. e siam, indo-china, w borneo, j a v a (elevation 100— 2450 m) 3a. subsp. uovouhae var. noronkae laminae 4.5—18 cm long, 2—6.5 em wide, elliptic to lanceolate, often entire, hut in certain specimens frequently with dentate and subentire laminae on the same twig, and in other ones with all laminae strongly dentate, rarely very strongly dentate-serrate. mostly glabrous, occasionally young parts and laminae below silky. laminae chartaceous-coriaceous, mostly thin-coriaceous. s china, formosa (elevation 150—1500 mt 3b. subsp. noronhae var. supcrba 11. laminae mostly entire, more rarely faintly crenate-serrate; lateral nerves mostly forked. pedicels rather thin, 0.9—5 cm long; flowers up to 5 cm in diameter. e himalaya, upper burma (elevation 300—2100 m). 4a. subsp. wallichii var. wallichii laminae very strongly crenate; lateral neives not forked; pedicels stout, 1.8cm long; flowers up to 6.25 cm in diameter. khasia hills, upper burma (bhamo) (elevation 1200—2250 m) 4b. subsp. wallichii var. khasiana 1. subsp. mertensiana (sieb. & zucc.) bloembergen, comb. nov.— fig. a 1. indument of young parts and outside of calyx velvety. petiole 0.5—2 cm long. lamina 7.8—10.5 cm long, 2.6—4.2 cm wide, mostly lanceolate, rarely more oblong, not acuminate to the acute apex, coriaceous; margin mostly entire, more rarely obliquely-incliningly serrate. pedicels 2—3.5 (in fruit —5) cm long. flowers 5cm in diameter; calyx 5—6mm long. (description according to literature.) according to literature this subspecies is a tree. it belongs to the 'noronhae' group of subspecies, but is more uniform, especially in the shape of its lamina; it is more hairy, and has a rather large calyx. cleyera mertensiana sieb. &. zucc, 1835. — sckima mertensiana (sieb. & zucc.) koidzumi, 1930; airy-shaw, 1936. schima noronhae (non reinw. ex bl) sensu maxim., 1886, p.p.; hayata in sched. (var. boninensis) ; nakai, 1918 (var. boninensis), in syn. schima honiiunsis nakai, 1918 (non melchior) ; wilson in j. arn. arb. 1: 109, 115. 1920, nomen nudum; terasaki, nippon shokubutsu zufu (jap. bot. illustr. album) 1729. 1933, n.v. schima boninensis melchior, 1925, how. nakai. bonin i s . t s i t s i s h i m a : h. hattori (lit.), t.uchiyma (lit., type of schima boninensis nakai). local name: himetsubaki. reinwardtia [vol. 2 fig. a. sckima wallichii, distribution areas of the subspecies and varieties: 1, subsp. mertensiana; 2, subsp. liukiuensis; 3a, subsp. noronhae var. noronhae; 8b, subsp. noronkae var. superba; 4a, subsp. wallichii var. wallichii; 4b, subsp. wallichii var. khamana; 5, subsp. oblata; 6, subsp. bancana; 7a, subsp. crenata var. crenata; 7b, subsp. crenata var. pitlgarensis; 8, subsp. monticola; 9, subsp. brevifolia. 2. subsp. liukiuensis (nakai) bloembergen, comb.nov.—fig. a 2. petiole 1—2 cm long. lamina 8—20 cm long, 2—6.5 cm wide, linearlanceolate, sometimes oblanceolate, caudately acuminate towards the apex, glabrous, mostly incliningly crenate-serrate, rarely subentire. flowers about 4 cm in diameter; calyx 3 mm long. (description according to literature.) according to literature this subspecies is a tree. it belongs to the 'crenata' group of subspecies, but is more uniform in its narrow linearlanceolate leaves. sckima liukiuensis nakai, 1918. sckima noronhae {now. reinw. ex bl.) sensu maxim., 1866, p.p.; matsum., 1898, p.p.; ito & matsum., 1899. schima superba (non gard. & champ.) sensu melch., 1925, p.p. riu kiu is. a m a m i o s h i m a : tashiro (lit.). y a e y a m a : tushiro (lit,). u c h i n a : nakagun, tashiro (lit.). o k i n a w a s h i m a : mt. nagodakc, nakahara (lit.) ; yontanzon, matsumura (lit.) ; nagoma, tunalta (lit.) ; without 1952] bloembergen: slmly hi schimn 151 exact locality, yajima ( l i t ) ; nago, open foothills, w. r. price 1412 (lit.). y o n a k u n i s h i m a : (lit.). local name: iju. 3. subsp. noronhae (reinw. ex blume) bloembergen, comb. nov. young parts often ferrugineoiis-hairy, sometimes tomentose, or softhairy, more rarely conspicuously argenteous or silky, mostly glabrescent. petiole 5—30 mm long, 1—3 mm thick. lamina 3—29 cm long, 1.5—10 cm wide, elliptic to linear, mostly oblong to lanceolate, rarely more or less ovate or obovate, glabrous, rarely persistently hairy like the young parts,, especially along the midrib below, chartaceous to coriaceous, very rarely thick-coriaceous, mostly thin-coriaceous; nervation sunken to prominent, mostly somewhat prominent and the nerves rather thin, rarely coarse and strongly prominent, rarely forked, occasionally irregular and widely separated; margins mostly completely entire, sometimes on one and the same twig most of the laminae completely entire or dentate and one or a few other ones with one or a few teeth or subentire, more rarely the whole margin more or less shallowly and rather distantly crenate-dentate, very rarely strongly dentate-serrate. pedicels 3—65 mm long, 0.75—2 mm thick. flowers 20—65 mm in diameter; sepals 2—3.5 mm long, 2.5—5 mm wide. fruit 8—22 mm long, 10—25 mm in diameter. (description after the herbarium specimens mentioned below and according to literature.) 3a. var. noronhae—figs. a 3a, b, c 13-14, d, e 1-15, g 6. young parts generally ferrugineous, silky-hairy or tomentose, mostly glabrescent. petiole 5—30 mm long, 1—3 mm thick. lamina 6.3—29 cm long, 2—10 cm wide, elliptic to linear, sometimes more or less ovate or obovate, generally oblong or linear-lanceolate, mostly glabrous, very rarely with indument like that of the young parts, especially along the midrib below, persistent; chartaceous to coriaceous, rarely thickly, generally thinly, coriaceous; margin generally completely entire, sometimes on one and the same twig some laminae with one or a few teeth, sometimes the whole margin of all the laminae slightly and distantly, rarely strongly, cienate-dentate or serrate; nervation more or less, never strongly, prominent. pedicels 18—65 mm long, 0.75—2.5 mm thick. flowers 20—55 mm in diameter. fruit 8—22 mm long, 10—25 mm in diameter. (description after the herbarium specimens mentioned below.) this variety is extremely complex-polymorphous. there is in this respect a difference in the three separated parts of the area. in the siam and indo-china regions, specimens with crenate-dentate leaves are evidently more frequent than in java and borneo. over the whole area forms with small leaves occur. in java, forms with oblong and linear-lanceolate laminae are dominant, forms with linear and elliptic laminae being rather rare. in east siam and indo-china, forms with lanceolate laminae are more, and forms with elliptic to oblong laminae less, frequent. in borneo, forms with elliptic (up to 10 cm wide) are more, and forms with oblong r e 1 n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 fig. b. schiwa wauichii: 1, twig with leaves and inflorescence, 1 x ;2, stamen, 5 x ; 3, calyx with pistil, 2 x ; 4, seed, 2 x ; 5, valve of fruit, showing septum loosening from lower half of fruit-wall, 2 x ; 0, calyx and central columella of fruit, 2 x ; 7, open fruit from above, 1.5 x ; all, suhsp. noronhae, var. noronhae,. — after living material cultivated in hortus bogoriensis, vi.c. 91. 1952] bloembercen : study in scliima 153 to lanceolate laminae less, frequent. the adult leaves in java are entirely or nearly glabrous; in east siam and indo-china rather soft-hairy forms occur, in west borneo forms with the leaves conspicuously silky-hairy. in java, east siam, and indo-china the laminae are mostly thinvery rarely thick-coriaceous; in borneo they are often thickto very thick-coriaceous. this variety is, according to notes on the herbarium-labels and literature, a tree reaching a height up to 40 m, with a bole up to 127 cm in diameter. it occurs from 100—2400 m above sealevel (in java from 150—2400 m, in borneo from 840—1230 m, in siam and indo-china from ' 100—900 m), in forests, secondary forests, and grass-wildernisses, and is often very common. in west java it is one of the most common trees, often gregarious; it is cultivated here and there as a way-side tree, in kampong yards, or for reafforestation purposes (especially in central java). pierre mentions that on the isle of phuquoc in the gulf of siam this variety occurs in large masses in regions inundated by brackish water just above sealevel. the wood is used for building prahus and houses, in java also for building bridges, sleepers, and furniture. the bark is said to contain a caustic juice, and is used here and there in java, grinded and mixed with ashes, as a fish-poison. sehima noronhae reinw. apud el., 1823, nomen nudum; ex el., 1825; korth., 1839-42; walpers, 1845; teysm. & binnend., 1854; choisy, 1854, p.p.; miquel, 1869, p. p.; teysm. & binnend., 18(56 (var. grandifhra); szysz., 1895, p. p.?; koord. & val., 1896 (with vars. serrafa & angugtifolia); van eeden, 1905, p.p.; moll & janss., 1906; back., 1911; koord., 1912 (with vars. angnstifolia & serrata); koord., 1915 (with var. crenata); men-., 1921, p.p.; koord., 1923; melch., 1925, saltern p.p.; heyne, 1927, p.p.; adelb., 1944." gordonia javaniea hook., 1850. — sehima javanica (hook.) szysz., 1895, in syn. gordonia integerrima teysm. & binnend., 1854, 1866, nomen nudum, prob. gordonia lobbii hook, f., 1860; walp., 1868; burk., 1917. — sehima lobbii (hook. f.) pierre, 1887 o'/oiim"); airy-shaw, 1936. sehima rigida miq., 1868; melch., 1925. sehima hypochra pierre, 1887, nomen nudum. sehima beeearii warb., 1922. sehima sericea airy-shaw, 1936, 1936 bis. gordonia sp. van eeden, 1872. gordonia walliehii (mom dc.) sensu hassk., 1844. — sehima wrilltehii [»»» (dc.) korth.] sensu pitard, 1910 (with var. lobbii). sehima crenata (7?o» korth.) sensu pierre, 1887; pitavd, 1910; craih, 1925, p.p. siam (eastern p a r t ) . u d a w n: nakawn panom, ta uten, ± 200 m, open evergreen forest, kerr 8844b (lit.); loi, kao krading, ± 900 m, edge of evergreen forest, ken8950 ( l i t ) . u b o n : ± 100m, scrub jungle, kerr 8344, 8344" (lit.). c h a n t a b u r i : kaw chang, klawng mayom, ± 200 m, common in evergreen forest, kerr 11845 (lit.); klawng nonsi, jungle, schmidt 870 (lit.). — indo-china. t o n r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 2 fig. c . 156 r e i n w a k d t i a [vol. 2 1952] bi.oemberc.en : slmhj in schimn 157 backer 25978 ( bo ) ; alon g ro ad to t jia n t e n t ea est at e, 800 ra, in forest, l am 2258 ( bo ) ; above p u r a se d a , road to t jip at jet , 600 m , in p a r t ly  cutout  fo rest  on  rid ge ( p a sir ) ,  iran slcenis 11753  ( bo ) ;  p a sir  t o n ggeret  n e a r  h a m a r o ,  in  forest  an d  grasswildern iss,  locally  very  a bu n d a n t ,  l.n.  p u sp a, bakhuizen van den brink 7571  (bo)  ; p aban gbo n ,  n e a r  t jiam p ea,  500  m ,  grasswildern iss,  r a t h e r  a bu n d a n t , bakhnizcn van den brink 5033  ( bo ) ;  g .  sa la k:  l.n.  pu spa, koorders 24356β  (bo),  n ear  p a sa n gr a h a n i m a h  leutik,  750  m ,  in  secon dary  forest,  common,  gr ega r io u s,  l.n.  pu spa, 3a.5(!ll, ( f i b ) ,  forest  kum pel,  cu lt ivat ed,  700m ,  l.n.  p u sp a, ja.5651, ja.5652  ( f i b ) ,  1050m , in  secon dary  forest,  very  common,  gregario u s,  l.n.  p u sp a, ju.5627  ( f i b)  ;  g .  salak (sum m it  i v) ,  1688m ,  in  forest,  l.n.  p u sp a, ja.5628  ( f i b ) ,  1000m ,  l.n .  pu spa, koorders 33270β  (bo)  ;  g .  salak  (sum m it  i ) ,  2215m ,  l.n.  pu spa, koorders 36712β  (bo)  ;  g .  salak ( n ) ,  p a sir  leu t ik,  7700  m , byhonwer 257  ( bo ) ;  g .  p er ba kt i,  w  of  railway  st at io n t jit ju r u g,  in  forest,  a bu n d a n t , bakhuizen van den brink 1728  ( bo ) ;  g ed ep an gran go m t s. :  t jibodas,  l.n.  h u ru  m an uk, without collector s.v.  (bo), scheffcr s.n.  (bo), 1450  m ,  yo n slooten 90  (bo ),  1700  m ,  in  forest, l arzivg 1975  (bo),  in  forest,  l.n .  pu spa, n um bered  t r ee  3351a, koorders 41981β  (bo),  1300—1450  m,  in  forest ,  very  common, l.n .  puspa,  n um bered  t r ee  3005a, koorders 8258β , s259β , 13278β , 15574/ β ,41812β  (bo), ibid.,  l.n.  p u sp a  an d  h u r u  m an uk,  n um bered  t r ee  3051a, koorders 8260β , 12619β , 15581β ,11788β  (bo ),  2000—2070 m ,  in  forest,  common,  l.n.  pu spa,  n um bered  t r ee  3081a, koorders 8261 β, 8262β , 126o3β 32182/ 1  (bo i ,  l.n.  p u sp a  m er a n g,  n um bered  t r e e  3143a, koorders 8268β , 8364β , 12362β  (bo),  2020—2450  m,  in  forest,  l.n.  pu spa,  n um bered t r ee  3254a, koorders 8265β , 8266β , 12642β , 15564β , 41931β ,  (bo),  ibid.,  l.n .  p u sp a m e r a n g,  n u m bered  t r e e  3257a, koorders 8267β , 8268β , 41934β  ( bo ) ,  ibid.,  l.n .  p u sp a , n um bered  t r ee  3262a, koorders 8269β , 8270β , 1,1757β , 41939β  (bo ),  ibid.,  l.n .  ki  get as, n um bered  t ree  3268a, koorders 1318β , l1319β ,, 12361 β, 11944β  (bo ),  ( m an d elawan gi) , 1800  m,  in  forest,  common,  l.n.  pu spa, knkah 131  (bo),  ibid.,  l.n .  h u r u  pu spa, soeivarta 144  (bo ),  ibid.,  l.n.  pu spa, enoh 205  (bo ),  between  t jibeu reu m  an d  t jip a n a s, 1600—2000  m ,  in  forest,  very  common,  l.n .pu spa, hallier 408  (bo ),  k a n d a n gba d a k, 2400m , van slcenis 2010  (bo ),  2390  m, bmgoeman 3718  (bo),  g .  p u t r i,  1400—1500  m, in  forest ,  l.n .  p u sp a,  n um bered  t r ee  3237a, koorders 14316β  (bo ),  n um bered  t r ee  3238a. koorders 14318β ,  (bo i ,  g .  g egerbin t an g,  p a sir  bu n d era,  1400—1500m ,  in  forest,  l.n. p u sp a ,  n um bered  t r ee  3234a, koorders 11,325β  (bo ),  g .  ba t u ,  1400—2000  m,  in  forest, l.n .  pu spa,  n um bered  t r ee  3305a, koorders 1551,2β  ( bo ) ;  g .  c ede  ( s) ,  1410—1500  m. in  secon dary  an d  p r im a r y  forest,  a bu n d a n t , backer 14901  ( bo ) ;  kebon  p odjok,  1200  m , scat t ered ,  l.n.  p u sp a,  n um bered  t r ee  102, hamar de la brethoniere 5806  (bo),  n um bered t r e e  13, kramer 5806a  (bo ),  los 580ga  with  two  sh eets  of  seedlin gs  29 &  54  days  old from  sam e  t r e e ,  also  n um bered boschbprsta. registerno, 1844  (bo),  n um bered  t r ee 36, l cs 5806b  ( bo ) ;  t jip a r a j,  desa  l a t a m ia n g,  l.n.  pu spa, ja.1092  ( f i b ) ;  p a sir t jin eru s,  l.n.  p u sp a, ja.1193, ja.1194(f ib);  p a sir  k eru d,  1000m ,  l.n .  pu spa, ja. 1910, ja.1911  (bo,  f i b ) ;  p a sir  m alan g,  t jikareo ,  700m ,  cultivated,  l.n .  h u r u  h on en g  (?), ja.s500  ( f i b ) ;  selabin t an a,  above  sukabum i,  cu lt ivat ed,  alon g  h igh way,  900 m , de visser stnits s.n.  (bo)  ;  f o r e st  r eserve  p a la b u a n r a t u ,  south coast,  0—300  m ,  in  forest , l.n .  pu spa,  n um bered  t r ee  1197a, koorders 8253β , 12219/ β , 31,276β  (bo),  n um bered  t r ee 1314a, koorders 12312β , 33029β  (bo),  n um bered  t r ee  1316a, koorders 12s00β , 33031β ( bo ) ,  n um bered  t r ee  1321a, koorders 12253β (bo);  sa n ggr a wa  ( d jam pan gku lon d ist r ic t ) ,  400m ,  very  common,  gregario u s,  l.n.  pu spa,  n um bered  t r ee  *i.w., koorders 8273/ 1, 8274β (bo);  between  len gkon g  and  p esa wa h a n ,  700 m ,  ravin es,  sporadic, backer 1707l\ bo)  ;  p esawah an ,  400  m ,  in  secon dary  forest, backer 2216  ( bo ) ;  t jiat eu l,  250 m , 1 5 8  r e i k w a r d t i a  [vol.  2 in  secon dary  forest,  very  r a r e ,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  puspa, ja.5431  ( f i b ) ;  wat es,  500m , in  secon dary  forest,  common,  scat t ered , ja.5432, ja.5488  ( f i b ) ,  ibid.,  r a t b e r  common, scat t ered , ja.5489  ( f i b ) ,  ibid.,  r a r e ,  scat t ered , ja.549o  ( f i b ) ,  all,  l.n.  p u sp a ;  t jikar a n g,  250 m ,  alon g river, in  secon dary forest,  r a t h e r common,  gregario u s, ja.5491  ( f i b ) , ibid.,  r a t h e r  r a r e , ja.5492  ( f i b ) ,  ibid.,  very  r a r e , ja.5493  ( f i b ) ,  all,  l.n.  p u sp a ;  n e a r t jireu n gas,  cultivated  alon g  wayside, backer s.v.  ( bo ) ;  t jia n d ju r  d ivisio n :  t akokak, 1400 m, w ind w .viii  (bo),  1000—1250 m,  in  forest,  common,  n um bered  t r ee  2001a, koorders 8254β , 8255β , 25622β , 82750β , 39577β  (bo),  n um bered  t r e e  2251a, koorders 12136$  (bo ),  n um bered  t r ee  2326a, koorders 12137β , 25700β , 37289β  (bo),  n um bered t r ee  2352a, koorders 12138β , 15303β , 25676β , 32717β , 39643β  (bo),  n um bered  t r e e 2359a, koorders 15802β , 25677β , 32719β  ( bo ) ,  n um bered  t r e e  2360a, koorders 15299$, 25731β , 32720β , 39628β  (bo),  1100m ,  r a r e ,  n um bered  t r ee  m arked  with 1*, koorders 8190β , 8282β  (bo),  all,  l.n.  pu spa,  g .  t jikawu n g,  l.n.  pu spa, koorders 25776β  ( bo ) ; t ja d a sm a la n g  n e a r  t jid a d a p :  s  of  tjibeber,  1000 m ,  in  forest,  a bu n d a n t ,  l.n.  pu spa, w inckel 394$, 1396$  (bo),  1000  m ,  wayside  an d  forest,  abu n d an t ,  l.n,  pu spa, bakhirizen van den brink 3526, 3529, 3784  (bo),  g .  beser,  1000—1350  m,  in  forest ,  an d  cultivated alon g  wayside,  a bu n d a n t ,  l.n.  p u sp a, backer 22679  ( bo ) ;  t jia n d ju r  r egen cy:  g .  bat u , 1000m ,  in  old  forest,  r a t h e r  common,  l.n.  pu spa, ja.3899  ( f i b ) ,  n e a r  t jip a d a ba t i, 1100m ,  in  old  forest,  common,  gregario u s,  l.n.  pu spa, ja.5434  ( f i b ) ,  ibid.,  common, ja.5433  ( f i b ) .  d j a k a r t a  ( b a t a via ) :  k r a wa n g, de  monchy  81  ( bo ) ;  wan ajasa, s  of  p u r wa ka r t a ,  550  m,  in  forest,  a bu n d a n t ,  l.n.  pu spa,  bakhuhev  van  den  brink 4713  ( bo ) ;  g .  bu r a n gr a n g,  n o r t h  slope,  1200—1500m ,  in  forest,  a bu n d a n t ,  backer 14234  ( bo ) ;  g .  t a n gku ba n p r a h u ,  backer  s.h .  (bo ).  p r i a n g a n :  wit h ou t  exact locality,  koorders  32450$  ( bo ) ;  n   p r ia n ga n ,  l.n.  pu spa,  ja.875  ( bo ) ;  t jisa r u a ,  1200 —  1600 m ,  cultivated  in  forest  reserve  an d  kam pon g  ya r d s,  common,  l.n .  pu spa,  poj>ta 64  ( bo ) ;  t jigu lu d u g,  f o r est  r eserve  t a m ba kr u ju n g  ( n ) ,  1050  m ,  in  forest,  very common,  scat t ered,  l.n.  puspa,  ja.1497  (bo,  f i b ) ;  d a t a r p u sp a ,  1700 m ,  in  forest, common,  gregario u s,  l.n.  pu spa  m erah ,  ja.1989  (bo,  f i b ) ,  ibid.,  l.n.  pu spa  p u t ib, ja.1940  (bo,  f i b ) ;  ban d u n g  ( ?) ,  forbes  1073  ( bo ) ;  7  km  n e  of  ban d u n g,  850m , wayside,  one  t ree  seen ,  w isse  902  ( bo ) ;  t jip a d a r u u m  .(tjiwidej),  1763m ,  in  forest, common,  l.n.  p u sp a  bodas,  ja.5423,  ja.5423,  ja,5424  ( f i b ) ,  in  secon dary  forest , common,  ja.5487  ( f i b ) ,  1s17 m ,  l.n.  p u sp a  beureum ,  ja.5486  ( f i b ) ,  1784 m ,  in  seconda r y  forest,  common,  ja.5485  ( f i b ) ,  1694m ,  ja.5484  ( f i b ) ,  l.n.,  both,  p u sp a  bodas, 1750m ,  ja.5428  ( f i b ) ,  1755m ,  ja.5427  ( f i b ) ,  l.n.  both ,  p u sp a  beureum ,  1750m ,  l.n . p u sp a  bodas,  ja.5426  ( f i b ) ,  1720m ,  l.n.  p u sp a  beureum ,  ja.5425  ( f i b ) ,  1768m ,  l.n. p u sp a  bodas,  ja.5403  ( f i b ) ,  1765m ,  l.n.  p u sp a  beureum  (gadog),  ja.5412  ( f i b ) ,  1856 m , l.n.  p u sp a  bodas,  ja.5419  ( f i b ) ,  1356 m ,  gregario u s,  l.n.  p u sp a  bodas,  ja.5u20  ( f i b ) , 1750 m ,  l.n,  p u sp a  beureum ,  ja.5425,  1856 m ,  gregario u s,  l.n .  p u sp a  bodas,  ja.5421 ( f i b ) ;  f o r e st  g arden  n ea r  t jip a d a r u u m ,  2000m ,  in  forest,  r a t h e r  common,  scat t ered , l.n.  pu spa,  ja.4008  (bo,  f i b ) ;  t jiwidej,  1700m ,  in  forest,  common,  gregario u s,  l.n. pu spa,  ja.3664  ( f i b ) ;  f o rest  r eserve  t jigen t en g,  1350—1600m ,  in  forest ,  common, l.n.  p u sp a  m e r a n g,  n um bered  t r ee  2153a,  koorders  8256$,  8257β  (bo),  ibid.,  l.n.  pu spa, n um bered  t r ee  ii  w,  koorders  8272β ,  8279β  (bo)  ;  above  t jigen t en g,  1450  m t  in forest,  common,  l.n.  pu spa,  koorders  8280β  ( bo ) ;  g .  p a t u b a  ( n ) ,  n ea r  t jibodas, 1416 m , in forest, l.n . h u m ka t ja n g ( ?) , ja.1317  (bo,  f i b ) ;  g .  p a t n h a ,  r a n t ja  t jibodas, 1900m ,  on  sm all,  wet  peath ill,  l.n.  pu spa,  de  haav  ii,  ( bo ) ;  t jiwidej,  kawah , binnentlijk?  s.n.  ( bo ) ;  g .  m a la ba r :  p u n t ja k  cede,  l.n.  pu spa,  monterie  1g  (bo ), c r a t e r  of  g .  wajan g,  2181m ,  in  forest,  l.n.  p u sp a,  denker  24  ( bo ) ;  f o r e st  r eserve 1952]  bloembergen:  study  iv  schima  159 p en galen gan ,  1700  m ,  l.n.  p u sp a,  koorders  8281β  ( bo ) ;  t jibeu reu m  n ea r  p en ga len ga n , 1550  m,  ,/ .  j.  smith  &  rant  86  ( bo ) ;  p en galen gan ,  t alu n  est at e,  1650  m,  in  forest, a bu n d a n t ,  backer  26128  (bo)  ;  g .  p a p a n d a ja n ,  l.n.  p u sp a,  scheffer  s.n  ( bo ) ;  g a r u t su bdivision :  g .  m an d alawan gi,  1000—1300  m ,  in  forest ,  r a t h e r  common,  scat t ered , l.n .  p u sp a  h edjau,  ja.h3s9  (bo,  f i d ) ,  g .  k r a t ja k  ( t jiro rek) ,  1100m ,  cultivated,  l.n. pu spa,  ja.2882  ( f i b ) ,  ibid.,  l.n,  pu spa  bodas,  ja.2883  ( f i b ) ,  t jip a r a j,  1200  m ,  l.n.  pusp a , u h l  6543  (bo ),  g a r u t ,  burck  21  (bo),  n ea r  t elagabodas,  black  123  (bo)  ;  f o r e st r eserve  p an gen t jo n gan t elagabo d as  (g .  g alu n ggu n g)  :  n ea r  p an gen t jo n gan ,  1300  m , l.n.  p u sp a,  hoarders  13940β  (bo ),  reorders  13881β  (bo ),  p a sir  i pis,  1400m ,  forest ,  l.n. pu spa,  n um bered  t r ee  2441a,  koorders  13856β,  14113β  (bo),  above  g a r u t ,  1400m , koorders  8271β  (bo ),  1400m ,  in  forest,  l.n.  puspa,  romden  13985β  (bo ),  1400m , l.n .  p u sp a,  koorders  14147β,  14172β  (bo),  n e a r  p a sa n ggr a h a n  p an gc n t jo n gan ,  1400m , l.n .  pu spa,  roorders  26759β  (bo ),  n ea r  coffee  est at e,  in  k awah  t jibeu reu m ,  g alun ggu n g  ( n w) ,  1450m ,  in  forest,  l.n.  pu spa,  roorders  10999β  (bo),  g alu n ggu n g  ( n w) , forest  segaro,  n ea r  p an gen t jo n gan ,  1500  m ,  common,  l.n .  pu spa,  koorders  8278/ β, (bo),  between  p an gen t jo n gan  an d  t elagabodas,  1600m ,  common,  l.n.  p u sp a,  reorders 8276β  (bo),  1690  m,  roorders  8277'β  ( bo ) ;  t jip at u d ja,  d enu  bivouac,  500—600  m, in  secon dary  forest  and  h ere  an d  t h er e  alon g  waysides,  backer  9000  ( bo ) ;  n u saged e (islan d)  in  lake  p en djalu ,  700—720  m ,  in  forest,  r a t h e r  common,  l.n .  pu spa,  koorders 47825β ,  47826  β ,  (bo ).  central  java.  g .  slam et,  ba t u r a d e n ,  700m ,  cultivated,  ju.5i7s ( f i b ) ,  700—800m ,  ja.3411,  ja.3416  ( f i b ) ,  all,  l.n.  p u sp a ;  g .  sen d o ro :  wonosobo,  l.n. puspo,  buschprsta.  reoisterno.  2067  ( f i b ) ,  g a r u n ga n  ( k a r a n gsa r i) ,  700m ,  cultivated, ja.5441  ( f i b ) ,  kliwon an  ( p et jeh a la n ) ,  750m ,  cu lt ivat ed,  l.n.  puspo,  ja.5442,  witho u t  exact  locality,  l.n .  pu spa,  koorders  8291β ,  t hnvier  6333  (bo ),  1750m ,  l.n.  puspo, koorders  11362β  (bo ),  ibid.,  in  10  years  old  reaffo rest at io n ,  seedlin gs,  koorders  1136.3β , 11364β ,  11365β  (bo ),  p a r a ka n ,  l.n.  pu spa,  koorders  11366β  ( bo ) ;  g .  telem ojo,  f o r est r eserve,  n ea r  telomojo,  koorders  27981β  ( bo ) ;  g .  l a wu :  t a wa n gm a n gu ,  1000  m, l.n .  pu spa,  ja.5612  ( f i b ) ,  m odjosemi  ( s a r a n ga n ) ,  1550m ,  cu lt ivat ed,  l.n .  pu spa, ja.5598  ( f i b ) ,  n e a r  sa r a n ga n ,  1600m ,  l.n.  pu spa,  ja.555s  ( f i b ) . —  bo r n e o .  w i t h o u t  e x a c t  l o c a l i t y :  ( w  born eo),  beccari  1650  ( bo ;  type  o f  schima  beccarii wa r b. ) .  s a r a w a k :  wit h o u t  exact  locality,  foxworthy  247,  365  ( l it .) ,  n ative  collector  869,  1642,  2290  ( l it .) ,  bureau  of  science  1257  (ridley)  ( l it . ) ,  l obb  ( l it .;  type of  gordonia  lobhii  h ook,  f. ) ;  g .  m a t a n g,  840 m,  in  su m m it  t h ic ket s,  clemens  20971 (bo)  ;  d ulit,  h igh  cam p,  1230  m,  synge  1611,  ( lit .;  type  of  schima  sericea  airysh aw). w e s t e r n  d i v i s i o n :  g .  klam m  ( w  o f  s in t a n g) ,  hallier  b.2340,  b.2447,  b.2479 ( bo ) ;  g .  k en epai  (w  of  sem it a n ) ,  hallier  b.186o  (bo), 3b.  var. superba  (g ardn.  &  champ.)  bloembergen,  comb. nov.—f igs. a 3b, e 16, f  1-4 & 910. petiole  8—24  mm  long.  l amina  4.5—18  cm  long,  2—6.5  cm  wide, elliptic  to  lanceolate,  mostly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  rarely  more  ovate  or obovate,  glabrous,  rarely  young  parts  and  lamina  beneath  conspicuously silvery  white  or  silkyhairy,  chartaeeous  to  mostly  thincoriaceous;  nervation  sunken  and  the  nerves  thin,  occasionally  somewhat,  very  rarely strongly  and  coarsely,  prominent,  nerves  sometimes  forked;  margin  from completely  entire  to  more  often  dentate  and  some  laminae  on  the  same twig  subentire,  or  not  rarely  strongly,  seldom  very  strongly,  dentate. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol.  2 1952]  bloembergen:  study  hi  schhim  161 pedicels  6—45  mm  long.  flowers  25—65  mm  in  diameter;  sepals mostly 3  mm  long,  5  mm  wide.  fruit  10—15  mm  long,  15—20  mm  in  diameter. (description  according  to  literature  and  some  herbarium  specimens.) this  variety  is  also  extremely complex-polymorphous; specimens from the china and formosa parts of its area seem to correspond with each other in this respect. forms with dentate leaves are evidently of more frequent occurrence than in variety noronhae,. here and there forms are encountered with small leaves, others with more conspicuous indument, still others with very strongly and coarsely prominent lateral nerves (sometimes forked) and veins, and finally some with large flowers. this variety is, according to notes on the herbarium labels and literature, a tree reaching a height up to 21 m, with a bole up to 1 m in diameter; on exposed ridges, however, it may sometimes be shrub-like. it occurs from 125—15c0 m above sealevel. it is often common in forests, and is found also in more or less barren areas and thickets; sometimes it is cultivated near farmhouses, temples, and roadsides. schima  supcrba gard. & champ., 1849!; seem. 1855; szysz., 1895; mekh., 1925, p.p.!; render, 1927; kaneh., 1936; airy-shaw, 1936; kenft, 1950 (incl. var.  kankaoensis). schima  argenteu pritz., 1900; melch., 1925; hand.-m., 1931; airy-shaw, 1936. gordonia  sinensis hemsl.  & wus., 1906; burk., 1917; melch., 1925. —  schima sinehsis (hemsl.  & wus.) aivy-shaw, 1936. schima  mairei hochr., 1917; meleh., 1925, schima  cimfertiflora men-., 1918; melch., 1925; hu & chun, 1929. schima  kankaoensis hayata, 1919; melch., 1925; kaneh., 1936. schima  bambusifolia hu, 1930, 1934; hu & chun, 1935. schima  noronhne  (ntrn reinw.  ex bl.)  sentm benth., 1861; forbes & hemsl., 1880; matsum., 1898, p.p.; hayata, 1911; kaneh., 1917, 1921; crook, 1930. schima  crenata  (non korth.)  ftensu hand.-m., 1931. china. a n h w e i ; without exact locality,  abel (lit.),  millet (lit-); south wo yuan, 125 m,  ching  3s81 (lit.); tongmun,  heude (lit.). s z e c h w a n : hsiao nan shu,  bock  von  rosthoni  134 (lit.) ; shan huang kang shu,  hock i-oii.  rosthoni 2m>) (lit.); kin shan, leichap'ing, in forest,  bock  van  roathorn  134') (lit.); nan chu'an, tao kuo kou, in forest,  bock  von  rosthorn  212') (lit.); hsiaoy, in forest,  bock  von  rosthoni  258 (lit.); ma fu lin po,  bock  von  roathorn  630 (lit.) (all szechwan numbers mentioned as  syntypes of  schima  avgevtea pritz.); mt. omi, in 1) in bot. j a h r b . 29: 473. 1900 the numbers bock von rosthorn 134 and 212 indeed occur twice for different specimens. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol.  2 f i g .  p . 1952]  bloembebg en   :  study  in  schima  163 forest s,  w ilson  4805 (lit.;  type  of  gordonia  sinensis  h em sl.  &  wils.t.  h u n a n : c h a n gn in g  h sien ,  ic hiaao,  240 m,  slope,  fan  &  l i  69  (bo),  yan g  sh an ,  500 m, n e a r  farm h o u se,  fan  &  l i  360  (bo).  k w a n g s i :  yun g  h sien ,  t a  t seh  t su en , in  forest,  steward  &  cheo  842  ( bo ) ;  shih  wan  d a r  sh an ,  s  of  n a n n in g,  1300  m , common  in  woods,  ching  8020  (lit.,  type  of  schima  bambusifolia  h u ) ,  ching  8523 ( l it ) . ;  lin g  yun  h sien ,  n a  i ,  valley  roadside,  steward  &  cheo  539  (bo).  f u k i e n : buon g  k a n g  an d  yen pin g,  800  m,  in  t h icket s  above  bam booforest,  chang  3425  (bo)  ; i raccy  h ill  side,  k u lian g  s i  vicin ity,  moon  tem ple,  750m ,  chen  hsi  cheng  1944  ( bo ) . k w a n t u n g :  l o  p a u  sh an ,  ford  ( l i t ) ;  950m ,  o n  open  exposed  ridges,  merrill 10690  (lit.;  type  of  schima  confertiflora  m e r r . ) ,  900  m,  in  d am p  forested  ravin es, merrill  11052  ( l it .) ,  900m ,  on  open  slopes,  merrill  10156  ( l it .) ,  l eviue  601,  1513 ( l it . ) ;  sanon  d ist r.,  n gt u ng  sh an ,  924 m ,  t sui  206  (bo)  ;  c an ton ,  t in gwu sh an , in  den se  woods,  suit  f o r  sen  univ.  field  n o.  64s6  (chun)  (bo ).  —  h o n g k o n g . won gn ychong  valley,  and  a bu n d a n t  n ea r  th e  top  of  t h e  slopes  of  little  h on gkon g, champion  (lit.;  type  of  schima  auperba  g a r d n .  &  c h am p .) ,  l amont  ( l it .) ,  ford  ( l it . ) . —  f o r m o sa.  n o r t h e r n  p a r t :  300—1500 m ,  in  forest,  u su ally  in  m ixed,  r a r e ly  p u r e , st a n d s,  suzuki  11764,  20723  ( lit .) ,  l.n .  h im et u baki,  simida  24120  ( l it . ) .  c en t ral so u t h ern  p a r t :  kudo  &  sasaki  15142,  15286,  15342  ( l it .) ,  yamamoto  1931  ( l it .) ,  mori 692,  1932,  ( l it .) ,  matuda  1328  ( l it . ) ;  m t.  m orrison ,  without  collector  ( l it . ) ;  n u n a ish a , owatari  ( l it . ) .  h u n eh u en  p e n in su la :  k an ko ,  h u n ch en ,  l.n.  sim ah im etubaki,  kawakami  1188  {type  of  schima  kankaoensis  h a ya t a  ( lit .) ,  n akahara  17003  ( lit .) ,  konishi 17001  ( lit .) ,  sasaki  17016  ( l it .) ,  matuda  1324  ( lit .) ,  kanehira  1325  ( l it . ) ;  south  c ape, schiirer  &  henry  366,  659  ( l it . ) . 4.  s u b s p .  wallich ii. petiole  8—25  mm  long,  softhairy.  l amina  10—17.5  cm  long,  2.5— 10  cm wide,  elliptic  to  lanceolate,  mostly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  sometimes more  or  less  ovate,  especially  on  the  nerves  below  softhairy,  thincoriaceous; nervation mostly conspicuously prominent; nerves generally forked; margin  mostly completely  entire,  or faintly,  very  rarely  strongly,  dentateserrate.  pedicels  0.9—5  cm  long.  flowers  1.8—5  cm,  rarely  6.25  cm  in diameter;  sepals  2—4(—7)  mm  long.  fruit  9—18  mm  in  diameter. (d escription according to literature.) this  subspecies  is  very  close  to  subspecies  noronhae,  but  is  evidently much  less  polymorphous,  a  typical  character  being  the  prominent  nervation and the generally  forked  lateral  nerves. 4a.  var.  wallichii.—figs.  a  la,  f  11. l amina  entire,  sometimes  slightly  crenateserrate;  lateral  nerves generally  forked,  with  the  veins  mostly  strongly  prominent.  flowers 1.8—5  cm  in  diameter. explan ation   of   f ig u re  f f i g .  f .  schima  ivallichii,  leafsh apes,  lam in ae  1  an d  2  an d  4—8  from  below,  3  an d a—11  from  above,  0.5  x;  1—4  an d  9—10,  subsp.  noronhae  var.  superba;  5—8  subsp oblata:  11,  subsp.  wallichii  var.  uxillichii.  — after  st eward  &  cheo  842  11)  •   st eward &  c heo  539  ( f) ;  c h en g  1944  1,3);  tsui  20g   ( 4) ;  bb.18753  ( 5) ;  k o o rders  10638β  (6)  • t.b.239  (7)  ; t.b.277  ( «) ;  k a n e h ir a ,  f o rm .  t rees  fig.  431.  1936  (9)  ;  k a n eh ir a  210, op.  dt.  fig.  430  (10);  g riffith ,  i con .  p la n t ,  asiat .  pi.  600.  1854  (11). 164 r e i n w a r d t i a  [vol,  2 according  to  literature  this  variety  is  a  large  tree,  reaching  a  height up to 30  m,  with  a  bole  up to  1  m  or more  in  diameter.  it  is an  important timber  supplier.  it  occurs  from  300—2100  m  above  sealevel,  in  forests, where  it  is  often  common  and  sometimes  gregarious,  in  the  himalaya especially  together  with  sal  (shorect t-obusta  gaertn.  f.),  in  upper  burma in  three  different  places  (with  alight  differences  in  indument  and  nervation) especially associated with quercus spp. it does not seem improbable that in the most eastern part of the area the specimens represent a transitional series connected with the variety supcrhtt of subspecies noronhae. gordonia wallichii d c , 1824; spreng., 1826. — sehima kallichii (dc.) korth., 1839-42; dyer, 1874; kurz, 1874, 1877; szysz., 1895, p. p . ! ; gamble, 1902, brandis, 1906; howard, 1920, 1934; troup, 1921; melch., 1925, p.p.!; pearson & blown, 1932. gordonia integrifolia. roxh., 1814, nomen nudum, 1832. gordonia ckuaunea bueh-ham. in d. don, 1825. gordonia tnollis wall., 1828, nomen nudum. — schima mollis thiselton dyer 1874; kurz, 1874, 1877; szysz., 1895, prob.; melch., 1925. 'schima villosa hu, 1938. gordonia sp. griff., 1854. schima noronhae (nou reinw. <\r bl.) scnsir brandis, 1906 p.p. n e p a l . 000— 1500m, wallich (lit.; type of gordonia wallichii d c ) , l.n. chilauni, hamilton (lit.). — bhotan. up to 1300 m, most common tree in west, less common in east, bhotan (lit.). — india. s i k k i m: 600—1500 m, l.n. makriah chilauni, hookerf. (lit.); daijeeling and jalpaigun, 300—1800m, very common, abundant in the foothills, quite scarce a few miles out from the foot of the hills (lit-). a s s a m : 600—1200m, common, sometimes gregarious, wallich and other collectors (lit.); khasia mis., 600—1200 m, wallich (lit.), griffith and other collectors (lit.). c h i t t a g o n g : 600—1200 m, wallich and other collectors (lit.). m a n i p u i ; ching sow, 2100m, watt 11718 (lit.). — burma. upper burma, ruby mines, thityabin, 900—1800m, (lit.); ava, taong-donff, wallich 1458 (lit.; type of gordonia mollis wall.); khakyen hills, ponsee, anderson (lit.); bhamo, in forest, griffith (lit.). — china. y i i n n a n : tsing-pien hsien, 1300m, on rocky hill, h. t. tsai 60763 (lit.; type of schima vitlona hu). 4b. var. khasiana (dyer) bloembergen, comb. nov.—fig. a 4b. lamina strongly serrate; nerves not forked. pedicels stout, 18 mm long. flowers up to 6.25 cm in diameter. according to literature this variety is a tree with white bark. it occurs from 1200—2250 m above sealevel. it is evidently a mountain form, but does not have all the typical characters of subspecies monticola; at any rate this is not obvious from literature. it is also possible, that it is merely a much more serrate form of the variety wallichii. 1852]  bloembergen:  study  hi  schima 185 schima  khasiana  dyer,  1874;  szysz.,  1895;  brandis,  ind.  trees  59.  1906;  melch., 1925. gordonia  superba  (nou  card.  &  champ.)  scnsu  hook.  f.  &  thomps.  ex  thiselton dyer  in  hook.  1.,  f l .  br. ind.  1:  289.  1874,  in  syn. india.  khasia  mts.,  1200—1800m,  wallich,  griffith,  and  other  collectors  (lit.). —  burma.  upper  burma,  hills  e  of  bhamo,  1800—2250 m,  common  (after  brandis, ind.  trees  700.  1906). 5.  subsp.  oblata  (roxb.)  bloembergen,  comb. nov.—figs. as,  f 5-8, g 1-5  & 7-8, h 1, 3-7, & 10-11. petiole 5—36 mm long. lamina 4.5—24 cm long, 2—9 cm wide, elliptic to lanceolate, mostly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, mostly glabrous, sometimes, especially along the midrib or entirely, soft-hairy, thinly tomentose, villose or appressedly silky-hairy, often wax coated, chartaceous to mostly thin-coriaceous; margin more or less, often rather strongly, crenate to serrate, rarely completely entire or subentire; nervation sunken to strongly and coarsely prominent, but mostly rather prominent; nerves not rarely forked.  pedicels 12—50 mm long, 1—3 mm thick, not rarely quadrangular and curved or nodding.  flowers 20—40 mm in diameter (rarely 5.5 cm in diameter, for instance van steenis 5961).  fruit 12—19 mm long, 6—25 mm in diameter. (description according to literature and abundant herbarium specimens from sumatra.) this subspecies is extremely complex-polymorphous and there is some difference between its polymorphy in the continental and in the sumatra part of its area. in the former region the lamina is mostly oblong to lanceolate, up to 13 cm long, coriaceous to thick-coriaceous; the fruit 11—13mm in diameter; and occasionally forms occur with completely entire and strongly serrate leaf-margins. in the sumatra part of its area its lamina is up to 24 cm long, mostly oblong, chartaceous to mostly thincoriaceous; its fruit up to 22 mm in diameter; and occasionally conspicuous forms occur with small, narrow, wide, and with large leaves as well as with strongly crenate, serrate, entire or nearly entire leaf-margins, with sunken (6% ) or strongly and coarsely prominent (11%) nervation, with thick-coriaceous (5%), and with conspicuously hairy (7.5%) lamina. according to notes on the herbarium-labels and literature this subspecies is a tree up to 39 m high (on the continent up to 24 m) and a bole up to 85 cm in diameter. it occurs from 150—1800 m above sealevel in sumatra, from 50—2000 m in continental southeastern asia, in forests, and is often common and scattered, sometimes gregarious. it has also been found in secondary forests, alang-alang, scrub-jungle, and is sometimes cultivated. it is often used as timber for building houses, and sometimes also for bridges and prahus. r e 1 n w a r d t i a [vol.  2 f i g .  g.  schima  wailichii, leaf-shapes, laminae  1—5 and  7—8 from below,  6 from above, 0.5 x  1—5 and  7—8 subsn.  oblata;  6, subsp.  noronhut: var.  norovhae. — after bb.15548 (1) ; s.w.k./i-18 (2) ; bb.622(5  i.s) ; teysmann 655hb (4) ; bb.b196 (5) ; lorzing b747, cultivated (c) ; bb.6435 (~); bb.5479 («). 1952]  bloembergek:  study  in schima-  167 transitional  forms  to  subspecies bancana-  are  the  numbers  t.b.239 and  t.b.227  from  palembanghighlands, 800 m above sealevel; on one and the same twig they have completely entire, undulate, and dentate leaves. gordouia oblata roxb., 1814, nomen nudum, 1832. — schima oblata (eoxb.) kurz, 1870, 1874. schima antherisosa korth., 1839-42; walp., 1845; miq., 1859, 1862; szysz., 1895; melch. 1925. gordonia floribunda wall., 1828, nomen nudum; cr griff., 1854. sckima hypoglauca miq., 1862, 1868; szysz., 1895. schima sulcinervia miq., 1868; melch., 1925. schima brevipes craib, 1915, 1925; melch., 1925, gordonia sp. griff., 1854, prob. sckima crenata(non korth.) sensu miq., 1859, p.p., 1862 (with var. pedicellosa), 1868; kurz, 1870; thiselton dyer in hook, f., pi. br. ind. 1: 289. 1874, p.p.; kurz, 1877; van eeden, houts. n.o.i., 3e druk, 23. 1905, p.p.; merr., 1921, p.p.; craib, 1925, p.p. schima norovhae (non reinw. ex bl.) sensu kurz, 1874, 1877; szysz., 1895, p.p.; gamble, 1902; ridl., 1901, 1903; van eeden, 1905, p.p.; brandis, ind. trees 60, 1906, p.p.; koord.-schum., 1914 (var. crenata); ridl., 1922 (exclusive of var. rigida); melch., 1925, p.p.?; craib, 1925, p.p.; heyne, 1927, p.p.; burk., 1935, saltern p.p.; corner, 1940, saltern p.p. schima bancana (non miq.) sensu kurz, 1874, 1877; szysz., 1895. schima wallickii [non (dc.) korth.] aensu szysz., 1895, p.p.; craib, 1925. burma. p e g u : rangoon district, heifer 762 (lit.; schima cvenata sensu k u r z ) ; moulmein, in forests, abundant, griffith (lit.; type of gordonia floribunda griff.); mergui, in mountain forests, griffith (lit.). t e n a s s e r i m : martaban to penang : 450—1200 m, common in the eng (dipt erocar pus tuberculatus) and pine forests of the lower hills, l.n. panma, heifer 763 (lit.; schima noronhae sensu kurz), up to 900m, brandis (lit.; schhna bancana sensu kurz). — siam. p a y a p : chiengmai, 360m, deciduous jungle, kerr 2501 (lit.; type of schima brevipes craib); doi sutep, 660m, kerr 4688 (lit.), kerr 1083 (lit.); lampun, me li, 630m, semievergreen jungle, win it 102 (lit.); doi pahom pok, muong pang, ± 2000 m, open evergreen forest, kerr 51.93 (lit.). s u r a t : ban dawn, hui sai, pumjabukkana 860 (lit.); kaw pangan, robinson 5758 (lit.). p u k e t : t r a n g and krabi, vanpruk 625 (lit.) ; setul, bukit raja wang, ridley 15155 (lit.) ; shores of takuapa, mainland, kloss 6017 (lit.). p a t t a n i : yala, under 50m, scrub jungle, kerr 7252 (lit.); betong, g. ina, ± 1200m, evergreen forest, kerr 7591 (lit.). — malay p e n i n sula. in mountain forests from 600 m and upwards, common on all ranges, but rarely in the low country (lit.)k e d a h: langkawi i s . : s. batu asap, honiff 15505 (lit.); kuah, without collector (lit.). p. p e n a n g : hunter (lit.; type of gordonia oblata roxb.); nurpakna highlands, 300m., nur 2418 (bo). p e r a k : g. tnas, wray (lit.) ; thaiping hills (lit.) . s e l a n g o r : bukit hitam, kelsall(lit.). — sumatra. a t j e h : takin#eun subdivision: near takingeun (takengon), 1275m, in forest, common, van steenis 5961 (bo); near redelong, 1300 m, in forest, common, scattered, l.n. gerupal, bb.12265 ( f i b ) ; bur ni lintang, 1800 m, in mountain forest, van steenis 1 6 8  r e i n w a r d t i a  [vol.  2 0307  (bo).  gajo  lueus:  near  g.  agosan,  1800m,  in  forest,  rare,  scattered,  l.n.  kaju kontut  (7),  bb.22418  (bo,  f i b ) ,  l.n.  regen  (?),  bb.22419  (bo,  f i b ) ,  l,n.  kaju  gelima (?),  bb.2m20  (bo,  f i b ) .  e a s t  c o a s t :  upper  deli  division:  without  exact  locality, hontvester medan 21a, 21b (bo). karo lands: 1400m, houtvesterij sum. oostkust 8 (bo) ;  n  of  berastagi,  1350 m,  in  forest,  common, lot-zing 6812  (bo) ;  e  of  siosar, 1350—1575m,  in grass-wilderness, scattered, lorzing 8610 (bo); sigaranggarang, near lao kawar (g. sinabun), 1500 m, in forest, rather common, scattered, l.n, kapal kuling, bb.5448 (bo, fib); near lao kawar, 1600m, in forest, rather common, scattered, l.n. perawas, bb8644 (bo, fib); near tongkoh, 1600m, in forest, rather common, gregarious, l.n. simertelu, bb.8352 (fib); toradja, 1300m, in forest, very common, gregarious, l.n. kapal kuling, bb.8358 (fib) ; near pantjorbatu, east-foot of g. sibuaten (nw of lake toba), 1400 m, in forest, not rare, lor zing 7144 (bo); forest reserve g. sibuatan, l.n. martelu, bb.l542 (fib) ; near pantjorbatu, forest reserve g. sibuatan, 1500 m, in forest, rather common, scattered, l.n. daling daling, bb.4933 (bo, fib) ; delengkutu, near raja, 1400—1450 m, not rare, lorzing 7086 (bo); near raja huwala, 1200 m, in forest, very common, scattered, l.n. perapak perakpak, bb.29167 (bo, fib) ; marihatkula, sibabuloteng reserve, 800 m, in forest, rather common, gregarious, l.n. simartelu, bb,2912 (fib); partajupan, l.n. oerakpak, bb.2l83 (fib), l.n. simartelu, bb.2184 (fib); bongbongan, l.n. api api, bb.2186 (fib); girsang, 1200 rn, in forest, rather common, scattered, l.n. simartelu, hb.8525 (bo, fib). asahan division: saddle and break-through of asahan r., 1100m, in forest, abundant, l.n. simartolu, lorzing 10048 (bo); t a p a n u l i : tutupan, yates 2291 (bo). batak lands: toba highlands subdivision: between nassau and naugat on the batu menumpak (near border east-coast), 800—1200m, in secondary and primary forest, rather abundant, l.n. semartolu, lorzing 7961 (bo); near bahhapal, 1000m, in forest, very rave, scattered, l.n. simartolu, bb.853-9 (bo, fib); near pandumaan, 900m, in forest, very common, l.n. simartolu, bb,5691 (bo, fib) ; near pansurbatu, 900 m, in forest, very common, gregarious, l.n. simartolu tali, bb.6207 (bo, fib). dairi lands subdivision: near dellong, 1066m, in forest, rare, few together, l.n. dalung dalung, bb.lss53 (bo, fib), l.n. simartolu, bb.l5344 (bo, fib). silindung subdivision; near batunadud, nature reserve doloksaut, 1350 m, in secondary forest, rather common, l.n. simartolu, bb.3842 (bo, fib); near pansurnatolu, 1300m, in forest, rather common, scattered, l.n. simartolu, bb.5254 (bo, fib); near silantom, 1040m, in forest, rather common, scattered, l.n. perakpak, bb.6226 (fib); near gontingbiat, 1400m, in forest, rather common, scattered, l.n. parakpak, bb.6435 (bo, fib). padangsidempuan division: padanglawas subdivision: near purbasinomba, 230m, in forest, very common, gregarious, l.n. simartolu, bb,5683 (bo, fib); near parbatua, 800m, in forest, very common, gregarious, l.n. simartolu, bb.5686 (bo, fib). angkola and sipirok subdivision: without exact locality, 1100 m, in forest, common, l.n. simartolu, bb.6151 (fib); mandsurana, 1529m, in forest, common, l.n. simartolu, bb.4174 (bo, fib). w e s t c o a s t : g. merapi, korthals (lit.; type of schima antherisosa korth). lubuksikaping division: pambangan, 600m, in forest, rare, scattered, l.n. sunting abu, bb.5510 (fib). agam division: malalak, 1000m, in forest, common, l.n. bangka bukit, bb.6657 (bo, fib); tg. bungo (bt. tapus), in forest, rare, scattered, l.n. madang miang, bb.3975 (bo, fib). limapuluh kota division: mudikliki, 825m, in forest, very common, scattered, l.n. madang kaladi, bb.3984t 5475 (bo, fib); l.n. topih, bb.5479 (bo, fib); pajakumbuh, l.n. madang bungka, teysmann 53 (— 655hb; 1952]  bloem berg en :  study  in  schimo  169 type  of  schima  suleinervia  m iq.)  (bo)  ;  u lu a ir ,  1100  m ,  in  fo rest ,  very  r a r e ,  scat t ered , l.n .  m a d a n g  m ian g,  bb.6707  ( f i b ) ,  970m ,  in  forest,  very  r a r e ,  scat t ered,  l.n.  m a d a n g m ian g,  bb.6595  (bo,  f i b ) ,  1000m ,  in  forest,  com m on,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  m ian g, s.w .k./ iii19  ( f i b ) ,  1000  m ,  in  forest,  r a t h e r  common,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  m ian g, bb.2902  ( f i b ) ;  g .  m a lin t a n g,  n w  slope,  1100m ,  in  forest,  biiwnemeijer  3624 t   (bo ). t a n a h d a t a r  d ivision :  k a n d a n g  m alabu n g,  500m ,  in  youn g  forest,  r a r e ,  scat t ered l.n.  m a d a n g  sirah  p u t ju k,  bb.6085  (bo,  f i b ) ;  kubu,  an dalas,  900m  ( ?) ,  in  forest, very  common,  gregario u s,  l.n.  m a d a n g  m u n gka r ,  bb.5196  (bo,  f i b ) ;  m u a r a ,  in  forest, r a r e ,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  bu n gkar,  hb.90i3  (bo,  f i b ) ,  596m ,  in  forest,  common, scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  bu n gka r ,  bb.6051  (bo,  f i b ) ;  p ilawas,  300m ,  in  forest,  r a t h e r common,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  bu n gkar,  bb,6066  ( f i b)  ;  between  ba t u sa n gka r  an d  sid ju n d ju n g,  250  m ,  in  secon dary  forest,  l.n .  m a d a n g  bu n gka r ,  koorders  10444β,  15771  β ( bo ) ;  sawah lu n t o ,  r an t eh ,  l.n .  m a d a n g  bu n gka r ,  ham.  s.n.  ( bo ) ;  p ad an gsibu su k, 400m  (?),  l.n .  m a d a n g  bu n gka r ,  boschwczen  x.n.  ( bo ) ;  su n ga id a r eh  ( bat as  t ju li) , 1200  m ,  in  forest,  r a t h e r  common,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  kladi  h it am  d au n ,  s.w .k./ ii12  (bo,  f i b ) ,  1204  m ,  in  forest,  r a t h e r  common,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  keladi,  bb.5512 (bo,  f i b ) .  solok  d ivision :  solok,  l.n .  t a m a su ,  t a m a n su ,  t a m ba su ,  without  collector s.y\ .  (bo)  ;  lu bu ksu lasih ,  985  m ,  in  forest,  very  common,  l.n .  t a m a su  u d an g,  bb,5771 (bo,  f i b ) ,  1150m ,  in  forest,  common,  scat t ered,  l.n.  t am asu ,  bb.6542  (bo,  f i b ) ;  g . ba t u ku n it ,  435m ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  bu n gka r ,  koorders  106680  (bo ).  p a in a n  d ivision : ba r u n gba r u n gbe r la n t a i,  430  m ,  in  forest,  very  r a r e ,  scat t ered,  l.n,  t a m a n gsu ,  bb.4003 (bo,  f i b ) ,  in  forest,  very  common,  scat t ered ,  l.n .  t a m a n gsu ,  s,w .k./ 118  (bo,  f i b ) ; d u ku ,  150m ,  in  forest ,  very  r a r e ,  scat t ered ,  l.n .  t a m ba n gsu ,  bb.3109  (bo,  f i b ) ,  in forest,  very  common,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  kalek  gun djo,  bb.3117  (bo,  f i b ) ,  in  forest,  very r a r e ,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  kalek  saga,  bb.slld  (bo,  f i b ) .  k erin t ji  d ivision :  g .  i n d r a p u r a , air  lebo,  1200  m ,  in  forest ,  common,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  api  ap i,  bb.18753  (bo, f i b ) ,  1300m ,  in  forest,  r a t h e r  common,  scat t ered ,  l.n .  kert o  ( ?) ,  bb.18754  (bo,  f i b ) . b e n g k u l u :  lebon g  subdivision :  n ea r  t a n d jo n gr a t o e,  900m ,  in  m o u n t ain  forest, scat t ered ,  l.n .  sa r u ,  bb.1971  ( f i b ) ;  sam alako,  900m ,  in  forest,  l.n.  balam  ka t a iju , bb.2885  ( f i b ) ;  n e a r  lebon g,  1000m ,  common  in  secon dary  gro wt h  on  st o n elah ar berit i,  bb,15548  (bo,  f i b ) ,  de  voogd  1156  (bo).  k roe  subdivision :  n ea r  wajt en o n g, 1000m ,  cu lt ivat ed,  l.n.  m ed an g  t jeru h ,  bb.15726  (bo,  f i b ) .  p a l e m b a n g :  p asem a h a n  l an d s  subdivision :  p em a t a n gd ja wi,  800m ,  in  old  forest  an d  devastated  a r e a s, com m on,  scat t ered ,  l.n .  t jir u  h it am ,  t .b.239  ( f i b)  ;  p em a t a n gbesa r  ( p asem ah an r eserve),  800m ,  in  forest  an d  d evast at ed  a r ea s,  common,  l.n.  t jiru  p u t ih ,  t .b.227 ( f i b ) . 6.  su bsp . bancana  (m iquel)  bloem bergen ,  comb,  nov.—figs. a  6, h  2, 89,  & 1213, 112. petiole  7—25 mm  long.  l amina  2.7—25 cm  long,  1.5—7.7 cm  wide, elliptic  to  lanceolate,  mostly  oblong,  glabrous,  sometimes  wax  coated, chartaceous  to  thickcoriaceous,  mostly  thincoriaceous;  nervation  with thin nerves  and faintly prominent, sometimes  sunken  or  somewhat  strongly  prominent;  margin  always  completely  entire.  pedicels  12—45 mm  long, 1—3 mm  thick.  flowers  18—38 mm  in  diameter.  fruit  6—14 mm  long, 9—19 mm  in  diameter.  (d escription  after  the  herbarium  specimens  mentioned  below.) 170 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol.  2 p i g .  h.  schima  wallichii, leaf-shapes, laminae from below, 0.5 x ; ',  3—7, and  10—11, subsp.  oblata; 2,  8—9, and  12—is, subsp.  bavcana. — after bb.5448  (1)  ; endert 5s (2); bb.2902 (3); bb.6207 «) ; 29167 ( j ) ; nur 2418 (6) ; l)b.4174  (7) ; gusdorf 42 (s) ; gusdorf 15s (9) ; lorzing 10048  (10); hh.15344  (11)  ; ja.2936  (i2);  5 bit. 45  (13). 1952]  bloembergen:  study  in  sehimit  171 this  subspecies  is  not  very  polymorphous  and  in  some  characters about midway between subspecies uoronha-e and oblata. dispersed forms occur with  conspicuously narrow-lanceolate, small (especially in lampung), or with large and wide, laminae, as well as with thick-coriaceous laminae. according to notes on the herbarium-labels this subspecies is a tree reaching a height up to 40 m, with a bole up to 70 cm in diameter. it occurs from 5—800 m above sealevel, but is most frequent below 200 m and one of the most common trees, often gregarious in secondary forests; in primary forests it is extremely rare or perhaps lacking. everywhere in its region it is extremely common in alang alang and other barren areas, which is a peculiar ecological behaviour not found in the other subspecies to such degree. endert (in tectona 13: 144. 1920) was the first to draw attention to this typical behaviour. the wood is used as a timber for building houses, not rarely bridges, and sometimes prahus. sehima bancana miq., 1868; melch., 1925; heyne, 1927. sehima wallickii [wow (dc.) korth.] mevsv choisy, 1854 (var. obtusafa); miq., 1859, p.p.; 1862, p.p., 1868; dyer, 1874, p.p.; van eeden, houts. n.o.i., 3e druk, 1905, prob.; melch., 1925, prob. p.p. sehima noronhae (von reinw. ex bl.) sensu choisy, 1854, p.p.; miq., 1859, p.p., 1862. sumatra. c u l t i v a t e d : forest reserve djanglapa (java), in maribaja forest, from lampung, 50—100 m, l.n. seru, de vcogd, 11 (bo), 100 m, i.n, seru, ja.2936, 5263, 5267, 5273 (fib). p a l e m b a n g : without exact locality, bb.3676 (fib), i.n. seru, "heyne" s.n. (bo). palembang lowlands division: musi-hilir subdivision: muara-pundjung, 20 m, in forest, rare, scattered, l.n. seru, bb.8264(fibt. banjuasin regions subdivision: s. rengit, young forest, common, l.n. seru, bb.23988 (fib) ; pedamaran, 10 m, in old secondary forest, common, l.n. seru, endert 314 (bo, f i b ) ; kajuagung, in rubber estate, i.n. seru, de voogd .96 (bo). palembang highlands division: lematang-hilir subdivision: tandjungagung, 187m, in old forest, very common, gregarious, i.n. seru, bb.8248 (fib); darma, 122m, young forest, very common, gregarious, l.n. tjiu, bb.8239 (fib). lematang-hulu subdivision: 150 m, common, l.n. seru (tjeru), lambach 1803 (bo, fib) ; dei selinsing (tandjung reserve), in old forest and devastated areas, common, l.n. seru, t.b.241 (fib). tebingtinggi subdivision: dempo, between lematang and ensikang r., 700m, in grass-wilderniss, huitema 96 (bo). oga & komering-hulu division: og-an-hulu subdivision: pagaragung, in secondary forest, common, l.n. tje'ru, bb.s711 (fib); udjanmas, 200 m, in secondary forest, very common, gregarious, l.n. seru, endert 53 (bo, fib). muaradua subdivision: tjikurai, 300m, in forest, de voogd s3 (bo); kisau, 798m, in old forest, very common, gregarious, l.n. tjekru, bb.9215, l.n. tjeheru, bb.9626 (bo, fib). komering-hulu subdivision: martapura, in 3_ years old grass-wilderniss, i.n. tjekru, bal 34 (bo), in 30 years old grass-wilderniss, l.n. sekru, tial 17 (bo), in 1 year old grass-wilderniss, l.n. kaju seru, bal 4-6 (bo), cultivated (seedling), boschprsta, register-no, 2114 (bo). l a m p u n g : kotabumi, 25m, in forest, l.n, kaju kemiteru 172 r e i n w a r d t i a  [vol.  2 halum,  guadorf  197  (bo,  f i b ) ,  l.n.  kaju  kemiteru  hendak,  gusdorf  198  (bo,  f i b ) . menggala  subdivision:  without  exact  locality,  10m,  in  forest,  common,  scattered, gusdorf  42  (bo,  f i b ) ,  ibid.,  20  m,  l.n.  kaju  kemiteru  hendak,  guadorf  .93  {bo,  fib)  ; menggala,  25 m,  in  forest,  common,  gregarious,  l.n.  kemateru,  bb.8005  (fib)  ;  along terbangi  r.,  teysmann  (152hb)  (bo)  ;  between  gunungsugih  and  menggala,  s  of terbangi-besar, l.n. kemetru,  without  collector  s.n. (bo) ; gunungsugih, 30 m, in forest, common, scattered, l.n. kaju kemiteru hendak,  gusdorf  123 (bo), l.n. kaju kemiteru halum,  gusdorf  153 (bo, f i b ) . sukadana subdivision: tjabang, 5 m, in forest, common, gregarious, l.n. seru,  bb.8363 (bo, f i b ) . telokbetung subdivision: kotadalam, 50 m, in forest, common, l.n. kemateru,  bb,9607 (fib) ; mandah, 60 m, in secondary forest, common, gregarious, l.n. kemeteru,  bh.8874 (fib) ; tandjungkarang, in secondary forest, common, l.n. manteru or kemetru,  endert  1321 (bo, f i b ) . — bangka. without exact locality:  grashoff  16 ( f i b ) ; cultivated in hort. bog.  vi.c.  4 (bo). muntok subdivision: majang, in forest, common, l.n. seru,  bb.7299 (bo) ; lobok besar, o m, primary forest, very common, scattered, l.n. seru,  bb.33961 (fib). — biliton. without exact locality, l.n. seru,  bb.20oo4 ( f i b ) ; near banten, 30m, in secondary forest, common, blt./1-41 (fib), blt./1-44 to 48 (fib), in old forest, r a t h e r common, blt./1-49 (fib), in secondary forest, r a t h e r common, l.n. seru, blt./1-50 ( f i b ) ; g. tadjau, near begantong, l.n. seru, van alpen de veer 4 ( f i b ) ; g. tandan, cultivated, l.n. seru merak, bb.33714 (fib). 7. subsp. crenata (korthals) bloembergen, comb. nov. petiole 5—33 mm long. lamina 3.5—22 cm long, 1.7—8 cm wide, elliptic to lanceolate, sometimes obovate, glabrous, not rarely chartaceous to thin-, rarely thick-, coriaceous; nervation more or less prominent, sometimes sunken; lateral nerves sometimes irregularly far apart; margin always crenate to dentate. pedicels 10—50 mm long, 1—2, rarely over the whole length, 3.5 mm, thick. flowers 17—35 mm in diameter. fruit 10—16 mm long, 12—20 mm in diameter. (description after the herbarium specimens mentioned below.) this subspecies is less polymorphous than subspecies noronhae and cblata; it is closest to subspecies liukiuensis, which is, however, much more uniform in its narrow linear-lanceolate lamina. 7a. var. crenata.—figs. a 7a, c 12 & 15, 13-9, j 1-3. tree. petiole 5—33 mm long. lamina 3.5—22 cm long, on each branch generally longer than 6 cm; mostly thinrarely thick-coriaceous, often chartaceous; nervation generally more or less prominent, sometimes sunken or nerves widely separated; margin mostly slightly, rarely more strongly, crenate-dentate. flowers 17—35 mm in diameter. this variety is rather complex-polymorphous and somewhat demonstrates the tendency to geographical variation and to split off mountain forms. in south-eastern borneo, forms with rather conspicuously narrowlanceolate laminae are dominant, in east borneo, however, oblong to lanceolate, in british north borneo, elliptic and oblong laminae are dominant. 1952] bloemberoen:  study  in  schima 174  r e i n w a r d t i a  [vol.  2 in  all  parts  of  its  area  scattered  forms  with  small,  in south-eastern and eastern borneo forms with large, and often wide, in british north borneo forms with conspicuously narrow, laminae occur. in south-eastern and eastern borneo the flowers are rather small, 17—27 mm in diameter, the pedicels 10—43mm long, 1—2mm thick; in british north borneo (mt. kinabalu) the flowers are 25—35 mm in diameter, the pedicels 18—50 mm long. the specimens endert 3635 (east borneo, 1200 m elevation) and clemens 30216, 29318, 29931, 38312, and 32124 (mt. kinabalu, 1200—1500 m elevation) often have quadrangular petioles, thickened up to 1.5—3.5 mm over their whole length, and coriaceous to thick-coriaceous laminae: they form a transitional series to subspecies -monticola. according to notes on the herbarium-labels and to literature this variety is a tree reaching a height up to 47 m, with a bole up to 82 cm in diameter. it occurs in british north borneo from 420—1500 m above sealevel, in south-eastern and eastern borneo from 10—1200 m, but especially from 8—200 m. it has been found in the whole area in primary and secondary forest as well as in alang-alang and shrub thickets; in south-eastern and eastern borneo it is often common and gregarious, and is also not rarely to be found along rivers and swamps. in south-eastern and eastern borneo it is locally an important timber, at pleihari most frequently used for building houses and not rarely for building prahus and furniture. schima crenata korth., 1839-42; walp., 1845; miq., 1859, p.p.; thiselton dyer in hook, f., fl. br. ind. i: 288. 1874, p.p.; van eeden, houts. n.o.i., 3e druk, 23. 1905, p.p.; merr., 1921, p.p. '.ma, noronkae (non reinw. ex. bl.) sensu szysz., 1895, p.p.; melch., 1925, p.p. 1 w r o . r r i t i r li n n v t h r o r n e n : k i n a h a l n • d a l l a s . 9 0 0 m clf.-m.p-ns 1905, p.p. schimi borneo. b r i t i s h n o r t h b o r n e o : kinabalu: dallas, 900m, clemens 27100 (bo); "via dusan," 900—1200m, in forest, clemens 26888, 26995 (bo); vicinity of dallas, jungle slopes, 900—1500 m, clemens 26995bis (bo) ; tenompok, in minitindok, 900—1200m, on top of wall, clemens 29651 (bo); tenompok, 1500m, clemens 80198, s021g, 29318, 29981, 28312 (bo), jungle, clemens 28218 (bo); in penibukan, canon w of penibukan, 1200m, jungle, clemens 3212j, (bo). sunsuron: tambunan, 420 m, top of hill, l.n. sangud sangud (busun), b.n.b.foy dept. 38£8 puasa (bo). s o u t h e r n & e a s t e r n d i v i s i o n : sampit subdivision: antjiabas, 1 0 m , i n forest, very common, gregarious, l.n. lawari, bb.11615 ( f i b ) ; tehang, 12 m, in forest, very r a r e , scattered, l.n. tjinawari, bb.10216 ( f i b ) ; sebulu, 15m, in forest, common, scattered, l.n. lawari, bb.7911 (bo, fib), martapura subdivision: p. lampei, koythals (lit.; type of schima crenata korth.) ; riam-kanan, guntunggawur, l.n. madang, bb.1010 (fib), ramli 2006 (bo, f i b ) ; rantaubalai, in forest, l.n. madang batu, bb.h78 (bo, f i b ) ; g. talian, near martapura, in forest, l.n. madang, lot obi 2171 (bo), bb.1180. ( f i b ) . , pleihari subdivision: without exact locality, l.n. madang, boschwezev treenumber 211 (bo) = bb.985 (fib), treenumber 212 (bo); badjuin (padangguntung, 1952]  bloembergen:  study  iv  schima  175 duiing),  i.n.  madang,  madang  pirawas,  boschivezen  treenumbcr  214  (bo)  =  bb.54.2, bb.538,  bb.987  (fib)  ;  bentok,  devastated  area,  i.n.  madang  betul,  labohvi  18h  (bo); ketapang,  in  forest,  i.n.  madang,  labohm  1153  (bo);  near  ketapang,  guntungbatubagong, i.n. madang pirawas,  soeriadikerto  24s9 (bo) =  bb.l622 (fib), i.n. madang, soeriadilterto  2s37 (bo) ; batibati, i.n. madang gatal (— madang pirawas),  labohm sib (bo); sebamhan, 8 m , in forest, very common, gregarious, i.n. madang banju, bb.5539 (bo, fib) ; pulausari, 50 m, in forest, common, gregarious, i.n. madang batu, bb.12457 (bo, f i b ) ; lumbungr, keratungan, near satui, in forest, i.n. madang gatal, bachlan  1889  (bo). upper mahakam subdivision: near tepoh,  jahevi  1698 (exp. nieuwenhuis) (bo). west kutai subdivision: g. kemul, 1200m, in forest on ridge, rather common,  endert  3621 ( f i b ) ,  3635 (bo, f i b ) ; batubong rapid, 20m, along river, in secondary forest, i.n. nikung,  endert  2346 (ftb); long hut, 130—200 m, in forest, hilly country, rare, i.n. njihung,  endert  2711; binanga, 40 m, in forest, common, scattered, i.n. medang batu,  bb.12360 (bo, f i b ) ; sebulu, 9 m, in secondary forest, along river, common, i.n. penagit,  bh.  15710 (bo, f i b ) , 10m, in forest, very common, gregarious, i.n. penagit,  bb.15744 (bo, fib) ; sabintulong, 10—20 m, along brook, in forest, rather common, i.n. penanga,  bb.  15812 (bo, f i b ) ,  15818 ( f i b ) ; kemlisi, 95m, along brook, in forest, very rare, i.n. madang pelaga,  bb.1667.9 (bo, f i b ) ; kereh (besi), 30m, in forest, rare, i.n. medang pelaga, bb.16697 ( f i b ) ; laminresah, 15 m, along swamp in secondary forest, very r a r e , scattered, i.n. naga,  bb.29422 (bo, f i b ) ; near melak, on terrace, 80m, few trees in grass-wilderniss and in secondary forest, rather common, i.n. pelaga,  posthumus  2081 (bo). east kutai subdivision: sangkulirang. palawan, 50m, in forest, common, scattered, i.n. bunga arum,  bb,11952 (bo, f i b ) ; pengandan (s. bai), 30m, in forest, very rare, scattered, i.n. penagit,  bb.13011, (bo, f i b ) ; karangan (s), s. bai, 12m, along brook, in forest, common, i.n. njatoh, bb.14854. (bo, f i b ) . balikpapan subdivision: sepahu, 15 m, in old forest, rather common, scattered, i.n. medang sulau, bb.24645 (bo, f i b ) . pasir subdivision: p. bungur, 16m, in forest, very rare, scattered, i.n. madang gunung,  hb.9525 (bo, f i b ) ; long ikis, 75 m, common, gregarious, bb.9544 (bo, f i b ) ; teluk warn, 60m, along brook, in forest, common, scattered, i.n. kapur naga,  bb.19978 (bo, f i b ) ; laburan-besar, 25m, along brook, in forest, common, i.n. kapur naga,  bb.20050 (bo, f i b ) . pulu laiit  & tanahbumbu subdivision: sebomban, tanahbumbu, 25 m, scattered, i.n. madang gunung,  bb.2625 (bo, fib) ; tandjung serdang (p. laut), 25 m, along brook, in forest, very rare, i.n. madang biikau,  bb.14085 (bo, f i b ) ; s. paring (p. lalit), 100 m, in old secondary forest, i.n. madang gatal,  bb.9520 (bo, f i b ) . 7b. var. pulgarensis (elmer) bloembergen,  comb.nov.—figs. a 7b, 110. interlaced shrub.  petiole 0.5—2 cm long.  lamina up to g.2 cm long, chartaceous; nerves and veins faintly prominent; margin faintly crenulate. flowers probably small, 10—15 mm in diameter. (description according to elmer 13191 and literature). according to notes on the herbarium-labels this variety is a shrub and until now has only been found on mount pulgar from 1100—1257 m above sealevel among mossy shrubs. it differs from the veriety  crenata in its peculiar small, chartaceous leaves and probably in its small flowers. 1 7 6  r e i n w a r d t i a  [vol.  2 schima pulgarevsis  elm.,  1913;  merr.,  1923;  meleh.,  1925. schima noronhae (mm reinw. ex bl.)  sensn men-. & rolfe, 1908. philippines. p a l a w a n : puerto princesa (mt. pulgar), 1100—1275m (summit), in the mossy shrub on ridges,  elmer  13101 (bo;  type of  schima  pulgarensis elmer),  b.s.568  (foxworthy) (lit.),  for.bur.s881 (flm-ran) (lit.). 8. subsp. monticola (kurz) bloembergen, comb. nov.—figs. a 8, c 9 & 11, j4a-c. petiole 10—20(—37.5) mm long, 3—4 mm thick.1 lamina 6—19 cm long, 4—7 cm wide, elliptic to lanceolate, sometimes ovate, glabrous, conspicuously thick-coriaceous; nervation sunken or slightly prominent; margin always crenate to coarsely crenate-serrate. pedicels 15—50 mm long, 3—10 mm thick (!) and swollen over their whole length, when dried sometimes sharply 2-keeled, with roundish prophylls 6—7 mm long and 10mm wide. flowers 4.5—7cm in diameter; sepals often small, sometimes large, up to 3.5—5 mm long, 4.5—8 mm wide and sometimes, just as in the outermost petal, entirely silky-hairy outside. fruit 15—16 mm long, 19—24 mm in diameter. (description after the herbarium specimens mentioned below from mt. kinabalu and according to literature.) the material from three separate places from continental south-eastern asia and that from mount kinabalu show rather important differences, the kinabalu form having 4—10 mm thick, two-keeled pedicels, up to 10 mm wide prophylls, and 4.5—8 mm wide sepals, the continental form having 3—4 mm thick pedicels, much narrower prophylls and sepals (except forrest 8341 with 6—8 mm wide sepals). the kinabalu numbers clemens 32704 and 34149, with 2—4 mm thick pedicels and coriaceous laminae, represent a transitional series with some mountain forms of the variety crenata of subspecies erenata; clemens 30934 (mt. kinabalu) is a form with small leaves. according to notes on the herbarium-labels and literature this subspecies is a tree reaching a height up to 18 m, with a bole up to 30 cm in diameter. it occurs from 1200—2160 m above sealevel mostly in more or less stunted forests, sometimes also in jungle. schima monticola kurz, 1s74, 1877; szysz., 1895. schima vorauhae var. rigida ridl., 1922. schima forrcztii airy-shaw, 1936. china. y u n n a n : open situations on the hills to east of teng-yueh, lat. 25° n, 1800m, forrest 8341 (lit.; type of schima forrestii airy-shaw). — burma. m a r t a b a n : nattoung hills of martaban, 1800—2160m, on the highest crests, in the stunted hill forest, (lit.; type of schivia monticola kurz). — malay p e n i n sula. p a h a n g : g. tahan, 1500—1650m, ridley (lit.; type of schima noronhae var. r i g i d a ridl.). — borneo. b r i t i s h n o r t h b o r n e o : kinabalu: ridge above camp penibukan, by trail, 1200—1500 m, clemens 31105, 31987 (bo); near camp 1952] bloembercen:  study  in  schima penibukan,  1200  m,  clemens  3093b  (bo);  marai  p a r a i ,  near  camp,  1500  m,  in  low jungle,  clemens  33197  (bo)  ;  ibid.,  hiuridge  n  of  kinatak  r.,  1500  m,  clemens  32435 (bo);  mt.  nunkok,  1200—1500 m,  forest,  ridge,  clement,  32701,  (bo)  ;  penataran  basin, hill  n  of  river,  1500m,  clemens  34149  (bo). 9.  subsp. brevifolia  (hook, f.)  bloembergen,  comb. nov.—piss.  a 9), c  8  &  10,  j 5-9. leaves strongly crowded on the twigs. petiole very short, 2—3 (sometimes 4—5) mm long.  lamina always very short, 2.5—5(—8) cm long, 2—3.9 cm wide, roundish ovate to obovate, shortly acuminate to the obtuse apex or with rounded apex, glabrous, thin-coriaceous; lateral nerves often widely separated and sunken to slightly prominent; margin mostly completely entire, sometimes finely crenate (one specimen).  pedicels 12—18 (—25) mm long, 2—3.5 mm thick over the whole length.  flowers 36—50 mm in diameter, white to purplish sometimes; sepals 2.5—5 mm long, 178  r e 1 n w a r d t i a  [vol.  2 4—8 mm  wide.  fruit  12—15 mm  long,  16—21 mm  in  diameter.  (description mainly after the herbarium specimens mentioned below and also according to literature.) this subspecies is characterized by its short petiole and short lamina. it has the thickened petiole of subspecies monticola. clemens s.n. has finely crenate laminae. clemens 32637 and 32444, from 1650 m elevation, with 4—5 mm long petioles, and clemens 32444, moreover, with laminae up to 8 cm and pedicels up to 25 mm long, form transitions to subspecies montieola. van steenis  (in tijclschr. kon. aardrijksk. genootsch. 55: 764, 781. 1938) mentioned  schima  brevifolia from sumatra [atjeh, mt. losir, van steenis 8636 (bo), mt. kemiri, van steenis 9653 (bo)]. however, his specimens differ from  schima. by having nearly sessile flowers, five prophylls which gradually transgrade into the five sepals and these, in turn, into the five petals; extrors (?) anthers; a stigma parted into five portions (or five separate styles?) ; and oblong, ellipsoidal fruits. the specimens are too scanty for correct determination but they belong either to  laplacea h.b.k. or  gordonia ellis. according to notes on the herbarium-labels and literature subspecies brevifolia is a tree reaching a height up to 18 m, with a bole up to 45 cm in diameter; it is rarely shrub-like. it occurs from 1650—3300 m above sealevel, and probably much higher; up to the present it has been found only on crests and along ridges in forests or grass-wildernesses. gordonkt  brevifolia hook, f., 1860; walp., 1808; eurk., 1917. ~-  schima  brevifolia (hoof, f.) stapf, 1893, 1894; gibbs, 1914; merr., 1921; melch., 1925. —  schima noronhae subsp. brevifolia (hook, f.) steen., 1936. borneo. b r i t i s h n o r t h b o r n e o : kinabalu: mt. nunkok, summit-crest, 1650 m, clemens 32637 (bo); rim of p e n a t a r a n basin crest, matutura ridge divide, 1650 m, clemens 32444 (bo); abundantly on the banks of the kadamaian at the paka-paka cave, and in low forest at 2850 m, after gibbs, low (lit.; type of gordonia bremfolia hook.f.), 2400—3000 m, hariland 1126, 1127 (lit.), 2700—3000 m, in sheltered forest, gibbs 4271 (lit.), haslam (lit.); paka, in low jungle, 3150m, clemens 2s9s1 (bo), 3300m, bush, clemens (bo); paka cave, clemens 111557 (bo); upper kinabalu, 1800—4050m, clemens 27110 (bo). s p e c i e s e x c l u d e n d a e schima excelsa blume, cat. gew. buitenz. 80. 1823, nomen nudum. this species is gordonia exceha blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. 3e s t u k : 150. 1825. 1952]  bloembebgen':  study  hi  schimn 179 sehima  stellata  pierre  ex  laness.,  pi.  util.  colon,  franc.  205.  1886; pierre,  fl.  for.  cochinch.  2:  pi. 122.  1887;  pitard  in  lee,  fl.  gen.  indochine 1: 352. 1910; melch. in engl. & pr., pflfam., 2. ausg., 21: 139.1925. this is craibiodendron stellatum (pierre) w. w. smith  in kew bull. 1914: 129 (ericaceae); airy-shaw  in kew bull. 1936: 498. sehima  galpimi galpin  (in mem. bot. surv. s. air. 12: 41. 1926) is a printing error for  sehima  galpinii galpin. list of collector numbers the subspecies and varieties are referred to by means of their number in bolt] type. non-peraonal and anonymous b o s ( c h ) b o u w p r o e f s t a t i o n (forest research institute, bogor, java) : bb.numbers: 538, 542, 985, 987, 1010, 1180 = 7a; 1542 = 5; 1622 = 7a; 1971, 2183, 2184, 2186 = 5; 2478, 2625 = 7a; 2835, 2902, 2912, 3109, 3117, 3119, 3676, 3842, 3975, 3984, 4003, 4174, 4933, 5196, 5254, 5448, 5475, 5479, 5510, 5512 ;_ 5; 5539 = 7a; 5683, 5686, 6691, 5771, 6051, c066, 6085, 6151, 6207, 6226, 6435, 6542, 6595, 6657, 6707 = 5; 7299 = 6; 7911 = 7a; 8005, 8239, 8264, 8348 = 6; 8352, 8358 = 5; 8363, 8374 = 6; 8525, 8539, 8644 = 5; 8711 = 6; 9043 = 5; 9215 = 6; 9520, 9525, 9544 = 7a; 9607, 9626 = 6; 10216,11615, 11952,12360 = 7a; 12265 = 5; 12457, 13014, 14085, 14854 = 7a; 15344, 15353, 15548, 15726 = 5; 15740, 15744, 15812, 15818, 16679, 16697 = 7a; 18753, 18754 = 5; 19978 = 7a; 20004 = 6; 20056 = 7a; 22418, 22419, 22420 = 5; 23983 = 6; 24645 = 7a; 29167 = 3; 29422 = 7a; 33714 = 6; 33961 = 6; blt/1-numbem: 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 = 6; e(ndert)-numbers: 53, 314, 1321 = 6; 2346, 2711, 3621, 3635 = 7a; ja.-numbers: 875, 1092, 1193, 1194, 1317, 1497, 1910, 1911, 1939, 1940, 2339, 2882, 2883 = 3a; 2936 = 6; 3411, 3416, 3500, 3664, 3808, 3899, 4008, 4071, 4492, 4495, 5206 = 3a; 5263, 5267, 6273 = 6; 5279, 5341, 5383, 5384, 5385, 5386, 5387, 5388, 5389, 5390, 5391, 5392, 5393, 6394, 5403, 5412, 5419, 5420, 5421, 5422, 5423, 5424, 5425, 5426, 5427, 5428, 5431, 5432, 5433, 5434, 5441, 5442, 5473, 5474, 5475, 5476, 5484, 5485, 5486, 5487, 5488, 5489, 5490, 5491, 5492, 5493, 5553, 5598, 5612, 5624, 5627, 5628, 5651, 5652 = 3a; register-numbers: 1844, 2067 = 3a; 2114 = 6; s.w.k.il-numbers: 1-18, 11-12, 111-19 = 5; t.b.-numbers: 227, 239, = 5; 241 = 6; b o s c h w e z e n (indonesia): s.n. = 5; boschwezen treenumber 211, 212, 214 = 7a; b r i t i s h n o r t h b o r n e o f o r e s t r y d e p a r t m e n t 3848 (puasa) — 7a; b u r e a u o f s c i e n c e (manila) 568 (foxworthy) = 7b; 1257 (ridley) = 3a. f o r e s t r y b u r e a u (manila) : 3881 (curran) = 7b. h o r t u s b o g o r i e n s i s (cultivated in —) : vi. c. 4 = 6; vi. c. 91-91a, vi. c. 240 = 3a; h o u t v e s t e r m e d a n : 21a,21b = 5; h o u t v e s t e r ij s u m a t r a ' s o o s t k u s t 8 = 5. n a t i v e c o l l e c t o r 869, 1642, 2290 = 3a. s u n y a t s e n u n i v e r s i t y f i e l d n o . : 6496 (chun) = 3b. w i t h o u t c o l l e c t o r = 3b; 5; without collector s.n. = 3a; 5; 6. 180  r e i n w a r d t i a  [vol.  2 personal abel  =  3b;  van  alphen  de  veer  4  —  6;  anderson  ~  in. backer sn., .1639,  1912,  2216,  9000,  10270,  11152,  14234,  14901,  17071,  22670,  25978, 26023,  26128  =  3a;  bakhuizen  van  den  brink  1728,  3529,  3784,  4713,  5033,  532(j,  7571 =  3a;  bal  17,  34,  46  —  6;  beccari  1650  =  3a;  bijhouwer  257  —  3a;  binnendijk.?  s.n. =  3a;  blume  s.«.  =  3a;  bock  von  rosthmn  134,  212,  258,  630  =  3b;  brandis  =  5; bruggeman  3718  —  3a;  biinnemeiier  3624  =  5;  burck  21,  129  =  3a. champion  =  3b;  chen  hsi  cheng  1944  =  3b;  ching  3281,  8020,  8523  =  3b; chun  (sun  yat  sen  univ.  f.  no.)  6496  =  3b;  chung  3425  =  3b;  clemens  s.n.  =  9; 10557  =  9;  20971  =  3a;  26338,  26995,  26995bis,  27100  =  7a;  27110  =  9;  28218,  28313 =  7a;  28991  =  9;  29318,  29651,  29931,  30198,  30216  =  7a;  30934,  31105,  31987  =  8; 32124  =  7a;  32435  =  8;  32444,  32637  =  9;  32704,  33197,  34149  =  8;  curran  (for. bur.)  3881  =  7b. dachlan  1889  =  7a;  denkei24 = 3a. elmer 13191 = 7b; enoh 205 = 3a; endert, ace boschbouwproefstation. f an & li 59, 360 = 3b; forbes 330, 463a, 601 (709), 1073 = 3a; ford = 3b; forrest 8341 = 8; foxworthy 247, 365 = 3a; (b. sci.) 568 = 7b. gibbs 4271 = 9; grasboff 16 = 6; griffith = 4a; 4b; 5; gusdorf 42, 93, 123, 153, 197, 198 = 6. haan (de—) 14 = 3a; hahn = 3a; hallicr 408, b.1860, b.2340, b.2447, b.2479 = 3a; ham  s.n. — 5; hamar de la brethoniere 5806 — 3a; hamilton — 4a; haniff 15505 = 5; harmand = 3a; hasiam = 9; h. hattori = 1; haviland 1120, 1127 = 9; heifer 762, 763 = 5; heude = 3b; "heyne"  s.n.  = 6; hooker f. = 4a; huitema 96 = 6; hunter = 5. jaheri 1698 (exp. nieuwenhuis) = 7a. kakak 131 = 3a; kanehira 1325 = 3b; kawakami 1188 = 3b; kelsall = 5; kerr 1083, 2501, 4688, 5193 = 5; 6845 =: 3a; 7252, 7591 = 5; 8344, 8344a, 8344b, 8950 = 3a; kloss 6617 = 5; konishi 17001 = 3b; koorders: a-uiimbers (numbered t r e e s ) : 1197, 1314, 1316, 1321, 2001, 2153, 2251, 2326, 2352. 2359, 2360, 2441, 3005, 3051, 3081, 3143, 3234, 3237, 3238, 3254, 3257, 3262, 3268, 3305, 3351 = 3a; aa-numbera (numbered trees) : 2441 = 3a; other numbered trees marked with: "i.w., ' i i . w . = 3a; jl-immbers: 1318, 1319, 8190, 8253, 8254, 8255, 8256, 8257, 8258, 8259, 8260, 8261, 8262, 8263, 8264, 8265, 8266, 8267, 8268, 8269, 8270, 8271, 8272, 8273, 8274, 8276, 8277, 8278, 8279, 8280, 8281, 8282, 8283, 8284, 8285, 8287, 8288, 8289, 8290, 8291, 9918, 10125 = 3a; 10444, 10668 = 5; 10999, 11362, 11363, 11364, 11365, 11366, 12136, 12137, 12138, 12219, 12253, 12300, 12312,12361, 12362, 12603, 12619, 12642, 13278, 13856, 13881, 13940, 13985, 14113, 14157, 14172, 14316, 14318, 14325, 15299, 15302, 15303, 15542, 15564, 15574, 15581 = 3a; 15771 = 5; 24356, 25622, 25676, 25677, 25700, 25731, 25776, 26759, 27981, 32182, 32450, 32717, 32719, 32720, 32750, 33029, 33031, 33270, 34276, 36712, 37289, 39577, 39628, 39643, 41757, 41788, 41812, 41931, 41934, 41939, 41944, 41981, 47825, 47826 = 3a; korthals = 5; 7a; kramer 5806a = 3a; kudo & sasaki 15142, 15286, 15342 = 3b. labohm 31b, 1153, 1834, = 7a; lam 2258 = 3a; lambach 1203 = 6; lamont = 3b; levine 601, 1513 = 3b; lobb = 3a; lorzine 1975, 6447 = 3a; 6812, 7086, 7144, 7961, 8610, 10048 = 5;. los 5806a, 5806b = 3a; lot obi 2171 = 7a; low = 9. matsumura = 2; matuda 1323, 1324 = 3b; merrill 10156, 10690, 11052 = 3b; millet — 3b; de monchy 81 = 3a; monterie 16 = 3a; mori 692, 1932 = 3b. 1952]  bloembergen:  study  in  schima  181 nakahara  =  2;  17003  =  3b;  nur  2418  = 5 . owatari  =  3b.  . petelot  2338,  8847  =  3a;  pierre,  579,  1413  =  3a;  ploem s.ji.  =  3a;  posthumus 2081  =  7a;  popta  64  —  3a;  price  1412  =  2;  van  pruk  625  =  5;  puasa  (b.n.b.  for. dept.)  3848  =  7a;  pumjabukkana  860  =  5. ramli  2006  =  7a;  ridley  =  8;  (b.  sci.)  1257  =  3a;  15155  =  5;  robinson  6758 =  5. sasaki  17016  =  3b;  scheffer  s.n.  =  3a;  schmidt  870  =  3a;  schflrer  &  henry  366, 659  =  3b;  simida  24120  =  3b;  van  slooten  90  =  3a;  j.  j.  smith  &  rant  86  =  3a; soeriadikerto  2337,  2429  =  7a;  soewarta  144  =  3a;  van  steenis  2010  =  3a;  5691,6307 = 5; 11753, 12686 = 3a; steward & cheo 539, 842 = 3b; suzuki 11764, 20723 = 3b; synge 1614 = 3a. tanaka = 2; tashiro = 2; teysmann 152hb = 6; 53 (655hb) = 5; thorel = 3a; timmer 6333 = 3a; tsai 60763 = 4a; tsui 206 = 3b. uchiyama = 1; uhl 6543 = 3a. visser smits (de —) s.n. = 3a; de voogd 11 = 6; 12 = 3a; 33, 96 = 6; 1156 = 5. wallich = 4a; 4b; 1458 = 4a; watt 6718 = 4a; wilson 4805 = 3b; winckel 394/?, 1396/? = 3a; wind w. viii = 3a; winit 102 = 5; wisse 902 = 3a; wray = 5. yajima = 2; yamamoto 1931 = 3b; yajima = 2; yates 2291 = 5. index to vernacular names the subspecies and varieties a r e referred to by means of their number in bold type. the numbers between brackets indicate how many times the names occur in the lists of specimens. the 'oe' has been changed into 'u.' abbreviation: k. = kaju (tree, woodl. although placed at the end, this abbreviation really belongs before the words it accompanies: "gelima, k." stands for "kaju gelima." api api (1) = 5. balam kataiju (1) = 5 ; bangka bukit (1) = 5 ; bunga arum (1) = 7a. chilauni (1) = 4a. daling daling  (1) = 5; dalung dalung (1) = 5. gadog (1) = 3a; gelima, k. (1) — 5; gerupal (1) = 5. himetsubaki (1) = 1 ; himetubaki (1) = 3b; huru honeng (1) = 3a; h. katjang (1) — 3a; h. manuk (2) = 3a; h. puspa (2) — 3a. iju (1) = 2. kalek gundjo (1) = 5 ; k . saga (1) = 5 ; kapal kuling (2) = 5 ; kapur naga (2) = 7; kemateru (2) = 6; kemeteru (1)  — 6; kemetru (1) = 6; kemetru (1) = 6; kemiteru, k. (1) = 6; k. halum, k. (2) = 6; k. hendak, k. (2) = 6; kemiteru hendak, k. (1) = 6; kerto (1) = 5; kigetas (1) = 3a; kontut, k. (1) = 5. lawari (2)  — 7a. madang (6) = 7a; m. api api (1) = 5; m. bakau (1) = 7; m. banju (1) = 7a; m. batu (2) = 7a; m. betul (1) = 7a; m. bungka (1) = 5 ; m. bungkar (6) = 5 ; m. bongkar (1) = 5; m. gatal (3) = 7a; m. gunung (2) = 7a; m. kaladi (2) = 5 ; m. keladi (1) = 5; m. kladi hitam daun (1) = 5 ; m. miang (5) = 5 ; m. mungkar (1) = 5 ; m. pelaga (1) = 7a; m. pirawas (3) = 7; m. sirih putjuk (1) = 5 ; makriah chilauni (1) = 4a; raanteru (1)  — 6; martelu .(1) = 5; medang api api (1) = 5; m. batu (1) = 7a; m. pelaga (1) = 7a; m. tjeruh (1) = 5 ; m. sulau (1) = 7a. 182 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol.  2 nag-a (1) = 7a; nihung (1) = 7a; njatoh (1) = 7a; nj . baian (1) = 7; njihung (1) = 7a. pan-ma (1) = 5 ; parakpak (1) = 5 ; pelaga (1) = 7a; penaga (1) = 7 ; penagit (3) = 7a; penanga (1) = 7a; perakpak (1) = 5 ; perapak (1) = 5 ; perapak-perakpak (1) = 5 ; perawas (1) = 5 ; puspa (92) = 3a; p. beureum (7) = 3a; p. bodas (12) .= 3a; p. gede (1) = 3a; p. hedjau (1) = 3a; p. honeng (1) = 3a; p. merah (1) = 3a; p. merang (31  = 3a; p. putih (2)  — 3a; puspa (ll  —3a; puspo (3) = 3a. regen (1) = 5. sang-soe (1) = 3a; sangud-sangud (1) = 7a; saru (1) — 5; sekru (1) = 6; semartolu (1) = 5; seru (19) = 6; seru, k. (1) = 6; s. merak (1) = 6; sima himetubaki (1)— 3b; simartelu (3) = 5; simartolu (10) = 5; s. tali (1) = 5; simertelu (1) = 5; simertolu (1) =: 5; sunting abu (1) = 5 . tamangsu (2) = 5 ; tamansu (1) = 5 ; tamasu (2) = 5 ; t . udang (1) = 5 ; tambangsu (1) = 5; tambasu (1) — 5; tjerehu (1) = 6; tjekru (1) — 6; tjeru (1) = 6; tje'ru (1) = 6; tjiu (1) = 6; tjinawari (1) = 7a; tjii-u hitam (1) = 5; t. putih (ll = 5; topih — 5. wuru kaworo (1) — 3a. index to scientific names final members of new combinations are in bold face type, synonyms in italics; an asterisk denotes a figure or a map. cleyera 139; mertensiana 139, 149 craibiodendron 179; stellatum 179 dipterocarpus 167; tuberculatus 167 gordonia 135, 178; brevifolia 139, 178; ehilaunea 138, 164; excelsa 178; floribimda 139, 167; mtegerrima 139, 153; mtegrifoiia 138, 164; javanica 139, 153; hbbii 139, 153, 159; moiiis 140, 164; oblata 138, 167; sinensis 140, 161, 163; spec. 141, 153, 164, 167; superba 139, 165; viallichn 138, 153, 164 laplacea 178 quercus 164; spp. 164 schima 133, 134, 135, 144, 178; antherisosa 139, 167, 168; argentea 140, 144, 161; bambimifolia 140, 144, 161, 163; bancana 134, 140, 167, 171; beccarii 140, 153, 159; boninensis 140, 149; brevifolia 139, 178; brevipes 140, 144, 167; confertiflora 140, 161, 163; crenata 134, 139, 144, 153, 155,161, 167, 174; var. pedicellosa 139, 144, 167; excelsa 178; forrestii 140, 176; hypockra 140, 153; galpinii 179; hypoglauca 139, 144, 167; javanica 139, 153; kankaoensis 140, 161, 163; khasiana 140, 165; imkinensis 140, 150; lobbii 139, 153; "lowii" 139, 153; ntairei 140, 161; mertevxiana 149; mollis 140, 164; montieola 140, 176; noron.'iae 134, 138, 140, 142, 144, 149, 150, 153, 155, 161, 164, 167, 171, 174, 176; subsp. brevifolia 139, 178; norojlhae var. angustifolia 138, 144, 153; var. boninensis 138, 140, 149; var. crenats. 138, 144, 153, 167; var. grandiflora 138, 153; var. rigida 138, 167, 176; var. serrata 138, 144, 153; oblata 138, 167; pulgarensis 140, 176; rigida 140, 144, 153; sericea 140, 144, 153, 159; sinensis 140, 161; stellata 179; sulcinervia 140, 144, 167, 169; superba 139, 150, 161, 163; var. kankaoensis 139, 161; villosa 140, 164; wallichii, 133, 136, 137, 138, 142, 144, 150*, 153, 164, 167, 171; subsp. bancana 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 148, iso", 167, 169, 170", 173*; sulisp. brevifolia 141, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150<:, 155", 177* and text, 178; subsp. crenata 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 172;.dor. crena1952] bloembergek:  study  w  schima 183 t a  148,  150*,  155",  172,  173*,  175,  176, 177*;  var.  pulgarenais  145,  148,  150", 173",  175;  subsp.  liukiuensis  141,  145, 146,  148,  150<:  and  text,  172;  subsp. mertensiana  141, 145,  146,  147,  148, 149, 150*;  subsp.  monticola  133,  141,  145, 146,  147,  148,  150',  155*,  164,  174,  170, 177",  178;  subsp. noronhae  141,142,144, 145,  147,  161,  163,  171,  172;  var.  noronhae 146, 149, 160", 151, 152*, 155*, 156*, 161" and text, 166"';  var. superba 133, 146, 149, 150*, 159, 161", 163*, 164; suhsp. oblata 133, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150", 163", 165, 166*, 170", 171, 172;  subsp. wallichii 141; 145, 146, 147, 163;  var. wallichii 149, 150::;, 163" and text, 164;  var. khasiana 149, 150*, 164; wallichii  var.  lobbii 138, 153; var.  obtugata 138, 171 sehima 179; galpinii 179 shores 164; robusta 164 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010 re in w ar dt ia 13 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, november 2, 2010 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedy darnaedi tukirin partomihardjo joeni setijo rahajoe teguh triono marlina ardiyani eizi suzuki jun wen managing editors elizabeth a. widjaja himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirat hidayat ilustrators subari wahyu santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers r. abdulhadi, sandy atkins, julie f. barcelona, todd j. barkman, nico cellinese, mark coode, gudrun kadereit, rogier de kock, n. fukuoka, kuswata kartawinata, ary p. keim, p. j. a. kessler, a. latiff–mohamad, m. a. rifai, rugayah, h. soedjito, t. setyawati, d. g. stone, wayne takeuchi, benito c. tan, j. f. veldkamp, p. van welzen, h. wiriadinata, rui-liang zhu. correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 2, pp: 211 − 212 211 impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia received august 18, 2010; accepted september 16, 2010 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km 46, cibinong 16911. e-mail: utami_16002@yahoo.com abstract. utami, n & wiriadinata h, 2010. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(2): 211–212. — impatiens mamasensis utami & wiriad. (balsaminaceae) is described as a new species. key words: impatiens mamasensis, balsaminaceae, new species, west celebes, indonesia. abstrak utami, n & wiriadinata h, 2010. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), sebuah jenis baru dari sulawesi barat, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(2): 211–212. — impatiens mamasensis utami & wiriad. (balsaminaceae) yang berasal dari mamasa, sulawesi barat, indonesia dipertelakan sebagai jenis baru. kata kunci: impatiens mamasensis, balsaminaceae, jenis baru, mamasa, sulawesi barat. introduction impatiens is one of the largest genera among the flowering plants, there are more than 850 species in the world of these annual or perennial herbs. they are usually found in wet areas and on small river banks in mainly mountainous forests in tropical africa and south east asia (india, china and malesia), but they are never recorded for australia, new zealand or south america. impatiens or balsam usually grows in moist, shady areas, where generally quite a lot of light reaches the forest floor; this can be in primary and secondary forests, margin areas of river heads, along roads and path sides (grey-wilson, 1980). the genus impatiens is present on almost all the islands of indonesia. so far, 50 species have been recorded, of which there are 35 species on sumatra (grey-wilson, 1989); 8 spp. on java (backer & bakhuizen van den brink f., 1963); a single species in the lesser sunda island (lombok) and in kalimantan, and 2 spp. in celebes. in order to revise the family balsaminaceae for the flora of indonesia, intensive collecting during recent years was carried out and several undescribed species are discovered. in this paper we add one new species from mamasa, west celebes, impatiens mamasensis utami & wiriad., which is described below. impatiens mamasensis utami & wiriad. spec. nov. – figs. 1 & 2. i. platypetala l. affinis, sed foliis margine aristis, calcaratus et petala dorsala differt, alae 0.8 cm longa. typus: indonesia, west celebes, mamasa, 4 sept. 2009, harry wiriadinata 13810 (holotype bo), herb up to 40 cm tall, stems erect, brownish, glabrous. leaves opposite; lamina lanceolate, 3 – 5 by 0.7–1.5 cm, apex acute, base acute, margin finely aristate, lateral veins indistinct; petiole slender, 0.5–1 cm long with the stipule on the axil; stipule caducous. inflorescences axillary, 1–or 2– flowered. flowers white with a violet spot on the base of the two lateral united petals. pedicel ca. 3 cm long, glabrous. lateral sepals 2, ovate, ca. 0.4 by 0.2 cm long, green. lower sepal navicular, ca. 0.5 by 0.2 cm, glabrous, with a very minute spur of ca. 0.01 cm. dorsal petal cucullate, ca. 0.5 by 0.4 cm wide, white. lateral united petals obcordate, ca. 0.8 by 0.3 cm, the upper of each pair ca. 0.5 by 0.3 cm; lower of each pair ca. 0.4 by 0.2 cm. stamens 5. ovary glabrous. fruit a capsule, fusiform, ca. 0.8 by 0.2 cm diam., glabrous. distribution: endemic in sulawesi. additional specimen examined: celebes: mamasa, 1000 m, 1937, monod de froideville 258 (bo); galoeng reinwardtia 212 [vol.13 galoeng, 1913, docters van leeuwen 528 (bo). habitat. growing in mountain forest, near small river; ca. 1572 m a.s.l. conservation status. data deficient (dd); only few specimen collected phenology. flowers in september. etymology. the specific epithet refers to the collecting locality where this species was first recognized, mamasa, west celebes, indonesia. notes. impatiens mamasensis utami & wiriad. is similar to impatiens platypetala lindl. in general appearance, but it differs in the spur and the dorsal petal shape. the spur in i. mamasensis is very minute and curves, while in i. platypetala the spur is long and filliform. the shape of the two dorsal petals is also quite different. the lateral united petals of i. mamasensis are much smaller than those of i. platypetala. acknowledgements we would like to thank prof. dr. peter van welzen of the netherlands centre of biodiversity naturalis, for reviewing this manuscript. the second author also thanks the research centre for biology, indonesian institute of sciences for their support of this trip to celebes. references backer, c. a. & r. c. bakhuizen van den brink f., 1963. flora of java 1. noordhoff, groningen. grey-wilson, c. 1989. a revision of sumatran impatiens. studies on balsaminaceae vii. kew bull. 44: 67-106. utami, n. & wiriadinata, h. 2002. a new species of impatiens (balsaminaceae) from central sulawesi. blumea 47: 391-393. fig. 1. habit of impatiens mamasensis utami & wiriad. fig. 2. floral organs of impatiens mamasensis utami & wiriad. spec nov. a. two pairs of lateral united petals. b. two small lateral petals. c. dorsal petal. d. lower sepala and spur. a b c d instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 2. 2010 contents page harry wiriadinata & rismita sari. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra ………………………………………………………………………..……………….. 95 ary p. keim. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea………………… 101 robert gradstein et al. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia……………………... 107 abdulrokhman kartonegoro & j. f. veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia………………………………………………………...…………… 125 nursahara pasaribu. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 147 ary p. keim. & m. rahayu. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia................ 151 k. mat-saleh, ridha mahyuni, agus susatya, j. f. veldkamp. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia.............................................................................................................................. 159 j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. .......................................................................................... 167 m. m. j. van balgooy. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families..................................... 171 nurhaidah iriany sinaga. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua ............................................................................................................................... 183 nurhaidah iriany sinaga, rita megia, alex hartana & ary prihardhyanto keim. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea................................................................................................................................ 189 eizi suzuki. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites.. 199 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia.......................................................................................................... 211 m. ardiyani, a. d. poulsen, p. suksathan, f. borchsenius. marantaceae in sulawesi..... 213 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research centre for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia 13_1-1 13_2-2 13_4-4 13_5-5 13_6-6 13_7-7 reinwardtia vol. 10, part 4, 3 9 9 4 1 8 (1988) observations on some species of the orchid genus renanthera loureiro uway warsita mahyar "herbarium bogoriense", puslitbang biologi — lipi, bogor abstract a partial revision of renanthera based on specimens preserved in herbarium bogoriense, rijksherbarium leiden and living collections maintained in bogor botanic gardens is carried out. nine species are treated including the newly proposed variety r. coccinea var, holltumii. complete descriptions and illustrations as well as key to species and varieties treated are presented. r. sarcanthoides is excluded from renanthera and transfered to porphyrodesme, abstrak marga renanthera direvisi berdasarkan specimen yang disimpan di herbarium bogoriense, rijksherbarium leiden dan koleksi hidup dari kebun raya bogor. sembilan jenis dipelajari termasuk satu di antaranya diusulkan untuk dipecah menjadi varietas baru yaitu r, coccinea var. holttumii. pertelaan lengkap, gambar-gambar serta kunci identifikasi jenis dan varietas berdasarkan morfolugi disertakan. r. sarcanthoides dikeluarkan dari ren-mlhcra dan dipindahkan ke porphyrodesme, introduction the genus renanthera was established by loureiro in 1790 based on r. coccinea from cochin china. some years later hasskarl (1844) published nephranthera with n. matutina hassk. as the type based on aerides matutina bl. nowadays these two wsllknown species are generally accepted as congeneric. a number of species were later added to the genus renanthera but inspite of the fact that they are important horticulturally, they have not been subjected to a monographic treatment for a long time. consequently the uncertain status of r. sarcanthoides as well as the known existence of a new variety of r. coccinea seemed to have gone unnoticed. no modern extensive descriptions of the rest of species are available in recent literatures so that one has to refer to popular accounts to verify the identity of newly acquired collections. therefore in the following a partial revision of the genus renanthera is presented, based on a study of specimens preserved in herbarium bogoriense (bo) and rijksherbarium leiden (l) as well as the living collec399 4 0 0 reinwardtia [vol. 10 tions maintained in bogor botanic gardens. as in many other showy orchids, renanthera have been neglected by collectors of herbarium specimens so that they are very poorly represented in the herbaria. i should like to thank the director of rijksherbarium, leiden, the keeper of herbarium bogoriense and the curator of bogor botanic gardens for allowing me to study the specimens of their respective institutes. i am also under deep obligation to dr. e.f. de vogel of rijksher barium, leiden for his guidance, continuous interests and especially for going through the manuscript critically. renanthera lour. renanthera lour., fl coch. : 636. 1793; lindl., gen. sp. orch. pi.: 217. 1840; reichb. f., xen. orch. 1 : 86. 1858; stein, orch.: 532. 1892; smith, orch. jav. 6 : 587. 1905; schlechter, orch. deutsch guin.: 974. 1914; dakkus, orch. : 300. 1935; quisumb., philipp. orch. 2: 44."1950; holttum, o'rch. malaya: 633. 1964; grant, orch. burma: 262. 1966; backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink f., fl jav. 3: 433. 1968. nephranthera hassk., cat. hort. bog.cult.: 44. 1844. armodorum breda, orch. kuhl & hassk.: 1827. arachnanthe bl., rumphia 4: 55. t. 196. 1828. arrhynchium lindl. mpaxt., flow. gard1: 142. 1851. plant epiphytic. roots aerial, branched or not, perforating the leafsheath. stem woody. leafsheaths tubular around the stem and appressed to it, overlapping or not. leafblades elliptic to linear elliptic, herbaceous; tips more or less distinctly asymmetrically emarginate, midribs somewhat prominent below. inflorescence sprouting from anode or well above it, perforating the leafsheath at an acute angle to almost perpendicular to the stem, branched or not; flowers several to many, open almost simultaneously. peduncle with a few nodes; peduncular bracts tubular, membraneous, their tips broadly acute to rounded. rachis straight to slightly zig-zag. floral bracts broadly ovate to semi-orbicular, persistent, patent to recurved, their tips broadly acute to rounded. ovary angular. sepals and petals membraneous, in one species fleshy. lips 3or 5lobbed. hypochilium consisting of a saccate spur with 2 or 4 erect or laterally recurved lateral lobes. epichilium elliptic, ovate to obovate, straight, patent, attached at an acute angle to the spur or recurved; tip acute, rounded or truncate, in one species with keels above.. column short and sturdy to long and slender. viscidium concave, membraneous; stipes flat, margins recurved, transparent. pollinia 4, arranged in two pairs, reniform or semiglobose, two larger than the other two. anthers concave, membraneous. fruit a capsule, ellipsoid, angular. distribution : assam, burma, laos, vietnam, thailand, malay peninsula, the philippines, indonesia and new guinea. 1988] mahyab : observations on renanthera. 401 ecology : epiphytes in primary and secondary forests, along the trails of disturbed evergreen forests, edges of fresh water lagoon, on ultrabasic soil, limestone hill, over rocks and roots, open places, in partial shade; altitude 0 1 4 0 0 m. type species : renanthera coccinea lour. key to species treated 1. a. epichilium of the lip with 3 short keels at the back 1. r. imschootiana rolfe' b. epichilium of the lip smooth, without keels 2 2. a. lateral lobes of the lip as long as or longer than the spur 3 b. lateral lobes of the lip much shorter than the spur 4 3. a. lateral lobes of the lip about as long as the spur. spur triangular in outline 2. jr. coccinea lour. b. lateral lobes of the lip much longer than the spur. spur funnel-shaped 3. r. storiei rchb. f. 4. a. sepals with a keel or cusp at the top of the blade 5 b. sepals without any appendage at the top of the blade 6 5. a. lateral lobes of the lip erecto-patent and clasping the column, hardly recurved. petals with a keel at the top of blade. back of the column papillose, its top margin with long papillae 4. r. bella j.j. wood b. lateral lobes of the lip laterally recurved, not clasping the column. petals without keels. column smooth, glabrous 5. r. matutina (bl.) lindl. 6. a. epichillium with retuse top. lateral lobes of the hypochillium 4, broad ones in front 6. r. edelfeldtii f.v.m. & kranzl. b. epichilium with acute to obtuse top. lateral lobes of the hypochilium 2. 7 7. a. column very slender. lateral lobes of the hypochilium obliquely broadly falcate, ca 3 mm long, the top acute 7. r. histrionica rchb. f. b. column short and sturdy. lateral lobes of the hypochilium a narrow, more or less recurved band, 1—1.5 mm long, the top obliquely truncate 8 s. a. spur not tapering to the broadly rounded top. lateral sepals'less than 8 mm long 8. r. elongate (bl.) lindl. b. spur distincly tapering to the top. lateral sepals more than 10 mm long , 9. r. moluccana bl, 1. renanthera imschootiana rolfe renanthera imschootiana rolfe. in kew bull.: 200. 1891;dakkus, orch.: 302. 1935; curtis, orch. descr. cult.: 162. 1950; holttum, orch. malaya: 636. 1964; backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink f., fl. jav. 3: 433 — 434. 1968. r. papilio king & prain in journ. as. soc. beng. 2: 328. 44. 1895. 402 reinwardtia fvol. 10 inflorescence up to 45 cm long, unbranched. flowers many, open simultaneously. peduncle terete, more than 12 cm long, ca 2 mm diam.; internodes ca 4 cm long, sometimes those at the base much shorter. peduncular bracts tubular around the peduncle, membraneous, 3—4.5 mm long, tips broadly acute to rounded. floral bracts broadly ovate, persistent, patent to recurved, ca 2.5 by 3 mm, tips acute. ovary angular, ca 0.5 mm diam. median sepal narrowly obovate, membraneous, ca 17.5 by 4 mm, base ca 1 mm wide, tips acute, nerves 5. lateral sepals slightly obliquely spathulate, membraneous, undulate, ca 3 by 1.2 mm, claw ca 1.5 mm wide, tips rounded, nerves 5. petals linear obovate, membraneous, ca 12.5 by 2 mm, base ca 1 mm wide, tips rounded, nerves 3. lips 3-lobed. hypochilium consisting of two lateral lobes and a spur; lateral lobes erecto-patent, ca 2 by 3.5 mm, in front ca 2 mm high and drown out in the acute top, near the place of attachment of the lip to ca 1 mm high, at the back broadly rounded near the place of attachment; spur shorter than wide, laterally compressed, in lateral view obliquely triangular, top pointing to the front, ca 2 by 3 mm; inside in front, starting from the base of the lateral lobes on either side with a membraneous, relatively large piece of tissue with continues inwards and is attached inside the spur to a lateral nerve, its top margin irregularly incised, its back margin more or less entire. epichilium ovate, patent to at a right angle to the spur, membraneous, ca 2.4 by 2 mm, base ca 0.4 mm wide, tip rounded, keels 3, ca 0.5 mm high, lateral ones ca 0.5 mm long, the median ones ca 1,2 mm long. column ca 2 by 1 mm; stigma cavity ca 0.6 by 0.5 mm; rostellum very pronounced, after removal of the pollinia consisting of rounded lobes. viscidium broadly obovate. stipes transparent, downcurved at both sides of the margin, ca 1.3 by 0.4 mm. pollinia 4, in two pairs, reniform, the two larger ones ca 0.4 by 0.2 mm, the other two somewhat smaller. anthers concave, obovate, membraneous, ca 1 by 1 mm. fruit not seen. distribution. secondary forest above 500 m alt. in burma, assam, indo china, laos and vietnam. note. the species is characterized by the chin-like spur which has 3 keels on the upperside epichilium. indonesia: cult. hort. bog., s. dat., s. coll. (bo). 2. r e n a n t h e r a coccinea lour. renanthera coccinea lour., fl. coch. : 637. 1793. plant epiphytic, stem woody. leaf sheaths tubular around the stem and appressed to it. leafblades narrowly to linear elliptic, herbaceous, tips more or less distinctly asymmetric, emarginate, midrib somewhat prominent below. inflorescence drancned. flowers many, open simultaneously. peduncle terete; internodes sometimes those at the base much shorter. peduncular bracts tubular around the peduncle, membraneous, tips broadly acute to rounded. rachis straight to slightly zig-zag, terete. branch bracts, broadly ovate to tubular around the branch, membraneous, tips broadly acute. floral mahyar : observations on renanthera. fig. 1. renanthera coccinea lour. var. coccinea 1. habit; 2. lateral sepal; 3. median sepal; 4. petal; 5. lib and column,; 6. pollinia. from tsang waitak 1 7044. 404 reinwardtia [vol. 10 bracts broadly ovate, persistent, patent to recurved, tips acute. ovary angular. median sepal linear obovate, membraneous, undulate. lateral sepals membraneous, undulate, nerves 5. petals membraneous. lips 3-lobed. hypochilium consisting of two laterals lobes and a spur; lateral lobes erectopatent, inside with two keels, one parallel along front margin of the lobe, ca 2 mm high, top rounded; spur drawn out to the top, ca 4 by 4 mm, its top laterally compressed, obtuse. epichilium membraneous, base ca 1 mm wide. column short and slender, ca 3.5 by 2 mm, laterally on either side with a wing-like margin with is near the base drawn out in front and continuing into median basal part of the lateral sepal; stigma cavity more or less quadrangular in outline, ca 2.5 by 2 mm; rostellum bilobed, hooding of the stigma cavity; viscidium more or less circle ca 1 mm diam., attached between tips of the rostellum lobes. stipes transparent, ca 3 by 1 mm, margin curved down ward. pollinia 4, in two pairs, semi-globose, the two larger ones ca 1 by 0.5 mm, the other two somewhat smaller. anther concave, membraneous, ca 3 by 2.5 mm. fruit not seen. key to varieties a. tips of lateral sepals rounded, the projections spatulate; incision of leaf tips 1—4 mm deep; epidermal cells 43.75 — 106.25 by 20 — 36.25 um; stomata anomositic; guard cells 31.25 — 47.50 by 31.25 -^ 38.75 um r. coccinea var. coccinea b. tips of lateral sepals obliquely acute, the projections sshape; incision of leaf tips 4.5 7 mm deep; epidermal cells 28.75 — 32.50 by 22.50 — 27.50 um; stomata tetrasitic; guard cells 23.75 — 62.50 by 15 — 31.25 um r. coccinea var. holttumii 2a. renanthera coccinea lour. var. coccinea fig. 1. renanthera coccinea lour., fl. coch.: 637. 1793; lindl., gen. sp. orch. pi. : 217. 1840; reichb. f. xen. orch.: 87. 1858; stein. orch.: 533. 1892; dakkus, orch.: 300. 1935; curtis, orch. descr. cult.: 162. 1950; holttum, orch. malaya: 637. 1964; grant, orch. burma: 263. 1966; backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink f. fl. jav. 3: 433 434. 1968 — t y p e : loureiro s.n. from cochinchina (n.v.). plant ca 1.80 m long. roots 2.5 — 3.8 mm diam., perforating the leafsheath. stem 4 — 7 mm diam.; internodes 2.6 — 4.5 cm long. leafsheath 1.6 — 3.7 cm long, 4.5 -7 mm diam., overlapping or not. leafblades 8.6 — 12 by 1.8 — 2.3 cm, tips incision 1 — 4 mm deep. inflorescence ca 45 cm long. peduncle 16.3 — 25.3 cm long, ca 4 mm diam., internodes 3.1 — 8 . 1 cm long. peduncular bracts 4 — 6 mm long. rachis 30 — 50 cm long, parts between the branches 4.5 — 6.3 cm. branch bracts 4 —4.5 mm long. floral bracts 2.5 — 3 mm long. ovary ca 0.8 mm diam. median sepal ca 21 by 4 mm, base ca 1 mm wide, tip rounded. lateral sepals obliquely spatulate, 30 — 52 bv 8 — 10 mm, claw ca 2 mm wide, tips rounded. petals more or leas distinctly asymmetric, linear obovate, ca 18 by 3 mm, base ca 1 mm wide,'tips round1988] mahyar : observations on renanthera. 405 i ed, nerves 3. lateral lobes of lips wider than long, ca 3 by 3.5 mm, top margins flat, one of inside blade keel parallel at the base near the lobe connection with epichilium, 1 — 1.5 by 1 — 1.5 mm. epichilium ovate, 5.2 by 2.5 mm, tip acute, nerves 3, lateral ones more short and thin than the median one. distribution. growing along a stream in hainan: fung shue shan. collector's notes. the margin of sepals and petals magenta spotted. thailand: hainan, haiphong, april 1909, zoumin 6944 (l); taam chan, 6 may 192*?. tsang wai-tak 17044 (l). 2b. renanthera coccinea lour var. holttumii mahyar var. nov. ~ fig. 2. r. coccinea var. coccinea simile sed: sepalum medium linearo-obovatum. sepala lateralia angusto-elliptica, s-formis. petala oblique linearo-obovate, ca 24 mm longa 2 mm lata. labia lateralia ca 5 mm longa 4 mm lata, apice angusto-obtusa. epichilium obovatum inductus, ca 4.5 mm longum 3 mm latum, apex obtusum, nervus 1 tenuis. columna brevis, gracilis, ca 3.5 mm longum 2 mm latum.— typus: r. geesink & t. santisuk 4966 (l). stem 3 — 4.5 mm diam.; internodes 2.6 — 3,0 cm. leafsheaths 2.1 — 2.3 cm long, 4 — 4.7 mm diam. leafblades linear elliptic, 7.6 — 9.4 by 1.3 — 1.7 cm, tips incision 4.5 — 7 mm deep. inflorescence ca 49 cm long. peduncle ca 17.3 cm long, ca 3.5 mm diam; internodes 3 — 7.2 cm. peduncular bracts 5 — 6.5 mm long. rachis .somewhat straight, parts between the branches ca 5.8 cm. branch bracts ca 4.5 mm long. floral bracts ca 2 mm long. ovary 0.5 — 1 mm diam. median sepal ca 32 by 3 mm, base ca 2 mm wide, tip acute. lateral sepals narrowly elliptic, s-shape, ca 36 by 10 mm, base 1.5 — 2 mm wide, tip obliquely acute. petals obliquely linear obovate, ca 24 by 2 mm, base ca 1.5 mm wide, tips obtuse. lateral lobes of hypochilium ca 5 by 4 mm, drawn out to the top, one of the inside of keel adnate parallel near the lobe of the connection part with epichilium. epichilium somewhat elliptic in outline, ca 4.5 by 3 mm, distinctly drown out at the top, tip rounded, nerve 1. distribution. disturbed evergreen forest near the coast, thailand: ranong. — collector's notes. tepals dark orange-red with white dots. colour slide in l. note. holttum (1964), reported the differences of the flower habit of r. coccinea from southern part of siam, but decided that they were hardly distinguishable from those of the typical form. however the two forms are easily separable both from flower characters, as well as the details of lateral sepals and epichilium of the lip. moreover their leaf anatomy shows also some differences (mahyar in floribunda 1, 6 : 23 — 24. 1988) so that it is proposed here to treat them as two distinct varieties. reinwardtia fig. 2. renanthera coccinea lour. var. holtumii mahyar : 1. habit; 2. lateral sepal; 3. median sepal; 4. petal; 5. lip and column; 6. pollinia. from geesink & t. santisuk 4966. 1988] mahyar : observations on renanthera. 407 thailand: ranong, khlong kam puang, 26 april 1973, r. geesink & t. santiauk 4966 (l). 3. renanthera storiei reich b. f. renanthera storiei reichb. f. in gard. chron. 2: 298. 1880; stein, orch.: 534. l892;dakkus, orch.: 303. 1935;curtis, orch. descr. cult.: 162. 1950; quisumb., philipp. orch. 2: 45—46. 1950; holttum, orch. malaya: 636. 1964; backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink f., fl. jav. 3: 433 — 434. 1968. plant epiphytic. roots 2.8 — 4.3 mm diam., perforating the leafsheath. branched. stem woody, 6 — 7 mm diam.; internodes ca 2 cm long. leafsheath tubular around the stem and appressed to it, overlapping, 3 — 3.5 cm long. leafblades narrowly to linear elliptic, 11 — 18.6 by 2.2 — 3.7 cm, herbaceous, tips more or less distinctly asymmetric, emarginate, midrib somewhat prominent below. inflorescence sprouting from a node, pert orating the leafsheath with an acute angle to the stem, 56 — 67.5 cm long, up to 4 branches, flowers many, open simultaneously. peduncle ca 16 cm long, 3.5 — 5.5 mm diam.; internodes 6 — 10.7 cm, sometimes those at the base much shorter. peduncular bracts tubular around the peduncle, membraneous, ca 6.5 mm long, tips broadly acute. rachis straight to slightly zig-zag; part between the branches 4 — 7.3 cm. branch bracts broadly ovate, membraneous, 3 — 6 mm long, tips broadly acute. floral bracts broadly ovate, persistent, patent to recurved, ca 3 by 3 mm, tips acute. ovary angular, 0.5 — 0.7 mm diam. median sepal narrowly to linear obovate, membraneous, 20 — 27 by 4 — 5 mm, base ca 2 mm wide, tip acute, nerves at the base 3, tha median one thin, the lateral ones prominent at the base for ca 3 mm, beyond each nerve branched into 2, at the middle of sepal branched again, near the top all three united into one nerve again at ca 3 mm from the tip, there prominent again, median one prominent ca 1 mm at the base, ca 7 mm from the base divided into twin keels which end ca 7 mm before the tip, keels ca 0.3 mm high. lateral sepals obliquely obovate, membraneous, undulate, 19—34 by 7.5—14 mm, base ca 1.5 mm wide, tips rounded, nerves 5, lateral ones ending 10—13 mm before the tip, the middle 3 connected to each other at ca 3.5 mm before tip. petals obliquely obovate to narrowly obovate, membraneous, 12—21 by 4—5 mm, base ca 1.7 mm wide, tips acute, nerves 4, 3 among them thicker and reaching near the tip. lips 3—lobed. hypochilium consisting of two lateral lobes and a spur, lateral lobes erectopatent, obliquely ovate, 5—7 by 2.8—5 mm, their base near the attachment of the lip folded, their tips rounded, inside in front at the base on either side with horizontal crescent-like keel, ca 2 by 0.5 mm; spur more or less funnel-shaped, ca 4.5 by 4.5 mm, narrowing to the middle, top laterally compressed, broadly rounded ca 2 mm wide. column rather short and sturdy, 56 by 1.5—2.5 mm, laterally on either side with a wing-like margin which is near the. base drawn out in front and continues into the median basal part of the lateral sepal; stigma cavity 2 — 2.5 by ca 1.6 mm; rostellum consisting of a broad band, split in the middle after removal of the pollinia. viscidium concave, membraneous, ca 1.5 mm long, attached to the middle of above front upper margin of the rostellum: stipes distinctly bent, membraneous, ca 1.5 mm 406 reinwardtia [vol.10 long; anther concave, membraneous, ca 3.5 mm long, ca 1.5 mm high. pollinia 4, in two pairs, reniform, the two larger ones ca 1.2 by o.5 mm, the other two somewhat smaller. fruit not seen. distribution. philippines: bataan (luzon). philippines: luzon, bataan, lamao river, 1904, t.e. borden fri20110 (bo); 6 may 1900, a. loher e.n. (bo.l). 4. renanthera bella j . j . wood renanthera bet la j.j. wood in orchid review: 116. 1981. t y p e : lamb san 89640 (k, holotypus; san, isotypus, n.v.). plant epiphytic. roots ca 3 mm diam., perforating the leafsheatb stem woody, ca 4 mm diam.; internodes ca 1 cm long. leafsheaths 1.4 — 2 cm long, rough, distinct to leafblade, overlapping. leafblades linear elliptic. herbaceous, 11.5 — 13.5 by ca 1 cm, longitudinally folded midrib, cross section v-shaped, tips more or less distincly asymmetric emarginate; midrib somewhat prominent below. inflorescence sprouting from a node, perforating the leafsheath with an acute angle to the stem, ca 30 cm long, unbranched, flowers ca 5, open simultaneously. peduncle 18.5 — 20.5 cm long, ca 2 mm diam., internodes 4 — 8.3 cm long, sometimes at the base much shorter; peduncular bracts tubular around the peduncle, membraneous, ca 3 mm long, tips broadly acute to rounded. rachis straight to slightly zig-zag. floral bracts broadly ovate, 2.5 — 3 mm long, patent to recurved. ovary angular, ca 1 mm diam. median sepal narrowly ovate, membraneous, somewhat undulate, ca 27 by 9 mm, claw ca 2 mm wide, tip acute, somewhat concave, slightly undulate, nerves 7, keel only developed at the top of the blade for ca 10 mm long, with acute tip, ca 1.5 mm high. lateral sepals narrowly ovate, membraneous, undulate, ca 36 by 11 mm, claw ca 4 by 2 mm, tips acute, somewhat concave, nerves 6, keel only developed at the top of blade for ca 9 mm long with acute tip, ca 2 mm long. petals narrowlyovate, membraneous pa 25 by 7,5 mm, claw ca 2 mm long, tips acute, somewhat concave, nerves 7, keei only developed at the top of the blade, ca 8 mm, with acute tip, c a l mm high. lips 3lobed. hypochilium consisting of two lateral lobes and a spur; lateral lobes erect to patent, ca 3 mm wide, clasping the base of the column; spur in lateral view triangular, oblique, ca 5.8 by 2.2 mm, front margin much shorter than the back margin, its base connected to the dorsal base of the lateral sepals, ca 1 mm wide, its top flattened. epichillium ovate, membraneous, ca 3 by 1.5 mm, patent to the spur, base ca 1 mm wide, tip rounded, recurved, nerve 1, median. column short and sturdy, ca 5 by 2 mm, papilose especially at the back along the top margin with row of hair-like papilose, laterally on either side with a wing-like margin which is at the base continuing into the midrib of the basal part of the lateral sepal; stigma cavity triangular, ca 1 by 1 mm; rostellum about as wide as the top part of the column, band-like, bilobed when the pollinia removed. viscidium ovate, rather thick, ca 1 by 0.7 mm. stipes ca 1.8 by 0.5 mm, transparant, margins curved downward, narrowed to the top. follinia 4, in two pairs, reniform, the two larger ones ca 0.8 by 0.5 mm, the other two somewhat smaller. anther concave, membraneous, 1988] mahyar : observations on renanthera. 409 papilose, ca 2 mm long, ca 1 mm high, broadly attached base at the back top of column. fruit not seen: distribution. submontane forest in borneo: sabah. collector's notes. epiphyte on trees bole, flowers 5, petals spotted red, lower lips yellowish red. note. the tepals of this species are somewhat similar to those of r. matutina. malaysia: borneo, ranau, bukit ampuan, 20 november 1978, san 89454 (l). 5 . renanthera matutina ( b l . ) l i n d . renanthera matutina (bl.) lindl., gen. sp. orch. pi.: 218. 1840;morel, kult. orch.: 120. 1856; reichb. f., xen. orch. 1: 8 8 . 1 8 5 8 ; stein, orch.: 534. 1892; smith, orch. jav. 6: 587. 1905; dakkus, orch.: 302. 1 9 3 5 ; curtis, orch. descr. cult.: 162. 1 9 5 0 ; quisumb., philipp. orch. 2: 4 5 . 1 9 5 0 ; holttum, orch. malaya: 636. 1964; backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink f.,fl. jav. 3: 4 3 3 . 1968. — aerides matutina bl., bijdr.: 366. 1825. nephranthera matutina (bl.) hassk., cat. hort. bog. cult.: 44, 1844. renanthera angustifolia hook. f.,fl. brit. ind. 6: 49. 1890. plant epiphytic. roots 1.7 — 2.3 mm diam., perforating the leafsheath, branched. stem woody, 3 — 5.5 mm diam.; internodes 2.1 — 4.6 cm. leafsheath tubular around the stem and appressed to it, 2.2 — 4 cm long, 3.3 — 5.8 mm diam. leafblades narrowly to linear elliptic, herbaceous, 6.4 — 24.2 by 0.8 — 1.8 cm, tips more or less distanctly asymmetrically emarginate, sometimes acute; midrib somewhat prominent below. inflorescence sprouting from a node, perforating the leafsheath with an acute angle to the stem, 45 — 87 cm long, up to 6 branches, flowers several to many, many open simultaneously. peduncle 32 — 55 cm long, 1.5 — 4.5 mm diam., internodes 4 — 13.5 cm, sometimes those at the base much shorter; peduncular bracts tubular around the peduncle, membraneous, 4 — 6 mm long, tips broadly acute to rounded. rachis straight to slightly zig-zag, terete, to 5.5 cm long, parts between the branches 1.2 — 7.8 cm. branch bracts broadly ovate to tubular around the branch, membraneous, 3 — 5 mm long, tips broadly acute. floral bracts broadly ovate, persistent, patent to recurved, ca 2 by 2.5 mm, tips broadly acute. ovary angular, ca 0.5 mm diam. median sepal linear elliptic, membraneous, 25 — 32 by 3 — 3.5 mm, base ca 1.5 mm wide, margins distinctly recurved, tip cuspidate, ending in a cusp ca 0.7 mm long, top margin drawn out in a hoodlike, cavity ca 0.7 mm long, nerves 5, at the base most prominent, ca 6 mm long, become thin to the top; a low rounded keel present in the upper partof the sepal; inside minutely papillose. lateral sepals ovate, turned inside out, membraneous, 22 — 28 by 8 — 10 mm, margins undulate, reflexed, sometimes the margins of the same sepal connate, claw ca 2.5 mm wide, blade near the base deepest, asymmetric concave, tip cuspidate in outline, cusp ca 1.5 mm long, top margin drawn out in a hoodlike, ca 0.5 mm long, nerves 9, prominent at the base, become thin to the top, inside minutely papillose.. petals linear, 21 — 25 by 2.3 — 2.7 mm, base ca 0.9 mm wide, tips obtuse, nerves 5, prominent at the base, becoming 410 reinwardtia [vol. 10 thin to the top, midrib near the top swollen into a rounded keel, ca 5 mm long, outside minutely papillose. lips 3-lobed. hypochilium consisting of two lateral lobes and a spur; lateral lobes wider than long, ca 2.5 mm wide, highest in the middle, ca 1.5 mm high with recurved margin, in front on either side with a curved, ca 0.8 mm long, longitudinal appendage where the lateral lobe become horizontal, front part of the lateral lobes separated from the back part by somewhat swollen ridge starting from the base of appendage and continuing to the base of the epichilium margin; spur in lateral view ca 4.5 by 2.5 mm, in front from one third from the margin towards the top distinctly narrowed; top laterally compressed, obtuse, inside on each side with a vertical short and low keel near place of attachment to the column. epichilium elliptic, slightly thickened, 2 — 2,4 by 1 — 2 mm, patent at the right angle to the spur, margin more or less erose, recurved, base ca 0.8 mm wide, in the middle widened or not, tip obtuse, recurved, median nerve sunked above, somewhat prominent below. column rather short and sturdy, ca 4 by 2 mm, papillose, at the back top edge with stiff hairs; stigma cavity ca 1 by 1.5 mm; rostellum curved downwards, when pollinia removed deeply emarginate. viscidium more or less orbicular, ca 0.9 by 0,9 mm attached on the upper front of rostellum. stipes flat, transparant, ca 1 by 0.3 mm. pollinia 4, in two pairs, reniform, the two larger ones ca 1 by 0.5 mm (fresh ones ca 1.2 by 0.9 mm), the other two somewhat smaller. anther concave, irregularly orbicularly in outline, in front narrowed into the broad, truncate top, membraneous, ca 2 by 2 mm, ca 1 mm high. fruit not seen. distribution. java: preanger, w. java; sumatera: bengkulu, lampung, liwa; malay. penin.: pahang. altitude 500 — 1.400 m. indonesia: java: preanger, cilulumpang, cadas malang, cidadap, cibeber, 15 sept. 1916, r.c, bakhuizen u.d. brink 1022 (bo);g. beser, 15 sept. 1917, w.f. winckel 1117b and 1118b (bo); cianten, 1 sept. 1918, j.g.b. beumee a 47 (bo); sukabumi, 6 jan. 1940, no coll. (bo). sumatra: liwa^jan. 1924, bouan houtsman 14 (bo). lampung oct. 1927, ch. bernard (bo); 1 jan. 1927, j.a. lorzing 12556 (bo); bengkulu, sekincan-belirang, 14 aug. 1936, f.w. rappard 78 (bo); ajoeb c.h.b. 883 (bo); 15 nov. 1920, j.a. lorzing 7953 (bo). malaysia: pahang, sungai telom, 23 aug. 1930, e.j, strugnell san 23927 (bo). 6. renanthera edelfeldtii f.v.m. & kranzl. renanthera e.delfeldtii f.v.m. & kranzl. in oest. bot. zeitschr. 44: 460. 1894; schlechter, orch. deutsch guin.: $74. t. 1323.1914; bodegom, en. orch. west n. guin.: 181. 1973; millar, orch, papua n. guin.: 84. 1978. plant epiphytic. roots 2.5 — 3.0 mm diam. perforating the leafsheath, unbranched. stem woody, 5 — 6 mm diam.; internodes 3.5 —4.9 cm. leafsheaths tubular around the stem and appressed to it, not overlapping, leaving the stem free up to ca 1.6 cm, 2.9 — 3.2 cm long, ca 6 mm diam. leafblades linear elliptic, herbaceous, 12.4 — 13.4 by 1.5 — 2.0 cm, tips more or less distinctly asymmetric emarginate; midrib somewhat prominent below. 1988] mahyar : observations on renanthera. 411 inflorescence sprouting from a node, perforating the leafsheath, base with an acute angle to right to the stem, more than 39 cm long, up to 4 branches, flowers many, open simultaneously. peduncle ca 4 mm diam.; peduncular bracts tubular around the peduncle, membraneous, 3 — 5 mm long, tips broadly acute. rachis straight, terete, up to 37 cm long; part between the branches 5.0 — 6.7 cm. branch bracts broadly acute to tubular around the branch, membraneous, 3 — 4 mm long, tips broadly acute. floral bracts ovate, persistent, patent to recurved, 2 — 3 by 1.5 — 2 mm, tips acute. ovary angular, ca 3 mm diam. median sepal spathulate, membraneous, ca 14 by 4 mm, somewhat undulate, claw ca 1.8 mm wide, tip rounded, nerves 5, median 3 reached near the tip. lateral sepals more or less distinctly asymmetric spathulate, membraneous, undulate, ca 13 by 5,5 mm, claw ca 1.2 mm wide, tips rounded, nerves 5, median 3 reached near the tip. petals obliquely linear spathulate, membraneous, ca 11.5 by 2.5 mm,claw ca 1.5 mm wide, tips rounded, nerves 5, prominent at the base, becoming thin to the top, median 1 reached and branched to 2 near the tip. lips 3-lobed. hypochilium consisting of four lateral lobes and a spur, erecto-patent, undulate; lateral lobes, the back one triangular, smaller than the front one which is quadrangular, the front lobe ca 1.5 by 2.5 mm. epichilium obovate, ca 2,4 by 1.7 mm, base ca 1 mm wide, tip retuse, nerve 1, median, branched to two ca 0.5 mm before the tip; spur "u" like in outline from side, top rounded, inside surface folded at along of the front margin lobe and the middle front. column ca 3.5 by 3.5 mm, short and sturdy (developed); rostellum bilobed. viscidium not seen. stipes not seen. pollinia not seen. fruit not seen. distribution. celebes and n. guinea. collector's notes. sepals and petals with orange spotted. note. so far this species has been reported from new guinea only. the celebes specimen neatly agrees with the existing description of this species so that it is; referred here. indonesia: celebes, timampu, njiha, soroako, 12 april 1984, ramlanto 182 7. renanthera histrionica r e i c h b . f. renanthera histrionica reichb.f. in gard. chron. 2: 74. 1878; holttum, orch. malaya: 634. 1964. —renantherella histrionica (reichb.f.) ridl. in jour. linn. soc 32: 355. 1896. plant epiphytic. roots ca 2 mm diam., perforating the leafsheath. stem woody, ca 3 mm diam., internodes ca 1.2 cm long. leafsheaths tubular around the stem and appressed to it, overlapping at the base, ca 1.5 cm long. leafblades linear elliptice7—7.5 by 0.5—0.6 cm, tips narrowly acute, midrib somewhat prominent below. inflorescence sprouting from a node, base with an acute angle to the stem, perforating the leafsheath, ca 6 cm long, 412 reinwardtia (vol10 unbranched, flowers ca 5, open simultaneously. peduncle ca 2.2 cm long, ca 1 mm diam., internodes 7—16 mm, sometimes those at the base much shorter. peduncular bracts tubular around the peduncle, membraneous, ca 1.5 mm long, tips broadly acute. rachis slightly zig-zag. floral bracts semiorbicular, ca 1 mm diam., patent to the rachis, tips rounded. ovary angular, ca 0.4 mm diam. median sepal narrowly obovate, fleshy, ca 11 by 3 mm, base ca l mm wide, tip broadly acute, somewhat concave near the tip, nerves 5 at the base, lateral one branched at the middle, prominent. lateral sepals obliquely asymmetric obovate, fleshy, ca 8 by 3.5 mm, recurved (reflexed), sometimes the margins of the same sepal connate for ca 4 mm, base ca 0.8 mm wide, tips broadly acute, nerves 7, prominent. petals obliquely narrowly obovate, fleshy, ca 8.5 by 2 mm, base ca 1 mm wide, tips distinctly asymmetric broadly acute, nerves 3 at the base, each, lateral one with a branch from the base. lips 3 —lobed. hypochillium obliquely erecto-patent, ca 2 mm wide, spur laterally compressed, drawn out from base to the top, ca 2 by 3 mm, tops rounded; lateral lobes clasping the column, obliquely pointing forward. epichillium narrowly obovate, fleshy, pendulous from the base, ca 3.5 by 1 mm, base ca 1 mm wide, tip broadly acute. column long and slender, curved at the tip, ca 6 by 0.8 mm; stigma cavity ca 1 by 1.2 mm; rostellum bilobed, pointing forward, covering like a hood part of the stigma cavity. viscidium broadly obovate in outline, ca 0.7 mm long, ca 0.4 mm high, fleshy, attached at the front between the rostellum lobes. stipes flat, transparant, ca 0.8 by 0.4 mm. pollinia 4, in two pairs, the two larger ones, ca 0.6 by 0.4 mm, the other two somewhat smaller. anther concave, distinctly 2 lobed with median keel, ca 1.5 by 1.5 mm, top margin retuse, recurved. fruit not seen. distribution. malav. penin.: selangor. altitude 200 m. collector's notes. flowers 4 — 5 in each inflorescence. petals yellowish with submarginal purple spots. throat of spur with a spot of pale orange. note. the details of the flower characters of this species are markedly different from other species in this genus, so that ridley placed the taxon in renantherella. since basically the essential floral structures are similar to the typical members of renanthera, i agree with holttum to retain this'species in renanthera. malaysia: malay penins., selangor, gua batu limestone hill, 27 july 1971, s.c. chin 1244 (l). 8. renanthera elongata lindl. — fig. 3. renanthera elongata lindl., gen. sp. orch. pi.: 218. 1833; reichb. f., xen. orch. 1:88. 1958; stein, orch.: 533. 1892; smith, orch. jav. 6: 589. 1905; dakkus, orch.: 301. 1935; ames in oroh. 5: 224. 1915; in bot. mus. leafl. harv. univ. 2: 31. 1934; quisumb., philipp. orch. 1: 330. 1950; 2: 45. 1950; holttum, orch. malaya 634: 1964. backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink f.,fl. jav. 3: 433. 1968; holttum in kew bull. 41(2): 347. 1986.porphyrodesme elongata (bl.) garay in bot. mus. leafl. harv. univ. 23(4): 191. 1972; 198sj mahyar : observations on renanthera. 418 5mm fig. 3. renanthera elongata lindl.: 1. habit; 2. flower; 3. lateral sepal; 4. median sepal; 5. petal; 6. lip and column; 7. pollinia. habit from afriastini 934 b; flower from docters van leeuwen —reynvaan 14198. 414 reinwardtia [vol.10 seidenfaden in bot. tidsskrift 70: 92. 1975.— aerides elongata bl., bijdr.: 367, 1825 — type: java, kuripan, blume 1052 (l, n.v). renanthera matutina sensu lindl. in bot. reg. 29: t. 41. 1843, non aerides matutina bl. 1825. r. micrantha bl. in mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1: 60. 1849; reichb. f., xen. orch. 1: 87, pi. 35, fig. 2. 1858. plant epiphytic. roots 2.5—3 mm diam., perforating the leafcheath, unbranched. stem woody, 4—11 mm diam.; intern odes 1.3—5.8 cm. leafcheaths tubular around the stem and appressed to it, not overlapping, leaving the stem free up to 2.7 cm, 1.5—3 cm long, 4.3—11.3 mm diam. leafblades elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 3—15.3 by 1.3—4.3 cm, tip more or ' less asymmetric emarginate, midrib somewhat prominent below. inflorescence sprouting from a node, perforating the leafeheath at the very base, with an acute to somewhat right angle to the stem, 11—61 cm long, either or not branched, up to 9 branches, flowers many, open simultaneously. peduncle 5.3—27.5 cm long, 1—7 mm diam.; internodes 1.4—9.2 cm, sometimes those at the base much shorter. peduncular bracts tubular around the peduncle, membraneous, 2—7 mm long, tip broadly acute to rounded. rachis part between the branches straight or somewhat zig-zag, each node bearing a branch, internodes between the branches 4 mm to 8 cm, branches and top part of the rachis about straight, each bearing 20 to 70 flowers. branch bracts broadly ovate to tubular, 1—2 mm long, membraneous, tip broadly acute. floral bracts broadly ovate, persistent, patent to recurved, 0.8—1 by 1—1.5 mm, tip acute. ovary angular, c. 0.2 mm diam. median sepal spathulate, 6.5—8 by 2.5—3 mm, membraneous, somewhat undulate, base c. 1 mm wide, tip rounded, nerves 5, prominent at the base, becoming thin to the top, the middle 3, longer than lateral ones. lateral sepals asymmetrical, relatively broadly, spathulate, membraneous, undulate, 6.5—10 by 3—3.5 mm, claw ca 1.5 by 0.8 mm, tips rounded, nerves 3, 4, or 5, prominent at the base becoming thin to the top. petals obliquely narrowly obovate, membraneous, 5—6.5 by 1.5—2 mm, base c. 1 mm wide, tip obtuse, nerves 4 or 5, prominent at the base, becoming thin to the top. lips 3— lobed. hypochilium consisting of two lateral lobes and a spur, lateral lobes small, much wider than long, ca 0.3 by 1.5 mm, margin entire, recurved; spur ca 2.2 by 1.5 mm its top laterally compressed, obtuse. epichilium obovate, 1.5—2 by 0.9—1 mm, membraneous, somewhat undulate its base, ca 0.4 mm wide, tip broadly acute, nerves 3, lateral ones shorter than the median one, joined or parallel. column short and slender, ca 2 by 0.8 mm, laterally or either side with a wing-like margin with is near the base drawn out in.front and continuing into the median basal part of the lateral sepal; stigma cavity more or less triangular in out line, ca 0.4 mm long; rostellum curved downward with two distinct longitudinal ridges. viscidium elliptic, ca 0.4 by 0.2 mm, attached at the front of rostellum. stipes ca 1 by 0.2 mm, transparant, margins curved downward. pollinia 4, in two pairs, semi-globose 0.4—0.8 by 0.2—0.4 mm. anther obovate ca 1.5 by 1 mm, top rounded. fruit a capsule angular ellipsoid, 2.2—3.2 by 0.5—0.7 mm; seeds about ellipsoid, ca 0.2 by 0.05 mm, capsule further filled with long, terete, curved, dark yellow, chartelaceous fibres. igg8] mahyar : observations on renanthera. 415 distribution. celebes: klabatbaai; java: cisolok, jampang, preanger, w. java: malay. penin.: pat. swettenhaw; mentawai; sumatera: batang palupuh, kayu tanam, lampung, medan, sijunjung, simalungun. collector's notes. creeping and climbering, ca 2 m tall, flowers blood-red, purple to brown-purple; in forest near waterfall. note. the taxonomic status of this species is confused. garay (1972) transfered the species to the genus porphyrodesme schltr. based on the evidence of ridley's observation only, and seidenfaden (1975) supported the transfer based on his study of a specimen from the terutau isl., thailand. both of them did not study blume's type or a specimen of ridley. after studying the leiden and bogor specimens i agree with holttum (1986), that this species should be retained in renanthera because the number of pollinia in definitly 4. indonesia: borneo: kapuas, teijsmann 10980 (bo); sungai samak, 4 april 1899, teijsmann 1555 (bo); kutai, tenggarong, j.j.s. 29 (bo); putusibau, nangaera, 4 april 1983, j.j. afriastini 934a & 934b (bo). celebes: no coll. 19 (bo). java: cisolok, cipanas, 2 may 1932, docters van leeuwen — reynvaan 14198 (bo); bogor, 1921 & 1923, j.j.s. s.n. (bo); bandung, — (bo); pelabuhan ratu, jampang, (bo); cicurug, citibo, cidadap, cibeber, 29 march 1917, no coll. 2913 (bo); 5 april 1917, w.f. winckel 2049b (bo), 29 march 1917, bakhuizen u.d. brink 2913 (bo); 31 march 1917, bakhuizen v.d. brink 2965 (bo); sukabumi, 1 april 1911 (bo); bogor, 1904 (bo); chb (2) (bo). mentawai: 13 may 1918, — (bo). sumatra: siboga, 2049 (bo); sijunjung, j.j.s. — (bo); kayu tanam, 21 feb. 1934, s.m. latif — (bo); simalungun, tinggiraja . 17 march 1935, j.a. lorzing 17023 (bo); batang palupuh, agam, jacobson 1454 (bo); lampung, 1907 & 1908, j.j.s. — (bo); medan, 26 feb. 1931, j.a. lorzing 16311 (bo). malaysia: 25 march 1915, pat swettenhaw san 728 (bo). 9. renanthera moluccana bl. renanthera moluccana bl., eumphia 4: 54. t. 193. f. 2. et t. 197e. 1848;miquel, fl. ind. bat. 3: 699. 1859; reichb. f., xen. orch. 1: 87. 1858; smith, orch. amb.: 7. 1906. angraecurn rubrum rumph., herb. amb. 6: 101. t. 44. f. 2. 1750. plant epiphytic. roots ea 1 mm diam., perforating the leafsheath. stem woody, 9—10 mm diam., internodes 2—4 cm. leafsheaths tubular around the stem and appressed to it, overlapping or not, 1.9—2.5 cm long, ca 10 mm diam. leafblades elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 6.7—13 by 2.5—4 cm, tips more or less distinctly asymmetric emarginate; midrib somewhat prominent below. inflorescence sprouting from a node, perforating the leafsheath with an acute angle to the stem, more than 32(—46) cm long, up to 5 branches, flowers many, many open simultaneously. peduncle (10—) 19 cm long, 3.5—4 mm diam.; internodes 6.8—10.7 cm, sometimes those at the base much shorter; peduncular bracts tubular around the peduncle, membraneous, ca 4 mm long, tips broadly acute to rounded. rachis straight to slightly zig-zag, terete, up to 42 cm long; internodes between the branches 0.9—4.4 cm long. branch bracts broadly ovate to tubular around the reinwardtia branch, membraneous, 2.5—4 mm long, tips broadly acute. floral bracts broadly ovate, persistent, patent to recurved, ca 1.5—2.5 mm long, tips acute. ovary angular, 0.6 mm diam. median sepal obovate, membraneous, 13—15 by 2—4 mm, base ca 1.3 mm wide, tip rounded, nerves 5. lateral sepals obliquely spathulate, membraneous, undulate, 1—14 by 3.4—5 mm, claw ca 1.7 mm wide tip rounded, nerves 5. petals obliquely slender spathulate, membraneous, ca 12 by 2 mm, claw ca 1 mm wide, tips more or less distinctly asymmetric acute, nerves 5. lips 3-lobed. hypochilium consisting of two lateral lobes and a spur; lateral lobes wider than long, ca 1.5 by 2 mm, erecto-patent, somewhat recurved; spur ca 3.5 by 2.5 mm, drawn out to the rounded top. epichilium elliptic, ca 2.5 by 1.5 mm, slightly patent from the spur. column short and sturdy, ca 3 by 1.3 mm; stigma cavity ca 0.6 by 0.6 mm; rostellum very pronounced, after removal of the pollinia consisting of two about triangular lobes. viscidium more or less orbicular, membraneous, ca 0.8 mm diam.; stipes flat, margins recurved, widened near the top, transparant, ca 1 mm long. pollinia 4, in two pairs, reniform, the two larger ones, ca 0.7 by 0.4 mm, the other two somewhat smaller. anther concave, ca 2 by 2 mm. fruits angular ellipsoid, capsul, 35—43 by 4.5—7.5 mm. distribution. edge of fresh lagoon; altitude 0—800 m. in ambon: hutumuri; buru: nal'besi; n. guinea: sepik. collector's notes. flowers coral red, inside part of flowers light red. indonesia: ambon: hutumuri, teijsmann (bo); hutumuri, zippelius (l); july — november 1913, c.b. robinson 20 (l); c.h.b. 246 (bo); qh.b. 1905, j.j.s. (bo); buru: nal'besi, 25 june 1921; foxopeus 240 (bo.l). papua n. guinea: sepik, leitre, 13 march 1964, cd. sayers ngf 18064 (l). porphyrodesme schltr. porphyrodesme schltr., orch. deutsch guin.: 974. t. 1334. 1914. plant epiphytic. stem with simple leaves. leafblades erecto-patent to the stem, linear ovate, fleshy, tip narrowly emarginate to acute, midrib somewhat prominent below. inflorescence axilar, diagonal to erect, branches. flowers many, open simultaneously. peduncular bracts ovate, tip acute. floral bracts triangular, persistent, tip acute. ovary angular. median sepal boat-like. lateral sepals triangular when flattened, tip rounded mucronate. petal ovate. lip 3-lobed. hypochilium consisting of two lateral lobes and a spur, lateral lobes more or less quadrangular. epichilium straight to spur. column short, straight or bent. stipes membraneous, transparant, a-shape cross section. pollinia 2. anther concave. distribution. sumatra & p.n. guinea. ecology. found in upper part of rivers, altitude 300 — 1200 m. type species: porphyrodesme papuana schltr. 1988] mahyar : observations on renanthera. 417 1mm pig. 4. porphyrodesme sarcanthoides (j. j. s.) mahyar : 1 habit; 2. flower; 3 lateral sepal; 4. median sepal; 5. petal; 6. lip and column; 7. pollinia. habit from w. groeneveldt 35; flower from c h. b. ii f 266. 418 reinwardtia [vol. 10 porphyrodesme sarcanthoides (j.j.s.) mahyar, comb. nov. — fig. 4. renanthera sarcanthoides j.j.s. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. 2. 2 5 : 94. 1917; van slooten in bull. jard, bot. buitenz. 3 (suppl.), tab. 127, fig. 2. 1 9 4 1 ; holttum, orch. malaya: 635. 1964. t y p e : ajoeb s.n. (bo). plant epiphytic. stem firm, 3.5—5 mm diam.; internodes ca 1 cm. leafsheaths tubular around the stem and appressed to it, 1.2—2.6 cm long, 4—5.5 mm diam. leafblades linear ovate, 5.9—12.9 by 0.6—0.8 cm, v^hape cross section, tip narrowly emarginate to acute when flattened; midrib somewhat prominent below. inflorescence axilaris, diagonal to erect, ca 9.5 cm long, branches up to 3. flowers many, open simultaneously. peduncle ca 5 mm long, ca 0.7 mm diam., internodes ca 4 mm. peduncular bracts ovate, tubular around the peduncle, ca 4.5 mm long, tip acute. rachis, parts between the branches ca 8.5 mm, branch bracts ovate to triangular, 1.5—4 mm long, tip acute. floral bracts triangular, persistens, patent, ca 0.6 mm long, tip acute. ovary angular, 0.1—0.2 mm diam. median sepal boatlike, ca 1.5 by 0.7 mm, median nerve prominent. lateral sepals broadly triangular when flattened, ca 2 by 1 mm, tips rounded mucronate, nerve 1. petals narrowly ovate, ca 1.8 by 0.5 mm, tip acute, nerve 1. lips 3-lobed. hypochilium consisting of two lateral lobes and a spur; lateral lobes more or less quadrangular, ca 0.7 by 1.1 mm, straight from the spur. spur shuttlecock like, ca 2.6 by 1.5 mm. epichilium elliptic, ca 0.9 by 0.6 mm, straight. column bent, ca 1.5 by 1 mm., at the half part with membraneous disk. viscidium ovate, concave, ca 0.2 by 0.15 mm. stipes membraneous, transparent, a-shape cross section, 0.5 — 0.6 mm long, 0.2 mm when flattened. pollinia 2, bent eye-tears droop like, 0.25 by 0.2 mm. anther concave, hood-like, ca 0.8 mm long, ca 0.5 mm high. fruits ovate, 6 — 9 by 2.5 —3.5mm. distribution. celebes, sumatera. note. as holttum pointed out since this species has two pollinia only, it is very different from the other members of the genus renanthera. other differences can be observed in the column shape, the transparant ring-like struktur at the column and the overall small size of the flower. therefore this species is excluded from the genus of renanthera and from want of a better idea it is treated here as a species of porphyrodesme. indonesia: celebes: bolaang mongondow, october 1917, w. kaudem, s.n. ( b o ) l java: c.h.b. ii f 266 (bo); sumatera: padang, bovenland, kajoe tanam, w. groeneuerld. 35 (bo). 10(4) 399_page_01 binder cover-100_page_013 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(2) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(2): 129-204.22 november 2004 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 2, pp: 199 – 204 new species of bamboos (poaceae-bambusoideae) from bali elizabeth a. widjaja, herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research centre for biology, lipi, bogor, indonesia inggit pudji astuti bogor botanical garden, centre for plant conservation, bogor, indonesia & ida bagus ketut arinasa ekakarya botanical garden, bali, indonesia abstract widjaja, e.a., astuti, i. p., arinasa, i. b. k. 2004. new species of bamboos (poaceae-bambusoideae) from bali. reinwardtia 12(2):199 204. five new species of bamboos from bali are described: bambusa ooh, dinochloa sepang, gigantochloa aya, gigantochloa baliana and gigantochloa taluh in the context of a proposal field guide to balinese bamboos. description including the distribution and the vernacular names are provided. keywords: bamboo, bali, bambusa ooh, dinochloa sepang, gigantochloa aya, gigantochloa baliana, gigantochloa taluh. abstrak widjaja, e.a., astuti, i. p, arinasa, i. b. k. 2004. jenis baru bambu di bali. reinwardtia 12(2): 199 204. lima jenis baru bambu dari bali diusulkan yaitu bambusa ooh, dinochloa sepang, gigantochloa aya, gigantochloa baliana, gigantochloa taluh dalam mempersiapkan panduan lapangan bambu di bali. pertelaan termasuk persebaran dan nama daerahnya juga dikemukakan. kata kunci: bambu, bali, bambusa ooh, dinochloa sepang, gigantochloa aya, gigantochloa baliana, gigantochloa taluh. introduction of the bamboos occurring in indonesia, 37 species so far have been discovered in bali, nine of which could not be identified (widjaja, astuti, arinasa & sumantera, 2004), as without flowering material identification of bamboos is usually impossible. no overall review of balinese bamboos has been published, although several species have been mentioned in various reports (arinasa & widjaja 2003). we aim to prepare a general field guide for which the present publications is a precursor. recently, four species of the unknown taxa have come into flower making identification possible. one species of bambusa not previously collected and still only known in the sterile state appears to be sufficiently distinct to allow description. flowering material of the four remaining species hopefully will become available soon so that the field guide can be completed. with the new species dinochloa sepang, dinochloa is a new generic record for bali. although the balinese flora is closely related to javanese one, many species appear to have a very local distribution. gigantochloa appears to be more diverse in bali then in java, and some species appear to be common and have a high usage in bali. the new species were found in the bangli district where bamboo community gardens occurs. bambusa ooh widjaja & astuti sp.nov. – fig.1 & 2. culmi vagina foliolo trainglari erecto extus pubescenti. ⎯ type: bali, karangasem, ida bagus k. arinasa 4499 (bo – holotype; k, ekakarya botanical garden – isotype). young shoot green, covered with brown hairs. 199 200 reinwardtia [vol.12 culm erect, green, internode 25 – 75 cm, diameter 10 cm at breast height. fig. 1. culm sheath of bambusa ooh widjaja & astuti. picture from arinasa 4499. fig. 2. bambusa ooh widjaja & astuti. picture from arinasa 4499. culm sheath tardily caducous, covered by brown hairs, auricle rounded up to 8 mm tall, with 2.5 – 3.7 cm wide with c. 2 cm long bristles, ligule laciniate, irregular, 3 – 4 mm high, with a few up to 8 mm long bristle; blade erect, triangular, outer part dark brown hairs. leaf blades lanceolate, 12 – 30 x 2.5 – 4 cm, covered with scattered light brown hairs, auricle rounded, 1 mm high with 1.5 mm in lateral extent, with few bristle 3 – 4 mm long. inflorescence not seen. distribution: rendang, karang asem, bali. vernacular name: tiing ooh. specimen examined. bali, karang asem, rendang, ida bagus ketut arinasa 4499 (bo, k, ekakarya botanical garden). dinochloa sepang widjaja & astuti sp.nov. ― fig. 3, 4 & 5. dinochloa matmat et d. scandenti similis, culmi foliola basi pubescentia auriculae desunt, ligula setis irregularibus tenuibus, foliolum deflexum. pseudospiculae ad 4 mm longae uniflorae, glumae lemmaque apice breviter mucronato, antherae 6 magenteae, fructus obovoideus. ⎯ type: bali, buleleng, sepang, eaw 7561 (bo – holotype, k, l – isotype). fig. 3. dinochloa sepang widjaja & astuti. picture from eaw 7561. young shoot green, covered with white wax and base of culm sheath densely hairy, dark brown hairs. 2004] e.a. widjaja et.al.: new species of bamboos from bali 201 culms climbing, internodes 15.3 – 23 cm long, 0.6 – 3 cm diam., thick wall, above the node pubescent, gradually less so toward the apex, hairs white to light brown, with up to 11 lateral branches. fig. 4. inflorescence of dinochloa sepang widjaja & astuti. picture from eaw 7561. culm leaves covered by white wax, at the base with brown hair; auricle absent; ligule 1 – 2 mm, irregular with fine bristle; sheath apex orbicular/ rounded; sheath scar 4 – 24 mm tall, rough with short hair, with long hair when young; blade deflexed, 5.4 – 10.3 cm; leaf blades lanceolate, 15.5 – 27.1 x 1.7 – 5.5 cm; auricle absent, glabrous; ligule 1 2 mm tall, higher in the middle, irregular, glabrous; glabrous above; below with scatter white hairs; petiole short 1 – 4 mm long. pseudospikelet 3 – 4 mm long; glume 1.1 – 1.5 mm, apex with short mucronate; lemma up to 3 mm, apex mucronate; palea up to 4 mm; anther magenta, 1 – 2.0 mm. fruit obovoid, 4 – 5 mm long. distribution: sepang, bali ecology: in disturbed forest at c. 850 m alt. vernacular name: tali-tali. fig. 5. inflorescence of dinochloa sepang widjaja & astuti. picture in the type locality. notes. this species is very similar to d. matmat and d. scandens, but differs by its pubescent culm sheath. specimens examined: bali, baturiti, ekakarya botanical gardens, eaw 7497 (bo), jembrana, pulungan batu, ds. tukat djaja, g. merbuk, ida/swen 80 (bo, ekakarya botanical gardens bali), buleleng, busung biu subdistrict, sepang, eaw 7561 (bo, k). gigantochloa aya widjaja & astuti sp.nov. ― fig. 6 & 7. gigantochloa ridleyi similis, culmi vaginae appressae foliola erecta basi lata, sed culmi foliolis triangularibus basi angustis auriculae glabrae differt. ⎯ type: bangli, panglipuran, eaw 7499 (bo – holotype, k isotype) young shoot green with brown to black appressed hairs. culm up to 15 m tall, straight, young culm green, internodes 40 – 45 cm, 8 – 10 cm in diameter. culm leaves appressed, auricle rim like, c. 3 mm high, glabrous; ligule irregular, up to 4 mm high, glabrous; blade erect, triangular, inflated margin, base broad attached to the sheath. 202 reinwardtia [vol.12 fig. 6. gigantochloa aya widjaja & astuti. picture from eaw 7499. fig. 7. inflorescence of gigantochloa aya widjaja & astuti. picture from eaw 7499 leaf blades 21 – 35 x 3.2 – 6 cm, below with scattered white hairs, above glabrous; auricle rounded, 3 mm high by 2 mm width, glabrous, ligule up to 4 mm high, irregular almost entire with fine bristle. pseudospikelet 10 – 18 mm, fertile floret 2 or 3; glumes 4, ovate, 3 – 10 mm long margin with brown cili, apex acute; lemma narrowly ovate, in a roll, 13 – 15 mm, apex acute; palea 10 – 13 mm, keeled, apex with brown cilia; anthers marron to dark magenta, up to 7 mm long with hairy apiculate tips, filaments forming tube; ovary oblong with hairy apex. distribution: bali, bangli district, panglipuran village. ecology: unknown, found in the community garden at. 400 m altitude. vernacular name: tiing aya. gigantochloa baliana widjaja & astuti sp. nov. ― fig. 8 & 9. culmi glauci, foliis appressis, auricular oriformi ad 2 mm longa glabra, laminis erectis anguste traiangularibus basi angusta. pseudospiculae ad 18 mm longae lemmatibus involutes ciliis pallide brunneis, apice auto, 5 canstaneis ad atromagentis, fructibus oblongus. ⎯ type: bali, botanical garden ekakarya, eaw 7498 (bo – holotype, k – isotype ). young shoot green with scattered brown to dark brown hairs. culm up to 10 m high, straight, young culm bluish-green, internode 27.5 – 40 cm, with dark brown hairs, diameter 1.8 – 2.6 cm. culm leaves appressed, auricle rim like, up to 2 mm high, glabrous; ligule irregular up to 2 mm tall, with fine bristle; blade erect, narrow triangular, base narrow. leaf blades 21 – 40.3 x 2.5 – 7.5. cm, with scattered white hairs at the lower surface, glabrous upper surface; auricle rounded, 2 mm high by 2 mm width, glabrous, sheath extend to the auricle; ligule up to 2 mm high with fine bristle, glabrous, sheath covered with appressed dark brown hairs. pseudospikelet 16 – 18 mm, young branch of pseudospikelet hairy, short hair; fertile floret 4, glumme 3, 5 – 10 mm, ovate, acute apex, light brown cilia on the margin, lemma 12 – 15 mm, in a roll with light brown cilia, apex acute; palea 11 – 14 mm, acute apex, keels with brown to light 2004] e.a. widjaja et.al.: new species of bamboos from bali 203 brown cilia, anthers marroon to dark magenta, up to 6 mm long with apiculate tip, ovary oblong, hairy on the apex, young fruit oblong, c. 14 mm long. fig. 8. gigantochloa baliana widjaja & astuti. picture from eaw 7498. fig. 9. leaves of gigantochloa baliana widjaja & astuti. picture from eaw 7498. distribution: baturiti, bali. ecology: highland, along the river bank, 1500 m alt. vernacular name: tiing petung bali, tiing bali. gigantochloa taluh widjaja & astuti sp. nov. ― fig. 10 gigantochloa balianae similis, sed culmis glabris, foliolis deflexeis mox caducis, auriculis oriformibus ad rotundatis, ligula integra pilis tenuibus differt. pseudospiculae ad 2 cm longae, floribus fertilibus 4. ⎯ type: bali, ekakarya botanical garden, ip 456. fig.10. gigantochloa taluh widjaja & astuti. picture from ip 456. young shoot green covered by dark brown to blackish hair. culm up to 10 m high at young clump, culm green, internodes 27.5 – 40 cm, diameter 1.8 – 2.6 cm. culm leaves caducous; auricle rounded to rim like, c. 2 mm high, c.4 mm wide, glabrous; ligules 204 reinwardtia [vol.12 laciniate, irregular up to 2 mm high, with fine bristle; blade deflexed, erect when young, lanceolate, base passing broadly into the sheath. leaf blades 22 – 40.3 x 2.5 – 7.5 cm, slightly hairy below with short hair, glabrous above; auricle rounded 2 x 2 mm, glabrous; ligule entire with fine bristle, 4 mm high, sheath covered with appressed dark brown hairs. pseudospikelet 1.4 – 2.0 cm, floret 4; glumes 6 – 9 mm, ovate, apex acute, margin with light brown cilia, lemma 11 – 19 mm, apex acute, in a roll, with light brown cilia; palea 11 – 18 mm, acute apex, keeled with white cilia; anthers 7 mm, maroon to dark magenta; ovary oblong. distribution. bali, ekakarya botanical gardens. ecology: not noted. vernacular name: jajang taluh. acknowledgements this paper is a precursor to a handbook on balinese bamboos. we would like to express our gratitude to mr. mustaid siregar, head of botanical garden ekakarya, bali who was of great help to us when we visited bali for collecting material. we thank to dr. jef veldkamp (l.) for kindly helping us with the latin descriptions, ms. andri widya lestari for preparing the plates, and dr. s. dransfield (k) for valuable assistance and criticism. references arinasa, i.b.k. & widjaja, e.a. 2003. bamboo diversity in bali. paper was presented as poster in international botanical gardens congress, candikuning, bali 15 – 18 august 2003. widjaja, e. a., pudji astuti, i., ari-nasa, i. b. k., sumantera, i. w. identikit bambu di p. bali. (in press). instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034-365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 2. 2004 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. kedrostis medik. (cucurbitaceae) in asia .'. 129 j.f. veldkamp. miscellaneous notes on mainly southeast asian gramineae... 135 pitra akhriadi, hernawati and rusjditamin. a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from sumatra 141 kuswata kartawinata, ismayadi samsoedin, m. heriyanto and j.j. afriastini. a tree species inventory in a one-hectare plot at the batang gadis national park, north sumatra, indonesia .. 145 e.a.p. iskandar & j.f. veldkamp. a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne (gramineae, panicoideae, is.ach.neae) ' 159 johanis p. mogea. four new species pf arenga (palmae) from indonesia 181 j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for pyrrosia hastata ching (polypodiaceae, pteridophyta) ..... 191 tri mulyaningsih & colin ernest ridsdale. an additional species of villaria rolfe {rubiaceae') from the philippines 195 elizabeth a. widjaja, inggit pudji astuti & ida bagus ketut arinasa. new species of bamboos (poaceae-bambusoideae) from bali 199 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia covd 73-148-2-pb introduction fig. 3. dinochloa sepang widjaja & astuti. picture from eaw fig. 4. inflorescence of dinochloa sepang widjaja & astuti. pseudospikelet 3 – 4 mm long; glume 1.1 – 1.5 mm, apex with distribution: sepang, bali ecology: in disturbed forest at c. 850 m alt. gigantochloa aya widjaja & astuti sp.nov. ― fig. 6 & 7. gigantochloa baliana widjaja & astuti sp. nov. ― fig. 8 & 9 gigantochloa taluh widjaja & astuti sp. nov. ― fig. 10 covbel reinwardtia 2017 16 (1) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 16 (1): 1 – 48, june 15, 2017 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary rina munazar layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: catanthera keris veldk. (1. inflorescences; 2. close up flower; 3. flower bud), medinilla squillula veldk. (4. habit; 5. branches; 6. fascicle of uniflorous infructescences), medinilla uninervis veldk. (7. habit. note 1-nerved leaves; 8. infructescence; 9. immature and mature fruits), medinilla zoster veldk. (10. habit; 11. inflorescences; 12. flower). photo credits: bangun 223, lowry & phillipson 7287, mahroji, fabanyo & soleman 69, callmander, et al. 1067. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 16(1): agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia agus sutanto indonesian tropical fruit research institute (itfri), west sumatra, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk andrew powling school of biological sciences, university of portsmouth, portsmouth, uk elham sumarga school of life sciences & technology, institut teknologi bandung, bandung, indonesia meekiong kallu university malaysia sarawak, samarahan, sarawak, malaysia harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia ulrich meve lehrstuhl für pflanzensystematik, universität bayreuth, bayreuth, germany mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia reinwardtia vol 16 no 1, pp: 25 – 30 25 new species of catanthera and medinilla (melastomataceae) from halmahera, indonesia and a new name for a medinilla from madagascar received january 12, 2017; accepted may 04, 2017 jan-frits veldkamp naturalis biodiversity center, herbarium, po box 9517, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. email: jef.veldkamp@naturalis.nl abdulrokhman kartonegoro naturalis biodiversity center, herbarium, po box 9517, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. email: abdulrokhman.kartonegoro@naturalis.nl research center for biology-lipi, jl. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong , 16911, indonesia abstract veldkamp, j. f. & kartonegoro, a. 2017. new species of catanthera and medinilla (melastomataceae) from halmahera, indonesia and a new name for a medinilla from madagascar. reinwardtia 16(1): 25 – 30. — one new species of catanthera and four of medinilla (melastomataceae) from halmahera, moluccas, indonesia, are described. one also occurs in morotai. a new name was needed for m. intermedia h. perrier (1932), non blume (1831), from madagascar. key words: anisomorphous anthers, moluccas, morotai. abstrak veldkamp, j. f. & kartonegoro, a. 2017. jenis–jenis baru catanthera dan medinilla (melastomataceae). dari halmahera, indonesia dan satu nama baru medinilla dari madagaskar. reinwardtia 16(1): 25 – 30. — dipertelakan satu jenis baru catanthera dan empat jenis medinilla (melastomataceae) dari halmahera, maluku, indonesia serta satu jenis tersebar sampai ke morotai. satu nama baru diperlukan untuk menampung m. intermedia h. perrier (1932), non blume (1831), dari madagascar. kata kunci: anter anisomorfus, maluku, morotai. introduction during a survey of the pt weda bay nickel for their flora inventory programme on halmahera, moluccas, indonesia, many interesting species were collected. here a summary of some halmahera melastomataceae is presented. catanthera f. muell. and medinilla gaudich. are new generic records for the island. catanthera f. muell. in his revision of catanthera f. muell. (melastomataceae) nayar (1982) gave a map that showed a disjunction in the distribution of the genus between western (sumatra, borneo) and eastern (new guinea) malesia, the genus apparently being absent in celebes, the moluccas and the philippines. in the meanwhile collections have come in from celebes, morotai and halmahera (moluccas) and palawan (philippines). in the dissochaetae there are two whorls of stamens, an outer, alternipetalous one, where except for diplectria (blume) rchb., the anthers are always fertile and in case of heteromorphy are the longest ones, and an inner, epipetalous one, which may have smaller anthers, be staminodial, or even absent. in diplectria the situation is reversed: the alternipetalous stamens are staminodial and the epipetalous are fertile. all species of catanthera seen follow the usual mode, but the reverse one is present in the halmahera collection (bangun et al. 223). there the alternipetalous anthers are still the longest, but they are strap-shaped and staminodial, while the epipetalous although much more compact are fertile. catanthera keris veldk., spec. nov. � fig. 1 petioles 8 − 10 mm long, furfuraceous. leaf blades elliptic, 5-plinerved, second pair of basal nerves branching off 2 − 3 mm above the basal ones, underneath between the nerves sparsely puberulous. inflorescence cymose, furfuraceous. hypanthium in flower 6 − 7 mm wide, shortly furfuraceous. mature floral buds ca. 12 mm long. petals ovate. anthers very heteromorph. alternipetalous anthers sterile, strap-shaped, ca. 11 mm long, plectrum ca. 0.7 mm long, appendages ca. 0.7 mm long. epipetalous anthers fertile, straight, swollen, hemi-circular in side view, 6 − 6.5 mm long. — type: bangun, a ndriamahefarivo, razakamalala & mahroji 223. (holotype: l!, isotype: bo!, mo). reinwardtia 26 [vol.16 innovations furfuraceous. leaf blades 4.5 − 4.7 by 2.3 − 3 cm wide, 1.5 − 2 times as long as wide, base rounded to truncate, apex acute or acuminate, second pair of basal nerves branching off 2−3 mm above the basal ones. inflorescences fascicled, 2 − 10-flowered, 3.5 − 5 cm long, furfuraceous. pedicel 10 − 20 mm long. hypanthium campanulate to urceolate, in flower 5.5 − 6.5 by 6 − 7 mm wide, margin truncate, shortly furfuraceous. ovary apex glabrous. extra-ovarian chambers to the base of the ovary. mature floral buds ca. 12 mm long. petals ovate, ca. 12 mm long, pink. anthers eight. alternipetalous anthers stipitate, ca. 11 mm long. epipetalous anthers filament glabrous, anthers cinnamon (i.s.); plectrum lanceolate, 1.5 − 2 mm long; lateral appendages auriculiform, ca. 0.6 mm long. style glabrous. distribution. indonesia, moluccas, halmahera, weda bay, bukit limber 00˚ 32’ 41” n, 127˚ 58’ 32” e. only known from the type. habitat. degraded primary forest, open place, 860 m alt. etymology. the epithet has been der ived fr om the sterile anthers, which to a fertile imagination resemble this malesian weapon. notes. remarkable for the very anisomorphous stamens, the longer ones strap-shaped with patent plectrum and appendages. there is a collection from morotai, g. pare-pare (kostermans 1243, bo, l) which is very similar, but the l specimen lacks petals and stamens. phenology. f lower ing in december . collector’s notes. liana, 10 m tall. stem gr ey. leaves glaucous golden beneath. peduncle pink. hypanthium pale green and glaucous golden. petals, stigma pink. stamens [prob. staminodes] white, striped yellow. style white. medinilla gaudich. medinilla in malesia has an estimated number of ca. 215 species, many of which, especially in celebes, the lesser sunda isles, the moluccas and new guinea, are still undescribed (bodegom & veldkamp, 2001). most species have a limited distribution. for the moluccas 12 species have been recorded, but none yet for halmahera (bakhuizen f., 1943). the author of the generic name is gaudichaud (1826), not de candolle (1828) as is usually cited (bodegom & veldkamp, 2001: 534−537). remarkably, strongly anisomorphous anthers have not been described for the genus, perhaps because the authors have neglected their presence. a survey is thus much needed, which was beyond the scope of this paper. 1. medinilla pellita veldk. & kar ton., spec. nov. ‒ fig. 2. medinilla verrucifera ohwi, ined. shrub (terrestrial ?). innovations glabrous (n.v.). branchlets terete, brown, with verrucose lenticels, and many black, branched adventitious roots, forming a kind of pelt. leaves opposite, equal (?). leaf axils glabrous. petioles flattened, 0.5 − 1 cm by ca. 10 mm, glabrous. leaf blades elliptic, 13 (and longer) by 6 − 12 cm wide, ca. 1.6 times as long as wide, ca. 13 (or more) times as long as the petiole, base attenuate, margin entire, glabrous, apex acute (?), underneath glabrous, submarginal vein conspicuous. primary venation 3or 5plinerved, all arsing from the very base; secondary nerves inconspicuous, oblique; tertiary nerves absent. hypanthium at anthesis urceolate, ca. 3.5 fig. 1. catanthera keris veldk. a. inflorescences; b. close up flower; c. flower bud (bangun 223, http:// www.tropicos.org/specimen/100550447?projectid=55) a b c veldkamp & kartonegoro : new species of cathantera and medinilla from halmahera 2017] 27 by 4 mm, glabrous, truncate, rim erect to flaring. — type: pleyte 255 (holotype: l!, isotype: bo!). distribution. indonesia, moluccas, halmaher a, tasoa – mt. sembilan, near mumar river; ? west new guinea (mamberamo, merauke). habitat. thinned out for est, 300 m alt. phenology. f lower ing, fr uiting in september . collector’s notes. shr ub, 2 m. flower s wh ite. fruits red. common. notes. this is a most peculiar species beca use of the pelt of adventitious rootlets. it may not be ruled out that these are caused by ecological factors, e.g. the terrestrial (?) shrub living on waterlogged and anaerobic soil and has to take up water in this way. unfortunately in the l specimen the larger blades have been cut in half transversally to fit the drying press, so it cannot be ascertained whether the pairs are anisophyllous, how long they were and what the apices look like. ohwi had labelled the bo duplicate as m. verrucifera ohwi, ined., and also identified docters van leeuwen 9055 (albatros bivak, along the mamberamo river) and v ersteeg 1016 (van weel’s kamp, merauke) from new guinea as such. the legendary pre-identifier nedi added anang 268, also from halmahera, to it. these collections were not seen by bakhuizen f. (1943). we have taken the liberty to change ohwi’s manuscript name, as there are several species with warty bark, but none, as far as we know, with such a pelt of rootlets. 2. medinilla squillula veldk., spec. nov. � fig. 3. innovations glabrous. branches terete. leaves in whorls of 3 or 4; petioles 2 − 3 cm long; blades oblong, 8.5 − 11 by 3 − 4 cm, 1-nerved. inflorescences axillary and cauliflorous, 1flowered; peduncle 0.3 − 0.5 cm long. flowers 5merous. pedicels at anthesis 2 − 3 mm long. hypanthium rim truncate. stamens anisomorphous. — type: lowry & phillipson 7287 (holotype: l!, isotype: bo!, mo). fig. 2. isotype of medinilla pellita veldk. & karton. (pleyte 255, bo) reinwardtia 28 [vol.16 branchlets cinereous, with verrucose lenticels. leaves equal. leaf axils glabrous. petioles flattened and broadened at base, 5 − 6 mm wide, glabrous. leaf blades ca. 2.75 times as long as wide, 3.7 − 4.25 times as long as the petiole, base cuneate, margin entire, glabrous, apex acuminate, underneath glabrous, submarginal veins inconspicuous; secondary nerves inconspicuous, oblique; tertiary nerves absent. inflorescences fascicled, simple cymes. bracts absent. bracteoles present. pedicels glabrous. hypanthium at anthesis short cylindrical, 6 − 9 by 4.5 − 5 mm, glabrous. extra-ovarian chambers reaching to ca. half the length of the hypanthium. epipetalous anthers fertile, shrimp-shaped, 4 − 5 mm long, ventrally bullate, superior in flower at anthesis; alternipetalous anthers staminodial, strap-shaped, 7 − 10 mm long, inferior at anthesis. dorsal spur lanceolate, 0.6 − 1 mm long; lateral appendages connate into a y-shaped body, not recurved, 1 − 1.2 mm long. style glabrous. fruits not seen. distribution. indonesia, moluccas, halmahera, weda bay road to bukit limber, 00˚ 33’ 00” n, 127 ˚ 59’ 34” e. only known from the type. habitat. epiphytic on margin of humid forest, 935 m alt. phenology. flowering in january. etymology. the epithet r efer s to fer tile anther s that resemble small shrimps. collector’s notes. small [epiphytic] shrub, ca. 6 m above the ground. leaves dark green above, paler below. petiole tinged yellow-orange. pedicel, ovary pink-red. filaments, style cream. anthers yellow. 3. medinilla uninervis veldk., spec. nov. ‒ fig. 4. shrub glabrous. branches terete. leaf axils glabrous. petioles 1.5 − 3 cm by 2 − 2.7 mm. blades elliptic, 12 − 17 by 6 − 8 cm, 1.9 − 2.1 as long as wide, 1-nerved, base attenuate, apex obtuse and abruptly acuminate to nearly aristate. inf lorescences in axillary to cauliflorous fascicles. flowers solitary, peduncles 1.5 − 3 mm long, pedicels 5−6 mm long. flowers 5-merous. — type: fig. 3. medinilla squillula veldk. a. habit; b. branches; c. fascicle of uniflorous inflorescences (lowry & phillipson 7287, http://www.tropicos.org/specimen/100560752) fig. 4. medinilla uninervis veldk. a. habit. note 1-nerved leaves; b. infrutescences; c. immature and mature fruits. (mahroji, fabanyo & soleman 69, http://www.tropicos.org/imagesearch.aspx) a b c a b c veldkamp & kartonegoro : new species of cathantera and medinilla from halmahera 2017] 29 mahroji, fabanyo & soleman 69 (holotype: l!, isotype: bo!, mo). liana. innovations probably glabrous (not seen). branchlets cinereous, with verrucose lenticels. leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, equal. petioles flattened, glabrous. leaf blades 5 − 8 times as long as the petiole, margin entire, glabrous, underneath glabrous, submarginal veins conspicuous, 1-nerved; secondary nerves conspicuous, oblique; tertiary nerves absent. bracts present (scars only); bracteoles not seen (early caducous?). pedicels glabrous. hypanthium urceolate, 8 − 10 by 6 − 8 mm, glabrous, truncate. petals ca. 11 by 6 mm. anthers anisomorph, fertile, the shorter ones ca. 5 mm long, dorsal spur ca. 1 mm long, lateral appendages free, ca. 1 mm long; the longer ones ca. 9 mm long, dorsal spur 0.5 − 1 mm long, lateral appendages fused, tor y-shaped, 1 − 1.3 mm long. extra-ovarian chambers reaching to the base of the hypanthium. fruits ca. 10 by 8 mm, glabrous. distribution. indonesia, moluccas, halmaher a, km 6 to bukit limber, 00˚ 30’ 38” n, 128˚ 00’ 25” e (type); weda bay, bukit limber 00o 29’ 42” n, 128o 1’20” e (bangun, haris & mahroji 860 (bo, l, mo); without locality (pleyte 348, bo, l, flower!). habitat. distur bed for est, 260 − 450 m alt. phenology. f lower ing in september , fr uiting in october. collector’s notes. woody liana, climbing up to 12 m. outer bark grey, inner bark brown. bole cream coloured, brown. fruit cream, pale red, pink turning maroon [i.e. chestnut-coloured, probably the hypanthium in flower is meant; in fact the ripe fruits are dark purplish blue, “blueberry” blue]. notes. most peculiar is the appar ent pinnate venation with a single midrib, hence the epithet. uninerved leaves have been seen in m. membranacea merr. (luzon, the philippines), m. radicans (blume) blume var. radicans (java and the lesser sunda isles) (see below) and m. squillula veldk., described here from halmahera. 4. medinilla zoster veldk., spec. nov. ‒ fig. 5. innovations glabrous, branches terete. leaves paired or in whorls of four, petiolate, obovate, widely 3-plinerved. inflorescences axillary, later cauliflorous, peduncle well-developed, 1or 2–(or few?)-flowered. flowers 5or 6-merous. anthers anisomorphous. — type: callmander, mahroji & soleman 1067 (holotype: l!, isotype: bo!, mo). branchlets terete, greyish, with verrucose lenticels. leaves equal, petiolate, axils glabrous. petioles terete, 1.7 − 2.5 cm by 1.5 − 2 mm, glabrous. leaf blades obovate, 5.5 − 10 by 3.5 − 8.5 cm, 1.55 − 2.4 times as long as wide, 3.4 − 5.6 times as long as petiole, base attenuate, margin entire, glabrous, apex obtuse, abruptly apiculate, underneath glabrous, submarginal veins inconspicuous, 3-plinerved, the lateral nerves arising 9 − 10 mm from base. secondary nerves inconspicuous, oblique; tertiary nerves absent. inflorescences axillary to cauliflorous, solitary, simple cymes, 1 − 3-flowered. peduncle 1 − 3 cm long. bracts and bracteoles n.v. pedicels at anthesis and in fruit 9 − 15 mm long, glabrous. hypanthium at anthesis wine-glass-shaped, 10 − 11 by 6.5 − 7 mm, glabrous, truncate. extraovarian chambers reaching to the base of the hypanthium. stamens anisomorphous, the epipetalous ones fertile, the alternipetalous ones staminodial; epipetalous anthers more or less tubular, ca. 8 mm long, alternipetalous anthers more or less s-shaped, apex attenuate, 10 − 11 mm long. dorsal spur oblong, ca. 1 mm long (inserted 1 − 1.2 mm above the filament in the staminodes); lateral appendages free, not recurved, 1.3 − 1.5 mm long. style with microscopic glassy hairlets. fruits urceolate, ca. 12 by 10 mm, rim truncate. distribution. indonesia, moluccas, halmaher a, weda bay, doromesmesan, 00˚ 29’ 23” n, 127˚ fig. 5. medinilla zoster v eldk., a. habit; b. inflorescences; c. flower (callmander, et al. 1067. http:// www.tropicos.org/image/100231129 and http://www.tropicos.org/specimen/ 100550913) a b c reinwardtia 30 [vol.16 54’ 30” (type); gushilman et al. 213 (bo, l, mo; frt), 00˚ 29’56”n, 127˚ 54’22”e; morotai, sambiki river (kostermans 898; bo, l; frt). habitat. open logged ar ea in tr opical lowland forest on limestone, 60−110 m alt. phenology. f lower ing in j anuar y; fr uits in may, december. etymology. the epithet r efer s to the lianoid habit, “zoster” = belt, girdle. collector’s notes. woody liana. bole r ed. peduncle green. pedicel and calyx pink. petals white [with a tinge of pink]. fruit white. notes. callmander et al., 1067 has pinkish pedicels and fruits (fig. 10, 11), while in gushilm an et al., 213 they are purple (fig. 13). addittional notes. during searches to identify the current collections, it was noted that m. intermedia blume (1831), an endemic from java, has a later homonym: h. interm edia h. perrier (1932; 1951) from madagascar. the two have been much confused on the internet. we here rename the latter in honour of its discoverer and describer, joseph marie henri alfred (“henri”) perrier de la bâthie (1873−1958), outstanding explorer of madagascar (dorr, 1997: 338). medinilla perrieri veldk. & k ar ton., nom . nov. medinilla intermedia h. perrier, mém. acad. malgache 12: 180. 1932; in humbert, fl. madagascar 153: 250, t. xl, f. 1−6, non blume (1831). — lectotype: perrier de la bâthie 14181 (holotype: p00061493; isotype: p00061494), designated here. medinilla radicans (blume) blume flora 14 (1831) 509; rumphia 1 (1835) 15, t. 3. — melastoma radicans blume, bijdr. 17 (1826) 1069. — type: a non. s.n. (l, holo), java, mt. salak, first step designation by bakhuizen v.d. brink f. (1943: 161), l. 908.129-113, designated here. note that blume’s drawing of the transverse section of the hypanthium shows five cells while elsewhere (1826, 1831, 1835) he described the flowers as “octandris (rarissime decandris)”. acknowledgements dr. p. baas (l) kindly informed me on the nature of the appendages in m. pellita.. the photographers of the illustrations, ms. t. j. f. bangun, and messrs. i. gushilman, r. mahroji , and p. b. phillipson are cordially thanked for their permission to use them. references bakhuizen v. d. brink, r. c. jr. 1943. a contribution to the knowledge of the melastomataceae occurring in the malay archipelago especially in the netherlands east indies. rec. trav. bot. néerl. 40: 147−198. bodegom, s. & veldkamp, j. f. 2001. a revision of the pseudo-stipular species of medinilla gaud. ex dc. (melastomataceaemelastomatoideae-miconieae). blumea 46: 527−567. dorr, l. j. 1997. plant collectors in madagascar and the comoro islands. royal botanic gardens, kew. mansfeld, r. 1925. die melastomataceen von papuasien. bot. jahrb. syst. 60: 115−130. merrill, e. d. & perry, l. m. 1943. plantae papuanae archboldianae, xiii. j. a rnold a rbor. 24: 422−434. nayar, m. p. 1982. revision of the genus catanthera f. v. muell. (melastomataceae). reinwardtia 10: 35−61. ohwi, j. 1943. the kanehira-hatusima 1940 collection of new guinea plants. xvi. melastomataceae. bot. mag. (tokyo) 57: 6−16. perrier de la bâthie, h. 1932. les mélastomacées de madagascar. mém. a cad. malgache 12: 180. perrier de la bâthie, h. 1951. mélastomacées. in: humbert, h. flore de madagascar 153 firmin-didit & co., paris. pp. 250−252, t. xl, f. 1−6. regalado, j. c. jr. 1990. revision of medinilla (melastomataceae) of borneo. blumea 35: 5−70. regalado, j. c. jr. 1995. revision of philippine medinilla (melastomataceae). blumea 40: 113−193. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 16. no. 1. 2017 contents page dini puspitaningrum, wendy a. mustaqim & marlina ardiyani. a new record of etlingera pauciflora (zingiberaceae) in java, indonesia ...…………………………………..…………………..…….…...………….…………. 1 sri rahayu & michele rodda. hoya narcissiflora (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae), a new species from borneo ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………. 5 iyan robiansyah. predicting habitat distribution of endemic and critically endangered dipterocarpus littoralis in nusakambangan, indonesia ……………………………………………….…..……………………………….………. 11 lulut dwi sulistyaningsih. a newly described and recorded infraspecific taxa of musa borneensis becc. (musaceae) from sulawesi, indonesia ……………………………………………...…....…………….………………..... 19 jan-firts veldkamp & abdulrokhman kartonegoro. new species of catanthera and medinilla (melastomataceae) from halmahera, indonesia and a new name for a medinilla from madagascar…………………………………...…...……... 25 purwaningsih, ruddy polosakan, razali yusuf & kuswata kartawinata. phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope of mt. wilis, east java, indonesia………………………..…………………………….…. 31 ian m. turner. a new combination for subspecies of radermachera quadripinnata (bignoniaceae) ........................ 47 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia 16(1)_1-1 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_2-2 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_3-3 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_4-4 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_29-29 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_30-30 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_31-31 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_32-32 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_33-33 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_34-34 8. daftar isi reinwardtia 16(1) nepenthes naga, a new species of nepenthaceae from bukit barisan of sumatra island reinwardtia vol 12, part 5, pp: 339 – 342 339 nepenthes naga, a new species of nepenthaceae from bukit barisan of sumatra received july 10, 2007; accepted march 27, 2008. pitra akhriadi herbarium universitas andalas (anda), biologi fmipa unand padang, indonesia. e-mail: sumatrannepenthes@yahoo.com hernawati herbarium universitas andalas (anda), biologi fmipa unand padang, indonesia. alfindra primaldhi division nepenthes indonesia, malang, indonesia. muhammad hambali division nepenthes indonesia, malang, indonesia. abstract akhriadi, p., hernawati, primaldhi, a. & hambali, m. 2009. nepenthes naga, a new species of nepenthaceae from bukit barisan of sumatra. reinwardtia 12(5): 339 – 342. ⎯ a new species of nepenthes from north sumatra is described as nepenthes naga akhriadi, hernawati, primaldhi & hambali. the key characters for this species are a triangular dichotomous appendage resembling a snake's tongue inserted sub-apically on the undersurface of the lid, and the undulate lid margin. keywords: nepenthes, nepenthaceae, sumatra, snake-tongue abstrak akhriadi, p., hernawati, primaldhi, a. & hambali, m. 2009. nepenthes naga, sebuah jenis baru nepenthaceae dari bukit barisan sumatera. reinwardtia 12(5): 339 – 342. ⎯ sebuah jenis baru nepenthes dari sumatra utara dipertelakan sebagai nepenthes naga akhriadi, hernawati, primaldhi & hambali. karakter kunci dari jenis ini adalah adanya apendiks bercabang dua yang menyegi-tiga menyerupai lidah ular yang muncul sebelum ujung dari permukaan bawah tutup kantong dan pinggir tutup kantong yang mengombak. kata kunci: nepenthes, nepenthaceae, sumatera, lidah ular introduction the species of nepenthes l. (nepenthaceae) are popular plants with the unique character of pitchers that inserted from leaf apex through the tendril and are of interest to plant researchers, nurseries and hobbyists. in the last seven years about 10 new species of nepenthes have been published especially from sumatra and kalimantan (indonesian borneo). both of islands assumed as the mainland with the large number of nepenthes species where some new species had been described continuously. during 2004 and 2007, five new species have been described from sumatra and borneo. from borneo: n. chaniana clarke, lee & mcpherson (2006), and from sumatra n. flava wistuba, nerz & fleischm. (2007), n. jamban lee, hernawati & akhriadi (2006), n. lingulata lee, hernawati & akhriadi (2006), and n. rigidifolia akhriadi, hernawati & tamin (2004). several nepenthes experts have claimed that sumatra is a hotspot of nepenthes evolution (e.g. wistuba et al., 2007). with 36 nepenthes species described since linnaeus in sumatra, the island has become the island with the largest number of species, followed by borneo with 34 species. clarke and lee (pers. comm.) also suggest that there are several new species yet to be found and described in sumatra. one new species collected during an expedition by indonesian nepenthes hobbyists between march and july 2007, is here described: nepenthes naga akhriadi, hernawati, primaldhi & mailto:sumatrannepenthes@yahoo.com reinwardtia [vol.12 340 hambali. this species is most similar to n. ovata nerz & wistuba and n. spathulata danser, but has a long appendage of several centimetres attached sub-apically to the undersurface of the lid, like a snake or dragon (`naga') tongue. nepenthes naga akhriadi, hernawati, primaldhi & hambali, sp. nov. figure 1. nepenthidi spathulatae similis, ascidia operculo facie inferiore appendice subapicali triangulari serpentis linguae similis, operculi margine undulato differt ⎯ typus: indonesia, north sumatra, the hill around panyabungan city, 1500 – 2000 m, 27 july 2007, alfindra primaldhi et muhammad hambali, divnep 052 (anda – holo; bo iso). epiphytic climber to ca. 5 m tall. stem of rosette and lower parts cylindrical, ca. 1 cm in diameter, internodes ca. 0.7 cm length. stem of upper parts climbing 100–200 cm, orbicular – quadrangular, ca. 0.8 cm in diameter, internodes 6.8–14.8 cm length, with a spine-like process above each nodes. leaves of rosette and lower parts leathery coriaceous, sessile, spathulate – oblong, 21–27 by 6.0–7.8 cm, base decurrent for 2/3 of its diameter; midrib sunken above, triangular beneath; longitudinal veins 3 pairs at each side of the midrib, indistinct above and distinct beneath; pinnate veins indistinct at both surfaces, margin entire, apex slightly emarginated – rotundate; tendril inserted ca. 0.3 cm below the apex, 18.5–41.0 cm length. leaves of upper parts similar to those of the rosette and the lower parts; but spathulate, 10.2–16.0 by 4.5–6.0 cm, decurrent along the stem for 1/2–3/4 of its diameter at the base, apex rotundate; tendril insertion apical, looped, 24.0–28.0 cm length. rosette and lower pitchers ovoid to narrowly ovoid at the base to glandular zone extended 1/2–3/4 pitchers high then narrowly cylindrical towards the mouth, 24.0–33.5 by 5.7–6.8 cm; two wings extended down from the edge of the mouth, 10.5–17.3 by 0.5 cm width, with fringed hairs 1.4–1.9 cm in length; mouth ovate, 6.7–8.4 by 2.4–3.7 cm, slightly necked, 45–60° slope; peristome expanded outwards 2.3–5.8 cm wide at each side, curved downward inside the pitcher 0.4–0.8 cm width, 0.5–0.8 cm width in front, with 6–9 lobes on each side, with 3 notches in front with 0.2–0.5 cm width; teeth distinct 0.05–0.1 cm length, 0.3–0.4 cm length at the neck; lid ovate, 7.3–8.5 by 5.0– 7.2 cm, base cordate, midrib sunken–grooved above, raised beneath, longitudinal veins 4 or 5 pairs that insertion from the base, distinct above, indistinct beneath; margin undulate, apex rotundate; 2 appendages along the midrib of the lid beneath, first appendage sharp like teeth 0.6–1.0 cm distance from the midrib base with 0.4–0.7 cm height; second appendage triangular dichotomous appendages like snake-tongue 1.2–2.3 cm distance inserted apically reach 1.0–1.4 by 0.3–0.5 cm, basal of dichotomous appendages 1.4–2.3 cm width; concentrated nectar gland on lid beneath surface along the midrib 0.01–0.05 cm in diameter, larger nectar gland concentrated at dichotomous appendages 0.05–0.1 cm in diameter; spur 0.3–0.6 cm distance below the lid base, 2.1– 2.8 cm length, unbranched. upper pitchers slightly infundibular at the base to glandular zone 1/3–3/4 pitcher high then cylindrical towards the mouth, 20.8–24.3 by 4.0–4.5 cm; wings reduced to rib; mouth ovate, 3.8–5.4 by 3.0–3.5 cm, necked, 45° slope; peristome expanded outwards 1.0–0.5 cm width on both sides, 0.2–0.3 cm width in front; 4–5 lobes each sides, 0–1 notched in front 0–0.2 cm length; teeth distinct 0.05 cm height, 0.1 –0.13 cm height at the neck; lid ovate, 5.5–6.1 cm length, 4.3–5.5 cm width, base cordate; midrib grooved above, raised beneath; longitudinal veins 3–4 pairs, distinct above, indistinct beneath; margin undulate, apex rotundate; 2 appendage along the midrib of the lid beneath, first appendage sharp like teeth 0.5–0.6 cm distance from the midrib base with 0.1–0.3 cm height; second appendage triangular dichotomous like snake-tongue 1.1–1.3 cm distance inserted apically, each 1.3–1.5 cm length and 0.3–0.5 cm width each blade, basal of dichotomous appendages 1.4–1.5 cm width; concentrated nectar gland on lid beneath surface along the midrib 0.01–0.02 cm in diameter, bigger nectar gland concentrated at dichotomous appendages surface 0.05–0.1 cm in diameter; spur flattened, 1.0–1.4 cm length, 0.2 cm width, 0.4–0.6 cm distance below the lid base, 2 branched near the tip. female flowers axillary in front of the leaf base, a raceme or a panicle, 14.5 cm length, peduncle 7 cm length, rachis 7.5 cm length, pedicel 0.3–0.5 cm length, pedicel branches 0.5–0.9 cm length; bracteole linear, 0.7–1.2 cm length; tepal linear 0.2–0.5 cm length. fruit 0.3–1.0 cm length, 0.15– 0.4 cm width. male flowers not found. indumentum of the rosette and lower parts glabrous. indumentum of the upper parts similar to those of the rosette and lower parts including the female flowers. colour of herbarium specimen stem blackish brown, leaves above greenish brown and brown beneath, pitchers dark brown in rosette and lower pitcher and bright brown in upper pitcher, 2009] akhriadi et al.: nepenthaceae from bukit barisan of sumatra 341 vernacular name. tahul – tahul. lid greenish brown – brown above and dark brown beneath. colour of living specimen leaves dark green above and pale green beneath, midrib pale green on both sides. rosette and lower pitchers green – brownish green outside, glandular zone pale green inside, upper zone pale green with dark red blotches inside, mouth dark red – blackish brown; lid green with dark red blotches around the midrib then dark red spots to the margin above, green with dark blotches beneath, teeth-like appendage green on the base of lid beneath, dichotomous appendage dark red on the apical below of lid beneath. upper pitchers similar to those of the rosette and the lower pitchers, but green at glandular zone outside and with pale dark red toward the mouth, mouth green with dark red lines, lid green – green with dark red spots above, pale green with dark red blotches beneath, dichotomous appendage green with dark red blotches. fruit brown. derivation. the specific epithet naga refers to the dichotomous appendage like snake's tongue inserted sub-apically on the under surface of the lid. local folklore also includes stories claiming that the habitat of this species was occupied by dragons (‘naga’), long ago. ecology and conservation. the species is epiphytic in montane mossy forest at 1,500 to 2,000 m asl. the vegetation includes fagaceae, gleicheiniaceae and some of montane flowering shrubs. the population of n. naga is not larger, and will further decrease if the habitat is disturbed or invaded by plantation species as hevea brasiliensis from rubber plantations at the foot of the hill. the other cause of population decline is over-collection by plant hunters, who scrape off individuals from rocks and trees and collect its fruit so intensively that no seeds naturally survive. the habitat is not protected by law. distribution. sumatra, north sumatra. figure 1. nepenthes naga akhriadi, hernawati, primaldhi & hambali (a) habit (b) lower pitchers (c) upper pitchers (d) female flower. from primaldhi & hambali, divnep 052 (anda) (drawn by hernawati). reinwardtia [vol.12 342 table 1. characters comparison between n. naga with n. ovata and n. spathulata characters n. naga n. ovata n. spathulata leaves texture leathery coriaceous thick coriaceous coriaceous shape spathulate spathulate spathulate tendril insertion sub-apical apical sub-apical rosette and lower pitchers shape ovoid then cylindrical toward mouth broad ovoid ovoid then cylindrical toward mouth mouth lobes 6 – 9 lobes each side 5 lobes each sides 4 lobes each sides lid shape ovate orbicular-ovate ovate or elliptic lid margin undulate entire entire sub-apical lid appendage triangular and dichotomous like snaketongue none none upper pitchers shape infundibulate then ovoid then cylindrical toward mouth infundibulate infundibulate then ovoid then cylindrical toward mouth mouth lobes 4 – 5 lobes each sides 5 lobes each sides 3 lobes each sides lid shape ovate orbicular orbicular lid margin undulate entire entire sub-apical lid appendage triangular and dichotomous like snaketongue none none flowers female flowers 1-2 flowered 1-flowered 1-flowered notes. the characters comparison between n. naga with others neighbouring species in rather similar of characters presented in table 1 where the key characters had been choosing. specimens examined. nepenthes naga: north sumatra, the hills around panyabungan city, 1500– 2000 m, 27 july 2007, a. primaldhi & m. hambali divnep052 (anda!– holotype; bo! – isotype). nepenthes ovata: north sumatra, toba samosir dist., g. pangulubao, 1500-2100 m, dec. 16, 2003, nepenthes team (hernawati, p. akhriadi & i. petra) np373, np377 (anda!); sipal-pal, sibual-buali, sipirok, 1500 m, 18 may 1993, j.j. afriastini 2340 (bo!). nepenthes spathulata: jambi, kab. kerinci, gn. tujuh area, 1300–2300 m, 30 june 2005, nepenthes team (hernawati & p. akhriadi) np399, (anda!); south sumatra, g. dempo, 1400–1900 m, 07 september 2004, adrian, arifin, mustofa divnep 05, (anda!); lampung, mt. tanggamus, 1800-1900 m, 3 may 1968, m. jacobs 8261, (bo!, sing!); lampung, mt. tanggamus, 2000 m, january 1935, m.a. lieftinck 11, (bo! – isolecto). acknowledgement we would like to express our gratitude to mr. rusjdi tamin the curator of herbarium anda who always support our study in anda. we are grateful to adrian yusuf wartono of divisi nepenthes and m. apriza suska of ktki who suggested us to conduct this expedition. first and second authors wish to thank dr. elizabeth a. widjaja of bo, serena lee of sing, dr. campbell o. webb for review the first manuscript, dr. j.f. veldkamp for the latin diagnose and review the manuscript. references akhriadi, p., hernawati & tamin, r. 2004. a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from sumatra. reinwardtia 12 (2): 141–144. cheek, m. & jebb, m. 2001. nepenthaceae. flora malesiana i, 15: 1–157. clarke, c., lee, c.c. & mcpherson, s. 2006. nepenthes chaniana (nepenthaceae), a new species from north-western borneo. sabah parks nat. jour. 7: 53 – 66. lee, c.c., hernawati & akhriadi, p. 2006. two new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from north sumatra. blumea 51 (3): 561–568. wistuba, a., nerz, j. & fleischmann, a. 2007. nepenthes flava, a new species of nepenthaceae from the northern part of sumatra. blumea 52 (1): 159–163. untitled r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium -bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part. 2, pp. 193 256 (1957) lauraceae* a. j. g. h. kostermans ** summary an attempt has been made at a classification of the lauraceae, into taxa down to the rank of subgenus. the characters and their taxonomic value are discussed amply. a system of the family and keys are given. two subfamilies, viz lauroideae and cassythoideae, are recognized; several new tribes, subtribes and subgenera have been described. the accepted genera, 31 in number, are surveyed, with synonyms, typification, description, and particulars. additional notes to "the genera of lauraceae", which appeared in 1952, are given. introduction in a former paper1 i gave a historical survey of the genera of lauraceae, together with their typification and synonymy. in the present paper i shall endeavour to elaborate a tentative classification of those genera which i consider to be acceptable. i stressed in the first paper that the establishment of generic limits and the classification of genera should come after complete monographic revision. in as large a family as the lauraceae this cannot be accomplished in a lifetime. since i only have completely revised the subfamily lauroideae2 (american species), the subfamily persoideae remains unsatisfactorily classified. all african and madagascar lauraceae have recently been revised, some (part of the genus beilschmiedia) by robyns and wilczek, the remainder by myself. during the last ten years i have had the opportunity to obtain first hand field knowledge of the malaysian lauraceae. * first published as comm. of the forest research institute, indonesia no. 57, issued march 22, 1957. nota bene. the present reprint is verbatim, with the following restrictions: a) names in the original paper indicated as new and provided with a latin description are here not indicated so and provided with an english description, in the index, however, they are printed in bold face type; b) in the genera 5, 19, and 28 the name of the type-including subgenus has been conformed to that of the genus, the original name being there given in syn. the division of the text over the pages has remained the same from p. 206 onwards; the original page-number is found by subtracting 192 of the present number. there is not referred in the text to the above-mentioned publication. ed. ** d. sc, forest service of indonesia; head of the botanical division: forest research institute, bogor; cooperator of the herbarium bogoriense. 'a historial survey of lauraceae in j. sci. research indonesia 1: 83-95; 113127; 141-159. 1952., 2 sub-families as adopted by pax. 194 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans : lauraceae 195 the revisions have already yielded interesting results; genera formerly considered to be limited to certain continents proved to have a world wide distribution: hufelandia, tylostemon and beilschmiedia, respectively from america, africa and asia, could be combined into one genus beilschmiedia; potameia from madagascar and syndiclis from asia could be combined; american persea proved to be congeneric with asiatic machilus and it is likely that american sassafras is not different from asiatic actinodaphne, whereas ocotea and cinnamomum are very close to each other; american phoebe is likely not different from asiatic cinnamomum. several views on the relationship between genera have been confirmed by anatomical research on the wood (cooperation in this field with w. f. stern of the yale school of forestry, is much appreciated). i am well aware that the system outlined below will be far from conclusive and perhaps never can be made conclusive, but i hope that it will bring some clarification. i disagree with those who have expressed the belief that a classification of lauraceae "in se" would be impossible. a classification is especially necessary for workers in the field of palaeontology. in recent years fragments have been described as belonging to certain genera of lauraceae; but it is — even in contemporary species — impossible to refer specimens to their proper genus without flowers or fruit at hand. our insight in the relationships and development of lauraceae will never be advanced by unreliable identification of fossil material. i wish to express here my gratitude to ir. soesilo h. prakoso, head of the forest service of indonesia, who with a broad view for pure and applied science in botany, has given his support and enabled me to carry on with taxonomic work in the indonesian forest service. furthermore i have to thank prof. dr. c. g. g. j. van steenis, who kindly went through the manuscript and suggested many emendations and alterations, and mr. m. jacobs for proofreading. i wish to thank dr. a. c. smith (national science foundation, new york), who pointed out to me that the names of a few type-including subgenera were not in accordance with art. 22 of the international code (which i could not consult). these names have been brought up to date in this reprint. principal literature a. l. de jussieu, genera pi. 89-90. 1789 (lauri); lamarck-poiret, encycl. meth. 1783-1817; ventenat, tabl. regne veg. 2: 245. 1799 (laurinae) ; willdenow, spec. pi. 2: 477. 1800; lindley, nat. syst. 201. 1836 (lauraceae); c. g. nees von esenbeck in wallich, pl asiat. rar. 2: 57-76. 1831; plant. laur. expos., breslau 1833; systema laurina'rum 1836; endlicher, gen. pi. 315-323. 1837; enchir. 196-205. 1841; meissner in dc, prodr. 15 (1): 1-260. 1864; baillon, hist. pi. 2: 429-486. 1870; bentham in bentham & hooker f., gen. pi. 3: 146-164. 1880; pax in engler & prantl, nat. pfl.fam. 3 (2) : 106-126. 1889; mez in jahrb. kgl. bot. gart. berlin 5: 1-556. 1889; hutchinson, fam. fl. pl 1: 90. 1926; kostermans in rec. trav. bot. neerl. 33: 719-757. 1936; 34: 500-575. 1937; 35: 56-129 et 831-931. 1938; in rev. univ. chilena 24: 201-232. 1939; in humbert, not. syst. paris 8: 67-128. 1939; in bull. jard. bot. bruxelles 15: 73-108. 1938; in humbert, fl. madagascar, 8le famille lauraceae: 1-90. 1950; in bol. techn. inst. agron. norte (belem-para, brazil) 28: 49-76. 1955; robyns & wilczek in bull. jard. bot. bruxelles 19: 459-506. 1949; lawrence, taxon. vase. pi. 512-513. 1951. family characters general evergreen trees or shrubs (rarely parasitic climbers: cassytha) with alternate (rarely opposite or subopposite: beilschmiedia, endiandra, cryptocarya, etc. or whorled: actinodaphne; occasionally in species of other genera) usually entire, rarely lobed (sassafras), usually leathery leaves, without stipules, with usually numerous aromatic oil and slime cells (also in bark), pinnately or subpalmately veined (often triplinerved: aiouea, litsea, neolitsea, lindera, cryptocarya, cinnamomum, etc.) and usually densely reticulate; the reticulation as a rule not visible in the fresh leaves which often have a waxy appearance and often have a glaucous lower surface. hairs — if present — simple, as a rule one-celled. buds perulate, innovation flush-wise. bark often aromatic. timber usually not very durable, sometimes very durable (eusideroxylon, ocotea. irodioei mez, dehaasia caesia bl), finely grained, often yellow and with cigar-box wood smell. inflorescences definite, (rarely indefinite: cassytha) paniculate, racemose or capitellate; before anthesis completely enveloped in large bracts (actinodaphne, sassafras, species of beilschmiedia, cryptocarya, etc.) or almost naked; ultimate flowers 3 or more together in axils of bracteoles or the end-flowers in pseudo-umbels, surrounded by persistent decussate bracts (lindera, laurus, litsea) or irregular bracts (umbellularia). flowers usually small (the largest 2 cm in diameter; but usually less than 5 mm in diameter, the smallest: potameia, often less than 1 mm in diameter), usually white or greenish white, sometimes yellow, sometimes reddish or turning red after anthesis (persea subgen. aiseodaphne), usually aromatic; tepals either explanate or remaining almost closed (persea subgenalseodaphne, licaria, beilschmiedia). flowers bisexual or by abortion monoecious, actinomorphic, usually trimerous (in the genera laurus, neolitsea, potameia dimerous). perianth gamosepalous, free, in bud valvate rotate, infundibuliform or urceolate with 6 or 4 tepals in two whorls, rarely 9 tepals in 3 whorls (phyllostemonodaphne and dicypellium) ; tepals equal or (persea, species of persea subgen. alseodaphne) outer ones smaller, alternate, deciduous or persistent, sometimes indurate; tube either deciduous or altered into a cup which surrounds the basal part of the fruit, or the fruit completely included in the tube, or the ovary adnate to the tube (hypogynous: hypodaphnis). stamens alternate, attached to the throat of the tube, perigynous or epigynous, definite 196 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans: lauraceae 197 in number (rarely sub-definite, in litsea) in 4 whorls (or rarely more whorls in litsea), usually the central whorl abortive and reduced to more or less conspicuous staminodes; more rarely the 2 outer whorls also abortive; the third whorl always present (very rarely sterile: species of cryptocarya, one species of aniba etc.), as a rule with two more or less stalked glands at either side of the filament or the stalks of the glands connate with the filaments; more rarely all stamens with basal glands (urbanodendron, one species of endlicheria; the subgenus pleurothyrium in ocotea; species of litsea) ; filaments present or anthers sessile; outer 2 whorls of anthers as a rule introrse (some exceptions in licaria) ; all extrorse in litsea; the 3rd whorl of stamens as a rule extrorse, sometimes with (all or partly) apical or lateral cells. anthers 4-, or 2-celled by abortion (very rarely 1celled: potameia species) ; the connective (of the 2-celled anthers) usually produced beyond the anthers (ablastic part) ; the cells placed in pairs above each other or in an arc; usually all species in one genus with the same number of anther-cells, rarely one or two whorls of anthers with different (half or double) number of cells. cells opening by valves from base to apex, very rarely (in mezilaurus) from outside to inside. pollen simple, globose, poreless, granulate. staminodes (if present) of the outer whorls tepal-like or ligulate, of the fourth whorl as a rule sagittate or cordate-sagittate, stalked, very rarely provided with glands, sometimes staminodes minute or none. if more than 4 whorls of stamens are present (litsea), the 4th and inner whorls may have glands. the glands are either small or large (filling the entire space between the stamens) or altogether lacking. carpels probably 3, forming a single, one-celled ovary, which is usually superior, rarely sub-inferior or (in hypodaphnis) inferior; ovule single, pendulous, anatropous; style distinct, rarely inconspicuous; stigma discoid, often with one shallow lateral incision, often depressed, sometimes (beilschmiedia, litsea) inconspicuous, but decurrent at one side of the style as differently coloured tissue. fruit baccate, sometimes enveloped (adnate or free) by the accrescent flower tube which is often ligneous {cryptocarya, ravensara, eusideroxylon) or completely inferior (hypodaphnis), sometimes on a naked pedicel, sometimes with its base surrounded by the indurate perianth {phoebe, apollonias) ; sometimes with its base (or a larger part) embedded in a cup; sometimes (mezilaurus) with a small, flat disc at base. where a cup is present, the perianth may be either more or less persistent (unaltered), or the base of the perianth persists (cinnamomum) or the base of the stamens persists, which makes the cup double-rimmed (licaria) ; the margin is either entire or may be wavy (base of tepals) ; the cup is always fleshy, often provided with large, flat, round warts (lenticels) ; the fruitpedicel is either cylindrical or may be fleshy and sometimes highly coloured (dehaasia; species of persea subgen. alseodaphne). exocarp fleshy, very thin or thick (edible in persea species), usually bitter, aromatic and astringent. fruit either small (5 mm diameter in litsea cubeba pers.) to large (15 cm and more long in persea americana mill, and eusideroxylon zivageri t. & b.). sometimes a kind of aril (potameia) is present which envelopes the embryo, but for its apical part. seed without albumen with thin (rarely tough: cassytha) testa; cotyledons large, flat-convex, pressed against each other (only in one species: beilschmiedia variabilis rob. & wilcz., the embryo is transverse) ; corculum included, subpeltate; plumule well developed (2—8-leaved), often pilose. rarely (ravensara) ovary divided incompletely (in its lower half) into 6—12 compartments; the dividing dissepiments ruminate into the cotyledons. bole, crown, bark, root with the exception of cassytha, which comprises parasitical, leafless twiners, all lauraceae are woody plants. they range from small treelets or shrublike treelets of less than one metre height to trees of 40 and more metres, although they never become emergent trees in the tropical rain forest, but are confined to the second story, only some species belong to the first story. in some species the branches are weak and need the support of other trees. originally pyramidal, the canopy becomes often irregular in mature trees, although some retain their regular appearance. the branching is either monoor sympodial. in the latter case the tree remains pyramidal and has the typical whorls of leaves congested near the top of the branchlets, which is often thicker than the older part. (phoebe, mezilaurus, persea, etc.). the main branches are horizontal, more or less erect, or irregular. sometimes they are dorsiventral (differently coloured on upper and lower j surface) ; the leaves are then often in one plane. myrmecophily is found [exceptionally (south america, new guinea) ; in that case the ants eat away the pith of the branchlets (usually swollen). shedding of branches by means of an abscission joint has been described by van der pijl (in indon. j. nat. sci. 1, 2, 3: 20. 1953). in some species (aiouea) decurrent leaf spurs are present, which make the branches angular or ribbed. buttressing is common in many species, although large buttresses are an exception. pneumatophores occur (rarely) in some species of marshy habitat. stilt roots are, thus far, not known. the bole is usually smooth (although thick, deeply fissured barks loccur too) and then often covered with numerous large, round, flat lenticeels. the dead bark is as a rule very thin and is shed in small fragments. in some malaysian species (persea subgen. alseodaphne) the branchlets are pure white. in some south american species (mezilaurus, ocotea verruculosa mez) the branchlets are covered with a corky layer, apparently an adaptation to habitat. the living bark is either thin or may be very thick; its colour varies between white, yellow, pink and dark red; it is usually brittle but for an inner fibrous layer; often it has a more or less 198 reinwardtia [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. kostehmans: lauraceae 199 pronounced aromatic smell; in some species (cinnamomum iners bl.) where the bark is scentless and has only mucilage cells, the roots are fragrant. the bark is almost always characterized by the presence of secretion cells containing essential oil or mucilage and of remarkable stone cells in the pericyclic region with onesided thickening; the secretion-cells are found in the cortex and especially in the bast. the stone cells usually contain starch grains and sometimes calcium oxalate crystals of different shapes. the number and length of the bast fibres is very variable. the medullary rays are from one to more cells wide. the oil and mucilage is formed in a resinogenous mass in the cells; according to janssonius (in blumea 6: 408-451. 1950) the mass is surrounded by a ligneous membrane (which is somewhat thicker in oil-cells), which shrinks together with the resinogenous mass, if soaked in alcohol. this does not fit with tschirch's theory, according to which the resinogenous mass is formed in an resinogenous layer of the cell wall. the mucilage is sometimes so abundant that it has economic value (litsea species in indochina and persea species in indonesia, for making hair-fixatives and glues). sometimes (litsea species in, indonesia) the mucilage cells are more common in the sapwood. shirasawa found, that in cinnamomum, camphora nees & eberm. the oil-cells developed immediately below the vegetation point. leaf the leaves are usually leathery and (on the upper surface) of a waxy, glossy dark green colour; the lower surface is often glaucous (layer of wax) ; in this character they strongly resemble the leaves of myristicaceae and monimiaceae. the dried leaves have a definite colour in different species. the lower leaf-surface is often provided with domatia in the nerveaxils; they appear to represent a constant character for certain species and not to be caused by insects. pinnately veined leaves are a rule, but in several genera (aiouea, cinnamomum, lindera, several species of ocotea, endlicheria, cryptocarya, ravensara, american phoebe) triplinerved leaves occur, (that this character is of no generic value is important for palaeontological identification). the venation, which becomes visible after drying, is either lax or very dense (areolate in endiandra and in species of several other genera). the leaves are spirally arranged (phyllotaxis 2/5 and 3 / 8 ), sometimes subopposite to opposite (beilschrfiiedia, endiandra,, cryptocarya, etc.), sometimes whorled (actinodaphne, some species of endlicheria, aniba, etc.). stipules are absent, but "hochblaetter" are often present, the "hochblaetter" are distinctive in actinodaphne on the long internodes between the whorled leaves; they drop very soon, and hence are hard to study in herbarium specimens. formerly it was supposed that only temperate representatives of the family had perulate leafbuds, but i found large numbers of this kind in species of the tropical rain forest where periodical leaf shedding is far from uncommon. some species of p&rsea subgen. alseodaphne in the wet rain forest e.g. are completely bare for a short period (a couple of days) ; in most species, however, the older leaves survive one or more flushes. the scales determine the shape of the leafbud, which may be a very useful vegetative character to recognize some genera (beilschmiedi-a,, cryptocarya). the leaves are entire (perhaps slightly wavy in nectandra sinuata mez), the only exceptions are found in the lobed leaves of sassafras and some aberrant leaves of the cultivated "avocado" (persea americana mill.) as described by huber. the leaf surface is flat and smooth; rare exceptions are found where the leaves become boat-shaped and bullate (endlicheria bullata ducke, mezilaurus arassiramea taub., beilschmiedia bullata kosterm.). the leaf margin is always strengthened by sclerenchym. even if the species is entirely glabrous, hairs are often present on leafbud scales. the hairs are simple, silky, woolly or strigose; as a rule the pilosity is denser on the lower, than on the upper surface, although the reverse is also represented (ocotea subgenus nectandra); the hairs are usually silvery, but golden coloured hairs occur in several genera (actinodaphne, endiandra, licaria, ocotea, persea, etc.). the hairs are mostly unicellular, frequently thick-walled, the lumen sometimes almost obliterated (santos found differences in hair structure in philippine cinnamomum species). the leaf is generally dorsiventral, but palisade tissue is more strongly developed towards the abaxial than the adaxial surface of the leaf in species of nectandra, phoebe, mezilaurus. the leaf cuticle is delicately punctate in some species of ocotea and varies in thickness in different species of a single genus from the same habitat. the epiderm of both surfaces in leaves of cinnamomum consists of a single layer of rectangular, thick-walled and highly cutinized cells. in the surface view the cells are polygonal in outline with sinuate, thick walls. the hypoderm is one-layered, but shows a tendency to form two layers (cryptocarya, endiandra). the lower epidermis is commonly papillose; in the aniba rosaeodora-group these papillae are highly developed. pappilae-like cells are usually connected with a waxy lower leaf surface. 200 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1967] a. j. g. h. kostekmans: l'auraceae 201 stomata are on the lower surface, usually they are sunken, and overarched by subsidiary cells, which are usually arranged parallel to the pore and of the rubiaceous type, but the subsidiary cells of the depressed stomata are not easily recognizable. the guard cells are provided with ridge-like processes in most genera. the mesophyll consists of 1—3 layers of palisade cells, which may be constant in a genus or varying. individual cells of the palisade layer in some species of actinodaphne, ocotea, and beilschmiedia are transformed into stone cells, visible as dots on the surface of the leaf. sclerified cells, immediately within the lower epidermis are present in ravensara; spongy parenchyma containing large lacunae filled with stellate tissue occurs in aniba, cryptocaryw, licaria, persea, systemonodaphne and urbanodendron, the midrib is often surrounded by a mixed sclerenchymatous sheath, containing stone cells with u-shaped thickenings. medium sized and small veins are frequently vertically transcurrent by sclerenchymatous elements; the sclerenchymatous sheaths in a few species of persea are spread out beneath the upper epiderm. oil cells in mesophyll and midrib are generally spherical with suberized walls and yellowish contents, frequently giving rise to transparent dots in the leaf; they are situated in the palisade or spongy tissue, rarely (umbellularia) in the lower epidermis as well. mucilage cells are found in almost all genera; they are similar in shape to oil cells and are confined to the palisade tissue or they occur also in other parts of the mesophyll. crystals usually occur in the form of small needles or spindles. the petiole, as a rule, has the same diameter over its entire length; in rare cases it is thickened towards its base {mezilaurus; some species of persea subgen. alseodaphne, etc.). the petiole in transverse section through the distal end exhibits a shallow crescentic vascular strand in species of several genera or a shallow arc of separate but closely placed bundles {beilschmiedia roxburghiana nees) ; there are no accessory bundles. sometimes massive stone-cells are present in the petiolar ground tissue {cinnamomum zeylanicum bl.; ravensara) . wood anatomy x cork not formed until a relatively late stage; often arising in the epidermis or outer part of the cortex, but pericyclic cork said to occur in cinnamomum zeylanicum bl. cork cells thin-walled in species of litsea, persea, sassafras with inner tangential walls sclerosed in species of cinnamomum, dehaasia, dicypellium, litsea, ocotea. a secondary ring of extracted more or less verbatim from metcalfe and chalk, anat. of dicotyl. 2: 1147-11521950; w 1 ' . s t e r n i n trop. woods 100. 1954 and record in trop. woods 80: 15. 1944. stone cells reported to arise in the phelloderm in species of actinodaphne, cryptocarya, dehaasia, litsea, ocotea. primary cortex of relatively old branches sometimes containing stone cells. pericycle characterized by isolated strands of fibers interspersed with stone cells to form a continuous or locally interrupted ring. some of the stone cells usually provided with thin outer tangential walls, but sclerosed on the inner tangential and radial walls. pericyclic sclerenchyma rings of the above type, recorded in species of licaria, beilschmiedia, cinnamomum, cryptocarya, dicypellium, endiandra, endlicheria, laurus, lindera, litsea, ocotea, persea, phoebe, sassafras. secondary phloem usually containing a few spindle-shaped fibers with narrow lumina, but fibers sometimes aggregated into bundles in licaria, beilschmiedia, ocotea. stone cells similar to those of the pericycle sometimes accompany the fibers in the secondary phloem, particularly in species of cryptocarya and litsea. xylem in the form of a continuous cylinder traversed by narrow rays (1—6 cells wide) ; relatively broad rays occur in certain genera; rays uniseriate (1—14 cells high) and multiseriate rays (3—6 cells high). vessels usually with simple perforation; scalariform plates oecassional. peripheral part of the pith in a few species consisting of amyliferous cells with thicker walls than those of the central part. groups of stone cells sometimes present in the pith, e.g. in species of beilschmiedia and ravensara. secretory cells, containing oil or mucilage, present in the primary cortex, phloem, wood, and pith of the axis. oil cells in the primary cortex and pith approximately isodiametric, but those in the phloem vertically elongated (barrel-shaped) ; recorded in the young stem of species of licaria, aniba, beilschmiedia, cinnamomum, cryptocarya, dicypellium, laurus, litsea, ocotea subgen. nectandra, persea, sassafras, umbellularia. mucilage cells, usually vertically elongated, most frequent in the phloem (especially in cinnamomum and other barks, but also recorded in the primary cortex and wood. cells with unidentified but probably tanniniferous contents common and often abundant, particularly in the cortex and phloem, e.g. in species of beilschmiedia, cinnamomum, laurus, persea. crystals common in the unlignif ied tissues, mostly acicular or spindleshaped ; solitary prisms noted, e.g. in beilschmiedia. wood —growth rings as a rule present, although sometimes in a single species {persea americana mill.) present or absent. vessels mostly medium-sized (100—200 µ mean tangential diameter; up to 650 µ,, according to stern), but sometimes small (less than 100µ.), e.g. in species of laurus and lindera; sometimes very long (1224µ.), solitary and in numerous small multiples; multiples of 4 or more cells sometimes moderately common, e.g. in some species of persea subgen. alseodaphne, 202 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. koshekmans: lauraceae 203 aniba, cryptocarya, eusideroxylon, and laurus, and sometimes with a tendency to form loose oblique rows, e.g. in lindera and persea; 3—40, mostly 5—12, per sq. mm., fewer than 5 per sq. mm. in some species of beilsehmiedia, cinnamomum, cryptocarya, hypodaphnis and licaria; ring porous in sassafras. perforations typically simple, but sporadic scaliform plates are of moderately common occurrence, particularly in the persoideae; such plates usually with few bars but with many in persea; according to knoblauch, as quoted by solereder, the perforation plates are entirely scalariform in beilsehmiedia pendula benth. (not confirmed). intervascular pitting alternate, typically large, but occasionally small, e.g. in ocotea rodiaei mez and in lindera species (not in material of l. bifaria benth.) ; occasionally striated owing to coalescent apertures, e.g. in laurus and umbellularia; solereder refers to spiral striation in cinnamomum eamphora nees & eberm. and litsea, pits to ray and wood parenchyma typically including many large, elongated and simple or only partially bordered pits, often almost scalariform, and sometimes unilaterally compound but with only small round pits similar to the intervascular pitting in hypodaphnis zenkeri stapf, laurus nobilis l., lindera erythrocarpa mak., neolitsea acuta-trinerva kan. & sas., and ocotea rodiaei mez. according to bailey the sieve-like structures reported by janssonius are not true vestured pits. tyloses common, sclerotic in eusideroxylon zivageri t. & b. and ocotea rodiaei mez and, according to record and hess and stern, in some species of aniba and licaria; the walls of sclerotic tyloses are often laminated and they show ramiform pitting (stern). mean member length 0.35—0.8 mm. parenchyma paratracheal, typically as an irregular and often incomplete sheath round each vessel (vasi-centric), sometimes tending to be aliform, e.g. in beilsehmiedia, cryptoca,rya, eusideroxylon, hypodaphnis, lindera, and mezilaurus, and occasionally locally confluent; sometimes very abundant in broad irregular bands in eusideroxylon zwageri t. & b.; irregularly spaced bands; that appear to be terminal and bended apotracheal present in some species of beilsehmiedia, cryptocarya, endiandra, hypodaphnis, lindera, ravensara and mezilaurus. most authors refer also to diffuse parenchyma, but, though individual strands, separated from the irregular sheaths round the vessels and solitary oil cells, may appear to be scattered among the fibers, it appears to be somewhat misleading to classify these as diffuse. strands usually of 2—4 cells. tendency to be storeyed observed in mezilaurus lindaviana schw. & mez and distinct storeys reported in 2 species of cryptocarya from madagascar. oil cells present in more than half the species examined, often very abundant and sometimes very large, e.g. in beilsehmiedia mannii benth. rays typically 2—3 cells wide and up to 4—8 cells wide in some species or specimens of beilsehmiedia, cinnamomum, cryptocarya, endiandra, eusideroxylon, persea and ravensara; less than l m m . high; uniseriates typically very few and low and composed of mixed upright and procumbent cells, but more numerous and composed entirely of upright cells in some species of beilsehmiedia and cryptocarya; occasional 'aggregate' rays noted by dadswell and eckersley in cryptocarya glaucescens r. br. and c. corrugata c. t. white, such rays, according to francis, associated with the deep indentations characteristic of the mature stem; 4—11, mostly 5—7, rays per mm.; typically rather weakly heterogeneous, with marginal row of square cells, sometimes homogeneous, e.g. in hypodaphnis zenkeri stapf and umbellularia californica nutt. janssonius and dadswell and eckersley refer to occasional sheath cells in some species. cells often with dark solid contents; crystals not observed. occasionally with a distinct tendency to arrangement in echelon, particularly in some species of beilsehmiedia and in mezilaurus lindaviana schw. & mez. commonly containing oil cells. gonggrijp notes the presence of silica in endiandra and litsea. fibers typical with simple pits that are more numerous in the radial than in the tangential walls, but the pits occasionally with small, rather indistinct borders in some of the species lacking septate fibres, e.g. some species of actinodaphne, beilsehmiedia; endiandra, and ocotea rodiaei mez. septate in licaria p.p.; actinodaphne p.p., aiouea, persea subgen. alseodaphne, aniba, cinnamomum p.p., dehaasia, dicypellium, endlicheria, licaria, lindera (one species only), litsea p.p., ocotea p.p., persea, phoebe, ocotea subgen. pleurothyrium, mezilaurus and umbellularia; occasional septate fibers may occur in some of the other genera (kanehira, stern). septate fibers are not limited to the neighbourhood of the vessels, as in the myristicaceae. walls varying from very thin to very thick (the lumen is practically obliterated in certain species) sometimes gelatinous. mean length 0.7—1.6. mostly 1.0—1.4 mm. vasicentric tracheids recorded by janssonius in phoebe dedinata bl., lindera subumbelliflora kosterm., and several species of litsea. oil or mucilage cells are characteristic of most of the woods of this family, occurring usually in either the wood parenchyma or the rays and relatively rarely in both, e.g. in some species of licaria, aiouea, cinnamomum, cryptocarya, persea and phoebe; more commonly present in the wood parenchyma than in the rays and then occurring round the vessels and in the bands of parenchyma, if these are present. isolated cells sometimes appear to be scattered among the fibers in transverse sections, but at least some of these are due to the presence on the margins of the rays of occasional high oil cells which may project into a transverse section that misses the rest of the ray. according to janssonius (1934) oil and mucilage cells are indistinguishable except by their contents and are to some extent interchangeable; he found oil cells to be more numerous than mucilage cells, except in cinnamomum iners bl., c. javanicum bl, and c. burmannii bl.; to these may be added persea thunbergii kosterm. oil or mucilage cells not observed or very rare in some species or specimens of actinodaphne, beilsehmiedia, cryptocarya, endiandra, hypodaphnis, lindera, neolitsea and ocotea rodiaei mez, and kanehira notes the following genera of which individual specimens may or may not posses these cells: actinodaphne, cryptocarya konishii hay., lindera, litsea, machilus (=' persea), phoebe, and neolitsea. 204 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 inflorescence the inflorescences are always axillary (in some american persea species terminal, according to mez), even in species with sympodial ramification. with the exception of cassytha the dichasial or racemose inflorescences are limited. the inflorescences originate either from a mixed bud (but this is not very common) or from a flower bud. they are as a rule panicles, each ramification subtended by a bract; the ramifications repeat the phyllotaxis, but often the phyllotaxis becomes of a lower order (% or even vi in persea americana mill.) ; this is common in small (reduced) inflorescences. sometimes the inflorescence is a raceme; its cymose nature may be deduced from the 2 bracts which subtend the flower (e.g. eusideroxylon melagangai sym.). a pseudo-spike occurs in some species (nectandra leucantha nees). when the ultimate ramifications are shortened, the flowers may be arranged in a head {endlicheria glomerata mez; litsea) ; pleiochasia are sometimes present {licaria gvianensis aubl.) ; in licaria capitata kosterm. the entire inflorescence is reduced to a head on a long peduncle. sometimes the inflorescences occur on shortened branchlets (litsea, lindera, ocotea aniboides mez). as a rule the inflorescences are erect (in endlicheria arunciflora mez they are perhaps pendulous) ; the infructescence, by the weight of the fruit, is often pendulous. the inflorescence bracts usually drop at an early stage, although more or less persistent bracts occur in species of several genera. male inflorescences are as a rule more-flowered, more branched and bigger than female ones {endlicheria). in litsea and lindera the flowers, arranged in a pseudo-umbel, are surrounded by decussate, large, persistent bracts; usually this involucre drops after anthesis, but (especially in male flowers: litsea) it persists and the inflorescence drops as a whole. the lower pair of the involucral bracts is usually transversal, the third one is just above the umbel-bearing bract. the pseudo-umbel is actually a shortened spiral; each flower is subtended by a small bract (sometimes, however, reduced). rarely the number of involucral bracts is reduced to two. the perianth of the flower is often reduced, as its function is taken over by the involucrum. the inflorescence of sassafras should be (according to mez) of the same type; the bracts at the base of the inflorescence are supposed to be the involucral bracts; the bud scales replace the involucral bracts to protect the flowers. the bracts, however, are not decussate and do not persist (they drop before anthesis) and hence are not exactly comparable 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans : lauraceae 205 to those of litsea and lindera, although they have probably originated in the same way. in asiatic species of beilschmiedia and in actinodaphne the same phenomenon occurs, and it is assumed that umbellularia has the same kind of enveloping bracts, although in this genus the spirally arranged bracts occur at the top of the inflorescence. in cassytha the ramification of the inflorescence continues indefinitely; each branch is subtended by a reduced bract; the spiral follows the number %. flower the flowers are actinomorphic, usually bisexual, but dicliny is rather common. in dioecious species the female flowers are usually bigger, the tube especially is larger. in endlicheria all species are dioecious, in litsea and lindera several, in ocotea (including the subgen. nectandra) the greater part of the species. in monosexual flowers remnants of the reproductive organs are as a rule present in the opposite sex, but in the male flower the reduced ovary may be completely suppressed, although style and stigma are always better preserved. it is assumed that the "primitive" flower has two outer whorls of fertile, glandless stamens, a third whorl of gland-bearing fertile ones and a fourth whorl of staminodes. these staminodes are either relatively large and heartor spear-shaped (persea, beilschmiedia, etc.) or minute (ocotea, etc.); this character has been considered of importance to segregate genera. the unilocular ovary has a single ovule, opposite the first leaf of the second perianth whorl; it is pendulous and anatropous and has 2 integuments. according to anatomical investigation the two perianth whorls appear simultaneously and hence there is no reason to consider the inner whorl of corolla nature. in some genera (persea) the outer tepals are smaller than the inner ones; the reverse is very rare (endlicheria paradoxa mez). sometimes the outer whorl of stamens is petaloid (phyllostemonodaphne and dicypellium). in potameia, neolitsea, and laurus the perianth consists of two whorls of two decussate tepals each. in (abnormal) flowers of persea americana mill, it has often been observed that the perianth becomes dimerous, although the number of stamens in each whorl remains three. abnormal numbers of tepals are often found in litsea. mez, who observed flowers with 5 tepals, concluded alliance with berberis. octolitsea, as established by liou ho, with 8 tepals, should be considered an 206 reinwardtia [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans: lauraceae aberrancy. in litsea sometimes the reverse happens and tepals are changed into stamens. mez stressed the apetalous nature of the flower by pointing at cassytha, where the 1/3 -spiral is continuous through the (reduced) leaves, the inflorescence bracts and the perianth. stamens. during its development the anther has usually already been completed before the basal part of the meristem develops into a filament. the anther consists of parenchymous tissue with numerous oil and slime ducts, the remnants of the not resorbed tapetum layer, the pollen cells, a layer of fibers that only partly covers the peripheral part, and an only slightly thickened epiderm. the anthers are originally four-celled; this is clear from two-celled ones where the ablastic upper part often contains a single undeveloped or partly developed cell. in potameia chinensis kosterm. and p. velutina kosterm. the two remaining cells become confluent, although the flap is still two-lobed; some species of mezilaurus show the same tendency. occasionally sterile stamens are present and as a rule they are reduced to foliar staminodes; in some cases, and often in the third staminal whorl, the anthers are normal in outline but lack cells (aniba kappleri mez, cryptocarya species from madagascar, etc.). if 4 anther-cells are present, the "primitive" case is represented by 2 pairs above each other. in several genera the 4 cells are arranged in one arc-like row; this may be due to enlargement of the base of the anther; intermediate stages between superimposed anthers and those in one row are common. the anthers are extrorse, introrse, lateral or apical; if there are two pairs of anther-cells, one pair (especially of the third whorl) may open in a direction different from that of the other pair. mez tried to correlate extrorsity or introrsity with the position of the floral glands. although the theory is ingenious, it cannot explain all cases. in some species of persea subgen. alseodaphne and licaria the anthers are very thick and fill the available space completely; they have small glands; the cells are apical, which perhaps may be explained by pointing out that it is only by this arrangement that pollinating insects can easily reach the pollen. when lateral cells are present, it also seems to me that this makes the pollen better accessible to insects. in flowers with spreading perianth the outer two whorls of stamens are as a rule also spreading and hence their introrse cells are well exposed; in these flowers the third whorl is erect and thus has its extrorse cells well exposed. extrorsity and introrsity have little generic value. in litsea usually all anthers are extrorse, which also is easily understood for this kind of umbel-like inflorescence. the velum of the anther cells contracts considerably after dehiscence; it is torn off at its base along a line where strengthening elements are lacking. as i pointed out elsewhere, the valves in mezilaurus seem to open from top to base; actually they open in the normal way from base to top, but the bases of the anthers are enlarged and have moved the bases of the cells outwards; the cells are apparently transverse. the filaments are either long and slender (beilschmiedia species, persea species, litsea, etc.) or as broad as, or broader than the anthers, or completely lacking. the shape of the anther is rarely constant in a genus (constant in aniba, endlicheria). the third whorl of filaments is often connate (systemonodaphne) or closely pressed together (madagascar species of cryptocarya). irregularities in the number of stamens were found in beilschmiedia roxburghiana nees (lauromeirrilma was created on account of these irregularities). the number of anther whorls is generally used for delimitation of genera. it is, however, a character to be handled with care. if it is not correlated with other characters, it has no generic value. in aiouea 1, 2, or 3 whorls may be present; in beilschmiedia 2 or 3 whorls; in endiandra 1 or 2 whorls, etc. flower glands are as a rule represented in all genera. anatomical evidence (epiderm not cutinized; according to mez cuticle occurring sometimes; small-celled parenchyma) shows that they are no staminodes, as suggested previously. oil cells and a rudimentary vascular bundle are present. they may be minute or so large that they fill the space between the filaments completely. they are either sessile or stalked and the stalks may be partly grown together with the filaments. as a rule each filament is flanked by two glands. sometimes there is a considerable distance between the filaments and their glands. in the regular type of flowers with 3 whorls of fertile stamens usually the third whorl only is provided with glands, but exceptions in a genus are not rare. rarely all filaments are accompanied by glands (ocotea subgen. pleurothyr'ium, endlicheria species, urbanodendron). the number of glands, their presence or absence, has no generic value. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans : lauraceae 209 the glands are usually globular; exceptionally they may be flat or heart-shaped; in the latter case they strongly resemble staminodes. staminodes. there are two trends of reduction of stamens; in lica/ria the two outer staminal whorls are reduced to thin, foliate staminodes, without any difference between antherial part and filament. in phyllostemonodaphne and dicypeilium the outer whorl has become completely tepaloid (in eusideroxylon the 4 minute cells are still present, but the stamens are tepaloid) ; in licuria subgen. misantheca the two outer staminal whorls are entirely lacking. this mode of reduction, starting with the outer whorls, is also present in endiandra and mezilaurus. if, on the contrary, the two outer staminal whorls (or one) are fertile and the third whorl (and/or the second), the reduction of the stamens is usually less complete; they are not strap-like and show a distinct antherial part (aiouea). the third whorl tends to become staminodial in some species of different genera (aniba kwppleri mez, a. canelilla mez, endlichewia paradoxa mez, cryptocarya perrieri danguy, alseodaphne coriacea kosterm., etc.); in this case the reduction may be restricted to the anther being sterile only, or the stamens may be reduced to a stipe. the fourth staminal whorl in most genera is staminodial. the staminodes are either heart-shaped and stalked (beilschmiedia, cryptocarya, persea), or minute and ligulate (ocotea, cinnamomum). in some genera not all species show the same degree of staminal reduction. sometimes they still show the ablastic anther. according to mez the staminodial tissue is similar to that of the floral glands and perhaps they may act as nectaries. i could not confirm this from living material, in which the slimy, glossy floral glands contrast with the dry staminodes. in aiouea (and also in african beilschmiedia species) the staminodes of whorl 4 are inserted lower than the other stamens. the staminodes may be either sessile or stalked, pilose or glabrous (floral glands are never pilose); these characters have only specific value. in beilschmiedia roxburghiana nees flowers with 6 or 9 fertile stamens may be found on the same plant; sometimes the missing stamens are represented by an equal (sometimes unequal) number of staminodes. gynaecium. although the ovary is one-celled and contains only one ovule, there is enough evidence that it is composed of 3 (or perhaps 6) carpels (pseudo-monomerous). this assumption is based on the following considerations: the stigma is sometimes 3-cleft (in the rudimentary ovary of the male flower) ; the fruit of ravensara is divided (at the base) in 6 compartments; mez found 6 primary vascular bundles in the ovary of cinnamomum sericeum sieb. the style is either long, short, or absent; the stigma is variable in shape; it is either inconspicuous (beilschmiedia) to relatively large and peltate (ocotea species) ; in the latter case there is often one lateral indent, which would point to a single carpel. the ovary is epigynous, perigynous, or hypogynous (hypodaphnis). the single ovule is pendulous and anatropous and gives rise to a one-celled fruit. the alleged exception in beilschmiedia roxburghiana nees is due to an error in the original description. fruit meissner (1864) stressed the importance of the presence or absence of a fruit cup for generic delimitation. starting from the assumption that a superior ovary is more primitive than an inferior one we may arrange the genera according to this character, which is correlated with the character of the fruit. in flowers with a superior ovary the fruit is seated on a bare pedicel, with none or hardly a trace of the receptacle; in perigynous flowers the fruit is at the base partly covered by a cup, which represents the deep flower tube. in the most differentiated genera the ovary is included in the flower tube (adnate or not) ; the enlarged tube completely covers the fruit. sometimes, however, the flower tube enlarges more quickly than the ovary, which results in a fruit at first completely enclosed in a cup (aniba, ocotea, litsea), although at a later stage it may be much larger than the cup. during this transitional stage it is very difficult to differentiate the fruit from those whose ovary is at first completely included in the tube and whose fruit is completely enclosed in the accrescent tube (cryptocarya, ravensara) . in eusideroxylon the flower tube is shallow, although it completely envelopes the mature fruit. meissner combined genera showing transitional inclusion of fruit with genera like cryptoearya; this is not advisable as the species showing transitional stages are not limited to definite genera. in genera in which the perianth drops completely and in which no trace of a cup is to be found (beilschmiedia, endiandra, persea), the abscission line is very sharp; the perianth generally drops as a closed ring consisting of a small basal collar and the tepals. in rare cases the abscission line is somewhat above the base of the flower tube. in that case a flat, small disc will be found below the fruit (mezilawrus). in phoebe and apollonias tube and tepals together enlarge slightly; the tepals harden and are pressed against the fruit. although this is used as a generic character, the persistent, indurate perianth is also found in 210 rein w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. kostebmans: lauraeeae 211 some species of other genera (aiouea, ocotea, persea subgen. alseodaphne), although as a rule to a lesser degree. in cinnamomum (but also in phoebe amoena mez and other american species of phoebe) only the basal half of the tepals with the tube persists under the fruit. the abscission line here goes half way through the tepals and results in a cup crowned with 6 truncate lobes. in perigynous flowers the resulting cup varies considerably as to depth and size and in a single genus, like litsea, an almost flat, inconspicuous cup may be found, or else a cup that covers the fruit completely (although in a different way than in cryptocarya) ; as a rule, however, a normal hemispherical cup is present. the cup is generally more or less fleshy, although in a dried condition it may appear woody; it is either smooth, or (aniba) covered with round, corky warts (lenticels). in a fresh condition it is usually green, yellowish green or red. the cup is either sharply separated from the stalk, or gradually merges into it. in the latter case the fleshy stalk and the cup may be highly coloured (endlicheria). the rim of the cup is either simple, double or triple. mez ascribed this phenomenon to a mechanical process by which the growing fruit carries the inner margin upwards. i cannot confirm this view. the second rim actually represent the grown-out tissue of the base of the fruit and second whorl of stamens together, and the third rim that of the third whorl of stamens. these double margins are constant in some genera: licaria, systemonodaphne, urbanodendron, but occur also occasionally in species of other genera {ocotea). sometimes the rim is wavy, because the broadened bases of the perianth are persistent (ocotea). the fruit pedicel is either cylindrical, or may (as in endlicheria) be fleshy and conical, or (in dehaasia) greatly swollen, club-shaped and highly coloured (also in ocotea clavigera mez), in litsea species and in some species of persea subgen. ajtseodaphne). the usually bright red stalks form a striking contrast with the black fruit. the fruit is a one-seeded berry. the exocarp is ordinarily glossy and smooth, although in some cases it becomes woody (licaria camdra eosterm., alseodaphne paludosa king, eusideroxylon, cryptocarya). as' a rule it is black in colour, sometimes red; yellow fruits are rare (actinbdaphne). in an immature stage the fruit is generally white or greenish white, later red; some fruit are pure porcelain-white (litsea). the mejocarp is usually succulent; it is mostly thin, but may reach considerable thickness in the cultivated persea americana mill. according to mez the mesocarp has its origin in the outer integument. the taste is usually bitter, aromatic and astringent. in most cases the endocarp is thin and smooth. in some potameia species a kind of aril is present, which covers the embryo completely but for a small apical area. . in fruits completely covered by the accrescent flower tube the latter assumes the function of the exocarp and mesocarp; the exocarp of the fruit becomes woody (ravensara, cryptocarya, eusideroxylon) and is often ribbed (cryptocarya, ravensara) or furrowed (eusideroxylon). in eusideroxylon, cryptocarya, and ravensara the accrescent flower tube becomes entirely adnate to the fruit, although the ovary in the flower is still free from the tube. in the flowers of these genera the style is often constricted by pressure where it passes the narrow apical aperture of the flower tube; in eusideroxylon, however, the tube has a very v/ide aperture and nothing indicates at this stage, that the receptacle will later enclose the ovary. in the monotypical genus hypodaphnis the ovary is inferior from the beginning; here the exocarp —contrary to that of cryptocarya, ravensara, and etisideroxylon — remains thin. the shape of the fruit it usually ellipsoid, sometimes globose, sometimes slightly oblique (persea subgen. alseodaphne) and often (in genera without cup) provided with a neck at the base. the ripe fruit has either no trace of a style and may even be a little depressed or it is mucronulate (base of style). all tissue usually contain plenty of oil and mucilage cells. in young fruit a clear, jelly-like substance is often present at one side between the cotyledons; this may be residuary endosperm. the seed is composed of two large, flat-convex cotyledons that are easily separable (in ravensara and cassytha they are more or less fused) ; as a rule the cotyledons are white, rarely pink; they contain fatty oil (persea), carbohydrates and proteins. the flattened apical (lateral in beilschmiedia variabilis robyns & wilcz.) corculum is completely covered by the cotyledons, which are attached to it by a large area of tissue; the first leaves of the plumule, which are often pilose, are well developed, usually one is larger than the other and covers it slightly. the outside of the cotyledons is either smooth or irregularly sulcate. in ravensara (in the basal part of the fruit) the endocarp penetrates the seed with 6 septa (rarely 12 septa). the radicle is as a rule rather small, rarely swollen (species of beilschmiedia). the testa is thin and smooth (in cassytha it is tough, probably because the seeds are dispersed birds that swallow them). dispersal of seeds. the fruit is dispersed mainly by birds, probably also by squirrels and monkeys. these are attracted by the glossy black, 212 r e i n wardtia [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. kostebmans: lauraceae 213 red or yellow berries, often seated on a (swollen) red stalk. as there is no protecting coat except in cryptocarya, ravensara and cassytha, the seeds only survive when they are not swallowed or too much damaged. the production of fruits is often enormous. the taste is as a rule bitter or pungent and i could observe that animals usually bite off a little of the tissue and then drop the fruit. the heavy fruits of eusideroxylon are carried around by porcupines on the ground and sometimes by monkeys. persea tonkinensis kosterm. is dispersed by water. the species usually grows on alluvials along rivulets where periodical inundation occurs. they float by means of the air-filled space between seed coat and endocarp. riverine species are apparently also dispersed by water. pollen and pollination according to erdtman (pollen morphology and plant anat. 221. 1952) the pollen grains are non-aperturate, more or less sphaeroidal, 24—40(—70)µ in diameter, tenui-exinous, usually provided with spinules or spinuloid projections. the exine stratification is obscure. in general the pollen grains are similar to those in gomortegaceae and hernandiaceae. the flower glands point to insect-pollination; furthermore the flowers are often very fragrant. i never saw butterflies near the flowers and only occasionally found small beetles crawling around in them. apparently self-pollination is frequent. the colour of the flowers is white or greenish, rarely yellow or red. in persea subgen. nothaphoebe they turn from yellow to red after anthesis. in some genera (liearia, persea subgen. alseodaphne) the flowers hardly open and the anthers are so near the stigma that self-pollination seems inevitable. the existence of dioecious flowers points to the development of crosspollination. pollination has been investigated in persea americana mill, by stout (in j. new york bot. gard. 25: 1-7. 1924) ; he discovered dichogamy. the flowers of one specimen open and close in two separate periods; during the first the pistil becomes ready for pollination, and fertilisation takes place during the second phase when the pollen is shed. abnormal weather conditions may intervene and even cause overlapping of periods. stout discovered two groups of varieties, of which one opens its flowers for the first period in the forenoon, the other in the afternoon. the pollination is effected by insects. mez contents that the volatile oil prevents damage to the leaves by animals; in indonesia, however, persea americana mill, is completely stripped of its leaves every year by caterpillars (cricula trifenestrata). myrmecophily mez gives examples of myrmecophily in american pleurothyrium species. from new guinea thus far two cases have become known {cryptocarya caloneitra kosterm. and beilschmiedia myrmecaphila kosterm.). the pith of the (secondary) terminal branches (usually swollen) is eaten away; there are oval or round entrance holes. chromosome numbers the following figures are copied from darlington — janaki ammal, chromosome atlas of cultivated plants (1945). laurus nobilis x = 7 . . cinnamomumx — 12 cinnamomum camphora ^i c. japonicum (== pedunculatum) 24 c. linearifolium c. obtusifolium c. sieboldii {=burmannii) c. zeylanicum lindera x = 12 l . glauca . . . . . ; . . . . l. benzoin (= aestivale) persea x = 12 p. americana p. pubescens (= caxolinensis) sassafras x = 12 . s. albidum (= officinale) 42 24 24 24' 24 24 24 24 24 24 48 palaeontology the oldest fossil lauraceae are of tertiary age (palaeocene). the pretended cretaceous species (lesquerreux) from n. w. america is apparently not lauraceous. miocene and pliocene fruit and flowers are known from siberia, which makes it evident that lauraceae occurred far north. in the pliocene period lauraceae disappear from europe, except for the genus laurus. 214 r e i n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 4 a large number of fossil lauraceae have been described. species represented by fruit only (reid & chandler, london clay flora* 1933) may be referred to half a dozen genera. in contemporary species it is impossible, without flowers at hand, to identify most of the genera. consequently generic identification of fossil material on the basis of fruits and/ or leaves is usually dubious. species represented by leaves only can hardly be placed at all. hollick (in bull. new york bot. gard. 12: 298-300. 1924) distinguishes between nectandra and ocotea, genera which in contempory species are only differentiated by the position of anther cells and some minor (and not constant) characters of the flowers. the identifications in question should therefore be considered utterly unfounded guess work. triplinerved leaves are by palaeontologists consistently referred to cinnamomum, although in contempory lauraceae a dozen genera have species with such leaves. triplinerved leaves are furthermore so common in other families that even the identifications as to family are doubtful. reid and chandler, without sufficient knowledge of the variability of fruit in modern lauraceae, often identify fossil material by the fruit. the results, if not completely wrong, are at any rate dubious (fruits of ocotea species are apiculate, in beilschmiedia usually not; the cup in cinnamomum, only occasionally leaves a trace on the base of the fruit, but in numerous cases, where the cup is shallow it certainly does not, etc.). bandulska (eocene of bournemouth) approached the problem of identification of leaves by means of studying cuticles and stomata. this approach should also be handled with care, as is proved by aniba ridleyana mez, which has the aniba type of stomata, but actually represents a species of ocotea. she herself stresses, that in modern species of a single genus the variation in stomata and cuticle is astonishing. of trianthera conwentz a complete flower is preserved in amber, which makes it possible to relate it to eusideroxylon. palaeontological results consequently have given us thus far only an incomplete idea of the distribution of lauraceae in the tertiary period, and have not yielded information on ancestral problems. actinoda'phne aniba beilschmiedia benzoin described fossil genera (incomplete) : cinnanwmoides daphnogene cinnamomum daphnophyllum crowella endiandra cylicodaphne laurinium 1957] laurinoxylon lauriphyuum laurocalyx laurocarpum laurus lindera a. j. g. h. kostermans :: .lauraceae 215 litsea mespilodaphne ' neolitsea ocotea oreodaphne persea relationships perseoxylon protoravensara sassafras tetranthera trianthera on account of the similarity of the dehiscence of the anther cells in lauraceae and in some genera of berberidaceae, monimiaceae and hamamelidaceae, relationship with these families has been suggested. there are now two current views: 1) lauraceae are related to thymelaeaceae and 2) they belong in ranales, of the two families hernandiaceae and gomortegaceae, nobody doubts that they are very close to lauraceae. lindley (1853) already recognized that lauraceae are far removed from berberidaceae because of their polypetalous flowers, hypogynous stamens and endospermous seeds. still, hallier f. (1912) derived the family (incorporated in the suborder laurineae of the order annonales) from hypothetical proberberideae; he suggested relationship with monimiaceae, calycanthaceae and chlorantaceae. alliance with thymelaeaeeae was accepted by lindley (1853), baillon (1870), bentham (1880), who placed the family in the daphnales series, and pax (1889), who considered lauraceae to be a connecting link between polycarpicae and thymelaeaeeae. pax pointed to the significant differences between lauraceae and monimiaceae (acyclic flowers, several apocarp carpels, usual presence of/ endosperm, different pollen, etc.). warming (1895), bessey (1915), johnson (1931), engler & diels (1936), wettstein (1935), gundersen (1943) and pulle (1950), following eichler (1886) adhere to relationship with magnoliaceae (magnoliales) of ranales (polycarpicae). hutchinson (1926) placed the family (with monimiaceae, hernandiaceae, gomortegaceae and myristicaceae) in a separate order laurales (next to annonales), which he considered as reduced perhaps from winteraceous ancestors of magnoliales. apparently myristicaceae are close to lauraceae (apetalous flowers, ovary, etc.) ; garret (1933) could find wood-anatomical support for this view. 216 reinwardtia uses [vol. 4 persea americana mill, produces the familiar alligator pear or avoeado with edible mesocarp. the seeds contain oil. well-known timbers are greenheart (ocotea rodioei mez) and ironwood (eusideroxyion zwageri t. & b.). many others are used locally and are highly esteemed for their durability and fine grain (ocotea bullata e. mey., persea lingue nees, dehaasia eaesia bl., etc.). most timbers are liable to attack by borers and fungi; on account of the excellent grain it is worth while to apply preservation methods. several lauraceae yield commercial volatile oils, such as rose wood (ardba rosaeodora. ducke and aniba duckei kosterm.). numerous barks have commercial value because of their oil content: cinnamon (cinnamomum zeylanicum bl. and c. cassia bl.), massoy (ciryptocarya massoy kosterm.), litsea odorifera valet, (an extremely sweetscented bark), licaria cinnamomoides kosterm. with the smell of nutmeg (the fruits are sold locally), aniba caneiilla mez, licaria puchury-major kosterm., dicypellium canjophyttatum nees and cryptocarya moschata n. & m. smelling of nutmeg and/or clove (marketable fruit), rawensara aromatica sonn. (saleable fruit), endlicheria longifolia mez with the odour of aniseed, ocotea foeniculacea mez with the scent of foeniculum, etc. — cinnamomum camphora nees & eberm. yields the well-known japan camphor. cinnamomum porrectum kosterm. has saffrol in its bark (for scenting soap). — alcaloids could be extracted from several barks and seeds: aniba coto kosterm., ocotea veraguensis mez, ocotea rodioei mez, etc. (cf. baillon for further particulars). distribution lauraceae are typical for the tropical rain forest where they ascend to 4000 metres. not only do they represent an integral part of the montane forest in this area; they are just as abundant in the lowland forests. they occur in marshy places and on well-drained soils. in forests under seasonal climatic conditions they become rare. north and south of their main area they are found as far as california (umbellularia) and other parts of the united states of america (sassafras) up to 45—50° n. l. in europe they do not reach farther than the mediterranean area (laurus nobilis l.) ; in india they are found in nepal; in china they go as far as korea (litsea) ; they also occur in japan (litsea, lindera), they reach southern chile (island of chiloe: persea. lingue nees) and argentine; in south africa only a few species 1957] a. j. g. h. kosteemans: laiiraccae 217 are found (ocotea bullata e. mey.), but madagascar has very many, including endemic genera. lauraceae reach new zealand "with two species (beilschmiedia tawa benth., b. tarairi benth.). richest in species are perhaps south and central america, followed by malaysia. in africa the family is represented rather poorly. this may be due to two factors: the scarcity of the pure tropical rain-forest and the desiccation of the african continent since the tertiary period. in australia its main centre is the rain forest area of queensland and new south wales. several genera have pantropical distribution (beilschmiedia, cryptocarya, persea, phoebe, litsea, cassytha), other are restricted to asia and (or) australia (actinodaphne, persea subgen. alseodaphne, cinnamomum, dehaasia, endiandra, eusideroxyion, lindera, hexapora, neolitsea). — cinnamomum, actiodaphne and litsea are distributed over the whole area, with their main centre in malaysia. eusideroxyion is restricted to borneo and parts of sumatra; dehaasia to malaysia (very rare in new guinea) and hexapora to malaya. lindera and litsea are (more so than the other genera) represented in china, korea and southern japan. endiandra has its centre in the eastern part of malaysia (and in australia). madagascar harbours the endemic genus ravensara. potameia has a disjunct area, the bulk of the species occuring in madagascar, one in nepal and one in southern china. africa has the remarkable endemic genus hypodaphnis. the only genus rich in species in tropical africa is beilschmiedia. apollonias has one species in india and one in cape verde. typical american genera are ocotea, including nectanclra (with pleurothyrium), aiouea, aniba, systemonodaphne, urbanodendron, licaria, mezilaurus, dicypellium and phyllostemonodaphne. — with other continents america shares beilschmiedia, cryptocarya and litsea as well as north american lindera and sassafras; the latter genus has a disjunct area, one species occurring in america and two in china and formosa. australia has the same genera as malaysia, with a preponderance of endiandra. this continent is the main centre for cassytha. size of the genera the figures after the generic names indicate the number of published binomials. from the number of species of revised genera it may be assumed that the actual number of species will be about10% 40 % lower. the accepted genera are printed in bold face type. 218 b e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. kostiermans : lauraceae 219 acatsjavalli 0 acrodiclidium 62 actinodaphne 128 adaphtos 0 adenodaphne 1 adenostemwm 1 (gomorteg.) adenotraehelium 1 afrodaphne 15 agathophyllum 16 agriodaphne 1 aiouea 46 alseodaphne 58 ampelodaphne 4 anaueria 1 aniba 74 apella 0 aperiphracta 4 aperula 18 api'wa 0 apollonias 12 aydendron 45 balanopsis 4 beilsehmiedia 236 bellota 5 benzoin 89 berniera 1 berrija 1 bihania 1 brassiodendron 1 bistama 0 boww 2 boldus 3 borbonia 19 bryantkea 1 calodium 1 ccdosmon 3 calycodaphne 3 camphora 47 camphorina 4 camphor omoea 10 canella 2 cansiera 1 caryodaphne 5 caryodaphnopsis 3 cassytha 50 cecidodaphne 1 cedrota 2 ceramocarpium 10 ceramophora 6 chanekia 6 chibaca 1 (non laur.) christmannia 1 (= salacia) cinnamomum 341 clinostemon 1 colomandra 0 cryptocarya 318 cubeba 1 curondia, 1 (= salacia) cussuta 1 cyanodaphne 3 cylicodaphne 59 dambumeya 2 daphnidium 20 darwinia 1 decapenta 1 dehaasia 33 dendrodaphne 1 dictyodaphne 7 dicypellium 1 dipliathus 1 dodecadenia 4 douglassia 2 dovera, 0 (salvador.) drimophylltom 0 ehrhardia 0 endiandra 95 endlicheria 55 endocarpa 1 euodia 0 euosmus 6 euphoebe 7 eusideroxylon 2 evelyna 2 evodia 2 evonymodaphne 1 evosmus 1 farnesia 0 fwtfa. 11 glabraria 7 goeppertia 16 gymnobalanus 10 haasia 23 heckaria 1 hexanthiis 1 hexapora 1 huberodaphne 1 hufelandia 16 plypodaphnis 1 icosandra 1 iteadaphne 2 jozosmene 0 jozoste 52 lauromerrillia 1 laurus 334 lepidadenia 30 leptodaphne 3 lethedon 1 (?) licaria 52 lindera 135 linharea 2 litsea 474 machilus 100 malapoenna 168 mespilodaphne 65 menestrata 1 mezia 6 mezilaurus 10 micropora 2 misanteca 20 nectandra 248 nemodaphne 1 neocinnamomum 8 neolitsea 93 neosilvia 0 nesodaphne 3 nobeliodendron 1 nothaphoebe 41 nyctandra 0 nyrophyllum 0 ocotea 697 oreodaphne 178 ozanthes 1 ozarthris 4 (?wm laur.) parabenzoin 2 parthenoxylon 3 persea 240 petalanthera 1 peumus 5 (3) phoebe 174 phyllostemonodaphne 1 pipalia 1 pleurothyriwm 18 polydenia 18 pomatium 1 porostema 2 potameia 22 pseudocryptocarya 1 pseudolitsea 1 psewdosassafras 2 purkayasthea 1 quinquedula 0 ravensara 27 rombut 1 rumputris 1 salgada 1 sassafras 16 sassafridium 2 sckauera 0 sciadiodaphne 0 sebifera 3 senneberia 0 septina 0 silvia 12 spironema 1 stemmatodaphne 1 strychnodaphne 6 symphysodaphne 1 synandrodaphne 3 syndiclis 2 systemonodaphne 3 tamala 8 teleiandra 1 tetradenia 45 tetranthara 220 thouvenotia 1 tomex 12 triplomeia 1 tylostemon 45 umbellularia 2 urbanodendron 1 volutella 1 wimmeria 1 yiishunia 1 the total number of published binomials is 5462 (1956). the accepted genera are listed below, arranged according to their size. ocotea 697 litsea 474 persea 339 cinnamomum 341 cryptocarya 318 beilsehmiedia 236 phoebe 174 lindera 135 actinodaphne 128 endiandra 95 neolitsea 93 aniba 74 endlicheria 55 licaria 52 cassytha 50 aiouea 46 dehaasia 33 ravensara 27 potameia 22 sassafras 16 mezilaurus 10 systemonodaphne 3 eusideroxylon 2 apollonias 2 laurus 2 umbellularia 2 dicypellium 1 hexapora 1 hypodaphnis 1 urbanodendron 1 phyllostemonodaphne 1 the total number of binomials of accepted genera is 3435; we may assume that lauraceae comprise between 2000 and 2500 species. 220 r e i n w a r d t i a classification [vol. 4 linnaeus recognized only two genera (laurus and cassytha). •— a. l. de jussieu (1789), under his order lauri enumerated the genera laurus, ocotea and aiouea and as allied genera myristica and virola, and hernandia. several lauraceous genera (ravensara, cassytha, lindera, tomex and liearia) were relegated to the genera incertae sedis. the first general monograph appeared in 1836 (c.'g. nees von esenbeck, systema laurinarum), who divided the family into 13 tribes. nees created a considerable number of small genera and moreover reinstated older genera, which had formerly been incorporated in laurus. altogether he recognized 34 genera. the second monograph appeared in 1864 (meissner in dc, prodr. 15 (1): 1-265). although meissner already combined several of nees' genera, he still accepted 46 genera, which he divided into 4 tribes. actually lauraceae were divided into 3 suborders, of which the second (gyroearpeae) is now included in the family hernandiaceae; suborder 1 is laurineae; suborder 3 cassytheae. in our classification these two are considered subfamilies (according to modern rules). the suborder laurineae was divided into 2 groups (without names) according to presence or absence of an involucrum of bracts under the subumbellate flowers. the group without involucrum comprised 3 tribes, mainly differentiated by the development of the flower tube in the fruit. the tribes were subdivided again, according to the number of anther cells and the number of flower parts. these subdivisions are not named. the group with involucrate flowers comprises only one tribus (litsaeaceae) which was again subdivided according .to the number of anther cells. here the subtribus received names (tetranthereae and daphnidieae). baillon (1870) recognized 8 tribus, of which 6-8 are now incorporated in hernandiaceae. the 5 tribus of lauraceae proper correspond more or less to those of meissner (oreodaphneae meissner are called here ocoteae baill.). some genera of meissner's tribus cryptocaryeae are moved to baillon's tribus cinnamomeae, which more or less covers meissner's perseaceae. bentham (1880) divided the family into 4 tribus: perseaceae without involucre, litseaceae with involucre, cassytheae and hernandieae. he observed, that the fruit characters, as stressed by meissner, were not sufficiently known. the subdivision of perseaceae was made according to the number of anther cells and the development of the flower tube 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans: lauraceae 221 in the fruit, these subdivisions remained unnamed. bentham recognized only 33 genera of the lauraceae proper. pax (1889) composed a very artificial classification based on the number of anther cells. in his system the aberrant genus cassytha, often considered to belong to a separate family, was classified into the tribe lauroideae, merely by its 2-celled anthers, and genera like eusideroxylon and gryptocarya, which are closely related, were referred to widely separated tribes. curiously enough wood-anatomical data (dadswell & eckersley 1940; desch 1941) concur with regard to this artificial subdivision in lauroideae and persoideae. after pax no general monograph has appeared. mez' system of american lauraceae (1889) is worth to be mentioned here. he divided the family into two suborders: laureae and cassytheae. the laureae were subdivided into two tribus: perseae and litseeae, differing by the absence or presence of an involucrum; the next subdivision (unnamed) was made according to the number of anther cells. in the classification outlined below, i have adopted the following sequence of characters (according to their importance) : 1. the development of the flower tube in the fruit, which runs more or less parallel with inferior, intermediate and superior ovary. 2. the presence or absence of an involucrum of decussate persistent bracts surrounding and enveloping the pseudo-umbels. 3. the number of fertile stamens. 4. the number of anther cells. 5. the development of the 4th staminodial whorl. it should be stressed here that several genera are linked by one or a few intermediate species. apparently the combination of characters is more or less indefinite and almost all combinations are represented. we may assume either that missing combinations are extinct or that the potentiality, that they will develope is still present. with such an assumption and without any indication of the palaeontological succession i have refrained from trying to make a chronological family tree and have simply grouped related genera together. even the position of the groups (tribus) has no proper phylogenetical base; nobody can tell whether hypodaphnis with an inferior ovary has developed from ocoteae, from litseeae, or perseeae, etc., although in our diagram it is placed at the end (top). the course of the phylogenesis is not clear; the only thing we know is, that the family must be rather old (ubiquist). 222 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 system op the family 1 a. arborescent. leaves normal subfam. a. lauroideae 2 a. inflorescences paniculate. flower-umbels without involucre. fruit without a cupula tribus i perseeae 3 a. anthers 4-celled subtrib. a. perseineae : 1. persea 2. phoebe 3 b. a n t h e r s 2-celled . . . . . . . . . . s u b t r i b . b. b e i l s c h m i e d i i n e a e 3. apollonias 4. dehaasia 5. beilsehmiedia 6. endiandra 7. mesilaurus 8. hexapora 9. potameia 2 b. inflorescences paniculate. flower-umbels without involucre. fruit-base embedded in a cupula tribus ii cinnamomeae 4 a. anthers 4-celled subtrib. a. cinnamomineae 10. ocotea .11. cinnamomum 12. actinodaphne 13. sassafras h. umbellularia . 15. dicypellium i b . a n t h e r s 2-celled . . " . . . . . . . s u b t r i b . b . a n i b i n e a e 16. aiouea 17. aniba 18. endlieheria 19. licaria 20. urbanodendron 21. systemonodaphne 22. phyllostemonodaphne 2 c. flower-umbels surrounded by an involucre of decussate, large, persistent bracts. fruit more or less embedded in a cupula tribus iii litseeae . . 5 a. anthers 4-celled subtrib. a. litseineae 23. litsea 2j,.. neolitsea 5 b. anthers 2-celled ". . . . subtrib. b. lauriineae 25. lindera 26. laurus 2 d. inflorescence paniculate. flower-umbels without involucre. ovary superior. fruit completely included in the accrescent flower tube. tribus iv cryptocaryeae '6 a. anthers 4-celled . . subtrib. a. eusideroxylineae 27. eusideroxylon, 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans: lauraceae 223 6 b. anthers 2-celled . subtrib. b. cryptocaryineae 28. cryptocarya 29. ravensara 2 e. inflorescences paniculate. flower-umbels without involucre. ovary inferior. tribus v hypodaphneae 30. hypodaphnis 1 b . p a r a s i t i c a l c l i m b e r s w i t h o u t p r o p e r l e a v e s . . . . s u b f a m . b . c a s s y t h o i d e a e 3 1 . c a s s y t h a ketst to the genera la. arborescent; leaves normal 2 b. parasitical twiners with reduced leaves 31. cassytha 2a. flowers in pseudo-umbels (rarely single), surrounded by large, decussate, persistent bracts, forming an involucre, the bracts as a rule decussate . . . . 3 b. flowers not surrounded by a persistent involucre 6 3a. flowers dimerous 4 b. flowers trimerous 5 4a. flowers dioecious or bisexual; male ones with 3 whorls of 4 stamens, all bearing glands; anthers introrse, 2-celled. female flowers with 4 large staminodes, all provided with glands 26. laurus b. flowers dioecious; male ones with 3 whorls of 2 stamens; inner whorl with glands; anthers 4-celled, introrse. staminodes in female flowers as many as stamens in male ones 2uneolitsea 5a. anthers 4-celled 23. litsea b. anthers 2-celled : . 25. lindera 6a. ovary inferior 30. hypodaphnis b. ovary superior or — if embedded in the flower tube — not adnate to the tube. 7 7a. fruit completely included by the adnate, enlarged flower tube; usually only a small orifice at apex 8 b. fruit seated on and partly covered by a shallow or deep cup developed from the flower tube 10 c. fruit on a naked pedicel; or the perianth persistent, but no cup . . . . . . 22 8a. anthers 4-celled 27. eusideroxylon b. anthers 2-celled 9 9a. basal part of fruit septate; cotyledons ruminate . . . . . . 29. ravensara b. fruit 1-celled • . . 28. cryptocarya 10a. anthers 4-celled . . . . . . . . . 1 1 b . anthers 2-celled . . . . . . . : . . . 1 6 l l a . inflorescence before anthesis covered by long-persistent, large, non-decussate bracts (pseudo-involucrum) 12 b. bracts of inflorescence small, soon deciduous 14 12a. bracts at the end of a long peduncle . lit. umbellularia b. bracts at the base of the inflorescence . . . . . . , 13 13a. leaves alternate, incised ' 13. sassafras b. leaves verticillate, rarely alternate, entire 12. actinodaphne ^224 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 14a. tepals 9; fruit cup flat 15. dicypellium b. tepals 6; fruit cup flat or deep 15 15a. staminodes of innermost whorl minute or none 10. ocotea b. staminodes of innermost whorl conspicuous, stipitate, heartor arrow-shaped. 11. cinuamomum 16a. tepals 9 22. phyllostemonodaphne b. tepals 6 17 17a. fertile stamens 9 18 b. fertile stamens 3, 6, rarely 9 21 18a. all stamens provided with large glands. fruit-cup with double rim. flowers bisexual 20. urbanodendron b. only third whorl of stamens with glands, (in one endlicheria species all stamens with glands, but the flowers dioecious) 19 19a. flowers dioecious. fruit cup fleshy, merging into the fleshy, slightly club-shaped pedicel 18. endlicheria b. flowers bisexual. fruit-cup not fleshy, sharply demarcated from the not or hardly thickened pedicel 20 20a. the 3 inner stamens triangular, fleshy, connate; fruit cup with double rim, with persistent, not enlarged perianth 21. systemonodaphne b. inner stamens not connate, not fleshy; rim simple 17. aniba 21a. the 2 outer whorls of stamens staminodial or none. fruit cup doubleor triplerimmed, distinct from the pedicel 19. licaria b. all anthers fertile, or those of the 2 outer whorls fertile, the inner whorl sterile, or the first whorl fertile, the inner two sterile. fruit cup shallow, thickened, merging into the fleshy pedicel 16. aiouea 22a. perianth in the fruit indurate, clasping the base of the fruit 23 b. perianth in the fruit deciduous, or, if persistent, not indurate and not clasping the fruit 24 23a. anthers 4-celled 2. phoebe b. anthers 2-celled 3. apollonias 24a. fruit pedicel strongly thickened, fleshy, often highly coloured. anthers 2-celled. u. dehaasia b . f r u i t p e d i c e l h a r d l y o r n o t t h i c k e n e d (if t h i c k e n e d , a n t h e r s 4 c e l l e d ) . . . . 2 5 2 5 a . a n t h e r s 4 c e l l e d 1. persea b. anthers 2~celled 26 26a. flowers dimerous ,. . . . 9. potameia b. flowers trimerous 27 27a. leaves subverticillate; top of fruit-pedicel with a small disc. anther-flaps opening from inside to outside 7. mezilaunis b. leaves alternate or subopposite; fruit-pedicel without disc. anthers opening from base to top 28 28a. fertiles stamens 3 (in one species 6). leaves areolate . . . . 6". endiandra b. fertile stamens 6 or 9. leave;? reticulate (in one species areolate). outer 2 staminal whorls introrse; inner one extrorse 5. beilschmiedia c.' fertile stamens 9. leaves reticulate. all anthers introrse. fruit unknown. 8. hexapora 1957] a. j. g. h. koshermans : lauraceae l a u e a c e a e 225 lauraceae lindl., nat. syst. 200. 1838. synonyms. — lauri juss., 1790. — laurinas vent., 1799. — laurineae st. hil., 1805. — laureae reichenb., 1828. — laureacsae lindl., 1833. * a . s u b f a m i l y l a u r o i d e a e k o s t e r m . , 1957. synon. — laurineae verae zoll. in nat. en geneesk. arch. 1: 603. 1845; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1 (1) : 891. 1855. — laureae mez, 1889. arborescent. leaves normal. inflorescence definite. type genus. — lmirus l. i. tribu3 p e r s e e a e mez, 1889. tribus perseeae mez in jahrb. bot. gart. barlin 5: 3. 1889. synon. — perssae nees, 1836, p.p. — perseacsae maissn., 1834. p.p. — persoideae pax, 1889, p.p. inflorescence paniculate, without involucrum, flower tube deciduous. a. subtribus p e r s e i n e a e kosterm., 1957. anthers with 4 cells. 1. p e r s e a 1 [plumier] boehmer, 1760. perssa [plum.] boshmer in ludwig, defin. 38. 1760. synon. — famesia heist, ex fabric. 1763. — nyrophyllum necker 1790 (?). — menestrate vello^o 1825. — alseodaphne nees 1831. — machilus nees 1831. — tamala rafin. 1838. — nothaphosbe bl. 1851. — euphosbe el. ex meissn. 1864. — stemmatodaphne gamble 1910. — caryodaphnopsis airy-shaw 1940. principal literatueo). — nees, syst. 123. 1836; endlieher, gen. 317. 183640; msissner in dc. prodr. 15 (1): 43. 1834; baillon, hist. pl 2: 469. 1870; bsntham in b. & h., gen. pl 3: 153, 157. 1880; mez in jahrb. bot. gart. berlin 5: 134—179. 1889; pax in engl. & prantl, pfl. fam. 3 (2): 114. 18s9; blake in j. wash. acad. sci. 10: 9—21. 1920; kostsrmans in j. sci. ees. indon. 1: 86 & 116. 1952. trees or shrubs. leaves alternate, chartaceous to rigidly coriaceous. panicles axillary or sub-terminalflowers bisexual; tepals 6, the outer whorl as a rule smaher than the inner one, deciduous or persistent (but not indurate and not clasping the fruit) ; tube very shallow. fertile stamens 9 or 6 (two or three outer whorls) with, as a rule, long and slender filaments and introrse cells (in subgenera nothaphoebe and clavipersea, stamens sessile); anthers of whorl three extrorse or lateral and 1 antique greek name of an egyptian cauliflorous .tree, which has nothing in common with the modern persea. 226 reinwardtia [vol. 4 filaments flanked by glands. fourth whorl consisting of conspicuous usually stipitate staminodes (small in subg-enera nothaphoebe and clavipersea). anthers as a rule 4-celled, rarely those of the third whorl 2celled; cells usually large. fruit on a naked pedicel, or the perianth (not enlarged) more or less persistent. pedicel cylindrical or enlarged and fleshy. pantropic. type species. — persea americana miller. number of binomials 239. it is not possible to estimate the exact number of "good" species. if we accept mez' circumscription, most species are found in tropical america, mez differentiated the genus from its nearest relative phoebe by the position of the anther cells (in 2 pairs above each other in phoebe and showing tendency to be placed in an arc in persea) and the not enlarged perianth under the fruit. the way of separating the two genera is not satisfactory. the position of the anther cells has certainly no generic value. in asiatic species of phoebe the persistent, indurate and enlarged perianth is appressed to the fruit; the flower tube does not enlarge, and the pedicel of the fruit is not thickened. the genus machilus has already been included by me in persea, as the persistent, not enlarged, spreading or recurved perianth is also found in american persea and the leafreticulation strongly resembles persea. if the character of the indurate, appressed perianth can be maintained in american species of phoebe, it seems to be advisable to restrict only these species to phoebe and to incorporate all other in persea, and perhaps partly in cinnamomum. equally unsatisfactory is the delimitation versus nothaphoebe and alseodaphne. nothaphoebe, as typified by n. umbelliflora bl, is characterized by sessile, thick anthers, minute staminodes and a more or less permanently semi-closed perianth with smaller outer tepals. the fruit is seated on a naked, not or hardly thickened pedicel. alseodaphne, as typified by a. semecarpifolia nees, is more like persea in its flower characters than nothaphoebe by its more spreading perianth. revision of all species is necessary to make certain whether nothaphoebe and alseodaphne may be kept separate from persea or whether bentham's view should be adopted to incorporate them, together with phoebe, into persea (as i have done here). pax' system is unacceptable; it is partly based on wrong assumptions of floral and fruit characters of the genera concerned. anatomical characters of leaves and wood yield no definite conclusion although at any rate they do not support separation of the genera mentioned above. 1957] a. j. g. h. kosteemans : lauraceae 227 i agree with airy-shaw, that the character of 2or 4-celled anthers is less important than stressed formerly in pax' and mez5 classification. in this paper i have incorporated alseodaphne and nothaphoebe in persea, with the status of subgenera; moreover a new subgenus clavipersea is added, comprising species characterized by flowers as in nothaphoebe, but with thickened, fleshy fruit pedicel with persistent tepals, persea americana miller yields the well-known avocado; p. lingue nees from chile is a well-known timber, like p. thunbergii (sieb. & zucc.) kosterm., (basonym: machilus thunbergii sieb. & zucc. in munch. abh, ii cl. akad. wiss. iv, 3. abth. 202. 1943) from japan. s u b g e n e r a five. — 1. persea, syn. eupersea benth.: tepals deciduous. 2. machilus (nees) kosterm.: tepals persistent, patent. 3. nothapkoebe (bl.) benth.: tepals incurved, stamens sessile, staminodes small. 4. a7seodaphne (nees) benth.: tepals patent, deciduous, stamens with conspicuous filaments, staminodes large, fruit pedicel thickened. 5. clavipersea kosterm.,: flowers as in nothaphoebe, fruit peduncle swollen, fleshy, crowned by the persistent perianth. 2, p h o e b e 2 nees, 1836. phoebe nees, syst. 93. 1836. synon. — persea boehm. 1760. p.p. pkihcipal literature. — nees, syst. 98. 1836; baillon, hist. pl 2: 468. 1870; bentham in b. & h., gen. pl 3: 157. 1880; mez in jahrb. bot. gart. berlin 5: 180. 1889; pax in engl. & prantl., pfl. fam. 3 (2): 115. 1889 p.p.; kostermans in j. scl. res. indon. 1: 122. 1952.' floral characters as in persea. perianth persistent, indurate, enlarged, clasping the basal part of the fruit. type species. — ph. lanceolata nees. number of binomials 174. the actual number of species depends on the delimitation of the genus. as characterized above, the genus is restricted to asia. the american species with cylindrical fruit-pedicel with or without persistent, not enlarged perianth, should be incorporated into i'ersea; the american species with thickened fruit-pedicel and disc-like cup, are perhaps better incorporated in cinnamomum. pax recognized two s e c t i o n s , of which eupersea comprises the species of phoebe proper. the section gnesiopersea of bentham, incorporated by pax with phoebe, definitely belongs to persea. 2 from the greek cpoifios, phoibos = shining; the name of apollon as sun god. 22s reinwardtia " [vol. 4 b . subtribus b e i l s c h m i e d i i n e a e kosterm., 1957. anthers with two cells. 3. a p o l l o n i a s3 nees, 1833. apollonias nees, frogr. grat. 10. 1833. principal literature1. — nees, progr. grat., annexa pi. laur. expos. 10. 1833; baillon, hist. pl 2: 470. 1870; bentham in b. & h., gen. pi. 3: 152. 1880; kostermans in humbert, fl. madag., 81e fam.: 2—10. 1950; in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 118. 1952. flowers and fruit characters as in phoebe, but anthers 2-ceiledtype species. — a. barbusana (cav.) a. braun. number of binomials 12; number of species 2. the madagascar species, of which the fruit has become known better, were relegated to beilschniiedia. the genus has a disjunct area; one species in the canary islands, one in india. 4. d e h a a s u 4 bluma, 1835. dehaasia blume. rumphia 1: 161. 1835. synos. •— haasia nees 1833. — cyanodaphne blume 1851. principal literature. — bentham in b. & h., gen. pl 3: 152. 1880; kostermans in j. sci. ees. indon. 1: 120. 1952. floral characters as in persea subgen. nothaphoebe, but anthers 2celled. the fruit-pedicel is strongly enlarged, fleshy, and often highly coloured. type species. •— d. incrassata (jack) kosterm. number of binomials 33; the actual number of species will prove to be far smaller. the genu3 is closely related to persea subgen. nothaphoebe, but differs in the number of anther-cells and the swollen fruit-pedicel, which also occurs in persea subgen. clavipersea. airy-shaw advocates fusion of alseodaphne and dehaasia, which are very similar generally; because of the different pedicel and number of anther-cells, however, i think that dehaasia merits generic status. the genus is restricted to malaysia3 after the greek god apollon. 4 named in honour of dirk ds haas, head of the dutch east india company's establishment in japan in 1677—1679, later (1687) governor of amboina. 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans : lauraceae 5. b e i l s c h m i e d i a 5 nees, 1831. 229 beilschmiedia nees in wall. pl asiat. rar. 2: 61, c9. 1831. synon. — boldu (non feuillee) nees 1833. — hufelandia nees 1833. — bailschmidtia reichenbach 1841. — belloia gay 1819. — nesodaphne hooker f. 1855. — wimmer'a nees ex maissner 1834. — bsrniera baillon 1870. — boldus o.k. (non adans.) 1891. — tylostemon englsr 1898. — afrodaphne stapf 1905. — thouvenotia danguy 1920. — ananeria kostsrmans 1938. — purkayasthaea purkayastha 1938. — . jesauromerrillia allen 1942. principal literature. — bentham in b. & h., gen. pl 3: 152. 1880; kostermans an rec. trav. bot. neerl. 35: 837—868. 1938; robijns & wilczek in bull. jard. bot. jbruxelles 19: 459—-506 1951. flowers bisexual. tepals equal or subequal. fertile stamens 9 or 6, 2-celled; two outer whorls introrse, glandless; third whorl extrorse, flankled by glands; fourth whorl consisting of conspicuous, usually stipitate staminodes. stigma inconspicuous, consisting of differently coloured tissue 1 decurrent at one side from the apex of the style. fruit on a not (or hardly) swollen, bare pedicel. leaves often suboppsite; reticulation lax, usually conspicuous. type species. — b. roxburgkiana nees. number of binomials 238, the actual number of species will not be fles3 than 200. this pantropical genu.3 is well represented in africa. the subdivision of the genus, as proposed by robijns and wilczek for the african species, is not applicable to beilschmiedia in other con'tinents. s u b g e n e r a two. — 1. beilschmiedia, syn. ennearrhena, stapf, ,1905; fertile stamens 9. 2. hexaa^rhena stapf, 1905: fertile stamens 6. 6. e n d i a n d r a 6 e. brown, 1810. endiandra r. br., prodr. nov. holl. 402. 1810. synon. — dictyodaphne blume 1850. — brassiodcndron allan 1942. principal, literature. — baillon, hist. pl 2: 474. 1870; bentham in b. & h., gen. pl 2 : 154. 1880. floral characters as in beilschmiedia, but (third whorl) only three often sessile stamens (one exception: e. fragrans kosterm. with 6 fertile stamens). staminodes minute or none. leaves alternate or opposite with areolate reticulation. type species. — e. glauca r. brown. 5 named in honour of k. t. beilschmied, pharmacist and author of soms plantgaographical works, born 1793 in silesia, died 1843 in herrnstadt near breslau (vratislava). 6 from the greek evdeia, endeia = lack, and avijg, avdgog, aner, andros = man. a plant lacking stamens. 230 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 number of binomials 95; number of species perhaps 80. the genus is restricted to malaysia, the pacific region and australia. it is closely related to beilschmiedia, with which it is linked by e. fragrans kosterm. with 6 fertile stamens, whereas b. endiandraefolia kosterm. (ined.) has the areolate reticulation of endiandra. it is also very similar to south american mezilaurm, which has a small disc-shaped remnant of the flowertube at the top of the fruit pedicel. this occurs also in some australian endiandra species, but the anthers in mezillaurus are different and the leaves are fascicled, near the apex of the branches. 7. m e z i l a u s u s 7 taubert, 1892, mezilaurus taub. in bot. zentralbl. 50: 21. 1892. synon. — silvia allemao 1854. — silvaea meissner 1834. — endiandra bentham 1880, p.p. — mezia (nee sehwacke) 0. kuntze 1891. — neosilvia pax 1897. principal literature. — kostermans in rec. trav. bot. neerl. 35: 109—12s. 1938. floral characters as in endiandra, but anthers often dehiscing laterally. leaves fascicled. type species. -— m. na-valium (all.) taub. number of binomials 10; number of species 9. the genus is restricted to south america, it is closely related to endiandra. mezilaurus navalium mez and m. itauha mez furnish well-known commercial timbers, 8. h e x a p o r a8 hooker f., 1886. hexapora hook, f., fl. brit. ind. 5: 189. 1886. synon. — micropora hooker f. 1883. principal literature. — hooker f. in hook. icon. t. 15k-7. 1886; fl. brit. ind. 5: 862. 1886; ridley, fl. mai. pen. 3: 90. 1924; kostermans in j. sci. kes. indon. 1: 144. 1952. flowers bisexual; perianth of 6 equal, rotundate tepals. fertile stamens 6, without glands, 2-celled, extrorse. staminodes 3, thick. stigma as in beilschmiedia. leaves alternate. fruit unknown. type species. — hcurtisii hook. f. this monotypic genus is allied to beilschmiedia and endiandra. it is endemic in the malay peninsula. 7 named in honour of c. mez, born in 1836 at freiburg; in 1900, professor in halle, in 1910 in konigsberg, a well-known botanist, author of monographs on lauraceae, myrsinaceae, and bromeliaceae. 8 named for the 6 pores of the stamens. actually there are 6 x 2 pores, and hooker, when discovering his mistake, changed the name into micropora. 1957] a. j. g. h. kostesmans : lauraceae 9. p o t a m e i a9 th0u., 1808. potameia dupetit-thouars, nov. gen. madag. 5: 16. 1803. synon. — cansiera (non juss.) sprengal 1825. — potwmica poiret 1826. — syndiclis hooker f. 1836. principal literature. — kostermans in humbert, fl madag., 81e fam.: 10—18. 1950; in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 144. 1952; communic. 55 forest research instit. bogor 3—35. 1957. flowers bisexual; tepals 4, equal, in two opposite whorls. fertile stamens 4, in two whorls, 2-celled (rarely one-celled). staminodas 2, small, flanked with glands, or none; stigma inconspicuous. fruit-pedicel with disc-like small remnant of tube with subpersistent perianth, or naked. type species. — p. thouarsii r. & sch. number of binomials 22; number of species 21. the genus has a disjunct area; 19 species occurring in madagascar, one in bhutan, one in hainan. the latter two, formerly described under syndiclis, show fusion of the 2 anther cells, although the valves are still bilobed, this is also the case in one madagascar species (p. argentea kosterm.). ii. tribus c i n n a m o m e a e baill., 1870, emend. kosterm., 1957. cinnamomeae baillon, hist. pi. 2: 468. 1870, p.p. synon. — oreodaphnsae meissn. 1864. inflorescences without involucrum, paniculate. fruit-base embedded in a cupula. a. subtribus c i n n a m o m i n e a e kosterm., 1957. anthers with 4 cells. 10. o c o t e a 1 0 aubl, 1775. ocotea aublet, hist. pl guyane fr. 2: 780. 1775. synon. — borbonia [plumier] boehmer 1760. — nectrandra eolander ex eottbosll 1778. — porostema sehreber 1789. — senneberia necker 1790. — perostema raeuschel 1797. — linharea arr. de camara ex kostsr 1810. — gymnobalanus nees & martius 1833. — lsptodaphne nees & mart. 1833. — mespilodaphne nees & mart. 1833. — oreodaphne nees & mart. 1833. — petalanthera nees & mart. 1833. — : strychnodaphne nees & mart. 1833. — teleiandra nees & mart. 1833. — pleurothyrium nees ex lindley 1836. — pomatium nees & mart, ex lindley 1836. — calycodaphne bojer 1837. — balanopsis rafin. 1838, p.p. — damburneya rafin. 1838. — agathophyllum (non willd., nee jussieu) blume 1851, p.p. — dendrodaphne beurling 1854. — adenotrachelium nees ex meissner 1834. — agriodaphne nees ex meissner 1834. — aperiphracta nees ex meissner 1884. — camphoromoea nees ex meissner 1834. — cannella schott ex meissner 1864. — ceramocarpium nees ex meissner 1834. 9 from the greek nora/ao?, potamos = river, and fieiov, meiou = smaller. 10 local name ocote in french guiana. 232 rein wardtia [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. kosteemans : lauraceae 2s3 — ceramophora nees ex meissnsr 1864. nemodaphne meissner 1834. — sassafridium meissner 1864. — synandrodaphne meissnsr 1834. — adenotrachelima baillon 1870. — nyctandra prior 1883—86. sennebiera o. kuntze 1904. principal liteuatuee. — nees, systema 277—340; 346—331; 380—470; 471—484. 1833; meissner in dc, prodr. 15 (1): 93—170. 1834; baillon, hist. fl. 2: 473, 477. 1870; bentham in b. & h., gen. pi. 3: 157—158. 1880; mez in jahrb. bot. gart. berlin 5: 219—174. 1889; kostermans in bull. jard. bot. bruxelks 15: 73—88. 1938; in humbert, fl. madagasc, 81e fam.: 18—43. 1950; in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 1952; communic. forest kessarch inst., bogor, 60: 1—44. june 1957; allan in ann. missouri bot. gard. 35: 16—62. 1948. flowers in panicles, without involucre, bisexual or dioecious; flower tube small or conspicuoustepals equal, deciduous or persistent. fertile stamens 9 in 3 whorls, the fourth whorl staminodial; staminodes minute or altogether lacking. third whorl (only in one case all stamens) with glands. anthers 4-celled, cells in pairs above each other or arranged in an ar"c. cells of outer 2 whorls as a rule introrse, those of the third whorl generally extrorse. stigma peltate. fruit on a more or less developed cup with simple or double rim; perianth sometimes persistent. type species. •— o. guianensis aublet, number of binomials (ocotea) 449, (nectandra) 248. the actual number of species will prove to be far smaller. this large genus is restricted to tropical america. as mez already indicated ocotea and neeiandra (and even phoebe) are very difficult to separate. the position of the anther cells, the main and perhaps the sole difference between the two genera, is certainly not of generic value, as intermediate cases are not uncommon. the other characteristics (thin contra fleshy tepals, reflexed contra expanded tepals) are of even lsss generic value. ocotea veraguensis mez has the same number of glands as pleurothyrium and as the number of glands is not stable in other genera, i have already incorporated pleurothyrlum with ocotea. against phoebe, cinnamomum, and persea, the genus ocotea is merely differentiated by the minute staminodes of whorl four. ocotea and nectandra are better combined and considered two subgenera. ocotea rodiaei mez is the well-known greenheart of guiana; o. bullata e. mey. is a good timber from south africas u b g e n e r a three. — 1. ocotea: anther-cells in pairs above each other. 2. nectandra (rol.) kosterm.: anther-cells in one row. 3. pleurothyrium (nees) kosterm.: all anthers with glands. 11. c i n n a m o m u m11 boehmer, 1760. cinnamomum boshmer in ludwig, defin. 63. 1760. e^non. — camphora [bauh.] boshmer 1760. — septina noronha 1790 (?). —'• camphorina noronha 1790 (?). — cecidodaphne nees 1833. — parthenoxylon blume 1831. — cynamonum deniker 1883. — neocinnamomum liou-ho 1932. pkincinal literature. — nees, de cinnamomo disput. 1823; syst. 1836; meissner in dc, prodr. 15 (1); 10. 1834; baillon, hist. pl 2: 468. 1870; bentham in b. & h., gen. pl 3: 155. 1880; perrot & ebsrhardt, les canelliers de l'indochine 1903; cammtrloher in bull. jard. bot. buitsnzorg 3, 7: 446—498. 1925; lukmanoff, nomencl. et iconogr. canell. et camphr. 1—2: 1—28, pi. 1—16 (n.v.). flowers bisexual, rarely polygamous; fertile stamens 9 (or 6) in 3 whorls; outer two whorls introrse, ^landless; inner whorl extrorse, flanked by glands. anthers 4-c3lled, very rarely 2-celled. fourth whorl consisting of conspicuous, stipitate, glandlezs staminodes. stigma discoid or peltate. flower tube accrescent, growing out into a cup which surrounds the basal part of the friut; often the basal part of (or the entire) perianth persistent on the rim of the cup. leaves usually opposite and triplinerved. typ3 species. — c. zeylaiucum bl. number of binomials 341; a revision will reduce the actual number of species considerably. the genus occurs from the asiatic mainland to formosa, the pacific islands and australia. the flower characters are similar to those of persea and phoebe, but the tube is usually deeper and grows out into a cup; sometimes this cup is very fleshy and shallow, merging into the pedicel. in the latter case the genus is very close to aiouea, which also has triplinerved species and persistent tepals; in aiouea the anthers are always 2-celled. in the few cases where in cinnamomum the anthers are two-celled, the upper ablastic tissue is usually distinct. as in the genus phoebe in the sense of mez), there are species in cinnamomum whose anther cells are arranged in an arc, these were considered to belong to a different genus (neoc'nnamomum) by liou-ho. the arrangement of the anther cells, however, has no generic value. the alliance and delimitation between cinnamomum and aiouea remains to be cleared. ocotea is apparently also related to cinnamomum, but has smaller staminodes. some american species of phoebe should perhaps be included in cinnamomum. 11 latin transcription of the greek: xivva/xcofiov, kinnamomon = cinnamon. 234 reinwardtia [tol. 4 12. a c t i n o d a p h n e 1 2 nees, 1831. actinodaphne nees in wall., fl. asiat. rar. 2: 61, 68. 1831. synon. — lozoste nees 1831, p.p. — jozoste nees ex 0. kuntze 1891. principal literature. — bentham in b. & h., gen. pl 3: 160. 1880; hooker £., fl. brit. ind. 5: 147—154. 1886; koorders & valet, in meded. lands pi. tuin 68: 110—123. 1904; teschner in engl. bot. jahrb. 58: 385. 1923; ridley, fl. mai. pen: 3: 107—112. 1924; liou ho, laur. chine et indoch. 155—162. 1932; allen in ann. missouri bot. gard. 25: 440—414. 1938; kostermans in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 115. 1952. leaves usually verticillate. flowers dioecious; tepals 6, subequal. fertile stamens in male flower as a rule 9; the inner whorl biglandular. anthers 4-celled, all introrse. staminodes in female flower usually 9; the inner whorl biglandular. stigma peltate. fruit on a shallow or deep cup. type species. — a. pruinosa nees. number of binomials 128; the number of species will be about 60—70. the genus is usually placed near litsea, because of the introrse anther cells. it differs, however, by the lack of an involucre of decussate, persistent bracts, as found in litsea and i therefore prefer to leave it near ocotea and cinnamomum. it is very close to sassafras, with which it might be combined ultimately. the genus is restricted to the asiatic mainland and malaysia. 13. s a s s a f r a s13 [kramer] boehmer, 1780. sassafras [kramer] boehmer in ludwig, defin. 36. 17s0. synon. — euosmus nuttall 1818, p.p. — evosmus rafin. 1838, p.p. •— pseudosassafras lecomte 1911. -— yushunia kamikoti 1933. principal literature. — nees, syst. 487. 1838; nees & ebsrm., in handb. med.pharm. bot. 1: 448. 1830; baillon, hist. pi. 2: 439, 479. 1870; bentham in b. & h., gen. pi. 3: 160. 1880; bantley & trimen, madic. pi. 3: 220. 1880; mez in jahrb. bot. gart. berlin 5: 484. 1889; berg & schm., atl. off. pfl, ed. 2, 4: 79. 1899; blake in rhodora 20: 98. 1918; render in j. am. arb. 1: 242—44. 1920; record & hess in trop. woods 69: 31—32. 1942; kosterm. in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 88, 95, 147. 1952. flowers dioecious. tepals subequal. stamens in male flowers and staminodes in female ones 9, all introrse, 4-celled; the inner whorl with glands. flower tube enlarging into a fruit-cup. flowers in shortened racemes (pseudo-umbals), surrounded by deciduous, alternate bractsleaves alternate. type species. — s. albidum (nees) nutt. 12 from the greek: aung, amivoq, aktis, aktinos — ray, and dacpvrj, daphne = laurel. the leaves are arranged in star-shaped whorls. 'i* french, italian and spanish name, perhaps derived from latin: saxifraga. 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans : lauraceae 235 number of binomials 4; number of species 2. the genus has a disjunct area, one species occurs in north* america, one in formosa. the formosan one is not constant in its number of anther cells and differs moreover by the presence of staminodes and bisexual flowers. i provisionally accept render's view to consider pseudosassafras as congeneric. the genus has always been put near litsea, because all anthers are introrse. as i am not convinced that the inor extrorsity of the anthers is more important than the involucre of decussate, persistent bracts, as found in litsea, i prefer to place the genus near actinodaphne. the genus is the only one that has lobed leaves. 14. u m b e l l u l a e i a 1 1 nuttall, 1842. dmbellularia nuttall, n. amer. sylva 1: 103. 1842. synonyms. — drimophyllum nuttall 1842. — sciadiodaphne reichenbach 1841. principal literature. — bentham in b. & h., gen. pi. 3 : 162. 1880; mez in jahrb. bot. gart. berlin 5: 482. 1889; busss in bsr. deut. pharm. ges. 6 (2): 56—61. 1896; jepson, the silva of calif. 2: 243. 1910; bambacioni in annali bot. 22 (2): 99. 1941; guenther, ess. oils 4: 207. 1950. flowers bisexual; tepals 6, equal. fertile stamens 9; the inner whorl with glands. anthers 4-celled, first and second whorl introrse; third whorl extrorse. fourth whorl staminodial. flowers in a shortened raceme, surrounded by alternate, deciduous bracts. fruit on a flat cup. leaves alternate. type species. — u. californica (nees) nuttall. number of binomials 2; number of species 1. this monotypic genus occurs in california. it is usually considered to be related to litsea, but in my opinion it is close to actinodaphne. it differs more from litsea than does sassafras (in the position of the anther cells and the not decussate, non-persistent involucral bracts). it is possibly advantageous to incorporate it with actinodaphne. 15. d i c y p e l l i u m 1 5 nees & mart, 1833. dicypellium ness & martins, progr. grat. 14. 1833. principal literature. — nees, syst. 343. 1836 (excl. licaria); mez in jahrb. bot. gart. berlin 5: 472—473. 1889; kostermans in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 119. 1952. 14 flowers in stalked umbels. is from greek xvnelkov kupellon = cup; the cup is double-rimmed. 236 reinwardtia [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. kostekmans : lauraceae 237 flower and fruit characters as in ocotea; tepals 9. second and third whorl of -anthers foliaceous, ovate, 4-celled. staminodes of the fourth whorl none. tepals persistent, enlarged under the fruit. type species. — d. caryophyllatum nees. this monotypic genus from brazil has a marketable fruit with clove fragrance. it is related to ocotea, but also to phyllostemonodaphne. b. subtribu.3 a n i b i n e a e kosterm., 1957. anthers with two cells. 16. a.i o u e a16 aublet, 1775. aiouea aublet, hist. guyane franc. 1: 310. 1775. synon. — ehrhard'.a seopoli 1777. — douglassia schreber 1783. — colomandra necker 1730. — apivea steudsl 1821. — endocarpa, eafinesqua 1838. principal literature. — kostsrm. in rec. trav. bot. neerl. 35: 57—104. 1938; in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 88. 1952; in bol. tacn., inst. agron. norts brasil 28: 51—52. 1955. flowers bisexual flower-tube not very deep. tepals equal. fertile stamens 9, 8 or 3; anthers 2-celied; those of the two outer whorls (with 3 exceptions) introrse. sterile stamens represented by staminodes, which are often strap-like. staminodes of the innermost whorl well developed. stigma peltate. fruit usually seated on a swollen obconical body with a slight concavity at top; sometimes perianth persistent and accrescent. type species. — a. guianensis aublet. number of binomials 46, number of species 30. the genus is restricted to tropical america. the species are often difficult to distinguish from those of genera like aniba and endlicheria.' they frequently have a characteristic yellowish leaf colour and a thickened leaf margin. s u b g e n e r a three. 1. aiouea: stamens of the outer two whorls fertile; of the inner two whorls sterile. 2. endocarpa (rafin.) kosterm.: stamens of outer 3 whorls fertile; of fourth whorl sterile. 3. trianthem mez: stamens of first outer whorl fertile; of the other whorls sterile. 17. a n i b a 1 7 aublet, 1775. aniba aublet, hist. guyane franc. 1: 327. 1775. synon. — cedrola schrebsr 1789. — aydendron nees & mart. 1833. principal literature. — kostsrm. in rec. trav. bot. neerl. 35: 866—1938; in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 83. 1952; in bol. teen. inst. agron. norta brasil 28: 52—57. 1955. flowers bisexual with conspicuous tube which increases in size after anthesis, becoming urceolate and temporarily enclosing the developing fruit; in the mature fruit appearing as a rather woody, mottled cup, surrounding the basal half of the fruit. fertile anthers 9 (in one case the third whorl sterile), 2-cslled; outer two whorls introrse; third whorl extrorse and flanked by glands. staminodes minute or none. stigma as a rule inconspicuous, obtuse or truncate. the stamens in almost all species have the same characteristic shape. type species. — a. guianensis aublet. number of binomials 74; number of species about 40. the genus is close to endlicheria, from which it differs by its bisexual flowers, the different fruit cup and the differently shaped anthers. aniba rosaeodora ducke and a. duckei kosterm. yield the well-known rose oil of commerce. the genus is restricted to tropical south and central america. s u b g e n e r a two. 1. aniba: stamens of the third whorl fertile, cells normal, extrorse. 2. aioueopsis mez: stamens of the third whorl sterile or with minute lateral cells. 18. e n d l i c h e r i a 1 8 nees, 1833 (nom. eons.). endlicheria nees in linnaea 8: 37. 1833. synox. — goeppsrtia ness 1836. — schaucra nees 1838. — sehaueria nees ex msissnsr 1834. — ampelodaphne meissnsr 1834. — huberodaphne ducke 1925. principal literature!. — kostermans in rec. trav. bot. neerl. 34: 500—557. 1937; in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 17. 1952; in bol. tzen. inst. agron. norfce brasil 28: 62—65. 1955; allen in j. arn. arb. 26: 421. 1945. flowers dioecious; tuba distinct. male flowers with 9 fertile stamens; anthers as a rule 2-celled; the two outer whorls introrse; the inner whorl extrorse and usually flanked by glands. staminodes none or minute. ovary sterile, stipitiform. female flowers as a rule slightly smaller and with broader tube; stamens smaller, sterila, but with same shape; stigma discoid or peltate, conspicuous. fruit cup usually rather shallow, fleshy, merging into the usually fleshy, thick pedicel. type species. — e. sericea nees. number of binomials 55; number of species about 40. the genus, which is restricted to tropical south and central america, is related to aniba by its floral characters and to aiouea by its enlarged fruit pedicel. 16 local name ajoue in french guiana. 17 local name in french guinea. 18 named in honour of h. l. endlicher, born 1804, prssburg, died 1849, vienna, professor in vienna and a well-known botanist. 238 reinwardtia [vol. 4 1057] a. j. g. h. kostekmans : laura-ceae 239 19. l i c a r i a19 aublet, 1775. licaria aublet, hist. guyane franc.. 1: 313. 1775. synonyms. — acrodiclidium nees 1833. — evonymodaphne nees ex lindley 1838. — dipliathus rafin 1838. — triplomeia rafin. 1838. — misanteca cham. & schdl. 1831. — symphysodaphne a. richard 1850. — nobeliodendron 0. c. schmidt 1930. — chanekia lundell 1937. — clinostemon kuhlm. & sampaio 1928. principal literature. — kostermans in rec. trav. bot. neerl. 34: 575—604. 1937; 35: 123—125. 1938; in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 89. 1952; in bol. tacn. inst. agron. norte brasil 28: 65—71. 1955. flowers bisexual; flower tube usually distinct. stamens of the two outer whorls changed into small staminodes or wanting; stamens of the third whorl fertile, free or partly connate, basal glands present or none; cells two, introrse, extrorse or sub-apical. fourth whorl of staminodes minute, usually absent. stigma inconspicuous. fruit cup large, with a double, rarely triple margin. type species. •— l. guianensis aublet. number of binomials 58; number of species about 45, the genus is restricted to tropical south and central america. it is related to ardba, and macbride suggested merging the two genera. several species yield merchantable fruit with nutmeg or clove aroma, s u b g e n e r a two. 1. licaria, syn. acrodiclidium (nees) kosterm. 1957: staminodes of the two outer whorls present. 2. misanteca (cham. & schdl.) kosterm.; staminodes of the two outer whorls lacking. 20. u r b a n o d e n d r o n 2 0 'mez, 1889. urbanodendron mez in jahrb. bot. gart. berlin 5: 80. 1889. synon. •— aydendron nees & mart. 1833, p.p. principal literature. — kostermans in rec. trav. bot. neerl. 35: 106—109. 1938; in j. sci. ees. indon. 1: 146. 1952. flower characters as in licaria, but stamens 9; anthers 2-celled, those of the two outer whorls introrse; of the inner extrorse. all filaments flanked by large glands. stigma inconspicuous. fruit cup large, double-rimmed. type species. •— u. verrucosum (nees) mez. this monotypic genus from brazil is related to licaria, but differs by the number of fertile stamens, which puts it near aniba. the doublerimmed cup is similar to that of licaria. *9 local name licari in french guinea. 20 named in honour of ignatz urban, a well-known german botanist, director of the botanic garden and museum at berlin-dahlem. •• 2 1 . s y s t e m o n o d a p h n e21 mez, 1889. systemonodaphne mez in jahrb. bot. gart. berlin 5: 78. 1889. principal literature. — kostsrmans in rec. trav. bot. neerl. 35: 104—108. 1938; in 3. sci. res. indon. 1: 145, 1952; in bolet. teen. inst. ag-ron. norte brasil 28: 73—75. 1955. flowers bisexual; tube short. fertile stamens 9; anthers 2-celled. fourth whorl of staminodes lacking. outer two whorls with introrse cells and distinct, free filaments; third whorl connate, with small glands. stigma small, discoid. fruit cup disc-shaped-, double-rimmed with persistent perianth. type species. — s. mezii kosterm. number of binomials 3; number of species 2. a small genus from brazil; related to licaria, but different by the number of fertile stamens and the fruit cup. 22. p h y l l o s t e mono d a p h n e 2 2 kosterm., 1936. phyllostemonodaphne kostsrmans in rec. trav. bot. n,eerl. 33: 754. 1938. principal literature. — kostermans in eec. trav. bot. neerl. 33: 754. 1936; in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 149. 1952. flower characters as in licaria, but the outer whorl of stamens is completely tepaloid; the second and third whorl are fertile and provided with glands. anthers of the second whorl introrse, of the third whorl extrorse, 2-celled. staminodes of the fourth whorl small of none. stigma inconspicuous. fruit cup flat, double-rimmed. type species. — ph. geminiflora (meissn.)' kosterm, this monotypic genus from brazil is closely related to licaria, but differs by the number of fertile stamens and tepals and by the shape of the fruit cup. it is also close to dicypellium, which, however, has 4-celled anthers. iii. tribus l i t s e e a e mez, 1889. tribus litseeae msz in jahrb. bot. gart. berl. 5: 6. 1889. flowers in pseudo-umbels, surrounded by persistent, decussate, large bracts, forming an involucre. as a rule all stamens introrse. tepals often " lore or less reduced. tubs persistent and enlarged as a more or less developed fruit cup on a usually not enlarged pedicel. a. subtribus l i t s e i n e a e kosterm., 1957. anthers with 4 cells. 21 f r o m greek aw, sun = t o g e t h e r ; orrj/xcov, stemon = stamen, and dawvri, daphne = l a u r e l ; the stamens a r e grown together. 22 f r o m greek yvllov, phullon = leaf; ort]/ltcov, stemon = stamen, and dawvn, daphne = l a u r e l ; the outer stamens a r e leaf-like. 240 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 23. l i t s e a 2 3 lamk. 1791 (nom. cons.). litsea lamarck, encycl. meth. bot. 3: 574. 1791. synox. — malapoenna adanson 1763. — tomex thunbsrg 1783. — hexanthus loureiro 1790. — quinquedula noronha 1790. — fiwa gmelin 1791. — tetranthera jacquin 1797. — berrija (non roxb.) klein ex willdenow 1800. — litsaea jussieu 1805. — pipalia stokes 1812. — darwinia dennstsdt 1818. — dodecadenia nees 1831. — cylicodaphns nees 1831. — iozoste nees 1831, p.p. ^jozosmene nees ex lindley 1836. — lepidadenia walker arnott ex nees 1833. — cubeba rafinesqus 1838. — dccapenta rafinesqus 1838. — evslyna rafinesque 1838, p.p. — heckcria rafinesque 1838. — evosmus rafinesque 1838, p.p. — fiva stsudel 1840. — sebifera blanco 1845. — darwiniana "dsnnstadt" ex lindlay 1846. — glabraria (non l.) blume 1851. — adenodaphne s. is moore 1921. — pssudolitsea yang 1945. principal literature. — baillon, hist. pi. 2: 440, 480. 1870; bentham in b. & h., gen. pi. 3: 181. 1880; eooker f., fl. brit. ind. 5: 154—182. 1883; mez in jahrb. bot. gart. bsrlln 5: 474—482. 1889; koorders & val. in medsd. lands pl.tuin buitansorg 68: 123—192. 1904; bartlett in proc. am:r. ac. 44: 597—001. 1909; lecomt3, fl. gin. indochine 5: 130—142. 1914; ridlsy, fl. mai. pen. 3: 112—131. 1924; liouho, laur. chine et indochine 1—207. 1932; allen in ann. missouri bot. gard. 25: 331—400. 1938; in j. arnold arb. 26: 106. 1945; nakai, fl. sylv. koreana 22: 49—61. 1939; kostsrmans in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 93. 1952. flowers dioecious in pseudo-umbels, surrounded by an involucre of persistent or subpersistent, large, decussate bracts. tepals 6 or 0. fertile stamens in male flower 9 or 12, sometimes more than 12 (subgenus dodecadenia/. outer 2 whorls usually glandless; third and inner whorls flanked by glands. filaments usually slender; anthers 4-celled, all introrse, or the basal pair of the third staminal whorl lateral. ovary in the male flower stipitiform or 0. in the female flower an equal number of staminodes as stamens in the male flower; stigma peltate, conspicuous. fruit seated in a more or less developed cup or disc; ths perianth usually caducous. type species. — l. chinensis lamk. number of binomials 474; number of species approximately 400. this large and widely distributed genus, only lacking in africa and europe, extends north to japan, korea and north america; south to new zealand and subtropical south america. the diversity in such a large genus is appreciable, but does not warrant splitting it up into smaller entities, as has often been advocated in local floras. the flowers and umbels are remarkably uniform. the fruit cup is either shallow and disc-like or semiglobose, or may even completely ennvelop the fruit (in that case it differs from the fruit of cryptocarya by the large apical aperture) ; sometimes it is very swollen and fleshy, sometimes thinly walled. the number of 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans: lauraceae 241 22 from the chinese litse. stamens is the largest in sub-genus dodecadenia, a small group, which is here, more or less arbitrarily, included in litsea; the sub-genus dodecadenia has bisexual flowers. s u b g e n e r a three. 1. litsea: flowers monoecious. 2. dodecadenia (nees) kosterm.: flowers bisexual. 3. octolitsea liou-ho: flowers dioecious, with 8 tepals. 24. n e o l i t s b a ' 4 merr., 1906. neolitsea merrill in philip. j. sci., bot., suppl. 1 (1) : 56. 1906. synon. — tetradenia (non benth.) nees 1831. — balanopsis rafinesque 1838, p.p. — bryantea rafinesque 1838. — litsea sect. neolitsea bentham 1880. principal literature. — lecomte, fl. gen. indoch. 5: 142:—144. 1914; ridley, fl. mai. pen. 3: 131—133. 1924; liou-ho, laur. chine & indoch. 139—155. 1932; allen in ann. missouri bot. gard. 25: 415—431. 1938; kostermans in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 147. 1952. flowers dioecious, involucrate, involucral bracts large, persistent, decussate. flowers dimerous; fertile stamens in male flowers and staminodes in female flowers 6 in 3 whorls; the inner whorl with glands. anthers 4-celled, introrse. stigma in female flower conspicuous, peltate. fruit on a disc-like cup; pedicel often slightly thickened. type species. — n. cassia (l.) kosterm. number of binomials 93; the number of species will be about 80. the genus is restricted to the asiatic mainland and malaysia. it is related to litsea. b . subtribus l a u r i i n e a e kosterm., 1957. anthers with two cells. 25. l i n d e e a 2 5 (non adans.) thunb., 1783 (non. cons.). lindera t h u n b e r g , n o v . gen. pl 3: 64. 1783. synon. — benzoin b o e h m e r 1760. — bistania n o r o n h a 1790 ( ? ) . — euosmus n u t t a l l 1818, p.p. — calosmon b e r c h t . & p r e s l . 1823. — sassafras b e r c h t . & p r e s l . 1823. — daphnidium n e e s 1 8 3 1 . — polyadenia n e e s 1831. — evelyna r a f i n e s q u e 1838, p.p. — ozanthes r a f i n e s q u e 1838. — evosmus r a f i n e s q u e 1838, p.p. — aperula b l u m e 1 8 5 1 . — iteadaphne b l u m e 1 8 5 1 . —• parabenzoin n a k a i 1924. p r i n c i p a l l i t e r a t u r e . — h o o k e r f., f l . b r i t . i n d . 5 : 182—189. 1 8 8 6 ; mez in j a h r b . bot. g a r t . b e r l i n 5 : 486—489. 1889; k o o r d e r s & v a l e t , i n meded. l a n d s p l . t u i n 24 p r o m g r e e k ve.og, neos = n e w , a n d l i t s e a . 25 n a m e d a f t e r j o h a n n l i n d e r (1678, k a r l s t a d , s w e d e n ; f 172,3, s t o c k h o l m ) who w a s e l e v a t e d t o n o b i l i t y u n d e r t h e n a m e o f l i n d e s t o l p e ; a u t h o r o f a b o t a n i c a l p a m p h l e t . 242 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 buitenzorg 58: 229—246. 1904; lecomte, fl. gen. indochine 5: 152—158. 1914; ridley, fl. mai. pen. 3: 133—137. 1924; liou-ho, laur. chine & indoch. 117—139. 1932; kostermans in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 90. 1952. flowers and fruit characters as in litsea, but anthers 2-celled (very rarely partly 4-celled) ; usually the fruit cup very shallow; perianth sometimes persistent. type species. — l. umbellata thunb. number of binomials 135; the number of species will be about 100. like litsea, to which this genus is closely related, it is widely distributed, also outside the tropical area; like litsea it is not represented in africa. s u b g e n e r a two. 1. lindera: umbels many-flowered. 2. iteadaphne (bl.) kosterm.: involucre with one flower. 26. l a u r u s 2 6 l., 1753. laurus linnaeus, spec. pi. 369. 1753. synon. — apella adanson 1763. — adaphus necker 1780 (?). peincipal literature, — webb & berth., phytogr. canar. 3 (3) : 229. 1836—40; gandoger, fl. europae 20: 44. 1890; thome, fl. deutschl. 1: 157. 1&03; coste, fl. france 3: 215. 1906; bonnier, fl. france, etc. 9: t. 536. 1927; hegi, fl. europa ed. 2, 4 (1) : 11. 1935; kostermans in rev. univ. chilena 24: 204—206. 1939. flowers dioecious or bisexual, involucrate. flowers dimerous. male flowers with 12 stamens in 3 whorls; those of the outer whorl glandless; anthers 2-celled, introrse; ovary abortive. female flowers with 4 large staminodes, alternating with the tepals, all with glands. stigma discoid. fruit on a fleshy, thickened pedicel, disc-like at the apex. type species. — l. nobilis l. number of binomials 334; number of species 2. the genus is restricted to the mediterranean region and the canary islands. because of its involucre of decussate bracts it belongs near litsea. the reduced number of staminodes in the female flower is an uncommon feature in lauraceae. iv. tribus c r y p t o c a r y e a e meissn. 1864, p.p. tribus cryptocaryeae meissner in dc, prodr. 15 (1) : 5. 1864, p.p. f r u i t completely included in the accrescent flower tube. a . subtribus e u s i d e r o x y l i n e a e kosterm., 1957. anthers with 4 cells. 26 old latin plant name. 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans: laui-aceae 243 27. e u s i d e r o x y l o n 7 teijsm. & binn., 1863. eusideroxylon teijsmann & binnendijk in natuurk. tijdschr. ned. ind. 25: 292. 1863. synon. — bihania meissner 1864. principal literature. — teijsm. & binn. in natuurk. tijdschr. nederl. ind. 25: 292. 1863; de wit in bull. bot. gard. buitenzorg 3, 18: 200—207. 1949; kostermans in j. sci. res indon. 1: 141. 1952; in penggemar alam 35: 57. 1955. flowers bisexual. tepals 6, equal; flowers tube shallow. fertile stamens 3 (third whorl), 4-celled, extrorse; outer 2 whorls petaloid; all glandless; stigma discoid. fruit completely enclosed in and adnate to the accrescent flower tube; seedcoat horny, furrowed. type species. — e. zwageri t. & b. number of species and binomials 2. e. zwageri t. & b. occurs in east sumatra, bangka, biliton, and borneo. e. melagangai sym. is restricted to north, west, and central borneo. in its fruit characters the genus resembles cryptocarya, but the number and shape of the stamens is different. the timber (ironwood) is one of the heaviest and most durable in malaysia and resembles in this quality ocotea rodioei mez from guiana, b. subtribus c r y p t o c a r y i n e a e kosterm., 1957. anthers with two cells. 28. c r y p t o c a e y a 2 s r. brown, 1810. cryptocarya r. brown, prodr. fl nov. holland. 402. 1810. synon. — peumus molina 1782, p.p. — cryptocaria gay 1849. — caryodaphne blume ex nees 1836. — salgada blanco 1845. — icosandra r. a. philippi 1857. — pseudocryptocarya teschner 1923. principal literature. — baillon, hist. pl 2: 472. 1870; bentham in b. & h., gen. 3: 150. 1880; hooker f., fl brit. ind. 5: 117—121. 1890; bailey, queensl. fl. 1297. 1901; lecomte, fl. gen. indoch. 5: 144—148. 1914; liou-ho, laur. chine et indochine 95—102, 1932; kostermans in rec. trav. bot. neerl. 34: 557—575. 1937; in bull. jard. bot. bruxelles 15: 91—108. 1938; in humbert, fl. madagascar, 81e famille: 74—84. 1950; in 3. sci. res. indon. 1: 94. 1952. leaves alternate or opposite. flowers bisexual; tube slender, conspicuous; tepals 6, equal. fertile stamens 9, 6, or 3, anthers 2-celled; anthers of two outer whorls introrse, of third whirl extrorse and filaments flanked by glands. fourth whorl consisting of conspicuous, stipitate staminodes. stigma small or inconspicuous, rarely peltate. fruit entirely 2t from greek sv, eu = good, ocdtjqog, sideros = iron, and £vlov, xulon = 28 from greek y.qvnzoi, kruptos = hidden, and y.ngvov, karyon = nut; the art is covered by the accrescent flower tube. 244 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. kostermans: lauraceae 245 included in the enlarged flower tube, leaving only a minute orifice at apex. endocarp and exocarp often bony and ribbed. type species. — c. glaucescens r. brown. number of binomials 303; number of species perhaps between 200 and 250. this pantropic genus, (only lacking in central africa) has its centre in malaysia. species occur as far as chile and australia. c. moschata mez yields saleable fruit (nox moschado) with nutmeg smell and taste. s u b g e n e r a three. 1. cryptocarya, syn. enneanthera, kosterm., 1957: fertile anthers 9. 2. hexanthera kosterm.: fertile anthers 6. 3. tnandra kosterm.: fertile anthers 3. 29. r a v e n sara29 sonn., 1782. bavensara sonnerat, voy. indes et chine 3: 248. 1782. synon. — euodia gaertner 1791. — agathophyllum (non blume) jussieu 1789. principal literature. — kostermans in humbert, notul. system. paris 8: 96—112. 1939; in humbert, pi. madag., 81e fam.: 46—74. 1950. floral characters as in cryptocarya. fruit included in the accrescent flower tube; the basal part of the fruit divided into 6 (rarely 12) compartments by 6 (rarely 12) false dissepiments, growing out from the inner wall of the flower tube; the dissepiments ruminating the seed. type species. — r. aromatica sonn. number of binomials 27; number of species 18. the genus is endemic in madagascar. it differs from cryptocarya only by its ruminate seed and basal fruit septa. v. tribus h y p o d a p h n e a e kosterm., 1957. ovary inferior. 30. h y p o d a p h n i s 3 0 stapf, 1909. hypodaphnis stapf in dyer, pi. trop. africa 6 (1) : 185. 1909. principal literature. — kostermans in bull. jard. bot. bruxelles 15: 88—91. 1938; in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 1952. leaves alternate. flowers bisexual. fertile stamens 9 in three whorls; anthers 4-celled, those of the two outer whorls introrse, of the third whorl extrorse and extrorse — lateral, third whorl with glands. the fourth whorl lacking. ovary inferior; stigma small, discoid. type species. — h. zenkeri (engl.) stapf. this monotypic genus is endemic in cameroon, gaboon, and nigeria. 29 from the local madagascar name: ravin-tsara. so p r o m the greek vno, hypo = under, and dayns, daphms = laurel. the name alludes to the inferior ovary. b . subfamily c a s s y t h o i d e a e k o s t e r m . , 1957. synon. — cassytheae nees 1831; cassythaceae dumortier ex lindley (nat. syst., ed. 2: 202. 1836). parasitical or partly autotrophic monotypical twiners with small haustoria. stems filiform, containing chlorophyll. leaves reduced to minute scales, arranged spirally (1/3). inflorescence indefinite, spicate or racemose, or reduced to heads. flowers sessile or pedicellate within a minute bract with 2 similar bracteoles close under the perianth, bisexual or semi-dioecious (?). tepals 6 (the outer 3 smaller and resembling the bracts), persistent; tube shallow, enlarged, and enveloping the fruit. fertile stamens 9, two-celled; the outer two whorls without glands and with introrse anthers (rarely the second whorl staminodial) ; the third whorl flanked by glands and with extrorse anthers; the fourth whorl of distinct, sessile or stipitate staminodes; stigma small, obtuse or capitellate. fruit completely included in the enlarged and succulent flower tube, with small orifice at apex, usually surrounded by the persistent, erect perianth. testa membranous or coriaceous; cotyledons thick, flehy, often unequal, distinct at an early stage, but later more or less consolidated. type genus. — cassytha l. 31. c a s s y t h a 3 1 l., 1753. cassytha [osbeck] linnaeus, sp. pi. 1: 35. 1753. synon. — cussuta rumphius 1747. — rombut [rumph.] adanson 1763. — aeatsjavalli [rheede] adanson 1763. — cassyta l. 1764. — cassita hill 1765. — volutella forskal 1775. — calodium loureiro 1790. — rumputris rafinesque 1836. principal literature. — meissner in dc, prodr. 15 (1) : 252. 1864; bentham, pl austral. 5: 308. 1870; baillon, hist. pi. 2: 444, 483. 1870; bentham in b. & h., gen. pl 3: 164. 1880; hackebergin verh. natur. ver. rheinl. und westfalen 46: 98—138. 1889; pax in engl. & prantl, pfl.pam. 3 (2) : 124. 1889; boewig in bot. confer. univ. pennsylv. 2: 399—416. 1904; black, fl. s. austr. 338. 1922—29; kienholz in proc. ann. phil. soc. 65, suppl. 58—100. 1926; metcalfe and chalk, anat. dicot. 2: 1152. 1950. type species. •— cassytha filiformis l. number of binomials 50, of which perhaps not more than one third will stand after critical revision. the genus is mainly australian; one species (c. filiformis l.) is pantropical; africa has a few species. by its aberrant habit and ecology, it has often been treated as a separate family, but in floral characters it is not different from lauraceae and approaches cryptocarya. the plants contain superabundant (even in the cotyledons) mucilaginous material. 31 greek name (xadviag, kasytas or hadvxas kadytas) for cuscuta. (dodder). 246 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h, kostbrmans : lauraceae 247 the epidermis is composed of heavily cutinized, square cells. stomata in rows; pores at right angles to the axis, rubiaceous, deeply sunken, with heavy cuticular ridge, forming an outer vestibule to the narrow stomatal pore. outer part of cortex of 1—6 layers of small rounded cells. endodermis not differentiated. phloem in the form of strands situated in furrows in the outer periphery of the xylem. xylem in the form of a continuous cylinder, bounded internally by protoxylem groups extending into the pith. vessels in the inner part of the secondary wood 120 »j, or more in diameter, and much larger than those in the denser peripherpal part; lateral pits large, circular, bordered; perforations simple. a ring of separate vascular bundles, sometimes consisting wholly of phloem, recorded by solereder in the hypocotyl and young axis. acicular crystals in the cortex. fruit enclosed by a hard, horny layer of the endocarp and/or exocarp. the cotyledons remain quite distinct morphologically, but they seem to be adherent by means of some cementing substance. the seeds germinate best in almost pure sand. after germination the food substance is rapidly passed from the cotyledons into the hypocotyl, causing it to become very turgid; the food remains dissolved in the cell sap as sugar. side roots develop, which soon outstrip the main root. above, the hypocotyl attenuates rapidly into a thin, almost filamentous, bright green stem; it carries up with it the empty seed, which, because of its firm, elastic shell, is difficult to strip off. the seedling show's active circumnutating movements in clockwise direction; the sweep is fairly rapid. the roots have no root cap. additions to: a historical survey of lauraceae p. 85. laurus cassia l. is based on no. 146 in his flora zeylanica, which in turn is based on hermann's specimens. in hermann's herbarium (british museum) these represent a mixture of litsea zeylanica nees and the wild c i n n a m o m u m zeylanicum (trimen in j. linn. soc, bot. 24: 140. 1887). nyctandra prior (in proc. linn. soc. (1883—86) : 5) is a synonym of nectandra rol. ex rottb. 91. almost simultaneously with my recombination dehaasia incrassata (jack) kosterm. (april 1952), merrill published the same new combination in j. arnold arb. 33: 230. june 1952. p. 89. p. 94. through the courtesy of dra. ida de vattimo of the botanical garden in rio de janeiro, i obtained exhaustive information on the genus linharea arruda de camara. camara's paper: "ensaio sobre a utilidade de estabelecer jardins nas principals provincias do brasil" was never published. this paper was translated in part in henri koster's: "travels in brazil" (1810). koster's book was later translated into french (1818) and into portuguese. on page 584 of the portuguese edition, corresponding to page 493 of the english and page 491 of the french edition, we find the following (translation by de vatimo) : plants of pernambuco * in vol. 1 of j. sci. res. indon. (1952). canela do mato, linharea aromatica, arrud. cent. plant. pern. catinga branca, linharea tinctoria, arrud. cent. plant. pernam. in the first plant the leaves and cortex have a pleasant perfume, resembling the scent of pinkies (clove smell). the plant is not employed by man. i obtained a tasteful extract from the leaves and cortex by distillation. i learned by experience that the liquid extracted from the leaves is not only agreeable to smell and taste but also is very good (therapeutic) for the stomach. it is very abundant in the "taboleiros" of the states of paraiba and ceara, in the margins of the pinhanco; i saw them also in piani (17). the second plant is a shrub that grows very abundant in the slopes of mountains and water courses margins in the interior of brazilian states of pernambuco, paraiba and ceara. when boiled the plant yields a yellow colour, long lasting over skins. may be it to be possible to find a way of fixation of this colour in cotton cloth, the same way we do with the tatajuba (motrus tinctorea). it is also used in the treatment of itch, an eruptive disease. as i could not include these plants in none of the known genera i put them in a new genus and gave it the name linharea in honour to d. rodrigo de souza coutinho, count of linhares, culta and protector of arts". the footnote 17 refers to a note of koster and of camara, which runs as follows: "17. labat speaks about a species of "canelle batarde" and adds: "on se sert beaucoup, en italie, d'une canelle semblable a celle que je viens de decrire. les portugais l'apportent du bresil dans des paniers de roseaux refendus et a jour; on l'apelle canelle giroffle 248 reinwardtia [vol. 4 (canella garofanata). on la met en poudre avec un peu de girofle, de veritable canelle, de poivre, et de graines tout-a-fait resemblables a celles de nos bois d'inde des isles, et on en fait un debit assez considerable" — nouveau voyage, tome iii, p. 92 (k). pinhanco is the same as pianco (c). from the description and from the fact that linharea aromatica is a common plant, it is possible that it represents ocotea pretiosa benth. nothing can be said of linharea tinctoria and it may be even not lauraceous. in roster's book and the french translation the generic name is wrongly spelt linharia. p. 95. 1812 stokes, jonathan. through the courtesy of dr c. v. morton (smithsonian institution, washington), i obtained a transcript of the original description of pipalia stokes in "a botanical materia medica consisting of the generic and specific characters of the plants used in medicine and diet" (vol. 4, page 456. 1812). "884. pipalia. calyx of the male flowers none, of the female polyphyllous, corolla none. style curved at the base. stigma capitate. berry monospermous. from jones. 1. pipalia solitaria. gajapippali. jones in as. res. iv. 313" the genus and the single species are validly published (combined generic and specific description of a monotypic genus. stokes probably did not know this plant at all; he copied the data from a paper on indian plants by sir william jones, which was published in the transactions of the royal asiatic society of bengal (vol. 4: 227. 1801). of jones' paper i also obtained a transcript from dr. morton. the paper does not bear jones' name, but merely states that it is by "the late president" (this was definitely sir william jones). jones' paper bears as title: a catalogue of indian plants, comprehending their sanscrit and as many of their linnaean generic names as could with any degree of precision be ascertained" (p. 225). on page 227 we find 169 "gajapippali, a new genus" on page 295 and 296 1957] " a. j. g. h. kostermans : lauraceae "on select indian plants. 295 249 66. gajapippali: syn. carippali, capiballi, colaballi, srevasi, vasira. some add, chavica, or chavya; but that is named in the amaracosh as a distinct plant, vulgarly chava, or chavi. vulg. pippal-fhanca, maidah. male flowers. cal. common perianth four-leaved; leaflets roundish, concave; the two exterior, opposite, smaller, containing from eight to fourteen florets. partial calyx none. cor. none. nectary, many yellow glands on the pedicel of the filaments. stam. filaments from eight to eighteen in each floret, connected by a short villous pedicel, thread-form, very hairy. anthers large, netted, irregular, inflated, containing the pollen. pist. rudiments of a germ and style withering. female flowers. cal. common perianth as in the male, but smaller; containing from ten to twelve florets. partial calyx none, unless you assume the corol. cor. many-petaled, umbelled, petals erect, lance-linear, fleshy, covered within and externally with white hairs. nectary, yellow glands sprinkling the receptacle. botanical observations pist, germ oval. style cylindric, curved at the base, stigma headed, per. berry globular, one-seeded. seed spherical, smooth. flowers umbelled, yellow from their anthers. leaves mostly oblong-lanced, but remarkably varying in shape, alternate. both flowers and fruit have an agreeable scent of lemonpeel; and the berries, as a native gardener informs me, are used as a spice or condiment. it was from him that i learned the sanscrit name of the plant; but as balli means a creeper, and as the pippal-jhanca is a tree perfectly able to stand without reinwardt1a [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h, kostermans : lauracea? 251-: support, i suspect in some degree the accuracy of his information; though i cannot account for his using a sanscrit word without being led to it, unless he had acquired at least traditional knowledge. it might be referred, from the imperfect mixed flowers, to the twenty-third class." from this description it is evident, that pipalia represents either litsea or lindera (the number of anther cells is not indicated) . the shape of the leaf and their scent points to litsea cubeba pers. p. 113. 1823 c. g. nees and th. fr. l. nees von esenbeck, de cinnamomomo disputatio (a supplement: "berichtigung zur disputatio de cinnamomo" appeared in allg. bot. zeit. 34: 1—30. 1831). in this paper the authors described new cinnamomum species under the generic name laurus and an exhaustive historical survey is given of cinnamomum zeylwnicwm bl. i n d e x t o l a u r a c e a e names published as new in the original publication, comm. for. res. inst. indon. no. 57, march 22, 1957, of which this article is a reprint, are in this index still given in bold face type. the page number in the original publication is found by subtracting 192 from the. present number. synonyms are given in italics. the names on pages 218 and 219 are not listed in this index. f i g . 1. relationships within the lauraceae. acatsjavalli (rheede) adans. 245. sub gen. acrodiclidium (nees) kosterm. 238. acrodiclidium nees 238. actinodaphne nees 194, 195, 199, 200, 203, 205, 210, 214, 217, 234, 235; pruinosa nees 234. adapting neck, 242. adenodaphne s. moore 240. ade?iotrachelima baill. 232. adenotrachelium nees ex meissn. 231. afrodaphne stapf 229. agathophyllum (non bl.) j u s s . 244. agathophyllum (non willd., nee juss.) bl. 231. agriodaphne nees ex meissn. 231. sub gen. aiouea (aubl.) kosterm. 236. aiouea aubl. 1951 197, 198, 203, 207, 208, 210, 217, 220, 233, 236, 237; guianensis aubl. 236. subgen. alseodaphne (nees) .benth. 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 203, 206, 210, 211, 212, 227. alseodaphne nees 225, 226, 227, 228; coriacea kosterm. 208; paludosa king 210; semecarpifolia nees 226. ampelodaphne meissn. 237. anaueria kosterm. 229. aniba aubl. 196, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 207, 209, 210, 214, 217, 236, 237, 238; canelilla mez 208, 216; coto kosterm. 216; duckei kosterm. 216, 237; guianensis aubl. 237; kappleri mez 206, 208; ridleyana mez 214; rosaeodora ducke 199, 216, 237. subtrib. anibineae kosterm. 236. annonales 215. apella adans. 242. aperula bl. 241. aperiphracta nees ex meissn. 231. 252 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1057] a. j. g. h. kostekmans: lauraceae 253 apivea steud. 236. apollonias nees 196, 209, 217, 228; barbusana (cav.) a. braun 228. aydendron nees & mart. 236, 238. balanopsis raf. 231, 241. beilschmidtia rchb. 229. siibgen. beilschmiedia 229. beilschmiedia nees 193, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 214, 217, 228, 229, 230; bullata kosterm. 199; endiandraefolia kosterm. 229; mannii benth. 202; myrmecophila kosterm. 213; pendula benth. 202; roxburghiana nees 200, : 207, 208, 209, 229; tarairi benth. 217; tawa benth. 217; variabilis rob. & wilcz. 196, 211. subtrib. beilschmiediineae kosterm. 228. bellota gay 229. benzoin b.oehm. 214, 241. berberidaceae 215. berberis 205. berniera baill. 229. berrija (non roxb.) klein ex willd. 240. bihania meissn. 243. bistania nor. 241. boldu (non feuillee) nees 229. boldus (non adans.) o. ktze 229. borbonia [plum.] boehm. 231. brassiodendron allen 229. bryantea raf. 241. calodium lour. 245. calosmon bercht. & presl. 241. calycanthaceae 215. calycodaphne boj. 231. camphora [bauh.] boehm. 233. camphorina nor. 233. camphoromoea nees ex meissn. 231. cannella schott ex meissn. 231. cansiera (non juss.) spr. 231. caryodaphne bl. ex nees 243. caryodaphnopsis airy-shaw 225. cassita hill 245. cassyta l. 245. cassytha l. 195, 196, 197, 203, 205, 206, 211, 212, 217, 220, 221, 245; filiformis l. 245. cassythaceae dum. ex lindl. 245. subordo cassytheae meissn. 220, 221. trib. cassytheae nees 220, 245. subfam. cassythoideae kosterm. 245. cecidodaphne nees 233. ceramocarpium nees ex meisnn. 231. ceramophora nees ex meissn. 232. cedrota schreb. 236. chanekia lund. 238. chlorantaceae 215. subtrib. cinnamomineae kosterm. 231. cinnamomoides 214. trib. cinnamomeae baill. emend. kosterm. 220, 231. cinnamomum boehm. 194, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 208, 210, 213, 214, 217, 226, 227, 232, 233, 234; burmannii bl. 203, 213; camphora nees & eberm. 198, 202, 213, 216; cassia bl. 216; iners bl. 197, 203; japonicum 213; javanicum bl. 203; linearifolium 213; obtusifolium 213; pedunculatum 213; porrectum kosterm. 216; sericeum sieb. 208; sieboldii 213; zeylanicum bl. 200, 213, 216, 233, 250. sub gen. clavipersea kosterm. 225, 226, 227, 228. clinostemon kuhl & swamp. 238. colomandra neck. 236. cricula trifenestrata 213. crowella 22. cryptocaria gay 243. subgen. cryptocarya 244. cryptocarya r. br. 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 217, 221, 240, 243, 244, 245; caloneura kosterm. 213; corrugata c. t. white 202; glaucescens r. br. 202, 244; konishii hay. 203; massoy kosterm. 216; moschata nees & mart. 216, 244; perrieri danguy 208. trib. cryptocaryeae meissn. 220, 242. subtrib. cryptocaryneae kosterm. 243. cubeba raf. 240. cussuta rumph. 245. cyanodaphne bl. 228. cylicodaphne nees 214, 240. cyna/momum den. 233. damburneya raf. 231. subtrib. daphnidieae meissn. 220. daphnidium nees 241. daphnogene 214. daphnophyllum 214. darwinia dennst. 240. darwiniana "dennst." ex lindl. 240. decapenta raf. 240. dehaasia -bl. 196, 200, 203, 210, 228; caesia bl. 195, 216; incrassata (jack) kosterm. 228, 246. dendrodaphne beurl. 231. dictyodaphne bl. 229. dicypellium nees & mart. 195, 201, 203, 205, 208, 217, 235, 239; caryophyllatum nees 216, 236. dipliathus raf. 238. subgen. dodecadenia (nees) kosterm. 241. dodecadenia nees 240. drimophyllum nutt. 235. douglassia schreb. 236. ehrhardia scop. 236. endiandra r. br. 195, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203, 207, 208, 209, 214, 217, 229, 230; fragrans kosterm. 229, 230; glauca kosterm. 229. endlicheria nees 196, 198, 201, 203, 204, 205, 207, 210, 236, 237; arunciflora mez 204; bullata ducke 199; glomerata mez 204; longifolia mez 216; paradoxa mez 205, 208; sericea nees 237. subgen. endocarpa (raf.) kosterm. 236. endocarpa raf. 236. subgen. enneanthera kosterm. 244. subgen. ennearrhena stapf 229. euodia gaertn. 244. euosmus nutt. 234, 241. sect. eupersea pax 227. euphoebe bl. ex meissn. 225. subtrib. eusideroxylineae kosterm. 242. eusideroxylon t. & b. 195, 196, 202, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 217, 221, 242; melagangai sym. 2,04, 243; zwageri t. & b. 196, 202, 216, 243. evelyna raf. 240, 241. evonymodaphne nees ex lindl. 238. evosmus raf. 234, 240, 241. farnesia heist, ex fiva steud. 240. fiwa gmel. 240. fabr. 225. glabraria (non l.) bl. 240. sect. gnesiopersea, benth. 227. goeppertia nees 237. gomortegaceae 215. gymnobalanus nees & mart. 241. subordo gyrocarpeae meissn. 220. haasia nees 228. hamamelidaceae 215. heckeria raf. 240. hernandia plum. 220. hernandiaceae 214, 220. trib. hernandiae benth. 220. subgen. hexanthera kosterm. 244. hexanthus lour. 240. hexapora hook. f. 217, 230; curtisii hook f. 230. subgen. hexarrhena stapf 229. huberodaphne ducke 237. hufelandia nees 193, 229. trib. hypodaphneae kosterm. 224. hypodaphnis stapf 195, 196, 202, 203, 209, 211, 217, 231, 244; zenkeri stapf 202, 244. icosandra phil. 243. lozoste nees 234, 240. subgen. iteadaphne (bl.) kosterm. 242. iteadaphne bl. 241. , jozosmene nees ex lindl. 240. laurales 215. laureaceae lindl. 225. laureae rchb. 225. subordo laureae mez 221. lauri juss. 220, 225. subtrib. lauriineae kosterm. 241. laurinae vent. 225. laurineae verae zoll. 225. laurineae st. hil. 225. subordo laurineae meissn. 220. lauriniutn 214. laurinoxylon 215. lauriphyllum 215. k e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] a. j. g. h. kostekmans: lauraceae 255 laurocalyx 215. laurocarpum 215. subfam. lauroideae mez emend kosterm. 225. subfam. lauroideae pax 193, 221. lauromerrillia allen 207, 229. laurus l. 195, 201, 202, 205, 213, 215, 220, 225, 242, 250; cassia 246; nobilis l. 213, 216, 242. lepidadenia walker arn. ex nees 240. leptodaphne nees & mart. 231. subgen. licaria 238. licaria aubl. 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 206, 208, 210, 212, 217, 220, 238, 239; camara kosterm. 210; capitata kosterm. 204; cinnamomoides kosterm. 216; guianensis aubl. 204, 238; puchury-major kosterm. 216. subgen. lindera (thunb.) kosterm. 242 lindera thunb. 195, 198, 201, 202, 203, 204, 203, 213, 215, 216, 217, 220, 241, 250; aestivale 213; benzoin 213; bifaria benth. 202; erythrocarpa mak. 202; glauca 213; subumbelliflora kosterm.; umbellata thunb. 242, 203. linharea a. de cam. 231, 247; aromatica a. de cam. 247, 248; finctoria a. de cam. 246, 248. linharia 248. litsaea juss. 240. litsea sect. neolitsea benth. 241. litsea lamk 195, 196, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 215, 216, 217, 234, 235, 240, 241, 242, 250; ohinensis lamk 240; cubeba pers. 196, 250; odorifera val. 216; zeylanica nees 246. subgen. litsea (lamk) kosterm. 241. litsaeeae mez 221, 239. trib. litseaceae meissn. 220. subtrib. litseineae kosterm. 239. subgen. machilus (nees) kosterm. 227. machilus nees 194, 203, 225, 226; thunbergii sieb. & zucc. 227. magnoliaeeae 215. magnoliales 215. malapoenna adans. 240. ; menestrata veil. 225. mespilodaphne nees & mart. 215, 231. mezia (nee schw.) o. ktze 230. mezilaurus taub. 196, 197, 199, 200, 202, 203, 206, 207, 208, 209, 217, 230; crassiramea mez 199; ita-uba mez 230; lindaviana schw. & mez 202, 203; navalium (all.) taub. 230. micropora hook. f. 230. subgen. misanteca (cham. ' & schl.j kosterm. 238. misanteca cham. & schl. 238. monimiaceae 215. morus tinctorea 247. myristica 220. myristicaceae 215. subgen. nectandra (rol.) kosterm. 199, 201, 205, 232. nectandra. rol. ex rottb. 199, 214, 217, 231, 232, 246; leucantha nees 204; sinuata mez 199. nemodaphne meissn. 232. neocinnamomum liou-ho 233. neolitsea merr. 195, 203, 205, 215, 217, 241; acuta-trinervia kan. & sas. 202; cassia (l.) kosterm. 242. neosilvia pax 230. nesodaphne hook. f. 229. nobeliodendron o. c. schm. 238. subgen. nothaphoebe (bl.) benth. 226, 227, 228. nothaphoebe bl. 225, 226, 227; umbelliflora bl. 226. nyctandra prior 232, 246. nyrophyllum neck. 225. ' subgen. ocotea (aubl.) kosterm. 232. ocotea aubl. 194, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 205, 208, 209, 210, 214, 215, 217, 220, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236; aniboides mez 204; bullata e. mey. 216, 217, 232; clavigera mez 210; funiculacea mez 216; guianensis aubl. 232; pretiosa benth. 248; rodioei mez 195, 202, 203, 216, 232, 243; veraguensis mez 216, 232; verruculosa mez 197. trib. ocoteae baill. 220. subgen. octolitsea liou-ho 205, 241. oreodaphne nees & mart. 215, 231. trib. oreodaphneae meissn. 220, 281. ozanthes raf. 241. parabenzoin nakai 241. parthenoxylon bl. 243. subgen. persea (boehm.) kosterm. 227. persea boehm. 194, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 213, 215, 217, 225, 227, 232, 233; americana mill. 196, 199, 201, 204, 205, 210, 212, 213, 216, 226; carolinensis 213; lingue nees 216, 227; pubescens 213; thunbergii (sieb. & zucc.) kosterm. 227; tonkinensis kosterm. 212. trib. perseeae mez 221, 225. trib. perseaceae meissn. 220, 225. subtrib. perseineae kosterm. 215. perseoxylon 215. subfam. perseoideae pax 193, 202, 221, 225. petalanthera nees & mart 231. peumus mol. 243. phoebe nees 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 203, 209, 210, 217, 226, 227, 232, 233; amoena mez 210; declinata bl. 203; lanceolata nees 227. phyllostemonodaphne kosterm. 195, 205, 208, 217, 236, 239; geminiflora (meissn.) kosterm. 239. pipalia stokes 240, 248, 250; solitaria stokes 248. subgen. pleurothyrium nees kosterm. 196, 203, 207, 232. pleurothyrium nees ex lindl. 213, 217, 231, 232. polydenia nees 241. polycarpicae 215. pomatium nees & mart, ex lindl. 231. porostema schreb. 231. potameia thou. 194, 195, 196, 205, 211, 217t 231; argentea kosterm. 231; chinensis kosterm. 206; thouarsii roem. & sch. 231; velutina kosterm. 206. potamica poir. 231. proberberideae 215. protoravensara 215. pseudocryptocarya teschn. 243. pseudolitsea yang 240. pseudosassafras lee. 234, 235. purkayasthaea purk. 229. quinquedula nor. 240. ranales 215. ravensara sonn. 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 209, 211, 212, 217, 220, 244; aromatica sonn. 216, 244. rombut rumph. adans. 245, rumputris raf. 245. salguda blanco 243. sassafras bercht. & presl. 241. sassafras [kramer] boehm. 194, 195, 199, 200, 201, 204, 213, 215, 216, 217, 234, 235; albidum (nutt.) nees 234; officinale 213. sassa-fridiuni meissn. 232. schuera nees 237. schaueria nees & meissn. 237. sciadiodaphne rchb. 235. sebifera blanco 240. senneberia neck. 231. sennebiera o. ktze 232. septina nor. 233. silvaea meissn. 230. silvia allem. 230. stremmatodaphne gamble 225. strychnodaphne nees & mart. 231. symphysodaphne a. rich. 238. synandrodaphne meissn. 232. syndiclis hook. f. 194, 231. systemonodaphne mez 200, 207, 210, 217, 239; mezii kosterm. 239. tamala raf. 225. teleindra nees & mart. 231. tetradenia (non benth.) nees 241. tetrwnthera jacq. 215, 240. subtrib. tetranthereae meissn. 220. thouvenotia dangny 229. thymelaeaceae 215. tomex thunb. 220, 240. subgen. triandra kosterm. 244. subgen. trianthera mez 236. trianthera conwentz 214, 215. triplomeia raf. 238. tylostemon engl. 193, 229. 256 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 umbellularia nutt. 195, 201, 202, 203, 216, 235; californica (nees) nutt. 202, 205, 235. urbanodendron mez 195, 200, 207, 210, 217, 238; verrucosum (nees) mez 238. virola 220. volutella forsk. 245. wimmeria nees ex meissn. 229. yushuma kam. 234. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part. 2, pp. 257-280 (1957) florae malesianae praecursores xvi on the taxonomic subdivision of the gleicheniaceae, with descriptions of new malaysian species and varieties by r. e. holttum * summary a new subdivision is given of the fern family gleicheniaceae. the genus platyzoma r. br is excluded from the family. the genus stromatopteris from new caledonia is arranged in a distinct subfamily. in the remainder of the family, subfamily gleichenioideae, two genera are recognized, gleichenia (with subgenera diplopterygium, gleichenia, and mertensia) and dicranopteris (with subgenera acropterygium and dicranopteris) . the problem of subdividing the family is discussed with reference to former treatments and to new data, and a conspectus of the new system, with synonymy and key to the genera and subgenera, is given. a number of new species, new varieties, and new combinations is made both in gleichenia and dicranopteris. in preparing a taxonomic revision of the family gleicheniaceae for flora malesiana, i have reviewed the status of the genera proposed within the family by previous authors, and as a result have been led to take a position midway between the arrangement of christensen (index filicum 1905) and of copeland (genera filieum 1947). the present paper gives a summary of the facts on which this decision was reached; a fuller comparative treatment of the subject, with a discussion on morphology and growth-habit in this and other families of primitive ferns, will be published elsewhere. the genus platyzoma r. br., which has usually be included in gleicheniaceae (even in the genus gleichenia), appears to me so different that it should be excluded. a statement on this subject has been published separately (kew bulletin 1956; 551) ; the genus will not be further mentioned in the present paper. the genus stromatoptetis, confined to new caledonia, is peculiar in various ways, but has superficial sori of sporangia which agree with 1 formerly professor of botany in the university of malaya. — 257 — binder13 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_01 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_39 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_40 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_41 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_42 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_43 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_44 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_45 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_46 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_47 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_48 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_49 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_50 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_51 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_52 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_53 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_54 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_55 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_56 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_57 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_58 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_59 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_60 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_61 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_62 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_63 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_64 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_65 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_66 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_67 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_68 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_69 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_70 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_71 lipi a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(4) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(4): 261 337, 31 march 2008 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondece on the reinwardtia journal and subscriptions should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 4, pp: 277 – 279 277 another note on podoconis megasperma boedijn (hyphomycetes) received october 11, 2007; accepted october 25, 2007 mien a.rifai herbarium bogoriense puslit biologi – lipi, cibinong bogor, indonesia e-mail: herbogor@indo.het.id abstract rifai, m.a. 2008. another note on podoconis megasperma boedijn (hyphomycetes). reinwardtia 12 (4): 277– 279. –– exosporium megaspermum (boedijn) rifai and exosporium ampullaceum (petch) m.b.ellis are transferred to neopodoconis rifai, a newly created genus extracted from exosporium link based on the nature of the true septation of their rostrate conidia. two new combinations, neopodoconis ampullacea (petch) rifai and neopodoconis megasperma (boedijn) rifai, accordingly are proposed. keywords: hyphomycetes, java, exosporium megaspermum, exosporium ampullaceum, neopodoconis abstrak rifai, m.a. 2008. sebuah lagi catatan tentang podoconis megasperma boedijn (hyphomycetes). reinwardtia 12 (4): 277 – 279. –– exosporium megaspermum (boedijn) rifai dan exosporium ampullaceum (petch) m.b.ellis dipindahkan ke neopodoconis rifai, sebuah marga baru yang dipisahkan dari exosporium link karena kodrat penyekatan sejati konidiumnya yang bermoncong. sebagai akibatnya, dua kombinasi baru, neopodoconis ampullacea (petch) rifai dan neopodoconis megasperma (boedijn) rifai, diusulkan. kata kunci: hyphomycetes, java, exosporium megasperma, exosporium ampullaceum, neopodoconis. introduction inspite of the its euseptate conidia and poorly developed stroma, in 1975 podoconis megasperma boedijn was transferred to exosporium link (rifai 1975), influenced by the fact that the similar and closely related species exosporium ampullaceum (petch) m.b. ellis was also classified there. in recent years, however, it has been shown that the nature of spore septation is an important taxonomic character useful in distinguishing genera of hyphomycetes (subramanian 1992, mckenzie 1995). similarly goh, hyde, ho & yanna (1999) relegated dictyosporum prolificum damon to cheiromyces berk. on account of its distoseptate conidia. since it is felt that as circumscribed by ellis (1961, 1971, 1976) and presently adopted (carmichael, kendrick, conners & sigler 1980, kirk, cannon, david & stalpers 2001) the genus exosporium represents a heterogeneous assemblage of species––so much so that some of them had been previously classified as corynespora gussow and helminthosporium link by hughes (1958), and containing discordant elements such as exosporium pterocarpi m.b. ellis and exosporium stilbaceum (moreau) m.b. ellis which have swollen conidiophore apex bearing numerous, crowded, neither thickened nor blackened pores of conidial scars––it is consequently proposed that a new genus be erected to accommodate podoconis megasperma and exosporium ampullaceum. no specimen of exosporium occidentale sutton and exosporium ramosum m.b. ellis are available for study, but judging from the descriptions and illustrations of their rostrate conidia (ellis 1976) these two species could very well belong to this new genus. neopodoconis rifai, gen. nov. fungi imperfecti, hyphomycetes. coloniae effusae, fuscae, pilosae. mycelium immersum, ex hyphis ramosis, septatis, pallide brunneis, levibus compositum. conidiophora macronemata, mononemata, erecta, recta vel flexuosa, simplicia, brunnea, laevia, septata. cellae conidiogenae polytreticae, in conidiophoris incor-poratae, terminales vel intercalares, sympodiales, cicatricibus atris praedita. conidia acropleurogena, obclavata, basi conicotruncata, apice rostrata, laevia vel verruculosa, septata, brunnea. species typica: neopodoconis ampullacea (petch) rifai. fungi imperfecti, hyphomycetes. colonies effuse, dark brown, hairy. mycelium consist of immersed, branched, pale brown, smooth walled, septate hyphae. stromata poorly developed, reinwardtia [vol.12 278 consisted of loosely arranged polygonal to elongated cells. conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect, straight or flexuous, unbranched, brown, smooth walled, septate. conidiogenous cells polytretic, integrated, terminal and later intercalary, elongated sympodially, blackly cicatricated. conidia acropleurogenous, obclavate to broadly obclavate, smooth walled or verruculous, euseptate, brown but much paler towards the apex, with protruding truncate dark scar at the base and distinctly rostrate at the apex. type species: neopodoconis ampullacea (petch) rifai. neopodoconis ampullacea (petch) rifai, comb. nov. –– fig. 1a. helminthosporium ampullaceum petch in ann. r. bot. gard. peradeniya 7: 319. 1922 (basionym). –– exosporium ampullaceum (petch) m.b. ellis, c.m.i. mycol. pap. 82: 32, fig. 17. 1961; demat. hyphomyc.: 403, fig. 275d. 1971. colonies effused, dark blackish brown to black, hairy. mycelium immersed in the substratum, composed of branched, septate, pale olivaceous brown to olivaceous brown, smooth walled, 2–5 μm thick hyphae. stromata poorly developed, immersed, brown, about 25 μm wide by 50 μm deep and consist of polygonal and elongated cells. conidiophores arising singly or in groups of two’s or three’s from the upper cells of stromata, simple, straight or flexuos, cylindrical, brown to dark brown, pale just below the apex, smooth walled, septate, up to 300 μm long, 10–13 μm thick, sometimes swollen up to 18 μm at the base. the first conidium develops through a thin area or ‘pore’ in the middle of the apical dark thickening, and after it has fallen the conidiophore wall splits laterally below the scar, the conidophore grows upwards pushing the old scar to one side; a second conidium is formed through a pore in the middle of the newly constituted apex. the process is repeated several times so that many thickened and blackened conidial scars appear laterally on the upper part of the conidiophore. conidia straight or flexuous, obclavate, becoming rostrate, sometimes smooth walled, but usually verruculose, basal cell subhyaline, other cells brown or dark brown but becoming paler towards the apex, with a thick, black, protruding truncate scar at the base, 5–20-septate, 80–150 (up to 220 according to ellis 1961) μm long, 16–22 μm thick in the broadest part, tapering to 4–7 μm near the apex. distribution: java, ceylon, ghana, sierra leone. note: this is a new record for java. specimens examined: west java. bogor, kotabatu, on dead stem of clerodendron splendens, february 2006, m.a. rifai s.n.; curug nangka waterfall, ciapus, on unidentified dried stick, april 2006, n. f. wulandari 61 (all in bo). neopodoconis megasperma (boedijn) rifai, comb. nov. –– fig. 1b. podoconis megasperma boedijn in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. iii, 13: 133, fig. 3/15, 4/5, 7. 1933 (basionym). –– exosporium megaspermum (boedijn) rifai in reinwardtia 9: 233, fig. 1. 1975. colonies widely effused, dark brownish black to black, finely hairy. mycelium mostly immersed in the substrate, consisted of much branched, septate, pale brown to brown, smooth walled, 1.8– 4.5 μm diam. hyphae. stromata poorly developed, immersed, composed of very few layers of polygonal and elongated cells. conidiophores arise singly or at the most in a group of two’s or three’s, cylindrical, unbranched, straight or rarely flexuous, dark brown to reddish brown and paler towards the slightly swollen apex, up to 480 μm long by 8–11.5 μm diam., often enlarged to about 18.5 μm diam. at the base, septate, smooth walled. the outer wall of the conidiophore is slightly thickened and dark at the apex and after the first conidium which develop through a pore in the centre of this thickened apex has fallen, the conidiophore grows out laterally below the scar splitting the side wall and pushing the scar to one side, then growing for some distance before forming the second conidium at the newly constituted apex. conidia maturing acrosporously, broadly obclavate, occasionally almost turbinate or subfusoidal, rostrate, with truncated dark scar at the base, smooth walled, dark reddish brown but paler towards the apex, 4–7 septate with the second cell from below largest, 60–90 μm long by 20–28.5 μm wide at the widest part, tapering to 3–4.5 μm near the apex. distribution: so far known only from west java. specimens examined: west java. on dried stems, cibodas nature reserve, april 1930, boedijn 292, 333, 366 (bo 11373, lectotype), boedijn 515; ibid., december 1930, boedijn 945; ibid., august 1931, boedijn 1597, 1599 (all in bo). 2008] rifai: another note on podoconis megasperma boedijn (hyphomycetes) 279 fig. 1. a. conidia and conidiogenous cells of neopodoconis ampullacea. b. conidia and conidiogenous cells of neopodoconis megasperma. acknowledgements i would like to thank dr. kartini kramadibrata and ms. atik retnowati (bogor) for kindly reviewing the first draft of this paper. references carmichael, j. w., kendrick, w. b., conners, l.l. & sigler, l. 1980. genera of hyphomycetes. edmonton: univ. alberta press. ellis, m. b. 1961. dematiaceous hyphomycetes iii. c.m.i. mycol. pap.82: 1 – 89. ellis, m. b. 1971. dematiaceous hyphomycetes. kew: c.m.i. ellis, m. b. 1976. more dematiaceous hyphomycetes. kew: c.m.i. goh, t.k., hyde k.d., ho, w.h. & yanna 1999. a revision of the genus dictyosporum, with description of three new species. fung. divers. 2: 65 – 95. hughes, s. j. 1958. revisiones hyphomycetum aliquot cum appendice de nominibus rejiciendis. can. j. bot. 36: 727 – 836. kirk, p.m., cannon, p.f., david, j.c. & stalpers, j.a. 2001. ainsworth & bisby’s dictionary of fungi. wallingford: cab international. mckenzie, e.h.c. 1995. dematiaceous hyphomycetes from pandanaceae. 5. sporidesmium sensu lato. mycotaxon 56: 9 – 29. rifai, m.a. 1975. a note on podoconis megasperma boedijn. reinwardtia 9: 221 – 223. subramanian, c.v. 1992. a reassessment of sporidesmium (hyphomycetes) and some related taxa. proc. indian nat. sci. acad. b 58: 179 – 190. instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles wich have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processes further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author (s) attestingto its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation autohrs should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for paper in french or german) of not more than 250 words.keywords should be given below each abstract, on a peparated paper author(s) sholud the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanica monenclatural is observed, so that taxonamix and nomenclatural novelties sholud be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illistration sholud be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free og charge, any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 4. 2008 contents page j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for the tetrastigma (vitaceae) host of rafflesia (rqfflesiaeeae) in malesia and a (not so) new species ... 261 wj.j.ode wilde &b.e.e. duyfes. miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news 267 m.a. rifai. endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai,spec. nov (hyphomycetes) 275 m.a. rifai. another note on podoconismegaspemiaboedijn(hyphomycetes) 277 topik hid a w ; m. ito; t. yukawa. the phylogenetic position of the papuasian genus sarcochilus r.br. (orchidaceae: aeridinae): evidence frommolecular data 281 c.e. ridsdale. notes on maiesiznneonaucleea 285 c.e. ridsdale. thorny problems in the rubiaceae: benkara, fagerlindia andoxyceros 289 kuswatakartawinaia, purwaningsih, t. partomihardjo, r. yusuf, r. abdulhadi, s. riswan. floristics and structure of a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, east kalimantan, indonesia 301 rugaiah & s. sunarti. two new wild species of averrhoa (oxalidaceae) from indonesia 325 atikretnowati. anew javanese species of marasmius (trichlomataceae ) 334 reinwardtia is a lepi acredited journal (80/akred-lipi/p2mbi/5/2007) herbarium bogoriense bidang botani , pus at penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia depannnn 51-106-1-sm another note on podoconis megasperma boedijn (hyphomycetes) received october 11, 2007; accepted october 25, 2007 mien a.rifai herbarium bogoriense puslit biologi – lipi, cibinong bogor, indonesia abstract abstrak acknowledgements i would like to thank dr. kartini kramadibrata and ms. atik retnowati (bogor) for kindly reviewing the first draft of this paper. references blkngg reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia vol. 8, part 2, pp. 309 — 318 (1972) studies in malesian pandanaceae vii. a review of javanese pandanaceae, with notes on plants cultivated in the hortus bogoriensis *) benjamin c. stone school of biological sciences, university of malaya, kuala lumpur, malaysia summary in the light of recent monographic studies it has been found necessary to augment and revise to some extent the treatment of javanese pandanaceae in backer & bakhuizen van den brink's "flora of java". several name changes are suggested and some species omitted by these authors are enumerated. notes on various species of different origin now cultivated in the hortus bogoriensis are also included. pandanus sect. multispina fagerlind is reduced to a subsection of pandanus sect. rykia. introduction the recent appearance of backer and bakhuizen van den brink's "flora of java" volume 3 (1968) dealing with the monocotyledons, presents in the format usual for this flora rather full and detailed descriptive keys to all the species of freycinetia and pandanus which are found, either wild or in cultivation, m java. it is the purpose of this short review to bring up to date the nomenclature of the wild java pandanaceae, in line with recent monographic studies, and to augment backer's work by referral of species to their appropriate sections, to add species which in the present author's opinion were erroneously omitted or reduced, and to discuss some of the species cultivated in the hortus bogoriensis. *) in recognition of his active service in the botanical exploration in malesia, this and the following eight short articles have been contributed by some close friends and associates of prof. a. j. g. h. kostermans, d. sc. at the occasion of his 65th birthday, which coincides with his retirement. all of us hope that this "official" retirement will not prevent prof. kostermans from continuing his research activities, especially as tropical taxonomic botany will always gain from the crystallization of his thoughts and the fruits of his vast experience. — editors. — 309 — 310 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 the opportunity to work inbogor recently has led to this report, and i wish to express my thanks to the directors of the hortus bogoriensis and the herbarium bogoriense for their kind assistance. i should like to dedicate this brief study to dr. a. j. g. h. kostermans, as a tribute to his many years of work on the malesian flora, which has been an inspiration to many of his younger colleagues, and in hope that many more problems of tropical botany will be cleared up in the course of his work. f r e y c i n e t i a gaud. the species in this genus which are spontaneous in java number six. they are enumerated here according to their sectional position and with the name now deemed correct, with synonyms, as used by backer, appended. sect. oligostigma warb. 1. f. scandens gaud. syn. — f. gaudichaudii br. & benn.; backer, p. 201. this species has long been neglected; it has been renamed several times in different regions, and appears to be a rather variable species. the full area of its occurrence is not yet worked out but it seems to be in java, the sunda islands, new guinea, and queensland in slightly different varieties. the illustration provided by gaudichaud is somewhat misleading. there is no doubt that f. gaudichaudii is the same species. it does not apparently occur farther west, unless it is in sumatra, which is still in doubt. sect. blumeella b.c. stone 2. f. insignis blume this species is correctly interpreted by backer, p. 200. sect. auriculaefoliae b.c. stone 3. f. sumatrana hemsl. syn. — f. valida ridl.; backer, p. 201. the malayan specimens which were discriminated by ridley as f. valida differ from the sumatran plants only in a few relatively trivial details, as for example the coarseness of the marginal serrations. they 1972] benjamin c. stone: javanese pandanaceae 311 are certainly conspecif ie, although a local variety seems to exist in malaya. the java plants are at any rate certainly referable to f. sumatrana. sect. racemosiflorae b.c. stone 4. f. angustifolia blume this species is correctly interpreted by backer, p. 201 sect. sarawakenses b.c. stone 5. f. imbricata blume baker correctly interprets this species on p. 201 sect. cyrtopoda b.c. stone 6. f. javanica blume this species, one of the most distinct in the area, is correctly interpreted by backer, p. 201. in my paper on the sections of the genus (in blumea 16: 367. 1968) i mentioned that f. javanica might belong to sect. warburgiella. i now find that this is incorrect, and f. javanica and its closest relatives, f. celebica and f. palawanensis, are now included in sect. cyrtopoda. the clearest single distinctive feature of this group is the unusual shortness and stockiness of the pistillate pedicels. species of freiycinetia cultivated in the hortus bogoriensis it was not possible to identify all the plants which are in the hortus, but the following are definitely in cultivation and were observed by the author: freycinetia funicularis (sav. in lam.) merr., of sect. lateriflorae; from amboina. f. sumatrana hemsl., of sect. auriculaefoliae; from sumatra. f. undalata merr. & perry, of sect. filiformicarpae; from new guinea. f. borneensis martelli, of sect. sarawakenses; from borneo (probably). f. amboinensis martelli, of sect. auriculaefoliae; from amboina. f. kamiana b. c. stone, section uncertain; from sumatra. this plant, recently discovered, occurs in malaya (whence the type collection). the plants in the hortus bogoriensis (no. h.b. xii-b-v-128) were sterile but almost certainly belong here; thus extending the known range to sumatra. 312 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 f. pseudo-insignis warb. (at least sensu merr. & perry), of sect. blumeella; from new guinea. the identity of this is somewhat in doubt. of these species, only f. funicularis is likely to be much in evidence outside the hortus bogoriensis. it is of interest to note that this same species has been tried in various botanical gardens; it was successfully grown and flowered in africa, as evidenced by a specimen in the east african herbarium in nairobi. the plants were grown in amani, tanganyika, now in tanzania. p a n d a n u s stickm. backer's "flora of java" contains an extended key to the java pandans, both wild and cultivated, that allows identification of sterile, and staminate plants as well as fruiting plants, and thus is highly satisfactory in general, and exemplary in this aspect. unfortunately he omits (or synonymizes and fails to mention) several species and has taken for some species a far too comprehensive concept that requires certain readjustments. these will be taken up here according to the sections of the genus (not mentioned by backer). sect. acrostigma kurz 1. p. kurzii merr.; backer, p. 203. syn. — p. caricosus sensu kurz, non sprengel. this species, wild in java, is the only one in its section. it falls into a subsection scabridi which i recently proposed (in fed. mus. j. (malaysia) n.s. for 1967, 12: 118. 1969). its relatives are species such as p. atrocarpus griff., p. gibbsianus martelli, etc. it is cultivated in the hortus bogoriensis. sect. jeanneretia (gaud.) b.c. stone 2. p. polycephalus lam.; backer, p. 204 205. this well-marked species is according to backer native in java, and is also cultivated in the hortus bogoriensis (plants of various origins). sect. microstigma kurz 3. p. faviger backer ; backer, p. 204. this highly characteristic species seems to be a member of kurz's section microstigma. in java, according to backer, found only on lamongan in east java, and also in bali. collection of staminate specimens remains a much-desired goal. 1972] benjamin c. -stone: javanese pandanaceae 313 sect. hombronia (gaud.) warb. 4. p. dubius sprengel syn. — p. bidur jung.; backer, p. 203. the complex of forms which i think must be treated as p. dubius sensu lato certainly includes p. bidur. the latter, if it has any distinctiveness (which is conceivable), is at best a subspecies, or more likely a minor form. the status of p. compressus martelli must be reassessed in a more detailed treatment of this species. this is cultivated in the hortus bogoriensis. sect. pandanus 5. p. odoratissimus l.f. syn. — p. tectorius var. littoralis martelli; backer, p. 202. backer (quite correctly) gives the synonymy but in the reverse order from above, treating p. odoratissimus as a synonym of p. tectorius var. littoralis. as i have shown elsewhere (in gard. bull. sing. 22: 231-̂ 257. 1967) there is good reason to hold p. odoratissimus as a distinct species. this is, as backer remarks, 'the only form wild in java." the remaining plants under p. tectorius (which he incorrectly ascribes to soland. ex park. — the binomial in parkinson is hyphenated, thus a monomial, and the name dates from warburg, 1900) are therefore only cultivars. their status is still more or less in question. p. tectorius has not yet been neotypified or lectotypified and until this is done its exact identity is unsure. it is however a plant from tahiti. the cultivars which, correctly or not, may at least for the time being be subsumed under this name, include the following. 6. p. tectorius cv. veitchii hort. (incl. p. sanderi hort., p. laevis hort.) these plants may easily be discriminated from p. odoratissimus by their much shorter, green (not white) marginal leaf-teeth. the various cultivars may be unarmed (laevis), yellow-stripped (sanderi) or whitestriped (veitchii) or by chimaeras all these forms may be found in different branches of a single plant. usually they are sterile, if fertile normally male; only once have female plants been found in fruit (specimens collected by the author in the solomon islands). the plants called p. tectorius var. samak (hassk.) warb. are probably of different origin, and it is likely that they are cultivars deriving from p. odoratissimus. 3 1 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 7. p. andamanensium kurz; backer p. 203. so far as i can tell these plants appear to be correctly identified. 8. p. platycarpus warb. this species is not mentioned by backer. it was said by warburg to be from zanzibar, but martelli later showed that it came from java. its status is still somewhat doubtful; there is a specimen in the herbarium bogoriense. it might be a form of p. odoratissimus, although i thinks this unlikely. sect. rykia (devr.) kurz this section contains many rather problematical species and it is not possible to give here a final revision. the main problem so far as the java plants are concerned appears to be the status of the species which are given as synonyms of p. furcatus roxb. by backer. under the latter he includes: p. bantamensis koord., p. oviger martelli, p. pseudolais warb., and p. scabrifolius martelli. of these, p. pseudolais warb. and p. scabrifolius martelli seem perfectly distinct species. the name p. furcatus roxb. is a valid one but whether it can be applied to any wild species in java is certainly a matter of doubt. as generally treated the application of the name p. furcatus involves plants of bengal, assam, nepal, and this vicinity. it is not yet certain whether pandans of sect. rykia beyond this region are correctly referred to p. furcatus roxb., and indeed the typification of the species is by no means fully established. it is not at all impossible that extra-himalayan plants may be conspecific but in the meantime it is certainly unwise to apply the name p. furcatus in such a loose way. the other java species of this section are much easier to discuss, and as will be seen below, belong to distinctive groups or subsections of rykia. 9. p. pseudolais warb. syn. — p. furcatus roxb. sensu backer, p. 204 (in past, excluding his synonyms). this is the species with large ellipsoid-oblong solitary cephalia and relatively large drupes, always, with bifurcate styles, which may be found e.g. on the upper slopes of tjibodas just above the mountain gardens. it is certainly spontaneous in java, but is probably also in cultivation. 1972] benjamin c. stone: javanese pandanaceae 315 10. p. scabrifolius martelli ex koord. syn. — p. furcatus sensu backer, synonymy, p. 204. this species with its small subglobose cephalia and very depressed pilei seems very distinct. 11. p. oviger martelli ex koord. syn. — p. furcatus sensu backer, in synonymy, p. 204. whether this species should be revived i cannot say, but it certainly demands a renewed study. 12. p. bantamensis koord. syn. — p. furcatus sensu backer, synonymy, p. 204. likewise i am not at all sure t h a t this is a distinct species, but it deserves a renewed study. if p. furcatus roxb. itself (sensu stricto!) actually occurs in java it will no doubt be solely in cultivation. perhaps some of the plants which are labelled p. furcatus, now in the hortus bogoriensis, are in fact that species, if they owe their origin to seeds imported from, e.g. calcutta. 13. p. nitidus kurz; backer, p. 204. this distinctive species stands apart from those just above, in habit, in the form of the cephalium, and in other characters. although no doubt a member of sect. rykia, it must be considered as close to sect. asterodontia (stone in fed. mus. j. (malaysia) n.s. for 1967, 12: 114. 1969), and thus is somewhat intermediate, standing next to p. tetrodon ridl. (of aster odontia) and suggestive also of p. stelliger ridl. and p. sandakanensis merr. backer's remark that the staminate plants are rare is probably incorrect; all staminate inflorescences are very ephemeral, thus rarely collected, but staminate plants are not, therefore, rare. 14. p. spinistigmaticus fagerlind in sv. bot. tidskr. 34: 113, fig. 6a-e. 1940. this species is omitted by backer. whether he considered it a synonym is not certain; he may have meant it to be included in his very broad concept of p. furcatus. the plants were described from materials collected in the hortus bogoriensis by fagerlind; these plants are still there and were recently studied by the author (tree no. ii-c-31 bore several nearly mature fruits). the original place of collection is somewhere on the south 316 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 coast of java; it seems to be a native, species, the local name being "tjangkoenang." in its broad leaves this is a typical member of sect. rykia; however, the styles are simple (very rarely a few drupes at the extreme base of a cephalium may have forked styles). in this way it approaches p. bantamensis koord., which way perhaps be the same, but has a solitary cephalium. i see no reason for excluding this species from the flora of java, and here reinstate it, realizing however that an earlier name may be found for it. 15. p. multifurcatus fagerlind in sv. bot. tidskr. 34: 107, fig. 3, 4a-f, 5 b-h. 1940. this species likewise is omitted inbacker's treatment. i assume that this is because he included it in p. labyrinthicus kurz, a sumatran species which attributes to java. the only java plants which he cites for that species are the very ones mentioned by fagerlind, which were obtained in srigontjo, pasuruan. it is quite true that these species are similar, but there seems good reason to accept fagerlind's species as a distinct taxon, at least in a subordinate rank. the diagnostic characters which distinguish it from p. labyrinthicus are chiefly the occurrence of phalanges (rather than simple drupes) and the apiculate anthers (the apiculus with an enlarged apex). in addition there seems to be some minor characters of difference in the leaves; the, prickles onthe base of the midrib in p. multifurcatus seem on the average to be somewhat more widely-spaced. i consider that p. multifurcatus should be accepted as an endemic species, albeit very closely related to p. labyrinthicus. the plants from which fagerlind's materials were collected still exist in the hortus bogoriensis, at least the pistillate plants, and fruits were recently collected from it (n. ii-c-58). p. labyrinthicus kurz is also cultivated in the hortus, in several locations in the garden. in general aspect these species are almost indistinguishable. fagerlind based a new generic section on his species p. multifurcatus, naming it sect. multispina fagerl. (in sv. bot. tidskr. 34: 112. 1940). his diagnosis bears repeating here: "drupae pluriloculares, loculi uniseriatim dispositi, styli elongati, spinescentes, persistentes. stamina in apice columnae umbellatim dispostia." these characters are however not sufficiently different to entail sectional discrimination. the overall complex of characters found in p. multifurcatus very clearly shows that it is a 1972] benjamin c. stone: javanese pandanaceae c!17 species of sect. rykia. the occurrence of phalanges ("drupae pluriloculares") rather than simple drupes is now known to occur in other species of rykia (e.g. p. piniformis holtt. & st. john, p. klossii ridl.), which at most warrant a subsectional status. the section multispina therefore is to be included, at subsectional rank, in sect. rykia, as provided for below. sect. hykia subsect. multispina (fagerl.) b.c. stone, comb, et stat. nov. basionym: sect. multispina fagerl. in sv. bot. tidskr. 34: 112. 1940. type species: p. multifurcatus fagerl. included species: p. labyrinthicus kurz; p. spinosissimus ridl. (probable). distribution: sumatra and java. p. labyrinthicus is known only from sumatra; p. multifurcatus from java; and p. spinosissimus ridl. only from mentawei. by including three species in this subsection it becomes more, natural, but at the same time, fagerlind's diagnosis must be altered, as both phalangiate and drupaceous forms occur together. in fact, the diagnostic feature of this taxon seems rather to be the slender style which may be simple or forked, the, horns sharp, slender, and erect. in addition the relatively narrow leaves, lacking the manifest transverse reticulations so evident in most true rykias, and the habit of growth, with numerous proproots forming thickets, may be adduced as supporting characters. p. multifurcatus is known as "pandan sirih" according to the specimens preserved in the herbarium bogoriense. there seems no reason to suppose that it is anything but an indigenous, perhaps relictual, java species. section unknown 16. p. amaryllifolius roxb. syn. p. odorus ridl. the "pandan wangi" is the familiar household plant which provides aromatic leaves commonly used in malay cooking. generally such plants are small (presumably because they are constantly trimmed), but otherwise they may develop a sizeable trunk and leaves many times larger than those ordinarily used. since these plants have never been found in flower or fruit it is impossible to say anything of their relationships or sectional position. i suspect, but cannot prove, that p. latifolius hassk. refers to the same, but fully-grown, plants, and at least some specimens suggests that this may be so. 318 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 cultivated species of pandanus in the hortus bogoriensis. p. recurvatus st. john (sect. acrostigma kurz) is cultivated in the hortus bogoriensis in area xix-z. it may be from sumatra. p. utilis bory (sect. vinsonia warb.) is cultivated at the mountain garden, tjibodas. p. pygmaeus thouars (sect. foullioya warb.) is cultivated in the hortus bogoriensis. two separate clumps in different areas were seen; one had remnants of staminate flowers, the other was sterile. p. leram jones, the "nicobar breadfruit", (sect. hombronia (gaud.) warb.) is cultivated in the hortus bogoriensis. p. livingstonianus rendle (sect. heterostigma (gaud.) b.c. stone) is listed in the catalog of the hortus bogoriensis. i was unable to find the specimens. other species said to be in cultivation, which i was unable to verify, and which are mentioned in backer's flora, are p. vandermeerschii balf. f. in baker (a species from mauritius, of sect. vinsonia), and p. boninensis warb. (sect. pandanus). several large trees of p. papuanus solms of sect. pandanus exist in the hortus bogoriensis, and are quite possibly of this species (they are so named in the catalog), but i was unable to verify the identification. pandanus aff. nanus martelli (h. b. xii-b-v^c) (sect. acrostigma?). this plant was in flower, and the staminate spike was collected. the acaulescent habit, leaves with prickly ventral pleats, yellow bracts, yellow stamens, yellow pollen, the subsessile stamens, attached singly to the spike axis, with apiculate anthers 11 —12 mm long, all point to sect. acrostigma, or perhaps to the closely similar sect. fusiforma. in general aspect the plant is very much like p. nanus martelli (of malaya). it is however also simular to p. saint-johnii b.c. stone. the source of this plant was not discovered, but probably was from sumatra or borneo. many small flies were found attracted to the open staminate inflorescence. cover-318_page_02 cover-318_page_03 cover-318_page_04 cover-318_page_05 cover-318_page_06 cover-318_page_07 cover-318_page_08 cover-318_page_09 cover-318_page_10 cover-318_page_11 lipi a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(4) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(4): 261 337, 31 march 2008 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondece on the reinwardtia journal and subscriptions should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news received september 7, 2007; accepted october 25, 2007. w.j.j.o. de wilde & b.e.e. duyfjes nationaal herbarium nederland, universiteit leiden branch, p.o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: dewilde@nhn.leidenuniv.nl abstract de wilde, w.j.j.o. & duyfes, b.e.e. 2008. miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news. reinwardtia 12(4): 267 – 274. –– this paper contains corrections, additions, and name changes in several genera, which became apparent since previous publications by the authors in these genera. (1) baijiania a.m. lu & j.q. li: a range-extension (2) benincasa savi: a name change (3) diplocyclos (endl.) t. post & kuntze: lectotypification of the synonym ilocania pedata merr. (4) gymnopetalum arn.: a name change, designation of two neotypes, a new record (5) hodgsonia hook. f. & thomson: a new subspecies (6) indomelothria w.j. de wilde & duyfjes: the largest fruits (7) trichosanthes l.: three new varieties, a name change, amendments of fruit descriptionss, and a range-extension (8) zehneria endl.: a new species from mindanao. keywords: cucurbitaceae, south east asia. abstrak de wilde, w.j.j.o. & duyfes, b.e.e. 2008. bermacam-macam berita cucurbitaceae asia tenggara. reinwardtia 12(4): 267– 274. –– tulisan ini memuat perbaikan, tambahan, perubahan nama beberapa marga cucurbitaceae. (1) baijiania a.m. lu & j.q. li: peluasan wilayah (2) benincasa savi: perubahan nama (3) diplocyclos (endl.) t. post & kuntze: lektotipifikasi sinonim ilocania pedata merr. (4) gymnopetalum arn.: perubahan nama, neotipe baru, dan rekaman baru (5) hodgsonia hook. f. & thomson: anak jenis baru (6) indomelothria w.j. de wilde & duyfjes: buah terbesar (7) trichosanthes l.: tiga varietas baru, perubahan nama, tambahan pertelaan bauh dan peluasan wilayah (8) zehneria endl.: jenis baru dari mindanao. keywords: cucurbitaceae, asia tenggara introduction this paper contains corrections, additions, and name changes in several genera, which became apparent since previous publications by the authors in these genera. (1) baijiania a.m. lu & j.q. li: a rangeextension the sole species of this genus, baijiania borneensis (merr.) a.m. lu & j.q. li was hitherto only known from sabah and se kalimantan (de wilde & duyfjes, 2003), but a collection already made in 1989 in sarawak has turned up: othman, rantai, jugah & johny s 57808, kapit district, reinwardtia vol 12, part 4, pp: 267 274 267 sungai sekawi; fruit in september. the female bracts are quite large, 1.5–2 cm long. (2) benincasa savi: a name change benincasa savi is a monotypic genus with as the sole species b. hispida (thunb.) cogn. through a recent paper by marr et al. (2007) and an older (ethnographic) publication by whistler (1990) we became aware that the name cucurbita pruriens parkinson, which concerns the wild form, antedates all names in benincasa. judging the cases of pandanus tectorius parkinson (1773) and artocarpus altilis (parkinson) fosberg (1941), but see also fosberg (1960), and berg et al. (2006), we see no chance to conserve the well-known epithet hispida. benincasa pruriens (parkinson) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. cucurbita pruriens parkinson, a journal of a voyage to the south seas, in his majesty’s ship the endeavour: 44. 1773; merr. (1954) 350. — cucurbita pruriens sol.. in g. forst., (1786) 92, nom. nud.; seem. (1864) 50. — benincasa hispida (thunb.) cogn. var. pruriens (parkinson) whistler (1990) 119, nom. inval., not published with full and direct reference to the basionym (article 33.4 of icbn). — type: banks & solander s.n. (holo bm, not seen). benincasa cerifera savi (1818) 158. — type: unknown, described from a cultivated plant, possibly originating from eastern asia. cucurbita hispida thunb. (1783) 38. — benincasa hispida (thunb.) cogn. (1881) 513. — type: thunberg 22775 (holo ups; idc microfiche), japan. (3) diplocyclos (endl.) t. post & kuntze: lectotypification of the synonym ilocania pedata merr. two syntypes cited by merrill (1918: 65) in the description of ilocania, with one species i. pedata merr., are ramos bs 27552 & bs 27490. this material obviously got lost in manila, but a specimen of ramos bs 27552 could be traced in us, from the philippines, luzon, ilocos norte province, bangui. herewith we designate it as the lectotype. (4) gymnopetalum arn: a name change, designation of two neotypes, a new record when evaluating the names in cucurbitaceae published by loureiro (1790) anew, it became clear that the name trichosanthes scabra lour. is identical with and antedates gymnopetalum integrifolium (roxb.) kurz, a well-known name for this widespread species. hitherto, this synonymy was not fully acknowledged, as merrill (1935) only suggests a species of gymnopetalum, referring to the element of the 12-lobed fruit in loureiro’s description. keraudren (1975) and de wilde & duyfjes (2006) put trichosanthes scabra in the synonymy of g. integrifolium, although keraudren remarks that loureiro’s name cannot be placed with certainty. however, when studying loureiro’s description of t. scabra with consideration of all cucurbits of central vietnam, only the current name g. integrifolium is eligible. loureiro described the leaves as “subrotundis, scabris, rugosissimis” to discriminate it from the second species occurring in vietnam, g. chinense (lour.) merr. as no material of loureiro is preserved, herewith a new type from the area where loureiro worked is designated. gymnopetalum scabrum (lour.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. trichosanthes scabra lour., fl. cochinch. (1790) 589. — neotype, here chosen: poilane 11322 (holo p; iso l), annam. gymnopetalum integrifolium (roxb.) kurz (1871) 58; w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (2006) 286. — type: wallich cat. 6730 (kw, idc microfiche). var. scabrum gymnopetalum scabrum (lour.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes var. pectinatum (w.j. de wilde & duyfjes) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. gymnopetalum integrifolium (roxb.) kurz var. pectinatum w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (2006) 287. gymnopetalum scabrum (lour.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes var. penicaudii (gagnep.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. gymnopetalum penicaudii gagnep. (1918) 374; gymnopetalum integrifolium (roxb.) kurz var. penicaudii (gagnep.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (2006) 290. gymnopetalum chinense (lour.) merr. (1919) 256; w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (2006) 283. evonymus chinensis lour. (1790) 156. —neotype, here chosen: levine 1705 (holo a), south china. gymnopetalum orientale w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (2006) 290. this species is known from celebes, the moluccas, and lesser sunda isl. (lombok and flores). recently it was collected also in bali (van balgooy 7553, l), in a piece of primary forest in the kebun raya bedugul, at 1200 m; male flowers picked up from the ground, 20 november 2006. this collection deviates from the rest of the material in having entirely minutely hairy flowers, and deeply 268 reinwardtia [vol.12 and slenderly lobed sepals which carry a few scattered glands. (5) hodgsonia hook. f. & thomson: a new subspecies because of a better understanding of the genus hodgsonia (de wilde & duyfjes, 2001) it has now become evident that in the only species occurring north of the isthmus of kra, h. heteroclita (roxb.) hook. f. & thomson, two subspecies can be recognized. specimens from n india (sikkim) and bhutan have fruits with (10–)12 conspicuous grooves, as depicted by hooker f. (1855, t. 1–3), hara (1963, f. 213, 214), and grierson (1991, f. 31: d–i); they represent the typical subspecies. the second subspecies is represented by specimens from china (yunnan) and indochina with smooth fruits, somewhat similar to those of h. macrocarpa (blume) cogn., as depicted by chen (1995, f. 99) and seen by ourselves in thailand (pooma et al. 5827). hodgsonia heteroclita (roxb.) hook. f. & thomson; ((“1853”) 1854) 257; hook. f. (1855) t. 1–3; h. hara (1963) 29, f. 213 & 214; w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (2001) 172, f. 2b. trichosanthes heteroclita roxb. (1832) 705. — type: icon. ined. 2399 of roxburgh (k; cal?), from material of plants grown in the botanical garden at calcutta, 1811 or before, originating from silhet, e bengal, india. — epitype, here chosen: wallich 6684c (kw, idc microfiche). hodgsonia macrocarpa auct. non (blume) cogn.: grierson (1991) 263, f. 31: d–i. subsp. heteroclita fruit deeply 10–12-grooved distribution. northern india (sikkim), bhutan. subsp. indochinensis w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, subsp. nov. a subspecie typica fructibus laevibus non sulcatis differt. — typus: pooma et al. 5827, (holo bkf), northern thailand, cultivated in the queen sirikit botanic garden from seeds from myanmar. fruit smooth, not grooved. distribution. s china (yunnan), myanmar, thailand (south to the isthmus of kra), vietnam, laos, cambodia. (6) indomelothria w.j. de wilde & duyfjes: the largest fruits an odd collection of indomelothria chlorocarpa w.j. de wilde & duyfjes in harvard university herbarium (gh), of j. & m.s. clemens 26116a, from dallas, kinabalu, at 3000 ft. has fruits measuring to 10 by 3.7 cm, with seeds 9–10 by 4.5– 5 mm. these fruits are considerably larger than so far were known (4–8 cm long). this clemens collection was not recorded in the treatment of cucurbitaceae in “the plants of mount kinabalu” (beaman et al. 2001: 212, pl. 17d), where this taxon was treated under zehneria sp. 1. (7) trichosanthes l.: three new varieties, a name change, amendments of fruit descriptions, and a range extension trichosanthes erosa duyfjes & pruesapan (2004) 85. recent fruit collections of a supposedly new trichosanthes from kaeng krachan national park (thailand) were found vegetatively almost identical to t. erosa. the latter species was described from the nearby province ratchaburi and is also known from n vietnam; it differs from the kaeng krachan specimens in the seeds which are notched at apex and in the leaves of which the upper surface is smooth (not scabrid). this difference seems sufficient to describe a separate variety. var. integra w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, var. nov.— fig. 1 a varietate typica foliis supra scabridis, seminibus apicaliter acutis differt. — typus: phonsena, de wilde & duyfjes 5208 (holo bkf; iso l), thailand, phetchaburi province, kaeng krachan national park). medium-sized herbaceous climber, to 8 m long. tendrils 2–4-branched. leaves: blade 3–7(–9)-lobed, 15–30 cm diam., lower surface glabrous, upper surface scabrid with short coarse hairs each with a cystolith at base; petiole 5–13 cm long. male and female flowers unknown. fruit: broadly fusiform, 2008] de wilde & duyfjes: miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news 269 270 reinwardtia [vol.12 ellipsoid and narrowed at both ends, 7–11 by 5–6 cm; pericarp 10–15 mm thick, whitish yellowish; pulp blackish; mature fruit green with white longitudinal stripes, ultimately (when leaves already died off) ripening orange-red with yellow longitudinal stripes; fruiting pedicel (0.5–)1–3 cm long, 4(–5) mm thick. seeds: numerous, subelliptic in outline, 10–14 by 4– 7 mm, flattened, base subtruncate or ± axe-shaped (like in t. quinquangulata a. gray), apex acute, brown, hardly margined, edge square, entire, faces not ornamented. examined specimens: phonsena, de wilde duyfjes 5208, 4656 (all bkf & l). trichosanthes tricuspidata lour. subsp. javanica duyfjes & pruesapan (2004) 99, f. 6b. var. flavofila w.j.de wilde & duyfjes, var. nov a varietate typica petalis masculis fimbriis clare luteis differt. — type: phonsena, de wilde & duyfjes 4417 (holo bkf; iso l), thailand, phetchaburi province, kaeng krachan national park). this variety is only known from material collected along the main road to khao phanoen thung camp in kaeng krachan np, at 600–1000 m altitude, where it is quite common. the plants are comparatively stout for the species, and the bright yellow-coloured petal fringes (see photo in duyfjes & pruesapan, l.c., f. 6b) are unique to the genus. flowering and fruiting between june and december. examined specimens: phonsena, de wilde & duyfjes 4414, 4415, 4417, 4650; santisuk et al. s.n., sn 91051, 11-06-1994 (all bkf & l). trichosanthes pilosa lour. (1790) 588. — neotype here chosen: bon 4019 (holo p). trichosanthes ovigera blume (1826) 934. — type: blume s.n., barcode l90128916 (holo l). the name trichosanthes pilosa lour. was by merrill (1935: 380) judged as clearly a fig. 1. trichosanthes erosa duyfjes & pruesapan var. integra w.j. de wilde & duyfjes. a. node with leaf and tendril of long-running shoot; b, c. node with young female flower bud, and probract; d. fruit; e. seed (all: phonsena, de wilde & duyfjes 5208, type). 2008] de wilde & duyfjes: miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news 271 var. roseipulpa w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, var. nov. a varietate typica indumento conspicuo pilis apicaliter cellula atra glandulosa coronata, fructibus glabrescentibus pulpa aurantiaca differt. — typus: phonsena, de wilde & duyfjes 4694 (holo bkf; iso l), thailand, nan, doi phu kha national park. vigorous climber, c. 4 m long; all parts densely hairy, hairs topped with a dark glandular cell. fruits: glabrescent; fruit-pulp orange-red. note. this variety became apparent when collecting in doi phu kha np, nan province in northern thailand. sterile specimens and one fruiting plant showed-up in the densely foliated forest-edge, at c. 1000 m altitude, as deviating from all other material of t. pilosa seen by us. these specimens differ in having all over a more dense indumentum and fruits with bright orange-red pulp. the fruit-pulp is not bitter of taste, and is eaten by small forest birds. the hairs are topped with a blackish-brown glandular cell, much more conspicuously so than usual in t. pilosa. specimens examined — phonsena, de wilde & duyfjes 3949a (sterile), 4694 (type, fruits), 4701 (sterile). trichosanthes kostermansii duyfjes & pruesapan (2004) 89. it appeared that the fruits in the collection pruesapan kp 66, which should be reckoned to belong to t. kostermansii, were somewhat erroneously described because only a smaller fruit was studied. correctly the description should run as follows: fruits bright red, ovoid-ellipsoid, 8–12 by 6–8 cm; exocarp thin-woody, c. 1/3 mm thick, smooth, glabrous, not wrinkled on drying; mesocarp c. 15 mm thick; pulp green blackish; fruiting pedicel 4–7 cm long, two-coloured with a smooth upper portion 2–4 mm long. seeds bright brown, somewhat square (parallel-sided), 14–18 by 6–8 by c. 4 mm, with broad margin; apex retuse. note. the short, smooth upper part of the fruiting pedicel also occurs in t. borneensis cogn. and t. emarginata rugayah, both from malesia. a notched seed also occurs in t. erosa duyfjes & pruesapan (thailand). of this latter species the seed is smaller, 10–14 mm long, and unmargined. trichosanthes valida rugayah, in rugayah & w.j. de wilde (1999) 277. this species was hitherto known from collections from philippines, sulawesi, and the northern moluccas (halmahera), but has now been found also in vogelkop peninsula, papua: mayar et al. 457 (bo, man, k, l), manokwari subprov., andai fr, at 300 m altitude; fruit apparently mature, green with pale yellow markings, c. 15 by 9 cm, with large seeds, c. 25 by 9 mm. it should be noted that in the materials known with the original description of the species, the fruit is smaller, 10–12 by 8 cm, of a red colour, with seeds only (8–)9–11 by 6–7 mm. whether the collection mayar et al. 457 merits formal distinction as a separate taxon should wait for examination of additional material. (8) zehneria endl.: a new species from mindanao shortly before his death at an unknown age, in may 1932 (van steenis-kruseman,1950: 426), ramos, with edaño collected a specimen found among undetermined cucurbitaceae in the harvard university herbarium (gh). it appeared to be a new zehneria, with characters unique in se asia, described below: zehneria trichocarpa w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, spec. nov. — fig. 2 zehneria mucronata (blume) miq. similis fructibus pilosis, seminibus minutis c. 2.5 mm longis differt. — typus: ramos & edaño bs 84954 (holo gh), philippines, mindanao. small climber; all parts hairy; dark on drying; trichosanthes, possibly representing t. villosa blume. however, when considering the species of trichosanthes in loureiro’s collecting area around tourane, his t. pilosa clearly represents in all elements of its original description the variable, widespread. t. ovigera blume. the original material of t. pilosa is lost and therefore bon 4019, northern vietnam, tu phap, with male flowers has been chosen as the neotype. this specimen was depicted in keraudren (1975, plate 15: 1–2), but erroneously referenced as balansa 4019 in the captions to the plate. 272 reinwardtia [vol.12 fig.2. zehneria trichocarpa w.j. de wilde & duyfjes. a, b. node with male inflorescence; c, d. male flower, from outside and opened respectively; e. detail of stamen, showing the slightly curved thecae, mark coarsely hairy connective; f, g. node with female inflorescence; h, i. node with one hairy fruit; j. seed, faintly hairy; k, l. detail of upper and lower leaf surface respectively (all: ramos & edaño bs 84954 (gh)). stem 1–1.5 mm diam.; monoecious(?). probract linear, 5–7 mm long. leaves: blade (subcircular-) 5angular in outline, (3–)5-lobed ¼–1/2-way deep, 3– 7 by 4–8 cm, base broadly cordate, apex acute, margin coarsely dentate, upper surface appressedhairy, lower surface more densely so; cystoliths not apparent; petiole 1.5–2.5 cm long. male inflorescences: 5–10 flowers in a dense head (condensed raceme) on a 1–1.5 cm long peduncle, and with a persistent pedicel of a solitary flower at base. male flowers: pedicel 3 mm long; bract absent; expanded perianth 7–8 mm diam.; receptale-tube c. 2 by 3.5(–4) mm, outside (sparingly) hairy, inside subglabrous but sparse-hairy at the throat; sepals narrowly triangular(-linear), c. 1 mm long; petals c. 3 by 2 mm, acute, glandular-hairy in upper part; stamens inserted at base of the receptacle; filaments c. 2.5 mm long, subglabrous, anthers somewhat longer than broad, c. 1.5 mm long, the thecae slightly curved, nearly touching each other at apex, connective broad at base and in the middle, coarsely hairy, not produced at apex; disc subglobose, c. 1 mm diameter. female flowers: 1 or 2 subsessile; pedicel 1–1.5 mm long; ovary narrowly ellipsoid, c. 5 by 2 mm, densely hairy; perianth as in male flowers; style, stigmas, and disc not examined. fruit: solitary (or 2), ellipsoid, c. 1.5 by 1 cm, base and apex rounded; pericarp faintly tessellated (not pitted), sparsely hairy, hairs c. 0.5 mm long, colour of ripe fruit not recorded; fruiting pedicel 0,2–0.4 cm long. seeds: numerous, ovate-elliptic, c. 2.5 by 1.8 by 0.5 mm, pale, faintly hairy, narrowly margined, faces flat, fig. 3. zehneria cf. mucronata (blume) miq. a. node with infructescence; b. detail of infructescence; c. seed, faintly hairy; d. detail of upper leaf surface. (all: ramos 2023 (bri)). 2008] de wilde & duyfjes: miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news 273 not ornamented. distribution. only known from the type, collected march-april 1932 at nutol, cotabato province, mindanao, philippines. habitat & ecology. not recorded. note. zehneria trichocarpa belongs to a group of similar species, among which z. mucronata (blume) miq. and z. repanda (blume) c. simmons, which are all much related to z. scabra (l. f.) sond., the variable african species. zehneria trichocarpa is unique in se asia by its densely hairy overall habit, including a hairy ovary and fruit, and by its small seeds, all traits which occur regularly in africa, but which are absent or very rare in asia. the specimen ramos 2023 (bri), fig. 3, from luzon, provisionally included in the wide-spread variable z. mucronata, is deviating from z. mucronata in having extremely mall faintly hairy seeds, similar to those of z. trichocarpa; otherwise this subglabrous specimen, with several small glabrous fruits, clustered on a peduncle, looks completely different from z. trichocarpa. the seeds of both ramos 2023 and ramos & edaño bs 84954 are the smallest in zehneria, even in all cucurbitaceae of se asia. the largest seeds in cucurbitaceae are found for instance in momordica cochinchinensis lour. and in hodgsonia. 274 reinwardtia [vol.12 references beaman, j.h., c. anderson & r.s. beaman. 2001. the plants of mount kinabalu 4: 206–213. the royal botanic gardens, kew. berg, c.c., e.j.h. corner & f.m. jarrett. 2006. moraceae (genera other than ficus). fl. males. ser. 1, spermatophyta. 17, 1: 82–86. nationaal herbarium nederland, publications department.3 blume, c.l. 1826. bijdragen indië 15: 922–940. ter lands drukkerij,batavia. chen, s.k. 1995. hodgsonia. in: c.y. wu, c. chen & s.k. chen (eds.). flora yunnanica. 6: 376–378. science press, beijing. cogniaux, c.a. 1881. cucurbitaceae. in: a. & c. decandolle. monogr. phan. prodr. 3: 325–951. paris. de loureiro, j. 1790. flora cochinchinensis. lisbon. de wilde, w.j.j.o. & b.e.e. duyfjes. 2001. taxonomy of hodgsonia (cucurbitaceae), with a note on the ovules and seeds. blumea 46: 169–179. de wilde, w.j.j.o. & b.e.e. duyfjes. 2003. the genus baijiania (cucurbitaceaea). blumea 48: 279–284. de wilde, w.j.j.o. & b.e.e. duyfjes. 2006. review of the genus gymnopetalum (cucurbitaceae). blumea 51: 281–296. de wilde, w.j.j.o. & b.e.e. duyfjes. 2008. the edible cucurbitaceae of thailand and malesia. sandakania (in press). duyfjes, b.e.e. & k. pruesapan 2004. the genus trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in thailand. thai forest bull. bot. 32: 76–109. forster, j.g.a. 1786. florulae insularum australium prodromus: 92. goettingen. fosberg, 1941. names in amaranthus, artocarpus, and inocarpus. j. wash. acad. sci. 31: 93–96. fosberg, 1960. introgression in artocarpus (moraceae) in micronesia. brittonia 12: 101–113. gagnepain, f. 1918. cucurbitacées nouvelles de acknowledgements we thank walter kitteredge (gh) who traced the collection ramos bs 27552 in us, rachun pooma for collecting fruit of hodgsonia, j.f. veldkamp (l) for translating the descriptions of the new taxa into latin, and for critically reading of the manuscript, jan van os (l) for preparing the drawings, and ben kieft (l) for scanning the drawings for publication. l’herbier du muséum. bull. mus. hist. nat. (paris) 24: 371–380. grierson, a.j.g & d.g.. long. 1991. flora of bhutan 2, 1: 127–128. royal botanic garden, edinburgh. hara, h. 1963. spring flora of sikkim himalaya: 1– 169. hoikusha publishing co, ltd, osaka. hooker, j.d. & t. thomson. (“1853”) 1854. proc. linn. soc. london 2: 257. hooker, j.d. 1855. illustrations of himalayan plants: t. 1–3. l. reeve, london. keraudren-aymonin, m. 1975. cucurbitacées. in: a. aubréville & j.-f. leroy (eds.), flore du cambodge, du laos et du viêt-nam 15: 1–114. mus. natl. hist. nat., paris. kurz, s. 1871. on some new or imperfectly known indian plants. j. asiat. soc. bengal. 40: 57–58. marr, k.l., y.-m. xia & n.k. bhattarai. 2007. allozymic, morphological, phenological, linguistic, plant use, and nutritional data of benincasa hispida (cucurbitaceae). econ. bot. 61: 44–59. merrill, e.d. 1918. new or noteworthy philippine plants, xiii. philip. j. sci. 13: 1–66. merrill, e.d. 1919. additional notes on the kwantung flora. philip. j. sci. 15: 256. merrill, e.d. 1935. a commentary on loureiro’s “flora cochinchinensis”. trans. amer. philos. soc. 24: 376– 381. merrill, e.d. 1954. the botany of cook’s voyages. chron. bot. 14: 161–384. parkinson, s.c. 1773. a journal of a voyage to the south seas, in his majesty’s ship: the endeavour. london. roxburgh, w. 1832. flora indica 3: 701–728. thacker & co., calcutta. rugayah & w.j.j.o. de wilde. 1999. conspectus of trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia. reinwardtia 11, 4: 227–280. savi, g. 1818. memoria sopra una pianta cucurbitaceae [benincasa cerifera]. bibliot. ital. 9: 158. milano. seemann, b. 1864. the cucurbitaceae of tropical polynesia. j. bot. 2:50. thunberg, c.p. 1783. nova acta regiae soc. sci. upsal. 4: 38 (not seen). van steenis-kruseman, m.j. 1950. cyclopedia of botanical exploration in malesia. fl. males., ser. 1, spermat. 1: 426. noordhoff-kolff n.v., jakarta. whistler, w.a. 1990. the other polynesian gourd. pacific sci. 44: 115–122. instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles wich have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processes further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author (s) attestingto its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation autohrs should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for paper in french or german) of not more than 250 words.keywords should be given below each abstract, on a peparated paper author(s) sholud the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanica monenclatural is observed, so that taxonamix and nomenclatural novelties sholud be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illistration sholud be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free og charge, any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 4. 2008 contents page j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for the tetrastigma (vitaceae) host of rafflesia (rqfflesiaeeae) in malesia and a (not so) new species ... 261 wj.j.ode wilde &b.e.e. duyfes. miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news 267 m.a. rifai. endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai,spec. nov (hyphomycetes) 275 m.a. rifai. another note on podoconismegaspemiaboedijn(hyphomycetes) 277 topik hid a w ; m. ito; t. yukawa. the phylogenetic position of the papuasian genus sarcochilus r.br. (orchidaceae: aeridinae): evidence frommolecular data 281 c.e. ridsdale. notes on maiesiznneonaucleea 285 c.e. ridsdale. thorny problems in the rubiaceae: benkara, fagerlindia andoxyceros 289 kuswatakartawinaia, purwaningsih, t. partomihardjo, r. yusuf, r. abdulhadi, s. riswan. floristics and structure of a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, east kalimantan, indonesia 301 rugaiah & s. sunarti. two new wild species of averrhoa (oxalidaceae) from indonesia 325 atikretnowati. anew javanese species of marasmius (trichlomataceae ) 334 reinwardtia is a lepi acredited journal (80/akred-lipi/p2mbi/5/2007) herbarium bogoriense bidang botani , pus at penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia depannnn 66-193-1-pb blkngg r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, part 1, pp. 21 — 26 (1982) miscellaneous botanical notes xxvi * c. g. g. j. van steenis & j. f. veldkamp rijksherbarium, leiden, the netherlands abstract description of the pod of the type tree of ormosia incerta koord. (reduced to 0. psnangensis ridl.) from java. reduction of the genus trifidacanthus merr. (legum.) to desmodium; one new combination necessary. the genus platyspermation guillaumin described from new caledonia in myrtaeeae, suggested to belong to saxifragaceae-escallonioidsae. juncus bufonius l. recorded as introduced on mt kinabalu. two fimbristylis species recorded new for the northern territory, australia; oreobolus kukenthalii steen. recorded from mt muln, sarawak. abstrak pertelaan polong dan pohon tipe ormosia incerta koord. (yang direduksi ke o. penangensis ridl.) dari jawa diberikan. trifidacanthus merr. direduksi menjadi desmodium dan suatu kombinasi baru diusulkan. platyspermation guillaumin, semula dimasukkan dalam myrtaeeae, dipindah ke saxifragaceae. juncus bufonius l. direkam sebagai pendatang di g. kinabalu. dua fimbristylis direkam dari australia utara dan oreobolus kukenthalii steen. direkam dari g. mulu (sarawak). 155. description of the pod of ormosia penangensis ridl. (leguminosae) during a trip to indonesia from 17 may to 10 june 1980 — a privilege through the generous invitation of mrs. dr. setljati sastrapradja, director of lembaga biologi nasional — my wife and i stayed for two nights in the guesthouse of the cibodas mountain garden on the north slope of mt gede. the unique forest reserve above the garden is now well protected under the guardianship of the nature conservancy p.p.a. * the previous instalment containing the notes 150 — 154 was published in blumea 24: 479—484. 1978. — 21 — 2 2 r e i n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 1 0 although illegitimate logging, mainly of the old altingia, has taken place in the past, it is a pleasure to see this unique rain-forest in good condition. so is the situation at cibeureum, with its beautiful waterfalls and surrounding spray vegetation, the small, concealed peatbog rawa gajongong where xyris is still found embedded in sphagnum, and telaga warna_ near puntjak pass. we found some strobilanthes cernua in flower. we did not find the specimens of anemone and impatiens, transplanted by docters van leeuwen from sumatra; they are probably smothered by the aggressive eupatorium triplinerve which now clothes every trail-edge. part of my interest during this short stay concerned checking leguminous tree species along the old trail to 'huis ten bosch' and the ridge bordering the ravine. these numbered trees had been described as a new species of the genus ormosia, of which genus four species occur in java, all of them very rare and local. koorders had collected specimens in flowering state (27 dec. 1915), but during the twenty years i stayed in kebun raya i never found the trees in flower or fruit, although the curators bruggeman and van woerden, and the indonesian mantra nurta, had been alerted of the desirability of collecting its fruit. my later student, mrs. m. s. knaap-van meeuwen, had made a study of the genus ormosia and reduced the cibodas species to a species described from malaya, 0. penangensis ridl. it seems important to describe the fruit of the javanese specimens, in addition to the brief note on the fruit of a single collection from penang by whitmore (see below). ormosia penangensis ridley ormosia penanyensis ridley in j. str. br. r. as. soc. 68: 11. 1915; fl. mai. pen. 1: 613. 1922; merr. & chen in sargrentia 3: 83. 1943; backer & bakh. v.d. brink f., pi. java 3: 650. 1968; whitmore, tree fl. malaya 1: 301. 1972. 0. incerta koord., atlas baumarten java 4: t. 798. 1918; merr. & chen in sargentia 3: 82. 1943; backer & bakh. v.d. brink f., fl. java 1: 577. 1963. pods distinctly woody and hard, dull, with a slightly roughish surface, sessile, oval with an oblique, acute apex, thickened at both margins, fully dehiscing on one side and to 1/4—1/3 on the other side at apex, 4—6 1/2 by 23/4—3 cm. seeds 4(—5), sometimes only one developed in smaller pods, separated by sharp ridges, with hard seed coat, slightly compressed-ellipsoid, 12—14 by 7—9 mm, 6—7 mm thick; hilum terminal 4 by 2 mm. 1982] van steenis & veldkamp: botanical notes 23 distribution: penang (haniff s.n.; fr1 1073). peninsular malaysia (trengganu, ulu brang, 1100 m alt., fri 12699). java: rain-forest above cibodas mountain garden, ridge along ravine, trail to 'huis ten bosch', c. 1550 m alt., numbered and labelled tree n. 352, koorders field n. 3416a, koorders herb. n. 42648, type tree of ormosia incertakoord., fl. dec. 1915; fruit collected, van steenis & g. hambali 24288, end may 1980. notes : the fruit described by whitmore agrees rather well with the fruit collected in java. whitmore found the seed in the one fruiting specimen of penang red with a black patch. the one well-developed seed of the java collection seems to agree with the brief description by whitmore, but the red colour had turned brownish by age and the one darkened edge may well represent the black patch mentioned by him. finally i will add the remark that, trusting my memory, the trees had not or hardly grown taller or thicker than i remembered them from forty years ago, when i made vainless efforts to collect flowers for my mountain flora of java. obviously growth is very slow. i have to extend my sincere thanks to mr. gregori hambali, of herbarium bogoriense, to whose uncanny ability to climb trees we owe this fruiting material and who diligently guided us during our trips in java. 156. reduction of trifidacanthus merr. to desmodium (leguminosae) in 1917 merrill (see below) described a small, erect shrub from the philippines, ilocos norte province in n.w. luzon, as representing a new leguminous genus probably belonging to the desmodiinae. it was "strongly characterized by its long, straight, trifid spines" and had l-foliolate leaves. two years later ramos & edafio collected in the type locality a fruiting specimen by which merrill concluded that he had been correct in its placing and that "it is manifestly most closely allied to desmodium, from which, among other characters, it is distinguished by its characteristic spines". what the other characters were was not disclosed. in fact, as far as i can see, the occurrence of thorns is the only deviating character. as i have exposed two years ago (in blumea 24: 482. 1978) the thorns are short shoots as is shown by leaf-insertion vestiges. i recall that other thorny species were described, viz. desmodium acanthocladum f.v.m. from n.e. new south wales and d. horridum steen. from lombok and flores in the lesser sunda islands (in blumea 24: 482. 1978). there is no doubt in my mind that the luzon species 2 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 also belongs to desmodium. the occurrence of spines is, i believe, even not sufficient for infrageneric rank; one cannot be sure of common phylogeny with such eco-taxonomical characters. the habitat of all three thorny species is dry thickets at low altitude, that is, a typical monsoon climate. desmodium unifoliolatum (merr.) steen., comb. nov. trifidacanthus unifoliolatus merr. in philip. j. sc. 12: bot. 269. 1917; in philip. j. sc. 14: 405. 1919; en. philip. fl. pl 2: 292. 1923; merr. & chun in sunyatsenia 2: 248. 1935; tanaka & odashima in j. trop. agric. 10: 369. 1938; masamune, fl. kainantensis: 137. 1943; w.y. chun & c.c. chang, fl. hainanica 2: 268, fig. 431. 1965. differences with d. homdum: leaflets consistently 1-foliolate. pedicels short, \y% mm, in fruit lengthening to 6 mm. calyx 3 mm. flowers slightly larger, the wings 10 mm and keel petals c. 10 by 3v-> mm. vexillary filament free. ovules cq. joints 3—6. style glabrous. distribution: philippines: n.w. luzon, ilocos norte prov., burgos. ramos & edano bs 27196, fl,, type: ditto, ramos & edano bs 32770, fr.; ditto, ramos bs 32025, fr. (gh). batangas prov. sulit fb 28265 (a, l). south china: hainan, merrill & chun, ll.cc. notes : sincere thanks are due to miss bernice g. schubert, arnold arboretum, cambridge, mass., u.s.a., who in sorting out desmodiums, and coming across a duplicate of d. horridum, put my attention to the similarity with trifidacanthus. 157. preliminary note on the taxonomic disposition of platyspermation guillaumin (myrtaceae) from new caledonia at the request of dr. j. f. veldkamp i have cursorily examined material of platyspermation crassifolium guillaumin, a monotypic genus from new caledonia described in the myrtaceae {in acta hort. gotoburg. 18: 253, pi. 1950). because of the assumption that the leaves possessed glands, this species was placed in myrtaceae. h. k. airy shaw placed it in rutaceae (in willis, diet, ed. 8: 915. 1973). however, the inferior ovary, the developing fruit, and the inflorescence reminded me strongly of the genus carpodeius j. r. & g. forster, a west pacific genus. 1982] van steenis & veldkamp: botanical notes 25 a closer examination showed that there are no pellucid dots by oil glands and dr. p. baas (rijksherbarium, leiden) confirmed that the dark dots present consist of tannin cells. dr. baas was of the opinion that the anatomy excludes it from the myrtaceae. furthermore, dr. j. muller (rijksherbarium, leiden) also excludes it from myrtaceae because of the structure of the pollen which he examined. in examining the seeds i found they also strongly remind of those in carpodetus; in both they are brown, flat, albuminous and have a distinctive sculpture. thus i have come to the tentative opinion that platyspermation belongs to saxifragaceae-escallonioideae, and is allied to carpodetus. they can be distinguished as follows: platyspermation: various parts with brown dots. leaves tufted, extremely scleromorph, strongly recurved, glabrous, probably entire. calyx persistent. anthers sessile, brown hairy below, with large flat connective appendage at apex. ovary and fruit 2-celled, with very thick, brown placenta and rather few ovules. seeds flat, with sculptured testa, ciliate with inflated hairs on the margin. carpodetus: no brown dots seen. leaves flat, serrate to finedentate, not tufted, mostly hairy. anthers with a distinct filament, glabrous and without apical appendage. ovary and fruit 3—5-celled; placenta not thickened; ovules many. seeds flattened, with very regularly sculptured testa, not ciliate. 158. juncus bufonius linnfi (juncaceae) on mt kinabalu, sabah juneus bufonius linne has been recorded for luzon as a possible introduction (backer, fl. males. i, 4: 212. 1951) and has now turned up on mt kinabalu, also. the specimens represent a very curious form of the species. the culms are tufted, and may become prostrate, rooting in the nodes, from where new tufts are sent up. the inflorescence is little branched with widely spaced flowers, 0.3—0.4 times as long a,s the internodes. the outer tepals are falcately recurved, especially in fruit, and exceptionally long, up to 12.5 mm. more usual is at most 8 mm and generally much less. the inner tepals are straight with a mucronate apex, 0.4—0.75 times as long as the outer, and c. 1.3 times as long as the fruit. only 3 or 4 fertile stamens were observed. the fruits contain numerous, apparently viable seeds. the collector, dr. j. m. b. smith, armidale, australia, reports to have observed the species in one place already in 1967, while it was almost certainly absent then in the 2 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 other panar laban 'old huts', 3300 m alt. (/. m. b. smith s.n., 1967, klu; 464, 28 july 1978, klu, l.), and sayat-sayat hut, 3760 m alt. (j.m.b. smith 520, 29 july 1978, klu, l.). as this species has not been collected here before, it seems most likely an introduction. unfortunately no philippine specimens could be compared. — j.f. veldkamp. 159. some new records of cyperaceae fimbristylis eragrostis (nees) hance fimbristylis eragrostis (nees) hance in j. linn. soc. bot. 13: 132. 1873; kern, fl. males. i, 7: 567. 1974. a widely distributed species, from ceylon to new guinea. distribution: australia: northern territory, arnhem land, p.k. latz 2836, 12°45's, 59°e. — j.f. veldkamp. fimbristylis fusca (nees) clarke fimbristylis fusca (nees) clarke, fl. br. ind. 6: 649. 1893; kern, fl, males. i, 7: 567. 1974. a widely distributed species from india to japan and new guinea. distribution: australia: northern territory, katherine gorge, 14°19's. 132°25'e, dunlop 3733. — j.f. veldkamp. oreobolus ktikenthalii steen. oreobolus kiikenthalii steen. in kukenthal in fedde, repert. 44: 187. 1938; kern, fl. males. i, 7: 85. 1974. this species was hitherto only known from north sumatra (gajolands) and peninsular malaysia. distribution: sarawak: 4th division, north side of mt mulu, forming dense tufts in wet rock holes at 2100 m alt., b.l. burtt & a.m. martin b 5482, oct. 1979. note : it is very curious that this species extends its range also to borneo, because mt kinabalu in sabah is the most western locality of another species, o. ambigum kiik. & steen., which would more likely have been expected on mt mulu. it may be that both species occur on mt kinabalu; future collectors should be aware of this possibility. 10(1) 251 binder cover-100_page_007 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010 re in w ar dt ia 13 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, november 2, 2010 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedy darnaedi tukirin partomihardjo joeni setijo rahajoe teguh triono marlina ardiyani eizi suzuki jun wen managing editors elizabeth a. widjaja himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirat hidayat ilustrators subari wahyu santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers r. abdulhadi, sandy atkins, julie f. barcelona, todd j. barkman, nico cellinese, mark coode, gudrun kadereit, rogier de kock, n. fukuoka, kuswata kartawinata, ary p. keim, p. j. a. kessler, a. latiff–mohamad, m. a. rifai, rugayah, h. soedjito, t. setyawati, d. g. stone, wayne takeuchi, benito c. tan, j. f. veldkamp, p. van welzen, h. wiriadinata, rui-liang zhu. correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia 182 [vol.13 freycinetia gunungmejensis sinaga freycinetia aculeata sinaga reinwardtia vol 13, no 2, pp: 183 − 187 183 introduction seven species of freycinetia gaud. from manokwari were published by solms et al. (1883) including one new species, f. beccarii, from andai. in 1910, martelli reported 3 new species from manokwari namely f. andajensis, f. oblanceolata and f. arfakiana, and rendle (1917) reported f. flaviceps and f. gibseae. later, kanehira & hatusima (1941) also recorded f. linearis in manokwari. after this, no more species from this area were published. from this study it showed that freycinetia from papua is divided into 4 groups, namely the imbricate, semi imbricate, non imbricate, and grasslike groups (sinaga et al.,2010, in preparation). the species in the imbricate group have a stem that is covered by leaves from base to the apex, and is rarely branching; leaves are imbricate, linear or lanceolate; auricle persistent, membranaceous; cauline leaves yellow, orange, red or mixed color; inflorescence terminal, prophyll absent. the second group is semi imbricate group that has leafless (glabrous) stems from the base to halfway up stem, laterally branching, with leaves found only on the terminal part of stem; leaves semi imbricate, linear or lanceolate; auricle persistent, membraneceous or chartaceous; cauline leaves absent; inflorescence axilliary, prophylls 9 36. the third group is the non imbricate group, possessing leafless stems at the base and gradually covered by leaves toward the apex, numerously branching, branches short, less than 50 cm long, covered by leaves; leaves non imbricate, elliptical to oblong and oblanceolate; auricle caducous or deciduous, membranaceous; cauline leaves absent; inflorestwo new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua received january 1, 2010; accepted september 6, 2010 nurhaidah iriany sinaga post graduate school, bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia forestry department, papua university, jl. gunung salju, amban, manokwari 98314, papua barat. indonesia. email: irianysinaga@yahoo.com. abstract sinaga, n. i. 2010. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, papua. reinwardtia 13(2): 183–187. — two new species of freycinetia from manokwari, papua were described; freycinetia gunungmejensis sinaga and freycinetia aculeata sinaga. these two species are placed into two different groups. f. gunungmejaensis is placed in the non imbricate leaves group that has a non imbricate arrangement of leaves, caducous auricle, 1-keeled prophyll at the base of inflorescence, auxiliary or terminal inflorescence, and with cauline leaves on the terminal inflorescence/ whereas f. aculeata is included in the imbricate leaves group that has an imbricate arrangement of leaves, persistent auricle, without prophyll, terminal inflorescence and without cauline leaves. the differences between these new species and closely related species are discussed below and their description and distributions are provided. key words: freycinetia, manokwari, papua, pandanaceae. abstrak sinaga, n. i. 2010. dua jenis baru freycinetia (pandanaceae) dari manokwari, papau. reinwardtia 13 (2): 183–187. — dua jenis freycinetia yang berasal dari papua dipertelakan sebagai jenis baru yaitu freycinetia gunungmejensis sinaga dan freycinetia aculeata sinaga. kedua jenis ini berada dalam kelompok yang berbeda. f. gunungmejensis termasuk dalam kelompok dengan daun yang tidak tersusun seperti sirap, memiliki kuping yang mudah gugur, profil berlekuk 1 yang tersusun di bawah perbungaan, perbungaan terminal dan aksilaris dan dengan daun kauline pada perbungaan terminal. sementara itu f. aculeata tergolong kelompok daun bersirap karena jenis ini memiliki susunan daun bersirap, kupingnya tidak mudah gugur, tidak mempunyai profil yang tersusun dibawah perbungaan, perbungaan terminal dan tanpa daun kaulin. perbedaan kedua jenis baru ini dengan taksa lainnya yang berdekatan akan didiskusikan, pertelaan dan persebaran kedua jenis tersebut akan disiapkan. kata kunci : freycinetia, manokwari, papua, pandanaceae. reinwardtia 184 [vol.13 cences mostly terminal, with occasional axilliary inflorescences, prophyll absent on terminal inflorescences but found on axillary inflorescences, 3 to 6. the last group is the grass-like group, possessing leafless stems at the base and densely covered by leaves at the apex, numerously branching, branches short, less than 20 cm long; leaves pseudo-rosette in appearance, linear or lanceolate, in some species observed elliptical; auricle persistent, chartaceous, dry; cauline leaves absent; terminal inflorescence, prophyll absent. these both new species were put under two different groups, freycinetia gunungmejensis belongs to non imbricate group and f. aculeata belongs to the imbricate group. this study was conducted in 2004 to 2009 by collecting the specimens from gunung meja (sinaga ni 2998) and from prafi, manokwari (sinaga ni 4058) in 2006. these both specimens were unidentified. after more collections were obtained from amban (sinaga ni 4121) and prafi (sinaga ni 4120) (fig. 1), have allowed me to complete the information for previously unidentified collections. finally, these specimens were concluded as two new species, f. gunungmejensis sinaga and f. aculeata sinaga. freycinetia gunungmejensis sinaga, spec. nov.— fig. 2. folia oblongus, 12 – 18 cm longis, 4–5 cm latis, lamina chartacea, apice denticus,venis longitu-dinalibus distinctis in pagina adaxial, minus in abaxial. spatha 9, albus basi, inflorescentia albus. infructescentia terminalis, axilaris, ternate. syncarpia globosis, berries prismaticus, stigmatibus 1 centrum. typus. sinaga ni 2998, papua, manokwari, gunung meja (holotypus: man, isotype: bo). climbing plant with many branches that are free from adventitious roots but are covered by leaves. stem terete, between 0.5 cm and 1 cm in diameter; internodes 2 cm, nodes distinct. foliage leaves arrangement tritichous, un-imbricate, oblong, 12–18 by 4–5 cm, dark green in shady and light green in open area; internode between the leaves 1.5–2 cm, apex cuspidate, spines on the apex margin and abaxial mid veins, fewer spines on the middle leaves margin and rarely on the base leaves; adaxial has distinctly longitudinal veins, 14 veins on a half leaves; abaxial glabrous; auricle adnate, 2 by 0.5 cm base widest, conjugate base on 1/2 auricle, caducous, pale purple. cauline leaves found under the inflorescence, lanceolate to obovate, 10–12 by 2–4 cm, pale green; apex margin and abaxial mid vein prickly. prophyll inflorescence 1–keeled, 6, pale purple; the lowermost prophyll are scale-like, 0.5 cm long by 0.4 cm width, but the length increase upwards along the pedicel axis; the uppermost prophyll 2 cm by 0.8 cm, apex caudate. bracts consists of 3 whorls: exterior bracts ovate, 4 by 3 cm, fleshy, membranaceous; apex acuminate, pale green; basal pale yellow; middle bracts slightly cymbiform, 5 8 by 4 cm, base slightly fleshy, apex acute, pale green, white base; interior bract lanceolate, 3 by 1 cm, fleshy, white. inflorescence terminalia and also axillary, cephalia 3, globose. pistilate inflorescence peduncle terete, 1 cm in diam.; pedicle semi terete, 2 by 0.3 cm, stout, pale brown; rachis globose, to 1 cm in diameter; ovary slightly globose, white. infructescence globose, 1.2 or 4 cm in diam., bright yellow turning orange when mature; berry prism, 0.5 to 0.6 cm tall; stigma 1, surrounding by areola; areola thin. distribution. new guinea. papua. manokwari ecology. primary forest, locally disturbed. altitude 80 to 120 m above sea level (asl). specimen examined. new guinea: papua, manokwari, gunung meja, altitude 120 m asl., july 2004, sinaga ni 2998 (man, bo); 80 m asl., 4 augst 2009, sinaga ni 4121 (man). notes. this species is closely related to f. oblanceolata but the leaves of f. oblanceolate are oblanceolate, auricle triangulate, prophyll not emerging upward with foliage leaves, without prophyll on the inflorescence, inflorescence always terminalis and stigma 2-3. these differences make this species proposed as a new species. the name gunungmejensis refers to the location of the new species on gunung meja. f. gunungmejensis sinaga f. aculeata sinaga figure 1. collections of f. gunungmejaensis sinaga and f. aculeata sinaga used in this study. 2010] 185 sinaga: two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari , west papua 1 cm freycinetia aculeata sinaga, spec. nov. — fig. 3 folia imbricatus, linearis, 20–30 cm longis,1.5–2 cm latis, lamina marginibus aculeata, apice caudatus. auriculis truncatus, 3 cm longis, 1 cm latis, purpurea, nec membranaceous. infructescentia terminalis,ternate. fruto cylindraca, berries turbinatus, stigmaticus 2 (1) (4). typus: papua, manokwari, prafi, sinaga ni 4058 (holotypus: man, isotype: bo). climbing plant, predominantly apically dominant, ascending with short branches. stem terete, 1 cm in diam., 1 cm internodes. leaves imbricate, linear, 20 30 by 1.5 2 cm, fleshy; 2 cm b 2 cm c 4 cm d e 2 cm a 6 mm f 2 cm g figure 2. f. gunungmejensis sinaga, spec. nov. : a. tip of branch with both terminal and axillary infructuscences, young fruits green and mature fruits yellow turning orange, pale purple prophyll still remain on fruits, and oblong leaves with spines concentrated on the tip and leaf margin close to tip, also pale green cauline leaves on the tip; b. pistillate inflorescence with ternate flowers with globose rachis and yellowish white base, green tips on bracts. c. prophyll bract; d. adaxial surface of leaf on the left and abaxial on the right; e. staminate flowers; f. berry, prism with one stigma at the flat tip; g. auricle on the base leaves. apex acuminate, short and long sharp spines along margin, sharp spines also on the apex and present along abaxial middle veins too, pale yellow; veins on adaxial and abaxial side not prominent; auricle truncate, 3 by 1 cm, short transversal veins prominent, purplish, easy drying. bracts consists of 3 whorls, exterior bractea ovate, 5 by 4 cm, margin entire; apex linear, with spines, acuminate, green; base greenish white, ovoid; middle bracts lanceolate, 1 by 0.5 cm, white; interior bracts ovate, 3 by 4 cm, fleshy when mature, brownish white; apex and margin entire. staminate inflorescence pedicle 2 by 0.7 cm, stout, semi terete, pale orange; cephalia oblong, 2 by 1 cm; reinwardtia 186 [vol.13 filament to 3 mm tall, thin, anther ovoid to slightly globose, mature grey. pistilate inflorescence peduncle terete, 1 by 1 cm; pedicle semi terete, 1.5–2 by 0.3 cm, pale orange, covered by brown or pale yellow sharp spines; cephalia oblong, 1 by 0.5 cm; ovary turbinate, yellowish white, 6–7 by 1 –1.5 mm; stigma, 2 (1) or ( 4), semi terete rarely circular and falcate, surface flat, surrounding by bold areola. inflorescence terminalia, cephalia 3 rarely 4, cylindrical. fruit cylindrical, 3–4 by 1– 2 cm, young green, mature red; berries ovoid; berry narrow prism, when mature become globose, basal fruit conjugate. distribution. new guinea. papua. manokwari. ecology. wet tropical forest near the prafi river, 150 to 200 m a.s.l. specimen examined. new guinea: papua, manokwari, prafi, arfak mt.,150 m asl., 11 sept 2006, sinaga ni 4058 (man, bo); 200 m asl., 2 augst 2009, sinaga ni 4120 (man). figure 3. f. aculeata sinaga spec. nov.: a. tip of branch with terminal infructuscences shown mature red fruits, yellow pedicle that are covered by sharp spines, dark purple auricle on the base leaves and spines cover all leaf margins; b. pistillate inflorescence with ternate flowers with oblong cephalia and white yellow base, green tip on exterior bracts, white middle bracts and white interior bracts; c. berry, narrow prism; d. auricle on the base leaf; e. staminate flowers; f. adaxial surface of leaf; g. abaxial surface of leaf. 2 cm b 3 cm d 2 cm a 1 cm e 2 cm f g 1 cm c 2010] 187 sinaga: two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari , west papua notes. this species appears to be closely related to f. excelsa but shows differences in the leaves, auricle, bracts, fruits, rachis and stigma. the leaves of f. excelsa are narrower than f. aculeata, the lamina surface (both adaxial and abaxial) has prominent veins, 14–16, while f. aculeata has no prominent veins. the auricle is narrower in f. excelsa compared to f. aculeate, the interior bracts are red in f. excelsa and greenish white in f. aculeate. other differences are found in fruits, the cephalia is cylindrical in f. excelsa but oblong in f. aculeata. furthermore f. excelsa has circular stigma that is located on the concave surface of the ovary tip which is different to the semi terete, falcate or circular stigma on the flat surface of ovary tip in f. aculeate and is named after the sharp spines that are present along the margin and middle abaxial veins of leaves and the pedicle. acknowledgements we express our gratitude to mien a. rifai, gillian dean, rogier de kok, rugayah and elizabeth a widjaja, for their critical comments on the manuscript, the directorate general of higher education (dikti), ministry of national education of indonesia for financial support, fenny ismoyo, gasper taudufu and tinus iwanggin for their help during the fieldwork, and ahmad satiri for preparing the illustrations. finally, we are grateful to the directors and curators of the herbaria at man, bo, lae, l, and k for access to their collections. references kanehira, r. 1941. the kanehira-hatusima 1940 colletion new guinea plants 1 & 2. bot. mag. (tokyo) 4: 251–263. martelli, u. 1910. nuove species de freycinetia. webbia 3(18): 172–186. renle, a. b. 1917. pandanaceae. gibbs, l. s. (editor). phytogeogr. & fl. arfak mountains :88– 89. sinaga, n. i., keim, a. p., megia, r. & hartana, a. 2010. the fourth groups of papuan freycinetia (in preparation). solms, l. & grafen, h. 1883. uber die von beccari auf seiner reise nach celebes und neu-guinea gesammelten pandanaceae. ann. jard. buitenz. 3: 98–101. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 2. 2010 contents page harry wiriadinata & rismita sari. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra ………………………………………………………………………..……………….. 95 ary p. keim. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea………………… 101 robert gradstein et al. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia……………………... 107 abdulrokhman kartonegoro & j. f. veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia………………………………………………………...…………… 125 nursahara pasaribu. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 147 ary p. keim. & m. rahayu. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia................ 151 k. mat-saleh, ridha mahyuni, agus susatya, j. f. veldkamp. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia.............................................................................................................................. 159 j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. .......................................................................................... 167 m. m. j. van balgooy. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families..................................... 171 nurhaidah iriany sinaga. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua ............................................................................................................................... 183 nurhaidah iriany sinaga, rita megia, alex hartana & ary prihardhyanto keim. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea................................................................................................................................ 189 eizi suzuki. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites.. 199 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia.......................................................................................................... 211 m. ardiyani, a. d. poulsen, p. suksathan, f. borchsenius. marantaceae in sulawesi..... 213 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research centre for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia 10_1-1 10_2-2 10_4-4 10_5-5 10_6-6 10_7-7 10_8-8 10_9-9 10_10-10 10_11-11 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14. 2014–2015 published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology–lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty distributed by library herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology – lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id acknowledgement editor of reinwardtia would like to thank to the following reviewers: abdulrokhman k art onego ro ( bo gor, indonesia) agus susatya (bengkulu, indonesia) altafhusain b nadaf (pune, india) amy y. rossman (beltsville, usa) andre schuiteman (kew, uk) ary p. keim (bogor, indonesia) axel d. poulsen (scotland, uk) barry conn (sydney, australia) campbell o. webb (harvard, usa) dato' abdul latiff mohamad (selangor, malaysia) daniel potter (california, usa) deby arifiani (bogor, indonesia) edwino fernando (los banos, philippines) fabian brambach (gottingen, germany) ferry j. w. slik (university of brunei darussalam, brunei) henti h. rachmat (bogor, indonesia) ian m. turner (kew, uk) iskandar z. siregar (bogor, indonesia) jay h. bernstein (new york, usa) jens g. rohwer (hamburg, germany) joan pereira (sabah, malaysia) john mood (hawaii, usa) kuswata kartawinata (bogor, indonesia) lars h. schmidt (copenhagen, denmark) mark hughes (edinburgh, uk) mark newman (scotland, uk) martin dancak (palacky university, czech republic) masahiro kato (kyoto, japan) mien a. rifai (aipi, indonesia) nuril hidayati (bogor, indonesia) ong poh teck (kepong, malaysia) peter c. van welzen (leiden, netherlands) reuben nilus (sabah, malaysia) ridha mahyuni (bogor, indonesia) rugayah (bogor, indonesia) ruth kiew (kepong, malaysia) uwe braun (halle, germany) yasuaki sato (osaka, japan) date of issue no. 1 (pp 1 – 248) 23 december 2014 no. 2 (pp 249 – 324) 23 december 2015 index to volume 14 new genera, species and combination are printed in bold face. illustrations are marked with an asterisk 325 acacia mangium 214, 216 acanthus ebracteatus 180, 273; ilicifolius 180 aceros cassidix 158 acorus calamus 101 acronychia porter 201, 210 acrostichum aureum 180, 270, 281; speciosum 180 actinodaphne 142 adiantum 143, 144, 145, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153*, 156; aethiopicum 148, 156; capillus-veneris 143, 145, 148, 150, 151, 153*, 156; caudatum 143, 145, 148, 150, 151, 153*, 156; concinnum 145, 148, 150, 151, 153*; cuneatum 148, 150, 156; cunninghamii 150; diaphanum 145, 148, 150, 151, 153*, 156; edgeworthii 145, 148, 150, 151, 153*, 156; flabellulatum 148, 156; fulvum 150; hispidulum 143, 145, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153*, 154*; jordanii 148, 156; malesianum 148, 156, 270; mariesii 148, 156; peruvianum 143, 145, 148, 150, 151, 152, 154*; philippense 145, 148, 150, 151, 154*, 156; pinceps 148, 156; polyphyllum 145, 150, 154*; pubescens 150, 152; raddianum 145, 146, 148, 150, 151, 155*; silvaticum 146, 150, 151, 155*; sinicum 148, 151, 156; soboliferum 148, 151, 156; tenerum 143, 146, 148, 150, 151, 155*, 156; tetraphyllum 148, 156; trapeziforme 146, 150, 151, 155*; viridescens 150, 152 adinandra longipedicellata 140 adonidia merrillii aegiceras corniculatum 180; floridum 180 aeschynanthus 1, 2, 4, 11; pulcher 2; radicans 2; volubilis 2 agalmyla 1, 2, 3, 4, 11; brownii 3; exannulata 3, 4*; parasitica 2; remotidentata 3, 4*; scabriflora 2, 3, 4 agathis 283; celebica 284; dammara 85, 88, 89, 90*, 91, 92, 271, 278, 279, 284, 285 ageratum conyzoides 89, 90*, 91, 93, 94, 105, 116, 273 aglaia macrocarpa 201, 205; odoratissima 275 aidia racemosa 180 albizia lebbeck 274 allium ampeloprassum 111; tuberosum 108 alocacia odara 108 alocasia 77; balgooyi 161; esculenta 108; suhirmaniana 161 allophylus cobbe 180 alocasia cf. balgooyi 271, 280 alphitonia 118 alpinia 77, 93, 94, 311, 314, 315; subsect. cenolophon 311, 312, 314, 315, 316; galanga 113, 311; hulstijnii 311, 316; macrocrista 311, 312, 313, 313*, 315, 316; macrostephana 312; orthostachys 311, 316; padacanca 311, 316; pusilla 311, 312, 314, 314*, 315, 316; rubricaulis 311, 316; versicolor 311, 316; warburgii 311, 315, 316; zerumbet 311 alseodaphne 53, 54, 55, 55*, 56, 58*, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 92; andersonii 57*, 59, 61, 64; borneensis 271; elongata 61, 64; glaucina 59, 64; hainanensis 61, 64; insignis 57*, 61, 64; oblanceolata 61, 64; obovata 61, 64; peduncularis 56, 64; rhododendropsis 55, 61, 64; semecarpifolia 62, 64 alstonia; angustifolia 284; angustiloba 106; macrophylla 273; pneumatophora 38; scholaris 273; spathulata 114 altingia excelsa 88, 90*, 92, 94, 97 alyxia floribunda 180 amaranthus gangeticus 108; sessils 108 amarphopallus 27, 28, 30, 31, 271; annulifer 28; decussilvae 28; discophorus 27, 28, 29, 29*, 30; muelleri 27, 28, 30, 31; paeoniifolius 28; sagittarius 28; spectabilis 28; variabilis 28 amomum abendanoni 314 ampelocissus 77 amphistomatous 163, 166 amydrium 75, 77 anadendrum 77 ananas comosus 109 andrographis paniculata 79, 80, 81, 82*, 83, 273 angiopteris evecta 270, 280 annona muricata 108 antrophyum 144, 146; callifolium 146, 155*, 156; latifolium 146, 155* aphanamixis polystachya 180 apis 127 apium graveolens 108 apluda mutica 271 apollonias 53, 55 appunia 297 arachis hypogaea 111 arcangelisia flava 180, 275, 277 archidendron borneense 197, 201; microcarpum 204, 205, 209 ardisia elliptica 180; polygama 290 areca catechu 109, 272, 284; vestiaria 272, 280, 282 arenga australasica 237, 238, 239, 239*, 240, 241, 242, reinwardtia 326 [vol.14 243, 244, 245; engleri 243; microcarpa 239, 241, 243, 244, 247; obtusifolia 243; pinnata 220, 243, 247, 272; tremula 243; undulatifolia 106, 120*, 243, wightii 243 arthrophyllum 273; diversifolium 92 artocarpus; altilis 92; dadah 106; elasticus 111, 275, 279; heterophyllus 111, 220, 275; integer 111; odoratissimus 104, 106, 111; teysmanii 180 aspidium crenatus 280 asplenium 77, 303; auriculatum 303, 304; belangeri 303, 304; bipinnatum 303; doreyi 304; elongatum 304; longissimum 270; macrophyllum 270; nidus 93, 270, 279, 280; rutifolium 303; tenerum 303, var. elongatum 304, var. laciniata 304, var. pallidum 303, 304, 305*; thunbergii 303, 304, var. belangeri 303, 304; veitchianum 304 asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha 79, 80, 81, 82*, 83 atalantia monophylla 180 athyrium 151 averrhoa bilimbi 112; carambola 276 avicennia 81; marina 180; marina subsp. australasica 180; officinalis 180 azadirachta indica 220 babyrousa babirussa 158 balanophora fungosa 273, 277 bambusa vulgaris 112 barringtonia 281; aff. pendula 274; asiatica 180; racemosa 171, 174, 175, 180, 274, 278, 279, 280 basella rubra 109 begonia 19, 20, 26, 233, 234, 235, 236; adenostegia 234, 236; aketajawensis 19, 20, 21*, 22*, 23; andersonii 236; apiensis 235; aptera 20; aptera subsp. hirtissima 161; baramensis 234, 236; benaratensis 235; borneensis 234; brachybotrys 20; burtii 236; calcarea 236; chlorocarpa 234, 236; chlorosticta 235; congesta 236; conipila 236; cyanescens 234; diwolii 236; elatostemma 236; eutricha 235; fuscisetosa 234; gemella 23; georgei 23; grandipetala 23; gueritziana 236; havilandii 236; hidiri 235; holosericea 19, 20, 21 21*, 23, 24, 25*, 26; holosericoides 19, 20, 21*, 23*, 24; hullettii 235; juliasangii 235, 236; keithii 235; kiamfeei 235; kurakura 235, 236; layang-layang 235; longiseta 235; mekonggensis 161; mendumae 23; microptera 233, 236; murudensis 235; nagaensis 235; niahensis 235; papyraptera 235; payung 235, 236; piring 236; promethea 235; propinqua 23, 235; pseudolateralis 20; punchak 235; pyrrha 235; rhodochaeta 236; rieckei 20; sabahensis 236; sageaensis 20; sarangica 235; serapatensis 235; sibutensis 235; speluncae 236; stenogyna 234; subnummularifolia 236; tambelanensis 235, 236; urunensis 235; vaccinioides 235; watuwilensis 23 beilschmiedia 60; maingayi 205, 209 bellucia pentamera 90*, 91, 92, 95 benincasa hispida 110 benstonea 163, 164, 169 bischofia javanica 116 blechnum 77; orientale 115 blumea balsamifera 105, 115, 120*, 273, 281 blumeodendron subrotundifolium 193, 194, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 205, 207, 209 boea 1, 14; hygrometrica 14, 15; philippensis 14, 15 boeopsis 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 boerhavia diffusa 180 boesenbergia 75, 76, 77 bombax ceiba 269, 275 bombus 127 borreria laevicaulis 276 brackenridgea palustris 201, 210 brasica juncea 109 bromheadia 77 brownlowia argentata 180 bruguiera cylindrica 180; gymnorrhiza 171, 172, 173, 174, 176*, 177, 178, 179, 180, 276, 281; parviflora 180; sexangula 174, 175, 178, 179, 180 brunfelsia hopeana 211, 215; uniflora 211, 212, 215, 216 bubalus quarlesi 158 buchanania arborescens 269, 273, 278, 284; sessilifolia 269, 273 bulbophyllum flabellum-veneris 272, 279 butia 238 caenopteris auriculata 303, 304; furcata 303 caesalpinia bonduc 180; crista 180 calamus 93, 114, 239, 243, 265, 269, 272, 281, 283, 284; australis 237, 238, 239, 239*, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245; caesius 239, 246; javensis 106; koordersianus 272, 279, 282; latifolius 239, 243; leiocaulis 272; leptostachys 272, 281, 282; levis 105, 106; macrosphaerion 272, 282; mannan 239, 246; minahassae 272, 282; mindorensis 272, 281, 282; moti 239, 240; ornatus 272, 281, 282; pachystachys 272; paucijugus 2015] 327 index to volume 14 272; pedicellatus 272, 282; peregrinus 239, 243, 247; robinsonianus 272; siphonospathus 282, var. dransfieldii 272; suaveolens 272, 282; subinermis 272, 282; symphysipus 272, 282; zollingeri 272, 281, 282 calanthe millikenii 272, 280 calliandra calothyrsus 86, 90*, 91, 92, 94, 95, 98 calophyllum canum 201, 204, 205, 209; inophyllum 180, 200, 201, 273; soulattri 273, 280 campnosperma 38; coriaceum 201, 202, 209; macrophylla 201 camponotus schmitzi 70 camptostemon schultzii 180 cananga odorata 271, 284 canarium asperum 269, 273; cf. balsamiferum 273 capsicum 81, 113; annuum 113, 118; assamicum 215; frutescens 89, 90*, 91, 92 carica papaya 110, 115, 220 caryota mitis 114, 272, 277, 282 castanopsis 88, 89; acuminatissima 88, 89, 90*, 92, 93, 94, 95; buruana 274, 278, 279, 280, 284; cf. tungurrut 92; javanica 92, 95 celastraceae 183, 190 celtis philippensis 180 cenchrus brownie 271 cenolophon 315; rubrum 311 cerbera manghas 180 cercospora 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217; acaciaemangii 211, 213, 214, 215, 216; apii 211, 213, 216, 217; apiicola 213; armoraciae 213; beticola 213; brunfelsiicola 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 215*, 216; canescens 216; capsici 213; cf. citrulina 213; cf. flagellaris 213; cf. helianthicola 213; cf. ipomoeae 213; cf. nicotianae 213; cf. richardiicola 213, 215; cf. zinniae 213; chenopodii 213; habenariicola 216; kikuchii 213; lactucae-sativae 213; lanugiflori 216; nicandrae 216; nicotianicola 216; nigri var. microsporae 216; physalidis 216; physalidisangulatae 216; punctiformis 213; puyana 216; rodmanii 213, 215; sciadophila 216; senecioniswalkeri 213; sojina 213; solanacea 216; solani 216; solanigena 216; solani-nigri 216; tezpurensis 213, 215; venezuelae var. indica 216; zeaemaydis 213; zebrina 213; zeina 213 ceriops decandra 180; tagal 174, 178, 180 chaetocarpus castocarpus 205 chalicodoma derelicta 126 chamaedorea seifrizii 247 chassalia curviflora 205 cheilocostus speciosus 115 chionanthus 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295; celebicus 287, 288, 292, 294; cordulatus 287, 289, 292, 294; gigantifolius 287, 294; kostermansii 287, 288, 289, 290; laxiflorus 290; macrobotrys 291; montanus 276; pluriflorus 288; polygamus 287, 290, 292, 294; ramiflorus 287, 288, 290, 291, 292; rupicolus 287, 288, 290, 291, 292, 293; sessiliflorus 292, 294; sordidus 287, 288, 292, 293; spicatus 294; stenurus 287, 288, 292, 293; sulawesicus 287, 288, 289, 294 chirita 16, 17 chisocheton kingii 275 chromolaena odorata 115, 273, 281 chrysalidocarpus lutescens 247 cinchona; calothyrsus 89; pubescens 89, 90*, 91, 92, 93, 97 cinnamomum celebicum 271; iners 111 cissus 277 citrus aurantifolia 112, 120*; limon 112, 118, var. ponderosa 112; maxima 112; microcarpa 113; reticulata 113 claderia 77 cleistanthus oblongifolius 274, 277 clerodendrum buchananii 180; inerme 180; paniculatum 274 clibadium surinamense 90*, 91, 93, 95 clidemia hirta 89, 91, 93, 97 clitoria ternatea 274 cnetis 115 cocos nucifera 109, 220 codonoboea 1, 2, 4, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16; albomarginata 15; anthonyi 15; bakoensis 15; bombycina 15, 16; calcarea 15; codonion 15; corrugate 15; crenata 15; crinita 15, 16; curtisi 15; fasciata 15; floribunda 15; glabrata 15; heterophylla 15; kjelbergii 4, 5*; leiophylla 15; leucocodon 4; longipes 14, 15; malayana 15; oreophila 15, 16; personatiflora 16; platypus 15, 16; pumila 15; puncticulata 15; racemosa 15; rubiginosa 15; salicina 15; salicinoides 15; sp. nov. 1 15; sp. nov. 2 15; sp. nov. 3 15; sp. nov. 4 15; sp. nov. 5 15; tiumanica 15 coelogyne 180 coffea arabica 89, 90*, 91, 92, 93 coix lacryma-jobi 272 combretocarpus rotundatus 38 commelina diffusa 271 reinwardtia 328 [vol.14 convolvulaceae 16 cordia dichotoma 180 corymborkis veratrifolia 132 corypha utan 272 cosmos caudatus 109 crassocephalum crepidioides 89, 94, 109 crateva religosa 273, 280 cratoxylum 198; arborescens 200, 201; glaucum 201, 202, 209 crinum asiaticum 271 criptocarya crassinervia 209 cucumis sativus 110 cucurbita maxima 110; pepo 115 cucurbitaceae 323, 324 curculigo 75, 77 curcuma domestica 105; longa 119 cyathea 77, 85, 89, 90*, 91, 92, 93, 94, 180; cf. elmeri 270, 280; cf. roroka 270; contaminans 90*, 92, 270, 279; moluccana 270, 280; roroka 279 cyclosorus callosus 271, 281; heterocarpus 271; subpubescens 271 cymbopogon citratus 105, 112, 117, 120* cynodon dactylon 271 cynometra cauliflora 274; ramiflora 180 cyperus 115; kyllingia 271 cyrtandra 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 16; coccinea var celebica 5, 6*; engleri 6; fasciata 5; geocarpa 6; gorontaloensis 1, 5, 6, 8; hypogaea 6, 6*; luteiflora 6; picta 319; polyneura 6; rubropicta 8; sandei 93; widjajae 1, 2, 5, 6, 7*, 8; widjaje karton 6 cyrtostachys lakka 209, 238 dacryodes macrocarpa 209; rostrata 319 dactyloctenium aegyptium 272 daemonorops robusta 272 dalbergia candenatensis 180 daphniphyllum griffithianum 209 darea belangeri 304; furcata 303, var. elongata 303, var. pallida 304, var. rigida 304 davallia denticulata 270, 279 dehaasia 53, 54, 55, 57*, 59, 60, 64; annamensis 62, 64; cairocan 57*, 62, 64; suborbicularis 62, 64; tomentosa 62, 64; turfosa 62, 64 dendrobium 125, 126, 132; aloifolium 180; microglaphys 132 dendrocnide oblanceolata 277; sinuata 277; stimulans 277 dendrolobium umbellatum 180 derris elegans 180; trifoliata 180 dialium indum 201, 209 dianella ensifolia 116 dichrotrichum 3; brownii 3 dicranopteris linearis 85, 91, 93, 95, 97, 270, 279 didissandra 13 didymanthus 13, 14, 15, 16 didymocarpus 3, 4, 13, 16, 17; brownii 3 digitaria ciliaris 272 dillenia excelsa 205, 209; serrata 269, 274, 278, 279, 280 dimocarpus dentatus 277, 278, 279 dinochloa scandens 89, 90*, 91, 93; sublaevigata 117 dioscorea cf. pyrifolia 271; hispida 271, 277 diospyros 204, 205, 277, 285; aff. lanceifolia 274; cauliflora 180; javanica 198, 199, 204, 205, 209; malabarica 274; maritima 205; siamang 204, 205, 209 diplazium 77, 93, 271; esculantum 110; sorzogonense 93, 94 diploclinium 234; holosericeum 24, 26 dipodium 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132; bicallosum 127*; brassii 127, 128, 130*; brevilabium 127; conduplicatum 127*; elatum 127; ensifolium 126; fevrellii 123, 127, 128*, 129, 130*; fragrans 124*, 129, 131*; gracile 125; hamiltonianum 132; javanicum 129, 130*; paludosum 124*, 125, 129, 131*; pandanum 123, 127, 128, 129, 130*; pictum 123, 129, 130*; punctatum 123, 126, 132; purpureum 127*, 129, 131*; puspitae 129, 131*; scandens 123, 129, 130*; squamatum 123; stenochilum 126 dipterocarpus 320 dischidia 75, 77; nummularia 273, 279 dismodium 116 dolichandrone spathacea 174, 178, 180 donax canniformis 106, 116, 272, 280 dracaena 110; angustifolia 180, 271; dracontomelon dao 273, 277, 278 drynaria quercifolia 270; sparsisora 270, 279 dryobalanops 318; aromatica 43, 44, 45, 45*, 46*, 47, 48, 49, 50 duabanga moluccana 37, 38, 275, 278, 280 durio zibenthinus 109, 220 dyera custulata 38 dysoxylum arborescens 275, 277 eichhornia crassipes 112, 215 elaeocarpus 198, 284; angustifolius 269, 274; ovalis 2015] 329 index to volume 14 204, 205, 209 elephantopus mollis 115 eleusine indica 272 embelia 117 emilia sonchifolia 273 engelhardia serrata 88 entada 274, 280 epithema 1, 2; horsefieldii 8; saxatile 8 eragrostis tenella 272 erechtites valerianifolius 273 erigeron sumatrensis 273 eriodaphne 54 erycibe 16 eryngium foetidum 108 erythrina subumbrans 274; variegata 274 etlingera; brevilabrum 119; coccinea 91, 93, 113; elatior 105, 113, 119, 120* ; hemisphaerica 307 eucalyptus deglupta 288, 294 eugenia clariflora 205, 210 eumeninae 127 euodia aromatica 197, 198, 199, 202, 210; latifolia 88 euonymus 183, 184, 190; calocarpus 187; griffithii 187; marivelensis 189; pallidifolius 189; sclerocarpus 187 eupatorium inulifolium 90*, 91, 93, 95; odoratum 105, 281 eurya acuminate 90*, 91, 92, 93 eurycoma 259, 260, 261, 262, 263; apiculata 259, 260, 261, 262, 262*, 263; longifolia 118, 259, 260, 261, 262, 262*, 263 exannularia 3 excoecaria agallocha 171, 174, 175, 178, 180 fagraea 142; cuspidate 116; racemosa 180 fibraurea tinctoria 117 ficus 117, 163, 170, 257, 265, 269, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 320; adenosperma 180, 275; benjamina 220, 275; botryocarpa 180, 275; callophylla 275; caulocarpa 275; chrysolepsis 275; congesta 275; cordatula 275; crassiramea 275; disticha 275; disticha subsp. disticha 277; drupacea 275; fistulosa 275; glandifera 269, 275; gul 275; heteropleura 275; hirta 88; hispida 275; hombroniana 282, var. madhudcifolia 275; lawesii 275; lepicarpa 275, 282; magnolifolia 275; microcarpa 276; nervosa 276; padana 88; pisifera 276; prasinicarpa 276, 282; racemosa 276; recurva var. urnigera 276, 277; riedelii 276; septica 117, 276; sinuata 88; sumatrana 276; sundaica 197, 210; tinctoria 276; variegata 282; variegata subsp. gibbosa 276; variegata blume var. sycomoroides 276; variegata blume var. variegata 276; variegata blume var. viridicarpa 276; virrens 276 finlaysonia obovata 180 flagellaria indica 180, 271, 277 flemingia strobilifera 274, 280 franxinus angustifolia 50 freycinetia 77, 91, 93, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 223, 227, 277; angustifolia 167; cf. devriesi 273, 277; cf. funicularis 273; cf. imbricata 167; cf. rigidifolia 167; cf. undulata 167; funicularis 167, 277; graminifolia 166*, 167; insignis 166*, 167, 169; javanica 167, 167*; kartawinatae 166*, 167; kostermansii 167; minahassae 167; sarawakensis 167; scandens 167; sumatrana 167, 169 fuchsia hybrida 215 garcinia 120*; dulcis 180; rostrata 92 gesneriaceae 1, 2, 4, 5, 11, 13, 16, 17 gigantochloa levis 103, 105, 106 gleichenia linearis 106; truncate 116 globba 77 glochidion 106 glossadenia 13, 14 glyptopetalum 183, 184, 190; acuminatissimum 185, 189; angulatum 186, 187; annamense 187; aquifolium 185, 188; calocarpum 184, 186, 187; calyptratum 186, 187; chaudocense 186, 188; euonymoides 183, 185, 189; euphlebium 186, 189; feddei 185, 188; fengii 186, 188, 189; geloniifolium 186, 188; gracilipes 185, 187, 188; grandiflorum 183, 184, 186; griffithii 187; harmandianum 186, 188; ilicifolium 185, 188; integrifolium 185, 188, 190; lawsonii 184, 186; loheri 183, 185, 189; longepedunculatum 185, 188; longipedicellatum 185, 189; marivelense 186, 189; palawanense 185, 189; pallidifolium 186, 189; poilanei 186, 188; quadrangulare 183, 185, 187, 188, 189; remotinervium 189; reticulatum 189; reticulinerve 185, 189; rhytidophyllum 185, 189; scherocarpum 187; sclerocarpum 183, 186, 187, 188, 189; strixifolium 186, 188; subcordatum 185, 187; thorelii 186, 188; tonkinense 183, 186, 188, 189; vidalii 183, 186, 187, 188, 191*, 192*; zeylanicum 183, 184, 189, var. brevipedicellatum 186, 189, var. zey reinwardtia 330 [vol.14 lanicum 186 gmelina arborea 281 gnetum gnemon 271 gonystylus bancanus 38, 193, 194, 201, 202, 205, 210 gossypium 116 grewia glabra 275; laevigata 180 guettarda speciosa 180 gymnopetalum 323, 324; chinense 324; cochinchinense 274; integrifolia 324; integrifolium var. pectinatum 323; orientale 324; pectinatum 323, 324; scabrum 324, var. pectinatum 323; tubiflorum 323 gymnostoma 283; sumatranum 273, 279 gynochthodes 297; lanuginosa 297; suratmanii 297; wongii 297 gynotroches axillaris 92 gynura procumbens 273 hanguana malayana 201, 204 hedyothis 93 henckelia 4, 13, 16; kjelbergii 4 heritiera globosa 180; littoralis 173, 174, 175, 178, 180, 275, 281; trifoliata 269, 275, 278 hernandia ovigera 271, 280; sonora 180 heteroboea 13, 14, 15, 16 hibiscus tiliaceus 171, 174, 175, 180, 275 hippocratea angulata 187 homalanthus populneus 88, 89, 115 homalium foetidum 276, 277 homalomena 77, 108, 320 hopea 320 hornstedtia scyphifera 113 horsfieldia crassifolia 201, 205, 210; glabra 92, 205 hortus bengalensis 182 hoya diversifolia 273, 277; lacunosa 180 huperzia 75, 77; phlegmaria 270, 279 hydnophytum formicarum 276, 279; moseleyanum 180 hydnora africana 321 hydriastele selebica 272, 279, 280, 282; wendlandiana 237, 238, 239, 239*, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246 hylobates moloch 86, 98, 99 hymenodictyon horsfieldii 276 hypostomatous 163, 166 hyptis capitata 274; ilex pleiobrachinata 204, 205; wallichii 205, 209 impatiens platypetala 273, 277 imperata 99; cylindrica 88, 90*, 91, 93, 95, 97, 98, 117, 272, 281 indomelothria 274 inocarpus fagifera 171, 174, 175, 178, 180, 274, 278, 281 intsia bijuga 174, 178, 180; palembanica 274, 277 iodes cirrhosa 274 ipomoea aquatica 110, 120*, 273, 281; batatas 110; gracilis 180; hederofolia 273; pes-caprae 180, 273, 281 ixonanthes petiolaris 209 ixora 276 jatropha curcas 115 justicia; betonica 79, 80, 81, 82*, 83; comata 79, 80, 81, 82*, 83; gendarussa 104, 114, 120* kleinhovia hospital 275 knema laterifolia 198, 204, 205, 210 koompassia malaccensis 37, 38, 201 koordersiodendron pinnatum 273 korthalsia celebica 281 labisia 77 lagenaria siceraria 106, 110 lagestroemia spesiosa 38 lansium domesticum 111 lantana camara 274, 281 laportea 320 lasianthus 257 lecanopteris 279 leea aculeata 277; angulata 277 lentibulariaceae 16 leonotis leonurus 81 leopardanthus 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 132 lepisanthes cf. rubiginosa 277; tetraphylla 277 leucaena leucocephala 220 licuala celebica 272, 279, 280; elegans 243; gracilis 243; lauterbachii 243; muelleri 243; peltata 243; ramsayi 237, 239, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, var. ramsayi 243, var. tuckeri 237, 238, 239, 239*, 240, 241, 243; spinosa 243 limnocharis flava 109, 120* lindsaea 77, 279; lucida 270, 279 linociera novoguineensis 292; ovalis 292; polygama 290; ramiflora 291, var. coriacea 292; rupicola 292; stenura 293 lithocarpus 88, 103; celebicus 274, 278, 279, 284 litsea 88, 116; cordata 271 lonchitis bipinnata 303 2015] 331 index to volume 14 loxocarpus 13, 16 luffa cylindrical 110 lumnitzera littorea 171, 174, 175, 178, 180; racemosa 180 lycopersicon esculentum 113 lycopodiella cernua 270, 279, 280 lygodium circinnatum 270, 277, 279 macaca ochreata 158 macadamia 283; hildebrandtii 276 macaranga 88, 120*, 198, 281, 284; caladifolia 197, 209; cf. grandiflora 274; gigantea 274, 278, 280; tanarius 89, 90*, 274; triloba 89, 90*, 92, 93, 197, 205, 209 machilus 53, 54, 55, 59, 62, 65; bombycina 62, 65; breviflora 62, 65; calcicola 54, 62, 65; chekiangensis 62, 65; decursinervis 62, 65; gamblei 62, 65; glabrophylla 54, 62, 65; grandibracteata 62, 65; grifsii 62, 65; kurzii 57*, 62, 65; minutiloba 62, 65; nakao 62, 65; odoratissima 62, 65; oreophila 62, 65; parabreviflora 62, 65; phoenics 62, 65; platycarpa 62, 65; pomifera 62, 65; velutina 62, 65 madhuca betis 277 maesa 117 maesopsis eminii 85, 88, 89, 90*, 91, 92, 95, 97, 98 malaxis 77 mallotus 88, 281; floribundus 274, 278; paniculatus 115 malvastrum 82 mangifera foetida 108; indica 108, 120*; odorata 108; pajang 108 manihot esculanta 110 mapania macrocephala 180 maranthes corymbosa 201, 209 medinilla crassifolia 204, 205 melanthera biflora 180 melastoma malabathricum 90*, 91, 93, 95, 275 melicope; accedens 91, 92, 95; latifolia 88 meliosma sumatrana 276 merremia peltata 115, 273 metroxylon sagu 106 micrechites serpyllifolius 204 microchirita 14; caliginosa 14, 15; involucrata 14, 15; ruthiae 14, 15; viola 14, 15 microcos 142; paniculata 275, 280 micromelum 118 microsorum membranifolium 270; punctatum 270, 279 microtropis poilanei 188 mikania micrantha 245, 247 mimosa pudica 274 miquelia coerulea 10 miscanthus floridulus 118 molineria latifolia 116 momordica charantia 110 monogramma 152 monophyllaea 1, 2, 8, 9, 11; anthocrena 8,9; eymae 8, 9; horsefieldii 8, 9; merrilliana 1, 8, 9, 9* morinda 297, 298; citrifolia 106, 180, 220, 276; lanuginosa 297; wongiana 297 mucuna 274; bennettii 180; pruriens 274, 280 muntingia calabura 220, 284 musa 111, 302; accuminata 90*, 302; ornata 299; salaccensis 299, 300, 301*, 302, 302* mycosphaerella 211, 217 myristica koordersii 271; malaccensis 271, 278, 280 myrmecodia tuberosa 279, 281; var. bullosa 276 myrmeconauclea cf. stipulacea 276, 279 naravelia laurifolia 276 nasturtium officinale 109 nauclea orientalis 276 neolamarckia cadamba 276; macrophylla 276, 277, 278, 281 neolitse triplinervia 95 neonauclea calycina 276, 280; cf. havilandii 276; gigantean 118 nepenthes 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 318; albomarginata 67; ampullaria 67, 69, 70, 201, 204, 206*; bicalcarata 67, 69, 70; fusca 67; gracilis 67, 69, 70; hemsleyana 69; hirsuta 67, 70; lowii 67; macrovulgaris 140; mirabilis 67, 69, 70; rafflesiana 67, 69, 70; reinwardtiana 67, 68, 70; stenophylla 67; tentaculata 67; veitchii 68, 70 nephelium lappaceum 113 nephrolepis 280; biserrata 270, 280; davalllioides 93, 94; hirsutula 204, 206*, 270, 281 nerium oleander 220 nicandra physalodes 216 nicotiana tabacum 216 nomen nudum 314 notaphoebe 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 62, 65; cavalieriei 57*, 59, 61, 62, 65; cuneata 61, 65; sarawacensis 57*, 61, 65 nypa fruticans 180, 272, 281 ochthocharis 77 ocimum basilicum 111 reinwardtia 332 [vol.14 octomeles sumatrana 37, 38 olea 290; paniculata 290; rubrovenia 290 oleandra pistilaris 93, 94 oncosperma horridum 272, 279, 280, 282 ophioglossum pendulum 270, 279 oplismenus compositus 272, 279 oraniopsis appendiculata 241, 247 orophea 181, 182; glabra 181, 182; nitida 182; sphaerocarpon 181, 182 orthosiphon aristatus 114 oryza sativa 101, 112 osbornia octodonta 180 osmanthus scortichinii 288 palaquium 38, 198; burckii 201; gutta 201, 210; obovatum 277, 278; obtusifolium 277; ridleyi 201, 202, 210; walsurifolium 201, 205, 210 pandanus 75, 77, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 277; aristatus 166, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 231; atrocarpus 193, 194, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 207, 210; cf. borneensis 273, 277; cf. ridley 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230; discostigma 166; dubius 180; helicopus 165, 166, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230; johoriensis 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230; motleyanus 223; odorifer 180; pachypilus 166, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 231; tectorius 180; vinaceus 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 231; yvanii 164, 165, 166, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 231 pangium edule 273, 280 panicum notatum 91, 93 panthera pardus melas 86, 98 panthera tigris sumatrae 36, 38 paphiopedilum rothschildianum 140 paraboea 1, 13 parkia sumatrana 274, 278, 280 paspalum conjugatum 91, 93, 117 passalora 217 passiflora foetida 276 pavetta cf. montana 276 payena leerii 210 pectinati 13, 14 pegia sarmentosa 114 pemphis acidula 180 persea 53, 54, 55, 60; americana 111; chatacea 62, 65; rimosa 62 pes caprae 281 petermannia 20, 23, 24, 26, 234 phaeanthus 182 phaleria capitata 277; perrottetiana 180 pharmacoyscea 283 phaseolus vulgaris 111 phoebe 53, 54, 55, 59, 62, 66; bourneri 61, 65; cathia 61, 66; chekiangensis 61, 66; chinensis 54; formosana 55, 59, 61, 66; forrestii 61, 66; hunanensis 61, 66; lanceolata 61, 66; lucida 55*, 61, 66; macrophylla 61, 66; microphylla 54; neurantha 59, 61, 66; sheareri 61, 66; tavoyana 59, 61, 66 phyllanthus niruri 274; urinaria 115 phymatosorus scolopendria 270, 279 phytocrene hirsuta 274 pimeleodendron griffithianum 197, 205, 209 pinanga coronata 93; rumphiana 273, 277, 282 piper abbreviatum 271; amboinense 271; betle 105, 112, 117, 180, 271; caninum 271; cf. bantamense 271; fragile 271; umbellatum 112, 117 pittosporum ferrugenium 117; linearifolium 140 plagiostachys 77 planchonella duclitan 277; obovata 180, 277 planchonia valida 269, 274, 278 platea 89; excelsa 90*, 95; latifolia 92 platycentrum 234 platycerium 279 plectocomia 94 pleocnemia irregularis 270, 279 pluchea indica 273 plumeria rubra 220 podocarpus neriifolius 90* pogostemon cablin 81 poikilospermum suaveolens 277 polyalthia glauca 205, 209; lateriflora 271, 278 polygala paniculata 118 polygonum odoratum 112 polytrias amaura 272 pometia pinnata 269, 277, 278, 280 pongamia pinnata 180 pothos 277; cylindricus 271, 277; scandens 271, 277 premna serratifolia 180, 274 pritchardia remota 238, 247 prunus arborea 95 pseuderanthemum; carruthersii 79, 80, 81, 82*, 83; graciliflorum 79, 80, 82*, 83 pseudocercospora thailandica 213, 214 pseudolacuna 225, 226 psidium guajava 105, 112, 117, 120*, 284 psophocarpus tetragonolobus 111 2015] 333 index to volume 14 psychotria 77; sarmentosoides 204; varidiflora 93 pteridium aquilinum 270, 279 pteridrys syrmatica 270 pteris ensiformis 133, 134, 135, 270; moluccana 270, 281; tripartita 270, 279; var. ensiformis 133, 134, 135; var. rheophila 133; var. victoriae 133, 134, 135; vittata 270 pterisanthes 75, 77 pternandra azurea 90*, 92 pterocarpus indicus 274, 277 pterocymbium javanicum 269, 275 pterospermum celebicum 269, 275; diversifolium 269, 275 pusillus 315 pycnarrhena tumefacta 275 pyrrosia longifolia 270, 279; piloselloides 270, 279 quercus 88, 89, 92; gemmeliflora 88; lineata 90*, 94, 92; oidocarpa 90*, 91, 92, 93 rafflesia 317, 318, 319, 321, 322; arnoldi 317, 318, 319, 321, 322; atjehensis 319; azlanii 319; bengkuluensis 319, 322; cantleyi 319; gadutensis 317, 319, 320, 321*; hasseltii 319, 320, 322; horsfieldii 318; lagascae 322; lawangensis 319, 322; leonardi 321; meijeri 319; micropylora 319; patma 319, 320; rochusenii 319, 320; titan 318, 319, 321 reichenheimia 234 reptantes 13, 14 rhaphidophora 180; cf. koordersii 271; korthalsii 271, 277 rheopteris 152 rhizanthes 322; zippelii 318 rhizophora apiculata 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176*, 177, 178, 179, 180, 276, 281; lamarckii 180; mucronata 174, 175, 178, 180, 276, 281; stylosa 180 rhodamnia cinerea 95 rhododendron falaccinum 140; sugaui 140 rhynchoglossum 1, 2, 9, 11; capsulare 9, 10; obliquum 9, 10 rhynchotechum 1, 2, 10, 11; parviflorum 10, 10* ridleyandra 13 rollinia deliciosa 108 roystonea elata 238; regia 247 ruellia repens 79, 80, 82*, 83 saccharum officinarum 112; spontaneum 90*, 94, 95, 272, 281 sagus 318 salicini 13, 14, 15, 16 samara polygama 290 sararanga 163, 164, 167, 168, 169; philippinensis 164; sinuosa 164, 167, 168* sarcotheca diversifolia 319 saribus rotundifolius 273, 280, 282 saurauia 114, 120* sauropus androgynus 110, 117 scaevola sericea 274; taccada 180 scaphium macropodum 180 schefflera 77; nervosa 114 schima wallichii 85, 86, 88, 89, 90*, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99 schippia concolor 247 schismatoglottis ahmadii 109 schisandra 60 schizaea 77; dichotoma 270, 279, 280; digitata 270, 279 schizostachyum ; lima 120*; pilosum 106 schleichera oleosa 277, 278, 281 scindapsus 75, 77 scrophularia 118 scyphiphora hydrophyllacea 174, 175, 180 sechium edule 110 selaginella 75, 77; plana 91, 94, 270, 277 semecarpus angustifolius 140; cf. cuneiformis 273 senna alata 274, 281; alexandrina 116 sesuvium portulacastrum 180 setaria palmifolia 272 shirakiopsis indica 180 shorea 38, 198; albida 199; curtisii 44, 49, 50; javanica 47, 50; leprosula 44, 47, 49, 50; lumutensis 47, 50; obtusa 47, 51; parvifolia 44, 49, 50, 200, 201; platycarpa 199; rugosa 193, 194, 198, 199, 201, 202, 205, 209, var. uliginosa 199, 201; scabrida 199; symingtonii 140; teysmanniana 193, 194, 198, 199, 201, 202, 204, 209; uliginosa 201 siphonodon 180 sloetia elongata 205 smilax 118 solanum ferox 277; lanugiflorum 216; melongena 113; nigrum 89, 90*, 113, 118, 216; torvum 89, 118; trachycyphum 216; velutinum 216; violifolium 216 sonneratia alba 174, 175, 178, 180; caseolaris 180; ovata 180, 276, 281 reinwardtia 334 [vol.14 sophora tomentosa 180 sorghum propinquum 272 spatholobus 106, 116 sphaerostephanos cf. heterocarpus 94 sphenanthera 20, 234 spizaetus bartelsii 86, 99 spondias pinnata 273 stachytarpheta jamaicensis 119, 274 stauranthera 1, 2, 11; benth 10; coerulea 10; grandiflora 10; philippinensis 11 stemonurus scorpioides 209; secundiflorus 205 stenochlaena palustris 109, 120*, 204, 270, 279 stenosemia aurita 271 sterculia coccinea 205; gilva 210; longifolia 275; macrophylla 275; oblongata 95; shillinglawii 171, 174, 175 sticherus truncatus 270, 279 strobilanthes 94 strychnos axillaris 275 swietenia macrophylla 85, 88, 89, 90*, 91, 92 sycidium 283 sycomorus 283 symplocos 106; fasciculata 93 synoecia 283 synedrella nodiflora 89, 90*, 94, 273 syzygium 92, 142, 284, 320; acuminatissimum 204, 205, 210; attenuatum 205, 210; densiflorum 198, 204, 205, 210; fastigatum 205; inopillum 210; lineatum 92, 93, 197, 198, 199, 202, 204, 205, 210; soepadmoi 140; zeylanicum 276, 278, 280; zollingerianum 276, 280 tabernaemontana macrocarpa 273 tarsius spectrum 158 tectaria 77; crenata 271, 280; zeylanica 180 tectona grandis 98, 220, 281 teijsmanniodendron hollrungii 180 teratophyllum aculeatum 270, 279 terminalia catappa 180, 220; copelandii 273, 278, 280 tetracera scandens 115 tetractomia holttumii 205 tetrameles nudiflora 269, 274, 277, 278 tetramerista glabra 38, 198, 201, 202, 205, 210 tetrastigma 119, 317, 319; cf. pedunculare 277; lanceolarium 277 teucrim 82 thespesia populnea 180 thysanolaena latifolia 118 timonius flavescens 197, 204, 205, 210 tinomiscium pytocreniodes 204 tinospora crispa 275 trema orientalis 106, 277 trichoglottis geminata 272, 279 tridax procumbens 273 trigona sarawakensis 126 tristaniopsis 140, 142; merguensis subsp. tavaiensis 140; obovata 204, 210; whiteana 205 tylophora cissoides 180 urena lobata 116, 275 urophyllum glabrum 93; macrophyllum 93 urostigma 282, 283, 285 urtica 118 utricularia 16 uvaria 114; nitida 181, 182 vateriopsis seychellarum 47, 50 vatica rassak 201, 204, 205 venusti 13, 14, 15 vernonia 198; cinerea 273 vigna marina 274, 281; sesquipedalis 111; unguiculata 116 vitex cofassus 274, 277, 278, 281, 285; pinnata 119; quinata 274 vittaria 144, 156; zosterifolia 146, 155* wedelia biflora 94; trilobata 89, 90*, 91 weinmannia blumei 90*, 92, 95 xanthostemon 283; petiolatus 276, 278, 280 ximenia americana 180 xylocarpus granatum 180, 275, 278, 281; moluccensis 174, 178, 179, 180; rumphii 180 zea mays 112 zingiber 307; engganoensis 307, 308, 309, 309*, 310*; officinale 105, 113, 119, var. rubrum 113; spectabile 307, 308 ardi, w. h. & ardiyani, m. two new species of alpinia from sulawesi, indonesia …………………………...311 ardi, w. h., kusuma, y. w. c., lewis, c. e., risna, r. a., wiriadinata, h., abdo, m. e. &. thomas, d. c. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea ….………………..…………………………………………………..19 ardiyani, m. a new species of zingiber (zingiberaceae) from enggano island, indonesia ……………………...307 chung lu, l. & kiew, r. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia …………...…….………13 de wilde, w. j. j. o., duyfjes, b. e. e. & rugayah. gymnopetalum pectinatum (w. j. de wilde & duyfjes) rugayah: rank of species for gymnopetalum scabrum var. pectinatum (cucurbitaceae) ……………………………323 djamaluddin, i., indrayani, p., mitani, y., tagane, s. & yahara, t. gis web server for biodiversity information system ……………………………………………………………………………………………………249 dwiyanti, f. g., kamiya, k. & harada, k. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..43 effendi, m., chikmawati, t. & darnaedi, d. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia…………………..………………………………………………………………………………..…………133 hidayat, i. & meeboon, j. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora………………..……………….………...……………………………………………..211 juhari, m. a. a. a., talip, n., amri, c. n. a. c. & rahman, m. r. a. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae …………………………………………………………………………………………..79 kartonegoro, a. & potter, d. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described …………………………………….……….…………..………..…………….………..1 kiew, r. chionanthus (oleaceae) in sulawesi, indonesia, including three new species ……………………………287 kulip, j. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia ………...101 latifah, d., congdon, r. a. & holtum, j. a. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana and licuala ramsayi…………………………..….237 latiff, n. a., sukri, r. s. & metali, f. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei darussalam …………………….……….……………......................................................……………………………………...67 lestari, w. s., adjie, b., jaruwatanaphan, t., watano, y. & pharmawati, m. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….143 mahyuni, r., kusuma, y. w. c., wihermanto & veldkamp, j. f. notes on rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) in sumatra with a new record rafflesia gadutensis meijer ……………………………………………………………...317 nishida, s. & werff, h. van der. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? ……………………...…………..…………………………………………………...53 o’byrne, p. on the evolution of dipodium r. br. ……………………………………………………….………...123 powling, a., phillips, a., pritchett, r., segar, s. t., wheeler, r. & mardiastuti, a. the vegetation of lambusango forest, button, indonesia ………………………………………………………………………..265 prawiroatmodjo, s. & kartawinata, k. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raja ampat, west papua, indonesia………………………………...…………………………………….……171 contents page rosalina, y., nisyawati, nurdin, e., supriatna, j. & kartawinata, k. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………….193 rosleine, d., suzuki, e., sundawiati, a., septiana, w. & ekawati, d. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia ………...…………………………………………………………………………………………….………………..…85 royyani, m. f. & rahajoe, j. s. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability…………………………..……………………………..……….…………………………………………………….35 sabran, s., nilus, r., pereira, j. t. & sugau, j. b. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia …………………………………………………………….......….137 sang, j. & kiew, r. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo – how many species are there? ...................233 santika, y., tihurua, e. f. & triono, t. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value………………………….....………………..……………………….163 savinov, i. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) …...…………….183 tan, a. l., kamal, n. m., tan, h. p, & roslan, i. notes on morphological characteristic of eurycoma spp. and its status in peninsular malaysia ………………………………………………………………………………….259 tihurua, e. f. & erlinawati, i. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit bakabukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia……………………….……………………………...…………....223 turner, i. m. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don ………….........181 van balgooy, m. & widjaja, e. a. flora of bali: a provisional checklist …...………....................................219 veldkamp, j. f. & sulistyaningsih, l. d. nomenclature and typification of musa salaccensis zoll. ex kurz. (musaceae) ………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………..299 veldkamp, j. f. & wardani, w. asplenium tenerum var. pallidum is the correct name for a. thunbergii var. belangeri (aspleniaceae) ……………………………………………………………………………………………...303 widjaja, e. a. & potter, d. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park………………………………………………………………………………………………157 wong, k. m. & razafimandimbison, s. g. a new combination and a new name in gynocthodes (rubiaceae) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………297 yuzammi, witono, j. r. & hetterscheid, w. l. a. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia……………………………..…………………………………...…….27 zaini, n. h. & sukri, r. s. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam ..................................................................................................................................73 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 4, p.p. 457-479 (i960) sertulum dipterocarpacearum malayensiumvii * d . f . van slooten ** summary critical notes, emended descriptions, and considerations on synonymy have been given of 8 species of dipterocarpus, 1 of dryobalanops, 1 of parashorea, and 2 of vatica. vatica imbricata. van slooten is referred to kayea (guttiferae). three species of dipterocarpus have been described as new, viz d. sarawakensis and d. tempehes from borneo and d. ursinus from sumatra. there is one new combination, hopea forbesii (brandis) van slooten, based on shorea forbesii brandis. editor's note. — the ms of the present contribution has been in the hands of the late mr g. h. s. wood, sandakan. it was unearthed in the sandakan herbarium by dr. w. meijer, forest botanist, who is himself engaged in a study of north borneo dipterocarps. in his opinion it should be published ; mr ashton, lately forest botanist at brunei, shares this view. in the meantime one of the new species of van slooten, viz dipterocarpus exalatius, has been incorporated in a posthumous paper by mr wood {in gard. bull. sing. 17: 486. 1960); the full description, with citation of specimens, is given here. in a few cases dr. meijer has added a foot-note, and these have been marked with his initials.—c. g. g. j. van steenis, dipterocarpus acutangulus vesque dipterocarpus acutangulus vesque (1874) ; van slooten in bull jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 8: 321. 1927. the type specimen is beccari 2913 from mt. matang, sarawak. as to its alleged identity with d. appendiculatus scheff., see under that species. though differing slightly from the type material of d. acutangulus i would refer a single collection from the malay peninsula with it (cf. symington in mai. for. rec. 16 : 166, footnote 1. 1943). malay peninsula. n e g r i s e m b i l a n ("only known from the upper dipterocarp forests on bukit lanta, on the seremban-ulu klawang boundary. it is frequent here at about 2500-2700 ft."; cf. symington, i.e.). * part i of this series was published in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii 16 : 430-454 1940 ; part ii, in bull. bot. gard. buitenzorg iii 17 : 96-138. 1941 ; part iii ibid 17: 220-255. 1942; part iv, ibid. 18: 229-269. 1949; part v, in reinwardtia 21-68 1952; part vi, ibid. 3: 315-346. 1956. ** formerly director, royal botanic gardens, buitenzorg. — 457 — 458 relnwardtia [vol. 5 dipterocarpus appendiculatus scheff. dipterocarpus appendiculatus scheff. (1870); van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 8 : 326. 1927. dipterocarpus micropterus dyer, ms, in herb. 1st. bot. firenze. various authors have considered d. acutangulus vesque (1874 ; van slooten, op. cit., p. 320) a synonym of d. appendiculatus, but i have kept them distinct and derived the description from the type specimen (in l, sub no. 902. 146-91, and in u, sub no. 72495). i maintain that they are not conspecific and even belong to two different sections. with some reserve this opinion was accepted by symington (in mai. for. rec. 16 : 165-167. 1943) who, however, arranged d. appendiculatus in his "key to the fruits of dipterocarpus" (op. cit., p. 164) in both the sections angulati and alati, apparently taking it for one of the few species that might be considered intermediate between two sections. d. appendiculatus belongs, in my opinion, certainly with sect. alati, as the outside of the fruiting calyx tube is winged and not ridged, the wings being up to 6. mm wide, though woody and very thick. i consider this confirmed by a specimen, collected by beccari in sarawak on mt. matang in july 1866, without field-number, and present in the herbarium of the botanical institute at florence (sheet-number 1339), with the manuscript name d. micropterus dyer. this specimen, which i could examine in 1952, consists of four leaves and five fruits, all detached and' apparently picked from the ground. the fruits are obviously immature. i believe this specimen has been derived from a young tree of d. appendiculatus ; the wings of the fruiting calyx tube are broadly rounded at the very base and there up to 10 mm wide. they are not (yet?) woody and thick, but membranous, which may be due to the immaturity of the fruits. the two accrescent calyx lobes are also not yet full grown, but at most 7 cm long. d.appendiculatus is at the present known from the eastern part of sumatra, from the malay peninsula, and from the southern part of borneo. specimens examined additional to those cited by me (op. cit., p. 326 and 327), with some corrections. — malay peninsula. "at low elevations in eastern trengganu and pahang, and in north east johore. it is one of the common forms of keruing in arong forest reserve, johore" (symington, op. cit., p. 167). sumatra. a t c h i n. west-peureula (emondt 5 is at the present numbered 66. 60). — r i o u w . lingga archipelago, p. singkep (ri/i-68, keruwing senjum ; identification somewhat doubtful). — b a n g k a. buluh r., 20 m (66. 20579, ladan ; rather rare and growing scattered)'. — a duplicate of the specimen, collected by teysmann near batubalai and without number in herb. bog., is numbered in l as 7678 hb). . . . . 1966] van slooten f: sert. dipterocarpacearum malayensium-vh 459 borneo. s a r a w a k . mt. matang (beccari s.n. [sheet-number 1339] : see above) — s o u t h e a s t b o r n e o . central dusun distr., muarateweh, 30 m (66. 10012, badjan ; rather common, though growing scattered ; identification somewhat doubtful). dipterocarpus caudiferus m e r r . dipterocarpus caudiferus merr. in philip. j. sc. 29 : 398. 1926 ; van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 8: 302. 1927. dipterocarpus macrorrhinus van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 8 : 300, fig. 3. 1927.1 in 1927 i drew attention to the possible conspecificity of d. caudiferus and d. macrorrhinus. since that year the collections have been increased considerably, confirming my tentative opinion, so that i feel justified to make the reduction effective here. the species is strongly marked in its very slenderly caudateacuminate leaves and in its subovoid-subconical fruiting calyx tube. it is a medium-sized or large tree, up to 60 m tall. the wood is said to be of a good quality, (moderately) hard to stiff and strong, heavy, oily, and often very resinous ; sapwood cream of pale yellow when fresh ; heartwood light ashy red to reddish brown or dark brown ; with distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood ; timber used for housebuilding and constructional purposes ; resin used locally for starting fires and for torches ; bark is used for flooring,, for walls of small houses, etc. d. caudiiferus is confined to the extreme eastern side of borneo from the north to the south2. it is a species of the lowland dipterocarp forests in flat land or on hills. it is known to occur down to the forest edge of the rivers and the rivulets at 10 to 250 m altitude, but is more abundant below 60 m. once it has been recorded from secondary forest (san-a. 2s17). it is (rather) common locally and usually of rather scattered occurrence, though often growing in small groups. in tanahbumbu distr. and in p, laut the most commonly applied vernacular name is an(d)ri. from british north borneo it has been collected several times under the general name for dipterocarps : keruing. specimens examined. — b o r n e o . n o r t h b o r n e o . banguey i. (castro & melegrito 1709, type of d. caudiferus merr.). — east coast res. sandakan, segaliud, tin mines (kep. 3523u), batu lapan (wood 1990), tiram r. (san 3178, seruya merah), kabili r. (san.-a. 92, excl. fruct.), kabili-sepilok f. r. (kep. 38737 1 by error foxworthy (in philip. j. sc. 67 : 257 and 258. 1938) cited d. caudiferus and d. macrorrhinus as synonyms of d. warburgii brandis ; see under that species in this paper. 2 number 66. 7866, from west borneo and referred by me to d. macrorrhinus in 1927 (op. c i t . , p. 302), was later referred to dipterocarpus sp. 460 reinwardti a [vol. 5 [= san. 4361]; kep. 35405), segaliud (san.-a. 114, keruing puteh; san.-a. 2317), betotan (kep. 38782 [= san 4406]; kep. 36723 [= san. 3946]); kinabatangan besar, kori (san.-a. 2137 and -a. 2143, keruing kasugoi). — s o u t h e a s t b o r n e o . berau distr. (66. 19119, k a r u p ) . — kutei distr., area sangkulirang-menumbar (6&. 7976 and 7977 ', sarapan ; 66. 12548, 14754, and 14764, tangan tangan ; 66. 14595, keruwing ; 66. 14617 and 14618, tempudau ; 66. 14635, pajau ; 66. 14771, serapan ; 66. 14840 to 14842, putang ; kostermans 6176, tempehes). — tanahbumbu distr. (66. 13360 and 13361; van slooten 2242 to 2244; 66. 480, type of d. macrorrhinus van slooten ; wood sample 2419, damar laut). p . l a u t (66. 10198 ; 66. 12s82, keladan or alaran ; van slooten 2288 ; 66. 31172). dipterocarpus confertus van slooten. — fig. 1 dipterocarpus confertus van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 8: 322 fig. 9. 1927; in bull. bot. gard. buitenz. ill, 17 : 104, fig. 141941. fig. 1. dipterocarpus confertus van slooten. a: inflorescence (nat. size). — b: expanded flower (nat. size). — c: stamens (x 2). — d: ovary and stylopodium (x 2). — drawing after a. 73 from sandakan. 1 erroneously cited as 7797 in my revision of 1927, p. 302. 196$] van slooten t: sert. dipterocwrpaeearwm malayensium-v'ii 461 the following is a description of the flowers of the sandakan plant san-a. 813 with some complements about the infructescences and fruiting calyx of the kudat plant san-a. 3073. inflorescences short and stout, whether of not dichotomously ramified, peduncles and branches densely clothed with tufts of soft, long, spreading, shining, fulvous hairs finally turning into blackish brown, the peduncle 2.5—3 cm, the branches 3—4 cm (when fruiting up to 7 cm), if ramified with a flower at the bifurcation; branches 3—5 flowered; bracts of inflorescences and bracteoles densely stellate-pubescent outside, glabrous inside ; bracteoles caducous, linear, obtuse at the top, 2—2.5 cm long, up to 0.5 cm wide, many-nerved; flowers sessile, on hardly developed nodes, about 1 cm spaced. calyx tube ligneous, oblong, 1.5 cm long, 0.75 cm in diameter, 5-angular by 5 slightly prominent tomentose ridges running downward to the very base, plane and not attenuate towards the top between the ridges and there densely spreading yellowish brown stellatepilose ; the lobes partly spreading greyish stellate-pilose outside, greyish tomentose in the upper half inside, the larger ones linear, attenuate, 2 cm long, 0.4 cm wide, the smaller ones 0.4 cm long and 04 cm wide at the base, margins reduplicate. petals linear-spathulate, oblique and obtuse at the top, minutely yellowish stellate-tomentose on the parts exposed in bud, the inner side finely pubescent in the upper half, 5 cm long, at the base 0.5, above the middle 1 cm wide. stamens 25, about 2 cm long ; filaments flattened below, the upper portion thinly filiform and sinuous, about 1 cm long ; anthers linear, subsagittate at the base, together with the appendage to the connective about 1 cm long. ovary and stylopodium ovoid, narrowed into the style, densely and slightly patently hairy (the very base excepted) as is the linear style which is 1.5 cm long, the very top (3 mm) of the latter glabrous. infructescences rather robust, simple, hairy as are the petioles, 9 cm long, bearing 6—7 fruits ; peduncles 3—4 cm long ; fruits placed about 1 cm spaced. tube of fruiting calyx 3 cm long, up to 2 cm in diam., attenuate or rounded at the base. heurtwood light ashy red to reddish brown or dark brown ; timber used for housebuilding and constructional purposes (san-a. 3065). the decayed wood of certain forms contains considerable resin, known as tudan and used locally for starting fire torches (san-a. 3073). d. eonfertus is a tree of the primary forest in low and level or undulating land up to 120 m altitude, usually on sandy soil, being (rather) common locally, but growing in scattered specimens. as far as known at the present time it occurs inland in a large strip along the eastern coast of borneo and north borneo. however, if fob. 1523 from paloh in sambas (west borneo) is indeed identified rightly (cf. op. at., p. 105), we may expect the species to occur in the whole of the northern half of the island. 462 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 specimens examined additional to those cited by me (op. tit., p. 105, 1941). — borneo. n o r t h b o r n e o . west coast res., kudat for. distr., labuan f. r, (san.-a. 3065, keruing daun besar or keruing etoi ; (san.-a. 3073, keruing mengkai or keruing koluh). — east coast res., elopura distr. (sandakan), kabili-sepilok f. r. (san.-a. 73, keruing, fl. buds oct. 1947), in low land, 5—30 m (san.-a. 813 and -a. 899, keruing k(e)lukup, fl. buds june and aug. 1948 resp.). — e a s t b o r n e o . kutei distr., sg. tiram, primary forest on hilly ground on sandy soil, 15 m (66. 32553, keruwing). dipterocarpus exalatus van slooten ex wood dipterocarpus exalatus van slooten ex wood in gard. bull. sing. 17 : 486, 2 fig. 1960. buds (stipules) covered with a dense indumentum of very minute, stellate, yellowish brown hairs. topmost parts of branches brown when dry, flattened or subtriangular, slightly ribbed, conspicuous by amplexicaulous, oblique, small, light-coloured, hairy or glabrous annuli between the leaf-scars and the insertion of the peduncles ; internodes entirely glabrous. leaves brown when dry, chartaceous, oblong, attenuate, acuminate (the acumen 0.5—1 cm long), cuneate towards the base, 14—22 (—25) cm long, 5—9 (—11) cm wide, subcrenate, glabrous, the nerves on the lower surface excepted; midrib not elevated' above, very prominent and finely stellate-pubescent beneath, glabrescent ; main nerves 16—20 pairs, not elevated above, prominent beneath, pubescent as is the midrib or subglabrous, curved near the margins, with a subpersistent internerval plication ; nervules visible on both sides, very slightly raised beneath ; petioles drying blackish, slender, thickened at the top, glabrous, 2—3 cm long. inflorescences slender, whether or not bifurcate, the branches occasionally bifurcated also, flattened, glabrous and drying brown, branches with 4—5 flowers each, up to 14 (—17) cm long; peduncles slender, 2.5—4 cm long ; flowers large, placed on nodes of 2—7 mm in length, from base to top of the branches on distances of (4.5—) 3.5—1 cm from each other, narrowed into the pedicel, which usually is 3 mm (sometimes up to 10 mm) long. calyx tube coriaceous or ligneous, funnel-shaped, passing into the pedicel, 1—1.5 cm long and equally wide at the top, 5-angular with 5 obtuse ridges 0.1—0.2 mm wide running downward to the very base, the sides flat, glabrous on both sides the top of the inner side excepted ; lobes coriaceous, flat at the base and 0.5—0.7 cm wide, glabrous on both sides the central portion in the lower half of the innerside excepted, the 2 larger ones hardly (developed as such or varying in length from a few mm up to 10 mm when dry, linear or oblong, obtuse, abruptly dilated at the base and only a few mm wide, the margins slightly revolute near the base, the 3 smaller ones 3—5 mm long, obtuse, the margins whether or not revolute. petals firmly cohering at the base, prominently obliquespathulate, in the middle abruptly narrowed in the lower half, in the upper half one margin remaining a long time induplicate in bud, rounded at the top, 3.5—4 cm long, in the upper half up to 1.5 cm, near the base 1964] van slooten f: sert. dipterocarpacearum malayensium-vii 463 0.5 cm wide, minutely stellate-tomentose on the parts exposed in bud and on the upper portion inside, many-nerved. stamens 30, about 2 cm long ; filaments 0.5 cm long, the base (0.2 cm) flattened, the upper portion (0.3 cm) filiform ; anthers linear, sagittate at the base, about 0.8—1 cm long ; appendage to connective aciculiformous, fleshy, 5—7 mm long. ovary and stylopodium ovoid, angular to lofoed, densely dark brown hairy in the upper half, about 0.5 cm high ; style conically dilated towards the stylopodium, angular to ribbed, about 1.5 cm long, hairy as is the stylopodium the top (0.5 cm) excepted. mature fruits unknown. the 3 smaller calyx lobes (shortly after blossoming) hardly accrescent ; the 2 larger ones (s.h. 1721) enlaged, subcoriaceous, lanceolate, blunt or rounded at the top, the margins revolute at the very base, glabrous, 3-nerved, the 2 lateral main nerves running up nearly to the top or branching off in the upper third part, 2.5—4 cm long, about 0.75 cm wide. specimens examined. — borneo. n o r t h b o r n e o . sandakan, batu lapan, on top of hill (wood 2267, fl. buds april 1926, caruan) ; papar distr. (west coast res.), kawang mile 18, flat land, 10 m (san.-a. uz5, fl. april 1948, keruing simpor, flowers whitish). tawau distr., st. lucia, tiger hill (san.-a. 2035, fl. march 1948, keruing simpor, flowers whitish yellow). — s o u t h e a s t b o r n e o . berau, inaran, along rivulet in primary forest on level ground (bb. 18424, during the westmonsoon periodically inundated ground on sandy soil, 45 m, karup, very common; 66. 12128, never inundated ground on sandy clay, 75 m, tjempaka utan, rare and growing scattered); betemu-aer, in primary forest on hilly ground on sandy clay, 125 m (66. 18975 and 18978, karup and tabuloh resp., rather common though growing in scattered specimens). upper mahakam, hitaja, in primary forest on steepy ground on sandy soil (66. 20644, isak, rather common, even growing gregariously; buttresses ; bark outside grey, in section red, with little white resin ; sapwood white, fragrant ; heartwood light red, with sharp transition ; fresh wood sinking ; wood used for beams and ledges). kutei (sangkulirang), rapak, in primary forest on steepy ground on sandy clay, 60 m (66. 14616, tempudau, rather common though growing scattered) ; l. puhus, in primary forest on tuft-plateau, 100 m (endert 4855, flowers just fallen off nov. 1925) ; balikpapan, pantailangu (in forest s. luang), along rivulet in primary forest on hilly ground on clayey soil, 20 m (66. 13913, fl. nov. 1929, kambalong, rather common, a few trees growing together) ; s. tunan, in primary forest on level, never inundated ground on sandy clay, 25 m (66. 25609, binawan, rare and growing scattered) ; pemaluan, in primary forest on steepy ground on clayey soil, 80 m (66. 24770, keruwing, rare and growing scattered). pleihari, ketapang, in primary forest on hilly ground on sandy stone, 450 m (66. 13776, fl. buds sept. 1929, tampudau, rather common). — p. l a u t (66. 2087, karang, timber very good). dlpterocaepus rigidus ridl. dipterocarpus rigidus ridl. in j. str. br. roy. as. soc. 82: 171.' 1920; flora mal. pen. 1 : 217. 1922 ; van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 8 : 347. 1927 ; foxworthy in mai. for. rec. 10: 76 plate v. 1932 ; desch in mai. for. rec. 14: 64 plate 29 fig. 3. 1941 ; symington in mai. for. rec. 16 : 187 text-fig. 85. 1943. 464reinwardtia [vol. 5 it is impossible to determine the section of a dipterocarpus with certainty when a species is originally described from flowering material as is the case with d. rigidus (cf. my annotation, op. dt, p. 348—349). it was not until july 1931 that fruiting material was collected in the malay peninsula, and this made it possible to place the species in the section tuberculati. with the supply of material now available the following emendations may be made :— leaves ovate, sometimes elliptic, 14—24 (—34) cm long, 8—16 (—22) cm wide ; sapling leaves elliptic or nearly lanceolate, with 18 or more pairs of nerves. tube of fruiting calyx subglobose, tuberculate, the tubercles sometimes scantily developed, the upper part of tube in such cases sub5-ribbed or sub-5-angled, glabrous, 2.5—3 cm high and 2.5—3 cm in diameter ; accrescent calyx lobes 14—19 cm long, up to 5 cm wide, with 3 principal longitudinal nerves running up to the top or branching off in the upper half, glabrous, the 3 short wings up to 1 cm long. d. rigidus is known from sumatra, the malay peninsula, and borneo, where it is locally not uncommon on hills and ridges from sealevel up to 250 m altitude. though usually being of scattered occurrence, it sometimes grows gregariously (bb. 11557 and 20521). once it has been recorded along the sea coast (bb. 26997). it is not known from the mainland of sumatra, but from riouw i., p. singkep (lingga arch.), and p. djemadja (anambas is.) only. as to the malay peninsula "it occurs only in the east cf the peninsula, having been recorded from coastal hills in trengganu, pahang, and johore" (cf. symington, op. dt.). in borneo it has been found in 4 places of the central part, far remote from each other. vernacular names usually applied to d. rigidus are the following : keruing keluang : pahang ; keruing or keruing kelawar : trengganu ; keruing pekat: johore; ladan or keruwing daun halus and keruwing daun lebar : p. riouw ; keruwing lekit and keruwing merah : lingga arch. specimens examined additional to those cited by me (op. dt., p. 349). — malay peninsula. t r e n g g a n u . dungun distr. (kep. 43055, 44791, and 46501 to 4.6506); paka distr. (kep. 26810, keruing babi; kep. 26746, 26758, 44122 and 44141); kemaman distr. {kep. 26985, 27018, 44110, and 44111). — p a h a n g . k u a n t a n (kep. 6635, 6836, and 17354). — j o h o r e (kep. 1186 and 47086 to 47088). sumatra. r i o u w . riouw i. (66. 26541, 26542, and 26996 to 26998). — lingga arch., p. singkep (66. 11557, keruwing; 66. 28059; ri/i-22). — anambas is., p. djemadja (s.f. 20501, excl. fr. : "very common dipterocarp here"). borneo. s a r a w a k . bintulu (?coll, no. 00261, keruing durian. — e a s t b o r n e o . berau distr. (66. 19153, t u j a n g ; 66. 19159 and 19161, kerup). — dusun distr. (66. 20521, ketjuhi). — upper dyak distr. (bb. 27741, bajan tuwung). 1966] van slootbn f: sert. dipterocarpacea/rum malayensium-vh 465 dipterocarpus sarawakensis van slooten, spec. nov. — fig. 2 type. — ? coll., no. 00005, in kep. gemmae indumento pilorum stellatim fasciculatorum, denso, tactu molli, lucido, fusco ; ramulorum extremitates angulares, pilis subintricatis stellatim dispositis mox sordidescentibus magis vel minus dense vestitae ; ramuli adulti subteretes, glabrescentes. folia coriacea, plana, obovata vel obovato-rhomboidea, 8—10 cm longa, 5½—6 cm lata, apice rotundata vel subtruncata, margine fimbriata vel subglabra, in dimidia parte inferiore integra, superiore superficialiter grosse repanda, pagina superiore iuventute pilis densis adpressis lucidis vestita, statu adulto glabra costa paulum pilosa excepta, pagina inferiore nervis dense subadpresse, venis minute stellato-pilosa, nervis lateralibus 7—9 in nervum intramarginalem non semper conspicuum confluentibus ; petioli robusti, 1—1½ cm longi, pilosi sicut ramulus adultus, glabrescentes. inflorescentiae simplices vel ramosae, 1—3-florae, 3—7 cm longae ; axis gracilis, pilis stellatis lucidis magis vel minus dense vestita, pedunculo ad 3 cm longo; pedicelli ± 3 cm longi, pilosi sicut axis; flores nodo 2—3 mm longo suffulti 1½—2 cm distantes. calycis tubus subcampanulatus, dense stellatim tomentosus, in sicco alis 5 ad basim tubi percurrentibus, 1—2 mm prominentibus ; alae maiores utrinque longe et adpresse pilosae. section: ? alati. specimens examined. — borneo. s e r a w a k. sungei semengoh reserve, in hilly habitat (?coll., no. 00005 in kep., fl. febr. 1925, keruing). dipterocarpus stellatus vesque — fig. 3 dipterocarpus stellatus vesque (1874); van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 8 : 335. 1927. vesque founded his new species on beccari 2555 (fruiting sept. 1866) and 2907 (fruiting dec. 1866), both of which originate from mt. matang in sarawak. in 1927 i had neither seen these specimens, nor the two other ones cited by me (op. cit., p. 336), the correctness of the identification of which i could not guarantee. in examining in 1952 the beccari-numbers from the herbarium of the botanical institute at florence i have found d. stellatus to be a well-defined species. its fruits are identical with those of d. grandiflorus blanco. it is, however, in its leaves entirely distinct because of its coarsely tufted patent pubescence on buds, branches, and petioles, while the large leaves are at most 25 cm long and stellate-hairy on midrib, nerves, veins, and reticulations beneath. the infructescences are very slender, about 20 cm long, usually simple, though sometimes reinwardtia [vol. 5 fig. 2. dipierocarpus sardwakensis van slooten. — a: flowering branch (x ¾). b: branchlet just after blossoming (x ¾). — drawing after icoll, no, 00005, 196jl] van slooten f: serl. dipterocarpacearum malayensium-vh 467 fig. 3. dipterocarpus stellatus vesque. — fruiting twig with infructescence, leaf, and young fruit (all x ½). 4 6 8 reinwardtia [vol. 5 bifurcate, and quite glabrous, the peduncle (up to 5.5 cm long) whether or not excepted. the fruits are placed on nodes and 3—4.5 cm spaced ; they are essentially similar to those of d. grandiflorus although the accrescent calyx lobes are a little shorter and the wings of the calyx tube somewhat narrower ; they are, however, not yet mature. dyer's remark (op. cit., p. 336) that the fruit of dstellatus only differs from that of d. grandiflorus in having the enlarged lobes more distinctly 3-nerved, does not hold good as the two lateral principal nerves are differing in length in various specimens of d. grandiflorus. it occurs hardly ever that the fruits of different species of dipterocarpus bear such a striking resemblance to each other, and at first sight one cannot but gain the impression, that d. stellatus is of hybrid origin and that d. grandiflorus is distinctly indicated as one of the parents. the ether parent must then be another large-leaved dipterocarpus. this might be the more likely as hybrids between d. grandiflorus and some other species of dipterocarpus seem to occur (cf. parkinson in ind. for. rec. 13 : 11. 1927 ; 16 : 2 and 7. 1931). parkinson may rightly be of opinion that various species of this genus hybridize freely in nature ; yet in the case of d. stellatus the difficulty remains that i am unable to indicate the other parent, as no other large-leaved dipterocarpus is known to me from mt. matang. moreover, both parents ought to occur commonly where d. stellatus has been found. as to d. grandiflorus it has only been once collected here, and d. stellatus itself twice, viz the materials here in discussion. this is not in accordance with its being a hybrid.1 dipterocarpus tempehes van slooten, spec. nov. — fig. 4 type. — rutten 126, in u. d. appendiculato scheff. e sectione alatis gemmis gracilibus, foliorum plicatorum forma et indumento petiolorumque longitudine similis, sed inflorescentiis confertis, tubo calycis cylindrico, fructibus exalatis distinguendus. section : sphaerales. buds and topmost parts of branchlets covered by an indumentum of minute stellate-tufted yellowish green or yellowish brown hairs. branchlets and younger parts of branches flattened. leaves brown or reddish brown when dry, subcoriaceous, elliptic or subobovate-elliptic, 7—9 cm long, 4—6 cm wide, acuminate, the acumen blunt and about 0.5 cm long, glabrous when adult the nerves on the lower surface excepted ; midrib sunken 'dipterocarpus stellatus is now known from several localities in north borneo : jambongan i., kinabatangan r., sandakap, and tawau. — w.m. 1961] van slooten f: sert. dipterocarpacearwm malayensium-vii 469 fig. 4. dipterocarpus tempehes van slooten. — a: flowering branch (x ¾)• — b: flower bud (x 1½). — c : expanding flower (x 1½). — d: calyx-tube, partly removed to..show.stamens (x 1½). — e,:. stamens._(x 3 )., — f: calyx-tube . partly removed to show ovary (x 2¼). — drawing"after rutten 126. 470 reinwardtia [vol. 5 above, prominent and appressed beneath, glabrescent ; main nerves 8—10 pairs, sunken above, elevated beneath, pubescent as is the midrib, finally glabrous, forming a rather sharp angle with the midrib, with a subpersistent internerval plication ; nervules visible beneath, glabrous ; petioles yellowish green or yellowish-brown pilose, glabrescent, rather robust, one-sided grooved, 1 cm long. inflorescences short, whether or not ramified, flattened, yellowish green or yellowish brown pilose ; peduncle up to 1.5 cm long ; branches 4—5 flowered, 3—4 cm long ; bracts and bracteoles unknown. flowers sessile, on very short nodes, 1—0.5 cm spaced. calyx tube ligneous, cylindrical, rounded at the base and passing into the pedicel, 1 cm long, 0.8 cm in diam., smooth and without ribs or ridges, glabrous, the lobes hardly developed and so the calyx tube subtruncate or the margin slightly undulate. petals firmly cohering at the base, prominently oblique-spathulate, in the middle narrowed in the lower half, in the upper half induplicate, rounded at the top, 3.5 cm long, in the upper half about 1 cm wide, near the base about 0.5 cm wide, minutely stellate-tomentose on the parts exposed in bud and on the upper portion inside, many-nerved. stamens 25—32, about 1.5 cm long ; filaments about 0.5 cm long, the base (0.3 cm) flattened, the upper portion (0.2 cm) filiform ; anthers linear, slightly sagittate at the base, 0.4—0.5 cm long as is the appendage to the connective. ovary and stylopodium broadly ovoid, lobed, densely light brown tomentose the base included, about 0.15 cm high, attenuate into the style ; style filiform, about 1.1 cm long, hairy as is the ovarium, the top (0.5 cm), which is gradually thickened towards the end excepted. fruits unknown . specimens examined. — borneo. s o u t h e a s t b o r n e o . tidung lands, paimulang (?), in primary forest on level, never inundated ground on clayey soil (66. 17840, kerup, rather rare, a few trees growing together). bulungan, along the river sadjau (rutten 35 and 126, in u). berau, betemu-aer, in primary forest on steepy ground on sandy clay, 25 m (66. 19032, karup, rare, though growing scattered). puruktjahu, dirung pundu, along river in primary forest on level, never inundated ground on clayey soil, 60 m (66. 9953, badjan uhit, very rare and growing scattered). kutei, long beleh (sg. belajan), along river in primary forest on level, never inundated ground on clayey soil, 30 m (66. 23927, tempehes, rather common, a few trees growing together); sg. senteken, along rivulet in primary forest on level, periodically during the westmonsoon by fresh water inundated ground on clayey soil, 50 m (66. 24007 to 24012 incl., tempehes, rather common, a few trees growing together, bark with a small or large quantity of white resin). sampit, sangsang, in primary forest on never inundated ground on clayey soil, 30 m (66. 10543, bajan, common, a few trees growing together). dipterocarpus ursinus van slooten, spec. nov. — fig. 5 type, — emondt i (= bb. 57). species nova conspicua foliis maximis suborbiculatis vel obovatis, gemmarum ramulorum petiolorum et pedunculorum rachidumque in1966] van slooten f: sert. dipterocarpacearum malay ensium-v 11 471 fig. 5. dipterocarpus ursinus van slooten. — twigs with leaves (x ½), one petal (nat. size), three anthers (x 2), fruiting calyx (nat. size). 472 reinwardtia [vol. 5 dumento densissimo longe stellato-hirsuto pellem ursinam imitante et inflorescentiis brevissimis robustis facile distinguenda. fructus ignoti. section : ?angulati. buds (stipules), branehlets, branches, petioles, peduncles, and ramifications of inflorescences very densely fuscohispidous by penicillate tufts of long, soft, spreading, shining, (yellowish-) brown hairs, drying dark, the tufts subpersistent, branches and petioles finally glabrous. stipules amplexicaulous, very large, obviously greatly varying in shape and length, up to 12 cm long and 6 cm wide, glabrous inside, with numerous nerves. leaves chartaceous or papyraceous, suborbicular-obovate, rarely suboval, rounded at the top, slightly cuneate towards the obtuse or subtruncate base, 25—35 cm long, 23—28 cm wide, either glabrous on both sides the very base of the midrib whether or not excepted, or midrib and main nerves pubescent and ultimately glabrous ; midrib not elevated above, very prominent beneath ; main nerves 13—18 pairs, not elevated above, prominent beneath, their insertions 2—2.5 cm spaced', curved near the margin, with a subpersistent internerval plication ; nervules visible on both sides, slightly elevated beneath, forming conspicuous parallel lines ; petioles very robust, thickened at the top, ultimately glabrous, 5—8 cm long. inflorescences robust, usually simple, short and stout, about 7 cm long, 4—7 flowered ; peduncle short and thick, up to 3 cm long ; rachis thinner and less densely hirsute ; flowers from base to top 2—0.5 cm spaced. mature flowers unknown, only shortly pedicelled flower buds being present. calyx tube ligneous, funnel-shaped , 1 cm long, at the top about 1 cm in diam, sub-5-angular though without conspicuous ridges, shrivelled, brownish stellate-pubescent, very soon glabrescent ; lobes fleshy, at the base flat and 7—8 mm wide, slightly stellate-pubescent on both sides, very soon glabrous the central portion in the lower part of the inner side excepted, the 2 larger ones linear, rounded at the top, with 3 main nerves running up to the very top, up to 3 cm long, the margins revolute at the base, slightly crispy in the upper half, the 3 smaller ones 1—1.5 cm long, obtuse, the margins revolute up to the top. petals linear-spathulate, rounded at the top, minutely yellowish brown stellate-tomentose outside, the inner side finely pubescent in the upper half, 3.5—4 cm long, 0.5 cm wide at the base, about 1.2—1.5 cm wide near the top. stamens 32 ; filaments flattened below, filiform in the upper portion; anthers linear, about 0.5 cm long ; appendage to connective 0.3—0.4 cm long (the rest too immature for description). with its thick branches with an extremely dense and coarse indument consisting of large tufts of long stellate hairs, which strongly remind of a bear's fur and which also occur on the buds, petioles and the inflorescences, as well as by its extremely large leaves which are often nearly orbicular or broadly obovate (in this respect reminding those of d. confertus van slooten), this tree must be a very conspicuous and beautiful one in the 196^] van slooten f: sert. dipterocarpacearum malayensium^v'ii 473 field. though it had already been collected in 1914 and later on in 1921 and 1923, i did not describe it due to lack of fruits, which are needed for establishing the section to which the species belongs. though new collections are not available i do not wish to postpone a description much longer where a species is concerned which is very distinct by the characters named above. it may belong to the section angulati; however, nothing can be predicted with certainty about the development of the calyx tube which is strongly shrivelled in bud. d. ursinus is a tree of the primary forests of the northern half of sumatra, occurring on dry, level, land or on hills, obviously on clay, reaching an altitude of 600 m. locally it can be very common though always growing in small groups. the biggest tree collected (bb. 5623) is 35 m tall, its bole reaching a height of 23 m ; of bb. 5339 the bole was 21 m high, the tree 27 m overall. the bark contains a small quantity of blackish resin. specimens examined. — sumatra. a t c h i n. langsa distr., west peureula (emondt i = 66. 57, lagan) ; singkel distr., m. batu batu (66. 1791, lagan). — t a p a n u l i . angkola and sipirok distr., sajur matinggi, 600 m (66. 5623, lagan). — e a s t c o a s t of s u m a t r a . simelungun distr., besar maligas, 50 m (66. 5339, damar ranggas). . — dipterocarpus warburgil b r a n d i s dipterocarpus warburgii brandis in j. linn. soc, bot., 31: 32. 1895; poxworthy in leafl. philip. bot. 6 : 1952. 1913 ; in philip. j. sc, bot. 13 : 178, 1918 ; merrill, enum. philip. fl. pi. 3 : 91. 1923 ; van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 8 : 305. 1927 ; foxworthy in philip j. sc. 67 : 256. 1938 (excl. syn. d. caudiferus merr. and d. macrorrhinus van slooten). ? dipterocarpus elongatus korth., verh. nat. gesch. ned. overz. bez., bot. ("kruidkunde"), 62. 1839-'42 ; blume, mus. bot. 2 : 36. 1852 ; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 12 : 498. 1859; annales lugd.bat. 3 : 83 and 85. 1867; de candolle, prodr. 162 : 613. 1868 ; dyer in j. bot. 12 : 108. 1874 ; burck in ann. jard. bot. buitenz. 6 : 203. 1887 ; brandis in j. linn. soc, bot., 31 : 40. 1895 ; merrill, bibl. enum. born. pl, 398. 1921 ; van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 8 : 272. 1927. dipterocarpus pilosus (non roxb.) ; f.-vill., noviss. app., 20. 1880 ; vidal, syn. atlas 15 : pi. it fig. c. 1883 ; foxworthy in philip. j. sc, bot., 6 : 244 pi. 34. 1911 (excl. syn. d. baudii korth., ? anisoptera palembanica miq., and. d. macroearpus vesque) ; in philip j. sc, bot., 13 : 176. 1918. ? dipterocarpus affinis brandis in j. linn. soc, bot., 31 : 31. 1895 ; whitford in bur. for. bull. 10 2 : 70 pi. 72 and 73. 1911 ; foxworthy in philip j. sc, bot., 6 : 246 pi. 35. 1911; in philip. j. sc, bot., 13: 176. 1918; merrill, enum. philip. fl. pi. 3: 88. 1923. dipterocarpus lasiopodus perkins, frag. fl. philip., 22. 1904 ; merrill in govt. lab. publ. 29 : 30. 1905 ; enum. philip. fl. pi. 3 : 90. 1923 ; reyes in philip. j. sc 22: 322 pi. 13. 1923. 4 7 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [ v o l . 5 dipterocarpus woodii merr. in philip. j. sc. 29 : 399. 1926 ; van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 8 : 303. 1927. the type specimens of d. elongatus korth. (910-62—130 and 902.146—101 in l, and 35952 in u) consist of juvenile leaves (40—53 by 17—18 cm, and 30—36 pairs of nerves) with a dense indument on stipules, petioles, and young twigs. this indument consists of penicillate tufts of long, coarse, stiff hairs. brandis (op. cit., p. 32) has already pointed out that d. elongatus "agrees well with d. affinis, and it is not impossible that more complete specimens of the two species may show their identity, in which case korthals's name will take precedence". in my opinion this conspecificity is very likely, but the fact remains that because of the inadequacy of the types of both d. elongate and d. af finis the synonymy will remain disputable and can never be settled with certainty. i agree therefore with foxworthy (op. cit., p. 257. 1938) to accept the name d. warburgii, which is unambiguous.1 as to d. woodii merr. i can see no reason for keeping it distinct. in d. woodii the lower parts of the axes of infructescences are quite glabrous, indeed, but this may also occur exceptionally in d. warburgii. the type and only specimen of d. woodii has immature fruits (still) without protuberances. in d. warburgii these tubercles may be developed very superficially. such fruits could be considered to be intermediate between the sections sphaerales and tuberculati. well-developed fruits, however, undubitably place it in the last mentioned section. tree up to 45 m tall without or with buttresses up to 3 m high. wood (moderately) hard, stiff, strong and heavy, containing a great quantity of sticky clear resin, which exudes from the sapwood ; sapwood cream or pale yellow when fresh ; heartwood dark or reddish brown ; timber good, hard to saw owing to the resin, used for making native canoes (bancas) and for house building constructional purposes ; the resin is used locally for torches. d. warburgii has been found in the eastern half of borneo from south to north2, while it is "uniformly distributed throughout the philippines where the dry season is not pronounced" (whitford, op. cit). it grows always in primary forests on clayey or sandy soil. though sometimes 1 van slooten considered the leaves of d. elongatus to have been derived from juvenile trees. i have seen these specimens and share his opinion. in the field it has appeared, however, that it is more likely that they belong to d. humeratus van slooten. i agree with him not to replace d. warburgii by d. elongatus. w.m. this shows the wisdom of our careful, experienced former colleague. — ed. 2 number bb. 7855, mentioned by me (op. cit., p. 306) and originating from west borneo, has turned out to belong to d. apterus foxw. van slooten f: sert. dipterocarpacearum malayensium-vll 475 occurring in the plains on level ground or on the lower slopes of ridges, it frequents flat land near or along rivers which during the wet monsoon is periodically inundated, or it grows in swampy forest or in peat. in my opinion korthals was not justified to state that the habitat of the trees of d. elongatus, which he collected at the river punin, a tributary of the barito river, was not original as they would have originated from fruits washed down. according to foxworthy (op. dt., p. 258. 1938) "it is perhaps most often found on alluvial soil, usually in tolerably well-drained situations. a few collections were said to have been made from limestone hills". locally d.warburgii is (fairly) common, growing in scattered specimens, though it is also reported as occurring "very common, growing gregariously", both in borneo (bb. 12082 and 20018) and in the philippines. in borneo it occurs between 2 and 100 m altitude ; in the philippines it is said to occur up to about 150 m. the period of flowering lasts from april to december, that of fruiting from june to march. reliable vernacular names, which are locally in general use, are the following : kesugoi or kesugui : north borneo ; karup or kerup : northeastern part of borneo ; tampudau or tempudau, and (damar) kaladan or (damar) keladan : from kutei to the south. s p e c i m e n s e x a m i n e d . — b o r n e o . n o r t h b o r n e o . b a n g u e y i . ( c a s t r o & melegrito 1404, fr. june 1923, type of d. woodii merr.). — tiga is. (san. 2753). — labuan and interior res. kiaroh (san. 2962) ; mengalong f.r. (san. 3188). — east coast res. kinabatangan besar (san.-a. 2140, keruing), lahad datu (san.-a. 272, -a. 274, and -a. 2492, keruing klukup), marotai (san. 3691, keruing). — s o u t h e a s t b o r n e o . tidung lands (66. 22865, karubung ; b6. 26236, kerubung pandjang daun), p. nunukan (66. 19783, keruwing ; 66. 20018). — berau distr. (66. 11525 and 12082). —kutei distr. (66. 7129 ; endert 1801, and 1802, selekep ; 66. 14965, 15612, 15614, 24001 to 24006, and 33705). — lower dyak distr. (? korthals s.n. in l., sub no. 910.62—130, type of d. elongatus korth. ; 66. 2095, 5549, 8201, and 9434). — marabahan distr. (66. 1147). — tanahbumbu distr. (van slooten 2109). philippines. distributed throughout the archipelago from the north to the south (i.a. ? vidal 82 from province of camarines, luzon, type of d. affinis brandis, and merrill z031 from province of tayabas, luzon, type of d. lasiopodus perkins). deyobalanops keithii symington. — fig. 6 dryobalanops keithii sym. in gard. bull. str. settl. 10 : 379. 1939 ; van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 16 : 449. 1940. type. — for. dept. f. m. s. 44382 (= san. 9070). the species was originally described in 1939 by symington from a collection by keith in north borneo with immature fruits. in 1940 i could 476 reinwardtia [vol. 5 add some other collections all being, however, sterile. on the basis of 2 sheets of this species from north borneo, viz a. 2587 and a. 1444, the former in flower, the latter in fruit, the following emended description of the flowers and fruit can now be drawn : fig. 6. mature fruit (nat. size) of dryobalanops keithii sym., after a. from br. n. borneo. inflorescences glabrous, up to 20 cm long ; peduncles about 2 cm long ; solitary branches 3—4-flowered, 2—3 cm long, provided with caducous bracts and semi-persistent, glabrous, paired bracteoles which subtend the flowers. flowers pedicelled ; pedicels glabrous, grooved and ribbed when dry, 2—3 mm long, dilated towards and gradually passing into the glabrous calyx tube which is 3 mm long. calyx lobes spreading during anthesis, ovate-oblong, 6 mm long, 4 mm wide at the base, attenuate, obtuse, glabrous, many-nerved. petals lanceolate, attenuate towards both ends, glabrous, 1.5 cm long, above the very base 0.5 cm wide. stamens 25 (a single flower examined), glabrous, 6—7 mm long ; filaments about 3 mm long, the filiform portion very short ; anthers linear, 3—4 mm long ; appendage of connective less than 1 mm long. ovary conoidal, about 1.5 mm high, glabrous, passing into the glabrous style about 7.5 mm long. fruiting 1966] van slootbn f: sert. dipterocarpacearum malay enaium-v 11 477 calyx tube and stalk about 1 cm long, glabrous ; lobes equal, obovateelliptic, the apex rounded or obtuse, glabrous, 4—4.5 cm long, 2 cm wide, the narrow base less than 1 cm wide, many-nerved. nut ligneous, subglobular, somewhat flattened at the top, crowned by the basal part of the style, glabrous, about 2 cm in diameter. the duplicate of a. 1444 in bo bears a single fruit with 6 wings which is of course an abnormality. specimens examined additional to those cited by me in this bulletin (op. c i t . , p. 449). — borneo. n o r t h b o r n e o . elopura distr., along the gomantong track, 15 m (san.-. 1444, gumpait or kapur merah, tree about 25 m high, "wood hard and heavy, it does not have the characteristic of kapur ; sapwood whitish or yellowish, distinct from heartwood, heartwood light to dark reddish brown turning darker on exposure"), gomantong f.r., level land (san.-a. 2598, gampahit, fl. june 1949, tree about 21 m high, flowers yellowish white). hopea forbesii (brandis) van slooten, comb. nov. shorea forbesii brandis (1895) ; van slooten in reinwardtia 2 : 61, 3.1952. shortly after the publication of my sertulum dipterocarpacearum — v (1. e.) i received a fruiting specimen of this species (ngf 4151) which settled the question about its true status (op. eit., p. 63). symington's assumption has turned out to be right. it was at once clear that shorea forbesii has to be referred to the genus hopea. i wrote "that the third sepal immediately after blossoming attains the shape of the two outer ones ; apparently it will grow out to a third large segment". this remark has proved to be founded on an exact observation. the fruit may, indeed, differ from a normal hopea fruit in having sometimes the third sepal much longer than the two other inner ones, which remain shorter than the nut. the description of the species now may be emended with that of the fruit as follows : fruit a 2-winged nut, all parts glabrous ; stalk short but prominent, about 1 mm long ; 2 outer calyx lobes chartaceous, spathulate, 5—7 cm long, about 1 cm wide near the rounded: top, very narrow towards the base, the very base rather woody and closely appressed to the lower part of the nut, 7-nerved ; 3 inner lobes broad, irregular or acute at the apex, not enlarged beyond the lower three-fourth of the ripe nut, 1—1.4 cm long, one of these sometimes developed into a short rudimentary wing 1 cm long or less. nut ovate-conical, up to 1.5 cm long, attenuate, crowned by a short but prominent sharp apiculus whether or not shining with a resinous coating, the lower two-third of it closely embraced by the imbricate inner lobes, free on the upper third. the number of shorea species from new guinea has by this reduction been decreased from three to only two, both unnamed, viz a probably new 478 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 species in west new guinea and another one in central new guinea which cannot yet be described (op. cit., p. 3, 5, and 61-63). specimens examined additional to those cited by me (op. cit., p. 63). — n e w guinea. e a s t e r n p a r t . vanapa area, koitaki forest, 450 m (carr 12550, fl. j u n e 1935) ; sogeri region (ngf 2794 and 4151, fr. july 1951 ; tree 37 m high, scarcely buttressed ; sap-wood undefined, fairly easy splitting). parashorea aptera van slooten parashorea aptera van slooten in bull. j a r d . bot. buitenz. i l l , 8 : 377 fig. 3. 1927, non p. aptera sensu foxworthy in mai. for. rec. 10 : 243. 1932. since 1927 herbarium materials of this sumatran species have accumulated considerably. together with those already cited by me (op. cit., p. 379) they are listed below. the species is not known from outside sumatra and is closely related to p. densiflora van slooten & symington (in gard. bull. str. settl. 10 : 373 plate 24. 1939), which has so far only been recorded from the malay peninsula and was formerly confused with p. aptera by foxworthy (i.e.). p. aptera occurs in the central part of sumatra, where it is locally (rather) common and of scattered occurrence on flat land or on hills, usually growing on dry ground from 5—100 m above sealevel, ascending to 350 m. exceptionally it grows on ground that is periodically inundated during the westmonsoon (bb. 264-77 and 26500), or on boggy clay along marsh (bb. 2764-6). once it was recorded growing gregariously (bb. 23475). in the labuanbatu district (eastcoast of sumatra) p. aptera is known as tjengal, while for the kuantan district and the indragiri uplands (riouw) the vernacular names kujung and te(m)balun are recorded. specimens examined. — sumatra. e a s t c o a s t o f s u m a t r a . labuanbatu distr. (66. 8974, meranti horsik ; 66. 32755 to 32762, and 66. 32813 to 32816); siak (66. 90, maribol). — w e s t c o a s t o f s u m a t r a . sidjundjung distr. (66. 23008, lakung), bangkinang (66. 23016, mantidaun; 66. 32697, meranti merebu). — r i o u w . kuantan distr. (66. 23475, 24808, 24830, 26477, 26500, and 27668) ; indragiri uplands (66. 27553, 27646, and 28584). — p a l e m b a n g . rawas distr. (dumas 1629, ngerawan batu ; grashoff 1028, marakunjit lawang). vatica imbricata van slooten vatica imbricata van slooten in bull. j a r d . bot. buitenz. i l l , 16 : 452. 1940. this species has to be reduced. a long time ago symington drew my attention to the fact that the specimen in question (san. 2587 from brunei) represents a kayea (guttiferae). species of this genus may be locally common in the dipterocarp forests. obviously i have been confused 196^] van slooten f: sert. dipterocarpacewrum malayensiwny-vll 479 by the native name resak bunga, in north borneo used for various species of vatica. vatica ramiplora van slooten vatica ramiflora van slooten in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 9 : 118. 1927 ; in bull. bot. gard. buitenz. ill, 17 : 240. 1942. i founded my species upon some collections made by elmer in north borneo. up till the present nothing could be added to our knowledge concerning the distribution of the species. two other collections from the southern part of southeast borneo and cited below, i now consider to belong to it as the size of their leaves, the number of their nerves, the compactness of their inflorescences, and other characters are very similar, although v. ramiflora is lacking their distinct shining pubescence along midrib and main nerves. specimens examined additional to those cited by me (ll. cc, p. 119 and 241). — borneo. s o u t h e a s t b o r n e o . pleihari distr., kintap, primary forest on level dry ground, 150 m (66. 13470, fl. nov. 1928, damar tingkis or tjangal padi ; rather common). — p. l a u t . tj. serdang, along the pinang rivulet in primary forest on hilly ground, 25m (6b. 14089, fl. dec. 1929, damar tingkis ; common). index op scientific names and synonyms (synonyms in italics, new species and combinations in bold type ; an asterisk means the presence of a figure) anisoptera palembanica miq. 473 dipterocarpus acutangulus vesque 457 affinis brandis 473, 474 appendiculatus scheff. 458, 468 apterus foxw. 474 baudii korth. 473 caudiferus merr. 459, 473 confertus van slooten * 460, 461 elongatus korth. 473, 474, 475 exalatus van slooten 462 grandiflorus blanco 468 humeratus van slooten 474 lasiopodus perk. 473 macrocarpus vesque 473 macrorrhinus van slooten 459, 473 micropterus dyer 458 pilosus (non roxb.) f.-vill. 473 rigidus ridl. 463 sarawakensis van slooten * 465, 466 stellatus vesque 465, 467, 468. tempehes van slooten * 468, 469 ursinus van slooten * 470, 471 warburgii brandis 459, 473, 474, 475 woodii merr. 474 dryobalanops keithii sym * 475, 476 hopea forbesii (brandis) van slooten 477 kayea sp. 478 parashorea aptera van slooten 478 densiflora sloot. & sym. 478 shorea forbesii brandis 477 vatica imbricata van slooten 478 ramiflora van slooten 479 img567_page_01 img567_page_02 img567_page_03 img567_page_04 img567_page_05 img567_page_06 img567_page_07 img567_page_08 img567_page_09 img567_page_10 img567_page_11 img567_page_12 img567_page_13 img567_page_14 img567_page_15 img567_page_16 img567_page_17 img567_page_18 img567_page_19 img567_page_20 img567_page_21 img567_page_22 img567_page_23 reinwardtia vol. 10, part 4. pp. 471 (1988) laumoniera h.p. nooteboom (simaroubaceae) reduced to brucea j.f. mill. a.j.g.h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesiaabstract comparison of all the collected material, together with the cursory description of laumoniera nooteboom, made it clear that the only difference with the genus brucea is the shape of the stigma. this is not considered to be at the generic level and the genus is sunk into brucea and the species renamed brucea bruceadelpha (nooteboom) kostermans, comb, nov. nooteboom (in blumea 32:383-384) stated that laumoniera, closely related to brucea, differs from the latter by the paripinnate leaves, the stigmas being connate and discoid and the fruit much larger. the last character can be discarded, as it is not a generic character. moreover the fruit are in shape and texture exactly like those of brucea. in the material which i could examine thanks to the cooperation of dr. laumonier (two collections: laumonier 5727 and torquebiau 202), both from jambi province, sumatra, there are 50 per cent pinnate and 50 percent imparipinnate leaves. the leaflets show a few tiny glands on the lower surface, but nooteboom omitted to mention, that they are not opposite and although brucea javanica has as a rule serrate leaflets, in br. mollissima they are entire. the only remaining difference is the shape of the stigmas and this is not a character of generic value. in the genus quassia (nooteboom in-fl. males., ser. 1, 6(2): 198.1962) species are incorporated with both pari and imparipinnate leaves and the fact that both occur on the same tree in brucea bruceadelpha, proves that it is not even a character at the specific level. moreover in quassia there are species with entire leaves. in the same genus species occur with lobed and with capitate stigmas. brucea bruceadelpha (nooteboom) kostermans, comb. nov. (basionym: laumoniera bruceadelpha nooteboom in blumea 32: 383. 1987). the fresh fruit is smooth and glossy. in torquebiau's specimen (jambi, batang ulu, w. of muarabungo, tree 14 m, dbh 18 cm, jan., fr., torquebiau 202 in b o ) the fruit are elongate, pear-shaped, 7 x 4 cm; the largest fruit found in laumonier's material was 7 x 4 cm. the holo-type was collected in january. 471 10(5) 471 binder cover-100_page_015 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, p a r t i , pp. 93 9 6 (1982) two new species of acronychia (rutaceae) from new guinea * t. g. hartley herbarium australiense, c.s.i.r.o. division of plant industry, canberra, a.c.t. 2601, australia abstract two new species of acronychia from new guinea, a. glauca hartley and a. wisseliana hartley, are described and illustrated. abstrak dua jenis baru acronychia dari irian, a. glauea hartley and a. wisseliana hartley dipertelakan dan digambar. since the publication of a revision of acronychia (hartley, 1974), i have examined a number of additional collections of the genus. among these are the following two new species from new guinea. acronychia glauca hartley, sp. nov. — fig. 1 a, b. frutex 0.5 m altus; ramulis glabris, manifeste glaucis; foliis unifoliolatis; petiolo glabro, manifeste glauco, 0.2—0.5 cm longo; foliolo coriaceo, glauco (praecipue in costa), elliptico. 2—3.5 cm longo, 1—1.8 cm lato, basi acuto vel cuneato, apice obtuso vel obtuse acuminato, acumine usque 0.5 cm longo, venis primariis utrinsecus costae 6—9; inflorescentiis unifloris, 0.8-—1 cm longis, axe puberulo, mox glauco, pedicello subtiliteiadpresse pubescenti, ca 2 mm longo; floribus ca 4 mm longis; sepalis subtiliter adpresse pubescentibus, rotundatis, 0.6—0.8 mm longis, 1.2—1.4 mm latis; petalis abaxialiter adpresse pubescentibus, adaxialiter glabris; disco glabro, ca 0.2 mm alto, 1.2 mm lato; ovario dense pubescenti, sine fissuris septicidalibus; stylo glabro; fructibus non visis. holotypus: sleumer & vink bw 14188 (canb). a proposal to conserve the generic name acronychia j.r. & g. forster against jambolifera l. (hartley in taxon 23: 435-437. 1974). was accepted by the la.p.t. committee on spermatophyta (taxon 24: 247. 1975), and has been incorporated into the most recent edition of the international code of botanical nomenclature (reg. veg. 97. 1978). 9 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 shrub 0.5 m high; branchlets glabrous, manifestly glaucous. leaves unifoliolate; petiole glabrous, manifestly glaucous, 0.2—0.5 cm long; leaflet coriaceous, glaucous (mainly on the midrib), elliptic, 2—3.5 cm long, 1—1.8 cm wide, the base acute to cuneate, the apex obtuse to obtusely acuminate, the acumen to 0.5 cm long, the main veins 6 to 9 on each side of the midrib. inflorescences 1-flowered. 0.8—1 cm long; axis puberulent, soon becoming glaucous; pedicel finely aporessed pubescent, about 2 mm long. flowers about 4 mm long; sepals finely appressed pubescent, rounded, 0.6—0.8 mm long, 1.2—1.4 mm wide; petals appressed pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially; disc glabrous, about 0.2 mm high, 1.2 mm wide; ovary densely pubescent, without septicidal fissures; style glabrous. fruits not seen. distribution: known only from the type collection. irian jaya. vogelkop peninsula: arfak mountains, angi lakes, angi gita lake, mt. sensenemes, common in open fire-vegetation with low scrub, 2400 m, sleumer & vink bw u188 (canb, holotype). this species appears to be most closely related to acronychia arfukensis gibbs, which is known only from mt. koebre, arfak mountains. the main differences between the two are that here the branchlets and petioles are strongly glaucous and the ovary is entirely pubescent whereas in a arfakensis these vegetative parts are not noticeably glaucous and the ovary is entirely glabrous or with a few hairs only at the apex. acronychia wisseliana hartley, sp. nov. — fig. 1 c-f. frutex(?); ramulis glabris, mox suberosis; foliis trifoliolatis (foliis infrequentibus unifoliolatis) ; petiolo glabro, 0.4—1.4 cm longo; foliolis subcoriaceis vel coriaceis, glabris, ellipticis vel elliptico-oblongis, 1.8—3.5 cm longis, 0.8—1.5 cm latis, basi acutis vel cuneatis, apice obtusis vel retusis, venis primariis utrinsecus costae 8—10; inflorescentiis unifloris vel paucifloris, 1.2—3 cm iongis, axe et ramis glabratis, pedicellis subtiliter adpresse pubescentibus, 3.5—4 mm longis; floribus 6.5 mm longis; serai's glabratis, rotundatis 0.5—0.7 mm longis, 0.8—1 mm latis; petalis abaxialiter subtiliter adpresse pubescentibus, adaxialiter glabris; disco glabro, 0.6 mm alto, 1.3 mm lato; ovario glabro, fissuris scoticidalibus ca 1/8 longitudine extensis; stylo basin versus pubescenti, aliter glabro; fructibus in sicco rubiginosis glabris, fissuris septicidalibus ca 1/3 longitudine extensis, subglobosis, ca 8 mm latis, basi et apice rotundatis; epicarpio in sicco ca 1.5 mm crasso, mesocarpio subligneo; endocarpio cartilagineo; seminibus nigricantibus, ca 3 mm longis. holotypus: eyma 4802 (bo). shrub(?); branchlets glabrous, soon developing cork tissue. leaves trifoliolate (occasional leaves unifoliolate) ; petiole glabrous, 0.4—1.4 cm long; leaflets subcoriaceous to coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic to ellipticoblong, 1.8—3.5 cm long, 0.8—1.5 cm wide, the base acute to cuneate, the 1982] hartley: new acronyehia 6 mm. fig. 1. new species of acronyehia. a, b, a. glauca hartley: a, flowering branchlet; b, flower with one petal and three stamens removed (both drawn from sleumer & vink bw 14188). c-f, a, wisseliana hartley: c, flowering branchlet; d, flower with one petal and three stamens removed; e, fruit; f, fruit in diagrammatic cross section showing outer fleshy exocarp, subwoody mesocarp (stippled), and the four locules, one containing a seed showing seed coat (hatched) and embryo surrounded by endosperm (all drawn from eyma 4802). 96 reinwardtia tvoii ilo apex obtuse to retuse, the main veins 8 to 10 on each side of the midrib. inflorescences one to few-flowered, 1.2—3 cm long; axis and branches glabrate; pedicels finely appressed pubescent, 3.5—4 mm long. flowers 6.5 mm long; sepals glabrate, rounded, 0.5—0.7 mm long, 0.8—1 mm wide; petals finely appressed pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially; disc glabrous, 0.6 mm high, 1.3 mm wide; ovary glabrous, with septicidal fissures extending for about one third the length; style pubescent toward the base, otherwise glabrous; fruits drying reddish brown, glabrous, with septicidal fissures extending for about one third the length, subglobose, about 8 mm wide, the base and apex rounded; epicarp drying about 1.5 mm thick, the mesocarp subwoody; endocarp cartilaginous. seeds blackish, about 3 mm long. distribution. known only from the type collection. irian jaya. wissel lake region, enarotali-koegapa, heath vegetation egogitoagapa [elevation probably about 1800 m] eyma 1802 (bo, holotype). this species appears to be most closely related to acronycma trifoliolata zoll. & mor. var. trifoliolata — a generally more lowland plant which ranges from java and christmas island east, discontinuously, to the solomon islands — from which it differs mainly in having shorter petioles, smaller leaflets, and usually smaller inflorescences. also, the branchlets here have well developed cork tissue, a feature i have not seen in any of the other species of acronycma. literature cited hartley, t. g. (1974). a revision of the genus acronycma (rutaceae). in j. arnold arb. 55: 469—523, 525—567. 10(1) 257 binder cover-100_page_007 reinwardtia_13_1_101209 + dftar isi+new r e in w a r d ti a 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology r e in w a r d ti a 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia 68 [vol.13 begonia watuwilensis girmansyah begonia mekonggensis girmansyah & wiriadinata reinwardtia vol 13, part 1, pp: 69 − 74 69 two new species and one new subspecies of begonia (begoniaceae) from southeast sulawesi, sulawesi, indonesia received june 8, 2009; accepted june 16, 2009 deden girmansyah herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology–lipi, jl. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail: deden_bo@yahoo.com harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology–lipi, jl. raya jakarta km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail: harry_wiria@yahoo.com daniel c. thomas royal botanic garden edinburgh, 20a inverleith row, edinburgh eh3 5lr, scotland, uk. e-mail: dthomas@rbge.ac.uk w.s. hoover new england tropical conservatory (netc), bcic, 940 walter street, north bennington, vt 05257. usa. e-mail: netrop@sover.net abstract girmansyah, d., wiriadinata, h., thomas, d.c. & hoover, w. s. 2009. two new species and one new subspecies of begonia (begoniaceae) from southeast sulawesi, sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(1): 69–74. — two new species and one new subspecies, of begonia are described from the mekongga mountains in southeast sulawesi: begonia mekonggensis girmansyah & wiriadinata, begonia watuwilensis girmansyah, and begonia aptera blume subsp. hirtissima girmansyah & d.c.thomas,. begonia mekonggensis and begonia watuwilensis belong to begonia section petermannia. both species have characters which are very unusual amongst species in this section. begonia mekonggensis is dioecious, and begonia watuwilensis exhibits protandrous inflorescences with basal male flowers and several distal female flowers. begonia aptera blume subsp. hirtissima belongs to begonia section sphenanthera. keywords: southeast sulawesi, begonia, begoniaceae abstrak girmansyah, d., wiriadinata, h., thomas, d.c. & hoover, w. s. 2009. dua jenis baru dan satu subspecies baru begonia (begoniaceae) dari sulawesi tenggara, sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(1): 69–74. — dua jenis baru dan satu subspesies, begonia mekonggensis girmansyah & wiriadinata, begonia watuwilensis girmansyah, dan begonia aptera blume subsp. hirtissima girmansyah & d.c.thomas, telah dideskripsikan dari gunung mekongga dan watuwila, sulawesi tenggara. begonia mekonggensis dan begonia watuwilensis termasuk kedalam seksi petermannia. kedua jenis ini memiliki karakter yang tidak umum dimiliki oleh seksi ini: begonia mekonggensis berumah dua dan begonia watuwilensis memiliki perbungaan yang tidak biasa yaitu bunga jantan mekar duluan yang keluar di bagian basal sedangkan betina di bagian atas perbungaan dengan banyak bunga. begonia aptera blume subsp. hirtissima termasuk kedalam seksi sphenanthera. kata kunci: sulawesi tenggara, begonia, begoniaceae introduction thirty–six indigenous species of begonia l. have been reported from the indonesian island of sulawesi (hughes, 2008; thomas et al., 2009a, 2009b). the majority of these species belong to begonia section petermannia (32 species), and four species have been classified in begonia section sphenanthera. close examination of all available begonia specimens from sulawesi from a, b, bm, bo, ceb, e, k, l and sing indicates that there are still numerous endemic species awaiting description. this is not surprising given that the megadiverse genus begonia has a centre of diversity in southeast asia, and sulawesi begonia has never been revised. the number of species will continue reinwardtia 70 [vol.13 to rise with further exploration, as fewer botanical collections have been made on sulawesi than on any other major island in indonesia, and from several large regions of sulawesi only a very small number of specimens has been collected (kessler et al., 2002; cannon et al., 2007). during a floristic study of southeast sulawesi in may 2008, supported by ibetp in collaboration between the netc and the herbarium bogoriense, several specimens of begonia were collected from mt. watuwila and mt. mekongga. these specimens include two new species and one new subspecies, which are described below. begonia watuwilensis girmansyah spec. nov. ― fig. 1. ab omnibus speciebus begoniae sectionis petermanniae inflorescentia protandra, floribus masculis basalibus, floribus femineis distalibus differt. ― type: indonesia, sulawesi, southeast sulawesi, kabupaten kolaka utara, kecamatan uluiwoi, desa sanggona. mt. watuwila, 14 mei 2008, deden girmansyah, deden 914 (holotype bo!, isotype us, l, k, e). stems erect, terete, rooting at base, dark red to violet, glabrous to pubescent, swollen at the nodes, branching, 0.5–0.8 cm in diameter, internodes 3–12 cm long, 50–100 cm tall. stipules 1–2 x 0.8–1.2 cm, broadly triangular, margin entire, apex acuminate, caducous. leaves petiole red to dark red, glabrous to pubescent, terete, 1–5.5 cm long; lamina glabrous to pubescent on both sides, broadly ovate, strongly asymmetric, base oblique, lobes not overlapping, margin biserrate, apex acuminate, 9–17 x 4.5–11 cm, broad side 3–7 cm wide, narrow side 1.5–4 cm long wide, basal lobe 2–6 cm long; venation palmate–pinnate, 1–2 pairs at the base, 5 pairs along the midrib, 2–3 in the basal lobe, branching towards the margin, veins impressed above, prominent beneath. inflorescences bisexual, terminal, cymose, an up to 6–times branched dichasium, somewhat pendant, glabrous to pubescent, protandrous, male and female flower inflorescences with basal male and female flowers distal, ca. 30–32 male flowers and ca. 32 female flowers every peduncle, peduncles reddish green. bracts glabrous, reddish, broadly ovate, rather translucent. male flowers pedicels white, 0.3–1 cm long; tepals 4, white or pink, margin entire, apex rounded, outer tepals broadly ovate, 10–14 x 7–13 mm, the inner two oblong, 8–9 x 2–3 mm; stamens yellow, ca. 80–95, forming a narrow fan, filaments pale yellow, 1.5–2 mm long, anthers yellow, oblong to narrowly obovate, 2.5–3 mm long, apex notched, opening by slits along the sides, almost as long as the anthers. female flowers pedicels white, 6–7 mm long; ovary pink, with 3 white equal wings, 3 locular; placentae axillary, bifid; tepals 5, white, glabrous, the larger ones up to 15 x 7– 9 mm, broadly elliptic, the smallest one narrowly elliptic, 15 x 4 mm; styles 3, golden yellow, forked once, 4 mm long. fruits dehiscent capsules, reddish green, on a 10–15 mm long pedicel, with 3 equal wings, broadly triangular, acuminate at the base, widest at the apex, 10–15 x 5–7 mm (without wings); stigmas caducous. seeds barrel–shaped, ca. 0.3–0.5 mm long, collar cells more than half the seed length. distribution: indonesia, sulawesi, southeast sulawesi, mekongga mountains, the ridge of mt. watuwila, between watumolae and komapodahu habitat: primary upland forest between c. 1000– 1200 m asl. notes: the epithet ‘watuwilensis’ is composed of watuwila, a reference to gunung watuwila where the type material was collected, and ‘–ensis’ (latin: originating from). the protandrous inflorescences with basal male flowers and several distal female flowers of begonia watuwilensis are very unusual in begonia sect. petermannia. most species in this section show two–flowered or single–flowered female inflorescences or partial inflorescences, which are either basal to male partial inflorescences in a mixed protogynous inflorescence, or separate from the male inflorescences. however, there are several variations of this typical inflorescence morphology (see irmscher, 1914; doorenbos et al., 1998). despite the very unusual inflorescences, begonia watuwilensis can be placed in begonia section petermannia, based on the presence of 3– locular ovaries with axillary, bilamellate placentae, five–tepaled female flowers and four–tepaled male flowers, and the lack of specialized underground organs like tubers or rhizomes. the sectional placement is also supported by chloroplast dna sequences (unpublished data). begonia mekonggensis girmansyah & wiriadinata spec. nov. — fig. 2. inflorescentia subumbellata begoniae guttapilae et begoniae ozototrichi affinis, sed praeclare habitu dioico distinguitur. — type: indonesia, sulawesi, southeast sulawesi, kabupaten kolaka, kecamatan ranteangin, desa tinukari. gunung mekongga, 18 maret 2006, deden girmansyah, deden 579 (holotype bo!, isotype us, l, k, e) girmansyah et. al. : two new species and one new subspecies begonia from southeast sulawesi 2009] 71 fig.1. begonia watuwilensis girmansyah (a. habit, b. bract, c. male inflorescence, d. bracteole, e. male flower, f. female flower with ovary, g. female flower tepals, h. stigma, i. male flower tepals, j. stamen, k. fruit, l. fruit in cross section, m. seed. drawn from deden 914). fig. 2. begonia mekonggensis girmansyah & wiriadinata (a. habit, b. female inflorescence, c. male flower, d. stamen, e. fruit, f. fruit in cross section, g. seed, h. female flower, i. stigma. drawn from deden 579). reinwardtia 72 [vol.13 stems erect, terete, rooting at base, brownish red, glabrous, swollen at the nodes, branching, 0.4–0.5 cm in diameter, internodes 3–6 cm long, up to 50 cm tall. stipules glabrous, narrowly triangular, margin entire, apex acuminate, persistent, pale yellow, 1.7–2.1 x 0.6–0.8 cm. leaves petiole dark red, glabrous, terete, 2–5 cm long; lamina glabrous on both sides, oval, asymmetric, base slightly oblique, lobes not overlapping, margin biserrate, apex acuminate 6–14 x 3–7 cm, broad side 2.5–5 cm wide, narrow side 1.5–2.5 cm wide, basal lobe 1–1.5 cm long; venation palmate–pinnate, 1–2 pairs of veins at the base, 2–3 pairs along the midrib, 1–3 in the basal lobe, branching towards the margin, veins impressed above, prominent beneath. inflorescences unisexual (plants dioecious), axillary, dichasial, somewhat pendant, glabrous, peduncles reddish green. bracts glabrous, green, boatshaped, rather translucent, persistent, ca. 1 x 0.5 cm. male flowers pedicels reddish–white, 2–2.5 cm long; tepals 2, white or reddish, margin entire, apex rounded, 1.1 x 1.1–1.9 cm; stamens yellow, forming a narrow fan, filaments pale yellow, 1–1.5 mm long, anthers yellow, broadly obovate, 1–1.5 mm long, apex notched, opening by slits along the sides, almost as long as the anthers. female flowers pedicels white, 3–5 mm long; ovary reddish green, with 3 equal wings, 1.2–1.9 cm long, 3 locular, placentae axillary, bifid,; tepals 5, white to reddish, broadly elliptic, glabrous, up to 15–16 x 6–12 mm, styles 3, orange, forked once, 5 mm long. fruits dehiscent capsules, green, on 3–5 mm long pedicels, with 3 equal wings, broadly triangular, acuminate at the base, widest at the apex, ca. 8 x 14 mm; stigmas caducous. seeds barrel–shaped, ca. 0.4–0.45 mm long, collar cells less than half the seed length. distribution. indonesia, sulawesi, southeast sulawesi, mt. mekongga. habitat. secondary forest at 700–800 m asl. notes. the epithet ‘mekonggensis’ is composed of mekongga, a reference to gunung mekongga where the type material was collected, and ‘–ensis’ (latin: originating from). observations in the field clearly indicate that begonia mekonggensis is dioecious. dioecy has not been described for species in begonia section petermannia before, but several closely related dioecious species were recently observed and collected in southwest sulawesi (thomas & ardi 09–94, 09–96, 09–102, 09–104–106, 09–120–122 deposited at bo, e, and l) indicating a radiation of an endemic dioecious group of begonia on sulawesi. these species will be described in a forthcoming paper on begonia in southwest sulawesi. begonia mekonggensis grows in two types of habitats: in flat areas with good water supply, where plants are stronger and usually exhibit white tepals, and on steep slopes, which are characterized by drier conditions, where plants are weaker and exhibit pink tepals. begonia aptera blume subsp. hirtissima girmansyah & d.c.thomas subsp. nov. ― fig. 3. a begonia aptera blume subsp. aptera caule, foliis, tepalis et ovariis dense pilosis, nervis in facie adaxiali foliorum profunde impressis, foliorum marginibus profunde duplicato–serratis differt.― type: indonesia, sulawesi, southeast sulawesi, kabupaten kolaka, kecamatan rante angin, desa tinukari. gunung mekongga, 21 maret 2006, deden girmansyah, deden 654 (holotype bo!, isotype us, l, k, e) stems erect, terete, rooting at base, brownish green, densly hairy, swollen at the nodes, branching, up to ca. 1.9 cm in diameter, internodes 3–24 cm long, up to 90 cm tall. stipules hairy, broadly triangular, margin entire, apex acuminate ending with one hair, caducous, 1.4–2.1 x 0.3–1.2 cm. leaves petioles reddish–green, hairy, terete, 1.5–9.5 cm long; lamina densly hairy on both sides, oblong, asymmetric, base oblique, lobes not overlapping, margin biserrate, apex acuminate, 8–17 x 4–8.5 cm, broad side 2.5–7 cm wide, narrow side 2–4.5 cm wide, basal lobe 1.5–5 cm long; venation palmate– pinnate, 1–2 pairs of veins at the base, 3–4 pairs along the midrib, 2 in the basal lobe, branching towards the margin, veins impressed above, prominent beneath. inflorescences bisexual, axillary, cymose, a 2–4–branched dichasium, hairy, male and female flowers developed in mixed inflorescences (monoecy), peduncles pale green, 0.9–1.5 cm, bracteoles absent. male flowers pedicels pale green, hairy, ca. 1.2–1.4 cm long; tepals 4, white, margin entire, tip rounded, the outer two elliptic to suborbicular, abaxial side hairy, 0.6–1.1 x 0.6–0.9 cm, the inner two ovate, obovate or elliptic, 0.6–0.9 x 0.4–0.7 cm; stamens yellow, in a globose cluster, filaments pale yellow, ca. 1–2 mm long, anthers yellow, oblong, 1.4–2 mm long, connective projecting ca. 0.1–0.2 mm, apex rounded, opening by slits along the sides, almost as long as the anthers. female flowers pedicels pale green, hairy, 1.5–10 mm long; ovary, pale yellowish–greenish, hairy, with 3 pale green, narrow, rib–like wings, ca. 4–6 mm long, 3 locular, placentae axillary, bifid; tepals 5, white, obovate to elliptic, hairy on abaxial side, up to 5–7 x 2–4 mm, styles 3, orange, forked once, ca. 4 mm long. fruits fleshy, indehiscent, pale green, girmansyah et. al. : two new species and one new subspecies begonia from southeast sulawesi 2009] 73 fig.3. begonia aptera subsp. hirtissima girmansyah & d.c. thomas. (a. habit, b. male flower, c. stamen, d. female flower, e. ventral side of female tepal, f. dorsal side of female flower, g. stigma, h. fruit, i. fruit in cross section, j. seed. drawn from deden 654 ) reinwardtia 74 [vol.13 on 3–10 mm long pedicels, with 3 narrow, riblike wings, ca. 4–9 x 5–10 mm; stigmas persistent. seeds barrel–shaped, 0.3–0.32 mm long, collar cells less than half the seed length. habitat. secondary forest at 700–1700 m asl. distribution. indonesia, sulawesi, southeast sulawesi, mt. mekongga. notes. specimens of begonia aptera from a, b, bm, bo, ceb, e, k, l, sing, and begonia aptera observed at several locations in the field, show a considerable morphological variation with regards to the growth habit, leaf morphology, indumentum characters, and fruit morphology, which might indicate ongoing morphological differentiation of some isolated populations. begonia aptera is usually robust and erect, but sometimes weakly stemmed and arching over; the leaf shape ranges from ovate or elliptic to oblong; the aboveground vegetative parts are usually glabrous, but in some populations sparsely to moderately hairy; the inflorescences are many– to few–flowered; and the fruits usually exhibit small triangular wings or, more rarely, only slightly prominent ridges. tebbitt (2003) provides a detailed description of begonia aptera (=b. cristata warb. ex l.b. sm. & wassh.), which incorporates most of this variation. however, the material collected on mt. mekongga does not conform to this description: begonia aptera subsp. hirtissima is densely hairy on all aboveground vegetative parts, the abaxial tepal surfaces and the ovaries and fruits. the primary to tertiary veins on the adaxial leaf surface are deeply impressed in begonia aptera subsp. hirtissima, resulting in a rugose appearance of the upper leaf surface, and the leaf margin is deeply double serrate (fig. 3). in contrast to this, the primary to tertiary veins are usually only slightly impressed in b. aptera subsp. aptera, and the leaf margin is usually only remotely and shortly double serrate to dentate. moreover, the densely hairy ovaries and fruits of begonia aptera subsp. hirtissima are pale green and exhibit prominent ridges, while begonia aptera subsp. aptera usually exhibits dark green, glabrous fruits with small triangular wings or, more rarely, only slightly prominent ridges. additional specimen examined: cultivated at bali botanic garden, from vegetative material collected in the wild (indonesia, sulawesi, southeast sulawesi, kolaka, mala–mala), 15 v 2008, d. c. thomas & w. h. ardi 08– 75 (e). acknowledgment we are grateful to the new england tropical conservatory (netc), vermont, usa especially dr. mary m. fuqua and mr. james m. hunter for their financial support for our research field trip to sulawesi. in particularly we are grateful to the following persons: dr. eko b. walujo, head of herbarium bogoriense (bo). we are also very grateful to dr. mark hughes, dr. laurence skog, dr. dan nicolson, dr. robert mill and prof. dr. mien a. rifai for their interest, discussion, english editing, latin diagnosis and valuable comments on the manuscript, as well as to mr. wahyudi santoso and mrs. anne kusumawati for their excellent line drawing. references. cannon, c. h., summers, m., harting, j. r. & kessler, p. j. a. 2007. developing conservation priorities based on forest type, condition, and threats in a poorly known ecoregion: sulawesi, indonesia. biotropica 39: 747–759. doorenbos, j. m., sosef, s. m. & de wilde, j. j. f. e. 1998. the sections of begonia including descriptions, keys and species lists. studies in begoniaceae vi. wageningen agricultural university papers 98(2):1–266. hughes, m. 2008. an annotated checklist of southeast sulawesi asian begonia. royal botanic garden edinburgh, united kingdom. : 1–164 irmscher, e. 1914. die verteilung der geschlechter in den inflorescenzen der begoniaceen unter berück sich tigung d er mo rpho log isch en verhältnisse. bot. jahrb. syst., suppl. 50: 556– 577. kessler, p. j. a., bos, m. m., sierra daza, s. e. c., kop, a., willemse, l. p. m., pitopang, r. & gradstein, s. r. (2002). checklist of woody plants of sulawesi, indonesia. blumea, suppl. 14. tebbitt, m. c. 2003. taxonomy of begonia longifolia blume (begoniaceae) and related species. brittonia 55(1): 19–29. thomas, d. c. & hughes, m. 2008. begonia varipeltata (begoniaceae): a new peltate species from sulawesi, indonesia. edinburgh j. bot. 65 (3): 369–374. thomas, d.c., ardi, w. h. & hughes, m. 2009a. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from central sulawesi, indonesia. edinburgh j. bot.66 (1): 103–114. thomas, d. c., ardi, w. h., hartutiningsih, m. s. & hughes, m. 2009b. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from south sulawesi, indonesia. edinburgh j. bot. 66 (2): 229–238. cover.pdf reinwardtia_13_1_291209_deden.pdf r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, part 2, pp. 265 — 270 (1985) the anamorph of sarawakus succisus rifai m i e n a. rifai, kartini kramadibrata herbarium bogorievnc — lbn, bogor, indonesia & triadi basuki pusat penelitian botani — lbn, bogor indonesia abstract single ascospore isolates of sarawakus succisus rifai produce a trichoderma like anamorph. the hypocreaceous nature of the genus savawakus lloyd is therefore indicated. a detailed illustrated description of this conidial state is presented. abstrak isolat askospora tunggal jamur sarawakus succisus rifai menghasilkan bentuk anamorf yang menyerupai triehoderma. kekerabatan marga saraivakus lloyd dengan suku hypocreaceae dengan demikian diperkukuh. pertelaan berjrnnibar dan tcrperinci status kotiidium ini disajikan. in describing the ascomycete sarawakus succisus rifai, the desirability of bringing this species to culture was pointed out, hoping that the cultural characters would provide an additional taxonomic evidence for establishing the affinity of the genus sarawakus lloyd to the hypocreaceae (rifai 1969b). as was shown on that occasion, this extremely rare species was first collected in 1924 and subsequently in 1962, both in bogor botanic gardens. we had been on the look out for fresh specimens of the species since 1969. during the bamboo growing season of february 1982, some of the shoot sheaths produced by the two oldest clumps of dendrocalamus giganteus munro — the same clumps from which most of the 1962 collections of sarawakus succius were made — were found bearing its stromata. in one of the shoot sheath which bore those stromata, accompanying colonies of a green hyphomycete were also observed. this opportunity was used to prepare ascospore cultures as well as the probable conidi'al isolates of this species. the ascospores of sarawakus succisus germinated readily in standard tap water agar, malt extract agar as well as in ypss agar. the — 265 — 266 r e i n w ard t i a [vol. 10 fig-. 1. -germinating ascospores. 2. chlamydospores. 3, conidiophores. 19851 m. a. rifai cs: sarawakus anamorph 267 germination took place 16—24 hours after the ascospores were inoculated on the agar (fig. 1). germinated ascospores were picked up singly as well as in mass, and transfered on to fresh agar plates, followed by incubation at the room temperature. daily observations on the single ascospore cultures thus obtained were made and it was noted that on the third or fourth day the colonies started producing conidiophores. these were studied and illustrated when young and the conidia produced were rather few (fig. 3), because it turned out later that in the older cultures the branching systems of the conidiophores and the disposition of the conidiogenous cells were difficult to elucidate as are the case with those of species of trichodermaon 2% malt extract agar colonies of sarawakus succius grow slowly at room temperature and they form a smooth surfaced, watery white, sparse mycelial mat over the surface of the media, with aerial hyphae generally developing later towards the margin of the petri dish. as the colonies grow older, the somewhat restricted but diffused conidial areas become slightly hairy, at first white and then gradually turn whitish green and ultimately the colonies appear dirty olive green or dark green, while their reverse become slightly yellowish-green. no odour is emitted by those colonies, even by the older cultures. the mycelium forms a somewhat compact but sparse hyphal network. it is composed of smooth walled, hyaline, septate and much branched hyphae varying from 2.8 to 8.5 µm in diameter. the chlamydospores are typically formed, mostly intercalarily or rarely in a terminal position, on a short, side branch of the submerged hyphae (fig. 2). they are generally globose or sometimes subglobose, smooth and slightly thick walled, subhyaline to very pale green, and measure 11.7—16.4µm in diameter. the conidiophores are highly ramified and form loose, irregular and small tufts which are widely spread over the velvety and poorly defined ringlike conidial zones, or are more simply constructed and irregularly dispersed singly on aerial hyphae over the surface of the media. the main branches of the conidiophores are slender, with the basal diameter of about 5 µm. the main branches produce several shorter side branches the lengths of which gradually increase with the distance from the apex of their bearer. the side branches in turn put out further smaller side branches of their own and so on, resulting in a complicated but regular arborescent-type of branching system, especially since those side branches typically arise in groups of two or three (or rarely singly) just below the septa of their bearer. unlike those 268 reinward t i a [vol. 10 fig. 4. phialides and phialospores 1985] m. a. rifai cs: sarawakus anamorph 269 found in most species of trichoderma, these side branches form an almost regular whorl. likewise they do not stand at a right angle, but rather incline towards the apex of their bearer. the ultimate apex of each side branch is invariably terminated by a conidiog.enous cell. the conidiogenous cells of the anamorph of sarawakus succisus are philiades, which are nine-pin shaped and slender, with their lower half being almost cylindrical but gently narrower towards the base, swelling slightly above their middle and then distinctly attenuate towards the apex. like the branches of the conidophores, the disposition of these phialides also incline toward the apex of their bearer and hence form a ra'ther acute angle. they also arise in an almost regular whorl of two or three (rarely singly, but sometimes up to four) around the apex of the penultimate cell of the side branch of the conidiophore just beneath the septa of the terminal phialides. these phialides are relatively long and measure 12.7 — 19 x 2.2 — 3.5 jxm, but may be only up to 8µm long while those that terminate the side branches of conidiophores may reach 22.8 µm long (fig. 4). the phialospores are produced singly and successively and accumulated in a non-slimy globose conidial head at the tip of each phialide. conidial heads from neighbouring phialides frequently come into contact and unite to form a common and lager conidial accumulation. the phialospores are mostly elliptic-subcylindrical or sometimes obovoid ellipsoidal, often with an almost truncate base and rounded apex. they are smooth walled, pale green when viewed singly under the microscope but appear much darker in mass and measure 4 — 6.2 (—8.2) x 2.6 — 3.2 µm (fig. 4). comparison between the single ascospore cultures and those derived from the conidia of the green hyphomycete colonies occuring naturally together with the stromata indicated that in all respects they were idenical and hence represented the same species. the presence of this naturally occuring hyphomycete colonies suggest that sarawakus succisus persist in nature (probably in the soil) in the form of its anamorph and only on a rare occasion this species forms the teleomorph. the rarity of this species can be explained further bv the fact that its occurence seems to be almost restricted to dendrocalamus giganteus, a bamboo species not native to java and is known in this island only in cultivation in botanic and experimentil gardens. from the above description, it is evident that the inclusion of the genus sarawakus in the family hypocreaceae (rifai 1969b, rogerson 1970) is supported by the nature of the anamorph of one of its species. 2 7 0 r e i n w a k d t i a [vol. 1 0 diligent search for fresh specimen of the type species of the genus, sarawakus lycogaloides (berk & br.) lloyd has not been successful so that no information of its anamorph is available. it is of interest to note, however, that the anamorph of sarawakus succisus is only remotely related to that of thuemenella britannica rifai & webster (1965). on the other hand, it bears strong similarities to the anamorph of hypocrea hunua, dingly as illustrated by rifai (1969a: 11, fig. 3) in size, shape and disposition of their phialides. the conidiophore branching systems are also similar. moreover,, in both sp'acies the eonidiophores and phialides collapse in older cultures, as in typical representatives of trichoderma. in view of the recent development in the taxonomic research of trichoderma (doi 1972, bissett 1984) the time seems to have come to enlarge the scope of the genus trichoderma to accommodate the anamorph of sarawakus succisus and its related forms as well. references bissett, j. (1984). a revision of the genus trichoderma. i. section longibrachiatum sect. nov. in can. j. bot. 62: 924-931. doi, y. (1972). revision of the hypocreales with cultural observations, iv. the genus hypocrea and its allies in japan 2. enumeration of the species. iv bull. nat. sci. mus. tokyo 15: 649-751. rifai, m.a. (1969a). a revision of the genus trichoderma. in mycol. pap. 116: 1 56. rifai, m.a. (19696). sarawakus lloyd, a genus of the pyrenomycete family hypocreaceae. in reinwardtia 7: 561 578. rifai, m.a. & webster, j. (1965). an underscribed british species of thuemenella. in trans. brit, mycol. soc. 48: 409-413. rogerson, c.t. (1970). the hypocrealean fungi (ascomycetes, hypocreales). in mycologia 62: 865-910. 106 callicarpa 86 geunsia 86 petraea 86 premna 86 r e i n w a k d t i a [vol. 1 index m i i o d e n d r o n 75-78, 79, 85 86, 88 89,92,96, 103; sect. plurifoholatae 75, 78 80sect. unifoliolatae 75, 78, w, 95; ahernianum 75, 77, 79, 84,86; auri* . 94; bogoriense ^ 7 j 9 80, 85, 88 90 93; coriaceum 75, 79, 80, 81 , 8z, •83*; 'glabrum 88-90; hollrungii 75, 77, 79 95, 99, 103-105; holophyllum 75, 80, 96 97' 98*, 99; longifolium 75, 89; mono'phyllum 75, 76, 103, 104; novoguineense 75, 79, 80, 103; pteropodum 75, 77 79 92-94; var. auriculatum 75, /», 94sa'rawakanum 75, 80, 99, 100, 101*; simplicifolium 75, 79, 95, 96; smilacifolium75, 79, 95, 96; spec. 7 9 , 9 5 ; s u b spicatum 75, 79, 96, 99, 103, 104. vitex 76-79, 86, 96, 100; sect. agnuscastus 78; sect. a.-c, axillares 79, 100; sect. a.-c, terminates 79 100; aherniana 77, 84-86; bankae 75, 84, 86-88bogoriensis 75, 84, 86-88; clarkeana 103, 104; cofassus 104; coriacea 80curranii 84, 85; flabelhflora 88-90; u r w 7 5 , 7 6 , 9 7 , 9 9 , 1 0 3 , 1 0 4 ; h o l o phylla 75, 97; koordersii 75, 92-94; longifolia 89; merrillii 88; novoguineensis 103peralata 92; philippinensts 92; pteropoda 77, 92; punctata 104; sarawajcana 100; simplicifolia clarke 103; simplicifolia oliver 103, smdacxfoha 95, 96; subspicata 75, 99, ^ ' ^ gona 75, 100, 102; venosa 75, 80, 82, 84unifoliolata 104. xerocarpa 75, 77, 85, 86; avicenniaefoliola 75, 76, 84-86. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 2, pp. 107-170 (1951) the genus viburnum (caprifoliaceae) in malaysia j. h. kern * summary 1. in the following pages an account of the genus viburnum in malaysia is presented. 2. the distribution of its species is briefly discussed and a map relating to it added. 3. the main part of the present paper consists of keys to the sections and species, followed by a systematic treatment of the 16 species admitted for the region. 4. three new subsections are proposed, viz. viburnum subsect. punctata kern, subsect. sambucina kern, and subsect. lutescentia kern. viburnum subseries coriacea maxim, is reduced to the rank of a subsection. 5. three species and two varieties are described as new, viz. viburnum amplificatum kern, v. clemensae kern, v. hispidulum kern, v. coriaceum, var. longiflorutn kern, and v. sambucinum var. subglabrum kern. 6. the following species are reduced to the rank of varieties: viburnum floribundum merr. has become v. luzonicum var. floribundum (merr.) kern, and v. sinuatum merr. has become v. luzonicum var. sinuatum (merr.) kern. 7. the following reductions'to synonymy are made: viburnum longistamineum ridl. to v. sambucinumvar. subglabrum kern; v. sumatranum miq., v.villosum ridl., and v. inopinatum craib all to v. sambucinum var. tovientosum hallier f.; v. forbesii fawc. partly to v. sambucimim bl., partly to v. coriaceum bl; and v. zippelii miq. to v. japonicum (thunb.) spr. 8. emended descriptions of viburnum beccarii gamble and of v. junghuhnii miq. are given. introduction in the present paper i have tried to give a critical survey of the malaysian material of viburnum, put at my disposal by the directions of the following herbaria: herbarium of the arnold arboretum, harvard university, jamaica plain, mass. (u.s.a.) (a) ; herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia, bogor (b) ; the gray herbarium of harvard university (g) ; rijksherbarium (national herbarium), leiden (l) ; herbarium of the botanic gardens, singapore (s) ; botanisch museum & herbarium (herbarium of the state university), utrecht (u). botanist, herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. — 107 — 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 109 ceum, and moreover, the rare v. punctatum, v. beccarii, and v. junghuhnii. with mount kinabalu as a centre, borneo possesses a number of endemics, of which up to the present four are known: v. amplificatum, v. clemensae, v. hispidulum, and v. vernicosum. v. sambucinum inhabits the largest area, spreading over the malay peninsula and almost the whole of the malay archipelago, inclusive of the lesser sunda islands and the moluccas. the area of v. lutescens is nearly equal, reaching as far as borneo and the western lesser sunda islands bali and lombok. that of v. coriaceum is more restricted; in malaysia this species occurs only in sumatra, java, and the lesser sunda islands. v. punctatum, practically confined to the asiatic continent, possesses an exclave in north sumatra. v. beccarii 1. the distribution of the malaysian species of viburnum. the numbers are those of the species in this paper. only known from the malay peninsula and the northern half of sumatra ; v. junghuhnii from a few localities in sumatra and java. none of these species reaches the philippines. 110 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 the northern group inhabits the philippines. the three species of the 'glaberrimum'-group (v. glaberrimum, v. platyphyllum, and v. cornutidens) are apparently endemics. of the other philippine species of viburnum, which also occur in china, formosa, etc., v. odoratissimum reaches celebes, and v. luzonicum, buru. it is only in these two islands that the southern and the northern group overlap somewhat. v. propinquum has penetrated from the asiatic continent only as far as luzon. about the polymorphy of the genus only a few remarks will be made. the widely distributed species show an astonishing plasticity. all the numerous attempts to divide these agglomerates into smaller units i consider as failures. in my opinion the way out of the difficulties will not be found merely by morphological researches. the polymorphy even goes so far, that the usually widely differing v. sambucinum and v. coriaceum show a surprising similarity at the boundary of their area in the lesser sunda islands, which at the same time is the boundary of the area of the genus. especially the shape of the corolla proves to be of comparatively small taxonomical value. the tubular corolla of v. coriaceum, in sumatra often 6 mm long, has here become short; the campanulate corolla of v. sambucinum on the other hand has become slightly tubular by lengthening of the tube which is here even distinctly longer than the lobes. the filaments of the malaysian species are usually described as inserted at the base of the corolla. as to v. odoratissimum and v. coriaceum. this is certainly incorrect, while also in v. junghuhnii the lower part of the filaments is adnate to the corolla. since oersted's work on the genus much importance has correctly been attached to the shape of the endocarp. its taxonomical value should indeed not be underestimated, although the number of the grooves cannot always easily be decided. except with v. propinquum, the endocarp is always dorsiventrally compressed in the malaysian species. besides, it is either undulate (two dorsal, one or three ventral grooves) or inflexed. in the inflexed endocarp the ventral side becomes internal. the endocarp of v. junghuhnii and v. amplificatum is both undulate and inflexed and so shows a two-lobed intrusion. up till now too little attention has been paid to the presence or absence of pitted glands at the leaves, especially of the deep pits at the base of the blade. with v. beccarii and v. vernicosum the presence of the glands is very characteristic. thus, v. hispidulum can always be distinguished from v. vernicosum by the absence of glandular pits. the margin1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 111 al glands in v. propinquum, mentioned nowhere, i have not met with in any other species of viburnum. as an elaboration of the whole genus is still wanting, the subdivision of the genus is as yet insufficient. particularly the section thyrsosma is rather heterogeneous and further division would be highly desirable. the scheme of the malaysian sections given below corresponds mainly to that of render. viburnum l. viburnum linnaeus, spec. pi. 267. 1753; d. don, prodr. fl. nepal. 141, 1825; blume, bijdr. 13: 655. 1826; de candolle, prodr. 4: 323. 1830; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 2: 119. 1856; hooker f. & thomson in j. linn. soc. (bot.) 2: 174. 1858; miquel, fl. ind. bat., suppl.: 213, 537. 1860; oersted in vid. meddel. kjobenh. 1860: 267. 1861 (incl. gen. megalotinus, microtinus, oreinotinus, solenotinus, tinus); brandis, for. fl. 257. 1874; bentham & hooker, gen. plant. 2 (2): 3. 1876; clarke in hooker f., fl. brit. ind. 3: 3. 1880; maximowicz, mel. biol. 10: 644. 1880; fritsch in engler & prantl, nat. pflanzenfam. 4: 4. abt.: 163. 1891; boerlage, handl. fl. ned.-ind. 2 (2) : 3. 1891; trimen, handb. fl. ceyl. 2: 288. 1894; koorders & valeton, bijdr. booms. java 5: 36. 1900; graebner in bot. jb. 29: 584. 1901; gamble in king & gamble in 3. asiat. soc. bengal 72 (2): 112. 1903; render in sargent, trees and shrubs 2: —. 1908; render in sargent, pl wils. 1: 106. 1911; hallier f. in meded. rijks-herb. 14: 35. 1912; hayata, ic. pl form. 2: 68. 1912; koorders, exkursionsfl. java 3: 285. 1912; hayata, ic. pl form. 4: 12. 1914; koorders, fl tjibodas 3 (2): 37. 1918; hayata, ic. pl form. 8: 34. 1919; 9: 41. 1920; merrill, bibl. enum. bornean pl 582. 1921; nakai in j. coll. sci. univ. tokyo 42 (2) : 14. 1921; danguy in lecomte, fl. gen. indo-ch. 3: 4. 1922; merrill, enum. philip, fl. pl 3: 577. 1923; ridley, fl. mai. pen. 2: 1. 1923; craib, fl. siam. enum. 2: 1. 1932; merrill in contr. arn. arb. 8: 164. 1934; corner, wayside trees mai. 183. 1940. evergreen or deciduous, erect or sprawling shrubs or small trees. leaves opposite, petiolate, simple, entire or serrate-dentate or trifid, pinnately or palmately nerved; stipules on the petiole or (in the malaysian species) absent. inflorescence terminal, compound, corymbiform or paniculate, primary rays usually whorled, flowers cymosely arranged; bracts and bracteoles usually small, caducous. flowers actinomorphous, hermaphrodite, the marginal ones sometimes (not in malaysia) radiant, neutral. calyx 5-lobed or 5-partite. corolla white, creamy or pink, rotate, campanulate, hypocrateriform or tubular; lobes 5, imbricate in bud. stamens 5, adnate to the corolla, alternate with the corolla-lobes; filaments narrow, attenuate towards the apex; anthers dorsifix, versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovule anatropous, pendulous from the apex, solitary; style short, conical; stigmas 3, often connate. fruit a drupe, crowned by the persistent calyx and style, 1-seeded; endocarp horny or stony, in cross-section often undulate or with inflexed edges; albumen often ruminate. 112 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 distribution. — large genus; several hundred, often polymorphous, species in europe, asia, and america; 16 species in malaysia. uses. — none of the malaysian species are known to be of importance economically. conspectus sectionum et subsectionum malesianarum generis vlburni 1. folia integra, dentata vel serrata, nervis primariis anastomosantibus; drupa nigra. 2. drupa baccata, endocarpio et semine valde compressis; albumen haud vel vix ruminatum. 3. endocarpium utrimque sulcatum, marginibus haud incurvatis. (spec. 1—10). sect. idegalotinus (maxim.) rehd. 4. corolla tubulosa; filamenta aestivatione implicata. (spec. 1—5, typus: v. coriaceum blume.) subsect. coriacea (maxim.) kern, subsect. nov. 4. corolla rotato-campanulata. 5. partes juniores dense lepidotulae. filamenta aestivatione implicata. (spec. 6, typus: v. punctatum ham. ex d. don.). subsect. punctata kern, subsect. nov. 5. planta haud lepidotula. 6. folia integra; filamenta longa, aestivatione serpentinif ormia. (spec. 7—9, typus: v. sambucinum bl.) . . . . subsect. sambucina kern, subsect. nov. 6. folia serrata; filamenta brevia, aestivatione implieata. (spec. 10, typus: v.lutescens bl.) subsect. lutescentia kern, subsect. nov. 3. endocarpium marginibus incurvatis. (spec. 11—14.) sect. thyrsosma (raf.) rehd. 2. drupa achenoidea, endocarpio et semine ovoideis, haud compressis; albumen valde ruminatum. (spec. 15.) sect. tinus maxim. 1. folia dentata, nervis primariis in dentes abeuntibus. drupa rubra, endocarpio compresso obsolete sulcato. (spec. .16.) . ' sect. odontotinus rehd. key to the malaysian species op viburnum—i chiefly according to the characters of the flowers the flowers of v. amplificatum, v. cornutidens, and v. clernensae being unknown, these species have been omitted. 1. leaves triple-nerved. tube of the corolla hairy within. philippines. 15. v. propinquum 1. leaves penninerved. tube of the corolla glabrous within: 2. corolla squamulose without. all young parts densely covered with minute rustycoloured, peltate scales. leaves entire, the under side at first densely covered with minute scales, later on densely punctulate. sumatra. . . . 6. v. punctatum 2. corolla quite glabrous or pubescent without, sometimes gland-dotted, but not squamulose. young parts without peltate scales: 3. corolla pubescent without, rotate, the tube very short, about 0.5 mm long, the lobes 1 mm. filaments 1.5—2 mm long. young branchlets ferrugineous-pubescent. philippines and moluccas 16. v. luzonicum 3. corolla glabrous or gland-dotted without, the tube at least 1 mm long: 4. filaments adnate to the throat of the corolla. corolla shortly salvershaped-campanulate, the limb horizontally spreading, finally reflexed, the tube 2—3 mm 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 113 long, the lobes 2 mm. higher mountain regions of the philippines and celebes. 13. v. odoratissimum 4. filaments adnate to the base or the tube of the corolla. shape of the corolla different: 5. ovary pubescent. corolla glabrous, the tube 1—1.5 mm long, the lobes 1—2 mm. filaments 5—7(—9) mm long. leaves large, 10—25 by 5-—10 cm, coriaceous, entire. malay peninsula, greater and lesser sunda islands, moluccas. 7. v. sambucinum 5. ovary not pubescent: 6. corolla distinctly tubular, the tube at least 3 times as long as the lobes, the latter about 1 mm, erect: 7. leaves quite entire, the under side with a distinct glandular pit at the base on both sides of the midrib, the apex obtuse or shortly and bluntly acuminate. filaments inserted at the base of the corolla, 7—8 mm long. malay peninsula and sumatra '. 2. v. beccarii 7. leaves usually distinctly dentate, sometimes nearly entire, the under side bearded in the nerve-axils, but without glandular pits at the base, the apex mostly gradually long-acuminate. filaments usually about 4 mm long, if longer, inserted 2—3 mm above the base of the corolla. greater and lesser sunda islands 1. v. coriaceum 6. corolla not distinctly tubular, the tube less than 3 times as long as the lobes, the latter usually more than 1 mm long: 8. inflorescence shortly pyramidal, paniculate. corolla rotate-campanulate, the tube about 1 mm long. filaments 2—3 mm long: 9. leaves thinly coriaceous. corolla 2—2.5 mm long, rarely almost 3 mm. filaments inserted near the base of the corolla. w. malaysia, between 500 and 1500 m altitude, sometimes up to 2300 m 10. v. lutescens 9. leaves manifestly coriaceous. corolla 3 mm long. filaments adnate to the corolla 0.5—1 mm above the base. without fruits hardly distinguishable from v. lutescens. higher mountain regions of java and sumatra (altitude at least 2300 m) 11. v'. junghuhnii 8. inflorescence' corymbiform. tube of the corolla usually longer than 1 mm. filaments at least 6 mm long: 10. filaments 6(—7) mm long, in bud with inflexed top: 11. corolla shortly tubular-turbinate, globular in bud, the tube about 2 mm, the lobes 1.5—2 mm. leaves gradually long-acuminate. philippines (leyte). 4. v. platyphyllum 11. corolla broad-tubular, obovoid in bud, the tube about 2.5 mm, the lobes about 1.5 mm. leaves obtuse or shortly and bluntly acuminate. philippines (luzon, mindanao) 3. v. glaberrimum 10. filaments (8—)9—10 mm long, serpentine in bud: 12. leaves dull, somewhat hispidulous, especially on the midrib and the primary side-nerves at the under side, without glandular pits. corolla rotate-cupulate, the tube 1(—1.5) mm long, the lobes 2—2.5 mm. borneo. 8. v. hispidulum 12. leaves shining, glabrous, with distinct glandular pits at the base. corolla turbinate, the tube 2.5—3 mm long, the lobes 1.5—2 mm. borneo. 9. v. vernicosum 114 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 key to the malaysian species of viburnum—ii for fructiferous specimens (the numbers between brackets refer to key i) 1. leaves triple-nerved. drupe nearly globose, 4—5 mm long, 4 mm wide (1). 15. v. propinquum 1. leaves penninerved. drupe not globose, usually compressed, if not, more than 5 mm long: 2. endocarp with strongly incurved edges, the ventral side deeply intruding, embracing an internal split or cavity: 3. drupe oblong, 16 mm long, 7 mm wide. internal cavity of the fruit bilobate in cross-section. leaves entire, glabrous, elliptic-oblong to slightly obovate, up to 26 cm long, 12—13 cm wide. borneo 12. v. amplificatuvi 3. drupe smaller: 4. leaves minutely papillose-rugulose on both sides, entire. ventral side of the endocarp showing a narrow split, the central cavity at most 0.5 mm in diameter. borneo. . . 4 14. v. clemensae 4. leaves smooth, usaally dentate or serrate. ventral side of the endocarp amplecting a cavity, which is circular or bilobate in cross-section and about 2 mm wide: 5. fruit ovoid, 6—7 mm long, 4—5 mm wide. internal cavity of the fruit nearly circular in cross-section. leaves dentate to nearly entire (4). 13. v. odoratissimum 5. fruit obovoid, 7—9 mm long, 5—7 mm wide. internal cavity of the fruit broad, bilobate in, cross-section. leaves closely crenate-dentate (9). 11. v. junghuhnii 2. endocarp undulate in cross-section, i.e. with shallow grooves on both sides, but wtithout an internal split or cavity: 6. leaves quite entire: 7. all young parts densely covered with minute rusty-coloured peltate scales. under side of the leaves at first densely covered with minute scales, later on densely punctulate. fruit elliptic to somewhat obovoid, 9—11 by 6—7 mm (2). 6. v. punetatum 7. young parts without peltate scales: 8. ripe fruits small, 5—6(—6.5) mm long: 9. leaves usually ovate-lanceolate, gradually long-acuminate. fruit ovoid to broad-ellipsoid, 6(—6.5) mm by 5—6 mm (7) 1. v. coriaceum 9. leaves broader, ovate to obovate, obtuse or shortly and bluntly acuminate. fruit small, about 5 by 5 mm, ovate to nearly orbicular (11). 3. v. glaberrimum 8. ripe fruits larger:1 10. nerve-axils and also the leaf-base without glandular pits or spotty glands. leaves somewhat hispidulous beneath, especially on the midrib and the primary side-nerves. young branchlets and axes of the infructescence glabrous or sparingly hispidulous. young fruits glabrous (12). . . 8. v. hispidulum 10. nerve-axils and/or leaf-base at the under side glandular pitted or with (sometimes indistinct) spotty glands. midrib and primary side-nerves on the under side glabrous or stellate-pubescent, not hispidulous: 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 115 without flowers hardly determinable! 11. young branchlets densely rusty stellate-pubescent, axes of the infructescence ' also densely stellate-pubescent, though later on more or less glabrescent. young fruits thinly stellate-pubescent, soon glabrescent. under side of the leaves glabrous to softly villous, at the base with a (sometimes indistinct) spotty gland on both sides of the midrib (5) 7. v. sambucinum 11. young branchlets and axes of the infructescence glabrous to somewhat stellate-pubescent, but not densely pubescent. young fruits glabrous: 12. leaves large, up to 22 cm long and 10 cm wide, ovate to oblong-ovate, • i the apex gradually narrowing into the usually elongated and slender ™ acumen. axils of the primary side-nerves and of the coarser secondary nerves with shallowly sunken glands. infructescence usually large, up to 18 cm across (11) . 4 . v. platyphyllum 12. leaves smaller, obtuse or shortly and bluntly acuminate. under side of the leaves at the base on both sides of the midrib with a deeply intruding glandular pit or a distinct spotty gland: 13. young axes of the inflorescence brown stellate-pubescent, later on however glabrescent. young parts of the plant not vernicose. primary side-nerves at the under side of the leaves little prominent (7). . . . 2. v. beecarii 13. inflorescence quite glabrous. young parts of the plant very shining, vernicose. primary side-nerves at the under side of the leaves prominent (12). 9. v. vemicosum 6. leaves dentate or serrate (sometimes superficially) : 14. young leaves usually densely pubescent, later on more or less glabrescent, the indument of the midrib however persistent. leaves chartaceous, rarely subcoriaceous. drupe ovate, much compressed, 5—7 mm long, 5—6 mm wide, when ripe red (always?) (3) 16. v. luzonicum 14. leaves more or less coriaceous, glabrous, sometimes bearded in the nerve-axils on the under side. drupe ripening purplish or bluish black: 15. leaves thickly coriaceous, beneath with shallowly sunken glands in the nerveaxils, the margins conspicuously corniculate-dentate. drupe broadly ovate, 8 by 6—7 mm. philippines (luzon). 5. v. cornutidens 15. not combining these characters: 16. infructescence shortly paniculate. fruit oblong-elliptic, 7—10 mm long, 4—5 mm wide, sometimes still larger (9) 10. v. lutescens 16. infructescence corymbiform. fruit more ovate or ovoid, smaller: 17. leaves usually ovate-lanceolate, gradually long-acuminate, distinctly dentate. fruit 6(—6.5) mm long, 5—6 mm wide (7) 1. v. coriaceum 17. leaves broader, ovate to obovate, obtuse or shortly and bluntly acuminate, nearly entire. fruit small, 5 by 5 mm (11) 3. v. glaberrimum 1. viburnum coriaceum bl. viburnum coriaceum blume, bijdr. 13: 656. 1826; de candolle, prodr. 4: 329. 1830; hasskarl in flora bot. ztg. 3: 242. 1845; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 2: 120. 1856; s « p p l : 213. 1860; hooker f. & thomson in j. linn. soc. (bot.) 2: 179. 1858; oersted in vid. meddel. kjobenh. 1860: 300 t. 6 f. 5-6. 1861; brandis, for. fl. 259. 1874; clarke in hooker £., fl. brit. ind. 3: 5. 1880; ?trimen, handb. 2: 288. 1894; koorders & valeton, bijdr. booms. java 5: 38. 1900; koorders in natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-ind. 60: 247. 1900; koorders, exkursionsfl. java 3: 285. 1912; elbert in meded. rijks-herb. 12: 17. 116 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1912; hallier f. in meded. rijks-herb. 14: 35. 1912; koorders, pi. tjibodas 3 (2): 37. 1918; gamble, fl. madras 3: 576. 1919; danguy in lecomte, fl. gen. indo-ch. 3: 8. 1922; ridley in j. mai. br. roy. as. soc. 1: 64. 1923; moore in j. of bot. 62: suppl.: 46. 1924; hochreutiner in candollea 5: 286. 1934. viburnum eylindricwrn hamilton ex d. don, prodr. fl. nep. 142. 1825, sensu render in sargent, trees and shrubs 12: 112. 1908; in sargent, pl wils. 1: 110. 1911, pr.p.; merrill in contr. arn. arb. 8: 164. 1934. viburnum sp. aut var. v. forbesii fawcett in forbes, nat. wand. 507* 1885. evergreen, crooked shrub or small, often branchy tree, up to 15 m. trunk terete, knotted, without buttresses. bark greyish or brownish, lenticellate. crown irregular, rather dense. young parts thinly stellatepubescent. branchlets greyish to reddish-brown, somewhat lenticellate. petioles channelled above, light green, up to 4 cm long. leaf-blades more or less coriaceous, somewhat shining, sometimes even as if varnished and viscid, dark green above, pale green beneath, glabrous on the upper side, often bearded in the nerve-axils on the under side, ovate to lanceolate, 10—24 cm long, 4—8 cm wide; apex mostly gradually long-acuminate, base rounded or somewhat acute and slightly decurrent on the petiole, margin superficially dentate to rather densely serrate-dentate, sometimes almost entire, somewhat revolute in dry state: nervation somewhat impressed above, prominent beneath; primary side-nerves 5—7 on each side of the midrib, arcuately ascending, evanescent near the margin and indistinctly anastomosing; reticulation delicate, pellucid. inflorescence umbellate, corymbiform, 3—4 times compound, up to 10 cm across; axes thinly stellate-pubescent; peduncle short, up to 2.5 cm long; primary rays 5—7, light green; bracteoles small, ovate, soon caducous; flowers somewhat scented. calyx-limb obscurely toothed, 1.5—2 mm in diameter; teeth triangular, acute. corolla tubular, ellipsoid-obovoid in bud, creamy white to white, sometimes pink, usually dotted with brown on the outside; tube usually 3—4 mm long (see var. longiflorum) ; lobes erect, rounded triangular, 1 mm. stamens exserted; filaments ligulate, subulately tapering . towards the top, in the flower-bud with inflexed apical part, white, adnate to the tube of the corolla 0.5—1 mm above the base, 4—6(—7) mm long; anthers oblong, purplish, 1—1.5 mm long. ovary cylindrical, glabrous or lepidote, 1.5—2 mm long; style glabrous, white, short, 0.5—1 mm. drupe ovoid to broad-ellipsoid or even nearly spherical, in vivo only slightly dorsiventrally compressed, bluish black, 6—6.5 mm long, 5—6 mm wide; endocarp undulate in cross-section, 2-grooved on the dorsal side, 3-grooved on the ventral side, the lateral grooves, however, often obsolete. ecology. — in open primary and secondary forests, especially at their outskirts, sometimes in brushwood or in grassy plains. only in the higher mountain region, from 1000 (especially 1500) m upward, there often common and one of the pioneers in the natural re-afforestation. flowering and fruiting throughout the year. uses. — not recorded. distribution. — se asia; in malaysia only in the greater sunda islands sumatra and java, and in the lesser sunda islands (bali, lom1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 117 bok, flores, timor). not occurring in the malay peninsula and in the philippines. viburnum coriaceum var. longiflorum kern, var. nov. corollae tubus circiter 6 mm longus, lobi 1 mm longi; filamenta usque ad 6 mm longa, 2—3 mm supra basin corollae adnata. tube of the corolla about 6 mm long, lobes 1 mm; filaments up to 6 mm long, adnate to the corolla 2—3 mm above the base. distribution. — sumatra, east coast residency. type. — yates 1567 (a). viburnum coriaceum is extremely variable in all its parts, mainly as to the shape of the leaves. usually these are slenderly acuminate and remotely dentate, but the acumen may also be short or nearly wanting, the margins serrate or nearly entire. the flowers, too, vary in colour and size. in revising the malaysian species of viburnum in the herbarium of the arnold arboretum i was struck by the large flowers and the very shining, vernicose leaves of the specimens yates 1567 and hamel & rahmat si torus 639, both from north sumatra. at first i believed they might represent a distinct species. however, neither in the leaf-shape nor in the fruits could i find valid differences. for this reason it seems preferable to regard the large-flowered specimens as a variety, the more so. as burkill 16312 and yates 105 with a corolla of 6 mm length may be regarded as intermediate. the small-flowered form also occurs in north sumatra. however remarkable the viscosity of the leaves may be, it should be remembered that the normal javanese v. coriaceum may also be viscid, as is evident from an annotation on the label of clason k198 from mount kelud. on account of the strikingly shining leaves i presume nevertheless, that the fruiting specimens yates 976, bangham 928 & 948, and hamel 443 may belong to the large-flowered form. noteworthy also are the specimens collected in the lesser sunda [islands during the elbert expedition of 1909—1910 and the rensch expedition of 1927. they greatly resemble the aberrant v. sambucinum of those regions. hallier (i.e.) already pointed out this fact: "von v.sambucinum reinw. sind die exemplare mit ganzrandigen slattern leicht zu unterscheiden durch ihre nicht mit bleichen lenticellen langs gestrichelten jungen zweige, ihre oberseits harzglanzenden jungen blatter, ihre kahlen, harzglanzenden fruchtknoten und ihre in der knospe nicht kugeligen, . sondern langlichen blumenkronen". however, the discrimination cannot becalled easy. in flowering specimens the ovoid flower-bud, the tubular corolla, the inf lexed stamens, the lepidote or vernicose ovary point to 118 r e i n w a e d t i a [vol. 1 v. coriaceum; in fruiting specimens the small, young somewhat lepidote or shining .vernicose drupes are characteristic. in v. sambucinum of the lesser sunda islands, however, the ovary is often but sparingly hairy, the flower-bud more ovoid than in javanese specimens, and the twisted aestivation of the stamens often indistinct. i agree with hallier's opinion that fawcett's v. forbesii must be referred to v. sambucinum: it is the more or less aberrant form, which occurs in timor. on the contrary tha poor specimens of forbes 3872 belong in my opinion to v. coriaceum. fawcett regarded them as a new species or a variety of his v. forbesii; hallier identified them as v. sambucinum. the specimen koorders 1065/? (cf. koorders & valeton op. cit. 39; is, in my opinion, not a viburnum, but a species of maesa. as far as i know hooker f. & thomson were the first to treat v. cyundricum ham. ex d. don and v. coriaceum bl. as synonyms. v. cylindricum was published in the "prodromus florae nepalensis" with the following diagnosis: "foliis ovali-oblongis acuminatis coriaceis integerrimis subtus ramulisque pubescentibus, cymis compositis erectis tomeritosis, corollis oblongis tubulatis: limbo brevissimo 5-dentato". — d. don (prodr. pi. nep. 142. 1825). i greatly doubt whether the nepal plant with entire leaves, pubescent 'beneath, and tomentose cymes can be identical with the malaysian viburnum coriaceum. therefore, i prefer for the present to use blume's unambiguous name. s p e c i m e n s e x a m i n e d . — s u m a t r a . w i t h o u t e x a c t l o c a l i t y : korthals g-n. ( l ) . a t j e h . a b o v e t a k e n g e u n , van steenis 5977 ( b ) . e a a>t c o a s t . b e r a s t a g i , md. nur 7274 (b, s), burkill 40 (s), yates 593 (a, b), beumee a810 (b), doeters van leeuwen 12898 (b), symington 23964 (s) ; karo-plateau, near berastagi, lorzing 5936 (b, l); siosar, local name longa longa, lorzing 8615 (b); kabandjahe near karang-karang (ne-sinabun), local name pokok kau buluh, roesel 260 (b) ; mt. singgalang, lorzing 8951 (b) ; seribudolok, local name ketawu, djaduk 9us (b) ; mt. sibajak, lorzing 5980 (b, l), doeters van 'leeuwen 12846 (b) ; mt. pinto, lorzing 8267 (b); simelungun, local name silanglangrih, keers 86 (b). t a p a n u l i . toba, paranginan, ouwehand 363 (b) ; toba-plateau, s of balige, local name golom-golom-masak, huitema 111 (b, l); near mt. tolong, ouwehand 35, 208 (b); habinsaran-plateau, lorzing 6567 (b, l) ; mt. margu, polak 97, 98 (b). w e s t c o a s t . mt. talakmau, biinnemeijer 882 (b) ; mt. marapi, biinnemeijer 4989 (b); mt. korintji, biinnemeijer 9410 (b, l), 9456 (b), 9613 (b, l, s), 10027, 10u5, 10213, 10553 (b). p a l e m b a n g , mt. pesagi, van steenis 3650 (b). —java. w i t h o u t e x a c t l o c a l i t y : blume (type of viburnum coriaceum bl, l. 899. 69—260), horsfield s.n. (g), junghuhn s.n. (l), korthals s.n. (l), zoilinger 2924 (g). west java. b o g o r. summit of mt. salak i, koorders 36743 (b); summit of mt. salak ii, van steenis 2980 (b) ; mt. pangerango, kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (l), 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 119 de monchy s.n. (b, l), van steenis 2021 (b), kern 7798 (b), van ooststroom 13367 (l) ; ,mt. gede, " houtsoorten" (= kinds of wood) 501 (l), van steenis 17558 (b) ; kandang badak, blume s.n. (l), hallier 53'4 (b), local name ketumpangrma (sundanese), sapiin s.n. (b), local name ki kukuran, bruggeman 536 (b) ; tjibodas, scheffer s.n. (b), bruggeman 37so (b), lorzing 2200 (b), local name ketumpang, koorders 1042, 10/f3 (b, l), 15616, 20432 (b), 26083, 32113 (b, l), baap 827 (l), sapiin 2461 (u) ; lebak saat, hallier 501 (b) ; tjibeureum, local name kiapu (sundanese), burck s.n. (b). p r i a n g a n . mt. patuha, reinwardt s.n. (l); near rantjabali, lorzing 1316, 1370 (b), van steenis 7422 (b); pengalengan, backer 26100 (b); van der pijl 416 (b) ; mt. malabar, forbes 954 (according to s. moore in j. bot. 62: suppl., 46. 1924, not agreeing with the printed label "se java"), (a, g, l), den berger 789 (b) ; mt. papandajan, local name ki kukuran (sundanese), scheffer c48 (b) ; talun kulon, sugandiredja 132.160 (b, l) ; between tegal bungbrung and tegal pandjang, van steenis 4216 (b, l); mt. ipis, van steenis 4957 (b); garut, burck s.n. (b) ; mt. galunggung, koorders 1051 (b). c h e r i b o n. mt. tjareme, backer 5129 (b). central java. p e k a l o n g a n . mt. slamet, waitz s.n. (l), backer 509 (b), vern. name temendilan, koorders 1058, 1059 (b) ; mt. perahu, "in sylvis montis prau javae", local name pohon plebber, junghuhn s.n. (l), local name bleber, van der goot s.n. (b), backer .21794 (b), brinkman 884c (l) ; in sylvis circa dieng, junghuhn s.n. (l, u) ; dieng, koorders 11243, 11244 (b, l). k e d u. mt. sundoro, near kledung district wonosobo, koorders 10904, 11277 (b), local names tementilan and wuru (javanese), lorzing 462 (b), doeters van leeuwen 8959 (b) ; near kledung, distr. parokan, local name tementilan (javanese), koorders 11276 (b); mt. merbabu, junghuhn s.n. (l). j o g j a k a r t a . kaliurang, brinkman 379 (b). east java. m a d i u n. mt. lawu, junghuhn s.n. (u); above sarangan, dorgelo 120, 417 (l), de voogd 678 (l) ; djogolarangan, elbert 15, 16, 17, 18 (l) ; above djagaraga, backer 6823 (b), jacobson s.n. (b). k e d i r i. mt. wilis, backer 11394 (b); wanasegara, lorzing 890 (b) ; mt. kelud, clason k90, k102 (b), clason-laarman k198 (b). p a s u r u a n . mt. welirang, backer 37089 (l), backer & skottsberg 37314 (l). m a 1 a n g. mt. andjasmoro, posthumus 3963 (b); mt. kawi, tjemara kandung, arena & wurth s.n. (b), doeters van leeuwen 12278 (b) ; mt. panderman, groenhart s.(b) ; mt. ardjuno, koorders 38169, 43733 (b), hagedoorn & jeswiet s.n. (b), bremekamp s.n. (b), backer & skottsberg 37313 (l) ; pass of mt. bahal-kembar s, van steenis 7080 (b) ; prigen, rant s.n. (b) ; mt. tengger, tosari, koorders 37919 (b, l), local name meniran (javanese), pa munah ja2846 (b), backer 37092 (l) ; penandjan, local name meniran, ja2853 (a, b, l), kobus s.n. (b); mt. kembang, koorders 37360 (b), 37361 (b, l); kletak-pass, mousset 176 (a, b, l); above ngepuk, harreveld-lako 69 (b); near ranu-pani, vern. name meniran (javanese), de jong ja2657 (b, l); mt. iden-iden, kobus 221 (l); saddle of tengger-semeru, local name kaju meniran (javanese), jeswiet 55 (l) ; mt. semeru, jeswiet s.n. (l). b e s u k i. mt. liang, backer 9651 (b); tjemara lantjang, backer 9800 (b, l, s), with fruit-galls, koorders 43473 (b, l), clason-laarman g49 (b) ; mt. eaung, clason-laarman 154 (b); mt. idjen, backer 37506, 37685 (l), clason-laarman e72, e76 (b), koorders 1064 (b); kawah idjen, koorders 43297 (b). —bali. mt. batukau, local name kajunjalian, sarip 402 (exp. maier) (b, l) ; mt. abang, de voogd 2759 (b) ; mt. agung, de voogd 1937, 2197 (b), van steenis 7875 ( b ) . — l o m b o k . mt. rindjani, elbert 969, 1008, 1405, 1475, 2165 (l), gruendler 2322 (l). — f l o r e s . mt. mutu, de voogd 2800 (b) ; eana mese, rensch 1300 (b) ; seli mutu, rensch 1509 (b). timor. 120 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 121 samoro, mt. sobale, forbes 3872 (cf. nat. wand. 507. 1885) (b, l) ; mt. mutis, de voogd 2303^b, l). . a. 'viburnum coriaceum var. longiflorum. sumatra. e a s t c o a s t : yates 1567 (a, l, s ) ; deleng singkut, hamel & rahmat si torus 639 (a). less typical (corolla about 6 mm l o n g ) : yates 105 ( a ) ; berastagi, burkill 16312 (b, s), hamel u3 (a). — the following fruiting specimens may belong to the variety, on account of the vegetative c h a r a c t e r s : a t j e h . gajo• lands, mt. losir, van steenis 8618 (b). e a s t c o a s t : yates 976 ( a ) ; siantarberastagi, banghavi 9&8 (a) ; on sides of volcano near redelong, bang ham 928 (a). 2. viburnum beccarii gamble. — fig. 2. viburnum beccarii gamble in j. as. soc. bengal 72 (2): 114. 1903; hallier in meded. rijks-herb. 14: 37. 1912; ridley in j. fed. mai. st. mus. 8: 44. 1917; ridley, pl mai. pen. 2: 2. 1923. viburnum sp. merrill in contr. arn. arb. 8: 164. 1934. coarse, sprawling or climbing, evergreen shrub or small tree, up to 8 m. branches and branchlets brownish, glabrous, warty-lenticellate. petioles channelled above, glabrous, 1.5—3.5 cm long. leaf-blades coriaceous, dark green above, bright green beneath, upper side glabrous, under side minutely gland-dotted and with a distinct elliptic glandular pit at the base on both sides of the midrib and often smaller pits in the nerveaxils, elliptic, obovate or ovate, 8—15 cm long, 5—-8 cm wide; apex obtuse or shortly and bluntly acuminate, rarely somewhat emarginate, base cuneate to nearly rounded, somewhat decurrent on the petiole, margin entire, revolute in dry state; midrib impressed above, prominent beneath; primary side-nerves much less prominent, 4—8 on each side of the midrib, at an angle of 45—60° to it, ascending, arcuately anastomosing near the margin, veins distinct, reticulate. inflorescence terminal, corymbiform, 3—4 times umbellately branched, 6—12 cm across, infructescence up to 15 cm; young axes rather densely brown stellate-pubescent, glabrescent; peduncle rather stout, up to 12 cm long; primary rays 5—7(—8), 2—5 cm long, later on up to 6 cm; bracts and bracteoles small, linear-lanceolate, rusty stellate-pubescent, very soon caducous. calyx-limb cupulate, obscurely lobed, minutely gland-ciliolate, otherwise glabrous. corolla tubular, obovoid-ellipsoid in bud, white; tube 3—4 mm long, lobes erect, rounded to rather acute, minutely gland-ciliolate, 1 mm long. stamens long-exserted; filaments flattened, subulately tapering towards the top, in the flowerbud with inflexed top, inserted at the base of the corolla, glabrous, 7—8 mm long; anthers oblong, purplish, about 2 mm long. ovary cylindrical, glabrous, about 2 mm long; style conical, glabrous, 1 mm long. drupe ovate, dorsiventrally compressed, (young) bluish green, 9—10 mm long, 6—7 mm wide, endocarp undulate in cross-section, shallowly 2-grooved on the dorsal side, shallowly 1-grooved on the ventral side. ecology. — in forests and thickets in the higher mountain regions. distribution. — only known from the malay peninsula and sumatra. the original description of this species by gamble was made after an incomplete specimen of scortechini (no. 375b) from perak the characters of v. beccarii given in ridley's "flora of the malay peninsuladie nearly the same as in gamble's description; new localities have not 122 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 been recorded since. the occurrence of the species in sumatra was already mentioned by gamble: mt. singgalan (beccari 194 in herb. kew; also in herb. lugd. bat.!), in the various herbaria i found material from several new localities in sumatra, some of them bearing flowers and nearly mature fruits. van steenis 9960 differs somewhat from the other specimens by its less stellate-pubescent, more tender axes of the inflorescence, but in my opinion it cannot be referred to another species. the shape of the corolla and the aestivation of the stamens point to a close relationship between v. coriaeeum and v. beccarii. specimens examined. malay peninsula. p e r a k : seortechini 375b {type, not seen). p a h a n g. fraser hill, 4000 ft., fl.-buds, aug. 1923, henderson 11484 (b), 4000 ft., fl., aug. 1923, henderson & md. nur 11176 (s) ; 4000—4370 ft., fl., sept. 1922, burkill & holttum 8631 (s); gunung berembun, cameron highlands, june 1933, symington 31005 (s). sumatra. w i t h o u t e x a c t l o c a l i t y : forbes 2568 (l) (cf. hallier i.e.). a t j e h . gajo-lands, near the confluence of kali kapi and kali aunan, flat wooded ridges with cold solfatara fields, 1100—1250 mf fl.-buds and young fr., march 1937, van steenis 9960 (b). e a s t c o a s t . mt. sibajak, one of the ne ridges, in thicket, scattered, 1800 m, sprawling shrub, fl.-buds, july 1920, lorzing 7343 (b) ;' in primary forest on dry ridge, scattered, 1900 m, coarse sprawling shrub, fr., jan. 1921, lorzing 8303 (b, l) ; lau debuk debuk, in thicket, 1300 m, sprawling shrub, fl.-buds, oct. 1929, docters van leeuwen 12813 (b); road from east coast to tapanuli (nw side of toba lake), near peso peso, virgin jungle, 4100—4500 ft., vine climbing, fr., feb. 1932, bangham 116u (a) ; huta gindjang, toba, common, 1400 m, climbing shrub, fl.-buds, july 1897, ouwehand 393 (b) ; laukakai, jungle, 1630 m, shrub, june 1939, batten pooll s.n. (s). w e s t c o a s t . mt. -singgalang 1878, beccari 191,,, 345 (l); mt. korintji, edge of swamp, 1800 m, tree, fl., april 1920, bunnemeijer 9730 (b, l). 3. viburnum glaberrimum merr. viburnum glaberrimum merrill in philip. j. sci., bot. 4: 329. 1909; enum. philip, fl. pi. 3: 577. 1923. small, evergreen tree, nearly glabrous. branchlets dark reddishbrown, lenticellate. petioles channelled above, glabrous, 2—4 cm long. leaf-blades coriaceous, shining, glabrous on both sides except for the bearded (or glandular pitted) nerve-axils on the under side, ovate or elliptic, (6—)8 15 cm long, (3—)6—8 cm wide; apex broadly and obtusely acuminate to nearly rounded, base rounded or slightly decurrent-cuneate, margin entire or remotely undulate-dentate; nervation indistinct above, rather prominent beneath; primary side-nerves 6—8 on each side of the midrib, at an angle of about 45° to it, slightly ascending, anastomosing, connected by indistinct transverse veins. inflorescence terminal, umbellate, corymbiform, 3 4 times branched, 5—10 cm across; axes thinly stellatepubescent, glkbrescent; peduncle stout, 2—4 cm long; primary rays 5—7, 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 123 up to 5 cm long; bracteoles very small, caducous before the anthesis. calyxlimb obscurely lobed. corolla broad-tubular, obovoid in bud, glabrous; tube about 2.5 mm, lobes erect, rounded, about 1.5 mm long. stamens exserted; filaments flattened, adnate to the base of the corolla, in the flower-bud inflexed at the top, about 6 mm long; anthers oblong, 1.5—2 mm long. ovary cylindrical, glabrous, 1 mm long. drupe (after ramos & edano 39025) ovate to nearly orbicular, dorsiventrally compressed, about 5 by 5 mm; endocarp obscurely undulate in cross-section, with 2 shallow dorsal grooves and 1 shallow ventral groove. ecology. — in primary forests; altitude according to merrill 1909, i.e., 300—450 m, according to merrill 1923, i.e., 1000—1400 m. distribution. — philippines, endemic. s p e c i m e n s e x a m i n e d . — p h i l i p p i n e s ; l u z o n . c a m a r i n e s : f l . , d e c . 1 9 1 3 , ramos (merrill, phil. pl 1519) ( b , g, l, s ) ; r i z a l : fl., j a n . 1913, loher 13878 ( b ) , 13904 (a); fl., dec. 1913, loher 14846 (a). mindanao. b u k i d n o n. mt. dumalucpihan, fl., fr., june-july 1920, ramos & edano bs39025 (a, b, g). see p. 125. 4. viburnum platyphyllum merr. — fig. 3. viburnum platyphyllum merrill in philip. j. sci., bot. 10: 284. 1915; enum. philip, fl. pi. 3: 577. 1923 (" pachyphyllum"). tall, nearly glabrous, evergreen tree. branchlets dark reddish-brown, lenticellate. petioles glabrous, 4—5 cm long, of the smaller leaves 1—2 cm. leaf-blades firmly chartaceous to subcoriaceous, somewhat shining, pale olivaceous when dry, glabrous, ovate to oblong-ovate, 9—22 cm long, 4—10 cm wide; apex gradually narrowed to the usually elongated and rather slender acumen, base obtuse to somewhat acute and slightly decurrent on the petiole, margin entire to obscurely undulate; primary sidenerves 6—7 on each side of the midrib, somewhat prominent beneath, ascending, indistinctly anastomosing, axils on the lower surface (often also axils of the coarser secondary nerves) glandular-pitted. inflorescence large, umbellate, corymbiform (3—)4(—5) times branched, up to 18 cm across; axes thinly stellate-pubescent, glabrescent; peduncle 4—6 cm long; primary rays about 7, (4—)6—7 cm long. flowers numerous, fragrant. calyx-limb with short but distinct triangular teeth. corolla globular in bud, when open shortly tubular to somewhat turbinate, gradually slightly widening towards the top, white, glabrous; tube 2—2.5 mm, lobes erect, rounded, 1.5—2 mm. stamens exserted; filaments inserted at the base of the corolla, in the flower-bud with inflexed top, sometimes moreover with a distinct fold in the lower part, 6—7 mm long; anthers oblong, 2 mm long. ovary cylindrical, glabrous, 1 mm long. drupe oblong-ovate, dorsiventrally compressed, 8—9 mm long, 6 mm wide; endocarp slightly undulate in cross-section, with 2 shallow dorsal grooves and 1 shallow ventral groove. ecology. — according to merrill in forests, at an altitude of about 500 m. distribution. — philippines, endemic. 124 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 5. viburnum cornutidens merr. 125 viburnum cornutidens merrill in philip. j. sci. 26: 491. 1925; enum. philip, fl. pi. 4: 251. 1926. small, glabrous, evergreen tree, about 5 m high. branchlets dark reddish brown, conspicuously lenticellate. petioles 2—3.5 cm long. leafblades thickly coriaceous, shining, olivaceous or brownish olivaceous, obovate to elliptic, 10—14 cm long, 7—10 cm wide; apex rounded to shortly and obtusely acuminate, base acute and somewhat decurrent on the petiole, margin conspicuously corniculate-dentate; teeth straight, obtuse, 1—2 mm long, chiefly terminating the primary side-nerves, the latter usually 9 on each side of the midrib, nearly straight, once (sometimes twice) forked one-half to two-thirds of the margin, beneath with glandular pits in the axils, connected by indistinct transverse veins. infructescence terminal, umbellate, corymbiform, 3—4 times branched, about 15 cm across; peduncle stout, about 5 cm long; primary rays 5—7, up to 7 cm long. drupe broadly ovate, dorsiventrally compressed, 8 mm long, 6—7 mm wide; endocarp slightly undulate in cross-section, with 2 shallow dorsal grooves and 1 shallow ventral groove. ecology. — on forested slopes; altitude about 1800 m. local name. — manano (igorot). distribution. — philippines, endemic; only known from the original collection. s p e c i m e n e x a m i n e d . — p h i l i p p i n e s . l u z o n . b e n g u e t . m t . b a u d a n , f r . , sept. 1921, ramos & edano b.s. io-309 (a; type). in order to come to a satisfactory classification of the group of v. glaberrimum, occurring in the philippines (species 3—5), it will be necessary to collect a lot of additional specimens, with both flowers and fruits from the same plant, as the material in the herbaria is insufficient to gain an insight in this difficult question. viburnumglaberrimum was described in 1909. as merrill mentions, it is a species manifestly allied to v. coriaceum of the indo-malayan region, but at the same time very distinct, especially in its vegetative characters. i did not see the type of v. glaberrimum, merritt 15848, but in his "enumeration" merrill also mentions merr. phil. pi. 1519, of which i have seen several sheets in the various herbaria. it will be useful to verify the characters given by merrill. in my opinion v. glaberrimum cannot be called "glabrous throughout." not only the glands of the nerve-axils on the under side of the leaves are often somewhat bearded, but also the axes of the inflorescence are thinly stellately pubescent, though glabrescent. the leaves are rather elliptic or ovate than obovate. the corolla is not 5 mm but 4 mm long, the tube being about 2.5 mm, the lobes about 1-5 mm. the filaments are not 5 mm long but 6 mm. moreover, i do not 126 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 believe that the leaves of v. glaberrimum are always entire. in loher 13878 and 13904, otherwise quite identical with merrill phil. pi. 1519, the leaves are distinctly remotely undulate-dentate. however, v. glaberrimum and v. coriaceum differ manifestly. whereas in v. coriaceum the leaves are usually ovate-lanceolate, gradually long-acuminate and remotely dentate, they are broader, elliptic to ovate, not or obtusely short-acuminate, entire or somewhat undulate in v. glaberrimum. the corolla of v. coriaceum is more distinctly tubular than with v. glaberrimum, the tube in the former being at least 3 mm, often longer, the teeth 1 mm, in the latter respectively 2.5 and 1.5 mm. the flower-bud of v. glaberrimum is obovoid, with v. coriaceum more ellipsoid. the stamens of v. glaberrimum are inserted at the base of the corolla, those of v. coriaceum somewhat adnate to the tube (0.5—1 mm, sometimes, even to 2—3 mm above the base). the filaments are 6 mm long; those of v. coriaceum reach this length only in some large-flowered specimens. obviously the place of v. coriaceum, which is wanting in the philippines, is taken by v. glaberrimum, and the differences are presumably sufficient to justify the specific separation from the variable v. coriaceum. later on merrill published two further species, viz. v. platyphyllum (1915) and v. cornutidens (1925); according to their author the former is distinguished by its much larger, distinctly slenderly acuminate leaves, the latter by its conspicuously corniculate-dentate leaves. for the rest no striking differences are given. v. platyphyllum is based on wenzel 923 from leyte, v. cornutidens on ramos & edafio 40309 from luzon. in merrill's "enumeration" no supplementary specimens of both species are mentioned. viburnum cornutidens has been described from a fruiting specimen only. in comparing it with v. glaberrimum, merrill phil. pi. 1519, i have been unable to find other valid differences but the dentation of the leaf. in my opinion it would be undesirable to segregate it specifically from v. glaberrimum, until further collections have furnished more characteristics. for a similar variation of the dentation (entire, undulate, dentate) can be observed in the philippine v. odoratissimum, without this having led to the institution of a separate species. on the other hand it must be admitted, that the thickly coriaceous, broad, dentate leaves are striking. the plant also seems to be characterized by the broadly ovate fruits, which measure about 8 by 6—7 mm, those of v. glaberrimum probably being smaller (see below). 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 127 we have a similar case in v. platyphyllum. the much larger leaves, gradually tapering upward to the distinctly slenderly acuminate apex in the type are indeed remarkable. the inflorescence is larger too and, as far as i can judge from a single specimen, there are also slight differences in the flower. the calyx-teeth seem to be more distinct, the corolla appears to be somewhat widened towards the top, therefore less tubular than in v. glaberrimum, and more globular in bud. unfortunately fruits are absent, both in merrill phil. pi. 1519 and in wenzel 913. i have met with great difficulties in trying to identify the specimens not mentioned by merrill. loher 13904 and 14846, both distributed as v. glaberrimum, have been correctly identified in my opinion. ramos & fedano 39025, distributed as v-. odoratissimum ker, i also take for v. gla'yerrimum. the fruits of this specimen are nearly orbicular, 5 by 5 mm, at probably not full-grown. ramos 41482 and 41585 on the contrary iear ovate young fruits of 6—7 by 4—5 mm. the leaves, although much -smaller than in wenzel 923, taper more or less gradually into the rather long acumen. for these reasons i can agree with the determination on the label as a small-leafed form of v. platyphyllum. but i repeat, the 'question is very intricate. for the present i must acquiesce in the opinion m merrill; it is to be hoped that more complete material may offer a lolution. 6. viburnum punctatum ham. ex d. don viburnum punctatum hamilton ex d. don, prodr. fl. nepal. 142. 1825; de cane, prodr. 4: 324. 1830; hooker f. & thomson in j. linn. soc. (bot.) 2: 176. 1858; oersted in vid. meddel. kjobenh. 1860: 298. 1861; brandis, for. fl. 260. 1874; c. b. clarke in hooker f., fl. brit. ind. 3: 5. 1880; danguy in lecomte, fl. gen. indo-ch. 1: 12. 1922; craib, fl. siam. enum. 2: 3. 1932; merrill in contr. arn. arb. 8: 164. 1934. v. acuminatum wallich ex de gandolle, prodr. 4: 325. 1830; wight & arnott, prodr. fl. pen. ind. or. 1: 388. 1834; wight, icones pi. ind. or. 3: (13) t.1021. 1845; [gamble, flora madras 3: 575. 1919. evergreen shrub or small tree, up to 18 m. bark greyish; young parts densely covered with minute, rusty-coloured, peltate scales, leaving numerous punctiform scars when they fall off. branchlets angular, somewhat warty lenticellate. petioles channelled above, 1—1.5 cm long. leafblades coriaceous, shining dark green above, lighter and somewhat bronzy beneath; upper surface glabrous, under side densely covered with minute scales, neither bearded nor glandular pitted in the nerve-axils, elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5—13 cm long, 2—4.5 cm wide, bluntly acuminate at the apex (acumen 0.5-—1 cm long), tapering towards the base and slightly decurrent on the petiole; margin entire and somewhat revolute in dry state; primary side-nerves 5—7 on each side of the midrib, indistinct 128 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] keen: viburnum in malaysia 129 above, rather prominent beneath, arcuately ascending, anastomosing near the margin, connected by delicate veins. inflorescence terminal, 3(—4) times umbellately branched, corymbiform, 5—10 cm across (the infructescence up to 15 cm) ; axes densely squamulate; peduncle very short, usually 1—3 cm long; primary rays 3—5, angular, 2—5 cm long; bracteoles very minute, ovate-lanceolate, fimbriate, 1.5 mm long. flowers fragrant, about 5 mm wide. calyx-teeth ovate-triangular, obtuse, light-margined, squamulose, about 0.75 mm long. corolla white, glabrous within, somewhat squamulose without, globular in bud, nearly rotate (only slightly campanulate) when open; tube about 1 mm long, lobes broad-ovate, rounded, somewhat overlapping at the base, about 2 mm long. stamens somewhat exserted; filaments flattened, subulately tapering towards the top, in the flower-bud with an inflexed tip, inserted near the base of the corolla, 3—4 mm long; anthers elliptic, about 1 mm long. ovary cylindrical, lepidote, 1.5—2 mm long; style short and thick, conical. drupe elliptic or slightly obovate, much compressed dorsiventrally, young squamulose, ripening black, 9—11(—12) mm long, 6—7 mm wide; endocarp undulate in cross-section, with 2 dorsal and 3 ventral grooves. distribution. — se asia, from nepal, kumaon, and the deccan to siam and indochina. in malaysia only collected twice at neighbouring localities in north sumatra. the statement of hooker f. & thomson (i.e.) : "java," already doubted by hallier for phytogeographic reasons, has never been proved by any material. don's meagre diagnosis of v. punetatum reads: "foliis ovali-oblongis integerrimis mucronulatis utrinque glabris, cymo terminali laevi patente sessili." it is to be found again nearly literally in de candolle's "prodromus," only with the addition "foliis ... subtus sub lente punctatis." the description of v. acuminatum in the "prodromus" is also very short and it is impossible to find a clear difference between the two diagnoses. consequently hooker f. & thomson united the two species, treating the name v. acuminatum in synonymy. nearly all later authors followed them, recently merrill, who expressly stated: " [bangham 825] very closely matches wallich's nepal material and wight 1523, distributed as v. acuminatum wallich." however, clarke distinguished the deccan plant from the nepal v. punetatum as variety acuminatum (wall.) clarke, characterized by its acuminate leaves, persistent bracts, larger drupes and obscurely grooved seeds, adding: "the berry looks so different that it may indicate a distinct species." the group of v. punetatum obviously comprises a number of closely related taxa and great prudence should be exercised in uniting them into a single species. viburnum lepidotulum merr. & chun (in sunyatsenia 2: 22 pi. 12. 1934), for instance is undoubtedly a markedly different species, although judging from the description and the plate it seems to differ only from the plant figured in wight's tabula 1021, by its larger fruits [in how 72851 (b) they are even 18 mm long!]the conspecifity of v. acuminatum and v. punetatum is therefore in my opinion still questionable, but provisionally i follow the majority of the authors. at any rate the sumatran specimens agree with clarke's variety acuminatum and with wight's plate. they are identical with the indian and siamese specimens i saw [wight 1263 (l); nilgiris, clarke b 10744 (b) ; pulney hills, sauliere 74, 123 (b) ; — pu tong, kerr 8874 (s) ; chiengmai, kerr 6222 (s) ; krabin, kerr 9829 (s) ]. specimens , examined. — sumatra. a t j e h . along road from takingeun to bireuen, road to balek, edges of and in first growth jungle, alt. 3300 ft, fl., jan. 1932, bangham 825 (a, s); enang enang, n of lampahan, along road, alt. 800 m, fr., sept. 1934, van steenis 6587 (b). 7. viburnum sambucinum bl. viburnum sambucinum blume, bijdr. 13: 656. 1826; de candolle, prodr. 4: 325. 1830; miquel, fl. ind. bat. 2: 120, 1856; suppl.: 213. 1860; hasskarl in bonplandia 7: 170. 1859; oersted m vidensk. meddel. kjobenh.. 1860: 299 t. 7 f. 11-13. 1861; clarke in hooker f., fl.. brit. ind. 3: 5 & 671. 1880; koorders & valeton, bijdr. booms. java 5: 40. 1900; koorders in natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-ind. 62: 216. 1903; gamble in j. asiat. soc. bengal 72: (2) : 113. 1903; koorders in gedenkb. jungh. 192. 1910; exkursionsfl. java 3: 285. 1912; hallier f. in meded. rijks-herb. no. 14: 36. 1912; ridley in j. fed. mai. st. mus. 8: 44. 1917; koorders, fl. tjibodas 3 (2) : 38. 1918; merrill in j. str. br. roy. as. soc. 86: 582. 1921; danguy in lecomte, fl. gen. indo-ch. 3: 11. 1922; ridley, fl. mai. pen. 2: 1. 1923; burkill & henderson in gard. bull., str. settl. 3: 380. 1925; von malm in fedde repert. 34: 28. 1934 (excl. rensch 1509); henderson in j. fed. mai. st. mus. 13: 219. 1927; in j. mai. br. roy. as. soc. 5: 251. 1927; corner, wayside trees mai. 183. 1940. viburnum integerrimum wallich, cat. 457; hooker f. & thomson in j. linn. soc. (bot.) 2: 176. 1858. viburnum forbesii fawcett in forbes, nat. wand. 506. 1885 (excl. var.). evergreen, branchy shrub or small spreading tree, up to 10(—15) m. trunk terete, straight, unbuttressed. bark greyish brown. crown irregular, rather lax. branches terete, glabrous, lenticellate; young branchlets densely rusty stellate-pubescent. petioles channelled above, glabrous or glabrescent, up to 4 cm long. leaf-blades more or less coriaceous, shining dark green above, paler and less shining beneath, both sides glabrous except for a few hairs on the nerves and the bearded nerve-axils at the under side (see vartomentosum), here with an often indistinct spotty gland at the base on both sides of the midrib, elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, the larger ones 10—25 cm long, 5—-10 cm wide; apex abruptly shortacuminate, base cuneate and somewhat decurrent on the petiole, margin entire, somewhat revolute in dry state; nervation slightly impressed above, rather prominent beneath; primary side-nerves 5;—-7 on each side of the midrib arcuately ascending, evanescent towards the margin, anastomosing; reticulation close, dark green. inflorescence densely many-flowered, 130 r e 1 n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 kern : viburnum in malaysia 131 umbellate, corymbiform, (3—)4(—5) times branched, up to 15(—18) cm across; axes densely stellate-pubescent, glabrescent; peduncle stout, reddish brown, 4—6 cm long; primary rays 6—8, up to 5 cm long; bracts occasionally leafy, usually like the bracteoles small, linear-lanceolate, stellately pubescent, often semi-persistent. flowers small, 3—4 mm in diameter, very fragrant (as in sambucus). calyx-limb with ovate-triangular, acute, ciliate lobes, 0.75—1 mm long. corolla rotate or campanulate, globular in bud, white or creamy; tube 1(—1.5) mm, lobes spreading, ovate, rounded (1—)1.5(—2) mm, the tube usually somewhat shorter than the lobes, not rarely the reverse. stamens long-exserted; filaments almost filiform, somewhat flattened, white, serpentine in bud, inserted at the base of the corolla, (4—)5—7(—9) mm long; anthers elliptic to oblong, 0.75—1 mm long. ovary cylindrical; usually densely hairy, very rarely subglabrous, 1—1.5 mm long; style short, glabrous, 1 mm long. drupe ovate, much compressed dorsiventrally, young shining dark green, thinly short-hairy, ripening bluish-black, glabrescent, astringent, (7—)9(—10) mm long, (5—)6(—7) mm wide; endocarp undulate in cross-section, dorsally 2grooved,. ventrally 3-grooved, the lateral ventral grooves often obsolete. ecology. — in open primary and secondary forests, in brushwood, particularly at the edges of forests in the lower mountain regions (up to 1800 m), occasionally in swampy places in the lowlands. flowering and fruiting throughout the year. uses. — winckel (648 /9) mentions the use of the leaves as a remedy against scabies by the natives; other uses are not recorded. distribution. — se asia: cambodia; malaysia, chiefly in the western part, often frequent, from the malay peninsula through sumatra and java (already rare in the central and eastern part) to the lesser sunda islands; also in borneo, celebes, and the moluccas, but presumably very rare there. viburnum sambucinum var. subglabrum kern, var. nov. viburnum longistamineum ridley in j. fed. mai.st. mus. 6: 151. 1915 (basinym); f l . mai. pen. 2: 2. 1923; symington in j. mai. br. roy. as. soc. 1 4 ( 3 ) : 353. 1936. inflorescence small, 5—7 cm across; axes of the inflorescence and ovary subglabrous. distribution. — malay peninsula. viburnum sambucinum var. tomentosum hallier f.— fig. 4 viburnum sambucinum var. tomentosum hallier f. in meded. rijks-herb. no. 14: 36. 1912. viburnum sumatranum miquel, fl. ird. bat., suppl.: 537. 1860; moore in j. of bot. 62: suppl.: 64. 1924. viburnum villosum ridley in j. str. br. roy. as. soc. no. 61: 10. 1912; fl. mai. pen. 2: 2. 1923. viburnum inopinatum craib in kew bull., 1911: 385; danguy in lecomte, fl. gen. indo-ch. 3: 10. 1922. viburnum sambucinum blume sensu hosseus in beih. bot. cb. 28: 446. 1911. 132 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 under side of the full-grown leaves softly villous with simple, forked, and stellate hairs. distribution. — siam, malay peninsula, sumatra; the typical form probably restricted to higher altitudes (800—1200 m). like most malaysian viburna this species is very variable in all its parts, especially as to the indument. almost glabrous forms occur as well as densely pubescent ones. this variability more than once led to the distinction of new segregate species. the nearly glabrous plants for instance were described by ridley as v. longistamineum from the malay peninsula. i am unable to draw a line between v. sambucinum, also occurring in the malay peninsula, and v. longistamineum. i take this for a somewhat slender, more glabrous form. ridley named his species after "the very long projecting stamens," but this feature is also peculiar to v. sambucinum sensu .strieto and the difference is illusory. in my opinion v. longistamineum is perhaps not even a well-marked variety. the pubescent form, on the other hand, also received some specific names. when miquel described his v. swmatranum after a specimen collected by junghuhn at sipirok, he did not know the flowers. he added to the description: "probabiliter prope v. sambucinum inserendum, indumento persistente insigne." the description indeed does not preclude the close relationship with v. sambucinum; there is even only one character in it, which is not applicable to the common form of this species, viz. the indument of the leaves. the full-grown leaves of typical v. sambucinum are almost glabrous on both sides, except for a few hairs on the nerves and the bearded nerve-axils on the under side; the young ones, however, are pubescent benath, especially on the midrib and the primary side-nerves. in v. swmatranum the under side of the full-grown leaves is softly villous with persistent hairs. in the various herbaria i found several specimens of a viburnum, fully agreeing with miquel's description and the type. some of them bear flowers, but nevertheless i am unable to find differences from v. sambucinum that may be considered specific. moreover, the hairiness of the leaves is very variable, slight, for instance, in krukoff 4201 and 4366, and yates 2544. i agree with hallier who reduced v. sumatranum to a variety of v. sambucinum. presumably the range of this variety (or geographic race) extends from siam through malaya to sumatra. viburnum villosum ridl. of the malay peninsula is quite identical with miquel's plant. ridley described the flowers as follows: "flowers small sessile green . . . . corolla tube short vio inch long glabrous cylindric thick lobes rounded ovate, as long as the tube 5. stamens twice as long as the corolla 5." this description is incorrect. i cannot find any 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 133 evident difference with the corolla of v. sambucinum. the tube and the lobes are both about 1 mm long, the stamens about 6 mm. besides, the label-note "flowers green" must probably be due to the fact that only flower-buds are present. king already mentioned a more hairy form from the malay peninsula. obviously he did not know the densely villous plants, which are indeed very striking. however, there are so many intermediate specimens that i cannot maintain it as a species. for lack of authentic material i cannot quite make up mind, but judging from craib's description and a specimen in the rijksherbarium at leiden (lugd. bat. 934.323—409) i am nearly convinced that v. inopinatum craib from siam in future must also be treated as a synonym. craib published v. inopinatum as a new species in his "contributions to the flora of siam." he already saw the close relationship with v. sambucinum, for his description begins: "a v.sambucino, reinw., foliis subtus molliter pubescentibus, calycis dentibus minoribus, corolla parum majore, filamentis antherisque longioribus recedit." in the malaysian specimens, however, the corolla is not larger than in v. sambucinum, the tube being about 1 mm, the lobes fully 1 mm long, neither can i find evident differences in the calyx-lobes. the length of the fully developed filaments in v. sambucinum is very variable, from 4—7 mm. in henderson 11555 i even measured filaments of 8—9 mm. in general the specimens of sumatra and the malay peninsula have stamens projecting further than with those of the eastern part of the archipelago (celebes, lesser sunda islands). in comparing the descriptions of v. inopinatum and v. sambucinum in danguy's elaboration in lecomte, "flore generale de l'indo-china" one only finds the following differences: v. inopinatum limbe glabre en dessus, excepte la nervure mediane, pubescent en dessous. inflorescence pubescente, rayons a poils : surtout etoiles et blanchatres. fleurs blanches. calice a 5 dents courtes, a peine 0,5 mm,, pubescentes. tube [de la corolle] 1,5 mm. pilet 5—6,5 mm. v. sambucinum limbe glabre sur les 2 faces. rayons pubescents, couvert de poils etales, a la fin glabrescents. fleurs jaunatres. calice a 5 dents triangulaires, obtuses, glabres, 1 mm a peine. tube tres court, 0,5 mm. filet 5 mm. subit may be that the siamese plants differ in all these characters and represent a separate species, but it is clear, that the data on v. inatum are taken unaltered from craib's description. so i do not relieve that the contrast "fleurs blanches — fleurs jaunatres" really 134 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 exists. "tube tres court, 0,5 mm" in v'.: sambucinum does not at all agree with the numerous specimens of this species examined by me. they all have a corolla-tube of at least 1 mm in length. viburnum sambucinum of hosseus (i.e.) from siam, chieng mai, no 250 (l) is also variety tomentosum.it is remarkable that clarke (i.e.) under v. sambucinum mentions: "leaves in some javan specimens are hairy beneath." none of the javanese specimens of that species i examined showed this; on the contrary i did not see quite typical v. sambucinum from north sumatra, whereas but a single specimen of variety tomentosum has been collected in south sumatra. . in the list below the specimens with more or less persistent pubescence have all been reduced to variety tomentosum; the typical specimens are marked by an asterisk (*) ; the latter probably only occur at higher elevations above sea-leavel (ef. the label-notes). specimens examined. — malay peninsula. p. butong, berry s.n. (s). p. p e n a n g : maingay 712/2 (g, l), md. nur 2423 (b, s) ; government hill, curtis 278, 2453, s.n. (s), ridley 7128, 7928, 9230 (s), fox s.n. (b), burkill 387 (b, s), corner 31594~(s), nauen s.n. (s), 35828 (b) ; penara bukit, haniff 278 (s). p e r a k . b.irch's hill, burkill & haniff 12992 (s). p a h a n g . fraser hill, hose 60 (s), burkill & holttum 7779 (s) /henderson & md. nur 11252 (a, b, s), henderson 11555 (b); cameron's highlands, hancock 1987 (a), henderson 17984 (b, s), 23490 (s), 23617 (a, s), osman 20846 (s), md. nur 32635 (l, s) ; perolak, jaamat 27555 (s) ; gunong benom, f.m.s.-collector s.n. (s) ; sungei lemoi, jaamat 28151 (s) ; raub pahang, kalong 20260 (s) ; telom wood, ridley 13571 (s), kiah & strugnell 23909 ( b , s ) . s e l a n g o r . g u n o n g m e n g k u a n g , robinson s.n. ( s ) . s i n g a p o r e . cantley's collector 2913 (s), ridley 2106, 6829, 8036 (s), woodford 6335 (s) ; bukit panjang, ridley 11840 (a, s), s.n. (s), burkill & henderson 6810 (s) ; gap, symington 20183 ( s ) . — s u m a t r a . w i t h o u t e x a c t l o c a l i t y : korthals s.n. ( g ) . p a l e m b a n g . m t . dempo, b e t w e e n l e m a t a n g a n d e n s i k a n g r i v e r , huitema 7 5 ( b ) ; o g a n u l u , local n a m e k a j u t a i , teysmann 3777hb ( b , u ) ; s e m i n d o , de voogd 1506 (b, l ) ; m u a r a d u a , d e voogd 1-4 (b, l ) . — j a v a . w i t h o u t e x a c t l o c a l i t y : binnendijk s.n. ( b ) , blume s.n. ( b , l ) , local n a m e s ki l a k k e t a n g , ki m o k l a , junghuhn 283, pi. ined. 38, 39, 40, 42 (l), s.n. (u), korthals s.n. (l), kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (l), reinwardt s.n. (l), steenstra-toussaint s.n. (l), zollinger 310 (l), 843 (s). west java. b a n t e n . sadjira, reinwardt s.n. (l); between sadjira and lebak, korthals s.n. (l); between muntjang and sadjira, backer 1887 (b) ; djasinga, backer 9960, 10040. 10404 (b), van steenis 1121.3 (b) ; between bajah and langkop, backer 1703 (b); gunong kantjana, local name ki tai, koorders 41289 (b, l); bondjongmanik, koorders 40919 (b, l) ; tjiladaheun, (ace. to moore i.e.), forbes 4-10 (b) ; pasir orai, kosala, (ace. to moore i.e.), forbes 537a (b). d j a k a r t a . tjigelung near djasinga, beumee a362 (b, l, u) ; gunong paniisan, local name ki tarassi (sundanese), bakhuizen van den brink 6132 (b, l, u), van steenis 2289 (b) ; tjianten, s of leuwiliang, backer 25730 (b) ; gunong djambu, w of leuwiliang, bakhuizen i 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 135 van den brink f. 2726 (b, u) ; gunong sembung, backer 12213 (b). b o g o r . bogor, boerlage s.n. (l) ; nirmala, w of bogor, backer 11130 (b, l, s, u), de'voogd s.n. (b) ; near tjampea, local name ki tai, koorders 30609 (b, l, s); pasir karet near gadog, backer s.n. (b) ; batutulis near bogor, hallier s.n. (b); maseng, s of bogor, backer 9303 (b) ; mt. salak, local name ramo kekkek, junghuhn 37 (l), koorders 24167 (b, l), 24177 (b) ; pasir tengah, local name ki kulat, arsin 19529 (b) ; warungloa, van steenis 87 (b) ; tjisangku, nanggung, backer 10617 (a, b, l); forest-area nanggung, van steenis 17400 (b) ; nanggerang, sugandiredja 84 (b); pasir datar, slope of mt. pangrango, bakhuizen van den brink 2098 (b, l) ; between tjiloa and pasawahan, backer 2265. (b) ; pasawahan, boaters van leeuwen 2903 (b) ; tjitjurug, backer 17248 (b) ; njalindung near tjitjurug, belle s.n. (b) ; tjibareno, nw of palabuanratu, local name babatuan (sundanese), winckel 1862 (b, l, u); palabuanratu, local name ki kujup, koorders 1047, 1048, 1049 (b) ; tjipetir, burck & be monchy s.n. (b); tjibeber, local name ki sempur (sundanese), winckel 648 (b, l); tjibodas, hallier 42 (b), local name ki kukuran (sundanese), hallier 500a,b (b, l), koorders 31936, 32137 (b), local name ki kukuran, koorders 41983 (b), boerlage s.n. (b), lorzing 1790 (b), kern 7989 (b), van ooststroom 13795 (l), local name ki beureum (sundanese), kern 8055 (b), van ooststroom 13901 (l), local name katutunkul, "houtsoorten" (= kinds of wood) 241 (l) ; mt. gede, van steenis 6857 (b) ; mt. gede, between tjibeureum and lebaksaat, local name ki kukuran, hallier 500 (b) ; mt. kantjana, backer 23235 (b); takoka, koorders 15368, 25544 (b, l), 15191 (b); tjadas malang, local name ki kukuran, winckel 180, 1773 (b. l, u), bakhuizen van den brink 2525 (b) ; tji kareo, lam 2146 (b). p r i a n g a n . talun kulon, sugandiredja 108 (b) ; forest-area tjigenteng, local name ki bangkong, koorders 1045 (b, l, u), 1046, 1053 (b), 23168 (b, l); mt. malabar, local name beubeunteran, coll. ind,. s.n. (b, l) ; in silvis cacuminis supremi montis malabar, junghuhn s.n. (l, u) ; near nagerang, local name djalaprang (sundanese), winantadipura jal396 (b); gambling, rant s.n. (b); pengalengan, junghuhn s.n. (l); mt. mandalagiri, lam 2257 (b); telagabodas, korthals s.n. (l) ; bandjar, backer s.n. (b); forest-area pangentjongan, koorders 1052 (b, l) ; local names djawer, gedebong, ki bewog, koorders 13986, 14053, 14096 (b), 26679, 30149 (b), l) ; pasir ipis near pangentjongan, local name beunter badak, koorders 26538 (b) ; tjipaku, hallier s.n. (b); island nusagede in pendjalu-lake, koorders 44481 (b) ; tjipanas, garut, van der pijl 620 (b) ; garut, burck. s.n. (b), gunong guntur, koens 423 (b) ; tjelaki, (ace. to moore i.e.), forbes 865 (g, l, s) ; sanggrawa, koorders 1067 (b). p e k al o n g a n . petung kriana, backer 16304 (b) ; mt. perahu, nw slope above surd jo, local name bleber (javanese), koorders 1060, 1061 (b). b a n j u m a s. mt. midangan near pringombo, koorders 1040 (b), local name gambiran (javanese), koorders 33878 (b). k e d u. mt. andong, local name kututan (javanese), koorders 36559 (b). s em a r a n g . selokaton, loogen s.n. (b); ungaran, junghuhn s.n. (l), koorders 1055 (°> l), 1056 (b); mt. telomojo, local name songko (javanese), koorders 9961, 35902, 35904 (b), bocters van leeuwen 1068 (b). east java. p a s u r u a n. mt. mangongan, mousset 485 (b, l) ; near tawangredjo, local name mentjok gunung (javanese), verhoef 23 (b, l, u) ; above djunggo, altmann 472 (a, b) ; mt. ardjuno, koorders 3*170 (b). _ borneo. s a r a w a k . without exact locality, haviland 3019 (s) ; "ear kuching, haviland 197 (b), 1054 (s) ; bonga, haviland »2 (s). w e s t b o r n e o . mt. klam, hallier 2279 (b, l). — s o u t h a n d e a s t b o r n e o . martapura, korthals s.n. (l) ; mt. sakumbang, korthals s.n. (l). — celebes. m a n a d o. mt. 136 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 beang, rachmat 1020 (exp. van vuuren) (l); palu subdivision: w slope mt. ngilalaki, e of lindu-lake, local name tumpudolo, bloembergen u081, 4005 (b) ; waju, local name totoko, bb.14130 (b). luwuk subdivision: between mt. lokai and tambunan, eyma 3762 (b). c e l e b e s : tji manipi, warburg 16361 (a); bonthain, local name baliodeh, teysmann 13982 (b); biroro near lombasang, biinnemeijer 11647, 11700 (b, l), 11814 (b) ; rante lemo, kjellberg 1612b (b) ; liasa, kjellberg 2253 (b). k a b a e n a i. mt. sangia-wita, gruendler 3455, 3488 (l).— bali. tjatur, de voogd 1664 (b), 2159 (b, l) ; mt. pala, sarip 272 (exp. maier) (b, l). — sumbawa. mt. batu lanteh, n slope, gruendler 4176 (l); pussu, w of batu lanteh, gruendler 4161 (l). — flores. rana mese, renech 1245 (l) ; sita, rensch 1368 (b) ; doaria, gruendler 4306 (l). — sumba. kananggar, local name takumekeweda, ibut 521 (l). — timor. mt. tahaolat, forbes 3587 (type of viburnum forbesii fawc), 3589, 4089 (l). — ceram. without exact locality, de vriese & teysmann s.n. (l); manasula, kornassi 577 (exp. rutten) (b). a. —• v. sambueinum var. subglabrum. malay peninsula. ke i a n t a n . mt. tapis, 4600 ft., symington & kiah 28847 (s). t r e n g g a n u. mt. padang, 3800 ft., moysey & kiah 31810 (s). p a h a n g . . padang woods, mt. tahan, 5600 ft., ridley 16064 (type of viburnum longistamineum ridl.), 16064a (s); mt. tahan, 6000 ft., holttum s.n. (s). b. —• v. sambueinum var. tomentosum. malay p e n i n s u l a . s e l a n g o r . bukit kutu, 3000 ft., ridley 759t1* (type o f viburnum villosum ridl. (s). — sumatra. w i t h o u t e x a c t l o c a l i t y , junghuhn 100 (u). a t j e h. gaju-and alaslands, gajuluas, pringgo atmodjo 52* (exp. van daalen) (b, l) ; go lembuh, 1200 m, van steenis 9200* (b). e a s t c o a s t . asahan: bandar pulau, yates 2030 (a, b, l ) ; porsea-tutupan, asahan-saddle, 1000— 1100 m, lb'rzing 9917"* ( b ) ; vicinity of parsoburan, 900—1000 m, lorzing 7818*, 7915* (b, l ) ; bila, aekburo, lorzing 9582 (b) ; vicinity of r a n t a u p a r a p a t , rahmat si torus 1594*, 1863*, 2255, 3126*, 4237, 4263 (a); bilak pertama, rahmat si torus 340 (a, s) ; marbau, rahmat si torus 218 (s) ; masihi forest reserve, krukoff 4201 (a, l, s); vicinity of huta bagasan, local names kaju isar and kaju mia, rahmat si torus 6661 (a), 6876 (a, s) ; huta padang, krukoff 4366 (a, l, s); vicinity of tomuan dolok, local name kaju simur, rahmat si torus 9145, 9939 (a); vicinity of lumbanria, local name kaju marip-marip, rahmat si torus 7905, 7956 (a, s), 7867 (s); damuli, kualu, rahmat si torus 1345 (a). t a p a n u 1 i. tapanuli, yates 2535* (a, b); angkola, tobing, junghuhn s.n. (l); in regione montana sipirok, junghuhn s.n.* (type of viburnum sumatranum miq.) (u), in silvaticis planitiei altae sipirok, 2700 ped., junghuhn s.n. (type of viburnum sambueinum var. tomentosum, hallier f.) (l); padangsidempuan, mt. manaun, rahmat si torus 4499, 4599 (a); simelungun, 1000 m, local name hatilandon, kerling s.n.* (b); simelungun, yates 1668* (a, b, l). w e s t c o a s t . palembajang, lake manindjau, 900 m, docters van leeuwen 3948* (b); fort de kock, yates 2524* (a, b); duku, korthals s.n.* (l) ; tandjonggedang, 900 m, jacobson 2208* (b); alahan pandjang, 1500 m, ultee 118* (b). l a m p u n g. near hudjang, 3300 ft., forbes 1909* (ace. to moore i.e.). 8. viburnum hispidulum kern, spec. nov. — fig. 5. arbor parva sempervirens. petioli sparsim hispiduli, 2—6 cm longilamina foliorum coriacea, opaca, in pagina superiore glabra vel interdum 1951j . kern: viburnum in malaysia 137 138 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 in costa et nervis primariis hispidula, in pagina inferiore dense glandulosopunctata et praesertim in costa et nervis primariis hispidula, in nervorum axillis glandulis carentia, elliptica, elliptico-oblonga vel obovata, 12—17 cm longa, 8—9 cm lata, apice abrupte breviter obtuseque acuminata, basi cuneata usque ad late cuneata, margine integra, nervis primariis utrimque 5—7, supra, indistinctis infra prominentibus, prope marginem sursum subcurvatis et arcuato-anastomosantibus, venis transversalibus prominentibus. pedunculi crassi, usque ad 5 cm longi. inflorescentia umbellatocorymbosa, 10—15 cm diametro. bracteolae anguste ovatae usque lanceolatae, 4—6 mm longae. alabastrum globosum. corolla rotato-cupulata, tubo 1(—1.5) mm longo, lobis 2—2.5 mm longis. stamina longe* exserta, filamentis crassis aestivatione serpentiniformibus imo tubo insertis 9—10 mm longis. drupa oblongo-elliptica vel leviter obovata, compressa, 9—10 (—11) mm longa, 6—7 mm lata, 4 mm crassa; endocarpium a dorso leviter bisulcatum, a ventre leviter trisulcatum. small, evergreen tree. branchlets terete, pithy, warty-lenticellate, dark brown in dry state, nearly glabrous, only sparsely hispidulous at the nodes. petioles longitudinally grooved above, very sparingly hispidulous, 2—6 cm long. leaf-blades coriaceous, dull, glabrous above or occasionally somewhat hispidulous on the midrib and the primary side-nerves, hispidulous beneath, especially on the midrib and the primary side-nerves, punctulate, neither glandular pitted nor bearded in the nerve-axils, elliptic to elliptic-oblong or obovate, the larger ones 12—17 cm long, 8—9 cm wide, abruptly shortly and bluntly acuminate at the apex (the acumen up to 5 mm), cuneate to broadly cuneate at the base and somewhat decurrent on the petiole; margin entire; nervation indistinct above, prominent beneath; primary side-nerves 5—7 on each side of the midrib, at an angle of about 45° to it, slightly curved upward towards the margin and arcuately anastomosing near it, connected by distinct transverse veins (in the type-specimen the veins at right angles to the primary nerves, in the other examined specimens the angles more or less acute). flowering branchlets leafy nearly up to the top, the actual peduncle therefore short or nearly lacking, stout, up to 5 cm long. inflorescence terminal, with 1—2 small deciduous leaves at the base (always?), 3—4 times branched, umbellate, corymbiform, 10—15 cm across; primary rays 6—7, verticillate, stout, glabrous, (2—)3—6 cm long; bracteoles narrow-ovate to lanceolate, firm, gland-dotted, short-ciliate, 4—6 mm long. calyx-limb cupulate, glabrous, obscurely lobed, 1 mm long. corolla (creamy) white, globular in bud, rotate-cupulate when open; tube 1(—1.5) mm long, lobes ovate to oblong, rounded to somewhat acute, incrassate towards the top, 2—2.5 mm long. stamens1 much exserted; filaments thick, serpentine in the flower-bud, inserted at the base of the corolla, glabrous, 9—10 mm long; anthers oblong, 2 mm long. ovary cylindrical, lepidote, 1.5 mm long and thick; style short and thick, glabrous, 1.5 by 1.5 mm; stigma obscurely 3-lobed. drupe dorsiventrally flattened, oblong-elliptic to slightly obovate, 9—10(—11) mm long, 6—7 mm wide, about 4 mm thick, of unknown 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 139 colour; endocarp shallowly 2-grooved on the dorsal side, shallowly 3grooved on the ventral side. type. — clemens 31902. (b). viburnum hispidulum, manifestly a distinct entity, differs from the following species mainly by its dull hispidulous leaves, the absence of glandular pits at the leaf-base, and the rotate-cupular corolla. see also p. 141—142. specimens examined. — • borneo. c o l o n y o f n o r t h b o r n e o . mt. kinabalu: upper kinataki r., at 7000 ft. altitude, tree, flowers cream-coloured, fl. and fr., feb. 25, 1933, clemens 31902 (b, type; l ) ; between lumu and kamburanga, near the cataract rock shelter, 7400 ft., tree 50 ft. high, diameter of bole breast high 6", flowers white, fl., j u n e 9, 1932, clemens 30297 (b, l ) ; "other side of ridge from falls," very steep hillside, 7000 ft., tree 80 ft. high, diameter of bole breast high .8", flowers white, fl. and fr., j u n e 8, 1932, clemens 29702 (a, b, l). 9. viburnum vernicosum gibbs. — fig. 6. viburnum vernicosum gibbs in j. linn. soc. (bot.) 42: 86. 1914; merrill, bibl. enum. born. pi. 582. 1921. shrub or small tree, up to 10 m. branchlets terete, greyish to reddish brown, lenticellate, glabrous; young parts very shining, vernicose. petioles channelled along the upper side, glabrous, 1—3 cm long. leaf-blades coriaceous, shining, eventually turning somewhat dull, glabrous, chiefly on the under side densely punctulate and gland-dotted, beneath with a distinct glandular pit at the base on both sides of the midrib and often smaller ones in the higher nerve-axils, elliptic to slightly obovate, the larger ones 12—18 cm long, 6—11 cm wide; base acute and somewhat decurrent on the petiole, apex shortly and abruptly acuminate (the acumen up to 1 cm long), margin entire; primary side-nerves 5—7 on each side of the midrib, at an angle of about 45° to it, curved upward towards the margin and anastomosing near it, somewhat impressed above, prominent beneath, connected by transverse veins. flowering branchlets leafy nearly up to the top, the actual peduncle stout, up to 6 cm long. inflorescence terminal, 3—4 times umbellately branched, corymbiform, up to 11 cm across: primary rays 5—7, up to 7 cm long, the secondary about 2 cm, the tertiary 1 cm; bracteoles oblong to lanceolate, 5—7 mm long, firm with membranous margins, gland-.dotted, very soon caducous. calyx-limb obscurely lobed. corolla creamy white, gland-dotted on the outside, turbinate, obovoid in bud; tube 2.5—3 mm long, lobes erect, rounded, triangular, incrassate towards the top, 1.5—2 mm long. stamens much exserted; filaments thick, serpentine in bud, inserted at the base of the corolla, glabrous, (8—)9—10 mm long; anthers oblong, about 2 mm long. ovary cylindrical or slightly turbinate, lepidote, vernicose, 1—1.5 mm long. fruit ovate, dorsiventrally compressed, purplish black, 10 mm long, 7—8 mm wide; endocarp undulate in cross-section, (often irregularly) 2-grooved on the dorsal side, 3-grooved on the ventral side, the lateral grooves often nearly absent. 140 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 f i g . 6. viburnum vernieosum gibbs: a, flowering twig, 0.5 x; b, aestivation filaments, 5 x ; c, calyx-limb, seen from above, 5 x ; d, p a r t of corolla, inside view, 5 x; e, bracteoles, 5 x; /, flower 5 x ; g, flower-bud, 5 x ; h, ovary, 5 x ; h fruit, 2.5 x; k, cross-section through fruit, 2.5 x— after clemens 30298. specimens examined. — borneo. c o l o n y o f n o r t h b o r n e o . mt. kinabalu: above kiau, in secondary forest, 3500 ft., fl. fr., feb. 1910, l. s. gibbs 3990 (type, in herb. brit. mus., not seen); dallas, kinabalu-ridges, 3000 ft., fl. fr., nov. 1931, clemens 27033 (a, b, l ) ; tenompok, jungle, 5000 ft., fl. fr., feb. 1932, clemens 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 141 (a, b, l ) , 5000 ft., fl. fr., feb.—march 1932, clemens 30298 (a, b, l, s) ; penibukan, 4000—5000 ft., m a r g i n of landslide, jungle ridge, fr., j a n . 1933, clemens 30767 (a, b, l) ; same locality and altitude, small tree in canon beyond n ridge, fl-. fr., j a n . 1933, clemens 30885 (a, b, l) ; marai p a r a i , low jungle, 5000 ft., tree 25 ft., fr., march 1933, clemens 32225 (b) ; same locality, ridge e of camp, 5500 ft., shrub 10 ft., fr., apr. 1933, clemens 32752 ( b ) ; colombon river, 9000 ft., fl. fr., june 1933, clemens 33761 (b, l ) ; marai p a r a i , edge of jungle near camp, 5000 ft., shrub 10 ft., fr., may 1933, clemens 40166 (b), the same number in (a) is labelled: p e n a t a r a n basin, 6000 ft., aug. 1933). c e n t r a l b o r n e o . amai ambit, young fr., 1893-1894, hallier f. 3272 (b, l). the extremely difficult group of bornean viburna nos. 8—9 could be but provisionally worked out. the material was gathered mainly by j. & m. s. clemens during the kinabalu-expeditions of 1931, 1932, and 1933. a single number with very young fruits was collected by hallier in 1893—1894. also gibbs 3990, the type-specimen of viburnum vernicosum, collected in 1910, belongs to this group. i did not see this specimen. because miss gibbs ascribed filaments of 2 cm in length to it, i at first believed it must be a very deviating species. the photographs, which i received through the kindness of dr taylor of the british museum, however, convinced me, that hallier 3272 and clemens 27033, 28263, 30298 are identical with it. the above description was made only after these specimens. on purpose i did not include the other numbers mentioned below, because they constitute some fairly marked groups, which in future may possibly be segregated. for the present i confine myself to stating the differences. clemens 30885, 32225, 32752, and 40166 deviate on account of the thickly coriaceous, manifestly obovate, short-acuminate leaves (the acumen at most 3 mm,long), but especially on account of the large, elliptic fruits, 12—14 mm long, 7—8 mm wide. clemens 30767 possesses broad-elliptic leaves, 14—16 cm long, 9—11 cm wide. flowers are absent, but the texture of the leaves, the shape of the infructescence, the size of the fruits and the like, point to a close relationship with clemens 30885, etc. the lower primary nerves arise at an angle of about 60°, the higher ones at an angle of about 45°. the upper surface of the leaves bears scattered, short, white, at the base scalelike dilated hairs; some of the latter along the midrib and the primary side-nerves are black. less deviating is clemens 33761, striking on account of its large ovate fruits, 12 mm long, 10 mm wide. whether all these forms can be maintained under the polymorphous viburnum vernicosum requires further scrutiny. 142 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 143 the thick, long projecting stamens of the group are characteristic. the filaments are twisted in the flower-bud; this aestivation points to a relationship with viburnum sambucinum, with which the bornean plants also rather coincide as to the shape of the leaf, corolla, fruit, etc. viburnum sambucinum is easily distinguished by its pubescent ovary, the stellate-pubescent axes of the inflorescence, and its almost filiform filaments. viburnum beccarii of the malay peninsula and sumatra also coincides in its habit with the species of this group. it can easily be distinguished by the tubular corolla, the nearly ellipsoid flower-buds, the shorter, not twisted filaments, the somewhat smaller fruits, and by the much less prominent primary side-nerves on the under side of the leaves. the glandular pits at the base of the leaves characterize both viburnum, beccarii and v. vernicosum; they are absent in v. hispidulum; in v. sambucinum they are reduced to spotty glands. 10. viburnum lutescens bl. viburnum lutescens blume, bijdr. 13: 655. 1826; de candolle, prodr. 4: 325. 1830; ?hooker f. & thomson in j. linn. soc. (bot.) 2: 176. 1858; oersted in vid. meddel. kjobenh. 1860: 298. 1861; maximowicz, mel. biol. 10: 651. 1880; forbes & hemsley in j. linn. soc. (bot.) 23: 353. 1888; gamble in j. asiat. soc. bengal 72: 114. 1903; koorders, exkursionsfl. java 3: 286. 1912; hallier f. in meded. rijksherb. no. 1: 15. 1911; no. 14: 37. 1912 (excl. syn. viburnum junghuhnii) ; koorders, fl. tjibodas 3 (2): 38. 1918; merrill in j. str. br. roy. as. soc. 86: 582. 1921; ridley, fl. mai. pen. 2: 2. 1923; moore in j. of bot. 62: suppl.: 46. 1924; hochreutiner in candollea 5: 286. 1934; von malm in fedde repert. 34: 289. 1934; corner, wayside trees mai. 183. 1940. viburnum monogynum blume, bijdr. 13: 655. 1826. fviburnum elegans junghuhn in nat. gen. arch. 2: 36. 1845. viburnum sundaicum miq., fl. ind. bat. 2: 121. 1858; suppl.: 213, 537. 1860; kurz in natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-ind. 27: 198. 1864; koorders & valeton, bijdr. booms. java 5: 43. 1900; ridley in j. fed. mai. st. mus. 8: 44. 1917. viburnum coriaceum blume sensu koorders in gedenkb. junghuhn 191. 1910 pr. p. viburnum colebrookiamim wallich sensu danguy in lecomte, fl. gen. indo-ch. 3: 9. 1922. evergreen, crooked, sometimes sprawling shrub or small, vaguely branched tree, up to 10 m, usually much lower. trunk terete, unknotted, unbuttressed; bark smooth, greyish; youngest parts thinly stellate-pubescent, glabrescent. branchlets terete, lenticellate, glabrous. petioles channelled above, thinly stellate-pubescent, glabrescent, 1—2 cm long.. leaf-blades thinly coriaceous, bright green above, pale green beneath, when dried dark brown above, yellowish brown beneath, glabrous on the upper side, thinly stellate-pubescent to almost glabrous on the under side, very variable in shape, broad-elliptic, ovate or oblong-elliptic, up to 18 cm long and 10 cm wide; apex short-acuminate, base nearly rounded to cuneate and somewhat decurrent on the petiole, margin in the upper 2/3 coarsely crenate-serrate to finely serrate, teeth shortly mucronate, the lower 1/3 entire or supercifially dentate; nervation indistinct above, rather prominent beneath; primary side-nerves 5—8 on each side of the midrib, arcuately ascending, evanescent and indistinctly anastomosing near the . margin, connected by delicate veins. inflorescence terminal (or sometimes spuriously lateral), paniculate, short-pyramidal, 3—4 times paniculately branched, 5—9 cm across, 5—7(—10) cm long, with stellate-pubescent, glabrescent axes; peduncle 4—10 cm long; primary branches 4—7, verticillate; bracts sometimes leafy, bracteoles minute, lanceolate, stellatepubescent, 1 mm long. flowers somewhat fragrant, 4—5 mm wide. calyxteeth ovate-triangular, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, green, 0.75 mm long. corolla globular in bud, nearly rotate (only slightly campanulate) when open, creamy white, glabrous; tube 0.75—1 mm long, lobes ovate, rounded, 1.25-1.5 (sometimes almost 2) mm. stamens somewhat exserted; filaments inserted near the base of the corolla, flattened, subulately tapering towards the top, in bud with inflexed top, white, 2—3 mm long; anthers elliptic, sordidly white, about 1 mm long. ovary cylindrical, glabrous, 1—-1.5 mm long;style short and thick, 1—1.5 mm long. drupe oblong-ellipsoid, somewhat oblique, slightly compressed, turning from bright green through red to purplish-black, usually 7—10 mm long and 4—5 mm wide; endocarp undulate in cross-section, with 2 dorsal and 1 ventral groove. ecology. — in primary and secondary forests, in brushwood, often common but scattered, usually between-500 and 1500 m altitude, rarely lower (lowest record 150 m) or higher (one record of 2400 m, from mt. patuha). flowering and fruiting throughout the year. uses. — sometimes cultivated as a hedge-plant, easily multipliable by cuttings. other uses not recorded; not fit for timber. the ripe fruits are readily eaten by birds. distribution. — se asia. in malaysia only in the western part, from the malay peninsula (here local) through the whole of sumatra and java up to bali and lombok. also collected in borneo a few times. an extremely variable species, mainly as to the shape of the leaves and the size of the fruits. authentic specimens of viburnum monogynum bl. in the leiden herbarium prove, that this is merely a form with superficially toothed leaves. miquel (1856) distinguished three forms of v. sundaicum: a. macrodon miq.: folia nisi omnia, saltem in eodem ramo plura grosse serrata, oblonga vel elliptica (v. lutescens bl., s.s.); (s. latifolia miq.: folia pleraque ovatovel lato-elliptica1; y. microdon miq.: folia oblonga vel elliptica, tenuiter serrulata vel superne saltem serrulata aut repanda vel in eodem ramo subintegerrima (v. monogynum bl.). he himself already stated, as well as koorders & valeton later on, that these forms are 1 = viburnum lutescens var. latifolium (miq.) hochr. in candollea 5: 287. 1934. 144 r e 1 n w a r d t i a [vol. i 1951] kern': viburnum in malaysia 145 connected by numerous intermediates. although it is likely that in future viburnum lutescens will be divided into various races, i do not believe that miquel's forms are of any systematic value. very striking is the variability as to the size of the fruit. in borneo, hallier collected a specimen of a viburnum, which i might consider to be v. lutescens, deviating however from the javanese plants by its much larger, more flattened, broader fruits, 11—12 mm long, 7—8 mm wide. these large fruits i also found in some specimens from the malay peninsula (henderson 11496, henderson & nur 11202, ridley 13902), which also otherwise agree with hallier's plant. the leaves are very minutely denticulate. however, also in java and sumatra plants occur with hardly denticulate leaves, but with typical fruits. moreover, in van steenis 5923 from atjeh i found fruits 11—12 mm in length but only 5 mm wide. therefore i am not inclined for the present to segregate a variety with large fruits. the question whether viburnum colebrookianum wall, from the himalayan region should be united with the malaysian viburnum lutescens or not seems to be still open. hooker f. and thomson mention the indian plant as viburnum lutescens bl., introducing v. colebrookianum as a synonym. maximowicz, however, is of the opinion that v. colebrookianum differs from v. lutescens "corymbis subaphyllis axillaribus foliis fere a basi granduisque serratis et drupa duplo minore ovata." clarke distinguished the two species as follows: v. colebrookianum: corymbs on very short axillary branches, drupe ellipsoid, 1/5 by 1/6 in., seed hardly grooved; v. lutescens: inflorescence terminal, berries • 1/3 in. long, narrowly obovoidoblong, with deeply grooved seed. koorders & valeton also treated viburnum colebrookianum as a separate species: "foliis et inflorescentia valde similis sed ... endocarpium vix sulcatum, albumen aequabile." i only saw a few incomplete specimens of himalayan viburnum colebrookianum. i could not find any differences with v. lutescens as to the flowers. as the leaves of the latter are very variable, those of the himalayan plants are not particularly striking. however, the short-stalked pseudaxillary inflorescences are remarkable indeed, although they are not completely lacking in malaysian viburnum lutescens. the small fruits with their less grooved endocarps are always characteristic and for the time being i take viburnum colebrookianum and v. lutescens to be two very closely allied species. surely the specimens from kwantung, hainan, tonkin and indochina i saw (lei 246, how 72981, 73407, balansa 4422, squires 184, tsiang ying 1940, petelot 6294), all distributed as v.colebroo-kianum do not differ specifically from v. lutescens. it is also clear in my opinion, that the indochinese plant, described by danguy in the "flore generale de l'lndochine" as v. colebrookianum is in reality v. lutescens. "inflorescences terminales ... fruit ovale-aigu, long de 6—8 mm ... noyau presentant un sillon sur la face ventrale, 2 sur la face dorsale", can only refer to this species. by the way it may be noted that the measurements of the flower given by danguy (tube 1.5 mm, lobes 2.5 mm) and "ovaire legerement pubescent," do not agree with any of the indochinese specimens examined. specimens examined. — malay peninsula. p a h a n g. telom, ridley 1s902 (s) ; ulu telom, local name lahau, jaamat 27270 (s) ; fraser hill, henderson & md. nur 11202 (b, s), henderson 11496 (b), holttum 21615 (s) ; ulu sungei lemoi, jaamat 28114 (s). — sumatra. w i t h o u t e x a c t l o c a l i t y : korthals s.n. (l). a t j e h . takingeun, van steenis 5923 (a, b). e a s t c o a s t : yates 1003 (a), 1197 (a, b) ; bandarbaru, lorzing as66 (b), u7s2 (b, l, u ) ; sukaradja, cramer 64, 65 (b). t a p a n u l i . upper angkola, junghuhn s.n. (b, l ) ; lubu radja, junghuhn s.n. (l, u ) ; near tobing, vern. name lakkatang, junghuhn 132 (l). w e s t c o a s t . mt. talakmau, biinnemeijer 828, 867 ( b ) ; gombok l a r a s talang, biinnemeijer 5686 (b) ; p a d a n g pandjang, schiffner 2624 (l) ; mt. kerintji, biinnemeijer 8995 (b), 9059 (b, l, s), 9087, 9778 ( € , l ) . p a 1 e m b a n g. mt. dempo, forbes 2254, 2530a (l), cf. moore in j. of bot. 62, suppl.: 46. 1924; lake ranau, vern. name kaju nassi, 'de voogd 9 (b, l),j531 (b, l, s) ; margin of lake ranau, forbes 2094 (g, l ) ; mt. pesagi, van steenis 364-0 (b, l ) . b e n k u 1 e n. ,mt. seminung, van steenis 3965 (b, l, s). l a m p u n g . w of mt. t r a n g , forbes 1526 (g, l ) ; penanggungan, forbes 1629, 1662 (g, l ) ; hudjung, forbes 1909 (l), cf. moore in j. of bot. 62: 46. 1924). — java. w i t h o u t e x a c t l o c a l i t y : blume s.n. (l), vern. name k i randja, junghuhn 288, pi. ined. 76 (l), horsfield s.n. (g), korthals s.n. (l), reinwardt s.n. ( l ) , waitz s.n. ( l ) , zollinger s.n. ( g ) , forbes 1023 ( g ) . w e s t . w i t h o u t e x a c t l o c a l i t y : kuhl & van hasselt s.n. ( l ) . b a n t e n. f o r e s t a r e a g u n u n g k a r a n g n e a r p a n d e g l a n g , koorders 1054 ( b , l ) , backer 7482 ( b ) . d j a k a r t a . p u r w a k a r t a , bakhuizen van den brink 4271 (b) ; gunung sembung, backer 12366 (b); wanajasa, ^backer 14109, 14300 (b), local name ki tahi (sundanese), bakhuizen, van den brink tus9, 4795, 4802 (b), wisse 1205, 1226 (l). b o g o r. bogor, boerlage s.n. (l), hallier s.n. (b), bakhuizen van den brink f. 1637 (b) ; mt. salak, local name ki laban, koorders 24176 (b, l), backer 9336 (b), local name ki apo, blume s.n. (as v.monogynum bl.) (l); n of sindanglaja, backer 21502 (b); mt. gede, vern. name ki burrum, "houtsoorten" (= kinds of wood) 39 (l), local name ki tampang lalakina, "houtsoorten" 646 (l); tjibodas, scheffer s.n. (b), local name ki kukuran, koorders 1041 (b), 1044, 15579 (b, l), arsin 19661 (b, l); local name ki kukuran, kern 8058 (b), van ooststroom 13905 (l), bruggeman 586, 769 (b) ; mt. pangerango, kern 7577 (b), van ooststroom 12909 (l); tjisarua, kern 7543 (b), van ooststroom 12740 (l); perbawati, mt. gede, holten s.n. (b) ; mt. beser, winckel 212, 218 (b, l); tjibeureum-tjidadap, bakhuizen van den brink f. 2827 (u); tjidadap, backer 22953 (b, l), bakhuizen van den brink 463 (b), 1508, 1623, (b, l) ; tjadasmalang near 146 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 tiidadap winekel 1578 (b, l, u), 1630 (b, l, s), local name ki rantja, winckel hi (b l) • tjampaka gunung karang, smith 839 (b); tjampaka, g. beser buwalda 3i7s (b) • tjisokan near tjidadap, winckel 666, 1673 (b, l) ; palabuanratu, koorders 1066 (b ' d forest-area takoka near tjiandjur, local name kibewok, koorders 1037, 25794 (b l); forest-area tjigenteng, local names ki rantja, ki bewok, koorders 26273 (b dmt patuha, blume s.n. (l), backer 12771 (b); lembang (coll) (l). p r ia n g a ' n without exact locality: junghuhn s.n. (l), reinwardt s.n. (l), warburg 2988 (a) • manglajang, "houtsoorten" (= kinds of wood) 288 (u); tjimangliet, bakhuizen van den brink f. 3120 (u); bandung, dago-fall, van steenis 1625 (b) ; dago koorders 44315 (b), popta s.n. (b) ; bandung, damme s.n. (b) ; bandung, kendeng rantja bolang, smith & rant 290, 295 (b, l ) ; riung guneng, smith & rant 418 (b) • gunung palasari near bandung, wisse 1039 (l) ; pengalengan, junghuhn sn ( b ' l , u), local name lakkatang, "houtsoorten" (= kinds of wood) 132 (l) teysma'nn s.n. (l); mt. malabar, local name keketjehan, scheffer s.n. (b), anderson sn. (g); mt. papandajan, korthals s.n., (l) ; from mt. papandajan to mt djaja tegal pandjang, van steenis 4885, 12626 (b) ; mt. guntur, koens 76 (b) ; garut vern name ki kukuran, burck s.n. (b); telagabodas, korthals s.n. (l), vern. name'ki bewok, reinwardt s.n. (l), hasskarl s.n. (b), boerlage s.n. (l), burck 110 (b) koens 310 (b), sehiffner 2625 (l), backer 33030 (b) ; forest-area pangentjongantelagabodas vern. name ki bewok (sundanese), koorders 1038 (b), 1050 (b, l), 13843 14158 (b), 26468 (a, b, l, u), 26818 (b, l, s ) ; mt. tjikuraj, near waspada, backer 5395 (b); mt. sawal, above tjikoneng, backer 8443 (b, l ) ; lake pendjalu, forest reservation nusagede, koorders 47945 (b, l) ; mt. tjikorang above maleer, vern names mara, ki bewok (sundanese), backer 86fo (b) ; bukit djarian, wisse 938 (b) c h e r ib on. tjiratjas, blume s.n. (l). centre. t e g a l . bumidjawa, local name taj korres, koorders 1039 (b). b a n j u m a s . mt. tjendana near madjenang, backer 18661 (b); mt. slamet, near baturaden, vern. name tjempagan (javanese), backer 320 (b); n of purwokerto, backer 133 ( b ) ; ' sindang panon estate near purwokerto, vern. name kitahi, estate-manager s.n. (b); midangan mountains near pringombo 'koorders 1062 (b); dieng, local name kaju gambir, junghuhn 180 (l). k e d u bati kalangan, waitz s.n. (l); mt. sundoro, koorders 11278 (b); e sundoro, local names tementilan, waru watu (javanese), honing 225 (b) ; tjandiroto, lor-ing 172 (b) • temanggung, local name tjere (javanese), sumardjo ja2i75 (a, b, nungaran' junghuhn s.n. (l, u), koorders 1057 (b), docters van leeuwen s.n, (b) • forest-area telomojo, local name tjere (javanese), koorders 27669, 35899, 35900, 35901 (b), van der goot i (b); selapradja — mt. telomojo, docters van leeuwen 173 (b) • mt merapi (andong), local name kutadang, junghuhn s.n. (l), local name tjere, koorders 36622 36642 (b). s e m a r a n g. getasan near salatiga, docters van leeuwen 1133 (b) j o g j a k a r t a . mt. merapi, local name kututan (javanese), zuidema ja2565 (a b) ; above kaliurang, brinkman 428 (b). east. m a d i u n. mt. lawu, bmnendijk s.n. (b), backer 6705 (b), local name kututan jacobson s.n..jb) ; mlwilis, forest-area ngebel, koorders 23170, 29176 (b, l ) . k e d i n m k a m , ffoordew 23874 (b, l). p a s u r u a n. above djunggo, altmann u65 ( b ) ; mt. wehrang, iltmz 258 b; djungo above punten, van steenis 2536 (b) ; gebok klakka, zollinaer 2i96 (b); mt. tengger, buysman 151 (u), local name djurang (javanese), s 675 (b) ; tosari, kertanom, kobus 173 (b) ; mt. semeru, ranu darungan, ' {b); from semeru-farm to sendura, van steenis 7327 (a, b, l); (b) f t s b i t k i l vern zzeenisnos {b); from semerufarm t o s e , mt widodaren s of mt. semeru, backer 360u (b) ; forest-area sumbeitangkil, vern. 1951] keen: viburnum, in malaysia 147 name kendal sapi (javanese), koorders 23574 (b, l); pudjon, ultee 56 (b); tokol, • verhoef 37 (b, l). b e s u k i . ijang-plateau, van steenis 10883 (a, b, s), 11957 (b) ; sukasari, raap 585 (l); forest-area pantjur-idjen, local name porkuporan, koorders 1063, 12831, l%407, 14896, 20527 (b), 28524 (b, l), 28525 (b, l, s, u), 32306, 32473 (b). — b o r n e o . w i t h o u t e x a c t l o c a l i t y : korthals s.n. (l). n . b o r n e o . tambato, tambunan, puasa angian 4019 (s). w. b o r n e o . gunung damus, hallier f. 607 (b, l). — bali. mt. abang, van steenis 8066 (b); agung, de voogd 2170, (a, b, l), 2198 (b). — lombok. mt. rindjani, zollinger s.n. (b), elbert 1620, 1750, 1807, 1853, 2136 (l), gruendler 2261 (l), de voogd 2699, 2710 (b).. 11. viburnum junghuhnii miq. — fig. 7. " viburnum junghuhnii miquel, fl. ind. bat. 2: 123. 1856; koorders & valeton, bijdr. booms. java 5: 47. 1900; koorders, exkursionsfl. java 3: 286. 1912. viburnum lutescens blume sensu hallier f. in med. rijks-herb. no. 1: 15. 1911, subarborescent shrub or small, freely branching, crooked tree, up to 18 m. bark greyish brown, lenticellate. branchlets angular, glabrous. petioles brown to reddish-brown, channelled above, somewhat stellately pubescent, glabrescent, 1.5—2.5(—4) cm long. leaf-blades coriaceous, broad-elliptic, obovate-elliptic to nearly lanceolate, rounded or short-acuminate at the apex, more or less attenuate toward the base, slightly decurrent on the petiole, often somewhat inequilateral, somewhat revolute. in dry state, closely crenate-dentate with apiculate teeth, at first brownish, later on shining green above, paler beneath, glabrous, (4)—8—12.5 cm long, 3—8 cm wide; nervation impressed above, very prominent beneath; primary side-nerves 5—7 on each side of the midrib, arcuately ascending, anastomosing, connected by distinct transverse veins. inflorescence terminal or pseudolateral on short 2-leaved branchlets, paniculate, shortpyramidal, up to 5 cm long and 8 cm wide; lower ramifications 3—5-nately whorled, upper ones alternate; peduncle 3—6 cm long, bracteoles small, lanceolate to ovate, up to 4 mm long, caducous. flowers fully 5 mm wide, fragrant. calyx-limb about 1 mm long, distinctly toothed; teeth ovatetriangular. corolla creamy white, globular in bud, rotate-campanulate when open, glabrous; tube short, fully 1 mm long, lobes up to 2 mm, .ovate, rounded. stamens hardly exserted; filaments short and thick, 'flattened, in bud with inflexed top, the inferior part adnate to the corolla 0-5—1 mm, the free part 1.5—2 mm long; anthers elliptic, 1 mm long. ovary cylindrical, glabrous, about 2 mm long. drupe obovoid, 7—9 by 5—6 mm, compressed; endocarp slightly undulate in cross-section and with strongly incurved edges, the ventral side therefore deeply intruding, embracing a broad, bilobate cavity. ecology. — in forests, obviously restricted to the higher mountain [regions, from 2300 m upward. the description of miquel runs as follows:— "arboreum, ramuli tetragoni, (an juniores etiam?) glabri, petioli 1—fere 1% pollicares antice canaliculati, folia obverse oblonga usque lato-elliptica brevi-acuminata 148 r e 1 n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 149 vel obtusa, supra basin acutam vel subacutam vulgo inaequalem dense aequaliter grossiuscule serrata, coriacea, supra nitida, subtus pallida nunc glaberrima ad lentem minute verrucellosa, costulis 6—7 adscendentibus demum transverse venosis pertensa, 4—1% poll, longa, thyrsi ramulos terminantes, ramis primariis 5—7 verticillatis superne subpaniculato-ramulosis, bracteae bracteolaeque lanceolatae, flores in ramulis ultimis sessiles subconferti, baccae obovoideae vel ellipticae angulato-compressae, dentibus calycis 5 ovatis concavis brevibus stigmateque subsessili coronatae". — miquel (pl ind. bat. 2: 123. 1856). this description is rather insufficient for the identification of the plant. up to the present little is known about viburnum junghuhnii, undoubtedly a well-marked species. koorders & valeton in their "bijdragen tot de kennis der boomsoorten op java" (contributions to the knowledge of the trees in java) cite miquel's description. they add that neither in the description nor in,the authentic specimen of junghuhn, in which flowers and fruits were said to be absent, could they find an essential difference with viburnum sundaicum miq. (= v. lutescens bl.) ; only the leaves were small and the inflorescence quite glabrous; junghuhn's plant originating from mt. dieng in central java had not yet been traced again in that locality. they suppose that it is not out of the question, that a few sterile specimens of viburnum, collected in central java, may belong to this species ("or variety"). from what they say it is clear, that viburnum junghuhnii must greatly resemble viburnum lutescens. miss g. j. a.. amshoff in her elaboration of the genus viburnum in backer's "beknopte flora van java," (nooduitgave, fam. 175: 4. 1945) has contributed much to the solution of the question. she has found a viburnum, originating from west-java, which might easily be confounded with v. lutescens. she takes it for v. junghuhnii, and i can wholly agree with her. she did not see the flowers, but in the fruits she has found a difference with v. lutescens, described as follows: "endocarp nearly plane on the dorsal side, on the ventral side with a deep, in cross-section bilobate groove." among the material of viburnum lutescens in herbarium bogoriense i found some further specimens, fully answering to this description. comparison with junghuhn's type-specimen which does bear fruits, has convinced me of the correctness of miss amshoff's interpretation. the specimen lorzing 609 bears one rather young inflorescence; as far as i can judge from the few flowers i could examine they also resemble those of viburnum lutescens. they are somewhat larger than is usual in the latter, the ovary being about 2 mm long, the corolla 3 mm. the filaments are somewhat stouter, the anthers larger. whereas in viburnum lustecens the filaments are inserted near the base of the corolla, in v. junghuhnii they are distinctly adnate to the tube in the 150 reinwardtia [vol. i lower 0.5—1 mm. the shape of the fruit is undoubtedly different from that of v. luteseens, not oblong, but shorter, obovate. notwithstanding the different cross-section of the endocarp, viburnum junghuhnii may be allied to v. luteseens, but on the other hand the affinity to the viburnums with incurved endocarp cannot be denied. the endocarp of v. junghuhnii is both undulate and incurved. the insertion of the filaments also seems to point to the latter relationship. the leaves of viburnum junghuhnii are more coriaceous than those of v. luteseens, but this cannot easily be judged from dried material. the primary nerves are generally more prominent than in v. luteseens. the inflorescence is not quite glabrous; the axes are more or less stellate-pubescent, at least in a young stage. lorzing evidently saw the differences with v. luteseens. to his specimen 472 of v. luteseens he added: "under no. 472 a branchlet, which is similar to this species. the find-spot has escaped my memory, although 1 am nearly sure, that it originates from more than 1700 m altitude, quite possibly from n sundoro, about 2600 m. vide no 609." both 472a and 609 are indeed v. junghuhnii. specimens examined. — sumatra. w e s t c o a s t . mt. korintji, cloud forest, 2700 m, shrub, fruits red, fr., aug. 1931, frey wyssling 108 (b). — java. west java. p r i a n g a n . talun kulon, fr., april 1909, sugandiredja 118 (b, l). central java. dieng, in silvis, 50—60 ped., nom. vern. per kottot, fr., martio, junghuhn s.n., type (u, dupl. in l 899. 69. — 333);. dieng, vorderman s.n. (b) (?, specimen very defect); mt. perahu, se part of perahu-ridge, in open forest, rather frequent, 2500 m, moist soil rich in humus, subarborescent shrub or small, much branched, crooked tree, about 5 m high, free flowering and fruiting, flowers fragrant (as in sambuciis), corolla rotate, cream-coloured; petioles and peduncles brown to reddish-brown, young leaves quite or partly brownish, local name wuru-watu (javanese), fl. fr., aug. 1912, lorzing 609 (b) ; mt. sundoro, 2600 m, fr., june 1912, lorzing u72a (b) (see above). east java. kraksaan, ijang reservation, near tamankering, 2500—2600 m, fr., sept. 1934, ja2993 (b, l); lumadjang, mt. tengger, near ranu pani, 2300 m, local name . kidangan (javanese), fr., sept. 1933, de jong ja2662 (b). 12. viburnum amplificatum kern, spec. nov. — fig. 8. viburnum sp. merrill in univ. cal.^publ. bot. 15: 297. 1929. arbor humilis. petioli glabri, 2—4 cm longi. lamina foliorum subcoriacea, utrimque glabra, opaca, in sicco supra olivacea infra brunea, elliptico-oblonga vel leviter obovata, usque ad 26 cm longa, 12—14 cm lata, integra, basi cuneata vel subrotundata, apice abrupte breviter acuminata, in pagina inferiore in axillis nervorum glandulis carentia, nervis primariis utrimque 5—7 sursum curvatis supra indistinctis infra prominentibus, venis transversalibus distinctis. infructescentia umbellata, corymbosa, plus minusve 13 cm diametro, radiis primariis 7—8 usque ad 4 cm longis. drupa oblonga, valde compressa, utrimque distincte sul1951] keen: viburnum in malaysia 151 8. viburnum amplificatum kern: a, twig, 0.5 x; &, fruit, 1.5 x; c, cross-sectior through fruit, 1.5 x. — after elmer 21741 (type). 152 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 cata nigra 16 mm longa 7 mm lata; endocarpium incurvatum, a dorso late'sulcatum, a ventresulco lato prof undo bilobato praeditum. coarse shrub-like tree. branches horizontally spreading and mostly in whorls branchlets greyish brown, nearly terete, lenticellate, glabrous. leaf-blades thinly coriaceous, dull, dark olivaceous above brown beneath glabrous on both sides, neither glandular pitted at the base nor bearded fn the nerve-axns, elliptic-oblong to slightly obovate, the larger ones up to 26 cmlong 12-14 cm wide; apex abruptly short-acuminate (the acumen 0 5 1 cm long, rather blunt), base cuneate to somewhat rounded and slightly decsrent on the petiole, margin entire, sometimes remotely and obcurely undulate; nervation rather indistinct above prominent s e a t h primary side-nerves 5 7 on each side of the midrib, arising at an angle of 45-60° to it, curved upward toward the margin and anastomosne close by it, connected by distinct transverse veins. infructescence 3 4 times umbellately branched, corymbiform, about 13 cm in diamet-r, with nearly glabrous axes; peduncle stout, about 7 cm long primary rays 7—8, up to 4 cm long. drupe oblong, very slightly d s e d upwards dorsiventrally much flattened, with a distinct groove on both sidesi black, 16 mm long, 7 mm wide; endocarp with a broad shallow longitudinal groove on the dorsal side, the incurved edges forming a deep broad in cross-section bilobate furrow on the ventral side. type. — elmer 21741 (g). . as there are only fruiting twigs available, the description must remain incomplete for the time being. the new species is readily recognizable by its large leaves and fruits and by the cross-section of the endocarp, reminding one of viburnum junghnhnii. this type of endocarp i have not ye. met with in other bornean species of viburnum. merrill, enum. philip, fl. pi. 3: 577. 1923; merrill in lingnan sci. j. 9: 44. 1930.— microtinus odoratissimus (ker) oersted in vid. meddel. kjobenh. 1860: 294. 1861. viburnum hasseltii miquel, pl ind. bat. 2: 123. 1856; koorders & valeton, bijdr. booms. java 5: 46. 1900; koorders, exkursionsfl. java 3: 286. 1912. viburnum arboricolum hayata, ic. pl form. 4: 12 t.l. 1914. viburnum uukiuense nakai in 3. coll. sci. univ. tokyo 42: 22. 1921. viburnum zambalense elmer, leafl. philip. bot. 9: 3181. 1934. evergreen, crooked shrub or small tree, sometimes up to 20 m (koorders). branches and branchlets terete, greyish, densely warty-lenticellate, glabrous, only the youngest parts with a few stellate hairs. petioles short, (0.5—) 1—2 cm, channelled above. leaf-blades more or less coriaceous, dull or somewhat shining green above, paler beneath, smooth, upper side glabrous, under side also glabrous or with a few scattered stellate hairs and somewhat bearded in the nerve-axils, elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate or obovate, 8—15 cm long, 3—7 cm wide; apex shortly and bluntly acuminate, rarely rounded or even emarginate, base gradually tapering into the petiole, margin in the upper half obsoletely and widely, sometimes distinctly toothed or nearly entire, cartilaginous, somewhat revolute in dry state; nervation slightly impressed above, prominent beneath; primary side-nerves 5—7 on each side'of the midrib, at an angle of about 60° to it, arcuately ascending, evanescent and indistinctly anastomosing' near the margin, connected by delicate transverse veins. inflorescence terminal, paniculate, more or less elongated pyramidal, 3 times panieulately branched, up to 10 cm long and wide, many-flowered, with slightly stellate-pubescent, glabrescent axes; peduncle 2—5 cm long; primary branches verticillate, divaricate, bracteoles linear-lanceolate, ciliate, 1—3 mm long. flowers fragrant, 5—6 mm wide. calyx-limb cupular, 1 mm long, with broad-triangular acute teeth, glabrous or sparsely ciliate. corolla obovoid to ellipsoid-obovoid in bud, shortly funnelshaped-campanulate when open, creamy white, glabrous or sometimes with some stellate hairs on the outside, tube gradually widened towards the top, 2—3 mm long; limb horizontally spreading, finally reflexed, with broad-ovate, rounded, somewhat overlapping lobes, 2 mm long. stamens exserted; filaments adnate to the throat of the corolla, flattened, in bud inflexed at the top, 2—3 mm long; anthers oblong, 1.5—1.75 mm long. ovary at first cylindrical, later on somewhat fusiform, glabrous, 1.5—2 mm long. fruit ovoid, 6—7 mm long, 4—5 mm wide, turning from green through red to purplish-black; endocarp dorsiventrally compressed and strongly incurved, in outline orbicular or angular in cross-section, the edges nearly touching, the ventral side strongly concave, embracing a cavity of 1.5—2 rctni diameter. seed strongly dorsiventrally compressed, falcate in crosssection, 1 mm thick. ecology. — in primary forests, ravines, thickets, etc. only in the higher mountain regions, from 1000 to 2000 m upwards. flowering and tfuiting throughout the year. use. — not recorded. 154 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 155 distribution. — from eastern india to indo-china, eastern china and formosa, northward to japan; in malaysia in the philippines (luzon, mindoro, panay, negros, leyte, mindanao) and in celebes. the above description only refers to the malaysian material. in studying the specimens of viburnum odoratissimum in herbarium bogoriense i was much surprised to see that the descriptions of most of the authors are not quite applicable to the malaysian form. the main differences concern the shape and the dimensions of the corolla. some of those descriptions i may cite here. viburnum odoratissimum has been described as a new species by ker-gawler, in 1820. according to him the corolla is rather fleshy, turbinately rotate, white, caducous, turning yellow or buff as it fades, tube three times the length of the calyx or more, with an open dilated orifice, limb rather longer than the tube, revolutely reflexed in the end, segments rounded convex, the filaments adnate to the tube, divaricate, equal to fig. 9. viburnum, odoratissimum ker-gawl.: a, corolla of chun 5216 (hongkong); 6, same of elmer 16965 (philippines) ; c, same of maximowicz s.n. (yokohama). the limb, subulate, white, stiff, permanent. in de candolle's "prodromus" viburnum odoratissimum is found under the heading "corollae rotatae aut vix subcampaniformis." hooker f. & thomson also say: "corolla parva, rotata." oersted divided the genus viburnum into five genera; concerning the corolla of his genus microtinus, to which viburnum odoratissimum is referred, he says: "corolla parva, rotata, quinquefido, lobis obtusis." i also draw attention to his description of the stamens: "stamina quinque immo tubo inserta." danguy described the corolla as "blanche, rotacee, sub-campanulee, glabre, tube de 1,5 mm, lobes de 2,5 mm, obtus, etales" and the filament as "long de 3—4 mm, insere vers le milieu du tube de la corolle." the corolla in at least the greater part of the malaysian specimens, however, cannot be called rotate and hardly subcampanulate. the tube being about 3 mm, somewhat widened upward, the lobes about 2 mm, spreading horizontally in full flower, finally reflexed, it is shortly salvershaped rather than rotate-subcampanulate. the filaments are about 2 mm long, adnate to the throat of the corolla. k. koch distinguished two related species, viburnum odoratissimum s.s. and v. awabuki k. koch, the latter with "rundlichen, flach ausgebreiteten abschnitten kiirzer als die blumenrohre, wahrend sie bei dem nahestehenden v. odoratissimum langer erscheinen." in spite of the assertions of maximowicz and rehder i was at first inclined to believe that the malaysian plants are not conspecific with ker's viburnum odoratissimum, but that they might belong to v. awabuki. maximowicz in his enumeration of the viburnum-species of eastern asia, discussing the taxonomic value of the different organs, asserts: "nee magis ad sectiones stabiliendas valet corollae forma, dum adsunt species flore absente nequaquam distinguendae, dum adest imo una (v. odoratissimum) ubi corolla variat subrotata et tubulosa." (op. cit., p. 644). on page 50 he argues that the two species, distinguished by koch, cannot be maintained, as the plant of kiusiu seen by him is intermediate between the nippon specimen with the tube twice as long as the limb, and the lutschu specimen with the tube shorter than the limb. rehder, in sargent's "trees and shrubs," also ascribes to viburnum odoratissimum a rotate or campanulate corolla. according to him the northern .form, in which the tube of the corolla is longer than the limb, distinguished by k. koch as viburnum awabuki, is hardly well marked enough to deserve varietal rank. no more than with actual v. odoratissimum do the malaysian specimens agree with the japanese plants, in which the tube of the corolla is still longer. in nakai's "tentamen systematis caprifoliacearum japonicarum," 1921, viburnum odoratissimum s.l. is divided into three species, the new v. liukiuense being intermediate between v. odoratissimum s.s. and v. awabuki. the differences given between v. odoratissimum and v. liukiuense did not convince me that the latter should deserve specific rank. it is said to differ in its evanescent pith, the more persistent bracteoles, the more shining leaves, and the reddish branchlets and petioles; like v. odoratissimum it has a depressed conical inflorescence and a short tube of the corolla. i must confess my inability to decide whether the malaysian plants are identical with v. liukiuense or not. in my opinion even the leaves of the chinese specimens i examined are more shining than those of the malaysian ones. these seem to agree completely with viburnum arboricolum hayata. the flower represented in "icones plantarum for156 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] kern : viburnum in malaysia mosanarum" (4: t. 1 fig. 2. 1914), is identical with that of the common malaysian form; the description, too, could have been prepared after a malaysian specimen: "corolla cylindrico-campanulata utraque glabra 5 nim longa, tubo 3 mm longo totiusque lato, lobis late cordato-rotundatis 2 mm longis totiusque latis apice rotundatis basi cordatis, partibus cordatis imbricatis margine integris vel obscure crenulatis." in comparing v. arboricolum with v. odoratissimum hayata mentions only the darker green lusterless leaves. it is curious that nakai, on the contrary, ascribes dull leaves to v. odoratissimum. indeed he cites v. arboricolum as a synonym of v. odoratissimum, this, however, in spite of the fact that the tube of the corolla is longer than the limb. on his "tabula distributionis" (op. cit., p. 121), the philippine plant is also considered by nakai as viburnum odoratissimum. elmer described his number 22336 from mt. pinatubo, luzon, as a new species, viburnum zambalense. it is not clear whether he regards all philippine 'odoratissimum' as belonging to his new species or only those with entire leaves. at any rate it is impossible to separate elmer 22336 specifically from the other philippine specimens. his description of the flower is correct, probably except for the statement "up to 8 mm in length," for i never saw such large flowers in any philippine specimen and the flowers of elmer's type-specimen do not deviate from the common form. the shape of the leaves is extremely variable. instructive in this respect is for instance ramos & edano 40460, with clearly toothed and entire, longand short-acuminate, rounded and somewhat emarginate, obovate and elliptic-lanceolate leaves in one specimen. chinese viburnum odoratissimum has indeed a more rotate-campanulate corolla, the tube being about 1.5 mm, the spreading lobes about 2 mm long. yet the difference with the malaysian and formosan plants in this respect is not so great as it seems to be, for there are philippine specimens, although rare, with the tube equal to the limb. in the chinese form too the filaments are adnate to the throat of the corolla. • summarizing i am of opinion that the separation of viburnum liukiuense, v. arboricolum, and v. zambalense has not contributed to the solution of the difficulties in this group. for the present i regard them as belonging to the polymorphous species viburnum odoratissimum. the continental plants can perhaps be segregated on account of the length of the tube of the corolla and the indument, but then the insular ones undoubtedly still contain several races, which may be recognized only by a comparative study of extensive material from the whole area. 157 specimens examined. — java. w e s t java. mt. pangerango 1 , kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (type of viburnum hasseltii miq.) ( l ) . — c e l e b e s . porema, kjellberg 2673 (b). m a n a d o . mt. klabat, local name makijau, koorders 16358, 16359, 16360 (b), 16361, 16363, 16364, 16365 (b, l), steup bbl8094 (b), bbl8101 (b, l) ; from kakaskassen to summit of mt. lokon, local name kupai dano, koorders 16357 ( b ) ; summit of mt. lokon, local name pakawai kokkok randang, koorders 16362 (b, l ) ; soputaumountains, local name makanden intjuntung, koorders 16356 (b, l). c e l e b e s . enrekang, valley s of masimbollong, eyma 997 (b). — p h i l i p p i n e s . luzon. i f u g a o . mt. polis, mcgregor b.s. 19854 (a, b, g, s). c a g a y a n. mt. dos cuernos, ramos b.s.77042 (s). a b r a : darling f.b.14602 (l) ; massisiat, mt. portoc, alcasid 1595 (b). l e p a n t o: com. fl. for. fil. 1491 ( l ) ; mt. sinapsapan, ramos & edano b.s. 40460, 40465 (a). b o n t o e : vanoverbergh 191 (g, l ) ; bauco, vanoverbergh b.s.3993 (a); mt. caua, ramos & edano b.s.37991 (a, b), 38024 (a, g), 38053 (a, l ) . b e ng u e t : barnes f.b.933, 938 (b, s), darling 14441 (b, l), curran, f.b.i 08 41 (b), leano f.b.21837 (g); rio trinidad, ramos b.s.15558 (b) ; baguio, elmer 5879, 5920 (b), 8415, 8696 (a, b, l), merritt f.bj4151 (b), sandkuhl b-s.61 (a), mearns b.s.2520 (s), williams 1042 (g) ; mt. tonglon, merritt f.b.14169 (l) ; mt. pulog, curran-merrittzschokke f.b.i8205 (l) ; pauai, mearns b.s.4410 (l), clemens b.s.9153 (a), santos b-s.3177.2 ( s ) ; s a b l a n g , f e n i x b . s . 4 6 9 ( i t ) . n u e v a v i z c a y a . v i c i n i t y o f d u p a x , ' mcgregor b.s.11194 ( l ) . n u e v a e e i j a : alvarez f.b.22440 ( l ) . p a m p a n g a. camp stotsenburg (mt. pinatubo), elmer 22195 (b, g, l, s), 22336 (type of viburnum, zambalense elm.) (b, g, l, s). b a t a n. lamao river, mt. mariveles, ahern's collector, f.b.1512 ( b , s ) . r i z a l : loher b.s.14209 ( b ) , ramos b.s.1957 ( b , g, l, s); balacbac, loher b.s.13023 (b), 13041 (a); bantol, loher b.s.14145 (a); bosoboso, ramos b.s.2097 ( b ) ; mt. canumay, ramos b.s.13771 ( l ) ; mt. lumutan, ramos b.s. 42145 ( s ) ; m o n t a l b a n , loher b.s.12961, 13177 (a). l a g u n a : sulit students f.b.31083, 31422 ( s ) ; m t . b a n a j a o , ocampo b.s.27941 ( s ) . t a y a b a s l u c b a n , elmer 7898, 9201, 9231 (a, b, l ) . c a m a r i n e s : ramos b.s.1559 ( b , l, s ) ; m t . b a g a c a y , ramos & edano b.s.33856 ( s ) . s o r s o g o n: ramos b.s. 23409 (a, b, g, l), 23433 (a, b, g, l, s) ; irosin (mt. bulusan), elmer 14371, 16965 (a, b, g, l, u ) . — mlndoro. m"t. calavite, ramos b.s.39489 (a); pinamala-yan, ramos b.s.41007 (a, b, s). — p a n a y . mt. macosolon, ramos & edano b.s.30786 ( s ) . — negros. du.maguete (cuernos mts.), elmer 9968 (a, b, l ) . — l e y t e : wenzel 620 (a, g); mt. abucayan, edano b.s.41772 (a, b, l, s), 41802 (a).—mindanao. s u it i d n o n. mahilucot river, ramos & edano b.s.38662 (a, s ) ; mt. candoon, ramos & edano b.s.s8902 (a, s). d a v a o. todayo (mt. apo), elmer 11441 (a, b, (?, l,u). 14. viburnum clemensae kern, spec. nov. — fig. 10. arbor humilis sempervirens. petioli glabri, 1—2.5 cm longi. lamina foliorum coriacea, opaca, in sicco supra olivacea, infra luteovel bruneoviridia, utrimque glabra, sub lente minute papilloso-rugulosa, in axillis nervorum primariis secundariisque glandulas gerentia, elliptica, oblongoelliptica vel leviter obovata, 9—11.5 cm longa, 3.5—5.5 cm lata, apice abrupte breviter acuminata usque subcaudata interdum rotundata, basi presumably a misstatement. the plant has never been traced again in west java. see amshoff (caprifoliaceae, p. 3 in backer, bekn. flora j a v a , nooduitg.) and also hallier (in med. rijks-herb. no. 1: 15. 1911; no. 12: 37. 1912). 158 re in wardtia [vol.i 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 159 cuneata, margine integra, nervis primariis utrimque 4-—5 supra indistinctis infra prominentibus arcuato-adscendentibus prope marginem evanescentibus et anastomosantibus, venis indistinctis. infructescentia subsessilis 4—8 cm longa, paniculata, bis terve ramosa. drupa ellipsoidea vel oblongoobovoidea, haud compressa, 1 cm longa 6—7 mm diametro, nitida, calycis dentibus triangularibus 0.75 mm longis et stylo late conico 1 mm longo coronata; endocarpium valde incurvatum, dorso sectione transversa orbiculato, marginibus inter se attingentibus, ventre cristam internam longitudinalem 2—2.5 mm latam superne vix dilatatam formante. small, evergreen tree. branchlets crooked, terete, hardly lenticellate, glabrous, with greyish brown, cracking bark. petioles channelled above, glabrous, 1—2.5 cm long. leaf-blades coriaceous, dull, in dry state olivaceous above, yellowish or brownish green beneath, glabrous on both sides, minutely papillose-rugulose all over (under a magnifying glass), glandular-pitted at the under side both in the axils of the primary and secondary side-nerves, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate or slightly obovate, 9—11.5 cm long, 3.5—5.5 cm wide, often inequilateral and somewhat falcate; apex abruptly short-acuminate to nearly caudate, rarely rounded, base cuneate and slightly decurrent on the petiole, margin entire, cartilaginous, somewhat revolute in dry state; midrib and primary side-nerves rather indistinct above, prominent beneath, the latter ones arcuately ascending, evanescent and arcuately anstomosing near the margin, 4—5 on each side of the midrib; veins indistinct. inflorescence terminal, nearly sessile, small, 4(—8) cm long, paniculate, 2—3 times paniculately branched, the lowest branches ternately whorled, the middle ones opposite, the upper ones alternate; bracteoles minute, lanceolate, caducous, leaving ciliate scars. flowers unknown. drupe ellipsoid or oblong-obovoid, not compressed, 1 cm long, 6—7 mm across, shining, the persistent calyxteeth triangular, 0.75 mm long, the persistent style thickly conical, 1 mm, with 3-lobed stigma; mesocarp thin, scanty fleshy; endocarp strongly incurved, the dorsal side orbicular in cross-section, the edges touching, the ventral side folded to an internal longitudinal crest, which is usually 2:—2.5 mm broad and slightly widened at the upper margin, here embracing a cavity of about 0.5 mm diameter. seed dorsiventrally compressed, reniform in cross-section, 2 mm thick. t y p e . — clemens 29978 (a). although the flowers are wanting in the available specimens, it seems to be clear that the species is related to viburnum odoratissimum, from which it is easily distinguishable by the minutely rugulose leaves, the indistinct venation of the leaves, the smaller number of primary sidefig. 10 explanation of figure 10 fig. 10. viburnum clemensae kern: a, twig, 0.5 x; b, leaf, under side, 0.5 x5 <;, part of same, showing glandular pits; d, leaf, 0.5 x ; e, fruit, somewhat enlarged; f cross-section through fruit, 1.5 x. — a, e, /, after clemens 29978, b, c, after clemens 29466, d, after clemens 31500. . 160 reinwardti a [vol. 1 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 161 nerves, but mainly by the size of the fruit and the quite different crosssection of the endocarp. specimens examined. — borneo. c o l o n y o f n o r t h b o r n e o . mt. kinabalu: tree, fruit red, august 3, 1937, j. a. grisioold jr. 96; tenompok, 5000 ft., flowerbuds green, fruit light green, may 2, 1932, clemens 29466; same locality, fruit pink, t u r n i n g red, may 3, 1932, clemens 30356; same locality, fruit red, j u n e 9, 1932, clemens 29978; penibukan, 4000—5000 ft., ridge w of camp, flower-buds creamy, tree 25 ft., feb. 7, 1933, clemens 31500 (all a). 15. viburnum propinquum hemsl. viburnum propinquum hemsley •in j. linn. soc. (bot.) 23: 355. 1888; rehder in sargent, trees and shrubs 2: 33, 133 pi. 115. 1908; rehder in pl wils. 2: 111. 1911; hayata, ic. plant, form. 4: 14 pi. 3. 1914; nakai in j. coll. sci. univ. tokyo 42 (2)48. 1921; merrill, enum. philip, fl. pi. 3: 578. 1923. viburnum valerianicum elmer, leafl. philip. bot. 7: 2578. 1915. — viburnum foetidum elmer in sched., non wallich. evergreen shrub. branchlets curved, terete, greyish to reddish brown, strongly lenticellate. petioles channelled above, glabrous, 1—2 cm long. leaf-blades thinly coriaceous, shining green above, paler beneath, drying dull brown, glabrous on both sides except for the bearded axils of the primary side-nerves at the under side, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, 6—8(—11) cm long, 2.5—4(—5.5) cm wide; apex acute to long-acuminate, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin on both sides 1/2 -1 (—2) cm above the base with an impressed small gland (sometimes 2 marginal glands on one side), usually nearly entire, only minutely and remotely serrulate, the teeth reduced to mucros hardly 0.5 mm long; nervation impressed above, prominent beneath, basal primary side-nerves arising somewhat above the base of the blade at an angle of about 30 to the midrib, arcuately ascending, evanescent at 1/2 —2/3 of the length of the blade, nearly as prominent as the midrib (leaves therefore triplenerved) , the more apical 2—3 pairs of primary side-nerves less prominent, at an angle of 45—60°; all side-nerves anastomosing near the margin; veins subparallel, nearly rectangulate to the midrib, delicate, connected by a wide reticulate venulation. inflorescence terminal, corymbiform, times umbellately branched, (3—)5—7 cm across, the axes glabrous; peduncle short, 2(—5) cm long, angular, glabrous; primary rays b^-i, 1 2 cm long; bracts and bracteoles minute, ovate, ciliate, caducous. calyx-limb about 1 mm long, obscurely lobed, lobes ovate, obtuse, glabrous, about 0.5 mm. corolla whitish oder yellowish green, 4 mm wide, campanulate-rotate, globular in bud; tube broad, scarcely 1 mm long, hairy within, lobes ovate to oblong, rounded, recurved in anthesis, about 1.5 mm long. stamens exserted; filaments adnate near the base of the corolla flattened, gradually tapering toward the apex, in bud inflexed at the top 2—2.5 mm long; anthers broadly elliptic, 0.75 by 0.5 mm. ovary 0 75—1 mm long and wide, glabrous; style very short, broadlyconical, stigma obscurely 3-lobed. drupe globose-ovoid, bluish black, 4—5 mm long, 4 mm wide; mesocarp thin, scanty fleshy; endocarp thin, nearly orbicular in cross-section, ventrally slightly 1-grooved. seed ovoid, shallowly 1-grooved on the ventral side; albumen deeply ruminate. ecology. — according to merrill in mossy forest, at an altitude of 2200 to 2450 m. distribution. — china (hupeh), formosa. in malaysia only in the philippines (luzon). the triple-nerved leaf with marginal glands (reminding one of those in faccmmm-species), the hairy tube of the corolla, the achenoid drupe and the peculiar cross-section of the endocarp characterize this species and separate it from the other malaysian species of viburnum. elmer mentions in connection with his viburnum valerianicum that the strong odour, especially in cured specimens, is that of valeriana. the same fact was already stated by hallier in dried specimens of viburnum sambucinum, v. coriaceum and vlutescens. van ittalie ascertained the presence of valerianic acid in viburnum sambueinum. on this ground hallier supposed the close relationship of viburnum with the valerianaceae (see hallier in med. rijks-herb. no. 14: 36. 1912; no. 37: 92. 1918). specimens examined. — p h i l i p p i n e s . luzon. b e n g u e t . baguio, fl., march 1907, elmer 8591, 8811 (a, b, l) : fl., march 1913, elmer 14264 (a, b, g, l, u) {type of viburnum, valerianicum e l m . ) ; mancayan to baguio, fr., oct. 1921, ramos & edano b.s.40499 (a, b, l) ; pauai, fl., apr.-june 1918, santos b.s.31908 (a, b, l ) ; b.s.31973 (a). r i z a l . mt. angilog, young fr., apr. 1922 ramos b.s.40788 ( a ) ; mt, irig, fl., apr. 1923, ramos b.s.42195 (b, s). 16. viburnum luzonicum rolfe viburnum'luzonicum rolfe in j. linn. soc. (bot.) 21: 310. 1884; vidal, phan. cum. philip. 117, 1885; rev. pi. vase. filip. 147. 1886;. rehder in sargent, trees and shrubs 2: 97 pi. 14-6. 1908; merrill in philip. j. sci. 5, bot.: 391. 1910; hayata, ; ic. plant, form. 2: 70. 1912; danguy in lecomte, fl. gen. indo-ch. 3: 13. 1922; merrill, enum. phil. fl. pi. 3: 577. 1923. viburnum laxum elmer, leafl. philip. bot. 7: 2576. 1915. viburnum formosanum hayata, ic. plant, form. 2: 69. 1912; nakai in j. coll. univ. tokyo 42 (2) : 49. 1921. viburnum morrisonense hayata, ic. plant, form. 2: 70. 1912; 9: 43 /. 21. 1920,. viburnum mushaense hayata, ic. plant, form. 8: 34. 1919. viburnum subglabrum hayata, ic. plant. form. 8: 35. 1919. viburnum tadhasense hayata, ic. plantform. 9: 45 /. 22. 1920. shrub, slenderly branched from below the middle upward, 3—6 m high. stem 6—-8 cm thick. bark smooth and shining or somewhat rough, greyish or brownish. branchlets terete, sparingly lenticellate, the ultimate ramifications more or less (often densely) ferrugineous-pubescent. petioles thin and short, slightly channelled above, densely pubescent, 0.5—-1 cm long. leaf-blades extremely variable, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 162 reinwardtia [vol. 1 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 163 dark yellowish green above, paler beneath, the young 'ones usually densely pubescent with simple antrorse and stellate hairs most abundant on the nerves, later on more or less glabrescent to glabrous except .for the persistent pubescence of the midrib and the cilia of the margin, 3—8(—13) cm long, 2—5 cm wide, ovate to lanceolate; apex acute to gradually long acuminate (the acumen often falcate) ; base broadly cuneate to rounded or even slightly cordate and often inequilateral; margin nearly entire to coarsely sinuate-dentate in the upper part; nervation impressed above, prominent beneath, often hidden by the indument; primary side-nerves 5—7 on each side of the midrib, very obliquely ascending, usually terminating in the teeth, lower ones (in the nearly entire leaves almost all) however anastomosing; venation evident if not hidden by the indument. inflorescences terminal, not rarely also spuriously lateral on short 2-leaved branchlets, umbellate, corymbiform to semi-globose, 2—3 times branched, 3—5 .cm across, the axes densely ferrugineous pubescent; peduncle very short, up to 2 cm long; primary rays 3—8, slender, 1(—1.5) cm long; bracts sometimes leafy, up to 2 cm long, usually like the bracteoles small, lanceolate, pubescent and ciliate, 1—2 mm long. flowers slightly odorous, 3—5 mm wide. calyx hardly 1 mm long, deeply lobed, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pubescent. corolla rotate, globular in bud, creamy white or somewhat pink, more or less strigose and stellate-pubescent without, especially toward the base, glabrous within; tube very short, about 0.5 mm long, lobes elliptic-oblong, rounded, 1.5—2 mm long. stamens exserted, but , shorter than the corolla-lobes; filaments subterete, slightly dilated toward the base, adnate to the base of the corolla, 1.5 to nearly 2 mm long, glabrous; anthers broadly elliptic, yellow, 0.5—0.75 mm long. ovary cylindrical, densely pubescent, about 1 mm long.; style very short, glabrous, with obscurely 3-lobed stigma. drupe ovate, dorsiventrally much compressed, red (or ripening black?), (5—)6—7 mm long, 5—6 mm wide, young with scattered stellate hairs; endocarp slightly undulate in cross-section, the 2 dorsal and 3 ventral grooves often obsolete.' ecology. — in thickets and forests, at medium and higher altitudes, from 800 to 2200 m. flowering and fruiting throughout the year. distribution. — from western china and indo-china through formosa and the philippines to the moluccas. local names. — in luzon acording to merrill: atalba, tilba (ig.); atiba (bon.) ; bangas-bangas (bag.) ; bagiroro (bik.) ; putud (gad.). viburnum luzonicum var. apoense elmer. viburnum luzonicum var. apoense elmer, leafl. philip. bot. 7: 2577. 1915; merrill, enum, philip, fl. pi. 3: 577. 1923. leaves subcoriaceous, nearly glabrous except for the midrib on both sides, narrow, ovate-lanceolate, the apex long-acuminate, the acumen often falcate, the margin nearly entire, only obscurely dentate; primary sidenerves often anastomosing. distribution. — luzon?, mindanao. local names, — according to merrill: angganasi (buk.), atadatud (buk.), bangas-bangas (bag.). viburnum luzonicum var. floribundum (merr.) kern, comb. nov. viburnum floribundum merrill in philip. j. sci., bot. 4: 328. 1909; enum. philip, fl. pl 3: 577. 1923 (basinym). leaves chartaceous, nearly glabrous except for the midrib and the primary side-nerves, ovate, the apex acute to shortly acuminate, the margin rather strongly dentate, especially in the upper half, the primary nerves for the greater part terminating in the teeth. distribution. — luzon. viburnum luzonicum var. sinuatum (merr.) kern, comb. nov. viburnum sinuatum, merrill in gov. lab. publ. 35: 651906; in philip. j. sci. 1, suppl.: 137. 1906; enum. philip, fl. pi. 3: 578. 1923 (basinym). leaves oblong-ovate, the apex slenderly acuminate, the acumen usually falcate, the margin coarsely sinuate-dentate; otherwise as in var. floribundum. distribution. — moluccas (buru) ; philippines (luzon, negros). local name. — according to merrill: taringongog (neg.). the variability of viburnum luzonicum has led to the distinction of several segregate taxa, viz. viburnum sinuatum merr., v. laxum elmer, v. floribundum merr., v. luzonicum var. apoense elmer, and moreover a few species and varieties from formosa. they are all based on the shape of the leaf and the density of the indument only. as merrill already did in his enumeration, i think viburnum laxum differs too little from typical v. luzonicum to constitute a marked variety even. according to elmer the leaves are more or less tapering at the base with the greatest width across the middle, not below the middle as in cuming 1345, the specimen upon which rolfe founded his viburnum luzonicum. viburnum floribundum is said to be distinguishable by its nearly glabrous leaves, which are less acuminate, more strongly toothed, rounded and inequilateral at the base, as well as by its dense inflorescence. although the leaves of ramos & edaiio 38087 are indeed much more glabrous than in the type of viburnum luzonicum, i cannot agree that the midrib is only slightly puberulent and the inflorescence strikingly dense. inequilateral leaves occur in all forms of viburnum luzonicum in the present sense. viburnum sinuatum agrees almost completely with viburnum floribundum, except for the shape of the leaves, which are long-acuminate and still-more strongly toothed. i could not find clear differences either in the flower or in the fruit. 164 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 viburnum luzonicum var. apoense on the contrary has narrower, hardly toothed leaves. those of most of the specimens collected in mindanao are rather striking. they are subcoriaceous; whereas in viburnum, floribundum and in v. sinuatum the primary nerves are nearly straight and end in the teeth, those of the variety apoense from mindanao are strongly curved upward near the margin and rather distinctly anastomosing, but this is completely due to the absence of the toothing of the leaves. several specimens have both nerves reaching the margin and nerves distinctly anastomosing. the specimens collected in luzon which are identified by elmer as var. apoense, do indeed possess almost entire leaves, but they are not subcoriaceous and the nerves end in the small teeth. though in doubt i have therefore referred them to this variety. on the other hand i might refer ramos & edaiio 38921, mentioned in the enumeration under var. apoense, to var. sinuatum on account of the strongly toothed leaves. at the utmost i might regard 'apoense,' 'floribundum,' and 'sinuatum' as varieties, but they are far from being well marked and after deducting of these varieties the remaining specimens show still a great polymorphism. some of them might just as well have been reduced to one of the varieties. as to how far the several forms of viburnum formosanum distinguished by nakai arid the species of hayata correspond with the abovementioned varieties must await further investigation. s p e c i m e n s examined. — p h i l i p p i n e s . l u z o n . b o n t o c : vanoverbergh 154 (g, l). b e n g u e t : barnes f.b.942 (b, s), ramos b.s.5829 (l), merrill 742 (u), merrill b.s.1753 (b, g, l, s), quisumbing & sulit b.s.82510 (a); baguio, curran f-b.4938 (s), f.b.5082 (b), elmer 5831 (b), 8655 (a, b, l), 14283 {type of viburnum laxum elmer) (a, b, g, l, u), santos b.s.24 (a); mt. pulog, curran-merritt-zschokke f.b.18164 (b, l) ; daklan to kabayan, merrill b.s.m08 (b, l ) . r i z a l : loher b.s. 14353, b.s.14837 (a). c a m a r i n e s . mt. iriga, com. fl. for. fil. 504 (l). a l b a y . without exact locality: cuming 1345 (type-collection; l) ; mayon volcano, ramos & edano b.s.75734 (s). palawan. mt. mantalingajan, edano b.s.775z7 (s). a. v. luzonicum var. apoense. philippines. ?luzon. p a m p a n g a . camp stotsenburg (mt. pinatubo), elmer 21974 (b, g, l, s). c a m a r i n e s . mt. iriga, ramos b.s.22182 (b, l, s). mindanao. camp keithley, lake lando, clemens 89, s.n. (b). l a n a o. vicinity of dansalan, bank of agus river, lynn zwickey 65 (a) ; mt. makaturing, local name langanassi (lan.), lynn zwickey 517 (a). b u k i d n o n . vicinity of tanculan, fenix b.s.26084 (a) f mt. dumalucpihan, ramos & edano b.s.38963 (a). c o t a b a t o. buayan, ramos & edano b.s.85161 (a) ; mt. matutum, ramos & edaiio b.s.85035 (a). d a v a o . todaya (mt. apo), elmer 10791 (type) (a, b, g, l,). 1951] kern: viburnum in malaysia 165 b. v. luzonicum var. floribundum. philippines. luzon. b o n t o c . mt. caua, ramos & edaiio b.s.38087 (a). b e n g u e t . pauai, santos b.s.31705 (a, b, g). p a m p a n g a . camp stotsenburg (mt. pinatubo), elmer 21949 (b, g, l, s) ; mt. afayat, merrill 3837 (l). the type-specimen ramos b.s.7074 from luzon, prov. abra, mt. paraga, feb. 1909 not seen. c. v. luzonicum var. sinuatum. moluccas. buru. fakal, toxopeus 467 (b, l ) . p h i l i p p i n e s . luzon. i l o c o s n o r t e . mt. n a g a p a t a n , ramos b.s.33191 (a). n u e v a e c i j a . ? mt. umingan, ramos & edano b.s.26454 (a). b a t a n. mt. mariveles, meyer f.b.2618 (b), merrill 789 (u), 3946 (l), negros. dumaguete (cuernos mts.), elmer 9538, 10363 (a, b, l ) . mindanao. b u k i d n o n . mt. candoon, ramos & edano b.s.38921 (a, l ) . species wrongly recorded for the area viburnum zippelii miq. .. in his "flora indiae batavae" (2: 122. 1856) miquel described a species of viburnum under the name of v. zippelii. as locality he indicated "nieuw-guinea? (herb. zippel)." the description was made after a fruiting specimen: "plores non vidi. affine videtur vib. acuminato wall, nee a v. sambucino longe distat, sed illius folia integerrima, hujus inflorescentia basi bifoliata, foliaque multo minus coriacea, nee punctata." the type is in the rijksherbarium at leiden (no. 899.69—594). obviously miquel compared his new species with v. acuminatum on account of the densely punctulate under side of the leaves, the resemblance apart from that not being great. even slighter is the similarity to v. sambucinum. for a long time i was unable to place it among the other malayan species of the genus and i was inclined to agree with hallier who remarked, (in medrijks-herb. no. 14: 36. 1912), that it was a strongly characterized species and for that reason possibly a representative of the genus in new guinea, whence for the rest viburnum is unknown. possibly, for the accompanying label is not written in zippelius's own hand, but it is a printed one and blume already placed a ? after "nieuw-guinea." zippelius participated in an expedition to the coasts of sw new guinea in 1828. he died on the way back and his valuable collections have been worked out by others. later on v. zippelii has never been collected in malaysia (cf. also scheffer in ann. jard. bot. buitenz. 1: 28. 1876). i was much astonished when i accidentally came across a specimen of a japanese viburnum in herbarium bogoriense, collected as a species of cornus by em. weiss (no. 50) near nagasaki, japan. the plant was 166 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 identified in 1943 by hatusima as v. japonicum (thun'b.) spr. and is evidently identical with miquel's v. zippelii. although i have no further specimens of v. japonicum at my disposal i am convinced that the determination of hatusima is right, in testing it with the description of nakai {in j. coll. sci. imp. univ. tokyo 42: (2) : 30. 1921) and others. the identity will be already evident from the comparison of miquel's description with that of nakai. the spotty glands at the base of the under side of the leaves, mentioned by miquel, also occur in the examined specimen of t7. japonicum. viburnum japonicum is only known from kiusiu and hondo and it is quite improbable, if not impossible, that zippelius's plant originates from new guinea. in my opinion it must be a japanese specimen or it must have been gathered in the bogor botanic gardens, whe#re zippelius was employed since 1825 as assistant curator. it is very likely that the species was cultivated at bogor, although i could not find it mentioned in the catalogues of the gardens. in "annales d'horticulture et de botanique" (2: 97. 1859), van hall described a " viburnum m,acrophyllumi thunb.," obviously belonging to v. japonicum, "recu par l'intermediaire de m. teysman, le celebre jardinier en chef du jardin botanique de buitenzorg." it is curious that miquel in "prolusio florae japonicae" {in ann. mus. lugd. bat. 2: 268. 1868) published this plant as v. buergeri miq.! in reading the diagnosis of cornus japonica in thunberg's "flora japonica" (63. 1784) one is struck by the following passages: "filamenta 4 . . . germen superum." sprengel (systema 1: 934. 1825) nevertheless referred it to viburnum, whereas de candolle (prodr. 4: 273. 1830) still treated it as a "cornus?" i ba"se the identity of thunberg's cornus japonica with the plant in question only on maximowicz's assertion in "melanges biologiques" (10: 664. 1880): "genus'ex sola descriptione optime enucleavit d. sprengel." excluded species viburnum alternifolium zoll. & mor. viburnum alternifolium zoll. & mor., syst. verz. 59. 1845—1846 = ilex alternifolia (zoll. et mor.) loesener in nov. acta leop. car. 78: 81. 1901. this is according to koorders (exkursionsfl. java 2: 521. 1912) and backer (bekn. flora java, nooduitg. 6, fam. 132: 3. 1948) a form of the polymorphous ilex cymosa bl. 1951], kern: viburnum in malaysia 167 index of collector numbers referring to the species by means of their number names beginning with de or van have been entered under the prefix, compound names under the first part. ahern's collector 1512=13; alcasid 1595=13; altmann 258, 465 = 10; 472=7; alvarez 22440=13; anderson s.n. =10; arens & wurth s.n. = 1 ; arsin 19529=7; 19661=10. backer 133, 320 = 10; 509 = 1; 1703, 1887, 2265 = 7; 3604 = 10; 5129=1; 5395, 6705 = 10; 6823 = 1; 7482, 8443, 8670 = 10; 9303 = 7; 9336=10; 9651, 9800=1; 9960,. 10040, 10404, 10617, 11130 = 7; 11394 = 1; 12213 = 7; 12366, 12771, 14109, 14300 = 10; 16304, 17248=7; 18661, 21502=10; 21794 = 1; 22953 = 10; 23235, 25730 = 7; 26100=1; 33030 = 10; 37089, 37092, 37506, 37685 = 1; s.n.=7; backer & skottsberg 37313, 37314 = 1; bakhuizen van den brink 463, 1508, 1623=10; 2098, 2525=7; 4271, 4639, 4795, 4802=10; 6132 = 7; bakhuizen van den brink fil. 1637=10; 2726=7; 2827, 3120 = 10; balansa 4422=10 (p. 144) ; bangham 825=6; 928, 948=la; 1164 = 2; barnes 933, 938=13; 942 = 16; batten pooll s.n.=2; bb. numbers, see forest research institute; beccari 194, 345 = 2; belle s.n. = 7; beumee a362 = 7; a810 = l; binnendijk s.n.=7, 10; bloembergen 4081, 4095=7; blume s.n. = l, 7, 10; boerlage s.n.=7, 10; bosbouwproef station = forest research institute; bremekamp s.n.=l; brinkman 379 = 1; 428=10; 884c=l; bruggeman 536 = 1; 586, 769=10; 3730=1; bunnemeijer 828, 867= 10; 882, 4989=1; 5686, 8995, 9059, 9087 = 10; 9410, 9456, 9613=1; 9730=2; 9778=10; 10027, 10145, 10213, 10553 = 1; 11647, 11700, 11814 = 7; burck 110 = 10; s.n.=l, 7, 10; burck & de monchy s.n. = 7; burkill 40=1; 387 = 7; 16312 = l a ; burkill & haniff 12992=7; burkill & henderson 6810 = 7; burkill & holttum 7779 = 7; 8631 = 2; buwalda 3473 = 10; buysman 151 = 10. cantley's collector 2913 = 7; clason k90, k102 = l; clason-laarrnan 154, e72, e76, g49, k198 = l; clemens 89=16a; 3153 = 13; 27033, 28263 = 9; 29466=14; 29702 = 8 ; 29978 = 14; 30297=8; 30298=9; 30356=14; 30767, 30885=9; 31500=14; 31902 = 8; 32225, 32752, 33761, 40166=9; s.n.=16a; com. fl. for. fil. 504=16; 1491=13; corner 31594=7; cramer 64, 65 = 10; cuming 1345=16; curran 4938, 5082=16; 10841=13; curran-merritt-zschokke 18164=16; 18205=13; curtis 278, 2453, s.n.=7. damme s.n.=10; darling 14441, 14602 = 13; de jong, see for. res. inst., ja2657, 2662; de monchy s.n.=l; see also burck & de monchy; den berger 789=1; derry s.n. = 7; de voogd 9 = 10; 14 = 7; 678 = 1; 1506=7; 1531 = 10; 1664=7; 1937=1; 2159 = 7; 2170 = 10; 2197=1; 2198 = 10; 2303=1; 2699, 2710 = 10; 2759, 2800 = 1; s.n. = 7; de vriese & teysmann s.n.=7; djaduk 943=1; docters van leeuwen 173=10; 1068 = 7; 1133 = 10; 2903=7; 3948 = 7b; 8959, 12278 = 1; 12813=2; 12846, 12898 = 1; s.n.=10; dorgelo 120, 417=1. edafio 41772, 41802=13; 77527=16: see also ramos & edafio; flbert 15, 16, iv, 18, 969, 1008, 1405, 1475=1; 1620, 1750, 1807, 1853, 2136=10; 2165 = 1; see also grundler; elmer 5831 = 16; 5879, 5920, 7898, 8415=13; 8591=15; 8655=16; 8b96 = 13; 8811=15; 9201, 9231=13; 9538=16c; 9968=13; 10363 = 16c; 10791=16a;11441 = 13; 14284 = 15; 14283=16; 14371, 16965=13; 21741 = 12; 21949 = 16bj 21974= 16a; 22195, 22336=13; estate-manager sindang panon s.n. = 10eyma 997=133762=7.' • fenix 469=13; 26084 = 16a; field museum collector s.n,=7; forbes 410, 537a, 865=7; 954=1; 1023, 1526, 1629, 1662, 1662a, 1909 = 10; 1909a=7b; 2094, 2254, 2530a 168 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 = 1 0 ; 2 5 6 8 = 2 ; 3'587, 3589 = 7; 3 8 7 2 = 1 ; 4 0 8 9 = 7 ; forest research inst. bbl4130 = 7; bb 18094, bbl8101 = 13; j a l 3 9 6 = 7 ; ja2475, j a 2 5 6 5 = 1 0 ; ja2657 = l; j a 2 6 6 2 = l l ; ja2846, j a 2 8 5 3 = l ; ja2993 = l l ; s.n.=7, 10; fox s . n. = 7; f r e y wyssling 108=11. gibbs 3990 = 9; griswold 9 6 = 1 4 ; groenhart 3 = 1 ; gruendler (elbert exp.) 2261 = 1 0 ; 2322 = 1; 3455, 3488, 4161,' 4176, 4306 = 7. hagedoorn & jeswiet s . n . = l ; hallier 42, 500, 500a, 5 0 0 b = 7 ; 501, 5 3 4 = 1 ; 607 = 10; 2279=7; 3272 = 9; s.n.=7, 10; hamel 4 4 3 = l a ; hamel & rahmat si torus 639 = l a ; hancock 1987=7; haniff 278 = 7; see also burkill & haniff; harreveld-lako 6 9 = 1 ; hasskarl s.n. = 10; haviland 82, 197, 1054, 3019 = 7; henderson 11484=2; 11496=10; 11555, 17984, 23490, 23617=7; see also burkill & henderson; henderson & n u r 11176=2; 11202=10; 11252=7; holten s.n. = 10; holttum 21615 = 10; s.n.=7a; see also burkill & holttum; horsfield s . n . = l , 10; hose 60 = 7; hosseus 250 = 7b (p. 134); "houtsoorten" (=kinds of wood) 39, 132=10; 2 4 1 = 7 ; 288=10; 5 0 1 = 1 ; 646 = 10; how 72981, 73407 = 10 (p. 144); huitema 7 5 = 7 ; 1 1 1 = 1 . ibut 521 = 7. janumbers, see forest research institute; jaamat 27270=10; 27555=7; 28114 =10; 28151=7; jacobson 2208=7b; s.n. = l, 10; jeswiet 55 = 1; s.n.=l; see also hagedoorn & jeswiet; junghuhn pi. ined. 37, 38, 39, 40, 42 = 7; 43 = 1; 76=10; 100=7b; 132, 180=10; 283 = 7; 288 = 10; s.n.=l, 7, 7b, 10, 11. kalong 20260=7; keers 86=1; kerling s.n. = 7b; kern 7543, 7577 = 10; 7798 = 1; 7989 = 7; 8056=10; 8085 = 7; 8312, 8319=1; kerr 6222, 8874, 9829 = 6 (p. 129); kiah, see moysey & kiah and symington & kiah; kiah & strugnell 23909 = 7; kjellberg 1612b, 2253 = 7; 2673=13; kobus 173 = 10; 221=1; s.n.=l; koens 76, 310=10; 423=7; koorders (all /i-numbers) 1037, 1038, 1039=10; 1040 = 7; 1041 = 10; 1042, 1043=1; 1044 = 10; 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049=7; 1050=10; 1051=1; 1052, 1053=7; 1054 = 10; 1055, 1056=7; 1057=10; 1058, 1059=1; 1060, 1061 = 7; 1062/1063=10; 1064 = 1; 1066=10; 1067, 9961=7; 10904, 11243, 11244, 11276, 11277=1; 11278, 12831, 13843 =10; 13986, 14053,14096 = 7; 14158, 14407, 14896=10; 15191,15368 = 7; 15579=10; 15616 = 1 ; 16356, 16357, 16358, 16359, 16360, 16361, 16362, 16363, 16364, 16365=13; 20432= 1; 20527 = 10; 23168 = 7; 23170, 23574, 23874 = 10; 24167=7; 24176=10; 24177, 25544 = 7; 25794 = 10; 26083=1; 26273, 26468=10; 26538, 26679=7; 26818, 27669, 28524, 28525, 29176=10; 30149, 30609, 31936=7; 32113 = 1; 32137=7; 32306, 3247,3=10; 33878=7; 35899, 35900, 35901=10; 35902, 35904, 36559=7; 36622, 36642 = 10; 36743, 37360, 37361, 37919, 38169=1; 38170, 40919, 41289, 41983=7; 43297, 43473, 43733 = 1; 44315=10; 44481=7; 47945 = 10; s.n.=10; kornassi, see rutten exp.; korthals s.n. = l, 7, 7b, 10; krukoff 4201, 4366=7b; kuhl & van hasselt s.n.=l, 7, 10, 13. lam 2146, 2257 = 7; leano 21837=13; lei 246 = 10 (p. 144); loher 12961, 13023, 13041, 13177=13; 13878, 13904=3; 14145, 14209 = 13; 14353, 14837 = 16; 14846 = 3; loogen s.n. = 7; lorzing 225 = 10; 462 = 1; 472 = 10; 472a, 609=11; 890, 1316, 1370=1; 1790=7; 2200=1; 4366, 4782=10; 5936, 5980, 6567=1; 7343 = 2; 7817, 7915 = 7b; 8267 = 1; 8303 = 2; 8615, 8951=1; 9582, 9917 = 7b; lynn zwickey 65, 517 = 16a. macgregor 11194, 19854=13, maier exp. 272=7; 402=1; maingay 712/2=7; md. nur, see nur; mearns 2520, 4410=13; merrill 742=16; 789 = 16c; 1753=16; 3837=16b; 3946 = 16c; 4408=16; merritt 14151, 14169 = 13; see also curran-merrittzschocke; meyer 2618 = 16c; mousset 143=10; 176=1; 485=7; 675 = 10; moysey & kiah 31810=7a. 1951] kern: viburnum in malays la 169 native collector 19, s.n.=7; nauen 35828, s.n. = 7; nur 2423=7; 7274=1; 11252, 32635=7; see also henderson & nur. ocampo 27941=13; osman 20846=7; ouwehand 35, 208, 363=1; 393 = 2. pa munah, see for. res. inst. ja2846; petelot 6294=10 (p. 145) ; polak 97, 98 = 1; popta s.n.=10; posthumus 3963=1; pringgo atmodjo, see van daalen exp.; proefstation voor het boschwezen, see forest research institute; puasa angian 4019=10. quisumbing' & sulit 82510=16. raap 585 = 10; 827 = 1; rachmat, see van vuurenexp.; rahmat si buea=rahmat si torus; rahmat si torus 218, 340, 1345, 1594, 1863, 2255, 3126, 4237, 4263, 4499, 4599, 6661, 6876, 7867, 7905, 7956, 9145, 9939=7b; see also hamel & rahmat si torus; ramos 1519=3; 1559, 1957, 2097=13; 5829 = 16; 7074=16b; 13771, 15558=13; 22182 = 16a; 23409, 23433 = 13; 33191=16c; 39489 = 13; 40788=15; 41007=13; 41482, 41585— 4; 42145=13; 42195=15; 77042=13; ramos & edafio 26454=16; 30786, 33856, 37991, 38024, 3-8053 = 13; 38087=16b; 38662, 38902=13; 38921 = 16c; 38963 = 16a; 39025=3; 40309=5; 40460, 40465=13; 40499=15; 75734 = 16; 85035, 85161=16a; rant s.n.=l, 7; see also smith & rant; reinwardt s.n. = l, 7, 10; rensch 1245=7; 1300=1; 1368=7; 1509 = 1; ridley 2106, 6829, 7128 = 7; 7597=7b; 7928, 8036, 9230, 11840, 13571=7; 13902=10; 16064, 16064a=7a^ s.n. = 7; robinson s.n.=7; roesel 260=1; rutten exp. 577 = 7. sandkuhl 61=13; santos 24=16; 31705=16b; 31772=13; 31098, 31973 = 15; sapiin 2461 = 1; s.n.=l; sarip, see maier exp.; sauliere 74, 123 = 6 (p. 129); scheffer c48=l; ,s.n.=l, schiffner 2624, 2625=10; scortechini 375b = 2; skottsberg, see backer & skottsberg; smith 839=10; smith & rant 290, 295, 418=10; squires 184 = 10 (p. 144) ; steenstra-toussaint s.n.=7, steup, see for. res. inst. bbl8094, bbl8101; strugnell, see kiah & strugnell; sugandiredja 84,-108=7; 118 = 11; 132, 160=1; sulit 31083, 31422 =13; see also quisumbing & sulit; sumardjo see for. res. inst. ja2475; symington 20183 = 7; 23964=1; 31005=2; symington & kiah 28847 = 7a. teysmann 3777hb, 13982=7; s.n.=10; see also de vriese & teysmann; toxopeus 467 = 16c; tsiang ying 1940=10 (p. 145). ultee 56 = 10; 118=7b. van daalen exp. 52 = 7b; van der goot 4 = 10; s.n.=l; van der pijl 416=1; 620=7; van hasselt, see kuhl & van hasselt; van ooststroom 12740, 12909 = 10; 13367=1; 13795, 13901 = 7; 13905=10; vanoverbergh 154 = 16; 191, 3993=13; van steenis 87=7; 1625=10; 2021 = 1; 2289 = 7; 2536 = 10; 2980 = 1; 3640=10; 3650=1; 3665 = 10; 4216 = 1; 4885 = 10; 4957=1; 5923=10; 5977 = 1; 6587=6; 6857=7; 7080=1; 7327, 7408=10; 7422, 7875 = 1; 8066 = 10; 8618=la; 9200=7b; 9960 = 2; 10883=10; 11213 = 7; 11957, 12626 = 10; 17400 = 7; 17558=1; van vuuren exp. 1020=7; verhoef $ 3 = 7 ; 37=10; vorderman s.n.=ll. waitz s.n. = l, 10; warburg 2988 = 10; 16361 = 7; wenzel 620=13; 923=4; wight 1263=6 (p. 129); williams 1042=13; winatadipura, see for. res. inst. jal396; winckel (all /^-numbers) 114 = 10; 180 = 7; 212, 218=10; 648 = 7; 666, 1578, 1630, 1673=10; 1773, 1862=7; wisse 938, 1039, 1205, 1226=10; woodford 6335 = 7; wurth, see arens & wurth. yates 105 = l a ; 593=1; 976=la; 1003, 1197=10; 1567=la; 1668, 2030, 2524, 2535 = 7b. zippel s.n., p. 165; zollinger 310, 843 = 7; 2496 = 10; 2924 = 1; s.n.=10; zschokke, see curran-merritt-zschokke; zuidema see for. res. inst. ja2565. 170 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 index of scientific names cornus japonica 166. ilex alternifolia 166. ilex cymosa 166. maesa 118, megalotinus 111; mierottnus 111 154; odoratissimus 153. oreinotinus 111. solenotinus 111. twins i l l viburnum 107-166; sect. megalotinus 112; sect. odontotinus 112; sect. thyrsosma 111' 112; sectt i n u s 112> s u b s e c t cor'iacea 112; subsect. lutescentia 112; subsect. punctata 112; subsect. sambucina 112; acuminatum 127, 128,165; alternifolium 166; amplificatum 109, 110 150, 151*! arboricolum 153, 155, 1 5 6'. aw'abuki 155; beccarii 108, 109, 120' 121*, 122, 142; buergeri 166; clemensae 109, 157, 158*; colebrookianum 142 144, ! 4 5 ; coriaceum 108, 109, 110, 1 1 5 ' 117', 118, 122, 126, 142, 161; var. longiflorum 117, 120; cornutidens 108, 110, 125, 126; cylindricum 116, 118; elegans 142; floribundum 108, 163, 164; foetidum 160; forbesii 108, 118, 129; var 116; formosanum 161, 164; glaberrimum 108, 110, 122, 125, 126, 127; hasseltii 108, 153, 157; hispidulum 109, 136 137*, 139> 142; inopinatum 130, 133'; integerrimum 129; japonicum 165, 166; junghuhnii 108, 109, 110, 142, 147, 148*, 149, 150,' 152; laxum 161, 163, 164; lepidotulum 128; liukiuense 153, 155, 156; longistamineum 108, 130, 132, 136; lutescens 108, 109, 142, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 161; var. latifolium 143; luzonicum 108, 110, 161, 163; var. apoense 162, 163, 164; var. floribundum 163, 164, 165; var. sinuatum 163, 164, 165; macrophyllum 166; monogynum 142, 143, 145; morrisonense 161; mushaense 161; odoratissimum 108, 110, 126, 127, 152, 154*, 155, 156, 159; pachyphyllum 108, 123; platyphyllum 108, 110, 123, 124*, 126, 127; propinquum 108, 110, 111, 160; punctatum 108, 109, 127, 128; var. acuminatum 128, 129; sambucinum 108, 109, 110, 117, 118, 129, 132, '133, 134, 142, 165; yar. subglabrum 130, 136; var. tomentosum 130, 131*, 132, 134, 136, 161; sinuatum 108, 163, 164; subglabrum 161; sumatranum 108, 130, 132; sundaicum 142, 149; var. latifolium 143; var. macrodon 143; var. microdon 143; taihasense 161; valerianicum 160, 161; vernicosum 108, 109, 139, 140*, 141, 142; villosum 108, 130, 132, 136; zambalense 153, 156, 157; zippelii 108, 165. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 2, pp. 171-189 (1951) the fern-genus pleocnemia presl r. e. holttum* summary 1. the genus pleocnemia presl is redefined arid differentiated from tectariacav. and arcypteris underw., the latter genus being very closely related to pleocnemia. 2. the configuration of the perispore proved to be of importance for the characterisation of the .species. in this regard three types are distinguished, perispore forming1 crisped anastomosing wings, perispore consisting of many slender spines, and, an intermediate type, perispore forming many small separate wings. 3. tentatively 15 species are recognized. of these, pleocnemia winitii holttum, p. acuminata holttum, p. pleiotricha holttum, p. presliana holttum, p. dimidiolobata holttum, p. tripinnata holttum, and p. seranensis holttum are described as new, aa well as one variety, p. conjugata var. elatior holttum. 4. the following new combinations are made: p. hemiteliiformis (racib.) holttum (basinym: pleocnemia leuzeana var. hemiteliaeformis racib.), p. olivacea (copel.) holttum (basinym: tectaria olivacea copel.), p. kingii (copel.) holttum (basinym: tectaria kingii copel.), and p. chrysotricha (bak.) holttum (basinym: nephrodium chrysotrichum bak.). 5. reductions to synonymy are: pleocnemia javanica presl to p. conjugata (bl.) presl, and dictyopteris compitalis v. a. v. r. to p. hemiteliiformis (racib.) holtt. this genus, as originally published in 1836, included only one species, pleocnemia leuzeana, based on polypodium leuzeanum gaudichaud (1827), the type of which was collected in the moluccas. presl placed pleocnemia among the polypodioid ferns (without indusia), and his figure clearly shows a naked sorus. but when he examined cuming's philippine collections, he found that some were indusiate, and in his "epimeliae" (p. 50) he placed the genus next after nephrodium, describing two more species. it is not however clear whether piesl recognized that some species of pleocnemia could be indusiate and some not. fee, in his "genera filicum," speculated on this point. he remarked on the confusion in the labelling °f cuming's specimens (specimens distributed under the same number not always agreeing together), but he evidently considered that indusiate and exindusiate specimens could represent the same species, though perhaps they did not grow on the same plant. *professor of botany, university of malaya, singapore. — 171 — rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_21 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_22 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_23 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_24 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_25 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_26 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_27 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_28 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_29 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_30 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_31 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_32 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_33 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_34 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_35 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_36 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_37 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_38 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_39 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_40 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_41 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_42 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_43 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_44 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_45 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_46 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_47 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_48 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_49 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_50 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_51 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_52 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_53 reinwardtia 2017 16 (1) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 16 (1): 1 – 48, june 15, 2017 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary rina munazar layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: catanthera keris veldk. (1. inflorescences; 2. close up flower; 3. flower bud), medinilla squillula veldk. (4. habit; 5. branches; 6. fascicle of uniflorous infructescences), medinilla uninervis veldk. (7. habit. note 1-nerved leaves; 8. infructescence; 9. immature and mature fruits), medinilla zoster veldk. (10. habit; 11. inflorescences; 12. flower). photo credits: bangun 223, lowry & phillipson 7287, mahroji, fabanyo & soleman 69, callmander, et al. 1067. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 16(1): agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia agus sutanto indonesian tropical fruit research institute (itfri), west sumatra, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk andrew powling school of biological sciences, university of portsmouth, portsmouth, uk elham sumarga school of life sciences & technology, institut teknologi bandung, bandung, indonesia meekiong kallu university malaysia sarawak, samarahan, sarawak, malaysia harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia ulrich meve lehrstuhl für pflanzensystematik, universität bayreuth, bayreuth, germany mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia reinwardtia vol 16 no 1, pp: 5 – 10 5 hoya narcissiflora (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae), a new species from borneo received october 13, 2016; accepted february 2, 2017 sri rahayu bogor botanic gardens, center for plant conservation lipi, jln. ir. h. juanda 13 bogor, 16122, indonesia. email: srirahayukrb@yahoo.com michele rodda the herbarium, singapore botanic gardens, 1 cluny road, 259569 singapore. email: rodda.michele@gmail.com abstract rahayu, s. & rodda, m. 2017. hoya narcissiflora (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae), a new species from borneo. reinwardtia 16(1): 5 – 10. — a new species of hoya from borneo is described, namely hoya narcissiflora s. rahayu & rodda. the species has thin, non-succulent leaves similar to those of species in the hoya campanulata group and shallowly campanulate corolla. it is compared with all other bornean hoya species possessing campanulate corollas. key words: hoya campanulata, h. danumensis, h. jiewhoeana, h. sammannaniana, indonesia, primary forest, west kalimantan. abstrak rahayu, s. & rodda, m. 2017. hoya narcissiflora (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae), satu jenis baru dari borneo. reinwardtia 16(1): 5 – 10. — satu jenis baru dari borneo dideskripsikan di dalam makalah ini, yaitu hoya narcissiflora s. rahayu & rodda. jenis ini memiliki tipe daun tipis dan bukan sukulen, serta tipe bunga dengan mahkota berlekatan (campanulate), merupakan tipe yang dimiliki kelompok hoya campanulata. jenis ini dibandingkan secara morfologi dengan jenis-jenis hoya bertipe “campanulata” yang terdapat di borneo. introduction hoya r. br. is the largest genus of apocynaceae (endress et al., 2014) and includes 350-450 mostly epiphytic climbers with a centre of diversity in tropical asia (rodda, 2015). the recently published guidebook to hoyas of borneo by lamb & rodda (2016) despite not being a complete revision was a first step towards a revision of bornean hoya. the checklist included in the book lists 72 hoya species for borneo, half of which endemic to the island. however, most of the information for the compilation of the book was obtained from collections gathered from brunei, sabah and sarawak, and to a much lesser extent from kalimantan. in consequence, the diversity of hoya species in indonesian borneo is incomplete due to the scarcity of recent collections. the only information on hoya diversity of central kalimantan is given by rahayu (2006), who listed just nine species collected during expeditions to just a small part of central kalimantan. lamb et al. (2014) suggested that 60 to 70 hoya species may occur in sabah alone, and it is becoming apparent that the diversity of hoya of borneo is expected to be comparable to or even exceeding that of the philippines (aurigue et al., 2013, 104 species) or of new guinea (forster, 1996, 74 species). nonetheless new species have been described from west kalimantan such as hoya undulata s. rahayu & rodda (rahayu et al., 2015) and h. sammannaniana a.l. lamb, gavrus, emoi & gokusing (lamb et al., 2014), also found in sabah. hoya species are rarely found blooming in the wild and cultivation of wild collected plants has been a successful way to identify the species (kleijn & van donkelaar, 2001; lamb et al. 2014; rintz, 1978; rodda & simonsson-juhonewe, 2016). most hoya species are epiphytic climbers with fleshy to succulent leaves. a few species however have thinner non-succulent leaves and often campanulate or urceolate corollas and are adapted to more moist environments. these may be more difficult to keep alive in mixed collections in botanic gardens and need much more care to bloom. the first species with thin leaves that was described is h. campanulata blume from java (blume, 1826). this species has not been collected in borneo, but numerous other species in this group can be found on the island such as h. wallichii ( w i g h t ) c . m . b u r t o n, t y p e : s i n g a p o r e (burton, 1996), h. danumensis rodda & nyhuus, type: sabah (rodda & nyhuus, 2009); – reinwardtia 6 [vol.16 h. mappigera rodda & simonsson, type: peninsular malaysia, perak (rodda & simonssonjuhonewe, 2012) and h. wongii rodda, simonsson & l. wanntorp, type: brunai (rodda et al., 2011) and h. sammannaniana which has deep bell shaped corollas, type locality sabah (lamb et al., 2014). recently, we found a new thin leaved hoya with shallowly campanulate flowers in west kalimantan. the specimen was firstly seen for sale as an unidentified species at the flora show in jakarta in october 2014. based on the shape and thickness of the leaves it looked similar to h. sammannaniana or also possibly to h. danumensis or h. campanulata. pictures of the flowers were later uploaded on facebook by mr. maskuran, and we realised that it represents a new species. mr. maskuran provided a live specimen collected from sanggau, west kalimantan that was cultivated at the bogor botanic gardens. pickled flowers were also sent to bogor botanic gardens from the private collection of melda lazuardi in jakarta, who obtained her plant from mr. maskuran. the morphological observation of the specimen was done in bogor botanic gardens, while the observation of pollinia took place in the singapore botanic gardens herbarium. taxonomic treatmeant hoya narcissiflora s. rahayu & rodda spec. nov. figs. 1 3. — type: indonesia, west kalimantan, sanggau, 100–300 m, on a slope close to a stream, primary forest “hutan adat”, feb 2014 (cultivated at bogor botanic gardens from vegetative material collected in the wild by mr. maskuran) sri rahayu jq705 (holotype bo, isotype krb). diagnosis. similar to h. danum ensis as both taxa have elliptic to oblong thin laminas and ovoid corona lobes. it can be separated from h. danumensis on the shape of the corona lobes that are less than 1.5 times as long as broad in h. narcissiflora vs. ca. twice as long as broad in h. danumensis. description. epiphytic climber, shrubby when young, with white latex in all vegetative parts, glabrous. stems slender, lignified when old, internodes very variable in length, 0.5 – 10 cm long, 2.0 – 2.5 mm in diameter, green when young, grey -green when mature; leaves petiolate; petiole, 0.5 – 1.0 cm × 1.5 – 2.0 mm in diameter, channelled above, light green; lamina elliptic to oblong, thin, 5 – 12 × 2 – 4 cm, base cuneate without colleters, apex acute or acuminate, discolorous with upper side fresh to dark green, lower side paler green, young leaves pale green, venation pinnate, secondary veins 4 – 5 pairs. inflorescence pseudoumbellate, convex, 5 – 10 flowered; peduncle ageotropic, with a rachis turning positively geotropic, very short 4 – 6 × 1.5 – 2.0 mm in diameter, grey green, glabrous. flowers weakly scented, produce visible nectar from the second day onwards, lasting 4 – 5 days in cultivation; pedicel positively geotropic, ca. 2.5 cm × ca. 1 mm in diameter, white-pale green, glabrous. calyx lobes free, ovate to triangular with a round tip, 1.0 – 1.2 × 0.8 – 1.0 mm wide, creamy white or light green, glabrous, basal colleters one in each calyx lobe sinus, triangular, 2.3 – 2.7 × 1.5 – 1.7 mm. corolla very shallowly campanulate, almost round in outline, flattened and slightly campanulate at the centre underneath the corona when in full bloom, white or very pale yellow; tube 10–14 mm in diameter, undulating and with a depression underneath each corona lobe, visible as a small hump on the outside in between the calyx lobes, glabrous outside, pubescent inside only underneath the corona; lobes broadly triangular, 6 – 9 × 3.5 – 5 mm, folded in the centre, apex acute, glabrous. corona staminal, erect, 6 – 7 mm in diameter, 5.0 – 5.5 mm high, white or yellowish white; lobes upright, when observed from above round to ovoid, 2.2 – 2.5 × 1.0 – 1.2 mm, 5.0 – 5.5 mm tall, outer process concave with an acute tip, inner process apiculate; skirt located at the base of each coronal lobe, 1/3 of the corona length, thin, rhomboid with short acuminate apex at the centre, white or yellowish white; a nthers with apical round membranaceous appendage just exceeding the style-head apex. pollinia elliptic oblong, 500 – 550 × 100 – 150 µm, narrowing towards the base, apex round, sterile edge prominent along the outer edge of the pollinium; corpusculum elliptic, 50 – 60 × 25 – 30 µm with an acute tip, caudicle almost rectangular, 90 – 100 × 20 – 25 µm, twisted at the base; concave, hyaline. style -head 5 angled in cross section, style-head apex acute, 0.5 – 0.6 mm high, 1.4 – 1.5 mm broad at the base. ovaries elliptic with narrower tip from the base, ca. 1.9 – 2 mm × ca. 0.7 mm at the widest area in the centre, light green, glabrous. fruit and seed not seen. distribution. only known fr om the type locality in west kalimantan, close to sanggau. habitat and ecology. hoya narcissiflora has been observed in lowland primary forest at 100– – rahayu & rodda: new hoya from borneo 2017] 7 fig. 1. hoya narcissiflora. a. flower from above. b. corolla with corona removed. c. corolla and calyx, from underneath. d. flower, side view. e, f. corona, side view. g. corona, from underneath. h. corona, from above. i. calyx and ovaries. j. pollinarium. reinwardtia 6 [vol.16 h. mappigera rodda & simonsson, type: peninsular malaysia, perak (rodda & simonssonjuhonewe, 2012) and h. wongii rodda, simonsson & l. wanntorp, type: brunai (rodda et al., 2011) and h. sammannaniana which has deep bell shaped corollas, type locality sabah (lamb et al., 2014). recently, we found a new thin leaved hoya with shallowly campanulate flowers in west kalimantan. the specimen was firstly seen for sale as an unidentified species at the flora show in jakarta in october 2014. based on the shape and thickness of the leaves it looked similar to h. sammannaniana or also possibly to h. danumensis or h. campanulata. pictures of the flowers were later uploaded on facebook by mr. maskuran, and we realised that it represents a new species. mr. maskuran provided a live specimen collected from sanggau, west kalimantan that was cultivated at the bogor botanic gardens. pickled flowers were also sent to bogor botanic gardens from the private collection of melda lazuardi in jakarta, who obtained her plant from mr. maskuran. the morphological observation of the specimen was done in bogor botanic gardens, while the observation of pollinia took place in the singapore botanic gardens herbarium. taxonomic treatmeant hoya narcissiflora s. rahayu & rodda spec. nov. figs. 1 3. — type: indonesia, west kalimantan, sanggau, 100–300 m, on a slope close to a stream, primary forest “hutan adat”, feb 2014 (cultivated at bogor botanic gardens from vegetative material collected in the wild by mr. maskuran) sri rahayu jq705 (holotype bo, isotype krb). diagnosis. similar to h. danum ensis as both taxa have elliptic to oblong thin laminas and ovoid corona lobes. it can be separated from h. danumensis on the shape of the corona lobes that are less than 1.5 times as long as broad in h. narcissiflora vs. ca. twice as long as broad in h. danumensis. description. epiphytic climber, shrubby when young, with white latex in all vegetative parts, glabrous. stems slender, lignified when old, internodes very variable in length, 0.5 – 10 cm long, 2.0 – 2.5 mm in diameter, green when young, grey -green when mature; leaves petiolate; petiole, 0.5 – 1.0 cm × 1.5 – 2.0 mm in diameter, channelled above, light green; lamina elliptic to oblong, thin, 5 – 12 × 2 – 4 cm, base cuneate without colleters, apex acute or acuminate, discolorous with upper side fresh to dark green, lower side paler green, young leaves pale green, venation pinnate, secondary veins 4 – 5 pairs. inflorescence pseudoumbellate, convex, 5 – 10 flowered; peduncle ageotropic, with a rachis turning positively geotropic, very short 4 – 6 × 1.5 – 2.0 mm in diameter, grey green, glabrous. flowers weakly scented, produce visible nectar from the second day onwards, lasting 4 – 5 days in cultivation; pedicel positively geotropic, ca. 2.5 cm × ca. 1 mm in diameter, white-pale green, glabrous. calyx lobes free, ovate to triangular with a round tip, 1.0 – 1.2 × 0.8 – 1.0 mm wide, creamy white or light green, glabrous, basal colleters one in each calyx lobe sinus, triangular, 2.3 – 2.7 × 1.5 – 1.7 mm. corolla very shallowly campanulate, almost round in outline, flattened and slightly campanulate at the centre underneath the corona when in full bloom, white or very pale yellow; tube 10–14 mm in diameter, undulating and with a depression underneath each corona lobe, visible as a small hump on the outside in between the calyx lobes, glabrous outside, pubescent inside only underneath the corona; lobes broadly triangular, 6 – 9 × 3.5 – 5 mm, folded in the centre, apex acute, glabrous. corona staminal, erect, 6 – 7 mm in diameter, 5.0 – 5.5 mm high, white or yellowish white; lobes upright, when observed from above round to ovoid, 2.2 – 2.5 × 1.0 – 1.2 mm, 5.0 – 5.5 mm tall, outer process concave with an acute tip, inner process apiculate; skirt located at the base of each coronal lobe, 1/3 of the corona length, thin, rhomboid with short acuminate apex at the centre, white or yellowish white; a nthers with apical round membranaceous appendage just exceeding the style-head apex. pollinia elliptic oblong, 500 – 550 × 100 – 150 µm, narrowing towards the base, apex round, sterile edge prominent along the outer edge of the pollinium; corpusculum elliptic, 50 – 60 × 25 – 30 µm with an acute tip, caudicle almost rectangular, 90 – 100 × 20 – 25 µm, twisted at the base; concave, hyaline. style -head 5 angled in cross section, style-head apex acute, 0.5 – 0.6 mm high, 1.4 – 1.5 mm broad at the base. ovaries elliptic with narrower tip from the base, ca. 1.9 – 2 mm × ca. 0.7 mm at the widest area in the centre, light green, glabrous. fruit and seed not seen. distribution. only known fr om the type locality in west kalimantan, close to sanggau. habitat and ecology. hoya narcissiflora has been observed in lowland primary forest at 100– – reinwardtia 8 [vol.16 fig. 2. hoya narcissiflora. inflorescence from a plant in cultivation. a. from above. b. from underneath. (photos: maskuran) fig. 3. hoya narcissiflora. larger and smaller leaves. a. from above. b. from underneath. (photos: maskuran) rahayu & rodda: new hoya from borneo 2017] 9 300 m above sea level on a slope near a small river. it was growing as an epiphyte on the main trunk of dipterocarp trees at about 1.5 m above ground, growing in deep shade (30% sunlight) and very high humidity (about 80%) (maskuran, pers. comm.). johansson (1975) categorised the various areas of the host plant occupied by epiphytes. the main stem of the host is indicated as the zone b. different zones are correlated with the differential requirement for light, nutrients and water. according to benzing (1990) some species are restricted to strongly illuminated sites, some to shady sites, while some avoid both strong light and deep shade and yet others have a wide range of tolerance. occupying the b zone means that the species is adapted to moist shady habitats. in the wild the plants of h. narcissiflora were only found in deep shade. in cultivation however exposure to brighter light was necessary to trigger blooming (sri rahayu and melda lazuardi, pers. obs.). etymology. the epithet r efer s to the r esemblance of the flowers to species of narcissus, both in color and in general shape. iucn conservation assessment. this species is only known from a single locality in west kalimantan. the preliminary conservation status of h. narcissiflora is therefore data deficient (dd, iucn 2014). ex situ collections are present in bogor botanic gardens (from type locality) and several private collectors in indonesia as mr. maskuran has been distributing cuttings from his original collection among the hoya growers under the community hoya indonesia. notes. bor neo has numer ous species with thin leaves and campanulate or urceolate flowers. hoya mappigera, h. omlorii (livsh. & meve) l. wanntorp & meve (wanntorp & meve, 2011), h. sammannaniana, h. wallichii and h. wongii can be separated from h. narcissiflora because they have single flowers or few-flowered inflorescences. hoya danumensis, h. devogelii rodda & simonsson (rodda & simonsson, 2011), h. gildingii kloppenb. (kloppenburg, 2002), h. jiewhoeana, h. nuttiana rodda & simonsson (rodda & simonsson-juhonewe, 2013) and h. phyllura o. schwartz (schwartz, 1931) instead have convex umbelliform inflorescences with numerous flowers open concurrently. hoya narcissiflora can be separated from h. devogelii, h. gildingii, h. jiewhoeana, h. nuttiana and h. phyllura because these species have a pubescent corolla (only sparsely pubescent in h. phyllura) while the corolla of h. narcissiflora is glabrous. it can be separated from h. danumensis on the shape of the corona lobes in top view are ca. twice as long as broad in h. danumensis and less than 1.5 times as long as broad in h. narcissiflora. the corona lobes of h. narcissiflora are also taller and more erect than those of h. danumensis that are instead flat and spreading. the corona of h. narcissiflora, with its tall and erect lobes is also similar to that of hoya chewiorum a. l. lamb, gavrus, emoi & gokusing and h. jiewhoeana. the flowers of the three species can be easily separated based on the corolla that is shallowly campanulate and glabrous in h. narcissiflora, reflexed and pubescent inside in h. chewiorum and campanulate pubescent inside in h. jiewhoeana. acknowledgements we would like to thanks to mr. maskuran and ms. melda lazuardi who provided material and information of the new species for study and cultivation in bogor botanic gardens. we also thanks to mr. teguh (bbg) for assistant in pressing the materials. we would like to thank the curators of following herbaria bcu, bk, bkf, bm, bo, brun, fi, k, kep, l, lae, p, san, sar, snp, sing, uc and upm, for allowing access and/or for providing high quality images of herbarium specimens. references aurigue, f. b., sahagun, j. r. & suarez, w. m. 2013. hoya cutis-porcelana (apocynaceae): a new species from samar and biliran islands, philippines. j. nat. studies 12 (1): 12–17. benzing, d. h. 1990. vascular epiphytes: general biology and related biota. cambridge univ. press, cambridge. blume, c. l. 1826. hoya. in: blume, c. l. bijdr. fl. ned. ind. 16: 1062–1065. batavia: ter lands drukkerij. burton, c. m. 1996. a tentative alternative arrangement of hoya sections. hoyan. 18(1:2): 2–6. endress, m. e., liede-schumann, s. & meve, u. 2014. an updated classification for apocynaceae. phytotaxa 159(3): 175–194. forster, p. i. 1996. a checklist of the asclepiadaceae of papua. science in new guinea 22 (1): 15–22. reinwardtia 8 [vol.16 fig. 2. hoya narcissiflora. inflorescence from a plant in cultivation. a. from above. b. from underneath. (photos: maskuran) fig. 3. hoya narcissiflora. larger and smaller leaves. a. from above. b. from underneath. (photos: maskuran) reinwardtia 10 [vol.16 johansson, d. r. 1975. ecology of epiphytic orchids in west african rain forests. a merican orchid society bulletin 44: 125–136. kleijn, d. & van donkelaar, r. 2001. notes on the taxonomy and ecology of the genus hoya (asclepiadaceae) in central sulawesi. blumea 46: 457–483. kloppenburg, r. d. 2002. correction. fraterna 15(1): 10. iucn. 2014. guidelines for using the iucn red list categories and criteria. version 10.1. prepared by the standards and petitions subcommittee.[downloaded on 20 january 2014] available from http://www.iucnredlist.org/ documents/redlistguidelines.pdf lamb, a.l., gavrus, a., emoi, b. & gokusing, l. 2014. the hoyas of sabah, a commentary with seven new species and a new subspecies. sandakania 19: 1–89. lamb, a.l. & rodda, m. 2016. a guide to hoyas of borneo. natural history publications borneo, kota kinabalu, 204 pp. rahayu, s. 2006. species diversity of hoya in bukit batikap, muller mountain, central kalimantan. [in bahasa with english summary]. keanekaragaman jenis hoya di hutan lindung bukit batikap, pegunungan muller, kalimantan tengah. biodiversitas 7(2): 139–142. rahayu, s., meve, u. & rodda, m. 2015. hoya undulata (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae), a new myrmecophytic species from borneo, and typification of h. darwinii. gardens’ bulletin singapore 67(1): 85–94. doi: 10.3850/ s2382581215000101 rintz, r. e. 1978. the peninsular malaysian species of hoya (asclepiadaceae). malay. nat. j. 30: 467–522. rodda, m. 2015. two new species of hoya r. br. (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae) from borneo. phytokeys 53: 83–93. rodda, m. & nyhuus, t. 2009. hoya danumensis, a new species of hoya (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae) from borneo. w ebbia 64(2): 163–167. rodda, m. & simonsson, n. 2011. hoya devogelii (apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae), a new species from sarawak, borneo. w ebbia 66 (1): 33–38. rodda, m. & simonsson-juhonewe, n. 2012. hoya mappigera (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae), a new campanulate flowered species from peninsular malaysia and southern thailand. fed. repert. 122: 1–7. rodda, m. & simonsson-juhonewe, n. 2013. hoya nuttiana (apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae), a new species from sarawak, malaysian borneo. phytotaxa 140(1): 56–60. rodda, m. & simonsson-juhonewe, n. 2016. hoya isabelchanae rodda & simonsson, a new, showy species of hoya r. br. (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae) with pomegranate red flowers from sulawesi, indonesia. phytokeys 68: 45–50. rodda, m., simonsson, n. & wanntorp, l. 2011. hoya wongii (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae): a new campanulate flowered species from brunei (borneo). blumea 56: 205–208. schwartz, o. 1931. hoya in: irmscher, i. (ed.). beitrage zur kenntnis der flora von borneo. mitt. inst. allg. bot. hamburg 7: 261– 262. wanntorp, l. & meve, u. 2011. new combinations in hoya for the species of clemensiella (marsdenieae, apocynaceae). w illdenowia 41 (1): 97–99. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 16. no. 1. 2017 contents page dini puspitaningrum, wendy a. mustaqim & marlina ardiyani. a new record of etlingera pauciflora (zingiberaceae) in java, indonesia ...…………………………………..…………………..…….…...………….…………. 1 sri rahayu & michele rodda. hoya narcissiflora (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae), a new species from borneo ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………. 5 iyan robiansyah. predicting habitat distribution of endemic and critically endangered dipterocarpus littoralis in nusakambangan, indonesia ……………………………………………….…..……………………………….………. 11 lulut dwi sulistyaningsih. a newly described and recorded infraspecific taxa of musa borneensis becc. (musaceae) from sulawesi, indonesia ……………………………………………...…....…………….………………..... 19 jan-firts veldkamp & abdulrokhman kartonegoro. new species of catanthera and medinilla (melastomataceae) from halmahera, indonesia and a new name for a medinilla from madagascar…………………………………...…...……... 25 purwaningsih, ruddy polosakan, razali yusuf & kuswata kartawinata. phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope of mt. wilis, east java, indonesia………………………..…………………………….…. 31 ian m. turner. a new combination for subspecies of radermachera quadripinnata (bignoniaceae) ........................ 47 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia 16(1)_1-1 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_2-2 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_3-3 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_4-4 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_9-9 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_10-10 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_11-11 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_12-12 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_13-13 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_14-14 8. daftar isi reinwardtia 16(1) reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010 re in w ar dt ia 13 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, november 2, 2010 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedy darnaedi tukirin partomihardjo joeni setijo rahajoe teguh triono marlina ardiyani eizi suzuki jun wen managing editors elizabeth a. widjaja himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirat hidayat ilustrators subari wahyu santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers r. abdulhadi, sandy atkins, julie f. barcelona, todd j. barkman, nico cellinese, mark coode, gudrun kadereit, rogier de kock, n. fukuoka, kuswata kartawinata, ary p. keim, p. j. a. kessler, a. latiff–mohamad, m. a. rifai, rugayah, h. soedjito, t. setyawati, d. g. stone, wayne takeuchi, benito c. tan, j. f. veldkamp, p. van welzen, h. wiriadinata, rui-liang zhu. correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 2, pp: 125 − 145 125 d. cinnamomea blume, d. decipiens blume, and d. ligulata blume. blume distinguished unranked groups of species with either 4 stamens (“tetrandrae”) or with 8 stamens (“octandrae”). the latter group was divided again into one for one species where all stamens are fertile [d. pallida (jack) blume] and one for one with 4 fertile stamens and 4 staminodes (d. cinnamomea). the rest group he tentatively referred to sect. diplectriae blume which is here regarded as a distinct genus, diplectria (blume) rchb. cogniaux (1891) had a similar division with the species with 8 stamens in sect. diplostemones cogn. and those with 4 in sect. isostemones cogn. the lectotype of dissochaeta is d. vacillans, designated in this paper, yet the sectional name diplostemones to which it belongs does introduction dissochaeta blume (1831; melastomataceae) was based on 15 species of which some had originally been described under melastoma l. the name dissochaeta refers to the two filiform appendages at the base of the anthers (backer, 1936). thirteen of these species are from java: d. cyanocarpa (blume) blume [now a synonym of diplectria divaricata (willd.) kuntze; veldkamp et al., 1978], d. fallax (jack) blume, d. fusca blume, d. gracilis (jack) blume, d. inappendiculata blume, d. intermedia blume, d. leprosa (blume) blume, d. monticola blume, d. reticulata blume, d. sagittata blume, d. vacillans (blume) blume, and d. velutina blume. in 1849 he added 5 more of which 3 came from java: revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia received april 1, 2010; accepted may 4, 2010 abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, research center for biology–lipi, jl. raya jakarta–bogor km.46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e–mail: mykwini@gmail.com. jan frits veldkamp netherlands centre of biodiversity naturalis (section national herbarium of the netherlands, nhn), leiden university, po box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e–mail:veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl. abstract kartonegoro, a. & veldkamp, j.f. 2010. a revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java. reinwardtia 13(2): 125–145. ⎯ there are 12 species of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia: d. bakhuizenii, d. bracteata, d. decipiens, d. fallax, d. gracilis, d. inappendiculata, d. intermedia, d. leprosa, d. monticola, d. reticulata, d. sagittata and d. vacillans. diplectria and macrolenes are regarded as separate genera and species traditionally classified within the latter have not been included. dissochaeta leprosa, d. reticulata, and d. sagittata are reinstated as species. dissochaeta gracilis is the most common species of dissochaeta and d. bracteata is the rarest one. there are no endemics for the island. each taxon is provided with literature references, synonymy, morphological descriptions, distribution, ecological habitat, collector’s notes, and notes. an identification key and a list of collections seen are included. key words: alternipetalous; dissochaeta; java; melastomataceae; oppositipetalous. abstrak kartonegoro, a. & veldkamp, j.f. 2010. revisi dissochaeta (melastomataceae) di jawa. reinwardtia 13(2): 125–145. ⎯ terdapat 12 jenis dissochaeta (melastomataceae) di jawa, indonesia: d. bakhuizenii, d. bracteata, d. decipiens, d. fallax, d. gracilis, d. inappendiculata, d. intermedia, d. leprosa, d. monticola, d. reticulata, d. sagittata dan d. vacillans. diplectria dan macrolenes ditetapkan sebagai marga yang terpisah dan jenis–jenis yang sebelumnya diklasifikasikan di dalamnya tidak disertakan. dissochaeta leprosa, d. reticulata, dan d. sagittata ditempatkan kembali dalam status jenis. dissochaeta gracilis adalah jenis yang paling umum dan d. bracteata adalah jenis yang jarang. tidak ada jenis yang endemik untuk pulau ini. setiap takson ditampilkan dengan referensi literatur, sinonim, deskripsi morfologi, distribusi, habitat ekologi, catatan kolektor dan catatan. kunci identifikasi dan daftar koleksi yang dilihat juga disertakan. kata kunci: alternipetalous; dissochaeta; jawa; melastomataceae; oppositipetalous. reinwardtia 126 [vol.13 stamens are fertile and the alternipetalous ones are staminodial and very different in shape. these morphological differences caused us to retain dissochaeta as distinct from diplectria and macrolenes. this revision was based on morphological characters on specimens seen in bo, chtj, and some on loan from l. some type specimens were seen from photo images available from websites provided by l, ny, and u (now in l). recently, a revision of the genus for malesia/indonesia has begun in bo, starting with the species of java. general morphology of dissochaeta in java habit dissochaeta species (just as those of diplectria and macrolenes) are woody root–climbers. as the inflorescences are terminal, the ultimate branching mode is sympodial. the branchlets are usually terete or angular, but rarely flattened. they have a variable indument, hairs may be absent (d. gracilis), or, when present, simple, or stellate. many parts may also be bristly or scaly. almost all species have swollen nodes and interpetiolar lines, ridges, or crests, which are often annular as in dissochaeta reticulata. leaves the petiole is usually well–developed, always terete, dorsally grooved, and with the same indument as the branchlets. from the leaf base arise 1 to 3 pairs of lateral veins and the venation is acrodromal. the shape of the blades is quite variable, usually they are ovate to lanceolate, with a rounded or sometimes cordate base (as in d. fallax, d. intermedia, and d. leprosa), entire margins, and an acute to acuminate tip. the upper sides are always glabrous at maturity, the lower sides are glabrous (d. gracilis) or densely tomentose (d. leprosa). inflorescences the inflorescences are terminal and axillary, thus forming sometimes large thyrses, very commonly with up to 5 ramifications. the ultimate branching is cymose and thus the central flowers always have longer pedicels and are larger than the lateral ones. bracts are present at each node of the inflorescences and there is a pair of bracteoles at the base of each pedicel. both are usually inconspicuous and (early) caducous. the axes of the inflorescences and infructescences are usually quadrangular with an innot become invalid, as lectotypification is not retroactive. in his revision of the melastomataceae, bakhuizen van den brink f. (1943; 1965) recognized 7 woody genera of climbers: backeria bakh. f., creochiton blume, dalenia korth., diplectria (blume) rchb., dissochaeta blume, macrolenes naudin (formerly known as marumia blume, 1831, non reinw., 1825), neodissochaeta bakh. f., and omphalopus naudin. veldkamp (1978) put backeria in the synonymy of diplectria and neodissochaeta in that of dissochaeta maxwell (1981, 1984) regarded omphalopus and dalenia as synonyms of dissochaeta. according to a molecular study, dissochaeta (including the allied genera macrolenes and diplectria) was strongly supported as a monophyletic group (clausing & renner, 2001). those three genera have the character of a scrambling habit as a synapomorphy. consequently, renner et al. (2001) united them into dissochaeta. the generic boundaries among the three are problematic due to intermediary species and doubtful homology assessments. their placing in one clade can still be considered as a matter of sister lineages. the development of the calyx and the development of the stamens are there considered to be of infra–generic value. this is of course a taxonomic decision and depends on a personal evaluation. creochiton that also has a scrambling habit was retained as a distinct genus. together with shrub genus pseudodissochaeta m.p. nayar all can be placed in the subtribe dissochaetinae naudin (clausing & renner, 2001). as said, the species of dissochaeta species are climbers or scramblers. they are usually found at the edges of primary or secondary forests. they are pioneers in the chablis, gaps, and openings after shifting cultivation, fires, or logging, etc. in this, they are similar to the allied genera diplectria and macrolenes. java has two main types of forest. in the west, it is the wet rain forest that gradually passes into a drier condition in the east. the genus occurs especially in the west from mount pulosari in banten to mount slamet in banyumas, central java, dissochaeta fallax and d. leprosa have been found in some places in east java. in java, dissochaeta is easily distinguished from diplectria and macrolenes by floral characters. the calyx has hardly any lobes and there are 4 or 8 stamens, where the alternipetalous ones are fertile and larger and the oppositipetalous smaller, sometimes reduced or staminodial. macrolenes has well– developed calyx lobes, the 4 or 8 stamens are fertile, while there are no staminodes. the alternipetalous stamens have 2 or more, and then dense filiform appendages. in diplectria the oppositipetalous 2010] 127 kartonegoro & veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia dument similar to those of the branchlets. dissochaeta gracilis has glabrous branchlets and axes. flowers the calyx tube, or rather the hypanthium, is campanulate, urceolate, or tubular. often there are 4 or 8 vertical ridges, at least when dry. the indument is variable, ranging from absent, with scattered hairs, or nearly densely tomentose. in a few species it is bristly. its rim is either truncate, as in d. reticulata, or has distinct rounded and triangular lobes as in d. leprosa. dissochaeta intermedia and d. leprosa appear to be distinct by the shape and size of the hypanthium while in the other characters they are very similar. the slender hypanthium has a truncate rim in d. intermedia while it is robust with a triangular rim in d. leprosa. the petals usually form a conical bud, or it is rounded with tubular or angular sides. petals with acuminate tips in bud are uncommon, e.g. in d. reticulata. the base of the petals is thin, conspicuous, symmetric, glabrous, and colourful. however, the colour of the petals appears to be variable and is of no use as a diagnostic character. some petals have appressed hairs at the base or minute ones at the margin. the characters of the stamens are generally considered to be of great taxonomic importance for the melastomataceae. here there are normally two, dimorphic staminal whorls, an outer, alternipetalous whorl and an inner, oppositipetalous one (maxwell, 1981). alternipetalous are stamens that alternate with the attachment of the petals and oppositipetalous are those that are opposite to the attachment of the petals. the alternipetalous stamens are usually larger and always fertile, while the oppositipetalous ones are smaller, reduced, staminodial or absent. the anthers in both types are ovate to linear, glabrous, rarely tessellate, beaked or not, with a single opening pore, rarely with 2. staminodes are less than 1/3 as long as the alternipetalous stamens and (of course) lack pollen. the filament is attached at the base, dorsal or at the middle of the anther. the connective usually has one dorsal appendage (known as a crest or basal crest) and two lateral ones. the crests are membranous, triangular, oblong, or ligular. the lateral appendages are solitary or paired, filiform to ribbon–like, sometimes they are divided at the apex. the staminodes have a curved filament and an erect spuriform crest. the differences in staminal characters are useful at the specific level. on the basis of vegetative characters, d. bakhuizenii veldk. and d. vacillans are not easily distinguished, but in their staminal characters they are quite distinct: dissochaeta bakhuizenii differs from d. vacillans by the unappendaged crest of all stamens. in dissochaeta reticulata the stamens have crests without appendages, while the oppositipetalous ones have ligular and erect crests. dissochaeta fallax has anthers very different from the other species. the surface is tesselate while in the others it is smooth. the filament is attached in the middle, not at the base. therefore, it has been regarded as a distinct genus, omphalopus, or as a monotypic section, omphalopus (naudin) baill. the ovary is from half to nearly 2/3 times as long as the hypanthium. the apex is usually glabrous, but sometimes densely pubescent. it is concrescent with the hypanthium with or without septs. these septs form a chamber or pocket in which the anther is inserted in bud. bakhuizen van den brink f. called this an extra–ovarial chamber. the number and depth of these extra–ovarial chambers depends on the number and size of the fertile stamens. usually there are 4 or 8, which vary from shallow to reaching to the base of the ovary. fruits the fruits are berry–like, globose or ovoid, colourful when mature, sometimes with four prominent calyx remnants. they are usually glabrous, but sometimes they are furfuraceous. in some species there are distinct vertical ridges. dissochaeta inappendiculata and d. vacillans are hard to distinguish when sterile and have similar fruits, so one must have flowers to distinguish them. distribution dissochaeta (excluding diplectria and macrolenes) have about 31 species throughout malesia. some species are also found in peninsular thailand and indochina (maxwell, 1984). from all regions borneo is the richest in species number and java shares about 30%. according to our revision, java has 12 species in common. sumatra is the most similar region because all javanese species are found there as well. three species, d. bakhuizenii, d. decipiens and d. leprosa have only been found in these islands. the similar climatic conditions in java (especially in the western part) and sumatra most likely are the cause. wet rain forest and several volcanic mountains are very common in both. no species are endemic to java. some species occur at high elevation at the lower mountain slopes. the main distribution is from mount pulosari in banten, west java, to mount slamet in banyumas, central java. dissochaeta intermedia and d. leprosa have been found between 1100 and 2000 m. reinwardtia 128 [vol.13 tose, mostly inconspicuous and early caducous. flowers 4–merous. hypanthium campanulate, urceolate or tubular, glabrous to densely tomentose, with 4 or 8 vertical ridges; calyx rim truncate or with distinct rounded or triangular lobes, glabrous or with scattered hairs to nearly densely tomentose; corolla in bud conical or rounded, tubular or angular, tip acute or acuminate; petals at base thin, asymmetric, glabrous, sometimes with appressed hairs at base or margins puberulous. stamens 4 or 8, alternipetalous and oppositipetalous; filaments curved; anthers usually basifixed, sometimes dorsifixed or medifixed, dimorphic, the alternipetalous ones larger and fertile, the oppositipetalous ones smaller, staminodial or reduced to absent, ovate to linear, glabrous, rarely tessellate, beaked or not, distally with a single pore, rarely with 2; crests triangular, sagittate, membranous, oblong or ligular; lateral appendages single or paired, filiform to ribbon–like, apex sometimes divided; staminodes less than 1/3 as long as the alternipetalous anthers, with an erect crest, spuriform. ovary half to 2/3 or nearly as long as the hypanthium, apex glabrous to densely pubescent, 4–locular; concrescent with the hypanthium, without or with 4 or 8 longitudinal septs forming extra–ovarial chambers for the anthers, shallow to reaching to the base of the ovary. fruits berry–like, globose or ovoid, colourful when mature, sometimes with four prominent calyx remnants, glabrous to furfuraceous; some with distinct vertical ridges; stalk glabrous to tomentose; seeds cuneate. distribution. indo–china, peninsular thailand and malesia: malay peninsula, sumatra, java, lesser sunda isl. (bali), borneo, celebes, the philippines, and new guinea. key to the species in java 1. a. stamens 4………………………………………….2 b. stamens 8………………………………………….6 2. a. anthers with smooth locules; filament basifixed……………………………………………….3 b. anthers with tessellate locules; filament medifixed…………………...………………..4. d. fallax 3. a. hypanthium slender, 1–4 mm long; calyx rim truncate, less than 1.5 mm long; anthers less than 5 mm long……………………………………4 b. hypanthium robust, 4–10 mm long; calyx rim distinctly triangular, 2–3 mm long; anthers more than 5 mm long……………………….……8. d. leprosa 4. a. branchlet, underside leaf blade, and hypanthium densely stellate–furfuraceous or nearly tomentose. anthers linear–lanceolate, extra–ovarial chambers deep, reaching the base of the ovary…………...…5 b. branchlets, underside leaf blade, and hypanthium glabrous to sparsely stellate–puberulous. anthers taxonomic description dissochaeta blume dissochaeta blume, flora 14 (1831) 492 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 234; mus. bot. lugd.–bat 1, 3 (1849) 35; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 521; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 554; bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 218 ≡ rec. trav. bot. neerl. 40 (1943) 218; in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1965) 364; veldk., blumea 24 (1978) 438; j.f. maxwell, gard. bull. sing. 33 (1981 ”1980”) 313. ― dissochaeta sect. dissochaetae blume, flora 14 (1831) 493 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 235, nom. inval. ― dissochaeta sect. eudissochaeta blume ex èndl., gen. pl. (1840) 1219, nom. inval. ― dissochaeta sect. diplostemones cogn. in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 555. ― lectotype: d. vacillans (blume) blume (designated here). omphalopus naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 277; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 531; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 570; bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 117 ≡ rec. trav. bot. neerl. 40 (1943) 117; in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1965) 363. ― dissochaeta sect. omphalopus (naudin) baill., hist. pl. 7 (1880) 51. ― lectotype: omphalopus fallax (jack) naudin [= dissochaeta fallax (jack) blume] (designated by bakhuizen f. (1943: 118)). dissochaeta sect. anoplodissochaeta baill., hist. pl. 7 (1880) 51. ― type: d. inappendiculata blume. dissochaeta sect. dissochaetopsis cogn. in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 563. ― type: d. schumannii cogn. dissochaeta sect. isostemones cogn. in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 561. ― lectotype: d. monticola blume (designated here). neodissochaeta bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 134 ≡ rec. trav. bot. néerl. 40 (1943) 134; in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1965) 365. ― lectotype: neodissochaeta gracilis (jack) bakh. f. [= dissochaeta gracilis (jack) blume] (designated here). melastoma auct. non burm. ex l.: jack, trans. linn. soc. 14 (1823) 9; blume, bijdr. fl. ned.–ind. 17 (1826) 1067 (p.p.). habit woody sympodial climbers, creepers or scramblers, rarely epiphytic. branchlets terete or angular, rarely flattened; glabrous to pubescent with stellate or simple hairs; bristly or scaly; sometimes with adventitious roots; nodes swollen with an interpetiolar line, sometimes ridged or crested, often annular. petioles terete with a dorsal groove, indument as of the branchlet. leaf blades with acrodromal venation, ovate to lanceolate, base rounded or sometimes cordate, margins entire, apex acute to acuminate, upper side glabrous, under side glabrous to densely tomentose; venation arising from base with 1 to 3 pairs of lateral veins. thyrses terminal and axillary many–flowered, with 2 to 5 ramifications. axis quadrangular, indument similar to that of the branchlets. bracts and bracteoles distinct or minute, linear to ovate, glabrous to densely tomen2010] 129 kartonegoro & veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia oblong or lanceolate, extra–ovarial chamber reaching a little beyond the middle of the ovary………………………….…....3. d. decipiens 5. a. branchlets, underside leaf blade, and hypanthium densely brown stellate–tomentose. hypanthium campanulate, angular. anthers “s”–shaped when mature……………………………..7. d. intermedia b. branchlets, underside leaf blade, and hypanthium densely brown stellate–furfuraceous. hypanthium campanulate or urceolate, terete or rounded. anthers sickle–shaped when mature……………… ……………………………………..9. d. monticola 6. a. oppositipetalous stamens fertile…………….……7 b. oppositipetalous stamens staminodial, distinctly different in size from the alternipetalous ones .…11 7. a. bracteoles not covering the hypanthium, linear or minute, glabrous to densely stellate–furfuraceous. stamens unequal or subequal……………………..8 b. bracteoles covering the hypanthium, ovate, densely stellate–furfuraceous. all stamens equal in shape and size……………………...……..2. d. bracteata 8. a. underside leaf blade and hypanthium densely furfuraceous or stellate–furfuraceous. oppositi– petalous stamens with an erect ligular crest……....9 b. underside leaf blade and hypanthium glabrous or sparsely furfuraceous. oppositipetalous stamens with a triangular crest………………….………...10 9. a. veins of the leaf blades reticulate. oppositi– petalous stamens with an erect ligular, bifid or trifid crest, lateral appendages absent…..10. d. reticulata b. veins of the leaf blades not reticulate. opposi tipetalous stamens with a sagittate crest…………… ……………………………………..11. d. sagittata 10.a. under side leaf blade shortly stellate–furfuraceous. hypanthium tubular. stamens subequal, without lateral appendages……..………....1. d. bakhuizenii b. underside leaf blade glabrous or with sparsely stellate hairs. hypanthium campanulate or ur– ceolate. stamens unequal, all with 1 or 2 fili– form lateral append ages…....……..12. d. vacillans 11.a. leaf blade distinctly thin (when dry). indument absent. alternipetalous stamens with two opening pores……………………………….…5. d. gracilis b. leaf blade not distinctly thin (when dry). in dument absent or consisting of stellate hairs. alternipetalous stamens with a single opening pores…...…… …………...………………….6. d. inappendiculata 1. dissochaeta bakhuizenii veldk. ― fig. 1, 2a. dissochaeta bakhuizenii veldk., blumea 24 (1978) 443. ― type: sumatra, west coast, tanang taloe, bünnemeijer 1053 (l; iso bo). branchlets terete, ca. 3 mm diameter, greyish or brown stellate–puberulous. petioles stellate– furfuraceous 1.2–1.5 cm long. leaves blades oblong –lanceolate, 7.5–10 by 3–4.5 cm; base rounded; apex acuminate, tip ca. 5 mm long; underside densely short stellate–furfuraceous; midrib with 1 or 2 lateral veins. inflorescences terminal, up to 25 cm long; main axis stellate–furfuraceous; peduncle ca. 8.5 cm long; bracts minute; pedicels stellate– furfuraceous, 6–12 mm long. hypanthium campanulate or tubular, sparsely stellate–puberulous or nearly glabrous, 2–5 by 1–3 mm diameter; calyx truncate with 4 undulate lobes, widened, glabrous, 1 mm long; petal bud conical, ca. 5 mm long; petals ovate, glabrous, pale pink to violet ca. 4 by 7 mm. stamens 8, equal or subequal, alternipetalous and oppositipetalous, all fertile; filaments flat, 3–3.5 mm long; anthers lanceolate, 3–4 mm long; crests triangular, 1 mm long, acute; lateral appendages absent. ovary half the length of the hypanthium, apex puberulous; extra–ovarial chambers 8, reaching to the middle of the ovary. style glabrous, 10– 12 mm long. berry ovoid or subglobose, glabrous, violet, 4–5 by 3–4 mm; stalks 4–9 mm long. distribution. sumatra (north sumatra, west sumatra, simeleu), java (banten, west java). habitat and ecology. secondary forest or near crater in open forest, 800–1300 m alt. collector’s notes. climber. flower pink. stamens 8 (de voogd and bloembergen s.n. bo.1747916; l.908.129–228). notes. dissochaeta bakhuizenii is very similar to d. vacillans but is different by the absence of lateral appendages in both the alternipetalous and oppositipetalous stamens, the unappendaged crests, and the short stellate–furfuraceous underside of the leaf blades. the species is common in sumatra, in java it is known only from a few collections, which are a good match for the type specimen (bünnemeijer 1053). specimens examined. banten. citorek & muncang: backer 1839 (bo). west java. mt. salak: hoover & girmansyah 31909 (bo), wiriadinata & hoover 31204 (bo), de voogd & bloembergen s.n. (bo.1747916; l.908.129–228) (bo, l): leuwiliang: backer 25705 (bo); mt. sembung: backer 12256 (bo.1428173) (bo). no specific location: anon.. s.n. (l.908.129–1720) (l). 2. dissochaeta bracteata (jack) blume ― fig.1, 2b. dissochaeta bracteata (jack) blume, flora 14 (1831) 495 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 238; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 529; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 558; bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 225 ≡ rec. trav. bot. neerl. 40 (1943) 225; in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1965) 364; j.f. maxwell, gard. bull. sing. reinwardtia 130 [vol.13 diameter, stellate–furfuraceous. petioles stellate– furfuraceous, 5–10 mm long. leaves blades ovate or oblong, chartaceous, 6–13 by 3–7 cm; base subcordate; apex acuminate, tip 3–5 mm long; underside stellate–puberulous, young leaf densely stellate– furfuraceous; midrib with 2 lateral veins. inflorescences terminal, up to 15 cm long; main axis stellate –furfuraceous; peduncle 2–3 cm long; bracts ovate, stellate–furfuraceous, 10–12 by 5–6 mm; pedicels stellate–furfuraceous, 2–5 mm long; bracteoles ovate or ovate oblong, densely stellate– furfuraceous, covering the hypanthium, 5–9 by 2–4 mm. hypanthium campanulate or nearly tubular, rarely suburceolate, densely stellate–furfuraceous, 3 –8 by 2–4 mm diameter; calyx truncate with rounded or triangular lobes, stellate–furfuraceous, 1 –1.5 mm long; petal bud conical or subrotund, 1–4 mm long; petals ovate, glabrous or with appressed hair at base inside, ca. 10 by 5 mm. stamens 8, equal or subequal, alternipetalous and oppositipeta33 (1981 ”1980”) 313. ― melastoma bracteata jack, trans. linn. soc. 14 (1823) 9 (“bracteatum”). ― dissochaeta bracteolata blume ex j.g. watson, mal. for. rec. 5 (1928) 183 (sphalm.). ― neotype: malay peninsula, penang, wallich cat. 4044 (k, n.v., idc microfiche 1084/1, proposed by maxwell (in sched.), designated here). dissochaeta bracteata korth. in temminck, verh. nat. gesch. ned. bezitt., bot. (1844) 237, tab. 55, non blume (1831). ― dissochaeta korthalsii miq., fl. ned. ind. 1, 1 (1855) 528. ― type: sumatra, doekoe, korthals s.n. (l 908.129–662; iso l 908.129–1678, – 1688). dissochaeta bracteosa naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 76; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 528. ― type: malay peninsula, penang, gaudichaud 97 (p, n.v.). anplectrum viminale auct. non blume: blume, flora 14 (1831) 495, p.p. ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 238, p.p. ― vouchers: java, herb. blume s.n. (l 908.129–1531), borneo, korthals s.n. (l 908.129–8, –28). branchlets terete or subquadrangular, 3–5 mm fig. 1. distribution map of d. bakhuizenii (●) and d. bracteata (□) in java. fig. 2. flower bud and alternipetalous stamen in bud, a. d. bakhuizenii (wiriadinata & hoover 31204). b. d. bracteata (backer 4139). b a 3 mm 4 mm 4 mm 3 mm 2010] 131 kartonegoro & veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia lous, all fertile; filaments flat, basifixed 6–8 mm long; anthers linear or lanceolate, when mature s– shaped, ca. 15 mm long, straight in bud, ca. 8 mm long; crests triangular 1 mm long; lateral appendages two, filiform, 3–5 mm long, sometimes divided at the apex. ovary half as long as the hypanthium, apex pubescent; extra–ovarial chambers 8, deep, reaching between the middle and the base of the ovary. style glabrous or subglabrescent, swollen at the apex, 6–10 mm long. berry elliptic, stellate– furfuraceous, 6–10 by 3–5 mm; stalks glabrescent or stellate–furfuraceous, 5–7 mm long. distribution. malay peninsula (malacca, penang, perak, selangor), sumatra (west and north), java (west, very rare, not seen for nearly a century), borneo (kalimantan, sabah, sarawak), philippines (panay). habitat and ecology. secondary forest, ca. 600 m alt. notes. dissochaeta bracteata has distinct ovate bracteoles which cover the hypanthium when in bud. the alternipetalous stamens are nearly similar in shape with those of d. leprosa but differ by having fertile oppositipetalous ones. this species is very rare in java and known from only a few specimens. in l there is only one collection by blume, identified as aplectrum viminale by him. it probably is a mislabelled korthals collection from borneo. this is the only species in java of section dissochaeta. specimens examined. west java. bolang: backer 4139 (bo). no specific location: blume s.n. (l . 908.129 –1531,–8,–18) (l, vouchers for aplectrum viminale sensu blume, non jack). 3. dissochaeta decipiens blume ― fig. 3, 4a. dissochaeta decipiens blume, mus. bot. lugd.–bat 1, 3 (1849) 36; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 529; bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 222 ≡ rec. trav. bot. neerl. 40 (1943) 222; in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1965) 364. ― type: java, kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (l 908.129–218; iso l 908.129–258). branchlets terete 3–6 mm diameter, glabrous or sparsely stellate–furfuraceous. petioles stellate– furfuraceous, 0.5–2 cm long. leaves blades ovate or ovate–oblong, 6–15 by 3–6 cm; base rounded; apex acuminate, tip 1–2 cm long; underside glabrous or sparsely stellate–puberulous; midrib with 1 lateral vein. inflorescences terminal and from the upper leaf axils, up to 22 cm long; main axis sparsely stellate–furfuraceous; peduncle up to 7 cm long; bracts minute; pedicels sparsely stellate–furfuraceous, 2–5 mm long; bracteoles linear, sparsely stellate– furfuraceous, 3–4 mm long. hypanthium campanulate or rarely urceolate, glabrescent or stellate– furfuraceous, 2–4 by 1–3 mm; calyx truncate with 4 undulate subtriangular lobes, glabrous, 0.5–1 mm long; petal bud conical 1–5 mm long; petals elliptic to oblong, glabrous, white, pink or red, 4–5 by 2.5– 3.5 mm. stamens 4, equal, alternipetalous, all fertile, curved when mature; filaments flat, basifixed 2 –4 mm long; anthers oblong or lanceolate, 3–5 mm long; crests triangular 0.5–1 mm long; lateral appendages two, filiform or ribbon–like, sometimes unequal in length, 1–3 mm long. ovary half or 2/3 times as long as the hypanthium, apex puberulous; extra–ovarial chambers 4, reaching beyond the apex and middle of the ovary. style glabrous, swollen at apex, 4–8 mm long. berry globose, glabrous to stellate–puberulous, 2–5 by 2.5–4 mm; stalks 4–7 mm long. distribution. sumatra (west), java (banten, west java, central java). habitat and ecology. secondary forest at 600– 1200 m alt. notes. when sterile d. decipiens is very similar to d. vacillans. it is distinct by having only 4 stamens. the shape of the alternipetalous stamens is also similar by their triangular to hastate crests and the two filiform lateral appendages. maxwell (1983) put d. decipiens under synonymy of d. monticola because of the similarity in shape and the number of stamens (4 alternipetalous) but we agree with bakhuizen van den brink f. (1943) that this is a different species with a glabrous leaf and hypanthium while in d. monticola it is brown stellate– furfuraceous on the underside of the leaf and on the hypanthium. dissochaeta decipiens is mainly found in java since only a single collection one from mt. kerinci in sumatra was made by korthals (bakhuizen van den brink f., 1943). specimens examined. banten. citorek & muncang: backer 1835 (bo); mt. karang: backer 7470 (bo). west java. leuwiliang: bakhuizen f. 3336 (bo, l, u); mt. pangrango: kartonegoro 318 (bo); mt. halimun: backer 10914 (bo). central java. josorejo: backer 16219 (bo). no specific location: de vriese 77 (l); de vriese 95 (l); kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (l.908.129–218,–258) (l, type). reinwardtia 132 [vol.13 voguineensis mansf. in engl., bot. jahrb. syst. 60 (1926) 113 ― type: new guinea, kaiser wilhelmsland, kani–gebirges, schlechter 15159 (b; lost; iso ny, photo). branchlets terete or subquadrangular, 3–6 mm diameter, puberulous to brown stellate– furfuraceous. petioles puberulous to densely stellate –furfuraceous, 8–23 mm long. leaves blades ovate, ovate–oblong, or oblong–lanceolate, 6–15.5 by 3–9 cm; base subcordate, rarely rounded; apex acuminate, tip 0.5–1 cm long; underside densely brown stellate–furfuraceous; midrib with 2 lateral veins. inflorescences terminal and from the upper leaf axils, up to 35 cm long; main axis densely stellate– furfuraceous; peduncle up to 8 cm long; bracts minute; pedicels densely stellate–furfuraceous (1–)3–5 mm long; bracteoles linear, stellate–furfuraceous, 2 mm long. hypanthium campanulate or usually suburceolate, slender, terete or angular, densely stellate –furfuraceous, 1–6 by 1–3 mm diameter; calyx truncate with rounded or triangular lobes, 0.5–1(–2.5) mm long, glabrous or with stellate hairs; petals in bud rounded or subconical, with an acuminate tip, 4. dissochaeta fallax (jack) blume ― fig. 4b, 5. dissochaeta fallax (jack) blume, flora 14 (1831) 493 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 236. ― melastoma fallax jack, trans. linn. soc., london 14 (1823) 13; blume, bijdr. fl. ned.–ind. 17 (1826) 1068. ― omphalopus fallax (jack) naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 277; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 531; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 570; bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 118 ≡ rec. trav. bot. neerl. 40 (1943) 118; in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1965) 363; j.f. maxwell, gard. bull. sing. 33 (1981 ”1980”) 314. ― neotype: sumatra, bencoolen, ajer angat, g. kaba, forbes 2882–a (l, designated here). melastoma reinwardtianum blume, bijdr. fl. ned.– ind. 17 (1826) 1069. ― dissochaeta reinwardtiana (blume) hochr., candollea 2 (1925) 472. ― type: java, west. kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (lectotype l 908.132– 336; iso l 908.132–335, –337, designated by bakhuizen f. (1943: 119)). dissochaeta diepenhorstii miq., fl. ned. ind. suppl. 1, sumatra (1860) 121 ― type: sumatra, west coast, priaman, diepenhorst hb 1323 (u; iso bo). omphalopus fallax (jack) naudin var. nofig. 3. distribution map of d. decipiens in java. fig. 4. flower bud and alternipetalous stamen in bud. a. d. decipiens (kartonegoro 318). b. d. fallax (koorders 40738). 4 mm a b 4 mm 3 mm 3 mm 2010] 133 kartonegoro & veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia subangular, 2–10 mm long; petals ovate, glabrous or inside with appressed hairs at the base, white, pink or red, 7–8 by 2–4 mm. stamens 4, equal, all alternipetalous and fertile; filaments flat, medifixed, 2–4 mm long; anthers ovate or lanceolate, tesselate or reticulate, when mature falcate or rarely straight, beaked, yellow, 3–6 mm long; crests triangular or orbicular attached to the attachment of filament 1–3 mm long; lateral appendages absent. ovary half or 2/3 times as long as the hypanthium, concrescent with or without septs, apex pubescent; extra–ovarial chambers absent or shallow. style glabrous, 7–15 mm long. berry globose, with 8 ridges, glabrous or stellate–puberulous, violet when mature, 4–8(–12) by 4–5(–7) mm, calyx remnant 1–2 mm long; stalks with or without stellate furfuraceous hairs, 4–7 mm long. distribution. thailand (peninsular), malay peninsula (twice found: negeri sembilan, selangor), sumatra (north sumatra, west sumatra, bengkulu, lampung), java (banten, west java, east java), lesser sunda isl. (bali), moluccas (ambon), new guinea (papua new guinea). habitat and ecology. primary or secondary forest, rarely near a crater or at the edge of a forest, 400– 1350 m alt. local name. harendong, harendong areuy, harendong beureum, harendong oyot (sunda). notes. dissochaeta fallax is easily distinguished by the densely brown stellate–furfuraceous indument of the branchlets, underside of the leaf blades, and hypanthium; the 4 alternipetalous stamens with tessellate–reticulate locules; and medifixed filament. the hypanthium is suburceolate, slender and smaller than the petals in bud which is usually rounded. this species is common from peninsular thailand (but only once found in nakhon si thammarat) to west malesia, but occurs disjunct also in new guinea. in java this species is found all over the island. there are no reports that it is found in borneo, sulawesi or the moluccas. dissochaeta fallax is so different from the other species, that it has long been regarded to represent a distinct genus, omphalopus, until maxwell (1981) regarded it as a section of dissochaeta. specimens examined. banten. bayah & sangkop: backer 1722 (bo); pasir orai: forbes 460 (bo); mt. karang: koorders 40738 (bo). west java. mt. paniisan: van steenis 2300 (bo, l); mt. beser: van steenis 11782 (bo); mt. menapa: van steenis 17373 (bo, l); bolang: docters van leeuwen 7904 (bo, l); leuwiliang: backer 26007 (bo), backer 25698 (bo), dakkus 169 (bo); jasinga: backer 10358 (bo); cibeber: backer 10571 (bo); mt. salak: backer 2479 (bo), backer 4206 (bo), anon. 24 (bo, l), koorders 24270 (bo, l,); mt. sunarari: backer 6379 (bo); mt. kendeng: backer 25893 (bo); pasir walang: backer 8726 (bo); mt. halimun: uchida 90 (bo); cibadak: bakhuizen 195 (bo), bakhuizen 1474 (bo); marinjung: koorders 34613 (bo); cibeber: winckel 710 (bo), winckel 959 (bo), bakhuizen 1631 (bo), bakhuizen 3548 (bo), bakhuizen 1495 (bo), bakhuizen 872 (bo), bakhuizen 2049 (bo), bakhuizen 2769 (bo); takokak: koorders 33358 (bo); leuwi manggu: hellendoorn 9 (bo); karawang: de monchy s.n. (bo); pasir ipis: scheffer s.n. (bo); mt. galunggung: backer 8619 (bo). central java. mt. slamet: hoover et al. 36 (bo). east java. sumber mujur: adm. ondern. soember moedjoer s.n. (bo, l, u), ultée s.n. (bo). no specific location: teijsmann 1860 (l); de vriese 50 (l); ploem s.n. (bo); binnendijk hb359 (bo); anon. s.n. (l 908.129.464) (l, p.p.); anon. s.n. (l 908.129.1667) (l); anon. s.n. (l 908.129.1682) (l); anon. s.n. (l.908.132.357) (l); blume. s.n. (l.908.129.1679) (l); blume s.n. (l 908.129.1702) (l); blume s.n. (l 908.132.358) (l); blume s.n. (l.908.132.348) (l); junghuhn s.n. (l 908.132.355) (l); kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (l 908.132–336, –335, –337) (l, type of melastoma reinwardtianum blume). fig. 5. distribution map of d. fallax in java. reinwardtia 134 [vol.13 petal bud conical, 2–3 mm long; petals ovate, oblong or suborbicular, glabrous, veined, white to pale orange, ca. 2–3 by 2–3 mm. stamens 8, unequal, heteromorphous; the alternipetalous ones larger, fertile; filaments flat, basifixed, 2–3 mm long; anthers clavate, opening with two pores, ca. 2–3 mm long; crests membranous, thin, ca. 0.25–0.5 mm long; lateral appendages two, flat, wavy, filiform, ca. 2 mm long; the oppositipetalous ones smaller, staminodial or rudimentary; filament ca. 2 mm long; crests minute or spuriform, erect; anther curved, 1–1.5 mm long; lateral appendages two, filiform 1.5–2 mm long. ovary half as long as the hypanthium, apex villous or glabrous; extra–ovarial chambers 4, reaching up to the middle of the ovary. style glabrous, 4–6 mm long. berry globose, glabrous, 5–6 by 2–4 mm; stalks glabrescent or puberulous, 3–6 mm long. distribution. thailand (peninsular), malay peninsula (widespread), sumatra, java (west java, central java), borneo (kalimantan, sabah, sarawak). habitat and ecology. primary or secondary forest at 100–1425 m alt. local name. harendong areuy (sunda) notes. this species can easily be distinguished by its thin and glabrous leaf blades and the 4 fertile alternipetalous stamens, which sometimes have 2 pores. it has the smallest hypanthium of all species and has distinct bracteoles. the extra–ovarial chambers are shallow due to the size of hypanthium and fertile stamens. this species is very common in west to east java also at neighbouring islands in malesia, with a high range in elevation. specimens examined. banten. menes: backer 7032 (bo); mt. pulasari: backer 7054 (bo), adelbert 459 (bo, l), adelbert 478 (bo, l); ujung kulon: wirawan 265 (bo, l); bojong manik: koorders 40911 (bo), koorders 40927 (bo); gunung kencana: backer 1249 (bo); bayah–sangkop: backer 1697 (bo). west 5. dissochaeta gracilis (jack) blume ― fig. 6, 7a. dissochaeta gracilis (jack) blume, flora 14 (1831) 498 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 239; miq., fl. ned. ind. i (1855) 526; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 559. ― melastoma gracilis jack, trans. linn. soc. 14 (1823) 14 (“gracile”). ― neodissochaeta gracilis (jack) bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 137 ≡ rec. trav. bot. néerl. 40 (1943) 137; in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1965) 366. ― neotype: sumatra, bencoelen, boekit daoen, de voogd 591 (l; iso bo, designated here). melastoma vacillans blume var. pallens blume, bijdr. fl. ned.–ind. 17 (1826) 1074. ― lectotype: java, blume s.n. (l 908.129–692; iso bo, l 908.129–180, designated here). neodissochaeta puberula bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 139 ≡ rec. trav. bot. néerl. 40 (1943) 139 ― type: borneo, samarinda, sungai wain, rutten 86 (u). neodissochaeta compressa bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 146 ≡ rec. trav. bot. néerl. 40 (1943) 146 ― type: borneo, batoe babi, hubert winkler 2809 (l; iso bo; wrsl). branchlets subterete or nearly quadrangular, 3 mm diameter, sparsely to densely furfuraceous. petioles glabrous or sparsely stellate–furfuraceous, 7–15 mm long. leaves blades ovate to lanceolate or oblong, distinctly thin when dry, 8–17 by 3–8 cm; base rounded or subcordate; apex acuminate, tip 0.5 –1 cm long; underside glabrous or sparsely stellate– furfuraceous; midrib with 2 lateral veins. inflorescences terminal and from the upper leaf axils; main axis sparsely to densely furfuraceous; peduncle 8– 20 cm long; bracts linear or lanceolate, 3–6 mm long, thin, sparsely or densely stellate–pubescent; pedicels stellate–furfuraceous or glabrescent, 1–4 mm long; bracteoles linear, stellate–pubescent, 6–8 mm long. hypanthium campanulate or suburceolate, glabrous or sparsely to densely stellate–furfuraceous or furfuraceous, 2–3 by 2 mm diameter; calyx with 4 undulate lobes, widened, rarely with minutely triangular lobes, glabrous, 0.5–0.7 mm long; fig. 6. distribution map of d. gracilis in java. 2010] 135 kartonegoro & veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia java. mt. salak: backer 31627 (bo), backer 31628 (bo), van steenis 4002 (bo), hoover & wiriadinata 30486 (bo), anon. 20 (bo, l), kurz 1011 (bo), hochreutiner 159 (l), kuhl & van hasselt 48 (l); pasir karet: backer 31626 (bo); leuwiliang: backer 25894 (bo), backer 25714 (bo), backer 4130 (bo), backer 4031 (bo), bakhuizen f. 3301 (bo), bakhuizen 7641 (bo, l,u), van steenis 11756 (bo), van steenis 2712 (bo), den berger s.n. (bo), dakkus 193 (bo, l); mt. karang gambungan: backer 6314 (bo); nanggung: backer 10579 (bo); cihanjawar: backer 6027 (bo); jasinga: backer 10060 (bo); ciampea: koorders 30690 (bo); cimandala: bakhuizen 6048 (bo); cisalak: bakhuizen 2731 (bo, l); masing: bakhuizen f. 1305 (bo, l); mt. pancar: docters van leeuwen 14130 (bo); cimaelang: smith s.n. (bo); nanggerang: soegandiredja 82 (bo); ciapus: hallier 334 (bo), hallier s.n. (bo); cipaku: hallier s.n. (bo); ciomas: boerlage 32 (l); kampung baru: boerlage s.n. (l); cisolok: backer 774 (bo); lengkong: backer 17129 (bo), kostermans 23846 (bo, l); mt. halimun: backer 11160 (bo), bakhuizen 3156 (bo, l), arifiani et al. 74 (bo), van balgooy 5179 (bo, l), van balgooy & wiriadinata 2921 (bo, l); pelabuhan ratu: koorders 34611 (bo); mt.pangrango: kartonegoro 314 (bo); cipetir: burck & de monchy s.n. (bo); cibeber: backer 22493 (bo), bakhuizen 3839 (bo, l), bakhuizen 3922 (bo, l), bakhuizen 3892 (bo, l); takokak: koorders 15149 (bo), koorders 14934 (bo); sukanegara: hellendoorn 4 (bo); wanayasa: backer 14361 (bo), backer 14108 (bo); pasir ipis: scheffer s.n. (bo); cikuya & denu: backer 8940 (bo); mt. rendang: junghuhn s.n. (l.908.129.1812) (l); nanggerang: backer 8790 (bo); mt. ciparay: backer 15019 (bo); cireungkas: backer 15119 (bo); mt. ciburayut: anon. 54 (bo, l); mt. sesapan: scheffer s.n. (bo); preanger: ploem s.n. (l 909.27.145) (l), ploem s.n. (l 909.25.269) (l), ploem s.n. (l 909.92.319) (l), ploem s.n. (l 909.25.168) (l); , ploem s.n. (l 909.26.62) (l); , ploem s.n. (l 909.25.259) (l). central java. mt. slamet: backer 186 (bo): murata et al. 875 (bo, l); mt. cendana: backer 18668 (bo); medangan: koorders 33833 (bo), koorders 34045 (bo); pringombo: koorders 27106 (bo); doro and petung kriono: backer 15750 (bo), docters van leeuwen 479 (bo); josorejo: backer 16056 (bo); mt. ungaran: docters van leeuwen 1264 (bo); mt. telomoyo: koorders 35839 (bo). no specific location: ploem s.n. (l 908.223.1042) (l); ploem s.n. (l 908.223.188) (l); de vriese 173 (l); de vriese 174 (l); kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (bo, l); kuhl & van hasselt 12 (l); van hasselt s.n. (l 908.129.673) (l); lanjouw 179, (bo, l); anon. s.n. (l); anon. s.n. (l 908.129.1813) (l); anon. s.n. (l 908.129.1814) (l); anon. s.n. (l 908.129.1793) (l); anon. s.n. (l 908.129.1782) (l); anon. s.n. (l 908.129.1783) (l); anon. s.n. (l 908.129.683) (l); anon. s.n. (l 908.129.693) (l); anon. s.n. (l 908.129.690) (l); anon. s.n. (l 944.258.8) (l); anon. s.n. (l 944.258.11) (l); anon. s.n. (l 7.899.302) (l); anon. s.n. (l 909.92.358) (l); anon. s.n. (l 936.238.182) (l); blume s.n. (l 908.129.1792) (l); blume 3084 (l 992.233.284) (l); blume 1791 (l 908.129.692;–1804) (bo, l, type of melastoma vacillans blume var. pallens blume); de vriese 169 (l); reinwardt s.n. (l 908.129.681) (l); reinwardt s.n. (l 908.129.672) (l). 6. dissochaeta inappendiculata blume ― fig. 7b, 8. dissochaeta inappendiculata blume, flora 14 (1831) 499 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 240; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 525; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 560. ― melastoma vacillans blume var. α blume, bijdr. fl. ned.–ind. 17 (1826) 1074. ― type: java, blume s.n. (l 908.129–481; iso l 908.129–471). dissochaeta cinnamomea blume, mus. bot. lugd.– bat. 1, 3 (1849) 36; naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 79; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 522. ― type: java, blume s.n. (l 908.129–474; iso l 908.129–466). dissochaeta inappendiculata blume var. tomentosa blume, flora 14 (1831) 499 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 241. ― type: java, rendang, junghuhn s.n. (l 908.129– 1669). dissochaeta inappendiculata blume var. purpurascens blume, flora 14 (1831) 499 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 241. ― type: java, preanger regentsch., mt. megamendoeng, kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (l 908.129– 473). branchlets terete to nearly subquadrangular, 3–5 mm diameter, glabrous, or glabrescent, or sometimes with stellate–hairs. petioles stellate– puberulous or stellate–furfuraceous, rarely furfuraceous, 0.5–1.8 cm long. leaves blades ovate, elliptic, ovate–oblong, oblong, or lanceolate, (5–)7–14 by (1–)3–6 cm; base rounded; apex acute or acuminate, tip 0.5–2 cm long; underside glabrous or sparsely stellate–furfuraceous; densely stellate furfuraceous at midrib and vein; midrib with 1 or 2 lateral veins. inflorescences terminal and from the upper leaf axils, up to 28 cm long; main axis stellate –puberulous or stellate–furfuraceous, rarely not stellate; peduncle up to 7.5 cm long; bracts linear, lanceolate or oblong, veined, caducous, glabrescent, (0.7–)2–3.5 by 1–1.5 mm; pedicels stellate– puberulous, 2–8 mm long; bracteoles linear to ovate, glabrescent or stellate–furfuraceous, sometimes with bristly hairs along the margin, 1–7 mm long. hypanthium campanulate or urceolate, glabrescent to densely furfuraceous or stellate– furfuraceous, 1–4 by 1–3 mm diameter; calyx truncate with 4 undulate, rounded, or subtriangular lobes, glabrous, 0.5–1 mm long; petal bud conical to subrounded, rarely angular, 1–5 mm long; petals ovate or oblong, glabrous or inside with appressed hairs at base, purplish white, pink, or red, 4–6 by 2– 3 mm. stamens 8, unequal, heteromorphous, opening by a single pore; alternipetalous ones larger, fertile; filaments flat, basifixed, 2–3.5 mm long; anthers oblong or lanceolate, 3–4 mm long; crests reinwardtia 136 [vol.13 notes. dissochaeta inappendiculata is easily recognized by having 8 stamens, the alternipetalous arefertile and the oppositipetalous are staminodial. the alternipetalous ones are always inappendiculate usually without lateral appendages and with a triangular or orbicular crest. the oppositipetalous ones have a spuriform crest. maxwell (1983) included some of the specimens of this species (l) as part of d. velutina var. velutina. since the type of d. velutina belongs to d. vacillans, d. inappendiculata is regarded as a distinct species very different from the later (see no. 12, d. vacillans). specimens examined. banten. mt. pulasari: adelbert 476 (bo, l). west java. nanggung: backer 10522 (bo); mt.salak: backer 4201 (bo), backer s.n. (bo), polak s.n. (bo), van steenis 4023 (bo), hoover & girmansyah 31877 (bo), de voogd s.n. (bo, l), lam 2205 (bo, l), van balgooy 5161 (bo, l), sulistyaningsih 5 (bo); g. luhur: van balgooy & mogea 4284 (bo, l); gadok: lam 65 (bo); mt. megamendung: kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (l.908.129–473) (l, type of d. inappendiculata blume var. purpurascens blume); cisarua: van ooststroom 12833 (l); situ gunung: van steenis 5685 (bo); cipetir: burck & de monchy s.n., (bo.1429431) (bo); mt.halimun: backer 10794 (bo), hoover et al. 20323 (bo), hoover et al. 820 (bo), hoover et al. triangular or ovate with acute narrow apex, 1 mm long; lateral appendages usually absent or minute, 0 –2 mm long; the oppositipetalous ones smaller, staminodial; filaments bent, 1.5–2 mm long; anthers lanceolate or elliptic, 1–1.5 mm long; crests spuriform, erect, ca. 0.5–0.8 mm long; lateral appendages absent. ovary 2/3 times as long as the hypanthium, apex puberulous; extra–ovarial chambers 4, reaching to the middle of the ovary. style glabrous, swollen at apex, 5–8 mm long. berry globose, glabrous to sparsely stellate–furfuraceous, 2–5(–7) by 2–5 mm, with 8 ridges; stalks 4–7 mm long. distribution. malay peninsula (malacca, pahang, perak, selangor), sumatra (north sumatra, west sumatra), java (banten, west java, central java), borneo ( kalimantan). habitat and ecology. primary montane forest or secondary forest at 400–1800 m alt. local name. harendong, harendong cai (sunda). collectors notes. climber height 10 m (koorders 32905). branches pendent (van balgooy & mogea 4284). fig. 8. distribution map of d. inappendiculata in java. fig. 7. flower bud, alternipetalous (downside) and oppositipetalous (upside) stamen in bud. a. d. gracilis (kartonegoro 314). b. d. inappendiculata (van balgooy 5161). b a 4 mm 3 mm 4 mm 3 mm 2 mm 2010] 137 kartonegoro & veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia 31994 (bo), hoover et al. 32767 (bo), arifiani et al. 136 (bo); sindanglaya: ploem s.n. (bo, l); cibodas: valeton s.n. (bo); sukanegara: hellendoorn 3 (bo); takokak: koorders 14991 (bo), koorders 32905 (bo); cibeber: backer 23703 (bo), backer 22891 (bo, l); mt. jayagiri: lam 141 (bo, l); mt. cikuray: backer 8687 (bo); karawang: de monchy 27 (bo); mt. sembung: backer 12256 (bo); cikopo: boerlage s.n. (l 909.92–483) (l); mt. rendang: junghuhn s.n. (l 908.129–1669) (l, type of d. inappendiculata blume var. tomentosa blume). central java. mt. slamet: backer 296 (bo). no specific location: blume s.n. (l 908.129–474,–466) (l, type of d. cinnamomea blume); blume s.n. (l 908.129–47,–481) (l, type); junghuhn 201 (l); junghuhn s.n. (l 908.129–1803) (l); korthals s.n. (l 908.129–463) (l); reinwardt s.n. (l 908.129– 494) (l); reinwardt s.n. (l 908.129–461) (l). 7. dissochaeta intermedia blume ― fig. 9, 10a. dissochaeta intermedia blume, flora 14 (1831) 493 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 236; mus. bot. lugd.– bat mus. 1, 3 (1849) 35; korth. in temminck, verh. nat. gesch. ned. bezitt., bot (1844) 236; naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 72; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 524; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 562; bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 223 ≡ rec. trav. bot. neerl. 40 (1943) 223; in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1965) 364. ― type: java, preanger regentsch., gegerbentang, blume 539 (l 908.129–1662; iso l 908.129–1659, –1668, –1589). branchlets terete or subquadrangular, 4–7 mm diameter, furfuraceous or stellate–furfuraceous. petioles glabrescent to densely furfuraceous or stellate–furfuraceous, 5–20(–25) mm long. leaves blades ovate or oblong, 7–16 by 2.5–8.5 cm; base rounded or rarely subcordate; apex acuminate, tip 0.5–2 cm long; underside densely brown stellate– furfuraceous; midrib with 1 or 2 lateral veins. inflorescences terminal and from the upper leaf axils, up to 30 cm long; main axis densely stellate– furfuraceous or furfuraceous; peduncle up to 6 cm long; bracts minute; pedicels densely stellate– collectors notes. epiphyte (hoover et al. 5502), height up to 26 m (koorders 42153). notes. resembles d. leprosa in the number and shape of the stamens but is different in having a smaller hypanthium and a truncate rounded calyx. sterile specimens are very similar to d. fallax and d. reticulata. together with d. leprosa, this species is common at high elevations up from 1000 m, for fig. 9. distribution map of d. intermedia in java. furfuraceous, 2–7 mm long; bracteoles linear to ovate–oblong, densely stellate–furfuraceous, 1–2 mm long. hypanthium campanulate or suburceolate, angular, with four distinct ridges, stellate– puberulous to densely stellate–tomentose, 2–5 by 1– 3 mm diameter; calyx truncate with rounded or subtriangular lobes, widened, stellate–furfuraceous, 0.5 –1 mm long; petal bud conical 3–7 mm long; petals ovate or oblong, pink, purple or red, glabrous or inside at base with appressed hairs, 6–10 by 3–5 mm. stamens 4, equal, alternipetalous, all fertile; filaments flat, basifixed 3–5(–7) mm long; anthers linear–lanceolate, when mature s–shaped or falcate, 4–8(–10) mm long; crests triangular, 1–2 mm long, narrow with acute apex; lateral appendages two, filiform, 3–4 mm long. ovary half or 2/3 times as long as the hypanthium, apex pubescent; extra– ovarial chambers 4, reaching the base of the ovary. style glabrous, erect, swollen at apex, (5–)11–14 mm long. berry ovoid or subglobose, glabrous to sparsely stellate–furfuraceous, rarely with distinct vertical ridges, green, 5–10 by 3–7 mm; stalks stellate–furfuraceous, 3–7 mm long. distribution. thailand (peninsular), malay peninsula (johor, pahang, singapore), sumatra (west), java (west). habitat and ecology. primary forest, 1100–2000 m alt. local name. harendong cai; harendong areuy (sunda). reinwardtia 138 [vol.13 tinctly triangular lobes, erect, densely stellate– tomentose, 2–3 mm long; petal bud conical, (2–)4– 10 mm long; petals oblong or ovate, glabrous or hairy at base inside, red, pink, or violet, veined, 6– 15 by 3–8 mm. stamens 4, equal, alternipetalous and fertile or 8, unequal, heteromorphous; the alternipetalous ones larger, fertile; filaments flat, basifixed, 4–8 mm long; anthers glabrous, linear or lanceolate, falcate or s–shaped when mature, 5–12 mm long; crests distinctly triangular, narrow with acute apex, 1–1.5 mm long; lateral appendages two, flat, filiform, sometimes divided at the apex, (2–)4– 7 mm long; anthers oblong or lanceolate, 5–7 mm long; filament, bent or not, 2–3 mm long; crests triangular or ligular, erect; lateral appendages two, filiform, 2–3 mm long; staminodes with bent filaments, 2–3 mm long; anthers ovate–oblong, 1–2 mm long; crests spuriform, erect, 0.2–1 mm long; lateral appendages absent. ovary half or 2/3 times as long as the hypanthium in length, apex pubescent; extra–ovarial chambers 4, 6 or 8; 4 reach the base of the ovary, the rest reach beyond the middle of the ovary or less. style glabrous, apex swollen, 8 –15 mm long. berry ovoid, stellate–puberulous or nearly stellate–tomentose, red when mature, with 4 distinct vertical ridges, 6–12 by 4–8 mm, with a calyx remnant widened, 2–3 mm long; stalks densely stellate–furfuraceous, 4–11 mm long. distribution. sumatra, java (west, central, east). habitat and ecology. primary or secondary forest, rarely near crater at 1350–2000 m alt. local name. harendong cai (sunda); kramas madu (java). collector’s note. height up 28 m (koorders 31523). notes. resembles d. intermedia, but differs by the larger hypanthium and distinctly triangular calyx. otherwise, d. leprosa has a more tomentose indument than d. intermedia. most of specimens show that this species has larger and more cordate leaf blades then the other javanese ones. the similarity of the shape of the alternipetalous stamens with those of d. intermedia made maxwell (1981 “1980”) regard this as a variety of the latter, but because of the differences in indumentum, size and shape of the hypanthium, the calyx lobes, and the alternipetalous stamens it is here considered to be a distinct species. specimens examined. west java. puncak: sapiin 1115 (bo); mt. pancar: schiffner 2291 (bo, l); mt. instance in cibodas (mt. gede–pangrango national park) and mt. tangkuban perahu in west java. specimens examined. west java. puncak: beumée 390 (bo); mt. salak: raap 158 (l); cisarua: van steenis 12735 (l); mt.halimun: van balgooy & wiriadinata 2889 (bo, l), hoover et al. 5502 (bo); mt.gede: arsin 19556 (bo), koorders 42153 (bo), koorders 25927 (bo), backer 22286 (bo), lörzing 1493 (bo), hallier 626 (bo), hallier 432 (bo); mt. pangrango: de monchy s.n. (bo), blume 539 (l.908.129–1662,–1659, –1668, – 1589, 1700) (l, type); mt. tangkuban perahu: backer 2387 (bo), backer 2415 (bo), docters van leeuwen 2301a (bo), docters van leeuwen 11423 (bo), meijer 1363 (bo), zeylotra 19 (bo), wisse 1188 (bo); mt. patuha: backer 12787 (bo); mt. burangrang: bakhuizen 4557 (bo, l), reksodihardjo 6 (bo); mt. malabar: scheffer s.n. (bo); mt. mandalagiri: lam 230 (bo). no specific location: anon. s.n. (bo); anon. s.n. (l.908.129.1718) (l). 8. dissochaeta leprosa (blume) blume ― fig. 10b, 11. dissochaeta leprosa (blume) blume, flora 14 (1831) 494 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 237; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 562; bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 221 ≡ rec. trav. bot. neerl. 40 (1943) 221; in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1965) 364. ― melastoma leprosum blume, bijdr. fl. ned.–ind 17 (1826) 1068. ― omphalopus leprosus (blume) naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 278. ― dissochaeta intermedia blume var. leprosa (blume) j.f. maxwell, gard. bull. singapore 33 (1981, “1980”) 315. ― type: java, kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (l 908.129–1657; iso l 908.129–1692, –1708, –1712). dissochaeta calothyrsa miq., fl. ned.–ind. 1, 1 (1855) 523; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 563. ― type: java, pengalengan, junghuhn 13 (u 000551; iso l 908.129–691, –962, –963). branchlets terete, 3–6 mm diameter, densely stellate–furfuraceous to stellate–tomentose. petioles densely stellate–furfuraceous, 8–23 mm long. leaves blades ovate, elliptic, ovate–oblong, or ovate –lanceolate, 8–17 by 3–8 cm; base rounded or subcordate; apex acuminate, tip 0.5–1.5 cm long; underside densely stellate–tomentose; midrib with 2 or 3 lateral veins; inflorescences terminal and axillary, up to 20 cm long; main axis densely stellate– tomentose; peduncle up to 10 cm long; bracts lanceolate, densely stellate–pubescent, ca. 10 by 2 mm; pedicels densely stellate–tomentose, 2–12(– 16) mm long; bracteoles linear or lanceolate, densely stellate–pubescent, 1–6 mm long. hypanthium campanulate or suburceolate, tubular or rarely angular, covered with densely stellate–tomentose hairs, 4–10 by 3–5 mm diameter; calyx with dis2010] 139 kartonegoro & veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia halimun: uchida 20 (bo), hoover et al. 32663 (bo); gunung melati: went s.n. (l.908.129–215) (l); mt. gede: danser 5955 (l), koorders 31506 (bo), koorders 31523 (bo), koorders 25949 (bo), kakah 92 (bo, l), backer 14714 (bo), bruggeman 211 (bo), bruggeman 48 (bo), scheffer s.n. (bo.1779360) (bo), van ooststroom 13840 (l), raap 667 (l), boerlage s.n. (l.908.129.661) (l), hallier 626a (bo); cibeber: smith 719 (bo, l,u); mt. tangkuban prahu: horst 2 (bo), docters van leeuwen 11487 (bo), docters van leeuwen 2301 (bo), boerlage s.n. (l.909.92.149) (l), de vriese 149 (l), backer s.n. (bo), backer 2386 (bo); cibeureum: smith & rant 125 (bo); mt. malabar: scheffer s.n. (bo.1779361) (bo); pengalengan: junghuhn 13 (u– 000551) (l, type d. calothyrsa miq.); mt. rendang: junghuhn s.n. (l.908.129.963) (l); mt.guntur: karsten 66 (l); pangencongan: backer s.n. (bo); cireungas: backer s.n. (bo). central java. mt. praboto: backer 15983 (bo); petung kriono: backer 15787 (bo); mt.telomoyo: koorders 27844 (bo), koorders 35840 (bo), koorders 35841 (bo); mt. andong: koorders 27846 (bo). east java. mt.wilis: koorders 29308 (bo); punter: van steenis 2486 (bo); mt. kawi: anon. fs 48 (l). no specific location; junghuhn 196 (l); junghuhn 198 (l); junghuhn s.n. (l 908.129.962) (l); anon. s.n. (l.909.92.150) (l); kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (l 908.129–1657) (l, type). 9. dissochaeta monticola blume ― fig. 12, 13a dissochaeta monticola blume, flora 14 (1831) 494 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 237; naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 78; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 524; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 562. ― type: java, preanger regentsch., gegerbentang, kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (l 908.129–238; iso l 908.129–248, 944.258–3). dissochaeta biligulata korth. in temminck, verh. nat. gesch. ned. bezitt., bot. (1844) 240; blume, mus. bot. lugd.–bat. 1, 3 (1849) 35; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 529; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 561; veldk., blumea 24 (1978) 438. ― anplectrum fig. 11. distribution map of d. leprosa in java. fig. 10. flower bud and alternipetalous stamen in bud. a. d. intermedia (hoover et al. 5502). b. d. leprosa (smith & rant 125). 4 mm 4 mm 2 mm 4 mm a b reinwardtia 140 [vol.13 notes. dissochaeta monticola can be recognized by the presence of 4 alternipetalous fertile stamens, without oppositipetalous ones. this species is most similar to d. intermedia to which bakhuizen f. (1943) referred it, but differs in the size of the hypanthium and the curved mature anthers which are “s” shaped in d. intermedia. the indument of d. intermedia is more tomentose while in d. monticola it is brown furfuraceous. bakhuizen f. (1943: 141) stated that the type of d. bancana would be teysmann s.n. (u 000552), but miquel himself attributed it to horsfield, now presumably in bm. specimens examined. banten. backer 1835 (bo). west java. mt. pangrango: kartonegoro 317 (bo), kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (l.908.129–238; 908.129–248, 944.258–3) (l, type). 10. dissochaeta reticulata blume ― fig. 12, 13b. dissochaeta reticulata blume, flora 14 (1831) 499 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 241; veldk., blumea 24 (1978) 439. ― omphalopus reticulatus (blume) naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 278. ― neodissochaeta reticulata (blume) bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 143 ≡ rec. trav. bot. néerl. 40 (1943) 143; in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1965) 366. ― dissochaeta velutina blume var. reticulata (blume) j.f. maxwell, gard. bull. singapore 33 (1981, “1980”) 321. ― type: java, blume s.n. (l 908.129–491; iso l 908.129–495). dissochaeta inappendiculata blume var. tomentosa blume, flora 14 (1831) 499 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 241. ― type: java, rendang, junghuhn s.n. (l 908.129– 1669). dissochaeta ligulata blume, mus. bot. lugd.–bat 1, 3 (1849) 35; naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 79; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 524; veldk., blumea 24 (1978) 439. ― anplectrum ligulatum (blume) triana, trans. linn. soc. 28 (1871––1872) 85. ― diplectria ligulata (blume) kuntze, rev. gen. pl. 1 (1891) 246. ― type: java, junghuhn s.n. (l 908.129–5). branchlets terete, 3–6 mm diameter, densely stellate–furfuraceous or furfuraceous, nodes with a distinct annular ridge. petioles densely stellate– furfuraceous or furfuraceous, 0.5–2 cm long. leaves blades ovate, ovate–oblong or ovate–elliptic, rarely lanceolate, 7–14 by 2–6 cm; base rounded or subcordate; apex acuminate, tip 0.5–2 mm long; underside densely brown stellate–furfuraceous; midrib with 2 lateral veins. inflorescences terminal and axillary, up to 23 cm long; main axis densely stellate–furfuraceous or furfuraceous; peduncle up to 9 cm long; bracts minute or oblong to lanceolate, 15– 17 by 4–5 mm, caducous; pedicels furfuraceous, 2– 5 mm long; bracteoles minute or ovate to linear– biligulatum (korth.) triana, trans. linn. soc. 28 (1871– –1872) 85. ― diplectria biligulata (korth.) kuntze, rev. gen. pl. 1 (1891) 246. ― neodissochaeta biligulata (korth.) bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 140 ≡ rec. trav. bot. néerl. 40 (1943) 140. ― type: sumatra, east coast, g. paauw, korthals s.n. (l 908.129 –356; iso l 908.129–397). dissochaeta bancana miq., fl. ned.–ind. 1 (1855) 529. ― type: bangka, horsfield s.n. (k). dissochaeta celebica blume var. contracta king, j. asiat. soc. bengal 69, 2 (1900) 54. ― type: perak, king’s collector 2911 (cal, n.v.). dissochaeta scortechinii king, j. as. soc. bengal 69, 2 (1900) 55. ― type: malay peninsula, perak, scortechini 23 (bm; iso sing). branchlets terete or nearly angular, 3–6 mm diameter, densely brown stellate–furfuraceous. petioles terete, stellate–furfuraceous, 0.6–1 cm long. leaves blades ovate or oblong, 6.5–10 by 3–4 cm; base rounded; underside densely brown stellate– puberulous; apex acuminate, tip 1–1.5 cm long; midrib with 1 or 2 lateral veins. inflorescences terminal, up to 18 cm long; main axis densely stellate– furfuraceous; peduncle up to 6 cm long; bracts minute or linear, ca. 2.5 mm long; pedicels densely stellate–furfuraceous, 1–2 mm long; bracteoles linear, densely stellate–furfuraceous, 0.5–1 mm long. hypanthium campanulate or urceolate, stellate– furfuraceous, 3–4 by 1–3 mm diameter; calyx truncate with 4 undulating, cuspidate lobes, glabrous, 0.5–1 mm long; petal bud conical, 1–4 mm long; petals ovate to elliptic, glabrous, pink, 4–6 by 3–3.5 mm. stamens 4, equal, alternipetalous, all fertile, curved when mature; filaments flat, basifixed, 3–5 mm long; anthers oblong or lanceolate, slightly curved when mature, 3.5–5 mm long; crests triangular, ca. 0.5 mm long; lateral appendages 2, filiform or ribbon–like, sometimes unequal in length and with an irregular margin, 2–3 mm long. ovary half or 2/3 times as long as the hypanthium, apex minutely villous; extra–ovarial chambers 4, reaching beyond the middle of the ovary. style glabrous, swollen at apex, 5–9 mm long. berry globose, glabrous to stellate–puberulous, 3–6 by 2.5–3 mm; stalks 3–6 mm long. distribution. thailand (peninsular), malay peninsula (johor, kedah, negeri sembilan, singapore, pahang, penang, perak, selangor), sumatra (west sumatra, north sumatra, jambi, bangka, bintan), java (banten, west java), borneo (kalimantan, sabah, sarawak), celebes (minahasa), philippines (mindanao). habitat and ecology. forest edge at 600–1000 m alt. 2010] 141 kartonegoro & veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia lanceolate, glabrescent or densely stellate– furfuraceous, 2–5 mm long. hypanthium campanulate or suburceolate, densely stellate–furfuraceous or furfuraceous, 2–5 by 1–3 mm diameter; calyx with 4 rounded lobes, glabrous or puberulous, widened 0.5–2 cm long; petal bud conical or subrounded, angular, 1–6 mm long; petals oblong or ovate–oblong, glabrous or with appressed hairs at base inside, 7–10 by 3–4 mm. stamens 8, unequal or subequal, homomorphous, all fertile; the alternipetalous ones larger; filaments flat, basifixed, sometimes subbasifixed, 2–5 mm long; anthers ovate–oblong or lanceolate, when mature curved or straight, 3–6.5 mm long; crests triangular, 1–1.5 mm long; lateral appendages minute or usually absent; the oppositipetalous ones smaller; filaments bent or not, 2–3 mm long; anthers oblong, oblong– lanceolate, 2–4 mm long; crests triangular or ligular, erect or sometimes horizontally inward tapering to anther, rare with tri–or bifid, 1–1.5 mm long; lateral appendages absent. ovary half or 2/3 times as long as the hypanthium, apex puberulous or pubescent; extra–ovarial chambers 8, reaching at most to the middle of the ovary. style glabrous, apex swollen, (5–)10–12 mm long. berry globose, glabrous, with distinct 8 vertical ridges, 4–8 by 3–6 mm; stalks densely stellate–furfuraceous, 4–6 mm long. distribution. malay peninsula (johor, selangor), sumatra (aceh, north sumatra), java (west java). habitat and ecology. secondary forest at 700– 1000 m alt. local name. harendong areuy (sunda). notes. dissochaeta reticulata is a distinct species because it has a densely stellate–furfuraceous or furfuraceous indument, all stamens fertile, and erect ligular crests on the oppositipetalous ones. when sterile it resembles to d. intermedia and d. fallax, but it is different in the number, shape, and size of the stamens. maxwell (1981) regarded d. reticulata as a variety of d. velutina which is in this paper recognized as d. inappendiculata because its inappendiculate alternipetalous anthers. specimens examined. west java. gunung melati: went s.n. (l.908.129–235) (l); mt. sanggabuana: backer 23839 (bo); cibeber: bakhuizen 732 (bo), backer 22623 (bo); takokak: koorders 33313 (bo); nanggerang: backer 8761 (bo). no specific location: binnendijk 418hb; binnendijk 360hb; blume s.n. (l.908.129–491; fig. 12. distribution map of d. monticola (●) and d. reticulata (▲) in java. fig. 13. flower bud, alternipetalous (downside) and oppositipetalous (upside) stamen in bud. a. d. monticola (kartonegoro 317). b. d. reticulata (backer 23839). b a 4 mm 2 mm 2 mm 3 mm 4 mm reinwardtia 142 [vol.13 furfuraceous, 4–7 by 2–5 mm diameter; calyx truncate with 4 more or less triangular lobes, stellate– furfuraceous, 1 mm long; petal bud conical 2–10 mm long; petals oblong, glabrous, red to pinkish red, 9–11 by 4 mm. stamens 8, subequal, the alternipetalous ones fertile, straight when mature; filaments flat, basifixed, ca. 6 mm long; anthers lanceolate, 6–7 mm long; crests triangular, hastate to sagittate, 1.5 mm long; lateral appendages 2, filiform or ribbon–like, sometimes unequal in length, 3 –4 mm long. oppositipetalous stamens smaller, fertile or staminodial; straight or falcate when mature; filaments flat, 4–6 mm; anthers lanceolate, 3–5 mm long; crest triangular or spuriform, up to 1 mm long; lateral appendages 2, filiform or absent. ovary 2/3 times as long as the hypanthium, apex pubescent; extra–ovarial chambers 8, reaching beyond the middle of the ovary. style glabrous, swollen at apex, 13 –15 mm long. fruits unknown. distribution. malay peninsula (malacca), sumatra (aceh, north sumatra), java (west java), borneo (sabah), philippine (luzon). habitat and ecology. secondary forest 700–1400 m. notes. dissochaeta sagittata can easily be recognised by the very dense indument on the branchlets, underside of the leaf blade, and hypanthium. the alternipetalous stamens have a triangular, hastate, or sagittate crest, larger than in d. vacillans. it is most similar to d. intermedia but differs by having 8 subequal stamens. the difference of shape and number of stamens make this species distinct and not a variety of d. intermedia (maxwell 1981 “1980”) as was also observed by g. kadereit (in sched. l). specimens examined. banten. blume 11 (l.908.129 –216) (l, type). west java. mt. karang gantungan: backer 6272 (bo); cisangku: backer 10549 (bo); su908.129–495)(l, type); junghuhn s.n. (l.908.129–5) (l, type of d. ligulata blume); de vriese 53 (l); de vriese 51a (l); anon. s.n. (l.908.129.464) (l, p.p.). 11. dissochaeta sagittata blume ― fig. 14, 15a. dissochaeta sagittata blume, flora 14 (1831) 500 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 214; naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 79; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 525; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 555; bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 23 ≡ rec. trav. bot. neerl. 40 (1943) 233; in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1965) 364. ― dissochaeta intermedia blume var. sagittata (blume) j.f. maxwell, gard. bull. singapore 33 (1981, “1980”) 315. ― diplectria sagittata (blume) blume ex veldkamp, blumea 24 (1978) 445 (lapsus calamitatis!). ― type: java, bantam, blume 11 (l 908.129–216). dissochaeta cumingii naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 75; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 526; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 555. ― type: luzon, manila, cuming 1344 (p, n.v.; iso l). dissochaeta rubiginosa stapf, j. linn. soc. bot. 42 (1914) 79. ― type: borneo, sarawak, mt. matang, haviland s.n. (bm; iso sar). branchlets terete, up to 4 mm diameter, densely stellate–furfuraceous, interpetiolar ridge inconspicuous, covered by stellate furfuraceous hairs. petioles densely stellate–furfuraceous, ca. 1 cm long. leaves blades oblong, 10–11 by 4.5–5 cm; base rounded; apex acuminate, tip ca. 1 cm long; underside densely stellate–furfuraceous; midrib with 1 pair of lateral veins. inflorescences terminal and from the upper leaf axils, up to 21 cm long; main axis quadrangular, densely stellate–furfuraceous; peduncle up to 5.5 cm long; bracts lanceolate, stellate– furfuraceous, 10 by 2 mm; pedicels densely stellate –furfuraceous, 2–5 mm long; bracteoles lanceolate, stellate–furfuraceous, 4–6 mm long. hypanthium campanulate or suburceolate, densely stellate– fig. 14. distribution map of d. sagittata in java. 2010] 143 kartonegoro & veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia fig. 15. flower bud, alternipetalous (downside) and oppositipetalous (upside) stamen in bud. a. d. sagittata (hellendoorn 8). b. d. vacillans (arifiani et al. 142). blume, flora 14 (1831) 497 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 239. ― lectotype: java, batavia, tjiampea, blume s.n. (l 908.129–689; iso l 908.129–699 p.p., designated here). dissochaeta velutina blume, flora 14 (1831) 497 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 239; naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 79; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 527; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 560. ― lectotype: java, bantam, leuwi boengoer, kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (l 908.129–202; iso l 908.129–212, designated here). dissochaeta nodosa korth. in temminck, verh. nat. gesch. ned. bezitt., bot. (1844) 239; bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 232 ≡ rec. trav. bot. néerl. 40 (1943) 232 . ― anplectrum nodosum (korth.) blume, mus. bot. lugd.–bat 1, 3 (1849) 37. ― anplectrum nodosum (korth.) triana, trans. linn. soc. 28 (1871–– 1872) 84. ― type: sumatra, west coast, mount kerintji, korthals s.n. (l 908.129–15; iso l 908.129–12). dissochaeta brachyanthera naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 74; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 525; veldk., blumea 24 (1978) 444. ― type: java, west, zollinger 3511 (p; iso l). dissochaeta montana cogn. in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 558. ― type: sumatra, east coast, mt. singgalang, beccari 4124 (fi, n.v.). branchlets terete or subquadrangular, 2–5 mm diameter, glabrescent to brown stellate– furfuraceous or furfuraceous, rarely with minute bristles. petioles puberulous to furfuraceous, 5–24 mm long. leaves blades ovate–oblong or elliptic– oblong to lanceolate, 6.5–14 by 2.5–7 cm; base rounded; apex acuminate, tip 5–10 mm long; underside glabrous to nearly brown sparsely stellate– furfuraceous; midrib with 1 lateral vein. inflorescences terminal and from the upper leaf axils, up to kanegara: hellendoorn 8 (bo); mt. gede: raap 695a (l); nanggerang: backer 9097 (bo). no specific location: anon. s.n. (l 908.129–1652) (l); anon. s.n. (l 908.129–228) (l). 12. dissochaeta vacillans (blume) blume ― fig. 15b, 16. dissochaeta vacillans (blume) blume, flora 14 (1831) 495 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 238; naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 79; miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1855) 526; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 559; veldk., blumea 24 (1978) 440. ― melastoma vacillans blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. 17 (1826) 1074. ― neodissochaeta vacillans (blume) bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 144 ≡ rec. trav. bot. néerl. 40 (1943) 144; in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 1 (1965) 366. ― lectotype: java, tjiawi, herb. reinwardt s.n. in herb. blume (l 944.258–9; iso l 908.129–475, designated here). dissochaeta fusca blume, flora 14 (1831) 497 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 238; naudin, ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15 (1851) 74; cogn., in a. dc., monogr. phan. 7 (1891) 560. ― melastoma vacillans blume var. c blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. 17 (1826) 1074. ― dissochaeta inappendiculata blume var. fusca (blume) miq., fl. ned. ind. 1, 1 (1855) 525. ― neodissochaeta fusca (blume) bakh. f., meded. mus. bot. utrecht 91 (1943) 144 ≡ rec. trav. bot. néerl. 40 (1943) 144; in backer & bakh. f., fl. java i (1965) 366. ― lectotype: java, blume s.n. (l 908.129–196; iso l 908.129–676, designated here). dissochaeta fusca blume var. β ferruginea blume, flora 14 (1831) 497 ≡ bijdr. nat. wet. 6 (1831) 239. ― lectotype: java, bantam, van hasselt s.n. (l 908.129– 676; iso l 908.129–679, –685, –699 p.p., designated here). dissochaeta fusca blume var. obtuso–acuminata a b 4 mm 3 mm 4 mm 2 mm 3 mm reinwardtia 144 [vol.13 30 cm long; main axis sparsely stellate– furfuraceous; peduncle up to 7 cm long; bracts minute or linear–lanceolate, caducous, furfuraceous; pedicels sparsely stellate–furfuraceous, 1–6 mm long; bracteoles minute or linear to oblong, stellate– furfuraceous, 1.5–2 mm long. hypanthium campanulate or urceolate, sometimes angular, glabrescent or sparsely to densely stellate–furfuraceous, 2– 5 by 1–3 mm diameter; calyx truncate with 4 undulating, rounded, or subtriangular lobes, rarely entire, glabrous, 0.5–1 mm long; petal bud conical, 1–4 mm long; petals ovate or oblong, glabrous or with minute hairs at margin, red, white, pink, or violet, 5 –6 by 3 mm. stamens 8, unequal, homomorphous; the alternipetalous ones larger; filaments flat, basifixed, 2.5–4 mm long; anthers oblong or lanceolate, yellow, 3–5 mm long; crests triangular, 1–2 mm long; lateral appendages 2, filiform or ribbon–like, 1.5–3 mm long; the oppositipetalous ones smaller; filaments flat, bent or not, 2–3 mm long; anthers ovate–oblong or lanceolate, 2.5–4 mm long; crests triangular or ligular, erect, 0.5–1 mm long; lateral appendages two or reduced to a single lateral one, filiform or ribbon–like, 1–2 mm long. ovary half or 2/3 times as long as the hypanthium, apex puberulous or pubescent; extra–ovarial chambers 8, 4 reaching between the apex and the middle of the ovary; the other 4 shallower. style glabrous, 5–8 mm long. berry globose, rarely subglobose, glabrous, with mammiform shaped, blue–lilac, 3–6(– 10) by 2–6 mm; stalks 2–5(–7) mm long. distribution. malay peninsula (malacca, pahang, perak, selangor), sumatra (aceh, north sumatra, west sumatra, mentawai), java (banten, west java, central java), borneo (kalimantan), lesser sunda isl. (sumbawa). habitat and ecology. forest, depleted forest or river edge at 500–1400 m alt. local name. harendong areuy (sunda), harendong bokor areuy (sunda), harendong gede (sunda). collector notes. height up to 15 m. flowering time in may, fruiting time: may, june (koorders 33315). notes. dissochaeta vacillans has 8 stamens, the alternipetalous ones are fertile with two filiform lateral appendages and an auricular crest; the oppositipetalous are fertile or staminodial. the underside of leaf blades vary from glabrous to nearly brown sparsely stellate–furfuraceous. sometimes the glabrous ones are very similar to d. gracilis and d. decipiens when sterile. the species is very common in java especially in the west. specimens examined. banten. mt. karang: koorders 40727 (bo), koorders 40659 (bo); mt. pulasari: backer 7055 (bo), van hasselt s.n. (l 908.129–676; l 908.129– 679) (l, type of d. fusca blume var. ferruginea blume); leuwi bungur: kuhl & van hasselt s.n. (l 908.129–202; 908.129–212; 908.129–222) (l, type of d. velutina blume). west java. mt. salak: hoover & hendra 32564 (bo), de voogd & bloembergen s.n. (bo.1755056) (bo), schiffner 2293 (bo, l), backer 4198 (bo), wiriadinata & hoover 31188 (bo); leuwiliang: van steenis 2712 (bo.1757865) (bo); mt. butik buligir: backer 6150 (bo); mt. sunarari: backer 6380 (bo); ciampea: blume s.n. (l 08.129–689) (l, type of d. fusca blume var. obtuso–acuminata blume); ciawi: reinwardt s.n. (l 944.258–9, 908.129–475) (l, type of melastoma vacillans blume); puncak: meijer 105 (bo, l); mt. halimun: arifiani et al. 142 (bo), van balgooy & wiriadinata 2922 (bo, l); mt. gede: boerlage s.n. (bo.1428704) (bo), boerlage s.n. (bo.1429158) (bo), scheffer s.n. (bo.1755010) (bo), backer 21507 (bo), widjaja 3220 (bo, chtj), enoh 181 (bo, chtj, l), koorders 31670 (bo); sukanegara: hellendoorn 5 (bo); cibeber: smith 822 (bo, l), bakhuizen 1469 (bo), winckell 1176β (bo, l); takokak: koorders 33314 (bo), koorders 33315 (bo); cisondari: koorders 26306 (bo); mt. tangkuban prahu: docters van leeuwen 11487a (bo); mt. sembung: backer 12298 (bo); rawa cangkuang: scheffer s.n. (bo); pasawahan: backer 2261 (bo); mt. ciparay: backer 15041 (bo); mt. cikuray: backer 8685 (bo); panjalu: koorders 47851 (bo). central java. mt. slamet: bj bernardius d43051 (bo). no specific location: blume 1791 (l 908.129– 196;l 908.129–676) (l, type of d. fusca blume); blume s.n. (l 908.129–694) (l); de vriese 58 (l); de vriese 171 (l); de vriese s.n. (l 908.129–1690) (l); anon. s.n. (l 944.258–1) (l); anon. s.n. (l 908.129–252) (l); fig. 16. distribution map of d. vacillans in java. 2010] 145 kartonegoro & veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia bijzonder javaansche melastomaceen. bijdr. nat. wet. 6: 211–268 (234–242). blume, c. l. 1849. museum botanicum lugduno batavum 1. brill, leiden. :35–37. clausing, g. & renner, s. s. 2001. evolution of growth form in epiphytic dissochaetea (melastomataceae). org. divers. evol. 1: 45–60. cogniaux, a. 1891. melastomataceae. in candolle, a. de. monographiae phanerogamarum 7: 554–563. masson, paris. kadereit, g. 2006. a new species of dissochaeta blume (melastomataceae) from kalimantan (borneo, indonesia). edinburgh j. bot. 63: 3–8. korthals, p. w. 1844. in temminck, c. j. verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen, botanie. natuurkundige commissie, leiden. ::236–243. maxwell, j.f. 1980. taxonomic revision of diplectrinae maxw. and dissochaetinae naud. (dissochaeteae) melastomataceae. ph.d. thesis university of singapore. maxwell, j.f. 1981 (“1980”). taxonomic notes on the tribe dissochaeteae (naudin) triana (melastomataceae). gard. bull. singapore 33: 312– 324. maxwell, j.f. 1984. taxonomic studies of the melastomataceae (part 1). a revision of subtribes diplectrinae maxw. and dissochaetinae (naudin) triana (genera diplectria (bl.) reichb., dissochaeta bl., macrolenes naudin, creochiton bl., and pseudodissochaeta nayar). fed. mus. j. 29: 45–117. miquel, f.a.w. 1855. flora van nederlandsch indië 1. van der post. amsterdam. 521–532. naudin, c. 1851. melastomacearum. ann. sci. nat. bot. iii, 15: 69–69. renner, s.s., clausing, g., cellinese, n., & meyer, k. 2001. melastomataceae. fl. thailand 7: 412–497. triana, j. 1871. les mélastomacées. trans. linn. soc. london 28: 82–84. veldkamp, j.f. 1978. notes on creochiton, dissochaeta, and macrolenes (melastomataceae). blumea 24: 437–446. veldkamp, j.f., franken, n.a.p., roos, m.c. & nayar, m.p. 1978. a revision of diplectria (melastomataceae). blumea 24: 405–430. anon. s.n. (l 908.129–255) (l); anon.. s.n. (l 908.129– 484) (l); anon. s.n. (l 908.129–675) (l); anon. s.n. (l 908.129–697) (l). acknowledgments this study was made as the first part of a revision of the genus dissochaeta in indonesia, starting with the species of java. ak did the revisional work, while jfv contributed to the editing and nomenclature. the directors and keepers of the following herbaria are thanked for loans of their specimens: bo, chtj, l, u, and us. j.f. maxwell (cmu) is gratefully acknowledged for providing his unpublished thesis on the dissochaeteae. ak would like to render special thanks to s.s. renner (m) and g. kadereit (mjg) for their valuable advice and references from their study of woody climbers of melastomes and n. cellinese (flas) for giving valuable comments and suggestion in reviewing the paper. we also thanks to mr. subari (bo) for beautiful hypanthiums and stamens drawing. all map distributions are using the arcview gis 3.2. references backer, c.a. 1936. verklarend woordenboek van wetenschappelijke plantennamen. noordhoff, groningen. 179. bakhuizen van den brink jr., r.c. 1943. a contribution to the knowledge of the melastomataceae occurring in the malay archipelago, especially in the netherlands east indies. meded. bot. mus. herb. rijks univ. utrecht 91: 1–391. reprinted in rec. trav. bot. néerl. 40: 1–391. bakhuizen van den brink jr., r.c. 1963. melastomataceae. in backer, c. a. & bakhuizen van den brink jr., r.c. flora of java 1. noordhoff, groningen. 364–365. blume, c.l. 1826. melastomeae. bijdr. fl. ned.–ind. 17: 1067–1080. blume, c.l. 1831a. ueber einige ostindische und besonders javanische melastomaceen. flora 14: 465– 528. blume, c. l. 1831b. over eenige oostindische, instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 2. 2010 contents page harry wiriadinata & rismita sari. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra ………………………………………………………………………..……………….. 95 ary p. keim. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea………………… 101 robert gradstein et al. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia……………………... 107 abdulrokhman kartonegoro & j. f. veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia………………………………………………………...…………… 125 nursahara pasaribu. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 147 ary p. keim. & m. rahayu. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia................ 151 k. mat-saleh, ridha mahyuni, agus susatya, j. f. veldkamp. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia.............................................................................................................................. 159 j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. .......................................................................................... 167 m. m. j. van balgooy. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families..................................... 171 nurhaidah iriany sinaga. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua ............................................................................................................................... 183 nurhaidah iriany sinaga, rita megia, alex hartana & ary prihardhyanto keim. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea................................................................................................................................ 189 eizi suzuki. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites.. 199 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia.......................................................................................................... 211 m. ardiyani, a. d. poulsen, p. suksathan, f. borchsenius. marantaceae in sulawesi..... 213 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research centre for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_1-1 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_2-2 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_33-33 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_34-34 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_35-35 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_36-36 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_37-37 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_38-38 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_39-39 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_40-40 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_41-41 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_42-42 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_43-43 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_44-44 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_45-45 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_46-46 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_47-47 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_48-48 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_49-49 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_50-50 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_51-51 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_52-52 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_53-53 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_129-129 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_130-130 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 1, p.p. 1—9 kostermansia soegeng a new genus in bgmbacaceae (durioneae)* w. soegeng reksodihardjo** introduction. in working up the genus coelostegia, i received on loan from the forest research institute at kepong, malaya abundant material of a species which wyatt-smith was unable to place. dr. kostermans pointed out to me that most likely the specimens belonged to a new genus, related to coelostegia. i have taken the liberty to name the genus after dr. a. j. g. h. kostermans, who has been devoting time and energy teaching me taxonomy, and who jias taken up the burden of the development of taxonomic botany in indonesia. i am indebted to prof. dr. c. g. g. j. van steenis and to dr. r. g. bakhuizen van den brink jr., who have kindly helped me in preparing the latin diagnoses. kostermansia soegeng, gen. nov. genus novum e tribu durionis, ex affinitate durionis et coelostegiae. a durione differt: epicalyx alabastrum pro parte tantum obtegens; petala parva caduca; stamina ovario breviora; stigma peltatum magnum subsessile; fructus valvis basi connatis instructus; cotyledones tenues foliacei endospermio tenui yestiti. a coelostegia differt: epicalyx maior; sepala reflexa non-saccate, non-septata; petala libera; stamina breviora; stigma subsessile; fructus valvis septo tenui munitis instructus; semina exarillata. the genus is closely related to durio and coelostegia, but different in morphological characters as shown below: durio 1. lower leaf surface covered by stellate hairs as well as scales. 2. epicalyx completely enveloping the bud. kostermansia 1. lower leaf surface covered by scales only. 2. epicalyx partly enveloping the bud. coelostegia 1. same as in kostermansia. 2. epicalyx reduced, subtending the calyx. * issued separately in febr. 1, 1959. •* ass. botanist, herbarium bogoriense, bogor. — i r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 durio 3. calyx-lobes valvate. 4. corolla mostly conspicuous, more or less showy, longer t h a n t h e calyx, free, r a t h e r long persistent, hypogynous. 5. stamens always longer t h a n the ovary. 6. ovary superior. 7. style well developed. 8. stigma small, capitellate. 9. fruit-valves at last free. 10. seeds mostly arillate. 11. cotyledons thick, flatconvex; endosperm absent. kostermansia 3. same as in durio, nonsaccate. 4. corolla shorter than the calyx, not showy, free, soon deciduous, hypogynous. 5. stamens shorter than the ovary. 6. ovary superior. 7. style reduced, or very short, thick. 8. stigma large, convex, discoid, peltate. 9. fruit-valves connate at base, recurved. 10. seeds exarillate. 11. cotyledons foliaceous, flat, covered by 2 parts of endosperm. coelostegia 3. calyx lobes induplicate, saccate. 4. corolla shorter than the calyx, calyptrate, perigynous. 5. stamens longer than the ovary. 6. ovary partly embedded in the receptacle. 7. style conspicuous, filiform. 8. stigma discoid, peltate, conspicuous. 9. fruit-valves connate at base, erect. 10. seeds carunculate. 11. cotyledons as in kostermansia. kostermansia malayana soegeng, spec. nov.—fig. 1—4. arbor magnet, basi cum rhizomate tabulari giganteo; folia alterna coriacea rigida elliptica ovato-elliptica vel oblonga, supra fere glabra, subtus lepidota. inflorescentiae axillares laxae; flores lepidoti; pedicelli longissimi; epicalyx ante anthesi cupuliformis, alabastrum in parte basali obtegens; sepala reflexa longa; petala erecta caduca sepalis minora; stamina ovario breviora; filamenta basi connata; ovarium superius globosum lepidotum; stigma subsessile peltatum magnum; fructus globosus multispinosus 5-valvatus valvis lignosis reflexis basi connatis non-caducis; semina exarillata; cotyledones plani; endospermium fere ad basin bilobum, lobis cotyledonibus similibus et eos obtegentibus. typus —kep. 61085 (kep); para-typus — kep. 61071 (kep). tall tree, up to 50 m; bole often fluted, up to 1 m in diameter above the buttresses. buttresses enormous, up to 7 m high, spreading, plank-like. bark either more or less smooth, lenticellate, or rough, scaly, thin, dark brown, sometimes peeling off, leaving red-brown spots. living bark c. 1 cm thick, fibrous, red, shading to orange at cambium, breaking into distinct layers. sapwood pale, heartwood light red. branchlets terete, slender, with long (c. 3 cm) internodes, with circular stipule-scars, densely covered by dull, pale brown, adpressed, toothed scales. 1959] w. soegeng reksodihardjo : a new genus in bombdcaceae 3 leaves alternate, rigid-coriaceous, penninerved, ovate or elliptic, rarely oblong, (6—) 9—13 (—19) cm by (2—) 4—6 (—9.5) cm, apex acute to acuminate, in the latter case the acumen up to 1 cm long, pointed, sometimes the apex obtuse or apiculate, base rounded, rarely slightly contracted into petiole; upper surface smooth, opaque, usually dark brown or grey-black when dried (the fallen leaves glossy red above), glabrous (except along the midrib), midrib channelled, often covered with minute, loose, stellate hairs or long-fimbriate scales, lateral nerves obscure, reticulation invisible; lower surface densely covered by adpressed, dull greyish-brown, fimbriate scales of various sizes (those of the lowest layer smaller, the largest ones (c. 0.1 mm) at the top layer), midrib strongly prominent, more or less angular, tapering towards apex, densely lepidote, lateral nerves 11—16 pairs, hardly prominent, near the margin becoming fainter, arcuate and anastomosing, reticulation invisible. petioles 1.5—2 cm long (rarely up to 2.5 cm), thick, gradually slightly thickened towards apex, sulcate when dried, distinctly grooved above, densely lepidote. the apical and axillary leaf-buds enveloped each by 2 cone-shaped, lepidote stipules, soon caducous and leaving oblique circular scars. inflorescences lax, densely lepidote, axillary or pseudoterminal, peduncle greatly varying in length from almost absent to up to 7 cm long, simple or hardly branched, pedicel slender, 1.5—3 cm long. flower-buds ovoid, 4.5 mm long, 3.5 mm in diameter. epicalyx enveloping the basal part of the bud, usually soon deciduous, consisting of 2 ovate, acute, concave lobes, 3 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, which are connate at base; outside densely lepidote, inside densely covered with minute, silvery, stellate hairs. calyx of 5 valvate, rigid-coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, concave sepals, 6 x 2.5 mm, acute, first erect, later reflexed, which are connate at base; outside densely covered with large (c. 0.1mm), yellowish-brown, fimbriate scales, inside papillose but for the base, which is densely covered by small, pale brown, fimbriate scales and apices which are pilose. corolla imbricate, cone-shaped in bud, of 5, thinly papery, ovate, acute petals, 4.5 x 2 mm, truncate at base; outside densely covered by scales similar to those of the calyx, but paler,-inside at upper part covered with minute, whitish stellate hairs, the remainder glabrous. petals at anthesis free, soon deciduous. stamens about 20, the filaments flattened, of different length, 1.75—2.5 mm, connate at base, forming a short tube (c. 1 mm), splitting at different heights, each filament topped by 2 bean-shaped, basifixed, 2-celled anthers, which dehisce laterally by a longitudinal slit. ovary globose, 4 mm in diameter, 5-sulcate, with numerous angular spines, each topped by a large peltate scale similar to that of the petals, 5-loculed; each locule with 2 obovoid, monoseriate, axillary, subhori4 r e i n w a r d t i a [ v o l 5 zontally attached ovules. stigma large, peltate, convex, discoid, 1.5 mm in diameter, subsessile, (or a very short and thick, lepidote style), below densely clothed with minute stellate hairs. fruit globose, c. 5—6 cm in diameter, greenish grey, dehiscent (except base) while still attached on the branches into 5 completely recurved valves; valves elliptic, up to 7 cm long, greatest width 3 cm, pointed at apex, consisting of 2 layers: the inner woody layer, 2—3 mm, at apex hooked upwards, with an outer fibrous palisade layer of spines, 3—4 mm thick; inside smooth with thin, subcoriaceous, shredded width 3 cm, pointed at apex, consisting of 2 layers; the inner woody layer, septae (fleshy when fresh); outside with numerous angular, pointed spines of 1 cm long, 3—4 mm diameter at base (spines scarcely pungent, the tips being easily bent), densely covered with small, dull, greyish brown, fimbriate scales. fruit-stalk cylindrical, 4 7 cm long, finely wavily fissured, densely lepidote. seeds exarillate, glossy, dark-brown (white when still fresh), somewhat flattened, obovoid-ellipsoid, c. 2.5 x 1.5 cm, with very rigid leathery testa; cotyledons flat, foliaceous, covered by 2 flatyconvex parts of endosperm. seedling of c. 30 cm height with 2 opposite, persistent, glabrous, coriaceous, broadly-obovate cotyledons, up to 8.5 cm long, 6.5 cm at the widest part, apex rounded or truncate, base emarginate, with flattened petiole, 5—7 mm long, 2.5 mm broad. usually 5 nerves start from the apex of the petiole, viz. the midrib and 2 pairs of lateral nerves; on the upper surface the nervation is clearer than on the lower; leaves oblong-obovate, 10—14 x 4—5 cm, apex acuminate, acumen up to 1.2 mm long, pointed, base gradually contracted into petiole; stipules opposite, soon deciduous, lanceolate, 1 cm long, folded, densely lepidote. vernacular names. — krepal or krepau (johore); durian tuang or durian tong (perak). distribution. — malay peninsula. comer in his wayside trees of malaya 1 : 437. 1940 (ed. 1) and 1952 (ed. 2), writes that there are abundant specimens in johore of a tree called "krepal" or "krepau" which he refered to an unnamed species of coelostegia; furthermore that it has many characters in common with durio, so that it seems to be intermediate between the two. in 1932 he collected and identified the specimens s.f.n. 26060 as durio singaporensis ridley, later he refered the specimens s.f.n. 34673 and s.f.n. 37100 to an undescribed species. wyatt-smith was puzzled by these specimens and indentified them as a coelostegia spec. 1959] w. soegeng reksodihakdjo: a new genus in bombacaceae s kostermans misidentified the specimen kep. 26060 (in comm. for. res. inst. indonesia 62: 10. 1958) as durio singaporensis ridley; he was however, well aware that this specimen was rather aberrant. bakhuizen v.d. brink misidentified the same specimen as durio carinatus mast. specimens from johore differ slightly from those of perak in their leaves; corner. s.f.n. 37100 has flowers with persistent epicalyx, a slightly longer style, the base of the calyx inside, besides the scales also with stellate hairs along the margin. the specimen kep. 71313 bears old inflorescences of durio carinatus mast.; wyatt-smith stated on the label that something was wrong in preparing the specimen. malaya. s. p e r a k , bikan for. res. compt. 7, alt. c. 30 m, oct., seedling-, symington, kep. 47303 (kep) ; ibid., june, seedling, embi bin mohd. noor, kep. 61080 (kep); ibid., aug., fl., ismail bin mat all, kep. 61085 (kep), type!; ibid., oct., fl., ismail bin mat ah, kep. 61086 (kep); ibid., march, fr., kep. 61071 (kep), paratype!; ibid., aug., fr., seedling, kep. s.n. (kep). j o h o r e . ulu tiram, sept., fr., corner, s.f.n. 26060 (bo, kep, sing); kota tinggi, mawai road, low alt., febr., ster., corner, s.f.n. 34673 (a, b, bm, bo, dd, e, k, l, sing); mawai jemaluang road, may, fl., corner, s.f.n. 37100 (kep, sing) ; near mawai, march, fl., (july, fr.), corner s.f.n. 26998 (= 37111) (sing) ; s. sedili, may, ster., corner s.n. (sing); sungai kayu, oct., ster., kiah s.n. (sing). s e 1 a n g o r, sungai lalang, kajang, march, ster., symington 22805 (sing); ibid; apr., ster., symington 24158 (sing); mersing, bukit arang for. res. compt. 10, oct., ster., wyatt smith kep. 71313 (kep), p.p. (excl. the old inflorescences). b e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fig. 1. — kostermansia malayana soegeng, flowering branch (after kep. 61085, holo-type, x 0.5). 1959] w. soegeng reksodihardjo: a new genus in bombacaceae fig. 2. — kostermansia malayana soegeng, old fruit, seed, seeds without testa, showing endosperm and cotyledons (x 0.5). 1959] w. soegeng reksodihaedjo : a new genus in bombacaeeae fig. 4, — kostermansia malayana soegeng, seedling (x 0.5). reinwardtia 2017 16 (2) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 16 (2): 49 – 110, december 19, 2017 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary rina munazar layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: plant and flower of appendicula cordata wibowo & juswara. photos by a. r. u. wibowo. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 16(2): aida baja-lapis ecosystems research and development bureau college, laguna, philippines andre schuiteman herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens kew, richmond, surrey, england, uk eduard f. de vogel hortus botanicus, rapenburg 73, 2311 gj, leiden herwasono soedjito research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia john dransfield herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens kew, richmond, surrey, england, uk maarten j. m. christenhusz plant gateway, hertford, england, uk mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia peter o’byrne waikiki condominium h10-11, tanjung aru, 88100 kota kinabalu, sabah, malaysia yee wen low herbarium singapore, singapore botanic gardens, 1 cluny road, singapore reinwardtia vol 16, no 2, pp: 93–95 93 typification of tectaria paradoxa (polypodiaceae subfam. tectarioideae) received april 30, 2017; accepted october 30, 2017 jaideep mazumdar department of botany, krishna chandra college, hetampur, birbhum-731124, india. email: jaideepmazumdar10@gmail.com abstract mazumdar, j. 2017. typification of tectaria paradoxa (polypodiaceae subfam. tectarioideae). reinwardtia 16(2): 93‒95. — aspidium paradoxum has not yet been lectotypified, because the original material is ambiguous. a specimen from the collections of a. fée, the author of the species, was located in the herbarium of montpellier (mpu), which is here designated as the lectotype for this species. it is now known as tectaria paradoxa, a fern species widely distributed across tropical asia. key words. aspidium paradoxum, lectotype, protologue, sri lanka, tectaria. abstrak mazumdar, j. 2017. tipifikasi tectaria paradoxa (polypodiaceae subfam. tectarioideae). reinwardtia 16(2): 93‒ 95. — aspidium paradoxum belum pernah dilektotipifikasi karena material aslinya masih meragukan. spesimen koleksi a. fée, penemu jenis ini, yang disimpan di herbarium montpellier (mpu), pada makalah ini ditunjuk sebagai lektotipe jenis ini. saat ini dikenal dengan tectaria paradoxa, paku yang tersebar luas di kawasan asia tropis. kata kunci. a spidium paradoxum , lektotipe, pr otolog, sr i langka, t ectaria. introduction the name tectaria paradoxa (fée) sledge (polypodiaceae subfam. tectarioideae; christenhusz & chase, 2014), a fern species from tropical asia, is based on a spidium paradoxum fée. it is closely related to the african t. gemmifera (fée) alston (see wang et al. 2014). in the protologue of a spidium paradoxum fée (1850) cited a collection by gardner, number 52 from ceylon. for his study on tectarioid ferns of the region, sledge (1972) was unable to locate original material that matched the description. according to the characters given in fée’s (1852) description in the protologue, sledge (1972) transferred this species to tectaria cav., which is characterized by free veins. holttum (1988) followed sledge’s (1972) placement of this name and following fée’s (1850) repeated gardner 52 as the type. however, it appears that gardner 52 is a mixed gathering as sledge (1972) identified the specimen “gardner 52 ex herb. thos. moore” in the herbarium of the royal botanic gardens, kew (k) as tectaria trimenii (bedd.) c. chr. a fertile frond of a spidium paradoxum labelled with “gardner 52” is present in the herbarium of the université montpellier ii (barcode mpu015614, fig. 1) carrying fée’s annotation “aspidium paradoxum fée gen. filic. p. 293”. fée also wrote “cum description”, meaning he used mpu-015614 for making the description and thus original material. even though fée (1850) provided measurements of a fertile frond in the protologue, which does not match with mpu-015614, indicating more than one specimen were used for the description. i consider the mpu specimen a syntype and to fix the application of this name it is here selected as lectotype. typification tectaria paradoxa (fée) sledge, kew bull. 27(3): 413. 1972. basionym: a spidium paradoxum fée, mém. foug. 5: 293. 1850. lectotype (designated here): sri lanka: g. gardner 52, ex herb. a. fée and herb. dr lesourl, 1847 (mpu-015614, fig. 1). distribution. china, india, myanmar , sr i lanka, taiwan and thailand (sledge 1972: 416). acknowledgments i sincerely thank dr m. j. m. christenhusz, plant gateway, uk, for improvement of the manuscript; dr c. loup, curator and dr p. augé, president, mpu herbarium for sending the image and permission for publication. references christenhusz, m. j. m. & chase, m. w. 2014. trends and concepts in fern classification. reinwardtia 94 [vol.16 fig.1. lectotype of a spidium paradoxum fée (mpu-015614). © université de montpellier – herbier mpu (sph). reproduced with permission. mazumdar: typification of tectaria paradoxa 2017] 95 annals of botany 113: 571–594. fée, a. l. a. 1852. genera filicum. exposition des genres de la famille des polypodiacées (classe des fougères). mémoires sur la famille des fougères 5. j.b. baillière, paris. pp. 387. holttum, r. e. 1988. studies in the fern genera allied to tectaria cav. vii. species of tectaria sect. sagenia (presl) holttum in asia excluding malesia. kew bulletin 43: 475–489. sledge, w. a. 1972. the tectarioid ferns of ceylon. kew bulletin 27: 407–424. wang, f. g., barratt, s., falcón, w., fay, m. f., lehtonen, s., tuomisto, h., xing, f. w. & christenhusz, m. j. m. 2014. on the monophyly of subfamily tectarioideae (polypodiaceae) and the phylogenetic placement of some associated fern genera. phytotaxa 164: 1–16. reinwardtia 96 [vol.16 instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. a merican j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 16. no. 2. 2017 contents page himmah rustiami & andrew henderson. a synopsis of calamus (arecaceae) in sulawesi, indonesia ... 49 aninda r. u. wibowo & lina s. juswara. a new species of a ppendicula section pododesme (orchidaceae) from indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………...………..... 65 j.f. veldkamp. poa opinata (graminaeae), a new species from g. binaiya, ceram, moluccas, indonesia ……. 73 muhammad mansur & kuswata kartawinata. phytosociology of a lower montane forest on mountain batulanteh, sumbawa, indonesia …………………………………………………………………………………….... 77 jaideep mazumdar. typification of tectaria paradoxa (polypodiaceae subfam. tectarioideae) …………….... 93 rugayah & siti sunarti. the genus of lasianthus (rubiaceae) in wawonii island, southeast sulawesi, indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 97 diah sulistiarini, daniel potter & peter o’byrne. dendrobium tinukariensis, a new species of section calyptrochilus from mekongga mountains, southeast sulawesi, indonesia ………………………………… 103 yasper michael mambrasar & andre schuiteman. a new species of trichotosia (orchidaceae: epidendroideae: podochileae) from tambrauw, west papua, indonesia …..……………………………………. 107 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia 0a. front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia final 16(1) 5a jaideep mazumdar final (93-95) 9. daftar isi reinwardtia 16(2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant -sociology and ecology reinwardtia . editors mien a. kijs wat a kartawinata n. wulijarni-soetjipto 1 published by ' herbarium bogoriense lembaga biologi nasional — lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 9, part 1, 1 —182 31 december 1974 10issn 0034-365x reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriensis — lbn, eogor vol. 9, part 1, pp. 119 — 121 (1974) uadodaphne, a new lauraceous genus from borneo a. j . g. h. kostermans abstract an illustrated description of the new monotypic genus 1 myristicoidee is presented, and its similarity to beilsehmiedia, • and endia-ndra is discussed. pertelaan bergambar marga coides disajikan dan persomaanny cryptocarya serta endiandra dibi nonotipe haru triadodaphne tnyristii dengan ruarga-marga beilschmiedia, triadodaphne kosterm., gen nov. arbor foliis alternantibus floribus parvis tubua urceolatua tepalibus sterioribus crasais incurvis, interioribua rninutis membranaceis, staminius tres fertilibus tepalibus exterioribus oppositus, antheris bilocellatia amentis baai biglandulosis, ovario stylo diatincta, stigmate inconapicua uncata. species nnicum. this remarkable plant looks at first sight like an endiandra or a beilschmiedia, because of its very conspicuous prominent leaf reticulation and the small pustules on midrib and branchlets; the loaves, however, are not opposite {as in mostbeilschmiedia) and the flower tube is lurceolate reminding: that of cryptocarya, although the orifice is much wider than that in cryptocarya. the most remarkable feature are the 3 well developed, fleshy outer epals, as compared with the inconspicuous membraneous inner ones. the flower reminds strongly that of myristicaceae. the number of fertile stamens is 3, which characteristic it shares with endiandra but the deep urceolate tube does not occur in endiandra, heither the discrepancy in the size and texture of the tepals. the flowers are too immature to ascertain the shape of the fruit cup, although it seems that the fruit might have a deep cup. r e i n w a r d t t a [vol. 9 with gland; — after s. 29265 (l) — a. habit 1 x 1 ) ; 1. inner tepal (x 3 0 ) ; e. ovary 1974] kosterm a n s : triadodaphne gen: ttou. 121 triadodaphne myristicoides kosterm., spec. nov. fig. 1. arbor, ramulis glabris nitidis minute pustulatis, foliis alternantibus glabris subcoriaceis ellipticis vel subovato-elliptieis acutis, basi breve acutis, utrinque nitida perconspicue prominente sat laxe prominulo reticulata, costis gracilis arcuatis, prominulis, paniculis subaxillaris foliis brevioribus multifloris axis ultimus laxe minuteque puberulis exeeptis glabris, floribus pedicellatis bracteolatis, tubus urceolatis, tepalibus tres exterioribus crassis depresso-ovati8 subacuminatis, tres interioribua minutis membranaceis, antheria rectangularis magnis bi-cellulatis, cellulis lateralis, filamentis glandulis basalibus extrorsis minutis munitia, ovario subovoidea glabra, stylo crasso subbrevioribus, stigmate inconapicuis. typus: e. wright s. 29265 (l) tree, 25 m high, diameter 50 cm; branchlets glabrous, gloasy, reddish brown (in sicco), the youngest ones minutely pustular. leaves spirally aaranged, subcoriaceous, glabrous, subovate-elliptic, 6 x 17—8 x 23 cm, acutish, base shortly acute; both surfaces glossy and conspicuously, rather laxly, prominently reticulate, lateral nerves 7—8 pairs, erect-patent, arcuate, slender, prominent on both surfaces, midrib prominulous in upper, rominent and pustular on the lower leaf surface; in between the lateral nerves strong parallel nerves, which do not reach the margin. petiole 10—15 mm long, somewhat concave above. panicles sub-axillary, up to 14 cm long, many-flowered, glabrous, except the very short, minutely, laxly rusty pilose ultimate branches; main peduncle strong, swollen at its base. pedicels (immature) short, subtended by a minute bracteole. tube sub-urceolate, (immature) 1—5 mm long; outer tepals stiff, broader than long, acuminulate; inner ones very thin, transparent, almost as high as the tepals, acuminate; anthers rectangular, large, with 2 large lateral cells, filaments short (immature) with tiny, sessile, basal glands; ovary avoid to ovoid-globose, style slightly shorter, rather thick, tapering, stigma inconspicuous. drs. p. baas, rijksherbarium, leiden, netherlands, kindly undertook a precursory investigation of the anatomy of leaf and branchlets. his results are as follow: leaf: petiole with one strongly incurved to almost cylindrical vascular bundle. stomata paracytic. oil cells in mesophyl. branchlets: pericycle a composite sclerenehymatous cylinder of which. the stone cells have u-shaped wall thickenings. vessel perforations simple; intervessel pits alternate; vessel ray pits large, simple. axial xylem parenchyma paratracheal. borneo. sarawak, 4th div.. niah, ulu sungai seltaloh, mixed diptecooarp lorest on reddish d a y loam soil, nov., buds, s. sh20s (a, bo, k, kep, l, san, sar, sing). i c o n t e n t s • p a g e h a t t i n k , t. a. a revision of malesian caesalpinia, i n c l u d i n g , mezoneuroji ( l e g u m m o s a e c a e s a l p i n i a c e a e ) 1 j o n e s , h . g . orchidaceae n a v a e vel m i n u s cogtlitae . . . . . . . 7 1 k e n g , h. rediscovery of cheilotheca malayana a n d t h e i d e n t i t y of . cheilotheca, audresia and mo.notropastmm (ericaceae. m o n o t r o p o i d e a e ) 7 7 k o s t e r m a n s , a . j . g . h . a m o n o g r a p h o f t h e genusn.eoanna•momum l i o u h o 8 5 m a t e r i a l s f o r a r e v i s i o n o f l a u r a c e a e i v . . . . . 9 7 . a new bornean species .of mammea , . 117 triadodapkne, a. new jauraceous genua from borneo . 119 — a monograph of caryodaphnopsis a. shaw . ., . . . 123 larsen, k. & laksen, s. k. a new amorphophallus from thailand ' 139 nayak, m. p. a revision of phtkiandra (melastomataceae) . . 143 rao, a. n. £ leong, f. l. pollen morphology of certain tropical , • plants . . . . . . . . • 153 skvortzov, b. v. on some colourless flagellates from java and brasil 177 distributor bibliotheca sogoriensis, jalan raya juanda 20, eogok, indonesia tj-archlpel. rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_01 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_62 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_63 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_95 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010 re in w ar dt ia 13 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, november 2, 2010 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedy darnaedi tukirin partomihardjo joeni setijo rahajoe teguh triono marlina ardiyani eizi suzuki jun wen managing editors elizabeth a. widjaja himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirat hidayat ilustrators subari wahyu santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers r. abdulhadi, sandy atkins, julie f. barcelona, todd j. barkman, nico cellinese, mark coode, gudrun kadereit, rogier de kock, n. fukuoka, kuswata kartawinata, ary p. keim, p. j. a. kessler, a. latiff–mohamad, m. a. rifai, rugayah, h. soedjito, t. setyawati, d. g. stone, wayne takeuchi, benito c. tan, j. f. veldkamp, p. van welzen, h. wiriadinata, rui-liang zhu. correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia 146 [vol.13 freycinetia dewildeorum pasaribu: a. habit, b. auricle, c. cephalia c b a reinwardtia vol 13, no 2, pp: 147 − 150 147 margins armed from the base to the apex, densely serrate at the base and toward the apex, apex acuminate and sometimes with a long tapering tip, midrib armed in the upper third at the lower surface, longitudinal veins visible on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. auricles persistent in the upper leaves, 5.5– 8.4x0.8–1.9 cm, apex adnate, fragments horizontal, yellow to light brown. staminate inflorescences terminal, bracteate, inner bracts deltoid–ovate, outer bracts ovate–lanceolate, 4–6 cm long, creamy to yellow, spadices 3 or 4, ellipsoid, 8–12xca. 0.8 mm, creamy to yellow as in the bracts, pedicels semiterete, 2–2.5x0.2 cm. stamens numerous, filantherous, filaments 1.5–2.5 mm long, anthers creamy– yellow, short cylindric, 0.6–1 mm long, basifixed. pistillate inflorescences terminal, pseudo– umbellate, bracteate, bracts as in the male, spadices 3–5, mostly 4 and rarely 5, peduncles terete, 4– 6.6x0.7–1.2 cm in diameter, pedicels semiterete, 2.7 –4x0.3–0.5 cm, apex sparsely scabrous, dark brown, scars of the bracts of the pedicels 1.1–2 cm, usually less than half the pedicel length, glabrous. cephalia 3–5, subglobose, 1.8–6.5x1.4–3.6 cm in diameter, berries aggregated and rostrate, 0.5–1.2 cm long, pilei rigidly pyramidal, apex acuminate, stigmatic remains 4–8, the stigmatic areola without a ring, seeds very small, ellipsoid, ca. 0.3 mm long. distribution. sumatra (aceh, north sumatra, west introduction during the course of a study on freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae) in sumatra, i came across two different species collected from aceh province. both differ from taxa reported before, e.g. by stone (1970), widjaja & hidayat (2007), widjaja et al. (2009), and pasaribu & widjaja (2009), and are described here as new. these increase the number of sumatran species to 14. 1. freycinetia dewildeorum pasaribu, spec. nov. ― fig. 1 inter congenera sumatrensia inflorescentiis pistillatis pseudo–umbellatis, syncarpiis 3—5 subglobosis distinctissima. auriculae eis f. kalimantanicae similissimae, sed foliis minoribus, syncarpiis oblonge cylindricis differt. ― type: indonesia, sumatra, west sumatra, harau, payakumbuh, 26 january 2007, pasaribu 203 (meda, holo; bo, l). scrambling shrubs, 1–3 m high or climbing on tree trunks up to 8 m high. internodes 6–18 mm long, 0.7–1.7 cm in diameter. leaves imbricate, not very closely crowded, the basal ones overlapping, the others more remote, linear, 40–78 × 1.3–3.2 cm, coriaceous, stiff, sometimes revolute when dry, two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia received april 16, 2010; accepted may 4, 2010. nursahara pasaribu post graduate school, bogor agricultural university, bogor, and biology department, the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, university of north sumatra, medan, indonesia (permanent address). e-mail: nursaharapasaribu@yahoo.com abstract pasaribu, n. 2010. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra. reinwardtia 13(2): 147–150. — a study of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae) conducted in sumatra has revealed a number of new species. two are described and illustrated here. keywords: freycinetia, pandanaceae, sumatra. abstrak pasaribu, n. 2010. dua jenis baru freycinetia (pandanaceae) dari sumatra. reinwardtia 13(2): 147–150. — penelitian freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae) di sumatera mengungkapkan beberapa jenis baru. dua jenis dipertelakan dan digambarkan di sini. kata kunci: freycinetia, pandanaceae, sumatera. reinwardtia 148 [vol.13 notes. this species is very distinct among sumatran species by the pseudo–umbellate pistillate inflorescences and the 3–5 subglobose cephalia. the auricles are very similar to those of f. kalimantanica b. c. stone but the species differs by the smaller leaves and the oblong–cylindric cephalia. etymology. freycinetia dewildeorum is named after the collectors dr. w.j.j.o. de wilde & b.e.e. de wilde–duyfjes, botanists from the former rijksherbarium, leiden university (l), now (after jan 1, 2010) netherlands centre for biodiversity naturalis (section national herbarium of the netherlands, nhn), leiden university. they collected f. dewildeorum for the first time in 1972 in the mt. sumatra and aceh). habitat & ecology. freycinetia dewildeorum is found in bushes area of roadsides and secondary forest at lowland below 1000 m in protected area of lembah harau and reach highland or mountain primary forest up to 1750 m above sea level far to the north in mt. leuser national park, aceh. this species grows mainly on humic acrisols and rarely in andosols, cambisols and nitosols of the area with the lowest mean annual rainfall ranges from 2000– 2500 mm and the highest ranges from 4000–4500 mm; flowering in june and fruiting in february to june. fig. 1. freycinetia dewildeorum pasaribu (a. habit, b. leaf, c. staminate inflorescence, d. anther, e. stigma, f. berry, g. pistillate inflorescence with one cephalium in longisection). drawn from the holotype (pasaribu 203) by subari. a b c d g e f 2010] 149 pasaribu : two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia leuser nature reserves, mt. bandahara, kampung seldok, kutacane. three years after, they collected this species again from the same area but at a different altitude. in 1979, they collected male flowering plants in the mammas valley, kutacane. other botanists, dr. e. f. de vogel & j. j. vermeulen (l) collected it in air sirah padang, west sumatra in 1985. the author also found it in harau, payakumbuh, west sumatra and lancang kuning, tesso nilo national park, riau, in january and september 2007, respectively. specimens examined. ― aceh: mt. leuser nature reserves, mt. bandahara, kampung seldok, kotatjane, de wilde & de wilde–duyfjes 12980 (bo, k, l), 13413 (bo, l), 15122 (bo, k, l); mamas valley, kutacane, de wilde & de wilde–duyfjes 19151 (l). ― west sumatra: air sirah, padang, de vogel & vermeulen 7353 (l); harau, payakumbuh, pasaribu 208 (bo, meda), pasaribu 210 (bo, l, meda). ― riau: lancang kuning, tesso nilo national park, pasaribu 282 (meda). 2. freycinetia leuserensis pasaribu, spec. nov. ― fig. 2. freycinetiae insigni similis inflorescentiae positione numero forma dispositione, sed folii apex acutum dum f. leuserensi acuminate caudatum. reliquiae stigmaticae 1—6, dum f. leuserensi 2, rarissime 1 vel 3. ― type: indonesia, sumatra, aceh, mt. leuser national park, south of the road sibulussalam–gelombang, 1 august 1985, de wilde & de wilde–duyfjes 20157 (l, holo; bo). erect, ca. 1.5 m tall or climber in trees up to ca. 4 meter high, internodes ca. 15 mm long, 8–12 mm in diameter. leaves imbricate, very closely crowded, the basal ones imbricate, broadly linear to lanceolate, 59–82x3–4 cm, coriaceous, patent, striate on both surfaces, midrib adaxially indistinct, abaxially prominent, armed in the upper part, apex acuminate–caudate (1–5 cm long), margins armed from the base to the apex, minutely serrate at the apex. auricles persistent in some leaves, 11–13x ca.1 cm, adnate, tapering toward the apex, the upper third thinner than the rest, with 2 horizontal septs across the width. staminate inflorescences terminal, bracteate, bracts 8–14x2–5 cm, orange, paler toward the base, tip green, fleshy and whitish toward the base, spadices 3 or 4, ellipsoid, ca. 4 cm, pedicels ca. 3x0.2 cm. stamens numerous, filantherous, filaments ca. 3 mm long, anthers creamy–yellow, short cylindric, 0.8–1 mm long, subbasifixed. pistillate inflorescences terminal, umbellate, bracteate, bracts as in the male, spadices 3 or 4, peduncle terete, ca. 7.5x0.2–0.4 cm in diameter, glabrous and black, pedicels semiterete 1.5–1.8x0.2–0.3 cm, densely scabrous toward the top, brown to slightly black, scars of the bracts of the pedicels ca. 6 mm, more or less half the pedicel length. cephalia 3 or 4, cylindric, 4.3–5.8x0.6–0.9 cm in diameter, berries not aggregated, 2–3 mm long, oblong, apex obtuse, stigmatic remains mostly 2, rarely 1 or 3, the stigmatic areola with a distinct ring, seeds straight, ca. 0.8 mm long. distribution. sumatra (aceh). habitat & ecology. freycinetia leuserensis is locally common in aceh, mt. leuser national park, growing on humic acrisols at flat land ca. 35 m above sea level in primary and peat swamp forest with the mean annual rainfall ranges between 2500– 3000 mm; flowering and fruiting in august. notes. this species resembles f. insignis e.g. in the position, number, shape, and arrangement of the inflorescences, but the leaf apex is acute while in f. leuserensis it is acuminate–caudate. the stigmatic remains are one to six in f. insignis while there are two and very rarely one or three in f. leuserensis. etymology. the epithet ‘leuserensis’ refers to the locality where this species is collected, i.e. in the mt. leuser national park, aceh. it is so far only known from the type locality. specimens examined. ― aceh: mt. leuser national park, south of the road sibulussalam–gelombang, de wilde & de wilde–duyfjes 20517, 20564 (bo, l). acknowledgements i would like to thank the keepers of bo, k, l, and meda (north sumatra university herbarium) for the opportunity to use their specimens for this study. the author is grateful to the director general of higher education (dghe) of indonesia, for funding her 3 months stayed in leiden and 1 month in kew in 2008/2009 for studying freycinetia and pandanus. mr. giyanto (wildlife conservation society staff), mr. mistar (leuser international foundation staff) and mr. irwan are appreciated for all their assistance during the field work in harau, payakumbuh. we would like also to thank to prof. dr. mien a. rifai (bo) and dr. j. f. veldkamp (l) for kindly reviewing the first draft of this paper and for helping with the latin descriptions and to my supervisors dr. sri s. tjitrosoedirdjo, prof. dr. alex hartana from bogor agriculture university and prof. dr. elizabeth a. widjaja (bo). i am indebted to all the above for valuable comments on this paper. two new species of freycinetia described here is part of my dissertation at bogor agriculture university. reinwardtia 150 [vol.13 fig. 2. freycinetia leuserensis pasaribu (a. habit, b. leaf, c. anther, d. staminate inflorescence, e. stigma, f. berry, g. pistillate inflorescence with one cephalium in longisection). drawn from the a b g c d e f references pasaribu, n. & widjaja, e. a. 2009. notes on freycinetia (pandanaceae) from jambi with the description of a new species. reinwardtia 13: 87–93. stone, b. c. 1970. materials for a monograph of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae) xv. the sumatran species. federation museum j. 15: 203–207. widjaja, e. a. & hidayat, a. 2007. the pandanaceae of jambi province, sumatra, indonesia. seventh international flora malesiana symposium, 17–22 june 2007, leiden, the netherlands. abstracts: 64. widjaja, e. a., pasaribu, n. & hidayat, a. 2009. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from jambi, sumatra, indonesia. reinwardtia 12: 441 –442. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 2. 2010 contents page harry wiriadinata & rismita sari. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra ………………………………………………………………………..……………….. 95 ary p. keim. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea………………… 101 robert gradstein et al. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia……………………... 107 abdulrokhman kartonegoro & j. f. veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia………………………………………………………...…………… 125 nursahara pasaribu. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 147 ary p. keim. & m. rahayu. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia................ 151 k. mat-saleh, ridha mahyuni, agus susatya, j. f. veldkamp. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia.............................................................................................................................. 159 j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. .......................................................................................... 167 m. m. j. van balgooy. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families..................................... 171 nurhaidah iriany sinaga. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua ............................................................................................................................... 183 nurhaidah iriany sinaga, rita megia, alex hartana & ary prihardhyanto keim. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea................................................................................................................................ 189 eizi suzuki. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites.. 199 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia.......................................................................................................... 211 m. ardiyani, a. d. poulsen, p. suksathan, f. borchsenius. marantaceae in sulawesi..... 213 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research centre for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_1-1 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_2-2 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_54-54 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_55-55 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_56-56 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_57-57 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_58-58 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_129-129 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_130-130 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 15(2): david simpson, herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk herwasono soedjito, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein, robert j. kibbee library, kingsborough community college, new york, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, 1400 lake shore drive, chicago, usa mark hughes royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), indonesia siti nur hidayati middle tennessee state university, tennessee, usa soejatmi dransfield herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk wong khoon meng singapore botanic garden, singapore reinwardtia vol 15, no 2, pp: 123 − 127 123 a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia received 23 august 2016; accepted 05 september 2016 j. f. veldkamp naturalis biodiversity center, pob 9517, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. email: jef.veldkamp@naturalis.nl abstract veldkamp, j. f. 2016. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia. reinwardtia 15(2): 123 – 127. — there are three very rare and localized species in malesia; one from java is new. notes on some other southeast asian species are given. key words: iseilema, malesia, revision. abstrak veldkamp, j. f. 2016. revisi iseilema (gramineae) di malesia. reinwardtia 15(2): 123 – 127. — di malesia terdapat tiga jenis yang sangat langka dengan penyebaran terbatas. satu jenis baru dari jawa. catatan mengenai jenis lain dari asia tenggara diberikan. kata kunci: iseilem a, malesia, revisi. introduction iseilema andersson is a genus with about 20 species, ranging from se asia to australia (13 spp). in malesia there are three species, all very rare and local. the genus name is derived from “isos” (’ισος, equal) and “eilèma” (’ειλημα, involucre). there has been some confusion about the gender of the name, andersson had i. arguta and i. prostrata (feminine), but “eilèma” is neuter and therefore the epithets must be neuter as well (hackel, 1889:681). the similarity to themeda forssk. has often been noted and some species have been included in it (or in a nthistiria naezén, a synonym). for the record, roberty (1960) reduced all taxa to themeda section iseilema with a single species t. prostrata (l.) roberty with six varieties. molecular studies by skendzic et al. (2007:538, 540) found it closely related to heteropogon pers. welker et al. (2015) showed that the relationship with themeda is consistent, but the two were resolved into different terminal branches, iseilema being more associated with bothriochloa kuntze, capillipedium stapf, and dichanthium willemet, and themeda linked to heteropogon. history the first species known to western science was andropogon prostratus l. (1771: 304) based on a könig collection from india (linn 1211.8), now iseilema prostratum. willdenow (1806) renamed it to a nthistiria prostrata. steudel (1854) described a nthistiria argutum from burma, and superfluously renamed andropogon prostratus to anthistiria linneana because of the supposed homonymy with anthestiria (!) prostrata trinius (1832: 321). trinius, however, cited a nthistiria prostrata (l.) willd. (1806), based on a ndropogon prostratus l. andersson (1856) described four species. the lectotype, i. prostratum, was designated by roberty (1960:99). hackel (1889) had five species. over the years others were added, forming a range from pakistan, sri lanka, india, burma, thailand, to laos and cambodia with centres of speciation in australia with 12 species (10 in queensland!) and india with seven. hackel (1889) mentioned i. laxum as introduced in mauritius, but it is not mentioned by hubbard & vaughan (1940). roberty (1960) cited this as “mascareignes”. roberty (1960) mentioned i. membranaceum domin and i. vaginiflorum domin for hawaii, but the genus is not mentioned in warren et al. (1990). ms. camus (1955) erroneously cited i. minutiflorum jansen for the philippines. in malesia the genus is very rare, of the three species only eight collections were seen, while two are only known from their types. van steenis (1936) mentioned the occurrence of i. argutum nees ex steud. for java in much depleted areas that formerly had teak forest, on very desiccated soil and with periodic fire disturbance. this was obviously a misidentification with a species from burma, only known to me from two collections (k, p). the java species was recognized by ohwi (in sched. in bo) as i. javanicum and he is here posthumously regarded as the first author. jansen (1953a, b) described two more species from sumba and wetar. morphology the genus is rather similar to themeda because of the spatheate and capitulate terminal inflo-rescences with four involucral spikelets. one mailto:jef.veldkamp@naturalis.nl http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idplantnamesearch.do;jsessionid=12f8375de9d4bde12d7f01144bc1876b?id=388952-1&back_page=%2fipni%2feditsimpleplantnamesearch.do%3bjsessionid%3d12f8375de9d4bde12d7f01144bc1876b%3ffind_wholename%3danthistiria%2bprostrata%26output_format%3 http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idplantnamesearch.do;jsessionid=12f8375de9d4bde12d7f01144bc1876b?id=388952-1&back_page=%2fipni%2feditsimpleplantnamesearch.do%3bjsessionid%3d12f8375de9d4bde12d7f01144bc1876b%3ffind_wholename%3danthistiria%2bprostrata%26output_format%3 reinwardtia 124 [vol.15 difference is that in iseilema these capitules would fall off as a unit, but this is also the case in t. gigantea (cav.) hack. in the other species of themeda the spikelets disintegrate. the involucral spikelets are shortly pedicelled, whereas in themeda they are paired, one sessile, the other subsessile. it has been suggested (hackel, 1889:679) that these diaspores are dispersed by the wind, while in themeda the fertile spikelets would be epizoochoric. some species are provided with small to minute annular structures especially in the inflorescences. these generally have been taken for glands, e.g. by sprengel (1815: 14, as cymbopogon glandulosus spreng. = iseilema prostratum), hubbard (1935c), and uppuluri & satyavati (1968:668). andersson (1856) called them “tubercles”. i have seen no field notes on whether they secrete anything or are visited by insects. iseilema ander sson iseilema andersson, nova acta regiae soc. sci. upsal., iii, 2 (1856) 231, 250. — anthistiria naezén [unranked] iseilema (andersson) benth. & hook. f., gen. pl. 3 (1883) 1136. —ischaemum l. sect. iseilema roberty, boissiera 9 (1960) 99. — lectotype: iseilema prostratum (l.) andersson, designated by roberty [who reduced all taxa to a single species of themeda forssk. in boissiera 9 (1960) 99], followed by clayton & renvoize (1986: 360). annual or perennial. culms solid. ligule collarshaped, membranous. inflorescence paniculate, spatheate, decompound, spikelet-bearing axes much reduced, clustered in capitules supported by a spatheole, deciduous as a whole, involucre formed by two homogamous involucral pairs of male or sterile subsessile to shortly pedicelled spikelets, fused at base. involucral spikelets with lower glume 5−9−nerved. common callus usually hairy. rachis persistent. fertile spikelets 1 (rarely 2), pedicelled, female or bisexual; callus absent; lower glumes flat on the back. awns (when present) stipitate or from a small sinus. pedicels free from the joints. pedicelled spikelets 2, variously reduced, male to sterile. x = very variable, probably derived from 10. distribution. ca. 20 spp. in se asia to australia, three in malesia, all very local and rare (java, sumba, wetar). key to the taxa 1a. plants annual, culm 0.1−0.4 m long, nodes glabrous. leaf blades 5−16 cm by 0.5−2.6 mm wide. callus hairs 1.5−2 mm long. involucral spikelets 4 mm long. fertile spikelets 3−4 mm long. awn geniculate i.s., 8−18 mm long. anthers ca. 2 mm long ………..…….... 2 b. plants perennial, culm 1.3−2 m long, nodes barbate. leaf blades 10−60 cm by 5−8 mm wide. callus hairs 1 mm long. involucral spikelets 4.5−5 mm long. fertile spikelets 6−7 mm long. awn more or less straight i.s., 3−8 mm long. anthers 1.4−1.5 mm long. — spathes and glumes of the involucral spikelets on the keels glandular. — java. .................................................. 1. i. javanicum 2a. leaf blades distally smooth. spatheoles and peduncles eglandular. involucral spikelets with lower glumes glabrous, keels eglandular, purple mottled. fertile spikelet ca. 4 mm long. pedicelled spikelets with lower glumes with eglandular keels. awn 18−20 mm long. — wetar …….……………… 2. i. maculatum b. leaf blades distally scabrid. spatheoles and peduncles glandular. involucral spikelets with lower glumes distally hairy, keels glandular, not mottled. fertile spikelet 3−3.5 mm long. pedicelled spikelets with lower glumes with glandular keels. awn 8−10 mm long. — sumba ………....…………. 3. i. minutiflorum 1. iseilema javanicum ohwi & veldk., spec. nov. — type: v an steenis 8166-d (holo l; bo 1443573, -4; e, k). new § iseilema argutum auct. non andersson: van steenis, jubileum uitg. trop. nat. (1936) 111; c. monod in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 3 (1968) 616. plants perennial. culms 1.3−2 m long, eglandular below nodes. culm nodes barbate. leaf blades 10−60 cm by 5−8 mm, margins distally scabrid, apex acute. spatheoles glandular or not. peduncles very short, eglandular. capitule callus hairs ca. 1 mm long. involucral spikelets pedicels 0.5−1 mm long, longer than broad, glabrous to pilose. involucral spikelets 4.5−5 mm long, lower glumes not mottled, glabrous, not sulcately nerved, 7−or 9−nerved; lower glumes keels glandular. fertile spikelet 6−7 mm long; base glabrous or hairy. awn more or less straight i.s., 3−8 mm long. pedicelled spikelets well-developed; lower glumes glandular. anthers 1.4−1.5 mm long. distribution. malesia: j ava [indramayu, cirebon, houtvesterij (forestry reserve) plosokerep]. habitat. mar shy gr ass fields, in for mer teak forests, locally abundant, fire-climax savannah on very poor soil with e.g. a ndropogon amboinicus (l.) merr. [= sorghum nitidum (vahl) pers.], polytoca bracteata r. br. [= polytoca digitata (l. f.) druce], 0−30 m alt. see van steenis (1936) for an extensive description. 2016] 125 veldkamp: a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia specimen examined. j ava: bernard 6-1925 (bo); van 3-7-1923, harreveld sn. (bo); java, indramayu, cirebon, plosokerep, van steenis 7483 (bo, l); 8166-d (bo, e, k, l); 6680 (bo, l); teak forest area, 17522 (bo, l). ; van steenis 8166-d (t) (bo, l); van steenis 17522 (bo, l). collector’s notes. tall, ca. 2 m. sheath base, culms more or less waxy whitish. notes. differ s fr om i. argutum fr om bur ma as follows: a. culms 0.1−1 m long, nodes glabrous. peduncles glandular. involucral spikelets with lower glumes sulcately 5−nerved, nerved, keels pilose, eglandular. fertile spikelet 3−5.2 mm long. awn geniculate i.s. anthers 2−3 mm long..................................................... i. argutum b. culms 1.3−2 m long, nodes barbate. peduncles eglandular. involucral spikelets with lower glumes not sulcately 7−or 9−nerved, keels glandular. fertile spikelet 6−7 mm long. awn more or less straight i.s. anthers 1.4−1.5 mm long................................................. i. javanicum slightly different from i. thorelii a. camus from continental se asia. the differences may be explained by the paucity of material and their development and is summarised as follows: a. culms 1.3−2 m long. involucral spikelets with lower glumes glabrous. awns more or less straight i.s., 3−8 mm long. anthers 1.4−1.5 mm long. — java................................... i. javanicum a. culms 0.6−1.3 m long. involucral spikelets with lower glumes pilose in lower half. awns geni-culate i.s., 8−13 mm long. anthers ca. 2 mm long. — continental se asia........ i. thorelii 2. iseilema maculatum jansen iseilema maculatum jansen, reinwardtia 2 (1953) 302. — type: elbert 4685 (holo l, sh. 941.215—87; perhaps fr, k). plants annual. culms 0.25−0.45 m long, eglandular below nodes. culm nodes glabrous. leaf blades 6−16 cm by 0.5−1.5 mm, distally smooth, apex acute. spatheoles eglandular. peduncles very short, eglandular. capitule callus hairs ca. 1.5 mm long. involucral spikelets pedicels ca. 1 mm long, longer than broad, glabrous. involucral spikelets ca. 4 mm long; lower glumes purple mottled, glabrous, keels eglandular, not sulcately nerved, 5− or 7−nerved. fertile spikelet ca. 4 mm long, base glabrous. awn geniculate i.s, 9–18 mm long. pedicelled spikelets well-developed; lower glumes eglandular. anthers ca. 2 mm long. distribution. malesia: lesser sunda isl. (wetar). habitat. dr y eucalyptus savannahs near the coast; up to 50 m alt. note. only known fr om the type collection. 3. iseilema minutiflorum jansen iseilema minutiflorum jansen, acta bot. neerl. 2 (1953) 382, t. 10. — type: monod de froideville 2012 (holo bo1888838; a, k, bri, l, sing). plants annual. culms 0.1–0.3 m long, under the nodes eglandular, nodes glabrous. leaf blades 3–7 cm by 1.2–2.6 mm, margins distally scabrid, apex acute. spatheoles glandular. peduncles very short, minutely glandular. capitule callus hairs 1.5--2 mm long. involucral spikelets pedicels ca. 0.4 mm long, longer than broad, pilose. involucral spikelets ca. 3 mm long. lower glumes purple mottled, keels pilose in upper half keels glandular (40 x!), not sulcately 5or 7-nerved. fertile spikelet 3–3.5 mm long, base hairy. awn geniculate i.s., 8–10 mm long. pedicelled spikelets well-developed (fide jansen, n.v.). lower glumes glandular. anthers n.v. distribution. malesia: lesser sunda isl. (sumba). habitat. in gr ass vegetation on limestone, subjected to annual burning, ca. 50 m alt. in groups on shallow soil, apparently a short living species. note. only known fr om the type collection. other species for the identification of the malesian species, it was necessary to look more closely at some continental asian ones. as in general their descriptions were incomplete, i had to make some of my own, which i think might be useful to other students of the genus. 1. iseilema argutum (nees ex steud.) andersson iseilema argutum (nees) andersson, nova acta regiae soc. sci. upsal., iii, 2 (1856) 252 (“arguta”). — anthistiria arguta nees ex steud., syn. pl. glumac. (1854) 1:401. — [themeda prostrata (l.) roberty var. arguta roberty, boissiera 9 (1960) 100, nom. inval.] . — type: w allich 8769 (a kkul mahmud) (holo p; g, l, fragm.; k, idc microfiche 7394, ? w). plants perennial. culms 0.1−1 m long, with minute dot-like glands or eglandular (with some minute glands: 40 ×!) below nodes. culm nodes glabrous. reinwardtia 126 [vol.15 leaf blades 5.5−18 cm by 2−6 mm, margins distally scabrid, apex acute or obtuse-apiculate. spatheoles glandular. peduncles very short, glandular. capitule callus hairs ca. 1.5 mm long. involucral spikelets pedicels 0.6−1 mm long, longer than broad, glabrous or pilose. involucral spikelets 4.5−6 mm long; lower glumes not mottled, keels pilose, eglandular, sulcately 5nerved. fertile spikelet 3−5.2 mm long, base hairy. awn geniculate i.s., 4.5−18 mm long. pedicelled spikelets well-developed or reduced to the pedicels; lower glumes eglandular or glandular (margins long hairy). anthers 2−3 mm long. distribution. bur ma: bago div., pyay (“prome”: wallich 8769); magwe div. (u thein lwin 398, k). kress et al. (2003) also reported ayeyarwadi, mandalay, yangon. habitat. fair ly common on black calcar eous stiff clay soil; altitude unknown. specimen examined. burma, montes ad prome, akkul ahmad in wallich 8769 (g, l, fragm., k, p, w; idc microfiche 7394). note. descr iption based on the two collections cited above. 2. iseilema thorelii a. camus iseilema thorelii a. camus, bull. mus. natl. hist. 24: 540−541. 1918; in lecomte, fl. indo-chine 7: 365−366, t. 37, f. 6−8. 1922; schmid, agron. trop. (nogent-sur-marne) 13: 235, t. 45, f. 3c−e. 1958.— lectotype: thorel 2494 (holo p, p 01942662), designated here. ? iseilema schmidii a. camus, j. agric. trop. & bot. appl. 2: 201. 1955; schmid, agron. trop. (nogent-surmarne) 13: 235 (“schmidiana”). 1958. — type: schmid 2467 (holo p, not found). plants perennial. culms 0.6−1.3 m long, eglandular below nodes. culm nodes barbate. leaf blades 20−34 cm by 2.5−6 mm, margins distally scabrid, apex acute. spatheoles glandular. peduncles very short, eglandular. capitule callus hairs ca. 1 mm long. involucral spikelets pedicels 0.5−1 mm long, longer than broad, pilose. involucral spikelets 3.5−5.5 mm long; lower glumes not mottled, keels pilose in lower half, glandular, sulcately 5-nerved. fertile spikelet 4.5−8 mm long, base glabrous or hairy. awn geniculate i.s., 8−13 mm long. pedicelled spikelets well-developed; lower glumes glandular. anthers ca. 2 mm long. distribution. continental se asia: laos (champassak (“bassac”), thailand (e: nakhon ratchasima; central: saraburi; se: chanthaburi, prachin buri, sa kaeo); vietnam (prov.: binh phuoc, dak lac (“darlac”). habitat. open deciduous for est, savannahs, marshy places with acanthaceae, impatiens, ischaemum, labiatae, 100−700 m alt. specimen examined. laos, champassak (“bassac”), thorel 2494 (p). thailand, sa kaeo, aran pratet, put 1981 (k, p) notes. notwithstanding ms. camus’ (1955) and schmid’s (1958; “schmidiana”) remarks, the difference from i. schmidii a. camus (which could not be found in p) is not clear to me. the two species may be distinguished as follows: a. leaf blades 9−10 cm long, apex acuminate. involucral spikelets with lower glumes glabrous. anthers ca. 2.5 mm long......... i. schmidii b. leaf blades 20−34 cm long, apex acute. involucral spikelets with keels of the lower glumes pilose in the lower half. anthers ca. 2 mm long .............................................. i. thorelii roberty (1960), apparently based on a syntype in g, equated i. thorelii with i. laxum auct. non hack. (= i. hackelii u.b. shrestha & gandhi). acknowledgements this revision is based on the material in bo and l. the herbaria of bish, k, mel, pnh, ptbg, sing were visited and their directors and keepers are much thanked for their hospitality and access to their specimens. references andersson, n. j. 1856. monographiae andropogonearum. i. anthistirieae. nova a cta regiae societatis scientiarum upsaliensis, iii, 2: 231, 250 – 253. bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. 1883. genera plantarum 3: 1136. reeve & co; williams & norgate, london. bor, n.l. 1960. the grasses of burma, ceylon, india and pakistan (excluding bambuseae). international series of monographs on pure and applied biology. division: botany 1: 187−189. bor, n.l. 1960. the grasses of burma, ceylon, india and pakistan (excluding bambuseae). international series of monographs on pure and applied biology. division: botany 1: 187−189. camus, a. 1918. note sur le genre iseilema (graminées). bulletin du muséum d’histoire naturelle (paris)24: 540−541. camus, a. 1922. iseilema. in: lecomte, m. h. flore générale de l’ indo-chine 7: 365−366, t. 37, f. 6−8. masson & cie, paris. camus, a. 1955. andropogonées nouvelles du cambodge et du vietnam. journal d’agriculture tropicale et de botanique appliquée. 2: 201−202. 2016] 127 veldkamp: a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia clayton, w. d. & renvoize, s. a. 1986. genera graminum. kew bulletin, a dditional series 13: 335, 360−361. cope, t. a. 1982. poaceae. in: nasir, e. & ali, s. i. flora of pakistan 143: 315. department of botany, university of karachi, pakistan; national herbarium, pakistan agricultural research council, islamabad, pakistan. duthie, j. f. 1886. illustrations of the indigenous fodder grasses of the plains of north-western india 1: t. 28. duthie, j. f. 1888. the fodder grasses of northern india: 43. thomason civil engineering college press, roorkee. edgeworth, m. p. 1851. catalogue of plants found in the banda district 1847-49: 58, preprint of asiat. j. 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(poaceae; andropogoneae), with emphasis on the circumscription of the south american species. a merican journal of botany. 102: 248−263. wight, r. 1834. catalogue of indian plants: 100. wight, london. willdenow, c. l. 1806. species plantarum, ed. 4, 4, 2: 901−902. nauk, berlin. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id> or in our website: http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/ index. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia 2941-6139-1-sm_1-1 2941-6139-1-sm_2-2 2941-6139-1-sm_3-3 2941-6139-1-sm_4-4 2947-6151-2-pb 2941-6139-1-sm_18-18 2941-6139-1-sm_19-19 2941-6139-1-sm_20-20 2941-6139-1-sm_21-21 reinwardtia 2019 18 (1) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 10/e/kpt/2019 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 18 (1): 1 – 50, june 28, 2019 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) eka fatmawati tihurua (morphologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary ruslan bukhori layout liana astuti illustrators wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: begonia mattampensis ardi & d.c.thomas spec. nov. (§ petermannia). top left: habit. top right: stipules. below left: male inflorescence. middle: male flower & female flower. below right: fruit & ovary cross section (middle part). photos: w.h. ardi. http://blog.sivitas.lipi.go.id/ekaf001/ the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 18(1): eizi suzuki, kagoshima university, japan mark hughes, royal botanic garden edinburgh, united kingdom frédéric danet, jardin botanique de la ville de lyon, france barry j. conn, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia michele rodda, singapore botanic gardens, singapore mark newman, royal botanic garden edinburgh, united kingdom reinwardtia vol. 18. no. 1. pp: 27‒30 doi: 10.14203/reinwardtia.v18i1.3700 27 rhododendron widjajae (ericaceae, section schistanthe) a new species from sulawesi received september 26, 2018; accepted march 12, 2019 george argent† royal botanic garden edinburgh, 20a inverleith row, edinburgh eh35lr, scotland, united kingdom. email: g.argent@rbge.org.uk yasper michael mambrasar herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: michael_mambrasar@yahoo.com abstract argent, g. & mambrasar, y. m. 2019. rhododendron widjajae (ericaceae, section schistanthe) a new species from sulawesi. reinwardtia 18(1): 27‒30. — a new species of rhododendron section schistanthe (= subgenus vireya) is described, rhododendron widjajae argent & mambrasar. it is compared with the two most similar species and the differences demonstrated. key words: er icaceae, indonesia, mt. mekongga, new species, rhododendron, sulawesi. abstrak argent, g. & mambrasar, y. m. 2019. rhododendron widjajae (ericaceae, seksi schistanthe) satu jenis baru dari sulawesi. reinwardtia 18(1): 27‒30. — satu jenis baru rhododendron seksi schistanthe (= submarga v ireya), dipertelakan sebagai rhododendron widjajae argent & mambrasar. jenis baru ini dibandingkan dengan dua jenis yang hampir mirip dan dijelaskan perbedaannya. kata kunci: er icaceae, gunung mekongga, indonesia, jenis bar u, r hododendron, sulawesi. introduction of the three subgenera known from the malesian region: hymenanthes (blume) k.koch, (without scales); tsutsutsi (g.don) pojarkpva (with multicellular lamina hairs) and v ireya clarke, the present new species clearly belongs in subgenus v ireya with its multicellular, stellate, (not laminar) scales. rhododendrons of subgenus vireya is a very large subgenus of 324 described species (sleumer, 1966; argent, 2015; james & argent, 2017) and many more are to be expected from the still poorly botanically explored regions of indonesia. sulawesi with 28 species (29 including the present one) is the third richest island after new guinea to the east with 171 (121 in the indonesian part) and borneo in the west with 56 species. rhododendron widjajae ar gent & mambrasar, spec. nov. ─ type: indonesia, sulawesi, s.e. sulawesi, north kolaka regency, rante angin subdistrict, near tinukari village. 03°39´51.8"s, 121°14´12.3"e, 2,658 m asl, 26 november 2010, widjaja et al. 9370 (holotype: bo!). fig. 1 & 2. diagnosis. similar to rhododendron pseudobuxifolium sleumer in its size of flower. it differs in having twigs which are without the short hairs of that species; in having pedicels without simple hairs and the corolla is sparsely scaley outside not glabrous and glabrous inside, not shortly hairy. superficially similar to r. celebicum (blume) dc. but smaller and significantly differing from that species by the hairy filaments and ovary. shrub. twigs laxly scaly, from a smooth surface, the scales flattened with a broad ribbed flange, without simple hairs. leaves in tight pseudowhorls 5‒7 together; blade elliptic to sub-elliptic-obovate, 20‒25 × 6‒8 mm, apex broadly pointed, sometimes apiculate; margin weakly crenulate, with impressed scales in the pits of the crenulations distally, strongly revolute proximally, more narrowly and less strongly so distally; base tapering and shortly decurrent into the petiole. scales adaxially laxly distributed and extremely caducous leaving a glabrescent surface; abaxially laxly distributed, somewhat impressed in small depressions, sub-circular to weakly stellately lobed, the centres small, with a broad distinctly ribbed flange; mid-vein narrowly impressed above in the proximal half of the leaf, then level with the blade surface, broadly raised beneath proximally but tapering rapidly and slender distally; lateral veins not visible. petiole 2‒6 × ca. 1 mm, flattened, grooved above, laxly scaly. flower buds http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v18i1.3700 reinwardtia 28 [vol.18 fig. 1. rhododendron widjajae argent & mambrasar, spec.nov. a. branch showing habit of flowers. b. flower. c. corolla opened out. d. stamen. e. pistil. from widjaja et al. 9370 (bo), drawn by wahyudi santoso (bo). argent & mambrasar: rhododendron widjajae, a new species from sulawesi 2019] 29 not seen unopened. bracts: the outer narrowly ovate with sharply acute apices, minutely hairy outside and with densely overlapping scales along the margins and in the distal half abaxially. inner bracts and bracteoles not seen. flowers solitary or three together, hanging. pedicels 14 × 0.5 mm, laxly scaley, more densely scaly at the distal 1 mm, without simple hairs. calyx a low disk, densely scaly outside. corolla 35 × 30 mm, orange; tube 25 × 4 × 8 mm, straight, laxly scaly outside, glabrous inside; lobes 5, spreading, 18 × 8 mm, subspathulate. stamens 10 to 25 mm long, fig. 2. rhododendron widjajae argent & mambrasar, spec.nov. photograph of the living plant from type location. photos: elizabeth a. widjaja. a b reinwardtia 30 [vol.18 clustered on the upper side of the mouth of the corolla; filaments 24 mm, laxly hairy with irregularly spreading hairs in the proximal half, glabrous distally, linear but slightly broader towards the base; anthers 2 × 1 mm oblongoid, without tails, smooth. disc glabrous except densely white-hairy on a narrow upper margin. ovary 5 × 2 mm, densely covered with white, appressed distally pointing hairs which obscure the small scales except at the distal end; style subdensely hairy with irregularly pointing hairs in the proximal half, glabrous distally; stigma ca. 1.25 mm diameter, placed on the upper side of the mouth. fruit not seen. distribution. presently only known from the type locality. habitat and ecology. mt. mekongga is a volcanic peak rising to 2,779 m in the north-west part of south east sulawesi. this new species was collected in the sub-alpine area at 2,658 m asl. which is close to the summit (2,779 m). this area is described as: jagged limestone karst and the rhododendron was probably an epiphyte. the associated species have not been recorded but will no doubt have been semi-open dwarf shrubs. conservation status. data deficient. the habitat of rhododendron widjajae is on the sub alpine area. mt. mekongga recently has been designated as protected forest by indonesia ministry of environment and forestry. but the status of mt. mekongga not include to conservation area like nature conservation or national park (kartonegoro, 2014). the damage habitat is likely to be caused more by fire than from lightning. etymology. named in honour of prof. elizabeth a. widjaja, former senior researcher at the herbarium bogoriense and joint collector of this species for her contribution to indonesian botany. notes. rhododendron widjajae was collected on the ‘mekonga expedition’ as rhododendron species ‘2’. there appear to be no duplicates. this species keys to r. pseudobuxifolium in argent 2015, but have some different characters. the ridged flanges to the leaf scales are another significant feature of this species. acknowledgements collected on the mekonga expedition which was a collaboration between the university of california, davis and lipi, department of forestry-itb under the agreement number iu01tw008160. we are grateful to prof. elizabeth a. widjaja for helpful comments regarding the collection of this species. we also thank to wahyudi santoso for preparing the illustration. the first author would like to acknowledge funding from sibbald trust for the visit to the herbarium bogoriense where this species was studied. references argent, g. 2015. rhododendrons of subgenus vireya 2 nd ed. royal botanic garden edinburgh. james, s. & argent, g. 2017. rhododendron stanleyi s.james & argent. a new rhododendron species (ericaceae subgenus vireya) from papua new guinea. edinburgh journal of botany 74 (2): 163–168. kartonegoro, a. 2014. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekonga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described. reinwardtia 14 (1): 1–11. sleumer, h. (1966). rhododendron. in: van steenis, c. g. g. j. (ed.). flora malesiana i (6): 474–668. (wolters-noordhoff: groningen). instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. a merican j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings : temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional. pp. 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t., inoue, t., kohyama, t., osaki, m., simbolon, h., tachibana, h., takahashi, h., tanaka, n., yabe, k. (eds.). proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. (eds.). genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis] . website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 18. no. 1. 2019 contents nur muhammad heriyanto, ismayadi samsoedin & kuswata kartawinata. tree species diversity, structural characteristics and carbon stock in a one-hectare plot of the protection forest area in west lampung regency, indonesia …….……………………………………………………..….……………………………...……... 1 wisnu h. ardi & daniel c. thomas. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from south sulawesi, indonesia, and an augmented description of begonia bonthainensis ……...………………..………….…...………... 19 george argent & yasper michael mambrasar. rhododendron widjajae (ericaceae, section schistanthe) a new species from sulawesi …………..……………………………………………………….…………………...... 27 marlina ardiyani & axel dalberg poulsen. an update of the genus etlingera (zingiberaceae) in sulawesi including the description of a new species ….………………………………………………….…….……… 31 sri rahayu & inggit puji astuti. hoya decipulae (apocynaceae, a sclepiadoideae), a new species from sumatra …………………………………………………………………………………………………...……….……. 43 reinwardtia is a accredited journal (10/e/kpt/2019) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia 0. front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia 18(1) 3-g argent & m mambrasar (27-30) 0. daftar isi reinwardtia 18(1) r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 2, pp. 183 — 185 (1975) a new species of cymbopogon spreng. (gramineae) from burma soejatmi soenarko department of botany, university of beading, reading, england * abstract an illustrated description of the new species cymbopogon mandalaiaensis s. soenarko is presented and it is compared with the closely related species c. nervatus (hochst.) chiov. and c. clandestinus (steud.) stapf. abstrak suatu pertelaan bergambar daripada jenis baru cymbopogon mandalaiaensis s. soenarko disajikan dan jenis ini dibandingkan dengan kerabat dekatnya c. nervatus (hochst.) chiov. dan c. clandestinus (steud.) stapf. during my study on the systematics of the genus cymbopogon spreng. (gramineae) in the department of botany, university of reading, reading, and in the herbarium of the royal botanic gardens, kew, england, i have found some specimens from burma which were wrongly identified as c. nervatus (hochst.) chiov. they are considered to belong to a new species which is described below. i am grateful to prof. v. h. heywood (reading) and dr. w. d. clayton (kew) for supervising my study and in helping with the latin description. cymbopogon mandalaiaensis s. soenarko, sp. nov. — fig. 1 c. clandestinus (steud.) stapf affinis, sed spiculis glabris et gluma mferiore spiculae sessilis longitudinaliter profunde sulcata, vitulis oleiferis in lateribus utrisque sulci praedita, differt. typus: u thein lwin 94 (k). perennial or annual; culm erect or geniculate, up to 120 cm high, often solitary, glabrous, nodes swollen, with stilt roots at the lower nodes. leaf-blades rigid, 9 mm wide, smooth, rounded at the base. leaf-sheaths present address: herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia. — 183 — 184 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 fig. 1. cymbopogon mandalaiaensis s.soenarko inflorescences (holotype, k). 1975] soenarko: cymbopogon mandalaiaensis 185 glabrous. ligule subchartaceous, 5 mm long. spathate panicle erect, narrow and often interrupted, about 50 cm long, with loose branches; spatheole 27 mm long, subchartaceous, glabrous; peduncle slender, stout. racemes 22 mm long; lower raceme-base and lowermost pedicel more or less swollen, almost glabrous; rhachis internodes and pedicels pilose along the margins, glabrous on the back. sessile spikelet 4.5 mm long; lower glume lanceolate, 0.8 mm wide, subchartaceous, with deep median groove, nerveless or 2-nerved, with brown oil-marks along the nerves, broadly winged, glabrous; upper glume glabrous, membrano-chartaceous, rounded on the back; awn more or less 22 mm long. pedicellate spikelet 4.5 mm long, glabrous; lower glume narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 1.2 mm wide, acuminate, glabrous; upper glume membrano-chartaceous. habitat : grasslands in dry places. distribution: endemic to mandalay, burma. this species was identified by bor (in j. bomb. nat. hist. soc. 52: 150. 1954) as c. nervatus (hochst.) chiov. from east africa. it has the lower glume of the sessile spikelet similar to that of c. nervatus, having oil-marks along both sides of the median groove, and stilts roots at the base of the culm. however it differs from c. nervatus in small but numerous characters. in c. mandalaiaensis the median groove is deep, corresponding to a keel inside similar to that of c. martinii (roxb.) stapf, whilst in c. nervatus it is very shallow. the leaf-blades in this new species are rigid and rounded at the base; the lower glume of the sessile spikelet is broadly winged; and the awn is much longer than that of c. nervatus, which is only 14—15 mm long. in appearance it closely resembles c. clandestinus (steud.) stapf, but the latter has hairy spikelets and no oil-marks. both species are endemic to mandalay district of upper burma. burma. mandalay. tatkon, 7.xi.1928, d. rhind 928 (k); ibid., 28.xi.1921, u ba thein i (k) ; allanmujo, 3.xi.1939, u thein lwin 94 (k, holotype); mimbu steamer ghat, dec. 1908, j. mckenna & i.h. burkill 31551 (k); maklaing, 17.xi.1928. e.b. minus (k). rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_02 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_03 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 15(2): david simpson, herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk herwasono soedjito, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein, robert j. kibbee library, kingsborough community college, new york, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, 1400 lake shore drive, chicago, usa mark hughes royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), indonesia siti nur hidayati middle tennessee state university, tennessee, usa soejatmi dransfield herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk wong khoon meng singapore botanic garden, singapore reinwardtia vol 15, no 2, pp: 81 − 98 81 growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities stimulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach received 16 february, 2016; accepted 22 september, 2016 dian latifah center for plant conservation-bogor botanic garden, indonesian institute of sciences (lipi) jln. ir. h.juanda no. 13, bogor, indonesia 16122. email: dian005@lipi.go.id robert a. congdon college of marine & environmental sciences, james cook university, james cook drv, townsville, queensland, australia 4811. email: robert.congdon@jcu.edu.au joseph a. holtum college of marine & environmental sciences, james cook university, james cook drv, townsville, queensland, australia 4811. email: joseph.holtum@jcu.edu.au abstract latifah, d., congdon, r. a. & holtum, j. a. 2016. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities stimulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach. reinwardtia 15(2): 81 – 98. — palms (arecaceae) mainly grow in rainforests and many occur in disturbed areas like canopy gaps created by natural disturbances such as cyclones in australia. knowledge of seedling growth in different light intensities is essential to assist rainforest restoration in disturbed or marginal lands. the aim of this research was to investigate the effects of different light intensities on the seedling growth of a renga australasica (h. wendl. & drude) s. t. blake ex h. e. moore, calamus australis mart., c. moti f. m. bailey, hydriastele wendlandiana (f. muell.) h. wendl. & drude and licuala ramsayi (f. muell.) h. wendl. & drude. seedling growth experiments (pot trials) were conducted in a glass house using shade cloth providing four different levels of shading: 59, 29, 17 and 6% sunlight. the growth rate, leaf turnover, leaf area, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a:b ratio, vigor, above-ground and below-ground biomass and growth indices (lar, sla and lwr) of palm seedlings were measured. as a result of these measurements the relative shade tolerance of the five species was determined. the seedlings of a renga australasica were classified as intermediate-shade intolerant species. hydriastele wendlandiana seedlings were shade-intolerant. calamus australis and c. moti seedlings are intermediate-shade intolerant. licuala ramsayi seedlings were found to be a shade-tolerant. key words: growth, light, palms, restoration, seedling. abstrak latifah, d., congdon, r. a. & holtum, j. a. 2016. respon pertumbuhan semai palem terhadap variasi intensitas cahaya sebagai manipulasi kondisi bukaan kanopi dengan pendekatan ekofisiologi. reinwardtia 15(2): 81 – 98. — palem (arecaceae) merupakan komponen utama di hutan hujan tropis. banyak jenis palem tumbuh di hutan hujan tropis yang telah mengalami kerusakan dengan banyak bukaan kanopi seperti akibat bencana alam siklon di australia. pengetahuan tentang pertumbuhan semai pada kondisi intensitas cahaya yang berbeda sangat penting untuk diaplikasikan pada restorasi hutan dan lahan-lahan rusak yang terbuka atau marjinal. tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh berbagai intensitas cahaya terhadap pertumbuhan semai palem a renga australasica, (h. wendl. & drude) s. t. blake ex h. e. moore, calamus australis mart., c. moti f. m. bailey, hydriastele wendlandiana (f. muell.) h. wendl. & drude dan licuala ramsayi (f. muell.) h. wendl. & drude. percobaan pertumbuhan semai dalam pot dilakukan di rumah kaca yang diberi paranet dengan empat tingkatan naungan yakni: 59, 29, 17 dan 6% cahaya. variabel-variabel yang diamati meliputi kecepatan pertumbuhan, kecepatan pergantian daun, luas helaian daun, klorofil total, perbandingan klorofil a/b, vigor, biomasa dan indeks pertumbuhan tajuk dan akar, lar, sla dan lwc. hasil menunjukkan kategori toleransi yang berbeda dari semai lima jenis palem terhadap naungan. semai a renga australasica serta rotan c. australis dan c. moti termasuk dalam kelompok jenis tidak tahan naungan tingkat sedang. semai hydriastele wendlandiana termasuk kategori tidak tahan naungan. sedangkan l. ramsayi tergolong tahan naungan. kata kunci: cahaya, palem, pertumbuhan, restorasi, semai. introduction most palm species, in australia, occur in rainforest habitats in northern australia. tropical cyclones are primary ecological drivers in northern australia including north queensland, as cyclones impact this region each year between november and may. turton (2008) suggested that the rainforests in the region may be frequently affected by cyclones and become adapted to cyclonic disturbances. cyclonic disturbance creates canopy gaps of differing size and various kinds of damage from minor stripping of foliage to large windthrows. canopy gaps are important in promoting reinwardtia 82 [vol.15 plant regeneration in most plant communities (bullock, 2000). following cyclones that create canopy gaps, adult palms of several species flourish and their populations become denser. this is evident from studies of calamus australis (webb, 1958), licuala ramsayi (gorman, 1996), prestoea montana (frangi & lugo, 1998) and a rchontophoenix alexandrae (dowe, 2009). dransfield (1979) and manokaran (1985) suggested that seedling of c. manan grows slowly in the understorey until a canopy gap is formed. clearly, these studies show the importance of studying regeneration strategies with respect to the changing light environments in rainforests. however, seedling survival under varying light intensities is generally inexactly resolved for palm species. palm tree seedlings trap light to perform photosynthesis that produces biomass. in natural conditions, they have traits that enable them to adapt to a range of light environments from high to low light, reflecting the various habitats where they are found, from rainforest understoreys to the canopy or large gaps (atwell et al., 1999). therefore, their traits reflect their adaptive characteristics or responses to changing biotic or abiotic environment. this research investigated the responses of palm seedlings under different light intensities based on the growth responses in both shadetolerant and shade-intolerant plants found from previous studies. specifically, the research determined the variations in the adaptive growth responses according to the tolerance of seedlings to levels of sunlight in the two extremes of (1) shade-tolerant, low-light tolerant or shade plants, and (2) shade-intolerant, high-light tolerant or sun plants (poorter & boot, 1998). many plants exhibit intermediate states on the gradient between these two extremes (atwell et al.,1999). plant adaptations are defined by larcher (2003) in a broad perspective; these types of adaptation (which are not mutually exclusive) are: ‘modulative adaptations (functional flexibility)’, ‘modificative adaptations (phenotypic plasticity)’ and ‘evolutionary adaptation (genotypic plasticity)’. the latter, which, reflects ‘ecological differentiation’ as a result of ‘selection and adaptability’, results in plants adapted to dim-light, shade, intermediate light and strong-light (larcher, 2003). indeed, many plants tolerate a range of light environments (anderson et al.,1988). ‘the reaction norm’ of a plant is genetically confined (larcher, 2003) i.e. shade plants can adapt to high light intensities but not as well as the genetically adapted sun plants. the extent of tolerance reflects the presence of adaptive traits and these traits are expressed by competitors present at a site. the traits characteristics of shade and sun plants that contribute to species success in canopy gaps, which were examined in this study, are growth rate, leaf turnover, leaf area, leaf mass, allocation of resources to root or shoot biomass and chlorophyll content, including chlorophyll a:b ratio. sun plants can achieve faster growth rates than shade plants when light is not limited (popma & bongers, 1988). in this study, growth rate was determined as changes in seedling height over time. as palm seedlings lack stems, seedling height refers to the elongation of petioles and leaf blades. dransfield (1979) and manokaran (1985) found that the seedlings of c. manan grow very slowly in the rainforest understorey until a canopy gap forms, at which time the seedlings grow faster. the canopy gap formation can also be associated with local increases in nutrient levels (chow et al., 1988). in another study, the height of seven rainforest tree seedlings (non palms) was lower under lower light intensities than those under higher light intensities (poorter & boot, 1998). sun plants may show faster turnover of leaves than shade plants. poorter and boot (1998) reported that the leaf turnover for tree seedlings of seven rainforest species (non palms) increased with light intensity. an experimental defoliation of sabal palmetto, conducted by mcpherson and williams (1998), showed that young seedlings had large resources of carbon that allowed them to survive defoliation and periods of stress. seedlings under a shady environment deal with the problem of predation (herbivory) by allocating an increased proportion of resources to defence (larcher, 2003), including high leaf turnover, which decreases leaf longevity of some rainforest tree seedlings (poorter & boot, 1998). leaf area may be expected to increase in response to decreasing light availability and to increase the surface area for light interception for photosynthesis, as is evident in tropical-rainforest species such as amphitecna tuxlensis, cecropia obtusifolia, cordia megalantha, myriocarpa longipes and psychotria simiarum (popma & bongers, 1988). however, non-palm rainforest tree species studied by poorter and boot (1998), cecropia sp., schizolobium amazonicum, cedrela odorata, amburana cearensis, astronium lecointei, tetragastris altissima and theobroma speciosum, reduced their leaf area with decreasing light availability, as leaf area might have increased up to a point above which the required increase in leaf area for capturing limited light would not be efficient. plant traits such as total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a:b ratios are exhibited in several ways under varying light intensities. plants produce more chlorophyll a per unit mesophyll volume under high light intensity, for example in canopy gaps, in response to the increased availability of sunlight of high spectral quality (chow et al., 1988). moreover, there is a tendency 2016] 83 latifah et al. : growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities stimulating canopy gaps for shade-adapted plants to have relatively more chlorophyll b, relative to chlorophyll a, in response to the changed spectral quality in the understorey. chlorophyll a:b ratios are species dependent; in general, the leaves of most green plants contain three times as much chlorophyll a as chlorophyll b (raven et al., 1999). the chlorophyll a:b ratio changes with changing light regime, reflecting changes in resource allocation to psi and psii of photosynthesis, as different chl a:b ratios are involved in each photosystem (raven et al., 1999). leaf mass, above-ground biomass, belowground biomass and root:shoot ratio were measured to examine resource allocation. leaf mass is the dry weight of leaf blades; while aboveground biomass included both leaf blades and petioles (palm seedlings lack stems), which relates to the weight of total photosynthetic materials. the responses of biomass to different light intensities have been investigated in previous studies. an increase in light intensity can lead to increased leaf mass in some tropical rainforest trees (popma & bongers, 1988). however, the increase in leaf mass may decline in response to decreasing light availability (due to light competition under canopy gaps) where a further increase in leaf area would be uneconomic (poorter & boot, 1998). the root:shoot ratio reflects the allocation of resources: the energy, nutrient, support and water demands of the plant. these traits are related to water and soil nutrient uptake as canopy gaps can also be associated with local increases in nutrient levels (lambers et al., 1998). other growth indices considered in this study were leaf area ratio (lar), specific leaf area (sla) and leaf weight ratio (lwr). lar is the total leaf area of a plant divided by its dry weight (atwell et al., 1999). the ratio is useful because it relates total photosynthetic to total respiratory material, thereby giving information concerning the plant’s available energy balance. an increase in lar in response to a decrease in light intensity suggests that total photosynthetic material is more than total respiratory material in order to maximise harvesting light to undertake photosynthesis. sla is the leaf area per unit dry mass of the leaves (atwell et al., 1999). ten non-palm rainforest species exhibited lower sla under more shaded conditions (popma & bongers, 1988), as in an environment where light is limited, it is an advantage to not increase leaf area more than required. sla is an indirect measure of the return on investments in a productive organ. it is indirect as leaf dry mass costs per unit leaf area generally increase with leaf size; the return on investment (i.e. light capture) thus decreases as leaf size increases. this probably occurs because of the different biomass distribution between productive and support tissues in large, compared to small, leaves. however, the increase in leaf area is limited in an energy-limited system (i.e. limited light environment), where leaf area might increase up to a point above which the required increase in sla would be uneconomic. lwr is the fraction of total plant weight allocated to leaves. the eudicot quercus pagoda showed a high lwr under a small canopy gap with 27% sunlight or a shaded-environment with 8% sunlight (gardiner & hodges, 1998). this indicates that the proportion of biomass allocated to leaves is higher than the proportion of biomass distributed to the total plant. glass house trials on seedling growth in different light intensities were undertaken to investigate the effects of canopy gaps created in the field following cyclonic disturbance. the trials aimed to determine the effects of different light intensities on growth rate, leaf turnover, leaf area, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a:b ratio, vigor, above-ground and below-ground biomass and growth indices (lar, sla and lwr) of palm seedlings. the hypothesis tested is that growth responses vary between different species of palm seedlings under different levels of shade, and this reflects their adaptation to changes in light conditions caused by disturbance to the forest canopy. the varying growth responses reflect different survival strategies. seedlings adapted to disturbance are predicted to grow better under higher levels of sunlight and will show features of shade intolerance, whilst species that are not adapted to disturbance will grow better under shade and show features of shade tolerance. however, there may also be species whose seedlings are adapted to a range of light intensities. palms adapted to a wide range of light intensities may allocate resources differently between the traits. it is, therefore, hypothesized that the growth responses will differ, reflecting different allocations of resources for survival strategies. shade intolerant palms will show increased growth rates, vigor, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a:b ratios and biomass under higher levels of sunlight, whilst shade tolerant species will show less of a decline in these variables under higher levels of shade. materials and methods location the experiments were conducted using pot trials in a glass house located in the douglas campus of james cook university, townsville, from the fourth week of august 2008 to the first week of january 2010. the glass house was orientated north-south, and inside the average daily maximum temperature was 39.10 ± 0.63 ºc (dry season, 33 readings) and 41.90 ± 1.40 ºc (wet season, 32 readings); average minimum was reinwardtia 84 [vol.15 17.60 ± 1.40 ºc (dry season, 33 readings) and 23.50 ± 0.84 ºc (wet season, 32 readings) measured with a maximum-minimum thermometer over the full period of the experiment (the glass house is not climate-controlled so it has windows with wire-ventilations). the light levels inside the glass house, measured with a licor quantum sensor when the sky was clear during midday, was 893 µmol quanta m-2 s-1 or 59% sunlight when compared to 1523 µmol quanta m-2 s-1 outside. materials the five study species represent different growth habits and taxonomic groups: arenga australasica (collection locality: palmetum, townsville); calamus australis and c. moti (tam o’shanter/djiru national park, mission beach and paluma); hydriastele wendlandiana and licuala ramsayi tam o’shanter/djiru national park, mission beach). the materials collected and used for this research were seedlings except a . australasica. the seedling stage was defined as the stage from the expansion of the first seedling leaf to when the leaves divided into 30 leaf elements (leaflets) or less and the height was 2.0 m or less. this definition is consistent with that of a related solitary palm, archontophoenix alexandrae (dowe, 2009). the concept of what constitutes the seedling stage was also based on tomlinson (1990) and henderson (2002). tomlinson (1990) described the vegetative and reproductive development of palms in five steps involving gradual and smooth transitions: embryo, seedling, establishment phase, mature/adult vegetative and mature/adult reproductive phases. henderson (2002) considered the palm development phases to be the seedling phase, juvenile phase and reproductive phase. both agree that the seed phase, which may include seed dormancy, should not be considered as a developmental phase. the experiment starting date varied between species depending on the size of the seedlings. they were placed on one bench (28% sunlight) to allow them to acclimate to the conditions and to develop to a uniform size. they were then placed on the treatment benches to begin the experiment. the seedlings of a . australasica obtained from sprouted seeds (and having 1 eophyll when the new sprouts were transplanted) were ready to be moved to the treatment benches when they had produced 2 3 eophylls. c. australis had 4 leaves with 4 6 leaflets, c. moti had 1 4 leaves with 4 leaflets, h. wendlandiana had 2 4 leaves with 2 bifid leaves and l. ramsayi had 2 eophylls. these four species were placed on the treatment benches when they produced at least one new shoot. plastic pots were 22 cm (height) × 15 cm (diameter) and the growth medium was a commercial sandy loam (bedrock landscaping supplies (qld) pty ltd). commercial shade cloth with four different levels of shading were used for the light intensity treatments. par (photosynthetically active radiation) was measured with a licor quantum sensor under each level of shade for light treatments. research methods the light environment can be simulated under experimental conditions to simulate natural low and high light conditions. for example, atwell et al. (1999) used three levels of light, weak (30 µmol quanta m-2 s-1), medium (130 µmol quanta m-2 s-1) and strong (535 µmol quanta m-2 s-1), to examine growth responses to light in flindersia brayleyana (intermediate), toona australis (sun-loving) and argyrodendron sp. and a. trifoliolatum (shadeadapted). they considered low light to be less than 100 µmol quanta m-2 s-1, high light to be about 1000 µmol quanta m-2 s-1 and full sunlight to be about 2000 µmol quanta m-2 s-1. gardiner and hodges (1998) used four different light intensities to investigate their effects on the growth of quercus pagoda. based on these previous studies, four different light intensities were used in order to reflect the variation in light intensities found in natural forests subject to different levels of disturbance: 59, 29, 17 and 6% relative to full sunlight, which were equivalent to 893 (high), 447 (medium to high), 265 (medium) and 99 (low) µmol quanta m-2 s-1 respectively. a completely randomized research design for a glasshouse experiment was applied based on gasperz (1991). the arrangement of the five study species (a. australasica, c. australis, c. moti, h. wendlandiana, and l. ramsayi) was randomized between the four shade treatments. the seedlings and the position of the treatment benches and five study species were randomised in the beginning of the experiment. the arrangement of the treatments was spaced so as to avoid shading from adjacent benches. the number of replicates in each experiment varied depending on seedling availability and survivorship during the acclimatisation period. for c. australis there was nine replicates; c. moti seven replicates and for the other study species 15 replicates in each treatment. as sufficient sprouted seeds of all species were not available from the separate germination experiments (latifah et al., 2014), seedlings were obtained from the fields (c. australis, c. moti and l. ramsayi were collected from tam o’shanter/djiru national park; h. wendlandiana was collected from kurrimine beach national park) for all species except a . australasica. growth rate was quantified by determining the change in the seedling height over time. the seedling height was measured every three weeks. the height was measured by lifting the leaf upright. 2016] 85 latifah et al. : growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities stimulating canopy gaps leaf turnover was measured as a leaf dynamic variable. the number of leaves produced and shed was recorded every three weeks. thus, the leaf turnover is a rate coefficient indicating how fast senesced leaves were replaced by new leaves; defined by poorter and boot (1998) as ‘the rate at which the leaf pool in the plant crown is replaced’. leaf turnover (lt) was calculated as follows: lt = clp + cll tl where, clp = the cumulative leaf production – the number of leaves produced during the experiment period; cll = cumulative leaf loss; the total number of leaves lost during the experiment period. in the current experiment coefficients ranged between 0 and 2. for instance, when the leaf turnover is 1, it demonstrates that when the seedling had shed one leaf, one new leaf was produced; and tl = the total number of leaves, including the fully open productive leaves and leaves which had been dying or become senescent. tl = clp + lw1 where, lw1 = number of functional leaves at the beginning of the experiment. the chlorophyll content was determined at the end of the experiment, according to the method of marr et al. (1995). three circular subsamples were excised from the youngest fully expanded leaf using a cork borer (diameter = 6.9 mm, total area = 112.2 mm2). a minimum of 3 replicates were taken and weighed to determine mass (mg). each sample containing three subsamples was ground with about 2 ml of ice-cold 80% acetone and a pinch of acid-washed sand. this sample was then transferred to a centrifuge tube, made up to 4 ml with acetone, then centrifuged at 5000 × g for 5 min. the absorbance at 645, 663 and 750 nm was determined in a spectrophotometer (spectramax plus 384, m3 molecular devices). background absorbance was corrected by subtracting the reading at 750 nm from each of the a663 and a645 readings, and these corrected absorbance readings were used for the following calculations: total chlorophyll (mg l-1) = 20.2 a645 + 8.02 a663 chlorophyll a (mg l-1) = 12.7 a663 – 2.69 a645 chlorophyll b (mg l-1) = 22.9 a645 – 4.68 a663 chlorophyll (mg sample-1) = chlorophyll (mg l-1) * (v/1000) where v is leaf extract volume in ml chlorophyll (ng mm-2)=chlorophyll (ng sample-2) / 112.2(mm2) seedling vigor was assessed to determine whether they were either (1) vigorous or likely to survive, or (2) moribund and unlikely to survive. seedlings were categorized as vigorous when the number of senesced leaves was less than 50% of total leaves. the assessment was made at the middle (after 35 weeks in a. australasica, 47 weeks in c. australis and c. moti, and 34 weeks in h. wendlandiana and l. ramsayi) and end of the experiment (70 weeks in a . australasica, 94 weeks in c. australis and c. moti, and 67 weeks in h. wendlandiana and l. ramsayi). vegetative biomass is accumulated in shoots (leaves and petioles in palm seedlings) and roots, as no significant stem biomass was produced during the course of the experiment. leaf mass, leaf area, final above-ground and below-ground biomass, leaf area ratio (lar), specific leaf area (sla), leaf weight ratio (lwr) and root:shoot ratio (rsr) were determined at the end of the experiment from the harvested biomass. data analysis the effects of different treatments on the changes in seedling height over time, leaf turnover, vegetative biomass and chlorophyll contents were determined by computing the 95% confidence interval for the mean of population (µ): mean ± [t(0.025,df)×sem] the values from the equation above were plotted in graphs with the error bars corresponding to a 95% confidence interval. only the significant treatment effects of light intensities on the changes in seedling height overtime are displayed in graphs for a clear presentation (fig. 1). to estimate the growth rate, regression analyses were used whenever the regressions were significant at the 95% confidence level (p < 0.05) (miles & shevlin, 2001; steel & torrie, 1980). spss version 17.0 was used for the analyses. results vegetative growth the palm seedlings showed distinct responses at varying periods of time (fig. 1). arenga australasica and c. australis grew better under intermediate light intensities (17 and 29% sunlight) (fig. 1a & b). a faster growth rate was also shown by c. moti under 17% sunlight (fig. 1c). hydriastele wendlandiana grew more rapidly in higher light intensities i.e. intermediate to high light intensities, 17–59% sunlight (fig. 1d). licuala ramsayi grew better under low than high light intensities (fig. 1e). reinwardtia 86 [vol.15 fig. 1. the changes in seedling heights of (a) a . australasica over 70 weeks, (b) c. australis and (c) c. moti over 94 weeks, (d) h. wendlandiana and (e) l. ramsayi over 67 weeks under the 59 ( ), 29 ( ◊ ), 17 ( ∆ ) and 6 ( ) % sunlight treatments. values represent mean ± t×sem. the significant differences at 0.05 levels are shown by non-overlapping error bars. the xy-axis captions are applied to all graphs. leaf turnover, leaf area and chlorophyll content the palm seedlings responded differently under different light intensities as shown by their leaf turnover rates of 1.0–1.5 (fig. 2). arenga australasica showed low leaf turnover under lower light intensities, while c. australis decreased leaf turnover under higher light intensities. calamus moti had a lower leaf turnover under 59% sunlight than the rest of the treatments. hydriastele wendlandiana had the lowest leaf turnover under 17% sunlight. leaf turnover of l. ramsayi was not significantly different between all treatments. leaf area varied under different light conditions (fig. 3). the leaf areas of a. australasica and c. australis were smallest in the 6 and 59% light treatment. in the case of c. australis the difference between these two treatments and the intermediate ones (17 and 29%) appears significant. the lowest leaf area of c. moti was under 59% sunlight. thus, the leaf areas are low under the highest (59%) light environments for a . australasica, c. australis and c. moti. in h. wendlandiana the leaf area under the highest light intensity was significantly greater than under the lowest. high variability of results meant that there were no significant responses under different light intensities in l. ramsayi; c. australis produced the 17%: 0.51 cm/week, r2 = 0.72, p <0.01, n = 15 29% : 0.71 cm/week, r2 = 0.75, p < 0.01, n = 15 17%: 0.54 cm/week, r2 = 0.62, p <0.01, n = 7 6%: 0.05 cm/week, r2 = 0.10, p <0.01, n = 7 17% : 0.07 cm/week, r2 not significant 17%: 0.32 cm/week, r2 = 0.52, p <0.01, n = 9 29% : 0.66 cm/week, r2 = 0.70, p < 0.01, n = 9 17% : 0.47 cm/week, r2 = 0.61, p <0.01, n = 15 59% : 0.50 cm/week, r2 = 0.44, p < 0.01, n = 15 2016] 87 latifah et al. : growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities stimulating canopy gaps (a) n=15, t=2.145 a b b b (c) n=7, t=2.447 ab bc bc cd ad ad d c (d) n=15, t=2.145 (e) n=15, t=2.145 a a a a fig. 2. leaf turnover of (a) a . australasica, (b) c. australis, (c) c. moti, (d) h. wendlandiana, and (e) l. ramsayi under the 59, 29, 17 and 6% sunlight treatments. values represent mean ± t × sem, t depends on the number of replicates (n). leaf turnover is a coefficient of estimated rate of shed leaves replaced by new leaves (scales= 0–2). samples with the same lower case letters are not significantly different (p = 0.05). the xy-axis captions are applied to all graphs. (b) n=9, t=2.306 a b a a sunlight treatment )etar deta mitse fo tneiciffeoc( m es × t ± revonrut fae l reinwardtia 88 [vol.15 (a) n= 15, t= 2.145 ac b cd cd ad d b c (b) n= 9, t= 2.306 (c) n= 7, t= 2.447 a a a a (d) n= 15, t= 2.145 ab b b c (e) n= 15, t= 2.145 a a a a fig. 3. leaf areas of (a) a . australasica, (b) c. australis, (c) c. moti, (d) h. wendlandiana and (e) l. ramsayi under the 59, 29, 17 and 6% sunlight treatments. values represent mean ± t × sem, t values depend on the number of replicates (n). samples with the same lower case letters are not significantly different (p = 0.05). the xy-axis captions are applied to all graphs. sunlight treatment )etar deta mitse fo tneiciffeoc( m es × t ± revonrut fae l 2016] 89 latifah et al. : growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities stimulating canopy gaps greatest leaf areas (approximately 2,000 cm2 per plant) under 29% light, while l. ramsayi produced the least (approximately 200 cm2 per plant) under the same light condition. the effects of light intensities on the chlorophyll contents of palm leaves at the end of the experiment varied under all light treatments in the five species, but there was high variability among replicates (fig. 4). a renga australasica had the highest chlorophyll content under higher light intensities. there was no significant difference in chlorophyll a:b ratios between treatments for each species. vigor the vigor of the seedlings varied at different stages of the experiment, i.e. at the middle and end of the experiment (table 1). most seedlings (90100%) of a . australasica, c. australis, h. wendlandiana and l. ramsayi were vigorous at the middle of the experiment. 80 to 100% of seedlings of c. moti were also classified as vigorous after 47 weeks, but only about 50% under the highest light intensity (59% light). only seedlings of a . australasica remained vigorous (90100% seedlings) at the end of the experiment. hydriastele wendlandiana seedlings maintained their vigor under higher light intensities, while l. ramsayi maintained their vigor under lower light intensities. the seedlings of c. australis favoured intermediate light intensities. almost half of c. moti seedlings were less vigorous at the end of the experiment (after 94 weeks), except those under 17% light. vegetative biomass leaf mass (the mass of leaf blades only) varied between the study species under different light conditions (fig. 5). the overall responses of leaf mass were similar to those for leaf area. the leaf mass of a . australasica and c. australis was low under 59% light intensities. the results had high variability demonstrating that there were no significant responses under different light intensities in c. moti, h. wendlandiana and l. ramsayi. however, they showed some trends. the leaf mass of c. moti tended to be higher under intermediate light intensities and the lowest leaf mass of c. moti was under the highest light intensity (59% sunlight). hydriastele wendlandiana tended to have higher leaf mass under higher light intensities. as no stems were produced over the course of this experiment, above-ground biomass was comprised only of leaves and petioles (fig. 5). the changes in above-ground biomass showed similar trends as those for leaf mass. arenga australasica, c. australis and c. moti tended to yield low aboveground biomass under lowest as well as highest light intensities and was high at intermediate light levels. hydriastele wendlandiana yielded most biomass under higher light intensities then declined under lower light. licuala ramsayi tended to yield higher biomass when the light intensity was low. the below-ground biomass was lower than above ground biomass, but showed similar trends (fig. 5). there was little change in the belowground biomass of a . australasica, while belowground biomass tended to be lower under lower light intensities in h. wendlandiana. root:shoot ratios were not significantly influenced by the available light in this study, however there were some trends (fig. 6). in a. australasica, c. moti and h. wendlandiana, the root:shoot ratios tended to decrease under the species n experiment stages vigorous seedlings (%) under each treatment 59% 29% 17% 6% a. australasica 15 middle 100 100 100 100 end 93 100 100 100 c. australis 9 middle 90 100 100 90 end 11 100 92 11 c. moti 7 middle 56 88 100 90 end 0 43 100 44 h. wendlandiana 15 middle 100 100 100 100 end 87 73 100 40 l. ramsayi 15 middle 100 100 100 93 end 40 73 93 79 table 1. vigor of five species of palm seedlings under varying light intensities seedlings were assessed as being either (1) vigorous and likely to survive, or (2) moribund and unlikely to survive. vigor is expressed as a percentage of the original number of seedlings (n). seedlings were categorized as vigorous when the numbers of senesced leaves were less than 50% of total leaves. sunlight reinwardtia 90 [vol.15 fig. 4. chlorophyll contents of a . australasica (a), c. australis (b), c. moti (c), (d) h. wendlandiana and (e) l. ramsayi total chlorophyll ( ); ratio of chlorophyll a to b ( ); values represent mean ± (4.303 × sem), n=3. under 59% light there was only one c. australis with >50% green-portion of leaves, while there was insufficient leaf material for analysis in c. moti. samples with the same lower/upper case letter are not significantly different (p = 0.05). the xy-axis captions are applied to all graphs. sunlight treatment )fael m m qs/gn( m es303.4 ± nae m tnetnoc llyhporolh c 2016] 91 latifah et al. : growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities stimulating canopy gaps (a) n=15, t= 2.145 a ad b cd d b cd d ad b cd d (b) n=9, t= 2.306 ad b c d ae bd cd de ae bd cd de (c) n=7, t= 2.447 ae bd cd de ae bde bcd de ab bcd c d (d) n=15, t= 2.145 ac bc c d a a a a (e) n=15, t= 2.145 fig. 5. leaf mass ( ), below-ground ( ) and above-ground biomass ( ) of (a) a . australasica, (b) c. australis, (c) c. moti, (d) h. wendlandiana and (e) l. ramsayi under the 59, 29, 17 and 6% sunlight treatments. values represent mean ± t × sem, t values depend on the number of replicates (n). samples with the same lower/upper case letters are not significantly different (p = 0.05). the xy-axis captions are applied to all graphs. sunlight treatment b io m as s m ea n ± t × s e m ( g/ pl an t) reinwardtia 92 [vol.15 lower light intensities. that is relatively more leaves than roots were produced under lower light. in contrast, the root:shoot ratios of c. australis were higher under lower light intensities. in l. ramsayi, the highest root:shoot ratios were recorded under 59% sunlight but then there was a trend that the proportion of shoots slightly increased under lower light. overall, lar of all species (fig. 7) showed little difference between treatments except for c. australis and c. moti. calamus australis had the highest lar under the highest light intensities and c. moti had a low lar under 17% sunlight. in addition, there were no clear trends in changes in sla with treatments in all study species. the leaf weight ratio (lwr, fig. 7) also varied depending on the various light intensities. the lwr of a . australasica, c. moti and l. ramsayi were not significantly different and there are no clear trends. in c. australis, there was a trend that the lwr decreased under lower light intensities. h. wendlandiana tended to have higher lwr under 29% sunlight. responses to sun and shade inferred from five traits: growth rate, leaf turnover, leaf area, chlorophyll contents and biomass allocation the seedlings of the palm species studied responded differently to varying light intensities (table 2), in terms of growth rate, leaf turnover, leaf area, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a:b ratio and below-ground biomass. these different responses were reflected in various responses of vigor and vegetative biomass. arenga australasica survived different light intensities, including the highest light intensities, by maximizing resource allocation to increased leaf turnover and decreased leaf area under 59% sunlight, and decreased total chlorophyll under 6% sunlight. plants under 59% yielded more vigorous seedlings and vegetative biomass; while much lower biomass was produced under 6% sunlight. however, the seedlings under 6% were vigorous. this palm responded positively to the intermediate light intensities, 29 and 17% sunlight. calamus australis responded to 59% sunlight by decreasing leaf area and biomass, increasing its below-ground biomass under higher light intensities. this species increased leaf turnover in response to limited light. calamus australis allocated proportionally more of its resources to above-ground parts, principally leaves, as indicated by the increased leaf mass and area under intermediate light intensities. under 6% sunlight, increased leaf turnover, failed to maintain the vigor of the seedlings but more shoots and total plant mass were produced. seedling growth was not inhibited under the 29 and 17% sunlight treatments. calamus moti responded to 59% sunlight by decreasing leaf turnover and leaf area. under 59% sunlight seedlings were less vigorous and yielded more leaf mass and above ground biomass compared to those under 6% sunlight. under 6% sunlight, increased leaf turnover maintained the plant vigor, and yielded a lower proportion of leaf mass. under 29 and 17% sunlight, the palm seedlings showed positive responses in all the survival traits, but more biomass was produced under 17% than 29% sunlight. hydriastele wendlandiana dealt with 59% sunlight by investing in a higher seedling growth rate, increased leaf turnover and increased belowground biomass. this species survived 6% sunlight with increased leaf turnover. under 59% sunlight, seedlings maintained vigor and yielded maximum shoot and total plant mass; while, under 6% the seedlings became moribund with a greater proportion of root mass. the 29 and 17% sunlight treatments yielded maximum vegetative biomass. licuala ramsayi responded with increased leaf area under 59% sunlight; and increased seedling height and leaf area under 6%. seedlings were vigorous and yielded maximum vegetative biomass under the highest and the lowest light treatments. growth responses were positive under the 29 and 17% sunlight treatments. discussion the growth rates of the seedlings responded differently between species (table 2). a renga australasica, c. australis and c. moti grew better in intermediate than high or low sunlight (figs 1ac). hydriastele wendlandiana grew more rapidly in intermediate to high light intensities (17–59% sunlight). hydriastele wendlandiana grew fastest under the highest light treatment, and least in the low-light treatment. in contrast, l. ramsayi responded to decreased light with an increased growth rate. the relationship between growth rates were not significant in l. ramsayi. popma and bongers (1988) found that the heights of ten nonpalm tropical rainforest species were not correlated with shade tolerance, i.e. the more shade-tolerant plants were not taller than shadeintolerant plants under low light. in contrast, even timber species studied by poorter and boot (1998) responded to competition for light by increasing their growth rate. leaf turnover of the palm seedlings responded differently under the different light intensities (table 2). a renga australasica responded to lower light intensities by lower leaf turnover. this suggests that this species survived the 59% sunlight treatment with increased leaf turnover. in contrast, the leaf turnover of c. australis had negative responses, or the leaf longevity of c. australis demonstrated positive responses, under high light intensities. calamus australis survived 2016] 93 latifah et al. : growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities stimulating canopy gaps (a) n= 15, t= 2.145 a a a a ae bd de (b) n= 15, t= 2.145 cd a (c) n= 7, t= 2.447 a a a ad bd c d (d) n= 15, t= 2.145 (e) n= 15, t= 2.145 ad b cd d fig. 6. root:shoot ratios of (a) a . australasica, (b) c. australis, (c) c. moti, (d) h. wendlandiana and (e) l. ramsayi under the 59, 29, 17 and 6% sunlight treatments. values represent mean ± t × sem, t values depend on the number of replicates (n). samples with the same lower case letters are not significantly different (p = 0.05). the xy-axis captions are applied to all graphs. sunlight treatment m e s × t ± oitar toohs:too r reinwardtia 94 [vol.15 a a a a (a) n= 15, t=2.145 a bd cd d a a a a ad de e be (b) n= 9, t=2.306 a a a a (c) n= 7, t=2.447 a a a a a a a a ad b cd d (d) n= 15, t=2.145 (e) n= 15, t=2.145 ac be ce e a a a a a a a a fig. 7. lar ( ), sla ( ) and lwr ( ) of (a) a . australasica, (b) c. australis, (c) c. moti, (d) h. wendlandiana, and (e) l. ramsayi under the 59, 29, 17 and 6% sunlight treatments. the values of the original lwr is between 0–1; the values in the graph are expressed as % for clarity. values represent mean ± t × sem, t values depend on the number of replicates (n). samples with the same lower case letters are not significantly different (p = 0.05). the xy-axis captions are applied to all graphs. g ro w th in di ce s ± t × s e m (s q cm /g p er p la nt , % l w r ) sunlight treatment 2016] 95 latifah et al. : growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities stimulating canopy gaps r es po ns es a . a us tr al as ic a c . a us tr al is c . m ot i h . w en dl an di an a l. r am sa yi 59 29 17 6 s 59 29 17 6 s 59 29 17 6 s 59 29 17 6 s 59 29 17 6 s g ro w th ra te + + it + + it + + it + + + si + + + st l ea f t ur no ve r + si + s t + + + st + + + si + + + + na l ea f a re a + + it + + it + + it no t s ig ni fi ca nt na no t s ig ni fi ca nt na t ot al c hl or op hy ll co nt en t c hl or op hy ll a: b ra tio + + + + + + + si na + + + + + + + + na na + + + + + + + + na na + + + + + + + + na na + + + + + + + + na na v ig or m id -e xp er im en t e nd -e xp er im en t + + + + + + + + na na + + + + + + na it + + + + it to s t st + + + + + + + na si + + + + + + + na it to s t l ea f m as s + + it + + it + + it + + + si + + + st a bo ve -g ro un d bi om as s + + it + + si + + it + + it + + + st b el ow -g ro un d bi om as s + + it + + + si + + + si + si no t s ig ni fi ca nt na r oo t:s ho ot ra tio + + + si + s t + + + si + + si + + + it l ea f a re a r at io (l a r ) no t s ig ni fi ca nt na + si no t s ig ni fi ca nt na no t s ig ni fi ca nt na no t s ig ni fi ca nt na sp ec if ic l ea f a re a (s l a ) no t s ig ni fi ca nt na + + it + + + it no t s ig ni fi ca nt na + s t l ea f w ei gh t r at io ( l w r ) no t s ig ni fi ca nt na + si + si + it no t s ig ni fi ca nt na o ve ra ll t re nd in te rm ed ia te to s ha de in to le ra nt in te rm ed ia te to s ha de in to le ra nt in te rm ed ia te to s ha de in to le ra nt in te rm ed ia te to s ha de in to le ra nt in te rm ed ia te to s ha de to le ra nt ( evitagen ro )+( evitisop sa seulav etulosba fo sisab eht no desira m mus era seitisnetni thgil ot sesnopse r -) r es po ns es . t he li gh t i nt en si ty tr ea tm en ts w er e: 5 9, 2 9, 1 7 an d 6% of f ul l s un lig ht . s i= sh ad e in to le ra nt , s t =s ha de to le ra nt , a nd i t =i nt er m ed ia te . i t w as n ot a pp lic ab le ( na ) to a ss ig n a sy m pt om ( s) f or a s pe ci es if a ll re sp on se s w er e “+ ” or if th e re sp on se s di d no t d if fe r s ig ni fi ca nt ly w ith in th at s pe ci es . yduts siht ni devresbo sesnopser morf derrefni edahs dna nus ot noitatpad a .2 elba t reinwardtia 96 [vol.15 under the low light treatment with increased leaf turnover. the results suggest that, in the field, c. australis is likely to survive under a low-light environment, such as deep canopy shade, with increasing leaf longevity. c. moti had a low leaf turnover under 59% sunlight intensities. licuala ramsayi did not show any clear pattern but the responses demonstrated that this species may survive both low and high light intensities. increased leaf turnover under high light intensities shown by some species indicated that they allocated their resources to new leaves in response to the increased light. under more shaded treatments, when light is limited, some study species had increased leaf turnover, suggesting they tended to shed their leaves as the photosynthetic capacity was reduced. perhaps increased leaf turnover in the palm seedlings was a response to light competition by shedding unproductive, over-shaded leaves in the lower part of the canopy (seedling crown) and replacing them with new, productive leaves in the top of the canopy. poorter and boot (1998) found that the leaf turnover of some rainforest tree seedlings (non -palms) increased with an increase in sunlight intensities. an experimental defoliation of the palm sabal palmetto, conducted by mcpherson and williams (1998), showed that young seedlings had large resources of carbon that allowed them to survive defoliation and periods of stress. the leaf areas of the palm seedlings studied responded differently under different light intensities (table 2). however, the differences were not significant in h. wendlandiana and l. ramsayi. this is different to the responses found for non-palm rainforest tree species studied by poorter and boot (1998), cecropia sp., schizolobium amazonicum, cedrela odorata, amburana cearensis, astronium lecointei, tetragastris altissima and theobroma speciosum had greater leaf areas with increasing light availability due to increasing competition for light during gap phase regeneration. leaf areas of ten tropical rainforest species studied by popma and bongers (1988) also increased with increased light intensities. by contrast, the leaf area of l. ramsayi palm seedlings were greater under lower light intensities, perhaps to maximise leaf surfaces to capture available light as shown by the increase of leaf mass and above-ground biomass. these results were in accordance with a non-palm species, impatiens parviflora, which increased its leaf area with an increase in shading (evans & hughes, 1961). the leaf areas of palm seedlings of a . australasica, c. australis and c. moti were greater under higher light intensities, except the highest. these results suggest that under 17-29% openness sunlight, they would respond to high irradiance with a greater leaf surface for maximising light capture; however, they reduced the leaf areas under 59% sunlight to inhibit water loss. under the more shaded treatments, a . australasica did not allocate resources into leaf expansion, but rather into petiole and leaf blade elongation (expressed as ‘height’). similarly c. australis and c. moti did not increase leaf area under low light intensities. therefore, a . australasica, c. australis and c. moti also exhibited their adaptability to a wide range of light intensities. in addition, the responses of c. australis and c. moti to higher light intensities (although the leaf areas were lowest under the highest and lowest light intensities) suggest that in the field, under canopy gaps, they would respond to high irradiance by producing a greater leaf surface to maximize light trapping for photosynthesis; but, this study showed that these species reduced their leaf areas under 59% sunlight (equivalent to very big canopy gaps). however, the leaves of c. australis and c. moti were pinnate, so they expanded the leaf area by increasing the number of leaflets, showing the response of a species relates to its leaf morphology. this suggests that plants increase their leaf area to a maximum level, according to their leaf morphological characteristics, when further resource allocation to maximize leaf area becomes no longer efficient. the effects of light intensity on total leaf chlorophyll content was not significant in all species, however, there were some trends in a. australasica (table 2). in a . australasica, it was not possible to differentiate between responses under the 59, 29 and 17% light intensities; the only clear cut distinction was at the lowest light intensity, where the lowest total chlorophyll content was found. in the field, this trait, lower total chlorophyll content when light is limited, is an adaptive response to survive the low-light stress in which the photosynthesis capacity is reduced (atwell et al., 1999). the low level of resources allocated to chlorophyll content was also related to an increase in resources allocated to other traits such as leaf turnover. the results in a . australasica agree with the observation that somegreen plants produce more chlorophyll when the light availability increases (atwell et al., 1999). arenga australasica did not allocate resources into leaf expansion under limited light where the photosynthetic capacity would be limited. the effects of light intensity on chlorophyll a:b ratio were also not significant in all species. these results also suggest that chlorophyll a:b ratio is species dependent, as in other species, such as the non-palm species, a locasia macrorrhiza, chlorophyll a:b ratio increased with increasing light intensities (chow et al., 1988). most green plants contain chlorophyll a which generally constitutes about three-quarters of the total 2016] 97 latifah et al. : growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities stimulating canopy gaps chlorophyll content, with the remainder accounted for by chlorophyll b (raven et al., 1999). the chlorophyll a:b ratio changes with changing light intensities as the plants change their resource allocation to photosystem i (psi) and psii in their photosynthesis reactions, i.e. different chlorophyll a:b ratios are involved in each photosystem. thus, the chlorophyll a:b ratio is lower under canopies where the red:far red ratio is lower; and, a higher chlorophyll a:b ratio occurs in canopy gaps where the red:far red ratio is higher. root or below-ground biomass showed no clear trend in the palm seedlings studied under different light intensities, although, there was a small change in the below-ground biomass of l. ramsayi. the root or below-ground biomass of c. australis was higher under the higher light intensities. atwell et al. (1999) reported sun plants produce a high root:shoot ratio to deal with high photosynthetic capacity. the six survival traits, discussed above, maintained the vigor of some palm seedlings under different light intensities, but not all (table 2). arenga australasica and h. wendlandiana show features which suggest that they are more adapted to survive in higher light intensities. after 34 weeks, the vigor of a . australasica palm seedlings was maintained at 100%, and after 67 weeks it only decreased slightly to 93% (one seedling) under the highest light intensity, indicating its adaptability to a wide range of light intensities. this suggests that a . australasica is likely to survive in canopy gaps. all h. wendlandiana seedlings showed vigorous growth after 34 weeks, however, after 67 weeks only 40% of the seedlings appeared likely to survive under 6% sunlight, suggesting this species is also likely to survive in canopy gaps in the field. licuala ramsayi was able to survive in the highest and lowest light intensities for at least 34 weeks, but after 67 weeks only 40% of seedlings appeared likely to survive, suggesting it is shade tolerant (but not under 6% sunlight). calamus australis and l. ramsayi are likely to survive in higher light intensities for at least 47 and 34 weeks respectively, and then become unlikely to survive after 94 and 67 weeks respectively. this suggests, in the field, c. australis and l. ramsayi are likely to survive in canopy gaps for several months, but the results suggest that their vigor would decline over longer periods. in the current experiment, c. australis seedling vigor was maintained at 90-100% after 47 weeks, however, it declined considerably after 94 weeks (under 6% and 59% sunlight). as the vigor was defined by senescence, it is related to increased leaf turnover. in addition, the vigor of seedlings of a. australasica under different light intensities may be caused by the use of sprouted seeds rather than transplanted seedlings, which resulted in seedlings with a healthier root system. greater yields of leaf and above-ground biomasses were found under the higher light treatments. higher leaf mass was found under the intermediate light intensities (29 and 17% sunlight) in a . australasica, c. australis and c. moti, reflecting the higher leaf area of these species in these treatments. a. australasica, c. australis and c. moti had greater above-ground biomass under intermediate light intensities. above-ground biomass was higher under the higher light intensity in h. wendlandiana. on the other hand, l. ramsayi yielded more above-ground biomass under the lower light intensities. in h. wendlandiana, this was consistent with the responses that this species exhibited in leaf area, leaf mass, below-ground biomass and lwr, which suggests the adaptability of h. wendlandiana to a wide range of light intensities. arenga australasica, c. moti and h. wendlandiana produced higher root:shoot ratios under higher light intensities. by contrast, c. australis and l. ramsayi tended to increase their root:shoot ratio under lower light intensities; however, the highest response was under 59% in l. ramsayi. it suggests that under natural conditions, c. australis and l. ramsayi would respond to higher light intensities by allocating more of their resources to roots to maximize water absorption. in the current study, leaf area ratio (lar) was significantly different under the higher light treatments in c. australis. this did not fulfill the expectation that an increase in shade intensity would cause an increase in lar (leaf area), as suggested by atwell et al. (1999). this may be caused by the responses of calamus to expand their leaf areas in maximum light intensities to maximize their photosyntheses when the number of single leaflets in each their pinnate leaves was insufficient. a decrease in leaf thickness as indicated by the increased sla was found under the higher light treatments in all palm study species except h. wendlandiana. these findings agree with the observation that an increase in light intensity can lead to increased sla or reduced leaf thickness (atwell et al., 1999). hydriastele wendlandiana showed the opposite response. this may indicate a response of this species to maximize light capture for photosynthesis under low light conditions. there was little variation in lwr with light treatments except in h. wendlandiana. these results were opposite to the lwr of non-palm species such as q. pagoda that showed high lwr under 27 or 8% sunlight (gardiner & hodges, 1998). these findings suggest a greater allocation of total plant dry weight to leaves under a higher light environment in h. wendlandiana. this may reinwardtia 98 [vol.15 reflect an increasing growth rate under higher light intensities. conclusion arenga australasica, c. australis, c. moti and h. wendlandiana appear suitable for revegetating large low-shade canopy gaps, while l. ramsayi appears best-suited for subsequent restoration where this palm species is planted subsequently to the formation of canopy. the light conditions resulting from disturbance by cyclones would favour the recruitment and seedling establishment of a . australasica, c. australis, c. moti and h. wendlandiana, while l. ramsayi would be favoured by intermediate levels of disturbance. of course, this does not relate to the response of c. australis and c. moti, which are already established in the understorey at the time of disturbance. references anderson, j. m., chow, w. s. & goodchild, d. j. 1988. thylakoid membrane organisation in sun/shade acclimation. in: evans, j. r., von caemmerer, s. & adams iii, w. w. (eds.). ecology of photosynthesis in sun and shade. csiro, melbourne. pp. 11–26. atwell, b. j., kriedemann, p. e. & turnbull, c. g. n. 1999. plants in a ction: adaptation in nature, performance in cultivation. macmillan publishers australia pty ltd., south yarra. bullock, j. m. 2000. gaps and seedling colonization. in: fenner, m. (ed.). seeds: the ecology of regeneration in plant communities. 2nd edition. cabi publishing, wallingford. pp. 375–395. chow, w. s., qian, l., goodchild, d. j. & anderson, j. m. 1988. photosynthetic acclimation of a locasia macrorrhiza (l.) g. don to growth irradiance: structure, function and composition of chloroplasts. in: evans, j. r., von caemmerer, s. & adams iii, w. w. (eds.). ecology of photosynthesis in sun and shade. csiro, melbourne, australia. pp. 107–122. dowe, j. l. 2009. a preliminary note on the impact of cyclone larry on populations of a rchontophoenix alexandrae (arecaceae), north queensland, australia. palms and cycads 1: 4–8. dransfield, j. 1979. a manual of the rattans of the malay peninsula. malaysian forest department, kepong. evans, g. c. & hughes, a. p. 1961. plant growth and the aerial environment. i. effect of artificial shading on impatiens parviflora. new phytologist 60: 150–180. frangi, j. l. & lugo, a. e. 1998. a flood plain palm forest in the luquillo mountains of puerto rico five years after hurricane hugo. biotropica 30: 339–348. gardiner, e. s. & hodges, j. d. 1998. growth and biomass distribution of cherrybark oak (quercus pagoda raf.) seedlings as influenced by light availability. forest ecology and management 108: 127–134. gaspersz, v. 1991. research design methods for agricultural, engineering and biological sciences. indonesian translation. cv armico, bandung. gorman, r. m. 1996. demographic trends in licuala ramsayi (f. muell.) domin (arecaceae), tam o'shanter state forest, mission beach, north queensland. mooreana 6: 63–78. henderson, a. 2002. evolution and ecology of palms. the new york botanical garden press, new york. lambers, h., chapin iii, f. s. & pons, t. l. 1998. plant physiological ecology. springer-verlag, new york. larcher, w. 2003. physiological plant ecology: ecophysiology and stress physiology of functional groups. fourth edition. springer-verlag, berlin. latifah, d., congdon, r. a. & holtum, j. a. 2014. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: a renga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana and licuala ramsayi. reinwardtia 14(1): 237–247. manokaran, n. 1985. biological and ecological considerations pertinent to the silviculture of rattans in: wong, k. & manokaran, n. (eds.). proceedings of the rattan seminar, 20-24 october 1984. the rattan information center, forest research institute, kepong. pp. 95–105. marr, i. l., suryana, n., lukulay, p. & marr, m. i. 1995. determination of chlorophyll a and b by simultaneous multi-component spectrophotometry. fresenius journal of a nalytical chemistry 352: 456–460. mcpherson, k. & williams, k. 1998. the role of carbohydrate reserves in the growth, resilience, and persistence of cabbage palm seedlings (sabal palmetto). oecologia117: 460–468. miles, j. & shevlin, m. 2001. applying regression and correlation a guide for students and researchers. sage publication ltd. new york. poorter, l. & boot, r. g. a. 1998. seedling growth of bolivian rainforest tree species in relation to light and water availability http:// www.promab.org/lourens_poorter/contents_thesis_l p.htm. accessed on 30 august 2008. thesis. el programa manejo de bosques de la amazonia boliviana (promab), riberalta. popma, j. & bongers, f. 1988. the effect of canopy gaps on growth and morphology of seedlings of rain forests species. oecologia 75: 625– 632. raven, p. h., evert, r. f. & eichhorn, s. e. 1999. biology of plants. sixth edition w. h. freeman and company, new york. steel, r. g. d. & torrie, j. h. 1980. principle and procedure of statistics: a biometrical approach. second ed. mcgraw hill international book inc., toronto. tomlinson, p. b. 1990. the structural biology of palms. clarendon press, oxford. turton, s. 2008. cyclones larry and monica: ecological effects of two major disturbance events. austral ecology 33: 365–367. webb, l. j. 1958. cyclones as an ecological factor in tropical lowland rainforest, north queensland. australian journal of botany 6: 220–228. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id> or in our website: http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/ index. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia biodiversity of medicinal plant reinwardtia vol 12, part 5, pp: 383 – 390 *a modified version of the paper presented orally in the flora malesiana symposium vi, los banos, philippine, september 20 – 24, 2004 and to date has not been published in electronic or printed publication. 383 medicinal plant diversity in the tesso nilo national park, riau, sumatra, indonesia* received november 11, 2008; accepted november 27, 2008. siti susiarti, y.purwanto & e.b. walujo botany division, research center for biology-lipi, jl. raya bogor jakarta km 46., cibinong 16911, indonesia. abstract susiarti, s., purwanto, y. & walujo, e.b. 2009. medicinal plant diversity in the tesso nilo national park, riau, sumatra, indonesia. reinwardtia 12(5): 383–390. ⎯ a study of traditional knowledge on plant uses especially medicinal plants of the local community, was conducted in 2003 at the situgal village and its surrounding area in the tesso nilo national park at the logas tanah darat district, riau province, sumatra, indonesia. research methods included open-ended discussion and direct observation. to better assess the extractive activities and the utilization of the plant diversity by the local people, an index of cultural significance (ics) analysis was employed. research results showed that local people in situgal still use a large number of plants for medicinal purposes and rely on ethnobotanical knowledge in their daily life. we recorded 86 species belonging to 78 genera and 46 families of plants having ethnobotanical values. eighty-two species are used for medicinal purposes and the remaining 4 species for fish poisons. those species can be used to cure approximately 38 types of illness. the ics analysis for the potential value of each species showed that ‘patalo bumi’ (eurycoma longifolia) is the most important species and well utilized by local community in the tesso nilo np area. key words: medicinal plants, poisonous plants, tesso nilo national park, riau province, sumatra, indonesia abstrak susiarti, s., purwanto, y. & walujo, e.b. 2009. keanekaragaman tumbuhan obat di taman nasioanl tesso nilo, riau, sumatera, indonesia. reinwardtia 12(5): 383–390. ⎯ penelitian pengetahuan masyarakat pada pemanfaatan tanaman khususnya tumbuhan obat masyarakat setempat telah dilakukan pada tahun 2003, di desa situgal dan sekitar taman nasional tesso nilo di kabupaten logas, provinsi riau, sumatra, indonesia. metoda penelitian dilakukan secara wawancara terbuka dan pengamatan langsung kemudian di analisis dengan ics (index cultural significance). hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat lokal di situgal memanfaatkan tumbuhan obat dalam kehidupan sehari-harinya, tidak kurang dari 86 jenis tumbuhan yang tergolong dalam 78 marga dan 46 famili. tercatat 82 jenis yang dimanfaatkan untuk tumbuhan obat dan 4 jenis lainnya untuk racun ikan. jenis-jenis ini dapat mengobati sekitar 38 macam penyakit. hasil analisis ics menunjukkan bahwa patalo bumi (eurycoma longifolia ) merupakan jenis yang terpenting dan banyak dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat lokal. kata kunci: tumbuhan obat, tumbuhan racun, taman nasional tesso nilo, propinsi riau, sumatra, indonesia introduction indonesia is rich in useful plants, where old records (heyne, 1950) have shown that there are about 5000 species, constituting 17% of the total number of species in the country and the medicinal plants accounts only for 3% (kartawinata, 2004). undoubtedly the total number today is greater than these figures considering that extensive plant exploration and ethnobotanical recording have been undertaken, but to date the results have not been summarized. recent initiatives to document the indonesian medicinal plants have been undertaken e.g. djumidi et al., (1997, 1999) and hutapea et al. (1993, 1994) and a more detailed monograph and description has been initiated (kardono et al., 2003). in developing countries up to 80 % of the population depend on traditional plant-based medicine (farnsworth et al., 1985), which likely holds true for indonesia also. sumatra is the sixth largest island in the world, with a total area of about 476,000 km², approximately 1800 km long, and 400 km wide. the island contains more than 10,000 plant species: the majority of which are found in lowland forest. sumatra is well known as an island with high diversity of habitats. however, in recent years, ecological degradation, population pressure, and an increase in industrial tree and oil-palm plantations, have had an impact on the environment. land use changes, including logging, based solely on political and economic considerations have led to the neglect of important ecological realities. the idea of logging reinwardtia [vol.12 384 moratorium has been raised by many parties as an important opportunity to save sumatra’s natural resources, particularly its lowland forests which are under serious threats. about 50% of forest degradation occurs in lowland forests, the habitat of 60% of tropical forest species and based on recent data, sumatra has lost almost 75% of its lowland forests by 1997 (bappenas, 2003). appreciating the potential pharmaceutical value of forest plants underlines the need to value forest ecosystems, implying the need of conserving forest ecosystems, in view of the fact that the nature of species in an ecosystem, including their pharmaceutical and chemical characteristics, is a products of interactions between species and environmental factors within ecosystems. it is feared, and in fact a reality, that currently forest ecosystem integrity is threatened by destruction resulting in the degradation of the quality of plant resources and their environment. this negative impact is particularly true also for the tesso nilo national park area. prior to our study, no ethnobotanical inventory had been conducted (gillison, 2001), however, the vegetation survey and habitat assessments of the area have been carried out. given these circumstances, our study focuses on the ethnobotany of medicinal and poisonous plants. this report is expected to contribute to the conservation of indigenous knowledge of the local people who have explored the resources in their surrounding areas. study site the study was conducted in the situgal village in the logas tanah darat sub-district, kuantan singingi (kuansing) district, riau province, indonesia. in the vicinity of the tesso nilo national park. the park has a total area of 188,000 ha and lies between latitude 0º 0’5.1” – 0º 14’56”s and longitude 101º 31’14.6” – 101º 52’1.9”e. it covers four districts of indragiri hulu, kuantan singingi, pelalawan, and kampar, within riau province. it was originally designated as a production forest, but it was later legislated as a national park in august 2004. the tesso nilo national park is bordered by kerumutan wildlife game park to the east, bukit. rimbang nature reserve (west), bukit tiga puluh national park (southeast), and kerinci seblat national park (south). western part of tesso nilo consists of about 37,000 ha of conversion forest leased by several companies to be converted to timber and rubber estates. moreover, the central section of tesso nilo about 120,000 ha, is a limited production forest leased by three companies for selective logging. the eastern part of tesso nilo, about 35,000 ha, is production forest leased by inhutani for rehabilitation. the eastern plains of central sumatra can be classed as super humid with annual rainfall ranging from 2000–3000 mm (gillison, 2001). the situgal village is inhabited by 51 families (216 person), consisting of several ethnic groups, namely melayu, kampung selapan, piliang, and mandailing. the major livelihood of the local people is tapping rubber and farming. all the ethnic groups speak a common melayu language, including common plant names. methods the ethnobotanical study was conducted during 3–17 june 2003, with a focus on local traditional knowledge of the communities in tesso nilo about their plant resources, especially medicinal and poisonous plants. we chose situgal village as a representative research site. our method included open-ended discussions and direct observation in the field, with 22 respondents and five of them were women. fifty percents of the respondents were local people of 40 – 60 years old and others were younger people. several questions concerning medicinal and poisonous plants were addressed concerning information on the vernacular names of plants, localities where they were collected, parts of plants used and how they are used. the respondents joined us to the fields where the plants were collected in the situgal village (site a) and the forest (sites b, c, and d). herbarium specimens were collected in the field, then identified in herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology – lipi. similar to other local societies in indonesia, the situgal community’s knowledge of plant diversity in their area is primarily based on the plant’ morphological characteristics and usefulness. situgal community folk taxonomy uses plant habitat, the color of different plant parts and wood and bark texture to distinguish between plant taxa. we used the following identification criteria in our interviews with community members: (1) listing the morphological characteristics of each plant. this step is usually performed by looking at leaf (daun) shape, tree (batang kayu), root (ureik), fruit (buah), twigs (dahan), liana (aka), rhizome (isi), stem pith (umbuik), (2) group 2009] susiarti et al.: medicinal plant diversity in the tesso nilo national park 385 similar plant growth forms, i.e., grasses (rumpuik), rattans (rotan), ferns (paku), mosses (lumuik), fungi (tenawan), epiphytes (sakek); (3) confirming local plant names; and (4) listing plant uses. in order to better quantify the extractive activities and the utilization of plant diversity by the local people, we employed the index of cultural significance (ics) analysis developed by turner (1988). the objective of our analysis was to rank a subset of useful plants, which have a significant value in local people's daily lives. ics analysis provides a series of significance values for useful plants in a given society. the ics is determined for each plant species separately. the formula is : n ics = ∑ (q x i x e)ni i = 1 we employed a second formula in connection with each plant species that has several medicinal and poisonous uses: n ics = ∑ (q1 x i1 x e1)n1 + (q2 x i2 x e2)n2 +…................................+ (qn x in x en)nn i = 1 notes: n1……nn = the total number of uses for each species. q1…….qn = score or value to the quality of the plant species. for primary food the score is 5; secondary food is 4; other food, secondary material, or medicine is 3; ritual use is 2; mere recognition is 1. i1…….in = score of intensity use of each plant species. the intensity score as follows: very high = 5; moderately high = 4; medium use = 3; low use = 2; and minimal use = 1. e1…..en = score of exclusivity value. the exclusivity value for preferred choice = 2, one of several or many possible sources = 1; and secondary source = 0.5. study sites (a, b, c, d) at the tesso nilo area aa bb cc dd notes:notes: a : a : situgalsitugal village, a sampling site for village, a sampling site for medicinal plantsmedicinal plants b, c, d : a site within the forest for exploring b, c, d : a site within the forest for exploring medicinal plants outside the medicinal plants outside the situgalsitugal villagevillage location map of tesso nilo map : 1 : 25.000 villages legend reinwardtia [vol.12 386 results based on the interviews we recorded 88 species recognized by the community, belonging to 81 genera, and 49 families (table 1). eightythree species are medicinal herbs and the remaining four species are fish poison. these plants are used for medicinal purposes and as poisons to treat approximately 38 types of disease. most of the species are wild plants. several of them are cultivated and have dual functions as spice plants, such as: alpinia galanga, curcuma longa, and zingiber officinale; or as ornamental plants, such as allamanda cathartica, graptophyllum pictum, and kalanchoe pinnata. the poisonous plants are derris elliptica, calophyllum soulattri, diospyros siamang and styrax benzoin. they are used as fish poison, hence have been domesticated. the plants occur in the home gardens sur rounding the houses, secondary forests, primary forests, and in other cultivated areas. the genera we encountered most frequently in our research pertained to the families zingiberaceae (9 species) and poaceae (5 species). these species tend to be found most frequently in cultivated areas with significant human influence, such as secondary forests, gardens, and open fallowed areas. the product of potential value analysis for each species based on local people’s knowledge by using ics (table 1) shows that eurycoma longifolia (ics= 43) is the most important species and well known in the community. eurycoma longifolia is mainly used as a tonic medicine as indicated by the highest frequency of use by the local people. the next most frequent use is as medicine to treat fever, stomachache, and as an appetite stimulant. table 1. index of cultural significance of medicinal and poisonous plants in tesso nilo national park scientific name details of calculations ics no local name species family 1 patalo bumi eurycoma longifolia simar. (3x4x2) + (3x3x1) + (3x2x1) + (3x2x1) 43 2 kunyit bolai zingiber purpureum zingi. (3x4x1) + (3x4x2) 36 3 jarangau acorus calamus arace. (3x4x1) + (3x4x2) 36 4 kelimidei bridelia tomentosa eupho. (3x4x1) + (3x3x1) 21 5 duri bariang canthium horridum rubia. (3x4x1) + (3x3x1) 21 6 sirih piper betle piper. (3x3x1) + (3x2x1) + (3x2x1) 21 7 kelapa cocos nucifera areca. (3x3x1) + (3x2x1) + (3x2x1) 21 8 rambutan nephelium lappaceum sapin. (3x3x1) + (3x3x1) 18 9 sugi-sugi gendarussa vulgaris acant. (3x3x1) + (3x3x1) 18 10 rosam dicranopteris linearis gleic. (3x3x1) + (3x3x1) 18 11 durian durio zibethinus bomba. (3x3x1) + (3x3x1) 18 12 kunyit curcuma longa zingi. (3x3x1) + (3x3x1) 18 13 padi penawar oryza sativa poace. (3x3x1) + (3x3x1) 18 14 lemo hutan scleropyrum wallichianum santa. (3x3x2) 18 15 aka barabuni phytocrene macrophylla icaci. (3x3x1) + (3x3x1) 18 16 aka semolik spatholobus gyrocarpus fabac. (3x3x1) + (3x3x1) 18 17 sepodeh zingiber officinale zingi. (3x3x1) + (3x3x1) 18 18 bira' colocasia cf esculenta arace. (3x3x1) + (3x3x1) 18 19 terung asam solanum quitonse solan. (3x3x1) + (3x3x1) 18 20 aka lemponang stephania japonica menis. (3x3x2) 18 21 tubo ureik derris elliptica fabac. (3x3x2) 18 22 lengkuas putih alpinia galanga zingi. (3x3x1) + (3x2x1) 15 23 pisang batu musa paradisiaca musac. (3x2x1) + (3x3x1) 15 24 pinang areca catechu areca. (3x2x1) + (3x3x1) 15 25 aka barabuni nothocissus spicifera vitac. (3x3x1) + (3x2x1) 15 26 capo blumea balsamifera aster. (3x2x1) + (3x3x1) 15 27 modang kalimanyoh cinnamomum javanicum laura. (3x3x1) + (3x2x1) 15 28 aka bulu argyreia capitata convo. (3x4x1) 12 29 aka mati usuk spatholobus maingayi fabac. (3x4x1) 12 30 pua kijang etlingera sp. zingi. (3x4x1) 12 31 pelasan vitex laevifolium verbe. (3x3x1) 9 32 pelasan syzygium antisepticum myrta. (3x3x1) 9 33 puding hitam graptophyllum pictum acant. (3x3x1) 9 34 sedingin kalanchoe pinnata crass. (3x3x1) 9 35 setawar costus speciosus zingi. (3x3x1) 9 2009] susiarti et al.: medicinal plant diversity in the tesso nilo national park 387 36 sekumpai hymenachne interrupta poace. (3x3x1) 9 37 gelenggang senna alata fabac. (3x3x1) 9 38 juang-juang labisia pumila myrsi. (3x3x1) 9 39 selasih rimbo chassallia curviflora rubia. (3x3x1) 9 40 kayu kijang tarenna sp. rubia. (3x3x1) 9 41 sakek dukung2 dischidia punctata ascle. (3x3x1) 9 42 pegago centella asiatica umbel. (3x3x1) 9 43 pucuk babi adenostemma parviflorum aster. (3x3x1) 9 44 ilalang imperata cylindrica poace. (3x3x1) 9 45 peladang plectranthus scutellaroides lamia. (3x3x1) 9 46 terkilir sida rhombifolia malva. (3x3x1) 9 47 cokuah kampferia galanga zingi. (3x3x1) 9 48 buluh soni schizostachyum sp. poace. (3x3x1) 9 49 lakun pterisanthes cissoides vitac. (3x3x1) 9 50 kunyit temu curcuma xanthorriza zingi. (3x3x1) 9 51 lemo kapas citrus aurantifolia rutac. (3x3x1) 9 52 bawang merah allium sativum lilia. (3x3x1) 9 53 putat barringtonia macrostachya lecyt. (3x3x1) 9 54 mampat gnetum cuspidatum gneta. (3x3x1) 9 55 tungkat tulang bubung aglaia silvestris melia. (3x3x1) 9 56 mempuyan pternandra coerulescens melas. (3x3x1) 9 57 kangkung ipomoea aquatica convo. (3x3x1) 9 58 pucuk katuk sauropus androgynus eupho. (3x3x1) 9 59 ubi manihot utilissima eupho. (3x3x1) 9 60 sawi brassica juncea brasi. (3x3x1) 9 61 lobak raphanus sativus brasi. (3x3x1) 9 62 papaya carica papaya caric. (3x3x1) 9 63 bawi' calophyllum soulattri clusi. (3x3x1) 9 64 akar kayu kuning lepionurus sylvestris opili. (3x3x1) 9 65 tobu sira saccharum officinale poace. (3x2x1) 6 66 terap artocarpus elasticus morac. (3x2x1) 6 67 terentang campnosperma auriculatum anaca. (3x2x1) 6 68 kapuk ceiba pentandra bomba. (3x2x1) 6 69 bunga cino allamanda cathartica apocy. (3x2x1) 6 70 gynura procumbens aster. (3x2x1) 6 71 terung solanum melongena solan. (3x2x1) 6 72 perio momordica charantia cucur. (3x2x1) 6 73 patulo luffa acutangula cucur. (3x2x1) 6 74 narung lolek trema orientalis ulmac. (3x2x1) 6 75 terung pipit solanum torvum solan. (3x2x1) 6 76 boutik cucumis sativus cucur. (3x2x1) 6 77 tungkal diospyros maingayi ebena. (3x2x1) 6 78 koang-koang dialium indum fabac. (3x2x1) 6 79 aka sekapoah zizyphus calophylla rhamn. (3x2x1) 6 80 topek lembiek pimeleodendron griffithianum eupho. (3x2x1) 6 81 sundak langit amorphophallus sp. arace. (3x2x1) 6 82 tontam diospyros hermaphroditica ebena. (3x2x1) 6 83 narahan knema latericia myris. (3x2x1) 6 84 buah usai plagiostachys albiflora zingi. (3x2x1) 6 85 keji beling clerodendrum serratum verbe. (3x2x1) 6 86 sanguik diospyros siamang ebena. (3x2x1) 6 87 lopoek styrax benzoin styra. (3x2x1) 6 88 trichosanthes bornensis cucur. (3x2x1) 6 meanwhile, both zingiber purpureum and acorus calamus both have ics = 36. it means that both are well known and mostly used by the local people in situgal. three species which have ics = 21 are bridelia tomentosa, canthium horridum, piper betle, and cocos nucifera. bridelia tomentosa and canthium horridum are recognized as headache and fever medicine. piper betle is useful as a compound in making cough, back-ache and tooth-ache medicine. lastly, cocos nucifera is processed to make coconut oil, not directly as a raw material to make medicine. ics 18 belongs to scleropyrum wallichianum, stephania cf. japonica, derris elliptica. most people in situgal re reinwardtia [vol.12 388 cognize stephania cf japonica as a medicine, derris elliptica as a fish poison, while scleropyrum wallichianum is popular for ritual use. the remaining species have varying potential values; ics = 15:6 species; ics = 12:3 species; ics = 9:34 and ics = 6:23 species. the number of plant species and their utilization for healing diseases are shown on table 2. the highest number of plant species (15), which are employed as medicinal plants, are primarily used for healing two kinds of diseases (fever, malaria), followed by headache (14) and backache (14). the application of medicinal and poisonous plants, as well as other types of plant use in the community is as follows: tonic medicines. the local people usually use patalo bumi (eurycoma longifolia) as a tonic medicine. roots are boiled than drunk, and sometimes decoction of roots mixed with alcohol and a deer fetus. this mixture is used as a tonic medicine for both men or women. table 2. number of species associated with each kind of disease no. kind of diseases no. species 1 fever, malaria 15 2 headache 14 3 backache 14 4 stomachache, diarrhea, problem of stomach 12 5 ashmatic, liver 9 6 skin infection 8 7 cough 6 8 muscular aches 6 9 lactation 5 10 miscellaneous 5 11 eye, ear & tooth infections 4 12 health care 3 13 post pregnancy 3 14 hair treatment 3 15 tonic 1 16 swollen neck 1 17 vomiting 1 18 aphrodisiac 1 19 venereal diseases 1 20 sedative 1 21 animal diseases 1 fever and malaria medicine. a. aka bulu (argyreia capitata). the leaves are crushed and put into water, then applied to the body. b. kalimidei (bridelia tomentosa). the leaves are mixed with aka bulu leaves then pounded, pressed and added to water. later the mixture is placed on the tongue and the rest is mixed and applied to the body. c. patalo bumi (eurycoma longifolia). roots are boiled then drunk. d. rosam (dicranopteris linearis). the leaves are mixed together with leaves of rambutan (nephelium lappaceum) and durian (durio zibethinus), crushed and added to water. later the mixture is placed on the tongue 3 times, then lifted with the left hand, and blown 3 times over the top of the head and applied to the body. e. bira’ (colocasia cf esculenta), mixed with the stem and fruit of terung asam (solanum quitonse), and the leaves of lakun (pterisanthes cissoides). everything is crushed and added to water, later applied to the body. if it does not itch, it means that it is right for the condition or vice versa. f. duri bariang (canthium horridum), add leaves to water, then crushed and place 3 drops on the tongue. later the remainder is applied to the body. g. tobu sira (saccharum officinarum), mixed with the pith of the young stem with leaves of aka bulu (argyreia capitata), then crushed and added to water then applied to the body. h. sugi-sugi (gendarussa vulgaris), sedingin (kalanchoe pinnata), setawar (costus speciosus), sekumpai (hymenachne interrupta) and cemoteh, are mixed, crushed and then applied to the body. cough medicine. a. padi penawar (oryza sativa), is first pounded into flour then mixed with coconut water and honey and drunk. b. aka barabuni (nothocissus spicifera), the stem is pounded and added to water, crushed then drunk. c. aka barabuni (phytocrene macrophylla), the roots are boiled and drunk. other methods, include mixing the roots with the leaves of betle, the fruit of pinang and lime as a masticant. d. lemo kapas (citrus aurantifolia), mixed with fruit juice and salt then drunk. backache medicine. a. pelasan (vitex laevifolium), the leaves are mixed with leaves of sirih (piper betle), then chewed and spit on the hip and stomach for ‘puasan’ (backache together with stomachache and swelling). 2009] susiarti et al.: medicinal plant diversity in the tesso nilo national park 389 b. aka semolik (spatholobus gyrocarpus), the stem is roasted and added to warm water then drunk for backache. c. terung (solanum melongena), mix the leaves with leaves of perio (momordica charantia), aka barabuni (phytocrene macrophylla), tuklotuik, patulo (luffa acutangula), lopang, narung lolek (trema orientalis), terung pipit (solanum torvum), boutik (cucumis sativus) and the stem of aka semolik (spatholobus gyrocarpus), and then pounded then added to warm water. it is wrapped in cloth then spread on the mid section for kidneys medicine (used in the night and replaced in the morning, tried up to 3 times a day). we recorded tuklotuik and lopang only from interviews without any voucher specimens to corroborate. d. aka sekapoah (zizyphus calophylla), pound the leaves and mix with coconut milk, then heated and used as a poultice. several plants are also used as fish poison by the local people, such as: a. bark of bawi’ (calophyllum soulattri) b. bark of lopoek (styrax benzoin) c. bark of sanguik (diospyros siamang) d. roots of tubo ureik (derris elliptica). tubo ureik consist of 3 kinds: (1) tubo manggis; (2) tubo kapur (3) tubo kayu aro. discussion knowledge of diverse uses of medicinal and poisonous plants the local people in situgal recognize many medicinal and poisonous plants, and they know how to use them. this knowledge is linked to their culture and their beliefs. their knowledge system includes local perceptions, concepts, and strategies expressed through culturally specific ethics, norms, rules, and skills which they use to meet life's challenges. frequently local perceptions of plants are based not only on the physical plant characters, but also based on the plants' usefulness for food, tools and medicine. in connection with medicinal and poisonous plants, the results of this study show that local people in situgal still use, a variety of plants for traditional healing. they also employ their plant knowledge in their daily life activities. despite the availability of alternative pharmaceuticals, limited economic development in the area left the villagers to continue relying on traditional medicine prepared from local plants. villagers use of modern or traditional medicine is related to the availability of information and certain communication channels. in recent years, to heal internal problems, villagers will bring patients to local hospitals. however, to treat skin diseases, wounds, diarrhoea, fever, backache and other conditions, they still use medicinal plants. there are strong reasons why they still employ traditional healing methods. their use of local plants is connected with their daily activities, such as hunting and collecting plants, which increase their familiarity with useful plants. they fully understand the potentials of plants either as edible plants or medicinal plants. in comparison to a previous study (susiarti, 1992) in kayan mentarang national park, the total number of medicinal and poisonous plants documented in tesso nilo is less than in kayan mentarang np. we believe this difference is due to differences in the number of respondents involved in the study, and the area covered by the research. in contrast, the kinds of plants that are recognized and used by the local people in tesso nilo are almost the same as those recognized by minangkabau communities around lembah harau nature reserve, west sumatera (susiarti, 2001) and bukit tiga puluh national park in riau (rahayu et al., 2000). there are 23 plant species common on both tesso nilo and the minangkabau such as: acorus calamus, cinnamomum javanicum, derris elliptica, graptophyllum pictum, momordica charantia, and zingiber purpureum. furthermore, 19 species out of 86 plants are common to both bukit tiga puluh np and tesso nilo. these species include costus spesiosus, eurycoma longifolia. kalanchoe pinnata, nephelium lappaceum and pterisanthes cissoides. bawi’ (calophyllum soulattri), as indicated above is used as a fish poison. it is a relative of calophyllum lanigerum and c. teysmannii. the latter two species contain compounds that have been identified as raw materials of calanolide a and b which are useful as anti hiv medicines. (kardono, 2001). the species encountered during the fieldwork have been used and listed in the indonesian medicinal plants such as acorus calamus, ceiba pentandra, curcuma xanthorriza, dialium indum, durio zibethinus, kalanchoe pinnata, manihot utilissima, raphanus sativus, and trema orientalis (syamsuhidayat & hutapea, 1991; hutapea, 1993; hutapea et al., 1994; djumidi et al., 1997; djumidi et al., 1999). however, other species we recorded have not been listed in the inventory of indonesian medicinal plants, but have reported as medicinal plants elsewhere in southeast asia. (jansen et al., 1993), such as aglaia silvestris, bridelia tomentosa, chassallia curviflora, gne tum cuspidatum, lepionurus sylvestris, and pte reinwardtia [vol.12 390 kat melayu kepulauan riau. :1-13 in novendra (ed.). eksistensi dukun pada masyarakat melayu kepulauan riau. dirjen kebudayaan, dep. p. & k. risanthes cissoides. knowledge of healing in the study of traditional medicine, symptoms and kinds of disease can not be learned individually. to avoid the wrong interpretation of the information given by respondents, observation of the body functions, concept of health and illness are very important. we emphasize this point to help lessen researcher error in interpreting the information provided by community members. based on our investigation, most of the local people in situgal, have explicit knowledge regarding certain body functions, and have broad knowledge pertaining to different body parts, but they do not know the specific function of each part of the body. they only recognize external parts, but rarely have a complete understanding of each organ’s function. farnsworth, n.r., akarele, o., bingel, a.s. soejarto, d.d. & guo, z. 1985. medicinal plants in therapy. bulletin of who 63 (6): 965– 81 (cited in kartawinata 2004). gillison, a.n. 2001. vegetation survey and habitat assessment of the tesso nilo forest complex. riau province, sumatra, indonesia. report prepared for wwf–us. center for biodiversity management, queensland, australia. heyne, k. 1950. de nuttige planten van indonesie, 2 vols. van hoeve, graavenhage and bandung. hutapea, j.r., soerahso & sutjipto. 1993. inventaris tanaman obat indonesia ii. badan litbang kesehatan. dep.kes. r.i. hutapea, j.r., soerahso & sutjipto. 1994. inventaris tanaman obat indonesia iii. badan litbang kesehatan. dep. kes. r.i. jansen, p.c.m., lemmens, r.h.m.j., oyen, l.p.a., siemonsma, j.s., stavast, f.m. & van valkenburg, j.l.c.h. (eds.). 1993. plant resources of south-east asia. basic list of species and commodity grouping. final version. pudoc, wageningen. they know that each part of the body forms a unity, and can not be separated from each other. if one part has a problem, it will impact on other body functions. however, the local people do not always say ‘sick’, if only one body part has a problem. kardono, l.b.s. 2001. penelitian dan pengembangan bahan alam di indonesia serta perlindungannya. berita iptek 42 (3): 149 – 159. situgal people believe that someone is ‘sick’ if they can not perform their daily activities. on the other hand, the definition of healthy by the local people means they are able to complete their work. the definition of illness relates to the overall well being of the community-symbolically-that the crops grow well, the land is fertile, and no disasters occur. all this relates to the concept of harmony with their environment. kardono, l.b.s., artanti, n.; dewiyanti, i.d. & basuki, t. 2003. select indonesian medicinal plants: monographs and descriptions, volume 1. grasindo, jakarta. kartawinata, k. 2004. biodiversity conservation in relation to plants used for medicines and other products in indonesia. j. trop. ethnology 1 (2): 1–11. esram (1996), reported that the definition of illness is translated as a condition of imbalance, either for people or their surrounding area. based on that definition when someone is sick, it means he is out of balance with his surroundings or his body does not function as it should. rahayu, m., siagian, m.h. & wiriadnata, h. 2000. pemanfaatan tumbuhan sebagai obat tradisional oleh masyarakat lokal di sekitar taman nasional bukit tiga puluh, riau. :98–110. in prosiding kongres nasional obat tradisional indonesia. sentra p3t prop. jawa timur. surabaya. susiarti, s. 1992. pengetahuan tumbuhan obat dan racun pada beberapa sub kelompok masyarakat dayak kenyah di kalimantan timur. the paper presented in second biennial international meeting, kinabalu, malaysia. acknowledgement we thank to the wwf for nature – indonesia for the facilities to do research in tesso nilo national park; thanks are due to dr. k. kartawinata and dr. jeanine pfeiffer for their critical reading of the earlier draft of this paper. susiarti, s. 2001. kajian pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat dan racun di sekitar kawasan cagar alam lembah harau, sumatera barat. :48–57. in hartana, a; febrianto, f.; wiryawan, k.g. & sudirman, l.i.(eds.). prosiding seminar sehari hasil-hasil penelitian bidang ilmu hayat. pusat studi ilmu hayati ipb. reference bappenas. 2003. indonesian biodiversity strategy and action plan 2003 2020. national document. djumidi, h.; sutjipto & sugiarso, s. 1997. inventaris tanaman obat indonesia iv. badan litbang kesehatan. dep.kes. r.i. syamsuhidayat, s.s. & hutapea, j.r. 1991. inventaris tanaman obat indonesia. i. badan litbang kesehatan. dep.kes. r.i. djumidi, h.; sutjipto & gotama, i.b. indra. 1999. inventaris tanaman obat indonesia v. turner, n.j. 1988. the importance of a rose: evaluating the cultural significance of plants in thompson and lillooet interior salish. am. anth. 90:272-290. badan litbang kesehatan. dep.kes. r.i. esram, m.j. 1996. eksistensi dukun pada masyara vitex laevifolium chassallia curviflora saccharum officinale diospyros hermaphroditica backache medicine. several plants are also used as fish poison by the local people, such as: acknowledgement reference reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 1, pp. 23 36 (1959) the genus aeschynomene in malaysia (leguminosae papilionatae) by velva e. r u d d * summary seven species are found to occur in malaysia, only ae. aspera presumably being native there. key, synonymy, descriptions, and particulars are given, besides indexes to collections and names. some twenty or more species of aeschynomene have been attributed to malaysia, or "ind. or." when the specimens are examined, however, and the synonymy recognized, it appears that the number should be reduced to seven. one species, ae. aspera, presumably is native to the area; ae. elaphroxylon and ae. uniflora are african species; ae. americana, ae. elegans, ae. indica, and ae. villosa are all believed to be natives of america. the writer is grateful to the curators of the following herbaria for making available the material for this study. the abbreviations of herbarium names used below and in the citation of specimens are those of lanjouw and stafleu (index herbariorum, 1, ed. 2. 1954). a arnold arboretum herbarium, harvard university, cambridge, mass. bo herbarium bogoriense, bogor, java. gh gray herbarium, harvard university, cambridge, mass. k the herbarium, royal botanic gardens, kew, surrey. l rijksherbarium, leyden. mo missouri botanical garden, st. louis, mo. ny new york botanical garden, new york, n.y. uc herbarium of the university of california, berkeley, calif. us united states national herbarium, washington, d.c. a e s c h y n o m e n e l . aeschynomene l., sp. pl 713. 1753; gen. pl ed. 5. 319. 1754.—gajati rumph. ex adans., fam. 2: 328. 1763.—mantodda adans., fam. 2: 508. 1763,—rochea scop., introd. 296. 1777, non dc. 1810, nee salisb. 1812.—herminiera guill. & perr. in guill., * associate curator, division of phanerogams, united states national herbarium, washington, d.c. — 23 — 2 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 perr. & rich., fl. seneg. 1: 201. 1832.—patagoniwm e. mey., comm. pi. afr. austr. 1: 123. 1835, non schrank. 1808.—macromiscus turcz., bull. soc. nat, mosc. 19: 507. 1846.—rueppelia a. rich., tent. fl. abyss. 1: 203, t.37. 1847.—aedemone kotschy, oesterr. bot. zeitschr. 8: 115. 1858.—ctenodon baill., adansonia 9: 236. 1870.—secula small, fl. miami 90, 200. 1913.—climacorachis hemsl. & rose, contr. u.s. nat. herb. 8: 43. 1903. erect or decumbent herbs, shrubs or small trees; leaves pinnately compound, 5—about 100-foliolate; stipules peltate, appendiculate below the point of attachment or attached at the base and not appendiculate; inflorescences racemose, sometimes paniculate, terminal or axillary, with few or many flowers; calyx and corolla 5-merous; petals yellowish to red or purplish; stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous 5:5, fruit a loment (1—)2— 18-articulate; seeds small, reniform, light brown to black, smooth sublustrous, the hilum circular. type species.—aeschynomene aspera l. distribution.—chiefly in the tropics, with some extension into warm temperate areas, in america, africa, asia, australia, and the pacific islands. ecology.—some species are hydrophytes, occurring in marshes, mud holes, paddy fields, and along streams; others are more xeric, found in dry waste places, pine barrens, oak woods, caatinga and savanna, or on rocky hillsides and sandy beaches. a few species are cultivated as ornamentals; many are weedy. some species are widespread; several are known only from the type collections. uses.—pith of hydric species such as ae. aspera, ae. indica, etc., used as cork substitute for floats, helmets, insect boxes, etc. and for stropping knives and razors. some african species used as native medicine. in java and the united states ae. indica, ae. elegans and others have been tested for green manure but with only moderate success. the larger-flowered species, especially ae. elaphroxylon have been planted as ornamentals. key to species and varieties 1. stipules peltate, appendiculate below the point of attachment; calyx bilabiate. 2. leaflets 2—several-costate, somewhat falcate. 3. ovary and fruit glabrous or nearly so. . . la. ae. americana var. americana. 3. ovary and fruit puberulent to villous or hispid. 4. flowers 6—8 mm long; leaflets mostly more than 5 mm long; mature fruit reticulate-veiny near the margins, usually muricate at the center of the articles lb. ae. americana var. glandulosa 4. flowers commonly 3—5 mm long; leaflets about 5 mm long or less; surface of fruit lacking conspicuous venation or murication 2. ae. villosa 2. leaflets 1-costate, elliptic, oblong, or obovate. 5. plants conspicuously thorny; flowers 25—45 mm long; fruit strongly curved or spirally contorted 3. ae. elaphroxylon 1959] velva e. rudd: aeschynomene in malaysia 25 5. plants glabrous to hispid but not thorny; flowers less than 20 mm long; fruit straight or but slightly curved. g. flowers 15—20 mm long1, the petals commonly pubescent on the outer face, the calyx about 9 mm long; fruit mostly 8—10 cm long with both margins essentially straight, the stipe 15—20 mm long, the articles quadrate, about 10 mm long and 7—8 mm wide 4ae. aspera 6. flowers 6—12 mm long, the petals glabrous, the calyx about 4—8 mm long; fruit 2—6 cm long, with one margin straight the other crenate, the stipe 4—10 mm long, the articles subquadrate, about 3—6 mm in diameter. 7. fruit with stipe recurved, the articles usually rugose at maturity, especially at the center over the seeds, the general profile rounded; calyx with one lip bifid, the other trifid; inflorescences 1—several-flowered, with bracts and bracteoles present; leaflets commonly entire, rarely ciliate-denticulate 5. ae. indica 7. fruit with stipe straight, ascending, the articles finely verrucose at maturity, raised over the seeds with sharp demarcation of margins, the general profile angular; calyx with lips essentially entire; inflorescences 1or 2flowered, apparently without bracts except for the pair of bracteoles immediately subtending the calyx; leaflets commonly ciliate or ciliate-denticulate, sometimes entire 6. ae. uniflora 1. stipules attached at the base, not peltate or appendiculate; calyx campanulate with 5 subequal lobes 7. ae. elegans 1. aeschynomene americana l. aeschynomene americana linn., sp. pi. 713. 1753.* herb, sometimes suffrutescent, the stem to about 2 m high, erect or decumbent, glandular-hispid to subglabrous; stipules peltate-appendiculate, glabrous or somewhat hispid at the point of attachment, striate, usually ciliate, (5—)10—25 mm long, 1—4 mm wide, the upper portion attenuate, 2 or 3 times as long as the lower acute or erose portion; leaves 2—7 cm long, 20—60-foliolate; leaflets glabrous, somewhat falcate, 4—15 mm long, 1—2 mm wide, ciliate, at least along one margin, 2—several-costate; inflorescences few-flowered, about as long as the subtending leaves or longer, the axes sometimes flexuous, hispidulous; bracts cordate, acuminate or sometimes truncate-flabelliform, about 2—4 mm long, 2—3 mm wide, glabrous, ciliate; bracteoles linear to linear-ovate, 2—4 mm long, 1—1.5 mm wide, acute to acuminate, glabrous, serrate-ciliate; flowers 5—10 mm long; calyx bilabiate, 3—6 mm long, glabrous to hispidulous, the vexillar lip 2-dentate, the carinal 3-dentate;^ petals yellowish to tan, usually with red or purple stripes, glabrous, clawed, the standard spatulate with the blade suborbiculate to broadly obcordate, 5—10 mm wide and 4—8 mm long, often ciliate at the apex, the wing blades obliquely oblong, 5—8 mm long, 2 mm wide, entire or with a few cilia at the apex, the keel blades 4—6 mm long, 2.5— 3.5 mm wide at the maximum; stamens about 5—8 mm long; fruit about 2.5—3 cm long, 3—9-articulate, the articles 2.5—5 mm wide, 3—6 mm * full synonymy under the varieties. 2 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 long, glabrous to puberulent, sometimes with glandular hairs on the surface or along the margins, often verrucose when fully mature, the margins thickened, the venation prominent along the margins; seeds 2—3 mm long, 1.5—2 mm wide, dark brown. la. var. americana aeschynomene americana l., sp. pl 713. 1753.—hippocrepis mimosula norona, verh. bat. genootsch. 5: 78. 1790 (cited by miquel as hypocrepis), nomen nudum.— ? ae, mexicana biroli ex colla, herb. pedem. 2: 195. 1834.—ae: mimosula blume ex miq., fl. ind. bat. 1: 276. 1855, nomen in synon.—ae. javanica miq. var. (j luxurians miq., fl. ind. bat. 1: 276. 1855.—ae. americana l. var. depila millsp., field mus. publ. bot. 1: 363. 1898.—ae. tricholoma standl. & steyerm., field mus. publ. bot, 23: 10. 1943. the typical variety is characterized by fruits that are glabrous or that have only a slight tendency toward development of puberulence or glandular hairs on the surface of the articles or along the margins. the bracts are cordate. the flowers commonly are 6—8 mm long. type locality.—jamaica, b.w.i. type collected by sloane. distribution.—chiefly in caribbean and adjacent areas; in west to east java and the philippine islands (bohol, luzon) apparently introduced from america. except one collection by blume (?) all have been made in this century. local name.—"asem-aseman", bandjaran, java, fide beumee. examination of apparently authentic specimens at leyden annotated as aeschynomene mimosula bl. by blume and ae. javanica var. luxurians miq. by miquel indicates that those names, as well as hippocrepis mimosula on which the former was based, should be placed in synonymy with typical ae. americana. l b . var. glandulosa (poir.) rudd aeschynomene americana l. var. glandulosa (poir.) rudd, contr. u.s. nat. herb. 32: 26. 1955.—ae. glandulosa poir. in lam., encyc. suppl. 4: 76. 1816, von de wild. 1904. — ae. guayaquilensis g. don, gen. syst. gard. bot. 2: 284. 1832. this differs from the typical variety in that there is greater glandular activity; the fruits are puberulent and/or beset with glandular hairs. the stipules commonly are hispid at the point of attachment. as in the typical variety, the bracts are cordate and the flowers about 6—8 mm long. type locality.—puerto rico, "dans les savannes". type collected by ledru. distribution.—widespread in tropical and subtropical america, usually in wet or moist places, sometimes on dry hills, at elevations up to about 1400 m. in malaysia seen only from west to east java, and one specimen 1959] velya e. rudd: aeschynomene in malaysia 27 from sw. celebes. except a collection by blume (?) and one by junghuhn, all collections date from this century. in malaysia presumably introduced. local names.—"anjang", java, fide junghuhn; "katenan", fide clason. separation of this variety from the typical is of dubious value. we do not know if the increased glandular pubescence is due to differences in physiological activity, or in genetic relationship with ae. villosa. young material of ae. villosa and of glandular ae. americana are almost impossible to distinguish. a scarcely adequate specimen at leiden that i have annotated as ae. americana var. glandulosa was apparently taken by miquel and blume to be the same as my concept of ae. villosa. in what appears to be miquel's hand is the name aeschynomene pudica zoll. and in blume's, ae. pseudoviscosa bl. on the basis of other specimens, i believe, however, that those names as well as ae. javanica, should be synonyms of ae. villosa poir. 2. aeschynomene villosa poir. aeschynomene villosa poiret in lam., encyc. suppl. 4: 76. 1816. herb with stem to about 1 m long, prostrate to weakly erect, hispid; stipules peltate-appendiculate, usually hispid, especially at the point of attachment, striate; ciliate, (5—)10—15 mm wide, the upper portion attenuate, slightly longer to twice as long as the truncate-erose lower portion; leaves about 2—7 cm long, 20—50-foliolate; leaflets glabrous, somewhat falcate, 2—several-costate, 3—15 mm long, 1—3 mm wide, ciliate along one margin; inflorescences about 3—10-flowered, the peduncles and pedicels hispid like the stem, the bracts cordate, acuminate, 1.5—6 mm long, 1—2 mm wide, ciliate, the bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, 1—4 mm long, 0.5—1 mm wide, ciliate; flowers 3—9 mm long; calyx bilabiate, 2—4 mm long, hispid, the vexillar lip 2-dentate, the carinal 3-dentate; petals yellow to purplish, glabrous, clawed, the standard commonly about 5 mm long, the claw 1—2 mm long, the blade suborbiculate, 4—5 mm in diameter, emarginate, entire; wings about as long as the standard, the blades obliquely oblong, 1—2 mm wide; keel about 4—5 mm long, the claws 1—1.5 mm long, the blades 3—4 mm long, 1—2 mm wide, sometimes ciliate along the free margin; stamens 4—5 mm long; fruit commonly 1—2 cm long, 3—7-seeded, the articulations distinct or sometimes lacking, the articles 2.5—3(—4) mm in diameter, villous-hispid, the tuberculate bases of the hairs often dark, in contrast to the otherwise straw-colored or light brown fruits, the venation inconspicuous, the margins often breaking away from the body of the articles; seeds 2—2.5 mm long, 1.5—2 mm wide, blackish. 2a. var. villosa aeschynomene villosa, poiret in lam., eneyc. suppl. 4: 76. 1816.—? ae. hirta lag., nov. gen. et spec. 22. 1816, non lam. 1797.—? ae. hirsuta dc, prodr. 2: 322. 1825.—ae. timoriana span, in linnaea 15: 193. 1841, as synonym (nomen nudum) 2 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 erroneously referred to ae. patula poir.—ae. decumbens zipp. ex span. i.e. as synonym (nomen nudum) erroneously referred to ae. patula poir.—ae. pudica zoll., nat. en geneesk. arch. 3: 55. 1846, non f. g. dietr. 1802.—ae. javanica miq., pi. ind. bat. 1: 275. 1855.—ae. pseudoviscosa blume ex miq., fl. ind. bat. 1: 276. 1855, nomen in synon.—ae. glwndulosa bello, ap. 1: 259. 1881, non poir. 1816.—ae. americana l. var. villosa (poir.) urb., symb. ant. 4: 288. 1905.—cassia tenuicaulis m. e. jones, extracts from contr. west. bot. 18: 40. 1933.—ae. meridana pittier, bol. teen. minist. agric. & cria serv. bot. caracas 5: 40. 1944, without latin diagnosis. all of the malaysian material of ae. villosa appears to be referable to the typical variety; stems about 2—6 dm high, usually decumbent; leaflets 4—5 mm long, 1—1.5 mm wide, mostly 3-costate; inflorescences open, sometimes paniculate, usually few-flowered, longer than the leaves; flowers commonly 3—5 mm long; fruits with distinct articulations or rarely lacking an occasional septum. type locality.—savannas, puerto rico. type collected by ledru. distribution.—southern arizona to northern south america and the antilles, at elevations up to about 2250 m, usually in dry areas, pine and oak woods, pastures, and sometimes in wet places. in java, timor, new guinea, and australia apparently as an introduced weed. the collections are rather few, in java already collected by horsfield and zollinger, and in timor by zippelius and spanoghe. examination of zippelius and spanoghe collections from timor, which presumably are "types" of ae. decumbens zipp. and ae. timoriana span., show those two species to be the same as ae. villosa poir., miquel, apparently on the basis of description only, erroneously referred ae. decumbens and ae. timoriana to ae. patula poir. (miss-cited in part as pers. rather than poir.). the name ae. javanica was published by miquel to replace ae. pudica ' zoll., a later homonym of ae. pudica f. g. dietr. 3. aeschynomene elaphroxylon (guill. & perr.) taub. aeschynomene elaphroxylon (guil. & perr.) taubert in engl. & prantl, nat. pflanzenf. ill, 3: 319, /. 12u a-c. 1894.—herminiera elaphroxylon guill. & perr. in guill., perr. & rich., fl. seneg. 1: 201, tab. 51. 1832.—aedemone mirabilis kotschy, oester. bot. zeitschr. 8: 116. 1858.— ? aedemone excelsa kotschy, i.e. [as h. exeelsa kotschy by baker in oliver, fl. trop. afr. 2: 145. 1871].— ? aedemone hurnilis kotschy, i.e. [as h. humilis kotschy by baker, i.e.].—ae. tchadica chev., etud. fl. afr. centr. fr. 1: 85. 1913, nomen. shrub or small tree, 2—8 m tall, the trunk and stems hispid and also armed with thorns about 2—10 mm long; densely pubescent on the outer face, unilaterally stipules/appendiculate below the point of attachment, the upper portion deltoid-ovate, acute, 7—13 mm long, 3—5 mm wide, the 1959] vblya e. rudd: aeschynomene in malaysia w appendage erose, 2—4 mm in diam.; leaves 4—16 cm long, 20—40-foliolate, the rachis pubescent and spiny; leaflets oblong-elliptic, 5—30 mm long, 4—10 mm wide, entire, retuse or emarginate, mucronulate, the base rounded, 1-costate, the secondary veins usually blackish on the lower surface, the upper surface glabrous, the lower coarsely pubescent; inflorescences axillary, racemose, usually 2—4-flowered, the axes hispid like the stems, the bracts and bracteoles ovate, acute, about 5—15 mm long, 3—10 mm wide, pubescent on the outer face; flowers about 3—4.5 cm long, calyx bilabiate, 20— 25 mm long, hispid-pubescent, the lips essentially entire, or briefly 2and 3-dentate; petals orange-yellow, somewhat pubescent, the standard about 30—40 mm long, spatulate, emarginate, 30—40 mm broad, the upper portion usually pubescent on the upper face, the wings slightly longer than the standard, the claw about 5 mm long, the blade oblique, 35—40 mm long and 15—20 mm wide, glabrous, the keel petals slightly shorter than the standard, the claws about 5 mm long, the blades falcate, oblique, about 25—30 mm long and 10—15 mm wide, pubescent on the outer face, laciniate at the union of the two petals; stamens 28—40 mm long; fruit 6—17-articulate, glandular hispid, spirally contorted, short-stipitate, the articles trapezoidal, about 7—9 mm wide, 5—10 mm long; seeds black, about 5 mm long and 3 mm wide. type locality.—senegambia, africa. type collected by perrottet. distribution.—tropical africa and madagascar, usually in shallow water. cultivated as ornamental in java (bogor) and south america. local name.—"ambach" or "ambatsch", africa. 4. aeschynomene aspera l. aeschynomene aspera linne, sp. pi. 713. 1753, non muhl. ex willd. in synon., nee sensu wall. cat. 5666. 1831-1832.—ae, lagenaria lour., fl. conchinch. 2: 446. 1790.—ae. aquatiea roxb., nomen in synon. steud, ed. 2, 1: 31. 1840.—heclysarum lagenarium roxb., flor. ind. 3: 365. 1832.—ae. indica j] aspera hassk. ex miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1: 275. 1855, in synon. robust herb, sometimes suffrutescent, the stems commonly erect, 1—2 m high; stipules appendiculate, about 20 mm long, the portion above the point of attachment attenuate, about 15 mm long, 2 mm wide, ciliate to ciliatedenticulate, otherwise glabrous, the lower portion below the point of attachment truncate-erose, about 5 mm long, 2 mm wide; leaves 8—-17 cm long, 60— about 100-foliolate, the petiole and rachis glabrous to sparsely hispidulous; leaflets linear-oblong, 5—10 mm long, subequal, those near the base and apex shorter than those at the center, about 1.5 mm wide, 1-costate, the midrib and some secondary veins blackish, the apex subacute, mucronulate, the base asymmetrical, the margin entire to ciliolate; inflorescences axillary, racemose, 1—few-flowered; peduncles and pedicels hispid; bracts cordate, about 3—5 mm long, 1.5—3 mm broad, the apex acute to acuminate, ciliate, otherwise glabrous to hispid, the hairs, yellowish, the bracts becoming more hispid towards the flower, the bracteoles ovate, rounded to 3 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 acute, hispid, about 2 mm broad, 4—5 mm long; flowers 15—20 mm long; calyx hispid, bilabiate, 6—-8 mm long, the vexillar lip retuse, the carinal lip with three acute lobes about 2 mm long; petals yellow, pubescent in part, clawed, the standard broadly spatulate, about 10—15 mm long and 8 mm broad, essentially glabrous, the wings 8—10 mm long, 3 mm broad, glabrous or nearly so, the keel petals 15—20 mm long, 6 mm broad, hispidulous on the outer face; stamens about 15 mm long; fruit 4—-7-articulate, compressed to 1.5—2 mm thick, glabrous to moderately hispid, dark brown at maturity, straight or but slightly curved, one margin entire, the other crenate, the stipe 10—15 mm long, the basal article aborted, tapering to the stipe, the apical article also aborted, tapering to the usually persistent style, the other articles subquadrate, 10 mm long, 7—8 mm wide, papillose to verrucose at margin and at the center over the seeds, otherwise smooth; seeds reniform, black, 7 mm long, 4—5 mm wide, 1.5 mm thick. type locality.—ceylon. type collected by p. hermann? distribution.—eastern india, ceylon, burma, siam, assam, cochinchina, malay peninsula (one collection by griffith), and java (exclusively in the vicinity of djakarta, already collected in 1870). local name.—"sola pith plant". 5. aeschynomene indica l. ' aeschynomene indica linne, sp. pi. 713. 1753.—ae. piimila l., sp. pi. ed. 2, 1061. 1763.—hedysarum alpinum lour., fl. cochinch. 451. 1790, ed. willd. 551. 1793, non l. 1753 [fide merrill].—h. virginieum lour., fl. cochinch. 451. 1790, ed. willd. 551. 1793, non l. 1753 [fide merrill].—ae. diffuse/, klein ex willd., sp. pi. 3: 1164. 1803.— ae. indica var. ji ? punctata pers., synop. pi. 2: 317. 1807.—ae>. viscidula roxb. ex willd., enum. pi. hort. bot. berol. 2: 776. 1809., non michx. 1803.—h. neli-tali roxb., hort. beng 57. 1814.—ae. glaberrima poir. in lam., encyc. suppl. 4: 76: 1816.— ae. aspera sensu wall., cat. 5666. 1831-32, non l. 1753.—ae. macropoda dc, prodr. 2: 320. 1825.—ae. subviscosa dc, prodr. 2: 321. 1825.—ae. roxburghii spreng., syst. 3: 322. 1826.—ae. quadrata schum., schum. beskr. guin. pl 356. 1829.—ae. punctata steud., nom. ed. 1: 17. 1821, nomen.—ae. montana span., linnaea 15: 192. 1841.—a el cachemiriana cambess., jacquem, voy. bot. 40. 1844; as kashmiriana baker in hook, f., fl. brit. india. 1879.—ae. indica var. fi miq., fl. ind. bat. 1: 274. 1855, based on ae. pumila l.—ae. indica var. y viseosa miq., fl. ind. bat. 1: 274. 1855, based on ae. subviscosa dc.—ae. oligantha welw. ex baker in oliver, fl. trop. afr. 2: 146. 1871. herb, sometimes suffrutescent, with erect stems, about 1—2.5 m high, glabrous to moderately hispid; stipules peltate-appendiculate, 10—15 mm long, 2—3 mm wide, glabrous, entire, sometimes ciliate, often hyaline-margined, the upper portion acuminate, the part below the point of insertion obtuse, usually notched or erose; leaves about 5—10 cm long, 50—70-foliolate, the petiole and rachis sparsely hispidulous; leaflets elliptic-oblong, 2—10 mm long, 1—2.5 mm wide, entire or rarely ciliate-denticulate, glabrous, 1-costate; inflorescences axillary, racemose, few-flowered, the peduncles and pedicels glabrous to hispidulous, the bracts about 5 mm long, 1—2 1959] velva e. rudd: aeschynomene in malaysia 31 mm wide, ovate, acuminate, subentire to serrate-laciniate, the bracteoles lanceolate-ovate, acute, 2—4 mm long and 1 mm wide, subentire; flowers 7—10 mm long; calyx glabrous, bilabiate, 4—6 mm long, the vexillar lip 2-dentate, the carinal lip 3-dentate; petals yellow to purplish, glabrous, the standard 7—10 mm long, the claw 1—2 mm long, the blade elliptic, about 7—9 mm long, 4—7 mm wide, entire or sparsely ciliate, emarginate, the wings 6—8 mm long, the claw 1—2 mm long, the blade 4—6 mm long, 1.2—3 mm wide, rarely ciliate, the keel petals about 7—9 mm long, the claw 1—2 mm long, the blade 6—7 mm long, 2—3 mm wide, entire; stamens 6—8 mm long; fruit 3—4 cm long, 5—10(—12) articulate, the upper edge essentially straight, the lower crenate, the stipe recurved, 4—10 mm long, the articles subquadrate, 5—6 mm long, 4—6 mm wide, glabrous or sparsely hispid, glabrescent, sometimes muriate, dark brown when fully mature; seeds 3—4 mm long, 2—3 mm wide, dark brown. type locality.—"india". collector not known. distribution.—south-east united states, presumably native; introduced widely in tropical and warm temperate old world, especially in rice fields of asia, pacific islands, africa, in malaysia represented in north to south sumatra, malay peninsula (perils, pahang, wellesley, singapore), west to east java, madura, kangean, bali, timor, se. borneo, south celebes, the philippines (luzon, mindoro, polillo, panay, mindanao), and west to east new guinea. local names.—"gaga busan", sunda, fide hasskarl; "limlim", java, fide backer; "mati mati", sumatra, fide posthumus; "riampoen", borneo, fide endert; "tjampah tjampah", celebes, fide rachmat. the list of synonymy for this species is lengthly, the names, with one exception {ae. glaberrima), having been based on old world collections, some made more than 200 years ago. in spite of this it appears that ae. indica is native to america, and was introduced in the old world. the old world collections are remarkably uniform, whether from java, africa, or china. in america, however, ae. indica is but one member of a complex of ten or so closely related species which, except for ae. indica seem to be confined to the western hemisphere. one exception to the uniformity of ae. indica is the collection made in new guinea by versteeg (no. 1921). the specimens correspond to ae. indica except for extreme glandular development, including glandular-denticulate leaflet margins. i have seen no other collections exactly like it, but i do not believe that it warrants taxonomic recognition. 6. aeschynomene uniflora e. mey. aeschynomene uniflora e. mey., comm. pl afr. austr. 1: 123. 1835.—aeschynomene trachyloba miq., fl. ind. bat. 1: 276. 1855.—aeschynomene papulosa welw. ex baker in oliver, fl. trop. afr. 2: 146. 1871. 3 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 suffrutescent herb about 0.5—2 m high, the stems erect, hispidulous with glandular hairs, usually glabrescent toward the base; stipules appendiculate, 3—10 mm long, 1—2 mm wide, glabrous, the margins hyaline, ciliate, the upper portion acute or acuminate, about 2 or 3 times as long as the lower, truncate-erose portion; leaves 2—8 cm long, about 20—50-foliolate, the axis hispidulous like the stem; leaflets 3—14 mm long, 1—2.5 mm wide, usually ciliate, sometimes entire, glabrous, the apex rounded to acute, 1-costate, the veins usually dark reddish; inflorescences axillary, 1 or 2flowered, the pedicels hispidulous; bracts apparently lacking or indistinguishable from stipules except the pair of bracteoles immediately subtending the calyx, which are narrowly ovate, acute, ciliate, 4 mm long and 1.5 mm wide; flowers 6—10 mm long; calyx bilabiate, 6—9 mm long, the lips essentially entire, hispidulous; petals yellow to somewhat purplish, glabrous, the standard 6—9 mm long, spatulate-obovate, emarginate, 4—5 mm wide, the wings obliquely obovate, 4—6 mm long, 1.5—3 mm wide, the keel petals 6—10 mm long, 2—3 mm wide; stamens 6—10 mm long; fruit 4—7(—9)articulate, the upper edge essentially straight, the lower crenate, the stipe straight, ascending, 5—10 mm long, glabrous at the base, hispidulous toward the first article, the articles subquadrate, about 4 mm in diamter, hispidulous, finely verrucose at maturity, raised over the seeds with sharp demarcation of margins, the general profile angular, dark brown when fully mature; seeds 3 mm long and 2 mm wide, dark reddish-brown. type locality.—south africa. type collected by drege. distribution.—tropical africa, madagascar, comores, and the mascareignes. in java apparently as an introduction, but unsuccessful, as there are only two collections from the 19th century, viz gondang legi, zollinger 2365 (bo); soerakarta, horsfield l. 5 (gh, k, isotypes of ae. trachyloba). through the courtesy of dr. g. taylor at kew, the type of ae. trachyloba was compared with material of ae. uniflora and the two species found to be conspecific. 7. aeschynomene elegans schl. & cham. aeschynomene elegans schl. & cham., linnaea 5: 583. 1830.—ae. tecta vog., linnaea 12: 87. 1838.—ae. falcata vog. var. plurijuga benth. in mart., fl. bras. 15: 68. 1859.—ae. falcata vog. var. elegans (schl. & cham.) o. kuntze, rev. gen. 1: 158. 1891.—ae. falcata vog. var. elegans (schl. & cham.) o. kuntze forma glabrior o. kuntze, rev. gen. 1: 158. 1891.—ae. arenicola brandeg., univ. calif. publ. bot, 10: 408. 1924. decumbent herb, the stems to about 1 m long, pubescent and also glandular-hispidulous; stipules attached at the base, not appendiculate, 4—7 mm long, about 1 mm wide at the base, lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, subglabrous to sparsely hispidulous; leaves (7—)10—18-foliolate, the axis 1—5 mm long; leaflets obovate to subelliptic, about 8—15 mm long, 4—9 mm wide, obtuse, mucronate, entire, the upper surface sparsely pubescent to glabrous, the lower moderately pubescent; inflorescences commonly 2—71959] velva e. rudd: aeschynomene in malaysia 33 flowered, longer than the subtending leaves, the pedicels and peduncles with indument like the stem, the bracts and bracteoles 0.5—1.5 mm long, 0.5—1 mm wide, ovate, acute, ciliate, flowers about 7 mm long; calyx 2—3 mm long, subglabrous, ciliolate; petals yellow to purplish; standard about 7 mm long, the ciaw 1 mm long the blade elliptical-orbiculate, about 6 mm long, 4—6 mm wide, entire, pubescent on the outer face; wings about 6 mm long, the claw 1 mm long, the blade about 5 mm long and 2 mm wide; keel about as long as the standard, the blades 1.5—2 mm wide; stamens about 6 mm long; fruit submoniliform, curved or straight, 5—9-(commonly 6—8-) articulate, the stipe (5—)10—15 mm long, glabrous or somewhat hispidulous, the articles obliquely suborbiculate, 2—2.5 mm in diameter, crisp-pubescent, often slightly glabrescent, the margins often separating from the body of the article; seeds about 1.8—2 mm long, 1—1.5 mm wide, dark brown. type locality.—hacienda de la laguna, jalapa, vera cruz, mexico. type collected by schiede and deppe. distribution.—widespread in tropical america, mexico to argentina. in java as introduction for green manure, only known from two collections in the botanic gardens, bogor, and the experimental garden at pasuruan. according to the previous determinations of the above cited specimens, the material was introduced as ae. brasiliana and ae. falcata. there is no question, however, of its identity with ae. elegans. excluded species 1. aeschynomene aspera norofia [noronha], verh. bat. gen. 5, art. 4: 5. 1790, non l. 1763 = sesbania grandiflora (l.) pers. ? (= agati grandiflora desv., fide miquel). 2. aeschynomene atropurpurea span. linnaea 15: 192. 1841 = ormocarpum sp. on basis of examination of a sheet at leiden, presumably the type of ae. atropurpurea. 3. aeschynomene laevis norona [noronha], verh. bat. gen. 5, art. 4: 6. 1790, nomen nudum. 4. aeschynomene violacea norona [noronha], verh. bat. gen. 5. art. 4: 5. 1790, nomen nudum. index to collectors and numbers the specimens examined have been referred to by the number of the taxon accepted in this paper, as follows: la = ae. americana l. var. americana lb = ae. americana l. var. glandulosa (poir.) rudd 2 = ae. villosa poir. 3 = ae. elaphroxylon (guill. & perr.) taub. 4 = ae. aspera l. 5 = ae. indica l. 34 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 6 = ae. uniflora e. mey. 7 = ae. elegans schl. & cam. all collections have been cited by collectors' names, not by series, but if they make p a r t of series, the initials of the series have been added to the number, for example ramos b(ur.) s(cience) 1423. author's names preceded by " v a n " , "de", etc. have been entered under the name proper, for example den berger under berger. backer s.n., j a n . 1904 ( l ) : 5; s.n., in 1911 (bo): 3 ; s.n., in 1916 (bo): 3 ; s.n., in 1916 (bo): 7; s.n., in 1924 ( l ) : 7; 543 (bo): 5 ; 982 (bo): 5; 1138 (bo): 5; h21 (bo): 5 ; 2137 (bo) : 5; 2164 (bo): 5; 2592 (bo): 2; 3514 (bo): l b ; 3887 (bo): l b ; u01 (bo): 5; 4720 (bo): l a ; 4738 b o ) : 5; 5023 (bo): 5; 5901 (bo): 5; 6894 (bo): 5; 6912 (bo): 5; 6924 (bo): 5; 6657 (bo): 5; 7313 (bo): 5; 7419 (bo) : 5; 7707 (bo, l ) : 5; 7s07 (bo): 5; 8006 (bo): l b ; soos (bo): l b ; 8277 (bo): 5; 8426 (bo): l a ; i i 7 9 7 (bo): 5; 13019 (bo): 5; 13078 (bo): 2; .z5207 (bo): 5; 15451 (bo): 5; 15526 (bo): l b ; jf63jt7 (bo, l) : 5; i<jss7 (bo): l a ; 18254 (bo): 5; 15319 (bo): 5; i $ $ n (bo): 5; 1s604 (bo): 5; i p i i 6 (bo, l) : 5; 19729 (bo, l) : 5; 20217 (bo, l ) : 5; 20327 (bo): 5; 21452 (bo): 5; 23339 (bo): 5; 244s1 (bo): 5; 256.42 (bo): 5; 26457 (bo): 4; 20s75 (bo): 5; 27497 (bo) : 5; 27660 (bo) : 5; 30063 (bo, l) : l b ; 501 s3 (bo, l) : 5; 30555 (bo) : 5; 30368 (bo) : l b ; 31302 (bo) : 4; 315.46 (bo): 5; 35236 (bo): l b ; 32s06 (bo): 5; 32898 (bo): 5; 32901 (bo): 5; 32005 (bo): 5; 32908 (bo): 5; 32911 (bo) : 5; 32914 (bo) : 5; 34475 (bo): 4; 34476 (bo): 4; 34477 (bo): 4; 3447s (bo) : 4; 34479 (bo) : 4; 36734 (l) : l b ; 37122 ( l ) : 5. bakhuizen van den brink f. 421 (bo) : 5; 1095 (bo, l) : 5; 1658 (bo, l) : l b ; 3042 (bo) : 2. den berger s.n., 21 dec. 1916 (bo) : 5. beumee 1981 (bo): l a ; 2376 (bo): l a ; 4147 (bo): l a ; 4200 (bo): l a ; 5179 (bo) : l a . blume ? s.n. ( l ) : l a ; ? s.n. (l) : l b ; s.n. (l) : 4 ; s.n. (l) : 5. boden-kloss 14534 (bo, k, u c ) : 5. boerlage s.n., oct.-nov. 1888 (bo, l) : 5. brass 6052 (bo, ny, u s ) : 5; 6299 (bo, l) : 5. brinkman 704 (bo, gh, l ) : l b . b-iinnemeyer 11401 (bo, l) : 5. bijhouwer 12 (bo) : 5. carr 11890 (k, l ) : 2. clason k 54 (bo) : l b . cuming 646 (l, mo) : 5; 1370 ( l ) : 5. coert 42 (l) : 5; 336 (l) : 5. corner 29903 (bo): 5. dizon 10 ( u s ) : 5; 24 (us) : l a . docters van leeuwen 33 (bo): 5; 123 (bo) : l b ; 3768 (bo) : 5. dorgelo 176 (l) : l b ; 784 (l) : 5. edeling s.n., aug. 1863 (bo) : 5. endert 1502 (bo) : 5. floyd 5549 (bo, l) : 5. der gaag 79 (l) : l b . griffith 1615 (k) : 4. r74 (bo) : 5; d315 (bo) : 7; d316 (bo) : 2; 4356 (l) : 5. van harreveld 11 (bo) : l b . hcmken 17 (bo): 5. den hoed 3014 (l) : l a . hollrung 694 (bo) : 5. holstvoogd 156 (bo, l) : l b . horsfield l. 3 (gh) : 2; l. 4 (k) : 5; l. 5 (gh, k ) : 6. houwing 523 (l) : l b ; 917 (l) : 5; 972 (l) : 1 b . 1959] velva e. rudd: aeschynomene in malaysia 35 iboet 220 (bo, l) : 5. jungkuhn s.n. (l) : 5; 13 (l) : l b . janowsky 461 (bo, l) : 5. karsten 18 (l) : l b . kievits 64 (l) : 5. kjellberg 1298 (bo): 5; 1982 (bo): '5; u06 (bo) : l b . koch 1928 (bo) : 5. koorders 42 (bo): 5; 179 (bo): 5; 547 (bo, l ) : 5; 793 (bo): 5; 2022 (bo): 5; 2133 (bo): 5. kwwtee 5.z06 (ny) : 5. leenart 55 (bo) : l a . lorzing 431 (bo) : 5; 3364 (bo) : 5; 3492 (bo): 5; 7707 (bo): 5. mabesa & catalan fb 26928 (uc) : 5. raw der meer 949 (bo) : 5. mendoza 1502 (= p2vh is50.9) (l, us) : 5. men-ill, sp. blanc. 762 (bo, l, mo, ny, u s ) : 5; wo (us, n y ) : 5; 4235 (l, ny, us) •: 5. monod de froideville 98 (bo, l) : 5; 355 (l) : l b . mo^ej/ 700 (k) : 5. noerkas (exp. van vuuren) 25 (bo, l) : 5; 40 (bo, l) : 5. polak 1 (bo) : 5. popta 47 (bo) : 5; 286 (l) : l a ; 7371165 (l) : l b . posthumus 1048 (bo, l) : 5. w « der p#7 43 (bo) : l b ; 162 (bo) : 5. rachmat (exp. van vuuren) jz02 (bo, l) : 5. ramos bs 1423 (bo, ny, u s ) : 5; bs 27613 (bo): 5; fb 39716 (uc) : 5. fiamos & convocar bs 83371 (ny) : 5. reinwardt 471 (bo) : 5. ridley 8009 (k) : 5; 15122 (k) : 5. robinson bs 9024 (bo, l) : 5. rogerson 1066 (us) : 5. rijckevorsel 29 (bo) : 5. rijkebilsch s.n. (bo) : l b . samios 6353 (us) : l a . schimper 10 (l) : 5. schlechter 18096 (ny) : 5. sinclair, 4 dec. 1949 (bo, l) : 5. van slooten 730 (bo) : 5; 2052 (bo) : l a ; 2460 (bo) : l a . spanoghe s.n. (l) : 2; s.w. (l) : 5. van steenis 3 (l) : 5; -z75s (bo) : 5; -z796 (bo) : l b ; 3760 (bo) : 5; 7513 (bo) : 5; 7706 (bo): 5; 10495 (bo): 5. razeow pivh 33698 (us) : 5. teijsmann s.n. (l) : 5; s.w., in 1869 (l) : 5; hb 11941 (bo, l) : 5. ultee 23 (bo) : 5. vcrsteeg 1921 (bo, l) : 5. de visser smits s.n., june 1915 (bo) : 5. de voogd 481 (bo): 5; 817 ( a ) : l b . vorderman s.n. (bo) : 4; s.n., about 1886 (bo) : 5. waitz s.n. (l) : 5. van welsem 402 (bo) : 5; 403 (bo) : 4. wenzel 3460 (bo, mo, uc) : 5. wester 18621 (ny) : 5. pfisse 5s (bo, l) : l b ; 141 (bo) : 5; 211 (bo) : 5; 377 (bo) : l a . womersley ngf 3715 (bo, l) : 5. zipelius 75 (l) : 2. zollinger 407 (l) : 5; 2365 bo) : 6; 2754 (bo): 2; 3s57 (l) : 5. 36 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 index to scientific names the names have been referred to by the number of the taxa distinguished in this p a p e r ; the excluded names have been referred to t h a t category. synonyms have been printed in italics. aedemone excelsa kotschy: 3; humilis kotschy: 3; mirabilis kotschy: 3. aeschynomene americana l.: 1; var. americana: l a ; var. depila millsp.: l a ; var. glandulosa (poir.) rudd: l b ; var. villosa (poir.) urb.: 2a; aquatica roxb.: 4; arenicola brandeg.: 7; aspera l.: 4; aspera noroiia: excluded; aspera sensu wall.: 5; atropurpurea span.: excluded; cachemiriana cambess.: 5; decumbens zipp. ex span.: 2a; diffusa klein ex willd.: 5; elaphroxylon guill. & perr.) taub.: 3; elegans schl. & cam.:. 7; falcata vog. var. elegans (schl. & cam.) o. kuntze: 7; f. glabrior 0. kuntze: 7; var. plurijuga benth.: 7; glaberrima poir.: 5; glandulosa bello: 2a; glandulosa poir.: l b ; guayaquilensis g. don: l b ; hirsuta d c : 2a; hirta lag.: 2a; indica l.: 5; var. />' miq.: 5; var. /? aspera hassk. ex miq.: 4; var. fj ? punctata p e r s . : 5; var. y viscosa miq.: 5; javanica miq.: 2a; var. ji luxurians miq.: l a ; laevis noroiia: excluded; lagenaria lour.: 4; macropoda d c : 5; meridana pittier: 2a; mexicana biroli ex colla: l a ; mimosula bl. ex miq.: l a ; montana span.: 5; oligantha welw. ex baker: 5; papulosa welw. ex baker: 6; pseudoviscosa bl. ex miq.: 2a; pudica zoll.: 2a; pumila l.: 5; punctata steud.: 5; quadrats. schum.: 5; roxburghii spreng.: 5; subviscosa d c : 5; tchadica chev.: 3; tecta vog.: 7; timoriana span.: 2a; trachyloba miq.: 6; tricholoma standl. & steyerm.: l a ; uniflora e. mey.: 6; villosa poir.: 2; var. villosa: 2a; viscidula roxb. ex willd.: 5. cassia tenuicaulis m. e. jones: 2a. j hcdysaruni alpinum lour.: 5; lagenarium roxb.: 4; neli-tali roxb.: 5; violacea noroiia: excluded; virginicum lour.: 5. herminiera elaphroxylon guill. & perr.: 3. hippocrepis mimosula norofia: la. hal 23-36_page_01 hal 23-36_page_02 hal 23-36_page_03 hal 23-36_page_04 hal 23-36_page_05 hal 23-36_page_06 hal 23-36_page_07 hal 23-36_page_08 hal 23-36_page_09 hal 23-36_page_10 hal 23-36_page_11 hal 23-36_page_12 hal 23-36_page_13 hal 23-36_page_14 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia vol. 8, part 2, pp. 319 — 321 (1972) the taxonomic position of papuodendron c.t. white as elucidated by anatomical characters w. a. van heel rijksherbarium, leyden, netherlands , when, in 1946, white described papuodendron lepidotum from new guinea, he apparently hesitated to incorporate this species in the bombacaceae. he considered that whereas on the one hand the congestion of the stamens on top of the stamen tube pointed to bombacaceae, on the other hand the absence, of tile cells in the rays indicated the hibisceae. van steenis (1947), in an enumeration, listed papuodendron under the bombacaceae. however, kostermans (1960) decided that papuodendron was malvaceous, that it most probably belonged in hibiscus, with affinity to a small group of new guinean species, namely hibiscus carrii, h. womersleyanus and h. pulvinulifer, which were all described by van borssum waalkes (1956). it was the opinion of kostermans (1960) that the congestion of the stamens on top of the tube was insufficient for separating papuodendron from hibiscus, in which genus the stamens are spread along the distal part of the tube. accordingly kostermans reduced papuodendron to hibiscus, and renamed papuodendron lepidotum white as hibiscus papuodendron kosterm. in addition kostermans described a second 'papuodendron' species, hibiscus hooglandianus. the discussion of van borssum waalkes (1966) on the problem appears contradictory. whereas on the one hand he claimed that papuodendron is at any rate a link between the hibisceae and the durioneae, he stated on the other hand that papuodendron resembles very much hibiscus pidvinulifer. he rejected the names of kostermans, reestablishing papuodendron, and did not treat the genus in his revision of malesian malvaceae. in the following i shall bring forward a number of anatomical arguments, in three stages, in favour of the view of kostermans in this matter. — 319 — 320 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 8 1. papuodendron is malvaceous as i explained in 1966, the stamens in malvaceae and many bombacaceae are arranged along the free distal parts of five lobes that are fused with their bases into a tube. these staminate lobes consist of a median and two lateral parts, each part with its own vascular bundle supply. however, whereas in malvaceae the, median part and its vascular supply is reduced or almost so, in bombacaceae this part is either staminiferous or staminodial, and shows a corresponding vascular bundle supply. in this respect papuodendron follows the malvaceous structure. another argument is derived from the structure of the pollen. as noticed by several authors the pollen of papuodendron are echinate, as is the rule in malvaceae. however, it is important to add that the pollen are periporate, meaning that many simple pores are spread all over the surface of the pollen grain. whereas this particular structure is prevalent in malvaceae, it is absent in bombacaceae. it is conceivable that together these two pollen characters could greatly serve to delimit malvaceae and bombacaceae. 2. papuodendron belongs to the hibisceae accepted as malvaceous, the genus finds its place in the hibisceae. this is evident from general habit, as well as from the capsular fruits, the free capitate stigmata, and such special features as the stamens being divided serially, not collaterally. for these reasons papuodendron must be placed in the hibisceae, preferably like redefined by fryxell (1968). 3. papuodendron is a hibiscus species in hibiscus the, monothecous anthers show a characteristic vascular bundle supply, consisting of a dichotomy of two sharply anatropous branches that leave some residual tissue in the branch angle. this precise pattern neither occurs in bombacaceae nor in other genera of malvaceae, except for the dissimilar eastern-european kitaibelia vitifolia. papuodendron does show this pattern. the second argument is the resemblance of papuodendron with a small group of new guinean hibiscus species, as mentioned above. this concerns general appearance (indumentum, inflorescence) as well as two noteworthy special characters. firstly all the hibiscus spp. under consideration belong to a part of the section azanza that shows five radial false septs in the ovary cells, creating the appearance of ten cells. 1972] van h e e l : the -position of papuodendron 321 papuodendron also shows these false septs. secondly hibiscus pulvinulifer possesses large, profusely vascularised, glands where the petals are attached to the stamen tube. these glands are, obscured by long surrounding hairs. in the whole of bombacaceae and malvaceae these antepetalous glands are restricted to hibiscus pulvinulifer and hibiscus sciadolepidus (hochr.)borss., a species equally belongs to the azanza section. however, also papuodendron shows this peculiar feature. one single character remains against reducing papuodendron to hibiscus, namely the position of the stamens together on the summit of the stamen tube, instead of spread along the distal part of the tube. moreover the sterile extension of the tube, as present in hibiscus, is lacking in papuodendron. kostermans thought that a slight difference in length of the filament could be of no value. to that may be added that in young flowers of hibiscus hooglandianus — the second 'papuodendron' species — i noticed sterile lobes at the end of the tube. however, i am not certain that these young lobes will be visible in mature flowers. also, in these young flowers, the stamens were slightly spread along the distal part of the tube. however that may be, more relevant is that also in hibiscus pulvinulifer a sterile tube ending is absent, and that the stamens are rather closely packed along the distal part of the tube. thus a close affinity of papuodendron to this group of new guinean hibiscus species in the azanza section is firmly established, especially to hibiscus pulvinulifer. for some common special features in the receptacular vascular bundle pattern i may refer the reader to my paper of 1966; these features indicate a similar way of development of that region. the conclusion is that the reduction of papuodendron to hibiscus, as proposed by kostermans, is fully corroborated by anatomical study. i dedicate this paper to dr. a. j. g. h. kostermans, on the occasion of his 65th anniversary. what else could the anatomist add but some security to what is grasped at once by the able tropical botanist? references borssum waalkes, j. van, 1956, in reinwardtia 4, 1. _ , 1966, in blumea 14, 1. fbyxell, p. a., 1968, in bot. gaz. 129, 4. heel, w. a. van, 1966, in blumea 13, 2. kostermans, a. j. g. h., 1960, in reinwardtia 5, 3. steenis, c. g. g. j. van, 1947, in j. arnold, arb. 28. white, c. t., 1946, in j. arnold arb. 27. hal 319-328_page_1 hal 319-328_page_2 hal 319-328_page_3 lipi a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(4) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(4): 261 337, 31 march 2008 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondece on the reinwardtia journal and subscriptions should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 4, pp: 285 288 285 notes on malesian naucleeae received september 26, 2007; accepted november 5, 2007. c.e.ridsdale nationaal herbarium nederland, universiteit leiden branch, p.o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: colin_ridsdale@yahoo.co.uk abstract ridsdale, c.e. 2008. notes on malesian neonaucleea. reinwardtia 12(4): 285 – 288 — neonauclea pseudoborneensis, neonauclea subsessilis and myrmeconauclea surianii are described as new species. sarcocephalis fluviatilis elmer is reinstated as a variety of myrmeconauclea strigosa. the loss of a large number of type specimens formerly in l is reported. keyword: malesia, neonauclea pseudoborneensis, neonauclea subsessilis, myrmeconauclea surianii, sarcocephalis fluviatilis, myrmeconauclea strigosa abstrak ridsdale, c.e. 2008. catatan pada neonaucleea malesia. reinwardtia 12(4): 282 – 288 — neonauclea pseudoborneensis, neonauclea subsessilis dan myrmeconauclea surianii diuraikan sebagai jenis baru. sarcocephalis fluviatilis elmer direklasifikasi sebagai varietas myrmeconauclea strigosa. hilangnya sejumlah tipe specimen yang semula ada di l juga dilaporkan. kata kunci: malesia, neonauclea pseudoborneensis, neonauclea subsessilis, myrmeconauclea surianii, sarcocephalis fluviatilis, myrmeconauclea strigosa neonauclea since the published revisions of naucleeae (ridsdale 1978) and neonauclea (ridsdale 1989) a few new taxa have been collected which are described below neonauclea pseudoborneensis ridsdale, spec. nov. arbores usque ad 10 m altae. gemmae terminales vegetativae complanatae, oblongae. stipulae anguste ovato-oblongae, 2545 mm longae et 12-16 mm latae, complanatae , glabrae, carinatae, apice acuto. folia elliptica, 20-30 cm longa et 8-12 cm lata, utrinque glabra, apice acuto, basi acuta leviter inaequilatera, nervis lateralibus 9-12 paribus; petiolo crasso, 1.5-3 cm longo, glabro. axis floriferus usque ad 7 cm longus. capitula florifera terminalia solitaria, subplana per anthesim trans calyces 25-30 mm, trans corollas 60-70 mm. flores 5meri, receptaculo hirsuto, bracteolis interfloralibus conicis, numerosis. hypanthia glabra, 1.5-2 mm longa; calyces usque ad basim divisi, parte persistenti 3-4 mm longa, caule pubescenti 3-4 mm longo, parte apicali dilatata obturbinata 0.9-1.3 mm longa, verticibus breviter conicis ochraceis papillatis. corolla infundibularis 1114 mm longa, glabra, lobis ovatis. stylus per 8-12 mm exsertus. capitula fructifera 30-35 mm diam., fructibus 8 mm longis. — t y p u s: kessler et al pk 1711(holo-l). small tree up to 10 m high. ultimate branchlets slender, apparently without myrmedomes. terminal vegetative bud oblong, flattened. stipules not persistent, narrowly ovate-oblong, 25—45 by 12—16 mm, keeled, glabrous, apex acute. leaves elliptic, 20—30 by 8—12 cm, above and below glabrous; apex acute, base cuneate, slightly decurrent and asymmetrical, lateral nerves 9—12 pairs. petiole stout, 1.5—3.5 cm, glabrous. inflorescence terminal, flowering heads solitary, axis up to 7 cm. mature flowering heads with diameter across calyces 25—30 mm, across corollas 60—70 mm. receptacle hairy, interfloral bracteoles numerous, conical. hypanthium 1.5—2 mm long, glabrous . calyx divided almost to the base, inside and outside densely pubescent, persistent part 3—4 mm, shaft 3—4 mm long, densely pubescent, breaking at the top and persistent on the fruitlets; upper apical portion 0.9—1.3 mm long, obturbinate summit shortly conical, pallid ochre coloured, papillate, lower part ill defined with stiff hairs by which mutual elements stick together and detach in a mass or in groups. corolla infundibular, purplish, 11—14 mm long, glabrous, lobes ovate, 1—2 mm long; anthers 1—2 mm, slightly protruding. style exserted for 8—12 mm. diameter across fruiting heads 30—35 mm, fruitlets 8 mm long, crowned by calyx remnants. distribution. malesia: borneo (kalimantan). known only from the type collection. representative specimens. kessler et al p 1711 neonauclea subsessilis ridsdale. spec. nov. arbores grandes. gemmae terminales vegetativae complanatae. stipulae ovatae vel ellipticae, 1520 mm longae et 7-10 mm latae, carinatae, basi pubescenti . folia elliptica vel obovata, (9-)12-20 (-31) cm longa et (3-)5-8 cm lata, coriacea,utrinque glabra, apice acuto vel acuminato, basi auriculata, nervis lateralibus 6-9 paribus; petiolum deest. axis floriferus c. 0.5 cm longus. capitula florifera terminalia solitaria, non vidi; calyces usque ad partem persistentem1.5 mm longo, caule pubescenti 2 mm longo, parte apicali dilatata obturbinata pallida,1.4-2 mm longa. corolla non vidi. capitula fructifera 20-25 mm diam., fructibus 8 mm longis. — t y p u s: takeuchi, w. 9184 (holo-l). large tree, bark flaky, reddish-brown. ultimate branchlets without myrmedomes. terminal vegetative bud flattened. stipules not persistent, ovate to elliptic, up to 15—20 by 7—10 mm, slightly keeled, slightly pubescent at the base. leaves elliptic to obovate, (9—)12—20(—31) by (3-)5—8 cm, coriaceous, above and below glabrous, apex acute to acuminate, base auriculate, lateral nerves 6—9 pairs. petiole absent. inflorescence terminal, flowering heads solitary, axis short, c. 0.5 cm. flowering heads not seen. calyx: observed from remnants on fruiting head, persistent part 1.5 mm, outside finely pubescent, shaft 2 mm, sparsely pubescent, apparently breaking near the base; upper apical portion 1.5—2 mm, obturbinate, pallidly hairy, summit rounded, short hairy. corolla not seen, tube said to be densely sericeously pubescent. diameter across mature fruiting heads 20—25 mm, fruitlets 8 mm crowned with calyx remnants. distribution. malesia: new guinea. known only from the type collection. 286 reinwardtia [vol.12 note. unfortunately flowering material of this species is unknown. it is very distinctive in the subsessile glabrous leaves. representative specimens. takeuchi, w. 9184 myrmeconauclea myrmeconauclea strigosa (korth.) merr. philipp. j. sc. 17 (1920) 375; ridsdale, blumea 24 (1978) 344. — nauclea strigosa korth., verh. nat. gesch. ned. bot. (1840) 157. — neonauclea strigosa merr., j. wash. acad. sc. 5 (1915) 542. — type: korthals s.n. (l). 1.a. apical portion of the calyx lobes strikingly orange-yellow to pale cream..........… var. strigosa b. apical portion of calyx lobes greyish…................. ...............................................................var. fluviatilis var. strigosa. differs from var. fluviatilis in the strikingly papillose orange-yellow to pale cream apical portion of the calyx lobes, strongly reminiscent of some species of neonauclea. distribution. borneo (kalimantan, sarawak) representative material: kalimantan: balgooy, m.m.j. van, 5318; darnaedi, d.,149; endert, f.h.,3034; hallier, j.g,1531,3103; korthals, p.w., s.n.pamattan; nooteboom, h.p., 4667; sidiyasa,k., 1536; veldkamp, j.f. 8037; wirianata,sarawak: h., 658. jacobs, m.,5085; purseglove, j.w.,5235; s.23629; s.23925; s.45113. var. fluviatilis (elmer) ridsdale, stat. nov. sarcocephalus fluviatilis elmer, leafl. philipp. bot. 4 (1912) 1357. — type: elmer 12848 (l). this is the more widespread variety differing from the type variety in the greyish papillose and pubescent or completely glabrous upper apical portion of the calyx lobes. distribution. borneo (kalimantan, sabah, sarawak); philippines (palawan). 2008] ridsdale:: notes on malesian neonaucleea 287 representative material: kalimantan: afriastini, j.j., 367; burley,j.s. 379; nooteboom,h.p. 4384; slooten, d.f. van, 2229; soegeng reksodihardjo, w., 30. ogata, k. 11538; vermeulen, j. 1212. sabah: apostol, bnbfd 3698; keith, h.g., bnbfd 3105; puasa, m., bnbfd 3105; san 28058; san 63096; san 76172; san 83398; san 96406; san 97608; san 99805; san 118410; san 144317. sarawak: chew, w.l.,340; chin, s.c. 2278; brooke,9375, 10223; stone, b.c.,13601; synge, p.m. 1101; s.12134; s.18170; s.19922; s.27868; s.33209; s.41755; s.42423; s.45143; s.4553. philippines: pnh 14197; pnh 23024; elmer, a.d.e.12848; stone, b.c.et al ppi 321;reynoso, e. & majaducon, p.s. ppi 24365. podzorski, a.c. smhi 712; madulid, d.a. & majaducon, p.s. 101; merrill, e.d.,1202, 7234, 11571; soejarto, d.d. & fernando, o. 7275. myrmeconauclea surianii ridsdale, spec.nov. frutices usque ad 2 m alta. gemmae terminales vegetativae complanatae. stipulae adpressae, anguste elliptico-oblongae, 5-9 mm longae et 2-4 mm latae, glabrae interdum sparse hirsutae, interdum carinatae. folia anguste elliptica vel obovato-lanceolatae (3.5-)59(-12) cm longae et (1-)1.5-2.5(-3) cm latae, coriacea, utrinque glabra, apice acuto vel aciminato, basi cuneata vel attenuata, nervis lateralibus 5-9 paribus utrinque glabra domatiis hirsutis; petiolo 7-12 mm longo, glabro. axis floriferus usque ad 2.5-5 cm longus. capitula florifera terminalia solitaria, subplana per anthesim trans calyces 7-9 mm, trans corollas 12-18 mm. flores 5-meri, receptaculo hirsuto, bracteolis interfloralibus conicis, numerosis. hypanthia laxe confluentia, calycis tubo 0.51 mm longo, glabro, lobis appendiculatis, usque ad basim divisis, parte persistenti 3-4 mm longa, parte apicali dilatata obturbinata c. 1 mm longa, caule filiformo vel triangulari 2 mm longo verticibus obclavatis ochraceis papillatis. corolla hypocrateriformis 8-10 mm longa, glabra, lobis ovato-oblongis, 3 mm longis et 1.5 mm latis. stylus per 8-10 mm exsertus. capitula fructifera 25-30 mm diam., fructibus 8-10 mm longis, suberosis. semina alata, cauda longa. type : ridsdale, c.e., pbu 263( l-holo) rheophytic shrub to 2 m. twigs without myrmedomes. terminal vegetative bud strongly flattened. stipules adpressed, elliptic-oblong, 5—9 by 2—4 mm, slightly or not keeled, outside glabrous, sometimes sparsely hairy. leaves narrowly elliptic to obovate-lanceolate, (3.5—) 5— 9(—12) by (1—) 1.5—2.5(—3) cm, coriaceous, above and below glabrous, apex acute to slightly acuminate, base cuneate to attenuate; lateral nerves 5—9 pairs, above and below glabrous, domatia present in the axils, these slightly hairy. petiole 7— 12 mm long, glabrous. inflorescence terminal, solitary, flowering axis 2.5—5 cm, node situated at the apex and bearing a pair of bract-like stipules, these ovate to deltoid, 8—12 by 3—6 mm, glabrous, surrounding the young flowering head; the first node below the flowering axis often bearing highly reduced leaves. diameter of mature flowering heads across calyces 7—9 mm, across corollas 12— 18 mm. hypanthia mutually loosely confluent. calyx tube 0.5—1 mm, glabrous, lobes appendiculate, upper apical portion obturbinate, 1 mm, glabrous, breaking at the top of the shaft, shaft filiform to narrowly triangular 2 mm, with a few scattered pallid hairs. corolla hypocrateriform 8— 10 mm, tube 7—8 mm, glabrous, lobes ovate-oblong 3 by 1.5 mm, inside with a few scattered hairs along the mid point, outside glabrous; anthers 0.7—1 mm, protruding from the throat of the corolla. style exserted for 8—10 mm, stigma globose, 1 mm. diameter across mature fruiting head 25—30 mm, fruitlets 8—10 mm long, suberous, seeds winged with a long tail. distribution. borneo (kalimantan, sarawak) ecology. rheophytic shrub along shaded forest streams, apparently replacing m. strigosa along upper reaches of the watersheds. living plants are characterised by the glabrous pink to wine red stipules. note. named in memory of mr surian, field assistant to project barito ulu. representative material: kalimantan: balgooy, m.m.j. van & setten, a.k., 5304; kostermans, a.j., 12784,12872; ridsdale, c.e.,pbu 95;pbu 263, pbu 495; nooteboom, h.p.,4231. sarawak: s. 27872. loss of type specimens it is with regret that we have to report the loss of a large number of type specimens of rubiaceae, naucleeae that were being sent on loan. the boat, which was carrying the postal packages, sank in the azores. as part of the routine work for the herbarium type specimen database the material had been processed beforehand and so digital images remain. clearly some material is completely lost, particularly blume and korthals collections, isotypes will exist in many other cases, though the position 288 reinwardtia [vol.12 for bw numbers is uncertain, generally distribution was canberra, lae, arnold arboretum. nhn internet site for type specimens gives the type images and indicates that they are no longer extant in nhn herbarium. the taxa involved are indicated in the table below. the digital images have no status under the code as they cannot be considered to be epi-types but are useful in connection with future identification of some of the rare taxa. illustrations of the floral parts of can be found in ridsdale (1989). acknowledgements i would like to thank dr. j.f.veldkamp for help with the latin descriptions. literature ridsdale, c.e. 1979. a revision of the tribe naucleeae s.s. blumea 24: 307-366. ridsdale, c.e. 1989. a revision of neonauclea (rubiaceae). blumea 34: 177-275. current name type of collector neonauclea excelsa nauclea synkorynes korthals, p.w.[s.n.] neonauclea excelsa nauclea morindaefolia blume, c.l.[s.n.] neonauclea excelsa nauclea excelsa blume, c.l.[s.n.] neonauclea excelsioides neonauclea excelsioides san[66973] neonauclea formicaria nauclea formicaria elmer, a.d.e.[11034] neonauclea gigantea nauclea cyrtopodioides gibbs, l.s.[2758] neonauclea gigantea nauclea gigantea winkler, hubert[2924] neonauclea gigantea nauclea gigantea winkler, hubert[2533] neonauclea glabra nauclea nitida callery, j.m.m.[55] neonauclea glabra nauclea ovata bs[14597] neonauclea glabra nauclea moluccana vriese, w.h. de; teysmann, j.e.[s.n.] neonauclea glabra neonauclea glabra cowley, e.[92d] neonauclea glandulifera neonauclea glandulifera pleyte, d.r.[274] neonauclea hagenii nauclea hagenii lauterbach, c.a.g.[2175] neonauclea hagenii nauclea papuana versteeg, g.m.[hb1032] neonauclea havilandii nauclea havilandii koorders, s.h.[18630] neonauclea intercontinentalis neonauclea intercontinentalis bb[28759] neonauclea intercontinentalis neonauclea intercontinentalis bb[28759] neonauclea kentii nauclea kentii bs[15440] neonauclea kraboensis neonauclea kraboensis bw (indonesia)[10769] neonauclea lanceolata nauclea gracilis cuming, h.[835] neonauclea lanceolata nauclea tenuis forbes, h.o.[535] neonauclea lanceolata nauclea schlechteri schlechter, f.r.r.[16925] neonauclea maluensis neonauclea maluensis clemens, j.; clemens, m.s.[8309a] neonauclea montana neonauclea montana s[30432] neonauclea morotaiensis neonauclea morotaiensis kostermans, a.j.g.h.[1350] neonauclea pallida neonauclea lanceolata junghuhn, f.w.[s.n.] neonauclea pallida nauclea pallida reinwardt, c.g.c.[s.n.] neonauclea paracyrtopoda neonauclea paracyrtopoda s[34764] neonauclea parviflora nauclea purpurascens koorders, s.h.[73] neonauclea pseudocalycina neonauclea pseudocalycina endert, f.h.[3291] neonauclea pseudopeduncularis neonauclea pseudopeduncularis vogel, e.f. de[5095] neonauclea rupestris neonauclea rupestris teysmann, j.e.[hb12245] neonauclea sericea neonauclea sericea bb[33808] neonauclea solomonensis neonauclea solomonensis bsip[8739] neonauclea subulifera neonauclea subulifera bw (indonesia)[7600] neonauclea superba nauclea superba forbes, h.o.[1474] neonauclea tricephala neonauclea tricephala bw (indonesia)[2972] neonauclea unicapitulifera neonauclea unicapitulifera elbert, j.[3477] neonauclea ventricosa neonauclea ventricosa vogel, e.f. de[6080] neonauclea versteeghii neonauclea versteeghii brass, l.j.; versteegh, c.[13509] neonauclea vinkiorum neonauclea vinkiorum bw (indonesia)[4982] instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles wich have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processes further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author (s) attestingto its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation autohrs should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for paper in french or german) of not more than 250 words.keywords should be given below each abstract, on a peparated paper author(s) sholud the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanica monenclatural is observed, so that taxonamix and nomenclatural novelties sholud be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illistration sholud be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free og charge, any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 4. 2008 contents page j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for the tetrastigma (vitaceae) host of rafflesia (rqfflesiaeeae) in malesia and a (not so) new species ... 261 wj.j.ode wilde &b.e.e. duyfes. miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news 267 m.a. rifai. endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai,spec. nov (hyphomycetes) 275 m.a. rifai. another note on podoconismegaspemiaboedijn(hyphomycetes) 277 topik hid a w ; m. ito; t. yukawa. the phylogenetic position of the papuasian genus sarcochilus r.br. (orchidaceae: aeridinae): evidence frommolecular data 281 c.e. ridsdale. notes on maiesiznneonaucleea 285 c.e. ridsdale. thorny problems in the rubiaceae: benkara, fagerlindia andoxyceros 289 kuswatakartawinaia, purwaningsih, t. partomihardjo, r. yusuf, r. abdulhadi, s. riswan. floristics and structure of a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, east kalimantan, indonesia 301 rugaiah & s. sunarti. two new wild species of averrhoa (oxalidaceae) from indonesia 325 atikretnowati. anew javanese species of marasmius (trichlomataceae ) 334 reinwardtia is a lepi acredited journal (80/akred-lipi/p2mbi/5/2007) herbarium bogoriense bidang botani , pus at penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia depannnn 54-112-1-sm blkngg r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, part 1, pp. 97 — 98 (1982) two new names in the genus garcinia l. y. n. sbetharam french institute, pondicherry, india abstract garcinia solomonensis (a.c. smith) kosterm. and g. volkensii (ltbch.) kosterm. are not valid. hence the new names garcinia crassifolia seetharam and g. quadrilocularis seetharam are proposed. abstrak garcinia solomonensis (a.c. smith) kosterm. dan g. volkensii (ltbch.) kosterm. tidak sah. karenanya dua nama baru garcinia crassifolia seetharam dan g. quadrilocularis seetharam diusulkan untuk menggantinya. vesque (1893) and recently kostermans (1976) have favoured the merger of pentaphalangium into garcinia. the two nomenclatural combinations, garcinia solomonensis (a.c. smith) kosterm. and g. volkensii (ltbch.) kosterm., proposed by kostermans (1976) for pentaphalangium solomonensis a.c. smith and p. volkensii ltbch., are later homonyms. therefore the following two new names are proposed. garcinia crassifolia seetharam, nom. nov. pentaphalangium solomonensis a.c. smith in journ. arn. arb. 22: 373-374 (1941). — garcinia solomonensis (a.c. smith) kosterm. in ceylon j. sci. (bio. sei.) 12(1): 69 (1976), non garcinia solomonensis a.c. smith in journ. arn. arb. 22: 357-359 (1941). type: brass 3484, jan. 16, 1933 (a). the specific epithet refers to the thick leaf texture. garcinia quadrilocularis seetharam, nom. nov. pentaphalangium volkensii ltbch. in bot. jahrb. 59: 22-23 (1925). — garcinia — 97 — 98 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 10 volkensii (ltbch.) kosterm. in ceylon j. sci. (bio. sci.) 12(1): 69 (1976), non garcinia volkensii engl., pflanzenw. ost-afr. c: 275 (1895). type: volkens 457, febr. 17, 1900. dr. b. zepernick from berlin has kindly informed us that the type specimen of pentaphalangium volkensii is not available in berlin herbarium and it is probably destroyed by the air raid of march 1943. the specific epithet refers to the quadrilocular ovary. acknowledgement i am thankful to mr. j. bogner (munich) and dr. n.k.b. robson (london) for sending me the relevant literature and to dr. a.j.g.h. kostermans (bogor) and dr. g.j. saldanha (bangalore) for taxonomie counsel. i am also thankful to dr. g. thanikaimoni for guidance. references kostermans, a . j . g . h . (1976). notes on clusiaceae of sri lanka and reduction of pentaphalangium warb. in ceylon j. sci. (bio. sci.) 1 2 ( 1 ) : 55—71, 1 pi. vesque, j. (1893). guttiferae. in de candolle, monographiae phanerogamarum 8: 669. 10(1) 258 binder cover-100_page_007 reinwardtia_13_1_101209 + dftar isi+new re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia vol 13, part 1, pp: 21 − 23 21 the status of semeiocardium zoll. (balsaminaceae) received april 24, 2009; accepted june 6, 2009 nanda utami herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology–lipi, jl. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail: utami_16002@yahoo.com abstract utami, n. 2009. the status of semeiocardium zoll. (balsaminaceae). reinwardtia 13(1): 21–23. — on the basis of comparison with other characters of two subgenera of the genus impatiens, semeiocardium zoll. is proposed to be best treated as a subgenus of impatiens (balsaminaceae). subgenus semeiocardium (zoll.) n. utami is distinguished from the other two subgenera in the number of locular ovary and its connate wing petals. subgenus semeiocardium has 20 species in four sections of impatiens in the sense of warburg & reiche (1896). there are 14 species of impatiens in section microcentron warb., 3 species of section macrocentron warb, 2 species of section brachycentron warb., and 1 species of section brevicalcaratae warb. key words: balsaminaceae, impatiens, semeiocardium. abstrak utami, n, 2009. status semeiocardium zoll. (balsaminaceae). reinwardtia 13(1): 21–23. — berdasarkan perbandingan karakter dari ke dua anak marga impatiens, semeiocardium zoll. diajukan untuk diperlakukan sebagai anak marga impatiens (balsaminaceae). anak marga semeiocardium (zoll.) n. utami dapat dibedakan dari kedua anak marga impatiens lainnya berdasarkan jumlah ruang bakal buah dan perlekatan sayap daun mahkota. anak marga semeiocardium mempunyai anggota 20 jenis dan 4 seksi impatiens warburg & reiche (1896). mereka adalah 14 jenis dari seksi microcentron warb., 3 jenis dari seksi macrocentron warb., 2 jenis dari seksi brachycentron warb. dan 1 jenis dari seksi brevicalcaratae warb. kata kunci: balsaminaceae, impatiens, semeiocardium. introduction warburg & reiche (1896) classified the genus impatiens (balsaminaceae) into two subgenera: subgen. caulimpatiens warb. (= subgen. impatiens) and subgen. acaulimpatiens warb. on the basis of presence or absence of cauline leaves. these two subgenera were also divided into 14 sections on the basis of phyllotaxy, inflorescence and spur characters. subgenus acaulimpatiens warb. has only 2 sections and subgen. impatiens 12 sections. the distribution area of subgen. impatiens, which consists of more than 850 species, is extensive, covering eurasia, africa and north america, while that of subgen. acaulimpatiens to which only ten or so species belong, is confined to the western ghats in india and sri lanka. backer & backhuizen van den brink (1963) recognized three genera in the family balsaminaceae, namely hydrocera bl. ex weight & arnott, impatiens l. and semeiocardium zoll. hydrocera triflora looks similar to impatiens. however, there are two basic differences in flower and fruit structure that clearly separate the two genera. in hydrocera there is a full complement of 5 sepals and 5 petals with all the petals being free from one another. in impatiens the sepals are usually, if not always 3 in number and the lower 4 petals are partially connate into lateral pairs (united lateral petals) with the upper or dorsal petal being entirely free. whereas semeiocardium is characterized by its 4 lateral sepals in 2 pairs, the outer (lower) pair connate and enclosing the lower sepal and spur, sepals oval, asymmetric, apiculate, with inner (upper) pair hidden by the outer pair, free, linearly lanceolate; lower sepal navicular, abruptly constricted into a short in curved bifid spur; dorsal petal cucullate; lateral united petals connate; and ovary 4 locular. based on the above characters it seems that semeiocardium is closely related to impatiens, that is why grey−wilson (1989) proposed that semeiocardium be reduced as a synonym of impatiens. this idea supported shimizu (1987) suggestions in transferring semeiocardium arriensii to impatiens as i. arriensii (zoll.) t. shimizu. so semeiocardium is now treated as a synonym of impatiens (grey−wilson 1989). reinwardtia 22 [vol.13 materials and methods during the revision of the genus impatiens, the author examined about 100 species and 14 sections of impatiens in the sense of warburg and reiche’s (1896) system, collected from indonesia, thailand, india, china and japan. this study is done by using scanning electron microscope (sem). we also observed floral characters, chromosome numbers and seedling morphology. results and discussion during the study of impatiens from thailand, china and indonesia, shimizu et al. (1996) and utami (1996) found that semeiocardium is not the only member with a 4−locular ovary and connate wing petals. there are some species of impatiens having such characters. examples include impatiens bunackii t. shimizu of thailand, i. alboflava miq. of indonesia and several other species. grey– wilson (1989) also mentioned that several impatiens from thailand and peninsular malaysia closely resemble s. arriensii, so that he proposed to treat impatiens harmandii as subspecies of i. arriensii, and i. macrosepala as a synonym of i. arriensii. throughout the study of seed coat morphology of the genus impatiens, the available data show that the seed coat types in general support the classical classification of the genus impatiens, especially concerning the southeast asian species. the seed coat character agrees well with other morphological characters such as the four carpellate ovaries, connate winged petals and seed coat pilose with long hairs or granulate and finely granular to form natural groups. because of that it is suggested that the group which has four carpellate ovaries, connate winged petals and seed coat pilose with long hairs or granulate and finely granular should be distinguished as a different subgenus. these characters are found in 14 species of impatiens section microcentron warb., namely i. arriensii (zoll.) t. shimizu, i. bunnackii t. shimizu, i. charanii t. shimizu, i. harmandii t. shimizu, i. kanburiensis t. shimizu, i. macrosepala hook.f., i. saraburiensis t. shimizu, i. hongsonensis t. shimizu, i. kerriae craib, i. namkatensis t. shimizu, i. psittacina hook.f., i. verucifer hook.f., i. boni hook.f., and i. parishii hook.f. three species of impatiens section macrocentron warb., there are: i. santisukii t. shimizu, i. muscicola craib. and i. siamensis t. shimizu, 2 species of impatiens section brachycentron warb., such as i. alboflava miq., i. larsenii t. shimizu and 1 species of impatiens section brevicalcaratae warb. is i. mirabilis hook.f. the distribution of this subgenus is restricted to south asia, from south china to south indonesia. comparison of floral morphology, chromosome numbers, seedling and seed coat characters, in several sections of warburg and reiche’s classification suggests that it would be appropriate to recognize a third subgenus, namely impatiens subgenus semeiocardium (zoll.) n. utami stat. nov. impatiens subgenus semeiocardium (zoll.) n. utami stat. nov. basionym: semeiocardium zoll. natuurk. tijdschr. ned. ind. 17 : 245. 1858. type : i. arriensii (zoll) t. shimizu, madura, zollinger 3956 (holotype− l). distribution. thailand and indonesia. ecology. limestone areas. notes. the following characters are important as diagnostic characters to distinguish among the subgenera (table. 1). acknowledgment i would like to thank to prof. dr. dan h. nicolson and dr. jun wen of department of botany, us national herbarium, national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution for reviewing this manuscript. references backer, c.a. & backhuizen van den brink jr, r.c.. 1963. flora of java i: 248−251, nordhoff groningen. grey-wilson, c. 1989. semeiocardium zoll.; is it a good genus? studies in balsaminaceae: ix. kew bull. 44 (1): 107−113. subgenus locular number in ovary lateral united petals seed coat type cauline leaves impatiens 5 free variation present acaulimpatiens 5 free variation absent semeiocardium stat. nov. 4 connate pilose with long hairs or, granulate of finely granular present table 1. characters to distinguish the three subgenera of impatiens. utami : the status of semeiocardium zoll. (balsaminaceae) 2009] 23 utami, n. 1996. taxonomy of the genus impatiens (balsaminaceae) based on seed coat morphology. ph.d thesis (unpublished). shimizu, t. 1987. a note on the distribution of the genus impatiens (balsaminaceae) in southeast asia. acta phytotax. geobot. 38: 53 – 57 (in japanese). shimizu, t., takao, s., utami, n. & takao, a. 1996. anatomical of floral organs and its taxonomic significance in the genus impatiens (balsaminaceae), with special reference to subgen. acaulimpatiens. phytomorphology, 46(3): 253−266. warburg, o. & reiche, k. j. 1896. balsaminaceae. engler’s nat. pflanzenfam. teil iii, alstchitung 5: 383−392. cover.pdf reinwardtia_13_1_291209_nanda.pdf miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news ii reinwardtia vol 12, part 5, pp: 405 – 414 405 miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news ii received october 31, 2008; accepted december 5, 2008 w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes nationaal herbarium nederland, universiteit leiden branch, p.o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. email: duyfjes@nhn.leidenuniv.nl abstract de wilde, w.j.j.o & duyfjes, b.e.e. 2009. miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news ii. reinwardtia 12(5): 405–414. — this paper contains corrections, additions, new taxa, or new records in several genera, which became apparent since previous publications by the authors in these genera. (1) diplocyclos (endl.) post & kuntze: a new variety in diplocyclos palmatus (l.) c. jeffrey (2). pilogyne schrad.: re-instatement of this genus name for se asian species formerly in zehneria endl., with the description of a new species from the philippines (3) thladiantha bunge: thladiantha nudiflora forbes & hemsley, new for malesia (4) trichosanthes l.: three subspecies in trichosanthes tricuspidata lour. keywords: cucurbitaceae, south east asia abstrak de wilde, w.j.j.o & duyfjes, b.e.e. 2009. bermacam-macam berita cucurbitaceae asia tenggara ii. reinwardtia 12(5): 405–414. — tulisan ini memuat perbaikan, tambahan, perubahan nama beberapa marga cucurbitaceae yang menjadi jelas sejak publikasi terdahulu oleh pengarang pada marga yang sama. (1) diplocyclos (endl.) post & kuntze: varietas baru pada diplocyclos palmatus (l.) c. jeffrey (2). pilogyne schrad.: dinyatakan kembali marga ini untuk asia tenggara yang semula disebut zehneria endl., dengan pertelaan jenis baru dari filipina. (3) thladiantha bunge: thladiantha nudiflora forbes & hemsley, baru untuk malesia (4) trichosanthes l.: tiga anak jenis pada trichosanthes tricuspidata lour. kata kunci: cucurbitaceae, asia tenggara introduction since a similar previous article in reinwardtia (de wilde & duyfjes, 2008a) the publication of a number of improvements in the taxonomy of south east asian cucurbitaceae has become opportune in view of the forthcoming flora treatment of the family for flora of peninsular malaysia and flora malesiana, both scheduled for 2009. it concerns communications in the genera as enumerated in the abstract above. (1). diplocyclos (endl.) post & kuntze: a new variety in diplocyclos palmatus (l.) c. jeffrey. a strange-looking cucurbit, with deeply divided leaves with very narrow lobes, 2–7 mm wide (fig. 1), from luzon, was described by merrill (1918) as a new monotypic genus ilocania pedata merr., but later (jeffrey, 1967) it appeared to be synonymous with d. palmatus (l.) c. jeffrey. however, the specimens look so much deviating from the usual d. palmatus that we give it the status of variety. diplocyclos palmatus (l.) c. jeffrey var. pedata (merr.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, stat. nov. basionym: ilocania pedata merr. (1918) 65. — lectotype (de wilde & duyfjes, 2008a): ramos bs 27552 (us); a nice duplicate of the syntype ramos bs 27490, apparently lost in pnh, is in bm. (2). pilogyne schrad.: re-instatement of this genus name for se asian species formerly in zehneria endl., with the description of a new species from the philippines phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data in the zehneria-neoachmandra group of species indicates that both genera are paraphyletic and should be merged (schaefer et al., 2007, schaefer, in litt.). according to cross and gravendeel (leiden, pers. comm.) especially the type species of the older genus, zehneria, zehneria baueriana endl. (1833) is troublesome. this species mailto:duyfjes@nhn.leidenuniv.nl reinwardtia [vol.12 406 appeared to harbor in its dna two clones, one linking it up with most of our se asian species in 2006 accommodated in zehneria, the other with those accommodated in neoachmandra (de wilde & duyfjes, 2006). they suggest that possibly zehneria baueriana is of hybrid origin. however, in view of the fact that the morphology of the inflorescences as well as particularly the construction of the male flowers and seeds are so much different, we feel that, in spite of the molecular findings, for the se asian area two different genera should be recognized. in order to make this more comprehensible we herewith propose to re strict the genus zehneria to its type, and accommodate the remaining se asian species of zehneria (in the sense of de wilde & duyfjes, 2006) in the reinstated genus pilogyne, the type of which fully agrees. as a matter of fact, the (male) flower morphology of the type of zehneria, z. baueriana is considerably at variance with those of neoachmandra and pilogyne as shown in fig. 2. the necessary new combinations in pilogyne for se asia are made below. the main differences, however, small, between pilogyne and zehneria (defined by its sole species, z. baueriana) are summarized in table 1. 2 cm fig. 1. diplocyclos palmatus (l.) c. jeffrey var. pedata (merr.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes: leaf (ramos bs 27490, bm, syntype). 2009] de wilde & duyfjes : miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news ii 407 table 1 comparison of characters of three genera characters neoachmandra zehneria (z. baueriana, norfolk is.) pilogyne habit / stem slender stout slender / stout drying colour of leaves green brown brown flowers monoecious dioecious dioecious inflorescences flowers few, 1–8, sessile, males and females mixed at the node male and female flowers fascicled at the node in male a peduncled raceme, flowers dispersed or clustered (female flowers various) probract absent present present petals valvate imbricate (valvate-) imbricate male flowers pedicel long medium / short (medium) short insertion of stamens at throat of receptacle tube, included halfway receptacle tube (above the disc), ± exserted at base of receptacle tube, sub-included thecae straight curved curved apex of connective broad narrow (broad in the middle) narrow (broad or narrow in the middle) length of filament compared to length of anther shorter than anther ± equal longer than anther disc globose 3-parted subglobose or faintly 3lobed female flowers insertion of staminodes halfway receptacle tube halfway receptacle tube at base of receptacle tube stigma lobes sessile and entire stalked and each 2-parted entire or 2-lobed (notched), sessile or stalked disc entire, subglobose 3-parted entire, subglobose or depressed fruit number single (or 2) several / many few or several surface smooth or scurfy scurfy finely pitted female and fruiting pedicel long medium (mostly) short seed margin faintly margined or unmargined, base sometimes winged faintly broad-margined, unwinged narrowly (square) margined (?rarely unmargined), unwinged surface smooth or hairy smooth smooth considerations for the malesian area the above presented scenario for distinguishing 3 genera, albeit much related, holds good, but in the pacific area a number of recently described zehneria species (de wilde & duyfjes, 2006) are anomalous within that genus for one or more traits. these species, like zehneria baueriana, appear in the molecular phylogenetic cladogram as nested within neoachmandra, forcing authors to merge neoachmandra into one, larger genus zehneria (endlicher, 1833). however, morphologically, they cannot go with neoachmandra, as specified in table 1, fig. 3. fig. 3. scheme illustrating relationships between the genera pilogyne, zehneria and neoachmandra. reinwardtia [vol.12 408 the anomalus species described in zehneria, but in the cladogram ‘nested’ within neoachmandra are the following: • zehneria baueriana endl. — norfolk is., new caledonia (flowers fascicled, not clustered). • zehneria erythrobacca w.j. de wilde & duyfjes — whole of new guinea (male flowers fascicled rather than clustered). • zehneria grayana (cogn.) fosberg & sachet — large part of the pacific (stamens inserted halfway in the receptacle tube). • zehneria neocaledonica w.j. de wilde & duyfjes — new caledonian (green on drying; fruit not pitted; seed ‘hairy’). • zehneria tahitensis w.j. de wilde & duyfjes — tonga, tahiti (stamens inserted halfway in the receptacle tube). • zehneria viridifolia w.j. de wilde & duyfjes — milne bay distr., e papua new guinea (green on drying, stamens inserted halfway in the receptacle tube). it seems, as a possible explanation, that the genus zehneria (i.e. z. baueriana) as well as the other zehneria species mentioned above, are originally of old hybrid origin, between neoachmandra and pilogyne. fig. 2. schematic longitudinal sections of male flowers, stigmas, and schemes of inflorescences of a. neoachmandra, (monoecious) b. zehneria (dioecious), c. pilogyne (dioecious); black dot = female flower, open dot = male flower). key differentiating the genera pilogyne and zehneria 1a. flowers in male inflorescences (mostly) pedunculate, clustered (not fascicled) or in a raceme. stamens inserted at (or near) base of the receptacle tube. fruit minutely pitted. disc entire or faintly 3-lobed. stigma 3-parted, parts sessile or short-stalked………............pilogyne (africa, asia) b. flowers of male inflorescences fascicled, (sub) sessile. stamens inserted at about the middle of the receptacle tube. fruit not minutely pitted, often ± scurfy or tesselated. disc deeply 3-lobed or – parted. stigmas 3, stalked, each stigma 2parted....zehneria (s.s., norfolk is., not in malesia) pilogyne eckl. & zeyh. (1836) 277. — type species: pilogyne suavis eckl. & zeyh. small climbers, annual or subperennial; dioecious (rarely monoecious); brown on drying. probract linear, minute, caducous. tendrils simple. leaves simple. flowers small, white or creamy; sepals minute, (narrowly) triangular or narrowly elliptic, usually subpatent; petals free, (narrowly) elliptic, (valvate or) imbricate in bud; receptacle-tube campanulate. male inflorescence: a shortor long-peduncled few-or many-flowered condensed raceme or cluster, co-axillary with female flower(s). bracts absent. male flowers: 2009] de wilde & duyfjes : miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news ii 409 pedicel short, 2–10(–15) mm long, persistent; stamens 3, inserted near the base of the receptacletube, filaments longer than the anther, anthers all 2-thecous, ± included or just exserted, thecae lateral, curved, not divergent, connective (narrow or) broad and ± thickened adaxially, not or little produced at apex; disc (depressed-) globose or faintly 3-lobed. female flowers: solitary or few at the node, or few in a pedunculate cluster, when monoecious co-axillary with a male raceme, or mixed with male flowers in a pedunculate raceme; pedicel short (or long); ovary globose with slender neck, or ellipsoid; stigma deeply 3-lobed, or 3 on short style-arms, papillose or hairy; staminodes present; disc free, annular. fruit 1 or several, usually with short fruiting pedicel, globose or ellipsoid, 0.5–2(–3?) cm long, not or hardly beaked, glabrous, green, ultimately red, or purplish blackish, pulpy; pericarp cartilaginous, minutely pitted. seeds several or numerous, compressed, ovate or elliptic, whitish, not sculptured, margin narrow but distinct (indistinct in z. immarginata), usually with square edge, base without wing. a genus of about 20 species distributed in the tropics of the old world: africa and madagascar and in se asia, from india, china, through malesia, to n australia and into the pacific; ca. 15 species in asia, malesia and the pacific, 1 species in australia. note. several species are weakly defined. they are in the present enumeration sometimes only distinguishable on the colour of the ripe fruits. further study is needed. key to the malesian species of pilogyne, including 4 species provisionally left in the resembling genus zehneria (for a key to all asian and pacific species, see de wilde & duyfjes, 2006) 1a. leaf blade (narrowly) trullate, base ± rounded or broadly cuneate. [female flowers and fruits not known.] — central celebes…...…15. p. trullifolia b. leaf blade ovate, cordate or (sub)circular………..2 2a. ovary and fruit globose, fruit ca. 1 cm diam. or less, seeds margined……………………...………3 b. ovary and fruit subglobose or ellipsoid, fruit 1 cm long or longer (if smaller, then seeds without margin)…………………………………………...7 3a. female flower and fruit solitary, with long pedicel; fruiting pedicel 1.5–3 cm long. male flowers (coaxillary with a female flower) in a pedunculate condensed cluster. — new guinea; montane…….. ……………………………………8. p. pedicellata b. female flower(s) and fruit(s) either solitary, fascicled, or clustered in a pedunculate raceme; fruiting pedicel ca. 1.5 cm long or less…………..4 4a. monoecious with female flowers (and fruits) and male flowers often in one single raceme-like inflorescence. — new guinea; montane………….. ……………………………………...10. p. pisifera b. mostly dioecious, flowers (male) condensed in a (pedunculate) cluster……………………………..5 5a. fruit mostly several on a long common peduncle [if solitary, then usually co-axillary with male peduncle]. fruit ultimately purple-black — malesia, taiwan; montane………....11. p. repanda b. fruit single or few, in a sessile or shortpedunculate cluster. — lower montane or lowland.....………..…………………………………..6 6a. fruit 1 (rarely 2 or 3) per node, ca. 1 cm diam., pedicelled, but without peduncle, red when ripe. — widespread in s india, sri lanka and se continental asia; rare in malesia (n sumatra, peninsular malaysia and sabah); lowland and montane area…………………….…1. p. bodinieri b. fruit 1–5 per node, 0.6–0.8 cm diam., fruits on a common peduncle to 1 cm long, greenish when ripe. — java, salayar island, lesser sunda islands; lower montane area…………….….9. p. perpusilla 7a. fruiting pedicel in solitary fruit about as long as or (much) longer than the fruit, ca. 1.5 cm long or more (or fruit few fascicled on a peduncle). stamens inserted at about halfway in the receptacle-tube (towards the base in p. immarginata) [fruit 1–3 cm long.]………………..10 b. fruiting pedicel shorter than the fruit, ca. 1 cm long or less. fruit 1–1.5 cm long. stamens inserted at the base of the receptacle-tube……………..….8 8a. fruit hairy—philippines, mindanao………………. ……………………………..…...14. p. trichocarpa b. fruit glabrous…………………………………….9 9a. seed 3 mm long—philippines, luzon…………….. ……………………………………12. p. rizalensis b. seed 4–5 mm long—widespread…7. p. mucronata 10a. fruit 2–3 cm long……………………………….11 b. fruit less than 2 cm long………………………..12 11a. fruit solitary (or with 2). seeds ca. 4 mm long. [male inflorescences not known.] — lesser sunda islands: lombok……………………...2. p. elbertii b. fruit solitary or few-fascicled on a common peduncle. seeds 5–6 mm long. thecae ± straight, vertical. disc simple, somewhat 3-lobed. style at apex not armed, with deeply 3-lobed stigma. — reinwardtia [vol.12 410 widespread: bismarck archipelago, solomon islands, new hebrides, fiji, samoa......................... ………………………………....zehneria grayana 12a. fruit (1.3–)1.5–2 cm long. seeds 4–5 mm long, narrowly margined. — new guinea; lowland to 1000 (–1750) m altitude…..zehneria erythrobacca b. fruit ca. 1 cm long…………………………..….13 13a. plant drying brown. seeds ca. 3 mm long, edge rounded, unmargined. — lesser sunda islands: lombok, flores; at 1500–3000 m altitude………... ……………………………….....5. p. immarginata b. plant drying green. seeds 5 mm long, with conspicuous broad square edge, but not obviously margined. — e papua new guinea; at 200 m altitude………………………..zehneria viridifolia for se asia the following new combinations in pilogyne are necessary, the malesian ones are printed in bold type: 1. pilogyne bodinieri (h. lév.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. basionym: melothria bodinieri h. lév., (1914) 122. — lectotype (de wilde & duyfjes, 2004): bodinier 1957 (e; iso p), china, kouyyang. 2. pilogyne elbertii (w.j. de wilde & duyfjes) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. basionym: zehneria elbertii w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (2006) 54. — type: elbert 1637 (holo l), lesser sunda islands (lombok). 3. pilogyne guamensis (merr.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. basionym: melothria guamensis merr. (1914) 151. — lectotype (de wilde & duyfjes, 2006): guam experiment station 11 (holo pnh†; iso e), guam, tumon. 4. pilogyne hookeriana (wight & arn.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. basionym: bryonia hookeriana wight & arn. (1834) 345. — type: wight 1117 (holo k), s india. 5. pilogyne immarginata (w. j. de wilde & duyfjes) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. basionym: zehneria immarginata w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (2006) 63. — type: loeters 1580 (holo l), indonesia, flores. deviating in pilogyne in the conspicuously stalked stigmalobes, and long-pedicelled fruit, characters of zehneria s.s. and neocaledonica respectively. it is possibly of hybrid origin. 6. pilogyne maysorensis (wight & arn.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. basionym: bryonia maysorensis wight & arn. (1834) 345. — lectotype (de wilde & duyfjes, 2006): wight 1116 (holo k; iso p), s india. 7. pilogyne mucronata (blume) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. basionym: bryonia mucronata blume. — lectotype (simmons & de wilde, 2000): blume s.n. (“pariagengie”), barcode l0048324 (holo l; iso l, 2 sheets) java. 8. pilogyne pedicellata (w.j. de wilde & duyfjes) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. basionym: zehneria pedicellata w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (2006) 69. — type: brass 30732 (holo l; iso k), papua new guinea. 9. pilogyne perpusilla (blume) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. basionym: cucurbita perpusilla blume (1823) 105. — lectotype: (simmons & de wilde, 2000): blume s.n., barcode l0048312 (holo l; iso l, 4 sheets), java. 10. pilogyne pisifera (w.j. de wilde & duyfjes) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. basionym: zehneria pisifera w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (2006) 71. — type: brass 29609 (holo l; iso k), papua new guinea. 11. pilogyne repanda (blume) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. basionym: bryonia repanda blume (1826) 923. — lectotype (simmons & de wilde, 2000): blume s.n., barcode l0048320 (l), java. 12. pilogyne rizalensis w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, spec. nov. 2009] de wilde & duyfjes : miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news ii 411 pilogyne trichocarpae similis fructu glabro distincta et a p. mucronata seminibus parvis c. 3 mm longis differt. — typus: ramos bs 2023 (holo bm; iso bri, pnh, not seen). herbaceous climber, 3 m long, dioecious; stem 1–2 mm diam.; plant largely glabrous, dark on drying. leaves: petiole 3–4.5 cm long, sparsely hairy; blade unlobed, upper surface glabrous, nerves sparsely hairy below, ovate, 5–10 by 4–8 cm, base cordate, margin (coarsely) shallowly dentate, apex acute-acuminate. male inflorescences, male and female flowers not known. infructescences with (2–)5–12 fruits in a cluster on a (1–)2–7 cm long peduncle. fruit ellipsoid, 7– 9 by 6–7 mm, apex round with a narrow ca. 0.5 mm long beak; pericarp minutely pitted, glabrous; fruiting pedicel 2–3 mm long. seeds numerous, pale brown, flat, ovate-elliptic, 3 by 2 mm, smooth or faintly appressed hairy by partly detached cells of tanslucent membrane (possibly of the mesocarp), margin narrow but distinct, forming a square edge. distribution. only known from rizal province, luzon, philippines. ecology. unknown; fruiting in november. note. pilogyne rizalensis obviously is very close to the widespread pilogyne mucronata. the sole collection on which the present species is based possibly represents a local ecotype. it is visibly much at variance with all specimens now reckoned to p. mucronata, especially in its longpeduncled dense infructescence, small ellipsoid fruit and extremely small seeds, which are among the smallest in the whole family cucurbitaceae. the type, ramos bs 2023 has already been depicted in de wilde & duyfjes (2008a), and was discussed in a note under zehneria trichocarpa. 13. pilogyne tenuispica (w.j. de wilde & duyfjes) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. basionym: zehneria tenuispica w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (2004) 25. — type: maxwell 93-1209 (holo l), thailand, kanchanaburi. 14. pilogyne trichocarpa (w.j. de wilde & duyfjes) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. basionym: zehneria trichocarpa w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (2008a) 271. — type: ramos & edaño bs 84954 (holo gh), philippines, mindanao. 15. pilogyne trullifolia (w.j. de wilde & duyfjes) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. basionym: zehneria trullifolia w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (2006) 77. — type: de vogel 5618 (holo l; iso bo, k), c celebes. for more references and descriptions of species, see de wilde & duyfjes, 2006. zehneria endl. (1833) 69. — type: zehneria baueriana endl. stoutish climber, subperennial; dioecious; brown on drying. probract linear, minute, caducous. tendrils simple. leaves simple. flowers small, creamy, pale yellow or yellow; sepals minute, (narrowly) triangular or narrowly elliptic, subpatent; petals free, (narrowly) elliptic, imbricate in bud; receptacle-tube campanulate. male inflorescence: a many-flowered (sub)sessile fascicle. bracts absent. male flowers: pedicel short, 2–10(–15) mm long, persistent; stamens 3, inserted about halfway in the receptacle-tube, filaments about as long as or slightly longer than the anther, anthers all 2-thecous, just exserted, thecae lateral, curved, not divergent, connective broad in the middle and ± thickened adaxially, not produced at apex; disc deeply 3-lobed or -parted. female flowers: disposed as male flowers; pedicel short; ovary fusiform-ellipsoid; stigmas 3 on short style-arms, each stigma deeply 2-parted, papillose; staminodes present; disc free, 3-parted. fruits several, with short fruiting pedicel, ellipsoid, 1.5– 3 cm long, not or hardly beaked, glabrous, greenish, then red, somewhat pulpy; pericarp cartilaginous, minutely scurfy-tessellate, not pitted. seeds several or numerous, horizontal, compressed, ovate or elliptic, whitish, not sculptured, margin present but faint, edge rounded, base without wing. a monotypic genus distributed in the pacific: norfolk is. and new caledonia. note. with the genus zehneria in the restricted sense as described above, we provisionally associate 5 east malesian-pacific species originally described in zehneria (z. erythrobacca, z. grayana, z. neocaledonica, z. tahitensis and z. viridifolia), the majority described by de wilde & duyfjes (2006). these species have mutually little relationship and seem, like the type species of the genus, z. baueriana, all in some way of hybrid origin between neoachmandra and pilogyne, as reinwardtia [vol.12 412 conceived in the present paper. in a molecular phylogeny they come, however, close to z. baueriana, and are nested within neoachmandra, but with this latter genus they cannot go on morphological grounds. they key out within zehneria as given by de wilde & duyfjes (2006), as well as in the present key to pilogyne species. (3) thladiantha bunge: thladiantha nudiflora forbes & hemsley, new for malesia the genus thladiantha comprises about 25 species, mostly in china. one of the species with a wider distribution in china (sichuan and eastwards to taiwan) is t. nudiflora. a collection from mindanao, schwabe s.n., collected 15–25 sept. 1981 (b) appears to be conspecific with some collections identified as t. nudiflora from taiwan, e.g. c.s. kuoh 12194, t.y.a. yang 2325 (both l). according to both flora of taiwan (h.y liu, 1993) and flora of china (a.m. lu et al., draft, 2007) two species are accepted for taiwan, viz. t. nudiflora (synonym t. formosana hayata, 1908) (plant hairy, rarely subglabrous, tendrils 2branched, leaves about as broad as long) and t. punctata hayata (1911) (plant subglabrous, tendrils simple, leaves more elongate). the tendrils of the two above cited collections of t. nudiflora from taiwan, however, have simple tendrils, like in the specimen of schwabe s.n. from mindanao. assuming that still two species occur in taiwan, we suspect that t. nudiflora in taiwan occasionally may have simple tendrils besides the normal 2-branched ones. the collection schwabe s.n. (identified as t. nudiflora by schaefer, munich) is male flowering, and pending further research, we regard it here as representing t. nudiflora. the description given below is based on chinese material, with in addition characters of the mindanao collection. thladiantha nudiflora forbes & hemsley (1887) 316, plate 8. thladiantha. formosana hayata (1908) 100, plate 11. perennial climber to 5(?) m long, pubescenthispid; stem of leafy shoots 2–3 mm diameter. probract absent. tendrils 2-branched or unbranched, spiraling in the upper 2/3. leaves: petiole 3–5(–12) cm long, hispid or soft hairy; blade membranous or chartaceous, simple, broadly ovate, 6–13(–15) by 5.5–10(–13) cm, upper surface scabrous hairy and with minute cystoliths, lower surface densely yellowish or grey hispid, especially on the veinlets, base deeply cordate, margin serrate, sometimes faintly lobed, apex acute-acuminate. male inflorescences: a simple or few-branched raceme, with small leaves at base of ramifications, 4–10 cm long, pubescent; peduncle 2–3 cm long, raceme 1.5–5 cm long, (5–)10flowered, pedicels persistent, bracts minute, caducous. flowers densely yellowish-grey longpubescent. male flowers: pedicel 3–5 mm long (to 10 mm in solitary flower at base of raceme); receptacle tube shallow, 4(–5) mm wide; sepals oblong, acute, 3–5(–6) mm long, 3-nerved; petals ovate-oblong, acute, 8–12(–15) by 6–7 mm, basal petal scale distinct; stamens free, inserted at base of receptacle, filaments ca. 4 mm long, anthers ca. 2.5 mm long; basal disc globose, not seen. female flowers: solitary; pedicel 1–2 mm long, villose; probract not seen; perianth as in male flowers; ovary oblong, 12–15 by 4–5 mm, villose-hispid; style 3-armed, stigmas enlarged, reniform, 2lobed; staminodes small. fruit (brown-) red, oblong, 3–5 by 3–3.5(–4) cm, apex obtuse, smooth, pubescent, glabrescent. seeds ca. 5 by 3.5–4 mm, reticulate. distribution. s china, taiwan and philippines (mindanao). habitat & ecology. (in taiwan) montane. notes. in the original description (forbes & hemsley, 1887) the inflorescences are described as racemose, but figured (plate 8) as paniculate and glabrous. hayata (1908, plate 11), for the synonym t. formosana, depicts a good habit and male flower details. the precise locality on mindanao of schwabe s.n. is not known. (4) trichosanthes l.: three subspecies in trichosanthes tricuspidata lour. trichosanthes tricuspidata lour. is one of the most widespread species in the genus. it is distributed from s china, southeast far into malesia. in the recent treatments of the genus for thailand (duyfjes & pruesapan, 2004; duyfjes & de wilde, 2008b) t. tricuspidata was conceived as comprising two subspecies, viz. subsp. 2009] de wilde & duyfjes : miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news ii 413 tricuspidata and subsp. javanica. it was remarked that subsp. tricuspidata contains plants of which the seeds have either square or rounded edges, a variation considered unusual and problematic. a new survey of the material induced us to accept a third new subspecies, based on the seed-edge character, and largely sustained by distribution. key to the subspecies 1.a. male bracts with finely, densely, deeply serratelaciniate margin. male sepals with serrate margin or with side-lobes (female sepals entire)…………2 1.b. male bracts with shallowly coarsely dentate margin. male sepals (almost) entire (female sepals entire). seed edge square. — sw, se, & peninsular thailand, malesia, excl. philippines)…. ……………....c. subsp. javanica (with 2 varieties) 2.a. seed much compressed, almost flat, with square edge. — ne thailand, indochina………………… ……………………………..a. subsp. tricuspidata 2.b. seed moderately compressed with rounded edge. — thailand, excl. peninsular……………………. ……………………………..…b. subsp. rotundata trichosanthes tricuspidata lour. subsp. rotundata w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, subsp. nov. a subspecie typica semine moderate compresso non applanato margine rotundato differt. — typus: pooma, de wilde, duyfjes, chamchoonroon & phattarahirankanok 2574 (holo bkf; iso l). seed moderately compressed, not flat, seed edge rounded. distribution. thailand (north, north-east, eastern and central) and west laos. habitat & ecology. open deciduous dipterocarp forest, thickets with bamboo, roadsides, also on limestone hills; at 170–1000 m altitude. examined specimens. kerr 1266, 5660; maxwell 871224, 98-910; parnell et al. 95-270; phonsena et al. 3977, 4459, pooma et al. 2574, 2585, 2943, 4800; takahashi t-62576. acknowledgements for this study material from b, bm, gh and k was used. we thank hanno schaefer (munich), who brought thladiantha nudiflora from mindanao to our attention, ulrike starck (b) who promptly sent the thladiantha material to leiden, j.f. veldkamp (l) for translating the diagnoses of the new taxa into latin, jan van os (l) for preparing the drawings and ben kieft (l) for scanning the drawings for publication. references blume, c.l. 1823. catalogus van eenige der merkwaardigste zoo inals uit-heemsche gewassen, te vinden in ’s lands plantentuin te buitenzorg. :105. batavia. blume, c.l. 1826. bijdragen tot de flora van nederlandsch indië 15: 922–940. ter lands drukkerij, batavia. de wilde, w.j.j.o. & duyfjes, b.e.e. 2004. zehneria (cucurbitaceae) in thailand, with a note on the indian zehneria maysorensis. thai forest bull., bot. 32: 15–31. de wilde, w.j.j.o. & duyfjes, b.e.e. 2006. redefinition of zehneria and four new related genera (cucurbitaceae), with an enumeration of the australasian and pacific species. blumea 51: 1–81. de wilde, w.j.j.o. & duyfjes, b.e.e. 2008a. miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news. reinwardtia 12(4): 267—274. de wilde, w.j.j.o. & duyfjes, b.e.e. 2008b. cucurbitaceae. in santisuk, t. & larsen, k. (eds.) flora of thailand 9(4): 411–546. prachachon co. ltd., thailand. duyfjes, b.e.e. & pruesapan, k. 2004. the genus trichosanthes l. (cucurbitaceae) in thailand. thai forest bull., bot. 32: 76–109. ecklon, c.f. & zeyher, c.l.p. 1836. enumeratio plantarum africae australis extratropicae. part 2: 277–278. perthes & besser, hamburg. endlicher, s.l. 1833. prodromus florae norfolkicae. :1–100. vienna. forbes, f.b. & hemsley, w.b. 1887. enumeration of all the plants known from china proper, formosa, hainan, the korea, the luchu archipelago and the island of hongkong. j. linn. soc., bot. 23: 316, plate 8. hayata, b. 1908. flora montana formosae. j. coll. sci. imp. univ. tokyo 25, article 19: 100, plate 11. hayata, b. 1911. flora montana formosae. j. coll. sci. imp. univ. tokyo 30, article 1: 119–120. jeffrey, c. 1967. cucurbitaceae. in. milne redhead, e. & polhill, r.m. (eds.). flora of tropical east africa 17: 1–156. crown agents for overseas governments and administrations. kocyan, a., zhang, l.-b., schaefer, h. & renner, s.s. 2007. a multi-locus chloroplast phylogeny for the cucurbitaceae and its implications for character evolution and classification. molec. phylogen. evol. 44: 553– 577. léveillé, a.a.h. 1914–1915. flore du kouytchéou. le mans. liu, h.y. cucurbitaceae. in flora of taiwan, 2nd ed., 3: 855–871. taipei, taiwan, roc. lu, a.m., huang, l.q., chen, s.k. & jeffrey, c.. [draft 2007]. cucurbitaceae. in: flora of china. merrill, e.d. 1914. the plants of guam. philipp. j. sci., bot. 9: 151–152. merrill, e.d., 1918. new or noteworthy philippine reinwardtia [vol.12 414 plants, xiii. philipp. j. sci., c. 13: 65. simmons, c.m. & de wilde, w.j.j.o. 2000. zehneria subgenus zehneria (cucurbitaceae) in java and bali. blumea 45: 235–243. wight, r. & arnott, g.a.w. 1834. prodromus florae peninsulae indiae orientalis 1: 340–351. parbury, allen & co., london. reinwardtia 2017 16 (1) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 16 (1): 1 – 48, june 15, 2017 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary rina munazar layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: catanthera keris veldk. (1. inflorescences; 2. close up flower; 3. flower bud), medinilla squillula veldk. (4. habit; 5. branches; 6. fascicle of uniflorous infructescences), medinilla uninervis veldk. (7. habit. note 1-nerved leaves; 8. infructescence; 9. immature and mature fruits), medinilla zoster veldk. (10. habit; 11. inflorescences; 12. flower). photo credits: bangun 223, lowry & phillipson 7287, mahroji, fabanyo & soleman 69, callmander, et al. 1067. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 16(1): agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia agus sutanto indonesian tropical fruit research institute (itfri), west sumatra, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk andrew powling school of biological sciences, university of portsmouth, portsmouth, uk elham sumarga school of life sciences & technology, institut teknologi bandung, bandung, indonesia meekiong kallu university malaysia sarawak, samarahan, sarawak, malaysia harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia ulrich meve lehrstuhl für pflanzensystematik, universität bayreuth, bayreuth, germany mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia reinwardtia vol 16 no 1, pp: 47 – 48 47 a new combination for a subspecies of radermachera quadripinnata (bignoniaceae) received april 12, 2017; accepted april 21, 2017 ian m. turner herbarium, royal botanic gardens kew, richmond, surrey, uk. email: turner187@btinternet.com. abstract turner, i. m. 2017. a new combination for a subspecies of radermachera quadripinnata (bignoniaceae). reinwardtia 16(1): 47 – 48. — the new combination radermachera quadripinnata subsp. lobbii is made to replace subsp. acuminata as the autonym radermachera lobbii subsp. lobbii has priority over r. lobbii subsp. acuminata. lectotypes are designated for spathodea lobbii teijsm. & binn. and radermachera lobbii subsp. acuminata steenis. key words: autonym, lectotype, new combination. abstrak turner, i. m. 2017. sebuah kombinasi baru anak jenis radermachera quadripinnata (bignoniaceae). reinwardtia 16(1): 47 – 48. — sebuah kombinasi baru radermachera quadripinnata subsp. lobbii diusulkan untuk menggantikan subsp. acuminata sebagai otonim radermachera lobbii subsp. lobbii karena mempunyai prioritas dibandingkan dengan r. lobbii subsp. acuminata. dua lektotipe ditetapkan yaitu spathodea lobbii teijsm. & binn. dan radermachera lobbii subsp. acuminata steenis. kata kunci: kombinasi bar u, lektotipe, otonim. introduction the name of a widely distributed malesian species of radermachera (bignoniaceae) was recently corrected from r. pinnata to r. quadripinnata (turner, 2012). at the same time a new combination was made for subspecies acuminata. however, this is not the correct name for the subspecies. when van steenis (1928) first described the subspecies as radermachera lobbii subsp. acuminata, he created the autonym r. lobbii subsp. lobbii (icn art. 26.3, mcneill et al., 2012). later, van steenis (1976) transferred the subspecies to radermachera pinnata including radermachera lobbii as a synonym of subsp. acuminata. this means that the autonym was included under subsp. acuminata. however, an autonym has priority over the name (s) of the same date and rank that established it (icn art. 11.6). therefore a new combination is here made. the basionym of a new combination based on an infraspecific autonym is the name from which the autonym is derived (icn art. 11 note 4) – in this case spathodea lobbii teijsm. & binn. teijsmann and binnendijk (1863) apparently described spathodea lobbii from a tree growing in the bogor botanic garden (kebun raya). this was grown from material supplied by the english plant collector thomas lobb, probably from singapore. there are specimens in the leiden herbarium (now naturalis) that may be from bogor or from singapore that lobb sent with the planting material. one of these, already with a type label, is designated as lectotype in the absence of any, more definitively, original material for s. lobbii in the bogor or leiden herbaria. the specimen, however, may represent a neotype. there are two sheets of van steenis’s type of radermachera lobbii subsp. acuminata in herbarium bogoriense. while one of these is labelled as holotype and the other isotype, these are clearly recent additions, so i here formally designate the ‘holotype’ sheet as lectotype. radermachera quadripinnata (blanco) seem. subsp. lobbii (teijsm. & binn.) i. m. turner, comb. nov. basionym: spathodea lobbii teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned. ind. 25 (1863) 413. – radermachera lobbii (teijsm. & binn.) miq., ann. mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 3 (1867) 250. – radermachera lobbii subsp. lobbii, steenis, bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg ser. iii, 10 (1928) 243. – lectotype (or possibly neotype): annot. ‘spathodea sp. lobb singapoera (s. lobbii)’ (holo: l (l0003401), designated here; possible iso: l [×2] (l0003605, l0003606)). – radermachera lobbii subsp. acuminata steenis, bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg ser. iii, 10 (1928) 247. – radermachera pinnata subsp. acuminata (steenis) steenis, blumea 23 (1976) 129. – radermachera quadripinnata subsp. acuminata (steenis) i. m. turner, phytotaxa 71 (2012) 34. – lectotype: indonesia, sumatra, lampongs district, tandjung karang, september 1920, f.h. endert 1309 (holo: bo (bo-1897993), designated reinwardtia 48 [vol.16 here; iso: bo (bo1897994), l (l0003399)). acknowledgements thanks to tim utteridge, arief hidayat and christel schollaardt for assistance with locating specimens. references mcneill, j., barrie, f. r., buck, w. r., demoulin, v., greuter, w., hawksworth, d. l., herendeen, p. s., knapp, s., marhold, k., prado, j., prud’homme van reine, w. f., smith, g. f., wiersema, j. h. & turland, n. j. (eds) 2012: international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (melbourne code). regnum vegetabile 154. koeltz scientific books, königstein. teijsmann, j. e. & binnendijk, s. 1863. plantae novae in horto bogoriensi culti. natuurkundig tijdschrift voor nederlandsch indië 25: 399-428. turner, i. m. 2012. the correct name of radermachera pinnata (bignoniaceae). phytotaxa 71: 34-35. van steenis, c. g. g. j. 1928. the bignoniaceae of the netherlands indies. bulletin du jardin botanique de buitenzorg, séries iii, 10: 173 –290. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 16. no. 1. 2017 contents page dini puspitaningrum, wendy a. mustaqim & marlina ardiyani. a new record of etlingera pauciflora (zingiberaceae) in java, indonesia ...…………………………………..…………………..…….…...………….…………. 1 sri rahayu & michele rodda. hoya narcissiflora (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae), a new species from borneo ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………. 5 iyan robiansyah. predicting habitat distribution of endemic and critically endangered dipterocarpus littoralis in nusakambangan, indonesia ……………………………………………….…..……………………………….………. 11 lulut dwi sulistyaningsih. a newly described and recorded infraspecific taxa of musa borneensis becc. (musaceae) from sulawesi, indonesia ……………………………………………...…....…………….………………..... 19 jan-firts veldkamp & abdulrokhman kartonegoro. new species of catanthera and medinilla (melastomataceae) from halmahera, indonesia and a new name for a medinilla from madagascar…………………………………...…...……... 25 purwaningsih, ruddy polosakan, razali yusuf & kuswata kartawinata. phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope of mt. wilis, east java, indonesia………………………..…………………………….…. 31 ian m. turner. a new combination for subspecies of radermachera quadripinnata (bignoniaceae) ........................ 47 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia 16(1)_1-1 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_2-2 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_3-3 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_4-4 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_51-51 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_52-52 8. daftar isi reinwardtia 16(1) r e i n w a e d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 10, part 1, pp. 63 — 68 (1982) the genus cynometra (leguminosae) in ceylon a. j. g. h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor, indonesia abstract in ceylon 2 species of cynometra occur, the wide spread c. iripa of the mangroves, which was enumerated as cynometra ramiflora var. heterophylla by thwaites and wrongly included in c. ramiflora by knaapvan meeuwen and the new species c. zeylanica kosterm., formerly thought to be the malesian c. ramiflora. the latter, as defined by prain and based on a rumphian plate, does not occur in ceylon. cultivated is the malesian c. cauliflora with a whiteand a pink-flowered forms. abstrak di ceylon terdapat 2 jenis cynometra, c. iripa yang terdapat di liutan bakau dan seringkali dikacaukan dengan c. ramiflora yang tidak ada di ceylon atau india, serta jenis baru c. zeylanica yangjuga diduga sama dengan c. ramiflora dari malesia. selanjutnya di ceylon dibudidayakan c. cauliflora dengan kultivar berbunga putih dan kultivar berbunga merah jambu. key to the ceylonese cynometra 1. flowers axillary or terminal 2. two pairs of leaflets. f r u i t deeply rugose; pericarp thick, fleshy with a blunt projection laterally. back mangrove species . . . . 2 . c . iripa 2. one pair of leaflets. f r u i t smooth with thin, brittle pericarp, apically apiculate. riverine species in the dry zone 1. c. zeylanica 1. flowers on the trunk or on the roots. cultivated 3. c. cauliflora 1. cynometra zeylanica kosterm., spec. nov. cynometra ramiflora auct. (non linnaeus, acta upsal. 79-. 1741, fl. zeyl. 74. 1747 (ed. amstelod. 1748) and sp. pi. 382. 1753, quoad cit. hermann); wight & arn., prodr. fl. ind. or. 293. 1834 (quoad var. a, exclud. references); thwaites, enum. pl zeyl. 97. 1859 (exclud. references and var. heterophylla); baker in hooker {., fl. br. ind. 2: 267. 1878 (quoad ceylon); trimen, handb. fl. ceylon 2: 111. 1894 — 63 — 64 r e i n w a e d t i a [vol. 10 (exclud. cit. rumphius and var. heterophylla); alston in trimen, i.e., 6 (suppl.): 93. 1931, p.p.; knaap van meeuwen in blumea 18: 23. 1970, p.p. quoad cit. wight & arn., thwaites and ceylon. cynometra longifoliatrimen ex alston i.e. arbor ramulis penduliformibus cum pedicellis pilosis et ramulis patentibus cum petiolis glabris, foliis constante 2-foliolatis, petiolulis nullis vel brevissimis, foliolis oblique-oblongis sensim attenuatis vel sensim subacuminatis, acumine obtusis, basi parte obtusis, parte acutis, inaequalibus, utrinque nervo mediano prominulis, costis et nervatione sat obscuris, nerviis lateralibus erecto-patentibus, marginem versus arcuato-conjunetis. fructus subgloboso-ovoideus, vix compressis, r.on rugosis, pericarpio tenuibus, apiculus terminalibus. typus: kostermans 25351 (l). tree up to 25 m tall (usually much shorter) and 35 cm diam. bark smooth, grey. branchlets slender, glabrous, red brown (dried), of two kinds, one long, slender, pendulous with pilose petioles, the other patent, stiff with glabrous petioles. the pendulous ones flushing from cone-like many tiered bud scales, leaving a collar of scars. leaves constantly 2-folioled. petioles 5—10 mm long, petiolules none. folioles chartaceous or sub-coriaceous, glabrous, oblong, oblique, 2 x 5— 21/2 x 7 —4 x 13 cm, gradually acute or sub-acuminate, base unequal, one side rounded, other (shorter) acute; both sides glossy, laxly reticulate or smooth above, midrib at the abaxial side, prominulous, lateral nerves c. 9 pairs, erect-patent, irregularly connected in double-tiered loops near the margin, denser at the leaf base. inflorescences axillary, the reduced branchlets up to 1 cm long, bearing a perulate terminal bud, bracts caducous. pedicels slender, c. 1 cm long, glabrous or sparsely minutely pilose. sepals thin, ovateoblong, c. 3 mm. petals erect, narrowly oblong, thin, obtuse, 3—4 mm long.-. stamens 10, filaments slender, glabrous, c. 8 mm long; ovary ellipsoid, densely pilose; style glabrous, tapered, 4 mm long, stigma punctiform. the long-pedicelled smooth, rusty brown fruit subglobose-ovoid, hardly compressed laterally, up to 2 x 2 1/2 cm, anicallv aniculate, one side almost straight, grooved longitudinally, the other side convex, basal neck slender, 2 mm long; pericarp thin (1 mm), brittle, seed one. the fruit covered with flat, tiny irregularly round, thin rusty pseudo-scales, which were initially tiny warts. wood heavy, very dark red, the red colour dissolves in alcohol. distribution: ceylon only: riverine in the dry zone. the best treatment of the species is — without doubt — that of prain (in j. as. soc. beng. 66(2): 478. 1897), who correctly observed that c. ramiflora did not occur in india and ceylon. c. ramiflora l. subsp. genuina prain is strictly a malesian species. prain's second j: ! 82] kostermans: ceylonese cynometra 65 subspecies, although wrongly under the specific name c. bijuga span., is, with its two varieties, correctly disposed off and represents c. iripa kostel. the recent monographic treatment of the species by knaap-van meeuwen is a step backward. she included under the malesian c. ramiflora the ceylonese c. zeylanica and c. iripa (in part: the var. heterophylla thwaites). the reference list hence refers at least to three species and is furthermore incomplete: linnaeus fl. zeyl. is not mentioned, neither trimen, handb. fl. ceylon, although the suppl. is quoted. i am not in the position here to check the synonyms quoted by knaap-van meeuwen, but as she wrongly reduced var. heterophylla to c. ramiflora without having seen the type specimen, a re-check seems advisable. however, to the reference list of c. ramiflora should be added an interesting synonym, overlooked by knaap-van meeuwen: limonia diphijlla houttuyn, nat. hist, 2(2): 440, t, 9, f. 2. 1774; christmann, pflanzensyst. 1: 615, t. 9, f. 2. 1777; m. roemer, fam. nat. reg. veg. syn. monogr. 1: 39. 1846 (syn. hesper. 39); merrill in j. arn. arb. 19: 345. 1938. the c. ramiflora of alston, i.e. followed partly prain, is partly c. zeylanica, partly c. ramiflora. i had no access to linnaeus' original protologue in acta upsal., but i assume that was not or not much different from that in his fl. zeylanica. it is clear, that he did not see any material, but based his specific conception entirely on plates and descriptions. he apparently saw hermann's drawing of this plant (which trimen quoted as undeterminable) : "occurrit inter plantas pictas hermannii, itidem a rumphii tradita". in spec. pi. the protologue is somewhat changed (as linnaeus, a hasty worker, often did) ; the synonym mains indica, fructus cucurbitaeformis monopyreno, raj., hist. 1675, is (correctly) deleted, but also the remark on hermann's drawing; as habitat india is given. as the description consists of two words only {ramis floriferis), i accept prain's suggestion to restrict c. ramiflora l. to the malesian species, and exclude the indian and ceylonese references, the type being then: cynomorium sylvestre rumphius, herb. amboin. 1: tab. 63. 1741. the vernacular name gal mendora, mentioned by trimen, is certainly wrong and attukaddapulli refers to c. iripa. the tree grows in gallery forest along streams in the dry zone, it never occurs near mangrove. 6 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 alston correctly interpreted trimen's note under crudia zeylanica (trimen, i.e. 113), that the fruit which trimen had received from uva prov. in jan. 1891, under the name of okura, was the fruit of c. zeylanica, of which. the proper vernacular name is opulu. the thin-skinned, brittle, smooth pericarp of the rounded fruit is unique in ceylon cynometra, all others have laterally compressed, rugose leathery thick-skinned fruit. c. travancorica has also thin-skinned fruit, but its leaflets are diffirent. uva prov., bibilc distr, between nilgala and pattipul-aa, jan. 1888, fl., sine coll. (pda); ibid., ster., sine coll. (pda); ibid., ster., febr. 1856, c.p. 3604 (pda); ibid., mile 3 bibile-nilgala road, stream edge, young fr., waas 656 (pda) ; july, fr., kosterrnans 28578 (aau, g, l, pda); polonaruwa distr., alutoya-kaudulla road to cantaley, ster., jayasuriya 1822 (pda); between muppane and indigaswelle, march, young fr., silva 180 (pda); veragamtota, ster., alston 1672 (pda); nammanitiya, polonaruwa, ster., balakrishnan 601 (pda); s.w. of trincomalee, along uma oya, march, fl., kostertnans s.v,. (l); along mahaweli r., ster., koslermans s.n. (l); devulane forest, side road amparcmahiyangane road, near stream, july, fr., kostcrmans 25351 (g, k, l, pda, us); galbokka r., between uraniya on bibile read and ekiriyakumbara, apr., young fr., jayasuriya 1,929 (pda); july, fr., kostermans 28579 (aau, g, l, pda). 2. cynometra iripa kostel. cynometra iripa kosteletzky, allg. med.-pharm. pl a: 1341. 1835; knaap-van meeuwen in blumea 18: 21, f. 1-d. 1970. —[iripa rheede van drakesteyn, plort. ind. malabar. 4: g6, t. 31. 1673] — typus: tab. 31, rheede. cynometra ramiflora l. var. hcterophylla thwaites, enum. pi. zeyl. 97. 1859; beddome, pi. sylv. t. 315. 1872; baker in hooker f., fl. brit. ind. 2: 267. 1878 (as a syn. of c. ramiflora); trimen, handb. fl. ceylon 2: 111. 1894; alston in trimen hand. fl. ceylon 6 (suppl.) 94. 1931 (as a syn. of c. bijuga); knaap-van meeuwen, i.e. (as a syn. of c. ramiflora). — cynometra ramiflora l. ssp. bijuga var. hcterophyua prain in j. as soc. beng. 66(2): 198, 478. 1897; knaap-van meeuwen, i.e. — typus: c.p. 1500 (pda), trincomalee 1846 and caltura (kalutara), gardner s.n., anno 1846 (pda). c. ramiflora l. var. mimosoides baker in hooker f., fl. brit. ind. i.e. 267. — c. ramiflora l. ssp. bijuga var. mimosoides prain, i.e. 478. — cynometra mimosoides wallich, cat. 5817 ex prain, i.e. 478; gamble, fl. madras 13. 1919; knaap-van meeuwen, i.e. — typus: wallich 5817 a (bo, cal, g, k). cynometra ramiflora var. b wight & arn., prodr. 293. 1834. tree 3 8 m tall, usually with short bole and dense, spreading crown, or bush. bark smooth, grey. branchlets stiff, hard, glabrous with tiny round pale lenticels. leaves with 2 pairs of folioles, the upper pair much larger. leaflets glabrous, chartaceous to sub-coriaceous, 1082] k o s t e r m a n s : ccyloncse cynometra g7 obliquely obovate-oblong to oblong (lower pair), 3 x 7—4 x 9 (upper pair) and 2 x 0.8—2 1/2 x 6 cm (lower pair), obtuse or very obscurely shortly broadly acuminate, base contracted into the very short (or none) petiolule, one side of the lamina c. 2 mm longer than the other side; above smooth, rather dull, midrib and the obscure thin lateral nerves slightly prominulous, below laxly reticulate, more glossy, midrib prominulous, the 6—10 pairs of thin, erect-patent lateral nerves (with intermediate shorter ones) arcuate near the margin and connected, hardly differentiated from reticulation. rachis angular, glabrous, rather slender,1 1/2—3 cm long. flowers in corymbiform, axillary pseudo-racemes, starting from tiered glabrous, glossy, orbicular to oblong small bud scales, forming a globose cone. pseudo-racemes up to 5 mm long, few flowered. pedicels slender, 8 mm long. flowers after anthesis with flattened, apiculate ovary with few, thin, long, wavy hairs. fruit ellipsoid, laterally flattened, 2 x 3 cm, very strongly rugose (like brains, with smooth ridges and very deep narrow fissures), at the lateral side with a very pronounced projection (like a thick, stubby nose), up to 6 mm long, often starting from a triangular base; over the dorsal side, over the obtuse apex and as far as the "nose" at the other side is a deep, narrow fissure. distribution : back of mangrove forest, in the heritiera littoralis zone, low alt., rare in ceylon, all over malesia and n. australia. ecology: needs fresh water. the holo-type of c. ramiflora var. heterophylla in peradeniya consists of one sheet, c.p. 1500, which has one branch with flowers after anthesis and two branches with young fruit, showing the typical brain pattern and the lateral nose. it bears in pencil the localities: trincomalee and venharen (?) bay, 1846. the latter one is apparently the gardner specimen from galle, cited by thwaites. as it is impossible to find out the exact localities of the three branches, i have left them together as the holo-type. i had the opportunity to collect the species myself on sober island. an enormous variety of leaf size was found on the same tree, hence the puttalam specimen with very small leaves cannot be considered a different species since the fruit is exactly the same. there are constantly 2 pairs of leaflets, in case only one pair is found, this is due to abortion, which can be seen. the fruit of iripa was perhaps already described by clusius (exoticorum 2, cap. 25) but not very correctly. trincomalee and venharen ( ? ) bay, anno 1846, fls. after anthesis and young fr., c.p. 1500 ( p d a ) ; trincomalee bay, sober island, march 1892, young fr., h. 6 8 r e i n w a k d t i a [vol. 1 0 nevill s.v. (pda); ibid., march, youngfr. and fallen ripe fr., kostermans 2s309 (aau, g, l, pda); lagoon on road to chenkaladi from batticaloa, ster., balakrishnan 359 (pda); puttalam (w. coast), march 1881, fr., ferguson. 64 (l, pda). 3. cynometra cauliflora l. linnaeus in act, soc. sci. upsal. 382. 1741; pi. zeyl. 166. 1747; spec. pi. 382. 1753; gaertner, fruct. 2: 350, t. 156. 1791; a.p. d c , prodr. 2: 509. 1825; wight & am., prodr. 293. 1843; baker in hooker f., pi. brit. ind. 2: 268. 1878; prain in j. as. soc. beng. 66(2): 479. 1897; trimen, handb. fl. ceylon 2: 112. 1894; knaap-van meeuwen in blumea 18: 2c 1970. a cultivated species in ceylon, originating from malesia. there are two forms, one with pink flowers and light red ovary, the other with white flowers and greenish white ovary. the flowers are on small burs on the lower part of the trunk or on the insertion of the numerous spreading roots, very rarely on thicker branches, but never axillary. they are perhaps pollinated by ants, which are always present and bring white lice on the fruit. in ceylon it has still the malay name namnam. it is edible, but of inferior quality, slightly acid and only appreciated by children and animals. it must have been introduced before the middle of the 18th century as linnaeus mentioned it in his flora zeylanica of 1747. 6 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 0 nevill s.v. (pda); ibid., march, youngfr. and fallen ripe fr., kostermans 28309 (aau, g, l, pda); lagoon on road to chenkaladi from batticaloa, ster., balakrishnan 359 (pda); puttalam (w. coast), march 1881, fr., ferguson. 64 (l, pda). 3. cynometra cauliflora l. linnaeus in act, soc. sci. upsal. 382. 1741; pi. zeyl. 166. 1747; spec. pi. 382. 1753; gaertner, fruct. 2: 35'0, t. 156. 1791; a.p. d c , prodr. 2: 509. 1825; wight & am., prodr. 293. 1843; baker in hooker f., pi. brit. ind. 2: 268. 1878; prain in j. as. soc. beng. 66(2): 479. 1897; trimen, handb. fl. ceylon 2: 112. 1894; knaap-van meeuwen in blumea 18: 20. 1970. a cultivated species in ceylon, originating from malesia. there are two forms, one with pink flowers and light red ovary, the other with white flowers and greenish white ovary. the flowers are on small burs on the lower part of the trunk or on the insertion of the numerous spreading roots, very rarely on thicker branches, but never axillary. they are perhaps pollinated by ants, which are always present and bring white lice on the fruit. in ceylon it has still the malay name namnam. it is edible, but of inferior quality, slightly acid and only appreciated by children and animals. it must have been introduced before the middle of the 18th century as linnaeus mentioned it in his flora zeylanica of 1747. 10(1) 254 254 255-1731-1-pb binder cover-100_page_007 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010 re in w ar dt ia 13 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, november 2, 2010 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedy darnaedi tukirin partomihardjo joeni setijo rahajoe teguh triono marlina ardiyani eizi suzuki jun wen managing editors elizabeth a. widjaja himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirat hidayat ilustrators subari wahyu santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers r. abdulhadi, sandy atkins, julie f. barcelona, todd j. barkman, nico cellinese, mark coode, gudrun kadereit, rogier de kock, n. fukuoka, kuswata kartawinata, ary p. keim, p. j. a. kessler, a. latiff–mohamad, m. a. rifai, rugayah, h. soedjito, t. setyawati, d. g. stone, wayne takeuchi, benito c. tan, j. f. veldkamp, p. van welzen, h. wiriadinata, rui-liang zhu. correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 2, pp: 213 − 220 213 marantaceae in sulawesi received july 19, 2010; accepted september 17, 2010 m. ardiyani herbarium bogoriense, research centre for biology – lipi , jl. raya jakarta-bogor km.46, cibinong 16912, indonesia. e-mail: marlina.ardiyani@gmail.com a. d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, 20a inverleith row, edinburgh eh3 5lr, scotland, uk. p. suksathan herbarium, queen sirikit botanic garden, p.o. box 7, mae rim, chiang mai 50180, thailand. f. borchsenius department of biological sciences, ecoinformatics and biodiversity, aarhus university, ny munkegade, building 1540, dk-8000 aarhus c, denmark abstract ardiyani, m., poulsen, a. d., suksathan, p., borchsenius, f. 2010. marantaceae in sulawesi. reinwardtia 13(2): 213–220. — six species of marantaceae occur in sulawesi. we present a key to the species together with a taxonomic treatment with notes on species delimitation, distribution, habitat and ecology, vernacular names and uses. one species endemic to sulawesi and not covered by any contemporary publication, phrynium longispicum (warb. ex k. schum.) suksathan & borchs. is described and neotypified. donax canniformis (g. forst.) k. schum., phrynium pubinerve blume, phrynium robinsonii (valeton) suksathan & borchs, stachyphrynium latifolium (blume) k. schum. and stachyphrynium repens (körn.) suksathan & borchs. are also reported from sulawesi and characterized. for the two last species these occurrences represents an extension of their previously known range across wallace's line. key words: donax, ethnobotany, neotypification, phacelophrynium, phrynium, stachyphrynium, sulawesi, wallace’s line abstrak ardiyani, m., poulsen, a. d., suksathan, p., borchsenius, f. 2010. marantaceae di sulawesi. reinwardtia 13(2): 213–220. — enam jenis dari suku marantaceae terdapat di sulawesi. disajikan kunci ke jenis beserta perlakuan taksonominya. satu jenis merupakan endemik di sulawesi yang belum pernah ada dalam publikasi kontemporer sebelumnya, phrynium longispicum (warb. ex k. schum.) suksathan & borchs. dideskripsikan dan dineotipifikasi. donax canniformis (g. forst.) k. schum., phrynium pubinerve bl., phrynium robinsonii (valeton) suksathan & borchs, stachyphrynium latifolium (blume) k. schum. dan stachyphrynium repens (körn.) suksathan & borchs. juga dilaporkan dari sulawesi dan dikarakterisasi. keberadaan dua jenis terakhir melampaui distribusi yang sebelumnya hanya diketahui di timur garis wallace. kata kunci: donax, etnobotani, neotipifikasi, phacelophrynium, phrynium, stachyphrynium, sulawesi, garis wallace. introduction the marantaceae includes about 23 genera and 550 species worldwide (andersson, 1998). eight genera and an estimated 55 species occur in tropical asia (suksathan et al., 2009). over the last few years, several publications have helped clarify the taxonomy of the west malesian species (clausager & borchsenius, 2003; suksathan & borchsenius, 2003, 2005, 2008; poulsen & clausager, 2004; clausager et al., 2006; suksathan et al., 2006, 2010), but the marantaceae occurring east of wallace's line are still very poorly documented. prior to our recent fieldwork, the most recent account of the marantaceae of sulawesi was by koorders (1898) who, in his account of the flora of north sulawesi, listed three species: maranta dichotoma wall. [a synonym of schumannianthus dichotomus (roxb.) gagnep. misapplied to donax canniformis (g. forst.) k. schum.]; maranta indica tussac [a synonym of the widely cultivated root crop m. arundinacea l.] and phrynium capitatum [a synonym of p. pubinerve blume which is probably a misidentification of p. longispicum]. in this paper we provide a taxonomic account of the marantaceae of sulawesi. the data presented reinwardtia 214 [vol.13 are based on field work carried out in 2008 and 2009 and examination of herbarium specimens found at aau, bo, e, l and s. the endemic phrynium longispicum (valeton) suksathan & borchs., for which no up-to-date description exists, is described in full and neotypified. for the remaining five species which are already covered by detailed descriptions in the literature we provide only a brief characterization. generic delimitation follows suksathan et al. (2009). descriptive terminology regarding inflorescence structure follows clausager & borchsenius (2003). the term 'special paraclade' refers to the basic flower-bearing structure of the inflorescence while 'fertile bracts' refer to those bracts that subtend a special paraclade. key to the species of marantaceae in sulawesi 1. a. shrub-like plants with a tall and richly branched aerial stem. fruit fleshy, indehiscent......................... ....................................................donax canniformis b. rosulate plants with short, unbranched aerial stems arising from the rhizome. fruit dry, capsular..........2 2. a. sepals less than 1/5 of the corolla tube [stachyphrynium]....................................................3 b. sepals more than 1/3 of the corolla tube [phrynium]..............................................................4 3. a. inflorescence borne on a separate, leafless shoot; leaf blade 40–85 cm long........................................ ........................................stachyphrynium latifolium b. inflorescence interfoliar; leaf blade 10–20 cm long.. ..............................................stachyphrynium repens 4. a. fruit red. inflorescence capitate. two outer staminodes................................phrynium pubinerve b. fruit green or brown. inflorescence branches clearly discernible. one outer staminode........................5 5. a. flower up to 40-50 mm long. inflorescence with 1– 3 basal branches arising in the same point, each with several fasciculate, flower bearing branches separated by very short internodes............................. ............................................phrynium longispicatum b. flower up to 25 mm long. inflorescence with several lateral branches, separated in the proximal part by internodes up to 6.5 cm long................................ ..................................................phrynium robinsonii 1. donax canniformis (g. forst.) k. schum. donax canniformis (g. forst.) k. schum., bot. jahrb. syst. 15(4): 440. (1893). — thalia canniformis g. forst., fl. ins. austr.: 1 (1780). type: the new hebrides (vanuatu islands) j.g.a. forster s.n. (holotype bm!). donax grandis (miq.) ridl., j. straits branch roy. asiat. soc. 32: 176. 1899. for a full nomenclatural account see suksathan & borchsenius (2005). upright herb with a richly branched stem, to 5 m tall. leaves clustered towards the ends of the branches; lamina 8–30x4–20 cm. inflorescences several on each plant, each to 30 cm long, richly branched, lax, composed of up to 15 major branches of increasing orders (usually 2–5 branches in sulawesi plants). special paraclade markedly elongate, primary axis 25–30 mm long (dolichoblastic), with 1–2 flower pairs; pedicel of individual flowers 5–25 mm long, each with an associated small glandular bracteole that functions as a nectary to attract ants that protect flowers and developing fruits against herbivores. flower white to yellowish white, ca. 15 mm long; corolla tube ca. 5 mm long; staminal tube ca. 2 mm longer than corolla tube. fruit white or greenish cream and fleshy at maturity, green while immature, indehiscent, smooth and globose, ca. 1–1.4 cm in diameter; seeds 1–3, black. distribution. widespread and common throughout s. e asia, from india to the solomon islands and vanuatu and northwards to orchid island (taiwan) habitat and ecology. primary and secondary lowland rainforest, on hillslopes, rockbeds along small streams and wet areas such as alluvial flatland. common, especially in open and disturbed places. vernacular names. moah, moha (minahassa, sangir language) (poulsen et al. 2602; koorders 19681ß); bomban (mongondouw) (arifiani et al. 377; wardi 020); bawambanan’a (talaud) (h.j. lam 3061); neue (kobaena) (widjaja 771); nena (buton) (uji 4686); beeo (buton) (widjaja 568); elusan im bolai (tontemboan or tompakewa language; koorders 1898); nelusan ing kawok (tulur language; koorders 1898); tuis in talun (tontemboan or tompakewa language; koorders 1898); mundung (tulur language; koorders 1898). uses. for making mats (poulsen et al. 2602). stem used as string (widjaja 771). short lengths of rattan -like cane can be obtained from the green outer layer of the internodes (coode 6066). medicinal plants (precise usage not specified uji 4686). inner young shoot is grated then squeezed, taken internally to treat high fever (arifiani et al. 377). used to climb metroxylon; for making fish traps; and young stems used against skin rashes (koorders 1898 – as maranta dichotoma). notes. full botanical descriptions of donax canniformis in borneo and thailand, respectively, can be found in clausager & borchsenius (2003) and suksathan & borchsenius (2008). 2010] 215 ardiyani et al.: marantaceae in sulawesi specimens seen from sulawesi. north sulawesi. dua saudara nature reserve, temboan, 6 km s of batu puteh village, small valley in forest (1°31'13''n, 125°08'21''e), 350 m, 14 february 2008, fruiting, poulsen, ardiyani, & porawouw 2602 (aau, bo, e); mauk molotong, along mauk river (0°42'02.7''n, 124°02'36.3''e), 300–350 m, 22 may 2002, flowering and fruiting, arifiani, nurdin, lepinus & marselak 337 (bo); manado, no date, flowering, riedel 5903 (bo); bogani nani wartabone national park, toraut, april 2004, fruiting, nurdin 35 (bo); menado, o. afd. poso. tusschen, 1 september 1938, flowering and fruiting, eyma 3513 (bo, l); bolaang mongondouw, dumoga bone national park, toraut dam (0°34'n, 123°54'e), 220 m, 23 march 1985, fruiting, vogel & vermeulen 6697 (bo, l); menado, oetan aris, 10 m, 28 december 1894, flowering and fruiting, koorders 19681ß (bo); menado, oerwand by bivak pinamvrangan naarby kajoewatoe, 500 m, 4 march 1895, flowering and fruiting, koorders 19683ß (bo); sangir and talaud islands, talaud, salibabu, s.e. slope of ajambana mountain, 180 m, 20 may 1926, flowering, lam 3061 (bo); gorontalo. riedel s.n. (bo); kec. suwawa, desa tulabolo, motomboto, 400 m, 24 december 1994, fruiting, afriastini & rohajawati 2900 (bo); central sulawesi. balukang, desa siboang, dusun maros, near kampung sipatoh (0°28'59''s, 120° 06'25''e), 197 m, 24 july 2002, fruiting, brown, craven, juswara & ramadhanil 118 (bo, ceb); palolo, kamarora, forest garden behind lore lindu national park fieldstation (1°15's, 120°13'e), 700 m, 22 march 2001, fruiting, kessler et al. pk 3072 (bo, ceb); kabupaten luwu, desa teromu, farhumpenai, 350 m, 17 february 1986, fruiting, wardi wd. 020 (bo); south sulawesi. south west peninsula, ne of makassar within 54–60 km on the road (5°01's, 119°35'e), 3 july 1976, fruiting, meijer, w. 10718 (bo); 3–5 km w of soroako (2°15–3°'s, 121°–121°45'e), 450 m, 15 july 1979, flowering and fruiting, balgooy et al. 4028 (bo, l); bantimurung national park, kassekebo. alluvial area below limestone cliffs (5°0'44.6''s, 119°41'16.7''e), 65 m, 22 january 2009, flowering and fruiting, poulsen, ardiyani, firdaus, iqbal, tigor & mia 2760 (aau, bo, ceb, e); southeast sulawesi. district kolaka, subdistrict uluiwoi, village sanggona, near hutumolae, base of gunong pondunaa in mount watu wila (3° 46.448's, 121°39.226'e), 175 m, 12 may 2008, flowering and fruiting, wen, & kartonegoro 10196 (bo); buton island, lawo-lawo area, wakunti forest, bau-bau, 26 june 1978, fruiting, widjaja 568 (bo); kobaena island, enano, matansolonsa mountain, 5 july 1978, fruiting, widjaja 771 (bo); kolaka, poli-polia, pangi-pangi, 100 m, 24 october 1978, flowering and fruiting, prawiroatmodjo & maskuri 1537 (bo, l); kendari, kabupaten unaha, sampara, atolanu mountain, 70 m, 6 february 1986, flowering and fruiting, amir 65 (bo); buton island, kaboengka, 180 m, 15 february 1929, fruiting, kjellberg 246 (bo, l); kolaka area, watuwila foothills, above sanggona, “mokuwu camp”, forest in valley of mokowu r. (3°48's, 121°39'e), 200 m, 29 october 1989, flowering and fruiting, coode 6066 (bo, l, k); buton island, north buton game reserve, maligano-ronta km. 12 (4°42'04''s, 122°55'18''e), 200 m, 27 april 2003, flowering and fruiting, uji 4686 (bo). 2. phrynium longispicum (warb. ex k. schum.) suksathan & borchs. phrynium longispicum (warb. ex k. schum.) suksathan & borchs., bot. j. linn. soc. 159: 394 (2009). — phacelophrynium longispica warb. ex k. schum., in engler, pflanzenr. 4(48): 122 (1902). type: celebes, northern minahassa peninsula, boyong, warburg, o. 15739 (b destroyed, syntype); celebes, tomohon, june 1894, sarasin, k.f. & sarasin, p. 411 (b destroyed); northern minahasa peninsula, along trail from boyong atas village to gunung lolombulan (1°5'18.3''n, 124° 25'23.2''e), 700 m, 24 february 2009, flowering and fruiting, poulsen, a. d., kinho, j., sandaling, t. & mandei, n. 2815 (holoneotype bo!, isoneotypes aau!, e!, sing!). — fig 1. rosulate, clustering herb, to 1.5 m tall. leaves (1 –) 4–5 on each shoot; petiole to 135 cm long; pulvinus 3.5–7.5 cm long, yellowish green; leaf blade 27–52x15–22 cm. inflorescence borne among the leaves, terminal on a 25–55 cm tall stem with a node ca. 3 cm below the base of the inflorescence, the node supporting a small leaf or a short bladeless sheath; inflorescence 14–18 cm tall, at first almost spicate, in later stages with 1–3 basal branches, each with up to 10 clustered, flower-bearing branches, 3– 15 cm long; sterile basal bracts to 8 cm long; fertile bracts 30–35 mm long, to 20 mm wide, rolled into a tubular structure; special paraclade with a single flower-pair, associated prophyll 22x7 mm. flowers white to yellowish white, 40–50 mm long; sepals 9– 10 mm long, narrow, ca. 1 mm wide in distal 1/3; corolla tube 16–20 mm long, lobes 16–17x3–5 mm, dark pigmented in longitudinal stripes in distal 1/3; staminodal tube ca. 7 mm longer than corolla tube; outer staminode 1, petaloid lobe ca. 12x6 mm; callose staminode with petaloid lobe ca. 8x7 mm, bifid; cucullate staminode ca. 5 mm long; fertile stamen 6 mm long, theca ca. 2x1 mm. fruit green (immature), rounded-triangular in cross-section, 9x7 mm, with scattered white simple hairs; pedicel ca. 3 mm long; seeds 3, angular, rugose, 6x4 mm; aril white (immature), bilobed. distribution. endemic to sulawesi. habitat and ecology. in disturbed primary forest and swampy forest. alluvial flat land to lower hill slopes. recorded up to 1,075 m elevation. vernacular name. polipot (uji 4496). uses. ornamental plants (uji 4496). notes. both syntypes cited in the original reinwardtia 216 [vol.13 description of the species are lost. as neotype we have chosen a recent collection with both flower material in alcohol and fruits (poulsen et al. 2815) from boyong; the same locality as one of the syntypes, warburg 15739. this neotype well agree with the protologue of the species. phrynium longispicum was included in the phylogenetic study by suksathan and borchsenius (2009) under the accession name phacelophrynium sp. 1 (dna extracted from the specimen vogel & vermeulen 6721, l). the results show that p. longispicum is more closely related to philippine taxa such as phrynium interruptum than to the new guinea clade of phrynium (including species such as p. giganteum, p. kaniense and p. macrocephalum). specimens seen from sulawesi (other than the neotype). north sulawesi. gunung masarang. secondary forest (1°19'33''n, 124°52'6''e), 1,075 m, 20 february 2008, flowering and fruiting, poulsen, ardiyani & kaunang 2624 (aau, bo, e); bogani nani wartabone national park, mount simbalang, 800 m, 20 may 2002, flowering, uji 4496 (bo); bolaang mongondouw, dumoga bone national park, toraut dam fig. 1. phrynium longispicum (warb. ex k. schum.) suksathan & borchs. photograph of poulsen et al. 2815 (the neotype) by a.d. poulsen. 2010] 217 ardiyani et al.: marantaceae in sulawesi (0°34'n, 123°54'e), 220 m, 25 march 1985, flowering and fruiting, vogel & vermeulen 6721 (bo, l); minahasa (menado), 1896, koorders & valeton 19686ß (bo); manado, tonsealama, 700 m, 4 december 1932, flowering, wisse 53 (bo); along trail from boyong atas village to gunung lolombulan (1°5'18.3''n, 124° 25'23.2''e), 700 m, 24 february 2009, flowering and fruiting, poulsen, kinho, sandanling & mandei 2815 (aau, bo, e, sing); gurupahi, 18 mar 1917, flowering, kaudern 25 (s); central sulawesi. area of mt. nokilalaki, paliti by lake lindu (1°13's, 120°08'e), 970 m, 2 may 1975, flowering, meijer 9960 (bo) forest patch near trial in garden area (0°59'20.2''n, 121° 36'4.3''e), 50 m, 22 february 2009, flowering, poulsen & kinho 2810 (aau, bo, e). 3. phrynium pubinerve blume phrynium pubinerve blume, enum. pl. javae: 38 (1827). type: indonesia, java, blume s.n. (holotype l!). phrynium capitatum willd., sp. pl. 1: 17. 1797 (illegitimate name based on the same type as pontederia ovata l.). phrynium rheedei suresh & nicolson in taxon 35: 355. 1986. phrynium malaccense ridl., j. straits branch roy asiat. soc. 32: 180. 1899. phrynium philippinense ridl., leafl. philipp. bot. 2: 570. 1909. phrynium pubigerum blume, enum. pl. javae: 37. 1827., for a full nomenclatural account see suksathan & borchsenius (2005). rosulate herb, 0.7–3.5 m tall. leaves 2–3 per shoot; lamina 23–82 × 9–30 cm, glabrous except for small hairs around the midrib. inflorescence terminal on a leafy shoot, erect, usually appearing to protrude from the petiole of an accompanying leaf, capitate, 4–8 cm in diameter; bracts sheathing the inflorescence quickly withering apically and dissolving into a decaying fibrous mesh; flower pairs 2–4 per special paraclade. flowers pinkish white, ca. 1.8 cm long; sepals ca 10 mm long; corolla tube 4–5 mm long; outer staminodes 2, their petaloid lobes 3–4.5 mm long. fruits bright red, elongate to triangular, ca 15 × 10 mm, dehiscent; seeds 3, grey, with a small aril. distribution. widely distributed in se asia, from india to burma, thailand, laos, vietnam, cambodia, peninsular malaysia, sumatra, java, borneo, the philippines and new guinea. habitat and ecology. this species seems to prefer a moderate level of habitat disturbance, and is often found growing next to streams, roads and trails, or even in the understorey of old rubber plantations. vernacular name. onese (tolaki language) (a.d. poulsen et al. 2791). uses. juice from the stem is used to cure irritant eyes; the stem is used for weaving or to keep roof thatching in place (poulsen et al. 2791). notes. a widespread and variable species found throughout se asia. it is recognized by the combination of red fruits, capitate inflorescence with tattering inflorescence bracts, and flowers with two outer staminodes. taxonomic treatments for borneo and thailand, with full botanical descriptions, are provided by clausager and borchsenius (2003) and suksathan & borchsenius (2008), respectively. herbarium material of this species is often identified as phrynium capitatum willd. which, however, is an illegitimate name synonymous with p. pubinerve (see clausager & borchsenius 2003). specimens seen from sulawesi. southeast sulawesi. selayar, s.d., flowering and fruiting, teysmann 13605 (bo); boroboro range, n. of wolasi. 16 km s of kendari (4°9'14.6''s, 122°29'38.2''e), 180 m, 11 february 2009, flowering and fruiting, poulsen, ardiyani, chahyadi & gufrin 2791 (aau, bo, e, qbg). 4. phrynium robinsonii (valeton) suksathan & borchs. phrynium robinsonii (valeton) suksathan & borchs., bot. j. linn. soc. 159: 394 (2009). — phacelophrynium robinsonii valeton, in merrill, interpr. rumph. herb. amboin.: 166 (1917). type: indonesia, ambon, mahija, 7 august 1913, along small stream, ca. 250 m alt., specimen labeled "robinson plantae rumphianae amboinenses no. 521" (holotype bo!). — fig 2. herb, to 2 m tall. fertile shoots with 15–45 cm tall stem. sheath of basal leaf ca. 120 cm long, petiole 10 cm long, blade 40–50x17–25 cm. inflorescence with peduncle 10–20 mm long measured from node of subtending leaf, primary inflorescence branches 2–4, the proximal ones separated by internodes of 30–65 mm long. primary bracts to 25 mm long, persisting. flower pairs 2–3 per special paraclade. flowers to 25 mm long; sepals ca. 7 mm long; corolla tube ca. 16 mm long, petal lobes elongate, 10–12 mm long; outer staminode 1, linear, ca. 7 mm long; callose staminode with an elliptic, emarginate petaloid lobe, ca. 6 mm long. fruit ca. 10x5 mm; seeds 1(–2). distribution. endemic to the moluccas and sulawesi. habitat and ecology. not much is known, but it reinwardtia 218 [vol.13 seems to occur mostly at low elevations. notes. this species is known from several collections in the moluccas and a single record from sulawesi. we have not found this species in the field and we have had no access to fresh or pickled flower material. the above description of flowers is based on valeton's (1917) protologue. according to valeton, the flowers of p. robinsonii are markedly smaller (25 mm long) than those of p. longispicum (ca. 40 mm long). the inflorescence structure also seems to be different in the two species, more elongate and with fewer branches per node in p. robinsonii. the limit between the two species should, however, be reinvestigated as more material becomes available. specimens seen from sulawesi. palopo, bulong, sea level, 28 february 1929 kjellberg 1996 (bo, s). 5. stachyphrynium latifolium (blume) k. schum. stachyphrynium latifolium (blume) k. schum., in engler, pflanzenr. iv. 48 (heft 11): 49 (1902). — phrynium latifolium blume, enum. pl. javae : 37 (1827). type: indonesia, java, bantam province, blume s.n. (holotype l!). stachyphrynium cylindricum (ridl.) k. schum., in engler, pflanzenr. 4(48): 49. 1902. stachyphrynium griffithii (baker) k. schum., in engler, pflanzenr. 4(48): 49. 1902. for a full nomenclatural account see suksathan & borchsenius (2005). fig. 2. . phrynium robinsonii (valeton) suksathan & borchs. 2010] 219 ardiyani et al.: marantaceae in sulawesi rhizomatous ground herb, 1.7–4 m tall. leaf blade 40–85x20–45 cm, glabrous. inflorescence produced directly from the rhizome, erect, simple, cylindric or somewhat laterally compressed; peduncle 6–33 cm long, spike 11–25 cm long; fertile bracts 9–18, distichous; flower pairs (1–) 3–4 per special paraclade. flowers white to creamy white, slightly fragrant; 3.5–5 cm long, sepals to 4 mm long; corolla tube 24–40 mm long. fruits broadly ellipsoid, pale brown, ca. 14x12 mm; seeds 1–2, with a large bifid aril. distribution. widespread in the west malesian region, from southern thailand and peninsular malaysia to java, sumatra, borneo and sulawesi (first record). habitat and ecology. small forested hill in garden area. notes. the species is readily recognized by its spicate inflorescences, with distichous fertile bracts, that arise on separate shoots from the leaf-bearing ones. detailed botanical descriptions based on material from borneo and thailand, respectively, are provided by clausager & borchsenius (2003) and suksathan & borchsenius (2008). the single recent collection (poulsen et al. 2805) represents an extension of the known range of the species across wallace's line. this species is sometimes cultivated in malaysia and it is difficult to rule out entirely that it has escaped from cultivation. the plants were, however, collected in a more or less primary forest patch amongst cocoa plantations etc. far from the nearest village. the locals also thought it was native. lacking collections of this species from several primary forest sites nor evidence of cultivation, we cannot be certain whether it has been introduced. specimens seen from sulawesi. central sulawesi. samawati (1°1'31.2''n, 121°36'16.2''e), 40 m, 21 february 2009, flowering, poulsen & kinho 2805 (aau, bo). 6. stachyphrynium repens (körn.) suksathan & borchs. stachyphrynium repens (körn.) suksathan & borchs. , taxon 54 (4): 1086 (2005). — phrynium repens körn., bull. soc. imp. naturalistes moscou 35(1): 103 (1862). – type: java, göreng 408 (turczaninow herb., kw?, le?). stachyphrynium jagorianum (k. koch) k. schum. in engler, pflanzenr. 4(48): 48. 1902. for a full nomenclatural account see suksathan & borchsenius (2005) rosulate herb, to 55 cm tall, frequently forming large colonies on the forest floor. leaves 1–3 per shoot; lamina elliptic to oblong, acute to acuminate, 10–20x3.5–5.5 cm, green to dark green above, with more-or-less pronounced darker green stripes following the major veins, pale below, glabrous or pubescent. inflorescence interfoliar, erect, usually simple; peduncle 5–14 cm long; spike 2.5–7.5 cm long with 3–6 distichous fertile bracts; flower-pairs 2 per special paraclade but usually only 1 pair develops. flowers white, ca. 10 mm long; sepals to 2.5 mm long; corolla tube 13–18 mm long. fruits broadly ellipsoid to obovate, to 4x5 mm; seeds 1–2, with a large bifid aril. distribution. indo-china, thailand, peninsular malaysia and indonesia: sumatra, java and sulawesi (first record). not recorded in borneo. habitat and ecology. forest-savanna mosaic on sandy soil. notes. easily recognised by its small size and the dark green oblique bands on the upper side of the leaves. a detailed botanical description of this species is provided by suksathan & borchsenius (2008). this record represents an extension of the known range of the species across wallace's line. only one collection is known from sulawesi (poulsen et al. 2797) but we found s. repens at several localities south of kendari and it appears to have dispersed to se sulawesi a long time ago. specimens seen from sulawesi. southeast sulawesi. tatangge forest reserve, tatangge (4°27'35.6''s, 122° 7'28.1''e), 20 m, 13 february 2009, flowering and fruiting, poulsen, ardiyani, chahyadi, gufrin & lasifu 2797 (aau, bo, e). acknowledgements fieldwork by axel dalberg poulsen in sulawesi was sponsored in 2008 by the carlsberg foundation (grant number 2007_01_0568) and in 2009 by the augustinus foundation, the peter davis expedition fund, and the blaxall valentine awards of the royal horticultural society, uk. further work was supported financially by the carlsberg foundation (grant number 2007_01_0626 to finn borchsenius). we thank the state ministry of research and technology (ristek) for permits to do research in indonesia and local botanists and institutions in sulawesi for help with logistics, especially theogives lasut, ramadhanil pitopang, firdaus and julianus kinho. reinwardtia 220 [vol.13 references andersson, l. 1998. marantaceae. in kubitzki, k. (ed.), the families and genera of vascular plants 4: 278–293. (springer verlag: berlin). clausager, k. & borchsenius, f. 2003. marantaceae of sabah, northern borneo. kew bull. 58: 647–678. clausager, k., mood, j. & borchsenius, f. 2006. phacelophrynium sapiense (marantaceae) a new species from sabah, malaysia. nordic journal of botany 24: 295–299. koorders, s. h. 1898. verslag eener botanische dienstreis door de minahasa tevens eerste overzicht der flora van n.o. celebes uit een wetenschappelijk en praktisch oogpunt. mededeelingen van's lands plantentuin 19. batavia. g. kolff & co. 714 pp. poulsen, a. d. & clausager h. 2004. a new species of stachyphrynium from borneo. garden’s bulletin singapore 56: 161–166. schumann, k.m. 1902. marantaceae. in: engler, a. (ed.), das pflanzenreich iv. 48 (heft 11). verlag von wilhelm engelmann, leipzig. suksathan, p. & borchsenius, f. 2003. two new species of stachyphrynium from se asia. willdenowia 33: 403–408. suksathan, p. & borchsenius, f. 2005. nomenclatural synopsis of the marantaceae of thailand. taxon 54: 1083–1090. suksathan, p. & borchsenius, f. 2008. marantaceae. flora of thailand 9 part 2: 123–142. suksathan, p, borchsenius, f. & poulsen, a. d. 2006. schumannianthus monophyllus (marantaceae) a new and unusual species from borneo. novon 16: 139–141. suksathan, p., gustafsson, m. h. & borchsenius, f. 2009. phylogeny and generic delimitation of asian marantaceae. bot. j. linn. soc. 159: 381–395. suksathan, p., madulid, d. a. & borchsenius, f. 2010. marantaceae in the philippines. taiwania 55 (1): 28–36. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 2. 2010 contents page harry wiriadinata & rismita sari. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra ………………………………………………………………………..……………….. 95 ary p. keim. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea………………… 101 robert gradstein et al. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia……………………... 107 abdulrokhman kartonegoro & j. f. veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia………………………………………………………...…………… 125 nursahara pasaribu. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 147 ary p. keim. & m. rahayu. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia................ 151 k. mat-saleh, ridha mahyuni, agus susatya, j. f. veldkamp. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia.............................................................................................................................. 159 j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. .......................................................................................... 167 m. m. j. van balgooy. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families..................................... 171 nurhaidah iriany sinaga. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua ............................................................................................................................... 183 nurhaidah iriany sinaga, rita megia, alex hartana & ary prihardhyanto keim. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea................................................................................................................................ 189 eizi suzuki. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites.. 199 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia.......................................................................................................... 211 m. ardiyani, a. d. poulsen, p. suksathan, f. borchsenius. marantaceae in sulawesi..... 213 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research centre for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_1-1 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_2-2 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_121-121 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_122-122 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_123-123 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_124-124 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_125-125 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_126-126 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_127-127 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_128-128 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_129-129 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_130-130 pandanus bintunii wiriadinata sp nov, reinwardtia vol 12, part 5, pp: 443– 446 443 a new species of pandanus (pandanaceae) from bintuni bay, west papua received december 7, 2008; accepted december 16, 2008. harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology lipi. jl. raya jakartabogor km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia abstract wiriadinata, h. 2009. a new species of pandanus (pandanaceae) from bintuni bay, west papua. reinwardtia 12(5): 443–446. — pandanus bintuniensis wiriadinata collected from bintuni bay, west papua is described. it is very close to p. permicron kanehira, but differs in wider leaf and brownish green coloured young leaf. key words: pandanus bintuniensis, bintuni bay, west papua. abstrak wiriadinata, h. 2009. satu jenis baru pandanus (pandanaceae) dari teluk bintuni, papua barat. reinwardtia 12(5): 443–446. — pandanus bintuniensis wiriadinata berasal dari teluk bintuni, papua dipertelakan sebagai jenis baru. jenis tersebut mirip dengan jenis pandanus permicron kanehira tetapi berbeda pada helaian daun yang lebih lebar dan berwarna hijau kecoklatan kata kunci: pandanus bintuniensis, teluk bintuni, papua barat. introduction during a floristic survey of bintuni bay in august-september 2002, supported by urs, on an open area behind the coastal forest of near the mouth of bintuni river a small population of attractive short stemmed pandanus species was observed. in fact, a study of pandanus in papua is very limited (merrill & perry, 1939). several living plants of this species were collected and planted in bogor. they grew well and after several years produced flowers and fruits. the female flowers similar to those of p. permicron kanehira (fig. 10, kanehira, 1940) but further investigation reveal that they are different especially in wider leaf size which brownish green when young. consequently it is proposed to describe it as a new species. it belongs to the section acrostigma (jebb, 1991). pandanus bintuniensis wiriadinata sp. nov.— fig. 2–9, 11. pandanus permicron kanehira, lamina laterrimus, cephalia brevissimus, bractea et stigma differed. typus: bogor, introduced from bintuni bay, tanah merah, west papua, 50 m asl., december 2005, harry wiriadinata hw 13274, cephalia (bo–holo). perennial herb with very short stem, erect, without prop root nor aerial roots. leaves tufted, developed gradually long, total number of leaves are 27 when produce cephalia and male inflorescences, arranged spirally, dextrose, sessile, linear, tip acuminate, sharply aculeate with 1 mm long spines along margins and on part of the lower surface of the midrib, minutely spiny on the upper surface of the 2 lateral folds, glaucous, 30–60 x 3.5–5 cm; young leaves brownish green, mature leaves green or brownish green above the base, brown beneath. female inflorescence terminal, peduncle erect ca. 10 cm long, young leaf upper bract ca. 19 x 3.5 cm, elliptic oblong, parallel nerves, spiny along margins and on midrib below, upper side spiny on the ridge of folded blades. bracts boat-shape, yellowish white, 4 x 3 cm. calyx thin, transculent. cephalia rounded, 3–3.5 cm in diameter, contain ca. 92 drupes; drupes 12 mm long, 3 mm in diameter, pyramid shaped with 4 angular at base, white when in bud, green in young turning reddish orange, stigmatic beak shaped, acute. seeds with thin aril, white, base acuminate, tip flat, 11 mm long, 0.5 mm diameter, white. male inflorescence terminal, axis erect, poorly racemes 3 branches of 4.5 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter; bract oblong, brownish green, acute, finely spiny along margins, ca. 6 x 2.5 cm; bracteoles 2, boat-shaped, concave, white, tip acuminate, 3–3.5 x 2 cm; pedicels 2 cm; stamens numerous, anthers 7 mm long, white, split longitudinal. distribution and habitat. bintuni bay, southern part of west papua. lowland area very close to reinwardtia [vol.12 444 melaleuca leucadendra forest, of about 200 m to the beach; soil type of sandy soil and considered somewhat poor soil. habitat is an open area of disturbed or secondary forest and its community consists of melaleuca leucadendra, myristica fatua, artocarpus elasticus, vatica rassak, flindersia amboinense, galearia celebica. fig. 1. map of papua. an arrow indicates tanah merah, bintuni bay notes. observation on cultivated plant indicate that it would need almost 10 months or more from cutting to produce flower. flower usually come in late december or january. the plant produces one type of sexual flower which appear at terminal branch. the male inflorescence branch could produce 3 bunches of staminate flowers after it has produce 27 leaves, the stamens start to open around in the morning before sun rise, remain fresh for 1–2 days and the mush pollen is generally depleted in the 3rd day. the female inflorescence branch has 27 leaves and then produces female inflorescences; the young bud of cephalia usually hidden by sandy soil construct by ants. some small ants covered the young cephalia with sandy soil at the opening of the bracts to protect them. the cephalia can emerge from the bracts within one week and remain fresh for 7–8 months. the colour of cephalia is dark green turning reddish orange in maturity. acknowledgements acknowledgement is given to urs and bp oil company which give me opportunity to go to bintuni bay, papua and for their financial support. references jebb, m.1991. a guide to pandanus in new guinea, the bismarck archipelago and the solomon islands. christensen research institute, madang, png. kanehira, r. 1940. a summary of our knowledge of papuan pandanus. bot. mag., tokyo 54(643): 258. merril, e. & perry, l. 1939. on the brass collections of pandanaceae from new guinea. journ. arn. arb. 20: 139–186. pandanus bintuniensis in cultivation fig. 2. plants before flowering, 10 months old fig. 3. plants in flower, 1 year old 2009] wiriadinata: new species of pandanus from bintuni bay, west papua 445 female inflorescences fig. 4. cephalia first week fig. 5. cephalia second week fig. 6. cephalia 1 month fig. 7. cephalia 7-9 months male inflorescences fig. 8. the first day fig. 9. the third day reinwardtia [vol.12 446 fig. 10. pandanus permicron fig. 11. pandanus bintuniensis reinwardtia 2017 16 (1) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 16 (1): 1 – 48, june 15, 2017 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary rina munazar layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: catanthera keris veldk. (1. inflorescences; 2. close up flower; 3. flower bud), medinilla squillula veldk. (4. habit; 5. branches; 6. fascicle of uniflorous infructescences), medinilla uninervis veldk. (7. habit. note 1-nerved leaves; 8. infructescence; 9. immature and mature fruits), medinilla zoster veldk. (10. habit; 11. inflorescences; 12. flower). photo credits: bangun 223, lowry & phillipson 7287, mahroji, fabanyo & soleman 69, callmander, et al. 1067. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 16(1): agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia agus sutanto indonesian tropical fruit research institute (itfri), west sumatra, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk andrew powling school of biological sciences, university of portsmouth, portsmouth, uk elham sumarga school of life sciences & technology, institut teknologi bandung, bandung, indonesia meekiong kallu university malaysia sarawak, samarahan, sarawak, malaysia harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia ulrich meve lehrstuhl für pflanzensystematik, universität bayreuth, bayreuth, germany mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia reinwardtia vol 16 no 1, pp: 11 – 18 11 predicting habitat distribution of endemic and critically endangered dipterocarpus littoralis in nusakambangan, indonesia received july 27, 2016; accepted january 31, 2017 iyan robiansyah bogor botanic gardens, center for plant conservation � lipi, jl. ir. h. juanda 13, bogor 16112, indonesia. email: iyan.robiansyah@lipi.go.id abstract robiansyah, i. 2017. predicting habitat distribution of endemic and critically endangered dipterocarpus littoralis in nusakambangan, indonesia. reinwardtia 16(1): 11 – 18. —the tree species dipterocarpus littoralis (blume) kurz. is endemic to nusakambangan and categorized as critically endangered. in the present study, the habitat suitability of the species in nusakambangan was predicted using logistic regression analysis and maxent model. three topographic variables (elevation, slope, and aspect), distance from river and coastline, and one vegetation index (normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi)) as well as two water content indexes (normalized difference water index (ndwi) and normalized difference moisture index (ndmi)) were used as predictors of the models. employing initial number of 82 presence and 250 absence data of d. littoralis, both models were able to predict the suitable areas for the species with fairly high success rate. the auc and kappa value for logistic regression were 0.77 ± 0.027 and 0.34 ± 0.058, respectively, while the respected values for maxent were 0.91 ± 0.062 and 0.37 ± 0.025. logistic regression analysis identified a total area of 26.13 km2 to be suitable for d. littoralis, while a smaller suitable area (7.85 km2) was predicted by maxent model. coastal areas in the west part of the island were predicted by both models as areas with high suitability for d. littoralis. furthermore, distance from coastline and river, elevation, ndvi, ndwi and ndmi were suggested to be very important for the species ecology and distribution. the results of this study may serve as a basis for population reinforcement and reintroduction programs of d. littoralis and guide for ecosystem management of nusakambangan island as a whole. key words: cr itically endanger ed, dipterocarpus littoralis, endemic species, logistic r egr ession, maxent, nusakambangan. abstrak robiansyah, i. 2017. prediksi distribusi habitat jenis endemik dan genting dipterocarpus littoralis di nusakambangan, indonesia. reinwardtia 16(1): 11 – 18. — dipterocarpus littoralis (blume) kurz. adalah jenis endemik nusakambangan dan termasuk ke dalam kategori genting. pada penelitian ini kesesuaian habitat dari tumbuhan ini diprediksi menggunakan analisis regresi logistik dan model maxent. tiga variabel topografi (ketinggian, kelerengan dan arah lereng), jarak terhadap pantai dan sungai, serta satu index vegetasi normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi)) dan dua index kandungan air (normalized difference water index (ndwi) dan normalized difference moisture index (ndmi)) digunakan sebagai penduga untuk kedua model. dengan menggunakan data awal berupa 82 titik keberadaan dan 250 titik ketidakhadiran jenis, kedua model ini dapat memprediksi kesesuaian habitat d. littoralis dengan tingkat kesuksesan yang cukup tinggi. nilai auc dan kappa dari model regresi logistik secara berurutan adalah 0.77 ± 0.027 dan 0.34 ± 0.058, sedangkan bagi maxent adalah 0.91 ± 0.062 dan 0.37 ± 0.025. analisis regresi logistik memperkirakan total area yang sesuai bagi jenis ini adalah 26.13 km2 sedangkan model maxent hanya seluas 7.85 km2. kedua model ini memperlihatkan bahwa zona pesisir di daerah sebelah barat nusakambangan adalah area dengan kesesuaian habitat yang sangat tinggi bagi d. littoralis. selain itu, kedua model berhasil mengidentifikasi faktor lingkungan yang berpengaruh bagi ekologi dan persebaran spesies ini, yaitu jarak terhadap pantai dan sungai, ketinggian, ndvi, ndwi dan ndmi. hasil dari penelitian ini dapat dijadikan dasar bagi program penguatan populasi alami dan reintroduksi d. littoralis dan sebagai panduan bagi pengelolaan ekosistem kawasan nusakambangan secara keseluruhan. kata kunci: dipterocarpus littoralis, genting, jenis endemik, maxent, nusakambangan, regresi logistik. introduction small islands have very important role in the conservation of global plant biodiversity. although they share only 5% of land surface of the earth, about one quarter of all known vascular plant species are endemic to islands (kreft et al., 2008). as elsewhere, plant diversity of islands is under increasing pressure from habitat loss and conversion, population increase, introduction of invasive alien species, unsustainable use of native species, and climate change. due to small geographic area, however, plant species in small islands are more sensitive to rapid environmental changes compared to other ecosystems. this eminent sensitivity of island plants is reflected in the high number of the island endemic extinction in the last 400 years (sax & gaines, 2008). the tree species dipterocarpus littoralis (blume) kurz. is endemic to nusakambangan, a small island located in central java, indonesia. according to iucn red list 2015, the tree is categorized as reinwardtia 12 [vol.16 critically endangered (ashton, 1998). it is also included on a national list of priority species for conservation action in indonesia 2008-2018. the major threats for the species are illegal cutting and the expansion in distribution of the langkap tree (arenga obtusifolia mart.) (robiansyah & davy, 2015). to conserve and protect the species from extinction, several conservation measures have been implemented by government, local communities, non government organization and/or university. these include information dissemination and public awareness program (usd, 2016), ecology and population status assessment (robiansyah & davy, 2015), population genetic research (dwiyanti et al., 2014, yulita & partomihardjo, 2011), as well as propagation and reintroduction of d. littoralis (holcim, 2013). to be successful, population reinforcement and reintroduction programs need to take into account habitat suitability of the target species. in case of d. littoralis, there is no detailed study assessing and describing suitable areas of the species in nusakambangan. previous modeling study assessing habitat suitability of d. litoralis by primajati (2015) was incomplete and only covered the area of west nusakambangan nature reserve. thus the present study aims to assess habitat distribution of d. littoralis in entire nusakambangan island. using high resolution environmental variables and both presence-only and presence-absence modeling methods, the objectives of the present study are to: i) compare the ability of the two modeling methods in predicting habitat suitability of the species, ii) assess and describe suitable habitat areas of d. littoralis in nusakambangan, and iii) identify environmental variables influencing the species distribution. the results of this study may serve as a basis for conservation programs of d. littoralis and the ecosystem management of nusakambangan as a whole. materials and methods study site and occurrence data nusakambangan is located in indian ocean, separated by a narrow strait off the southern coast of central java province, indonesia. it has an area of 210 km2 and the highest point at about 190 m above sea level. the climate is b type or afa according to koppen classification system. the ecosystem is generally classified as lowland rainforest, and provides habitats for several rare and endemic plant species, such as rafflesia patma blume, lithocarpus platycarpus (blume) rehder, gonystylus macrophyllus (miq.) airy shaw, anisoptera costata korth., shorea javanica koord. & valeton, hopea sangal korth., and a morphophallus decus-silvae backer & alderw. as well as dipterocarpus littoralis (blume) kurz (partomihardjo et al., 2014). the endemic d. littoralis is a monoecious, emergent tree that grows up to 30 m tall. the wood is of good quality and is illegally harvested by local people for boat construction, timber, and firewood. in the present study, a total of 52 presence and 150 absence data of d. littoralis were obtained from the study conducted in west nusakambangan nature reserve (wnnr) by robiansyah and davy (2015). the absence points were obtained by identifying all seemingly suitable habitats where the species was absent. in addition, 30 presenceonly data were gathered from wnnr database and a total of 100 independent absence points were created randomly outside wnnr using arcmap 10.1. therefore, the present study initially used a total of 82 presence and 250 absence points for further modeling analysis. environmental variables selection elevation, slope and aspect were suggested to be very important for the ecology of d. littoralis (robiansyah & davy, 2015) and thus were selected as main predictors. elevation data was obtained from aster global digital elevation model v002 (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/) from which slope and aspect were derived using surface analysis extension in arcmap10.1. distance from river networks and coastline were also used as predictors to see the effect of these two geographical features on the species distribution. in addition, one vegetation index (normalized difference vegetation index) and two water content indexes (normalized difference water index and normalized difference moisture index) were used as a proxy of vegetation greenness and soil moisture, respectively. all these indexes were derived from landsat 8 oli/ tirs satellite image acquired in 6 may 2016 (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/) using the following formula (sahu, 2014): normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) = (band 5 band 4) (band 5 + band 4) normalized difference water index (ndwi) = (band 3 band 5) (band 3 + band 5) normalized difference moisture index (ndmi) = (band 5 band 6) (band 5 + band 6) all the environmental layers used in the models had 30 m resolution. these layers were clipped to nusakambangan boundary to be used in the modeling procedures. modeling procedures binary logistic regression and maxent method were used to predict habitat suitability of d. littoralis using presence-absence and presence-only data, respectively. in binary logistic regression, all environmental variables intersected with 82 presence and 250 absence points were extracted using arcmap 10.1. the results were than analyzed using pasw statistic 18 (spss inc., 2009, robiansyah : predicting habitat distribution of dipterocarpus littoralis 2017] 13 www.spss.com) with aspect being converted into categorical variable to simplify the explanation of the results. relative importance of each variable was estimated based on the absolute value of its standardized beta coefficient (menard, 2011). for presence-only data, maxent has been shown to perform better than other models (elith et al., 2006) and has the best predictive power even with very low sample size (wisz et al., 2008). it predicts the geographical distribution of a species using maximum entropy theory. in the present study, the maxent software was set to the “auto feature”, logistic output format and ascii output file type following the suggestion of phillips and dudík (2008). as maxent automatically removes the duplicate records in the same cell, only 78 presence records were used in the modeling. initially, a model was produced using maxent that included all 8 environmental variables. based on jackknife analysis provided by maxent, variables contributing < 3% to the full model were excluded from the final model. to minimize the level of uncertainty and increase model accuracy, 10-fold crossvalidation technique was used in which the final model was run 10 replicates and the results were then averaged. furthermore, maximum training sensitivity plus specificity (mtss) logistic threshold was used to convert the continuous suitability index into suitable and unsuitable areas of d. littoralis. this mtss threshold is the best method for threshold selection when only presence data are available (liu et al., 2013). the same threshold was also applied for the suitable areas distribution map resulted by logistic regression. the performance of both models was evaluated using the area under the curve (auc) of the receiver operating characteristic and kappa value. auc has been shown to be a highly effective threshold-independent measure of model performance (thuiller et al., 2005) and its value varies from 0 (random prediction) to 1 (perfect prediction). for kappa value, it is a robust statistic useful for model reliability testing, and its results can be range from -1 to +1 (mchugh, 2012). results model performance the auc and kappa value for logistic regression were 0.77 ± 0.027 and 0.34 ± 0.058, respectively, while the respected values for maxent were 0.91 ± 0.062 and 0.37 ± 0.025. these values indicated the fairly high success rate of both models in predicting potential distribution of d. littoralis. araújo et al. (2005) suggested the following standard for judging model performance based on auc value: excellent (auc>0.9), good (0.9>auc>0.8), fair (0.8>auc>0.7), poor (0.7>auc>0.6), and failed (0.6>auc>0.5). for kappa statistic, its values can be interpreted as follows: values ≤ 0 as indicating no agreement and 0.01–0.20 as none to slight, 0.21–0.40 as fair, 0.41– 0.60 as moderate, 0.61–0.80 as substantial, and 0.81–1.00 as almost perfect agreement (mchugh, 2012). contribution of environmental variables logistic regression analysis identified four environmental variables being significantly influential (χ2=46.45, df= 4, p<0.000) for d. littoralis distribution (table 1). these factors include ndwi, ndmi, distance from coastline and elevation. the first factor had the highest influence to the model as indicated by its high absolute standardized beta value. in addition to these four factors, maxent predicted that distance from river networks and ndvi were also important for the species (table 2). the model also revealed that distance from coastline was the main determinant factor of d. littoralis distribution in nusavariable absolute standardized beta p normalized difference water index 0.31 0.000 normalized difference moisture index 0.17 0.027 distance from coastline 0.10 0.017 elevation 0.09 0.000 variable percent contribution distance from coastline 36.4 elevation 21.8 normalized difference vegetation index 17 distance from river networks 16.4 normalized difference moisture index 8.4 table 1. environmental variables significantly contribute to the presence of dipterocarpus littoralis in nusakambangan based on logistic regression analysis. table 2. relative contribution (%) of the environmental variables to the maxent model of dipterocarpus littoralis reinwardtia 14 [vol.16 kambangan with more than 36% contribution to the model. response curves of environmental variables produced by maxent model (fig. 1) showed the specific environmental preferences of d. littoralis. the species had high probability of being presence at areas with distance of 200-750 m from coastline and 300-900 m from rivers, elevation of 30-75 m above sea level, ndvi of 0.75-0.79 and ndmi above 0.45. habitat distribution of d. littoralis a total area of 26.13 km 2 was predicted by logistic regression analysis to be suitable for d. littoralis . these areas were distributed mainly in the west and north part of the island (fig. 2). a smaller suitable area (7.85 km ) was predicted by 2 maxent model and found mainly in west nusakambangan coastal areas. furthermore, as it was agreed by both logistic and maxent, the intersection areas of both models were predicted to have very high suitability for the species. these areas had an area of 3.82 km2 and were located mainly in the west part of the island. discussion using logistic regression and maxent model, the present study was able to predict the distribution of suitable areas for d. littorralis with high success rate. the maxent model, however, outperformed the logistic regression method as showed by its fig. 1. response curves showing the relationship between the probability of presence of dipterocarpus littoralis and the significant environmental variables. values shown are average over 10 replicate runs; blue margins show ±1 sd calculated over 10 replicates. robiansyah : predicting habitat distribution of dipterocarpus littoralis 2017] 15 higher auc and kappa value. this superiority of maxent model compared to the logistic regression was also shown by previous studies (gastón & garcía-viñas, 2011; marini et al., 2010; tognelli et al., 2009; roura-pascual et al., 2009), and mainly due to its ability to ovoid overfitting by using regularization techniques (gastón & garcía-viñas, 2011). in addition, the auc value of maxent model from the present study was much higher compared to the auc of 0.87 gained by primajati (2015). in general the results of the present study were in concordance with the study of robiansyah and davy (2015) and primajati (2015), which highlighted the importance of elevation, distance from coastline and river networks, soil moisture and canopy cover for the ecology and distribution of d. littoralis. interesting results were shown by logistic regression and maxent model which identified ndwi and distance from coastline as the most important variable for d. littoralis distribution, respectively. ndwi has a strong positive correlation with fractional water index (gu et al., 2008), thus is a very good proxy for soil moisture condition. in the present study, predicted suitable habitat for d. littoralis was associated with ndwi value above 0.35 (result was not shown), which corresponds to high soil moisture content. as previous study had shown that more than 60% of d. littoralis in wnnr were in 0-5 cm diameter class (robiansyah & davy, 2015), this high soil moisture content might be very important for seedling growth and establishment of d. littoralis. a study by islam et al. (2016) found a positive association between sapling density of d. turbinatus and soil moisture content in lawachara national park, bangladesh. the authors suggested that soil moisture content is a critical factor for the regeneration and a viable population of the species. as indicated by its name, d. littoralis is an endemic tree found in littoral forest of nusakambangan. a littoral forest is recognized by its close proximity to the ocean (generally < 2 km) (decc, 2008). this might be the reason maxent identified distance to coastline as the most important factor for the distribution of d. littoralis. furthermore, inclusion of this variable as a significant predictor in the maxent model restricted the distribution of these habitats mainly along the coastal areas of the island, and hence led to the prediction of smaller suitable habitats of the species compared to those predicted by logistic regression. most of the intersection areas between predicted suitable habitats of logistic regression and maxent model were located inside wnnr. since these intersection areas were predicted to have very high suitability for d. littoralis, this situation is good for the species in term of conservation strategies as these areas are already protected by the government. furthermore, the undergoing and future population reinforcement and reintroduction of the species should be focused in these intersection areas in order to increase the successfulness of the programs. hai et al. (2014) argued that site selection, habitat features and geographical location are among the most important factors affecting the success of plant reintroduction program. since there were some limitations in the present modeling study, care should be taken when implementing the results in the field-based conservation programs. logistic regression and maxent model did not consider other important factors for the distribution of a plant species such as dispersal process, anthropogenic influences, biotic interactions, or geographic barriers (pearson, 2010; soberón, 2007). in addition, microclimate variables were also not included in both models since there was no weather station in the island from which fig. 2. predicted distribution of dipterocarpus littoralis in nusakambangan island based on logistic regression analysis (yellow), maxent model (green) and intersection areas of the two models (red). reinwardtia 16 [vol.16 temperature and precipitation related variables can be collected. furthermore, field surveys are required to validate the model predictions, especially outside wnnr where the presence and absence data of d. littoralis were absent. conclusion the present study showed that maxent model was better than logistic regression analysis in predicting the suitable habitats for d. littoralis. the auc of the first model was much higher compared to the second one. distance from coastline and river networks ndwi, ndvi and elevation were suggested to be very important for the species ecology and distribution. coastal areas in the west part of the island were predicted by both models as areas with high suitability for d. littoralis. although there were some limitations, the results of the present study can be used as a basis for conservation programs of d. littoralis. population reinforcement and reintroduction programs can be focused at the areas with high suitability for the species, especially at the intersection areas predicted by both logistic regression and maxent model. furthermore, these predicted suitable areas should be protected as they may serve as in situ refugia for d. littoralis from ongoing climate change. references araújo, m. b., pearson, r. g., thuiller, w. & erhard, m. 2005. validation of species –climate impact models under climate change. glob. change biol.11: 1504–1513. ashton, p. 1998. dipterocarpus littoralis. the iucn red list of threatened species 1998: e.t33376a9773710.http://doi.org/10.2305/iucn. uk.1998.rlts.t33376a9773710.en.accessed 29 august 2016 decc (department of environment & climate change). 2008. littoral rainforest in the south east corner, sydney basin and nsw north coast bioregions. http://www.environment. nsw.gov.au/resources/threatenedspecies / eeclittoralrainforestlowres.pdf accessed 29 august 2016. dwiyanti, f. g., harada, k., siregar, i. z. & kamiya, k. 2014. population genetics of the critically endangered species dipterocarpus littoralis blume (dipterocarpaceae) endemic on nusakambangan island, 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the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 16. no. 1. 2017 contents page dini puspitaningrum, wendy a. mustaqim & marlina ardiyani. a new record of etlingera pauciflora (zingiberaceae) in java, indonesia ...…………………………………..…………………..…….…...………….…………. 1 sri rahayu & michele rodda. hoya narcissiflora (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae), a new species from borneo ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………. 5 iyan robiansyah. predicting habitat distribution of endemic and critically endangered dipterocarpus littoralis in nusakambangan, indonesia ……………………………………………….…..……………………………….………. 11 lulut dwi sulistyaningsih. a newly described and recorded infraspecific taxa of musa borneensis becc. (musaceae) from sulawesi, indonesia ……………………………………………...…....…………….………………..... 19 jan-firts veldkamp & abdulrokhman kartonegoro. new species of catanthera and medinilla (melastomataceae) from halmahera, indonesia and a new name for a medinilla from madagascar…………………………………...…...……... 25 purwaningsih, ruddy polosakan, razali yusuf & kuswata kartawinata. phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope of mt. wilis, east java, indonesia………………………..…………………………….…. 31 ian m. turner. a new combination for subspecies of radermachera quadripinnata (bignoniaceae) ........................ 47 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia 16(1)_1-1 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_2-2 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_3-3 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_4-4 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_15-15 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_16-16 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_17-17 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_18-18 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_19-19 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_20-20 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_21-21 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_22-22 8. daftar isi reinwardtia 16(1) reinwardtia 2017 16 (1) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 16 (1): 1 – 48, june 15, 2017 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary rina munazar layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: catanthera keris veldk. (1. inflorescences; 2. close up flower; 3. flower bud), medinilla squillula veldk. (4. habit; 5. branches; 6. fascicle of uniflorous infructescences), medinilla uninervis veldk. (7. habit. note 1-nerved leaves; 8. infructescence; 9. immature and mature fruits), medinilla zoster veldk. (10. habit; 11. inflorescences; 12. flower). photo credits: bangun 223, lowry & phillipson 7287, mahroji, fabanyo & soleman 69, callmander, et al. 1067. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 16(1): agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia agus sutanto indonesian tropical fruit research institute (itfri), west sumatra, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk andrew powling school of biological sciences, university of portsmouth, portsmouth, uk elham sumarga school of life sciences & technology, institut teknologi bandung, bandung, indonesia meekiong kallu university malaysia sarawak, samarahan, sarawak, malaysia harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia ulrich meve lehrstuhl für pflanzensystematik, universität bayreuth, bayreuth, germany mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia reinwardtia vol 16 no 1, pp: 1 – 4 1 a new record of etlingera pauciflora (zingiberaceae) in java, indonesia received august 4, 2016; accepted february 7, 2017 dini puspitaningrum & wendy a. mustaqim ompt canopy, departemen biologi, fmipa, universitas indonesia, depok, indonesia. email: dinipn35@gmail.com; wendyachmmadm@gmail.com marlina ardiyani herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong, bogor, indonesia. email: marlina.ardiyani@gmail.com abstract puspitaningrum, d., mustaqim, wendy a. & ardiyani, m. 2017. a new record of etlingera pauciflora (zingiberaceae) in java, indonesia. reinwardtia 16 (1): 1 – 4. — etlingera pauciflora has been documented for the first time in java, indonesia, at mount honje, ujung kulon national park, banten. description, figure as well as dna barcodes are provided. key words: etlingera pauciflora, java, new records, taxonomy, ujung kulon, zingiberaceae. abstrak puspitaningrum, d., mustaqim, wendy a. & ardiyani, m. 2017. sebuah rekaman baru etlingera pauciflora (zingiberaceae) di jawa, indonesia. reinwardtia 16 (1): 1 – 4. — etlingera pauciflora telah ditemukan untuk pertama kalinya di jawa, indonesia, dari spesimen yang berasal dari kawasan gunung honje, taman nasional ujung kulon, banten. pertelaan, gambar dan barcode dna diberikan. kata kunci: etlingera pauciflora, jawa, rekaman baru, taksonomi, ujung kulon, zingiberaceae. introduction etlingera is one of the largest genera in the family zingiberaceae with perhaps as many as 200 species. the genus is widely distributed from india (sikkim) and extends east to pacific islands (poulsen, 2012). accounts of etlingera in malesian region have been made for peninsular malaysia (khaw, 2001), borneo (smith, 1986b, poulsen, 2006), java (poulsen, 2007) and sulawesi (poulsen, 2012). the revision of the genus in java included nine species of etlingera. during a field collecting in mount honje, ujung kulon national park, banten, in august 2015, a species that does not match with any etlingera species in poulsen (2007) and backer & bakhuizen f. (1968) was found. after thorough examination, the characters of the species collected from ujung kulon np match very well with the description of etlingera pauciflora, in that occurs in peninsular malaysia (khaw, 2001) and in thailand (kittipanangkul & ngamriabsakul, 2008). this species was described for the first time as hornstedtia pauciflora ridl., and was later transferred to a chasma (achasma pauciflora (ridl.) holtt.) and finally included in etlingera (smith, 1986a). maruzy (2009) documented zingiberaceae in gunung halimun salak national park, but he did not encounter etlingera pauciflora. this paper aimed to report the first occurence of etlingera pauciflora in java, indonesia. specimens are deposited in herbarium bogoriense (bo), research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences (lipi). materials and methods the morphology of newly recorded species was described from living plants collected in the field. detailed morphological measurements were made using ruler and a long arm microscope. dna extraction amplification and sequencing of two barcoding regions, namely rbcl, and its were carried out using published primers under standard conditions (see kress & erickson, 2007). genbank accession number are summarized in table 1. taxonomic treatment etlingera pauciflora (ridl.) r.m. sm. – fig.1. etlingera pauciflora (ridl.) r.m. sm., notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 43 (2) (1986) 248, khaw. gard. bull. sing. 53 (2001) 225. — type: ridley, h.n. 8174 (image on website k! holo), dec. 1896: peninsular malaysia, selangor, gua batu. basionym: hornstedtia pauciflora ridl., j. straits branch roy. asiat. soc. 32: 144 (1899). homotypic synonym: a chasm a pauciflorum (ridl.) holttum, gard. bull. singapore 13(1): 187 reinwardtia 2 [vol.16 (1950). rhizomes long-creeping, up to 70 cm between leafy shoots, 0.6 – 1.3 cm diameter, cream at main axis with cream-brown rhizome scale. leafy shoot 2 – 4 m long with up to 50 leaves, base 2.2 – 3.7 cm diameter, green, glabrous. sheath reticulate, white at base, reddish towards apex. ligule 1.15 – 2.85 cm long, entire, apex rounded or obtuse, sometimes nearly acute, glabrous with brown hairs at margins. petiole to 0.7 cm long, dark green, glabrous. lamina 23.3 – 67 × 3.85 – 10.5 cm, green above, light green beneath, narrowly elliptic or slightly obovate, base narrowly cuneate, oblique, margin reddish brown (when dried), hairy especially at cauda or rarely hairy along margins (when young), abaxial midrib with minute, appressed hairs to glabrous at very apex, apex acuminate to caudate. inflorescence subterranean, except for fertile bracts and flowers. peduncle 5 – 5.5 cm long, 3 – 3.5 mm diameter, ascending. peduncular bracts 6.1 – 4.3 × 1 – 1.5 cm, sterile bracts larger 1.5 – 5 × 1.5 – 2 cm, white. spike with flowers to ca. 12 cm long, without flowers ca. 7 cm long, 1.8 cm wide, receptacle shor t , 2 – 3 mm with 3 – 4 flowers, 1 – 2 flowers open at a time, flowers to 10 cm long. sterile bracts ca. 1.4 × 4 cm, apex rather stiff, concave, sparsely hairy at apex outside, white, very slightly reddish apically. fertile bracts slightly smaller and narrower than largest sterile one, 4.9 × 0.8 cm, reddish at apex, sparsely hairy, hairs appressed at apex. bracteoles 3.9 – 5 cm long, bilobed, split to 3.5 cm, equal or slightly unequally lobed, minutely hairy outside, apex rounded to acute, gradually red towards apex. calyx to 7.7 cm long, basally white, gradually turn red towards apex, shortly 3-lobed or minutely 3dentate, slit to ca. 2.6 cm from the apex, hairy towards lobes, at apex with tufted, longer hairs. corolla tube 5.1 – 6.3 cm, inner side with long hairs at apex, dorsal lobes obovate-oblong, ca. 3.05 × 1.55 cm, glabrous, retuse at apex, lateral lobes narrower than dorsal one, obovatelanceolate, ca. 3.4 × 0.88 cm, not hooded, lobes red. labellum 4.8 – 5.2 × 2.6 – 2.7 cm at base, held horizontally, bright orange, bright orange-red towards margin with yellow-orange middle band, apex entire to deeply bilobed. staminal tube ca. 2 – 2.3 cm, hairy on dorsal side, glabrous at apex. filament glabrous, 3.5 × 3 – 4 mm, tapering towards apex, anthers held at 90° to filament, anthers ca. 1 × 0.4 cm, emarginate, sinus to 2.5 mm deep, hairy near slit. epigynous glands bilamellate, oblong, ca. 0.6 × 0.2 cm, smooth, apex not divided. ovary ca. 0.3 × 0.4 cm, minutely hairy especially at base and apex, style hairy at apex, stigma ca. 2 – 3 mm wide, white. fruit not seen. distribution. this species formerly known from southern thailand (kittipanangkul & ngamriabsakul, 2008) peninsular malaysia (khaw, 2001) and western java. vernacular name. tepus. uses. local people use as lalab, ingredient of condiments, spices (for soup and local culinaire known as pecak ikan), deodorant and analgetic or painkiller. ecology. this species has been found in humid, shaded areas, near water, on a rather steep slope or small plain near river. found at elevation of about 159 –176 m alt. notes. the description of etlingera pauciflora from java similar from how it has been described previously in malaysia and thailand. it is interesting that this species has never been collected in java and also due to its disjunct distribution. it is strongly assumed that this species also occurs in sumatra. specimens examined. west java, cimenteng, ujung kulon, (s 06˚46.566' e 105˚31.533'), 159.4 m, flowering, reno a gassi 004 (bo); cisaat, ujung kulon (s 06˚46.543' e 105˚31.539'), 175.6 m, flowering, w a mustaqim 1210 (bo); cimenteng, ujung kulon (s 06˚46.576' e 105˚31.543'), 140 m asl, flowering, w a mustaqim 1211 (bo). acknowledgements the first and the second author thanked the team of zingiberaceae exploration of ompt (organisasi mahasiswa pencinta tumbuhan) canopy universitas indonesia, who made collection in ujung kulon national park; the ujung kulon national park for permitting us to conduct research, mr. joni and cakra who gave numerous helps in the field, also to aulia suci ningrum for table 1. voucher information and genbank accession numbers for etlingera pauciflora species gene region genbank accession number voucher (herbarium location) etlingera pauciflora rbcl kx893482 ra 004 (bo) its2 kx893483 ra 004 (bo) puspitaningrum et al. : a new record of etlingera pauciflora (zingiberaceae) in java 2017] 3 fig. 1. etlingera pauciflora from ujung kulon national park, banten, java. a. living plants. b. leaves (upper surfaces). c. lower surface of leaves. d. leaf showing ligule. e. inflorescence in natural position. f. inflorescence with peduncle. g. bracteole. h. calyx. i. corolla ‒ lateral lobes. j. corolla ‒ dorsal lobe. k. labellum. l. corolla tube, staminal tube, stamen, and stigma. (photos: aulia suci ningrum). (a from w a mustaqim 1210, b-l from reno a gassi 004). reinwardtia 4 [vol.16 the photographs. we are indebted to axel dalberg poulsen for the discussion of the early identification of the species. thanks are also due to susila who helped in the molecular lab, herbarium bogoriense, lipi. last but not least, we would like to thank the editors and reviewers who helped us to improve the quality of this paper. references backer, c. a. & bakhuizen van den brink, jr. r. c. 1968. flora of java vol. 3. nvp nordhoff, groningen. khaw, s. h., 2001. the genus etlingera (zingiberaceae) in peninsular malaysia including a new species. gardens’ bulletin singapore 53: 191 – 239. kittipanangkul, n. & ngamriabsakul, c. 2008. zingiberaceae diversity in khao nan and khao luang national parks, nakhon si thammarat, thailand. w alailak j. sci. & tech. 5(1): 17 – 27. kress, w. j. & erickson, d. l. 2007. a twolocus global dna barcode for land plants: the coding rbcl gene complements the non-coding trnh-psba spacer region. plos one 2: e508. maruzy, a. 2009. jenis-jenis dari suku zingiberaceae di sekitar stasiun penelitian cikaniki, taman nasional gunung halimun salak (tnghs), universitas indonesia, depok [undergraduate thesis] poulsen, a. d. 2006. etlingera of borneo . natural history publications, kota kinabalu. poulsen, a. d. 2007. etlingera giseke in java. gardens’ bulletin singapore 59(1&2): 145 – 172. poulsen, a. d. 2012. etlingera of sulawesi. natural history publications, kota kinabalu. smith, r. m. 1986a. new combinations in etlingera giseke (zingiberaceae). notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 43(2): 243 – 254. smith, r. m. 1986b. a review of bornean zingiberaceae ii (alpineae, concluded). notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 43(3): 439 – 466. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 16. no. 1. 2017 contents page dini puspitaningrum, wendy a. mustaqim & marlina ardiyani. a new record of etlingera pauciflora (zingiberaceae) in java, indonesia ...…………………………………..…………………..…….…...………….…………. 1 sri rahayu & michele rodda. hoya narcissiflora (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae), a new species from borneo ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………. 5 iyan robiansyah. predicting habitat distribution of endemic and critically endangered dipterocarpus littoralis in nusakambangan, indonesia ……………………………………………….…..……………………………….………. 11 lulut dwi sulistyaningsih. a newly described and recorded infraspecific taxa of musa borneensis becc. (musaceae) from sulawesi, indonesia ……………………………………………...…....…………….………………..... 19 jan-firts veldkamp & abdulrokhman kartonegoro. new species of catanthera and medinilla (melastomataceae) from halmahera, indonesia and a new name for a medinilla from madagascar…………………………………...…...……... 25 purwaningsih, ruddy polosakan, razali yusuf & kuswata kartawinata. phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope of mt. wilis, east java, indonesia………………………..…………………………….…. 31 ian m. turner. a new combination for subspecies of radermachera quadripinnata (bignoniaceae) ........................ 47 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia 16(1)_1-1 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_2-2 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_3-3 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_4-4 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_5-5 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_6-6 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_7-7 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_8-8 8. daftar isi reinwardtia 16(1) a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors soedarsono riswan mien a. rifai elizabeth a. widjaja published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 3, 153 225 25 march 1998 10 i s s n 0 0 3 4 3 6 5 x reinwardtia vol. 11, part 3, pp. 195-214 (1998) the burmese cinnamomum (lauraceae)*) a.j.g.h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense, puslitbang biologi-llpl, bogor, indonesia abstract the burmese species of cinnamomum are revised and 11 species are recognized. out of these eight new species are described for the first time. abstrak jenis-jenis cinnamomum yang terdapat di burma direvisi dan 11 jenis diakui adanya di sana. di antaranya 8 jenis baru dipertelakan untuk pertama kali. introduction studies on the south indian cinnamomum species (13 species) were published in 1983 (bull. bot. survey india 25(1-4): 90-133). those from sulawesi (8 species), the philippines (32 species), the moluccas (3 species), new guinea (20 species), the solomon island (4 species), the pacific area (10 species) and australia (5 species) were published in 1986 (gingkoana 6: 1171), a total of 85 species. except for one indian species, since 1986 no new species have been published. this new indian species c. nicolsonianum manilal and shylaja, has to be reduced to c. malabathrum (burman f.) bl. as a mere form. this species is very common in s. india; its bark is collected for cosmetic preparations (although it has hardly any fragrancy) and the leaves are an inferior substitute for those of c. tamala of n. india (tamala patra). c. malabathrum has been formerly included within c. iners reinw. ex blume, but is quite different in flower and fruit characters. the assumption, that it is related to c. verum presl, based on a cladistic investigation is wrong, since wrong differentiating characters were chosen. *) editors' note: when prof. dr. a.j.g.h. kostermans died in 1994, he left behind a number of unfinished manuscripts. only one of those we consider ready for publication so that it is published here. since the indented key to the species prepared by him contained confusing numbering and misleading couplets, we reconstruct the key into a parallel one. otherwise very little editing has been made to the manuscript although prof. kostermans had no opportunity to proofread the final typed manuscript we found among his papers. 196 reinwardtia [vol.11 the burmese area is botanically very badly known. i have recognized 11 species of cinnamomum of which 8 are new to science. kurz in his flora of 1877 presented a poor and inaccurate treatment of cinnamomum. he recognized altogether 8 species, of which he had seen no specimens of c. zeylanicum (neither have i) and of which c. caudatum represents neocinnamomum caudatum. of the others only c. parthenoxylon (syn.: c. porrectum) and c. obtusifolium (= c. bejolghota) might have been correctly identified. of the others c. iners is a mixture of several species; c. assia does not occur there, the description is similar to that of neocinnamomum caudatum; c. sulphuratum is partly c. tavoyanum, and c. inunctum might be c. glaucescens. as no material is available there is no possibility to correct the mistakes. hooker f. in 1886 did not do much better. in the c. tavoyanum-lucens group much has to be done and much more material is needed to disentangle the species. key to the species 1 a. flower glabrous 1. c. kingdon-wardii b. flower pubescent 2 2 a. basal-lateral nerves not reaching the leaf tip 3 b. basal-lateral nerves reaching the leaf apex 4 3 a. branchlets glabrous or apically with minute adpressed hairs. leaves coriaceous, underneath adpressed pilose. panicles sericeous. glands large, stipitate at base of filament 2. c. heiferii b. branchlets densely, minutely sub-lanuginose. leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous, sublanuginose underneath. panicles minutely sub-lanuginose. glands small, attached at the midlle of the filament 3. c. lucens 4 a. lower leaf surface glabrous, at least when old, leaves very large 5 b. lower leaf surface minutely hairy, leaves smaller 6 5 a. lower leaf surface glabrous 11. c. birmanicum b. lower leaf surface initially sub-adpressed pilose, becoming glabrous l.c. pachyphyllum 6 a. lower leaf surface minutely sub-lanuginose 4. c. cupulatum b. lower leaf surface tomentellous or pilose 7 7 a. lower leaf surface tomentellous (liairs erect) 8 b. lower leaf surface subadpressed pilose 9 8 a. leaves chartaceous, attenuate 5. c. tavoyanum b. leaves stiffly coriaceous, obtuse or apiculate 6. c. nalingway 9 a. leaves chartaceous 8. c. hkinlurnense b. leaves stiffly coriaceous 10 10 a. leaves with caudate, 1 cm long acumen 9. c. glauciphyllum b. leaves obtuse or shortly, obtusely acuminate 10. c. ellipticifouum 1998 ] a.j.g.h. kostermans : the burmese. cinnamomum (lauraceae) 197 1. cinnamomum kingdon-wardii kosterm., spec. nov. • fig. 1. arbor in omnibus partibus glabris ramulis tenuibus, gemmis terminalibus parvis, foliis oppositis subcoriaceis lanceolatis vel oblongis, sensim attenuatis, basi breve acutis, supra nitidis laevibus nerviis tribus principalibus pergracilibus prominulis, subtus conspicue reticulatis nitidis nervo mediano gracilibus prominentibus, nerviis subbasalibus lateralibus apice laminarus attingentibus tenuibus prominentibus, nerviis secundariis obscuris regularibus, petiolis gracilibus supra concavis; paniculis pseudoterminalibus pauci-floris brevibus; pedicellis obconicis breyibus; tubo parvo; tepalibus (sub-maturis) ovatis, acutis intus sparse sericeis, antheris 4locellatis, filamentis latis aequilongis; glandulis magnis applanatis basi filamentorum adnatis; staminodiis magnis sagittatis stipitatis; stylus cylindricis, stigmate magnis peltatis. — typus: kingdon-ward 18414 (bm). tree, glabrous in all its parts, except the inside of the flowers. branchlets slender; terminal bud small. leaves opposite, sub-coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong, 2 x 8 — 4 x 16 cm, apically gradually tapered, base shortly acute; above smooth, glossy, the three main nerves very thin, prominulous; below conspicuously reticulate, midrib slender, prominent, the sub-basal lateral nerves, which reach the leaf tip, slender, prominent; secondary nerves very obscure, not much differentiated from the reticulation, regular, parallel, horizontal, near the lamina base ca 2 mm apart. petiole slender, up to 7 mm long, folded above. panicles pseudo-terminal, few-flowered, up to 4 cm long. pedicel obconical, 2-3 mm long. tube 0.5 mm high. tepals (sub-mature) ovate, acutish, 2-3 mm long, inside sparsely sericeous, denser near the base. stamens slightly shorter; anthers 4-celled (upper cells somewhat smaller) ovate-elliptic, as long as the broad filament. glands large, flat, attached to the basal paart of the filament. staminodes with large, hastate head and as long, broad stipe. style cylindrical; stigma large, peltate. distribution: only known from the type locality. ecology: lowland species. note: because of its glabrous flowers this species is allied to c. glabriflorum of india, but different by the reticulate under surface of the leaves, the short inflorescences and the large stigma; moreover the basal nerves reach the leaf tip. burma: mishima hills, along the river bank in sere jungle, kamlang r. at 250 m alt., march, fl., kingdon-ward 18414 (a, bm, l). 198 reinwardtia 11 fig. 1. cinnamomum kingdon-wardii kosterm. (1) inflorescence; (2) upper leaf surface; (3) lower leaf surface; (4) cuts at a, b, c; (5) flower; (6) its section; (7-7') whorl i, red spot on anther; (8-8') whorl ii; (9-9') whorl iii; (10-10') whorl iv. after kingdonward 18414. 1998 1 a. j.g.h. kostermans : the burmese cinnamomum (lauraceae) 199 2. cinnamomum helferii de lukmanoff cinnamomum helferii de lukmanoff, nomencl. & iconographie des canelliers & camphriers 15, t. 12, fig. 111. 1889 (paris); kostermans, bibl. laur. 299. 1964 (helferi). — typus: tenasserim & andamans, herb. heifer (p) heifer k.d. 4242, fl. cinnamomum zeylanicum, forma foliis parvis ovato-elliplicis, e tenasserim et andaman, miquel, ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1257. 1864. typus: heifer kew distr. 4242 (k, u). tree. branchlets glabrous or apically with microscopical adpressed hairs. terminal bud small, densely minutely grey sericeous. leaves opposite, coriaceous, ovateelliptic to ovate-oblong, 3 x 6 7.5 x 14 cm, obscurely acuminate or attenuate, base cuneate or acute; above smooth, glossy, the three main nerves slender, prominulous or so in a groove; below paler, smooth, sparingly very minutely adpressed pilose, glabrescent, the three main nerves thin, prominent; the basal (or almost so) lateral nerves ending 12 cm below the apex; secondary nerves obscure, parallel, bent, horizontal, ca 3-5 mm apart. petioles slender, 1015 mm lone, slightly concave above. panicles pseudoterminal rather few-flowered, up to 10 cm long, minutely, towards the flowers densely greysericeous. pedicels thin, up to 4 mm long. tube shallow, obconical. tepals ovate oblong, thin, inside sericeous. inner tepals slightly shorter; anthers oblong, 4 celled, as long as the filaments; glands ratner large, very shortly stipitate at the base of the filament. staminodes sagittate with as long stipe. style cylindrical; stigma peltate. immature fruit ellipsoid. cupula shallowly cup-shaped, ratner thin, ca 2 mm high, 6 mm diam. at the entire thin rim, the pedicel obconical, 5 mm long. distribution: lower burma. notes: an obscure species, in leaf shape resemblong somewhat cinnamonum tamala but much broader, and the cupula has an entire margin (in c. tamala the tepals are persistent); it reminds also slightly of c. glauciphyllum, but the latter has caudate leaves. another problem is the typification. de lukmanoff quotes only heifer from tenasserim & the andamans, without a number, and other not authentisized specimen of him. as, however, the (poor) description fits, i have accepted heifer k.d. 4242 as the type specimen. i have seen this in k and u. south burma: tenasserim (and andamans?), fl., herb. heifer k.d. 4242 (k, u); thandaung, oct., young fr., dickason 5186, 5189 (a). 200 reinwardtia [ vol. 11 3. clnnamomum lucens miq. — fig. 2 cinnamomum lucens miquel, ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1: 261. oct. 1864, p.p., quoad griffith 713; hooker f.,fl. brit. ind. 5: 131. 1886, p.p.; kostermans, bibl. 315. 1964, p.p. — typus: griffith 713 (l). cinnamomum sulphuratum var. merguiense meisnner in dc, prodr. 15(1): 18. 1864; hooker f., i.e. 131; kostermans, bibl. 353. 1964. — typus: griffith in herb. wight (dc). cinnamomum albiflorum auct. non nees, nees in wallich pi. as. rar. 3: 32. 1832, quoad ganes 140, tavoy, 13 oct. 1827, fl. (graz) wallich 2569 g (k). tree ca 21 m high and 30 cm diam. bark and wood faintly aromatic (parker). branchlets slender, apically microscopically densely sublanuginose. terminal bud small with similar indumentum. leaves spirally arranged, chartaceous to sub-coriaceous, subovate-elliptic to subovateoblong, 2 x 6 — 4 x 12 cm — 6 x 20 cm, distinctly acuminate (acumen broad, ca 1 cm long), base acute; above rather dull, smooth, the three main nerves thin, prominulous; below smooth, initially densely, microscopically sublanuginose, tardily glabrescent, midrib slender, prominent, the sub-basal lateral nerves which end at 2/3 the lamina length thin, prominent; in the upper leaf part several pairs of acute, erect-patent lateral, slender nerves; secondary nerves regular, parallel, horizontal, widely spaced. petioles 1.5 2 cm long, slender, concave above. panicles mostly pseudo-terminal, rarely axillary, subracemiform, few-flowered, 3-4 cm long, densely, very minutely sub-lanuginose; peduncle long, slender, branchlets very thin, few, 0.5-3 cm long. pedicel thin, 3-7 mm long, slightly obconical apically. flower tube small. tepals ovate-oblong, acutish, inside sericeous, 3-4 mm long. stamens 2-2.5 mm long; anthers small, 4-celled, the densely pilose filaments twice as long; glands small, attached to the midlle of the filament; inner anthers with small, apical cells. staminodes sagittate on long pilose stipes. style slender, stigma small, subcapitellate-peltate. fruit ellipsoid, 6 x 9 mm. cupula small, thick, cupshaped, 3 mm high, 6 mm diam. at the entire rim; basal part obconical, merging into the obconical pedicel, together ca 6 mm long. distribution: lowland forest in lower burma. notes: miquel, when describing cinnamomum lucens, had three collections before him, the one described here, the other being cinnamomum tavoyanum, which has a different indumentum of straight, patent hairs, the third from nilgiram = c. perrottetii. c. sulphuratum var. merguiense might be this but i have not seen the type specimen. the leaves resemble those of c. soncaurium, but the indumentum is different, moreover the fruit cup is different. south burma: tenasserim div., hills west of paungdaw power sta. in mixed open forest beside waterfall, common in this area, alt. 600 m, oct., buds, keenan, u tung aung & rule 1779 (k, l); mergui, march, fr., meebold 14876 (bo, k, l); tenasserim & andamans, fl., herb. heifer 4245 (k, l, p, u); mergui, fl., griffith 713 (b, l, p); tavoy, nov., fl., parker 2175 (dd); zimba valley, nov., fl., parker 2234 (a); mintha sakan, nov., fl., parker 2194 (a). 1998] a.j.g.h. kostermans : the burmese cinnamoinum (lauraceae) 201 fig. 2. cinnamornum lucens miq. (1) fruiting twig, righthand leaf upper surface, lefthand one lower surface; (2) cuts at a, b, c, d; (3) indumentum, also of petiole and axes; (4) cupula; (5) section of cupula; (5') interior rim, pilose as the outside rime. after meebold 14376. 202 reinwardtia [ v o l . 1 1 4. cinnamomum cupulatum kosterm., spec. nov. arbor ramulis gracilis dense minutissime sublanuginosis, gemmis terminalibus parvis dense sublanuginoso-tomentellis, folks oppositis chartaceis oblongis vel oblongo-ellipticis acuminatis basi acutis vel subcuneatis, supra glabris nitidis laevibus neryiis tribus princicalibus tenuibus prominulis, subtus sat parse minutissime sublanuginosis laevibus nervo mediano tenuibus prominentibus, nervis basalibus-lateralibus tenuibus prominulis apice laminarum attingentibus, nerviis secundariis obscuris parallelis horizontalibus numerosis, infructescentiis axillaribus perlongis gracilibus dense minutissime sublanuginosis, fructus ellipsoideis, cupulis magnis profundis costatis, tepalibus persistentibus induratis.— typus: bot. survey 103 (k). tree; branchlets slender, minutely, very densely minutely sublanuginose. terminal bud small, very densely sub-lanuginosetementellous. leaves opposite, chartaceous, oblong to oblong-elliptic, 3 x 11 — 5 x 14 cm, acuminatee (acumen 1-1.5 cm long), base acute to subcuneate; above smooth, glossy, glabrous (except the base), the three main nerves slender, smoothly prominulous; below rather sparsely, minutely sub-lanuginose, smooth, the slender midrib prominent, the basal lateral nerves, which reach the leaf apex thin, prominulous; secondary nerves faint, parallel, horizontal, ca 2 mm apart. petiole slender, 8-13 mm long, flattish above. infructescences axillary, slender with few fruit, up to 14 cm long densely, minutely sublanuginose with long thin main peduncle and few, thin, up to 2 cm long branches. fruit ellipsoid, 7 x 10 mm, deeply embedded in the large cup. cupula large, very deep, cup-broadly funnel-shaped, up to 9 mm nigh and 8 mm diam. at the rim, with small, longitudinal ribs/ the rim with persistent, hardened, 1-2 mm long tepals, of which only the tip (less then 0.5 mm) does not harden and breaks off; pedicel 8 mm, cylindrical. distribution: tenasserim. notes: the leaves resemble somewhat those of cinnamomum tavoyanum, but the indumentum of leaves and branchlets is different and resembles that of c. lucens, but from the latter it deviates by the basal nerves reaching the leaf tip. most remarkable are the fruit cupula which resemble those of cinnamomum verum, but with less pronounced ribs. the specimen is poorly annotated and gives only the generally used name hamanthin po (hamanthin = cinnamomum), whereas as locality only tenasserim is quoted. burma: tenasserim circle, fr., bot. survey (forests) 103 (k). 1998 ] a.j.g.h. kostermans : the burmese cinnamomum (lauraceae) 203 5. cinnamomum tavoyanum meissner cinnamomum tavoyanum meissner in dc, prodr. 15(1): 20. 1864; hooker f., fl. brit. ind. 5: 131. 1886 (exclude cinnamomum lucens miquel, p.p., exclude heifer 4245); gamble, man. ind. timb., ed. 2: 560. 1902, p.p.; brandis, ind. trees 533. 1906, p.p.; lace, list trees & shrubs burma 109. 1912; ed. 2: 137. 1922; d. bois, pi. alim. 3: 63. 1934; bor, man. ind. for. bot. 52. 1953; kostermans, bibl. laur. 357. 1964. typus: wallich, herb. burma (gomez 583, tavoy, fl. dec. 1803 (dc). cinnamomum lucens miquel, ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1: 261. oct. 1864, p.p., quoad griffith 737 (exclud. griffith 713, which is c. lucens and nilgiris, which is c. perrolletii); hooker f., i.e. 131; kostermans, bibl. 315. 1964. —typus: griffith 737(u). cinnamomum sulphuratum auct. non nees, kurz, prelim. rep. pegu 99. 1875; for. fl. brit. burma 2: 288. 1877; mason, burma 2: 283. 1883; hooker f., i.e. 131; kostermans, bibl. 353. 1964. —typus: kurz, tenasserim, fl. oct.-dec. ? cinnamomum sulphuratum, var. merguiense meissner, i.e. 18; hooker f., i.e. 131; kostermans. bibl. 353. 1964. — typus: griffith in herb. wight (dc) non vidi. cinnamomum sulphuratum var. oblongifolium nees in wallich, pi. as. rar. 3: 32. 1832 (exclud. cit. cinnamomum javanicum); syst. laur. 55. 1836 (exclud c. javanicum bl.); dietrich, syn. 2: 1334. 1840; hasskarl, tweede cat. lands plant, tuin buitenz. 87. 1844 (as a synon. of c. javanicum bl.); miquel, fl. ind. bat. 1(1): 891. 1858 (as a synon. of c. sulphuralum nees); ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1: 261. 1864 (as a part synonym of c. lucens); meissner, i.e. 18 (as a var. of c. sulphuralum, exclud. malay penins., ceylon); cammerloher in bull. jard. bot. buitenz., ser. 3, 7: 465. 1925 (as a synon. of c. javanicum bl); kostermans, bibl. 353. 1964 (exclud. cit. blanco). — typus: wallich 2583 f (k, graz) tavoy, 8 dec. 1827, fl. (also no: 583 in graz). ? cinnamomum obtusifolium wall, var., ex hooker f., i.e. — typus: wallich 2569 g (k). cinnamomum albiflorum var., nees in wallich, pi. as. rar. 3: 32. 1832— typus: gomez 140, tavoy, fl. (graz). tree. branchlets slender, very densely minutely grey tomentellous (hairs thin, stiff, straight). terminal bud small, densely subadpressed tomentellous (hairs coarse). leaves opposite, chartaceous, oblong, 3 x 12 4.5 x 15 cm, attenuate, base acute; above glabrous (except a small basal part), glossy, smooth, the three slender main nerves smoothly prominulous; below rather sparsely tomentellous (hairs very thin, almost straight, erect, glossy), midrib slender, prominent; the sub-basal lateral nerves which reach the leaf apex thin, prominent; secondary nerves none or very faint, regular, horizontal, parallel, ca 2 mm apart. petiole rather slender, densely tomentellous, 8-13 mm long, flattish above. panicles axillary, slender, lax, narrow, rather many flowered, up to 12 cm long, densely minutely grey hirtellous (hairs very thin, slightly wavy); peduncles slender, long; branches few, short. pedicels (immature) 2 mm long. tube inconspicous. tepals ovate, acutish, 2 mm long, inside sericeous. stamens slightly shorter; anthers oblong, 4celled, as long as the pilose filaments; glands rather large, very shortly stipitate at either side the filament. staminodes broadly hastate, stipitate. style cylindrical, stigma small, peltate. fruit unknown. distribution: lower burma. 204 reinwardtia (vol.11 notes: the species and its relatives need an overhaul, when more material will be avaible. the entire group has been completely mixed up by nees, meissner, miquel and hooker. hooker thought that this species was close to c. iners, a complete misconception. he included moreover some entirely different species. the species is very close to c. mollissimum of the malay peninsula, and might be a mere form of it. however, the hairs of the indumentum are shorter than in c. mollissimum and a final decission must wait untill more material becomes available. for the time being i have included here the specimen braybon 194 which has a similar indumentum and similar flowers, but the leaves are elliptic and mature ones are 7 x 22 cm with strong nerves on the lower surface. this might be another species. burma: mergui, fl., griffith 787 (quoted as 737 by miquel), fl. (k).; ? leikpok chaung, mergui, alt. 130 m, fl. braybon's collector (dd); tavoy: dec. fl., gomez 583 and oct., fl., gomez 140 (= wallich 2569 g (graz, k, l). 6. c i n n a m o m u m nailingway kosterm., spec. nov. fig. 3 arbor ramulis dense minutissime subadpresse pilosis, gemmis terminalibus parvis dense adpresse pilosis, foliis oppositis vel alternantibus rigide coriaceis ellipticis obtusus vel apiculatis basi breve acutis supra nitidis laevibus glabris nerviis tribus principalibus prominulis in sulcis, subtus sat sparse minutissime sublanuginoso, tomentellis, nervo mediano prominentibus, nerviis basalibus lateralibus gracilibus prominentibus apice laminarus attingentibus, margine involutis petiolis sat brevibus concavis; paniculis pseudo-terminalibus perlaxis dense minutissime sublanuginoso-tomentellis, floribus ignotis, fructus ellipsoideis, cupulis cupuliforminus nee profundis, tepalibus persistentibus vel parte basalibus persistentibus. —typus: lace 2986(l). tree; branchlets densely, microscopically tomentellous (hairs not entirely straight). terminal bud small, very densely sub-adpressed pilose (hairs stiff, straight). leaves opposite and sub-opposite, rigidly coriaceous; above smooth, glabrous, glossy, the three slender main nerves prominulous in a groove; below rather sparsely, minutely tomentellous (hairs very thin, glossy, slightly bent), midrib slender, prominent, the basal (or almost so) lateral nerves slender, prominent, reaching the leaf apex; secondary nerves obscure, parallel, horizontal, rather widely spased. petioles 8-12 mm long, slightly concave above, stiff. fruiting panicles pseudo-terminal, very lax, with few branches and very long main peduncle, densely, very minutely sub-lanuginosetomentellous, up to 13 cm long. fruit ellipsoid, 6 x 10 mm. cupula very shallow, wide, cup-shaped, 1-2 mm high, up to 4 mm diam. at the rim which bears the persistent, hardened, 3 mm long tepals, or the tips break and the large bases of the tepals with concave margin remain. 1998 ] a.j.g.h. kostermans : the burmese cinnamomum (lauraceae) 205 fig. 3. ' cinnamomum nalingway kosterm. (1) fruiting branch, right-hand leaf lower surface, lefthand leaf lower surface, lefthand one upper surface(2) sections at a b, c, d; (3) axillary bud; (3') branchlet pilosity; (3") pilosity of petiole; (4) pilosity lower leaf surface and nervation; (5) fruit; (6) section of fruit; (6 ) outside pilosity of cupula and of both sides of tepals; (7) section of fruit. after j.h. lace 2986. 206 reinwardtia [ vol. 11 fruit. after j.h. lace 2986. distribution: only known from the type locality and siam. vernacular names: nalingway. note: c. nalingway has only mucilage cells (no oil cells) in the leaves. burma: megaungnya distr., lebzauk for. res., march, fr., lace 2986 (l). siam: kwae noi r., wangka near nickey, ban fi r., alt. 150 m, april, fl., kostermans 270 (a, l). 7. cinnamomum pachyphyllum kosterm., spec. nov. fig. 4 cinnamomum oblusifolium var. birmanicum meissner in dc, prodr. 15(1): 13. 1864; kostermans, bibl. 329. 1964; reinwardtia 8: 33. 1970 (birmannica). — typus: atran & chappedong, wallich, herb. birma. 1977, p.p. (dc) = wallich 2583 e (k). (2 collection), the atran specimens with buds, is considered the type. cinnamomum iners var. subvenosum meissner, i.e. 20, p.p., quoad cit. mergui, griffith. — typus: griffith k.d. 4246, mergui (k) = griffith 623, mergui (k, l). cinnamomum oblusifolium auct. non nees, kurz, for. fl. brit. burma 2: 187. 1877. cinnamomum iners auct. non reinw. ex bl., nees in wallich, pi. as. rare. 3: 32. 1832, quoad wallich 2588-sphalm. = 2583-e) from atran r., april 1827 — typus: wallich 2583-e (k). and from chappedong, fr. 1827 (k). cinnamomum zeylanicum var. inodorum nees, syst. laur. 47. 1836, p.p., quoad specim. burma. cinnamomum iners auct. non reinw. ex blume, kurz, for. fl. br. burma 2: 287, p.p.; hooker f., fl. brit. ind. 5: 130. 1866, p.p. cinnamomurn zeylanicum auct. non bl., brandis, ind. trees 533. 1906 p.p. arbor ramulis glabris vel apicem versus minutissime subadpresse pilosis, gemmis terminalibus parvis dense subadpresse minutissime tomentellis; foliis oppositis vel suboppositis glabris coriaceis ellipticis usque ad oblongis obtusis apiculatis basi obtusis vel cuneatis, utrinque laevibus supra nerviis tribus principalibus prominulis, subtus nervo mediano prominentibus, nerviis basalibus lateralibus prominentibus apice laminarus attingentibus, nerviis secundariis obscuris regularibus vel nullis; petiolis sat crassis; panicubis pseudo-terminalibus dense minutissime subadpresse tomentellis, multifloris, pedicellis cylindricis; tubo parvo; tepalis ovatis acutiusculis untrinque subadpresse tomentellis; staminibus antheris 4-locellatis, filamentis pilosis longioribus; glandulis sat parvi basi filamentorum adnatis; staminodiis conspicuius, stipitatis; stylo cylindricis, stigmate peltatis; fructus ellipsoideis apiculatis, cupulis cupuliformibus, nec profundis, tepalibus persistentibus. — typus: kerr 10316 (l). tree, up to 25 m high. bark and wood aromatic. branchlets rather stout, smooth, glabrous or apically microscopically subadpressed pilose. terminal bud small, densely subadpressed tomentellous. leaves opposite and subopposite, coriaceous to thickly coriaceous, glabrous (initially very minutely sub-adpressedly pilose underneath, the hairs sub-erect, almost straight, 1998 ] a.j.g.h. kostermans : the burmese cinnamomum (lauraceae) 207 fig. 4. cinnamomum pachyphyllum kosterm. (1) fruiting twig, righthand leaf from above, leafthand one from below; (2) sections at a, b, c, d; (3) pilosity of inside; (4) nervation upper surface (center middle nerve); (5) flower after anthesis; (5') its section; (5") pilosity of pedicel; (6-6'-6") whorl i and ii; (77'-7") whorl iii; (8-8'-8") whorl iv; (9) fruit; (9') pilosity of outside of cupula; (10) section of cupula, seem from above. after a.f.g. kerr 10316. 208 reinwardtia [vol.11 very thin), elliptic to subovate-elliptic to subovate-oblong, usually large, 6 x 15 — 6 x 27 — 9 x 19 cm, obtuse or apiculate, base acute to obtuse to cuneate; above glossy, smooth, the three main nerves slender, smoothly prominulous; below paler, smooth, the midrib slender, smoothly prominent, the basal lateral nerves which reach the lamina apex, slender, prominent; secondary nerves obscure, very thin (or none), regular, parallel, horizontal, ca 2 mm apart. petioles rather stout, 1.5-2 cm long, above flat, narrowly channeled medially. panicles pseudo-terminal, many-flowered, 3-13 cm long, minutely tomentellous (hairs straight or slightly bent, very thin, sub-erect or erect); main peduncle rather stout, branchlets angular, up to 4 cm long, widely separated. pedicels cylindrical, thin, densely, minutely tomentellous, 3-5 mm long. flowers very minutely, densely sub-adpressed grey tomentellous. perianth tube 1 mm high, wide; tepals rather thick, ovate, acutish, 3 mm long, inside microscopically, densely tomentellous. stamens sligthly shorter; anthers slender, oblong, 4-celled (upper cells slightly smaller); filaments 1.5 times as long, slender, pilose. glands rather small, very shortly stipitate, adnate to the base of the filament. staminodes sagittate, stipitate. style cylindrical; stigma rather large, peltate. fruit ellipsoid, up to 8 x 11 mm, apiculate. cupula fleshy, widely cup-shaped, shallow, 2-5 mm high, 4-7 mm diam. at the rim, which bears the persistent, enlarged, indurate (apical 1-1.5 mm pilose, not indurate), 2.5 mm long tepals; pedicel almost cylindrical, 5-7 mm long, ca 1.5 mm diam. distribution: burma, thailand, indochina, malay peninsula. vernacular names: hmantin, huantin (burma), a chue, opchoi (thailand). notes: a species most closely allied to cinnamomum malabathrum of s. india, but its bark and wood are aromatic and the indumentum is different. it shows also some resemblance to c. iners, but has thickly coriaceous leaves and a fruit cupula. it is a pity, that-as usualso little information is given on the labels by the collectors. i have found a specimen in the sloane herbarium (british museum, london) (vol. 331, folio 136) gathered in pegu and sent by dr. edward buckley in 1708, consisting of a leafy branch with some detached leaves and a note: "canella seu malabathrum sed videtur species foliis longissimus". that the plant has been sent at such an early date, proves that it has commercial value, and i suspect that the specimens from rangoon and bangkok are form cultivated plants. the leaves vary from very broadly elliptic to oblong. the chappedong specimen in the wallich herbar. (k) = wall. 2583 e, p.p. was collected on the chappedong forest on 22 febr. 1827; it is a sterile branch and one detached leaf. the atran specimen is a branch with an inflorescens bud plus a small branch with abnormal very young fruit, collected 1 april 1827. a third part of wallich 2583 e is from moulmein collected on 24 jan. 1827, a sterile branch and one with diseased young fruit. 1998 ] a.j.g.h. kostermans : the burmese cinnamomum (lauraceae) 209 burma: s. tenasserim, dec, fl., brandts s.n. (k); tavoy, pyin-ngoe forest, apr., fl., manson s.n. (k); ibid., ladi circle, dec, fl., for. off. (dd); ibid., ster., palmer s.n. (k), leaves up to 12 x 40 cm; fl., parish 180 (k, l); atran and chappedong (2 collections), ster. and with abnormal fls., wallich 2583 • e (k); rangon distr., kamayut, febr., fl., parkinson 14000 (k); dec, fl., dickason 6814 (l); lower ngawcheng valley, alt. 540 m, fr., kingdon ward 258 (bm); khaiyang, alt. 2000 m., may, young fr., kingdon ward 17473 (bm); moulmein, fl., griffith kd. 4246 (k, l).; mergui, fl., griffith 657 (l); amherst, an kaw ngaw stream, 1000 m, jan. fl., lace 5654 (l). thailand: peninsular, pattani, banang sta., 300 m, ster. kerr 7694 (k); ranawng, la-un, 50 m, jan., buds, kerr 16485 (k, l); ibid., kao pawta chengking, 800 m, jan., fl., kerr 16799 (k); ibid., kao talu, 50 m, febr., fl., kerr 11811 (k); kao nom sao, langsuan, 900 m, febr., buds, kerr 12048 (k, l); kanburi, wangka, 200 m, bamboo forest, jan., fr., kerr 10316 (k, l); kao luang, n. sritamarat, 400 m, ster., kerr 15433 (k, l); chaiaburi, nawng kai, 200 m, febr., buds, kerr 8521 (k. l); bangkok, febr., fl., kerr 6741 (k, l); bangkok, tempi© coumpoud, june, fl., kerr 10717 (k); prov. pre, hue me kami, 400 m, febr., fl., kerr 4860 (k); north east, prov. nongkai, chai gabumi, 200 m, febr., fl., kerr 8521 (k); north central, pu lomlo peak, petchabun, don sui, 1400 m, apr., fr., kerr 5775 (k); s. lushai hills, 1200 m, aug., fl., wenger 215 (k). 8. cinnamomum hkinlumense kosterm., spec. nov. arbor mediocris ramulis angulatis dense minutissime subadpresse pilosis, gemmis terminalibus parvis dense sericeis, foliis oppositis vel suboppositis chartaceis, ellipticis vel subovato-ellipticis, breyiter acuminatis basi acutis supra opacis laevibus nerviis tribus principalibus tenuissimus prominulis in sulcis, subtus pallidioribus opacis, sat sparse subadpresse pilosis (nerviis tomentellis), nervo mediano sat gracilibus prominentibus, nerviis basalibus lateralibus apice laminarus attingentibus prominentibus, nerviis lateralibus minutis, nerviis secundariis tenuibus, conspicuis, paralellis horizontalibus, distantibus; petiolis gracnibus pilosis supra subconcavis; paniculis axillaribus vel ad ramulorum juvenilem extraaxillaribus, multifloris longis dense minutissime sub-adpresse pilosis; tubo perianthemum parvum, nee profundum; tepalibus ovatis acutiusculis intus sericeis; antheris 4-locellatis, filamentis latis pilosis aequilqngis; glandulis magnis applanatis, parte basalibus filamentorum adnatis, staminodiis magnis breve stipitatis, stylo cylindricis stigma peltatis. fructus ignotus. — typus: kingdonward 20788 (a). small or medium sized tree with angulur slender, densely minutely sub-adpressed branchlets. terminal bud small, densely sericeous. leaves opposite and sub-opposite, chartaceous, elliptic, rarely subovateelliptic, (3.5 x 10) 5 x 12 6 x 17 cm, shortly (ca 1 cm) acuminate, base shortly acute; above dull, smooth, the main nerves very thin, prominulous in a groove; below dull, paler rather sparsely sub-adpressed pilose, midrib prominent, the basal lateral nerves, which reach the leaf apex prominent, slender, sending off arcuate, erect-patent lateral branches; secondary nerves conspicuous, thin, bent, horizontal, parallel, ca 5 mm apart. petioles slender pubescent, 1-1.5 cm long, sligthly concave above. panicles axillary and on the flush branch extra-axillary, 210 reinwardtia [vol.11 many flowered, lax, densely, minutely sub-adpressed pilose (hairs thin, straight), up to 16 cm long, with long, rather slender, main peduncle and widely spaced up to 3 cm long branchlets. pedicels filiform, 5-7 mm long. flowers densely sericeous. tube very shallow. tepals ovate, acutish, 3-4 mm long, inside sericeous. stamens somewhat snorter, anthers elliptic, 4-celled, as long as the broad, flat, pilose filaments. glands large, flat, attached to the basal part of the filament. staminodes with large sagittate head and short, broad stipe. style cylindrical; stigma rather large, peltate. fruit unknown. distribution: known from a single collection in burma. notes: the label records fruit, but they were absent in the specimen examined. affinity is hence uncertain. the species in characterized by the dull chartaceous leaves, sub-adpressed pilose underneath and the conspicuous, but thin parallel, horizontal secondary nerves, the thin petioles and the short filaments. north burma: north triangle (hkinlum), alt. 1300 m, may, fl., kingdonward 20788 (a, fragment l). 9. cinnamomum glauciphyllum kosterm., spec. nov. frutex vel arbor parva ramulis glabris nitidis apicem versus dense minutissime adpresse pilosis, ramis conspicue lenticellatis, gemmis terminalibus parvis dense adpresse pilosis, foliis alternantibus, rigide coriaceis, ellipticis, breve caudato-acuminatis, basi breyiter cuneatis vel acutis; supra nitidis laevibus nerviis tribus principalibus tenuibus prominulis in sulcis, subtus glaucis sparse adpresse pilosis, nervo mediano gracihbus prominentibus, nervis basahbus lateralibus tenuibus prominentibus acumine laminarum attingentibus; nerviis secundariis obscuris regularibus; petiolis tenuibus brevibus; paniculis axillaribus brevibus, pauci-floris dense minutissime adpresse pilosis; fructus ellipsoideis; cupulis late infundibuhformis apice plane-cupunformibus, pubescentibus. — typus: kingdon-ward s.n. (bm), burma. shrub or small tree, highly aromatic (kingdon-ward). branches with large, pustular lenticels; branchlets smooth, glossy, apicaly angular and very densely, minutely adpressed pilose. terminal bud small with similar indumentum. leaves spirally arranged to sub-opposite, stiffly coriaceous, elliptic, 3 x 8 4 x 10 cm, caudate-acuminate (acumen ca 1 cm long, slender), base shortly cuneate or acute; above smooth, glossy, glabrous, the main nerves slender, prominulous in a groove; below glaucous, laxly minutely adpressed pilose (hairs ca 0.2 mm long), midrib slender, prominent, the basal (or almost so) lateral nerves slender, prominent, ending at the base of the acumen, connected by obscure, parallel, subhorizontal secondary nerves, ca 2 mm apart. petiole slender, ca 1 cm long, slightly concave above. infructescens axillary, up to 3 cm long with a single fruit, densely, minutely adpressed pilose. fruit ellipsoid, densely adpressed 1998 ] a.j.g.h. kostermans : the burmese cinnamomum (lauraceae) 211 pilose (hairs coarse, straight). cupula consisting of a basal fleshy, obconical part (not differentiated from the petiole) ca 6 mm long, slightly flaring into a thin, shallow cup, ca 1 mm high and up to 5 mm diam. at the rim, which bears the broad, truncate, 0.5-0.75 mm high bases of the tepals. distribution: only known from the type locality. note: with the scanty material it is impossible to compare it with other species. characteristics are the caudate, slender acumen, the glaucous lower leaf surface with adpressed hairs and the cupula. burma: mungku hkyet, 27° 45' n, 97° 50' e, alt. ca 2500 m, aug., fr., kingdonward s.n. (bm, l), in high thickets along the ridge on the sheltered side, common, highly aromatic. 10. cinnamomum ellipticifolium kosterm., spec. nov. fig. 5 arbor ramulis sat crassis glabris, gemmis terminalibus parvis minutissime sericeis, foliis oppositis vel alternantibus cpriaceis ellipticis obtusis vel obscure brevissime obtuseque acuminatis, basi cuneatis, supra laevibus nitidis nerviis tribus principalibus tenuibus prominulis, subtus pallidioribus laevibus minutissime sat sparse adpresse pilosis, nerviis tribus principalibus tenuibus prominentibus, nerviis basalibus vel subbasalibuslateralibus apice laminarus attingentibus, petiohs sat crassis, paniculis pseudo-terminalibus multifloris laxis magnis, dense minutissime adpresse pilosis, pedicellis gracilibus longis; tepalibus ovato-oblongis extus dense griseo sericeis intus sericeis;staminibus paulo brevioribus, antheris oblongis, 4-locellatis, filamentis fere glabris paulo minoribus; glandulis magnis elongatis basalibus; staminodiis conspicuis sagittatis stipitatis; stylo longo, stigmate parvo, subcapitato; cupulis immaturis cupuliformis, basi tepalorum truncatis induratis persistentibus. —typus: dickason 6814 (a). tree, 13 m tall. branchlets rather thick, glabrous, smooth. terminal bud small, microscopically grey sericeous. leaves opposite and spirally arranged, stiffly coriaceous, elliptic to oblong (rarely obovate-elliptic), 3 x 8 5 x 13 cm, obtuse or rarely very obscurely shortly acuminate, base cuneate; above smooth, glabrous, glossy, the three main nerves thin, prominulous; below paler, smooth, rather sparsely very minutely adpressed pilose, the three main nerves slender, prominent, the basal or sub-basal lateral nerves reaching the leaf tip. pedicels rather stout, 1-1.5 cm long, almost flat above. panicles peeudo-terminal, many-flowered, lax, up to 15 cm long; branchlets few, up to 4 cm long, peduncle long, rather slender, minutely adpressed pilose. pedicels slender, 5-7 mm long, cylindrical. flowers densely grey sericeous; tube shallow, broadly funnel shaped. tepals ovate-oblong, acutish, 4 mm long, inside sericeous. stamens slightly shorter; anthers oblong, 4-celled, slightly shorter than the filaments, which have long hairs at the base. glands very large, elongate, at each side of the filament. staminodes hastate on an as long stipe. style slender, stigma minute, subcapitellate. immature cupula cup-shaped, rather sharply demarcated 2 1 2 reinwardtia [vol. 11 fig. 5. cinnamomum ellipticifolium kosterm. (1) flowering twig, righthand leaf upper surface, lefthand one lower surface; (2) sections at a, b, c, pilosity of lower surface; (21) on nerves below; (3) terminal bud; (3') its pilosity; (4) flower; (4') flower section; (4") its interior pilosity, longer than the outside one; (5-5'-5") whorl i; (6-6'-6") whorl ii; (7-t-7") whorl iii; (8-8'-8") whorl i v . a f t e r for. off. 12288. 1998 ] a.j.g.h. kostermans : the burmese cinnamomum (lauraceae) 213 from the long pedicel, the margin bearing the large basal parts of the indurate tepals. distribution: lower burma. notes: superficially the species shows some likeness with cinnamomum iners, but the hairs of the indumentum of the loewr leaf surface are longer, the flowers larger with much larger glands and the cupula is cup shaped with persistent tepal bases; whereas in c. iners there is no cup and the tepals persist as a whole. in leaf shape it is very similar to c. nalingway, but the latter has an entirely different indumentum and an obconical very shallow, fleshy cupula of which the tepals persist as a whole. kurz in his flora of british burma, included this perhaps in c. iners, a species, which does not occur in burma. burma: thaungyin div., taw ya loung kaw kareik for. res., for. off. 12288 (l); rangoon, dec, fl. & young fr., dickason 6814 (a); mergui, fl., griffith 657 (gh). 11. cinnamomum birmanicum kosterm., spec. nov. cinnamomum bejolghota (non sweet) kostermans, reinwardtia 8: 33. 1970, p.p., quoad falconer, tenasserim, sterile. arbor, foliis magnis, glabris pachyphyllus, subtus pallidis, nerviis basahbus apicem ioliorum attingentibus, reticulatio minutis, cupulis fructiferis valde profundis, floribus sericeis. —typus: falconer s.n. (bo). tree with large, very thick, smooth leaves, the lower surface pale, glabrous, the three main basal nerves reaching the leaf apex, reticulation minute. flowers sericeous. fruit cup very deep (more than semiglobose). note: a badly known species, that should be re-examined. it resembles c. bejolghota sweet, but the leaves are larger and have a more minute reticulation, moreover the main three basal nerves reach the leaf apex and the fruit cup is very deep. burma; tenasserim prov., ster., falconer s.n. (bo, l); n.e. upper burma, shrub 10-20 ft., foliage aromatic, open thickets in side valleys of streams, sterile, sept. 1924, forrest 24919, leaves elliptic. 14 x 29 1 1 x 27 cm, petiole very stout, 3 cm long, acumen broad, very short (bm); s. tenasserim, mar., fl., forest officer 1008 (cal); papu, fl., sine coll. 16094 (cal); amherst, kaw ngaw stream, 1000 m alt. young buds, wallich atran, buds 1 apr. 1827 (another label reads: sylhet 1828 (276 = 2574 a); tavoy, kalemaung res., 800 ft., mar., fr. sein gyi 953, cup 3 cm high, 2.5 cm diam., fr. 8.5 x 2 cm. contents page ratna widuri & peter van welzen. a revision of the genus cephalomappa (euphorbiaceae) in malesia 153 alaka pande & v.g. rao. two new species of sphaerulina from india 185 kuswata kartawinata. additional notes on planckonia brevistipitata kusw. (lecythidaceae) 191 a.j.g.h. kostermans. the burmese cimiamomum (lauracee) 195 rugayah & w.j.j.o. de wllde. new taxa in malesian cucurbitaceae.. 215 the publication of this issue of reinwardtia is assisted by a grant from the faculty of science, osaka city university (japan) to which an acknowledgement is gratefully made. printed by 78 cover depan rein. vol 11, part 3, 153-225_page_22 coverbelkng a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(2) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(2): 129-204.22 november 2004 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 2, pp: 135 – 140 miscellaneous notes on mainly southeast asian gramineae j.f. veldkamp nationaal herbarium nederland, universiteit leiden branch, p.o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl abstract veldkamp, j.f. 2004. miscellaneous notes on mainly southeast asian gramineae. reinwardtia 12(2): 135 — 140. — during the preparation of a revision of the herbaceous grasses of se asia a few nomenclatural and taxonomic novelties were detected. new combinations are proposed in aristida l., kengia packer, rytidosperma steud., and urochloa p. beauv. aristida novaeguineae ohwi is re-instated as a distinct species. a key to the malesian species of aristida l. is provided. moorochloa veldk. replaces brachiaria auct., s.s. key words: se asia, gramineae, aristida, brachiaria, cleistogenes, kengia, moorochloa, rytidosperma, urochloa. abstrak veldkamp, j.f. 2004. aneka catatan tentang gramineae, terutama di asia tenggara. reinwardtia 12(2): 135 — 140. — telah ditemukan beberapa hal baru berkaitan dengan tata nama dan taksonomi rerumputan dari asia tenggara. kombinasi baru diajukan untuk aristida l., kengia packer, rytidosperma steud., dan urochloa p. beauv. aristida novaeguineae ohwi diposisikan ulang sebagai jenis tersendiri. kunci identifikasi jenis-jenis aristida di malesia diungkapkan. moorochloa veldk. menggantikan brachiaria auct. s.s. kata kunci: asia tenggara, gramineae, aristida, brachiaria, cleistogenes, kengia, moorochloa, rytidosperma, urochloa. introduction during the ongoing study of the gramineae for the flora malesiana, the editorship of the newsletter grass literature, and specimens to identify passing my desk, some notes were collected, which are presented here. when i offered some remarks on aristida l. (veldkamp, 1992) a key and additional information on the curious distribution of some of its species in malesia should have been given, an omission which is corrected here. there has been an extensive discussion on the generic delimitation of brachiaria (trin.) griseb. against urochloa p. beauv. which caused me to make a proposal (1996) to lectotypify the first in the way as it is still generally accepted, and thus retain this well-known name for at least a few species. however, the nomenclatural committee for spermatophyta (brummitt, 1998) refused it and suggested that a new name (actually a new genus) should be published, with which wish is complied here. a species formerly included in brachiaria is transferred to urochloa. the delimitation of rytidosperma steud. is still in doubt, which necessitated a new combination. a synopsis of malesian aristida 1. a. column absent (sect. aristida)..…..….…… 2 b. column present (very short in a. novaeguineae)……………………………....….… 5 2. a. lemma 6.25—15 mm long, callus 0.5—1.5 mm long, lateral awns 9.5—35 mm long. — lower glumes shorter than the upper ones…..……. 3 b. lemma 1.5—5.6 mm long, callus 0.1--0.4 mm long, lateral awns 0—9 mm long……………. 4 3. a. annuals. blades 0.5—0.8 mm wide. panicle axes scaberulous. lower glume 4.75—5.8 mm long, mucro up to 0.5 mm long; upper glume 5.5—6.7 mm long, mucro up to 0.5 mm long. lemma 6.25—7.5 mm long, callus c. 0.5 mm long, central awn 12--16.2 mm long, lateral awns 9.5—12.7 mm long. anthers c. 1.5 mm long. — savu, sumba, timor ……….…..…... ……………………………. 1. a. adscensionis b. perennials. blades 1—3 mm wide. panicle axes smooth. lower glume 9—17 mm long, mucro 2—5 mm long; upper glume 11—20 mm long, mucro 2—5 mm long. lemma 9—15 mm long, callus 0.75—1.5 mm long, central awn 20—42 mm long, lateral awns 20—35 mm long. anthers 2—2.5 mm long. — s thailand (satun), expected in n malaya ……….. 11. a. setacea 135 136 reinwardtia [vol.12 4. a. perennials. panicle few-spikeled, 20—30 by c. 5 cm. lower glume 5.25—8.7 mm long, longer than the 4.75—6.4 mm long upper glume. lemma 4—5.6 mm long, callus 0.3—0.4 mm long, central awn straight, lateral awns 4.25—9 mm long. anthers 1.1—1.5 mm long. — celebes, mindanao……..…… 2. a. chinensis b. annuals. panicle many-spikeled, 3—10 by 0.8—4 cm. lower glume 1.4—2.5 mm long, shorter than the 2—3.5 mm long upper glume. lemma 1.5—3 mm long, callus 0.1—0.2 mm long, central awn recurved, lateral awns 0(!)— 4 mm long. anthers 0.1—0.6 mm long. — celebes, luzon, mindanao, new guinea (irian jaya: kebar, baliem, swart valley; papua new guinea: w highlands, morobe prov.) ………… ……………………………. 4. a. cumingiana 5. a. lemma column articulated at base. — basal internodes glabrous. blades not coiled, 6—25 cm long. panicle contracted, few-spikeled, 0.8—1 cm wide. lower glumes 7.5—22 mm long. lemma margins overlapping, callus 1—2 mm long, column 15—38 mm long, lateral awns well-developed, 24—70 mm long. anthers 0.75—3 mm long. (sect. arthratherum)...… 6 b. lemma column not articulated at base. — panicle axes glabrous. glume apex acuminate to mucronate. lemma 5.7—11 mm long…... 8 6. a. panicle axes glabrous. glumes apex acuminate to mucronate; lower glumes 7.5—14 mm long, shorter than the upper ones. lemma 8—10 mm long. anthers 1.5—3 mm long. — luzon, buru, new guinea .…...…...….....…...….. 7 b. panicle axes sparsely pilose. glumes acute; lower glumes 13.5—22 mm long, longer than the upper ones. lemma 4.5—6 mm long. anthers c. 0.75 mm long. culms 0.15—0.4 m long. central awn straight, 50—70 mm long. — sumba……..…….……… 10. a. polyclados 7. a. culms 0.15—0.4 m long. glumes mucronate. central awn straight, 55—72 mm long. anthers c. 1.5 mm long. lower glumes 9—14 mm long. — luzon….... 5. a. holathera var. holathera b. culms 0.6 — 1 m long. glumes gradually acuminate. central awn recurved, 30 — 50 mm long. anthers c. 3 mm long. lower glumes 7.5—10 mm long. — buru, new guinea (w prov.) ……….………… 12. a. superpendens 8. a. basal internodes glabrous. blades not coiled. lower glumes shorter than the upper ones. lemma margins overlapping, lateral awns welldeveloped, 8—26 mm long. (sect. macrocladae)……..………………………. 9 b. basal internodes appressed pilose. blades becoming coiled with age. lower glumes longer than the upper glumes. lemma margins involute, forming a longitudinal furrow, lateral awns much reduced, 0—4 mm long. culms 0.6—1 m long. blades 7—21.5 cm long. panicle loosely contracted, fewspikeled, 15— 28 by 1—1.5 cm. lower glume 6.25—10 mm long. callus c. 0.5 mm long, column 4—6.25 mm long, central awn straight. anthers c. 1 mm long. — new guinea (c prov.) (sect. streptachne)…….…… 13. a. utilis var. utilis 9. a. lemma column 3.5—21 mm long……..…. 10 b. lemma column 0.5—3 mm long. culms 0.4–0.7 m long. blades 5.5—15 cm long. panicle fewspikeled. lower glume 5—8.2 mm long; upper glume 7—11 mm long. central awn patent to recurved, 22—30 mm long, lateral awns 8.7–22 mm long. anthers c. 1.5 mm long. – new guinea (manokwari, c prov.) 8. a. novaeguineae 10. a. panicle loosely contracted to lax, 10—60 by 2—8 cm…….……………………..… 11 b. panicle contracted, 4–9 by c. 1 cm. culms 0.35–0.4 m long. blades 9–17 cm long. panicle few-spikeled. lower glume 5.75–10 mm long; upper glume 8.75—13 mm long. callus 1.25— 1.5 mm long, column 7.5–8.5 mm long, central awn strongly recurved, 17–18 mm long, lateral awns 9–14 mm long. – new guinea (milne bay) 14. a. warburgii 11. a. blades 7–80 cm long. panicle 15–60 cm long. lateral awns 8–27 mm long…….… 12 b. blades 7—12.5 cm long. panicle 10—13 cm long. lateral awns 28--30 mm long. culms 0.25—0.45 m long. panicle few-spikeled. lower glume 6—7 mm long; upper glume 10—12 mm long. callus 1—1.5 mm long, column 5.5—8 mm long, central awn straight, c. 30 mm long. anthers c. 1.25 mm long. — new guinea (w prov.) 9. a. papuana 12. a. callus 0.5—0.75 mm long, column 3.5—8 mm long, central awn straight. anthers 2—4 mm long……..…………......……...…………... 13 b. callus 1—1.5 mm long, column 12—21 mm long, central awn recurved. anthers 1.25—1.5 mm long. culms 0.5—1.2 m tall. blades 15— 30 cm long. panicle few-spikeled. lower glume 6—9 mm long; upper glume 11—15 mm long. central awn 25—32 mm long, lateral awns 15—27 mm long. —new guinea (merauke w prov.)...………………... 7. a. meraukensis 13. a. culms 1—1.75 m tall. blades 35—80 cm long. panicle many-spikeled, 30—60 cm long. lower glume 7.5—12 mm long; upper glume 9—13 mm long. central awn 22—33 mm long, lateral awns 20--26 mm long. anthers c. 4 mm long. — malaya (perlis), philippines (busuanga, culion)…………….………. 3. a. culionensis b. culms 0.35—1 m tall. blades 7–21 cm long. panicle few-spikeled, 13–24 cm long. lower glume 2.8—5.7 mm long; upper glume 5.5–8.8 mm long. central awn 8—18.5 mm long, lateral awns 8—15 mm long. anthers 1.5–2 mm long. –– new guinea 6. a. macroclada var. queenslandica 2004] veldkamp: misc. notes on mainly southeast asian gramineae 137 the species of aristida spp. in malesia often have curious, unexplainable distributions, which are enumerated below. 1. aristida adscensionis l. distribution. (sub)tropics in the new and old world, not in australia; nearest in asia: sw thailand (kanchanaburi); malesia: lesser sunda islands (sawu, sumba, timor). in view of the disjunct distribution most likely introduced, but compare a similar one for acrachne racemosa (heyne ex roem. & schult.) ohwi, desmostachya bipinnata (l.) stapf, and elytrophorus spicatus (willd.) a. camus. 2. aristida chinensis munro distribution. thailand to s china (guangdong, hong kong), taiwan. malesia: celebes (palu), philippines (mindanao: cotabato). 3. aristida culionensis pilg. distribution. s thailand (phuket, satun, songkla) to s vietnam. malesia: malaya (perlis), philippines (busuanga, culion). note the disjunction here. 4. aristida cumingiana trin. & rupr. distribution. tropical africa to china (jiangsu) (not in pakistan) and n australia (queensland). malesia: celebes (central, towuti lake), philippines (busuanga; culion i.; luzon: benguet, bontoc, ilocos norte, lepanto, nueva ecija, nueva vizcaya, rizal, zambales; mindanao: bukidnon), new guinea (irian jaya: kebar, baliem, swart valley; papua new guinea: w highlands, morobe prov.). note. occasionally the lateral awns are lacking, e.g. in the philippines in bs 41306 (ramos) (p, sing; 3-awned in bri) from culion i., bs 26092 (fénix) (bri, l, mo, sing, us) from tanculan, mindanao, and co s.n. (l) with unknown provenance. a collection by the indefatigable j.f. maxwell (cmu) was made central thailand (maxwell 01-397, cmu, l, from nakorn nayok prov.) as well. such forms with longer glumes and simple awns have been distinguished in africa as a. diminuta (mez) c.e. hubb. its occurrence in thailand and the philippines suggests that it cannot be upheld at any rank (veldkamp, 1992: 227). 5. aristida holathera domin var. holathera distribution. australia (w australia to queensland), malesia: philippines, luzon (bataan, ilocos norte, ilocos sur, la union, pampanga, zambales). 6. aristida macroclada henrard var. queenslandica (b.k. simon) veldk., stat. nov. aristida macroclada henrard subsp. queenslandica b.k. simon, austrobaileya ii (1984): 95, t. 3b. — type: s.t. blake 21741 (bri, sh. 65923; canb, mel, nsw). distribution. australia (ne queensland), malesia: new guinea (irian jaya: merauke; papua new guinea: w prov.). notes. simon (1984, 1992) regarded this taxon as distinct from the typical one because of its well-developed column (5—8 mm long i.s.) with several spirals, against a short column (1—2 mm long i.s.) with half to one spiral in the latter, and a subspecies because these taxa appear to be allopatric. indeed the length of the column is distinctive, and the only difference found in this survey. the typical variety has been found in the northern territory and nw queensland; the citation for new guinea refers to a. novaeguineae (see below). the var. queenslandica occurs in australia in ne queensland and in new guinea in the adjacent areas of merauke and the western province. however, to regard allopatry as an argument to confer automatically the status of subspecies is an a priori reasoning often applied, but inapplicable to taxonomy. the difference in the length of the column could well be due to a single mutation, in which case at most the rank of forma should be given. populations ought to be checked whether the forms do not occur together. the apparent allopatry both in australia and new guinea may also be due to the fact that in malesia all species of aristida tend to be rare and widely scattered, as will be evident from the present account, while the areas where a. macroclada s.l. has been found in australia are badly under-explored. 7. aristida meraukensis henrard distribution. new guinea: irian jaya (merauke), papua new guinea (w prov.: arufi, mabaduan, morehead patrol post, sabi). 138 reinwardtia [vol.12 8. aristida novaeguineae ohwi distribution. new guinea: irian jaya (manokwari), papua new guinea (c prov., sogeri plateau). note. blake (1969: 3) and subsequent authors have reduced this to a. macroclada henrard from n australia, but specimens of that seen differ by: 1 a. blades 15—28.5 cm by 2—3 mm. lower glumes 3—4.5 mm long. awns subequal, central awn straight, 8.5—17 mm long a. macroclada b. blades 5.5—15 cm by 0.5—1.5 mm. lower glumes 5—8.2 mm long. awns unequal, central awn patent to recurved, 22—30 mm long a. novaeguineae therefore a. novaeguineae is re-instated as a species. 9. aristida papuana veldk. distribution. papua new guinea, w prov. (morehead). 10. aristida polyclados domin distribution. australia (w australia to queensland). malesia: sumba (kendara, payeti, waingapu). 11. aristida setacea retz. distribution. mascarenes, réunion, rodriguez, india, sri lanka, burma, thailand (satun). may be expected in n peninsular malaysia. 12. aristida superpendens domin distribution. australia (n territory, queensland). malesia: buru (namlea), papua new guinea, western prov. (weam). note the disjunct distribution in malesia. 13. aristida utilis f.m. bailey var. utilis distribution. australia (northern territory, queensland). malesia: papua new guinea (n of port moresby, central prov.). 14. aristida warburgii mez distribution. australia (queensland, new south wales), malesia: papua new guinea, milne bay prov. (sudest, rossel isl.). this is a curious disjunction and the species can therefore be expected on the south side of papua new guinea as well. kengia nedoluzhkoi (tzvelev) veldk., comb. nov. cleistogenes nedoluzhkoi tzvelev, bot. zur. (moscow & leningrad) lxxxvii (7) (2002): 115. — type: tzvelev n. 224 (le, holo). distribution — russia, primorskje prov., partizanskaja river. note. the generic name cleistogenes keng is invalid under art. 20.2 ('technical term') and has been replaced by kengia packer. moorochloa veldk., gen. nov. for brachiaria auct. as i have discussed elsewhere (veldkamp, 1996) the genus brachiaria (trin.) griseb. is to be nearly completely reduced to urochloa p. beauv. this idea originated with t.-q. nguyen (1966), was extended by webster (1987, 1988, 1992), extensively argued by morrone & zuloaga (1992, 1993), and followed by subsequent authors, e.g. terrell & reveal (1996). the remnant consists of 3 closely related species. the most wide-spread one is b. eruciformis (sm.) griseb. (incl. panicum isachne roth, p. caucasicum trin.), which occurs from s africa to the mediterranean, s russia, and through the near east to e india, and is introduced widely elsewhere, e.g. in malesia: java (surakarta, semarang, pasuruan), madura, papua new guinea (central prov.). brachiaria malacodes (mez & k. schum.) h. scholz occurs in namibia to angola, and b. schoenfelderi c.e. hubb. & schweick. has been found in namibia and zimbabwe. the most widely distributed species, b. eruciformis, generally is cited as the type of brachiaria (trin.) griseb. however, it was not included under any name in trinius' original (1826) concept of the generic basionym panicum l. sect. brachiaria trin., and so cannot be its type. it has been generally overlooked that pfeiffer (1872—1873: 453) lectotypified brachiaria with the australian panicum holosericeum r. br. (by error as 'r. & s.'). this was one of the species that was included by trinius, and now belongs to 2004] veldkamp: misc. notes on mainly southeast asian gramineae 139 urochloa. hereby the well-known name brachiaria has become a synonym of the latter. because of stability in nomenclature it would have been preferable to maintain the name brachiaria for at least this small group. this could have been achieved easily by appointing b. eruciformis as the conserved type and so legalizing the traditional use. however, this proposal was rejected by the nomenclatural committee for spermatophyta (brummitt, 1998) with the suggestion that a new name (actually a new genus) should be published. with great reluctance and after long hesitation i have finally followed this advice, and hereby dedicate this 'new' genus to that august body. moorochloa ab urochloa in spiculis supra glumas disarticulatis, callo inconspicuo, lemmate superiore chartaceo ad cartilagineo lucido laevi mutico differt. — type: moorochloa eruciformis (sm.) veldk. 1. a. spikelets disarticulating above the glumes, callus inconspicuous. upper lemma chartaceous to cartilaginous, shiny, smooth, muticous moorochloa b. spikelet disarticulating below the glumes, callus distinct. upper lemma indurated, dull, coarsely to finely transversely rugose, apiculate to mucronate urochloa 1. moorochloa eruciformis (sm.) veldk., comb. nov. panicum eruciforme sm. in sibth. & sm., flora graeca i (1808): 44, t. 59. — brachiaria eruciformis griseb. in ledeb., fl. ross. iv (1853): 469 ('erucaeformis'). — panicum cruciforme sibth. ex roem. & schult., syst. veg. ii (1817): 426 (sphalm.). — echinochloa eruciformis rchb., fl. germ. excurs. iii (1833): 45. — milium alternans bubani in willk. & lange, nuov. giorn. bot. ital. v (1873): 317, nom. superfl. — type: sibthorp s.n. (oxf, holo, l, photocopy, lp, photo). 2. moorochloa malacodes (mez & k. schum.) veldk., comb. nov. panicum malacodes mez & k. schum. in mez, notizbl. bot. gart. berlin-dahlem vii (1917): 70. — brachiaria malacodes h. scholz, willdenowia viii (1978): 384. — type: antunes 202 (b, holo). 3. moorochloa schoenfelderi (c.e. hubb. & schweick.) veldk., comb. nov. brachiaria schoenfelderi c.e. hubb. & schweick. in schweick. & c.e. hubb., bull. misc. inform. (1936): 323. — type: schoenfelder 584 (pre, holo). i take the opportunity to transfer a se asian species to urochloa: a new combination in urochloa urochloa burmanica (bor) veldk., comb. nov. brachiaria burmanica bor, kew bull. (v) (1950) :232. — type: u thein lwin 526 (k, holo). distribution. myanmar, yangon (rangoon) distr., pyay [prome, subdiv. of bago (pegu) distr.]. rytidosperma bonthainicum (jansen) veldk., comb. nov. danthonia pilosa r. br. var. bonthainica jansen, reinwardtia ii (1953): 258. — notodanthonia penicillata (labill.) p. beauv. subsp. bonthainica veldk., taxon xxix (1980): 298. — danthonia bonthainica veldk., blumea xxxviii (1993): 217. — notodanthonia bonthainica h.p. linder, telopea vi (1996): 615. — austrodanthonia bonthainica h.p. linder, telopea vii (1997): 270. — type: bünnemeijer 11971 (bo, holo; l). distribution. celebes (bonthain). habitat. in subalpine coppices, disturbed places, 2500—2890 m alt. note. ms. m. gies (in litt., june 14, 1992) reported the presence of axillary cleistogamous spikelets in bünnemeijer 12260 (l, sing). i have seen the sheets, but not such spikelets. references blake, s. t. 1969. taxonomic and nomenclatural studies in the gramineae, no. 2. proc. roy. soc. queensland lxxxi: 3. brummitt, r. k. 1998. report of the committee for spermatophyta: 47. taxon xlvii: 869—870. morrone, o. & zuloaga, f. o. 1992. revision de las especies sudamericanas nativas e introducidas de los generos brachiaria y urochloa (poaceae: panicoideae: paniceae). darwiniana xxxi: 43—109. morrone, o. & zuloaga, f. o. 1993. sinopsis del genero urochloa (poaceae: panicoideae: 140 reinwardtia [vol.12 paniceae) para mexico y america central. darwiniana xxxii: 59—75. nguyen, t.-q. 1966. notulae criticae de gramineis florae vietnamensis, 1. novosti sist. vyssh. rast. iii: 10—14. pfeiffer, l. k. g. 1872—1873. nomenclator botanicus: 453. t. fischer, kassel. simon, b. k. 1984. new taxa and nomenclatural changes in aristida l. (poaceae) in australia. austrobaileya ii: 95, t. 3b. simon, b. k. 1992. a revision of the genus aristida (poaceae) in australia. austral. syst. bot. v: 191, pl. iii, 36, 37, t. 10, c, d. terrell, e. e. & reveal, j. l. 1996. [urochloa plantaginea, u. platyphylla, u. texana first records in maryland]. castanea lxi: 95—96. trinius, c. b. 1826. de graminibus paniceis. dissertatio botanica altera: 51, 125, 266. acad. imp. sci., st. petersburg. veldkamp, j. f. 1992. miscellaneous notes on se asian gramineae. vii. blumea xxxvii: 227—237. veldkamp, j. f. 1996. proposal to conserve the name brachiaria (trin.) griseb. (gramineae) with a conserved type. taxon xlv: 319. webster, r. d. 1987. the australian paniceae (poaceae): 15, 228. j. cramer, berlin, stuttgart. instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034-365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 2. 2004 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. kedrostis medik. (cucurbitaceae) in asia .'. 129 j.f. veldkamp. miscellaneous notes on mainly southeast asian gramineae... 135 pitra akhriadi, hernawati and rusjditamin. a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from sumatra 141 kuswata kartawinata, ismayadi samsoedin, m. heriyanto and j.j. afriastini. a tree species inventory in a one-hectare plot at the batang gadis national park, north sumatra, indonesia .. 145 e.a.p. iskandar & j.f. veldkamp. a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne (gramineae, panicoideae, is.ach.neae) ' 159 johanis p. mogea. four new species pf arenga (palmae) from indonesia 181 j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for pyrrosia hastata ching (polypodiaceae, pteridophyta) ..... 191 tri mulyaningsih & colin ernest ridsdale. an additional species of villaria rolfe {rubiaceae') from the philippines 195 elizabeth a. widjaja, inggit pudji astuti & ida bagus ketut arinasa. new species of bamboos (poaceae-bambusoideae) from bali 199 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia covd 47-98-1-sm j.f. veldkamp introduction a synopsis of malesian aristida covbel reinwardtia 2017 16 (2) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 16 (2): 49 – 110, december 19, 2017 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary rina munazar layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: plant and flower of appendicula cordata wibowo & juswara. photos by a. r. u. wibowo. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 16(2): aida baja-lapis ecosystems research and development bureau college, laguna, philippines andre schuiteman herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens kew, richmond, surrey, england, uk eduard f. de vogel hortus botanicus, rapenburg 73, 2311 gj, leiden herwasono soedjito research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia john dransfield herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens kew, richmond, surrey, england, uk maarten j. m. christenhusz plant gateway, hertford, england, uk mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia peter o’byrne waikiki condominium h10-11, tanjung aru, 88100 kota kinabalu, sabah, malaysia yee wen low herbarium singapore, singapore botanic gardens, 1 cluny road, singapore reinwardtia vol 16, no 2, pp: 73 – 75 73 poa opinata (gramineae), a new species from g. binaiya, ceram, moluccas, indonesia received august 18, 2017; accepted october 27, 2017 j. f. veldkamp † naturalis biodiversity center, herbarium, pob 9517, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. email: jef.veldkamp@naturalis.nl abstract veldkamp, j. f. 2017. poa opinata (gramineae), a new species from g. binaiya, ceram, moluccas, indonesia. reinwardtia 16 (2): 73–75. — poa species is described from ceram, moluccas and compared to poa languidior from new guinea. key words. cer am, moluccas, poa languidior. abstrak veldkamp, j. f. 2017. poa opinata (gramineae), jenis baru dari g. binaiya, seram, maluku, indonesia. reinwardtia 16 (2): 73–75. jenis poa baru dipertelakan dari seram, maluku dan dibandingkan dengan poa languidior dari papua. kata kunci. maluku, poa languidior, ser am. introduction surprisingly, the temperate genus poa l. (gramineae – poinae) is the largest one of the non -bambusoid grasses in malesia. in 1994, i enumerated 38 native species and three varieties occurring in sabah (3, 1 endemic), celebes (3, 1 endemic), and new guinea (37). the great number of species in new guinea would suggest a southern origin, but molecular studies point at continental chinese affinities with sections homalopoa dumort. (e.g. p. keysseri pilg.) and stenopoa dumort. (p. papuana stapf, perhaps p. crassicaulis pilg.). (l.j. gillespie, ottawa, & r.j. soreng, washington, d.c., or. comm.). thus far nothing had been seen from the moluccas, where i expected the genus to occur on some high mountains with subalpine scruband grass vegetations for instance in buru (g. kapalatmada, 2,700 m) or ceram (e.g. g. binaiya, 3,030 m). however, when in edinburgh for the tenth flora malesiana symposium (july 2016) i discovered a collection by c.c.g. argent from the g. binaiya, which turned out to represent an undescribed species. this is one of a group of enigmatic malesian species of poa with only a single floret in the spikelet, whereby they cannot be identified with generic keys. the genus generally is regarded to have multi-flowered spikelets. one such species has therefore been described as an a ulacolepis hack., non ettingsh. materials and methods the morphological data were entered into my delta file on the genus poa from which a diagnose, most similar taxa, and description was generated. taxonomy the species seems most similar to poa languidior hitchc. from new guinea. the identification key to differentiate between two species is presented. poa opinata veldk., spec. nov. — type: indonesia, ceram, manusela national park, above kanike village, g. binaiya, 2,800 m alt., open situation at limestone ridge, 8 september 1987, argent g. 87149a (holotype: e00772055; isotype: l, fragm.). fig. 1. perennials, branching extra-vaginally at base. culms tufted, weak, 15‒40 cm long. sheaths not articulating with the blades. ligules unequal, the upper cauline longest, basal ligules collar-shaped, ca. 0.7 mm long, truncate, erose, the uppermost cauline ligules triangular, 0.7‒1 mm long, apex acute. blades flaccid, erecto-patent, flat to vshaped, 6‒7 cm × ca. 1 mm, smooth, acute. panicle erect to secund, contracted, 5‒12 cm × 5‒15 mm, branches appressed to erecto-patent, smooth; lowermost ones solitary, 20‒55 mm long, naked in the lower 0.5-th, with 3‒5 spikelets. spikelets 1or 2-flowered, ca. 5 mm long, chasmogamous. mailto:jef.veldkamp@naturalis.nl reinwardtia 74 [vol.16 fig.1. poa opinata veldk. spec. nov. illustration from http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/e00772055 http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/e00772055 veldkamp: poa opinata , a new species from ceram, indonesia 2017] 75 glumes smooth, 3-nerved; lower glume 2‒2.3 mm long, ca. 0.57 times as long as the lemma; upper glume 2.4‒2.6 mm long. rachilla smooth, lowest internode 0‒1 mm long, process 1‒1.5 mm long, distinctly shorter than the upper glume. first lemma 3.6‒4 mm long, web absent, 3or 5nerved, midrib smooth or scaberulous, apex acute. first palea shorter than the lemma, keels smooth. anthers n.v. distribution. endemic to cer am. etymology. “opinatus” means “expected”, as the species forms a predictable stepping stone the occurrence of the genus between borneo and celebes on one side, and new guinea on the other. ecology. open situation on limestone r idge, 2,800 m alt. conservation status. not known so far because only known from a single collection from a very remote place. notes. pr epar ing the descr iption was hamper ed by the unfortunate fact that the specimens had been glued to the herbarium sheet, whereby characters like ligules and even spikelet pubescence were difficult to observe. acknowledgements the keeper of the herbarium of the royal botanic gardens (e) is very much thanked for the loan of the type specimen. l. j. gillespie, ottawa, & r. j. soreng, washington, d. c. are thanked for the fruitful discussions we had on the infra-generic taxonomy of poa. references http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/e00772055 (accessed october 27, 2017) veldkamp, j.f. 1994. poa l. (gramineae) in malesia. blumea 38: 409‒457. 1 a. panicle lax, 20‒90 mm wide, branches patent to reflexed, lowermost panicle branches paired. lower glume 1-nerved. first lemma 2.9‒3.5 mm long. first palea keels scaberulous ..…………….…………………………..……………………..… p. languidior b. panicle contracted, 0.5‒1.5 mm wide, branches appressed to erecto-patent, lowermost panicle branches solitary. lower glume 3-nerved. first lemma 3.6‒4 mm long. first palea keels smooth …………………………...……………...……..…... p. opinata the identification key to differentiate with poa languidior hitchc. from new guinea http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/e00772055 reinwardtia 76 [vol.16 instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. a merican j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 16. no. 2. 2017 contents page himmah rustiami & andrew henderson. a synopsis of calamus (arecaceae) in sulawesi, indonesia ... 49 aninda r. u. wibowo & lina s. juswara. a new species of a ppendicula section pododesme (orchidaceae) from indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………...………..... 65 j.f. veldkamp. poa opinata (graminaeae), a new species from g. binaiya, ceram, moluccas, indonesia ……. 73 muhammad mansur & kuswata kartawinata. phytosociology of a lower montane forest on mountain batulanteh, sumbawa, indonesia …………………………………………………………………………………….... 77 jaideep mazumdar. typification of tectaria paradoxa (polypodiaceae subfam. tectarioideae) …………….... 93 rugayah & siti sunarti. the genus of lasianthus (rubiaceae) in wawonii island, southeast sulawesi, indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 97 diah sulistiarini, daniel potter & peter o’byrne. dendrobium tinukariensis, a new species of section calyptrochilus from mekongga mountains, southeast sulawesi, indonesia ………………………………… 103 yasper michael mambrasar & andre schuiteman. a new species of trichotosia (orchidaceae: epidendroideae: podochileae) from tambrauw, west papua, indonesia …..……………………………………. 107 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia 0a. front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia final 16(1) 3a jan frist veldkamp final (73-76) 9. daftar isi reinwardtia 16(2) reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 2, pp. 187 — 195 (1975) studies in cyperaceae. xiv. endomorphic evidences for placing cyperus hyalinus under the new subgenus queenslandiella e. govindarajalu department of botany, presidency college, madras-5, india abstract detailed morphological and anatomical investigations of cyperus hyalinus vahl were undertaken and based on the data accumulated queenslandiella domin was accorded a new status as cyperus l. subgen. queenslandiella (domin) govindarajalu on a par with subgen. cyperus, mariscus, kyllinga and pycreus of the genus cyperus. abstrak penelitian morfologi dan anatomi cyperus hyalinus vahl secara mendalam telah diadakan dan berdasarkan data-data yang terkumpul maka marga queenslandiella domin diberi status baru sebagai cyperus l. subgen. queenslandiella (domin) govindarajalu setingkat dengan anak-anak marga cyperus, mariscus, kyllinga dan pycreus daripada marga cyperus. introduction cyperus hyalinus vahl is one of the common cyperaceous taxa growing in paddy fields, wet and dry habitats of tropical e. africa, india, ceylon, laccadive islands, malesia (moluccas, lesser sunda islands, madura), mascarene islands and australia. nevertheless its taxonomic status under different genera or subgenera remains unsettled till today. by taking into consideration the occurrence of distichous glumes, compressed spikelets, distigmaty and laterally compressed nuts in c. hyalinus, clarke (fl. br. ind. 6: 591. 1893) has synonymized this species with pycreus pumilus (nees) clarke. domin (in bibl. bot. heft 85: 415. 1915) has treated c. hyalinus as a synonym of queenslandiella mira domin which has been since reversed and synonymized with c. hyalinus and — 187 188 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 placed under the genus cyperus and its subgenera by later authors as follows: mariscus kukenthal (pflanzenr. heft 101: 498. 1936), the genus cyperus itself (koyama in j. fac. sci. univ. tokyo iii, 8(3) : 72. 1961) and kyllinga (kern, fl. males. 7: 655. 1974). metcalfe (1971) following domin has upheld queenslandiella mira as a distinct taxon in his work on the anatomy of this family. it appears from the foregoing that there has been not only confusion and difference of opinion regarding the placement of this taxon, but also it reflects a difficult situation in which the application of mere conventional exomorphological criteria has not helped us so far in solving this problem. therefore an attempt is made to exploit the endomorphological data towards solving this problem. as there are certain discrepancies observed in the available taxonomic description of this species with reference to the indian samples, a revised account is also given here. materials and methods the methods used by the author for the anatomical study of the cyperaceous taxa (govindarajalu 1966, 1969a, 1969b, 1974) have been adopted in this work also. the following materials available in the herbarium of the presidency college, madras (pcm) were used for the present investigation: govindarajalu 5252, 5256, presidency college campus, madras; govindarajalu 5435, gingee, n. arcot dt.; rajasekaran 7096, ponnuthu, ramanathapuram dt.; sundram 17 a, periakulam, madurai dt. observations morphological description annuals with a characteristic smell of fenugreek (when dry). culms few to many, tufted, triquetrous, smooth, ribbed, sulcate, 4—14 cm high by 0.8—1 mm diam. leaves many, flat, acuminate, scabrid on the margin towards top, distinctly keeled, longer than the culms, 10—25 cm long by 1—3 mm wide. sheaths dull brown, membranous, sometimes 1—2 lowermost ones with or without reduced blades. inflorescence simple or compound spike, open. involucral bracts 3—6, obliquely erect or spreading, longer than the inflorescence, exactly resembling leaves, up to 20 cm long and 1—3 mm broad. rays 3—5(—7), each consisting of 5—12 spikelets, often unequal in length, (0.5—)1—3 cm long. rhachis membranously 4 winged. spikelet alternately or suboppositely arranged in a spicate manner, spreading at right angles to the rhachis, oblong-elliptic ovate, strongly compressed, brown, 8—12 flowered, entirely 1975] govindarajalu: on cyperus hyalinus 189 deciduous, acute, 6—6.5 x 2—2.5 mm. rhachilla conspicuously flexuous, broadly winged, excavated, disarticulating at the base leaving a button like stub. glumes broadly ovate, membranous, acute, sometimes excurved, strongly 3 nerved in each half, densely distichous, distinctly mucronate, prominently carinate, 2.8—3 (incl. mucro) x 2 mm; carina 3—5 nerved, strong, scabrid, excurrent into mucro; cells large, somewhat isodiametric, vertically straight and curving towards margin; mucro 0.5—0.6 mm long, excurved or straight. stamens 2; anther oblong, apiculate, yellow, 0.4 mm long. style glabrous, flat, slender, 0.5—0.75 mm long; stigma 2, slender, glabrous, as long as or longer than the style (up to 1.2 mm long). is ut biconvex, laterally compressed, suborbicular to broadly obovate, usually asymmetric, depressed or emarginate at apex, usually non apiculate, brown to dark brown with outer surface granulate, 1.2—1.5 x 0.8—1 mm. anatomical description l e a f — abaxial surface. intercostal cells variable in size, thinwalled; walls moderately sinuous; stomata paracytic (l. 36—40 µm; 40—44 µm) ; subsidiary cells triangular (fig. 1 a ) ; interstomatal cells short with concave ends; silica cells rather elongated, thin-walled, each cell containing 2—3 cone shaped silica bodies surrounded by satellites (fig. 1 c) occurring in a single sometimes in two continuous rows. adaxial surface. cells elongated,, hexagonal, thin-walled; walls conspicuously sinuous; stomata wanting. t.s. lamina. shape flanged v-shaped, asymmetrical with a median furrow and rounded keel (fig. i b , f ) . margin rounded. adaxial epidermal cells larger than those of the abaxial; adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells papillate in certain places. cuticle thick on either surface but thicker over the bulliform cells (fig. i f ) . bulliform cells 4—5 in number and not differentiated from the neighbouring epidermal cells (fig. i f ) . stomata slightly raised, restricted only to the abaxial surface; guard cells with prominent outer ledge; substomatal chamber very narrow. varcular bundles 61 in number, arranged unequally in each half of lamina (34 and 26 in each half respectively + 1 median bundles) ; vascular bundles of two different sizes, not regularly alternating with each other (fig. i b ) ; the smaller bundles belonging to type i and the large ones to type iii b (cheadle & uhl 1948a) ; metaxylem vessel member rounded in transectional view (diameter 16—20 µ m ) . metaphloem belonging to "regular type" (cheadle & uhl 1948b). assimilatory tissue radiating. bundle sheaths two layered, both complete; outer fibrous and inner parenchymatous. submarginal adaxial, abaxial and midrib lateral sclerenchyma strands (ht. 24—40 µm; w. 40—100µm) pulviniform (fig. i b , f ) ; abaxial strands in the remaining parts (ht. 16—20 µm; w. 32—36 µm) trapezoid (fig. 1 d ) . tannin idioblasts abundant. 190 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 m.x. fig. 1. cyperus hyalinus vahl. a. stoma from lamina, surface view x 490; b. t.s. leaf x 32; c. silica cells from lamina, surface view x 490; d. sclerenchyma strand in t.s from a b a x i a l s u r f a c e of leaf x 205; e. t.s. culm x 54; f. laminal keel in t.s. x 205 (key to lettering-: b.c. bulliform cells; ch. chlorenchyma; m.x. metaxylem vessel; p.l. protoxylem lacuna; s. sclerenchyma strand; sa. satellite; s.b. silica-body; s.c. subsidiary cell; v.b. vascular bundle). fig. 2. cyperus hyalinus vahl. different views of pollen grain x 1000. l975] govindarajalu : on cyperus hyalinus 191 c u l m — epidermis, surface view. cells elongated with moderately thick sinuous walls. silica cells overlying the peripheral strands long, or short, broad, moderately thick-walled, each cell containing 2—4 cone shaped silica bodies surrounded by satellites; silica cells occurring in a single discontinuous row. stomata (l. 36—40 µm; w. 24 µm) thinwalled ; subsidiary cells low dome shaped; interstomatal cells long with concave ends. t.s. culm. diameter of culm examined 1.1 mm. outline subcircular with ridges and furrows (fig. i e ) . cuticle moderately thick. cortex chlorenchymatous. air cavities absent. sclerenchyma strands (ht. 28—40 mm; w. 48—64 µm) pulviniform (rounded) with smooth sides. vascular bundles 16 in number and of two different sizes, arranged in two rings: outer ring consisting of 10 smaller bundles (type i) and inner ring of 6 large bundles (type iiib) and the latter containing protoxylem lacunae. bundle sheaths single layered, sclerenchymatous, complete; crescentiform sclerenchymatous inner cap (2—3 layered) present in all the bundles. central ground tissue parenchymatous. tannin idioblasts not seen. r o o t — t.s. root. diameter of the root examined 0.24 mm. exodermis: cells exceedingly thick-walled. cortex very narrow characterized by air-cavities. endodermis: cells uniformly thickened all around. pericycle consisting of thick-walled cells with very narrow lumen. metaxylem element large, central, solitary. protoxylem units 7 in number alternating with as many metaphloem units, each one of the latter containing a single large sieve tube element and 2—3 companion cells. ground tissue sclerenchymatous. pollen description . the pollen grains which are known as pseudomonads in this family are pyriform and tenuiexinous; exine 1.8—2 µm thick, semitectate; the perforations in the tectum is more or less fine; intine thin beneath the apertures and remains thick elsewhere; apertures 3 lateral (fig. 2 a) and 1 basal (fig. 2 b, c), circular-elliptical, often ragged, the basal apertures more readily discernible than the lateral ones; membrane areolate. discussion the anatomical description of cyperus hyalinus as given above clearly indicates a certain number of differences from that of its putative congeners under which this taxon has been accommodated by different authors. the anatomical details by which c. hyalinus differs from the following taxa respectively are enumerated as follows: cyperus.— l e a f : 1. absence of marginal prickles, crystals and air-cavities; 2. presence of adaxial groove; 3. poorly differentiated 192 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 bulliform cells.— c u l m : 1. presence of fewer vascular bundles not penetrating towards centre; 2. vascular bundles not embedded in chlorenchyma; 3. subepidermal sclerenchyma strands fewer in number; 4. absence of air-cavities and 5. absence of radiating chlorenchyma around vascular bundles. kyllinga.— l e a f : 1. absence of marginal prickles, hypodermis and adaxial sclerenchyma strands; 2. occurrence of lesser number of silica bodies (2—3) per cell; 3. bulliform cells not well developed and differentiated ; 4. presence of only one vascular bundle in the midrib; 5. vascular bundles not exhibiting any special pattern of distribution.— c u l m : 1. absence of radiating chlorenchyma around the vascular bundles; 2. vascular bundles situated at inner boundary of chlorenchyma large and vascular bundles more closely spaced; 3. subepidermal sclerenchyma strands few and far between and being uniformly pulvinif orm throughout. mariscus.— l e a f : 1. absence of marginal prickles and air-cavities; 2. vascular bundles not showing any special pattern of distribution.— c u l m : 1. transectional outline subcircular with ribs and furrows; 2. vascular bundles not reaching the centre; 3. subepidermal sclerenchyma strands few and far between and uniformly pulviniform throughout. pycreus.— l e a f : 1. transectional outline of lamina flanged 'v shaped; 2. absence of air-cavities; 3. secretory cells abundant.— c u l m : 1. cortex chlorenchymatous; 2. absence of radiating chlorenchyma around the vascular bundles; 3. solid ground tissue in the centre; 4. sclerenchyma strands few and peripheral appearing independent of vascular bundles and somewhat irregular in distribution. when the anatomical differences between c. hyalinus on the one hand and all the above mentioned taxa on the other are found to be of qualitative nature and at the same time are so many in number, it is pertinent to consider this as a distinct taxon which deserves to be placed under a separate subgenus. from the scanty palynological information available at present for the cyperaceae as a whole, this family is well known for its stenopalynous character. therefore it is not possible to expect that the pollen morphological characters will throw any light on a problem of this kind, and the pollen characters of c. hyalinus is not an exception in the sense that they resemble to a greater or lesser extent those of subgen. cyperus, kyllinga, mariscus and pycreus in some respects or the other. kiikenthal (i.e.) has treated c. hyalinus under cyperus subgen. mariscus seet. aristati kunth in spite of the distigmatic condition coupled with laterally compressed nuts, whereas all the remaining taxa 1975] govindarajalu : on cyperus hyalinus 193 fig. 3. a. inflorescence of c. hyalinus; b. inflorescence of c. transitorius kiikenth. (both diagrammatic). in this section possess trifid styles and trigonous nuts. on the other hand, kern (i.e.) has placed this taxon under cyperus subgen. kyllinga sect. queenslandiella (domin) kern. the basis for treating this taxon under these two different subgenera stems from the occurrence of deciduous nature of the rhachilla in c. hyalinus which is supposed to be the basic feature in circumscribing both the subgenera kyllinga and mariscus. kern has offered additional justification in favour of its inclusion under the subgenus kyllinga by stating that the shape and the structure of the glumes in both kyllinga and c. hyalinus are similar, and that the open type of anthela which is characteristically seen in the latter is also encountered at least in a few species of the subgenus kyllinga (though not common) as in cyperus (subgen. kyllinga) transitorius kiikenth. although the inflorescence of c. transitorius is said to be open and hence comparable with and similar to that of c. hyalinus so as to include the latter under the subgen. kyllinga, the so called anthelate condition seen in c. transitorius and in c. hyalinus appears to be totally different from each other (compare kukenthal, i.e. fig. 61 d and 3 b with fig. 3 a). 194 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 1975] govindarajalu : on cyperus hyalinus 195 c. hyalinus undoubtedly shares certain of the exomorphic features of kyllinga, mariscus and pycreus, thus possessing an amalgam of the characters of all the subgenera, but it is still possible to differentiate it satisfactorily by virtue of its certain other characteristics. for example, should the deciduous condition of the rhachilla be taken into consideration, there is every justification to include c. hyalinus either under kyllinga or mariscus but its placement under the former is precluded because of the open type of inflorescence and under the latter because of the distigmatic condition. likewise the presence of strongly compressed condition of the spikelets, distichous arrangement of the glumes, distigmaty and laterally compressed nuts in c. hyalinus appear to indicate a phenetic semblance to and relationship with pycreus but the deciduous condition of the rhachilla of the former and the contrasting persistent state in the latter do not stand in harmony with each other. another tell tale mark of this taxon is the emission of a characteristic strong odour resembling that of fenugreek (trigonella foenum-graecum l.) in the siccate condition which as far as is known is not reported to be present from any one of its allies. taking all these endoand exomorphological facts into consideration, it therefore appears not only logical to remove c. hyalinus from all the subgenera to which this taxon has been assigned but also prudence to establish a separate subgenus of its own on a par with other subgenera recognized under the genus cyperus. this procedure will certainly facilitate easy recognition and at the same time the homogeneity of each subgenus will also be preserved. therefore to accommodate c. hyalinus the new subgenus queenslandiella is proposed as follows: cyperus l. subgen. queenslandiella (domin) govindarajalu, stat. nov. queenslandiella domin in bibl. bot. heft 85: 415. 1915 (basionym).— cyperus l. subgen. kyllinga (rottb.) valck. sur. sect. queenslandiella (domin) kern, fl. males. 7: 654. 1974. mariseopsis cherm. in bull. mus. paris 25: 60. 1919. this subgenus is characterized morphologically by open type of inflorescence, deciduous rhachilla, compressed spikelets, distichous glumes, distigmaty, laterrally compressed nuts and fenugreek odour. type species : queenslandiella mira domin. references cheadle, v.i. & uhl, n. w. (1948a). types of vascular bundles in the monocotyledoneae and their relation to the late metaxylem conducting elements. in am. j. bot. 35: 486—496. cheadle, v.i. & uhl, n. w. (1948b). the relation of metaphloem to the types of of vascular bundles in monocotyledoneae. in am. j. bot. 35: 578—583. govindarajalu, e. (1966). the systematic anatomy of south indian cyperaceae: bulbostylis kunth. in bot. j. linn. soc. 59: 289—304. govindarajalu, e. (1969a). the systematic anatomy of south indian cyperaceae: fuirena rottb. in bot. j. linn. soc. 62: 27—40. govindarajalu, e. (1969b). the systematic anatomy of south indian cyperaceae: cyperus l. subgen. kyllinga (rottb.) suringar. in bot. j. linn. soc. 62: 41—58. govindarajalu, e. (1969c). observations on new kinds of silica deposits in rhynchospora spp. in proc. indian acad. sci. b. 70: 28—36. govindarajalu, e. (1973). studies in cyperaceae: xi. novelties in cyperus subgen. pycreus beauv. in j. indian bot. soc. 52: 72—81. govindarajalu, e. (1974). the systematic anatomy of south indian cyperaceae: cyperus l. subgen. juncellus, subgen. mariscus and lipocarpha r. br. in bot. j. linn. soc. 68(3): 235. metcalfe, c. r. (1971). anatomy of the monocotyledons. v. cyperaceae. univ. press, oxford. acknowledgements i express my thanks to dr. g. thanikaimoni, institut francais, pondichery for the preparation of pollen slide and the photomicrograph. rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_04 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_05 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_06 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_07 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_08 reinwardtia 2018 17 (1) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 17 (1): 1 – 85, june 29, 2018 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary ruslan bukhori layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: psydrax undulatifolius k.m.wong & mahyuni spec.nov., a. habit; b. flower; c. stigma; d. flower bud; e. young fruit; f. corolla cut open to reveal inside; g. anther; h. stipule. a, e, h from h.n. ridley 6475 (sing); b, c, d, f, g from d.b. arnot 30665 (kep), drawing by anne kusumawaty (bo). the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 17(1): sylvain razafimandimbison swedish museum of natural history, swedia wong khoon meng herbarium singapore, singapore botanic gardens, 1 cluny road, singapore mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia joan pereira sandakan herbarium forest research centre sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia johan iskandar universitas padjadjaran, bandung, indonesia andrew powling -university of portsmouth, portsmouth, united kingdom reinwardtia 76 [vol.16 reinwardtia vol. 17. no. 1. pp: 77–84 77 flora of singapore precursors, 2. a new species and two new combinations in psy drax (rubiaceae: vanguerieae) for west malesia received april 04, 2018; accepted may 09, 2018 k. m. wong singapore botanic gardens, national parks board, 1 cluny road, singapore 259569. e-mail: wkm2000@gmail.com ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong, 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: ridhamahyuni@gmail.com abstract wong, k. m. & mahyuni, r. 2018. flora of singapore precursors, 2. a new species and two new combinations in psydrax (rubiaceae: vanguerieae) for west malesia . reinwardtia 17(1): 77–84. — studies in psydrax gaertn. for the flora of singapore and the malesian floristic region have revealed that three taxa required the description of a new species and two new combinations. psydrax undulatifolius k.m.wong & mahyuni is newly described as a species thus far recorded only for the malay peninsula, whereas psydrax approximatus (korth.) mahyuni & k.m.wong and psydrax lucidulus (miq.) mahyuni & k.m.wong are newly combined from canthium approximatum korth. and vangueria lucidula miq., both distributed in sumatra, the malay peninsula and borneo. key words: borneo, canthium, flora of singapore, peninsular malaysia, sabah, sarawak, sumatra. abstrak wong, k. m. & mahyuni, r. 2018. prekursor flora singapura, 2. satu jenis baru dan dua kombinasi baru dari psydrax (rubiaceae: vanguerieae) untuk kawasan malesia barat. reinwardtia 17(1): 77–84. studi psydrax gaertn. untuk flora singapura dan wilayah floristik malesia mengungkapkan tiga taksa yang perlu dideskripsikan sebagai jenis baru dan dua kombinasi baru. psydrax undulatifolius k.m.wong & mahyuni merupakan jenis yang baru dideskripsi yang selama ini tercatat hanya dari semenanjung malaya, sedangkan psydrax approximatus (korth.) mahyuni & k.m.wong dan psydrax lucidulus (miq.) mahyuni & k.m.wong sebagai kombinasi baru dari canthium approximatum korth. dan v angueria lucidula miq., keduanya tersebar di sumatera, semenanjung malaya dan borneo. kata kunci: borneo, canthium, flora singapura, sabah, sarawak, semenanjung malaya, sumatera. introduction psydrax gaertn. is a genus of unarmed trees, shrubs or rarely lianas (the last not in southeast asia), which typically have stipules with a prolonged keeled cusp or slightly broadened apical lobe, (4-)5-merous flowers in sessile to pedunculate, axillary umbellate to clearly branched cymes (bridson, 1985; wong, 1988; 1989; mahyuni et al., 2018). the calyx has a subtruncate or lobed limb; the subcylindric to infundibular corolla tube is typically pubescent at or below the throat, and inside typically has a ring of deflexed hairs, and the corolla lobes are valvate and reflexed. the anthers are inserted on filaments of similar length and are always strongly reflexed and completely exserted from the corolla. the stigma is 2-lobed and its base is characteristically and conspicuously recessed ('mitriform'), and clearly exserted on a long style. the two ovary locules each has a solitary ovule. the fruits are drupaceous but frequently 2-lobed, containing two somewhat plano-convex, sub-ellipsoid to obovoid and often markedly rugulose pyrenes (bridson, 1985; wong 1988 & 1989). we estimate that there are perhaps 100 species, distributed in tropical africa (including madagascar), asia, australasia and the pacific. some 14 species have been documented for the malay peninsula (wong, 1988; 1989), but similar accounts in floristic studies of other southeast asian territories have yet to be published. the taxonomic history of the genus has been somewhat complex. prior to the work of bridson (1985) and wong (1988; 1989), the malay peninsula species were mostly placed in canthium s.l., often misidentified as 'canthium didymum' (non gaertn.) and 'c. dicoccum' (non (gaertn.) merr.) (see bridson, 1985; mahyuni et al., 2018). this was so in craib (1932) for peninsular thailand, and hooker (1882), king & gamble (1904) and ridley (1923) for the malay peninsula. regionally, backer & bakhuizen (1963) and merrill (1921) also used canthium s.l. for java and the philippines, respectively. more reinwardtia 78 [vol.17 recently, keng (1990) still maintained the wider concept of canthium for singapore. outside southeast asia, only the recent works by ridsdale (1998) for the flora of ceylon, and chen et al. (2011) for the flora of china, have modern treatments of psydrax in their accounts. in fact, there are some good morphological distinctions between these two genera. in contrast to psydrax, canthium lam. s.s. can be distinguished by its mostly scrambling and climbing habit, axillary spines, and flowers that are solitary, fasciculate or in cymes (bridson, 1985). the flowers or inflorescences are characteristically borne in the axils of leaves on normal shoots (developing elongate internodes), as well as in the axils of both normal leaves and scale or bract-like reduced leaves found on axillary short-shoots ('brachyblasts', with internodes condensed into a very short axis) (wong, 1988; 1989). psydrax includes typically arborescent and unarmed species, and its flowers are never solitary; besides, short-shoot development is not known in psydrax. in the combined analysis using molecular (its and trnt-f sequences) and 30 morphological characters by lantz & bremer (2004), a 'spiny group' including canthium s.s. and a few other taxa was distinguished clearly from genera such as psydrax gaertn., cyclophyllum hook.f. and other genera in the canthium alliance. the malay peninsula account of psydrax in wong (1988 & 1989) had relied heavily on material from the k, kep and sing herbaria but, because the taxa were not checked against material of the wider malesian region, only two species (psydrax maingayi (hook.f.) bridson and psydrax nitidum (craib) k.m.wong) were named and another 12 were merely referred to as numbered taxa. the same approach of merely sorting into numbered taxa was also adopted in the listing of brunei plants (coode et al., 1996) for lack of more conclusive region-wide taxonomic studies. it was only recently that one of us has undertaken the wider revision necessary for malesian psydrax (rm), in association with an ongoing review of morphological evidence towards possible generic assignments in the broader canthium s.l. (kmw). this would supplement insights from molecular phylogenetic work (lantz & bremer, 2004; razafimandimbison et al., 2009) that, while clarifying other areas of the complex, have thus far had limited application for classifying a remaining core of southeast asian taxa. our work has resulted in an elucidation of the psydrax dicoccos complex in malesia (mahyuni et al., 2018) as well as the present contribution. in this paper, we provide the identity of three species in preparation for the impending publication of the flora of singapore. a fourth species that also occurs in singapore, psydrax sumatranus (miq.) mahyuni, is treated with the psydrax dicoccos complex (mahyuni et al., 2018). materials and methods the study was carried out using conventional approaches for herbarium taxonomic studies. specimens at the bo, brun, k, kep, l, san, sar, and sing herbaria (acronyms follow thiers continuously updated) were examined. the key morphological attributes of both vegetative and reproductive (including inflorescence, flower and fruit) parts were compared. in addition, jstor images of type specimens and specimen catalogues at bm, k, l and sing were also checked. nomenclatural considerations follow the international code of nomenclature (mcneill et al., 2012). following the initial authority gaertner (1788), we treat the genus as masculine (mahyuni et al., 2018), although some others before the present work have tended to use epithet terminations that reflect a feminine gender. all conservation assessments follow the methodology of iucn (2012). the new species and new combinations 1. psydrax undulatifolius k.m.wong & mahyuni, spec. nov. — type: malay peninsula, johor, sungei ban, 1894, h.n. ridley 6475 (holotype sing! [sing0189442]). figs. 1&2. diagnosis. the new species psydrax undulatifolius is superficially similar to psydrax sumatranus (miq.) mahyuni, but differs in having leaves with the upper surface drying glossy and consistently wavy or undulate margins, as well as corolla lobes that are longer than the tube. in contrast, psydrax sumatranus has leaves with upper surface drying matt, plane or only very remotely undulate margins even when dry, and the corolla lobes are shorter than to equalling the tube. psydrax sp. 1. wong, arbor. rubiaceae malaya (1988) 180; wong, tree fl. malaya 4 (1989) 402. small tree to 20 m tall, bark smooth becoming fissured. stipules with a broad triangular base 1‒ 1.5 mm long and keeled apical cusp 2‒3.5 mm long. leaves elliptic, (2.5‒)7‒10(‒13) × (1‒)2.3‒4 (‒5.5) cm, apex cuspidate to apiculate, to ca. 1.2 cm long, base cuneate, margin conspicuously wavy or corrugate, secondary veins 3-4(-6) pairs, midrib and secondary veins raised on both surfaces, tertiary veins inconspicuous, subcoriaceous, upper surface glossy in dried material; petioles 3‒8(‒12) mm long. inflorescences with wong & mahyuni: a new species and two combinations in psydrax 2018] 79 peduncle 1‒2 mm long, densely scabrid, very compact and visibly branched to 1(-2) orders only, main branches 1‒1.5 mm long, densely scabrid. flowers with pedicels (1.5‒)5‒8 mm long, densely scabrid; calyx and hypanthium 1‒1.5 mm long, including 5 lobes ca. 0.2‒0.3 mm long, sparsely to densely hairy all over; corolla tube 1.5‒2 mm long, lobes 2‒2.5 mm long, both scattered suberect palehairy on the outer surfaces, the lobes with fine indumentum over the inner surface; filaments ca. 1 mm long, anthers 1‒1.5 mm long; style exserted for ca. 3 mm from the corolla throat, stigma 0.5‒0.8 mm long. fruits obovoid to subglobose, not conspicuously bilobed, 5‒7 × 5‒8 mm; pedicels 6‒10 mm long. pyrenes rugose. distribution. only known fr om the malay peninsula. in peninsular malaysia it has been documented for penang, kedah, perak, kelantan, terengganu, pahang and johor states; in singapore it is known only by two collections so far. other specimens examined. malay peninsula. malaysia. kedah: gunong jerai, 3 mar 1957, k.m. kochummen kep 85076 (kep [kep208426] ). kelantan: ulu kelantan, gunung rabong, 2000 ft, 11 mar 1972, t.c. w hitmore fri 20606 (kep, sing [sing0189342]), 2500–3300 ft, 12 mar 1972, mohd. shah. ms 2512 (kep [kep181919] , sing [sing0189441]). pahang: cheraga, sg. telom, 1000 ft, 26 may 1971, zainudin b. sohadi fri 14734 (kep [kep181909] ), 1200 ft, 26 may 1971, t.c. whitmore fri 20030 (sing [sing0189334]); kuala lompat, lata tujuh, 2500 ft, 24 apr 1978, y .c. chan fri 25125 (kep [kep181911], sing [sing0189344]). penang: balik pulau, jun 1898, h.n. ridley 9421 (sing [sing0189443]); penara bukit, apr 1901, c. curtis s.n. (sing [sing0189246] ). perak: bubu fr, 5 apr 1933, d.b. a rnot, 30665 (kep [kep181912]); kledang saiong, 4 mar 1931, symington kep 25637 (kep [kep181918] ); kledang saiong fr, 3 apr 1934, d.b. a rnot kep 33690 (kep [kep181915]). trengganu: dungun, bt. bauk fr, 15 may 1976, y .c. chan fri 25068 (kep, sing [sing0189393]). singapore. bukit timah nr, 15 apr 1970, r.d. hill h.314 (sing); sungei hantu opposite pulau serimbun, 28 mar 1953, j. sinclair sfn 39530 (sing [sing0239956]). etymology. the latin undulatus means wavy, folius refers to the leaves; the wavy or regularly undulate leaf margins are typical of this species. provisional conservation assessment. because of its restricted distribution in the malay peninsula and continuing logging disturbance at a number of its known provenances, this species would be globally categorised as vulnerable (vu). note. j. sinclair sfn 39530 (= psydrax undulatifolius here) was the basis for including psydrax maingayi (hook.f.) bridson in the flora of singapore (keng, 1990), a misidentification. psydrax maingayi does not occur in singapore. 2. psydrax approximatus (kor th.) mahyuni & k.m.wong, comb. nov. basionym: canthium approximatum korth., ned. kruidk. arch. 2, 2 (1851) 234. plectronia approximata (korth.) merr., j. straits br. roy. asiat. soc., spec. no. (1921) 566. — type: borneo, banjermassing, no date, p.w . korthals s.n. (holotype l! [l0000146]). psydrax sp. 11. wong, arbor. rubiaceae malaya (1988) 185; wong, tree fl. malaya 4 (1989) 402 (in clavi). psydrax sp. 4. coode et al., checkl. flow. pl. gymn. brunei (1996) 263. small tree to 15 m tall; bark smooth to fissured. stipules with a broad triangular base 1‒2 mm long and keeled apical cusp 1‒2.5(‒6) mm long. leaves ovate to elliptic, 5‒8.5(‒10) × 3.5‒5.5 cm, apex apiculate, to ca. 1.5 cm long, base cuneate, margin plane to very remotely undulate, secondary veins 4-5 pairs, midrib and secondary veins raised on both surfaces, tertiary veins inconspicuous, subcoriaceous, upper surface matt in dried material; petioles (4‒)7‒13 mm long. inflorescences with peduncle 2‒2.5 mm long, densely scabrid, visibly branched to 3(-4) orders, main branches 3‒5 mm long, densely scabrid. flowers with pedicels 2‒3.5 mm long, densely scabrid; calyx and hypanthium ca. 1 mm long, including 5 lobes ca. 0.1‒0.2 mm long, densely hairy all over; corolla tube 2‒2.5(‒3) mm long, lobes 1.5‒2.5 mm long, both outer and inner surfaces densely minute-hairy becoming glabrescent, throat with erect hairs partly exserted; filaments 0.5‒1.5 mm long, anthers 1.5‒2 mm long, the whole reflexed and exserted; style exserted for 3‒5 mm from corolla throat, stigma 0.8‒1 mm long. fruits compressed obovoid, typically bilobed, 7‒10 × 3‒8 mm; pedicels 4‒10 mm long. pyrenes rugose. distribution. sumatr a, malay peninsula (pahang and johore in peninsular malaysia; singapore) and borneo. this is a species of freshwater and mangrove swamps, occurring also in peat swamps and brackish water vegetation. other specimens examined. bangka (indonesia). sungai liat, no date, teysmann 18730 (bo). borneo. brunei darussalam. brunei -muara: brunei river, rangau area, 21 jan 1959, reinwardtia 78 [vol.17 recently, keng (1990) still maintained the wider concept of canthium for singapore. outside southeast asia, only the recent works by ridsdale (1998) for the flora of ceylon, and chen et al. (2011) for the flora of china, have modern treatments of psydrax in their accounts. in fact, there are some good morphological distinctions between these two genera. in contrast to psydrax, canthium lam. s.s. can be distinguished by its mostly scrambling and climbing habit, axillary spines, and flowers that are solitary, fasciculate or in cymes (bridson, 1985). the flowers or inflorescences are characteristically borne in the axils of leaves on normal shoots (developing elongate internodes), as well as in the axils of both normal leaves and scale or bract-like reduced leaves found on axillary short-shoots ('brachyblasts', with internodes condensed into a very short axis) (wong, 1988; 1989). psydrax includes typically arborescent and unarmed species, and its flowers are never solitary; besides, short-shoot development is not known in psydrax. in the combined analysis using molecular (its and trnt-f sequences) and 30 morphological characters by lantz & bremer (2004), a 'spiny group' including canthium s.s. and a few other taxa was distinguished clearly from genera such as psydrax gaertn., cyclophyllum hook.f. and other genera in the canthium alliance. the malay peninsula account of psydrax in wong (1988 & 1989) had relied heavily on material from the k, kep and sing herbaria but, because the taxa were not checked against material of the wider malesian region, only two species (psydrax maingayi (hook.f.) bridson and psydrax nitidum (craib) k.m.wong) were named and another 12 were merely referred to as numbered taxa. the same approach of merely sorting into numbered taxa was also adopted in the listing of brunei plants (coode et al., 1996) for lack of more conclusive region-wide taxonomic studies. it was only recently that one of us has undertaken the wider revision necessary for malesian psydrax (rm), in association with an ongoing review of morphological evidence towards possible generic assignments in the broader canthium s.l. (kmw). this would supplement insights from molecular phylogenetic work (lantz & bremer, 2004; razafimandimbison et al., 2009) that, while clarifying other areas of the complex, have thus far had limited application for classifying a remaining core of southeast asian taxa. our work has resulted in an elucidation of the psydrax dicoccos complex in malesia (mahyuni et al., 2018) as well as the present contribution. in this paper, we provide the identity of three species in preparation for the impending publication of the flora of singapore. a fourth species that also occurs in singapore, psydrax sumatranus (miq.) mahyuni, is treated with the psydrax dicoccos complex (mahyuni et al., 2018). materials and methods the study was carried out using conventional approaches for herbarium taxonomic studies. specimens at the bo, brun, k, kep, l, san, sar, and sing herbaria (acronyms follow thiers continuously updated) were examined. the key morphological attributes of both vegetative and reproductive (including inflorescence, flower and fruit) parts were compared. in addition, jstor images of type specimens and specimen catalogues at bm, k, l and sing were also checked. nomenclatural considerations follow the international code of nomenclature (mcneill et al., 2012). following the initial authority gaertner (1788), we treat the genus as masculine (mahyuni et al., 2018), although some others before the present work have tended to use epithet terminations that reflect a feminine gender. all conservation assessments follow the methodology of iucn (2012). the new species and new combinations 1. psydrax undulatifolius k.m.wong & mahyuni, spec. nov. — type: malay peninsula, johor, sungei ban, 1894, h.n. ridley 6475 (holotype sing! [sing0189442]). figs. 1&2. diagnosis. the new species psydrax undulatifolius is superficially similar to psydrax sumatranus (miq.) mahyuni, but differs in having leaves with the upper surface drying glossy and consistently wavy or undulate margins, as well as corolla lobes that are longer than the tube. in contrast, psydrax sumatranus has leaves with upper surface drying matt, plane or only very remotely undulate margins even when dry, and the corolla lobes are shorter than to equalling the tube. psydrax sp. 1. wong, arbor. rubiaceae malaya (1988) 180; wong, tree fl. malaya 4 (1989) 402. small tree to 20 m tall, bark smooth becoming fissured. stipules with a broad triangular base 1‒ 1.5 mm long and keeled apical cusp 2‒3.5 mm long. leaves elliptic, (2.5‒)7‒10(‒13) × (1‒)2.3‒4 (‒5.5) cm, apex cuspidate to apiculate, to ca. 1.2 cm long, base cuneate, margin conspicuously wavy or corrugate, secondary veins 3-4(-6) pairs, midrib and secondary veins raised on both surfaces, tertiary veins inconspicuous, subcoriaceous, upper surface glossy in dried material; petioles 3‒8(‒12) mm long. inflorescences with reinwardtia 80 [vol.17 fig. 1. psydrax undulatifolius k.m.wong & mahyuni spec.nov., a. habit; b. flower; c. stigma; d. flower bud; e. young fruit; f. corolla cut open to reveal inside; g. anther; h. stipule. a, e, h from h.n. ridley 6475 (sing); b, c, d, f, g from d.b. a rnot 30665 (kep), drawing by anne kusumawaty (bo). 1.5 mm 1 mm 1.5 mm 2 mm 2 mm 1 mm 0.4 mm 20 mm a d h g f e b c wong & mahyuni: a new species and two combinations in psydrax 2018] 81 fig. 2. psydrax undulatifolius k.m.wong & mahyuni, spec. nov. from h.n. ridley 6475 (sing). reinwardtia 80 [vol.17 fig. 1. psydrax undulatifolius k.m.wong & mahyuni spec.nov., a. habit; b. flower; c. stigma; d. flower bud; e. young fruit; f. corolla cut open to reveal inside; g. anther; h. stipule. a, e, h from h.n. ridley 6475 (sing); b, c, d, f, g from d.b. a rnot 30665 (kep), drawing by anne kusumawaty (bo). 1.5 mm 1 mm 1.5 mm 2 mm 2 mm 1 mm 0.4 mm 20 mm a d h g f e b c reinwardtia 82 [vol.17 p.s. ashton brun 5123 (bo, kep); sungai rangau, 20 sep 1990, c. puff et al. 900828-2/1 (sing). temburong: no specific locality, 30 jan 1956, j.a.r. anderson s.2184 (bo). tutong: pekan tutong, kampung serambangun, 4°47’n, 114°38’e, 11 dec 1993, i.m. said brun 15951 (sing). sabah (malaysia). beaufort, 30 mar 1962, g. mikil san 34589 (kep). membakut, hutan taman rekreasi pantai pimping, 11 aug 1976, t. bidin san 84358 (sing), 27 jan 1991, ag. amin san 126137 (kep, san). papar, 28 apr 1976, talib & heoya san 80547 (san). sipitang, 27 apr 1971, saikeh lantoh sa n 73176 (sing), sipitang, 1.5 miles from mouth of lukutan river, 2 aug 1954, g.h.s. w ood & j. w yatt-smith a 4587 (sing), 3 dec 1969, a ban gibot sa n 66634 (san), 28 jun 1971, k. a hmad sa n 73149 (kep), sipitang, kawasan pantai merintaman, 18 apr 1987, a g. a min sa n 103412 (san), 22 sep 1987, ag. amin san 115085 (bo, san). teluk brunei, 10 mar 1986, a wang a mir sa n 103071 (sing). weston, 15 dec 1992, a g. a min sa n 132001 (kep, l, san). sarawak (malaysia). sarawak, no locality, 1892, g.d. haviland s.n. (sing). bintulu: sungai segan, four miles south of bintulu, oct 1963, j.a .r. a nderson s.18572 (sing). malay peninsula. malaysia. j ohor: 1 may 1932, e.j.h. corner sfn 25852 (sing), 14 feb 1937, e.j.h. corner sfn 32258 (sing). pahang: temerloh, mangrove reserve, 14 oct 1921, v.p. borges fms (=kep) 5652 (kep). singapore. pandan reserve, 22 may 1939, corner & henderson sfn 36427 (bo, kep, sing [sing0189533]); serangoon road, 1905, h.n. ridley s.n. (sing [sing0030587] ); pulau ubin, 9 jun 2003, i. a li et al. gw 21 (sing [sing0045689]), nov 2011, i. a li & j. lai sing 2011-478 (sing [sing0182032 & 0182033]); pulau tekong, 6 oct 2011, k.s. koh sing 2011394 (sing [sing0166313]). sumatra (indonesia). batu bara, h.s. y ates 2360 (bo); riau, p. padang, brunier s.n. (bo). etymology. the latin approxim atus means "close to", its originally inferred affinity to canthium. provisional conservation assessment. although this species was naturally widespread, probably more than half the extent of the habitats in which it occurs has been prone to disturbance and landuse transformation. globally it should be vulnerable (vu) on account of a significant reduction in extent of occurrence. notes. the inflor escences ar e commonly susceptible to witches' broom; when galled, they are more copiously branched, the ultimate branches bearing multiple bracts arranged in clusters or whorls but no flowers. 3. psydrax lucidulus (miq.) mahyuni & k.m.wong, comb. nov. basionym: vangueria lucidula miq., fl. ned. ind. eerste bijv. 3 (1861) 544. canthium lucidulum (miq.) miq., ann. mus. bot. lugduno-batavi (1869) 254. — type: sumatra, palembang, muara enim, gunung megang, no date, j. teysmann 4000 (holotype bo! [b01321867]). psydrax sp. 10. wong, arbor. rubiaceae malaya (1988) 185; wong, tree fl. malaya 4 (1989) 404. small to medium tree to 28 m tall, developing buttresses to 1.5 m high; bark smooth to slightly flaky or fissured. stipules with a broad triangular base 2.5‒4 mm long and keeled apical cusp 1‒2 mm long. leaves ovate to elliptic, 3.4‒8.1(‒10.5) × 1.2‒2.6(‒4.7) cm, apex apiculate with blunt tip, to 0.4‒1 cm long, base cuneate to obtuse, margin plane, secondary veins 5-6 pairs, midrib flat on upper surface, raised on lower surface, secondary veins flat to slightly raised on upper surface, raised on lower surface, tertiary veins inconspicuous, chartaceous, upper surface slightly glossy in dried material; petioles 3‒6(‒10) mm long. inflorescences with peduncle 2‒4(‒5) mm long, sparsely scabrid to glabrescent, compact and visibly branched to 1(-2) orders only, main branches 1.5‒ 2.5 mm long, sparsely scabrid to glabrescent. flowers with pedicels 2‒3 mm long, sparsely scabrid to glabrescent; calyx and hypanthium 1‒ 1.5 mm long, including 5 triangular lobes 0.1‒0.2 mm long, sparsely hairy to glabrescent all over; corolla tube ca. 1 mm long, lobes ca. 1.5 mm long, both outer and inner surfaces densely minute-hairy becoming glabrescent, throat with dense exserted erect hairs; filaments ca. 0.5 mm long, anthers ca. 1.5 mm long, the whole reflexed and exserted; style exserted for 2.5‒3 mm from corolla throat, stigma ca. 1 mm long. fruits compressed obovoid, typically bilobed, 8‒12 × 5‒9 mm; pedicels 7‒10 mm long. pyrenes rugose. distribution. sumatr a, malay peninsula (most west coast states as well as johor and kelantan in peninsular malaysia; singapore) and borneo. lowland forest. other specimens examined. bangka (indonesia). 11 oct 1949, kostermans & a nta 1126 (bo), 12 oct 1949, kostermans 208 (bb. 34172) (l), 30 aug 1928, muhammad oeloeri 334 (bb. 12.723) (bo); borneo. brunei darussalam. tutong: ulu tutong, 9 may 1992, r.j. johns 7590 (sing). kalimantan (indonesia). kutai, rantau bahan, 7 mar 1931, a bdul hamid 26 (bb. 1445) (bo). east borneo, m. ilas, mapulu 23 nov 1857, a . kostermans 14019 (sing). sampit, 8 jun 1926, boschproefstation bb. 9914 (bo). malay peninsula. malaysia. johor: ulu wong & mahyuni: a new species and two combinations in psydrax 2018] 83 endau, kluang, 18 nov 1922, r.e. holttum sfn 9433 (bo); labis fr comp. 280, 30 mar 1968, k. ogata kep 110441 (kep, sing). kedah: langkawi, apr 1911, h.n. ridley 15819 (sing), 8 jul 1938, s.f.o. kedah kep 31331 (kep). kelantan: kuala ternya, p.f. cockburn kep 115975 (sing). melaka: no locality, v .m. a lvins 49 (kep); bukit bruang fr, 23 mar 1938, hj. mahpol 25312 (kep). negeri sembilan: pasir putih, 29 apr 1919, m. usope, c.f. 855 (sing). perak: gopeng, b. scortechini 176 (sing); ipoh, kinta, chior f.r., 27 jan 1954, (collector name unclear) kep 51260 (kep). selangor: gombak, dec 1908, ridley 157 (kep); ulu gombak, 15 may 1962, k.m. kochummen kep 94607 (kep); kuala lumpur, bukit lagong fr, 11 may 1947, ali & sow kep 52115 (kep). singapore. seletar forest, 17 nov 1994, nura a . karim et al. nk 180 (sing). sumatra (indonesia). jambi: menara pidjoen, 26 dec 1928, mohd. a lfiah 84 (bo). north sumatra: perbangungan, no date, nalang 89 (bo). palembang: banyuasin, april 1920, f.h. ender 164 (bo, l), 6 dec 1922, c.j.v .d. iwaan, boschproefstation t. 943 (bo, l), 16 dec 1922, c.j.v.d. iwaan 3p846 (bo); lematang hilir, 14 jan 1922, boschproefstation t. 846 (bo, l), 1 jul 1940, c. verstegh & t. noerkamal 254 (bo); lematang oeloe, 1917, p.m. laubach 1286 (bo). simeloe, 14 may 1919, a chmad 1112 (bo), 15 nov 1915, w . grasshoff 738 (bo), 1916, w . grasshoff 1051 (bo, l). etymology. the latin lucidulus means "somewhat shining", which we interpret as referring to the slightly glossy nature of the upper leaf surface. provisional conservation assessment. this regionally widespread species is found mainly in the lowlands, which have been prone to much disturbance and land-use transformation. globally it should be considered vulnerable (vu) because of a significant reduction in extent of occurrence. notes. occasional specimens also have galled inflorescences (witches' broom) where flowers are not formed. acknowledgements we thank the keepers and curators of the bo, brun, k, kep, l, san, sar, and sing herbaria for allowing studies of collections in their care as well as for loans of specimens. we are grateful to dr. joeni setijo rahajoe, the keeper of the herbarium bogoriense (research center for biology‒lipi, cibinong science center), joffre hj ali ahmad and muhammad ariffin abdullah kalat (brunei forestry department), dr. richard c.k. chung and ethan cheah (forest research institute malaysia), the late dr. colin ridsdale (naturalis biodiversity centre, leiden), john sugau, dr. joan pereira and suzana sabran (forest research centre, sandakan, sabah), runi sylvester pungga and hajjah mohizah binti mohamad (research development & innovation division, sarawak forestry department) for assistance and facilitating our studies. k.m. wong's studies were made possible by the national parks board, singapore. ridha mahyuni's research was supported by the ministry of research, technology and higher education of indonesia and a singapore botanic gardens fellowship to visit the singapore herbarium; in particular, she would like to thank dr. tatik chikmawati and dr. nunik sri ariyanti of the bogor agricultural university, as well as prof. dr. mien a. rifai and prof. dr. tukirin partomihardjo, who supervised her doctoral studies. references backer, c. a. & bakhuizen van den brink jr., r. c. 1963. flora of java. vol ii. groningen: p. noordhooff. bridson, d. m. 1985. the reinstatement of psydrax (rubiaceae, subfamily cinchonoideae, tribe vangueriae) and a revision of the african species. kew bulletin 40: 687–725. chen, t., taylor, c. m. & lantz, h. 2011. psydrax gaertner. flora of china 19: 301‒ 302. coode, m. j. e., dransfield, j., forman, l. l., kirkup, d. w. & said, i. m. 1996. a checklist of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of brunei darussalam. brunei darussalam: ministry of industry and primary resources. craib, w. g. 1932. florae siamensis enumeratio: a list of the plants known from siam, with records of their occurrence. bangkok: bangkok times press. gaertner, j. 1788. de fructibus et seminibus plantarum. stutgardiae (de): typis academiae carolinae. hooker, j. d. 1882. the flora of british india. vol. 3. london: reeve & co. iucn. 2012. iucn red list categories and criteria: version 3.1. 2nd ed. switzerland, gland and uk, cambridge: iucn. keng, h. 1990. the concise flora of singapore. vol. 1. gymnosperms and dicotyledons. singapore: singapore univ. press, national univ. singapore. king, g. & gamble, j. s. 1904. flora of the malayan peninsula. rubiaceae. j. a siat. soc. bengal, pt. 2, nat. hist. 73(3):57–62. lantz, h. & bremer, b. 2004. phylogeny inferred from morphology and dna data: reinwardtia 82 [vol.17 p.s. ashton brun 5123 (bo, kep); sungai rangau, 20 sep 1990, c. puff et al. 900828-2/1 (sing). temburong: no specific locality, 30 jan 1956, j.a.r. anderson s.2184 (bo). tutong: pekan tutong, kampung serambangun, 4°47’n, 114°38’e, 11 dec 1993, i.m. said brun 15951 (sing). sabah (malaysia). beaufort, 30 mar 1962, g. mikil san 34589 (kep). membakut, hutan taman rekreasi pantai pimping, 11 aug 1976, t. bidin san 84358 (sing), 27 jan 1991, ag. amin san 126137 (kep, san). papar, 28 apr 1976, talib & heoya san 80547 (san). sipitang, 27 apr 1971, saikeh lantoh sa n 73176 (sing), sipitang, 1.5 miles from mouth of lukutan river, 2 aug 1954, g.h.s. w ood & j. w yatt-smith a 4587 (sing), 3 dec 1969, a ban gibot sa n 66634 (san), 28 jun 1971, k. a hmad sa n 73149 (kep), sipitang, kawasan pantai merintaman, 18 apr 1987, a g. a min sa n 103412 (san), 22 sep 1987, ag. amin san 115085 (bo, san). teluk brunei, 10 mar 1986, a wang a mir sa n 103071 (sing). weston, 15 dec 1992, a g. a min sa n 132001 (kep, l, san). sarawak (malaysia). sarawak, no locality, 1892, g.d. haviland s.n. (sing). bintulu: sungai segan, four miles south of bintulu, oct 1963, j.a .r. a nderson s.18572 (sing). malay peninsula. malaysia. j ohor: 1 may 1932, e.j.h. corner sfn 25852 (sing), 14 feb 1937, e.j.h. corner sfn 32258 (sing). pahang: temerloh, mangrove reserve, 14 oct 1921, v.p. borges fms (=kep) 5652 (kep). singapore. pandan reserve, 22 may 1939, corner & henderson sfn 36427 (bo, kep, sing [sing0189533]); serangoon road, 1905, h.n. ridley s.n. (sing [sing0030587] ); pulau ubin, 9 jun 2003, i. a li et al. gw 21 (sing [sing0045689]), nov 2011, i. a li & j. lai sing 2011-478 (sing [sing0182032 & 0182033]); pulau tekong, 6 oct 2011, k.s. koh sing 2011394 (sing [sing0166313]). sumatra (indonesia). batu bara, h.s. y ates 2360 (bo); riau, p. padang, brunier s.n. (bo). etymology. the latin approxim atus means "close to", its originally inferred affinity to canthium. provisional conservation assessment. although this species was naturally widespread, probably more than half the extent of the habitats in which it occurs has been prone to disturbance and landuse transformation. globally it should be vulnerable (vu) on account of a significant reduction in extent of occurrence. notes. the inflor escences ar e commonly susceptible to witches' broom; when galled, they are more copiously branched, the ultimate branches bearing multiple bracts arranged in clusters or whorls but no flowers. 3. psydrax lucidulus (miq.) mahyuni & k.m.wong, comb. nov. basionym: vangueria lucidula miq., fl. ned. ind. eerste bijv. 3 (1861) 544. canthium lucidulum (miq.) miq., ann. mus. bot. lugduno-batavi (1869) 254. — type: sumatra, palembang, muara enim, gunung megang, no date, j. teysmann 4000 (holotype bo! [b01321867]). psydrax sp. 10. wong, arbor. rubiaceae malaya (1988) 185; wong, tree fl. malaya 4 (1989) 404. small to medium tree to 28 m tall, developing buttresses to 1.5 m high; bark smooth to slightly flaky or fissured. stipules with a broad triangular base 2.5‒4 mm long and keeled apical cusp 1‒2 mm long. leaves ovate to elliptic, 3.4‒8.1(‒10.5) × 1.2‒2.6(‒4.7) cm, apex apiculate with blunt tip, to 0.4‒1 cm long, base cuneate to obtuse, margin plane, secondary veins 5-6 pairs, midrib flat on upper surface, raised on lower surface, secondary veins flat to slightly raised on upper surface, raised on lower surface, tertiary veins inconspicuous, chartaceous, upper surface slightly glossy in dried material; petioles 3‒6(‒10) mm long. inflorescences with peduncle 2‒4(‒5) mm long, sparsely scabrid to glabrescent, compact and visibly branched to 1(-2) orders only, main branches 1.5‒ 2.5 mm long, sparsely scabrid to glabrescent. flowers with pedicels 2‒3 mm long, sparsely scabrid to glabrescent; calyx and hypanthium 1‒ 1.5 mm long, including 5 triangular lobes 0.1‒0.2 mm long, sparsely hairy to glabrescent all over; corolla tube ca. 1 mm long, lobes ca. 1.5 mm long, both outer and inner surfaces densely minute-hairy becoming glabrescent, throat with dense exserted erect hairs; filaments ca. 0.5 mm long, anthers ca. 1.5 mm long, the whole reflexed and exserted; style exserted for 2.5‒3 mm from corolla throat, stigma ca. 1 mm long. fruits compressed obovoid, typically bilobed, 8‒12 × 5‒9 mm; pedicels 7‒10 mm long. pyrenes rugose. distribution. sumatr a, malay peninsula (most west coast states as well as johor and kelantan in peninsular malaysia; singapore) and borneo. lowland forest. other specimens examined. bangka (indonesia). 11 oct 1949, kostermans & a nta 1126 (bo), 12 oct 1949, kostermans 208 (bb. 34172) (l), 30 aug 1928, muhammad oeloeri 334 (bb. 12.723) (bo); borneo. brunei darussalam. tutong: ulu tutong, 9 may 1992, r.j. johns 7590 (sing). kalimantan (indonesia). kutai, rantau bahan, 7 mar 1931, a bdul hamid 26 (bb. 1445) (bo). east borneo, m. ilas, mapulu 23 nov 1857, a . kostermans 14019 (sing). sampit, 8 jun 1926, boschproefstation bb. 9914 (bo). malay peninsula. malaysia. johor: ulu reinwardtia 84 [vol.17 characterizing well-supported groups in vanguerieae (rubiaceae). bot. j. linn. soc. 146: 257–283. mahyuni, r., chikmawati, t., ariyanti, n. s. & wong, k. m. 2018. the psydrax dicoccos complex (rubiaceae) in malesia, with three new species. floribunda 5 (8): 323–331. mcneill, j., barrie, f. r., demoulin, v. w. r., greuter, w., hawksworth, d. l., herendeen, p. d., knapp, s. & marhold, k. (eds.). 2012. international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (melbourne code). koeltz scientific books. merrill, e. d. 1921. a bibliographic enumeration of bornean plants. j. straits br. roy. asiat. soc., spec. no. singapore: fraser & neave. razafimandimbison, s. g., lantz, h., mouly, a. & bremer, b. 2009. evolutionary trends, major lineages, and new generic limits in the dioecious group of the tribe vanguerieae (rubiaceae): insights into the evolution of functional dioecy. a nn. missouri bot. gard. 96: 161–181. ridley, h. n. 1923. the flora of the malay peninsula. vol. 2. london: l. reeve & co. ridsdale, c. a. 1998. psydrax. in: dassanayake m. d. & clayton w. d. (eds.) a revised handbook to the flora of ceylon. rotterdam: a.a. balkema publishers. thiers, b. [continuously updated]. index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. new york botanical garden's virtual herbarium. http:// sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ wong, k. m. 1988. the a rborescent rubiaceae of malaya. bound and distributed by the author (copies in the libraries of the arnold arboretum of harvard univ., kew herbarium, leiden herbarium and singapore botanic gardens). wong, k. m. 1989. psydrax gaertn. (rubiaceae). in: ng, f. s. p. (ed). tree flora of malaya. a manual for foresters. vol. 4. selangor, malaysia: longman malaysia sdn berhad. reinwardtia vol. 17. no. 1. pp: 85 85 erratum reinwardtia vol. 16(2), 2017 please change the existing epithet name in p. 104, line 1 on fig. 1. after dendrobium: tinukariensis reinwardtia 84 [vol.17 characterizing well-supported groups in vanguerieae (rubiaceae). bot. j. linn. soc. 146: 257–283. mahyuni, r., chikmawati, t., ariyanti, n. s. & wong, k. m. 2018. the psydrax dicoccos complex (rubiaceae) in malesia, with three new species. floribunda 5 (8): 323–331. mcneill, j., barrie, f. r., demoulin, v. w. r., greuter, w., hawksworth, d. l., herendeen, p. d., knapp, s. & marhold, k. (eds.). 2012. international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (melbourne code). koeltz scientific books. merrill, e. d. 1921. a bibliographic enumeration of bornean plants. j. straits br. roy. asiat. soc., spec. no. singapore: fraser & neave. razafimandimbison, s. g., lantz, h., mouly, a. & bremer, b. 2009. evolutionary trends, major lineages, and new generic limits in the dioecious group of the tribe vanguerieae (rubiaceae): insights into the evolution of functional dioecy. a nn. missouri bot. gard. 96: 161–181. ridley, h. n. 1923. the flora of the malay peninsula. vol. 2. london: l. reeve & co. ridsdale, c. a. 1998. psydrax. in: dassanayake m. d. & clayton w. d. (eds.) a revised handbook to the flora of ceylon. rotterdam: a.a. balkema publishers. thiers, b. [continuously updated]. index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. new york botanical garden's virtual herbarium. http:// sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ wong, k. m. 1988. the a rborescent rubiaceae of malaya. bound and distributed by the author (copies in the libraries of the arnold arboretum of harvard univ., kew herbarium, leiden herbarium and singapore botanic gardens). wong, k. m. 1989. psydrax gaertn. (rubiaceae). in: ng, f. s. p. (ed). tree flora of malaya. a manual for foresters. vol. 4. selangor, malaysia: longman malaysia sdn berhad. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. a merican j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings : temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 17. no. 1. 2018 contents page j. f. veldkamp. a revision of isachne in malesia 2: sect. albentes (gramineae, isachneae) …………..……….. 1 i putu gede p. damayanto. dinochloa malayana s. dransf. (poaceae: bambusoideae), a new record for indonesia .……………………...………………………………………………………….……………………...…… 35 edy nasriadi sambas, cecep kusmana, lilik budi prasetyo & tukirin partomihardjo. vegetation analysis and population structure of plants at mount endut forested area, gunung halimun salak national park, banten, java, indonesia …………………………………………………………………………………….……. 39 ian m. turner. a new combination in pseuderanthemum (acanthaceae) .……………………………………… 55 yeni rahayu, tatik chikmawati & elizabeth a. widjaja. nomenclatural study of tetrastigma leucostaphylum and tetrastigma rafflesiae (vitaceae): two common hosts of rafflesia in sumatra ………………... 59 wawan sujarwo. bamboo resources, cultural values, and ex-situ conservation in bali, indonesia …....………. 67 khoon meng wong & ridha mahyuni. flora of singapore precursors, 2. a new species and two new combinations in psydrax (rubiaceae: vanguerieae) for west malesia .………………….………………………………… 77 erratum reinwardtia vol. 16(2), 2017 .………………….…………………………………………………… 85 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia 0. front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia 17(1) reinwardtia 17_email 4_2-2 reinwardtia 17_email 4_79-79 reinwardtia 17_email 4_80-80 reinwardtia 17_email 4_81-81 reinwardtia 17_email 4_82-82 reinwardtia 17_email 4_83-83 reinwardtia 17_email 4_84-84 reinwardtia 17_email 4_85-85 reinwardtia 17_email 4_86-86 reinwardtia 17_email 4_87-87 reinwardtia 17_email 4_88-88 9. daftar isi reinwardtia 17(1) ok reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010 re in w ar dt ia 13 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, november 2, 2010 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedy darnaedi tukirin partomihardjo joeni setijo rahajoe teguh triono marlina ardiyani eizi suzuki jun wen managing editors elizabeth a. widjaja himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirat hidayat ilustrators subari wahyu santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers r. abdulhadi, sandy atkins, julie f. barcelona, todd j. barkman, nico cellinese, mark coode, gudrun kadereit, rogier de kock, n. fukuoka, kuswata kartawinata, ary p. keim, p. j. a. kessler, a. latiff–mohamad, m. a. rifai, rugayah, h. soedjito, t. setyawati, d. g. stone, wayne takeuchi, benito c. tan, j. f. veldkamp, p. van welzen, h. wiriadinata, rui-liang zhu. correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 2, pp: 151 − 158 151 pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia received may 31, 2010; accepted june 23, 2010. ary prihardhyanto keim herbarium bogoriense, research centre for biology–lipi, jl. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail: arypkeim@yahoo.com. mulyati rahayu indonesian museum of ethnobotany. research centre for biology–lipi, jl. ir. h. juanda 22, bogor 16122, indonesia. e-mail: mulyati_r@yahoo.com. abstract keim, a. p. & rahayu, m. 2010. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(2): 151–158. —two species of freycinetia and two species of pandanus are recorded from the batulanteh vicinity in west sumbawa. one species is a new species described here for the first time and named freycinetia sumbawaensis a.p. keim & m. rahayu. keywords: freycinetia, lesser sunda islands, nusa tenggara, pandanaceae, pandanus, sumbawa. abstrak keim, a. p. & rahayu, m. 2010. pandanaceae dari sumbawa, nusa tenggara barat, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(2): 151–158. — dua jenis freycinetia dan dua jenis pandanus terekam di kawasan batulanteh, sumbawa barat. satu di antaranya adalah jenis baru dan dipertelakan pertama kali dalam tulisan ini serta diberi nama freycinetia sumbawaensis a.p. keim & m. rahayu. kata kunci: freycinetia, lesser sunda islands, nusa tenggara, pandanaceae, pandanus, sumbawa. introduction sumbawa is an island within the string of islands stretched eastward from bali to timor known as the lesser sunda islands. unlike the neighbouring java, the pandan flora in any of these islands remains largely unknown. the nature of the pandans in the lesser sunda islands is illustrated by inadequate information. prior to this current study, there have been only two records ever published; martelli (1910) and markgraf (1929). martelli (1910) proposed a new species from timor, f. timorensis, whereas markgraf (1929) proposed f. lombokensis from lombok. both species are endemics and so far are known only from the types. other information to be mentioned is brief accounts (supported by two black and white photos) by rensch (1930) on freycinetia and pandanus (p. odoratissimus) from flores. the information of f. urvilleana of decaisne (1853) has been discarded. this species was previously regarded by solms (1878; see also warburg, 1900) as collected from the area of vavao in timor. however, vavao is actually a district in the guadalcanal island in the solomon archipelago, one of islands in oceania that was visited by hombron and jacquinot during their 1837-1840 collecting trips (see decaisne, 1853). neither hombron nor jacquinot was known to visit timor during that period. despite extensive explorations and collections made by kostermans and his colleagues from herbarium bogoriense (bo) in sumbawa (see kostermans, 1963), the pandan flora of sumbawa is still in doubt. this current study is aimed to provide an up to date information on the pandan flora of sumbawa. the exploration was proceeded in the batulanteh area in the western side of the island. results and discussions two species of freycinetia and two species of pandanus are recorded from the batulanteh vicinity in west sumbawa, in which one species described here is a new species and named freycinetia sumbawaensis a.p. keim & m. rahayu. 1. freycinetia insignis blume –– fig. 1. freycinetia insignis blume (1835) 158, t. 42. –– type: java, west java, bogor (then buitenzorg), gede mountain, blume s.n. (lectotype:l). robust climber, climbing 20–30 m high. stem robust, 7.5–8 cm circumference, green to yellowish green, glabrous; internodes 2 cm. leaf lanceolate reinwardtia 152 [vol.13 elongate, 70–100 cm long, 3–4 cm wide, integer margin, minute spines only on terminal and basal parts of leaf; adaxial surface green, glabrous, adaxial ventral pleats absent; abaxial surface green, glabrous, main venation obvious; leaf sheath pale yellowish green; auricle tapered, brown, rather rounded on apex, apex with minute spines. infructescence terminal, binate (2) or ternate (3), 32– 33 cm long; peduncle ca. 15 cm long, green, glabrous, hanging; pedicel green, scabrous, 4.5–5 cm long, hard-stiff. cephalium ellipse to elongated ellipsoidal, green, 12–14 cm long, 3.5–4 cm wide; stigma 2, brown. distribution. java and the lesser sunda islands. habitat. humid sub montane to montane forests at 1,000 to 1,700 m altitude. freycinetia insignis is a mountainous species that commonly found at altitude higher than 1000 m. in java this species is a c b fig. 1. freycinetia insignis blume. a. habit; b. infructescence consists of three ellipsoidal cephalia (ternate). the same picture is also partially showing the long and hanging peduncle; c. tapered bright orange auricle. photos: a.p. keim & m. rahayu. 2010] 153 keim & rahayu: pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia recorded from mountainous areas in western side of the island such as burangrang, gede, pulasari, salak, and tangkuban prahu (see blume 1835). in bali this species is abundant at bedugul forest and adjacent areas at 1,300 m altitude. in lombok this species is found abundantly at passuk forest in east lombok at about 1,450 to 1,650 m altitude. in sumbawa, f. insignis is conspicuously found in hill slopes at about 1,500 to 1,700 m altitude, never lower than that. vernacular name. sampian (bali, bedugul dialect), klipan (sumbawa). uses. the mature cephalium is said to be eaten by birds. notes. local people mentioned that the “flower” is white tinted with red or deep red. obviously what they do mean by “flower” is actually the bract. unfortunately, the bracts were not available by the time the collection (a.p. keim 1265) was made. until the specimen with bracts is collected this taxon is identified here as belonging to f. insignis based on the information on the colour of bract. the unmistakably white tinted with deep red to reddish-purple colour bract is a distinctive field character for f. insignis. furthermore, there is no single distinctive morphological character that can be used to separate this taxon from f. insignis. specimen examined. indonesia, lesser sunda islands, bali, bedugul, mt. batukau, 1961, a. kostermans et al. 83 (bo!); south of tabanan, mt. batukaru, 20 july 1964, n. wirawan 484 (bo!); bukit tapui, above bedugul, 18 june 1976, w. meijer 10499 (bo!); lake bratan, near bedugul, 20 june 1976, w. meijer 10529 (bo!); east bali, tabanan, wnw bedugul, mt. lesung, 22 july 1994, mc donald & ismail 4818 (bo!); nusa tenggara barat, lombok, sembalun, pussuk, 02 june 1909, j. elbert 1704 (bo!); 04 june 1909, j. elbert 1738 (bo!); seban, 24 june 1964, sun hong fan herbarium 9408 (bo!); sumbawa, west sumbawa, batulanteh, pusu, 07 may 1961, a. kostermans 18714 (bo!), 18718a (bo!); 02 nov. 1961, a. kostermans 19148 (bo!); batudulang, katintih, 15 aug. 2009, a.p. keim 1265 (bo!); nusa tenggara timur, flores, west flores, manau near ruténg, 24 april 1965, a. kostermans & n. wirawan 584 (bo!). 2. freycinetia sumbawaensis a.p. keim & m. rahayu, spec. nov. –– fig. 2–4. gracilis scandens usque ad 20 m altum, ca 1 cm diametro, viridi; infructescentia terminale, binata vel ternata; stigma simper 1, nigrum. –– typus: indonesia, lesser sunda islands, nusa tenggara barat, sumbawa, west sumbawa, batulanteh, batudulang, brang tampu, a.p. keim 1270 (bo!– holotype), 16 aug. 2009. slender climbing pandan, climbing up to 20 m high. stem slender, ca. 1 cm diameter, green. leaf ellipse or oblong-ellipsoidal, ca. 10 cm long, ca. 1.5 cm wide, acuminate apex, with minute spines; adaxial surface green, glabrous, shiny; abaxial surface light green, glabrous; auricle tapered, glabrous. infructescence terminal, binate (2) or ternate (3), ca. 4.5 cm long; peduncle very short, less than 1 cm long; pedicel green, glabrous, 1.5–2 cm long. cephalium green, said to be red when ripe, globose to rather elongated globose close to ellipse, ca. 2.5 cm long, ca. 1.5 cm wide; stigma 1, black. etymology. the epithet means from sumbawa, which refers to the island where the type was collected. distribution. endemic. habitat. lower tropical rainforest to montane forest. the species is commonly found along streams or riverbanks at 400 to 950 m altitudes or in hill slopes at 1,500 to 1,700 m altitudes. vernacular names. klipan, melung (sumbawa). uses. as strings. mature cephalium is said to be eaten by birds. notes. in general appearance f. sumbawaensis very much resembles f. scandens except for the number of stigma (table 1). freycinetia sumbawaensis always has berry consistently with 1 stigma, while f. scandens always has 2 to 4 stigmas, usually 2, but never less than 2. freycinetia species with a fairly globose cephalium with number of stigma 1 is extremely rare. there are only two species known with that character; f. forbesii, and f. oblanceolata. however, these species have 1 to 2 stigmas (table 1). freycinetia forbessii are commonly found with one stigma, rarely two (see ridley, 1886). indeed, apart from differences in number of cephalia per infructescence and cephalium dimension the two species are very similar. ridley (1886) suggested that f. forbesii and f. scandens as closely ally. the result of this current study is in accordance with ridley and adding f. sumbawaensis into the alliance. stone (1967) mentioned that f. angustissima possesses berries with numbers of stigma 1 to 3. observations made on specimens in bo indicate that f. angustissima possesses berries with numbers of stigma 2 to 3. the protologue itself (see ridley, 1886) did not mention about the number of stigma. reinwardtia 154 [vol.13 table 1 morphological comparison on leaf and cephalium dimensions, number of cephalia per infructescence, and number of stigma between f. angustissima, f. forbesii, f. oblanceolata, f. scandens, and f. sumbawaensis. species leaf dimension number of cephalia per infructescence cephalium dimension number of stigma freycinetia angustissima 5–6 by 0.6 cm 1 to 2 1.26–1.3 by 1.26–1.3 cm 2 or 3 (current study), but 1 or 2 according to stone (1967) f. forbesii 10–15 by 1.9–2 cm 3 to 4 1.9–2 by 1.9–2 cm 1 or 2, rarely 2 f. oblanceolata 15–21 by 3–4 cm 3 to 4 2.5 by 2 cm 1 or 2 f. scandens 8–10 by 1–2.7 cm 1 to 4 3–6 by 2.5–3 cm 2 to 4, usually 2, rarely 4 f. sumbawaensis 10 by 1.5 cm 2 to 3 2.5 by 1.5 cm always 1 fig. 2. habit of freycinetia sumbawaensis a.p. keim & m. rahayu (marked with arrow). photo: a.p. keim & m. rahayu. 2010] 155 keim & rahayu: pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia ridley described that the infructescence consists of 1 to 2 cephalia (he noted: “capitula feminea singula vel bina”) and it is allied to f. angustifolia. freycinetia angustifolia is known to possess numbers of stigma 3 to 4. prior to the collection made in this current study, a specimen was collected by mrs. rensch (frau rensch 907), who accompanied her husband in the 1924-1925 german exploration to the lesser sunda islands. although mrs. rensch clearly mentioned that the cephalium (she noted as fruit) was kept in spirits, but the spirit collection was not found in bo. a taxon mentioned as f. meijeri by stone (1967) was regarded as having berries with numbers of stigma 1. apparently the name has never been validly published, and became a nomen nudum. evidently, stone (1970) did publish the taxon but as a variety of f. robinsonii merr., that called f. robinsonii merr. var. meijeri b.c. stone. in contrast to his previous opinion when mentioning f. meijeri, f. robinsonii var. meijeri is described as possessing berries with number of stigmas 2 to 3. specimen examined. indonesia, lesser sunda islands, nusa tenggara barat, sumbawa, west sumbawa, batulanteh, batudulang, brang suwir, 13 aug. 2009, a.p. keim 1246 (bo!); a.p. keim 1247 (bo!); brang tampu, 16 aug. 2009, a.p. keim 1270 (bo!, holotype); east sumbawa, wawo, 2-3 june 1924, frau rensch 907 (bo!). 3. pandanus faviger backer –– fig. 5. pandanus faviger backer (1925) 44. –– type: java, east java, residency of pasuruan, lamongan, febr. 1921, a.r. van loemadjang s.n.. (bo!holotype). solitary robust tree pandan, ca. 30 m tall. proproots present, obvious, 5–10 m tall, greyish creamy brown with sharp nodules. stem greyish creamy brown, 60–62 cm circumference, robust, hard, fig. 3. freycinetia sumbawaensis a.p. keim & m. rahayu showing the infructescence with 2 fairly globose cephalia (binate; × 1.6), in which each berry is consistently with 1 dark brown to black stigma. brown bracts still persist. photo: a.p. keim & m. rahayu. reinwardtia 156 [vol.13 branched on top. leaf lanceolate-elongate, 240–250 cm long, 5.5–6 cm wide, acuminate apex, margin with minute-sharp spines; adaxial surface green, glabrous, adaxial ventral pleats absent; abaxial surface light green, glaucous white, recurved spines absent; leaf sheath short, ca. 5 cm long, white. infructescence terminal, hanging, consists of 7–8 cephalia; 1 infructescence 100–101 cm long; peduncle ca. 50 cm long, green, glabrous; rachis 50–51 cm long. cephalium elongated-ellipsoidal, sausagelike, trigonal, dull orange when mature, 17–24 cm long, 13–16 cm circumference. drupes compactly arranged, ca. 1 cm long; stigma short, oblique on the ventral side of pileus, flat, slightly bifurcate. distribution. java and lesser sunda islands. backer (1925) mentioned that this species occur only in java and bali. in java, p. faviger is only so far found in lamongan (see also stone 1972) and stored as the type. in other words, new collection has never been made. habitat. humid montane forests at altitude 1,000 to 1,800 m. in sumbawa this species is abundantly found at altitude 1,700 to 1,800 m. vernacular name. panan layun (sumbawa). uses. the hanging prop-roots are boiled and drink as an aphrodisiac and also believed can increase the size of male sexual organ. notes. people at batudulang named this species “panan layun”, which means forest pandan. apparently, they have never used or harvested the leaves. pandanus faviger in sumbawa is always found at altitude above 1,000 m dominating the humid montane forest of batulanteh and adjacent areas. this finding is in accordance with kostermans (1963). fig. 4. freycinetia sumbawaensis a.p. keim & m. rahayu infructescence with 3 cephalia (ternate; × 1.4) but the bracts have already fallen (caducous bracts). photo: a.p. keim & m. rahayu. 2010] 157 keim & rahayu: pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia specimen examined. indonesia, java, east java, pasuruan, mt. lamongan, febr. 1921, a.r. van loemadjang s.n. (bo!, holotype); bali, bedugul, lake bratan, 11 apr. 1936, c.g.g.j. van steenis 8129 (bo!); 08° 15’ s 115° 10’ e, 20 june 1976, w. meijer 10536 (bo!); lesser sunda islands, nusa tenggara barat, lombok, 17 june 1936, c.n.a. de voogd 2674a (bo!); sumbawa, west sumbawa, batulanteh, 27 apr. 1961, a. kostermans 18538 (bo!); batulanteh to brang bosang, 2004, d. girmansyah & h. wiriadinata s.n. (bo!); saléléng, on road from punik to pusu, 15 aug. 2009, a.p. keim 1266 (bo!); sampar tolak, on road from punik to pusu, 16 aug. 2009, a.p. keim 1267 (bo!). 4. pandanus odoratissimus l. f. pandanus odoratissimus l. f. (1781) 424 –– type: thunberg s.n. “zeylan” (u), sri lanka, around colombo, 1777-1778. pandanus tectorius soland. ex parks. (1773, printed but not published & widely distributed) –– type: solander s.n. tahiti “z” (l), tahiti, 1769-1760. robust, clustered shrubby pandan, ca. 5 m high. prop-roots present, short, less than 1 m tall. stem short with sharp nodules, less than 1 m tall, pale creamy brown, unbranched. leaf lanceolate elongate, odorous, ca. 300 cm long, ca. 5 cm wide, acuminate apex, integer margin; adaxial surface green, glabrous, shiny, adaxial ventral pleats absent; abaxial surface light green, glaucous white, main nerve apparent, recurved spines absent; leaf sheath white, ca. 50 cm long. neither inflorescence nor infructescence present. distribution. old world tropics from africa to pacific, except new zealand. cultivated throughout the world. a b c fig. 5. pandanus faviger backer. a. habit showing the branched stem and tall proproots; b. spike infructescence consists of 7 to 8 sausage-like cephalia and long hangingpendulous peduncle; c. cross section of cephalium showing the triangular (trigonal) shaped of cephalium and row of singleseeded fruits (drupes). the same picture also indicates that each drupe with short-flat stigma that characterises the section microstigma. photos: a.p. keim & m. rahayu. reinwardtia 158 [vol.13 habitat. beach, mangrove, from seaside up to 500 m altitude. vernacular name. pandan, pandan mayit (sumbawa). uses. the leaf is very aromatic (odorous) and used by the local people at batudulang and adjacent areas in funeral procession. leaf is also used for mats. notes. only one cluster of about five individuals is found in batudulang village. batudulang is located at around 400 m altitude, thus still within the range of altitude tolerated by p. odoratissimus. the species could not be found anywhere else in batudulang and adjacent areas. local people mention that the plants are cultivated and have not yet been seen in fruiting. nevertheless, inflorescences were once observed and the inflorescences are said to be odorous and the bracts are white; thus match the field description for p. odoratissimus. prior to this current study, there has been no collection of p. odoratissimus from sumbawa, thus a new record. in fact, previously herbarium bogoriense possesses only three specimens of p. odoratissimus (labelled as p. tectorius) from the entire lesser sunda islands. these findings are regarded here as quite surprising concerning the fact that p. odoratissimus is undoubtedly the most wide-spread species in the genus pandanus. specimen examined. indonesia, lesser sunda islands, west nusa tenggara, sumbawa, batudulang, 16 aug. 2006, a.p. keim & m. rahayu “sumbawa 1” ethnobotanical sample (bo!); bali, karangasem, tumbu, 07 nov. 1976, e.a. widjaja 118 (bo!). east timor, timor, dili, o. del castro 100 (bo!); los palos, los palosfuiloro, 21 dec. 1953, c.g.g.j. van steenis 18220 (bo!, l). acknowledgements the authors would like to express deepest gratitude to mr. junaidi and mrs. juheriah for kindness and warm hospitality when the authors stayed in batudulang. sincere appreciation is sent to mr. sunardi, who has helped us in the field and shared the wonder of batulanteh forest. genuine thankfulness is also mailed to the forestry office of the nusa tenggara barat prov. for their supports and guidance. our deepest appreciation is also sent to prof. n. fukuoka (jica) and dr. wayne takeuchi (lae) for good discussions and suggestions to the manuscript. this paper is dedicated to the people of batudulang for whom it was our privilege to spend the best days of our lives in the amazing island of sumbawa. references backer, c. a. 1925. handboek voor de flora van java 1: 36–47. ruygrok, batavia. blume, c. l. 1835. commentationes botanicae imprimis de plantis indiae orientalis. rumphia 1: 158, t. 42. decaisne, j. 1853. description des plantes vasculaires. in j.s.c. dumont d’urville. 1853. voyage au pole sud et dans l’ océanie sur les corvette l; astrolabe et la zélée. botanique. 2: 83, t. 2. gide & baudry, paris. kostermans, a. j. g. h. 1963. notes on the vegetation of west sumbawa (indonesia). symposium on the ecology of reserved humid tropical vegetation, kuching. linnaeus jr., c. 1781. supplementum plantarum. university of uppsala, uppsala. markgraf, g. h. 1929. vermischte diagnosen. notizbl. bot. gart. berlin 10: 770. martelli, u. 1910. unumerazione delle pandanaceae. i: freycinetia. webbia 3: 307–327. rensch, b. 1930. eine biologische reise nach den kleinen sunda-inseln. gebrüder borntraeger, berlin. ridley, h. 1886. on the monocotyledoneous plants of new guinea. journal of botany 24: 859. solms, h. 1878. monographia pandanacearum. linnaea 42: 85–105. stone, b. c. 1967. the master key to freycinetia. herbarium bogoriense. bogor [mimmeograph]. stone, b. c. 1970. materials for a monograph of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae).vi. species of borneo. gard. bull. sing. 259(2): 209—233. stone, b. c. 1972. studies in malesian pandanaceae: vii. a review of javanese pandanaceae with notes on plants cultivated in the hortus botanicus bogoriensis. reinwardtia 8 (2): 309–318. warburg, o. 1900. (21 dec.). pandanaceae. in: engler, h. g. a, das pflanzenreich iv, 9: 38. engelmann, berlin. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 2. 2010 contents page harry wiriadinata & rismita sari. a new species of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) from north sumatra ………………………………………………………………………..……………….. 95 ary p. keim. a new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from papua new guinea………………… 101 robert gradstein et al. bryophytes of mount patuha, west java, indonesia……………………... 107 abdulrokhman kartonegoro & j. f. veldkamp. revision of dissochaeta (melastomataceae) in java, indonesia………………………………………………………...…………… 125 nursahara pasaribu. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from sumatra, indonesia………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 147 ary p. keim. & m. rahayu. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia................ 151 k. mat-saleh, ridha mahyuni, agus susatya, j. f. veldkamp. rafflesia lawangensis (rafflesiaceae), a new species from bukit lawang, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia.............................................................................................................................. 159 j. f. veldkamp & r. m. k. saunders. goniothalamus tripetalus (lam.) veldk. & r. m. k. saunders (annonaceae), comb. nov. .......................................................................................... 167 m. m. j. van balgooy. an updated survey of malesian seed plants families..................................... 171 nurhaidah iriany sinaga. two new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from manokwari, west papua ............................................................................................................................... 183 nurhaidah iriany sinaga, rita megia, alex hartana & ary prihardhyanto keim. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in the indonesian new guinea................................................................................................................................ 189 eizi suzuki. tree flora on freshwater wet habitats in lowland of borneo: does wetness cool the sites.. 199 nanda utami & harry wiriadinata. impatiens mamasensis (balsaminaceae), a new species from west celebes, indonesia.......................................................................................................... 211 m. ardiyani, a. d. poulsen, p. suksathan, f. borchsenius. marantaceae in sulawesi..... 213 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research centre for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_1-1 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_2-2 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_59-59 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_60-60 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_61-61 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_62-62 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_63-63 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_64-64 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_65-65 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_66-66 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_129-129 reinwardtia_13-2_7oct2010_130-130 r einwar d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 1, pp. 11 22 (1959) notes on taxonomy and nomenclature in the genus lygodium (schizaeaceae) by a. h. g. alston & r. e. holttum summary due to various causes, the early history of both taxonomy and nomenclature in the genus lygodium is very confused. as a result, a number of problems arise which need fuller discussion than is possible in flora malesiana. such problems are here discussed, concerning most of the species native in malaysia. the new combination lygodium auriculatum (willd.) alston is published, and a new typification of the species ophioglossum scandens l. is proposed. note by r. e. holttum the first draft of this paper was prepared by the late mr. a. h. g. alston, during the course of a revision of the genus lygodium which he was undertaking for flora malesiana. he left this revision unfinished, and i have completed it. i have also revised and largely re-written the present paper, but in essentials it follows his original, except that i have differed from his judgement on the nomenclatural problem presented by the species l. polystachyum. references to literature, where not cited, may be found in christensen's index filicum; they will also be cited fully in flora malesiana. lygodium polystachyum wall, ex moore synonyms : hydroglossum pinnatifidum willd. 1802, p.p. — lygodium pinnatifidum (non sw. 1803) prantl 1881. willdenow based the species h. pinnatifidum on two quite different specimens, which are still in his herbarium at berlin, and he combined characters from both specimens in his description. one specimen, sterile, belongs to the species later called l. polystachyum by wallich; the other, fertile, is l. flexuosum (l.) sw. the specific epithet pinnatifidum is derived from the sterile specimen, but the description contains no further information about that specimen. in the discussion, willdenow pointed out how his new species was distinct in both sterile and fertile fronds, without emphasizing the one rather than the other. as the distribution 1 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 of the species, willdenow gave only the malabar coast, whence came the fertile specimen; evidently he did not know that the sterile specimen represents a species only occurring in the region from northern malaya to yunnan. in 1803,. swartz transferred the species to his genus lygodium under the following circumstances. he cited ugena polymorpha cav. as a synonym, and also rheede, hort. malab. 12, t. 33; rheede's figure (which showed only a fertile frond) had been cited both under ugena polymorpha cav. and hydroglossum pinnatifidum willd. thus swartz used the name lygodium pinnatifidum to refer to willdenow's fertile specimen, and in effect he typified the species by that specimen. the name l. pinnatifidum was used in the same sense, though somewhat more broadly, by hooker and baker, in synopsis filicum (1868). they used the name l. polystachyum wall.ex moore (1859) for the species represented by willdenow's sterile specimen. the only subsequent author who took any notice of willdenow's sterile specimen was prantl, in his monograph of the family schizaeaceae (1881). he took the sterile specimen as the type of the species l. pinnatifidum, and put l. polystachyum wall, as a synonym. but before that time swartz, hooker and baker had clearly interpreted the species in the other way, and their decision should be followed. this was recognized by christensen (index filicum, 1905), who placed l. pinnatifidum (willd). sw. as a synonym of l. flexuosum (l.) sw., and used the name l. polystachyum wall, ex moore for the species represented by the sterile specimen. lygodium microphyllum (cav.) r.br. synonyms : ugena microphylla cav. 1801. — lygodium scandens sensu prantl 1881, c. chr. ind. fil. 1905 etc., swartz 1801 (p.p. tantum) non ophioglossum scandens l. cavanilles gave a figure, from which the identity of his species cannot be doubted. prantl regarded cavanilles' species as a synonym of o. scandens l., by a process of selecting as type of the latter a drawing from rumphius (herb. amb. vol. 6, t. 32, f.2). but this figure was not cited in the first edition of linnaeus' species plantarum (it was cited in the second edition) and therefore cannot serve as the type of o. scandens l. the question of selecting another type for o. scandens l. therefore needs to be considered; and this consideration leads to the conclusion that the interpretation of lygodium scandens (l.) sw. given by christensen in his index filicum, and followed by most modern authors, cannot be main1959] alston & holttum : notes on lygodium 13 tained. as a result, the name l. microphyllum (cav.) r.br. must be used for what christensen called l. scandens. in the first edition of species plantarum, p. 1063, linnaeus first quoted a phrase-name from his hortus cliffortianus (1737). the specimen on which this name was based is in the british museum, and is the tropical american species later called lygodium volubile by swartz. (in hort. cliff., linnaeus gave a distribution in tropical america, and alsu quoted the works of breyne and morison mentioned below). linnaeus next referred to his flora zeylanica (1748), where he gave a description of a specimen collected by hermann in ceylon (no. 374). this specimen is a fertile one; next to it in the hermann herbarium is no. 375, which is a sterile form of the same species as no. 374. linnaeus based his 0. flexuosum on no. 375, not realizing that the two represented different conditions of the same plant. linnaeus further gave references to three published illustrations: (a) breyne cent. 185, t.96; (b) morison (a figure copied from breyne) ; (c) rheede, hort. malab. 12, p.65, t.33. the drawing of breyne and morison represents a plant from brazil, recognized by swartz in 1803 as l. vehustum sw. rheede's plate is not a good one, but almost certainly represents l. flexuosum (it was so recognized by clarke, trans. linn. soc. bot. 1, 584, 1880). thus opmoglossum scandens l. is based on: i. a specimen of l. volubile sw. ii. a specimen of 0. flexuosum l. iii. drawing of l. venustum sw. iv. a drawing o. flexuosum l. the initial descriptive phrase from hort. cliff, covers all these; we have to choose one of them as the type of the species. as swartz has already segregated two of them as other species, we are left with the hermann specimen of 0. flexuosum and the drawing representing the same species. hermann's specimen should thus be the type of 0. scandens l., and 0. scandens becomes a synonym of o. flexuosum l. l. microphyllum (cav.) r. br. is the most easily distinguished of all oriental species of lygodium, both vegetatively (creeping rhizome, elongate primary rachis-branches, articulate leaflets which are rarely lobed) and in its spores. but in the past these distinctions.have not always been recognized, and the distribution of the species has sometimes been inaccurately stated. for example, hope recorded the species from chitral (western kashmir) but probably he had seen l. japonicum, which does occur in kashmir. 1 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 lygodium japonicum (thunb.) sw. the following species were placed as synonyms in christensen's index; the type specimens of all have also been seen by mr alston, who confirmed their status: l. disseetum desv. (paris), l. chaerophylloides desv. (paris), l. microstachyurn desv. (paris), l. tenue bl. (leiden). mr alston also saw authentic material of l. miarophyllum link at leiden. in malaysia, this species has never been found wild in sumatra, the malay peninsula and borneo (that is, in the more continuously wet parts of the region), nor in the west of java, but occurs north of malaysia from burma and siam to china and japan. probably its distribution in malaysia is in some way governed climatically, but the nature of the control is not known. the species will grow in cultivation in singapore, but not vigorously, and is evergreen in the climate which has no dry season. possibly the fronds are seasonal in growth, dying down in the dry season in its natural habitats. as grown under glass at kew, the fronds die in the autumn and new ones appear in the spring. the kew plant is a tetraploid, and very vigorous. perhaps diploids also occur in nature but their existence has not been demonstrated. lygodium salicifolium presl this species appears to intergrade in some measure with l. flexuosum (l.) sw., and in holttum, ferns of malaya (p.57) the two are united, but typical conditions of the two species are quite distinct. it is possible that hybridization occurs, but no experimental investigation has been made. l. flexuosum has the wider distribution; probably l. salicifolium is confined to moister habitats or regions with a shorter dry season. l. salicifolium differs from l. flexuosum in the following characters: stalk of each leaflet thickened at junction with lamina (old leaflets sometimes break off at this thickening, but not freely as they do in l. microphyllum) ; all leaflets stalked and all of about equal length (distal ones &maller and sessile in l. flexuosum) ; basal leaflets usually simple, or, if lobed at the base, the lobes small and spreading almost at right angles (in l. flexuosum usually with elongate oblique basal lobes or often with free quaternary leaflets). specimens referred to l. salicifolium are: formosa. oldham 9 (k). indo-china. annam: dalat, squires 751 (k) ; cochinchina: thorel (bm). siam. sriracha, nongkaw, 70 m, marcan 1216 (bm), e. smith 979a (bm) ; koh samet, h. m. smith 535 (bm) ; bandon, e. smith 2216 (bm). malaya. kedah: langkawi isl., dayang bunting, robinson (k). penang: wallich 175 (k,bm,l), 2200 1959] alston & holttum: notes on lygodium 15 (bm) ; lady dalhousie (bm). perak: scortechini (bm) ; waterfall, taiping, mattheiv (k) ; larut, 300 ft, kunstler 2975 (k). kelantan: batu papan, sungei keteh, nur s.f. 12080 (k). malacca: maingay 3195 (k). singapore: cuming 365 (w, type, k,bm). sumatra: south sumatra, menzies (bm). riouw arch.: p. papan, biinnemeijer 7825 (bo,l). java: bantam, sadjira, lebak, kuhl & van hasselt (l) ; batavia, depok, jensen (bm). n. borneo: tenom, 700-1000 ft, gibbs 2802 (k) ; without locality, hose (bm). new guinea: sattelberg, 900 m, bamler ed. ros. 108 (bm,l) ; kubuna, 100 m, brass 5686 (bo,bm,k). kei is.: jensen 334 (bo). lygodium flexuosum (l.) sw. synonyms: ophioglossum flexuosum l. 1753. — o. scandens l. 1753, p.p. typ. — ugena polymorpha cav. 1801. — hydroglossum pinnatifidum willd. 1802, p.p. typ. — lygodium pinnatifidum sw. 1803 — lygodium jiolymorphum h.b.k. 1815. non sensu hbk, nee sensu c. chr. ind. fil. (1905) 413. — l. pilosum desv. 1827. — l. serrulatum bl. 1828. — l. pinnatifidum sensu hk. & bak. syn. fil. 1868, p.p. the type of this species is hermann 375 from ceylon (bm) ; linnaeus cited no other reference. the type is part of a sterile frond of a young plant, and thus does not show the normal pinnate condition of secondary branches of the frond, but there can be no doubt of its identity. the fertile frond preseved with it by hermann (no 374) was called ophioglossum scandens by linnaeus, and we are here selecting this specimen as type of the species o. scandens (see discussion above under l. microphyllum) which thus becomes as synonym of l. flexuosum. the specimen described and illustrated by cavanilles under the name ugena polymorpha was collected by nee in luzon. in 1815 humboldt, bonpland and kunth transferred the name to lygodium and used it for a species of tropical america. swartz had however published the name l. venustum for the latter species in 1803. in the same paper of 1803, swartz also noted that cavanilles' figure of u. polymorpha matched one by rheede cited under ophioglossum scandens by linnaeus and also cited by willdenow under hydroglossum pinnatifidum; for this species swartz made the new combination l. pinnatifidum (see discussion under l. polystachyum). in our opinion l. pinnatifidum, as so defined by swartz, is not distinct from l. flexuosum. the tropical american species l. venustum sw. is certainly closely allied to l. flexuosum of asia and malaysia, but the two appear to be distinct, and were so treated by prantl in his monograph of the family in 1881. but prantl placed l. polymorphum as a synonym of l. venustum, 1 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 apparently not realizing that the former was published earlier (he gave 1801 for both); judging from cavanilles's figure, and following the interpretation of hbk, he thought that the type of l. polymorphum had been wrongly localized and that it was in fact from tropical america. christensen, knowing that u. polymorpha cav. had precedence over l. venustum sw., used the name l. polymorphum for the tropical american species, with l. venustum as a synonym. however, as cavanilles cited ophioglossum scandens l. as a synonym of ugena polymorpha, the latter name is illegitimate, and thus the problem of the localization of the type specimen does not arise; and the name l. venustum should be restored for the tropical american species. lygodium pilosum desv. was based on a fragmentary specimen probably to be referred to l. flexuosum (the type, at paris, consists of two; leaflets only). the type of l. elegans desv. 1811 is sterile and doubtful. the species l. serrulaturn bl. is represented by several sheets from java so named by blume at leiden; they are all referable to l. flexuosum, according to our concept of that species. a specimen collected by zippel at buitenzorg is marked as the type. a specimen collected in bantam by van hasselt, also labelled l. serrulatum by blume, is however l. salicifolium. . lygodium auriculatum (willd.) alston, comb. nov. synonyms : hydroglossum auriculatum willd., sp. pi. 5 (1810) 84. — ugena semihastata cav. 1801, nom. illegit., excl. syn. — l. semihastatum desv. 1827. as cavanilles cited the earlier name ophioglossum flexuosum l. as synonym, he ought to have adopted the name flexuosum for the specimens he was describing. his name u. semihastata is therefore illegitimate, though his illustration (prepared from philippine specimens collected by nee) clearly shows that he had a species quite distinct from l. flexuosum. the next available name for the philippine species is hydroglossum auricidatum willd., which has not hitherto been transferred to lygodium in the branching of the frond, this species is near l. trifurcatum bak.j and also near l. borneense v.a.v.r. (both further discussed below). in all three species the secondary branches are once or twice dichotomous. l. borneense is the least branched, and is distinct in the cuneate bases of its leaflets and in its smooth spores (however, one collection of l. borneense from johore, growing near quite typical specimens, has somewhat cordate bases, but its fertile leaflets are much larger than those of l, auriculatum). 1959] alston & holttum: notes on lyg•odium 17 l. trifurcatum shares with. l. auriculatum the character of strongly cordate outer bases of sterile leaflets, but differs in having the lamina of fertile leaflets reduced to a narrow wing along the costae and veins. l. altum (clarke) ching, of burma, has a similar cordate base of sterile leaflets, but its secondary branch-systems are fully pinnate, the sterile leaflets simple with symmetrical cordate base (not paired and cordate on one side as is usual in l. auriculatum). nee collected l. auriculatum at oaz, camarines prov., luzon, probably near nabua, where he noted the use of the climbing rachises for making hats. he also collected l. auriculatum in the mariannas. the following specimens illustrate the distribution of this species (the specimen from perak, on which beddome and van alderwerelt based a record of l. semihastatum from the malay peninsula, is l. salicifolium pr.) : indochina. annam: dong trang near nhatrang, evrard 452 (k); cochinchina: tseung daing, pierre (k). philippines. polillo is., fox p. n. h. 8901 (bm) ; luzon: bataan, lamao reserve, mt mariveles, 300 ft, williams 210 (k); laguna, mt maquiling, matthew (k); tayabas, malicboi, topping (sp. blanc. 739, bm, k) ; sampalok, 100 m, copeland 210 (bm); camarines, paracale, ramos & edano b. s. 33501 (k); samar: cuming 337, part (bm,k) ; mindanao: agusan, cabadbaran, mt urdaneta, elmer 14005 (k,l). eastern borneo: rutten 11 (u). lygodium trifurcatum baker the type is milne 511 from the solomon islands (at kew). the distribution of the species is on the islands to the north and east of new guinea; on the mainland is the closely allied species l. dimorphum copel. (see below). bangka is mentioned by van alderwerelt as a locality for l. trifurcatum, but the specimen (batoe roesak, berkhout, 29.8.1886, bo), is l. longifolium (willd.) sw. a bornean specimen named l. trifurcatum by christensen (mt poi, mjoberg) is l. circinnatum (burm.) sw. christ recorded l. trifurcatum. from celebes; we have not seen the specimen and doubt the correctness of the identification. specimens of this species seen include the following: louisiade isl.: macgillivray (k, syntype) ; rossel is., mac gregor h (k). solomon is.: bougainville, tavera r., empress augusta bay, wakefield 1133 (bm); shortlands is., guppij 114, 115 (bm); treasury is., guppy 22 (bm), 43, 297 (juvenile plants, bm) ; kolombangara, kuzi, brown 1169b (bm); malarta, bannani, brown 959 (bm) ; tulagi, lever (bm); san cristoval, makeria harbour, milne 211 (k, type, bm), sharks 18 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 bay, milne 591 (k, syntype) ; waimamura, brass 2630 (l) ; ugi, veitch (k, syntype). new hebrides: manicolla, richards (k). lygodium dimorphum copel. synonym: l. novoguineense brause. both l. dimorphum and l. novoguineense were based on the same collection of copland king. this species, which has been collected at several places from the eastern end of new guinea to amboyna, is closely allied to l. trifurcatum bak. it differs from the latter species in the form of both sterile and fertile fronds, the leaflets of the former being very strongly cordate-auriculate at the base, of the latter more copiously branched. specimens are as follows: amboyna: labillardiere (bm); no collector's nome (l); c. b. robinson 1981 (bm, k, bo). new guinea: western n. guinea: lam 497 (u,l) ; mamberamo r., 60 m, docters van leeuwen 9668 (l,bo) ; rouffaer r., 175 m, docters van leeuwen 10092 (l,bo); mt cyclops, 1000 ft, cheesman 174 (bm, juvenile) ; eastern n. guinea: fly river, d'albertis (k) ; no locality, copland king 134 (type; phot, at bm); c. hartmann s.n. 1887 (bm); central division, laloki river area, 1800 ft, wakefield 1289 (bm) ; milne bay distr., 200 m, hoogland 4340 (bm,l) ; isoarava, 3500 ft, carr 15485 (bm,l); goodenough bay, c. king 80 (bm); rouna, 1400 ft, carr 12479 (bm,k,l): no locality, ledermann 10512 (bm); sameri, fitzgerald 79 (k). bismarck arch., new ireland, peekel 6, 154 (k). lygodium borneense v.a.v.r. this species has a fairly wide range of distribution, but has not often been collected. in all cases where habitat conditions are recorded, specimens were obtained in fresh-water swamp-forest; in two cases in sarawak this was near limestone hills, but the johore locality is not near limestone. the leaflets of l. borneense are always simple and are larger than those of any other malaysian species; the fertile lamina is not appreciably reduced as compared with sterile leaflets. for a note on comparison with l. auriculatum and l. trifurcatum, see above, under l. auriculatum. specimens of l. borneense seen are as follows: sumatra: mentawai is., siberut, kloss s. f. 14469 (k). malaya. johore: s. sedili, corner s. f. 26053 (k,bo), holttum s.n. 30.3.1941 (k). borneo. sarawak: baram, c. hose 345 (k); niah, swamp near limestone, synge s. 571 (k); n. borneo: sandakan, creagh (k); near sandakan, heavy shade, cox 322 (bm); tawao, elmer 20827 (bm, l,k) ; sandakan, 1959] alston & holttum : notes on lygodium 19 elmer 20198 (bm,l,k); kalimantan: w. koetai, in swamp, posthumus 2094 (l); w. koetai, moeara, andjaloeng, endert 2057 (bo); kombeng, endert 5191 (bo); s. e. borneo, hubert winkler 2722 (bm,k,l); tanah bumbu, batoelitjin, van slooten 2145 (l); samarinda, rutten 40 (bo). talaud is.: p. karakelang, 60 m, lam 25u (l,bo). lygodium longifolium (willd.) sw. synonyms: hydroglossum. longifolium willd. 1802 — l. digitatum presl 1825 (?) — l. teysmannii v.a.v.r., bull. dep. agr. ind. neerl. 18 (1908) 5; handb. mai. ferns (1908) 111, 801; suppl. (1917) 115. — l. circinnatum var. cristatum v.a.v.r., i.e. — l. derivatwm v.a.v.r., bull, jard. bot. btzg iii, 5 (1922) 213. willdenow described hydroglosswm longifolium from a fertile specimen collected on the malabar coast of southern india. he published a figure, which was obviously prepared from part of the type specimen (now at berlin), of which we have seen a photograph. this specimen shows a tendency to a pinnate condition of branching of the secondary branchsystems, which is a feature of a malaysian species usually called l. digitatum pr. (see holttum, ferns mai. 55,1954). the two characters however which most clearly distinguish this malaysian species are the finely serrate edges of sterile leaflets (such leaflets are absent from willdenow's specimen) and coarsely, unevenly, warty spores; these characters contrast with the very smooth thickened edges of sterile leaflets and the finely verrucose spores of l. circinnatum (burm.) sw., of which l. longifolium has usually been considered a synonym. through the courtesy of the director of the botanical museum at berlin, spores of willdenow's type have been made available for inspection, and they prove identical with those of the malaysian ferns usually called l. digitatum; the name l. longifolium should therefore replace l. digitatum for these ferns. a specimen from southern india (now at kew) figured by beddome as l. dichotomum (ferns s. india t.62) agrees with l. longifolium in sterile leaflets and in spores; also in a tendency to pinnate branching of fertile parts of fronds. the latter tendency is more fully developed in some malaysian specimens, and we regard the type of l. derivatum v.a.v.r. as an extreme form of this (the secondary rachis-branches are sub-pinnate, with two alternate tertiary branches, the lower one itself carrying two lateral leaflets; spores unfortunately are young). the type collection of l. digitatum presl was made by haenke in luzon; we have not seen it. presl later cited other specimens (suppl. tent. 2 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. pterid. 100, 1845), including wallich 176 ("penang & singapore") which is certainly l. longifolium, but he appears to have cited also specimens of l. circinnatum. he did not cite cuming all, which is labelled luzon at kew, but is one of the numbers of uncertain origin (see rolfe in kew bull 1908, 119.). the type specimen of l. teysmwnnii v.a.v.r. is at utrecht. in its sterile leaflets it agrees with l. longifolium as regards the toothed edges. the branching is near that of the type of l. derivatum, but less complex. unfortunately the spores are young and do not show distinctive surface features. l. longifolium is not as robust in growth as l. circinnatum, nor so v/idely distributed. it occurs in hainan and in travancore, but apart from these places it is only known in malaysia, chiefly in western malaysia. it surely must occur in the burma-siam-indochina region, but we have seen no specimens, nor any from java and south-eastern malaysia. specimens are as follows: travancore: johnston (k; figured in beddome, ferns s. india t.62). hainan: mcclure 20133 (k) ; tsang wai-tak 346 (k); tsang & fung 672 (k). sumatra: djambi, posthumus 727 (l); pulau pisang, teysmann 1597 (b), 2304 (bo,u, type of l. teysmannii). bangka: bilnnemeijer 2411 (bo,l), 2248 (bo); huitema 32 (bo); berkhout s.n. 29.8.1886 (bo). lingga arch.: bunnemeijer 6808 (bo, type of l. derivatum). riouw arch.: p. papan, biinnemeijer 6478 (l,bo), 7823 (l,bo); p. bintan, bunnemeijer 6132, 6138 (bo,l). malaya. penang & singapore, wallich 176 (k); singapore: kunstler 259 (k); p. ubin, molesivorth allen 2046 (bm) ; nee soon forest, molesworth allen 2551 (bm) ; perak: scortechini (bm); temengoh, ridley 14242 p.p. (k) ; penang: delessert (l); kelantan: nur s. f. 12124 (k); pahang: endau, evans s.n. aug. 1917 (k); malacca: maingay 1821 (l), 3196 (k) ; johore: kluang, holttum s.f. 9363 (k). borneo. n. borneo: burbidge (bm,k) ; sandakan, creagh (k); labuan, motley 138 (k); sarawak: miri, c. hose, may 1894 (bm); lambir, wallace 61 (bm) ; kuching, miss brooke 8068 bm,l); kalimantan: samarinda, rutten 26, (bo) ; e. borneo: rutten 52, 426 (u). celebes: toli2, alston 15620 (bm, a small and doubtful sepecimen). not certainly localized: cuming 417 (k, labelled luzon, but this is uncertain). lygodium circinnatum (burm.) sw. i synonyms: ophioglossum circinnatum burm. 1768.— o. pedatum i burm. 1768. — ugena dichotoma cav. 1801. — u. macrostachya cav. 1801. ] — lygodium heterophyllum presl 1825. — l. basilanicum christ 1907. j 1959] alston & holttum : notes on lygodium 21 burman published o. pedatum and 0. circinnatumin the same book,.' l. pedatum on the page preceding l. circinnatum. the identity of the two was recognized by blume (1828), who gave preference to the name cvrcin~ natum (sometimes printed circinatum, but not so in the original). both names were transferred to the genus lygodium by swartz. recognizing page priority, merrill used the name l. pedatum in preference to l. circinnatum (philip. j. sc. 19, 1921, 336). in his commentary on type specimens of cavanilles (dansk bot. ark. 9, pt.3, 1937) christensen stated that he had not seen the types of ugena dichotoma and u. macrostachya. the excellent illustrations given by cavanilles are however in our opinion sufficient evidence of the identity of these species with l. circinnatum. we have not seen the type of l. heterophyllum pr.; it was reduced to l. circinnatum by prantl in his monograph of 1881. the species l. longifolium (willd.) sw. has often been confused with l. circinnatum; it was reduced to l. circinnatum by prantl in his monograph of 1881. for a note on differences of the sterile leaflets and the spores, see above under l. longifolium. another difference is to be found in the dormant apices of the primary rachis-branches. in l. circinnodum these are broad, and usually sunken in dried specimens (not in living plants), and the hairs on' them are rather sparse, pale, and have no thickened bases. the dormant apex in l. longifolium is more prominent, and has many darker hairs which have swollen bases. lygodium merrillii copel., april 1907. synonyms : l. subaereolatum chr., june 1907. — l. matthewii copel. 1908. l. merrillii was described from fertile specimens from mindoro, l. mattheivii from sterile specimens from mt maquiling, luzon. mr alston saw at paris the type of l. subaereolatum chr. from kwei-chow, and in herb. christensen at the british museum is a sketch and fragment of a specimen from tonkin. in malaysia, the species has been collected several times in the philippines, otherwise only near kuching in sarawak, and in southern sumatra. the plants are large, and strikingly distinct from other species. they appear always to grow in forest, requiring more shade than most species of lygodium, but no special ecological conditions have been reported. malaysian specimens are: philippines. mindoro: mt halcon, 300 m, merrill 6057 (type of l. merrillii; not seen). luzon: mt maquiling, matthew s.n. 5.3.1907, 2 2 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 6.3.1907 (k), elmer 17993 (k); ramos & edano b. s. 29035 (k); ramos b. s. 23444 (bm,k,l) ; sulit p.n.h. 2986 (l); mendoza p.n.h. 17233 (bm,k,l); laguna prov., mabesa f.b. 26122 (k). borneo. sarawak: matang, 2000 ft, matthew s.n. 28.11.1912 (k). sumatra: lebong tandai, benkoelen, near stream in shady forest, brooks 24s (bm). lygodium versteegii chr. 1909. synonym: l. moskowskii brause 1912. brause's species was described from fertile specimens, which do not show the reticulate venation so characteristic of the sterile leaflets; but the branching habit of l. versteegii is so distinctive that we have no doubt that brause's species, showing this habit, should be united to it. the specimens we have seen are all from new guinea. copeland also recorded the species in luzon (philip. j. sc. bot. 6,68, and 11,41), a record copied by van alderwerelt (handb. suppl. 499) and by christensen (ind. suppl. ii, 50), but we have not seen specimens. new guinea specimens seen are as follows: w. new guinea: nord rivier, versteeg 1400 (p, type, bo); doorroan r., 200 m, lam 1386 (bo); bernhard camp, idenburg r., 800 m, brass 13411 (bm,l). n. e. new guinea: ledermann 7075 (bm) ; palmer r., ridge forest, 100 m, brass 7138 (bm,l); morobe distr., sattelberg 4240 ft, clemens 6528 (bm). hal 11-22_page_01 hal 11-22_page_02 hal 11-22_page_03 hal 11-22_page_04 hal 11-22_page_05 hal 11-22_page_06 hal 11-22_page_07 hal 11-22_page_08 hal 11-22_page_09 hal 11-22_page_10 hal 11-22_page_11 hal 11-22_page_12 reinwardtia 2019 18 (2) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 10/e/kpt/2019 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology a b c d 4 3 2 1 5 6 7 8 a b b a c c reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 18 (2): 51 – 133, december 10, 2019 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) eka fatmawati tihurua (morphologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary ruslan bukhori layout liana astuti illustrators wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: dinochloa glabra widjaja & ervianti, spec. nov. a. culm sheath. b. leaves. c. leaf sheath. d. inflorescence (1. floret. 2. palea. 3. lemma. 4. glume (a, b, c). 5. lodicule (a, b, c). 6. anthers. 7. stigma. 8. fruit). from widjaja eaw 8864 (bo), drawing by wahyudi santoso (bo). http://blog.sivitas.lipi.go.id/ekaf001/ the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 18(2): abdul latiff mohamad, universiti kebangsaan malaysia (ukm), bangi, selangor, malaysia andrew powling, school of biological sciences, university of portsmouth, united kingdom barry j. conn, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia hans joachim esser, botanische staatssammlung münchen, germany martin dancak, faculty of science palacky university, czech republic sumitra salam, nambol l. sanoi college, bishnupur, manipur, india wong khoon meng, herbarium singapore, singapore botanic gardens, 1 cluny road, singapore reinwardtia 132 [vol.18 fertile floret and 1 sterile floret. lemma hirsute or glabrous, palea two–keeled, glabrous or hairy margin, lodicules present. distribution. east j ava, south sulawesi, luzon, papua, papua new guinea, alor. habitat. dr y soil, lowland up to 950 m asl. notes. widjaja (1997) has clar ified that bambusa horsfieldii munro (syn. of bambusa cornuta munro) and bambusa microcephala (pilger) holttum has been excluded from the genus bambusa due to its spreading crest on each node (fimbril or patella), the entire lodicules and the ovoid glabrous and not thickened ovary, and they were accommodated in fimbribambusa. 10. fimbribambusa soejatmiae widjaja & ervianti, spec. nov. (fig. 10). type: indonesia, sulawesi, south sulawesi. maros, bantimurung subdistrict, cagar alam karenta, taman nasional bantimurung bulusaraung, widjaja eaw 4 (holo: bo– 1917884); maros, bantimurung subdistrict, patunuang asue village, along the road after biseang labboro bridge, 22 june 2010, ea w 9015 (holo: bo−1917828, iso: bo−1917829, bo−1817830 (bo, k, l). diagnosis. distinguised by scr ambling bamboo, culm with patella/ knee, culm sheath blade deflexed, auricle horn like, stiff, glabrous; leaf sheath auricle horn–like, stiff with long bristle. culm scrambling. culm with patella/knee in nodes, 3–5 mm long. branches one lateral dominant branches with smaller branches. culm sheath glabrous, sheath 16.2–21.8 × 6.8–10.1 cm, apex 1.4–2.1 cm long; auricle horn like, stiff, 2–5 mm high, glabrous; ligules entire, 1–2 mm high, glabrous; blade deflexed, lanceolate, base ovate, 17–19.5 cm long, 2–2.7 cm wide near the base, about 0.5–0.6 cm wide at the junction with the sheath. leaves 5.8–32.5 × 1.2–10.1 cm, glabrous, apex acuminate, base somewhat rounded and briefly constricted to truncate, petiole 2–5 mm long; leaf sheath auricles horn–like, stiff, 3–5 mm high, bristles 2–6 mm long; ligules dentate irregular, 1 mm high without bristles. inflorescence indeterminate, pseudospikelets, 6–7 mm long, 1 fertile floret and 1 steril floret, rachilla 1 mm long, floret 5–6 mm long; glumes 2, mucronate, 2–2.5 mm long; lemma 5–5.5 mm long, hairy, mucronate; palea two–keeled, 5.5–6 mm long, apex bifid, glabrous; lodicules absent; style hairy; anthers yellowish, filament free, 2–3 mm long; stigma 3. habitat. on the rocks, limestone, 20 m asl. etymology: dr . soejatmi dr ansfield is the bamboologist who based at the royal botanical gardens kew, she dedicated her time only on bamboo study of madagascar, malesia, thailand and other part of the world. vernacular name. bambu nana (mar os). specimens examined. south sulawesi. mar os, tompok balang, 27 sept. 1975, soejatmi soenarko 319 (bo); sw peninsula, ne of makassar within 54–60 km on the road, 4 july 1976, meijer 10821 (bo, l, us); maros, bantimurung subdistrict, cagar alam karenta, taman nasional bantimurung bulusaraung, widjaja eaw 4 (bo); maros, bantimurung subdistrict, patunuang asue village, along the road after biseang labboro bridge, 22 june 2010, widjaja eaw 9015 (bo, k, l). acknowledgements we would like to thank the director and keeper of the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for allowing us to use the herbarium specimens and conduct the study at the herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, lipi, cibinong, bogor. sincerely thanks are due to all the staff members at the herbarium bogoriense for helping during the collection as well as to get more specimens collected in sulawesi. sincerely thanks go to prof. dr. mien a. rifai for his critical comments during his review. references dransfield, s. 1981. the genus dinochloa (graminae – bambusoidea) in sabah. kew bulletin 36(3): 613–633. dransfield, s. & wong, k. m. 1996. temburongia, a new genus of bamboo (graminae–bambusoideae) from brunei. sandakania 7: 49–57. ervianti, d., widjaja, e. a. & sedayu, a. 2019. bamboo diversity of sulawesi, indonesia. biodiversitas 20(1): 91–109. vorontsova, m. s, clark, l. g, dransfield, j., govaerts, r., & baker, w. j. 2016. world checklist of bamboos and rattans. inbar – international network for bamboo and rattan & the board of trustees of the royal botanic gardens, kew. widjaja, e. a. 1997. new taxa in indonesian bamboo. reinwardtia 11(2): 57–152. distribution. south sulawesi. reinwardtia vol 18 no 2, pp: 133 133 widjaja, e. a. 2019. book review the spectacular indonesian bamboos. design and printing polagrade, isbn 978-602-52326-0-2. soft cover. pp. 188, illustrated in full colour. available from eawidjaja3003@gmail.com. price $55. bamboo is one of the most important natural resources of the tropics, and because of its wide distribution, availability, rapid growth, easy handling and desirable properties, it has been used widely in daily life of local communities as a locally sustainable resource. in indonesia that is certainly the case. this book is the first account of bamboos in indonesia describing various aspects of bamboos, except for classification. the author provides a brief history of indonesian bamboos in scientific literature, from rumphius (1654) to the present day. elizabeth a. widjaja has been working on the bamboo taxonomy for the last 43 years, publishing many papers including the description of new genera and species occurring in indonesia. the uses of bamboos are described in great detail, from bamboo knives to cut umbilical cords to building materials and food (bamboo shoots), all illustrated with beautiful and informative colour pictures (taken by the author and various other people). when the author started working in the herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia, there were 60 species of bamboos recorded as occurring in indonesia, but now there are 176 species, found growing wild or cultivated or introduced. indonesia is a big country and bamboo exploration by the author covers about 80% of the land area. these 176 species are presented in a most informative table (14 pages), covering botanical names, growing wild or introduced or in cultivation, endemism, distribution, vernacular names (local and international), and synonyms. there are 105 species recorded to be endemic. among 176 species, 15 species which are the most important bamboos in indonesia, are described and illustrated in colour pictures and a dot distribution maps. each of these 15 species is presented with vernacular names, a description, uses and colour pictures of the habit, culms, culm sheaths, young shoots which will allow anyone to be able to recognise the species in the field. bamboo properties of selected species and guidelines culm preservation have been compiled and are discussed extensively. tables of shoots, nutrition value, moisture content, specific gravity, tensile strength, modulus elasticity and rupture, compression strength, chemical properties, fibre characters, of selected species are presented very informatively. the author hopes that the book will be useful for researchers and for reviving existing action plans of the development of sustainable and potentially highly profitable bamboo industries. the author also points out that indonesia is rich in bamboo species that have not been completely explored. a full knowledge of indonesian bamboos would and could help to contribute to the as yet incomplete classification of bamboos in general. the most valuable bibliography contains over 200 titles. the book is full of information and is recommended for anyone who is interested in bamboos. the author is to be congratulated on this beautiful and valuable volume. s o e j a t m i d r a n s f i e l d . r o y a l b o t a n i c gardens, kew, richmond, surrey, tw9 3ae, uk. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. a merican j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings : temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional. pp. 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t., inoue, t., kohyama, t., osaki, m., simbolon, h., tachibana, h., takahashi, h., tanaka, n., yabe, k. (eds.). proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. (eds.). genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 18. no. 2. 2019 contents ina erlinawati, ni putu sri asih, agung kurniawan & yuzammi. studies on the araceae of the lesser sunda islands ii: new record for scindapsus hederaceus miq. in bali ….……………………..…...………….. 51 rismita sari, miftahul huda, ratna susandarini & inggit puji astuti. rafflesia hasseltii suringar (rafflesiaceae): a new record to kalimantan, indonesia ……...…………………….………….…...…......... 65 romita devi ngangbam, naorem premita devi, maibam haripriya devi & p. k. singh. rediscovery of a ldrovanda vesiculosa l. (droseraceae), an endangered plant, from manipur in india after six decades, with studies on micromorphology and physico-chemistry of water ………..….………………………...…................. 71 mohd norfaizal ghazalli, amin asyraf tamizi, muhamad ikhwanuddin mat esa, edward entalai besi, dome nikong, anuar rasyidi mohd nordin & ahmad zaki zaini. the systematic significance of leaf epidermal micromorphology of ten nepenthes species (nepenthaceae) from peninsular malaysia ………………………………………………………………………………..………………...……….……. 81 roderick w. bouman, paul j. a. keßler & peter c. van welzen. lectotypification and amended description of phyllanthus (phyllanthaceae) species described by koorders from sulawesi, indonesia ..……….......... 97 sanatombi devi yumkham, naorem premita devi, sandhyarani devi khomdram & mayanglambam roma devi. trichodesma kumareum (boraginaceae), a new species from north east india …………..…………………………………………………...……………..………..................................................... 105 dita ervianti, elizabeth a. widjaja & agung sedayu. new species of climbing and scrambling bamboo from sulawesi, indonesia ..…………………………………………………………………...….…….......... 115 soejatmi dransfield. book review: the spectacular indonesian bamboos ………………………..….…. 133 reinwardtia is an accredited journal (10/e/kpt/2019) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 73 − 78 73 the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam received december 28, 2013; accepted june 3, 2014 nurul hazlina zaini environmental and life sciences programme, faculty of science, universiti brunei darussalam, jln. tungku link, be 1410, brunei darussalam. rahayu sukmaria sukri environmental and life sciences programme, faculty of science, universiti brunei darussalam, jln. tungku link, be 1410, brunei darussalam. e-mail: rahayu.sukri@ubd.edu.bn abstract zaini, n. h. & sukri, r. s. 2014. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam. reinwardtia 14(1): 73 – 78. ― herbaceous plants are important components of total plant species richness in tropical forests. ground herb diversity and abundance were studied in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest (andulau) and a heath forest (bukit sawat) in brunei darussalam, borneo. at each site, all ground herbs in twenty randomly selected 10 × 10 m subplots within a one hectare permanent plot were censused and identified. the study recorded a total of 20 families and 32 genera of ground herbs, with the family zingiberaceae as the most abundant at both sites. thirteen genera were recorded only at andulau and 7 genera were exclusive to bukit sawat, with twelve genera common to both sites. ground herb species richness appear higher at andulau than bukit sawat (37 vs. 29), but this difference was not statistically significant at the subplot level. however, ground herb abundance and density were significantly higher at bukit sawat than andulau (n = 846 vs. 385; 4230 vs. 1925 individuals ha -1 ). the more open canopy at bukit sawat may provide higher light availability here than at andulau, which is characterised by a closed canopy. we suggest that light availability is the most important environmental factor influencing ground herb density and abundance at these sites. keywords: borneo, tropical forests, species richness, zingiberaceae, light availability. abstrak zaini, n. h. & sukri, r. s. 2014. keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan tumbuhan herba di lantai hutan dipterokarpa dataran rendah dan hutan kerangas di brunei darussalam. reinwardtia 14(1): 73 – 78. ― tumbuhan herba penting sebagai penyusun komponen dari keseluruhan kelimpahan jenis hutan tropis. keanekaragaman tumbuhan herba di lantai hutan dipterokarpa dataran rendah (andulau) dan hutan kerangas (bukit sawat) di brunei darussalam, borneo telah dipelajari. pada tiap lokasi, semua tumbuhan herba yang terdapat pada 20 subplot berukuran 10 × 10 m pada plot permanen 1 ha didata serta diidentifikasi. hasil studi menunjukkan terdapat 20 suku dan 32 marga tumbuhan herba, tercatat zingiberaceae sebagai suku paling melimpah. tiga belas marga hanya terdapat di andulau dan tujuh marga hanya terdapat di bukit sawat, dengan dua belas marga terdapat di kedua lokasi. kelimpahan jenis tumbuhan herba lebih tinggi di andulau daripada di bukit sawat (37 vs. 29), tetapi perbedaan tersebut tidak nyata pada tingkat subplot. perbedaan nyata terdapat pada kelimpahan jenis serta kerapatan tumbuhan herba di bukit sawat yang lebih tinggi daripada andulau (n = 846 vs. 385; 4230 vs. 1925 jenis ha -1 ). makin terbukanya kanopi di bukit sawat menyebabkan ketersediaan cahaya lebih tinggi daripada di andulau. dari hasil studi diketahui bahwa ketersediaan cahaya adalah faktor lingkungan yang paling penting yang mempengaruhi kerapatan dan kelimpahan jenis tumbuhan herba. kata kunci: borneo, hutan tropis, kekayaan jenis, zingiberaceae, ketersediaan cahaya. introduction there is an increasing realization that herb diversity contributes significantly to total plant species diversity in a tropical forest (gentry & dodson, 1987; costa, 2004). for example, the understorey of neotropical forests are typically species rich, with herbaceous plants accounting for 21 to 47% of total plant species (croat, 1978; gentry & dodson, 1987; costa, 2004). herbaceous plants are known to represent 8 to 29% of total plant species richness in moist to wet forests, 53% in dry forests and up to 6% in forests on white sandy soils (hall & swaine, 1976; reinwardtia 74 [vol.14 whitmore et al., 1984; gentry & dodson, 1987; gentry & emmons, 1987). despite this, studies of herb diversity in aseasonal southeast asian tropical rain forests remain few in comparison to studies on tree diversity. we studied ground herbs at two contrasting lowland forests in brunei darussalam. throughout our work, we have adopted the ground herb definition by poulsen & balslev (1991) in which ground herbs are defined as herbaceous plants that are rooted on the forest floor. although this definition typically includes those of facultative terrestrial species such as juvenile and fallen epiphytes, and climbers, we have chosen to focus on ground herbs which are completely rooted on the forest floor, hence excluding epiphytes and climbers. however, we included as ground herbs, climbers that were recorded at ground level. our aim was to compare ground herb diversity between a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest (mdf) and a heath forest (hf) in brunei darussalam. specifically, we asked the question: is there a difference in the diversity, density and abundance of ground herbs between these two forest types? method study sites the study sites were located within a lowland mdf at the andulau forest reserve, located about 4 km southwest of sungai liang (4 o 39’ 26”n, 114 o 30’ 57”e) and a hf at the bukit sawat forest reserve, located about 11 km south of sungai liang (4 o 34’ 37”n, 114 o 30’ 11”e; see n. h. zaini, 2013). field work was conducted within two 0.96 ha permanent forest plots belonging to universiti brunei darussalam (davies & becker, 1996) in the belait district. the two sites differ in their topography, with a mainly flat terrain at bukit sawat and a more gently undulating topography at andulau (davies & becker, 1996). within each 0.96 ha plot, twenty 10 × 10 m subplots were randomly selected for census of ground herbs, amounting to a total sampling area of 0.2 ha at each study site. the andulau subplots has an elevational range of 54 to 89 m above sea level (asl) while those at bukit sawat were at 25 to 60 m asl. census of ground herbs all ground herbs within the 20 selected subplots at each study sites were tagged and their coordinates recorded. voucher specimens of censused ground herbs at both sites were collected and identified at the brunei national herbarium (brun). in addition, several specimens were identified at the sandakan herbarium (san) of the sabah forest research centre. where possible, specimens were identified to species level, or otherwise grouped to morphospecies. photographic records were also taken for each of the ground herb censused. statistical analysis the diversity of ground herbs between andulau and bukit sawat was determined using the inverse simpson’s index (ds). the inverse simpson’s index was used as it takes into account the number of species present and the abundance of each species (magurran, 2004), with a larger ds value indicating higher diversity. we calculated species richness as the number of species recorded in each subplot, abundance as the total number of ground herb individuals per subplot, and density as the number of individuals per hectare. differences in diversity, species richness, abundance and density between the two sites were calculated using student’s t-test. all statistical analyses were conducted using r 2.15.2 (r development core team, 2012). results differences in species richness, species diversity, density and abundance of ground herbs a total of 20 families were recorded from both the andulau and bukit sawat sites. fifteen families were recorded in andulau and 13 families at bukit sawat (table 1). the total number of genera recorded were higher in andulau (n = 25) than at bukit sawat (n = 19). similarly, total species richness of ground herbs was higher at andulau (n = 37) than at bukit sawat (n = 29). however, this apparent between-site difference in species richness was not significant at the subplot level (t = − 0.166, p = 0.869). despite the higher number of genera and species recorded at andulau than bukit sawat, ground herb abundance was significantly higher at bukit sawat subplots than the andulau subplots (n = 846 vs. 385; p < 0.006). the density of ground herbs (number individuals per ha) were significantly lower in andulau (1925 individuals ha -1 ) than at bukit sawat (4245 individuals ha -1 ; p < 0.006). the most abundant family at both sites was zingiberaceae which recorded a total of 119 and 298 individuals at andulau and bukit sawat respectively (table 2). other abundant families 2014] 75 zaini & sukri: the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in brunei darussalam include araceae (andulau = 67; bukit sawat = 169), orchidaceae (andulau = 28; bukit sawat = 121) and pandanaceae (andulau = 65; bukit sawat = 82). for these four abundant families, as well as for lindsaeaceae, myrsinaceae and woodsiaceae, bukit sawat consistently showed higher abundance of individuals than andulau. in contrast, the family vitaceae showed a higher abundance at andulau (n = 67) compared to bukit sawat (n = 14). we recorded a total of 32 genera at both sites, with the highest number of genera shown by araceae (n = 5), zingiberaceae (n = 4) and orchidaceae (n = 3; table 2). the most abundant genus at andulau was pandanus (family pandanaceae; n = 62) followed by pterisanthes (family vitaceae; n = 56), and scindapsus (family araceae; 49 individuals; see table 2). three genera at andulau were represented by a single individual each: amydrium (family araceae), huperzia (family lycopodiaceae) and selaginella (family selaginellaceae). the most abundant genus at bukit sawat was boesenbergia (family zingiberaceae; n = 289) followed by scindapsus (family araceae; n = 162) and pandanus (family pandanaceae; n = 64). two genera at bukit sawat were represented by a single individual each: dischidia (family apocynaceae) and curculigo (family hypoxidaceae). a total of thirteen genera were found only at andulau, seven only at bukit sawat and twelve were present at both sites (fig. 1). families that were recorded at both sites include araceae, lindsaeaceae, myrsinaceae, orchidaceae, pandanaceae, vitaceae, woodsiaceae and zingiberaceae. seven families were exclusive to andulau (araliaceae, blechnaceae, cyatheaceae, lycopodiaceae, melastomataceae, selaginellaceae and tectariaceae) while five families were only found at bukit sawat (apocynaceae, hypoxidaceae, nepenthaceae, rubiaceae and schizaeceae). discussion despite a lack of significant difference in ground herb species richness and diversity at the subplot level between andulau and bukit sawat, there was a significant difference in ground herb abundance and density, both of which were higher at the hf subplots in bukit sawat than in the lowland mdf subplots at andulau. we suggest that the non-significant differences in species richness and diversity may be partly due to the small sampling area of 0.2 ha at each forest site. small sample sizes can underestimate species diversity estimations and affect species distribution model predictions (wisz et al., 2008). additionally, some ground herbs censused in this study were identified only to morphospecies, and so the total number of species at each site presented here may be an underestimate of the actual species richness. the high abundance of zingiberaceae at both andulau and bukit sawat is consistent with findings of poulsen (1996) at a 1-ha lowland mdf plot at kuala belalong, which also recorded zingiberaceae as the most abundant family there. the brunei checklist records 13 genera of zingiberaceae (coode et al., 1996), while a survey of the heath forests at nabawan, sabah have recorded 10 of the bornean zingiberaceae genera (nabawan project, 1996). globally, the highest diversity of zingiberaceae is in southeast asia, table 1. ground herbs abundance, density and diversity (inverse simpson’s index) for lowland mixed dipterocarp forest at andulau and heath forest at bukit sawat in belait district. at each site, a total of twenty 10 × 10 m subplots were randomly selected and sampled for all ground herbs. all values are means (with standard error) with the exception of total area sampled and total number of family which are displayed as the total number. andulau bukit sawat total area sampled (ha) 0.2 0.2 total number of family 15 13 total number of genera 5.9 ± 0.4 5.8 ± 0.4 ns species richness (total number of species) 6.4 ± 0.4 6.5 ± 0.4 ns abundance (total number of individuals) 19.3 ± 2.5 42.5 ± 7.1** density (number of individuals ha -1 ) 1925 ± 251.0 4245 ± 707.4** inverse simpson’s index 1.60 ± 0.18 1.45 ± 0.10 ns ** significant at p < 0.05; ns = not significant at p > 0.05 reinwardtia 76 [vol.14 with borneo alone recording 19 genera, 4 of which are endemic to borneo (lamb et al., 2013). the species richness of zingiberaceae was higher in andulau than at bukit sawat, however zingiberaceae abundance was higher at bukit sawat. this was similarly recorded by gobilik (2008) in upland heath forest in serudong, southern sabah, where the diversity of zingiberaceae was lower. additionally, higher zingiberaceae density and abundance were linked with environmental variables of light and precipitation as open, wet and humid conditions provide better environment for growth of zingiberaceae (poulsen, 2006). canopy openness appear to be greater at bukit sawat than andulau. this may potentially explain why there was a higher abundance of zingiberaceae at bukit sawat, with boesenbergia alone comprising 289 individuals. in contrast, andulau has a lower total number of individuals (n = 119) for zingiberaceae family. differences in light availability may result from differences in the canopy structure (rich et al., 1993), and the two forest sites in the present study have been shown to exhibit significant differences in canopy structure (hassan, 2012). higher photosynthetically active radiation (par) was also recorded in the bukit sawat plots than at andulau (zaini, 2013). this in turn may affect the reflection and transmission of light to the forest floor, thereby influencing the growth of ground herbs under the canopy (poulsen and pendry, 1995). differences in light intensity can also affect seed germination under the closed canopy environment (smith, 1987). additionally, the density and abundance of many ground herbs could be influenced by forest gaps, as their reproduction and growth may depend on these gaps (smith, 1987). conclusion ground herbs diversity was not significantly different between the lowland mixed dipterocarp forest at andulau and the heath forest at bukit sawat, although their density and abundance were significantly higher at bukit sawat than andulau. light variablility may potentially be an influential factor for any differences in the diversity, density and abundance of ground herbs between the two forest types in this study. however, an increased sampling of ground herbs coupled with a quantitative measurement of the light environment is needed to elucidate these effects. fig. 1. venn-diagram to illustrate the distirbution of ground herbs, represented by genera, recorded at andulau and bukit sawat in the belait district. the codes for each genus and their definitions are listed in table 2. 2014] 77 zaini & sukri: the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in brunei darussalam table 2. population attributes of ground herbs in twenty 10 × 10 m subplots located in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest at andulau and bukit sawat respectively. families are arranged in alphabetical order. no. family genus site presence abundance genus code andulau sawat 1 apocynaceae dischidia sawat 0 1 disch 2 araceae alocasia both 8 7 alo amydrium andulau 1 0 amy anadendrum andulau 7 0 ana homalomena andulau 2 0 homa scindapsus both 49 162 scin 3 araliaceae schefflera andulau 2 0 schf 4 blechnaceae blechnum andulau 11 0 blech 5 cyatheaceae cyathea andulau 2 0 cya 6 hypoxidaceae curculigo sawat 0 2 cur 7 lindsaeaceae asplenium andulau 2 0 asp lindsaea sawat 0 33 lind 8 lycopodiaceae huperzia andulau 1 0 huper 9 melastomataceae ochthocharis andulau 4 0 ocht 10 myrsinaceae labisia both 2 7 lab 11 nepenthaceae nepenthes sawat 0 11 nep 12 orchidaceae bromheadia both 19 59 brom claderia both 9 59 clad malaxis sawat 0 3 max 13 pandanaceae freycinetia both 3 18 frey pandanus both 62 64 pand 14 selaginellaceae selaginella andulau 1 0 sela 15 rubiaceae psychotria sawat 0 55 psych 16 schizaeceae schizaea sawat 0 39 schi 17 tectariaceae tectaria andulau 10 0 tect 18 vitaceae ampelocissus both 11 11 amp pterisanthes both 56 3 pte 19 woodsiaceae diplazium both 4 14 dip 20 zingiberaceae alpinia andulau 24 0 alp boesenbergia both 16 289 boesen globba andulau 42 0 glob plagiostachys both 37 9 plag acknowledgements we would like to thank the brunei forestry department, ministry of industry and primary resources (mipr) for permission to conduct research at the andulau and bukit sawat forest reserves, and the biodiversity research and innovation centre, mipr for permission to export specimens to san herbarium. we are grateful to staff of brun herbarium (awg. joffre haji ali ahmad, awg. ariffin kalat, awg. watu awok and awg. azlan pandai) and san herbarium (dr. joan pereira, mr. john sugau and mr. jemson) for their invaluable assistance in the identification of our voucher specimens. we also thank dr faizah hj metali, and technical staff of the environmental and life sciences programme for assistance with laboratory work. references coode, m. j. e., dransfield, j., forman, l. l., kirkup, d. w. & said, i. m. 1996. a checklist of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of brunei darussalam. ministry of industry and primary resources, brunei. costa, f. r. c. 2004. structure and composition of the ground-herb community in a terra-firme central amazonian forest. acta amz. 34: 53–59. croat, t. b. 1978. flora of barro colorado island. stanford university press, stanford. davies, s. j. & becker, p. 1996. floristic composition and stand structure of mixed dipterocarp and heath forests in brunei darussalam. journal of tropical forest science. 8(4): 542–569. gentry, a. & dodson, c. 1987. contribution of non-trees to the species richness of a tropical rain reinwardtia 78 [vol.14 forest. biotropica. 19: 149–156. gentry, a. h., & emmons, l. h. 1987. geographical variation in fertility, phenology and composition of understorey of neotropical forests. biotropica. 19: 216–227. hall, j. n. & swaine, m. d. 1976. classification and ecology of closed-canopy forest in ghana. journal of ecology. 64: 913–951. hassan, s. h. j. n. 2012. a comparison of forest structure and tree characteristics in heath and mixed dipterocarp forests. universiti brunei darussalam. (bsc student thesis). lamb, a., gobilik, j., ardiyani, m., & poulsen, a. d. 2013. a guide to gingers of borneo. natural history publications borneo, sabah. magurran, a. e. 2004. measuring biological diversity. blackwell science ltd, blackwell publishing, uk. nabawan project. 1996. sabah biodiversity conservation project – identification of potential protected areas. ministry of culture, environment and tourism. poulsen, a. d. & balslev, h. 1991. abundance and cover of ground herbs in an amazonian rain forest. journal of vegetation science. 2: 315–322. poulsen, a. d. & pendry, c. a. 1995. inventories of ground herbs at three altitudes on bukit belalong, brunei, borneo. biodiversity and conservation. 4: 745–757. poulsen, a. d. 1996. species richness and density of ground herbs within a plot of lowland rainforest in north-west borneo. journal of tropical ecology. 12: 177–190. poulsen, a. d. 2006. etlingera of borneo. natural history publications, kota kinabalu, borneo. r core team. 2012. r: a language and environment for statistical computing. r foundation for statistical computing, vienna, austria. url http:// www.r-project.org. rich, p. m., clark, d. b., clark, d. a. & obebauer, s.f., 1993. long term study of solar radiation regimes in a tropical wet forest using quantum sensors and hemispherical photography. agricultural and forest meteorology. 65: 107–127. smith, a. p. 1987. respustas de hierbas del sotobosque tropical a claros ocasiondos por la caida de arboles. revista de biologia tropical 35 (supl. 1): 111–118. whitmore, t. c. 1984. tropical rain forests of the far east. clarendon press, oxford, uk. wisz, m. s., hijmans, r. j., li, j., peterson, a. t., graham, c. h., guisan, a., & necas. 2008. effects of sample size on the performance of species distribution models. diversity and distributions. 14: 763–73. zaini, n. h. 2013. ground herb diversity and species richness in heath and mixed dipterocarp forest in brunei. universiti brunei darussalam. (bsc student thesis). http://www.r-project.org http://www.r-project.org instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 397-573-1-sm belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(2) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(2): 129-204.22 november 2004 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 2, pp: 191 – 193 the correct name for pyrrosia hastata ching (polypodiaceae, pteridophyta) j.f. veldkamp nationaal herbarium nederland, universiteit leiden branch, p.o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl abstract veldkamp, j.f. 2004. the correct name for pyrrosia hastate ching (polypodiaceae, pteridophyta). reinwardtia 12 (2): 191 -193. pyrrosia hastata ching (polypodiaceae, pteridophyta) is based on acrostichum hastatum thunb. (1784) non houtt. (1783). its correct name is p. tricuspis (sw.) tagawa. key words: acrostichum hastatum, pyrrosia tricuspis, polypodiaceae, houttuyn, thunberg abstrak veldkamp, j.f. 2004. nama yang benar untuk pyrrosia hastate ching (polypodiaceae, pteridophyta). reinwardtia 12 (2): 191 – 193. pyrrosia hastata ching (polypodiaceae, pteridophyta) didasarkan pada acrostichum hastatum thunb. (1784) non houtt. (1783). nama yang benar adalah p. tricuspis (sw.) tagawa. kata kunci: acrostichum hastatum, pyrrosia tricuspis, polypodiaceae, houttuyn, thunberg pyrrosia hastata ching (polypodiaceae, pteridophyta), from china (anhui), japan and s korea is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental (hoshikazi, 1981) called felt fern. its correct name is therefore of some interest to taxonomy, horticulture, and conservation. the species was first collected in japan by carl pehr thunberg (1743–1828), who sent it to martinus houttuyn (1720–1798) in amsterdam, along with numerous other duplicates of his collectionsmade in the cape, ceylon, java, and japan. houttuyn was a dutch naturalist who published the 'natuurlijke historie' (1773–1783), a series of 37 volumes with over 21.500 pages of text in dutch, distantly related to the 12th and 13th editions of linnaeus' systema vegetabilium (1767, 1770) (wijnands, heniger & veldkamp, in prep.). some of the names with which thunberg had labeled his collections were used in this opus magnum and have priority over those used later by thunberg in murray (may–jun 1784) and the flora japonica (aug 1784). this fact was noted before, notably by merrill (1938), but overlooked by others, and the present case is one of these. acrostichum hastatum thunb. ex houtt. was described and depicted by houttuyn in 1783, and a type specimen is present in g. the name was used again by thunberg in murray and the flora japonica, and in the latter it is provided with plate 34. some authors have suggested that olaf swartz (1760–1818) might have seen the original specimen in ups, but presently it could not be found in ups-thunb. (wijnands, heniger & veldkamp, in preparation). as the type specimen is missing, plate 34 in the flora japonica (1784) is here designated as the lectotype of thunberg's combination. because these combinations were based on different specimens deposited in different places, acrostichum hastatum thunb. is a later, heterotypic, synonymous homonym, as was previously noted by tagawa (1957). (compare art.8.ex.5). the names are not isonyms, as these are homotypic (art.6.ex.2). it must be noted that art. 33.6 does not apply. example 10 (see also art. 6. ex. 1) at first sight appears to be similar to the present problem, but note the words ‘with the same type’. from art. 8.3 (footnote!) it is clear that the houttuyn and thunberg specimens (although quite possibly parts of the same gathering) can at most be regarded as ‘duplicates’ or ‘isotypes’ and not as parts of the same type (compare art. 8. ex. 2, 4, and especially 5). swartz (1801; 1806) was not aware of all this, but as there already was a polypodium hastatum thunb., he made the new combination polypodium tricuspe sw. when he transferred thunberg's species to polypodium. this epithet then is the oldest valid one in the synonymy of acrostichum hastatum thunb. non houtt. 191 192 reinwardtia [vol.12 plate 1 ⎯ holotype of acrostichum hastatum houtt. note sample’s of houttuyn’s writing. the label with the spidery letters is by thunberg. by courtesy of the herbarium genavense other synonyms mentioned by hovenkamp are listed in chronological order as follows: niphobolus hastatus kunze, bot. zeit. 6 (1848) 505. ⎯ houttuyn (ed. panzer, 1786), thunberg, and swartz were cited. the combination therefore is legitimate: niphobolus hastatus (thunb. ex houtt.) kunze. polycampium hastatum c. presl, epimel. bot. (1849) 137. ⎯same as preceding: polycampium hastatum (thunb. ex houtt.) c. presl. cyclophorus tricuspis desv. ex t. moore, index fil. (1861) 276. ⎯cited as a synonym of niphobolus hastatus and therefore invalid. niphobolus tricuspis j. sm., hist. fil. (1875) 98. ⎯smith refered to '(thumb.)', so presumably was intended for polypodium tricuspe sw. and so is to be cited as niphobolus tricuspis (sw.) j. sm. cyclophorus hastatus c. chr., index fil. (1906) 199. ⎯thunberg and swartz are cited, but not houttuyn. this is therefore a validation of the epithet sensu thunberg, but the combination is superfluous, as 'tricuspis' is the epithet that should have been used. the citation should be without bracketed authorship as new combinations cannot be based on illegitimate names. pyrrosia hastata ching, bull. chin. bot. soc. 1 (1935) 48. ⎯ this was cited as '(thunb. ex houtt.)' by hovenkamp. however, ching only referred to thunberg, and the combination is superfluous, similar to the preceding one. what is acrostichum hastatum houtt. to be called when regarded as a species of pyrrosia? pyrrosia hastata ching is heterotypic and it is not allowed to merely change the reference to the basionym, i.e. from pyrrosia hastata ching to p. hastata (thunb. ex houtt.) ching. in fact, p. hastata (thunb. ex houtt.) ching ex hovenkamp is an illegitimate later homonym. therefore p. tricuspis (sw.) tagawa is the correct name. acknowledgments i wish to thank the herbarium genavense for providing the plate and allowing me to use it. references ching, r.c. 1935. on the genus pyrrosia mirbel from the mainland of asia, including japan and formosa. bull. chin. bot. soc. 1: 48. christensen, c. 1906. index filicum :199. hagerup, copenhagen. hoshikazi, b.j. 1981. the genus pyrrosia in cultivation (polypodiaceae). baileya 21: 61, f. 4. houttuyn, m. 1783. natuurlijke historie of uitvoerige beschrijving der dieren, planten en mineraalen. ii, 12: aanwyzing (1), p. 68, t. 95, f. 2. f. houttuyn, amsterdam. hovenkamp, p.h. 1986. a monograph of the fern genus pyrrosia. :186. brill, leiden. kunze, g. 1848. pterographia japonica. bot. zeit. 6: 505. linnaeus, c. 1767. systema vegetabilium. ed. 12. l. salvius, stockholm. linnaeus, c. 1770. (ed. j.a. murray). systema vegetabilium. ed. 13. j.c. dieterich, göttingen, gotha. merrill, e.d. 1938. a critical consideration of houttuyn's new genera and new species of plants, 1773–1783. j. arnold arbor. 19: 291–375. moore, t. 1861. index filicum. :276. pamplin, london. 2004] veldkamp: correct name for pyrrosia hastata ching 193 tagawa, m. 1957. pyrrosia of japan, korea, and the ryukyu islands. j. jap. bot. 32: 354. panzer, g.w.f. 1786. vollständiges pflanzensystem 13: 79, t. 95, f. 2. g.n. raspe, nürnberg. (n.v.). presl, c. 1849. epimeliae botanicae. :137. haase, prague. thunberg, c.p. (may–jun 1784). in j.a. murray, systema vegetabilium, ed. 14: 928. j.c. dieterich, göttingen. smith, j. 1875. historia filicum. :98. macmillan & co., london. thunberg, c.p. (aug 1784). flora japonica. :331, t. 34. j.g. müller, leipzig. swartz, o. 1801. genera et species filicum. j. bot. (schrader) 2, 1: 21. wijnands, d.o., j. heniger & j.f. veldkamp. houttuyn's herbarium in geneva (in prep.). swartz, o. 1806. synopsis filicum. :30. 'bibliopolii novi academici', kiel. instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034-365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 2. 2004 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. kedrostis medik. (cucurbitaceae) in asia .'. 129 j.f. veldkamp. miscellaneous notes on mainly southeast asian gramineae... 135 pitra akhriadi, hernawati and rusjditamin. a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from sumatra 141 kuswata kartawinata, ismayadi samsoedin, m. heriyanto and j.j. afriastini. a tree species inventory in a one-hectare plot at the batang gadis national park, north sumatra, indonesia .. 145 e.a.p. iskandar & j.f. veldkamp. a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne (gramineae, panicoideae, is.ach.neae) ' 159 johanis p. mogea. four new species pf arenga (palmae) from indonesia 181 j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for pyrrosia hastata ching (polypodiaceae, pteridophyta) ..... 191 tri mulyaningsih & colin ernest ridsdale. an additional species of villaria rolfe {rubiaceae') from the philippines 195 elizabeth a. widjaja, inggit pudji astuti & ida bagus ketut arinasa. new species of bamboos (poaceae-bambusoideae) from bali 199 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia covd 70-142-1-sm covbel reinwardtia vol. 10, part 4, pp. 473 (1988) a superfluous wrong name for the "langsat" (lansium aqaeum miq.) a.j.g.h. kostermans herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia in the indian forester 100(2): 202. mar. 1974, k.a. salm and s.r.r. bennet published an automatic transfer (without having seen the type material) of melia parasitica osbeck (dagbock ostind. resa 278.1751; ed. german. 1765; ed. angl. 1771) to lansium parasiticum (osb.) salm & bennet, apparently influenced by merril's suggestion (in j. arnold arb. 3:528.1916 and 33: 229.1952), who referred it to lansium domesticum. the author's missed my note {in reinwardtia 7(3): 247.1966) where i, having rediscovered osbeck's type material in stockholm, have referred it to dysoxylum as d. parasiticum (osb.) kosterm. the species is conspecific with dysoxylum caulostachyum miq., a tree common in the northern coastal area of w. java, where osbeck collected the flowers during his visit to batavia (now jakarta). the variety aquaeum (warbled to lansium parasitica var. aeqem) can be discarded. there are moreover mistakes in the quotations of descriptions. 478 10(5) 473 binder cover-100_page_015 new species of dinochloa from central sulawesi reinwardtia vol 12, part 5, pp: 435– 440 435 three new species of dinochloa (poaceae, bambusoideae) with erect culm sheath blades from sulawesi, indonesia received december 7, 2008; accepted december 16, 2008 elizabeth a. widjaja herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research centre for biology – lipi, jl. raya bogor jakarta km 46, cibinong16911, indonesia. email. ewidjaja@indo.net.id abstract widjaja, e.a. 2009. three new species of dinochloa (poaceae, bambusoideae) with erect culm sheath blades from sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 12(5): 435–440. –– dinochloa aopaensis, d. morowaliensis, and d. petasiensis, are described as new. they are characterized by their erect culm sheath blades, but are distincted by a combination of characters of the auricle and ligule of the culm sheath, auricle and ligule of the leaf sheath and the pubescence of the leaf sheath. a key to the species of malesian dinochloa with erect culm sheath blades is presented. keywords: bambusoideae, dinochloa, indonesia, malesia, poaceae, sulawesi. abstrak widjaja, e.a. 2009. tiga jenis baru dinochloa (poaceae, bambusoideae) dengan daun pelepah buluh tegak dari sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 12(5): 435–440. –– dinochloa aopaensis, d. morowaliensis, dan d. petasiensis, dipertelakan sebagai jenis baru. jenis-jenis tersebut dicirikan oleh tegaknya daun pelepah buluh, tetapi dibedakan karena kombinasi ciri kuping dan ligula pelepah buluh, kuping dan ligula daun pelepah buluh dan berbulunya pelepah daun. kunci semua jenis dinochloa di malesia dengan daun pelepah buluh yang tegak disajikan. kata kunci: bambusoideae, dinochloa, indonesia, malesia, poaceae, sulawesi. introduction dinochloa buse is open-tufted climbing bamboo which is confined to south east asia, from andaman islands and southern thailand to malaysia, indonesia and the philippines. out of the 27 species of the south east asian bamboo genus dinochloa (s. dransfield, 1981, 1989, 1992, 1996, 1998, widjaja, 1997, 2004 and s. dransfield & widjaja, 2000, escobin et al., 2005), 8 have erect culm sheath blades. among the recent collections of dinochloa from sulawesi, three more species had these, but differ from the known species. consequently they are described here as new species. the genus has globose or subglobose fleshy fruit with a thin pericarp; the embryo has a large scutellum and a much reduced endosperm, and the plumule and radicle are lateral or sublateral. dinochloa aopaensis widjaja, spec. nov.—fig. 1. species distinctissima auricula effusa glabra, ligula integra glabra, lamina erecta infra disperse pubescenti apice acuminato longe contracto margine serrato latere unico solo. — type: south east sulawesi, kunawe district, pairiala subdistrict, rawa aopa national park, g. tiga cabang, elizabeth a. widjaja eaw 8027 (holotype: bo, isotype: k, l). young culms green and white waxy, 2 cm diam., internodes 25–35 cm long. culm sheath caducous, glabrous, 5.4–6.0 cm long, margin glabrous, membranous; sheath scar glabrous rarely with scattered pale brown hairs; auricle 1–2 mm tall, spreading not deflexed along the sheath apex, glabrous; ligule ca. 1 mm tall, entire; blade erect, broadly ovate, 4.0–5.5 x 0.5–0.9 cm at the base, base cordate, margin overlapping when very young then more or less distant afterward, apex acuminate with a long tapering tip. leaves sheath margin glabrous; auricle small rounded, less than 0.5 mm tall, bristle not seen; ligules ca. 1 mm tall, entire; blades 18–29.7 x 1.7–2.5 cm, margin serrate on one side only; along, lower surface scattered hairy. pseudospikelets 2–2.5 mm long, glumes 2, 1– 1.5 mm long, mucronate, lemma 2.2 mm, acute, glabrous, palea 2 mm long, not keeled, acute, glabrous, young anthers 1 mm, yellowish. distribution. south east sulawesi, kunawe district, pairiala subdistrict, rawa aopa national park, g. tiga cabang. ecology. secondary forest, ca. 400 m asl. reinwardtia [vol.12 436 notes. this species is distinguished from d. cordata s. dransf. and d. truncata widjaja by the spreading culm sheath auricles and the unilaterally serrate leaf margins. only known from the type. c b a d e f g fig. 1. dinochloa aopaensis widjaja. (a. leaf, b. inflorescense, c. culm sheath, d. pseudospikelet, e. glume, f. glume 2, g. lemma and palea. drawn from eaw 8027). dinochloa morowaliensis widjaja, spec. nov.— fig. 2. dinochloa barbata similissima vaginae culmaris auricula deflexa setis multis, sed ligula integra lamina erecta differt. — type: central sulawesi, morowali district, petasia subdistrict, bungin timbe village, about 2—5 km north of kolonodale, elizabeth a. widjaja eaw 7643 (holotype: bo, isotype: l, k) young culms green and white waxy, 2 cm diam., internodes 20–30 cm long. culm sheath caducous, glabrous; sheaths 7.0–8.5 cm long, margin with pale brown hairs especially when young; auricles 3 mm tall, curved outward at the edge and deflexed along the sheath apex to the blade base, with many bristles up to 11 mm long; ligule 1 mm tall, entire; blades erect, broadly ovate, 7.0–7.9 x 0.8–1.2 cm wide at the base, base cordate, apex acuminate with a long tapering tip, slightly swollen in the middle and inflated. leaves sheath margin with pale brown hairs; auricles 2009] widjaja: three new species of dinochloa from sulawesi 437 deflexed, 1–2 mm tall, bristle curled up to 10 mm long; ligule 1–1.5 mm tall, with bristles up to 10 mm long; blades 24–38 x 3.1–4.8 cm, margin serrate; abaxially densely pale brown hairy when young. pseudospikelets ca. 2 mm long, glumes 2, 1.2–1.5 mm long, mucronate, lemma 2 mm long, acute, glabrous, palea 2 mm long, not keeled, acute, glabrous, young anthers 1 mm long, yellowish. distribution. central sulawesi, morowali district, petasia subdistrict, bungin timbe villa ge, about 2–5 km north of kolonodale. ecology. secondary forest, lowland. notes. this species is very similar to d. barbata due to its deflexed auricles with many bristles, however, it differs by its outward culm sheath auricle at both edges, entire ligules and erect blades. it differs from d. albociliata widjaja by its glabrous culm sheath base, sheaths without appressed white to pale brown hairs. only known from the type. b a c d e f g fig.2. dinochloa morowaliensis widjaja. (a. leaves, b. inflorescence, c. culm sheath, d. pseudospikelet, e. glume, f. glume 2, g. lemma and palea. drawn from eaw 7643). reinwardtia [vol.12 438 dinochloa petasiensis widjaja, spec. nov. — fig. 3. dinochloa erecta surculis viridibus alboceraceis, culmi vagina basali pilis dispersis dilute brunneis ad albis usque ad vaginae circatricem, culmi vaginae auriculis deflexis raro setis 1 vel 2 c. 4 mm longis ad extremum unum, foliorum vaginis pilis dilute brunneis juventute glabrescentibus aetate, auriculis parum ad distincte plicatis setis multis longis, ligulis setis multis longis differt. a d. albociliata quoque culmi vaginae basi glabra vel pilis dispersis, vagina sine pilis appressis albis ad dilute brunneis differt. — type: central sulawesi, morowali district, petasia subdistrict, bungin timbe village, about 2–5 km north of kolonodale, elizabeth a. widjaja eaw 7641 (holotype: bo, isotype: l, k) young culms green and white waxy, 2 cm diam., internodes 20–30 cm long. culm sheaths caducous, glabrous, sheath overlapping, the hiding basal sheath with scattered pale brown to white hairs till the scar sheath apex; sheath 7.0–8.5 cm long, margin with pale brown hairs especially when young; auricles ca. 1 mm tall, slightly a c b d e f g fig. 3. dinochloa petasiensis widjaja. (a. leaf, b. inflorescence, c. culm sheath, d. pseudospikelet, e. glume, f. lemma, g. palea. drawn from eaw 7641). 2009] widjaja: three new species of dinochloa from sulawesi 439 deflexed along the sheath apex till the blade base, glabrous or rarely with 1 or 2 bristles 4 mm long at one end; ligule 1 mm tall, entire or irregular serrate with minute hairs to glabrous; blades erect, broadly ovate, overlapping, 4.0–7.5 x 0.5–1.2 cm wide at the base, base cordate, apex acuminate with long tapering tip, slightly swollen in the middle and inflated. leave sheaths with pale brown hairs when young becoming glabrous when older; auricles prominent, slightly deflexed to deflexed, bristles many, curled up to 17 mm long; ligules 1–2 mm tall, with many long bristles up to 14 mm long; blades 23.2–39 x 3.2–5.3 cm, glabrous on both sides. flowering branch about 1 m long, pseudospikelets 3 mm long, glumes less than 1–1.5 mm long, mucronate, lemma 2 mm long, acute, glabrous, palea 2 mm long, not keeled, acute, glabrous to slightly pilose, anthers 1.5 mm long, yellowish, styles 2.5 mm long. distribution. central sulawesi, morowali district, petasia subdistrict, bungin timbe village, about 2–5 km north of kolonodale. ecology. secondary forest, ca. 50 m asl. notes. this species differs from d. erecta widjaja by its green and white waxy shoots, basal culm sheath with scattered pale brown to white hairs till the scar sheath, culm sheath auricle slightly deflexed rarely with 1 or 2 bristles, bristle ca. 4 mm long at one end, leaves sheath with pale brown hairs when young becoming glabrous when older; auricle slightly folded to folded with many bristle and long; leaves ligule with many long bristle. it also differs from d. albociliata by its culm sheath base being glabrous or with scattered hairs, sheath without appressed white to pale brown hairs. only known from the type. key to the sulawesi species of dinochloa with erect culm sheath blades 1. a. culm sheath auricles present………….……… 2 b. culm sheath auricles absent……..…………….9 2. a. culm sheath auricles spreading to deflexed….. 3 b. culm sheath auricles erect………....………… 6 3. a. culm sheath auricles spreading………………… ………………………….. d. aopaensis widjaja b. culm sheath auricles slightly deflexed to deflexed .………………………………………4 4. a. culm sheath base with scattered hairs. auricles slightly deflexed when mature………………….. …………………………..d. petasiensis widjaja b. culm sheath base glabrous. auricles deflexed…. …………………………………………………5 5.a. culm sheath auricles outcurved, bristly……….. ……………………....d. morowaliensis widjaja b. culm sheath auricles not outcurved, glabrous…. ……………………………….d. erecta widjaja 6. a. culm sheath base more or less hairy…....……..7 b. culm sheath base glabrous…………………….8 7. a. sheath of the culm sheath hairy, culm sheath base densely hairy with golden hairs, leaf sheath auricles deflexed………...d. albociliata widjaja b. sheath of the culm sheath glabrous, culm sheath base hairy with light brown hairs, leaf sheath auricles erect… d. acutiflora (munro) s. dransf. 8. a. culm sheath margin hairy, auricles large, more than 5 mm tall, ligule with long bristles, blade inflated…………. d. darvelana s. dransf. b. culm sheath margin glabrous, auricles small, less than 2 mm tall, ligule glabrous, blade not inflated. ..………………...d. cordata s. dransf. 9. a. leaf sheath auricles small, with long bristles.…..d. palawanensis (gamble) s. dransf. b. leaf sheath auricles absent to inconspicuous, glabrous……………………………………… 10 10.a. leaf margin with short appressed hairs, auricles absent……..…... d. scabrida s. dransf. b. leaf margin glabrous, auricles inconspicuous......……………….….d. truncata widjaja acknowledgements firstly i would like to thank to the masarang foundation tomohon for providing a grant that gave me the opportunity to explore g. tiga cabang, rawa aopa national park during an expedition together with mr. theogives lasut when he collected grasses of sulawesi for his doctorate thesis. i sincerely thanks to mr. hamzah who accompanied me in the field. i would like also to thank mr. wahyudi santoso and mrs. anne kusumawaty who made the illustrations of these new species. lastly, i would like also to thank dr. mien a. rifai (bo), dr. j. f. veldkamp (l), and dr. s. dransfield (k) for their criticism in reviewing this paper, also to dr. j.f. veldkamp (l) for providing the latin diagnoses. references dransfield, s. 1981. the genus dinochloa (gramineae-bambusoideae) in sabah. kew bull. 36(3): 613–633. dransfield, s. 1989. a new species of dinochloa (gramineae-bambusoideae) from borneo. kew bull. 44(3): 435–437. dransfield, s. 1992. dinochloa robusta, a new species of bamboo (gramineae-bambusoideae) from sabah and palawan. kew bull. 47(3):402. dransfield, s. 1996. new species of dinochloa (gramineae-bambusoideae) in malesia and notes on the genus. kew bull. 51(1): 103–117. dransfield, s. 1998. notes on bambusa diffusa reinwardtia [vol.12 440 (gramineae-bambusoideae) from luzon, philippines. kew bull. 53(4):875–881. dransfield, s. & widjaja, e.a. 2000. dinochloa matmat, a new bamboo species (poaceae-bambusoideae) from java, indonesia. kew bull. 55: 495– 497. escobin, r.p., pitargue jr., f.c., ramos, m.d.r., maruzzo, m.m. & america, w.m. 2005. identification manual of philippine climbing bamboos. fprdi, college, laguna 4031, philippines. widjaja, e.a. 1997. new taxa in indonesian bamboos. reinwardtia 11(2): 57–152. widjaja, e.a. 2004. new species of bamboos (poaceae-bambusoideae) from bali. reinwardtia 12(2):199–204. received december 7, 2008; accepted december 16, 2008 elizabeth a. widjaja abstrak 170 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 index of scientific names cornus japonica 166. ilex alternifolia 166. ilex cymosa 166. maesa 118, megalotinus 111; mierottnus 111 154; odoratissimus 153. oreinotinus 111. solenotinus 111. twins i l l viburnum 107-166; sect. megalotinus 112; sect. odontotinus 112; sect. thyrsosma 111' 112; sectt i n u s 1 1 2 , s u b s e c t cor'iacea 112; subsect. lutescentia 112; subsect. punctata 112; subsect. sambucina 112; acuminatum 127, 128,165; alternifolium 166; amplificatum 109, 110 150, 151*! arboricolum 153, 155, 1 5 6'. aw'abuki 155; beccarii 108, 109, 120' 121*, 122, 142; buergeri 166; clemensae 109, 157, 158*; colebrookianum 142 144, ! 4 5 ; coriaceum 108, 109, 110, 1 1 5 ' 117', 118, 122, 126, 142, 161; var. longiflorum 117, 120; cornutidens 108, 110, 125, 126; cylindricum 116, 118; elegans 142; floribundum 108, 163, 164; foetidum 160; forbesii 108, 118, 129; var 116; formosanum 161, 164; glaberrimum 108, 110, 122, 125, 126, 127; hasseltii 108, 153, 157; hispidulum 109, 136 137*, 139, 142; inopinatum 130, 133'; integerrimum 129; japonicum 165, 166; junghuhnii 108, 109, 110, 142, 147, 148*, 149, 150,' 152; laxum 161, 163, 164; lepidotulum 128; liukiuense 153, 155, 156; longistamineum 108, 130, 132, 136; lutescens 108, 109, 142, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 161; var. latifolium 143; luzonicum 108, 110, 161, 163; var. apoense 162, 163, 164; var. floribundum 163, 164, 165; var. sinuatum 163, 164, 165; macrophyllum 166; monogynum 142, 143, 145; morrisonense 161; mushaense 161; odoratissimum 108, 110, 126, 127, 152, 154*, 155, 156, 159; pachyphyllum 108, 123; platyphyllum 108, 110, 123, 124*, 126, 127; propinquum 108, 110, 111, 160; punctatum 108, 109, 127, 128; var. acuminatum 128, 129; sambucinum 108, 109, 110, 117, 118, 129, 132, '133, 134, 142, 165; yar. subglabrum 130, 136; var. tomentosum 130, 131*, 132, 134, 136, 161; sinuatum 108, 163, 164; subglabrum 161; sumatranum 108, 130, 132; sundaicum 142, 149; var. latifolium 143; var. macrodon 143; var. microdon 143; taihasense 161; valerianicum 160, 161; vernicosum 108, 109, 139, 140*, 141, 142; villosum 108, 130, 132, 136; zambalense 153, 156, 157; zippelii 108, 165. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 2, pp. 171-189 (1951) the fern-genus pleocnemia presl r. e. holttum* summary 1. the genus pleocnemia presl is redefined and differentiated from tectariacav. and arcypteris underw., the latter genus being very closely related to pleocnemia. 2. the configuration of the perispore proved to be of importance for the characterisation of the .species. in this regard three types are distinguished, perispore forming1 crisped anastomosing wings, perispore consisting of many slender spines, and, an intermediate type, perispore forming many small separate wings. 3. tentatively 15 species are recognized. of these, pleocnemia winitii holttum, p. acuminata holttum, p. pleiotricha holttum, p. presliana holttum, p. dimidiolobata holttum, p. tripinnata holttum, and p. seranensis holttum are described as new, aa well as one variety, p. conjugata var. elatior holttum. 4. the following new combinations are made: p. hemiteliiformis (racib.) holttum (basinym: pleocnemia leuzeana var. hemiteliaeformis racib.), p. olivacea (copel.) holttum (basinym: tectaria olivacea copel.), p. kingii (copel.) holttum (basinym: tectaria kingii copel.), and p. chrysotricha (bak.) holttum (basinym: nephrodium chrysotrichum bak.). 5. reductions to synonymy are: pleocnemia javanica presl to p. conjugata (bl.) presl, and dictyopteris compitalis v. a. v. r. to p. hemiteliiformis (racib.) holtt. this genus, as originally published in 1836, included only one species, pleocnemia leuzeana, based on polypodium leuzeanum gaudichaud (1827), the type of which was collected in the moluccas. presl placed pleocnemia among the polypodioid ferns (without indusia), and his figure clearly shows a naked sorus. but when he examined cuming's philippine collections, he found that some were indusiate, and in his "epimeliae" (p. 50) he placed the genus next after nephrodium, describing two more species. it is not however clear whether presl recognized that some species of pleocnemia could be indusiate and some not. fee, in his "genera filicum," speculated on this point. he remarked on the confusion in the labelling of cuming's specimens (specimens distributed under the same number not always agreeing together), but he evidently considered that indusiate and exindusiate specimens could represent the same species, though perhaps they did not grow on the same plant. *professor of botany, university of malaya, singapore. — 171 — 172 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 beddome accepted as criteria of the genus the venation pattern (costal and costular areoles present, the remaining veins free) and the presence of an indusium, and he included in pleocnemia all ferns of the tectaria (aspidium) alliance which combined these characters. all such ferns lacking indusia he placed in the genus dictyopteris. this was clearly an unnatural arrangement, as it separated species which were closely allied, and each of the two genera included a mixture of very different species. van alderwerelt van rosenburgh followed beddome's scheme. christensen and copeland have included all these ferns, whether indusiate or not, in a large genus tectaria (aspidium of the original "index filicum"). this procedure is defensible, but the genus tectaria in this broad sense is clearly composite. both christensen and copeland have recognized the distinction of the genus heterogonium, a genus which i have attempted to characterize more fully (holttum in sarawak mus. j. 5: 156-166. 1949) ; but it seems to me that pleocnemia, based on its original type species, is a far more distinct group. in my papers on the classification of ferns (see holttum in biological reviews 24: 292. 1949), i have placed pleocnemia in a separate section of the subfamily teetarioideae. the distinguishing features of pleocnemia are as follows: rhizome scales very narrow and usually twisted, margins finely toothed with short horizontal teeth. vascular strands in stipe more numerous than in tectaria, with small accessory strands in addition to a single ring, and additional large strands on the adaxial side also. fronds bipinnate-tripinnatifid, the basal basiscopic pinnules of basal pinnae much enlarged; a tooth present at the base of each sinus between lobes, the tooth pointing out of the plane of the frond. veins anastomosing in costal, sometimes also costular, areoles, the rest free. hairs on upper surface of rachis stiffly erect, not crisped; costae and costules glabrous except for some hairs at bases of costae. glandular hairs, usually yellow (more rarely red), frequently present on the lower surface of costules and veins; paraphyses with large cylindrical yellow glandular terminal cells (sometimes attached to the stalks of sporangia) present in the sori; sori on free or anastomosing veins, round, with or without a reniform indusium. all these characters are shared by the type species of dictyopteris presl (arcypteris underwood), which only differs in its more complex venation and less branched fronds. it would be reasonable to unite pleocnemia and arcypteris, but they seem distinct enough to be readily recognizable, and i am not proposing the union at present. arcypteris also has red glands in all specimens seen by me, whereas yellow glands are usual in pleocnemia. 1951] holttum: the fern-genus pleocnemia 173 the pubescence of rhachis and bases of costae (and the almost glabrous conditions of costae and costules), and the presence of sinus-teeth not in the plane of the frond, are characters found also in pteridrys, and i believe a relationship to pteridrys is likely. but the rhizome scales of pteridrys are quite different, being comparatively short and broad, without the marginal teeth. pleocnemia and arcypteris thus differ from tectaria in scales (figs. 5, 6), in vascular anatomy of stipe (figs. 1-4), in the presence of sinusteeth, in the character of the hairs on rhachises, and in the presence of glandular hairs on veins and paraphyses or sporangia. in christensen's "index filicum," all presl's species of pleocnemia are reduced to one, p. leuzeana, and this treatment has since been customary. when studying the specimens collected in malaya, however, i became convinced that three distinct species were represented, one with indusia and two without. in the singapore herbarium also were a number of specimens from sumatra, borneo, the philippines, new guinea and elsewhere, among which several other distinct species could be recognized. by the courtesy of the keeper of the herbarium at bogor (buitenzorg) 1 have been able also to examine the specimens from that herbarium, which add much to my previous information. i have searched published descriptions for further possible species under tectaria, aspidium, pleocnemia, dictyopteris and other genera. the result is the present account of the genus, which is still not very satisfactory, as available information does not characterize all the species clearly. there may be much difference between small and large fertile fronds of the same species, and one needs to know the plants in the field to be sure how much variation of this kind is possible. plants of shady and more exposed places may differ in the width of leaflets; possibly also plants at different altitudes. herbarium specimens, which always consist of parts of fronds, do not always indicate which parts; and it is not satisfactory to have to compare the upper pinnae of one specimen with the basal pinnae (or part of such) of another. after recognizing (so far as possible) the separation into distinct species of the specimens available, one has to decide which of these species corresponds to the few early descriptions, so that the early names may be correctly assigned; the early descriptions do not always include information about the characters now considered important, so that reference to type specimens is desirable. i have not seen all the types, but by various kinds of evidence (indicated in the text) i hope i have arrived at a reasonable assignment of the early names. reinwardtia 1951] holttum: the fern-genus pleoenemia 175 i have recognized tentatively 15 species, but there may be some duplication. the distinctions between p. hemiteliiformis and p. olivacea, between p. cumingiana, p. chrysotricha and p. porphyrocaulos (none of which are here proposed as new) are rather uncertain. on the other hand, there are fragmentary further specimens which do not clearly fit any of the species here described. there is no doubt that careful collecting in the region from new guinea sastwards and south-eastwards would add further species. whether there are more in the western part of the distribution of the genus seems doubtful, but we still need further information of the field characters of our malay peninsula species. a question raised by rosenstock (in fedde rep. 10: 337) in describing varieties of p. leuzeana from new guinea is the character of the spores, and .this has proved of great importance. i have examined the spores of all specimens which will yield them, and find that there are three types of spore (perhaps with transitions between them), and that the species can be grouped according to their spore characters. some species have a much folded perispore with crisped anastomosing wings; this form is found mainly in western malaysia but it does extend to the philippines. other spores are covered with slender spines; this form is exclusively found in eastern malaysia and the pacific. an intermediate spore form has many small flattened wings; this occurs mainly in the middle and eastern regions of malaysia but has been found in sumatra. it is interesting to note that a similar variation in the form of the perispore is found in such different groups as thelypteris-cyclosorus, lomariopsis and elaphoglossum. one cannot help wondering what its significance may be, and whether the spiny form is to be regarded as primitive or advanced; my own view inclines to the latter. the species of pleoenemia differ also in the abundance of the cylindrical yellow glandular hairs, both on the veins beneath and with the sporangia; such glands seem in some cases to be quite absent. one species from new guinea has red glands, apparently almost spherical and resembling those of arcypteris (p. tripinnata). i am not sure however that presence or absence of glands is a very reliable character upon which to base a distinction between species. two fronds much alike in other ways explanation op figures 1-6 figs. 1-6. — fig. 1, pleoenemia conjugate/. (bl.) presl, transverse section of stipe near base. — fig. 2, arcypteris irregularis (presl) holtt., same. — fig. 3, tectaria ungulata (willd.) c. chr., same. — fig. 4, tectaria multicaudata (wall.) ching, same. — figs. 5 and 6, pleoenemia conjugata (bl.) presl; fig. 5, a single scale; fig. 6, edge of 5, enlarged. 176 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] holttum: the fern-genus pleocnemia may differ strikingly in abundance of glands, and the shrivelled glands on some old fronds are not easy to recognize. other visible characters which vary from species to species are the width of the pinnules, depth of lobing, width of the lobes, teeth on edges of lobes, hairs on edges of lobes, width of sinus and shape of its base, shape of sinus-teeth, extent of anastomosis of veins, contraction or not of fertile pinnules, and position of sori. in comparing these characters in different specimens, one must so far as possible compare the same parts of fronds. the most satisfactory comparison is between the basal pinnules of sub-basal pinnae. the difference between the size, spacing and venation of the lobes of sterile and fertile pinnules is also significant. in the citation of specimens, s indicates the singapore herbarium^ b the bogor herbarium, and b.m. the british museum. key to the species op pleocnemia 1perispore forming continuous crisped anastomosing wings 2. sori indusiate 1. p. conjugata 2. sori not indusiate 3. no glands with sporangia; bases of pinnules not widened 4. fertile pinnule lobes commonly 2.5 mm wide, sparsely fringed with short hairs; sori often confluent; costular areoles several. 2. p. hemiteliiformis 4. fertile pinnules wider, not fringed; sori not confluent; costular areoles' few 3. p. olivacea 3. glands with sporangia present; pinnules conspicuously widened to base, lowest lobes with lobed margins 4. p. winitii 1perispore forming many small separate wings 5. sori indusiate 6. pinnules narrowly acuminate; lobes falcate acute; veins not glandular on lower surface 5. p. acuminata g. pinnules shortly tipped; lobes not acute, veins conspicuously glandular on lower surface 6. p. pleiotricha 5. sori not indusiate 7. pinnules lobed 3/4or more to the costa; sinuses 2—3 mm wide above the base; teeth 1 mm wide, very blunt 7. p. presliana 7. pinnules lobed less than % to costa; sinuses much narrower; teeth much narrower 8. p. leuzeana 1perispore consisting of many slender spines 8. sori not indusiate 9. pinnules lobed about half-way to costa 9. p. dimidiolobata 9. pinnules pinnate at base (at least lower ones) . . . . •. 10. p. tripinnata 8. sori indusiate 10. whole frond 30—35 cm long (excluding stipe) 11. p. kingii 10. whole frond much larger 11. pinnules hardly over 2 cm wide 177 12. fertile lobes crenately toothed; sori quite covering them 12. p. seranensis 12. fertile lobes lobed; sori small, one to each lobe. . 13. p. chrysotricha_ 11. pinnules commonly 2.5—3 cm wide, sometimes wider 13. largest pinnae not bipinnate at base, pinnules usually not over 3.5 cm wide 14. p. cumingiana 13. largest pinnae fully bipinnate at base, pinnules to 5 cm wide at base 15. p. porphyrocaulos 1. p. conjugata (bl.) p r e s l . — f i g . 1, 5-7, 9 aspidiurn conjugatum bl., enum. pl jav. 169. 1828. (bl.) presl, epim. bot. 259. 1849. pleocnemia javanica presl, epim. bot. 50. 1849. pleocnemia leuzeana quoad hook. & bauer, gen. fil. pi. 97 figs. 1, pleocnemia conjugata only. stipes to at least 120 cm long; scales commonly 1 mm wide at base, narrowing upwards, to 4 cm or more long; fronds to at least 120 cm long and 100 cm wide; largest sub-basal pinnae to 70 cm long and 25 cm wide; largest pinnules of such pinnae sessile, 8—13 cm long, 1.8—2.3 cm wide, lobed rather more than half-way to costa; lobes 5—6(—7) mm wide, oblique, with falcate costules, edges toothed towards apex, sinuses very narrow; costules and veins sometimes bearing yellow or orange oblong glands on lower surface; costal areoles present, costular areoles near base only; sori about half-way between costule and edge of lobe, the lower ones sometimes nearer the edge, rather large, upper ones often touching; indusia persistent, glabrous, brown; spores with convolute perispore forming anastomosing wings, light brown; glands present in sori. distribution. — sumatra, malaya, borneo, java, bali, flores, phil-ippines (cavite). blume's original description of aspidium conjugatum was as follows: aspidium fronde tripinnatifida quinquangulari (pinna infima conjugata) membranacea glabriuscula, pinnulis sessilibus subcordato-lanceolatis acuminatis pinnatifidis, superioribus confluentibus, laciniis falcato-ovatis obtusis serrulatis, sinibus unidentatis, soris marginalibus, rachibus costisque puberulis. crescit in sylvis moluccarum. i have seen two specimens from blume's herbarium, one kindly lent by prof. h. j. lam from the rijksherbarium, leiden, the other at kew. both are sterile, but agree vegetatively with the specimens here ascribed to the species. the leiden specimen bears the locality banda, but on a label separate from blume's label. blume must surely have had another, fertile specimen. but his words "soris marginalibus" are curious, as no pleocnemia has marginal sori. i have little doubt that blume's specimens belong to the same species as those above described, but if a fertile specimen should be found, and this should differ in spores or sori from my 178 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] holttum: the fern-genus pleocnemia 179 10 description, the name p. javanica presl will have to be used for the present species. i have seen at the british museum a specimen of zollinger 1459, upon which collection presl based p. javanica. vegetatively, and in spores and sori, it resembles the specimens i refer here to p. conjugata. specimens examined. — sumatra. sibolangit, 350 m, lorzing 6329 (b), 375 m, lorzing 6336 (b, s), 400 m, lorzing 5299 (b), 500 m, lorzing 5516 (b, s). lampung: near umbul tabak, 10 m, posthumus lllu (b); g. trang, forbes 1599 (s). — malay peninsula. cult. singapore (s). k e d a h : path to baling waterfall, best s.f.n.212w (s). — philippines. indang, cavite, copeland 1795 (s). — borneo. c o l o n y of n o r t h b o r n e o . tawao, elmer 20886, 21806 (b, s). s a r a w a k : aug. 1884, hullett (s); 1890, bishop hose (s). — java. p. panaitan (prinsen-eiland) koningsberger {coll. amdjah 27, 30) (b). "java occ," ploem 16u37hb (b). near batavia, 25 m, backer 32961 (b). buitenzorg, 250 m, bakhuizen van den brink f. 2697, 3667 (b). g. pantjar, 800 m, bakhuizen van den brink 6092 (b). g. salak, 1897, raciborski (b). bandung, ploem 16471hb (b). nusa kambangan, teysmann (b), raciborski (b), kostermans & van woerden 159 (b). kediri res., perigi, 5 m. backer 11899 (b). pasuruan res., g. tarub, near tiris, 550 m, posthumus 1689 (b). — b awe an: 100 m, posthumus 1313 (b). — bali. g. kelatakan, 320 m, sarip 161 (exp. r. maier) (b). — flores. endeh, 20 m, rensch 950 (b). — cultivated. hort. bogor. ii.k(vii).28 (b). ' var. elatior holttum, var. nov. paleae 2—3 mm latae, stipites ad 180 cm longi, frondes aequilongae, pinnulae pinnarum sub-basalum ad 22 cm longae, 5 cm latae, % versus costam lobatae, lobi crenati, 7—8 mm lati, sori in lobis maximis inframediales. type. — sumatra, singgalang, 5000 ft., matthew 512 (b). the other specimens are none of them quite so large as the type, and show conditions intermediate between the type and normal p. conjugata. specimens examined. — sumatra. g. dempo, 3500 ft. and higher, c. j. brooks 15901 (b). singgalang, 5000 ft., matthew 512 (type, b). — java. kloof van de salak, bakhuizen van den brink 6303 (b). tjadas malang, near tjidadap (priangan res.), 1000 m, winckel 1889fj (b). 2. p. hemiteliiformis (racib.) holttum, comb. nov.—fig. 11. pleocnemia leuzeana var. hemiteliiformis racib., fl. buitenz. 1: 194. 1898 ("hemiteliaeformis"). — dictyopteris hemiteliiformis (racib.) v. a. v. r., bull. buitenz. ii no. 11: 7. 1913. dictyopteris compitalis v. a. v. r., bull. buitenz. iii 5: 194. 1922. stock to 50 cm tall; scales to 5 cm long and 3 mm wide; fronds to about 150 cm long; largest sub-basal pinnae commonly to 60 by 15—20 cm; pinnules usually not over 15 mm wide (exceptionally to 20 mm), drying red-brown on the upper surface (especially the costae) and paler beneath, lobed about 2/3 to the costa; lobes subentire, bearing short multicellular hairs on their edges, sterile lobes about 4 mm wide, fertile 180 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] holttum: the fern-genus pleoenemia 1s1 commonly 2.5 mm wide or sometimes wider, varying in obliquity to the costa; width of sinus between lobes less than width of lobes, widest in fertile pinnae, teeth at base of sinuses sometimes lacking in wider ones; veins with narrow costal areoles and additional areoles between these and the sinus; costular areoles also usually present; sori almost covering the lower surface of fertile lobes when these are not over 2.5 mm wide; no indusium, no glands with sporangia nor on surface of lamina; spores with winged perispore, wings anastomosing. distribution. — java, celebes, sumatra, malaya, at about 3500— 4500 ft. elevation (except specimen from kedah). type. — from gunung salak in java (b). fig. 11, pleoenemia hemiteliiformis (racib.) holtt., s.f.n.3503:7, venation and position of sori; outline of sori shown on right hand lobe. the type specimen of dictyopteris compitalis has no indication of the reduced auriculiform pinnae on the stipe mentioned by the author. it only differs from typical p. hemiteliiformis in having superficial glands and in lacking marginal hairs; but another specimen from the same locality (lorzing 6380), also referred to d. compitalis by van alderwerelt van rosenburgh, has marginal hairs. see also remarks under p. olivacea. kjellberg's specimen from celebes also lacks marginal hairs. specimens examined. — java. g. salak, raciborski (type, b). g. malang, raciborski (b). tapos, gede-pangrango mts., n slope, 900 m, donk "9" (b). priangan res.: tjadas malang, near tjidadap, 1000 m, winckel 168.9β (b) ; g. beser, near tjidadap, 1200 m, bakhuizen van den brink f. 2792 (b). — sumatra. sibolangit, 800 m, lorzing 4330, 6378 (type of dictyopteris compitalis), 6380 (b). bataklands, pea radja, winkler (rosenst., fil. sum. exsic no. u7) (b). — malay peninsula. k ed a h. g. lang, 700 ft., kiah s.f.n.35037 (b, s). p a h a n g. cameron highlands, 4500 ft., holttum s.f.n.31373 (b, s). fraser's hill, sept. 17, 1923, holttum s.n. (s). p e r a k . birch's hill, 3800 ft., burkill s.f.n.12988 (s). — celebes. tuljambu, 800 m, kjellberg 1766 (b). — cultivated. hort. bogor ii.k(x).s9, in part (rest is p. winitii; b). 3. p. olivacea (copel.) holttum, comb.nov.—fig. 8, 10. tectaria olivacea copel. in philip. j. sci. 9 c: 228. 1914. original description: "stipite fere 1 cm crasso, deorsum paleis fimformibus rufocastaneis crinitis densissime vestito, sursum nitido, castaneo; fronde magna, rachibus nitidis; pinnae infimae desunt; sequentibus ca. 60 cm longis, . 20 cm latis, brevistipitatis, acuminatis, (pinnulis) inferioribus stipitatis, basi eordato-truncatis, 1.5 cm latis, ultra mediam laminam pinnatisectis, glabris_papyraceis, superne castaneo-viridibus, subtus olivaceis; lobis falcato-oblongis, obtusis, integris, venis inconspicuis, interdum more pleocnemieae seriem unam areolarum efformantibus, saepius areolas irregulares paucas margini vel sinu propriores includentibus, soris medialibus, utroque latere costulae 5—7, nudis." lebong tandai, benkoelen, brooks 172. this species is very near to p. hemiteliiformis, and perhaps the two should be united. according to the present interpretation, it seems that p. olivacea has usually broader thinner pinnules and the veins in the lobes mostly free, and it also lacks the marginal hairs of p. hemiteliiformis. in malaya, the specimens assigned to p. olivacea are from the lowlands; they have thinner texture and broader pinnules than p. hemiteliiformis, and the pinnules are slightly stalked. it may be that p. olivacea is only the lowland form of p. hemiteliiformis, and differences in texture may in part be due to differences of exposure to sun. specimens referred to p. olivacea at present are: specimens examined. — sumatra. sibolangit, 400 m, lorzing 6310 (b). — malay p e n i n s u l a . p e r a k : without locality, scortechini; gopeng, king's collector 720; l a r u t , 300—500 ft., king's collector 2058, 2093 (all s ) . s i n g a p o r e . bukit timah, matthew (s). p a h a n g. ulu chineras, kuala lipis, 300 ft., burkill s.f.n.17090 (s). — borneo. c o l o n y o f n o r t h b o r n e o . mt. k i n a b a l u : n e a r lobang, 4000 ft., holttum s.f.n.25545 (b, s) ; clemens 27578, 28749, 28852, 29111 ( b ) ; k i a u , 1 9 1 5 , clemens 10241 ( b ) . s a r a w a k : bishop hose ( s ) . 4. p. winitii holttum, sp. nov. stipites ad 100 cm longi, paleae ad 1.5 mm latae; frondes circa 120 cm longae; pinnae sub-basales circa 60 cm longae; pinnulae inferiores 10—11 cm longae, breviter stipitatae, basi dilatatae, fere ad costam lobatae et interdum 3 cm vel ultra latae, lobi inferiores marginibus lobulati, lobi 182 reinwardtia [vol. 1 1951] holttum: the fern-genus pleocnemia 133 superiores dentati; lobi basi 4—5 mm lati, sinus circa 2 mm lati, dentes sinuum distincti; areolae prope costulas paucae; venae glandulis luteis copiosis ornatae; sori mediales, exindusiati, glandulis copiosis instructi; sporae perisporio convoluto vestitae. type. — thailand, lampang, 3000 ft, 24 feb. 1922, winit 36. (s). this is nearly related to p. olivacea, but seems to be distinct in the shape of the bases of the pinnules. there is however much variation in the width of these bases in different specimens; in the type they are very wide. it seems that this species occupies an area immediately north of malaya. it would be interesting to know.the origin of the specimens cultivated at bogor. specimens examined. — annam. prov. de quang-binh, cadiere 57 (b, s). — hainan. kap kao, kachek, 1000 ft., eryl smith 1u5 (s); pak shik ling, ching mai district, lei 267 (b, s). — thailand. lampang, 3000 ft., winit 36 (type, s). — assam. durmia khal, cachar, march 188»; g. mann (b, s). without locality, masters (b). — cultivated: hort. bogor. ii.k(x).s9, in part (rest is p. hemiteliiformis; b). 5. p. acuminata holttum, sp. nov. paleae circa 4 cm longae, 2 mm latae; pinnae sub-basales circa 65 cm longae, longe acuminatae; pinnulae fertiles maximae haud stipitatae, 10 cm longae, 15—18 mm latae, 3/4 ad costam lobatae; lobi falcati, acuti, basi circa 4.5 mm lati, sinus circa 1 mm lati, dentes sinuum pauci; lamina f irma, glandulae nullae, areolae prope costulas paucae; sporae alis multis parvulis vestitae. type. — sumatra, bank of bentimus r., nw of sibolangit, 350 m, lorzing 5644 (b, 4 sheets). this is very like p. conjugata, but differs in the form of the spores, and also in the very firm texture and acuminate pinnules with acute falcate lobes. further material from sumatra should be studied. 6. p. pleiotricha holttum, sp. nov.—figs. 12, 13. pinnulae maximae circa 11 cm longae, 2.2 cm latae, stipitatae, 2/3—3/4 costam versus lobatae; lobi 4—6 mm lati, apice rotundati, sinus circa 2 mm lati, dentes sinuum inferiorum obtusissimi; lamina tenuis; areolae prope costulas paucae; venae glandulis luteis cylindricis multis vestitae; sori exindusiati; stipites sporangiorum glandulis luteis ornati; sporae alis multis parvis vestitae (?). type. — north borneo, tawao, elmer 21421 (s; dupl. in b). in general aspect, this is not far from p. olivacea, but its very copious yellow glands and broader sinuses seem distinctive, as also probably the spores, but the latter are not well shown by the specimens available. 13 f i g s . 12-13, pleocnemia pleiotricha holtt.; fig. 12, pinnule of type; fig. 13, p a r t of fig. 12, enlarged. specimens examined. — p h i l i p p i n e s . m i n d a n a o . todaya (mt. apo), elmer 105u7 (sterile, b). — borneo. c o l o n y o f n o r t h b o r n e o . tawao, elmer 21a21 (type, s; dupl. in b, 2 sheets). 7. p. presliana holttum, sp. nov.—figs. 14, 15. pinnulae maximae 14—25 mm latae, 3/4 versus costam lobati, apice acuminatae; lobi obliqui, falcati, crenati, circa 4 mm lati; sinus inferiores 2—3 mm lati, dentes sinuum inferiorum lati obtusi, sinuum superiorum triangulares, acuti; costae venaeque infimae glabrae; sori exindusiati, mediales; sporae alis multis parvis vestitae. type. — luzon, cagayan prov., mt. bawa, bur. sci. 78717, edano (s, b). presl cited cuming nos. 107 and 33 as pleocnemia cumingiana, but both specimens of the latter number which i have seen are different from those of 107, which seem to me to agree best with the description of presl's species. the specimens no. 33 differ not only in general aspect, but in spores. on cumming's no. 33 in the singapore herbarium is written "tree 20 feet high." this statement, in a latinized form, is quoted by presl after the description of p. cumingiana. it is hardly possible that the 184 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 1951] holttum: the fern-genus pleocnemia fronds of this fern are 20 feet tall, and it is certain that the trunk was not so high; i wonder therefore whether the note has got misplaced and should have belonged to another of cuming's specimens. p. presliana has pinnules which are more shortly acuminate than those of p. cumingiana, and the lobes are closer and more oblique; the spores are different, and the sori lack indusia. specimens examined.— philippines. p a l a w a n . mt. gantung, edano b.sci. 77969 (s, young plant) ; imolnod, edano b.sci.77922 (b, s). l e y t e . palo, elmer 7062 (b). m i n d a n a o . surigao prov., ramos & pascasio 34557 (s). l u z o n . cagayan prov., mt. bawa, edano b.sci.78717 (type, s; dupl. in b). w i t h o u t l o c a l i t y : cuming 33 (s, b.m.). — new guinea. hollandia, 100 m, gjellerup 133a; gutta percha expedition 1901-1902, schlechter 14.096 (b) ; papua, c.king 321 (b). — java. besuki res., g. idjen, 1000 m, posthumus 3791 (b). 8. p. leuzeana (gaud.) presl polypodium leuzeanum gaud., preyc. voy. bot. 361 t. 6. 1827. — pleocnemia leuzeana (gaud.) presl, tent. pterid. 183 pi. 7 fig. 12. 1836. similar in aspect to p. conjugata, but without indusia, and with spores covered with many small wings; pinnules lobed 2/3 to 3/4 towards costa, sinuses narrow (hardly 1 mm wide), lobes 5 mm wide at the base, slightly toothed, costule falcate, ends of lobes rounded; no conspicuous glands on veins, but such glands present in the sori. i have seen a specimen from the type collection, at kew. the other specimens cited below, all from the bogor herbarium, agree well with it. the species has the aspect of p. conjugata, but the spores of p. presliana. specimens examined.— batjan: teysmann (b). — ternate. tabahawa, 250 m, begum 963 (b). — amboina: c. j. brooks 17781 (b) ; 1893, treub (b); teysmann (b). • buru: teysmann (b). — alor: 200 & 300 m, jaag 674, 686 (b). new guinea. papua, c. king 143 (doubtful; b). 9. p. dimidiolobata holttum, sp. nov.—figs. 16, 17. stipites vulgo 80 cm longi (fide brass); paleae circa 2 cm longae, haud 1 mm latae; fftondes circa 130 cm longae, fere 100 cm latae (fide brass) ; pinnulae circa 8 cm longae, 1.5 cm latae, obliquae, dimidio costam versus lobatae; lobi irotundati, dentes sinuum magni; sori exindusiati; sporae pallidae, spinosissimae. type. solomon islands, san cristoval, waimamura, brass 2648 (b) this appears to be a very distinct species. the dimensions of the frond and stipe above quoted are given by brass, but the specimen seen is smaller, the largest pinna in it being 35 cm long. it is therefore possible that larger pinnae may have longer pinnules, but i do not think the cutting 185 cm 16 flgs. 14-16. — pigs. 14 and 15, pleocnemia presliana holtt.; fig. 14, pinnule of cuming 33 (s) ; fig. 15, part of fig. 14, enlarged. — figs. 16 and 17, pleocnemia dimidiolobata holtt.; fig. 16 pinnule of type; fig. 17, part or fig. 16, enlarged. of the pinnules would be very different. a somewhat smaller specimen from new guinea (docters van leeuwen 11223, mamberamo) also appears to belong to this species. 10. p. tripinnata holttum, sp.nov.—figs. 18, 19 pinnae ad 60 cm longae, forsan ultra; pinnulae ad 10 cm longae et 3.5 cm latae, breviter acuminatae; pinnulae infimae basi pinnatae; lobi basales pinnularum superiorum adnati; foliola ordinis tertii ad 2 cm longa et 7 mm lata, dimidio costulam versus lobata, lobi integri, dentes in sinibus parvi obtusi; areolae uniseriatae solum, prope costulas foliolorum; lobi pinnularum superiorum ad 5 mm lati, margine leviter lobati; sori exindusiati, glandulis rubris instructi; sporae spinulosae. 186 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 t y p e —new guinea, iter lauterbachianum primum, 1889-1891, lauterbach 560 (s). [dupl. in b.—editor.] 18 20 — figs 18 and 19, pleocnemia tripinnata holtt.; fig. 18, middle pinnule of type fig. 19 a basal leaflet from fig. 18, enlarged. — fig. 20, pleocnemia enmingiana presl, part of cuming 107 (sf, showing position of attachment of son. 1 1 . p. kingii (copel.) v. a. v. r. tectaria kin/ii copel. in philip. j. sci. 9 c: 4. 1914. pleocnemia kingii (copeu v. a. v. r., handb. suppl. 147. 1916. original description: "pleocnemia parva, gracile, deltoidea; stipite 4 cm alto castaneo, deorsum paleis anguste linearibus 1 cm longis sparsis vstito fronde 3 0 3 5 cm alta et lata, deltoidea, tripinnata; pinnis ins n i s deltoideis, sequentibus 1-3-paribus profunde bipinnatifidis, supe1951] holttum: the fern-genus pleocnemia 187 riorum profunde pinnatifidarum segmentis lanceolatis obtusis pinnatifidis deinde serratis, supremis integris; venis tomentellis, lamina superne glaberrima, inferne fere glabra; venis more t. leuzeanae anastomosantibus; soris parvis, multis, plerisque submarginalibus; indusio persistente. "woodlark island, king 402. "distinguished from tectaria subaequalis . . . (aspidium subaequale rosenst., fedd. rep. 13 (1913) 176) by the form of the frond, and from this and other related species by the fine dissection of the frond. the color is that of t. leuzeana." i have not seen the type of this species, nor any specimen which could be ascribed to it. i think it may be fairly inferred from the description that this is a true pleocnemia, though the sinus-teeth are not mentioned; but it should be noted that aspidium subaequale rosenst., from which the author distinguishes p. kingii, is not a pleocnemia. 12. p. seranensis holttum, sp. nov. pinnae ad 70 cm longae et 20 cm latae; pinnulae ad 12 cm longae, 16—20 mm latae, fere ad costam lobatae; lobi steriles ad 4 mm lati (prope basin) ; lobi fertiles 2.5—3 mm lati, crenati, sinibus aequilatis separati; sinus subapicales solum dentibus parvis latis instructi; areolae prope costam angustae, venae ceterae plerumque liberae; venae glandulis luteis cylindricis (marcescentibus brunneis) copiose instructae; sori indusiati, superficiem inferiorem laminae fere totam occuludentes; sporae dense spinulosae. type. — ceram (seran), n of lower kawa (beneden kawa), 200— 300 m, rutten 1850 (b, dupl. in s). this was distributed from bogor (buitenzorg) as dictyopteris hemiteliiformis, but it is distinctly indusiate, and the spores are quite different. 13. p. chrysotricha (baker) holttum, comb. nov. nephrodium chrysotrichum bak. in ann. bot. 5: 328. 1891. original description: "frond ample, decompound, moderately firm, furnished on the rachises and ribs beneath with short bright yellow hairs. lower pinnae oblong-lanceolate, 1—1 1/2 ft. long, 6—8 in. broad; pinnules lanceolate, sessile, 1/2—3/4 in. broad, cut down to a broad wing into pinnatifid tertiary segments with oblong lobes. upper veins forked, lower forming an arch. sori small, one in each final lobe. indusium persistent, glabrous. samoa, whitmee." i have seen the type of this at kew. it comes near p. cumingiana, but is probably distinct in its narrower pinnules with much narrower sinuses. the largest pinnules on the type are about 10 by 2 cm; the sinuses half this length; smaller pinnules deeply pinnatifid to the base; third order leaflets of largest pinnules to 30 by 8 mm, lobed half-way to the midrib, with a row of areoles along the midrib, and 2 or 3 sori on each lobe; pinnatifid pinnules with falcate toothed lobes about 3 mm wide separated by more than their own width; no red or yellow glandular hairs seen either on surfaces or in sori; sori indusiate; spores light brown, copiously spiny. this is very near p. cumingiana, chieflydiffering in its large size, and i am doubtful of a clear distinction between the two. specimens examined. — ternate. foramadiahi, in forest, alt. 800 m, beguin 1123 (type, b). — celebes. todjambol, 100 m, kjellberg 3513 (doubtful; upper part of frond; b.). binder1d rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_53 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_55 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_56 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_57 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_58 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_59 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_60 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_61 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_62 instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific regular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philippine journal of science 8: 163– 179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american journal of botany 90: 321–329. proceedings : temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional. pp. 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t., inoue, t., kohyama, t., osaki, m., simbolon, h., tachibana, h., takahashi, h., tanaka, n. & yabe, k. (eds.). proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. (eds.). genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 20. no. 1. 2021 contents mega atria & peter c. van welzen. the calamus javensis (arecaceae: calamoideae) complex in historical biogeographic context ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 ian m. turner. an updated synopsis of ludwigia (onagraceae) in malesia .….………………..………………... 9 malcolm victoriano. a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) and its natural hybrids from aceh, sumatra, indonesia .………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 sreehari s. nair, k. h. amitha bachan & p. j. ebin. diversity and phenetic study on syconium of ficus l. (moraceae) from kerala, india revealing natural classification along with an identification key …………………….. 27 wisnu h. ardi, deden girmansyah & mark hughes. begonia robii, a new species of begonia from lima puluh kota, west sumatra ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 37 reinwardtia is an accredited journal (10/e/kpt/2019) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 1 − 11 1 species (mendum & atkins, 2004). the mekongga mountains are located on the southeastern peninsula of sulawesi (sulawesi tenggara province), extending from the north kolaka regency in the north to kolaka regency in the south. the area is characterized by tropical lowland evergreen forest and tropical montane forest (mortelliti et al., 2012). the highest peak, moserosero, reaches an elevation of about 2620 m above sea level. the mekongga mountains include karst areas similar to those in the verbeek mountains in south sulawesi. the mekongga mountains area has been designated as protected forest by the ministry of forestry, but, to date, it has not been included in any conservation area such as a national park or nature reserve. introduction the plant species richness of sulawesi, indonesia is much lower than borneo, sumatra or new guinea in the malesian region, but the level of endemism in sulawesi flora is very high. this pattern is apparent in the family gesneriaceae, in which eleven genera are currently recorded from sulawesi, including aeschynanthus, agalmyla, boea, codonoboea, cyrtandra, epithema, monophyllaea, paraboea, rhynchoglossum, rhynchotechum and stauranthera. about 50 species are found on with the island, mostly from cyrtandra and followed by several other genera. boea, codonoboea, rhynchotechum and stauranthera are each represented by only one the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described received january 13, 2014; accepted april 6, 2014 abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: abdu049@lipi.go.id daniel potter department of plant sciences, ms 2, university of california, 1 shields avenue, davis, ca 95616, usa. e-mail: dpotter@ucdavis.edu abstract kartonegoro, a. & potter, d. 2014. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described. reinwardtia 14 (1): 1 – 11. ― field exploration of the flora of the mekongga mountainous area of southeast sulawesi was conducted from 2009 to 2011. herbarium specimens collected during this exploration and additional collections from herbarium bogoriense (bo) included 21 species in nine genera of the family gesneriaceae. these comprise one species of aeschynanthus, four species of agalmyla, one species of codonoboea, seven species of cyrtandra, one species of epithema, three species of monophyllaea, two species of rhynchoglossum, one species of rhynchotechum and one species of stauranthera. twelve of these species are considered endemic to sulawesi while the rest are known to occur on neighbouring islands or are more widely distributed. monophyllaea merrilliana, previously known only from the philippine islands and borneo, is newly recorded for sulawesi. a new species of cyrtandra collected in the mekongga area, c. widjajae, which resembles c. gorontaloensis from north sulawesi but differs in having shorter pedicels and curved rather than straight fruits, is described. key words: endemic, gesneriaceae, mekongga mountainous area, sulawesi. abstrak kartonegoro, a. & potter, d. 2014. gesneriaceae sulawesi vi: jenis-jenis dari pegunungan mekongga dengan deskripsi satu jenis baru cyrtandra. reinwardtia 14 (1): 1 – 11. ― eksplorasi tumbuhan di wilayah pegunungan mekongga sulawesi tenggara telah dilakukan sejak 2009 sampai 2011. spesimen herbarium yang dikoleksi dalam eksplorasi ini dan koleksi tambahan dari herbarium bogoriense (bo) terdiri dari 21 jenis dalam sembilan marga dari suku gesneriaceae. jenis-jenis tersebut terdiri dari satu jenis aeschynanthus, empat jenis agalmyla, satu jenis codonoboea, tujuh jenis cyrtandra, satu jenis epithema, tiga jenis monophyllaea, dua jenis rhynchoglossum, satu jenis rhynchotechum dan satu jenis stauranthera. dua belas jenis dari keseluruhan merupakan endemik untuk sulawesi sedangkan sisanya diketahui terdapat di pulau lainnya atau tersebar lebih luas. monophyllaea merrilliana, sebelumnya diketahui hanya terdapat di filipina dan borneo, terekam baru untuk sulawesi. satu jenis baru cyrtandra dipertelakan berasal dari wilayah mekongga, c. widjajae, yang mirip dengan c. gorontaloensis dari sulawesi utara tetapi berbeda karena memiliki tangkai bunga yang lebih pendek dan buah yang melengkung dan tidak lurus. kata kunci: endemik, gesneriaceae, pegunungan mekongga, sulawesi. mailto:abdu049@lipi.go.id mailto:dpotter@ucdavis.edu reinwardtia 2 [vol.14 material and methods herbarium specimens of gesneriaceae from herbarium bogoriense (bo) collected from mekongga mts. were examined. most of these collections were made during field exploration for an international cooperative biodiversity groups (icbg) project from 2009-2011. additional specimens examined were collections made by gunar kjellberg in 1929. the data were supplemented by additional field notes from the specimens. results nine genera and about 21 species of gesneriaceae were recognized from the mekongga mountains. cyrtandra is the best represented genus, with seven species, one of which is described as new in this account and one of which remains undetermined. agalmyla, monophyllaea and rhynchoglossum are represented, respectively, by four, three and two species, while each of the genera aeschynanthus, codonoboea, epithema, rhynchotechum and stauranthera is represented by only one species. twelve species are endemic to sulawesi (four from agalmyla, five from cyrtandra, two from monophyllaea and one from rhynchoglossum) and two species, agalmyla scabriflora hilliard & b. l. burtt and cyrtandra widjajae karton., are endemic to mekongga mts. a new species of cyrtandra, c. widjajae, is here described from the mekongga mountains in southeast sulawesi. the species belongs to the section dissimiles c. b. clarke, a group distinguished by clear diagnostic characters including anisophyllous opposite leaf arrangement, a zygomorphic calyx with the three upper lobes fused and the two lower lobes free, and the corolla small (less than 2 cm long) and fleshy (bramley, 2005). key to genera (adapted from weber, 2004). 1a. fleshy herb, unifoliar or leaves asymmetric, ovary and fruit globose, not twisted .…….…. 2 1b. shrubs or not fleshy herb, leaves equal in size, ovary and fruit elongate, twisted or not.…..… 5 2a. plant unifoliar, sepals ovate to suborbicular, ovary bilocular ………............... monophyllaea 2b. plant not unifoliar, leaves asymmetric, sometimes anisophyllous or pseudoalternate …..… 3 3a. leaves of upper nodes equal in size and shape, inflorescence scorpioid ………..…… epithema 3b. leaves of all nodes unequal in size and shape, inflorescence not scorpioid ………………..... 4 4a. leaves opposite; inflorescence a thyrse …….. ………………………………….. stauranthera 4b. leaves alternate, asymmetrical; inflorescence a unilateral raceme in two rows.. rhynchoglossum 5a. fruit fleshy, indehiscent …………………...… 6 5b. fruit a capsule, dehiscent ……………………. 7 6a. corolla tube shorter than 6 mm, fertile stamens 4 …………………………..…. rhynchotechum 6b. corolla tube longer than 6 mm, fertile stamens 2 ……………………………………... cyrtandra 7a. plants epiphytic, fruits straight……………….. 8 7b. plants terrestrial, fruits bent ……... codonoboea 8a. leaves not coriaceous, lateral veins visible, fertile stamens 4 ……………….…….… agalmyla 8b. leaves coriaceous, lateral veins invisible, fertile stamens 2 ………………….….. aeschynanthus aeschynanthus jack, trans. linn. soc. london 14 (1823) 42, nom. cons. ― type: a. volubilis jack. aeschynanthus comprises about 160 species distributed from india through south china and southeast asia to the solomon islands (middleton, 2007). the genus is easily recognized by its epiphytic pendulous habit with opposite or verticillate coriaceous leaves. the fruits are long narrow capsules that dehisce loculicidally. aeschynanthus radicans jack aeschynanthus radicans jack, trans. linn. soc. london 14 (1823) 43. ― type: sumatra, bencoolen, jack s.n. (lost). neotype (middleton 2007): sumatra, lampung, gunung rate telanggaran, iboet 57 (l; isotype bo). this is the first confirmed report from sulawesi of this species, which is widespread in western malesia including southern thailand. it is usually found in evergreen forest, often along streams. in kalimantan (indonesian part of borneo), the species has been recorded grown in peat swamp forest. aeschynanthus radicans is often confused with a. pulcher (blume) g. don, which is distributed in western malesia as well. the difference between these two closely related species is that leaves are generally pubescent in a. radicans, but rarely so in a. pulcher. they also differ in pubescence of the ovary, which is densely pubescent in a. radicans and with sessile glands in a. pulcher (middleton, 2007). additional distribution. south thailand, peninsular malaysia, sumatra, borneo, java. specimen examined. julianto 17, tinukari 704 m. agalmyla blume, bijdr. fl. ned.-ind. 14 (1826) 766. ― lectotype: a. parasitica (lam.) kuntze 2014] 3 kartonegoro & potter: gesneriaceae of mekongga agalmyla is a genus comprising about 99 species found in the rain forest areas from malay peninsula eastwards to new guinea. hilliard & burtt (2002) divided this genus into 3 sections, agalmyla, dichrotrichum (de vriese) hilliard & b. l. burtt and exannularia hilliard & b. l. burtt. the section agalmyla is found only in west of the wallace line while the other two are found only in east of the line. twelve species known from sulawesi belong to the section exannularia, characterized by the lack of an annulus inside corolla tube, which is present in other sections of the genus either as a ring or as a broad band of hairs. moreover, all the sulawesi species are endemic to the island. four species have been collected in the mekongga mts. key to species 1a. corolla glabrous or sparsely hairy on the edge of the lobes …………………………...……….... 2 1b. corolla densely covered with coarse hairs on the tube and lobes ………………….. a. scabriflora 2a. calyx lobes as long as tube ………... a. brownii 2b. calyx lobes longer than tube ……………….... 3 3a. leaf blade oblong, 30-70 cm long; corolla lobes yellow ……………………….. a. remotidentata 3b. leaf blade ovate, less than 25 cm long; corolla lobes red ………………………... a. exannulata 1. agalmyla brownii (koord.) b. l. burtt agalmyla brownii (koord.) b. l. burtt, edinburgh j. bot. 59 (2002) 76. ― didymocarpus brownii koord., meded. lands plantentuin 19 (1898) 551, 628; suppl. fl. n. o. sulawesi (1922) tab. 121. ― dichrotrichum brownii (koord.) b. l. burtt, notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 24 (1962) 41. ― lectotype: sulawesi, province minahassa, gunung lokon, koorders 17177β (l; isotype bo). agalmyla brownii is distributed widely in separated localities in sulawesi, especially in montane forest from 1700 and 2500 m asl. (hilliard & burtt, 2002). the species has been collected from the north peninsula area (lokon) through the central (nokilalaki-roreka timbu) and into the southern (latimojong) and southeastern (mekonggawatuwila) regions of the island. this species shows variation in leaf shape based on age. young leaves are usually ovate with lobes accounting for roughly half the blade. the second leaves are elliptic and coarsely toothed and the third leaves are obovate. all leaves are hairy, with denser pubescence along the midrib and lateral veins. the peduncle is usually long up to 23 cm, with 3–7 red flowers in each cyme. additional distribution. north sulawesi (mt. lokon, mt. ambang), central sulawesi (mt. nokilalaki, mt. roreka timbu, mt. beabis), south sulawesi (latimojong mts.), southeast sulawesi (mt. watuwila). specimen examined. widjaja et al. 9816, tinukari 1900 m. 2. agalmyla exannulata hilliard & b. l. burtt ― fig. 1a agalmyla exannulata hilliard & b. l. burtt, blumea 44 (1999) 383; hilliard & b. l. burtt, edinburgh j. bot. 59 (2002) 95. ― type: sulawesi, gunung nokilalaki, johansson, nyboom & riebe 257 (e; isotype l). the name of the species refers to the lack of annulus inside the corolla tube, a character shared by all species of agalmyla in sulawesi for which the section exannularia (hilliard & burtt, 2002) to which they belong is also named. the inflorescence in this species is almost sessile in few-flowered axillary cyme. some individuals have the posticous stamens reduced into staminodes; to date, this condition has been observed only in specimens from west of the wallace line. hairs on the leaves are relatively few and scattered. additional distribution. central sulawesi (mt. nokilalaki, mt. tambusisi, tojambu), southeast sulawesi (mt. watuwila). specimens examined. kjellberg 2676, bulu porema, 1200 m; widjaja et al. 9765, tinukari, camp 4-5, 1500 m. 3. agalmyla remotidentata hilliard & b. l. burtt ― fig. 1b agalmyla remotidentata hilliard & b. l. burtt, edinburgh j. bot. 59 (2002) 98. ― type: sulawesi, mts. roroka timbu south of palu, hennipman 5480 (e; isotypes bo, l). this species is endemic to sulawesi, so far only known from mt. roreka timbu in central sulawesi and mekongga mts. in se sulawesi. it has narrow leaves that are longer than any other species of agalmyla in sulawesi, up to 70 cm long. the lower surface of the leaves with gland-dotted and scattered coarse hairs, densely along the midrib. another feature that makes the species easy identified among other sulawesi species is the bright red corolla with yellow edges on the lobes. reinwardtia 4 [vol.14 additional distribution. central sulawesi (mt. roreka timbu). specimen examined. hafid 132, tinukari. 4. agalmyla scabriflora hilliard & b. l. burtt agalmyla scabriflora hilliard & b. l. burtt, edinburgh j. bot. 59 (2002) 87. ― type: sulawesi, mekongga mts., b. porema, kjellberg 2636 (s; isotype bo). agalmyla scabriflora is known endemic to mekongga mts.; the type collection was collected by kjellberg from bulu porema in northern part of the mountain. it has corolla with a coarse hairs on both side and the lobes. this feature makes this species distinct among all the sulawesi agalmyla (hilliard & burtt, 2002). the flowers are small and solitary in the leaf axils, which is very rare for the genus. habitat and ecology. in wet mountainous forest, rich with bryophytes, 1400-2576 m. specimens examined. widjaja et al. 9289, serosero 2576 m; kjellberg 2636, porema 1400 m. codonoboea ridl., fl. malay pen. 2 (1923) 533. ― lectotype: c. leucocodon (ridl.) ridl. codonoboea is the third largest genus of gesneriaceae in malesia after cyrtandra and aeschynanthus. more than 100 species are known which previously described under didymocarpus and henckelia. the genus is distributed in western malesia from southern thailand eastward to new guinea and the philippines but absent from java and the lesser sunda islands. the center of distribution is in peninsular malaysia. codonoboea kjellbergii (b. l. burtt) karton. ― fig. 2 codonoboea kjellbergii (b. l. burtt) karton., edinburgh j. bot. 69 (2012) 360. ― henckelia kjellbergii b. l. burtt, beitr. biol. pflanzen 70 (1998) 378. ― type: sulawesi, b. watoewila, kjellberg 1092 (s; isotype bo). codonoboea kjellbergii is found in sulawesi, moluccas and new guinea. these areas comprise the eastern most distribution of the genus (kartonegoro, 2012). this is also the only species of the genus in sulawesi. codonoboea kjellbergii is easily distinguished by its oblong lanceolate pubescent leaves and corolla with a white tube and purple lobes. additional distribution. central sulawesi (kolonedale, poso), south sulawesi (mt. latupa, mt. taponga, tojambu, soroako), southeast sulawesi (mt. watuwila, kolaka, pohara), moluccas (ambon, seram), new guinea (paniai lake). specimens examined. widjaja et al. 9945, tinukari, sero-sero 2560 m; widjaja & sujadi 8973, tinukari, on the way to point 1250 m. fig. 1a. agalmyla exannulata fig. 1b. agalmyla remotidentata 2014] 5 kartonegoro & potter: gesneriaceae of mekongga cyrtandra j. r. forst & g. forst, char. gen. pl. (1775) 3. ― type: c. biflora j.r. forst & g. forst. cyrtandra is a large genus in gesneriaceae, comprising ca. 600 species of herbs, shrubs, climbers and small trees. the genus has wide distribution from nicobar islands in the west to polynesia and hawaii to east, and the southern japan islands in the north to northern australia in the south (atkins, 2004). the center of diversity of cyrtandra is in malesia with more than 400 species. in sulawesi there are so far 17 described species and at least 11 awaiting description known (mendum & atkins, 2004). stem below ground; corolla white.. c. hypogaea 5a. stem tessellated; corolla yellow …... c. fasciata 5b. stem smooth; corolla white ……... c. polyneura 1. cyrtandra coccinea blume var. celebica (blume) c. b. clarke ― fig. 3a cyrtandra coccinea blume var. celebica (blume) c.b. clarke in a.dc & c.dc, monog. phan. 5 (1883) 256. ― cyrtandra celebica blume, bijdr. 14 (1826) 772. ― type: sulawesi, forsten s.n. (l). specimens examined. hidayat et al. 4095, tinukari, patikal forest 130 m; widjaja et al. 9694, key to species 1a. leaves anisophyllous, reduced leaf smaller or scale-like ……………………………..……… 2 1b. leaves isophyllous, equal …………………... 3 2a. reduced leaf scale-like; inflorescences 1flowered; pedicels 15-30 mm long; fruits straight ……………………... c. gorontaloensis 2b. reduced leaf ovate to peltate; inflorescences 3-7 flowered; pedicels 3-4 mm long; fruits curved …………………………………...... c. widjajae 3a. stem strongly woody; inflorescence cauliflorous ……………………………………………….. 4 3b. stem strongly fleshy; inflorescence in the leaf axils ………………………………..……….... 5 4a. plants 2-3 m high; inflorescence arising from stem above ground; corolla bright red ………. ………………………...c. cocinea var. celebica 4b. plants 0.5-1 m high; inflorescence arising at tinukari, on the way to camp 3, 952 m; potter 16, tinukari. 2. cyrtandra fasciata h. j. atkins cyrtandra fasciata h.j. atkins, edinburgh j. bot. 60 (2004) 309. ― type: sulawesi, gorontalo, gunung gambuta, atkins et al. 54 (bo; isotype e). cyrtandra fasciata is easily distinguished from other species by its tessellated and erect stems and flowers with red and yellow lobes constricted below the tips. additional distribution. north sulawesi (mt. gambuta), central sulawesi (tambing lake), west sulawesi (polewali). specimen examined. widjaja et al. 9711, tinukari, on the way to camp 3, 931-942 m. fig. 2. codonoboea kjellbergii reinwardtia 6 [vol.14 3. cyrtandra gorontaloensis h. j. atkins cyrtandra gorontaloensis h. j. atkins, edinburgh j. bot. 60 (2004) 307. ― type: sulawesi, gorontalo, gunung gambuta, atkins et al. 91 (bo; isotype e). cyrtandra gorontaloensis is allied with two other species of the genus found in sulawesi, c. engleri koord. and c. widjajae; all three of these species have anisophyllous leaf pairs, calyces with united 3upper lobes and the densely hairy corolla exteriors. cyrtandra gorontaloensis differs from the other two by having longer pedicels (1.5 to 3 cm long) and yellow corollas. this species was previously known only from the northern peninsula of sulawesi and is here reported from the southeastern peninsula. specimen examined. rinal et al. 8, tinukari, on the way to the top, 1300 m. 4. cyrtandra hypogaea koord. ― fig. 3b cyrtandra hypogaea koord., meded. lands plantentuin 19 (1898) 550, 628. ― type: sulawesi, minahassa, lolomboelan, koorders 17190β (bo). there are three species cyrtandra from sulawesi that have flowers borne on trailing stems that originated from the base plant. one of them is c. hypogaea which has geocarpic inflorescences with a reddish brown calyx and white corollas with yellow dots on the lobes. the other two species are c. geocarpa koord. with bright red corollas and c. luteiflora h. j. atkins with yellow corollas. specimens examined. widjaja et al. 9713, tinukari, on the way to camp 3, 931-942 m; widjaja et al. 9717, tinukari, on the way to camp 3, 931-942 m. 5. cyrtandra polyneura (c.b. clarke) b. l. burtt cyrtandra polyneura (c. b. clarke) b. l. burtt, edinburgh j. bot. 47 (1990) 225. ― cyrtandra decurrens de vriese var. polyneura c. b. clarke in a. dc & c. dc, monog. phan. 5 (1883) 233. ― type: sulawesi, forsten 86 (l). specimens examined. widjaja & sujadi 9051, tinukari, plot 4.1, 478 m; widjaja et al. 9699, tinukari; widjaja et al. 9712, tinukari, on the way to camp 3, 931-942 m. 6. cyrtandra widjajae karton. spec.nov. ― fig. 4 cyrtandra widjajae belongs to section dissimiles, in whose members are characterized by anisophyllous leaf arrangement, zygomorphic calyces and small corollas 1.5 –2 cm long. the flowers of c. widjajae are densely hairy outside and glabrous inside and the fruits are curved, hairy, and tessellated. cyrtandra widjajae is most similar to c. gorontaloensis h.j. atkins but differs from the latter by its ovate or peltate reduced leaf, 3–7-flowered inflorescences with shorter pedicels (3-4 mm long) and curved fruits rather than scale-like reduced leaf, 1– flowered solitary inflorescences with longer pedicels (15 –30 mm long) and straight fruits. ―type: sulawesi, south east sulawesi province, mekongga mts., north kolaka, rante angin district, tinukari village, hura hura. 1426 m. 28.xi.2010. widjaja et al. 9412 (bo; isotypes dav; e). shrub; stem woody, terete, subangular, glabrous to puberulous, ca. 3.5 mm in diameter; nodes swollen, interpetiolar line conspicuous. leaves opposite, anisophyllous; larger leaf oblong-elliptic, entire, 7.8– 16 by 2–4 cm, tip acuminate, 0.5–1 cm long, base cuneate; reduced leaf ovate to peltate, entire, 0.4–2 by 0.3–1 cm, tip acute, base cordate, subsessile or with ca. 0.2 mm long petiole; lamina glabrous fig. 3a. cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica fig. 3b. cyrtandra hypogaea 2014] 7 kartonegoro & potter: gesneriaceae of mekongga above, dark green, glabrescent below, brownish when dry, densely hairy when young; venation reticulate below, lateral nerves in 10–14 pairs. petiole terete, glabrous, 0.5–0.7 cm long. inflorescence axillary, 3–7 flowered, sessile; flowers 2–2.5 cm long. bracteoles ovate to linear, glabrous ca. 0.5 mm long. pedicels terete, sparsely to densely hairy, 3–4 mm long. calyx campanulate to tubular, white to pale green, connate at base, glabrous to sparsely hairy, 6–7 by 2–2.5 mm; calyx 5-lobed, bilabiate, 3 upper lobes united into shallowly triangular lip, 2 lower lobes mostly free with subconnate base, 3–7 mm long, base hairy. corolla white, densely hairy outside ca. 0.5–1 mm long, glabrous inside, 1.5–2 cm long; limb bilabiate, not recurved, 2 upper lobes equal, 2–4 mm by 1–2 mm, 3 lower lobes 3–5 mm by 1–2 mm. stamens 2, exserted from corolla tube in the lower lobes; filaments terete 3–5 mm long; anthers ovoid, glabrous, ca. 1.5 mm long, cohering at tips. ovary densely hairy, 5–7 mm long; style terete, hairy, up to 2 cm long; stigma bilobed ca. 1.5 mm long. disk cupular, ca. 1 mm, glabrous. fruits fig. 4. cyrtandra widjajae. a. habit; b. flowers; c. corolla (outside); d. corolla (inside); e. calyx; f. style; g. fruit. (from widjaja et al. 9412 [holotype bo]). a b c d e f g reinwardtia 8 [vol.14 elongate, acute with 1–2 mm long tip, curved, densely hairy, tessellate, 1.3–2.5 by 0.3–0.5 cm; stalk glabrous, ca. 0.5 cm long. distribution. sulawesi (only known from mekongga mts.) habitat. mountain forest under canopy at 1426 m. etymology. the epithet name after elizabeth a. widjaja (bo), a bamboo taxonomist and collector of plants. notes. similar to c. gorontaloensis h. j. atkins, but differs by its inflorescences with 3–7 flowers with short pedicels (3–4 mm long) and its elongate curved fruits. cyrtandra gorontaloensis has solitary flowers with longer pedicels (15–30 mm long) and ovoid fruits that are not recurved. the two species are similar in having unequal leaf pairs, corollas less than 2 cm long, calyces with the three upper lobes united and the two lower lobes mostly free. based on those characters, the species is included in section dissimiles, which is also known from sumatra and borneo. sterile specimens of this species are similar to c. rubropicta kraenzl., which is known from borneo but the two species differ in habit: c. rubropicta is an epiphyte or scrambler (bramley, 2005), while c. widjajae is an erect shrub. so far c. widjajae is known only from mekongga mts., se sulawesi, while c. gorontaloensis known from there as well as from north sulawesi. additional specimens examined. widjaja et al. 9727, tinukari, on the way camp 3, 931-942 m. 7. cyrtandra sp. an unidentified species of cyrtandra was collected from mekongga in august 2009. the plant was fruiting at the time of collection; no flowers were collected. based on the habit and leaves, this species is similar to c. gorontaloensis, but it differs from the latter in having large glabrous (ca. 22 mm long) and smooths fruits rather than small (12-18 mm long) densely hairy fruits with tessellated surfaces. specimen examined. hidayat et al. 4217, tinukari 1063 m. epithema blume, bijdr. fl. ned.-ind. 14 (1826) 737. ― type: e. saxatile blume epithema saxatile blume epithema saxatile blume, bijdr. fl. ned.-ind. 14 (1826) 737. ― type: java, blume sn. (l). epithema saxatile also found in some areas in malesia. the species also found in sumatra, peninsular malaysia, borneo and java. resembles with e. horsfieldii but different with having opposite leaves near apex while the later having solitary leaves at apex. specimen examined. kjellberg 2616, kosaliporema 500 m; kjellberg 2618, kosali-porema 600 m. monophyllaea r. br., in bennett, pl. jav. rar. (1838) 121. ― type: m. horsfieldii r.br. monophyllaea is a genus that has distribution along malesian region from sumatra to new guinea. this genus has a unique character, an unifoliar leaf with inflorescence arising from the base of petiole or base of lamina. members of this genus are usually found growing on limestone or other rocky habitats in rainforest and on the edges of streams. another genus whose members occupy similar habitats is whytockia from china. key to species 1a. inflorescence branched ……………...……….. 2 1b. inflorescence not branched …………. m. eymae 2a. leaf blade ovate, indumentum hairs branched, dendroid; inflorescence forked ... m. merrilliana 2b. leaf blade oblong, indumentum hairs simple; inflorescence with lateral branches ……………. …………………………………. m. anthocrena 1. monophyllaea anthocrena b.l. burtt ― fig. 5a monophyllaea anthocrena b.l. burtt, notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 37 (1978) 35. ― type: sulawesi, bantimoeroeng, between makassar and maros, van steenis 10445 (l; isotypes a, bo, k, ny, sing). compared to other species, m. anthocrena has more crowded branches in the inflorescences with a bright white corolla and pinkish portion close to the upper lobes. the leaf shape of this species is also oblong rather than ovate-lanceolate. specimens examined. hidayat et al. 4185, tinukari, water fall area 1063 m; hidayat et al. 4096, tinukari, patikala forest, 130 m. 2014] 9 kartonegoro & potter: gesneriaceae of mekongga 2. monophyllaea eymae b. l. burtt monophyllaea eymae b.l. burtt, notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 37 (1978) 30. ― type: sulawesi, res. menado, loewoek, between pinapoeang-g.loloag.beabis, eyma 3875 (l; isotypes a, bo, k). specimens examined. kjellberg 2603, kosaliporema, 650 m; widjaja et al. 9320, tinukari, serosero, 2576 m; widjaja 9815, tinukari. 3. monophyllaea merrilliana kraenzl. ― fig. 5b monophyllaea merrilliana kraenzl., philipp. j. sci., c 8 (1913) 168. ― lectotype: philippines, mindanao, district of zamboanga, sax river (bm; isotype k). monophyllaea merrilliana is one of the species in the genus that has a widespread distribution. prior to 1978 the species was only known from philippines islands, but it has more recently been found in several locations in borneo and also sulawesi. the other monophyllaea species that has a widespread distribution is m. horsfieldii, which is found in sumatra, peninsular malaysia and java. monophyllaea merrilliana is also unusual in the genus in that the species is not only found on limestone substrates but is also sometimes found on other rock types close to streams. several collections from mekongga show a leaf shape that is more ovate compared to the type, whose leaves have an oblong leaf shape. specimens examined. kjellberg 2617, kosaliporema, 650 m; widjaja et al. 9697, tinukari, on the way to camp 3, 952 m. rhynchoglossum blume, bijdr. fl. ned.-ind. 14 (1826) 741. ― type: r. obliquum blume. rhynchoglossum is a genus of fleshy herbs with anisophyllous, decussate or alternate leaves with asymmetrical leaf blades and unilateral inflorescences. its preferred habitat is on wet and shady (especially limestone) rocks, in forest or in open vegetation or shady places, usually in the lowlands. rhynchoglossum is distributed in tropical asia from india, sri lanka, china, taiwan and indochina to new guinea and in the new world in central and south america extending from mexico to peru (kartonegoro, 2013). key to species 1a. leaf blade oblong; fruits elongate, half enclosed by persistent calyx …………….... r. capsulare 1b. leaf blade ovate to elliptic; fruits ovoid, fully enclosed by persistent calyx …….. r. obliquum 1. rhynchoglossum capsulare ohwi ex karton. rhynchoglossum capsulare ohwi ex karton., edinburgh j. bot. 69 (2012). ― type: sulawesi, res. menado, oa poso, maraowa, eyma 1572 (bo; isotypes a, k, l). fig. 5a. monophyllaea anthocrena fig. 5b. monophyllaea merrilliana reinwardtia 10 [vol.14 rhynchoglossum capsulare is endemic to sulawesi and known only from two collections. the species is not easily confused with other species in the genus due to its oblong-lanceolate (vs. ovate to elliptic in other species) leaves and the capsule-like fruits with a persistent calyx not bearing a wing and not fully enclosing the fruit. this species is mostly similar to a common r. obliquum which is widespread through southeast asia. specimen examined. kjellberg 2663, bulu porema, 1400 m. 2. rhynchoglossum obliquum blume rhynchoglossum obliquum blume, bijdr. 14 (1826) 741. ― lectotype: java, blume 52 (l). rhynchoglossum obliquum is the most common and widespread species in the genus. this species has a long and crowded inflorescence with a small white to blue-purple flowers. another closely related species found in sulawesi is r. capsulare, but the latter differs from the former by having oblong-lanceolate leaves and a half-enclosed persistent calyx. habitat and ecology. open places along streams, in secondary forest, creeping on rocks up to 1400 m. additional distribution. india, srilanka, south china, taiwan, indochina, thailand throughout malesia to new guinea. specimen examined. widjaja et al. 10020, tinukari. rhynchotechum blume, bijdr. fl. ned.-ind. 14 (1826) 775. ― type: r. parviflorum blume rhynchotechum is a genus of about 16 species of understory subshrubs distributed from india, south china, formosa, and ryukyu, southwards through indochina, thailand, malesia to papua new guinea. the genus is allied with cyrtandra but differs by its four fertile stamens with unilocular anthers and its globose fruits (anderson & middleton, 2013). rhynchotechum parviflorum blume ― fig 6a & 6b. rhynchotechum parviflorum blume, bijdr. 14 (1826) 775; anderson & middleton, edinburgh j. bot. 70 (2013) 160. ― lectotype: java, mt. seribu, blume sn. (l). this is the only species of rhynchotechum that occurs in sulawesi. the species also found widespread from china to southeast asia trough new guinea (anderson & middleton, 2013). like most other species of the genus, it grows in primary and secondary forests and thickets, near stream or in limestone and sandstone bedrocks. specimens examined. widjaja & sujadi 9038, tinukari, hutan masembo 515 m; widjaja & sujadi 8931, tinukari, point 1, 250 m; widjaja & sujadi 9056, tinukari, surrounding plot 4.1, 478 m; widjaja et al. 9700, tinukari, on the way to camp 3, 931-942 m. stauranthera benth., scroph. ind. (1835) 57. ― type: s. grandiflora benth. stauranthera coerulea (blume) merr. stauranthera coerulea (blume) merr., enum. philipp. fl. pl. 3 (1923) 455. ― miquelia coerulea blume, bull. sci. phys. nat. néerl. 1 (1838) 94. ― type: blume sn., java (l). this species has a widespread distribution in malesia; it is found in sumatra, java and sulawesi. it had also been reported from the philippines, but specifig. 6a. inflorescence of rhynchotechum parviflorum fig. 6b. close up flower of rhynchotechum parviflorum 2014] 11 kartonegoro & potter: gesneriaceae of mekongga mens from there have recently been assigned to a different species, s. philippinensis elmer (burtt, 1984). specimen examined. kjellberg 2619, kosaliporema, 650 m. acknowledgements the project described was supported by grant number u01tw008160 from the fogarty international center, the office of dietary supplements, the national science foundation and the department of energy. this project was supported by the usda agricultural food research initiative of the national institute of food and agriculture, usda, grant #35621-04750. the content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the fogarty international center or the national institutes of health, the office of dietary supplements, the national science foundation, the department of energy, or the department of agriculture. we would like to thank prof. dr. elizabeth a. widjaja (bo) for providing all the specimens gesneriaceae from mekongga. thanks are also for dr. david middleton (e) and dr. ruth kiew (kep) for support and invaluable guidance when working in the family of gesneriacae in malesia. we are also grateful to the curator of bo for permission to examine the collections. references anderson, b. m. & middleton, d. j. 2013. a revision of rhynchotechum blume (gesneriaceae). edinburgh journal of botany 70: 121–176. atkins, h. j. 2004. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi ii: seven new species of cyrtandra. edinburgh journal of botany 60: 305–321. bramley, g. l. c. 2005. revision of cyrtandra section dissimiles (gesneriaceae). blumea 50: 163– 189. burtt, b. l. 1978. studies in the gesneriaceae of the old world xlv: a preliminary revision of monophyllaea. notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 37: 1–59. burtt, b. l. 1984. the first species of stauranthera from new guinea, with general notes on the genus. journal arnold arboretum 65: 129–133. hilliard, o. m. & burtt, b. l. 2002. the genus agalmyla (gesneriaceae-cyrtandroideae). edinburgh journal of botany 59: 1–210. kartonegoro, a. 2012. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi v: a new species of rhynchoglossum and a new combination in codonoboea. edinburgh journal of botany 59: 357–361. kartonegoro, a. 2013. a revision of rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) in malesia. reinwardtia 13(5): 421–432. mendum, m. & atkins, h. j. 2004. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi i: an introduction. edinburgh journal of botany 60: 299–304. middleton, d. j. 2007. a revision of aeschynanthus (gesneriaceae) in thailand. edinburgh journal of botany 64: 363–429. mortelliti, a., castiglia, r., amori, g., maryanto, i. & musser, g. g. 2012. a new species of margaretamys (rodentia: muridae: murinae:rattini) from pegunungan mekongga, southeastern sulawesi, indonesia. tropical zoology 25(2): 74 –107. weber, a. 2004. gesneriaceae. in: kubitzki, k. & kadereit, j.w. (eds.). the families and genera of vascular plants. vol. 7. flowering plants, dicotyledons: lamiales (except acanthaceae including avicenniaceae). berlin & heidelberg: springerverlag. 63–158. reinwardtia 12 [vol.14 instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 389-559-2-pb belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 1, pp. 37 43 (1959) revision of malaysian orthosiphon (lab.) by ellen van der sleesen flora malesiana foundation, leyden in malaysia the genus orthosiphon has gained some general interest, because one of its species, well-known under its vernacular name kumis kutjingor remukdjung, has been recognized as a noteworthy medicinal plant, besides being of some horticultural value. in the recent treatment by adhlbert in the emergency edition of backer's 'beknopte flora van java' (1954) three species have been recognized, viz o. petiolaris miq., o. aristatiis (bl.) miq., and o. stamineus bth. in my opinion the differences between the latter two are so small that they cannot be recognized as good species; in the herbarium they appear indistinguishable. my study has been based on the specimens in the leyden and utrecht herbaria. orthosiphon bth. in bot. reg. 13 (1829) sub t. 1300; in wall. pi. as. rar. 2 (1831) 14; lab. gen. (1832) 25; in dc. prod. 12 (1848) 49; miq. fl. ind. bat. 2 (1858) 943; hook. f. fl. br. ind. 4 (1885) 612; briquet, in e. &. p. nat. pfl. fam. 4, 3a (1897) 372; gamble, fl. madras (1924) 1112; kudo, mem. fac. sc. agr. imp. univ. taihoku 2, bot. (1929) 115; backer, onkruidfl. jav. suik. (1931) 576; doan, in fl. gen. i.-c. 4 (1936) 933; mukerjee, rec. bot. surv. ind. 14 (1940) 21; adelbert, in backer, bekn. fl. jav. (em. ed.) 14 (1954) fam. 201, p. 57. — clerodendranthus kudo, i.e. 117. herbs or small shrubs, glabrous or hairy. leaves serrate or crenulate. inflorescence terminal, mostly simple, with cymes of 4—6 flowers. calyx 2-lipped, the upper one broad, ovate or rounded, recurved, the margins recurrent on the tube, the lower one consisting of 4 narrow, aristate teeth. corolla distincly exceeding the calyx, 2-lipped, lower one hardly longer than the 3—4-lobed upper one, faintly boat-shaped. stamens adnate to the corolla tube up to the throat, partly or entirely included in the lower lip. disk 4-lobed, the anterior lobe representing a nectarial gland. style entire. carpels rather thin-walled nuts, often not all developing. distribution. about 40 species, in the tropics of the old world, mainly in africa, east as far as queensland, introduced in polynesia. — 37 — 3 8 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 note. kudo i.e. has made 0. stamineus = 0. aristatus the type of a new genus clerodendranthus, but the arguments for this seem to me entirely insufficient, as this species is as closely related to other orthosiphons as the latter are amongst them mutually. key to the species 1. stamens far protruding beyond the corolla. leaves always decurrent on the petiole 1. 0. aristatus. 1. stamens not or hardly protruding beyond the corolla. leaves mostly not decurrent .' 2. 0. thymiflorus. 1. orthosiphon aristatus (bl.) miq. fl. ind. bat. 2 (1858) 943; merr. en. born. (1921) 521; en. philip. fl. pi. 3 (1923) 422; backer, onkruidfl. jav. suik. (1931) 577; mukerjee, rec. bot. surv. ind. 14 (1940) 26; steen.krus. select indon. med. pi. (1953) 26; adelbert, in backer, bekn. fl. jav. (em. ed.) 14 (1954) fam. 201, p. 58; quisumbing, med. pi. philip. (1951) 828. — clerodendron spicatum thunb. fl. jav. (1825) 22, non 0. spicatum bth. 1848. — ocimum aristatum bl. bijdr. (1826) 833; bth. lab. gen. (1832) 10; in dc. prod. 12 (1848) 42. — ocimum grandiflorum {non l'herit.) bl. bijdr. (1826) 835. — ocimum longiflorum buch.-ham. ex wall. cat. (1831) no 2727, nomen. — 0. stamineus bth. in wall. pi. as. rar. 2 (1831) 15; lab. gen. (1832) 29; hassk. cat, hort. bog. (1844) 129; miq. fl. ind. bat. 2 (1858) 944; masters, gard. chron. (1869) 941; hook, f. bot. mag. 96 (1870) t. 5833; fl. br. ind. 4 (1885) 615; v.d. burg, geneesh. ned. ind. 3 (1885) 539; buysman, flora 117 (1915) 362; gamble, fl. madras (1924) 1115; mansfeld, bot. jahrb. 62 (1929) 381; kloppenburg-versteeg, wenken, etc. ed. 4 (1935) atlas t. 51; doan, fl. gen. i.-c. 4 (1936) 939; adelbert, in backer, bekn. fl. jav. (em. ed.) 14 (1954) fam. 201, p. 57. — o. tomentosus (non bth.) t. & b. cat. hort. bog. (1866) 132. — o. grandiflorus bold. zakfl. landb. jav. (1916) 110, non terrac. 1892; heyne, nutt. pi. (1927) 1338; backer, onkruidfl. jav. suik. (1931) 577; burkill, diet. ec. prod. mai. pen. (1935) 1592; kloppenburgh-versteeg, wenken, etc. ed. 4 (1935) 111; bruggeman, ind. tuinboek (1939) 137; merr. brittonia 5 (1943) 29. — o. spicatus (thunb.) back., bakh. & steen. blumea 6 (1950) 359, non bth. 1848; steen. fl. schol. indon. ed. 2 (1951) 340 -— clerodendranthus stamineus kudo, mem. fac. sc. agr. imp. univ. taihoku 2, bot. (1929) 117. rather flaccid herb,1/2 -11/2 m high. stem sparsely short-hairy, glabrescent; internodes 4—7 cm. leaves ovate, elliptic or rhombic, 1 1/2—3 times as long as broad, 3—8 by 2—5 cm, smaller and narrower upwards, 1959] van der sleesen: revision of malaysian orthosiphon 39 short-hairy to glabous, gland-dotted beneath, margin serrate-crenate, base decurrent into the petiole, apex acute to blunt; petioles sparsely hairy, 1—2 (—4) cm, shortening upwards to nearly absent in the upper leaves. bracts sessile, obovate, l 1/2—2 mm, acute-acuminate. pedicels 1 1/2—4 mm, variable in hairiness. flowers sometimes cleistogamous in certain specimens in which case the corolla remains enclosed within the calyx and the stamens remain coiled. calyx 2—3 mm, glabrous to hairy, glandular at the base. corolla white to pale lilac; tube 9—12 mm, slender, outside glabrous to hairy, inside sparsely hairy, upper and lower lip of the same length, 4—10 mm. filaments c. 2—4, protruding from the corolla-tube, glabrous. style 4—5 1/2 cm. distribution. malay peninsula: wild in the north, cultivated in the south (burkill). sumatra (mainland) : kostermans 786, lorzing 7255, posthumus 1026, rutten-kooistra 72; simalur i.: achmad 818; enggano i.: lutjeharms 5032. java (mainland) : backer 6596, 18463, bakhuizen van den brink 926, 6343, blume 109 (l, type), buwalda 2843, beumee 803, elbert 483, hallier f. 279, b. j. karsten 39, koorders 35054, 41718, schiffner 2496, raap 351, zoilinger 566; madura l: backer 20050. borneo: korthals 20. lesser sunda island: sumbawa: colfs 236, de voogd 1909, elbert 3692, 3700, 3963; flores: posthumus 2377; timor: spanoghe 50. moluccas: van der burg. i.e. philippines: merrill i.e. new. guinea: atasrip 143, cheesman 96, hooglcund 4745, ngf 3983. . from india to indo-china and the nicobars, throughout malaysia to australia, introduced in samoa and adjacent islands, in malaysia also frequently cultivated (the lilac race). ecology. generally in rather moist places, not a distinct constituent of the rain-forest but in open to half-shaded places, in the wet areas possibly flowering throughout the year, in the seasonal parts during the rainy season, up to c. 900 m, cultivated to 700 m. uses. one of the uses is the horticultural value of the plant. masters 1869 i.e. saw the plant on a meeting of the 'flora committee' exhibited by veitch & sons, imported from n. queensland (cape york), and wrote: "there is little doubt that this plant will be a favourite with gardeners". before that time it had already been in cultivation in the botanic gardens at bogor and was first mentioned from being cultivated there by hasskarl in his catalogue (1844). it is extremely remarkable that this rather showy plant, which is doubtless a native of malaysia, and has been found in all the major islands 4 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 and island groups, became known so late to botanical science. none of the pre-linnean authors, rheede van draakensteyn and rumphius, recorded it and it was obviously unknown to linnaeus and his contemporaries. as far as we know thunberg was the first who collected it in (?1775 or more probably) 1777 in java; he described it as late as 1825. in the collections of plants or plates or in the lists of vernacular names of norona (1781 in java), hornstedt (1782 in java), and deschamps (17941798 in java) there is no mention of it. it might have been more rare in that time and not in cultivation by the javanese; why should it otherwise have escaped these explorers? horsfield collected it in south central java, near patjitan. shortly afterwards, in blume's time, it was repeatedly collected in west java by blume himself, by zippel, reinwardt, etc.; moreover, there is an ancient specimen from semarang (leg. waitz?) in central java, and a specimen from waigeu i., collected by d'urville, was cited by bentham. it is quite obvious that the javanese did not recognize the medicinal value later attached to it, as none of the earlier authorities on medicinal plants mentioned it: horsfield ('short account med. plants', verh. bat. gen. 8, 1826, 95), waitz (tract. waarnemingen', 1829), hasskarl ('het nut etc.', 1845), filet ('plants of bot. gard. military hosp. weltevreden', 1855), and even bisschop grevelink (1883). also junghuhn makes no mention of the plant. the first who mentioned its being in use has been van der burg (de ind. geneesheer vol. 3, p. 539) in 1885; he said that the dried leaves were on sale in drugstores, that they act as a diuretic, that even tinctura orthosiphonis was prepared in some pharmacies, and that several physicians had success with the application of the plant in curing various kidney complaints. in continental asia its medicinal use just indicated is, or at least was, obviously unknown. in the malay peninsula burkill (1935) reports it from gardens in the south as an ornamental plant. in indo-china petelot (plant, med. du cambodge, laos & vietnam p. 264) records it as cultivated but not used medicinally. the same is said by guichard (ann. fie. med. pharm. indochine 1, 1937, 98) and admitted by kirtikar & basu for india (ind. med. pi. 3, p. 1029). from this i derive the remarkable conclusion that it is possibly the eurasians and europeans who detected the medicinal use in the later half of the nineteenth century. shortly before 1886 the species must have been imported in the netherlands from java by mr rip, as appears from an account by van 1959] van der sleeken: revision of malaysian orthosiphon 41 itallie (tijd. pharm. 1886, p. 232). at that time the plant had obviously got a reputation, as the botanic gardens at bogor started a culture of it according to its annual report over 1886. and some plantations elsewhere followed, resulting in a regular export of the drug. the use is now almost universal in indonesia; in the philippines folia orthosiphonis are used, but obviously on a much smaller scale (quisumbing, 1951 i.e.). in 1905 the species was officially entered in the 4th edition of the netherlands pharmacopeia under the name 0. stamineus bth. the leaves are used in infusa against various kinds of kidney complaints and illness, renal calculi, etc. moreover, against catarrh of the bladder, and often together with other species, e.g. meniran = phyllanthus urinaria, or kedji beling = desmodium gangeticum dc. against gall stones and podagra, according to mrs kloppenburg-versteegh.. the plant has repeatedly been examined phytochemically. first by van itallie (tijd. pharm. 1886, p. 232). he found a glucosid, orthosiphonin, and tannin. a. goudswaard gave in 1934 (pharm. tijd. ned. ind. 6, p. 145) an extensive report on the phytoehemical results; orthosiphonin is not poisonous to salamanders and frogs. the constituent responsible for the diuretic effect is not known with certainty; this is not particularly surprising as the various factors and their effect on the mechanism of the kidney are far from well known. some importance has been attached to the fact that the leaves and stemtips have a high potassium content, according to boorsma (med. plantentuin no 52, 1902, 25), and contain furthermore urea and ureids. dietzel & schmidt recorded the quantity of urea (chemically bound and free) in a watery extract and in a decoct and found per 100 g dry simplex 26 mg bound and 14 mg free urea. shortly before the war some results of pharmacological experiments were published by a. grevenstuk & f. w. mreyen (geneesk. tijd. ned. ind. 81, 1941, 154-183) and l. a. van der woerd (ibid. 706-728). vernacular names: kumis kutjing, m, s, sisungui majal (simalur), giri giri mareh (djambi), remuh djung, remukdjung, ngremek daeng, redji beling, j, kumis utjing, sinkir, s, songot kotjeng, md, kabling-giibat, kabling-parang, tagalog (philippines). the javanese name kumis kutjing has also (wrongly) been used for the capparidaceous gynandropsis speciosa and occasionally for tacca species. notes. merrill has recently concluded that the oldest binary combination for the species would be trichostema spiralis lour. fl. coch. (1790) 4 2 r e i n w a r d t i a ' [vol. 5 371, and has consequently called it orthosiphon spiralis (lour.) merr. ling. agr. rev. 2 (1925) 137; trans. am. phil. soc. 24, ii (1935) 344. loureiro's description is rather scanty and might fit to other labiatae; it may apply to our plant, as he mentioned the long-exserted stamens, but there are two points which raise our genuine doubt viz "folia integerrima tomentosa", which distinctly do not suit orthosiphon. it is not clear whether merrill has attempted to locate an authentic specimen in the british museum collections. on our plea mr dandy, keeper of the botany department, british museum (nat. hist.), had made investigations and mr w. t. stearn wrote us that he has satisfied himself that there is no loureiro specimen in the b. m. collections. in absence of certainty i deem it premature to accept merrill's conclusion specially with regard to the desirability to accept only name changes for useful plants if there is absolute certainty about the identity and no possibility to avoid a change of name. . j 2. orthosiphon thymiflorus (roth) comb. nov.—ocimum thymiflorum roth, nov. pi. sp. (1821) 269.—ocimum triste roth, i.e. 270.—ocimum viscoswm roth, i.e. 274.—plectranthus thymiflorus spreng. syst. 2 (1825) 690.—plectranthus tristis spreng. i.e.—0. tomentosus bth. in'wall. pi. as. rar. 2 (1831) 14, non de wildem. 1921; bth. lab. gen. (1832) 27; dc. prod. 12 (1848) 51; hook. f. fl. br. ind. 4 (1885) 614, incl. var. viscosus et glabratus; doan, in fl. gen. i. c. 4 (1936) 935.—o. glabratus bth. in wall. pi. as. rar. 2 (1831) 14; bth. lab. gen. (1832) 28; dc. prod. 12 (1848) 50; miq. fl. ind. bat. 2 (1858) 942; gamble, fl. madras (1924) 1114; mukerjee, rec. bot. surv. ind. 14 (1940) 23.—o. viscosus bth. in wall. pl as. rar. 2 (1831) 14; bth. lab. gen. (1832) 27; moritzi, syst. verz. (1846) 55; dc. prod. 12 (1848) 50; gamble, fl. madras (1924) 1114; mukerjee, rec. bot. surv. ind. 14 (1940) 23.—o. petiolaris miq. fl ind. bat. 2 (1858) 943; adelbert, in backer, bekn. fl. jav. (em. ed.) 14 (1954) fam. 201, p. 57. three varieties can be distinguished within this rather variable species, only one, the type variety, occurring in the malaysian area. the main difference in the varieties is based on the degree and mode of hairiness. mukerjee i.e. p. 23 has accepted the binomial o. viscosus for this species, but hooker f. had already combined o. viscosus and o. tomentosus, which compete priority, under the latter name (fl. br. ind. i.e. 614). it seems remarkable that mukerjee omitted from his monograph the evaluation of 4 other ocimums of roth, based on indian material viz ocimum den. siflorum, fastigiatum, thymiflorum, and urticaefolium. 1959] van der sleesen: revision of malaysian orthosiphon 43 var. thymiflorus.—ocimum thymiflorum roth, 0. glabratus bth., 0. petiolaris miq. herb; stems c. 2 mm diam., glabrous or nearly so; internodes c. 2—6 cm. leaves ovate-elliptic or rhombic, 3—5(—7) by 1—3 1/2 cm, glabrous except the basal parts of the nerves, gland-dotted beneath, the base cuneate to truncate (rarely slightly decurrent), margin serrate, apex acute; nerves 4—5 pairs; petioles 1—5 cm, glabrous to tomentose. inflorescences terminal, distinctly demarcated, cymes of 6 flowers; internodes c. 1—2 cm. bracts sessile, roundish, acuminate, 2—3 mm; pedicels 2—3 mm, short hairy. calyx 3—5 mm, almost glabrous, with glands at the base. corolla tube 7 mm, not particularly slender, outside pubescent, inside sparsely hairy; both lips 3—4 mm long. filaments 2 1/2 mm, hardly longer than the corolla tube. style 9—10 mm. distribution. ceylon and india to indo-china, and in central to east java, obviously very rare in java, originally found by horsfield in kediri, e of djokja (type of o. petiolaris, in u), later also collected on nusa barung i. and the hill g. sadeng near puger, all localities in the dry, chalky, seasonal area of the southern coastal regions of central and east java. var. tomentosus (hook, f.) comb. nov.—ocimum triste roth, plectranthus tristis (roth) spreng., 0. tomentosus var. tomentosus hook. f. leaves at both surfaces and rachis of the inflorescence light-brown tomentose. var. viscosus (hook, f.) comb. nov.—ocimum viscosum roth, 0. viscosus bth., 0. tomentosus var. viscosus hook. f. almost the entire plant covered with long, translucent (in vivo obviously viscid) hairs. leaves blunt, 2 1/2 —4 by 1/2 —2 1/2 mm. one specimen was of exactly the same habit, but the hairs were more sparse. this variety has been reported from java by moritzi, the record being based on zollinger 1873, but i have not seen this specimen. hal 37-43_page_1 hal 37-43_page_2 hal 37-43_page_3 hal 37-43_page_4 hal 37-43_page_5 hal 37-43_page_6 hal 37-43_page_7 reinwardtia vol. 10, part 4 , 4 1 9 4 2 3 (1988) the javanese species of tetraploa mien a. rifai "herbarium bogoriense", puslitbang biologi — lipl, bogor hardaniah zainuddin, faculty of public health, hasanuddin university, ujung pandang & abdul cholil faculty of agriculture, brawidjaja university, making abstract two specieg of the hyphomycete genus tetraploa are reported from java, namely the widespread tetraploa aristata and the newly described tetraploa javanica. illustrated descriptions are presented for both species. abstrak dua jenis jamur tetraploa dilaporkan dari jawa, yaitu tetraploa aristata dan jenis baru tetraploa javanica. pertelaan bergambar untuk masing-masing jenis disajikan. in his revision of tetraploa berk. & br., ellis (1949) considered that five species could be recognized in this hyphomycete genus. only two of these are widely distributed, namely the cosmopolitan tetraploa aristata berk. & br. and the less common tetraploa ellisii cooke (ellis 1971). as might be expected the former species occurs also in java, whereas the fatter so far is known only from usa, argentina and rhodesia but more recently yokoyama & tubaki (1973) reported its occurence in papua new guinea. a species which appears to be undescribed has been collected in bogor botanic gardens. since under a casual examination this new species can be easily mistaken for tetraploa aristata, for comparative purposes we take this opportunity to give a detailed account of the two species as components of the mycoflora of java. tetraploa berk. & br. tetraploa berk. & br. in ann. mag. nat. hist. ii, 5 : 459.1850; sacc., syll, fung. 4 : 516. 1886; clem. & shear, gen. fung. : 217. 1931; barnet, iii gen. imperf. fung. : 130. 1960; ellis, demat. hyphomyc. : 51. 1971; carmichael et al., gen. hyphomyc. : 184. 1980. type species : tetraploa aristata berk. & br. 410 reinwardtia key to javanese tetraploa 1. a. conidia obovoid in outline, mostly with 4 cells in each column, setiform appendages divaricate, more or less of equal length tetraploa aristata b. conidia ovoid in outline, mostly with 6 cells in each column, setiform appendages almost fascicled, strongly unequal in length, two long and two very short tetraploa javanica tetraploa aristata berk. & br. — fig. 1. tetraploa aristata berk. & br. in ann. mag. nat. hist. ii, 5 : 459. 1850; ellis in trans. brit, mycol. soc. 32 : 249. 1949; demat hyphomyc. : 52. 1971; yokoyama & tubaki in bull. nat. sc. mus. 16 : 658. pi. 5 d e. 1973. colonies effused, greyish brown. mycelium superficial, consisted of pale brown, smooth walled, flexuous, septate, much branched an.d anastomosing hyphae 1.8 — 3.5 yum diam. which form a compact network. conidiophores micronematous, hardly distinguishable from the mycelium, with integrated, short cylindrical, intercalary, determinate and monoblastic eonidiogenous cells. conidia solitary, obovoid to oblong obovoid in outline, 25 — 40 x 14 — 28µm, brown, wall distincly verrucose, consist of 4 columns or rows of 9 — 16 µm diam. cells and mostly with 4 cells to each row which tends to diverge from one another apically and terminated by an almost straight, septate, setiform appendage which measures 10 — 90 µm long, up to 8µm diam. at the base and taper into its 2 — 3.5 µm paler apex; these four appendages therefore divaricate and generally more or less of equal length. specimens examined : on culm of a decaying tall grass (? saccharum), bogor botanic gardens, java, december 1930, kb. boedijn 865 (bo). tetraploa javanica spec. nov. — fig. 2 coloniae effusae, velutinosae, atrobrunneae. mycelium superficiale. conidiopbora micronematica, ex hyphis septatis, irregulariter ramosis, anastomosis, flexuosis, laevis, 1.6 — 4µm diam. composita. cellulae conidiogenae integratae, monoblasticae. conidia ovoidea, brunnea, laevia, 30 — 42 (— 58) x 17 — 28µm, plerumque ex 4seriebus cellularibus (unaquaeque series 4 — 7 cellulatis 8 — 18µm diam.) composita, apice in appendicum longum (— 215µm) et appendicum brevem (— 25µm) transmutata. kad. in culmis emortois bambusae glaucescentis, hortus botanicus bogor, java, januarii 1988, rifai 7920 typus est (bo). colonies effuied , velvety, dark brown to blackish brown. mycelium superficial, composed of pale brown to brown, smooth walled, flexuous, septate, irregularly branched and anastomosing 1.6 — 4µm diam. hyphae which form a compact network on the surface of the substrate. conidiophores micronematous, hardly distinguishable from the mycelium, consisted of integrated, determinate, intercalary, short cylindrical, monoblastic or 1988] rifai et al : javanese tetraploa. 4 2 1 fig. 1. tetraploa aristata: conidia 422 reinwardtia [vol. 10 fig. 2. tetraploa javanica: mycelium and conidia. 1.9881 rifai et al. : javanese tetraploa. 423 polyblastic conidiogenous cells. conidia solitary, pleurogenous, as a rule ovoid in outline, 30 — 42 (— 58) x 17 — 2 8 µ m , smooth walled (or at the most the wall faintly verrucose), consisted of 4 (or rarely up to 6) rows or columns of brown cells, mostly with 4 — 7 cells measuring 8 — 1 8 µ m diam. to each column which tends to appear fascicled apically with each other and topped by appendage of unequal lengun. ueneraily in each conidium there are two long setiform appendages which are originating from opposing columns, almost straight, up to 215µm long and gently attennuate from the pale brown 5.4 — 8µm diam. base to about 2.5 — 3.5µm at the much paler, thinner walled apex, elongate by proliferations, only slightly diverge from the long axis of the conidium body; from the remaining columns emerge two short appendages measuring 9 — 2 5 µ m long which recurve sideway almost at right angle to the long axis of the conidium body. specimens examind : on culms of decaying bambusa glaucescens, bogor botanic garden, java, march 1980, a. cholil & hardaniah zainuddin (bo); 31 december 1980, hardaniah zainuddin & m.a. rifai s.n. (bo); january 1988, m.a. rifai 7920 (bo, holotype); on dead bambusa glaucescens hedge, bogor, java, february 1988, e.a. widjaja, rugayah & m.a. rifai s.n. (bo). it should be noted that the substrate of this new species, bambusa glaucescens, is not native to java but introduced from japan. it would be of interest to search for this species in the native country of this bamboo species. tetraploa javanica can be easily distinguished from the other species of tetraploa by its ovoid conidia and the seemingly fascicled dimorphic appendages. references ellis, m.b. 1949. tetraploa. in trans. brit, mycol. soc. 32 : 246 — 257. ellis, m.b. 1971. dematiaceous hyphomycetes. cmi, kew. 608 pp. yokoyama, t. & tubaki, k. 1973. some hyphomycetes from papua and new guinea. in bull. nat. sc. mus. 16 : 655 — 660. 10(4) 419_page_1 binder cover-100_page_013 reinwardtia 2017 16 (1) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 16 (1): 1 – 48, june 15, 2017 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary rina munazar layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: catanthera keris veldk. (1. inflorescences; 2. close up flower; 3. flower bud), medinilla squillula veldk. (4. habit; 5. branches; 6. fascicle of uniflorous infructescences), medinilla uninervis veldk. (7. habit. note 1-nerved leaves; 8. infructescence; 9. immature and mature fruits), medinilla zoster veldk. (10. habit; 11. inflorescences; 12. flower). photo credits: bangun 223, lowry & phillipson 7287, mahroji, fabanyo & soleman 69, callmander, et al. 1067. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 16(1): agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia agus sutanto indonesian tropical fruit research institute (itfri), west sumatra, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk andrew powling school of biological sciences, university of portsmouth, portsmouth, uk elham sumarga school of life sciences & technology, institut teknologi bandung, bandung, indonesia meekiong kallu university malaysia sarawak, samarahan, sarawak, malaysia harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia ulrich meve lehrstuhl für pflanzensystematik, universität bayreuth, bayreuth, germany mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia reinwardtia vol 16 no 1, pp: 19 – 24 19 a newly described and recorded infraspecific taxa of musa borneensis becc. (musaceae) from sulawesi, indonesia received november 4, 2016; accepted february 23, 2017 lulut dwi sulistyaningsih herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology – lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta– bogor km. 46, cibinong, 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: lulutjv@gmail.com abstract sulistyaningsih, l. d. 2016. a newly described and recorded infraspecific taxa of musa borneensis becc. (musaceae) from sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 16 (1): 19 – 24. — a new variety of musa borneensis, m. borneensis var. donggalaensis sulis. is proposed based upon specimens from donggala, central sulawesi, indonesia. endemic status of m. borneensis was rejected. the description, distribution map and the identification key are provided. key words: musa borneensis, musaceae, new variety, sulawesi. abstrak sulistyaningsih, l. d. 2016. varietas dan catatan baru musa borneensis becc. (musaceae) dari sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 16 (1): 19 – 24. — varietas baru dari musa borneensis, m. borneensis var. donggalaensis sulis. dipertelakan berdasarkan spesimen dari donggala, sulawesi tengah, indonesia. status endemik m. borneensis disanggah. pertelaan, peta distribusi dan kunci identifikasi disajikan. kata kunci: musa borneensis, musaceae, varietas baru, sulawesi. introduction bananas belong to musaceae, a small family which consists of three genera, ensete bruce ex horan, musa l. and musella (franchet) h.w. li. in general, bananas (musa l.) are grouped into wild seeded bananas that consist of approximately 70 species (häkkinen, 2008) and edible seedless bananas consisting of approximately 500 cultivars (valmayor et al., 2002). indonesia is the center of bananas origin (simmonds, 1966) as well as of its diversity (daniells et al., 2001). at least 325 cultivars have been recorded in indonesia (valmayor et al., 2002), unfortunately only 12 wild banana species has been documented (nasution & yamada, 2001). presumably, there are wild banana species that have not been recorded and well documented. all large islands in indonesia, such as sumatra, wild banana species grow widespread in almost java, lesser sunda islands, kalimantan, sulawesi, moluccas and papua. biogeographycally, sulawesi has a unique characteristic because it is located in the wallacea line which is the transition region between asia and australia. sulawesi is also known to have a large number of endemic flora and fauna (mittermeier et al., 2005). musaceae that have been reported as an endemic flora in sulawesi are m. celebica warb. ex k. schum. and m. acuminata colla var. tomentosa (k. sch.) nasution (nasution, 1991; nasution & yamada, 2001). taxonomic studies that reveal the morphological diversity of wild bananas in central, north and south sulawesi has been done by nasution (1991) and sulistyaningsih (2013). however, in general the systematic studies of wild banana species in sulawesi are still rare. it can be seen from the number of identified musaceae specimen in herbarium bogoriense (bo). it is approximately only 26% of musaceae specimens from sulawesi that stored in bo have been identified (sulistyaningsih, 2013). materials and methods this study was done by exploration method conducted in donggala, central sulawesi. the species was described by completing the entire inibap musa descriptor list (ipgri-inibap/ cirad, 1996) with some modification followed the traditional banana taxonomy approach (simmonds, 1966). relevant parts of the specimens were deposited as a holotype at herbarium bogoriense (bo). results and discussions borneo which consist of three countries: brunei, indonesia (kalimantan) and malaysia (sabah and sarawak) being a part of the center of bananas diversity. häkkinen (2004) stated that borneo has a large number of endemic wild banana species and their number may now total 20, though only 15 species have been previously described. musa borneensis is one of the wild bananas that housed reinwardtia 20 [vol.16 in borneo and firstly described by odoardo beccari. he is italian botanist who described four wild bananas from borneo in his classic book “nelle forestre di borneo” (beccari, 1902). the type specimen collected from sarawak, malaysia (p.b. n. 3356). musa borneensis characterized by the curved-patent petiole, heavily wrinkled, large inflorescence auricles, ovoid and imbricate male bud, obpyriform and tuberculate seeds. six varieties of m. borneensis have been described before, namely: var. alutacea, borneensis, flavida, lutea, phoenica and sarawakensis (häkkinen & meekiong, 2005). the discovery of musa borneensis that growing wildly in sulawesi enlarge the distribution area and automatically rejected the endemic status of this species. the field key identification of musa borneensis to variety level also have been revised considerably. field key identification of musa borneensis to variety level 1a. plant 3.5 meter or below………………….….2 b. plant more than 3.5 meter………………...….3 2a. pseudostem sap milky, colour lower surface leaf medium green and shiny, male bud ovoid and red-purple, peduncle slightly hairy ….....4 b. pseudostem sap watery red-purple, colour lower surface leaf green and dull, male bud rounded and pink-purple, peduncle hairless ………………………………….var. phoenica 3a. pseudostem light green to medium-green, leafbase pointed on both sides, male bud yellow ……………………………………………….5 b. pseudostem purple-brown, sparse black-purple blotches at petiole base, leaf base rounded on both sides, male bud pink-purple ……. ……………………………..var. sarawakensis 4a. pseudostem colour purple brown, petiole bases winged and not clasping the pseudostem, heavily corrugated auricles with sparse red purple blotches, leaf bases symmetric, one side rounded and one pointed …......var. borneensis b. pseudostem colour medium green, petiole bases winged and clasping the pseudostem, corrugated auricles with sparse brown blotches, leaf bases asymmetric, both sides pointed ........................................var. donggalaensis 5a. male bud bract revolute before falling …….. 6 b. male bud bract not revolute before falling ……………………………….... var. alutacea 6a. 26 hands, 5‒6 fruits per hand ……. var. flavida fig. 1. musa borneensis var. donggalaensis sulis, var. nov. a. habitus; b&g. infructescence; c. male bud; d. petiole base; e. & f. auricle on the petiole base a b c d e f g sulistyaningsih : new infraspecific taxa of musa borneensis from sulawesi 2017] 21 b. 36 hands, 4‒8 fruits per hand ……… var. lutea musa borneensis var. donggalaensis sulis. var. nov. ‒ fig. 1. — type: indonesia, central sulawesi, palu, donggala, april 2013. elizabeth ea w 10045 (holo: bo). musa borneensis var. donggalaensis is closely related to var. borneensis, developing slender plant, corrugated auricles with sparse brown blotches, inflorescences that are at first horizontal and later becoming pendulous, green and slightly hairy peduncle, ovoid with red purple colour male bud, not revolute before falling, slightly lax fruit bunch, uniseriate, slightly curved fruit. plant slender, suckering freely, close to parent, growing vertical. mature pseudostem 3 ‒ 3.5 m high, slender, sheaths medium green with sparse brown blotches, predominant underlying color green-yellow with sparse brown purple pigmentation, shiny, sap milky. petiole up to 100 cm long, petiole canal leaf wide with erect margin, petiole bases winged and clasping the pseudostem and corrugated auricles with sparse brown blotches auriculated. leaf habit erect, lamina up to 200 cm long, 60 cm wide, oblong, slightly narrowed towards the apex, roundly truncate at the tip, color of upper surface green, lower surface medium green, both surfaces shiny, leaf bases asymmetric, both sides pointed, midrib dorsally light green and ventrally yellow with very corrugated lamina. inflorescence first horizontal then pendulous, peduncle 60 cm long, 5 cm in diameter, slightly hairy and green in colour. male bud ovoid, 12 ‒ 14 cm long, 7.5 ‒ 11.5 cm wide, bracts inserted on the axis, imbricate, apex obtuse with green tips, red purple, not revolute before falling, shiny. male flowers on average 5 per bract in one row, falling with the bract; compound tepal 2.7 ‒ 4.5 cm long, 0.8 ‒ 1.5 cm wide, upper part white and yellow at the base, with 5-toothed apex; free tepal 1 ‒ 2.1 cm long, 0.5 ‒ 1.4 cm wide, translucent white, oblong, upper part serrate, apex triangular and developed; stamen 5, 2.2 ‒ 4 cm long, 0.1 ‒ 0.3 cm wide, yellow; filaments 0.5 ‒ 1 cm long, white; anther 1.5 ‒ 2.2 cm long, yellowish; style straight; anthers and style exserted; stigma cream; ovary arched. fruit bunch slightly lax, with 12 hands per bunch and 4 ‒ 7 fruits per hands on average, uniseriate; individual fruit 5.5 ‒ 9 cm long, 2 ‒ 2.5 cm diameter, slightly curved, pedicel 0.6 ‒ 0.8 cm, fruit apex blunt-tipped, without relictual floral remains, immature fruit peel light green, mature fruit peel yellow. seeds obpyriform, tuberculate, ca. 4 ‒ 6 mm diameter, 100 ‒ 120 seeds per fruit. distribution and habitat. gr ow wildly on the coast south-west of donggala, central sulawesi (fig. 2.). etymology. the epithet name r efer to donggala, the place where the specimen was collected. fig. 2. distribution map of musa borneensis var. donggalaensis in sulawesi reinwardtia 22 [vol.16 t ab le 1 . m or ph ol og ic al c ha ra ct er s of in fr as pe ci fic ta xa o f m us a bo rn ee ns is n o c ha ra ct er va r. bo rn ee ns is va r. fla vi da va r. al at uc ae a va r. lu te a va r. ph oe ni ca va r. sa ra w ak en si s va r. do ng ga la en si s 1 pl an t sm al l; sl en de r ta ll; ro bu st ta ll; ro bu st ta ll; ro bu st sm al l; sl en de r ta ll; ro bu st sm al l; sl en de r 2 su ck er s c lo se to p ar en t pl an t c lo se to p ar en t pl an t c lo se to p ar en t pl an t c lo se to p ar en t p la nt c lo se to p ar en t p la nt fa r f ro m p ar en t pl an t c lo se to p ar en t pl an t 3 m at ur e ps eu do st em c ol ou r pu rp le b ro w n m ed iu m g re en li gh t g re en to ye llo w m ed iu m g re en r ed to p ur pl e pu rp le b ro w n m ed iu m g re en w ith s pa rs e br ow n bl ot ch es 4 ps eu do st em a ppe ar an ce sh in y w ax y sh in y sh in y sh in y sh in y sh in y 5 sa p co lo ur m ilk y m ilk y r ed p ur pl e li gh t y el lo w w at er y re dpu rp le r ed p ur pl e m ilk y 6 pe tio le c an al le af o pe n w ith e re ct m ar gi ns w id e w ith e re ct m ar gi ns o pe n w ith s tr ai gh t er ec t m ar gi ns w id e op en w ith e re ct m ar gi n o pe n w ith s tr ai gh t er ec t m ar gi ns w id e w ith e re ct m ar gi ns w id e w ith e re ct m ar gi n 7 pe tio le b as es w in ge d an d no t cl as pi ng th e ps eu do st em w in ge d an d no t cl as pi ng th e ps eu do st em w in ge d an d cl as pin g th e ps eu do st em w in ge d an d cl as pi ng th e ps eu do st em w in ge d an d cl as pi ng th e ps eu do st em w in ge d an d cl as pin g th e ps eu do st em w in ge d an d cl as pin g th e ps eu do st em 8 a ur ic le s h ea vi ly c or ru ga te d au ri cl es w ith sp ar se re d pu rp le bl ot ch es h ea vi ly c or ru ga te d au ri cl es w ith sp ar se b lu e bl ot ch es h ea vi ly c or ru ga te d au ri cl es w ith e xte ns iv e bl ac k pu rpl e bl ot ch es h ea vi ly c or ru ga te d au ri cl es w ith e xt en si ve b ro w n bl ot ch es c or ru ga te d au ri cl es w ith s pa rs e bl ac k pu rp le b lo tc he s c or ru ga te d au ri cl es c or ru ga te d au ri cl es w ith s pa rs e br ow n bl ot ch es 9 le af h ab it e re ct , l am in a up to 36 0 cm × 7 5 cm e re ct , l am in a up to 50 0 cm × 9 0 cm e re ct , l am in a up to 45 0 cm × 9 5 cm in te rm ed ia te , l am in a up to 4 00 c m × 8 0 cm e re ct , l am in a up to 36 0 cm × 8 6 cm e re ct , l am in a up to 35 0 cm × 8 0 cm e re ct , l am in a up to 20 0 cm × 6 0 cm 10 c ol ou r o f u pp er su rf ac e le af g re en a nd s hi ny m ed iu m g re en a nd du ll g re en a nd s hi ny m ed iu m g re en a nd sh in y g re en a nd s hi ny g re en a nd s hi ny g re en a nd s hi ny 11 c ol ou r o f l ow er su rf ac e le af m ed iu m g re en a nd sh in y li gh t g re en a nd du ll li gh t g re en a nd du ll m ed iu m g re en a nd sh in y g re en a nd d ul l m ed iu m g re en a nd du ll m ed iu m g re en a nd sh in y 12 le af b as es sy m m et ri c; o ne si de ro un de d, o ne po in te d a sy m m et ri c; b ot h si de s po in te d a sy m m et ri c; b ot h si de s po in te d a sy m m et ri c; b ot h si de s po in te d a sy m m et ri c; b ot h si de s ro un de d a sy m m et ri c; b ot h si de s ro un de d a sy m m et ri c; b ot h si de s po in te d 13 m id rib d or sa lly li gh t gr ee n, v en tr al ly ye llo w , w ith v er y co rr ug at ed la m in a d or sa lly li gh t gr ee n to y el lo w , ve nt ra lly y el lo w w ith la rg e pu rp le br ow n bl ot ch es , w ith v er y co rr ug at ed la m in a d or sa lly li gh t gr ee n, v en tr al ly ye llo w , w ith v er y co rr ug at ed la m in a d or sa lly li gh t g re en , ve nt ra lly y el lo w , w ith v er y co rr ug at ed la m in a d or sa lly p ur pl e to bl ue , v en tr al ly y el lo w , w ith v er y co rr uga te d la m in a d or sa lly li gh t gr ee n to y el lo w , ve nt ra lly y el lo w , w ith v er y co rr ug at ed la m in a d or sa lly li gh t gr ee n, v en tr al ly ye llo w , w ith v er y co rr ug at ed la m in a 14 in flo re sc en ce fi rs t h or iz on ta l th en p en du lo us h or iz on ta l fi rs t h or iz on ta l th en p en du lo us fi rs t s em i h or iz on ta l th en p en du lo us fi rs t h or iz on ta l t he n pe nd ul ou s fi rs t h or iz on ta l th en p en du lo us fi rs t h or iz on ta l th en p en du lo us sulistyaningsih : new infraspecific taxa of musa borneensis from sulawesi 2017] 23 n o c ha ra ct er va r. bo rn ee ns is va r. fla vi da va r. al at uc ae a va r. lu te a va r. ph oe ni ca va r. sa ra w ak en si s va r. do ng ga la en si s 15 pe du nc le sl ig ht ly h ai ry ; gr ee nye llo w h ai rl es s; m ed iu m gr ee n w ith s pa rs e bl ot ch es h ai ry ; l ig ht g re en to y el lo w w ith pi nk -p ur pl e lin es sl ig ht ly h ai ry ; p ur pl e to b la ck h ai rl es s; p ur pl e br ow n w ith b lu e bl ot ch es h ai rl es s; li gh t gr ee nye llo w sl ig ht ly h ai ry ; gr ee n 16 m al e bu d o vo id ; 1 4. 5 cm × 12 .5 c m ; i m br ica te ; r ed -p ur pl e; no t r ev ol ut e be fo re fa lli ng o vo id ; 1 8 cm × 1 4 cm ; i m br ic at e; do rs al ly y el lo w sh in y, v en tr al ly pa le y el lo w ; r ev olu te b ef or e fa lli ng r ou nd ed to o vo id ; 14 c m × 1 2 cm ; im br ic at e; y el lo w ; de fle xe d bu t n ot ro lle d r ou nd ed o r c or da te ; 17 c m × 1 6 cm ; i m br ic at e; d ul l y el lo w ; re vo lu te b ef or e fa llin g r ou nd ed ; 1 0 cm × 1 0 cm ; i m br ic at e; d or sa lly p in kpu rp le , ve nt ra lly y el lo w ; n ot re vo lu te b ef or e fa llin g r ou nd ed o r c or da te ; 1 7 cm × 1 1 cm ; i m br ic at e; do rs al ly p in kpu rp le , v en tr al ly ye llo w ; r ev ol ut e be fo re fa lli ng o vo id ; 1 4 cm × 11 .5 c m ; i m br ica te ; r ed -p ur pl e; no t r ev ol ut e be fo re fa lli ng 17 m al e flo w er s o n av er ag e 5 pe r br ac t; on e ro w ; co m po un d te pa l 4 cm lo ng , u pp er pa rt c re am & y el lo w a t t he b as e, w ith 5 -t oo th ed ap ex ; f re e te pa l 2 .5 cm lo ng , t ra ns lu ce nt w hi te , o bl on g; st am en 5 ; f ila m en t 1. 1 cm lo ng , cr ea m ; a nt he rs 1 .3 cm lo ng , w hi te , an th er s an d st yl e ex se rt ed ; s tig m a tin te d w ith p ur pl e; ov ar y ar ch ed . o n av er ag e 5 pe r br ac t; on e ro w ; co m po un d te pa l 7. 5 cm lo ng , p al e ye llo w , w ith 3 to ot he d ap ex ; f re e te pa l 5 .6 c m lo ng , tr an sl uc en t w hi te , la nc eo la te ; s ta m en 5; fi la m en t 1 .4 c m lo ng , c re am ; a nth er s 2. 1 cm lo ng , w hi te , a nt he rs a nd st yl e ex se rt ed ; st ig m a tin te d w ith pu rp le ; o va ry ar ch ed . o n av er ag e 6 pe r br ac t; on e ro w ; co m po un d te pa l 4 cm lo ng , u pp er pa rt li gh t g re en & cr ea m to o ra ng e at th e ba se , w ith 2 to ot he d ap ex ; f re e te pa l 2 .5 c m lo ng , tr an sl uc en t w hi te , ov al e; s ta m en 5 ; fil am en t 1 c m lo ng , w hi te ; a nth er s 1. 4 cm lo ng , pi nk -p ur pl e, a nth er s an d st yl e at th e sa m e le ve l; st ig m a cr ea m ; ov ar y ar ch ed . o n av er ag e 5 pe r br ac t; on e ro w ; c om po un d te pa l 7 c m lo ng , w hi te to y el lo w , w ith 3 -t oo th ed a pe x; fr ee te pa l 5 .5 c m lo ng , t ra ns lu ce nt w hi te , l an ce ol at e; st am en 5 ; f ila m en t 2. 8 cm lo ng , c re am ; an th er s 2. 3 cm lo ng , w hi te , a nt he rs a nd st yl e in se rt ed ; s tig m a cr ea m ; o va ry s tr ai gh t. o n av er ag e 6 pe r br ac t; on e ro w ; c om po un d te pa l 4 .7 c m lo ng , u pp er p ar t l ig ht gr ee n & c re am to ye llo w a t t he b as e, w ith 2 -t oo th ed a pe x; fr ee te pa l 4 .4 c m lo ng , o pa qu e w hi te , ov al ; s ta m en 5 ; f ila m en t 1 .8 c m lo ng , cr ea m ; a nt he rs 2 .2 cm lo ng , r us ty br ow n, a nt he rs a nd st yl e in se rt ed ; s tig m a pu rp le -b lu e; o va ry ar ch ed . o n av er ag e 5 pe r br ac t; on e ro w ; co m po un d te pa l 5. 5 cm lo ng , c re am to y el lo w , w ith 5 to ot he d ap ex ; f re e te pa l 4 .6 c m lo ng , cr ea m , o va l; st am en 5 ; an th er s an d st yl e ex se rt ed ; st ig m a pi nk pu rp le ; o va ry st ra ig ht . o ne ro w ; c om po un d te pa l 4 .5 c m lo ng , u pp er p ar t w hi te & y el lo w a t th e ba se , w ith 5 to ot he d ap ex ; f re e te pa l 2 .1 c m lo ng , tr an sl uc en t w hi te , ob lo ng ; s ta m en 5 ; fil am en t 1 c m lo ng , w hi te ; a nth er s an d st yl e ex se rt ed ; s tig m a cr ea m ; o va ry ar ch ed . 18 fr ui ts fr ui t b un ch c om pa ct ; 2 0 ha nd s an d 58 fr ui ts p er h an d on a ve ra ge ; u ni se ri at e; in di vi du al fr ui t 1 4 cm lo ng , sl ig ht ly c ur ve d. fr ui t b un ch tr un ca te d co ne , c om pa ct ; 2 6 ha nd s an d 56 fr ui ts p er h an d on a ve ra ge ; u ni se ri at e; in di vi du al fr ui t 1 4 cm lo ng , cu rv ed . fr ui t b un ch c om pa ct ; 8 h an ds a nd 6 -8 fr ui ts p er h an d on a ve ra ge ; u ni se ri at e; in di vi du al fr ui t 8 c m lo ng , st ra ig ht . fr ui t b un ch tr un ca te d co ne , c om pa ct ; 3 6 ha nd s an d 48 fr ui ts pe r h an d on e va ra ge ; un is er ia te ; i nd iv id ua l fr ui t 6 -1 2 cm lo ng , cu rv ed to s tr ai gh t. fr ui t b un ch la x; 7 ha nd s an d 57 fr ui ts pe r h an d on a ve ra ge ; un is er ia te ; i nd iv id ua l fr ui t 1 2 cm lo ng , st ri gh t. fr ui t b un ch tr un ca te d co ne , l ax ; 1 2 -2 6 ha nd s an d 59 fr ui ts p er h an d on av er ag e; u ni se ri at e; in di vi du al fr ui t 9 cm lo ng , s tr ig ht . fr ui t b un ch s lig ht ly la x; 1 2 ha nd s an d 47 fr ui ts p er ha nd o n av er ag e; un is er ia te ; i nd iv id ua l f ru it 9 cm lo ng , sl ig ht ly c ur ve d 19 se ed s 12 013 0 se ed s pe r fr ui t 80 -9 0 se ed s pe r fr ui t 8 010 0 se ed s pe r fr ui t 10 012 0 se ed s pe r fr ui t 4 050 s ee ds p er fr ui t 8 090 s ee ds p er fr ui t 10 012 0 se ed s pe r fr ui t t ab le 1 . m or ph ol og ic al c ha ra ct er s of in fr as pe ci fic ta xa o f m us a bo rn ee ns is (c on tin ue d) reinwardtia 24 [vol.16 notes. similar to var . borneensis but differ s by its pseudostem colour, its petiole canal leaf and bases, its auricles, its leaf bases, its male flower and its fruit bunch and individual fruit shape. the petiole canal leaf of this variety similar to var. flavida and var. sarawakensis. the petiole bases similar to var. alatucaea, var. lutea, var. phoenica and var. sarawakensis. the leaf bases similar to var. flavida, var. alatucaea, var. lutea, var. phoenica and var. sarawakensis (table 1). additional specimen examined. donggala, w . meijer 10103 (bo!), leaf, fruit. acknowledgements i would like to thank prof. elizabeth a. widjaja who collected the specimen. i also thank the editors and the reviewers whose knowledgeable suggestions and comments improved this paper. references beccari, o. 1902. nota sui banani selvatici di borneo. nelle foreste di borneo. tipografia di salvadore landi, firenze. pp. 611–624. daniells, j., jenni, c., karamura, d. & tomelpe, k. 2001. musalogue: a catalogue of musa germplasm, diversity in the genus musa. montpellier: inibap. häkkinen, m. 2004. musa voonii, a new musa species from northern borneo and discussion of the section callimusa in borneo. a cta phytotax. geobot. 55(2): 79–88. häkkinen, m. 2008. typification and checklist of musa l. names (musaceae) with nomenclatural notes. a dansonia sér 3, 30(1): 63–112. häkkinen, m. & meekiong, k. 2005. musa borneensis becc. 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[ipgri] international plant genetic resources institute. 1996. description for bananas (musa spp). rome: ipgri. mittermeier, r. a., gil, p. r., hoffman, m., pilgrim, j., brooks, t., miltermeier, c. g., lamoreux j., da fonseca, g. a. b., seligmann, p. a. & ford, h. 2005. hotspots revisited : earth’s biologically richest and most endengared terrestrial ecoregions. conservation international. new york: pp. 390. nasution, r. e. 1991. a taxonomic study of the musa acuminata colla with its intraspecific taxa in indonesia. mem. tokyo univ. a gric. 32: 1–122. nasution, r. e. & yamada, i. 2001. pisangpisang liar di indonesia. bogor: pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi–lipi. simmonds, n. w. 1966. bananas 2nd edition. london: longmans inc. sulistyaningsih, l. d. 2013. the systematic of wild banana species (musa l.) in sulawesi: morphology and molecular studies. bogor agricultural university [m.sc. thesis]. valmayor, r. v., jamaluddin, s. h., silayoi, b., kusumo, s., danh, l. d., pascua, o. c. & espino, r. r. c. 2002. banana cultivar names and synonyms in southeast asia. rome: ipgri. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. 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[phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 16. no. 1. 2017 contents page dini puspitaningrum, wendy a. mustaqim & marlina ardiyani. a new record of etlingera pauciflora (zingiberaceae) in java, indonesia ...…………………………………..…………………..…….…...………….…………. 1 sri rahayu & michele rodda. hoya narcissiflora (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae), a new species from borneo ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………. 5 iyan robiansyah. predicting habitat distribution of endemic and critically endangered dipterocarpus littoralis in nusakambangan, indonesia ……………………………………………….…..……………………………….………. 11 lulut dwi sulistyaningsih. a newly described and recorded infraspecific taxa of musa borneensis becc. (musaceae) from sulawesi, indonesia ……………………………………………...…....…………….………………..... 19 jan-firts veldkamp & abdulrokhman kartonegoro. new species of catanthera and medinilla (melastomataceae) from halmahera, indonesia and a new name for a medinilla from madagascar…………………………………...…...……... 25 purwaningsih, ruddy polosakan, razali yusuf & kuswata kartawinata. phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope of mt. wilis, east java, indonesia………………………..…………………………….…. 31 ian m. turner. a new combination for subspecies of radermachera quadripinnata (bignoniaceae) ........................ 47 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia 16(1)_1-1 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_2-2 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_3-3 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_4-4 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_23-23 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_24-24 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_25-25 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_26-26 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_27-27 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_28-28 8. daftar isi reinwardtia 16(1) 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 15(2): david simpson, herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk herwasono soedjito, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein, robert j. kibbee library, kingsborough community college, new york, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, 1400 lake shore drive, chicago, usa mark hughes royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), indonesia siti nur hidayati middle tennessee state university, tennessee, usa soejatmi dransfield herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk wong khoon meng singapore botanic garden, singapore reinwardtia vol 15, no 2, pp: 129 − 135 129 two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) received 20 january, 2016; accepted 16 september, 2016 miraadila mohd. isa department of plant science and environmental ecology, faculty of resource science and technology, universiti malaysia sarawak, 94300 kota samarahan, sarawak, malaysia. email: myranda_6969@yahoo.com zinnirah shabdin department of plant science and environmental ecology, faculty of resource science and technology, universiti malaysia sarawak, 94300 kota samarahan, sarawak, malaysia. email: szinnirah@unimas.my meekiong kalu department of plant science and environmental ecology, faculty of resource science and technology, universiti malaysia sarawak, 94300 kota samarahan, sarawak, malaysia. email: qammuz@gmail.com abstract miraadila, m. i., shabdin, z. & meekiong, k. 2016. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae). reinwardtia 15(2): 129 – 135. — mapania hidiriana and m. sembilingensis, two new species from sarawak, malaysia are described and illustrated. mapania hidiriana can be differentiate from m. meditensis by elongated lanceolate inflorescences. whilst, m. sembilingensisis differ from m. multiflora and m. hispida by the floral and fruit morphologies. in additional, m. spadicea uittien, a new geographical record for sarawak is also presented. keywords: cyper aceae, m apania, m apania hidiriana, m apania sem bilingensis, sar awak. abstrak miraadila, m. i., shabdin, z. & meekiong, k. 2016. dua jenis dan satu catatan baru sebaran geografi (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) untuk sarawak, malaysia. reinwardtia 15(2): 129 – 135. — mapania hidiriana dan m. sembilingensis adalah dua jenis baru dari sarawak, malaysia dipertelakan dan diilustrasikan. mapania hidiriana dapat dibedakan dari m. meditensis karena mempunyai perbungaan melanset memanjang. morfologi bunga dan buah m. sembilingensis berbeda dengan m. multiflora dan m. hispida. sebagai tambahan, m. spedicea uittien, mempunyai sebaran geografi sampai sarawak. kata kunci: cyper aceae, m apania, m apania hidiriana, m apania sem bilingensis, sar awak. introduction cyperaceae are the third largest in the monocotyledon family and seventh largest in the angiosperms with 106 genera and 5,387 species (govaerts et al., 2007). they form a huge, morphologically diverse, geographically widespread, ecologically and economically important family (naczi, 2005). nevertheless, there are many species which are narrowly distributed, specific to certain habitats and of conservation concern (naczi & ford, 2008). the difficulty of assessing levels of endemism was noted by goetghebeur (1998), due to the lack of recent revisions and reliable checklists as many species are known from only a single specimen or locality (shabdin & meekiong, 2012). all members of cyperaceae in general are problematic to identify, due to the lack of good discontinuous morphological characters. asian species, especially, show a wide range of morphological variation, where the appearance of the whole inflorescence changes as it matures, although individual structures remain constant in shape and size (simpson, 1992; shabdin et al., 2013a). the diversity of mapania species in sarawak is tremendous, with 31 out of 71 world’s total number are recorded includes three newly described species; m. sapuaniana shabdin (2013a); m. multiflora shabdin (2013b), m. meekiongii (miraadila & shabdin, 2016) and m. kadimiana shabdin, meekiong & miraadila (shabdin et al., 2016). our recent field excursions collected many interesting specimens that morphologically not matching with the existing species recorded for sarawak. among many specimens, three were confirmed; two as a new species and another one was a new record from sarawak. all the three species are presented here. materials and methods botanical collections were conducted from april to december 2014 which covers various localities from western to eastern parts of sarawak. sample collections and herbarium specimens’ preparation were made accordingly to the standard herbarium specimen collection (bridson & forman, 1992). samples identification reinwardtia 130 [vol.15 and verification were conducted at the herbarium of sarawak forest department (sar) and herbarium of universiti malaysia sarawak. the new species 1. mapania hidiriana miraadila, shabdin & meekiong spec. nov. fig. 1. — type: malaysia, sarawak, miri division, wilma oil palm plantation, fragmented forest, may 2015, hidir m. et al. my0078 (holotype sar!; isotype herbarium of universiti malaysia sarawak). similar to m. meditensis and m. cuspidata in term of appearances by having petiolate and oblonglanceolate leaves. the new species can be differentiated by absences of culm (vs. presence in m. cuspidata) and elongated lanceolate inflorescences (vs. elliptic and always obscured in the leaf sheath in m. meditensis). slightly robust, rhizomatous, rhizome 5–7 cm long, 3–4 mm diam. cataphylls present; 8–10; 1– 10 × 1–2 cm, yellowish green or greenish and becoming light brown and papery when dry. culm absent. leaves petiolate, strongly 3-ranked, up to 55 cm long, leaf-blade oblong, oblong-lanceolate, 28–50.5 × 4–6.5 cm, apex abruptly narrowed, obtuse to rounded, cuspidate to long cuspidate, 5– 8 cm, base abruptly narrowed into pseudopetiole, coriaceous, 3-nerved, secondary nerves distinctly, septate-nodulose when dry, margins entire at first and slightly serrulate toward the apex, pseudopetiole present, longer than leaves, 33–52 cm, channelled along; 1/3 of the lower part gradually developed into sheath, 5–8 cm wide, margins with thin yellowish green layer, slightly wavy. inflorescence sessile, up to 30 inflorescences or more per plant, ovoid or elongated lanceolate, 2–5 cm long, 4–8 mm diam. light brown to brown, lower bract shorter, 6–8 × 4–6 mm, spicoid bracts 14–16 × 3.5–4 mm, floral bracts 6, free, lowest 2 bracts oblong, 14–16 × 2 mm, obtuse, light to mid brown, striate with brownish, keel, narrowly winged, upper bracts linear, 14–5 × 1 mm, acute, glabrous; staminate flower 1–2 per spicoid, anthers linear oblong, up to 6 mm long or more; filament 12–14 mm long, stigma branches 3, style 3 mm long. fruit not seen. ecology and distribution. fr agmented for est in the oil palm plantation. sarawak, borneo. etymology. the epithet name is given after hidir marzuki, laboratory assistant and plant collector in universiti malaysia sarawak who collected the type specimen. specimen examined. malaysia, sar awak, mir i divison, suai, wilma oil palm plantation, fragmented forest, may 2015, hidir m. my 0078 (type specimen). notes. mapania hidiriana might be superficially confused with other petiolate-leaved species such as m. cuspidata, and m. meditensis because the inflorescences are hardly seen and sometimes subterranean. conservation status. the status of this species is unknown since we collected it from a single locality. 2. mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong spec. nov. fig. 2. — malaysia, sarawak, limbang division, bukit sembiling recreation park, hill mixed dipterocarp forest, on the slope, dec 2014, miraadila, m. i., meekiong, k. & burhanuddin my0065 (holotype sar!; isotype herbarium of universiti malaysia sarawak). in common with m. multiflora, but has a distinct slender and short culm with capitate inflorescence (vs. long culm with paniculate inflorescence in m. multiflora). fruits obovoid shape with short apiculate apex (vs. broadly ellipsoid fruits in m. hispida). moderately robust, rhizomatous, rhizome 3–6 cm, 4–5 cm diam., stilt roots sometimes present. cataphylls ovate to lanceolate, 4–12 × 2–5 cm, acute to obtuse, fibrous when dried. culm 1–to several, lateral, 3–5 cm × 2–3 mm, hispid, right greenish yellow. leaves basal, 5–7, up to 50 cm long; leaf blade oblong to linear-oblong, 20–45 × 4–6.5 cm, apex abruptly narrowed, acute to rounded, cuspidate to long cuspidate with cauda ca. 4.5 cm long, 3-nerved, secondary nerves distinct, septate-nodulose when dried; margins sparsely serrulate to serrate toward the apex, leaf base gradually to abruptly narrowed into canaliculate, 12–20 × 0.2–0.4 cm pseudo-petiole, coriaceous, light green to mid green, yellowish to dark green; sheath ovate to lanceolate, 6–8 × 2–4 cm, apex narrowed or abruptly narrowed, light green to yellowish green, mid-brown to light brown. involucral bract 3–4, obscured by the sheath, glumaceous, ovate to lanceolate, 6–8 × 2–3 mm, acute; lower bract shorter; coriaceous, glabrous, light brown. peduncle short, 3–5 cm long, glabrous, light green to yellowish green, light brown. inflorescence terminal, capitate, composed of 3–5 spikes; spike elliptic to oblong, 8 –12 × 2–3 mm, apex obtuse, acute or gradually blunt, light greenish yellow; greenish light brown; spicoid bract lanceolate, 8–10 × 2–3 mm, apex gradually blunt, light greenish brown; floral bract 6, free, lowest 2 bracts linear-oblong, 6–8 × 0.3– 0.5 mm, keeled, wingless, hispid, upper bracts linear, 6–7 × 0.3 mm, flat ± keeled, glabrous; staminate flowers 3 per spicoid, anther linear, up to 3 mm long; stigma branches 3, style 10 mm long. fruit obovoid, 2–3 × 2–2.5 mm, apex shortly apiculate, blackish light brown. 2016] 131 miraadila et al. : two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia fig. 1. mapania hidiriana miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b1, b2. spike; c. lowest spicoid bract; d. spicoid bract; e. unopened spicoid; f. opened spicoid; g. lower floral bract; h. inner floral bract; i. detail leaf apex. (drawing by meekiong, k. based on specimen my 0078). reinwardtia 132 [vol.15 fig. 2. mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract. based on specimen miraadila et al., my 0068 (drawing by meekiong, k.). 2 cm 2016] 133 miraadila et al. : two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia ecology and distribution. lowland mixed dipterocarp forest at altitude 50–100 m, on the slope and wet place near the stream. borneo (sarawak), so far only recorded from the type locality (bukit sembiling) in limbang. etymology. named for gunung sembiling, limbang, the type locality. specimen examined. malaysia, sarawak, limbang division, bukit sembiling recreation park, hill mixed dipterocarp forest, on the slope, dec 2014, miraadila, m. i., meekiong, k. & burhanuddin my0065 (type specimen). notes. closely r elated to m . m ultiflora, m . sembilingensis has a capitate inflorescence while m. multiflora has a paniculate inflorescence. the hispid culm might be confused with m. hispida but the fruit differs by its obovoid shape with a short apiculate apex, while the fruit of m. hispida is usually broadly ellipsoid. conservation status. the status of this species is unknown since we collected it from a single locality. the new record mapania spadicea uittien, fig. 3. – rec. trav. bot. neerl. 33: 150 (1936); d.a. simpson, a revision of the genus mapania (cyperaceae): 89 (1992). type: borneo, kalimantan, endert 3348 (holotype bo!; isotype k, l). robust, rhizomatous; rhizome 12–18 mm diam. cataphylls ovate to lanceolate, 0.6–4 × 0.2–1 cm, obtuse to acute. culms 1–2 per plants, more or less erect or lateral, 3.5–23 cm × 2.9–4 mm, terete, mostly scabrid, greenish. leaves basal, crowded and strongly 3-ranked, up to 147 cm long, leafblade narrowly linear, 98–140 cm × 0.9–1.4 cm, apex very gradually narrowed, acuminate, base very gradually narrowed into sheath, thickly coriaceous, dark green, 1–nerved to indistinctly 3–nerved, secondary nerve indistinct to distinct, strongly inverse w-shaped in cross section, smooth to indistinctly septate-nodulose when dry, margins densely serrulate, pseudopetiole absent, sheath lanceolate, 5.5–8 × 0.8–1.8 cm, apex very gradually narrowed, thickly coriaceous, somewhat shiny, midto dark chocolate brown. involucral bract several, glumaceous, lanceolate, 1.4–3 × ± 0.8 cm, acute, coriaceous, greenish at first becoming dark brown, somewhat scabrid, nerves indistinct. inflorescence terminal, composed of 1 spike, spike elliptic to lanceolate, 2.5–5 × 1–1.3 cm, acute to subobtuse, brown; spicoid bracts lanceolate, 13–14 × 2.2–4 mm, obtuse, subcoriaceous, often splitting from the base, mid-brown, glabrous, nerves indistinct; floral bract 6, free, lowest 2 bracts linear to linear lanceolate, 12.8–13.7 × 0.3–0.7 mm, acute, flat to somewhat keeled, sometimes sparsely hispid on margin; staminate flowers 3 per spicoid, anthers linear, 5–8 mm long, stigma branches 3, style 6 mm long. fruit ellipsoid, 5–5.5 × 2.5–2.7 mm, apex triangular, base conical-stipitate; exocarp succulent, thin without sculpturing, slightly wrinkled, dull mid-brown with 2 indistinct lateral costae. ecology and distribution. mixed dipter ocar p forest, on slope in gully, clay loam soils. borneo (previously recorded only from brunei and kalimantan) specimen examined. malaysia, sar awak, sibu division, sg apeng, sibu–bintulu road, m. i. miraadila, b. bourhanudin & k. meekiong, my0068 (herbarium of universiti malaysia sarawak); brunei, temburong, tributary of sungai temburong, machang, 19 aug. 1990, w ong wkm1962 (k!). indonesia, kalimantan, w kutai, long temelen, 26 aug 1925, endert 2874 (k!, sing!). notes. a new r ecor d for sar awak. this species is similar to m. angustifolia and m. kadimiana in having strongly 3-ranked leaves with chocolate brown sheaths but can be differentiated by the single spike per culm. conservation status. the populations at sg apeng, on the sibu–bintulu road, is close to the roadside and the areas surrounded by agricultural activity. it is believed that these populations may soon be gone. since the species was described from kalimantan it may have been expected that it would also be found in sarawak. discusssion the study of the mapania in sarawak is far from complete. available data have mostly come from coastal and accessible areas, whereas mostly the inland areas, particularly along the kalimantan border are still in cryptic. with the discovery of these two taxa, the number of mapania in sarawak now has increase to 32 species. it is believe that the number of mapania species in sarawak may increase up to 40 species as many specimens are yet to be identify and many more in the forest are still awaiting for discovery. acknowledgements we wish to express our gratitude to universiti malaysia sarawak (unimas) for the facilities, the ministry of higher education for supporting this project through rags grant: rags/stwn10(1)/1042/2013 (09) and sarawak forestry department for granting reinwardtia 134 [vol.15 fig. 3. mapania spadicea. a: habit; b: involucral bract; c: inflorescence (spike); d: spicoid bract; e: floret; f: fruit; g: leaf base; h: leaf (middle part); i: leaf apex. based on specimen miraadila et al., my 0068 (drawing by meekiong, k.). 2 cm 2016] 135 miraadila et al. : two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia permits for plant collection: permit no. nccd.907.4.4 (jld.11)-63 and park permit no. 504/2014. appreciation also goes to our support staffs and individual who involved directly or indirectly towards the success of the project. references bridson, d. & forman, l. 1992. the herbarium handbook. revised edition surrey, uk: royal botanic gardens, kew. goetghebeur, p. 1998. cyperaceae. in: kubitzki, k. (ed.). the families and genera of vascular plants: alismatanae and commelinanae (except graminae). germany, springer-verlag. govaerts, r., simpson, d. a., bruhl, j. j., egorova, t., goetghebeur, p. & wilson, k. l. 2007. w orld checklist of cyperaceae, sedges. kew publishing. miraadila, m. i. & shabdin, z. 2016. mapania meekiongii, a new species of mapania (cyperaceae) from sarawak, malaysia. folia malaysiana 17(1): 61 –66. naczi, r. f. c. 2005. insight on using morphologic d a t a f o r p h y l o g e n e t i c a n a l y s i s i n s e d g e s (cyperaceae). 17th international botanical congress, vienna, austria, springer. naczi, r. f. c. & ford, b. a. 2008. sedges: uses, diversity and systematics of cyperaceae, u.s.a., missouri botanical garden press. shabdin, z. & meekiong, k. 2012. the species diversity of mapania aublet (cyperaceae) from malaysia. in: wasli, m. e., sani, h., fasihuddin b. a., mohamad, s., teen, l. p., soon, l. k. & mogeret s. (eds.). natural resources in the tropics: sustaining tropical natural resources through innovations, technologies & practices – the proceedings of the 4th regional conference on natural resources in the tropics: 402–406 (in malaysia) shabdin, z., culham, a., simpson, d. a. & meekiong, k. 2013a. mapania sapuaniana (cyperaceae), a new sedges species. blumea 58: 45–48. shabdin, z., culham, a., simpson, d. a. & meekiong, k. 2013b. mapania multiflora, a distinctive new species of cyperaceae (mapanioideae) from borneo. kew bulletin 68: 673–678. shabdin, z., meekiong, k. & miraadila, m. i. 2016. a new mapania species (cyperaceae) from sarawak, malaysia. borneo journal of resource science and technology 6 (1):19–24. simpson, d.a. 1992. a revision of the genus mapania (cyperaceae). royal botanic gardens, kew. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id> or in our website: http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/ index. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 20. no. 1. pp: 1‒7 doi: 10.14203/reinwardtia.v20i1.4068 1 the calamus javensis (arecaceae: calamoideae) complex in historical biogeographic context received january 31, 2021; accepted march 1, 2021 mega atria departemen biologi, fakultas matematika dan ilmu pengetahuan alam, universitas indonesia (ui), depok 16424, indonesia. naturalis biodiversity center, research group of tropical botany, p.o. box 9517, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. institute of biology leiden, leiden university, p.o. box 9505, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. email: mega.atria@sci.ui.ac.id peter c. van welzen naturalis biodiversity center, research group of tropical botany, p.o. box 9517, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. institute of biology leiden, leiden university, p.o. box 9505, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. email: peter.vanwelzen@naturalis.com abstract atria, m. & van welzen, p. c. 2021. the calamus javensis (arecaceae: calamoideae) complex in historical biogeographic context. reinwardtia 20(1): 1−7. — calamus javensis is a very polymorphic species with a number of recognisable forms (of which several were once even recognized at species level). a historical biogeographic analysis showed no historical distribution pattern in the diversification of these various forms. the forms are very likely the result of adaptation to local circumstances, whereby more or less identical forms can develop under similar niche circumstances in disjunct areas, exceptions are the ‘acuminatus-polyphyllus’ form and c. tenompokensis that are recognisable and present in a non-disjunct area. key words: arecaceae, calamus javensis, historical biogeography, species complex, taxonomy. abstrak atria, m. & van welzen, p. c. 2021. jenis calamus javensis (arecaceae: calamoideae) kompleks dalam hubungan sejarah biogeografi. reinwardtia 20(1): 1−7. — calamus javensis adalah jenis yang sangat polimorfik dengan sejumlah bentuk yang dapat dikenali (beberapa di antaranya telah dikenali pada tingkat jenis). analisis sejarah biogeografi tidak menunjukkan adanya pola distribusi sejarah dalam proses diversifikasi berbagai bentuk tersebut. bentuk-bentuk tersebut kemungkinan besar merupakan hasil adaptasi terhadap keadaan lingkungan lokal, dan bentukbentuk yang kurang lebih memiliki kesamaan morfologi merupakan hasil dari proses adaptasi terhadap relung ekologi yang sama di daerah yang terpisah secara geografi. bentuk ‘acuminatus-polyphyllus’ dan c. tenompokensis merupakan pengecualian karena mudah dikenali dan terdapat di area nondisjungsi. kata kunci: arecaceae, calamus javensis, jenis kompleks, sejarah biogeografi, taksonomi. introduction presently, the largest genus in the rattans, climbing palms, is calamus l. (subfam. calamoideae) with ca. 400 species (henderson, 2020). especially since phylogenetic analyses (kramadibrata, 1992; baker et al., 2000a & 2000b) proved it to be paraphyletic with the genera ceratolobus blume ex schult. & schult.f., daemonorops blume, pogonotium j.dransf. and retispatha j.dransf. nested within it, which baker (2015) synonymized with calamus. within calamus, c. javensis blume is a slender, very polymorphic rattan commonly present in the everwet rainforests of southeast asian. in the course of time many taxa have been split from it and various forms are recognizable (see names in table 1 and fig. 2). most of the names have been synonymized again with c. javensis (barford & dransfield, 2013; henderson, 2020). within the complex only c. tenompokensis furtado proved to be recognizable, in a morphometric, phenetic analysis (atria et al., 2017) as well as in a specimen level phylogenetic analysis (atria et al., 2020). this species is generally an accepted taxon (henderson, 2020). unfortunately, the phylogenetic analysis (atria et al., 2020), based on two markers (the chloroplast matk and the nuclear 5s), gave no real satisfying resolution for most specimens in the analysis. only the 5s marker provided some structure in the cladogram in which most branches were not supported (in fig. 2 the highly supported groups are indicated as groups a–h). typical for all forms of c. javensis is a stem diameter of 2–6 mm without leaf sheaths and to 10 mm with sheaths; internodes up to 30 cm long (usually shorter); a distinct ocrea, deep crimson when young; pinnate, ecirrate leaves to 40 cm long, flabellate terminal leaflets and the lowermost pair often swept back across the stem; a flagellum reinwardtia 2 [vol.20 to 75 cm long, long inflorescences with red rachillae and ripe fruits ovoid in shape. calamus tenompokensis can be distinguished from the c. javensis complex by its short stem, angular petiole and rachis, a very different leaf sheath appearance (the sheaths being massive and robust), number (9 pairs) and almost always regularly arrangement of the leaflets, staminate calyx swollen (versus not swollen in c. javensis), pistillate inflorescences with rachilla bracts with a broadly cupuliform limb (versus bracts tightly sheathing in c. javensis). one other form is phenetically and phylogenetically rather distinct, ‘acuminatus’ (to be united with form ‘polyphyllus’); will be recognized as a variety of c. javensis (atria et al., ms., to be submitted, see there for justification). this taxon always has many (9–12) narrow or linear leaflets, subequidistant to regularly arranged, subopposite and with a smooth or almost smooth leaf sheath. the inflorescences resemble those of form javensis, but those are mostly smaller or finer. the size of flowers and fruits is smaller, and the bracts of the peduncle are more cupuliform than form javensis. the biogeographical range of the c. javensis complex includes southern thailand, the malay peninsula, sumatra, west java, borneo and luzon in the philippines (fig. 1). the greatest morphological diversity is found in north borneo. the aim of this study is to see if historical fig. 1. areas as used in the historical biogeographic analysis. a = nw sabah (borneo). b = ne sabah (borneo). c = brunei with small parts of n sarawak and se sabah (borneo). d = central part of sarawak and part of kalimantan barat (borneo). e = remaining area, surrounding many of the former ones (s thailand/s myanmar up to java and rest of borneo). f = central luzon (philippines). atria & van welzen: the calamus javensis complex in historical biogeographic context 2021] 3 group name reference to area voucher location molecular sample acuminatus 10a b mega mat 037 sabah acuminatus 10b b mega mat 028 sabah acuminatus 10c c san 85869 sabah acuminatus 10d c san 126575 sabah acuminatus 10e b mega mat 033 sabah acuminatus 6g c dransfield jd 5584 sabah amplijugus 1e c mega mat 109 brunei amplijugus 3d b mega mat 045 sabah amplijugus 3f c mega mat 109c brunei congestiflorus 12e c mega mat 079 sabah corrugatus 6c d dransfield jd 6080 sarawak corrugatus 6e d mogea 3615 central kalimantan corrugatus 6f d dransfield jd 5868 sarawak elopurensis 10f b dransfield jd 6265 sabah form2 8e f madulid et al. 7172 luzon form4 11g b chew & corner rsnb 4835 sabah form4 12d a mega mat 065 sabah impar 11a e ave 136 malay peninsula impar 11b e niyomdham 1254 s. thailand impar 11d a san 21064 sabah javensis 1a e mega mat 001 w. java javensis 1b c mega mat 093 brunei javensis 1c e mega mat 022 w. java javensis 1d e mega mat 008 w. java javensis 1f e mega mat 011 w. java javensis 1g e mega mat 005 w. java javensis 2c c mega mat 100b brunei javensis 2e e mega mat 024 w. java javensis 3g e mega mat 007 w. java javensis 3h e mega mat 002 w. java javensis 4a e ave 114 malay peninsula javensis 4b d dransfield jd 4728 sarawak javensis 4c e ambri & arifin w 915 e. kalimantan javensis 4d e kato & wiriadinata b 4943 e. kalimantan javensis 4h d dransfield jd 4650 sarawak javensis 5a e dransfield jd 4519 malay peninsula javensis 5b c s 50593 sarawak javensis 5e e dransfield jd 3613 sumatra javensis 6a d s 54137 sarawak javensis 6b e van valkenbrg 1320 e. kalimantan javensis 7a e mega mat 097 brunei javensis 7c c s 52424 sarawak javensis 7f e dransfield jd 2553 sumatra javensis 8b e mega mat 057 sabah javensis 8d e ave 216 malay peninsula polyphyllus 2b c mega mat 103a brunei polyphyllus 3c a mega mat 058 sabah polyphyllus 10g b mega mat 027 sabah polyphyllus 12b c mega mat 095 brunei polyphyllus 12c e mega mat 080 sabah tenompokensis 10h a mega mat 055 sabah tenompokensis 11e a mega mat 054 sabah table 1. distribution area (fig. 1) of the samples used in the phylogenetic analysis (atria et al., 2020). the group names (column 1) refer to mainly informal groups within c. javensis except for c. tenompokensis (recognized as species) and acuminatus (to be recognized as variety polyphyllus within c. javensis). all vouchers are in l (naturalis biodiversity center, leiden, the netherlands) except san 21064 in k (royal botanic gardens kew, uk). reinwardtia 4 [vol.20 geographic patterns developed in the various forms. materials and methods the results of the phylogenetic analysis (fig. 2; atria et al., 2020) formed the basis for the historical biogeographic analysis. at first we opted for a phylogeographic analysis, as this provides better methodology for intraspecific relationships, but the signal in the molecular data was too weak. therefore, only a simple historical biogeography analysis was the only alternative left. a total of 52 samples was used to sequence the nuclear 5s spacer and the chloroplast matk regions. all samples, molecular methodology and phylogenetic methods are explained in atria et al. (2020). calamus flabellatus becc. (silica sample) acted as outgroup in the phylogenetic parsimony and bayesian phylogenetic analyses. the outgroup was removed again in the historical biogeography as it was unknown how closely related the calamus flabellatus is to c. javensis. taxon sampling the 52 samples of silica gel-dried leaf fragments and herbarium specimens comprised one of the syntypes, from west java (blume s.n. (l, sheet 900.182-94)), while also silica gel-dried material from the type locality was included. all samples cover the distribution area of the c. javensis complex. a list of voucher specimens can be found in appendix 1 of atria et al. (2020). areas areas are recognized via a combination of the distribution of informal groups (names in the phylogeny, fig. 2; atria et al., 2020) and supported monophyletic groups. the latter were very rare (indicated with letters a–h in fig. 2) and, therefore, the specimens in all non-supported branches ended up in area e. the selection process resulted in the discrimination of the following areas (fig. 1): a = nw sabah (borneo), b = ne sabah (borneo), c = brunei with small parts of n sarawak and se sabah (borneo), d = central part of sarawak and part of kalimantan barat (borneo), e = remaining area, surrounding many of the former ones (s thailand/s myanmar up to java and rest of borneo), f = central luzon (philippines). table 1 shows the areas as per specimen. historical biogeographic analysis all analyses were carried out in rasp v.4.0 (reconstruct ancestral state in phylogenies; yu et al., 2015). three modules in rasp were used: parsimony-based s-diva (statistical, dispersalvicariance analysis; ronquist, 1997), maximum likelihood based dec (dispersal extinction cladogenesis; ree et al., 2005; ree & smith, 2008) and s-dec (statistical dec). as input all cladograms (18,000, burn-in removed) found with a bayesian phylogeny analysis (atria et al., 2020) were used and the maximum clade credibility (mcc) tree derived from those cladograms. dec only uses the mcc tree for the analysis, the statistical modules reconcile all trees against the mcc tree, thus introducing a kind of consensus per branch in the mcc tree (and adding a more bayesian approach to diva). in all modules the number of areas allowed per node was increased from 2 to 6 (maximum possible) per analysis. all other settings were default, no additional time frames were added in dec as the mcc tree (atria et al., 2020) was not dated. results the results of all analyses are summarized in fig. 2 for the maximum number of areas (6) per node. even though more areas were allowed, at most only 3 areas resulted as best optimisation per node, but usually 2 or a single area proved to be the best results. as could be expected, these optimisations, independent of the method, generally include area e as this is by far the largest surface and most specimens have this distribution. the areas mentioned per node (fig. 2) are the ones with the highest probabilities, but as most node support was very low, therefore, these highest probabilities are also low and often many possible optimisations per node exist (not shown). even though most specimens occurred in area e, borneo (areas a–d) is very important. in the upper clade (fig. 2, nodes 54–67, containing the groups d–h) especially area b (ne sabah), is important, followed by areas a (kinabalu and adjacent areas) and c (“brunei”). in the other clade (fig. 2, nodes 68–103) these are especially areas c and d (central sarawak, part of kalimantan barat) on borneo. of course area e comprises, among other areas, the rest of borneo. no other obvious patterns were visible per form name or in most clades. of the groups that can be recognized it is obvious that c. tenompokensis (fig. 2, group e) is only present in area a. the only other taxon is c. javensis var. polyphyllus (fig. 2, mainly group f), which occurs in the bornean areas b and c. unfortunately, only represented once in the phylogeny, is ‘form 2’, the only one found in in central luzon, the philippines (fig. 2, halfway, blue). discussion the basal node (fig. 2, node 104) indicates as best optimisation area bce or be, but these areas atria & van welzen: the calamus javensis complex in historical biogeographic context 2021] 5 fig. 2. area cladogram for the calamus javensis complex. the groups indicated are the ones with a high (0.85 posterior probability) in the phylogenetic analysis (atria et al., 2020). the terminal taxa have their distribution between brackets in front of the name. the various areas can be found in fig. 1. on the internal nodes the optimisations according to s-diva (bold), dec (bold italics) and s-dec (if similar to dec then only one value, otherwise behind the /). reinwardtia 6 [vol.20 cannot be regarded as the area of origin of c. javensis. for that purpose this phylogeny should be embedded in a much larger phylogeny, preferably the whole of calamus (which has to include more markers than the phylogeny used here). borneo is one of the oldest areas in w malesia that was already (partly) above water more than 60 ma (hall, 2013), especially the southern part. this in combination with the high variability on borneo may indicate that perhaps the species originated on borneo, but at least it was already present on the island in an early phase of its evolution. the root node calamus in janssens et al. (2020) is ca. 60 ma, when at least the southern part of borneo was above water (hall, 2013). of the three rainforest areas in the world malesia differs from amazonia and the congo rainforest. during interglacial periods, like the present, the latter two occupy their largest surface area, while malesia is then at its smallest (e.g., morley & flenley, 1987; cannon et al., 2009). during glacial periods this reverses, drought reduces the rainforest areas in amazonia and the congo to refuge areas, while the forest in malesia extends to its maximum due to the emergence of a dry sunda shelf (connecting the malay peninsula, sumatra, borneo and java) and sahul shelf (connecting new guinea to australia). however, not the whole sunda shelf becomes an everwet area during glacial periods, a large savannah corridor (complete extend unknown: cannon et al., 2009) develops from the malay peninsula via the lowest areas towards java and involves the southern part of borneo. ne borneo (area b) often acts as a refuge area for species, as shown for the dipterocarpaceae by raes et al. (2014) via species distribution modelling for the last glacial maximum (21 kya). this might also have been an important refuge area for calamus javensis, as area b is important in the upper clade (fig. 2, nodes 54–67). calamus tenompokensis (group e in fig. 2) is typically a local endemic that originated at the higher altitudes of mount kinabalu and the crocker range in ne sabah (area a). something similar applies to the ‘acuminatus’ form (group f in fig. 2), but the ecological conditions under which the form develops are less obvious. it occurs in areas b (ne sabah) and c (“brunei”) and if the strongly resembling form ‘polyphyllus’ is also included, then also once in area a (nw sabah). all other forms (see names in fig. 2) occur mixed throughout the phylogeny. this likely indicates that c. javensis is genetically and phenetically quite plastid, adapting (relatively quickly?) easily to varying environmental circumstances as long as these are in the more everwet areas, whereby similar forms can occur in very disjunct areas, that probably have a more or less similar habitat. this can be seen in table 1 as various recognisable forms occur in different areas. during glacial periods land bridges occurred, one ranges from ne borneo via mindanao to luzon (e.g., morley & flenley, 1987: fig. 5.5). calamus javensis may have dispersed to luzon via this bridge, but as the climate and soils differed the species adapted, which resulted in ‘form 2’. similar changes, can for instance also be seen in guioa pleuropteris (blume) radlk. (sapindaceae), where the leaflets became much smaller with a different hair type then found on borneo (van welzen, 1989: fig. 110). similar geoclines, indicative of the landbridge, are also present in two other sapindaceae: gloeocarpus patentivalvis (radlk.) radlk. (van welzen, 1991) and lepidopetalum perrottetii (cambess.) blume (van welzen et al., 1992). in conclusion, likely due to the lack of phylogenetic signal, it is obvious that the present analysis shows no historical biogeographic pattern behind the various recognisable forms in the c. javensis complex. forms are very likely the result of adaptation to local circumstances, whereby more or less identical forms can develop under similar niche circumstances in disjunct areas. exceptions are the ‘acuminatus-polyphyllus’ form and c. tenompokensis, which are present in nondisjunct areas. acknowledgements we would like to express our gratitude to the ministry of research, technology and higher education of the republic of indonesia (menristekdikti). the first author is supported by a doctoral scholarship from dikti– leiden university joined scholarship from the ministry of research, technology and higher education of the republic of indonesia (menristekdikti). this field trip of the first author was funded by the alberta mennega stichting, leiden university funds (luf) and maatschappij voor wetenschappelijk onderzoek in de tropen/ the society for the advancement of research in the tropics (treub-maatschappij). the second author also thanks the treub-maatschapij for supporting the ornstein chair in tropical plant biogeography. we extend our gratitude to reviewers for their review and useful comments on the manuscript. references atria, m., eurlings, m., baker, w. j., dransfield, j. & van welzen, p. c. 2020. phylogenetic analysis of the calamus javensis complex (arecaceae: calamoideae) in malesia. blumea 65: 205–211. atria, m., van mil, h., baker, w. j., dransfield, j. & van welzen, p. c. atria & van welzen: the calamus javensis complex in historical biogeographic context 2021] 7 2017. morphometric analysis of the rattan calamus javensis complex (arecaceae: calamoideae). syst. bot. 42: 494‒506. baker, w. j. 2015. a revised delimitation of the rattan genus calamus (arecaceae). phytotaxa 197: 139–152. baker, w. j., hedderson, t. a. & dransfield, j. 2000a. molecular phylogenetics of subfamily calamoideae (palmae) based on nrdna its and cpdna rps16 intron sequence data. molec. phylogen. evol. 14: 195–217. baker, w. j., hedderson, t. a. & dransfield, j. 2000b. molecular phylogenetics of calamus (palmae) based on 5s nrdna spacer sequence data. molec. phylogen. evol. 14: 218‒231. barford, a. s. & dransfield, j. 2013. arecaceae (palmae). in: santisuk, t. & larsen, k. (eds.). flora of thailand 11, 3. the forest herbarium, bangkok. cannon, h. c., morley, r. j. & bush, a. b. g. 2009. the current refugial rainforests of sundaland are unrepresentative of their biogeographic past and highly vulnerable to disturbance. proc. natl. acad. sci. u.s.a. 106: 11188–11193. hall, r. 2013. the palaeogeography of sunda-land and wallacea since the late jurassic. j. limnol. 72: 1–17. henderson, a. 2020. a revision of calamus (arecaceae, calamoideae, calameae, calaminae). phytotaxa 445: 1–656. janssens, s. b., couvreur, t. l. p., mertens, a., dauby, g., dagallier, l. p. m. j., vanden abeele, s., vandelook, f., mascarello, m., beeckman, h., sosef, m., droissart, v., van der bank, m., maurin, o., hawthorne, w., marshall, c., réjou-méchain, m., beina, d., baya, f., merckx, v., verstraete, b. & hardy, o. 2020. a large-scale species level dated angiosperm phylogeny for evolutionary and ecological analysis. biodiv. data j. 8: e39677. kramadibrata, p. 1992. a revision of the genus calamus (palmae) section macropadus sensu furtado. university of reading, reading. [phd. thesis]. morley, r. j. & flenley, j. r. 1987. late cainozoic vegetational and environmental changes in the malay archipelago. in: whitmore, t. c. (ed.). biogeographical evolution of the malay archipelago. oxford science publications, oxford. pp. 50–59. raes, n., cannon, c. h., hijmans, r. j., piessens, t., saw, l. g., van welzen, p. c. & slik, j. w. f. 2014. historical distribution of sundaland’s dipterocarp rainforests at quaternary glacial maxima. proc. natl. acad. sci. u.s.a. 111: 16790–16795. ree, r. h. & smith, s. a. 2008. maximum likelihood inference of geographic range evolution by dispersal, local extinction, and cladogenesis. syst. biol. 57: 4–14. ree, r. h., moore, b. r., webb, c. o. & donoghue, m. j. 2005. a likelihood framework for inferring the evolution of geographic range on phylogenetic trees. evolution 59: 2299–2311. ronquist, f. 1997. dispersal–vicariance analysis: a new approach to the quantification of historical biogeography. syst. biol. 46: 195–203. van welzen, p. c. 1989. guioa cav. (sapindaceae): taxonomy, phylogeny, and historical biogeography. leiden bot. ser. 12: 1–315. van welzen, p. c. 1991. gloeocarpus radlk. (sapindaceae) revised. blumea 35: 389–392. van welzen, p. c., piskaut, p. & windadri, f. i. 1992. lepidopetalum blume (sapindaceae): taxonomy, phylogeny, and historical biogeography. blumea 36: 439–465. yu, y., harris, a. j., blair, c. & he, x. j. 2015. rasp (reconstruct ancestral state in phylogenies): a tool for historical biogeography. molec. phylogen. evol. 87: 46–49. a journal on taxonomic botany, plant -sociology and ecology reinwardtia . editors mien a. kijs wat a kartawinata n. wulijarni-soetjipto 1 published by ' herbarium bogoriense lembaga biologi nasional — lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 9, part 1, 1 —182 31 december 1974 10issn 0034-365x r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 1, pp. 123 — 137 (1974) a monograph of caryodaphnopsis a. shaw a. j. g. h. kostermans abstract of the genus caryodapknopaia 7 6pecie3 are known, of which two are described here for the first time. the genus ocenrs from yunnan to indochina, with the exception of c. tonkinensis, which goes as far as the philippines and borneo. apparently most species are distributed by to borneo during the glacial period, when a land connection existed. the genus is related to nothaphoebe and alseodaphne and hence belongs to perseae. abstrak marga caryodapknopsis meliputi tujuh jenis, dua di antaranya disampai indocma, kecuali c. tonkin&k&is yang teraebar sampai filipina dan borneo. kebanyakan jenianya kemongkinan disebarkan oleh air dan c. towkinensls diduga menyebar dari daratan asia ke borneo dalam aaman es waktu hubungan daratan ma3ih ada. marga ini berkerabat dekat dengan natkaphoebe dan atseodapltne introduction the small entirely asiatic genus caryodaphnopsis was created by airy shaw (kew ball. 1940), who thought, that it might belong to apolloniea (it belongs to perseae) and created the name because of similarities between its leaves and those of some species of cryptocarya. unluckily caryodaphne ia another name for cryptoearya, the genus ia not at all related to cryptocarya and triplinerved leaves are found in practically all genera of lauraceae. superficially the leaves and their position are like those of many cinnamomum species. the species c. tonkinertais and baviensis had been originally described by lecomte under nothaphoebe, which was the correct disposition. in 1960 shaw added c. laotica. w.f. wang added in 1957 c.latifolia. in 1952 (j. sci. research indon. 1: 151) i had included nothaphoebe, together with alseodaphne and caryodaphnopsis in the genus persea, with which these genera are very closely related and hence it ia not 124 rein ward tia [vol. 9 amazing, that elmer described nothaphoebe tonkinensis from the philippines as persea pyriformis. there are, however, slight, but constant differences between alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and caryodaphnopsis (machihts has been referred definitely to persea). all three have a fruit, attached to a naked pedicel (or when persistent or subpersistent, the tepals are not enlarged, as in phoebe and apollonias) they have unequal tepals, the outer three being much smaller, and large staminodeg (large is of course relative, they are large as compared to other lauraceous genera). alseodaphne differs from persea by its swollen, fleshy fruit pedicel. nothapkoebe, caryodaphnopsis and persea have an unaltered pedicel. the flower structure in the 3 genera is similar. persea has long and slender filaments (also the staminodes), while caryodaphnopsis and nothaphoebe have short filaments (in nothaphoebe sometimes lacking completely). the differences between nothaphoebe and caryodaphnopsis are: 1. the filaments are longer than in nothaphoebe, but shorter than in persea. 2. the anthers are relatively large in caryodaphnopsis resembling those of persea, nothaphoebe has minute and depressed anthers, as in alseodaphne. 3. the staminodes are hardly visible in nothaphoebe, they are relatively large, sagittate, cordate in caryodaphnopsis (as in persea), but they are, contrarily to persea very shortly stalked. 4. caryodaphnopsis has opposite (or almost so) leaves, which is found neither in persea, nor in nothaphoebe or alseodaphne 5. most nothaphoebe species have a whitish, cork-like fruit pedicel, caryodaphnopsis has the fruit stalk of a persea. it is pointed out here that complete references to the species are found in kostermans, bibliographia lauracearum (1964); these are not repeated here. discussion on morphological characters b r a n c h e s . all species have slender, stiff branches, which are either cylindrical or quadrangular, as a rule both are found in the same species. the branchlets are usually thickened and laterally flattened at the nodes and if the branchlets initially are pilose, the pubescence persists on the nodes. in species with a pilose inflorescence and even kostermans: the genus caryodapknops those with a glabrous one (the base is always pilose), the pubescence extends to the axillar area of the branchlets. l e a v e s . the leaves are always opposite or nearly so and perhaps also distichous. in all species the leaves arc chartaceous to thinly chartaceous and have a very uniform shape (subovate to elliptic) and texture. the upper surface is smooth, dull with usually impressed main nerves (or they are prominulous in a groove); the lower surface (in sicco) is yellowish brown (pale green in vivo). the leaves are always triplinerved, the basal veins vary in length from 1/2 to 2/4 the length of the leaf blade; accessory laterals number 2—3 pairs, are always arcuately ascendent. the only difference in the leaves is perhaps the leaf-size (but this is variable), the length and diameter of the petiole, but especially the prominence of the secondary, horizontal (scalariform) nerves. the tertiary nerves form in all species a lax, inconspicuous reticulation. the leaf apex ia always acuminate, the acumen being either broad and gradually tapered to a sharp point or slender. both types occur in the same specimen. the very minute and sparse pilosity of the leaves is a distinctive characteristic. f l o w e r . the inflorescences are mostly axillary, sometimes axillary and terminal (c. laotica). they are thyrsoid, slender, the branches opposite, the terminal flowers in groups of 3 and more; ramifications and flowers are subtended by small, acute, ultimately deciduous bracts. sometimes the axils of the branches bear short branches or single flowers. the panicles may be pyramidal, but in n. tonkinensis and metallica the lateral branches are very shortened and the flowers are in glomerules of heads. the flowers always have well developed, slender pedicels. the flowers itself look very much the flowers of some annonaceae with the small, often scale like three outer petals and the large ovate-deltoid inner petals, initially coalescent in a pointed bud. the outside of the flower is either pilose or glabrous, the inside of the fleshy inner tepala is always densely pilose (in c. henryi more sparsely). the 6 fertile stamens are arranged in 3 whorls, the 4th whorl is staminodial, the staminodes being relatively large, ovate or ovatesagittate or cordate, often with a thickened rim and with short filaments. the outer 2 whorls have large, flattened, oblong or rectangular anthers with 4 large introrse cells in pairs above each other (as in persea), the inner are usually narrower with the lower cells extrorse, the upper lateral. all stamens have distinct filaments, which are about as long 126 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 0 as the anthers. the outer filaments are concave and hence look smaller than the erect inner ones. the inner ones have two well-developed sessile glands an either side the filament base. in c. tonkinensis the anthers are more elongate and acuminate or apiculate and differ in this way considerably from the other species. the ovary is always glabrous, ellipsoid to ovoid-ellipsoid and merges into a slightly shorter style with very small, often lobed stigma. the flower receptacle is shallow. f r u i t . the fruit is large, soft, green or yellow-green, glossy, the mesocarp soft and pulpy (like avocado), the large seed covered by a thin, testa is at maturity separated from the endocarp by an air containing1 space. the fruit of most (or all) species are distributed by fresh water and hence the trees are found mostly along streamlets on alluvials. c. tonknensis in borneo is also found farther away from the rivers and rivulets, because of the rising of the water during the rainy season followed by inundation of enormous areas. b o l e . the bole of c. tonknensis, the only species, which i could study in the field, has a smooth, redbrown bark and is partially or entirely fluted, the flutes merginginto numerous thin, hard not very conspicuous buttresses, which spread over the soil, typical for many tree species growing in similar habitats. the wood is pale yellowish, hard with a faint cigarbox wood smell; the heartwood is darker, very dense and not very thick. the tree flowers and fruits already at an early stage, when it is still ahrubtike and abundant and regular fruit setting accounts for its extensive distribution. along streams the shrubs have often pendulous branches, similar to other rheophytes. key to the species aves pubescent uni! plowers glabrous. inner tepale 2 2 . 5 2. flowers pubescent. inner tepals 1.8 — 2 i secondary nerves very conspicuous long. stamens 1 mm long 1. c. baviensis m long. stamens 0.5 mm long 2. c. laotica leaves glabrous 3. young inflorescence densely rufous tomentose 3. inflorescence glabrous or nearly bo 4. lower leafsurface rather dull. inflcreseei tepals sparsely pilose widely spaced very short branches. inn pilose 3. c. poilanei mcc pyramidal. inside of inner 4. c. henryi ice a very narrow panicle with tepals fimbriate, inside densely e. c. metallic* 19741 kostebmans: tie genus caryodaplaiops 3. inflorescence sparsely pilose 5. leaves up to 7 x i8 cm long. panicles lip to 10 cm long. inner tepala 3—3.5 mm long 6. c. tonkinensis 5. leaves 2 5 3 0 cm long. panicles 1 4 2 5 cm long, inner tepals 1.7-2.5 mm long 7. c. latifolia 1. caryodaphnopsis baviensis (lee.) a. shaw a. shaw in kew bull. 1940: 76: kostermans, bibl. laur. 211. 1964; nothapkoebe baviensu lecomte in nouv. areh. mus. paris, ser. 5, 5; 107. 1013; koetermans, i.e. 1054; persia baviensis (lee.) kostermans in j. sci. res. indon. 1: 39. 1853; bibl.. i.e. j205. typus: balansn, 2445 (bo, k, p ) , mt. bavi, tonkin. shrub. branchiets quadrangular, glossy, stiff, glabrous, at the (often broadened) nodes minutely, densely rusty tomentellous (hairs curved). leaves chartaceous or thinly chartaceous, elliptic to subovateelliptie, 7 x 11—11 x 22 cm, with a slender, sharp acumen, up to 1.5 cm r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 1974] caryodaphnopsis long, base shortly acutish; upper surface glabrous with slightly impressed, slender main nerves, lower surface very sparsely, minutely rusty pubescent, dull, secondary scalariform nerves very conspicuous, slender, prominent, in between them a very lax, prominulous, fine reticulation. petiole 5—15 mm long, densely, minutely pilose, somewhat glabrescent. panicles axillary, narrow, rather few-flowered, 5—15 cm long, densely minutely rusty pilose, later more sparsely pilose, branches usually very short, rarely one or two up to 5 cm long. bracts up to 2 mm long, narrow, acute. pedicel slender, up to 2 mm long, sparsely pilose. bads glabrous. tepals ovate, acute, outer ones 0.75 mm long, inner ones 2—2.5 mm long, both rather fleshy, inside densely pubescent. stamena 1 mm long, anthers rectangular, as long as the densely pilose filaments, outer ones with introrse, very large slanting cells, occupying the entire anther; inner ones with one extrorse and one lateral pair of large cells; glands large, sessile. staminodes 0.5 mm long, ovate-cordate to saggittate with thickened rim, very shortly stipitate. ovary glabrous, ovoidellipsoid, merging into a slightly shorter style with minute, threelobed stigma. there are some slight differences with lecomte's description. no difference exists between the position of the basal nerves in c. baviensis and tonkinensis. the petioles in c. baviensis are sometimes glabrescent, the length of the panicles varies in both species; considerably. the staminodes are either obtuse or sagittate. although c. baviensis has the same kind of narrow panicle as g. tonkinensis, it may be easily differestiated by the smaller, glabrous flowers. furthermore the leaf pubescence and the conspicuous scalariform secondary nerves on the lower leaf surface distinguish the two species. tonkin, between hoa binb and vu ban, prov. hi 'bo, p ) ; lat son, mt. veton dang, aug., young fr. 2 x 5.5 — 6 x 14 cm, this might be c. laotiea; sine loc mt. bavi, fl., balnnsa, 2445 (p). a binh, may, fl., pettlct 6s99 , bon s.n. (p), leaves small, , f ] , poilane 25502 (bo, p ) ; 2. caryodaphnopsis laot1ca a. s h a w a. shaw typus:ker kew ball. 14: 250. is.w (bm, bo, k). bibl. laur. 211. 1931. fig. 1cnryodayhnopsis poilunei kosterm.; liolotypaa (bo). shrub or treelet, 5—1 m high. branchlets subcylindrical or angular, glabrescent (tardily on the nodes), the young branchlets minutely, densely strigose. leaves membraneous to thinly chartaceous, elliptic to subovateelliptic, 2.5 x 7—10 x 16 cm with a slender 0.5—2 cm long acumen, base contracted into the slender, 1—1.5 cm long, glabrescent petiole; upper surface glabrous, lower with very sparse, fine, minute pubescence, the secondary nerves conspicuously prominent, slender. panicles axillary and terminal, up to 11 cm long, pyramidal, many-flowered, densely, minutely, r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 1974] kostermans: the genus caryodaphnops finely rusty pubescent. pedicels up to 2—3 mm long, pilose. flowers outside densely, very minutely pilose. outer tepals ovate, 0.75 mm long, inner ones ovate, acutish, 1.5—2 mm long, 2 mm wide at the base, both inside densely pubescent. stamens 0.5 mm long; anthers quadrangular, slightly longer than the filaments, dater ones with small, introrse, inner ones with extrorse-lateral cells. staminodes small, cordate, almost sessile. ovary 1 mm long. tonkin. between m. toung and b. me, trail from lai chan to phong saly-, alt. 4-500 m, march, fl., poilane 25760(bo, p), ahrub of 5 m, diam. 10 cm. laos. tathom, chieng kwang, alt. 1300 m, april, fl., kerr 20893(bm, bo, k). 3. caryodaphnopsis poilanei kosterm., spec. nov. fig. 1 arbor ramulis glabris laevis nitidis foliis oppositis rigide chartaceis glabris ellipticis conspicue acuminatis basi acutiusculis supra perobscure minute reticulata nervo mediano costisque impress is subtus pallida opaca sublaevia (in sicco flava) nervo mediano prominentibus costis basalibus vel subbasalibus 3/4 laminorum attingentibus costis caeteribus paucis arcuatis prominentis venis secundariis gracilis laxis parallelis horizontals connectis, paniculis axillaris dense rufo-tomentosis ioliis reductis munitia bracteis bracteolisque sat magnis. typus: poilane 18803 (bo). tree 8—15 m high and 50 cm diam. branchlets stiff, rather thick, smooth, glabrous. leaves opposite, rigidly chartaceous, glabrous, elliptic, 8 x 15—10 x 24 m, conspicuously acuminate, with sharp tip, base shortly acute; upper surface very obscurely minutely reticulate, midrib and lateral nerves impressed, lower surface dull, smooth, in sicco yellow, midrib prominent, the 2 basal or sub-basal lateral nerves reaching 3/4 of the lamina length, prominent, other lateral nerves ca 3 pairs, arcuate, prominent, the outside of the basal nerves with a few, strong lateral nerves: secondary veins slender, prominuloua, lax, parallel. petiole 1.5 cm, channeled above. the (very immature) panicles axillary, 7 cm long, densely rufous tomentose, stout, bearing reduced leaflets; branches opposite. fruit globular (according to collector), in sicco ellipsoid, 3 x 5.5 cm. although the flowers are far too young to be analysed, their tomentum makes it very easy to recognize this species. the tree had only a single globular fruit (according to poilane), the dried one is ellipsoid, 5 x 3.5 cm with a thin pericarp and a large seed. -2. cr^a^ovtis metdlica ko^rn,. after poilane su51 (bo). r e i n w a r d t i a k o s t e b m a n s : ivie yenus catyodapknopsis i. cabyodaphnopsis henhyi a. shaw a. shaw in kew bull. 1940: 75; henryi (a. shaw) kostermana in j. sci. r typus: henry 10692 (k, nt). nothaphoehe tonkinenais forma brevipedicellata liou indoehine 77. 1932; koetermana, bibl., i.e. 1059. typus: mans, bibl. laur. 211. 1964; persea h lndon. 1: 151. 1952; bibl., i.e. 1228. ho, laur. chine et enry loess (k, ny). tree, 3—-4.5 m high. branchlets slender, cylindrical and subangular, glabrous. leaves chartaeeous, glabrous, ovate to elliptic, 4.5 x 6.5— 4 x 10—9 x 15 cm, acumen slender, up to 1 tm or gradually acuminate, upper surface with prominulous nerves, lower surface with very slender, not conspicuous secondary nerves. petiole 10—2 mm long, slender. panicles axillary, pyramidal, not very many-flowered, branches 5—8 mm long-, initially sparsely, minutely rusty pubescent, soon glabrous. pedicels 2—3 mm long, glabrous. outer tepals deltoid, 0.4—0.4 mm long (immature), inner ones broadly ovate-triangular, 2 mm lony, outside glabrous, inside densely, very minutely pilose. outer stamens 1 mm long; anthers ovate-quadrangular, apex truncate. filaments as long as the anthers, sparsely pubescent; inner stamens 1.5 mm long-. stiiminodes 0.s mm long, shortly sagittate; filaments glabrous or pilose, very short. the single collection has immature flowers. china. yunnan: feng chen lin, s. it. 2100 m fl., henry 106h3 (k, ny). of the red kiest, 5. caryodaphnopsis metalliea kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 2. arbor ramulis gracilis laevis glabris teretes, foliis chartaceis glabris cllipticis acuminatis basi acutisculis, supra laevia nerviis principalie subimpressis subtus nitidissima nerviis secundariis gracilis vix prominulis, paniculis angustis axillaris gracilis subglabris apicem versus minutissime perlaxe pilosis, floribus glabris, tepalibus intus pubescentis, staminibus exterioribus plerumque quadratis emerginatis cellulis magnis introrsis, interioribus anteribus angustioribus cellulis lateralis, filamentis omnino pubescentis, staminodiis sagittato-cordatis stipitatis. typus: eberhardt 4813 (bo). tree 9—10 m high and 30 cm diam. branchlets rather slender, glabrous, smooth, cylindrical. leaves opposite, chartaceous, glabrous, elliptic, 5 x 1 0 9 x 21 cm, acuminate, base shortly acute; upper surface dull with slender, slightly impressed main nerves, lower surface very glossy, pale, the secondary, parallel veins very slender, prominulous, not very conspicuous. petiole glabrous, ca 1 cm long, concave above. panicles as a rule axillary, slender, glabrous (except a few, minute hairs at the nodes), up to 10 cm long, the few branches widely spaced, very short. pedicels slender, glabrous, 2 mm long. buds and flowers glabrous outside, the tepals inside densely minutely pubescent, outer ones r e l n w a r d t i a [vol. g 1974] 0.5 mm, inner ones 2 mm long. stamens 1 mm long, anthers as long as the slender densely pilose filaments; outer anthers quadrangular, emarginate, cells introrse; inner anthers rectangular, emarginate, lower cells extrorse, upper lateral; basal glands large, sessile; staminodes almost as long as the inner stamens sagittate on a short, pilose filament. ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, glabrous, merging into a shorter style with minute the species is manifestly related to c. latifolia, from which it differs by the shorter petioles and leaves and its pubescence. as the type material of c. latifolia is not available for examination, the possibility is not excluded, that both are conspecific. this belongs with c. tonkinensis baviensis and latifolia to the group with very narrow panicles with widely spaced, very short branches, in which character it is different from c. henryi. t o n k i n . prov. thuen quang, bach-ngoc, fl. white, eberhardt 1813 (bo, p ) ; a n n a m : s.w. of tranuy, border of quang nam prov., granite s o i ] , alt. 500 m, febr., fl., poilane 31422 (bo, p ) ; near moi village of go-goe, s.w. and near the border of quang nam prov., alt. 500 in, febr., buds, poilane s1151 (bo, p ) . 6. caryodafhnopsis tonkinensis (lee.) a. shaw. — fig. 3 a. shaw m kew bull. 1910; 75; hooker's icon, fi: 3436. 1943; w.t. wang in aeta phytotax. sinica 6 (2): 212. 1957 (quoad nomen); kostermans, bibl. laur. 211 1964; in reinwardtia 7: 451. 1969 (quoad nomen tantumi; notkaphoebe tonkmensi* lecomte in nouv. arch. mus. paris, 5e ser. 5: 50 et 106. 1913; kostermans, bibl., le. 1059 (exelub. forma brevipedicellata liou ho); persia tonkinensia (lee.) kostermana in j. sci. research indonesia 1: 151. 1952; bibl., laur. 1261. typus: balanaa 2441 (k, l, p). persia pyrifarmis elmer, leaflets philip. bot. 8: 2727. 1d15: kostcrmans, bibl. lour. 1261; notluiphoebe pyriformis (elmer) merrill in univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 77. 1929; kostermans, bibl., laur. 1058. typus: elmer 1s311 (k, le, ny). shrub or tree, up to 30 m high and 60 cm diam. bole up to 15 m long, fluted or only basal part fluted, merging into the thin, small or up to 1.5 m high buttresses, which may be out 50—100 cm. bark smooth, dark redbrown, 1 mm thick; live bark s mm, light orange brown. sapwood yellowish, 8—15 cm thick, heartwood dark brown with cigarbox wood smell. branchleta slender, glabrous. leaves chartaeeous, glabrous, narrowly to broadly elliptic, 3 x 10—5 x 12—7 x 18 cm, gradually acuminate, acumen short, 0.5—2 em long, base sometimes obtuse; upper surface with main nerves prominulous in a groove; secondary veins on the lower surface faint, very slender. petiole slender, 1—1.5 cm ions:. panicles axillary, very narrow, up to 10 cm long, main peduncle slightly pilose. branches short to very short (flowers sometimes attached directly to the main peduncle). pedicels up to 1 cm long, densely pilose. flowers very densely pubescent. outer tepals 1 mm long, inner ones ovate, this species, which i had the opportunity to observe in the field many times, occurs in borneo on alluvial along streams and rivulets or in areas which are periodically inundated. the floating rather light fruit look somewhat like an avocado, but the pulp is thin and rather bitter and the seed much lighter. the tree starts already flowering and fruiting when it is small. it produces fruit regularly, hence its wide distribution. the sharp welldeveloped, but short buttresses it has in common with several other species, growing along rivers. wang's specimen (w.s. lion 175), as described in aeta phytotax. sinica, differs from c. tonkinensis by its coriaceous leaves and the description of the fruit does not fit either (mesocarpio dissoluto et reriucto, endocarpio cartilagineo). without access to this specimen, it is impossible to ascertain its identity. the species could have easily spread from the mainland to borneo during the glacial period, when a land connection and connecting river systems exsisted. tonkin. prov. sontay, mt. bavi, may, fl., petelot 2649 (bo, mo, p ) ; ibid., april, buda, piulat 688s (bo, p | ; road hanoi hoa binh, kuong than, along rivulet, april, fl., petelot 6794 (bo), leaves abnormally small; ibid., savannah with sparsely distributed trees on schistes, april, f l , petelot 4886(p); between hoa binh and clio bo, mn.rch, fl, puelot nsn (bo, p | ; n. of plio lu, prov. lao kay, red r. bunk, l. chac, along rivulet, ster., poilane 25225 (bo, p ) ; anuam. prov. thua tu'en, may, f!., poilane 1406 ( k ) ; prnv. thanh hoa, hoi xuan, aug., fr., poilane 1784 (bo, p). pujppines. tawi-tawi, sulu prov, july-aug., fr, ramos & edane b.sc. 43955 (k, ny); silhgao, ster, wemel 3658 (k, ny); april, f l , wenzel 2s38 ik, ny); april, young fr, wenzel 3296(k, ny); june, fl., wenzel 2717 (k, ny); mindanao, bukidnon prov, march, fl., oblaza f.b. 30282 (ny); prov. agusan, cabadbaran, mt. urdantta, july, fr., elmer 13311 (k, le, ny); taumu, ster., warburg 14226 (ny); surigao. april, f l . ponce f.b. 23897(k, ny, p ) ; samar, april, fl., ramos b.sc. 1687 (bm, l, ny, p), distributed as didlnekmiedia trmervm; distr. zumboanga, jan., f l . franco f.b. 24955 (k, ny); leyte, mt. abueayan, febr, f l , edano b.sc. 41720 (k). borneo. sarawak, gunung matang, let div., 136 beinwabdtia mixed dipterocarp forest, alt. 600 m, aug., f1., s. 20804 (a, bo, k, kep, l, san, sing); (i. sdabor, ulu kedap, kerian subdistr., limestone, alt. 150 m, tree 25 cm diam., abundant, sept., fl., s. 2082$ (a, k, l, sam, sing); sabah (n. borneo), lahad datu near sg. taun (10 miles w. of segam tobaeco estate), alt, 10 m, april, fl., fr., san 16065 (bo, k ) ; ibid., diwata for. res., alt. 30 m, nov., young fr., san 39886 (k); tawao, £1., elmer 21857 (bm, bo, c, k, l ) ; elopura, sandakan, lung tolang bbt co camp, shrub 4 m, dec, fl, san a 1158 (bo, k ) ; sekong gomp, alt. 40 m, near river, tree 23 m, diam. i m, pebr., buds, san 34917 (bo, k ) ; gumanting for. res., sg. lambak, alt, 80 m, oct., fl., san 1,7252 (k), tree 16 ni, bole 4 m, diam 65 cm; segaliud, along river bank, tree 4 m, diam. 10 cm, ater., keith f.d\ 9310 (k); sandaknn, mile 17, phang area, july, fr., san 26379 (k); w. kalimantan, sg. landak, fl., teiismavit e.n. (bo, l, p ) ; e. kalimantan, biilungan, mara, alt. 150 m, tree 19 m, ster., hb. 10825 (bo); bcrau, tdg. redeb, alt. 0 m, periodically flooded, tree 5 m, nov., ripe green fruit, kostermaws 21705 (a, bo, canb, c, k, l, p ) ; inaran, alt. 75 m, oct., fl., bb. 13123 (bo, l>; sg. pulai, alt, 400 m, ster., bb. 19191 and 19210 (bo); foot of mt. njapa, periodically flooded, tree 5 m, nov., rip« green fruit, kostermana 21705 (a, bo, canb, g, k, l, p ) ; foot of mt. njapo, periodically flooded, tree 35 nl., strongly fluted, dintn. 40 cm, oct., fls. white, kostermaiw 21ssg (a, bo, k, l ) ; ibid., tree 10 in, ster., kostermans hisx (a, bo, canb, g, k, l, us); sangkulirang distr., menubar r., g. tepianlobang, alt. 150 m, tree 25 m, diem. so cm, deo., fr. green (up to 6 x 11 cm), roster-maw 5820 (a, bo, k, kep, l, lae, ny, p, pnh, sing, syd); g. sekrat, s. of sangkulirang, alt. 150 m, tree 30 m, diam. 60 cm, july, buds, knsurmans 5005 (a, bo, k, l, lae, p, pnh, syd); sangkuliran^, mt. medadem, alu-vium along mandu r., alt. 100 m, tree 20 m, diam. 25 em, buttresses 2 m, out 50-100 cm, thin, bark smooth, redbrown, common, fla. white, kostermans 13482 (a, bo, k, l, sing); central kutei, telen r., kiham batu bong, alt. 25 m, tree 25 m, july, fls. white, fragrant, from the stem short dov.-nward aerial roots, endert 3017 (a, bo, k, l) and 2360 (bo); e. kutei, takat, 25 m alt., tree 10 m, ster., bb. 13556 (bo, l ) ; loa haur, s.w. of samarinda, low sandy ridge, alt. 40 m, may, fr., koste.tw.ane b51s (a, bo, k, l ) ; ibid., tree 30 m, diam., 50 cm, buttresses 1 m tall, merging into the strongly fluted bole, bark rough, pale rusty, peeling off profusely, cracked, strips 5 mm wide, 2 mm thick, living bark pale orange brown, 8 mm, sapwood 8 cm, honeycoloured, heartwood darkbrou-n, may, fr. yellow green, kobter«wn* bs9k (a, bm, bo, bri, cal, canb, k, l, lae, mel, p, pnh, sing); balikpapan distr., kambodja, low, oct., fl., sauveur s.n. (a, bo, bri, k, l, pnh, sing) and k ss (a, bo, k, l. pnh, sing). 7. caryodaphnopsis latifolia w.t. wang m a r t s p h y t o l a x . sinica 6 ( 2 ) : 213, fig. 47, 5 . 1957; k o s t e m i a n sw.t. wa ib reinwardtis b: 2r3, 1962; bibl laur. 211. 1961. typu oil prov. yunnan 801 (le, isotypus). exped. sino ros tree 15 m high, 30 cm diam. branchlets subglabrous, quadrangular. leaves chartaceous, glabrous, alternate and subopuosite, elliptic to rotundate-elliptic, 10 x 20—16.5 x 28 cm, rarely oblong, 8—11 x 25—30 cm, shortly acuminate, base cuneate, secondary nerves not conspicuous 74] kostermans: the genus caryodaphttopsis 137 on the lower leaf surface. petiole 2—3 cm long, sub-glabrous. panicles terminal and axillary, 14—25 cm long, lax with widely spaced, short branchlets, patently, minutely pilosa. pedicels 2—5 mm long, laxly pubescent. tepals outside pubescent, inside fulvous-tomentellous, outer ones 1.2 mm long, inner ones 1.7—2.5 mm long, at base 2—2.5 mm wide, outer 6 stamens 1.8 mm long, inner ones 1.2 mm long; all filaments pilose, staminodes stipitate, sagittate, 0.75—1.1 mm long, outside pilose. fruit ellipsoid, 2.9 x 4,3 cm. pericarp 2 mm thick, hard, exocarp hard, 0.5 mm thick, mesocarp lacunair, 1 mm thick, endocarp consisting of lax fibres, 0.5 mm thick. wang compares this species with 0. tonkinensis, to which, it is certainly related. as i had no access to the type specimen, i have copied and modified his description, combining it with characters gleaned from the plate. nothing is said of the prominence of the secondary, horizontal veins, in the picture they are not very clear. the panicle is indeed similar to that of c. totikinensis. the flowers seem to be smaller. the length of the leaf certainly exceeds that of c. tonmnensis, but this is variable character. yunnan. chin-ping, tau-men-shan, alt. rod m, april, flow no-ross. ad prov. yunnan ml (le, china). sh, exped. i c o n t e n t s • p a g e h a t t i n k , t. a. a revision of malesian caesalpinia, i n c l u d i n g , mezoneuroji ( l e g u m m o s a e c a e s a l p i n i a c e a e ) 1 j o n e s , h . g . orchidaceae n a v a e vel m i n u s cogtlitae . . . . . . . 7 1 k e n g , h. rediscovery of cheilotheca malayana a n d t h e i d e n t i t y of . cheilotheca, audresia and mo.notropastmm (ericaceae. m o n o t r o p o i d e a e ) 7 7 k o s t e r m a n s , a . j . g . h . a m o n o g r a p h o f t h e genusn.eoanna•momum l i o u h o 8 5 m a t e r i a l s f o r a r e v i s i o n o f l a u r a c e a e i v . . . . . 9 7 . a new bornean species .of mammea , . 117 triadodapkne, a. new jauraceous genua from borneo . 119 — a monograph of caryodaphnopsis a. shaw . ., . . . 123 larsen, k. & laksen, s. k. a new amorphophallus from thailand ' 139 nayak, m. p. a revision of phtkiandra (melastomataceae) . . 143 rao, a. n. £ leong, f. l. pollen morphology of certain tropical , • plants . . . . . . . . • 153 skvortzov, b. v. on some colourless flagellates from java and brasil 177 distributor bibliotheca sogoriensis, jalan raya juanda 20, eogok, indonesia tj-archlpel. rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_01 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_64 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_65 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_66 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_67 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_68 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_69 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_70 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_71 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_95 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 35 − 42 35 behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability received january 9, 2014; accepted may 1, 2014 mohammad f. royyani herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: fathi.royyani@gmail.com. joeni s. rahajoe herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. abstract royyani, m. f. & rahajoe, j.s. 2014. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability. reinwardtia 14(1): 35 – 42. ― local communities have their own means of maintaining their traditional knowledge and sustaining the production system of natural resources by designating the resources as sacred. without the state’s influence, local people have their own strategies to conserve the environment and resources, in ways which are more effective than those enforced by the state. a study done through interview, participatory observation, and ethnographic methods revealed that local people recognized two models of natural resources conservation. the first model is the designation of forests as sacred site, aiming at maintaining the sustainability of ecosystem and the second model refers to adoption of species as a sacred entity to sustain production system. dynamic processes are operating in the sacredness of both forest and species. key words: conservation, local people, natural sacred, production system of natural resources, sacred site. abstrak royyani, m. f. & rahajoe, j.s. 2014. dibalik pohon yang dikeramatkan: masyarakat lokal dan sumber daya alam mereka yang berkelanjutan. reinwardtia 14(1): 35 – 42. ― masyarakat lokal memiliki cara tersendiri dalam menjaga pengetahuan tradisional mereka dan juga menjaga keberlangsungan sistem produksi sumberdaya, melalui pengeramatan. tanpa kehadiran negara, masyarakat tetap menjaga wilayahnya. cara yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat lebih efektif dalam menjaga kawasan maupun sumberdaya penting. dengan menggunakan pendekatan antropologi diketahui terdapat dua model pengkeramatan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat, yaitu pengekaramatan hutan dan pengekaramatan pohon. dari hasil penelitian diketahui kedua model pengkeramatan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat memiliki tujuan yang berbeda. pengkeramatan hutan untuk menjaga pengetahuan sedangkan pengkeramatan pohon untuk menjaga berkesinambungannya sistem produksi sumberdaya. pengkeramatan juga penuh dinamikanya sendiri, sebagai bagian dari proses sosial. kata kunci: keramat alami, konservasi, masyarakat lokal, pohon keramat, produksi sumberdaya alami. introduction how to look at local strategy this article is a respond to ernst’s argument (1999) about collaborative management process between local people and the state. in ernst’s case, the state has initiative in managing the area based on its experience and finally the state will engage with local people to manage the area. other than ernst, peterson et al. (2010) also discussed on the co-management of conservation area between state and local people. ernst’s and peterson’s arguments are not false, but are not relevant in looking into the local management in indonesia, like the phenomena found in tasik betung, sungai mandau, siak regency, riau province where local people have the initiative to protect and manage an area by themselves as a communal property, instead of following the state’s program to conserve the area before getting involved with the locals. the people in tasik betung conserve the area as communal property for a long time, as argued by hardin (1968), which sees that natural resources are basically communal, but over the time the communal will become private. an action from a member is to be followed by another member. the transformation process from communal to private property is one of the reasons why the ecosystem or a forest becomes damaged. this process is still unseen until now in tasik betung village. hardin assumes that every people have access to natural resources, and people interpret the access as their property. to analyze reinwardtia 36 [vol.14 human being through local people and their interaction with the environment using hardin’s assuming is erroneous. local people still consider the environment’s capacity, moreover ritual tradition used by local people as nutrition control as a strategy to support carrying capacity (rappaport, 1968; 1999). critique to hardin also came from ribot and pelluso (2003) through differentiation between access and property. both access and property are interaction between people and the environment related with values and benefits. access is an ability to get and collect resources, material and non-material, whereas benefit, generally, covers access and property. access is a right and through access availability, people can now have right to natural resources. property is a claim over specific areas or natural resources but everyone can access its natural resources. ribot and peluso make a differentiation between access and property expressively. according to ribot and peluso, access is an action from an individual to get the benefits from natural resources and property is social avowal and support for custom, state rule, etc. the aim of this article is to discuss about cultural phenomena through sacred species and sacred site by local people in tasik betung village, sungai mandau district, siak regency, riau province. they have two kinds of sacred, namely sacred site and sacred species. the example of sacred site is imbo botung or custom forest and the sacred species are tiger (panthera tigris sumatrae) and several trees. the trees that are made sacred by local people are called sialang. the sialang is not only considered sacred but also controlled through custom rule. according to the custom rule, people who inadvertently cut the tree and/or parts of the tree will be punished by custom law. the custom rule is not merely given but is a long process about interaction between the people and the certain plant. in this process, the base is not only about local belief but also about material. generally, the environment management by local people is a traditional wisdom interpreted as a social system that is inherited over generation. the knowledge is regarded as given over generations as guide of how people should adapt to the environment’s condition. local wisdom is also interpreted as local awareness and managed by the people through custom mechanism and local belief (adimihardja, 2007; golar, 2007; iskandar, 2007; kaber et al., 2007; soedjito, 2007). this view renounces the social process in the social life itself, because the conservation or local environment management, including sacred site, has its own dynamic and complicated process. there are many interests and other factors of why one area becomes a conservation area rather than the others (dove et al., 2011). moreover, local wisdom is a counter discourse from modernism. according to dove, local wisdom is the “son” of modernism, which creates the dichotomy in people, urban-rural, civilized-uncivilized, usually the dichotomy refers to a certain community. the word wisdom itself, especially associated with environment, can be separated from political ecology. this word can be used as a ‘gun’ to go against domination from the state and other power. the traditional wisdom is everyday practice as constructed according to their identity. how tradition, wisdom, and knowledge were constructed is debatable. traditional knowledge and traditional wisdom is dynamic, fluid, flexible, flexure and can change over time. biodiversity as cultural resources in this case, biodiversity does not only include wild living in the forest, but also the discourse and cultural practices in society. biodiversity also has practical implication and on other side biodiversity is a discourse developed by people through interaction with others and will return as something practical but with new interpretation. according to ernst (1999) this process is called entification. forest and biodiversity are significant elements in supporting human being and their activities. forest is not only the ecosystem and biological being but also as a part that cannot be separated from a society’s culture that are living close by the forest. besides saving the biodiversity, forest also record footsteps of interaction between people and forest. in some practices, human’s life depends on the biodiversity around the village. biodiversity is one of the significant elements as cultural resources, this means that from biodiversity people create the tradition and improve their knowledge. after creating the tradition, people manage the biodiversity due to their mechanisms; one of them is to make the elements sacred. like in tasik betung, after the trees became sacred, people strengthen it through custom law as local strategy to conserve the area or species that needs sustaining. involving local people in maintaining conservation area is more 2014] 37 royyani & rahajoe : behind the secret tree effective to protect the area from damage than management by state without local people’s inclusion, like in new zealand and mississippi delta (tipa & welch, 2006; shoreman & haenn, 2009). biodiversity makes cultural identity stronger through entification process where the wrestle of discourse and practice when they interact with others. biodiversity is one of the significant elements to support a society’s tradition, human health, cultural spiritual and individual thought (githae, 2009). power relation shadows the process of biodiversity use, including for religious rituals (snoograss, 2008). currently, usage of biodiversity became one of the parameters to reduce poverty target in millennium development goals (mdgs) due to the need to conserve and sustain the use the biodiversity (emerton, 2009). even local people strategy is effective to conserve and manage an area, but it is still not enough. it also takes other parties to participate in managing the area, because many problems are related with the sustainability of development (ninan, 2009). globally, biodiversity is considered as natural resources to support human being. global concern in biodiversity issues can be seen from the global agendas and global conventions (cbd, cites, iucn, etc). in global convention, traditional knowledge is one of the important agenda discussions for all parties. in every meeting, access and profit sharing mechanism with stakeholder’s knowledge related to international law is interested in such issues (kamau, 2009) because medicine, cosmetic and food development are based on traditional knowledge that uses biodiversity. biodiversity includes natural resources that can potentially reduce poverty, hunger and health due to the extraction of natural resources. biodiversity also supports the invention of culture, especially agriculture; loss of biodiversity will mean loss in agriculture potencies as well (wood, 1999). thus, biodiversity can mean cultural resources that create custom, belief and culture that support the human activities, thought and action from which knowledge, belief and culture are created. sialang: the taxonomical and ecological perspective koompassia malaccensis mangay ex benth. observation: a very large tree up to 60 m tall with columnar bale on average 60 cm in diameter but sometimes up to 210 cm and large buttresses, bark very finely, irregularly, closely fissured, dark grey or blackish to reddish-brown, crown made up of large sub-crowns; leaves with 5–9 (–14) leaflets of 5.5–12.5 cm × 2–4 cm; flowers small, sepals and petals up to 3 mm long, ovary compressed globular, hairy; pod 9.5–13 cm long. koompassia malaccensis is considered to be the third commonest big forest tree in peninsular malaysia and occurs from sea level up to 600 m alt. it is a frequently encountered tree in peat-swamp forests (soerianegara & lemmens, 1994). duabanga moluccana blume observations: a medium-sized to fairly large tree up to 35 m tall, but sometimes reaching 45 m, with columnar bole up to 100 cm in diameter, not buttressed but slightly fluted at base, young parts brownish hairy; leaves ovate, oblong or sometimes lanceolate, 7–30 cm × 4–12 cm; flowers 4-merous, stamens 12; fruit ellipsoid. duabanga moluccana is locally co-dominant, along streams, on slopes, along logging track and in regrowth in former cultivation areas, up to 1200 m alt. the density of wood is 270–510 kg/m3 at 15% moisture content (soerianegara & lemmens, 1995). octomeles sumatrana miq. observations: large to very large dioecious ever green trees up to 60 (–75) m tall; bole cylindrical, straight, branchless for up to 30 (–40) m, up to 250 (–400) cm in diameter, with prominent buttreses up to 6 m high; bark surface fissured or irregularly cracked, often pustular, grey to grey brown, inner bark fibrous, yellowish but rapidly turning brown on exposure, without exudates; crown open, pagoda-like with whorled branches when young, semi-globular when mature; twigs sharply 3angled. leaves arranged spirally, simple and entire, thin, roundish cordate, 12–30 m × 6–23 cm, acuminate, with 5–7 (–9) palmae veins, minutely scaly and below with large domatial glands in the axils of the main veins; petiole 6–30 cm long; stipules absent. flowers unisexual, actinomorphic, sessile, 5-8merous, green, in solitary axillary spikes. male inflore scence 20–60 cm long; flower ca. 5 mm long, calyx campanulate, petals absent, ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 3–8 parietal placentae and many ovutes, styles 5–8, inserted on the throat of the calyx tube, on a 10–20 mm long peduncle. fruit a barrel-shaped capsule, splitting from the top down words, 12 mm long. seed many, spindle-shaped, ca. 1 mm × 0.2 mm (soerianegara & lemmens, 1995). imbo botung: when people conserve an area according to interview and investigation, tasik reinwardtia 38 [vol.14 betung people has a forest area which is custom forest that saved by themselves. local people keep the forest from damaging and the trees in this forest are never cutting down, including trees that so called sialang. imbo botung is local words that mean forest in betung (name of the village). imbo botung has 150 ha and the location is closed to settlement. according to bomo (elder people), local people has a mandate to protect, with custom role, the forest because its siak kingdom property. sometime, local people called its forest with hutan keramat (sacred forest). as custom and sacred forest, the imbo botung manage by custom rule. nobody can access to change the land for other utilization and cutting down the trees. if someone damaged the tree on imbo botung even by an accident, bomo as the elders’ people will give punish for the man. he (people who cutting the trees) should conducted the ritual and invite the villager to join the ritual. according to bomo, the main purpose of imbo botung is natural resources deposit for local people. in imbo botung, sialang trees saved very well and imbo botung also provide many local people need, mainly for traditional medicine and non-timber forest products. for local people, biodiversity is significant things to support their culture, because some biodiversity is needed by people as traditional medicine and ritual tradition and the imbo botung provide what people want so that the reason why people saved imbo botung. another conservation area that founded in tasik betung as sacred site is cemetery area of founding father of the village (imam tasik). in this area, beside sialang trees we also found some forest trees grow up very well. local people have different reason to protect the area in imbo botung the reason is as deposit of biodiversity and in this area the reason is cultural. sialang: sacred tree and the strategy to sustainable production the ethnicity of tasik betung is melayu and all of them are moslem. even formally islam is their religion but local people still keep local belief and custom in their life, i.e sacred tree. the local belief of sacred tree is a kind of syncretism case between religion and tradition in melayu people, like tasik betung people. religion, especially moslem, on the one hand, as normative teachings assumed come from the outsider and come from above is something abstract; on the other hand, religious practices and belief are things that are real. culturally, the sacred tree that local people still belief is a sort of living document that describes the interaction between religion and local traditions. some ritual refers to local belief related with sialang shows that islam is involved in the local belief. in other words, the keramat is word that people say it refers to arabic words that remaining traces of the long history of islam in melayu ethnic. the coming and development of moslem in malayanese areas encountered two traditions at once. the first is the tradition and the “metropolis” mindset; second is a hindu-buddhist tradition which is strongly inherent to the society. cultural contact between moslem and local traditions that already existed made acculturation. this acculturation between moslem in one side and local traditions on the other side is also called a syncretism. the sacred tree is a tradition typical to local people who are familiar with their environment. like people of the past time they have close relationships with the environment in which they live. tasik betung people believe that sumateran tiger (panthera tigris sumatrae) is the village protector, forest keeper, and other name that refer to admiration, thus sacred. moreover, tasik betung people also have another sacred species, trees called sialang, a tree that has bees nest on the tree. sialang is a tree where bees make a nest on the branch. no specific tree but all trees with bee nest is called sialang. but commonly, the tree would be a maggris / kempas (koompassia malaccensis), duabanga (duabanga moluccana), and octomeles sumatrana. all these trees are the ones that grow and can be found in peat swampforest. economically, the species is also an important species like ramin (gonystylus bancanus) which can be used as paper material, jelutung (dyera custulata) for gum material, meranti (shorea spp.) for the wood, punak (tetramerista glabra), perepat (combretocarpus rotundatus), pulai rawa (alstonia pneumatophora), terentang (campnosperma spp.), bungur (lagestroemia spesiosa) and nyatoh (palaquium spp.) for building materials (tricahyo et al., 2004). koompassia malaccensis has good wood and fiber for housing material. this species is also traded for furniture and other purposes. melayu ethnic uses this wood for the flooring of their traditional houses (fakhrozi, 2009). suku anak dalam uses this wood for housing material and the leaf is for stronged the fontanel of babies (setyowati, 2003). the tree called kempas in local name is a big tree that can be found in peat-swam forest. in 2004, iucn listed this species in the red list, 2014] 39 royyani & rahajoe : behind the secret tree which is an endangered species. in 1990 the malaysian government protect this species under wild rule (baillie et al., 2004). unfortunately, indonesia has no specific rule to protect this species, even in government law number 7 year 1999 about wild plants and animal protection this species is not included. local people believe that bees have good intuition and special consideration in making nests on the tree. when making a nest, ancestors and all ‘inhabitant’ have guided the bees to choose a tree. with this belief, local people believe that the tree consists a bee’s nest is sacred. other than that, local people also have local rules to manage sialang. everything about sialang is sacred. people are not allowed to take a leaf, cut a branch, or cut down the tree. if someone does any of that by accident, he will still be punished under custom law. the penalty is that he should cover all parts of the tree with white cloth and organize a ritual tradition that needs a great amount of money. after the ritual, the white cloth will be shared with all the people who have a sialang. after the honey is harvested, the tree will not be called sialang anymore and it may be cut down, but commonly people will still protect and maintain the tree with the expectation that next year the bees will come back and make another nest there. the tree that is considered sacred by the local people is not only based on local belief but also they have logical reason behind the belief, which is economic calculation. honey is one of their income sources provided by nature. people can create products from a bee’s nest and earn cash money of around 1-3 millions rupiah, depending on the condition. the common technique to harvest the honey is by sharing profits with other people who hunt and harvest honey as their job and salled the nest. in this case, the motive is mostly because they need cash money. the sacred species and restrictions to impair the sialang, which has been enforced from the past, are based on honey production sustainability. local people have known well to protect the habitat of honeybees and their nest making (sialang). with that knowledge, local people also protect the specific species to keep them alive as host for the bees. due to its sacred status and restrictions around trees with bee nests (sialang), people will not only contribute to conservation but also gain economic values. it means local people in tasik betung hold a role in the development of natural resources. they have mixed economic interest with conservation. custom mechanism due sacred species is effective to stabilize economic interests and conservation. maintain the trees, maintain the value different from hardin (1968), tasik betung people strengthen the communal property instead of making them personal property. some people claim an area but not as communal property, but rather private. dove et al. (2011) opens our perspectives in seeing broadly on conservation issues concerning sacred sites in relation with other issues. according to dove’s argument, it has four paradigm, videlicet’ postcolonial perspective, post -equilibrium, poststructural/postmodern, and postwestern (dove et al., 2011). sialang as a concept or conservation area is not independent. this concept is related to other people, even outside the tasik betung society’s knowledge; it has been public. sialang is an embodiment of people’s awareness to protect natural resources against big capital (private sector), which in the people’s perspective has been damaging their forest. people do cultural movements against private sector through different action. if private companies cut down the trees, people will plant more trees. if private companies clear the forest so people will continue to maintain and protect the forest. the conservation practice by local people is based not only on religion or cultural logic but also has a base on material and many other interests. conservation or the idea of sacred nature is created, dynamic, and active, not given and static (harris, 1964; rappaprot, 1968; 1999). ndeed, behind ideological reason is material as the primary logic, like sacred cow in india (harris, 1966). this factor is positive, because it means they will lend a hand in protecting the species. the forest and its biodiversity is an important element to support the lives human being. forest is a part of human culture. forest not only saves the biodiversity but also cultural footstep over generations that are waiting to explore because local people have a special manner to protect the environment and its species. the awareness is a long process in social life. it is an accumulation of experience as an adaptation system to the environment’s condition. local strategy to protect environment came from self-awareness; a new commitment among them because it supports their custom, myth and local belief for generations. in tasik betung natural resources management to conserve the forest and its species has been reinterpreted to support production system. reinwardtia 40 [vol.14 through traditional strategies, many important species are saved from damage, like trees as host of honeybees (sialang). without local management, many of the important trees would be lost. to conserve and protect biodiversity as a cultural and economic interest, local people use local language and ‘jargon’ as their tools. sialang is not only about conservation and economic interest, but also about its own network and interaction between local people and the market. honey production by local people holds significant contribution to the national needs of honey. with sacred species, supply to national market can be provided, although not on a national level yet as an illustration, 1.000 to 1.500 tons of the national honey supply is provided 70% from the honey harvested in forest that of threatened sustainability, while the national needs to honey is 4.000 tons (maryanto, et al., 2013). other than that, one of the functions of honeybee is as bioindicator of the environment, in agriculture and plantation (porrini et al., 2002). local people: between state and private company local people develop a protection system to protect production by themselves through the sanctity of the trees that has direct relation with the production of natural honey. unfortunately, local people’s strategy has no support from the government. the state has no regulations to protect the production system related with wild honey. peatswam forest as the habitat of the honey tree is going to be damaged, because many of the regulations issued by the indonesian government related with peat-swam forest refer to plantation and agriculture by planting and burning. some regulation issues by indonesia government are: 1. uu no. 41/1999, forestry clause 78 verses 3, 4 and 11 about punishment burn the forest 2. ministry of forestry rule no: p.12/menhutii/2012 about second change to ministry of forestry rule p.32/menhut-ii/2009 about technique of forest rehabilitation and river stream area. 3. pp no 28/1985 forest protection. 4. pp no. 4/2001, ban of fire using in forest. 5. pp no. 6/2007 about forest planning management and forest utilization. 6. president decree no. 32/1990 about prohibition of development in peat-swamp deep more 3 meters. 7. government rule no 7 year 1999 about plant and animal preservation. 8. government rule no 8 year 1999 plant and animal utilization. 9. ministry decision no. 260/kep-ii/1995 about guidance prevention and control forest fire equipped with technical guidance. 10. ministry decision no.14/m. ekon/12/2001: national policy direction of water resources that promote integrated water resources management. 11. director general phpa decision no. 243/ kpts/dj.vi/1995 about technical guidance prevent and control forest fire at forest utilization and other area. 12. director general plantation decree no. 38/95 about preparation land without burn for plantation. all regulations issued by the government only concern about peat-swamp forest management and utilization for plantation, agriculture, and other utilizations that are not meant to protect peatswamp forest, even has tendency to threat the peatswamp itself. one of the regulations is a rule about canal development as border area between cultivated and conservation area and other canals (primary, secondary and tertiary) in cultivated area. the canals’ function is as drainage system for the conservation area and palm plantation. this system is peat-swamp digging and watering. in nature sustainability perspective, this regulation will result in mere plantation sustainability, not development or further protection of an area or specific species. in 1972, ministry of agriculture issued decree no. 54/kpts/um/2/1972 about prohibition of tree cutting with diameter smaller than 60 cm. this decree is still considered too general. the state’s rule are not specific, thus the sacred tree by local people have no support from the government. the state remains abstain to the protection of people’s interest about forest and sialang. local people’s initiative and collaboration are more effective than the state’s ignoring local people to manage the conservation area. in this case, tasik betung village is also against private companies whose existence have no good impact for the local people. all the government rules also show that biodiversity conservation discourse have been a long time process in indonesia with all practices, decision making, law and all actors that play a part in this issue (arnscheidt, 2009). some people have prejudice towards the government that all government rules have private company intervention; in fact corporate social responsibilities implementa2014] 41 royyani & rahajoe : behind the secret tree tion developed by company has interest to control people and their access to natural resources, especially forest resources (peluso, 1993; welker, 2009). the state and private companies see local people as trouble maker not collaborator to protect and manage the environment. conclusion welker (2009) has an assumption towards conservation discourse by the state and private companies because in the implementation they are using coercive approach, physical and nonphysical. without the state, local people already have self-mechanism to protect the area around settlement area and also to sustain production system. sacred natural resource is one strategy to protect an area. due to the sanctity and custom law, an area or species are protected from damage. local people use easy ‘jargon’. custom law, myth and legend, are the basics of jargon used by them because sanctity is not only about biodiversity but also related with other aspects, such as economic, politic, political-ecology, religion and culture. behind the sacred species is a dynamic of social processes. maintenance of protected area also means to maintain practical local knowledge in the people’s minds, especially using plants as medication and in this context sialang is natural production. at first, sacred species was a discourse, which is then, practiced by the people, and after the practice the sacred became a discourse, especially when they interact with others. the consequence is that the local people use discourse to go against private companies and the state. acknowledgements we would like to thank to the project on land use change which is collaboration between lipi-apn (asia pacific network for climate change research). without financial support from this project, this study is not able to be done. sincerely thanks is also send for the director of research center for biology, the local government and the local people who help on finding this information and also to elder people who are sharing the information to us. references adimihardja, k. 2009. leuweung titipan: hutan keramat warga 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[phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 393-567-1-sm belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(2) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(2): 129-204.22 november 2004 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 2, pp: 129 – 133 kedrostis medik. (cucurbitaceae) in asia w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes nationaal herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands abstract de wilde, w.j.j.o. & duyfjes, brigitta e.e. 2004. kedrostis medik. in asia. reinwardtia 12(2):129 – 133. — kedrostis (cucurbitaceae) occurs in africa and madagascar and comprises 4 (5) species in asia. of these 2 species are found in india and sri lanka and 2 (3) species in western malesia. one malesian species is for the first time included in kedrostis here, kedrostis bennettii (miq.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, and one species is described as new here, kedrostis hirta w.j. de wilde & duyfjes. one more malesian species is insufficiently known to be formally described. keywords: kedrostis, cucurbitaceae, se asia, taxonomy abstrak de wilde, w.j.j.o. & duyfjes, brigitta e.e. 2004. kedrostis medik. di asia. reinwardtia 12(2):129 – 133. — kedrostis (cucurbitaceae) ada di afrika dan madagaskar dan terdiri atas 4 (5) jenis ada di asia. dua jenis diantaranya ditemukan di india dan sri lanka dan 2 (3) jenis ada di malesia bagian barat. salah satu jenis dari malesia yang pertama kali dimasukkan dalam kedrostis, yaitu kedrostis bennettii (miq.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, dan satu jenis dipertelakan sebagai jenis baru disini, kedrostis hirta w.j. de wilde & duyfjes. satu jenis lagi dari malesia yang belum cukup untuk dapat dipertelakan secara resmi. kata kunci: kedrostis, cucurbitaceae, asia tenggara, taksonomi introduction kedrostis medik. is an old world genus occurring in africa and madagascar with c. 20 species and in se asia with 5 species. in asia the distribution is restricted to two separate areas: 2 species (of which k. foetidissima also in africa) in s india and sri lanka and 3 (including one insufficiently known and not formally described species from peninsular malaysia) in west malesia. the genus is notably absent from northern india, china and indochina. the three west malesian species are somewhat distinct from the indian ones; they are stouter in habit, and in the widely distributed (but scattered) k. bennettii (miq.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes the male inflorescences may grow into long spikes with ebracteate persistent pedicels. in all three species the fruit contains only 1 (or 2) seeds (in other species [of kedrostis] usually more). kedrostis bennettiii is offensively smelling when crushed, similar as is known for the indian k. foetidissima (jacq.) cogn. most of the older species were originally described in other genera, until cogniaux (1881, 1916). later noteworthy treatments redefining the genus are by jeffrey (1967) for east africa and keraudren (1966) for madagascar. as in many more cucurbitaceae, the material available for study is scanty and recent collections are often absent, the neglect possibly due to very local occurrence, destruction of habitat, short flowering period, and inconspicuous caducous flowers. the notion that the asian genus cerasiocarpum is identical with kedrostis (described from africa) was brought forward by c. jeffrey (1962). however, kedrostis courtallensis (from india and sri lanka) and cerasiocarpum bennettii (from west malesia) were not regarded as specifically different at the time. therefore, the combination kedrostis bennettii (miq.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes is made on the present occasion. of all species concerned, complete material has been studied only for malesia, and only for the widespread k. bennettii was it sufficient to allow for a full description. the records of the occurrence of kedrostis in new guinea must be regarded as erroneous, as noted under k. bennettii. kedrostis medik. kedrostis medik. (1791) 69. — type: s. africa, k. africana (l.) cogn. (1881: 643). rhynchocarpa endl. (1839) 936. — type: africa, r. foetidissima (jacq.) walpers (1843: 197) [tricho129 130 reinwardtia [vol.12 santhes foetidissima jacq. (1789: 341); k. foetidissima (jacq.) cogn. (1881: 634)]. achmandra arn. (1840) 49; (1841) 274 (aechmandra); wight (1842) 267. — lectotype (pfeiffer, 1873): s india, a. rostrata (rottler) arn. (1841: 274) [bryonia rostrata rottler (1803: 212) = k. foetidissima (jacq.) cogn.]. bryonopsis arn. (1840) 49; (1841) 274. — type: s india, b. courtallensis arn. (1841: 274) [k. courtallensis (arn.) c. jeffrey (1962: 353)]. cerasiocarpum hook f. (1867) 832; cogn. (1881) 728; (1919) 238. — type: sri lanka, c. zeylanicum (thwaites) c.b. clarke (1879: 629) [aechmandra zeylanica thwaites (1859: 125) = k. foetidissima (jacq.) cogn.]. herbaceous or woody climbers, (sub)perennial, with or without rootstock or tubers; glabrous or hairy; monoecious or dioecious (not in asia?). leaves simple, subentire or (deeply) lobed; petiole long. tendrils simple or 2-branched (not in asia). probract absent. flowers yellow or whitish (not in asia). male flowers in short or long peduncled racemes. pedicels short or long, without or with (not in asia) small bract. receptacle tube cup-shaped. sepals 5, small. petals 5, free or very shortly united (not in asia), imbricate, glabrescent or short (glandular) hairy. stamens 3 or 5 (not in asia), inserted in or close to the mouth of the receptacle tube. anthers when 3: two 2-thecous, one 1-thecous, when 5 then all 1-thecous; anthers with or without apically produced connective; thecae straight or little (much) curved. filaments short. disc minute, basal, unlobed, or carnose but not apparent because it is fused with the base of the receptacle tube. female flowers single or in a short, fewflowered raceme, sometimes co-axillary with male raceme; perianth resembling male. ovary ovoid, glabrous or hairy, 2or 3(or 4-) locular; ovules few; style distinct; stigma subglobose, consisting of 2 or 3 (or 4) papillose lobes. staminodes absent or usually 3 or 5, inserted in the mouth of the tube. disc absent or not apparent. fruits solitary or few-fascicled, fleshy, glabrous or hairy, subglobose, ovoid or fusiform, rarely dehiscent (not in asia). seeds mostly few, tumid, usually smooth. an old world genus of c. 25 species, of which 4 (5) species in asia; not in australia. key to the species 1. a. plant usually markedly hairy. [male raceme up to 10-flowered]. connective of anthers produced dorsally upwards. ovary hairy. fruit ovoid, rostrate. seeds 5—7, pyriform, subcompressed. — africa, s india, sri lanka.. 3. k. foetidissima b. plant subglabrous or with sparse appressed coarse hairs. connective swollen but not much produced. ovary (sub)glabrous. fruit subglobose, not rostrate. seeds (sub)globose, not or but little compressed…………...……………………..… 2 2. a. male raceme (2--) 5—10-flowered. stigma lobes stalked. seeds 2—6, subglobose, c. 5 mm diameter. — s. india, sri lanka….…. 2. k. courtallensis b. male raceme (incompletely known in k. hirta & k. species) 10—40-flowered. stigma lobes sessile. seeds 1 or 2, globose, c. 7 mm diameter……………………..…………….……… 3 3. a. leaves with sparse appressed coarse hairs. — sumatra….………………….……. 4. k. hirta b. leaves glabrous…………..…………………… 4 4. a. female flowers 1—4 fascicled at the node. — w. malesia………………….... 1. k. bennettii b. female flowers several in a short (branched) raceme. —peninsular malaysia…... 5. k. species 1. kedrostis bennettii (miq.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, comb. nov. —fig. 1. bryonopsis bennettii miq. (1856) 657. — cerasiocarpum bennettii (miq.) cogn. (1881) 729; (1916) 239, p.p., excl. fig. 55 and material from india and sri lanka; backer (1964) 298. —type: java, horsfield s.n.(holotype u; isotype k). climber 2—5 m; glabrous (in young parts with minute greyish hairs and brown gland-hairs), cystoliths usually obvious; monoecious or seemingly dioecious. leaves: blade glabrous at both surfaces, (sub)entire or ± 5-angular or shallowly (deeply) 3(—5)-lobed, subcircular, or ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, 5—17 by 8—15 cm, apex acuminate, margin minutely sparsely dentate; petiole 3—6 cm long. male raceme spike-like, up to 15 cm long, (10—)20—40-flowered, flowers rather spaced, peduncle 3—7 cm long, solitary or co-axillary with female flower(s). male flowers: pedicel persistent, 1—2(—5) mm long, faintly articulate 0.5—1 mm below receptacle tube, bract absent; receptacle tube (2—)2.5—3 by (2—)3—5 mm, throat densely hairy, hairs white, 0.5—1 mm long; sepals triangular, (0.5—)1 by 0.7—0.1 mm, glabrous (except few minute brown gland-hairs); petals ± curved downward, bright light yellow, (ob)ovate, 2.5—3 by 2—2.5 mm, apex obtuse or rounded, in apical part densely fine hairy outside, densely gland-hairy inside; filaments 1(—1.5) mm long, with minute (gland) hairs, anthers connivent, dorsifixed above halfway, giving the anthers a ‘nodding’ aspect, (1—)1.5 by c. 1(—1.5) mm, 2004] de wilde & duyfjes: kedrostis medik. in asia 131 connective broad, ± swollen, split at base and apex to c. ¼ deep, apical lobes broadly rounded, thecae narrow, c. 1 mm long, vertical, straight, ± introrsely opening; disc (or pistillode) absent. female flowers: 1—4 (sub)fascicled at the node; pedicel 2—5 mm long; ovary ovoid (-oblong), 3—4 by 2—3 mm, glabrous; perianth as in male; throat of receptacle tube densely hairy, hairs whitish, c. 0.5 mm long; staminodes 5, minute, c. 0.5 mm long or larger and broader, petal-like, 1(—1.5) mm long; style columnar, 2.5—3 by 0.5—0.7 mm, glabrous; stigma c. 2.5 mm diam., 2-lobed, lobes sessile, (± woolly) hairy, each shallowly 2 (or 3) lobed; ovary 2(or 4?) locular, in basal part each locule with 1 ovule. fruit globose or ± transversely ellipsoid, 1—1.2 by 1— 1.7 cm, shiny yellow, smooth, when dry pale brown, finely wrinkled, dull; fruiting pedicel 5— 10 mm long. seeds 1 or 2, subglobose, 7—8 mm diam., greyish or brownish, faintly low-margined, smooth. fig. 1. kedrostis bennettii (miq.) w.j. de wilde & duyfjes. a. twig with male inflorescences; b. twig with female inflorescence; c. ditto, in detail; d. twig with fruits; e. twig with two male inflorescences and two fruits at the node; f. male flower; g. male flower, opened; h΄, h΄΄, h΄΄΄. anther, seen abaxially, adaxially, and laterally respectively; i. female flower; j. female flower, opened; k. seed. distribution. west malesia (see notes): sumatra, w & c java:, borneo (sabah, e kalimantan), sulawesi. habitat & ecology. a rare species of scattered distribution on damp, rich soil, also known from near limestone; at altitudes (to 1400 m). notes. the records for new guinea, far away from the species-area in west malesia, are doubtful. warburg (1891: 444) mentioned as doubtful a sterile collection from mountainous areas in papua new guinea. the same specimen was cited by schumann & lauterbach (1900: 590) and by cogniaux (1916: 239) with the addition of schlechter 18623, and by harms (1925: 153) with the additional specimens ledermann 11855 and 12208b (flowers pale yellow, at high altitudes). we have not seen any of these specimens (probably lost), and the species seems not to have been collected any more in new guinea. we suspect, however, that the specimens discussed belong to a different genus, possibly zehneria. specimens examined. sumatra: beccari 293, padang; forbes 2810, fr., tandjong nine; korthals 30, 31, 1017, s.n. (aug. 1878), all fr., all ajer mantjoer. java: amdjah 218, fr., noesa kambangan; bakhuizen van den brink 835, fr., gunung sadong; 1836, fr., tjampea; 4074, fl., gunung pantjari; beumée 6606, fl., depok; 6067, ♂, fr., depok; blume 32, ♂, without locality; broeder j. d38042, fr., purwokerto; den berger 389, fr., near tjampea; horsfield s.n., banjoemas; koorders 30745 fr., tjampea; 44080, ♂, depok; 47946, fr., noesagedeh; 47947, preanger; van steenis 2701 fr., tjampea. borneo: sabah: de wilde, lim & postar san 139452, ♂, fr., sandakan, near gomantong cave; de wilde, duyfjes, postar, tawadong & samor san 14452, ♂, ♀, fruit; krispinus san 113831, fr., keningau, crocker range; van balgooy 7271, ♀, fr., sandakan, near gomantong cave; kalimantan: kostermans 21532 fr., berau. c. sulawesi: kjellberg 2472, ♀, fr. 2. kedrostis courtallensis (arn.) c. jeffrey kedrostis courtallensis (arn.) c. jeffrey (1962) 353; (1980) 792, excl. synonym bryonopsis bennettii miq.; philcox (1997) 33. –– bryonopsis courtallensis arn. (1841) 274. –– type: india, wight 1147 (holotype k). aechmandra zeylanica thwaites (1859) 125. –– cerasiocarpum zeylanicum (thwaites) c.b. clarke 132 reinwardtia [vol.12 (1879) 629.–– syntype: sri lanka, thwaites c.p. 3002, 3500 (cal, k). cerasiocarpum bennettii auct. non (miq.) cogn.: cogn. (1881) 729; (1916) 239, fig. 55; chakravarty (1959) 167, all p.p., for the indian and sri lanka material only. distribution. s india, sri lanka. notes. kedrostis courtallensis is possibly a montane species, in india recorded at 1000 m, in sri lanka between 1000 and 1700 m altitude. 3. kedrostis foetidissima (jacq.) cogn. kedrostis foetidissima (jacq.) cogn. (1881) 634; (1916) 140; c. jeffrey (1967) 137, fig 23, 11; matthew (1982) plate 298: 1—4 & 7--14; (1983) 645. –– trichosanthes foetidissima jacq. (1789) 341; (1790) t. 624. –– rhynchocarpa foetida schrad., nom. illegit.: c.b. clarke (1879) 627. –– type: a plant sent from w africa, cultivated at vienna and depicted in jacq. 1790: t. 624. bryonia rostrata rottler (1803) 212; willd. (1805) 616; ser. (1828) 304; wight & arn. (1834) 346. –– aechmandra rostrata (rottler) arn. (1841) 274. –– rhynchocarpa rostrata (rottler) naudin (1862) 177; kurz (1877) 105. –– kedrostis rostrata (rottler) cogn. (1881) 636; (1916) 142; chakrav. (1959) 166, fig. 74: 82. –– type: india, nandaradah rottler 766, (holotype b-willd., cat. nr. 18054; isotype k, not seen). distribution. africa & asia: india, east to myanmar (chakravarty, 1959; jeffrey, 1980; from myanmar we have seen only a photograph of wallich cat. 6713). notes. 1. in s india and sri lanka k. foetidissima may be confused with solena amplexicaulis, both with rostrate fruit; see de wilde & duyfjes (2004). 2. according to philcox (1997) for sri lanka and matthew (1982, 1983) for s india, the species is markedly hairy, but in the diagnosis of the synonym bryonia rostrata rottler it is stated that the plant is glabrous. we examined only a photocopy of the type-specimen in b-willd. 4. kedrostis hirta w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, spec. nov. kedrostidi bennettii similis, planta toto pubescenti, inflorescentiis masculis brevioribus 0.5--2 cm longis floribus paucioribus differt. –– typus: sumatra, de wilde & duyfjes 19257 (holotypus l). climber, 2—5 m; sparsely (brown-) grey hairy; stem 1.5—5 mm diam., with curved hairs 0.1(–0.2) mm long, cystoliths not obvious; monoecious. leaves: blade with sparse appressed hairs c 1 mm long at both surfaces, 3or 5-lobed to 1/3—3/4, subcircular in outline, 9—13 cm diam., lobes narrowly triangular or oblong, 3—9 cm long, base shallowly broadly cordate, apex acute-acuminate, margin with sparse brown-black soft teeth to 1 mm long; petiole 3—4 cm long, with curved hairs c. 0.5 mm long, the lower portion ± twisted on drying. male raceme with 5—10 flowers in a condensed spike 0.5—1 cm long, peduncle c. 1.5 cm long, co-axillary with female flowers. male flowers: pedicel c. 1 mm long, bract absent; flowers unknown. female flowers; solitary or 2—5 fascicled at the node or with (presumably male flowers) arranged in 0.5— 3 cm long short-shoots. fruit subgloboseellipsoid, 1—1.3 cm long, dull brown, coarsely wrinkled on drying; fruiting pedicel c. 3 mm long. seed 1, globose, c. 7 mm diam., dark brown with a faint paler margin, smooth. distribution. endemic to sumatra. habitat & ecology. forest edges or open places in forest, to 400 m altitude. fruiting in july. note. kedrostis hirta is similar to k. bennettii, but the latter differs in being totally glabrous and in having a long many-flowered male inflorescence, to 15 cm long. 5. kedrostis sp. climbers; glabrous, except minute glandhairs on inflorescences, cystoliths not obvious; mono-ecious? (see note). leaves: blade entire or with an odd shallow side-lobe, elliptic-oblong, 8—15 by 4—9 cm, base subtruncate, apex longacuminate, margin entire (without sparse minute teeth); petiole 1.5—3 cm long. inflorescences 2 or 3-branched, c. 1 cm long, 10—20-flowered, in basal portion of branches with 1 or 2 fruits, and several persistent pedicels c. 2 mm long of presumably female flowers, at apex with few more slender persistent pedicels c. 3 mm long of presumably male flowers. male and female flowers not known. fruit ovoid(-globose), c. 1.5 cm long, shiny brown-green (red when ripe), coarsely wrinkled on drying; fruiting pedicel c. 3 mm long. seeds 1 (or 2?), globose, grey-brown, 7 mm diam., with a low margin all around, smooth. 2004] de wilde & duyfjes: kedrostis medik. in asia 133 distribution, habitat & ecology. malaya, pahang, ulu krau, g. benom game reserve. known only from one collection, rahim ismail kep 100114, from primary forest on hillside; fruiting in april. note. this obviously distinct species is left unnamed because the flowers are unknown and the nature of the male inflorescence remains unclear. it is close to k. bennettii and k. hirta, especially in the similar globose seeds. acknowledgements this study has been based on material provided by the herbaria bo, k, l, san and sing and we thank the curators for permitting study of their specimens. we are grateful to the staff of the bogor herbarium for providing facilities during the time we worked there. the latin diagnosis of the new species was made by j. f. veldkamp. the fine drawing was prepared by jan van os. references arnott, g.a.w. 1840. remarks on the fruit of the natural order cucurbitaceae. madras j. lit. sci. 12: 48—54. arnott, g.a.w. 1841. on the cucurbitaceae. j. bot. 3: 271—280. backer c.a. & r.c. bakhuizen van den brink jr. 1964. flora of java 1: 292--307. p. noordhoff, groningen. chakravarty, h.l. 1959. monograph on indian cucurbitaceae. rec. bot. surv. india 17: 1—234. clarke, c.b. 1879. cucurbitaceae. in: j.d. hooker, fl. brit. india 2: 604—635. reeve & co. london. cogniaux, c.a. 1881. cucurbitaceae. in: a. & c. decandolle. monogr. phan. prodr. 3: 325—951. s.g. masson. paris. cogniaux, c.a. 1916. cucurbitaceae-fevilleae et melothrieae. in: a. engler. pflanzenreich 66, iv.275.1: 1—277. w. engelmann. leipzig. de wilde, w.j.j.o. & b.e.e. duyfjes. 2004. review of the genus solena (cucurbitaceae). blumea 49: 69—81. endlicher, s.l. 1839. genera plantarum: 933-940. vindobonae. harms, h. 1925. die cucurbitaceen papuasiens. bot. jahrb. syst. 60: 150—161. hooker, j.d. 1867. cucurbitaceae. in: g. bentham & j.d. hooker, genera plantarum 1: 816—841. reeve & co. london. jeffrey, c. 1962. notes on cucurbitaceae, including a proposed new classification of the family. kew bull. 15(3): 337—371. jeffrey, c. 1967. cucurbitaceae. fl. trop. east africa. whitefriars press ltd., london and tonbridge. jeffrey, c. 1980. further notes on cucurbitaceae: v. the cucurbitaceae of the indian subcontinent. kew bull. 34: 789—809. keraudren, m. 1966. cucurbitacées. in: h. humbert, flore de madagascar et des comores, 185e famille: 1—173. mus. nat. hist. nat., paris. kurz, s. 1877. contributions towards a knowledge of the burmese flora. j. asiat. soc. bengal. 46, 2: 95—106. matthew, k.m. 1982. illustrations on the flora of the tamilnadu carnatic 2: 291—305. diocesan press, madras. matthew, k.m. 1983. the flora of the tamilnadu carnatic 1: 633—656. diocesan press, madras. medikus, f.k. 1791. philosophische botanik (mit kritischen bemerkungen) 2: 69. mannheim. miquel, f.a.w. 1856. cucurbitaceae. fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 652--683. c.g. van der post. amsterdam. naudin, c.v. 1862. espèces et variétés nouvelles de cucurbitacées. ann. sc. nat. bot. 16: 154—199, pl. 1, 2. pfeiffer, l.g.k. 1873. nomenclator botanicus 1, 1: 60. cassellis. philcox, d. 1997. cucurbitaceae. in: m.d. dassanayake (ed.). a revised handbook to the flora of ceylon 11: 8—46. a. a. balkema, rotterdam. rottler j.p. 1803. botanische bemerkungen auf der hin-und rückreise von trankenbar nach madras von herrn missionair rottler zu trankenbar mit anmerkungen von herrn professor c.l. willdenow. neue schrift. ges. naturforsch. freunde berlin 4: 180--224. schumann, k & k. lauterbach. 1900. die flora der deutschen schutzgebiete in der südsee: 589—593. gebrüder borntraeger, leipzig. seringe, n.c. 1828. cucurbitaceae. in: a.p. de candolle, prodromus systematis regni vegetabilis naturalis 3: 297—320. treuttel & würtz, paris. thwaites, g.h.k. 1859. enumeration plantarum zeylaniae: 124—128. dulau & co., london. von jacquin, n.j. 1789. collectanea ad botanicam, chemiam, et historiam naturalem spectantia 2: 341. vindobonae. von jacquin, n.j. 1790. icones plantarum rariorum. nicolao josepho jacquin, vindobonae. walpers, w.g. 1843. repertorium botanices systematicae 2: 197. lipsiae. warburg, o. 1891. beiträge zur kenntnis der papuanischen flora. bot. jahrb. syst. 13: 442—444. wight, r. 1842. remarks on the fruit of the natural order cucurbitaceae. annals and magazine of natural history. 1. series: 224—281. london. wight, r. & g.a.w. arnott. 1834. prodromus florae peninsulae indiae orientalis 1: 340—351. parbury, allen & co., london. willdenow, c.l. 1805. caroli a linné species plantarum, tomus 4: 598—627. g.c. nauk, berlin. instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034-365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 2. 2004 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. kedrostis medik. (cucurbitaceae) in asia .'. 129 j.f. veldkamp. miscellaneous notes on mainly southeast asian gramineae... 135 pitra akhriadi, hernawati and rusjditamin. a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from sumatra 141 kuswata kartawinata, ismayadi samsoedin, m. heriyanto and j.j. afriastini. a tree species inventory in a one-hectare plot at the batang gadis national park, north sumatra, indonesia .. 145 e.a.p. iskandar & j.f. veldkamp. a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne (gramineae, panicoideae, is.ach.neae) ' 159 johanis p. mogea. four new species pf arenga (palmae) from indonesia 181 j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for pyrrosia hastata ching (polypodiaceae, pteridophyta) ..... 191 tri mulyaningsih & colin ernest ridsdale. an additional species of villaria rolfe {rubiaceae') from the philippines 195 elizabeth a. widjaja, inggit pudji astuti & ida bagus ketut arinasa. new species of bamboos (poaceae-bambusoideae) from bali 199 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia covd 53-110-1-sm covbel untitled 256 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 umbellularia nutt. 195, 201, 202, 203, 216, 235; californica (nees) nutt. 202, 205, 235. urbanodendron mez 195, 200, 207, 210, 217, 238; verrucosum (nees) mez 238. virola 220. volutella forsk. 245. wimmeria nees ex meissn. 229. yushuma kam. 234. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part. 2, pp. 257-280 (1957) florae malesianae praecursores xvi on the taxonomic subdivision of the gleicheniaceae, with descriptions of new malaysian species and varieties by r. e. holttum * summary a new subdivision is given of the fern family gleicheniaceae. the genus platyzoma r. br is excluded from the family. the genus stromatopteris from new caledonia is arranged in a distinct subfamily. in the remainder of the family, subfamily gleichenioideae, two genera are recognized, gleichenia (with subgenera diplopterygium, gleichenia, and mertensia) and dicranopteris (with subgenera acropterygium and dicranopteris) . the problem of subdividing the family is discussed with reference to former treatments and to new data, and a conspectus of the new system, with synonymy and key to the genera and subgenera, is given. a number of new species, new varieties, and new combinations is made both in gleichenia and dicranopteris. in preparing a taxonomic revision of the family gleicheniaceae for flora malesiana, i have reviewed the status of the genera proposed within the family by previous authors, and as a result have been led to take a position midway between the arrangement of christensen (index filicum 1905) and of copeland (genera filieum 1947). the present paper gives a summary of the facts on which this decision was reached; a fuller comparative treatment of the subject, with a discussion on morphology and growth-habit in this and other families of primitive ferns, will be published elsewhere. the genus platyzoma r. br., which has usually be included in gleicheniaceae (even in the genus gleichenia), appears to me so different that it should be excluded. a statement on this subject has been published separately (kew bulletin 1956; 551) ; the genus will not be further mentioned in the present paper. the genus stromatoptetis, confined to new caledonia, is peculiar in various ways, but has superficial sori of sporangia which agree with 1 formerly professor of botany in the university of malaya. — 257 — 258 reinwardtia [vol. 4 those of gieichenia. in dermal appendages and growth-habit it is quite distinct from other members of the family, so that i would agree with nakai in assigning it to a distinct subfamily. a summary of its important characters is given in the conspectus below. the remainder of the family is clearly divisible into four groups, which are all given generic status by copeland, as gieichenia, hicriopteris, sticherus, and dicranopteris. many previous authors, from willdenow onwards, were impressed by the difference between the genus gieichenia and the other three. a main distinction (repeated by presl, hasskarl, diels, underwood and nakai) is said to be that in gieichenia proper the sori are terminal on the veins, in the other three groups the sori are not terminal. this statement is not true. the veins are short in gieichenia proper, but the sorus is not terminal, as can be seen in cleared specimens (examined by me in g. microphylla r. br., g. vulcanica bl., and g. dicarpa r. br.). if one looks for another distinction between gieichenia proper and copeland's genus hicriopteris, the only one is the very small size of the lobes of the lamina of gieichenia, and this is hardly a generic distinction. a basic division of the family is therefore not between gieichenia proper and the rest. as has been shown in various other groups of ferns, the nature of the dermal appendages is often significant as an indicator of relationships. in the present family it is usually stated that dicranoptens (sensu copeland) differs from the other three groups in having only hairs, the others having both hairs and scales. this is however an undue simplification, because the hairs of dicranopteris are not like the hairs of the other genera of copeland. in gieichenia, hicriopteris, and sticherus, the hairs are all stellate, with subequal unicellular rays, and there is a gradual transition from such stellate hairs to peltate scales the marginal cells of which have outgrowths like the rays of the stellate hairs. in dicranopteris most of the hairs consist of a row of cells, with one or more branches (unicellular or not) at the base, and often also outgrowths from the other cells of the hair; nothing like this occurs in copeland's other three genera. dicranopteris differs from the other groups also in two other important ways. the sporangia in dicranopteris are much smaller than in the other groups, and there are more sporangia in each sorus (see bower, the ferns 2, ch. xxiv) ; the sori also lack paraphyses which are usual in the other groups. the veins in dicranopteris are always forked two or three (even four) times, whereas they are simple or once forked in the other groups. 1957] r. e. holtttjm: gleicheniaceae 259 dicranopteris is therefore sharply distinct from the other groups, and in my opinion should rank as a separate genus. the other three groups agree in scales and hairs, in sori and sporangia, and (apart from the reduced condition of gieichenia proper) in venation. gieichenia proper is distinct only in the very small lobes of its lamina, and in its simple veins, which are clearly a consequence of the reduction of the lamina. the only important differences between the three groups are different modifications of the same basic habit of branching. hicriopteris (sensu copeland) has the simplest branching-habit. it bears successive pairs of bipinnatifid pinnae; while such a pair of pinnae is developing, the apex of the main rhachis rests, resuming growth later, the whole frond being of indefinite growth in length. gieichenia proper has at first an exactly similar method of branching, on a miniature scale, but in large fronds each primary rhachis-branch is again branched, bearing a pair of secondary branches (usually with a dormant apex between them), and strong plants may have ternary or even quaternary branches; in all cases the ultimate branches are bipinnatifid as in hicriopteris. in sticherus the same repeated branching occurs, with dormancy of the apex between each pair of branches, but the ultimate branches are simply pinnatifid, not bipinnatifid. i have however seen a monstrous specimen of gieichenia {sticherus) milnei bak. in which the ultimate branches are bipinnatifid. this bridges the gap between sticherus and copeland's other two genera. it a|gsars to me therefore that the differences between copeland's gleich hicriopteris, and sticherus are relatively unimportant as compared with their common differences from dicranopteris, and i propose to recognize two genera, gieichenia (with subgenera gieichenia, diplopterygium, and mertensia) and dicranopteris. the name diplopterygium was used by diels as a sectional one, in his gieichenia subg. mertensia. i use it in place of hicriopteris because the species originally called hicriopteris by presl (h. speciosa) was in my opinion a dicranopteris. presl's description is very detailed, and agrees closely with the very peculiar structure of gieichenia opposita v.a.v.r., which is like that of no other member of the family (see my ferns of malaya, p. 70 and fig. 14 f). the use of mertensia as a subgeneric name in place of sticherus is explained in a later section of the present paper. the above discussion makes no mention of the most recent rearrangement of gleicheniaceae, by nakai, who attempted to use sporetorm as a basic character for the subdivision of the family. he made 260 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] r. e. holttum: gleicheniaceae 2:61 a mis-statement of fact in this respect; a rectification of this error completely upsets his scheme. having separated stromatopteiis, nakai divided the rest of the family into two subfamilies, sticherioideae with bilateral spores and gleichenioideae with tetrahedral spores. in sticherioideae he placed acropterygium {dicranopteris subgenus acropterygium of the present scheme) and sticherus; in gleichenioideae he placed gleichenia proper (subdivided into three genera), dicranopteris (including only d. linearis and its near allies) and diplopterygiwn. but within the group of d. linearis and its near allies, all supposed by nakai to have tetrahedral spores, some have in fact bilateral spores. to remove these into the other subfamily would clearly be very unnatural. the scheme thus breaks down; and in fact all other evidence, which i have set forth above and summarize in the conspectus below, is against it, and in my view it is a completely unnatural arrangement. conspectus of the family gleicheniaceae 1. fronds unbranched (apart from occasional true dichotomy), borne on erect branched stems arising from a creeping rhizome; stellate or branched hairs lacking on vegetative parts of plant; paraphyses in the form of small irregular scales with projecting marginal cells; frond-bearing stems partly covered with non-peltate scales and bearing long simple hairs. subfamily stromatopteridoideae: only genus stromatopteris 1. fronds of fully developed plants branched pseudo-dichotomously (forked), often many times, with dormancy (periodic or permanent) of the apices within the forks; fronds borne directly on a creeping rhizome; stellate or branched hairs, or fringed scales, or both, always present on vegetative part of plant. subfamily gleichenioideae 2. hairs stellate with rays consisting of single cells, or simple and very short; scales peltate, with fringe of outgrowths from marginal cells (in g. laevissima margins entire); sori of 2—4 large sporangia, with paraphyses; lateral veins in a lobe of the lamina simple or once forked gleichenia 3. ultimate branches pinnate with deeply lobed leaflets 4. dormancy confined to a periodic condition of the branch which will continue the main rachis of the frond; lobes of lamina each with costule and once-forked lateral veins; sori several on each lobe. subgen. 2. diplopterygium 4. dormancy often occurring, and persistent, on other branches of the frond; tinue the main rachis of the frond; lobes of lamina each with costule and veinlets all simple; one sorus on each lobe. . . . subgen. 1. gleichenia, 3. ultimate branches bearing a deeply pinnatifid lamina, its lobes entire or slightly toothed subgen. 3. mertensia 2. hairs consisting of a row of cells, with one or more branches at the base and often outgrowths also from other cells; no scales; sori of 8—15 or more sporangia, lacking paraphyses;' lateral veins in a lobe of the lamina forked 2 4 times dicranopteris 5. an accessory branch, of same form as the ultimate branches, often present on the basiscopic side at the base of each branch from a fork; vascular system of rhizome a protostele. . . subgen. 1. dicranopteris 5. accessory branches lacking; vascular system of rhizome a solenostele. subgen. 2. acropterygium status of names, and important synonyms (for references to literature prior to 1933, see christensen, index filicum) subfamily stromatopteridoideae nakai, bull. nat. sc. mus. tokyo 29: 32. 1950. genus stromatopteris mettenius 1861 only species: s. moniliformis mett. subfamily gleiehenioideae nakai, i.e. (non sensu nakai) genus gleichenia smith 1793 (conserved name) type species.—g. polypodioides (l.) sm. (onoclea linn. 1771) subgenus 1. gleichenia calymella presl 1836, ching 1940 (sunyatsenia 5: 285), nakai i.e. 40 gleicheniastrum presl 1848, nakai i.e. 42 gleichenia subgenus eugleichenia diels 1900, bower 1926 subgenus 2. diplopterygium (diels) holtt., stat. nov. gleichenia subgenus mertensia sect. diplopterygium diels 1900 dicranopteris sensu underwood 1907, p.p. gleichenia subgenus dicranopteris, p.p., bower 1926 hicriopteris sensu ching i.e. 277, copeland (gen. fil. 1947; p. 28), non presl diplopterygium nakai i.e. 47 type species.—g. glauca (thunb.) hook. 1844 (polypodium thunb. 1784) subgenus 3. mertensia (willd.) diels, p.p. mertensia willd. 1804, p.p. sticherus presl 1836, ching i.e. 281, copel. i.e. 27, nakai i.e. 7 gleichenia subgenus mertensia sect. holopterygium diels 1900 dicranopteris sensu underwood 1907, p.p. gleichenia subgenus dicranopteris, p.p. bower 1926 type species.—g. truncata (willd.) spr. 1827 {mertens'.a willd. 1804) genus dicranopteris bernhardi 1806, copeland i.e. 28, underwood 1907 (p.p.) gleichenia subgenus eudicranopteris bower 1926 type species.—d. dichotoma (thunb.) bernh. {polypodium thunb. 1784) (polypodium lineare burm. 1768 is an earlier name) subgenus 1. dicranopteris gleichenia subgenus mertensia sect. heteropterygium diels 1900 hicriopteris presl 1851 (non ching nee copel.) dicranopteris sensu nakai i.e. 56, sensu ching i.e. 272 subgenus 2. acropterygium (diels) holtt., stat. nov. gleichenia subgenus mertensia sect. acropterygium diels 1900 acropterygium nakai, i.e. 5 gleichenella ching, i.e. 276 type species.—mertensia pectinata willd. 1810. 262 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 g l e i c h e n i a subgenus 1. gleichenia in his revision of 1940 (sunyatsenia 5: 269-288), ching used the name calymella presl for this group of species, as the name gleichenia is a later homonym (conserved in 1954). ching subdivided his genus into two sections, eu-calymella and gleicheniastrum (which latter presl had regarded as a separate genus). the basis of the subdivision was that in eu-calymella, the sori are immersed, in gleicheniastrum they are superficial. the species in ching's eu-calymella have the margins of the leaflet-lobes so much reflexed that these lobes form pouches with only small apertures on the lower surface; the sporangia are superficial on the inner surface of the pouch. the lobes of the lamina of ching's subgenus gleicheniastrum are almost flat; but some of them have the sorus sunk in a distinct depression in the substance of the lamina; these sori are thus immersed in a different sense, not indicated by ching. nakai in 1950 (i.e.) revived both presl's genera calymella and gleicheniastrum as distinct from gleichenia proper. the basic of the distinction was that in gleichenia proper the sori are immersed in cavities in the substance of the lamina, in calymella they are in pouches as above described, and in gleicheniastrum they are on the surface of flat leafletlobes. but in one species of nakai's gleicheniastrum {gleichenia microphylla r. br.), each sorus is in a distinct cavity, though the edges of this are not raised as they are in the species included by nakai in gleichenia. the distinction between gleichenia and gleicheniastrum is thus not a sharp one; and indeed all these distinctions are relatively trivial, not of generic significance. among malaysian representatives of gleichenia subgen. gleichenia, i have found one new variety which needs to be described. gleichenia peltophora copel. var. schizolepis c. chr. ex holtt., var. nov. paleae omnes ciliatae; segmenta laminae infra pilis stelliformibus, non paleis orbicularibus, instructa. borneo. s a r a w a k , mt murud, 5000—6000 ft, mjoberg 9 (p, type). . in the typical form of this species (both in new guinea and in borneo) there are almost entire circular peltate scales on the rhizome, and also smaller ones on the lower surface of the segments of the lamina; in this variety the rhizome-scales are fringed, the smaller scales of the 195.7] r. e. holttum: gleicheniaceae 263 lamina are replaced by stellate hairs. the epithet "schizolepis" was given in sched. by christensen. subgenus 2. diplopterygium the species of malaysia fall very distinctly into two groups, which are distinguished by the nature of the scales on the dormant apex of the main rhachis. in the group of g. longissima bl. the scales are broad, with long flexuous pale marginal hairs. this group includes few species, and g. longissima itself is distributed throughout almost the whole of malaysia, and beyond malaysia both northwards and into the pacific. in the other group of species, of which g. norrisii mett. was first described, the scales are narrower, with short, rigid, rather oblique marginal setae which are very dark, or concolorous with the rest of the scale. this group is polymorphic, with a number of local species and no species which is widely distributed. five new species of this group are described below, and a species originally placed in the genus hicriopteris is transferred to gleichenia. gleichenia angustiloba holtt., sp. nov. rhizoma 7 mm diametiente, primo paleis nitidis atrobrunneis 5—7 mm longis 1.5 mm latis vestitum, denique basibus palearum verrucosum; stipes 6—7 mm diam., basi primo modo rhizomatis paleaceus, denique verrucosus, parte superiore modo rhacheos paleis parvis yestitus, denique asperulus; rami rhacheos (pinnae) 100 cm vel ultra longi; foliola stipuliformia late deltoidea, ad 3 cm longa, pinnatifida, lobi infimi profunde anguste-lobati; paleae rhacheos atrobrunneae, nitidae, 3—4 mm longae, angustae, margine setis brevibus rigidis concoloribus obliquis instructae; rami costaeque utrinque (et costulae infra) paleis minoribus multiformibus et pilis stelliformibus rufo-brunneis plus minusve persistentibus vestiti; pinnulae ad 15 cm longae et 3 cm latae, inter se 2.0—2.5 cm distantes (i.e., pinnulae contiguae vel imbricatae); segmenta omnia laminae c. 2.5 mm lata, sinubus latis separata; segmenta plurima basi constricta, ala laminae 0.2 mm lata costae utrinque commissa; segmenta infima foliola disjuncta constituta; costulae 4 mm inter se distantes; venae utrinque prominentes; sori sporangiis 4 constituti, paraphysibus crispis longis rufo-brunneis instructi; venae frondis adultae praeter paraphyses glabrae. east new guinea. mt tafa, 2400 m, brass 4960 (bm, type; k). this species is nearly allied to g. novoguineensis brause (with which hicriopteris astrotricha copel. is identical), differing in the broader pinnules of which all the segments are narrow, separated by rather wide sinuses, several pairs of segments being constricted at the base and connected only by a very narrow wing of the lamina. 264 re i n war d t i a [ v o l . 4 gleichenia brevipinnula holtt., sp. nov. rhachis primaria c. 5 mm diametiente, apex dormitans paleis 5 mm longis, haud 0.5 mm latis, brunneis, margine nigra setiferis (setae breves, nigrae, obliquae) vestitus; rami c. 70 cm longi; foliola stipuliformia 3.5 cm longa, late deltoidea, profunde lobata, lobi omnes anguste caudati, lobi infimi profunde et oblique lobulati; segmenta pinnularum inferiorum similiter anguste caudata; pinnulae c. 2.0 cm inter se distantes, ad 10 cm longae et 2.0 cm latae, superiores non deflexae; costulae 3—3.5 mm inter se distantes, leviter obliquae; lamina usque 1 mm costae incisa: segmenta laminae supra basin haud angustata, sinubus angustissimis separata, rigida, apice late rotundata, apicibus venularum prominentibus leviter dentata, marginibus non reflexis, subtus pallide glauca; venae utroque prominentes; rami rhacheos utrinque pilis stelliformibus rigidis atrobrunneis plus minusve persistentibus, paleis angustis paucis intermixtis, vestiti; costae et costulae infra pilis similibus praeditae; venae subtus pilos stelliformes ferentes; sori 3 vel 4 sporangiis constituti, paraphyses nullae. borneo. s a r a w a k , pueh (poi) range, summit ridge, 4400 ft, p.r. bell 2042 (bm, type); tinjar, baram river, 3000—4000 ft, mjoberg 8 (p); bau, anderson sjf (sing.). n o r t h b o r n e o , kinabalu, marei parei spur, topping1872 (us); kinabalu 8000 ft, clemens 31994 (k); kinabalu 8000 ft, l.s. gibbs 4.256 (bm). gleichenia sumatrana holtt., sp. nov. rhachis primaria c. 8 mm diametiente, paleis parvis coarctis et paleis majoribus adspersis persistentibus vestita; rami rhacheos infra similiter vestiti; paleae maximae 10 mm longae, basi 0.5 mm latae, apice filiformes, margine atrobrunneo setis rigidis atrobrunneis instructae, medio pallidae; paleae minimae et pili stelliformes omnino pallide ferrugineae; rami rhacheos ad 150 cm longi; pinnulae maximae c. 15 cm longae, 2.5 cm latae, 2.5—3.0cm inter se distantes; pinnulae superiores parvae, proximiores, rectangulariter patentes; costulae 4—4.5 mm inter se distantes; segmenta laminae c. 3.5 mm lata, inferiora 7—8-juga basi constricta ala laminae angustissima conjuncta; segmenta media sinubus haud l m m latis separata ; lamina tenuis, infra in vivo non glauca, venulae utrinque prominentes ; foliola stipuliformia 2.5 cm longa, 1.5 cm lata, bipinnatifida, lobi angustissimi; costae pinnularum infra modo ramorum rhacheos paleaceae (paleae minores), apicem versus glabrescentes, pallidae; costulae paleis parvis fimbriatis (f imbriae atrobrunneae) persistentibus vestitae; venulae infimae pilos stelliformes ferentes, venulae superiores plerumque glabrae; costae supra leviter canaliculatae, pallidae, paleis parvulis atrobrunneis fimbriatis sat dense vestitae. n. sumatra. near parbuluan, south of sidikalang (west of toba lake), 1500 m, alston 14.84 (bm, type); g. talamau, 1900 m, bunnemeyer 884 (bo). karo plateau, bartlett 8543 (us). 1957] r. e. holttum: gleieheniaoeae 265 this species resembles most nearly g. sordida copel. from mindanao; the latter is larger, with fewer constricted basal lamina-segments, and has more small pale rusty stellate hairs or small scales on the rhachis and veins. gleichenia matthewii holtt., sp. nov. apex dormitans rhacheos paleis haud 0.5 mm latis, margine atrobrunneis, nitidis, setiferis, medio pallidioribus, vestitus; rami rhacheos 70 cm longi, praeter basis valde flexuosi; pinnulae omnes deflexae, superiores angulo 45° deflexae, supremae in lobos rectangulariter patentes laminae terminalis transgredientes; pinnulae inferiores inter se 4 cm distantes, c. 12 cm longae et 2.5 cm latae; costulae 4.5 mm inter se distantes; lamina usque 1—1.5 mm costae incisa; segmenta laminae oblonga, contigua, apice fere truncata (vulgo leviter retusa); foliola stipuliformia deltoidea, c. 2 cm longa, anguste lobata; lamina firma, infra glauca; venulae utrinque prominentes; costae basin versus paleas parvas paucas ferentes, folium cetera omnino glabra; sori non visi. c. sumatra, g. singgalang, matthew s.n., 31 jan. 1912 (k, type); same locality at 1800 m. alt., schiffner p. h (l). this species agrees with g. norrisii in its almost glabrous lamina and in the deflexed pinnules, the latter character (and the strongly zig-zag rhachis) more pronounced than in g. norrisii. it differs from g. norrisii in its dark-edged scales, in the narrowly-lobed stipular leaflets, and in the almost oblong segments of the lamina which are almost or quite contiguous. the name matthewii commemorates fleet-surgeon c. g. matthew, who collected ferns with discrimination during his travels in se. asia while on naval service and subsequently. gleichenia volubilis jungh. var. peninsularis holtt., var. nov. paleae ramorum rhacheos et costarum ferrugineae, ciliis concoloribus praeditae. malay peninsula. k e d a h p e r a k boundary, g. bintang, f.m.s. museum s.n., june 1917 (k, type). in the typical form of the species (in java and sumatra) the scales are very dark, with pale fringes, and contrast with the dense felt of rusty stellate hairs with which they are mixed. in this variety, the scales and hairs are of about the same colour. gleichenia paleacea (copel.) holtt., comb. nov. hicriopteris paleacea copeland in philip. j. sci. 81: 3. 1952. 266 rein wardti a [vol. 4 1957] r. e. holttum: gleicheniaceae 267 gleichenia papuana holtt., sp. nov. var. papuana apex dormitans rhacheos primarii paleis atrobrunneis nitidis 4 mm longis, 1 mm latis, margine pilis pallidis patentibus ad 0.5 mm longis ciliatis vestitus; rami rhacheos costaeque infra paleis numerosis similibus minoribus diu persistentibus praediti, tendem glabri et verruculosi (paleae costarum c. 1.5 mm longae, 0.5 mm latae); costulae infra paleis minutis fimbriatis multis vestitae; rami rhacheos supra paleis angustissimis pilisque ferrugineis sat dense vestiti; rami rhacheos 120 cm longi; pinnulae rectangulariter patentes, 2.5 cm inter se distantes, maximae 12 cm longae, 2 cm latae; costulae 2.5—3 mm inter se distantes; lamina tenuis; venulae infra leviter prominentes, supra planae; sori vulgo sporangiis 3, paraphysibus crispatis brevibus intermixtis, constati. new guinea. p a p u a . milne bay distr., mt dayman, 2250 m, brass 22597 (bm, type); scrambling 2—3 m; leaves grey below; forming dense tangles, edge of mossy forest. gleichenia papuana holtt. var. membranacea holtt., var. nov. paleae apicis rhacheos margine pallidae tenuissimae, ciliis brevissimis praeditae; paleae ramorum rhacheos costarumque numerosiores, basin versus tantum atrobrunneae, cetera pallidae. new guinea. p a p u a . milne bay distr., goodenough i., 1600 m. brass 24768 (bm, type); scrambling to 2—3 m, plentiful in openings in forest this species is allied to the very widespread g. longissima bl, but is smaller and persistently scaly. the dark scales are quite different from those of g. paleacea (copel.) holtt. the variety membranacea differs only in the very thin translucent margins of the scales; these margins take the place of the long fringe of pale hairs in the typical form of the species. subgenus 3. mertensia the generic name mertensia was proposed by willdenow for all members of the family gleicheniaceae other than gleichenia subgenus gleichenia of the present treatment. as argued above, it appears to me that this is an unnatural division of the family, the true division being between dicranopteris and the rest. diels used mertensia as a subgenus in a sense exactly equivalent to its use by willdenow as a genus. here it is used in a restricted sense. as a generic name, mertensia willd. is antedated by mertensia roth (boraginaceae) and is therefore illegitimate. if mertensia is used as a subgeneric name in the restricted sense now proposed, it takes the place of sticherus presl of copeland's treatment. the disappearance of sticherus is not to be regretted, as presl's description, based on published descriptions of specimens he had not seen, is partly erroneous and altogether unsatisfactory, as already pointed out by copeland. only one species (g. truncata) is common and widely distributed in the lowlands of malaysia. the others are all mountain plants; they sometimes form small thickets, but none are as large or as rampant as g. truncata. gleichenia hirta (as here interpreted) is the most widely distributed; g. hispida and g. vestita have also wide distributions. a few species appear to occur only in new guinea, and one only in sumatra. two species have been described from immature or stunted plants (g. erecta c. chr. and sticherus pinnatus copel.); these are here united with other species. in this subgenus the characters of the scales are always important for the discrimination of species. fronds which are not yet fully expanded (immature fronds as distinct from immature plants) are always completely covered with scales and hairs for a time; the extent to which these scales and hairs persist on the various parts of a frond is characteristic of a species (or of varieties within a species), but this kind of character is not always easy to judge from dried specimens. plants from higher altitudes or more exposed positions also may be more scaly than plants of the same species from lower elevations or more sheltered places. the number of times a primary branch of a frond is forked may also be characteristic of a species, but again this is not easy to judge from dried specimens; more observations on variation of branching habit of plants in one locality is needed for a proper understanding of some species (notably of the varieties of g. hirta). gleichenia alstonii holtt., sp. nov. rhachis primaria c. 4 mm diametiente; rami primarii vulgo bis furcati, rami ultimi solum foliiferi; rami ordinis primi raro ultra furcam primam proliferati; paleae apicum dormitantium 4 mm longae, basi 0.7 mm latae, apice anguste acuminatae, brunneae, margine basin versus pilis multis patentibus brevibus pallidis, apicem versus setis raris obliquis atrobrunneis, ciliatae.; costae infra paleis atrobrunneis 1.5 mm longis, 0.2 mm latis, margine sparse oblique ciliatis praeditae; rami ordinis primi 4—5 cm longi, ordinis secundi 6-—7 cm longi; rami ultimi 30—35 cm longi, 3.5 cm lati, basis 10—15 mm longa interdum stipitiformis; costulae 4 mm inter se distentes, leviter obliquae; segmenta laminae c. 17 mm longa, supra basin 3 mm lata, tenuia, apice fere integra; venae utrinque leviter prominentes; costulae infra paleis pallidis angustissimis sparse instructae, venae pilos stellifomes laxos pallidos ferentes; sori 3 vel 4 sporangiis constituti. 268 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 n. sumatra. res. tapanuli, lae pondon, east of sidikalang, alston 14981 (bm, type). this has the general aspect of some varieties of g. hirta, but is larger, and differs in its scales and in the entire apices of the segments of the lamina; also in the lamina being confined to the ultimate branches in almost all cases (occasionally a penultimate branch bears a few scattered lamina-segments). there is apparently no near relative of this species in sumatra. gleichenia erecta c. chr. gleichenia ereeta c. christensen, in brittonia 2: 269. 1937. sticherus habbemensis copel. in philip. j. sci. 75: 355, pi. 3. 1941. copeland's species was based on much larger plants than the type of g. erecta, but as regards size every gradation between the two is represented in various collections. the only differences are that the original g. erecta had lamina-segments at a more acute angle to the eosta, had fewer hairs on the veins and more sparsely fringed scales than the type of sticherus habbemensis. large plants, which have the main lateral branches of the frond twice forked, have small stipular leaflets at the bases of the primary branches (these leaflets at first protect the resting apex of the main rhachis) ; such leaflets are lacking on small plants which have the primary branches simple or once forked. some little-branched plants have unusually long lamina-segments, and often these segments curve towards the costa when dried. gleichenia hirta bl. gleichenia hirta blume, en. pi. jav. 250. 1828. the type of this species was collected by reinwardt on the island of tidore (moluccas). subsequent collections have shown that ferns of similar general character, differing in various details, occur on mountains almost throughout malaysia (not in java nor the lesser sunda islands except ban). nine species have been based on these collections, but it seems to me preferable to regard all as varieties of g. hirta. some are quite clearly distinguishable, but others, especially in the moluccas and new guinea, are much less easy to characterize, and i am not at all satisfied with the arrangement here proposed. more data about variation in growth habit in a single locality are needed in order that one may know how to interpret dried specimens. 1957] r. e. holttum: gleicheniaceae 269 gleichenia hirta bl. var. amoena (v.a.v.r.) holtt., stat. nov. gleichenia, amoena van alderwerelt van rosenburgh in bull. jard. bot. buit. ii, 23: 12. 1916. — g. peninsidaris copel. in univ. cal. publ. bot. 17: 387. 1931. this variety occurs in sumatra, the malay peninsula, and the lingga archipelago. it is characterized by large ultimate branches and sparse very narrow costal scales. gleichenia hirta bl. var. amboinensis (v.a.v.r.) holtt., stat. nov. gleichenia amboinensis van alderwerelt van rosenburgh in bull. dep. agr. ind. neerl. 18: 3. 1908. this variety agrees with the typical form of the species in scaliness, but has somewhat smaller ultimate branches. its chief distinctive character is in the invariable proliferation of the primary branches beyond their first forking; but some plants of the typical form of the species (especially in the philippines) occasionally show this character. gleichenia hirta bl. var. paleacea (bak.) c. chr. gleichenia hirta bl. var. paleacea (bak.) c. christensen in gard. bull. str. s. 7: 212. 1934. — g. vestita var. paleacea baker in j. bot. 17: 38. 1879. — g. hallieri chr. in ann. jard. bot. buit. ii, 5: 138. 1905. — g. barbula c. chr. in dansk bot. ark. 9, 3: 67, 1937. this variety, collected in various parts of borneo at moderate elevations on the mountains, is more or less intermediate between var. amoena and the typical form of the species. the scaliness is confined to the costae of fully developed fronds, and old fronds are sometimes almost glabrous. the type collection of g. barbula c. chr. was unusually large and muchbranched; the frond also was not quite fully expanded, so that it does not show the final size of the segments of the lamina. gleichenia hirta bl. var. candida (rosenst.) holtt., comb. nov. gleichenia candida rosenstock in fedde rep. 5: 33. 1908. — sticherus hirtus var. candidus nakai in bull. nat. sci. mus. tokyo 29: 19. 1950. in its almost glabrous mature fronds and in its usually persistent pale glaucous lower surface, this variety agrees with var. amoena of western malaysia, but is never so large as var. amoena and has broader scales. gleichenia hirta bl. var. omamentalis (rosenst.) holtt., stat. nov. gleichenia omamentalis rosenstock in nova guinea 8: 715. 1912. — g. ornamentalis var. lanuginosa v.a.v.r. in nova guinea 14: 23. 1924. — sticherus lamianus copel. in philip. j. sc. 75: 356, pi. 6. 1941. 270 reinw ardt i a [vol. 4 gleichenia hirta bl. var. virescens (hieron.) holtt., comb. nov. gleichenia dolosa var. virescens hieronymus in brause bot. jahrb. 56: 209. 1920. — sticherus hirtus var. virescens nakai in bull. nat. sci. mus. tokyo 29: 19.1950. in describing this variety, brause cited two specimens, both from eastern new guinea; these two specimens are not alike. i propose to rank the specimen first cited as the type (ledermann 9935, in herb. berlin). the second specimen (schlechter 19842) agrees with others which i have included in g. hirta var. candida. it should be noted that though hieronymus gave the name virescens, the collector's note states that the under surface of the lamina was almost white (i.e. glaucous) when fresh; such a glaucous surface can be completely destroyed by heat during drying. this variety approaches the typical form of the species in scaliness, but the scales are more sparsely fringed. it is possible that var. virescens should be united with the typical form of the species. gleichenia hispida mett. ex kuhn gleichenia hispida mettenius ex kuhn in verh. k. k. zool.-bot. ges. wien 25: 600. 1875. — g. koordersii chr. in ann. jard. bot. buit. 15: 76, pi. is /. 1. 1897. — sticherus caudatus copel. in philip. j. sci. 75: 354, pi. 2. 1941. — s. pinnatus copel, in philip. j. sci. 83: 98, pi. 3. 1954. i have seen specimens from the type colections of all three species cited as synonyms. sticherus pinnatus was described from plants with simple fronds such as are produced in the early stages of growth by all species in this subgenus. apart from small size and lack of branching, they only differ from typical plants of g. hispida in having less rigid lamina-segments which dry almost flat, not with edges recurved. in the characteristic scales, with long flexuous hair-tips, the type collection of s. pinnatus agrees exactly with g. hispida. mr alston found once-branched fronds of this species bearing sori in sumatra, so that simple fertile fronds are not a sharply distinguishing feature. gleichenia milnei bak. gleichenia milnei baker, syn. fil. 449. 1874 — g. warburgii chr. in ann. jard. bot. buit. 15: 78 1897. (?). — g. kajewskii copel. in philip. j. sci. 60: 102, pi. 6. 1936. gleichenia, milnei is closely related to g. truncata (see below), differing in its alternate unequal branching (in which it behaves like some varieties of dicranopteris linearis), in its smaller size of ultimate branches, and in having additional stipular leaflets just above each main fork on the 1957] r. e. holttum: gleicheniaceae 271 outside. gleichenia kajewskii copel. certainly agrees with baker's type of g. milnei, but i have not seen the type of g. warburgii, and christ's description of it is not clear. specimens from amboina, named g. warburgii by v.a.v.r. in the bogor herbarium are certainly like baker's species, but i have also seen so named by christ specimens which are one of the much-branched varieties of dicranopteris linearis, so that it is possible that the original g. warburgii (from celebes) was a dicranopteris. gleichenia pulchra (copel.) holtt., comb. nov. sticherus pulcher copeland in philip. j. sci. 75: 355, pi. if. 1941. gleichenia truncata (willd.) spr. gleichenia truncata (willd.) sprengel, syst. veg. ed. 16, 4: 25. 1827. — mertensia truncata willd. in kongl. vet. ak. nya handl. 25: 169, t. 5 f. a. 1804. — m. laevigata willd., sp. pi. 5: 75. 1810. — g. laevigata hook., sp. fil. 1: 10. 1844. — s. myriapoda nakai in bull. nat. sci. mus. tokyo 29: 12, /. 1 1950. (?). — g. attenuata wall. (nom. nud., cited by nakai i.e. 13). both m. truncata and m. laevigata were described from specimens from java; i have seen photographs of these specimens, and do not doubt that they represent the same species, which is by far the commonest of this subgenus in western malaysia. the original specimen of m. truncata is immature, the segments of the lamina not fully expanded and so appearing truncate. the species has usually been known by the name laevigata, but truncata is earlier. gleichenia truncata is a polymorphic species, and three varieties are here distinguished. sticherus myriapoda nakai was described from a low elevation in the riau archipelago; in this region, near sea level, g. truncata is the only known species of this subgenus. nakai's detailed description and drawing agree with g. truncata except that he describes and figures the main rhachis of the fronds as climbing by twining, an occurrence otherwise unknown in any member of the family. the main rhachis of highclimbing fronds of g. truncata is often rather regularly curved from one node to the next, and i suggest that perhaps nakai mistook this for a twining of the rhachis, the drawing being made subsequently from memory. gleichenia truncata (willd.) spr. var. bracteata (v.a.v.r.) holtt., comb. nov. gleichenia laevigata var. bracteata van alderwerelt van rosenburgh, handb. mai. perns suppl. 85. 1917. — g. bracteata bl. ex. hk. & bak., syn fil. 14. 1865 (as synonym, with description). this is a very distinct variety, apparently common at about 1000 m altitude in java. it has shorter lamina-segments than the typical form of 272 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 the species (less than 2 cm long) and additional stipular leaflets about 1 cm below each main fork of the rhachis. gleichenia truncata (willd.) spr. var. plumaeformis (presl) holtt., stat. nov. mertensia plumaeformis presl in abh. (k.) bohm. ges. wiss. m.-n. cl. 5: 338, 1848; epim. bot. 24, t, 15. 1851. this agrees with typical g. truncata in size, in scales (as regards shape) and in the shape and nature of the lamina-segments; it differs in having each main rhachis-branch only twice forked, with long ultimate branches (25-35 cm long), and in the copious rather large scales of the costae. the original specimen came from malacca (mt ophir, cuming 377; in some herbaria erroneously labelled luzon). similar specimens have been found on other mountains in the malay peninsula and in sumatra; perhaps also in borneo, but the bornean specimens do not have such large scales. other peninsula specimens are: g. tahan, ridley 15999; g. terbakar, henderson 10981. gleichenia truncata (willd.) spr. var. involuta holtt., var. nov. rami ter furcati; rami ultimi interdum quam ceteros multo longiores; furcae ultimae angulos paulo infra 90° formantes; costae supra dense paleaceae, paleae persistentes, c. 1 mm longae, pallide ciliatae; costae infra paleis ferrugineis ciliatis 0.5 mm longis vestitae; margines segmentorum laminae in sicco multo revolutae. n. sumatra. batak lands. j. winkler (rosenst., fil. sumatr. exsicc. no-182) (l, type; bm, p). gleichenia loheri chr. gleichenia loheri christ in bull. herb. boiss. ii, 6: 1009. 1906. — sticherus perpaleaceus copel. inphilip. j. sci. 81: 3. 1952. the type collection of s. perpaleaceus differs from other specimens of g. loheri (all from luzon) in slightly more abundant scaliness, and in having the primary rhachis-branches 3 times forked; the ultimate and penultimate branches together are about equal in length to the ultimate branches on some other specimens. gleichenia loheri chr. var. major holtt., var. nov. rami ultimi 20—30 cm longi, 2.5—3.5 cm lati. n. borneo. kinabalu. topping 1755 (sing, .us). philippines. n e g r o s . canlaon volcano, merrill 92u (p, us). sw. celebes. g. bonthain, 2500 m, biinnemeijer 11965 (bo, k, l, type) ; 5500—7000 ft, e. g. smith 222u (bm, k) ; 2000 m, biinnemeijer 12082 (bo). 1957] r. e. holttum: gleicheniaceae 273 this variety comes about half way between typical g. loheri and g. brassii c. chr. from new guinea. all agree in character of scaliness. dicranopteris the malaysian plants of dicranopteris have usually all been regarded as varieties of a comprehensive species d. linearis (burm.) und., and few of these varieties have been clearly distinguished. i have found that two of the most distinct of them have bilateral spores instead of the tetrahedral spores of typical d. linearis. these are the varieties named var. tenera and var. pubigera long ago by blume, and i now regard them as separate species. there is also another species, at present only known from mount kinabalu in north borneo, which has bilateral spores. the rest of malaysian dicranopteris i prefer still to regard as varieties of d. linearis, and here describe some of them for the first time. some varieties are very distinct, others much less so; some of the former will probably be regarded as distinct species when they are better known. the varieties which come nearest to the typical form of the species are var. subferruginea (hieron) nakai and var. alternans (mett.) holtt., the former in new guinea and the latter in sumatra and the malay peninsula. the important characters distinguishing these and other varieties are the nature of pubescence and the pattern of branching. both these characters need more study in the field, especially the latter; a herbarium specimen can never show a whole frond of one of these plants. dicranopteris speeiosa (presl) holtt., comb. nov. hicriopteris speciosa presl, epim. bot. 27. 1851. •— gleichenia opposita v.a.v.r. in bull. jard. bot. buit. ii, 11: 13. 1913; holtt., rev. pi. malaya 2: 70, /. luf. 1955. — g. parallela ridl. in j. mai. br. roy. as. soc. 4: 3. 1926. presl stated that his species had pinnate branching like that of the subgenus diplopterygium, but that alternate pinnae had buds in their axils and that at the apex there were two equal pinnae with a bud between them. this is exactly the condition of g. opposita v.a.v.r. (see my figure cited above) and of no other member of the family. presl also stated that the veins of his specimen were twice forked and that the scales were piliform; these two statements are true of dicranopteris and of no other section of the family. presl appears to have considered important his observation that the veins anastomose at the margin of the lamina. in fact the raised veins run to join a thickened margin which is not vascular. by courtesy of the director of the botanical institute of the charles university, praha, i have been able to examine the type specimen of 274 r e i n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 4 presl's species. it agrees exactly with gleichenia opposita v.a.v.r., of which i have also seen the type. the locality of origin of presl's specimen is stated to be pendschab (punjab), but that must be wrong, as no member of the family grows in that region. probably the specimen came from penang, the only locality at present known where the species is at all common; several early collectors visited penang. dlcranopteris pubigera (bl.) nakai dicranopteris pubigera (bl.) nakai in bull. nat. sci. mus. tokyo 29: 68. 1950. — gleichenia hermannii var. pubigera bl, en. pi. jav. 249. 1828. this species, which occurs abundantly on mountain in sumatra and java, and as far eastwards as flores, has bilateral spores. it differs from d. curranii copel in its smaller size and in its usually persistent hairiness; from d. clemensiae in its shorter more coriaceous and differently hairy ultimate branches. there appear to be two forms of this species, but i cannot see that a sharp line can be drawn between them. one form has very thick coriaceous fronds (drying very rigid with reflexed margins), the veins when dry distinctly grooved on the lower surface; old fronds of this are often almost glabrous though younger ones are copiously hairy on the costules of the lower surface. the other form has smaller ultimate branches with a thinner lamina which dries nearly flat, the veins not grooved on the lower surface and the costules more persistently hairy. some specimens however are intermediate between these two extremes. mettenius (in ann. mus. bot lugd.-bat. 1: 50. 1863) confused the thick rigid form of this species with g. hermannii var. rigida bl., which has tetrahedral spores, veins not grooved and a quite glabrous lamina. see below for a further note on this variety. dicranopteris curranii copel. dicranopteris curranii copeland in philip. j. sci. 81: 4. 1952. — gleichenia hermannii var. tenera bl, en. pi. jav. 249. 1828. — g. hermannii var. venosa bl, i.e. — g. dichotoma var. malayana chr. in ann. jard. bat. buit. 15: 77. 1898. — g. linearis var. malayana v.a.v.r., handb. mai. ferns 59. 1907; holtt., rev. pl malaya 2: 70. 1955. this very large species, common throughout the lowlands of western malaysia and occurring also in the philippines, has bilateral spores like those of d. pubigera; this fact has not hitherto been reported. gleichenia weatherbyi fosb. described from the caroline islands (in am. fern journ. 40: 140. 1950), is rather like d. curranii but even larger; it also has bilateral spores. . . 1957] r. e. holttum: gleicheniaceae dicranopteris clemensiae holtt., sp. nov. 27s habitu et sporis bilateralibus d. curranii copel. congruens, differt ramis ultimis angustioribus, costis infra copiose pilis rigidis nitidis atrorubris vestitis. rhachis primaria 7 mm vel ultra diametro; rami primarii bis aeque furcati, prope furcas pilis rigidis atrorubris persistentibus vestiti; rami ultimi 50—55 cm longi, 5—6 cm lati, segmenta infima exteriora interdum elongata et plus minusve lobata; rami adjuncti furcarum penultimarum 16—18 cm longi et 5 cm lati; foliola stipuliformia furcarum rhacheos primariae 3 cm longa, lobi 3 mm lati; costulae ramorum ultimorum 5—6 mm inter se distantes; segmenta laminae c. 3.5 mm lata, tenuia, in sicco fragilia; venae vulgo ter furcata (ramus primus basi ipse venae egrediens) utrinque leviter prominentes; costae infra pilis crassis atrorubris nitidis pluricellularibus 1—1.5 mm longis basi ramos breves . ferentibus primo omnino vestitae, denique glabrescentes et basibus pilorum asperulae; costulae infra pilis ferrugineis (non nitidis) leviter crispis et implicatis basi solum pauciramosis instructae; sori sporangiis 10—15 constati; vena unica ramosa saepe soros duos ferens (sori in ramulis extremis sedentes); sporae bilaterales, c. 32 x 16 µ,. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, tenompok, alt. 5000 ft (1600 m), clemens 28745 (bm, type; k, l, us). only known from one collection. dicranopteris linearis (burm.) und. dicranopteris linearis (burm.) underwood in bull. torr. bot. club. 34: 249. 1907. — polypodium lineare burman, fl. ind. 235, t. 67 f. 2. 1768. the following are new varieties which i have recognized during my revision of the family for flora malesiana, and varieties recognized by former authors for which name-changes are necessary. a special group of such varieties are distinguished by having always accessory branches at the ultimate forkings of the frond. though these varieties agree in this particular character, they differ so much in other ways that they must be regarded as having arrived at this form of branching on different evolutionary lines. dicranopteris linearis (burm.) und. var. demota holtt., var. nov. furcae ramorum frondium alterne inaequales; furcae ultimae ramis adjunctis praeditae; rami adjuncti furcarum infimarum infra furcam egredientes; rami ultimi ad 18 cm longi, 6 cm lati, apicem versus sensim angtastati; costulae inter se 5 mm distantes; lamina tenuis, venae supra distincte, infra leviter prominentes; costae, costulae, laminaque infra glabrae. 276 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 1957] r. e. holttum: gleieheniaceae 277 n. borneo. mt kinabalu, 5000 ft, clemens 29535 (bm, k, type; l, u s ) ; holttum s.f. 25us8 (k, s i n g ) ; topping 1821 (us). — n e w guinea. d u t c h n o r t h n. g. bernhard camp, idenburg river, 1700 m, brass 12319 (bm, l ) . p a p u a . boridi, 6000 ft, carr u57u (bm, k, l, sing). the accessory branches, especially the lower ones, are attached distinctly below the forks. dicranopteris linearis (burm.) und. var. montana holtt., var. nov. rami primarii plurime aeque furcati; rami ultimi 15—25 cm longi, 3.5—6 cm lati, apicem versus sensim angustati; furcae ultimae ramis adjunctis, quam ramos ultimos duplo minoribus, praeditae; costulae 6—7 mm inter se distantes; lamina coriacea, subtus glabra et glauca; venae utrinque prominentes. malaya peninsula. p e r a k, maxwell's hill, 4000 ft, molesworth allen 2720 (sing, type). this variety was described in english in my ferns of malaya, but the description did not validate publication of the name. the variety is very widely distributed, occurring in sumatra, java, borneo, ternate, ceylon and s. india, and in sikkim. some specimens from outside malaya are smaller than the type, with costules only 5 mm apart, and somewhat less coriaceous. dicranopteris linearis (burm.) und. var. altissima holtt., var. nov. ehachis primaria interdum alte scandens, ad 10 mm diametiente; rami primarii aeque quater vel quinquies furcati, rami ultimi c. 3 mm supra basin ramis adjunctis praediti; rami ultimi ad 15 cm longi et 3 cm lati; lamina tenuis, subtus glauca et pilos ferrugineos paucos ferens; costulae inter se 3.5—4.5 mm distantes; venae supra prominentes, subtus fere planae. malay peninsula. j o h o r e , mawai (sungei sedili), corner s.f. 31w<~ (k, l, sing, type). i refer also to this variety specimens from palawan, luzon, new guinea, talaud islands, and solomon islands. among them are specimens distributed by cuming under his number 270; one of these received the ms name gleichenia dichotoma var. divaricata, published as a nomen nudum by moore (index, p. 377). cuming also distributed under number 270 specimens of the typical form of d. linearis and apparently one of these was the type of mertensia pteridifolia presl (figured in epim. bot. t. 14). the name var. altissima, with description in english, was published in my ferns of malaya. dicranopteris linearis (burm). und. var. rigida (bl.) holtt., comb. nov. gleichenia hermannii r. br. var. rigida blume, en. pi. jav. 249. 1828. — mertensia crassifolia presl in abh. (k.) bohm. ges. wiss. m.-n. cl. v, 5: 339. 1848. — g. dichotoma var. rigida mett. in ann. mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 1: 50. 1863, p.p. the type of blume's variety was a specimen from tidore (reinwardt). in my opinion it does not differ from the specimens of cuming number 136, from luzon, one of which was the type of mertensia crassifolia pr. mettenius also ascribed specimens from java to this variety, but i think he confused it with d. pubigera. dicranopteris linearis (burm.) und. var. latiloba holtt., var. nov. rami primarii ad quater furcati; rami ultimi ad 25 cm longi et 9 cm lati, segmenta exteriora laminae interdum elongata et deflexa sed non pinnatifida; costulae 7—8 mm inter se distantes; segmenta laminae 4—5 mm lata, tenuia, subtus glabra, margines in sicco leviter reflexae; venae utrinque paulum prominentes; rami adjuncti ad 20 cm longi et 6—8 cm lati; foliola stipuliformia furcarum infimarum 4 cm longa, late lobata. philippines. l u z o n . benguet subprov., merrill 975 (us, type). this appears to be a distinct variety, occurring throughout the philippines; specimens from n. celebes (alston 15797) and from the caroline islands (ledermann 13609a) also appear referable to it. the distinct features are the very wide spacing of the costules, the broad ultimate and accessory branches, and the glabrous rather thin lamina. dicranopteris linearis (burm.) und. var. dichotoma (thunb.) holtt., stat. nov. potypodium dichotomum thunberg, fl. jap. 338, t. 37. 1784. the specimens of d. linearis which i have seen from japan, and some from china, differ from the typical form of the species (described from ceylon) in the thinner lamina with the veins distinctly prominent on the upper surface. i can see no other clear difference, and believe that the japanese fern should rank as a variety of d. linearis. it appears that the fronds die in the winter, whereas in typical d. linearis they persist indefinitely; the texture of the lamina is perhaps related to this behaviour. dicranopteris linearis (burm.) und. var. subpectinata (chr.) holtt., comb. nov. gleichenia subpectinata christ in bot. tidsskr. 24: 111. 1901. — g. pteridifolia ridl. in 3. mai. br. roy. as. soe. 4 : 4. 1926. (non cesati). — g. linearis var. 278 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 alternans sensu holtt., rev. fl. malaya 2: 70. 1954 (non mett.). — d. ivarburgii sensu nakai in bull. nat. sci. mus. tokyo 29: 70. 1950 {non chr.). dicranopteris linearis (burm.) u n d . v a r . ferruginea (bl.) holtt., comb. tiov. gleichenia ferruginea blume, en. pi. jav. 249. 1828. — d. ferruginea copel. in philip. j. sci. 75: 349. 1941. — g. linearis var. fermginea racib., fl. buit. pterid. 13. 1898. dicranopteris linearis (burm.) und. v a r . subspeciosa holtt., var. nov. habitu var. alternante (mett.) congruens; costulae subtus pilis tenuissimis pallidis implicatis persistentibus vestitae, pili crassiores nulli; venae supra prominentes, confertae. n. borneo. mt kinabalu, kiau, topping 1516 (sing, us, type). ths variety agrees exactly in characters of lamina and pubescence with gleichenia opposita v.a.v.r. (hicriopteris speciosa presl), but in branching it agrees with var. alternans (mett.) holtt. and var. subpectinata (chr.) holtt. it has been found in the malay peninsula, sarawak, north borneo, luzon, mindoro and mindanao, and possibly in new guinea. dicranopteris linearis (burm.) und. var. inaequalis (rosenst.) holtt., comb. nov. gleichenia linearis var. inaequalis rosenstock in fedde, rep. 13: 212. 1915. dicranopteris linearis (burm.) und. v a r . alternans (mett.) holtt., comb. nov. gleichenia dichotoma var. alternans mettenius in ann. mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 1: 51. 1863. — g. linearis var. alternans v.a.v.r., handb. mai. ferns suppl. 84. 1917. index to gleicheniaceae new published names are in bold face type; synonyms are in italics; pages where descriptions are given, are in bold face type. acropterygium nakai 260, 261. calymella presl 261, 262; sect. eucalymella ching 262; sect. gleicheniastrum (pr.) ching262. dicranopteris bernhardi 258, 259, 260, 261, 266; sub gen. acropterygium (diels) holtt. 261; subgen. dicranopteris 261; clemensiae holtt. 274, 275; curranii copel. 274, 275; dichotoma (thunb.) bernh. 261; ferruginea copel. 278; linearis (burm.) und. 260, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276, 277, var. alternans (mett.) holtt. 273, 278, var. altissima 1957] r. e. holttum: gleicheniaceae 279 holtt. 276, var. demota holtt. 275, var. dichotoma (thunb.) holtt. 277, var. ferruginea (bl.) holtt. 278, var. inaequalis (rosenst.) holtt. 278, var. montana holtt. 276, var. latiloba holtt. 277, var. pubigera bl. 273, var. rigida (bl.) holtt. 277, var. subferruginea (hieron.) nakai 273, var. subpectinata (chr.) holtt. 277, 278, var. subspeciosa holtt. 278, var. tenera bl. 273; pubigera (bl.) nakai 274, 277; speciosa (presl) holtt. 273; warburgii sensu nakai (non christ) 278. dicranopteris sensu nakai 261. dicranopteris sensu underw. 261. diplopterygium nakai 260, 261. gleiehenella ching 261. gleichenia sm. 258, 259, 260, 261, 262; subgen. dicranopteris (p.p.) bower 261; subgen. diplopterygium (diels) holtt. 259, 261, 262; subgen. eudicranopteris bower 261; subgen. eugleichenia diels 261; subgen. gleichenia 259, 261, 262, 266; subgen. mertensia (willd.) diels 259, 261, 266, sect. acropterygium diels 261, sect. diplopterygium diels 261, sect. heteropterygium. diels 261, sect. holopterygium diels 261; alstonii holtt. 267; amboinensis v.a.v.r. 269; amoena v.a.v.r. 269; angustiloba holtt. 263; attenuata wall, ex nakai 271; barbula c. chr. 269; bracteata bl. ex hook. & bak. 271; brassii c. chr. 273; brevipinnula holtt. 263, 264; candida rosenst. 269; diearpa r. br. 258; dichotoma var. alternans mett. 278, var. divaricata moore ms. 276, var. malay ana chr. 274, var. rigida mett. 277; dolosa var. virescens hieron. 270; erecta c. chr. 267, 268; ferruginea bl. 278; glauca (thunb.) hook, 261; halheri chr. 269; hermannii var. pubigera bl. 274, var. rigida bl. 274, 277, var. tenera bl. 274, var. venosa bl. 274; hirta bl. 267, 268, var. amboinensis (v.a.v.r.) holtt. 269, var. amoena (v.a.v.r.) holtt. 269, var. candida (rosenst.) holtt. 269, 270, var. ornamentalis (rosenst.) holtt. 269, var. paleacea (bak.) c. chr. 269, var. virescens (hieron.) holtt. 270; hispida mett. ex kuhn 267, 270; kajewskii copel. 270, 271; koordersii chr. 2.70; laevigata (willd.) hook. 271, var. bracteata v.a.v.r. 271; linearis var. alternans (mett.) v.a.v.r. 278, var. ferruginea racib. 278, var. inaequalis rosenst. 278, var. malayana v.a.v.r. 274; loheri chr. 272, 273, var. major holtt. 272; longissima bl. 263, 266; matthewii holtt. 265; microphylla r.br. 258, 262; milnei bak. 259, 271, 272; norrisii mett. 263; novoguineensis brause 263; opposita v.a.v.r. 273, 274, 278; ornamentalis rosenst. 269, var. lanuginosa v.a.v.r. 269; paleacea (copel.) holtt. 265, 266; papuana holtt. 266, var. membranacea holtt. 266, var. papuana 266; parallela ridl. 273; peltophora copel. var. schizolepis c. chr. ex holtt. 262; peninsularis copel. 269; polypodioides (l.) sm. 261; pteridifolia sensu ridl. (non cesati) 277; pulchra (copel.) holtt. 271; sordida copel. 265; subpectinata chr. 277; sumatrana holtt. 264; truncata (willd.) spr. 261, 267, 270, 271, 272, var. bracteata (v.a.v.r.) holtt, 271, var. involuta holtt. 272, var. plumaeformis (presl) holtt. 272; vestita bl. 267, var. paleacea bak. 269; volubilis jungh. var. peninsularis holtt. 265; vulcanica bl. 258; warburgii chr. 270, 271; weatherbyi fosb. 274. gleichenastrum presl 261. subfam. gleichenioideae nakai 261. hicriopteris (non presl) ching, copel. 259, 261. hicriopteris presl 258, 259, 261; astrotricha copel. 263; paleacea copel. 265; speciosa presl 259, 273, 278. mertensia roth 266. mertensia willd. 261, 266; crassifolia presl 277; laevigata willd. 271; pectinata willd. 261; plumaeformis presl 280 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 4 272; pteridifolia presl 276; truneata willd. 261, 271. platyzoma r. br. 257. polypodium dichotovvum thunb. 261, 277; glaucum, thunb. 261; lineare burm. 261, 275. subfam. sticherioideae nakai 260. sticherus presl 258, 259, 260, 261, 266; caudatus copel. 270; habbemensis copel. 268; hirtus var. candidus nakai 269, var. virescens nakai 270; lamianus copel. 269; myriapoda nakai 271; perpaleaceus copel. 272; pinnatus copel. 267, 270; jmlcher copel. 271. stromatopteris mett. 257, 260, 261; moniliformis mett. 261. subfam. stromatopteroideae nakai 261. addendum in gleichenia subgenus diplopterygium the following species must be placed: gleichenia deflexa holtt., sp. nov. rami rhacheos 120 cm vel ultra longi, maximi 35 cm lati, rami minores (steriles) interdum 18 cm lati; pinnulae omnes angulo c. 75° deflexae; pinnulae maximae 16—20 cm longae, 3.5—3.8 cm latae, costae 4—5 cm inter se distantes (costae ramorum minorum sterilium 2.5—3.5 cm inter se distantes) ; costulae 4—5 mm inter se distantes, medii rectangulariter patentes, infimae interdum leviter deflexae; lamina tenuis, segmenta c. 20 paria basi leviter constricta (i.e., supra basin ampliata), ala angustissima laminae conjuncta, segrnentum infimum foliolum disjunctum constatum; venae utroque basi prominentes, cetera planae; sori sporangiis 3—5 constati; f oliola stipulif ormia.ad 4 cm longa, bipinnatif ida, segmenta 1 mm lata. paleae apicis rhacheos c. 10 mm longae, haud 1 mm latae, pallidae, margine brunneo setis brevibus obliquis nitidis praeditae; rami rhacheos costaeque utroque primo paleis parvis et pilis stelliformibus coarctis paleis elongatis angustis intermixtis vestiti, demum plus minusve glabri et verruculosi; venae infra pilis stelliformibus pallidis adspersis praeditae. new guinea. p a p u a . fergusson island, 800 m, climbing to 6 m in rather open rain forest in steep ravine, brass 27171 (l, typs). normanby island, mt palinama, 850 m, scrambling to 7 m in tall mossy forest, brass 25736 (l). r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 4, part. 2, pp. 281-310 (1957) the genus firmiana marsili (sterculiaceae) a. j. g. h. kostermans * summary 1. firmiana marsili and erythropsis lindley are congeneric. 2. firmiana marsili links sterculia l. and scaphium schott & endl. 3. eight species are recognized: firmiana eolorata (roxb.) r. br.; f. diversifolia a. gray; f. fidgens (wall, ex king) corner; f. hainanensis kosterm.; f. major hand.-mazz.; f. papuana mildbr.; f. philippinensis kosterm.; f. simplex (l.) w. f. wight. 4. seventeen binomials are referred to other genera. while a paper on firmiana was in the press, i received some additional, important information from the kew herbarium and from mr. j. e. dandy of the british museum. these "additional notes" were placed at. the end of the article. in a subsequent letter that reached me when the article already had been printed and issued**, the problem of firmiana simplex was solved, thanks to the tenacity of mr. dandy. moreover, f. fulgens came into flower in the bogor botanical garden, which enabled me to add some field notes and photographs. we had in mind to incorporate the paper in "reinwardtia" in its original form, but due to the additions, mentioned above, it was considered better that it should be rewritten to this new, separate publication. f i r m i a n a * marsili firmiana marsili in saggi scientifici e letterari dell' accademia padova 1: 106-116, tab. 1 & 2. 1786; lamarck-podret, encycl. meth. 7: 432. 1806 (as a syn. under sterculia platanifolia l.f.; excl. syn. culhamia forsk.) ; steudel (firmiana medic.), nomencl. 343. 1821; ed. 2, 1: 642. 1840 (as a syn. cf sterculia l.) ; dc, prodr. 1: 481. 1824 (as a syn. of sterculia l.); bartling, ordin. 340. 1831 (as a syn. of sterculia l.) ; schott & endlicher, melet. bot. 33. 1832; spach, hist. veg. phan. ' d. sc.j botanist, forest service of indonesia; cooperator herbarium bogoriense. * published under the title "the genus firmiana marsili" as communication no. 54̂ of the forest research institute, indonesia, in december 1956, p. 3-33. *** named for count k. j. von firmian, born 1716 at deutsch-metz in tirol, died 1782 milan, an austrian statesman who was governor of lombardy under maria theresia. — 281 — binder15 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_01 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_71 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_72 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_73 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_74 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_75 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_76 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_77 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_78 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_79 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_80 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_81 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_82 rein.vol 4,part 2,pp 119-310_page_83 reinwardtia vol. 20. no. 1. pp: 9‒16 doi: 10.14203/reinwardtia.v20i1.4022 9 an updated synopsis of ludwigia (onagraceae) in malesia received march 28, 2021; accepted april 12, 2021 i. m. turner singapore botanical liaison officer, royal botanic gardens kew, uk. singapore botanic gardens, national parks board, 1 cluny road, singapore 259569, republic of singapore. e-mail: i.turner@kew.org abstract turner, i. m. 2021. an updated synopsis of ludwigia (onagraceae) in malesia. reinwardtia 20(1): 9–16. — a synopsis of the seven native or naturalised species of ludwigia (onagraceae) occurring in malesia is presented. the newly established ludwigia leptocarpa is included. the paper incorporates a key to the species, synonymy and typification. lectotypes are designated for 25 names, including five at the second step. key words: ludwigia leptocarpa, south-east asia, typification, weeds. abstrak turner, i. m. 2021. pembaruan sinopsis ludwigia (onagraceae) di malesia. reinwardtia 20(1): 9–16. — tulisan ini menyajikan sinopsis tujuh jenis asli atau jenis yang bernaturalisasi dari ludwigia (onagraceae) yang terdapat di malesia, termasuk di dalamnya yang baru dikukuhkan yaitu ludwigia leptocarpa. tulisan ini menggabungkan kunci jenis, sinonim dan tipifikasi. ditetapkan pula lektotipe untuk 25 nama, termasuk lima pada tahapan kedua. kata kunci: asia tenggara, gulma, ludwigia leptocarpa, tipifikasi. introduction ludwigia is a genus of 82 species distributed through the tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world; most diverse in the new world (wagner et al., 2007). ludwigia is sister to the rest of the onagraceae and placed in its own subfamily: jussiaeoideae. the genus has been divided into 23 sections (wagner et al., 2007), but recent molecular analyses found limited support for this system of infrageneric division (liu et al., 2017). the revision of ludwigia (onagraceae) in the old world by raven (1964) has stood the test of time very well; and his account for flora malesiana (raven, 1977) equally so. raven (1977) recognised six species for malesia. while this is a very small number compared with the size of the complete flora of the region, the species are quite important as weeds, particularly in ricegrowing areas (kostermans et al., 1987). a newly established invasive species and some further clarification of typification make it worthwhile in publishing an updated synopsis of the genus for malesia. materials and methods the paper is largely based on study of material in the herbarium of the royal botanic gardens kew (k). in addition, on-line information was searched for information on type holdings. recent literature was scanned and relevant references are cited under the description and distribution heading for each species. results and discussion ludwigia l. ludwigia l., sp. pl. 1 (1753) 118, as ludvigia. –– type: ludwigia alternifolia l., lectotype designated by britton & brown, ill. fl. n. u.s. ed. 2. 2 (1913) 586. isnardia l., sp. pl. 1 (1753) 120. – dantia boehm. in ludwig, def. gen. pl. (1760) 388, nom. illegit. (superfl.). – quadricosta dulac, fl. hautespyrénées (1867) 329, nom. illegit. (superfl.). –– type: isnardia palustris l. jussiaea l., sp. pl. 1 (1753) 388. – ludwigia sect. jussiaea (l.) baill., hist. pl. 6 (1877) 463. –– type: jussiaea repens l., lectotype designated by hitchcock & greene, prop. brit. bot. (1929) 153. cubospermum lour., fl. cochinch. (1790) 258, 275. –– type: cubospermum palustre lour. prieuria dc, prodr. 3 (1828) 58. –– type: prieuria senegalensis dc. adenola raf., aut. bot. (1840) 36. –– type: adenola grandiflora (michx.) raf. diplandra raf., aut. bot. (1840) 35, nom. illegit., non diplandra bertero (1830), nec diplandra hook. & arn. (1838). –– type: diplandra decurrens (walt.) raf., lectotype designated by pennell, bull. torrey bot. club 48 (1921) 92. corynostigma c.presl., epim. bot. (1851 [‘1849’]) 218. –– type: corynostigma jussiaeoides c.presl. mailto:i.turner@kew.org reinwardtia 10 [vol.20 nematopyxis miq., fl. ned. ind. 1(1) (1856) 626, 630. –– type: nematopyxis prostrata (roxb.) miq. oocarpon micheli, flora 57 (1874) 303. –– type: oocarpon jussiaeoides micheli ludwigia [unranked] ludwigiantha torr. & a.gray, fl. n. amer. 1 (1840) 526. – ludwigiantha (torr. & a.gray) small, bull. torrey bot. club 24 (1897) 178. –– type: ludwigia arcuata walt. jussiaea sect. fissendocarpa haines, j. proc. asiat. soc. bengal 15 (1919) 314. – fissendocarpa (haines) bennet, j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 67 (1970) 125. –– type: jussiaea fissendocarpa haines key to ludwigia species in malesia 1a. sepals generally 5, sometimes more …..……2 1b. sepals generally 4…………………………...3 2a. plant with creeping or floating stems; petals white with a yellow base; pedicel of capsule 2.5–5.5 cm long; each seed firmly embedded in a block of endocarp……...1. l. adscendens 2b. plant erect; petals entirely yellow; pedicel of capsule to 2 cm long; each seed surrounded by an easily detached horseshoe-shaped section of endocarp……........3. l. leptocarpa 3a. sepals less than 5 mm long……………….....4 3b. sepals more than 6 mm long………………...6 4a. capsules with 4 longitudinal rows of seeds clearly discernible when dry…7. l. prostrata 4b. capsules more or less terete when dry, longi tudinal rows of seeds not discernible …….... 5 5a. capsules with two sorts of seed, free in apical portion, embedded in corky endocarp below …………..………………. 2. l. hyssopifolia 5b. capsules with seeds all free ..….5. l. perennis 6a. bracteoles ca. 8 mm long, capsules obconcal………………………….....6. l. peruviana 6b. bracteoles minute, ca. 0.5 mm long, capsule cylindrical with 8 longitudinal ridges or ribs ……………………………… 4. l. octovalvis 1. ludwigia adscendens (l.) h.hara ludwigia adscendcens (l.) h.hara, j. jap. bot. 28 (1953) 291. – jussiaea adscendens l., mant. pl. (1767) 69. –– type: india. mysore, hassan district, belur-gendehally road, 17 september 1969, c. saldanha 15027 (neotype mo [mo2334663], designated by raven et al. in jarvis (ed.), order out of chaos (2007) 605). jussiaea repens l., sp. pl. (1753) 388, non ludwigia repens j.r.forst. (1771). –– type: [published illustration] ‘nir-carambu’ in rheede, hort. malab. 2: t. 51. 1679 (lectotype designated by raven in jarvis & al. (ed.), regnum veg. 127 (1993) 58). cubospermum palustre lour., fl. cochinch. (1790) 275. –– type: loureiro s.n. (lectotype bm [bm000793045], designated by merrill, trans. am. phil. soc. 24 (1935) 289). jussiaea fluviatilis blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1827) 1132. –– type: java, blume 1447 (lectotype l [l0008654], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 387 at the first step and at the second step here; possible isolectotype l0008653). jussiaea floribunda griff., not. pl. asiat. 4 (1854) 688. –– type: burma, mergui, sept 1834, griffith (not traced). jussiaea repens var. glaberrima kuntze, revis. gen. pl. 1 (1891) 251. –– type: java, batavia, may 1875, kuntze 4180 (lectotype ny [ny00232243], designated here). jussiaea repens var. pilosa kuntze, revis. gen. pl. 1 (1891) 251. –– type: cambodia, march 1875, kuntze s.n. (lectotype ny [ny00232245], designated here). jussiaea repens forma albiflora hochr., candollea 2 (1925) 479. –– type: java, preanger, étangs tièdes de tjipanas près garroet, 26 october 1904, hochreutiner 2208 (lectotype g [g00013806], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 388). description and distribution. raven (1964: 387), vu & vidal (1973: 26), khan & shamsunnahar (1977: 3), raven (1977: 104), kostermans et al. (1987: 368), thompson (1990: 227), wagner (1995: 341), barua (2010: 60), boufford & raven (2014: 602), ummul-nazrah (2017: 55). 2. ludwigia hyssopifolia (g.don) exell ludwigia hyssopifolia (g.don) exell, garcia de orta 5 (1957) 471. – jussiaea hyssopifolia g.don, gen. hist. 2 (1832) 693. –– type: st thomas [são tomé], g. don 42 (holotype bm [bm000528814]). jussiaea linifolia vahl, eclog. amer. 2 (1798) 32. – fissendocarpa linifolia (vahl) bennet, j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 67 (1970) 126. – ludwigia linifolia (vahl) r.s.rao, fl. goa, diu, dadra & nagarhaveli 1 (1985) 179, nom. illegit., non poir. (1814). –– type: america meridionali, von rohr 188 (lectotype c [c10016131], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 385). jussiaea micrantha kunze, index seminum (lz, lipsiensis) 1847 (1848) 2; linnaea 24 (1851) 177. – ludwigia micrantha (kunze) h.hara, j. jap. bot. 28 (1953) 293. – lectotype (designated by joncker, fl. suriname 3(2) (1942) 19): surinam, kegel 909 (goet042401). jussiaea weddellii micheli, flora 57 (1874) 301, as weddelii. –– type: brazil, weddell 2334 (lectotype p [p01819501], designated by raven, turner: an updated synopsis of ludwigia in malesia 2021] 11 reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 385). jussiaea fissendocarpa haines, j. proc. asiat. soc. bengal 15 (1920 [‘1919’]) 313. –– type: india, bihar, purneah, 21 december 1918, h.h. haines 4541 (lectotype cal [cal0000010226], designated here; isolectotype k [k001129806]). description and distribution. raven (1964: 385), vu & vidal (1973: 24); khan & shamsunnahar (1977: 4), raven (1977: 104), kostermans et al. (1987: 370), thompson (1990: 227), wagner (1995: 349), boufford & raven (2014: 603), ummul-nazrah (2017: 56). notes. raven (1964) cited the type of jussiaea weddellii as 3331. i take this to be a typographical error for 2334. 3. ludwigia leptocarpa (nutt.) h.hara ludwigia leptocarpa (nutt.) h.hara, j. jap. bot. 28 (1953) 292. – jussiaea leptocarpa nutt., gen. n. am. pl. 1 (1818) 279. –– type: nuttall s.n. (lectotype ph [ph00016622], designated by brenan in turrill & milne-redhead, fl. trop. e. africa, onagraceae (1953) 16). jussiaea pilosa kunth, nov. gen. sp. 6 (1823) 101, t. 532. – jussiaea variabilis var. pilosa (kunth) kuntze, revis. gen. pl. 1 (1891) 251. –– type: colombia, río apuro, bonpland 375 (lectotype p-bonpl. [p00679565], designated by brenan in turrill & milne-redhead, fl. trop. e. africa, onagraceae (1953) 16). jussiaea velutina g.don, gen. syst. 2 (1832) 695. –– type: são tomé, g. don s.n. (holotype bm [bm000957914]). jussiaea surinamensis miq., linnaea 18 (1844) 370. –– type: surinam, oranjewoud, langs de zandweg, october 1842, focke 721 (holotype u [u0005340]). jussiaea schottii micheli, flora 57 (1874) 302. –– type: brazil, rio de janeiro, schott 4192 (lectotype w, designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 375). jussiaea pilosa var. robustior donn.sm., bot. gaz. 16 (1891) 6. –– type: guatemala, zacatepequez, april 1890, donnell smith 2123 (lectotype us [us00123986], designated here; isolectotypes gh, k [k000533292], ny). jussiaea pilosa var. pterocarpa hassler, fedde rep. sp. nov. 12 (1913) 274. –– type: paraguay, gran chaco, santa eliza, december 1903, hassler 2708 (lectotype b [b 10 0367937], designated here; isolectotypes bm, k, mpu, ny, pom). jussiaea seminuda h.perr., not. syst. 13 (1947) 146. –– type: madagascar, marais de mahabo, june 1926, h. perrier de la bâthie 17641 (lectotype p [p00412973], designated at the first step by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 376 and at the second step here; isolectotypes k [k000310868], p [p00412974, p00412975]). description and distribution. raven (1964: 375). notes. the first report of this species being found in malesia came from papua new guinea. tucker (2017: 96) found that the species is invading riparian areas, wetlands and swamps in papua new guinea. i have also seen a specimen (fri 84523) collected from gunong ledang, johore, peninsular malaysia. this species should certainly looked out for in other parts of the malesian region. 4. ludwigia octovalvis (jacq.) p.h.raven ludwigia octovalvis (jacq.) p.h.raven, kew bull. 15 (1962 [‘1961’]) 476. – oenothera octovalvis jacq., enum. syst. pl. (1760) 19. – jussiaea octovalvis (jacq.) sw., observ. bot. (1791) 142. – jussiaea octofila dc., prodr. 3 (1828) 57, nom. illegit. (superfl.). – jussiaea suffruticosa var. octofila h.lev., le monde des plantes (1894) 3. – ludwigia octovalvis var. octofila alain, bull. torrey bot. club 90 (1963) 191, nom. illegit. (superfl.). –– type: [published illustration] plumier, pl. am. (7) (1758) t. 175, f. 1 (lectotype designated by bizzarri & raven, webbia 27 (1972) 490). jussiaea pubescens l., sp. pl. ed. 2 (1762) 555. – ludwigia pubescens (l.) h.hara, j. jap. bot. 28 (1953) 293. –– type: anon. s.n. (lectotype linn 552.3, designated by dorr & wiersema, taxon 59 (2010) 1573). jussiaea hirsuta mill., gard. dict. ed. 8 (1768) no. 5. –– type: houston s.n. (lectotype bm [bm000957916], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 357). jussiaea angustifolia lam., encycl. 3 (1789) 331. – jussiaea suffruticosa var. angustifolia (lam.) f.m.bailey, syn. queensl. fl. (1883) 197. – jussiaea suffruticosa forma angustifolia (lam.) alston, handb. fl. ceylon 6 (suppl.) (1931) 131. –– type: java, anon. s.n. (lectotype p-la – idc 6207 lm-243/5, designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 357). jussiaea hirta lam., encycl. 3 (1789) 331. –– type: brazil, commerson s.n. (lectotype p-la lm-243/9, designated by munz, darwiniana 4 (1942) 238). jussiaea octonervia lam., encycl. 3 (1789) 332. – jussiaea suffruticosa var. octonervia (lam.) bertoni, descr. fis. econ. paraguay (1910) 17. – jussiaea suffruticosa subsp. octonervia (lam.) hassl., bull. soc. bot. genève ser. 2, 5 (1913) 271. –– type: martinique, anon. 33b (lectotype p-la lm-243/3, designated by munz, darwini reinwardtia 12 [vol.20 ana 4 (1942) 242). jussiaea villosa lam., encycl. 3 (1789) 331. – jussiaea suffruticosa var. villosa (lam.) f.m.bailey, syn. queensl. fl. (1883) 197. – jussiaea suffruticosa forma villosa (lam.) alston, handb. fl. ceylon 6 (suppl.) (1931) 131. – ludwigia pubescens var. villosa (lam.) h.hara, j. jap. bot. 28 (1953) 293. –– type: anon. s.n., india (lectotype p-la lm-243/6 designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 362). epilobium fruticosum lour., fl. cochinch. (1790) 226. – jussiaea fruticosa (lour.) dc., prodr. 3 (1828) 57. –– type: not traced. epilobium tetragonum lour., fl. cochinch. (1790) 225, nom. illegit., non l. (1753). – jussiaea tetragona spreng., syst. veg. 2 (1825) 231. –– type: not traced. jussiaea scabra willd., enum. pl. 1 (1809) 449. –– type: germany, hort. bot. berol., anon. s.n. (lectotype b-w [b -w 08139 -01 0], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 362). jussiaea exaltata roxb. ex andrews, bot. repos. 10 (1811) t. 621, as ‘jussieua’. – jussiaea erecta var. exaltata (roxb. ex andrews) ridl., j. bot. 59 (1921) 259. –– type: [published illustration] andrews, bot. repos. 10 (1811) t. 621 (lectotype designated here). jussiaea exaltata roxb., hort. bengal. (1814) 33, as ‘jussieua’, nom. illegit., non roxb. ex andrews (1811). –– type: [published illustration] ‘cattucarambu’, rheede, hort. malab. 2 (1679) t. 50 (lectotype designated by turner, taxon 62 (2013) 158). jussiaea ligustrifolia kunth, nov. gen. sp. 6 (1823) 100. – jussiaea suffruticosa var. ligustrifolia (kunth) griseb., mem. amer. acad. arts (n. s.) 8 (1860) 187. – ludwigia pubescens var. ligustrifolia (kunth) h.hara, j. jap. bot. 28 (1953) 293. – ludwigia octovalvis var. ligustrifolia (kunth) alain, bull. torrey bot. club 90 (1963) 191. –– type: mexico, humboldt & bonpland s.n. (lectotype p-bonpl. [p00679564], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 358). jussiaea salicifolia kunth, nov. gen. sp. 6 (1823) 99. –– type: colombia, guaduas, humboldt & bonpland 1756 (lectotype p-bonpl. [p00679563], designated at the first step by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 358, and at the second step here; isolectotypes p [p00136827, p01819477]). jussiaea ovalifolia sims, bot. mag. 52 (1824) t. 2530, as ‘jussieua’. –– type: [published illustration] sims, bot. mag. 52 (1824) t. 2530 (lectotype designated here). jussiaea angustifolia blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1827) 1132, nom. illegit., non lam. (1789). – jussiaea blumeana dc., prodr. 3 (1828) 55. –– type: java, buitenzorg, august [sine anno], blume 1050 (lectotype l [l008658], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 358; possible isolectotype l [l008659]). jussiaea burmanni dc., prodr. 3 (1828) 57. –– type: not designated. jussiaea marcgravii dc., prodr. 3 (1828) 58. –– type: [published illustration] camaranbaya in marcgravius, historia naturalis brasiliae historiae plantarum 1 (1648) 30 (lectotype, upper illustration on page, designated here). jussiaea parviflora camb. in st. hil., fl. bras. merid. 2 (1829) 263. –– type: brésil, province de minas geraes, 1816-1821, a. de saint hilaire 692 (lectotype p [p01819478], designated here, isolectotype p [p01819479]). jussiaea calycina c.presl, reliq. haenk. 2 (1831) 34. –– type: not traced. jussiaea hirsuta c.presl, rel. haenk. 2 (1831) 34, nom. illegit., non mill. (1768), nec vell. (1829). – jussiaea haenkeana steud., nom. ed. 2, 1 (1840) 836. –– type: not traced. jussiaea macropoda c.presl, reliq. haenk. 2 (1831) 35. – jussiaea suffruticosa var. macropoda (c.presl) munz, darwiniana 4 (1942) 239. – ludwigia pubescens var. macropoda (c.presl) h.hara, j. jap. bot. 28 (1953) 293. – ludwigia octovalvis subsp. macropoda (c.presl) p.h.raven, kew bull. 15 (1962) 476. – ludwigia octovalvis var. macropoda (c.presl) shinners, sida 1 (1964) 385. –– type: in peruvia prope urbem lima, t.p.x. haenke s.n. (lectotype prc [prc450096], designated here). jussiaea venosa c.presl, reliq. haenk. 2 (1831) 33. –– type: mexico, t.p.x. haenke s.n. (lectotype pr, designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 358). jussiaea persicariifolia schltdl., linnaea 12 (1838) 271, as ‘persicariaefolia’. –– type: not traced. jussiaea persicariifolia schltdl. forma major schltdl., linnaea 12 (1838) 271. –– type: mexico, near hacienda de la laguna, august 1829, schiede s.n. (lectotype hal [hal0069536], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 358). jussiaea occidentalis nutt.ex torr. & a.gray., fl. n. am. 1 (3) (1840) 521. –– type: usa, arkansas, nuttall s.n. (lectotype ph [ph00016619], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 358). jussiaea linearis hochst., flora 27 (1844) 425, nom. illegit., non willd. (1799). – jussiaea angustifolia var. linearis harv. in harvey & sond., fl. capensis. 2 (1862) 504. –– type: south africa, port natal, krauss 73 (lectotype k [k000310870], designated here). jussiaea sagrana a.rich. in de la sagra, hist. phys. cuba, pl. vasc. (1846) 534, as ‘sagraeana’. – ludwigia sagrana (a.rich.) m.gómez, anales soc. esp. hist. nat. 23 (1894) 66. –– type: ramón de la sagra s.n. (lectotype p [p01819476], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 358). turner: an updated synopsis of ludwigia in malesia 2021] 13 jussiaea velutina kunze, linnaea 20 (1847) 56, nom. illegit., non g.don (1832). –– type: austria, beschke, cultivated (lz†). jussiaea costata c.presl, epim. bot. (1849) 217. –– type: philippines, luzon, laguna prov., calawang, cuming 655 (lectotype bm [bm000984335], designated here; isolectotypes k, l). jussiaea junghuhniana miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1) (1856) 627. –– type: sumatra, padang, bij lumut, october [sine anno], junghuhn s.n. (lectotype l [l0008657], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 363). jussiaea octonervia forma sessiliflora micheli in martius, fl. bras. 13 (2) (1875) 171. – jussiaea suffruticosa var. sessiliflora (micheli) hassl., bull. soc. bot. genève, ser. 2, 5 (1913) 271. – ludwigia pubescens var. sessiliflora (micheli) h.hara, j. jap. bot. 28 (1953) 293. – ludwigia octovalvis subsp. sessiliflora (micheli) p.h.raven, kew bull. 15 (1962) 476. – ludwigia octovalvis var. sessiliflora (micheli) shinners, sida 1 (1964) 385. –– type: brazil, rio de janeiro, burchell 927 (lectotype k [k000911823], designated by munz, darwiniana 4 (1942) 237; isolectotype gh [gh00054202]). jussiaea suffruticosa var. subglabra thwaites ex trimen, handb. fl. ceylon 2 (1894) 233. –– type: ceylon, thwaites 170 (not traced). jussiaea suffruticosa var. angustifolia chod. & hassler, bull. herb. boiss. sér. 2, 3 (1903) 909, nom. illegit., non (lam.) f.m.bailey (1883). –– type: paraguay, igatimi, november 1898, hassler 5541 (holotype g [g00442815] 2 sheets). jussiaea suffruticosa var. sintenisii urb., symb. antill. 4 (1910) 469. –– type: puerto rico, prope hato grande in collibus graminosus ad montem “gregorio” versus, 31 august 1885, sintenis 2719 (lectotype b [b 10 0367942], designated by munz, darwiniana 4 (1942) 242). jussiaea suffruticosa var. linearifolia hassl., repert. spec. nov. regni veg. 12 (1913) 277. – jussiaea suffruticosa forma linearifolia (hassl.) munz, darwiniana 4 (1942) 243. – ludwigia pubescens var. linearifolia (hassl.) a.fern. & r.fern., garcia de orta 5 (1957) 115. –– type: paraguay, camp san luis, fiebrig 4128 (lectotype g [g00442814], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 359). jussaia suffruticosa var. hirta ridl., trans. linn. soc. bot. 9 (1916) 57. –– type: new guinea, camp viii to ix, c. boden kloss s.n. (lectotype k, designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1963) 363; isolectotype bm [bm013717213]). jussiaea suffruticosa var. hawaiensis hochr., candollea 2 (1925) 479. –– type: iles sandwich [hawaii], kauai, weimea-village, 21 april 1905, hochreutiner 3592 (lectotype g [g00442813], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1963) 359. jussiaea suffruticosa var. samoensis hochr., candollea 2 (1925) 479. –– type: hochreutiner 3280, samoa, île d’upolu, lac de lanuto, 22 march 1905 (lectotype g [g00442809], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 359. jussiaea clavata m.e.jones, contr. w. bot. 15 (1929) 131. –– type: mexico, acaponeta, nayarit, 24 february 1927, m.e. jones 22871 (lectotype wis [wisv0255953wis], designated here). jussiaea suffruticosa auctt. plur., non l. description and distribution. raven (1964: 356), vu & vidal (1973: 20), khan & shamsunnahar (1977: 6), raven (1977: 101), kostermans et al. (1987: 372), thompson (1990: 226), wagner (1995: 349), barua (2010: 65), boufford & raven (2014: 603), ummul-nazrah (2017: 58). notes. raven (1964) considered the pantropical ludwigia octovalvis to be represented by four subspecies, two of which (subsp. octovalvis and subsp. sessiliflora (micheli) p.h.raven) occurred in malesia. however, raven (1977) retracted this infraspecific classification in favour of one broadly defined and variable species. the synonymy above only includes names relevant to the two former subspecies recognised for malesia. when bailey published jussiaea suffruticosa var. angustifolia and var. villosa he provided a brief description of each variety, but did not cite any potential basionyms for new combinations. later however, bailey (1913: 215) did cite jussiaea angustifolia lam. and j. villosa wight & arn. as synonyms of his varieties. the first can be taken directly as a basionym, the second provides a direct citation of j. villosa lam. i therefore consider that it was bailey’s intention to make new combinations at varietal rank when he published these names and take them as such based on the lamarck species names. 5. ludwigia perennis l. ludwigia perennis l., sp. pl. 1 (1753) 119. – jussiaea perennis (l.) brenan, kew bull. 8 (1953) 163. –– type: herb. hermann 2: 9, no. 66 (lectotype bm [bm000621529], designated by brenan in turrill & milne-redhead, fl. trop. e. africa, onagraceae (1953) 13). jussiaea suffruticosa l., sp. pl. (1753) 388. – ludwigia suffruticosa (l.) m.gómez, anales soc. esp. hist. nat. 23 (1894) 66, nom. illegit., non walter (1788). –– type: [published illustration] ‘carambu’ in rheede, hort. malab. 2 (1679) t. 49 (lectotype designated here). ludwigia oppositifolia l., syst. nat., ed. 12, 2 (1767) 125. –– type: herb. hermann 2: 9, no. 66 (lectotype bm [bm000621529], designated here). reinwardtia 14 [vol.20 jussiaea caryophyllaea lam., encycl. 3 (1789) 331. – ludwigia caryophyllaea (lam.,) merr. & f.p.metcalf, lingnan sci. j. 16 (1937) 396. –– type: india, sonnerat s.n. (lectotype p-la [idc 243/7], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 367). ludwigia parviflora roxb. fl. ind. 1 (1820) 440. 1820. – isnardia parviflora (roxb.) kuntze, revis. gen. pl. 1 (1891) 250. –– type: [unpublished illustration] icones roxburghianae 1340 (lectotype k, designated here). ludwigia lythroides blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (17) (1826-1827) 1134. –– type: java, batavia, blume 1132 (lectotype l [l0008663], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 367). isnardia multiflora guill. & perr., fl. senegamb. tent. (1838) 295. – ludwigia multiflora (guill. & perr.) walp., repert. bot. syst. 2 (1843) 75. –– type: sénegambie, richardtal, 1824, leprieur s.n. (lectotype g [g00383323], designated by brenan in turrill & milne-redhead, fl. trop. e. africa, onagraceae (1953) 13; possible isolectotype p [p00412956]). isnardia diffusa oken, allg. naturgesch. 3(3) (1841) 1874. –– type: [published illustration] ‘carambu’ in rheede, hort. malab. 2 (1679) t. 49 (lectotype designated here). ludwigia gracilis miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1) (1856) 629. –– type: sumatra, padang, junghuhn s.n. (lectotype l [l0008662], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 367). ludwigia nesaeoides h.perr., not. syst. 13 (1947) 141. –– type: madagascar, boina, near marovoay, may 1922, h. perrier de la bâthie 17965 (lectotype p [p00412981], designated at the first step by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 368 and at the second step here; isolectotype p [p00412982]). ludwigia humbertii robyns & lawalrée, bull. jard. bot. état bruxelles 18 (1947) 291. –– type: congo, south of lake edward, apr-may 1929, h. humbert 8709 (lectotype br [br000000897374], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 368; isolectotype p [p00412957]). description and distribution. raven (1964: 367), vu & vidal (1973: 27), khan & shamsunnahar (1977: 7), raven (1977: 103), kostermans et al. (1987: 374), thompson (1990: 227), wagner (1995: 338), barua (2010: 65), boufford & raven (2014: 605), ummul-nazrah (2017: 50). notes. jussiaea suffruticosa l. was, for many years, the accepted name for what is now called ludwigia octovalvis. in the protologue linnaeus gave a brief description, ‘jussiaea erecta villosa, floribus tetrapetalis octandris pedunculatis’, cited a few references and stated ‘habitat in india’. the only cited element eligible as type material is rheede’s carambu, more specifically rheede’s t. 49. this is generally identified as ludwigia perennis l. and was cited by linnaeus in the protologue of that name. ludwigia perrenis is notable for having four stamens, rather than the eight noted in linnaeus’s description of jussiaea suffruticosa. it has been suggested that linnaeus really intended to cite rheede’s ‘cattu-carambu’ (rheede, hort. malab. 2 (1679) t. 50) (nicolson et al., 1988), but there is no evidence of linnaeus correcting himself in this regard in later publications. fortunately, as ludwigia suffruticosa walt. makes the combination in ludwigia for jussiaea suffruticosa illegitimate, there are no nomenclaturally disruptive consequences from typifying jussiaea suffruticosa on t. 49. given the lack of an alternative under current rules, this is done here. linnaeus appears to have changed his mind about the name ludwigia perennis and used ludwigia oppositifolia from 1767, citing the former as a synonym of the latter in 1774. while ludwigia oppositifolia l. has been referred to as an illegitimate superfluous name it fails to meet the requirements of the code for being superfluous (art. 52). in the protologue linnaeus did not cite ludwigia perennis, or all the elements cited under that name, or use the exact phrase name. therefore, as it is can clearly be inferred that linnaeus was basing l. oppositifolia on the same elements as l. perennis, i here lectotypify it to the same specimen as l. perennis. 6. ludwigia peruviana (l.) h.hara ludwigia peruviana (l.) h.hara, j. jap. bot. 28 (1953) 293. – jussiaea peruviana l., sp. pl. (1753) 388. – jussiaea grandiflora ruiz & pav., anales inst. bot. cavanilles 14 (1956) 753, nom. illegit., superfl., non michx. (1803). –– type: [published illustration] "onagra laurifolia, flore amplo, pentapetalo" in feuillée, j. obs. 2 (1714) t. 9 (lectotype designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 346). oenothera hirta l., syst. nat. ed. 10, 2 (1759) 998. – jussiaea hirta (l.) sw., obs. bot. (1791) 142, nom. illegit., non lam. (1789). – ludwigia hirta (l.) m.gómez, anales soc. esp. hist. nat. 23 (1894) 66. –– type: [published illustration] ‘oenothera hirsuta’ of plumier in burman, pl. amer. 8 (1758) 167 (lectotype designated by ramamoorthy & zardini, monogr. syst. bot. missouri bot. gard. 19 (1987) 29). jussiaea macrocarpa kunth, nov. gen. sp. 6 (1823) 102. – jussiaea peruviana var. macrocarpa (kunth) bertoni, descr. fis. econ. paraguay (1910) 13. –– type: colombia, guaduas, humboldt & bonpland 1758 (lectotype p-bonpl. [p00679566], designated at the first step by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 345), and at the second step here; isolectotype p [p00135180]). turner: an updated synopsis of ludwigia in malesia 2021] 15 jussiaea mollis kunth, nov. gen. sp. 6 (1823) 102. –– type: venezuela, sucre, bordones, humboldt & bonpland 414 (lectotype p-bonpl. [p00679567], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 345). jussiaea hirsuta vell., fl. flumin. (1829) 186, nom. illegit., non miller (1768). –– type: [unpublished illustration] ‘iussieva hirsuta’ [original drawing for vellozo, fl. flumin. icon. 4 (1831) t. 144] (lectotype biblioteca nacional manuscript section mss1198653, designated here). jussiaea peruviana var. australis hassl., repert. spec. nov. regni veg. 12 (1913) 369. –– type: paraguay, in regione fluminis alto paraná, 1909/1910, fiebrig 6063 (lectotype b [b100249031], designated here; isolectotypes g, si, us). jussiaea peruviana var. glaberrima donn.sm., bot. gaz. 16 (1891) 6. –– type: guatemala, depart. zacatepequez, dueñas, april 1890, j. donnell smith 2130 (lectotype us [us00123985], designated by ramamoorthy & zardini, monogr. syst. bot. missouri bot. gard. 19 (1987) 30; isolectotypes gh, k [k000533294], ny). jussiaea peruviana f. hirsuta hassl., repert. spec. nov. regni veg. 12 (1913) 269. –– type: paraguay, in viciniis caaguazú. paraguay, hassler 9167 (lectotype b [b100249033], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 345). jussiaea peruviana f. tomentosa hassl., repert. spec. nov. regni veg. 12 (1913) 269. –– type: paraguay, in altoplanitie et decliviis sierra de maracayú, hassler 5011 (lectotype b [b100249032], designated here; isolectotypes g, gh, p, pom). jussiaea speciosa ridl., j. bot. 59 (1921) 259. –– type: india, madras, vellangiri hills, devala, november 1886, gamble 18361 (lectotype bm [bm01371212], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 345; isolectotype k [k001129807]). jussiaea sprengeri l.h.bailey, stand. cycl. hort. 3 (1915) 1730. –– type: usa, in cultivation, johnson s.n. (lectotype pom, designated by ramamoorthy & zardini, monogr. syst. bot. missouri bot. gard. 19 (1987) 31). description and distribution. raven (1964: 345), raven (1977: 100), kostermans et al. (1987: 376), ramamoorthy & zardini (1987: 29), thompson (1990: 226), wagner (1995: 334), barua (2010: 66), boufford & raven (2014: 606), ummulnazrah (2017: 60). notes. raven (1964) cited the type of jussiaea mollis kunth as no. 878. i take this as a typographic error and correct it to 414. although ummul-nazrah (2017) noted the occurrence of ludwigia peruviana in sabah and sarawak, she did not cite any specimens. i have seen collections from kalimantan (leeuwenberg 13381, ambri & arifin a.a.455, arbainsyah aa1861) that confirm the species is naturalized in borneo. 7. ludwigia prostrata roxb. ludwigia prostrata roxb., fl. ind. 1 (1820) 441. – nematopyxis prostrata (roxb.) miq., fl. ned. ind. 1(1) (1856) 630. – isnardia prostrata (roxb.) kuntze, revis. gen. pl. 1 (1891) 250. – jussiaea prostrata (roxb.) h.lév., repert. spec. nov. regni veg. 8 (1910) 138. –– type: [unpublished illustration] icones roxburghianae 1945 (lectotype k, designated by vu & vidal, fl. cambodge, laos & vietnam 14 (1973) 30). ludwigia diffusa buch.-ham., trans. linn. soc. london 14 (1824) 301. –– type: india, goyalpara, 2 september 1808, f. buchanan-hamilton s.n. [eic 6336a] (lectotype k-w [k001123615], designated here). ludwigia fruticulosa blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1827) 1133. – nematopyxis fruticulosa (blume) miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1) (1856) 630. – type: java, blume s.n. (lectotype l [l0008664], designated by raven, reinwardtia 6 (1964 [‘1963’]) 374). ludwigia leucorhiza blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1827) 1133. –– type: java, circa buitenzorg ad flumen tjeliwong, blume s.n. (not traced). nematopyxis pusilla miq., fl. ned. ind. 1 (1) (1856) 630. –– type: java, horsfield s.n. (holotype k [k000742277]). description and distribution. raven (1964: 374), vu & vidal (1973: 30), khan & shamsunnahar (1977: 9), raven (1977: 103), wagner (1995: 339), barua (2010: 68), boufford & raven (2014: 607), ummul-nazrah (2017: 60). species excludenda ludwigia decurrens walt. ramamoorthy & zardini (1987: 95) reported a collection of ludwigia decurrens walt. from near laguna in the philippines (parchs 6608 (mo)). i have not found any more herbarium material of this species from malesia and it does not appear to have naturalised in the philippines (r. joshi pers. comm., r. lubigan pers. comm.). acknowledgements the following are thanked for their invaluable assistance in searching for type material: marc appelhans, anand kumar, otakar šida and jim solomon. dr. nigel tucker of biotropica australia pty. ltd. generously supplied information on ludwigia leptocarpa in papua new guinea. david ples, dr. ravindra joshi and ross lubigan very kindly responded to my queries on philippines ludwigia during a particularly difficult period in that country. prof. marco pelle reinwardtia 16 [vol.20 grini’s assistance with typifying vellozo names was greatly appreciated. charlie jarvis provided guidance with matters relating to the linnaean names. references bailey, f. m. 1913. comprehensive catalogue of queensland plants both indigenous and naturalised. a. j. cumming, brisbane. barua, i. c. 2020. the genus ludwigia (onagraceae) in india. rheedea 20: 59‒70. boufford, d. & raven, p. h. 2014. onagraceae. fl. thail. 11(4): 598‒607. khan, m. s. & shamshunnahar. 1977. onagraceae. flora of bangladesh fasc. 6: 1‒ 10. bangladesh national herbarium and bangladesh agricultural research council. kostermans, a. j. g. h., wirjahardja, s. & dekker, r. j. 1987. the weeds: description, ecology and control. in: soerjani, m., kostermans, a. j. g. h. & tjitrosoepomo, g. (eds.). weeds of rice in indonesia. balai pustaka, jakarta. pp. 24‒565. liu, s.-h., hoch, p. c., diazgranados, m., raven, p. h. & barber, j. c. 2017. multi-locus phylogeny of ludwigia (onagraceae): insights on infra-generic relationships and current classification of the genus. taxon 66: 1112‒1127. nicolson, d. h., suresh, c. r. & manilal, k. s. 1988. an interpretation of van rheede’s hortus malabaricus. regnum. veg. 119: 1‒378. ramamoorthy, t. p. & zardini, e. m. 1987. the systematics and evolution of ludwigia sect. myrtocarpus sensu lato (onagraceae). monogr. syst. bot. missouri bot. gard. 19: 1‒120. raven, p. h. (1964 [‘1963’]). the old world species of ludwigia (including jussiaea), with a synopsis of the genus (onagraceae). reinwardtia 6: 327‒427. raven, p. h. 1977. onagraceae. fl. males., ser. i, 8: 98‒113. thompson, j. 1990. onagraceae. fl. austral. 18: 215‒243. tucker, n. i. j. 2017. exotic plants of the kikori river basin. second edition. national quarantine inspection authority, port moresby. ummul-nazrah, a. r. 2017. onagraceae. fl. penins. malaysia, ser. ii, 6: 49‒62. vu, v. c. & vidal, j. e. 1973. onagraceae. fl. cambodge, laos, vietnam 14: 17‒39. wagner, w. l. 1995. onagraceae. rev. handb. fl. ceylon 9: 332‒350. wagner, w. l., hoch, p. c. & raven, p. h. 2007. revised classification of the onagraceae. syst. bot. monogr. 83: 1‒240. reinwardtia 2017 16 (2) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 16 (2): 49 – 110, december 19, 2017 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary rina munazar layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: plant and flower of appendicula cordata wibowo & juswara. photos by a. r. u. wibowo. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 16(2): aida baja-lapis ecosystems research and development bureau college, laguna, philippines andre schuiteman herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens kew, richmond, surrey, england, uk eduard f. de vogel hortus botanicus, rapenburg 73, 2311 gj, leiden herwasono soedjito research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia john dransfield herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens kew, richmond, surrey, england, uk maarten j. m. christenhusz plant gateway, hertford, england, uk mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia peter o’byrne waikiki condominium h10-11, tanjung aru, 88100 kota kinabalu, sabah, malaysia yee wen low herbarium singapore, singapore botanic gardens, 1 cluny road, singapore reinwardtia vol 16, no 2, pp: 65–71 65 a new species of appendicula section pododesme (orchidaceae) from indonesia received may 16, 2016; accepted october 11, 2017 aninda r. u. wibowo bali botanic garden, indonesian institute of sciences, candikuning, baturiti, tabanan 82191, bali, indonesia. email: aninda.wibowo@gmail.com lina s. juswara herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln raya jakarta-bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: lina.juswara@gmail.com abstract wibowo, a. r. u. & juswara, l. s. 2017. a new species of a ppendicula section pododesme (orchidaceae) from indonesia. reinwardtia 16 (2): 65–71. ― a new species, a ppendicula cordata (sect. pododesme) from eastern indonesia, is described and illustrated. its habit is similar to that of a ppendicula infundibuliformis j. j. sm., but it differs in having flowers with a cordate appendage and a lip reflexed to the right. an identification key to the species of a ppendicula sect. pododesme, a distribution map, photos and line drawing are also provided. key words: a ppendicula, east sumba, flor es, indonesia, new species, section pododesme. abstrak wibowo, a. r. u. & juswara, l.s. 2017. jenis baru a ppendicula seksi pododesme (orchidaceae) dari indonesia. reinwardtia 16 (2): 65–71. ― satu jenis baru dari keluarga anggrek (orchidaceae) seksi pododesme, dari indonesia dipertelakan dan digambar. jenis baru ini menyerupai appendicula infundibuliformis j. j. sm. namun memiliki perbedaan pada bentuk perpanjangan seperti jantung dan bibir memuntir ke kanan. kunci identifikasi pada jenis a ppendicula seksi pododesme, peta persebaran, dan foto telah dibuat untuk keperluan identifikasi jenis. kata kunci: a ppendicula, flor es, indonesia, jenis bar u, seksi pododesm e, su mba timur . introduction the genus a ppendicula was established by c. l. blume (1825), is characterized by having the lip joined to the column foot, six pollinia, and usually with an appendage on the upper surface of the labellum pointing towards the base (wood, 2003). the genus contains approximately 150 species distributed from india to taiwan, and through indonesia, philippines, new guinea to the pacific (seidenfaden & wood, 1992; e-monocot, 2017). indonesia has ca. 54 species of a ppendicula. thirty-five species have been reported from sumatra (comber, 2001) and 19 from java (comber, 1990). a species of a ppendicula was collected from four localities in sumba timur, flores, sumbawa, and sulawesi tengah simultaneously, grown in bali botanic garden (bali bg) and its herbarium specimens were stored at herbarium bogoriense (bo). the species belongs to section pododesme, and, using literature and herbarium collections (bo), was found to differ from any known species in this section. this novelty is described below completed with the line drawing, ecological information, photos, and identification key to the species. materials and methods living specimens in bali botanic garden were examined of the following species: a ppendicula cordata (e200610271; e20060663; e199710152; e200207125; e200010232; e20060613; e198006128); a . cristata (e197710100); a . elegans (e197806708). herbarium materials in herbarium bogoriense were examined of the following: a ppendicula cordata (bo 1817838; bo 1817839); appendicula infundibuliformis (bo 0047009); appendicula longa (bo 0046265). of species otherwise unavailable the protologues were studied (reichenbach, 1875; schlechter, 1912; schlechter, 1914; the plant list, 2017; e-monocot, 2017). morphology was examined using a dissecting microscope. taxonomic treatment appendicula cordata wibowo & j uswar a, spec. nov. — type: indonesia: nusa tenggara timur, sumba timur, taman nasional laiwangi wanggameti, 1,085 m, 22 september 2006, cult. bali botanic garden e200610271 (leg. i nyoman peneng pen 526) (holotype: bo!, isotype: bo!, thbb). mailto:aninda.wibowo@gmail.com mailto:lina.juswara@gmail.com http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=appendicula http://e-monocot.org/search?query=appendicula http://e-monocot.org/search?query=appendicula reinwardtia 66 [vol.16 epiphytic herb. stem tufted, arching‒pendulous, branched, slightly flattened, 14‒50 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam., internodes 0.7‒1.5 cm, completely enclosed in tubular leaf sheaths. leaves many, distichous, alternate, twisted at the base, blade ovate-elliptic, 1‒2.5 × 0.5‒1.2 cm, base with tubular sheaths, articulate, apex unequally bilobed with a small mucro. inflorescence terminal and lateral, up to 21 cm long, branched with up to 7 branches, 1-10 flowers on each rachis but with only 1-3 flowers open at a time, peduncle 3.5‒16 cm long, rachis 1‒4 cm long; floral bracts ovatelanceolate, apex acuminate, distichous, 4 × 1.5 mm, green-purple. pedicel with ovary 4‒5 mm long, white-purplish. flowers 4‒5 mm diam., 7 mm long, facing forwards, white with purple flushes, translucent, successive. dorsal sepal ovate, apex sub-acute, 4 × 2.5 mm. lateral sepals oblique, ovate-oblong, 6‒6.5 × 3‒4 mm; mentum saccate, yellowish nectar often occur, obtuse, ca. 2 mm long. petals oblong, truncate-obtuse, 3 × 2‒3 mm. lip concave, broadly oblong when spread out, apex acuminate reflexed 180° to the right, apex irregularly caudate when flattened, margin entire, 6 × 4.5 mm, white with purple flushes on the tip; the appendage extending from the hypochile to the mesochile, forming 2 incurved ridges, erect, cordate, saccate. column white, translucent, 5 × 1.5 mm; pollinia 6 in 3 pairs, unequal, truncate, yellow; anther cap white, 1.5 mm long; rostellum bidentate, concave. fruits capsule, elliptic, 1 × 0.3 cm, green with purple stripes. distribution. indonesia, nusa tenggara timur: sumba timur, flores; nusa tenggara barat: sumbawa; sulawesi tengah. habitat and ecology. epiphyte, growing on trunk or branch 1,085-1,200 m asl. fig. 1. plant and flower of a ppendicula cordata wibowo & juswara spec. nov. a. plant; b. flower, front view; c. flower bract; d. inflorescence; e. flower, ventral view; f. flower in section; g. labellum, dorsal view. photos by a. r. u. wibowo. wibowo & juswara : a new species of a ppendicula section pododesme 2017] 67 fig. 2. line drawing of a ppendicula cordata wibowo & juswara spec. nov. a. plant; b. leaves, abaxial view; c. flower, side view; d. flower, ventral view; e. flower, front view; f. lip with column in section, side view; g. floral bract; h. lateral sepals; i. dorsal sepal; j. petals; k. lip; l. lip, flattened; m. column; n. pollinia; o. anther cap, front view. from pen 526, sumba timur – nusa tenggara timur, drawing by a. r. u. wibowo). 3 mm 2 mm 2 cm 2 cm n 1 mm 5 cm 1 cm 5 cm reinwardtia 68 [vol.16 etymology. from the latin cordata (heartshaped), referring to the heart-shaped appendage. phenology. flower ing in cultivation thr oughout the year. cultivation. appendicula cordata grows epiphytically. good air circulation and moderate light intensity, ca. 50-80 %, should be provided. temperature 15°c 25°c. conservation status. not assessed. other materials examined. indonesia, nusa tenggara timur: flores, ruteng, ranamese lake – longe hill, cult. bali botanic garden e20060663 (leg. mahyar & nurdin 060); nusa tenggara barat: sumbawa, mt. ujung samu, tepal, batulante, deden girmansyah et al. deden 293 (bo 1817838, bo 1817839); sulawesi tengah: gunung dako, cult. bali botanic garden e200010232 (leg. bayu adjie et al. ba 95). notes. the habit of appendicula cordata is similar to that of a . infundibuliformis j. j. sm. the new species differs from that species, and all other species in sect. pododesme, by the lip apex being twisted to the right, much like a . ovalis (schltr.) j. j. sm. in section oligodesme. in addition, a. infundibuliformis has yellowish green flower, a flat lip, and a horseshoe-shaped appendage, whereas a . cordata has white flowers with purple markings, a concave lip, and a cordate appendage. the other species in sect. pododesme do not have long (to 16 cm), branching, pendulous inflorescences like a . cordata. conclusion a new species described from sumba, sumbawa and flores in the lesser sunda islands shows that many new species from the under collected areas in indonesia await discovery. this species is one of the species collected and grown ex-situ that represents small number of species from the area. this new species is distributed in flores, sumba, 1 a. lip without appendage........................................................................ a. inermis b. lip with appendage............................................................................. 2 2 a. plant erect ........................................................................................... 3 b. plant hanging....................................................................................... 5 3 a. rachis bearing up to 20 flowers, open 1-2 at a time…………........... a. elegans b. rachis bearing 10-15 flowers, open 1 or several at a time ……….. 4 4 a. lip oblong, not concave, appendage halfmoon-shaped...................... a. krauseana b lip ovate-circular, concave, appendage bilobed................................. a. isoglossa 5 a. leaves 5 – 8 × 3 – 5 mm, mentum rounded ..................................... a. effusa b. leaves larger than 1 × 1 cm, mentum other than rounded ……......... 6 6 a. lip trilobed ………………………………………............................. a. cristata b. lip not trilobed.................................................................................... 7 7 a. mentum 4 mm long, spur-shaped……………...…………….……… a. undulata b. mentum 2 – 3 mm long, obtuse or connate......................................... 8 8 a. lip not concave................................................................................... 9 b. lip concave......................................................................................... 10 9 a. appendage rounded............................................................................ a. longa b. appendage disc-guttter shaped........................................................... a. polystachya 10 a. apical part of labellum not recurved……........….………..…..…….. a. infundibuliformis b. apical part recurved or reflexed.......................................................... 11 11 a. appendage hippocrepediformi, forming 3 nerves ............................. a. baliensis b. appendage cordate, forming 2 incurved ridges.................................. a. cordata identification key for a ppendicula sect. pododesme in indonesia wibowo & juswara : a new species of a ppendicula section pododesme 2017] 69 a p p e n d ix 1 . c o m p a ri so n o f m o rp h o lo g ic a l c h a ra c te rs o f a p p e n d ic u la s p p . in a p p e n d ic u la s e c ti o n p o d o d e sm e i n i n d o n e si a . a . in e rm is c a rr . a . e le g a n s r c h b . f. a . k ra u se a n a s c h lt r. a . is o g lo ss a s c h lt r. a . e ff u sa (s c h lt r. ) s c h lt r. a . c ri st a ta b lu m e a . u n d u la ta b lu m e a . p o ly st a c h y a (s c h lt r. ) s c h lt r. a . c o rd a ta w ib o w o & ju sw a ra a . lo n g a j . j. s m . a . in fu n d ib u li fo rm is j . j. s m . a . b a li e n si s j. j . s m . s te m a n d le n g th e re c t, 2 2 c m e re c t, 1 5 – 2 5 c m e re c t, 2 5 – 3 5 c m e re c t, 7 0 c m h a n g in g , 1 0 – 3 6 c m h a n g in g , 1 m h a n g in g , 6 0 – 1 0 0 c m h a n g in g , 6 0 – 9 0 c m h a n g in g ; 1 4 – 5 0 c m h a n g in g , 7 5 c m h a n g in g ; ± 3 0 c m h a n g in g , 3 7 .5 c m s te m b ra n c h e s n o t b ra n c h e d n o t b ra n c h e d n o t b ra n c h e d o r 1 -2 b ra n c h e s n o t b ra n c h e d b ra n c h e d n o t b ra n c h e d b ra n c h e d b ra n c h e d b ra n c h e d b ra n c h e d s h a p e o f le a v e s o b lo n g e ll ip ti c o v a te o b lo n g o b lo n g o b lo n g l in e a r la n c e o la te o v a l e ll ip ti c , o b li q u e o b lo n g la n c e o la te o v a te e ll ip ti c a l o b lo n g o b lo n g o v a l o v a l s iz e o f le a v e s 1 0 × 5 m m 7 – 1 5 × 4 – 7 m m 1 0 – 1 2 × 5 – 8 .5 m m 4 .5 – 5 .5 × 1 – 1 .6 c m 5 – 8 × 3 – 5 m m 3 – 7 × 1 – 2 c m 3 × 2 c m 7 – 8 × 1 8 m m 1 – 2 .5 × 0 .5 – 1 .2 c m 2 .5 – 3 .5 × 1 – 1 .6 c m 2 .1 × 1 .1 c m 2 .1 × 1 c m p e d u n c le le n g th 8 c m 3 – 6 c m 1 4 c m 1 8 c m 2 .5 – 1 1 c m 2 0 c m 1 – 2 m m 3 .5 – 1 6 c m 8 c m 1 3 c m 1 – 1 .5 c m f lo w e r si z e (d ia m e te r) 3 .5 m m 3 m m 6 .7 m m 3 m m 5 m m 4 – 5 m m 2 .5 m m 5 .4 m m f lo w e r c o lo u r y e ll o w g re e n su ff u se d w it h re d p u rp le c re a m b a se w it h p a le v io le t n e rv e s w h it e w it h re d v e in s p a le g re e n su ff u se d w it h p u rp le g re e n is h y e ll o w p a le p u rp le r e d d is h g re e n w h it e w it h p u rp le fl u sh e s, tr a n sl u c e n t g re e n y e ll o w is h g re e n , se m itr a n sl u c e n t p a le y e ll o w w it h p u rp le b lu sh s e p a lu m d o rs a l sh a p e a n d s iz e o v a te e ll ip ti c ; 2 .5 × 1 .9 m m o v a te ; 2 .5 × 2 m m o v a te , o b tu se ; 3 m m lo n g o v a te ; 3 m m lo n g o v a te , c o n c a v e ; 2 .6 × 1 .8 m m o v a te ; 3 × 1 .1 m m o v a te , c o n c a v e ; 3 .5 m m l o n g o v a te e ll p ti c a l; 2 .5 m m b ro a d o v a te ; 4 × 2 .5 m m o v a te , c o n c a v e ; 2 .7 m m l o n g o v a te , c o n c a v e ; 2 – 2 .5 × 1 .5 m m o v a te , e re c t, a p e x re c u rv e d , c o n c a v e ; 2 .8 × 2 .4 m m s e p a la la te ra l sh a p e a n d si z e 2 .7 × 3 .5 m m o b lo n g , o b tu se , o b li q u e o b li q u e t ri a n g u la r, o b li q u e ; 2 .7 m m l o n g 2 .2 m m w id e c o n c a v e ; 4 × 3 .5 m m o v a te o b lo n g , o b li q u e ; 6 – 6 .5 × 3 – 4 m m t ri a n g u la r; 3 .3 × 3 .3 m m t ri a n g u la r, o b li q u e ; 2 – 2 .5 × 2 .7 m m t ri a n g u la r, o b li q u e , 3 × 4 .4 m m m e n tu m sh a p e a n d si z e o b tu se , 3 m m d e e p o b lo n g , o b li q u e ; 2 m m d e e p r o u n d e d ; 1 .3 m m d e e p o b tu se s p u re -l ik e , w h it e ; 4 m m d e e p c o n ic a l, o b tu se ly ro u n d e d ; 2 m m d e e p s a c c a te ; 2 m m d e e p b ro a d , o b tu se s a c c a te , o b tu se ; 1 .5 m m d e e p 3 m m l o n g , sa c c a te , c o n a te , reinwardtia 70 [vol.16 a p p e n d ix 1 . c o m p a ri so n o f m o rp h o lo g ic a l c h a ra c te rs o f a p p e n d ic u la s p p . in a p p e n d ic u la s e c ti o n p o d o d e sm e i n i n d o n e si a .( c o n ti n u e d ) a . in e rm is c a rr . a . e le g a n s r c h b .f . a . k ra u se a n a s c h lt r. a . is o g lo ss a s c h lt r. a . e ff u sa (s c h lt r. ) s c h lt r. a . c ri st a ta b lu m e a . u n d u la ta b lu m e a . p o ly st a c h y a (s c h lt r. ) s c h lt r. a . c o rd a ta w ib o w o & ju sw a ra a . lo n g a j . j. s m . a . in fu n d ib u li fo rm is j . j. s m . a . b a li e n si s j. j . s m . p e ta la s h a p e a n d s iz e o b lo n g , o b li q u e , c la w e d ; 2 × 1 .1 m m l a n c e o la te ; 2 .2 × 1 .2 m m o b lo n g , ro u n d e d o v a te , o b li q u e o b lo n g – sp a th u la te , c o n c a v e ; 2 × 0 .8 m m o v a te ; 1 .8 × 1 .1 m m o v a te ; 2 .5 × 2 m m o b lo n g – o v a te , c o n c a v e ; 2 × 1 .5 m m o b lo n g ; 3 × 2 – 3 m m l a n c e o la te ; 2 .4 × 1 .2 m m o b lo n g , e re c t s li g h tl y c a n c a v e , ir re g u la r q u in q u a n g la ta , 2 .5 × 2 m m s h a p e o f la b e ll u m o v a l o b lo n g o v a te – c ir c u la r, c o n c a v e v a g u e tr il o b e d , o b lo n g t ri lo b e d , si d e -l o b e s ro u n d e d , m id -l o b e b ro a d , c ri st a te s p a th u la te o b o v a te o b lo n g , c o n c a v e l a n c e o la te – sp h a tu la te o b lo n g , c o n c a v e p a ra ll e l w it h g y n o st e m iu m , 2 /3 o f th e b a sa l p a rt c o n c a v e . a p ic a l p a rt o f la b e ll u m o b tu se w h e n fl a tt e n e d , m a rg in f o ld e d b a c k m a k e s it lo o k s li k e a c u te b il o b e d , b lu n t a c u te w h e n fl a tt e n e d r e c u rv e d , b il o b e d a c u m in a te , o b tu se d e c u rv e d , o b tu se ly ro u n d e d , b il o b e d ir re g u la rl y c a u d a te w h e n fl a tt e n e d , re fl e x e d 1 8 0 ° to t h e r ig h t l o w e r m a rg in in c u rv e d b ro a d , o b tu se , tr il o b e d c o n c a v e , re c u rv e d a n d fo rm in g a c a n a l, w h it e w it h p u rp le m a rg in . s iz e o f la b e ll u m 4 × 2 m m 4 .5 × 2 m m 1 .7 5 m m w id e 3 × 3 m m 3 .8 × 3 .2 m m 6 × 4 .5 m m 3 .3 × 3 m m 3 .7 m m l o n g a p p e n d a g e n o t p re se n t e re c t, v sh a p e d h a lf m o o n sh a p e d , b il o b e d , th ic k e n in g n e a r th e b a se s h o rt , b ilo b e d , o rn a te h o rs e sh o e – sh a p e d n a rr o w , 1 .5 m m l o n g d is c g u tt e rsh a p e d , th ic k , fl e sh y c o rd a te , fo rm in g 2 in c u rv e d ri d g e s, w h it e r o u n d e d h o rs e sh o e sh a p e d , y e ll o w h ip o c re p e d if o rm i, c o n c a v e , 3 n e rv o u s n e c ta r p re se n t, tr a n sp a re n t p re se n t. y e ll o w is h wibowo & juswara : a new species of a ppendicula section pododesme 2017] 71 sumbawa and sulawesi tengah. it is probable that its distribution is wider than this has been recorded. thus, complete information on distribution and conservation status in nature on this newly described species and other species within the genus a ppendicula are needed to finish the checklist of orchids of indonesia. acknowledgements many thanks to i putu suparta and i ketut toya for their care on the living collections. this research is partially funded by dipa tematik on botanical exploration for eastern part of indonesia. references blume, c. l. 1825. bijdragen tot de flora van nederlandsch indie. ter lands drukkerij, batavia. pp. 297‒304. comber, j. b. 1990. orchids of java. benthammoxon trust/royal botanic gardens, kew. pp. 193‒201. comber, j. b. 2001. orchids of sumatra. natural history publications, kinabalu. pp. 524‒548. the plant list. 2013. version 1.1. published on the internet: http://www.theplantlist.org/ tpl1.1/search?q=appendicula (accessed 5 may 2017). e-monocot. version 1.0.5. published on the internet: http://e-monocot.org/search? query=appendicula. (accessed 5 may 2017). reichenbach, h. g. 1875. orchideae zollingerianae itineris primirecensentur. bonplandia 5: 41. schlechter, r. 1912. orchidaceae novae et criticae. repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis. 1: 140‒146. schlechter, r. 1914. die orchidaceen von deutsch neu guinea. repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis. 1: 335‒357. seidenfaden, g. & wood, j. j. 1992. appendicula. the orchids of peninsular malaysia and singapore. olsen & olsen, fredensborg/royal botanic gardens, kew. pp. 324‒332. smith, j. j. 1906. icones bogorienses [boerlage] 3: t. 217. wood, j. j. 2003. orchids of borneo, vol. 4. the sabah society/royal botanic gardens, kew. pp. 31‒43. fig. 3. distribution map of a ppendicula cordata wibowo & juswara http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=appendicula http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=appendicula reinwardtia 72 [vol.16 instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. a merican j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 16. no. 2. 2017 contents page himmah rustiami & andrew henderson. a synopsis of calamus (arecaceae) in sulawesi, indonesia ... 49 aninda r. u. wibowo & lina s. juswara. a new species of a ppendicula section pododesme (orchidaceae) from indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………...………..... 65 j.f. veldkamp. poa opinata (graminaeae), a new species from g. binaiya, ceram, moluccas, indonesia ……. 73 muhammad mansur & kuswata kartawinata. phytosociology of a lower montane forest on mountain batulanteh, sumbawa, indonesia …………………………………………………………………………………….... 77 jaideep mazumdar. typification of tectaria paradoxa (polypodiaceae subfam. tectarioideae) …………….... 93 rugayah & siti sunarti. the genus of lasianthus (rubiaceae) in wawonii island, southeast sulawesi, indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 97 diah sulistiarini, daniel potter & peter o’byrne. dendrobium tinukariensis, a new species of section calyptrochilus from mekongga mountains, southeast sulawesi, indonesia ………………………………… 103 yasper michael mambrasar & andre schuiteman. a new species of trichotosia (orchidaceae: epidendroideae: podochileae) from tambrauw, west papua, indonesia …..……………………………………. 107 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia 0a. front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia final 16(1) 2a aninda et al final (65-72) 9. daftar isi reinwardtia 16(2) reinwardtia 2018 17 (1) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 17 (1): 1 – 85, june 29, 2018 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary ruslan bukhori layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: psydrax undulatifolius k.m.wong & mahyuni spec.nov., a. habit; b. flower; c. stigma; d. flower bud; e. young fruit; f. corolla cut open to reveal inside; g. anther; h. stipule. a, e, h from h.n. ridley 6475 (sing); b, c, d, f, g from d.b. arnot 30665 (kep), drawing by anne kusumawaty (bo). the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 17(1): sylvain razafimandimbison swedish museum of natural history, swedia wong khoon meng herbarium singapore, singapore botanic gardens, 1 cluny road, singapore mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia joan pereira sandakan herbarium forest research centre sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia johan iskandar universitas padjadjaran, bandung, indonesia andrew powling -university of portsmouth, portsmouth, united kingdom reinwardtia vol. 17. no. 1. pp: 55–57 55 a new combination in pseuderanthemum (acanthaceae) received february 21, 2018; accepted may 3, 2018 ian m. turner singapore botanical liaison officer, herbarium, royal botanic gardens kew, richmond, surrey tw9 3ea, uk. email: i.turner@kew.org abstract turner, i. m. 2018. a new combination in pseuderanthemum (acanthaceae). reinwardtia 17(1): 55–57. — a new combination is provided in pseuderanthemum for eranthemum diantherum roxb., an acanthaceae species from the moluccas. pseuderanthemum depauperatum merr. is a synonym of pseuderanthemum diantherum. lectotypes for eranthemum diantherum and pseuderanthemum depauperatum are designated. key words: ambon, eranthemum, lectotype, moluccas, roxburgh. abstrak turner, i. m. 2018. kombinasi baru pseuderanthemum (acanthaceae). reinwardtia 17(1): 55–57. — satu kombinasi baru dalam pseuderanthemum disajikan untuk eranthemum diantherum roxb., satu jenis acanthaceae dari maluku. pseuderanthemum depauperatum merr. merupakan sinonim pseuderanthemum diantherum. dua lektotipe telah di tetapkan yaitu eranthemum diantherum dan pseuderanthemum depauperatum. kata kunci: ambon, eranthem um , lektotipe, maluku, roxbur gh. introduction in the period 1793-1813, william roxburgh was superintendent of the east india company’s botanic garden in calcutta (robinson, 2008). thanks to this appointment, roxburgh occupied a pivotal position in the botanical exploration of asia at that time, though it required roxburgh’s industry, diplomacy and organisational skill to make best use of this opportunity. plant specimens and material for propagation and planting arrived in calcutta in large quantities sent by roxburgh’s correspondents, friends, family members and company agents from many locations as summarised in roxburgh’s hortus bengalensis (roxburgh, 1814). roxburgh named and wrote descriptions of many of these species, and generally had his team of artists draw them. the bulk of this documentation remained unpublished during roxburgh’s lifetime, but many species were described in the two posthumous editions of the flora indica (roxburgh, 1820 – 1824; 1832). the moluccas were an important source of new plants for roxburgh and also of stock material of highly valued spice plants such as nutmeg and clove. roxburgh’s nurseryman, christopher smith, was despatched to the moluccas for the purposes of plant collecting at the end of 1795, having only arrived in calcutta in april of that year (robinson, 2008). smith was to spend much of the next decade collecting in the moluccas. roxburgh included at least 150 plant species that he reported as originating from the moluccas in his various publications. the identity of some of these taxa remains obscure. one such poorly known moluccan species is eranthemum diantherum roxb. (acanthaceae). forman (1997) does not list the species, reflecting an absence of herbarium material among the main collections known to contain roxburgh specimens. it is likely therefore that the only original material for roxburgh’s name consists of the roxburgh drawing number 1311. consultation of herbarium material in the kew herbarium in comparison to images of the copy of the drawing in the kew collection, made it clear that roxburgh’s species was the same as pseuderanthemum depauperatum merr. merrill described this species from material collected by c.b. robinson in 1913 on the island of ambon during his ill-fated expedition to recollect the species described by rumphius in the seventeenth century. as roxburgh’s name has priority by nearly a century over merrill’s, i here make a new combination in pseuderanthemum for eranthemum diantherum roxb. i also designate lectotypes for roxburgh’s name and its new synonym. pseuderanthemum diantherum (roxb.) i.m.turner, comb. nov. basionym: eranthemum diantherum roxb., fl. ind. 1 (1820) 112. lectotype: [unpublished illustration], icones roxburghianae 1311 (k, designated here), fig. 1. pseuderanthemum depauperatum merr., philipp. j. sci., c 11 (1917) 315-316. 1917, syn. nov. lectotype: indonesia, moluccas, amboina, julynovember 1913, reliquiae robinsonianae 1792 (holo: p (p00719564), designated here; iso: k (k000885578), ny (ny00312267)). reinwardtia 54 [vol.17 reinwardtia 56 [vol.17 fig. 1. photograph of the roxburgh drawing of eranthemum diantherum in the collection of the royal botanic gardens kew. reproduced with the kind permission of the director and the board of trustees, royal botanic gardens, kew. turner : a new combination in pseuderanthemum (acanthaceae) 2018] 57 references forman, l. l. 1997. notes concerning the typification of names of william roxburgh’s species of phanerogams. kew bulletin 52: 513 –534. robinson, t. 2008. w illiam roxburgh: the founding father of indian botany. phillimore & co. ltd., chichester. roxburgh, w. 1814. hortus bengalensis. mission press, serampore. roxburgh, w. 1820 – 1824. flora indica. misson press, serampore. roxburgh, w. 1832. flora indica. (2nd edition). w. thacker & co., calcutta. reinwardtia 56 [vol.17 fig. 1. photograph of the roxburgh drawing of eranthemum diantherum in the collection of the royal botanic gardens kew. reproduced with the kind permission of the director and the board of trustees, royal botanic gardens, kew. reinwardtia 58 [vol.17 instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. a merican j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings : temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 17. no. 1. 2018 contents page j. f. veldkamp. a revision of isachne in malesia 2: sect. albentes (gramineae, isachneae) …………..……….. 1 i putu gede p. damayanto. dinochloa malayana s. dransf. (poaceae: bambusoideae), a new record for indonesia .……………………...………………………………………………………….……………………...…… 35 edy nasriadi sambas, cecep kusmana, lilik budi prasetyo & tukirin partomihardjo. vegetation analysis and population structure of plants at mount endut forested area, gunung halimun salak national park, banten, java, indonesia …………………………………………………………………………………….……. 39 ian m. turner. a new combination in pseuderanthemum (acanthaceae) .……………………………………… 55 yeni rahayu, tatik chikmawati & elizabeth a. widjaja. nomenclatural study of tetrastigma leucostaphylum and tetrastigma rafflesiae (vitaceae): two common hosts of rafflesia in sumatra ………………... 59 wawan sujarwo. bamboo resources, cultural values, and ex-situ conservation in bali, indonesia …....………. 67 khoon meng wong & ridha mahyuni. flora of singapore precursors, 2. a new species and two new combinations in psydrax (rubiaceae: vanguerieae) for west malesia .………………….………………………………… 77 erratum reinwardtia vol. 16(2), 2017 .………………….…………………………………………………… 85 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia 0. front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia 17(1) reinwardtia 17_email 4_2-2 reinwardtia 17_email 4_57-57 reinwardtia 17_email 4_58-58 reinwardtia 17_email 4_59-59 reinwardtia 17_email 4_60-60 9. daftar isi reinwardtia 17(1) ok 5. ms_zinnirah (69-75) reinwardtia vol. 20. no. 2. pp: 69‒75 doi: 10.14203/reinwardtia.v20i2.4172 69 evaluating the ecophysiology of survival for mapania cuspidata (miq.) uittien (cyperaceae) transplantation received july 19, 2021; accepted december 14, 2021 zinnirah shabdin faculty of resource science and technology, universiti malaysia sarawak, 94300 kota samarahan, sarawak. email: szinnirah@unimas.my hollena nori faculty of resource science and technology, universiti malaysia sarawak, 94300 kota samarahan, sarawak. email: nhollena@unimas.my meekiong kalu faculty of resource science and technology, universiti malaysia sarawak, 94300 kota samarahan, sarawak. email: aqmuzzammil@unimas.my mohammad fajaruddin mohd faiz faculty of resource science and technology, universiti malaysia sarawak, 94300 kota samarahan, sarawak. email: fajarfariz18@gmail.com abstract shabdin, z., nori, h., meekiong, k. & faiz, m. f. m. 2021. evaluating the ecophysiology of survival for mapania cuspidata (miq.) uittien (cyperaceae) transplantation. reinwardtia 20(2): 69–75. — this study aimed to investigate the ecology of the sedge mapania cuspidata at three different locations in east malaysia, namely gunung gading, matang and bengoh, and the survival of m. cuspidata transplanted in pots exposed to different light intensities in universiti malaysia sarawak, east malaysia. the highest species density was recorded in matang with a total density of 1.98 individuals/ha followed by bengoh (1.42) and gunung gading (0.96). in these locations, the soil ph ranged from 4.9 in bengoh to 5.7 in matang where as soil organic matter content was between 3.47% in bengoh and 8.68% in gunung gading. the highest light intensity was recorded in matang with 0.94 klux, and produced plants with the highest chorophyll content (64.8 spad value). this study found that the transplanted m. cuspidata had 90% survival over a four month experiment, produced ~ 8 new leaves, took an average of 15.8 days to produce a new leaf and had a chlorophyll content of ~30.3 spad value regardless of the intensity of light where the plants were exposed to. the findings of this study suggests that m. cuspidata can grow well in any light conditions and therefore it is also possible to transplant and re-establish other mapania species in new location. it is hoped that the initiative to relocate other mapania species of concervation concern will be effective if adequate post-harvest handling methods are practiced. key words: ecophysiology, light intensity, mapania, vegetative propagation. abstrak shabdin, z., nori, h., meekiong, k. & faiz, m. f. m. 2021. evaluasi ekofisiologi ketahanan transplantasi mapania cuspidata (miq.) uittien (cyperaceae). reinwardtia 20(2): 69–75. — tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor ekologi jenis tersebut di tiga lokasi di malaysia timur, yaitu gunung gading, matang dan bengoh, serta menganalisis kemampuan bertahan hidup m. cuspidata yang ditanam di dalam pot terbuka yang terpapar sinar matahari dengan intensitas cahaya yang berbeda-beda di universiti malaysia sarawak, malaysia timur. kerapatan jenis tertinggi tercatat di matang dengan jumlah 1,98 individu/ha, diikuti bengoh (1,42) dan gunung gading (0,96). ph tanah di lokasi tersebut berkisar dari 4,9 di bengoh hingga 5,7 di matang, dengan kandungan tanah organik berkisar antara 3,47% di bengoh dan 8,68% di gunung gading. intensitas cahaya tertinggi tercatat di matang dengan 0,94 klux, dan menghasilkan tumbuhan dengan kandungan klorofil tertinggi (nilai spad 64,8). penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa m. cuspidata yang ditanam dalam pot setelah melalui durasi pertumbuhan selama empat bulan mempunyai kemampuan bertahan hidup sebesar 90%, menghasilkan 8 daun baru, dan membutuhkan waktu rata-rata 15,8 hari untuk menghasilkan daun baru serta mempunyai kandungan klorofil dengan nilai spad 30,3 terlepas dari intensitas cahaya di mana tanaman terpapar. penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa m. cuspidata dapat tumbuh dengan baik dalam semua kondisi cahaya, oleh sebab itu memungkinkan untuk penanaman dan menanam kembali jenis mapania lainnya di lokasi baru. diharapkan inisiatif untuk merelokasi jenis mapania lain yang menjadi perhatian konservasi akan efektif jika dilakukan metode penanganan pasca panen yang memadai. kata kunci: ekofisiologi, intensitas cahaya, mapania, perbanyakan vegetatif. reinwardtia 70 [vol.20 introduction cyperaceae (sedges) is a monocotyledonous angiosperm plant family with over 5387 species (govaerts et al., 2007). they are of economic, ethnobotanical, conservation and environmental importance. their economic importance has often been underestimated due to their local and regional use (simpson & inglis, 2001). since early egyptian civilization, sedges have been recognized, particularly through the role of papyrus (cyperus papyrus), in providing writing and cons truction materials. their importance has since wide-ranging, from the trouble they cause as weeds (e.g. cyperus rotundus l.), to the substantial number of uses such as providing materials for basketry, matting, construction, perfumery, medicine and fuel, as well as food and animal fodder (negbi, 1992; govaerts et al., 2007, simpson & inglis, 2001). they also serve as dominant components of many wetland ecosystems and are reliable indicators of habitat degradation in such systems (simpson et al., 2003), consequently acting as environmental indicators for conservation. they also play a vital role in preventing erosion and flooding in many ecosystems (naczi & ford, 2008). this family currently includes two subfamilies, mapanioideae and cyperoideae (govaerts et al., 2007; muasya et al., 2009), with genus mapania being under subfamily mapanioideae. the diversity of mapania species from sarawak is tremendous, with 31 out of 71 world’s total number are recorded (miraadila et al., 2016). studies on mapania of sarawak since 2008 by shabdin et al. (2013a, 2013b, 2016) has observed the high tendency of endemicity of the species to borneo (m. longiflora, m. angustifolia, m. lorea, m. debilis, m. maschalina, m. obscuriflora, m. richardsii, m. borneensis, m. latifolia and m. hispida), and hyper-endemicity (m. foxworthyi, m. graminea, m. sapuaniana and m. multiflora). only a few species are widespread; for instance, m. cuspidata. this species is well-distributed in south-east asia, including thailand, peninsular malaysia, singapore, sumatra, java, borneo, brunei darussalam, philippines, maluku, papua, sulawesi, papua new guinea, solomon islands and new hebrides. in sarawak, this species may occur in mixed dipterocarp, kerangas, swamp, limestone and degraded forests. mapania is locally known as rumput serapat or pandan tikus by the malay people. in sarawak, mapania is also called as daun meing by the iban, tenduh in bidayuh language, daon sisiet by melanau, ieee in saban and kelabit language, and da’aah in kenyah and penan dialectal (miraadila, 2018). although many cyperaceae members are heliophytes adapted to open environment, this does not apply to members of mapania which prefers growing on the ground layer of tropical rainforests in low light conditions (simpson, 1992). according to engelbrecht et al. (2007), drought has a limiting effect on the tropical plant distributions and observed that global warming in tropical rainforests could result in loss of diversity and species extinction. drier conditions could, therefore, accelerate the decline, and extinction of many mapania species throughout the tropics (simpson et al., 2011). other factors such as dispersal ability of the species and niche suitability certainly play parts in the survival of mapania spp. however, how well mapania could migrate with changing climate or adapt to new conditions is unknown. most mapania species occur in an uncommon habitat of cyperaceae, which prefer open areas with direct sunlight (miraadila, 2018). members of this genus occur where little light penetrates through the canopy, and usually in areas where the soil is damp, muddy, or peaty, or in swampy depressions or by the side of pools or streams (simpson, 1992). some species occur in a very restricted habitat, resulting in a high number of endemic species. m. sapuaniana for example, has so far only been recorded in a small area at sungai joh (approx. 3 km radius) of lanjak entimau wildlife sanctuary (lews) (shabdin et al., 2016), while m. ballehensis, m. kipas and m. mirae are recorded only from baleh national park. in many field expeditions conducted since 2008, the effort of collecting living specimens to be planted in our arboretum has failed, although the collection includes preserving some soil of the species original habitat. we have been attempting to plant several species of conservation concern, such as m. kadimiana which was found only in sarikei to this date, but unable to survive in its transplanted habitat. another notable attempt at transplanting involved the vulnerable species m. multiflora, which was discovered in 2008 in limbang. this species has not been found in sarawak since the site of its discovery was cleared for development in 2010. should we understand the physiology or translocation management of the species, we might have been able to transplant this species to a new habitat for its conservation. as ex situ transplanted for mapania species are difficult to be done due to sensitivity of the plants to a new environment and incapable to uphold the water in evaporation from the root system, this paper aims to understand how environmental factors affect the distribution of shabdin et al.: the ecophysiology of survival for mapania cuspidata (miq.) uittien (cyperaceae) 2021] 71 fig. 1. the locations of matang, gunung gading and bengoh where mapania cuspidata inhabits. (source: google map). mapania cuspidata in different natural habitats and then quantify key ecophysiology metrics of this species concerning survival, growth and development following attempt in transplanting at a new location. materials and methods observational field study three locations in sarawak, malaysia were selected for this study, namely matang (1°37'52.4"n, 110°08'11.3"e), gunung gading (1°41'29.15"n, 109°50'46.33"e) and bengoh (1°18'24.4"n, 110° 13'09.3"e) (fig. 1). these three locations were selected due to accessibility and the presence of m. cuspidata. in each location, the sampling was conducted in five random plots with each plot measuring 250 m2. within each plot, 10 quadrates of 25 m2 were randomly placed to quantify plant populations, chlorophyll content, soil ph and organic matter content. non-destructive approach was used to count plant populations and a chlorophyll meter (spad-502plus, konica, minolta) was used to measure the plant chlorophyll content. soil samples were collected at 0–200 mm depth using a soil auger. the soil samples were then sent to the laboratory for chemical analysis. soil ph was measured using a ph meter whereas soil organic matter was measured using loss on ignition (loi) method (ball, 1964). for light intensity, five readings were taken from each plot using a handheld light meter (extech ea30, massachusetts, u.s.). transplantation experiment a total of 36 healthy and disease-free individuals were collected from the matang habitat for a transplantation experiment on survival and growth in universiti malaysia sarawak. plants from matang were selected because of it was the nearest location to universiti malaysia sarawak (approximately a two hour drive) and thereby reduced the lag time of plant recovery due to injury and stress. at the sampling location, the soil around the plants was explored to determine the extent of feeding roots prior to lifting. using a hand shovel, the plants were dug with a mass of soil around the roots while keeping as much of the root ball intact as possible. the sampling was done early in the morning and the plants were selected with no particular age consideration. all leaves were removed during the transportation process, to reduce the water stress due to evaporation. upon arrival at the destination, the plants were placed in plastic buckets filled with 1.5 l tap water to keep the roots moistened and stored in an unlit, airconditioned laboratory at 25oc for five days to restore the plant vigor. this was also intended to simulate the natural living conditions of m. cuspidata as this species were found living in damp and reinwardtia 72 [vol.20 wet areas near to the rivers and streams with moist and wet soil conditions (miraadila et al., 2015). then, the plants in the buckets were placed in a corridor outside the laboratory (sheltered condition) for another five days to acclimatize before transplanting into polybags measuring 254 × 305 mm. these polybags were filled with potting mix containing a mixture of coco peat, burnt soil, river sand, burnt husk, rich humus and charcoal powder (kean beng lee industries (m) sdn. bhd.). the transplantation experiment comprised of four light intensities, i.e. 7, 18, 54 and 100% with nine replicates each. to do this, three mini-green houses were built with different shading netting percentage (1 layer created 54%, 2 layers created 18% and 3 layers created 7% light intensity). for 100% light intensity, the plants in polybags were exposed under full sunlight. the relative light intensity was obtained by comparison of light readings taken inside and outside of the minigreen house. no fertilizer and pesticide were applied during the experiment. any fungus or weed growth were removed manually and polybags were watered daily to ensure the soil remained moist. the plants were left to grow for a period of 130 days with observations taken at weekly intervals, starting at 30 days from the date of transplanting. four ecophysiology parameters were measured, i.e. final number of leaves, leaf production rate, chlorophyll content and survival rate of each treatment. the leaf production rate was calculated from the regression of the leaf number against accumulated days. the chlorophyll content was measured using a chlorophyll meter (spad-502plus, konica, minolta). plant survival rate was calculated by dividing the number of survived plants in the end of the experiment against total number of transplanted plants at the beginning of the experiment. data analysis statistical analysis used vassarstat (http:// vassarstats.net/) (richard lowry, 1998-2021). all variables were analyzed using analysis of variance (anova) and treatment means were compared by tukey’s honest significant test (hsd) using an alpha value of p<0.05 for establishing statistical significance. pooled standard errors of the mean were reported for each measured variable. results the density of m. cuspidata was highest at matang with total density of 1.98 individuals/ha compared to bengoh (1.42) while gunung gading showed the lowest density of 0.96. however, statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the populations of m. cuspidata per 250 m2 among these three locations (table 1). matang recorded the highest light intensity of 0.94 klux on the forest floor, whereas both gunung gading and bengoh had an average of ~0.34 klux. plants in matang also had the greatest chlorophyll content (67.4 spad unit) compared with those in gunung gading and bengoh (~56.2 spad unit). in terms of soil parameters, the ph and organic matter content varied among the locations (table 1). the soil in all locations was found to be acidic with the lowest ph recorded in bengoh (ph 4.9) followed by gunung gading (ph 5.5) and matang (ph 5.7). the soil organic matter ranged from 3.47% in bengoh to 8.68% in gunung gading. observation after 130 days from transplanting found that there was no significant difference in the ecophysiology of m. cuspidata with an average survival rate of 88.9% across all light treatment (table 2). in addition, the plants successfully produced an average of ~7.7 new leaves throughout the growing period with ~15.8 days interval to produce each succesive leaf. these new, developing leaves had an average chlorophyll content of ~30.3 spad unit across all light conditions. in contrast, plants in the natural habitats despite living under low illumination had a higher chlorophyll content (52.6–67.4 spad unit) (table 1) because the leaves had fully developed and matured. lower chlorophyll content in the new, young leaves was expected because the leaves have not attained their maximum size and therefore were unable to maximize photosynthetic activity. discussion observation of m. cuspidata in its natural habitat found that the population densities of the species were similar across all locations in gunung gading, matang and bengoh with an average density of 14.4 individuals per 250 m2 area. the results from statistical analysis showed that presence of m. cuspidata was not affected by the differences in light intensity (0.32–0.94 klux) and soil chemical properties (ph 4.9–5.7, organic matter 3.47–8.68%) (table 1). this observation is consistent with the generalized expectation that most mapania species are found in shaded areas with water-logging soil conditions or near bodies of water (simpson, 1992). despite variation in light intensity among the locations, the highest illuminance of 0.94 klux on the forest floor is shabdin et al.: the ecophysiology of survival for mapania cuspidata (miq.) uittien (cyperaceae) 2021] 73 equivalent to an overcast weather in an open area and therefore is considered as conditions of low brightness. this study suggests that m. cuspidata can thrive in conditions of acidic soil with significant amount of organic matter. associated with this is the need to identify other mapania species that may inhabit the same ecological niche with m. cuspidata in future work. the results of transplantation experiment have shown successful establishment of m. cuspidata under shaded and open area conditions with an average survival rate of 89% (table 2). during the course of 130 days post-transplanting, m. cuspidata developed an average of 7.7 new leaves with leaf production rate of 15.8 days/leaf. the findings of this study are substantial yet confounding given extensive reviews on mapania species being shade loving plants that grow well in conditions of damp and wet soils (simpson, 1992; shabdin et al., 2013a, 2013b; miraadila et al., 2016a) and failing attempts to plant the species in new locations (z. shabdin, pers. comm.). following successful pot transplantation experiment, the individuals of m. cuspidata were relocated to the arboretum of universiti malaysia sarawak and observation two years later found these plants remain thriving the new environment (fig. 2). these new findings on high survival of m. cuspidata in the transplantation study implies that there is a good chance to plant other mapania species that are of a greater conservation concern in new locations. table 1. plant populations, chorophyll content, light intensity and soil parameters in gunung gading, matang and bengoh where mapania cuspidata (miq.) uittien were observed. location m. cuspidata populations/250 m2 light intensity (klux) chlorophyll content (spad unit) soil parameters ph organic matter (%) gunung gading 9.2 0.32b 59.8b 5.5a 8.68a matang 19.8 0.94a 67.4a 5.7b 5.77b bengoh 14.2 0.35b 52.6b 4.9c 3.47c s.e.m 1.90 0.078 2.03 0.15 0.953 p-value 0.062 (ns) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 s.e.m., standard error of means; ns, p>0.05. means with the same letters are not significantly different (p>0.05) based on tukey’s hsd test. relative light intensity (%) ecophysiology parameters survival1 (%) leaf production rate (days/leaf) number of leaves1 chlorophyll content1 (spad unit) 7 77.8 14.4 8.2 31.9 18 88.9 16.0 8.2 32.8 54 100.0 16.2 7.2 26.6 100 88.9 16.5 7.3 29.7 s.e.m. 5.31 0.80 0.41 1.95 p-value 0.553 (ns) 0.818 (ns) 0.754 (ns) 0.707 (ns) table 2. survival, leaf production rate, number of leaves and chlorophyll content of mapania cuspidata (miq.) uittien grown under different levels of light intensity in universiti malaysia sarawak, east malaysia. 1survival, final number of leaves and chlorophyll content were measured after 130 days from transplanting. s.e.m., standard error of means; ns, p>0.05. reinwardtia 74 [vol.20 nevertheless, the success in transplantation and growing m. cuspidata in different environments was likely aided by careful considerations of the impact of lifting, transporting and pretransplanting during the process of plant relocation. careful lifting of plants from the ground is critical because the roots need to be protected during handling. this is because the survival and performance of any transplanted plant is largely dependent on the ability of roots to develop and recover from injury and stress (jackson et al., 2012). equally, the conditions of transport and storage determine the survival rate and quality of plants after transplanting. water stress during transport or storage of plants can delay root regeneration and subsequent growth following transplanting, while worst case scenario could result in high mortality rate (apostol et al., 2009). therefore, transit time, temperature, moisture and duration of storage are important parameters that need to be optimized (goyette et al., 2014). additionally, plants should be acclimatized to prepare them for survival under higher temperatures and levels of irradiance. transplanting should be carried out under ideal conditions, i.e. late afternoon or overcast weather to allow the plants to recover from transplanting injury while avoiding midday heat and being subjected to less evaporation of water. finally, the plants should be transplanted to the same depth in its new location. this can be done by examining the soil mark on the stem. specifically for endemic plant species, factors concerning the plant life form, physical size, distribution range, population size and whether the relocation site is within the species historical range must be taken into account first before making decision to transplant for the purpose of ex situ conservation (liu et al., 2015). this is because endemic species have specific habitat conditions which require stable and constant environment, making them more vulnerable than other plant species to natural changes. due to its potential ecological risks, conservation transplantation of endemic species to new location should be within the historical range area and would require careful management and longer post planting monitoring. in short, the survival and success in establishment of transplanted plant are greatly dependent on the decisions and post harvest handling practices. with adequate knowledge and understanding on plant ecophysiology and post harvest management, it is possible to relocate and establish plant species in new locations for ex situ conservation and to increase its widespread distribution. acknowledgements we wish to express our gratitude to universiti malaysia sarawak (unimas) for the facilities, also to to our support staffs for their assistance with the fieldwork. references apostol, k. g., jacobs, d. f. & dumroese, r. k. 2009. root desiccation and drought stress response of bareroot quercus rubra seedlings treated with a hydrophilic polymer root dip. plant soil 315: 229–240. ball, d. f. 1964. loss-on-ignition as an estimate of organic matter and organic carbon in noncalcareous soils. journal of soil science 15: 84– 92. fig. 2. mature (left) and juvenile (right) mapania cuspidata successfully established in the arboretum of universiti malaysia sarawak two years after the pot transplanting experiment. shabdin et al.: the ecophysiology of survival for mapania cuspidata (miq.) uittien (cyperaceae) 2021] 75 engelbrecht, b. m. j., comita, l. s., condit, r., 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(eds.) climate change, ecology and systematics. cambridge university press. reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15. 2016 published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology–lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environtment sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. fordin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary endang tri utami rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty distributed by library herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology – lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id acknowledgement editor of reinwardtia would like to thank to the following reviewers: andrew henderson (new york, usa) andrew powling (portsmouth, uk) axel d. poulsen (scotland, uk) david simpson (kew, uk) herwasono soedjito (bogor, indonesia) jay h. bernstein, robert j. (new york, usa) jeffrey lee walck (tennessee, usa) kuswata karawinata (chicago, usa) mark hughes (scotland, uk) mien a. rifai (aipi, indonesia) siti nur hidayati (tennessee, usa) soejatmi dransfield (kew, uk) woong khoon meng (singapore botanic garden, singapore) date of issue no. 1 (pp 1 – 65) 27 june 2016 no. 2 (pp 67 – 135) 22 december 2016 index to volume 15 new genera, species and combination are printed in bold face. illustrations are marked with an asterisk. 137 afrocalamus 27 agalmyla beccarii 18 agelaea macrophylla 18; trinervis 18 aglaia argentea 3, 4, 6, 8; leucophylla 18; odoratissima 2, 16, 25 alangium javanicum 16, 18, 24 allophylus cobbe 7 alocasia macrorrhiza 96, 98 alstonia 18 amburana cearensis 82, 96 amphitecna tuxlensis 82 andropogon amboinicus 124; prostratus 123 anisoptera thurifera var. polyandra 44 anthistiria 123, 124; arguta 125; argutum 123; linneana 123; prostrata 123 antidesma bunius 4, 5, 6; cuspidatum 18; erythrocarpum 18; eurocarpum 21; neurocarpum 12, 26; tetrandum 18 aphanamixis polystachya 16, 18, 21, 25 aporosa aurita 7 apostasia 3, 7 aquilaria malaccensis 18 archidendron 18; bubalinum 12 archontophoenix alexandrae 44, 58, 82, 84, 98 ardisia 6 arenga australasica 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 55*, 57, 58, 59, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98; pinnata 16, 18, 24 argyrodendron trifoliolatum 84 aromadendron 18 artocarpus anisophyllus 18, 21, 25; elasticus 2, 7, 8, 18, 21; glaucus 16, 18 21, 25; integer 18; nitida 16; nitidus 18, 25; odoratissimus 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 25 astronium lecointei 82, 96 asystasia nemorum 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 atuna 18 baccaurea 16, 18, 26; dulcis 11, 16, 18, 20, 26; javanica 18, 26; macrophylla 18 bambusa 7 barringtonia 4; racemosa 7 begonia 61, 64, 115, 118; aketajawensis 61; bimaensis 115, 116, 118; brangbosangensis 115, 116; flacca 61, 64; galaeolepis 61, 64; gemella 61, 62; holosericea 61, 64; holosericeoides 61; jarangpusangensis 115, 116; manuselaensis 61, 62, 63*, 64; multangula 115, 116; semongkatensis 115, 116, 117*, 118*; sumbawaensis 115, 116 beilschmiedia madang 7 bhesa 18; paniculata 16, 24 bischofia javanica 3 blumeodendron tokbrai 18, 25 boissiera 125 bothriochloa 123 bouea oppositifolia 16, 18, 21, 24 calamus 27, 28, 33, 34, 41, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110; acuminatissimus 34; acuminatus 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40; amplijugus 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40; australis 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 55*, 57, 58, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98; axillaris 70, 72, 73, 75, 77; blumei 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78; caesius 74, congestiflorus 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40; corrugatus 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 39, 40; exilis 74; flabellatus 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, var. congestispinosus 27, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37, 39, 40, var. flabellatus 36, 39, var. laevibus 27, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37, 39, 40; flabelloides 35; hispidulus 74; hypertrichosus 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 39, 40; inops 27, 41; javensis 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 74, 75, var. inermis 40, var. laevis 40, var. peninsularis 40, 70, 72, 73, 77, 78, var. peninsularis subvar. polyphyllus 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, var. pinangius 40, var. polyphyllus 40, var. purpurascens 40, var. tenuissimus 40; koordersianus 102, 106, 108; leiocaulis 74; leptostachys 102, 106, 107; manan 12, 21, 44, 82; minahassae 39, 102, 106, 107, 108; mindorensis 102; moti 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98; ornatus 102, 106, 107; pedicellatus 102, 106, 108, 109; radicalis 58; rotang 27; rugosus 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77; ruvidus 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 39, 40; scipionum 74; siphonospathus 102, 106, 107, 108; speciosissimus 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78; suaveolens 102, 107, 109; subinermis 102; symphysipus 102, 106, 107; tumidus 74; validus 102, 103, 105*; zollingeri 102, 106, 108; zona reinwardtia 138 [vol.15 tus 70, 72, 73, 74, 77 calophyllum 16, 18, 24; molle 16, 18, 21, 24; tetrapterum 16, 18, 24 calospatha 33 cananga odorata 18 capillipedium 123 carallia brachiata 18, 21 castanopsis 44 cayratia japonica 3, 7 cecropia 82, 96; obtusifolia 82 cedrela odorata 82, 96 ceratolobus 69; concolor 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78 citrus 114 claoxylon longifolium 16, 18, 21, 25 cleistanthus glaber 7; macropyllus 18, 26 clematis nepalensis 7 cnestis palala 18, 24 coleospathus 27, 28 cordia megalantha 82 cornera 33 cratoxylum arborescens 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25; cochinchinense 16, 18, 20, 21, 25; sumatranum 3 crotalaria 6 croton agyratus 7 cymbopogon glandulosus 124 dacryodes 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 24; rostrata 12, 16, 18, 24; rugosa 18, 24 daemonorops 69; draco 12, 21; oligophylla 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77; robusta 102 dalbergia latifolia 6 dendrocalamus 70; asper 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77 desmodium 6 dialium indum 16, 18, 21, 25; platysepalum 18, 25 dichanthium 123 dillenia 7; cf. pentagyna 18, 20, 24 dimocarpus longan 16, 18, 21, 26 dioscorea 7 diospyros 7, 21; areolata 15, 16, 18, 24; cauliflora 6, 8, 18, 24; curanii 18, 24; javanica 7; lanceifolia 16, 18, 24; sumatrana 7 dracontomelon 16, 18, 24; dao 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24 drypetes longifolia 3; ovalis 2 durio 16, 18, 24; oxleyanus 18, 24 dyera costulata 12, 21 dysoxylum excelsum 18, 25 elaeocarpus glaber 16, 18, 21, 24 engelhardia 7 etlingera coccinea 76 eucalyptus 125 eusideroxylon zwageri 12, 21 fagraea elliptica 16, 18, 25; fragrans 12, 21 ficus 2, 4, 5, 6, 18, 22, 25; elastica 16, 18, 25; fistulosa 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25; padana 18, 25; punctata 7 fissistigma latifolium 16, 18, 24 flindersia brayleyana 84 garcinia 5, 7, 16, 18, 24; atroviridis 18, 21, 24; celebica 7, 8, 16, 18, 24; parvifolia 18 gigantochloa 70; hasskarliana 70, 72, 74, 75, 77 gironniera hirta 18, 24 glochidion 7 gluta renghas 16, 18, 21, 24 gomphandra capitulata 18 gonocaryum gracile 16, 24 guettarda speciosa 4, 7, 8 gynotroches axillaris 18 hedychium 3, 7 heteropogon 123 hibiscus tiliaceus 4, 7 hornstedtia reticulata 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78 hydnocarpus 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 25; sumatrana 14, 18, 21, 25 hydriastele wendlandiana 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56*, 57, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 ilex cymosa 4, 5, 6 impatiens 126; parviflora 96, 98 ischaemum 124, 126 iseilema 123, 124, 126; arguta 123; argutum 123, 124, 125; hackaleii 126, 127; javanicum 123, 124, 125; laxum 123, 126; maculatum 124, 125; membranaceum 123; minutiflorum 123, 124, 125; prostrata 123; prostratum 123, 124; schmidii 126; thorelii 125, 126; vaginiflorum 123 knema 1, 4, 5, 6, 8; globularia 16, 18, 26; latifolia 16, 18, 25; laurina 7, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25; mandaharan 16, 18, 26 korthalsia 69; echinometra 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77; 2016] 139 index to volume 15 flagellaris 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77 laportea 18, 26; stimulans 18, 26 lasianthus 6 leea aequata 7 leptonychia caudata 18, 25 leuconotis eugeniifolia 18 licuala 70, 72, 73, 76, 77; borneensis 76; flabellum 76; ramsayi 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, , 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, var. ramsayi 43, 44, var. tuckeri 56*; spicata 76 linospadix microcarya 58 lithocarpus sundaicus 6 litsea confusa 18, 21, 25; elliptica 16, 18, 25; noronhae 18, 25; spathacea 14, 15, 16, 18, 25 lophopetalum javanum 7 lophostemon confertus 44; suaveolens 44 macaranga hulletii 18; hypoleuca 18, 20, 25 macropodus 27 madhuca 14, 18, 26; sericea 16, 18, 21, 26 mallotus floribundus 2, 7, 8, 16, 18, 20, 25; rufidulus 18, 20, 25 mangifera odorata 18 mapania 129, 133, 135; angustifolia 133; cuspidata 130; hidiriana 129, 130, 131*; hispida 129, 130, 133; kadimiana 129, 133; meditensis 129, 130; meekiongii 129, 135; multiflora 129, 130, 133, 135; sapuniana 129, 135; sembilingensis 129, 130, 132*, 133; spedicea 129, 133, 134* melochia umbelata 18, 20, 25 memecylon 7; edule 18, 25; excelsum 18, 25 microcos argentata 4, 5, 6; opaca 18, 25 mitrephora polypyrena 6 murraya 111, 112, 114; crenulata 111, 112; cyclopensis 111, 112, 113*; euchrestifolia 112; exotica 111, 114; koenigii 111; paniculata 111, 112, 114 mussaenda frondosa 18, 20, 26 myriocarpa longipes 82 myristica teysmannii 2, 5, 7, 8, 9 mytrephora polyneura 8 neo-uvaria 16, 24; acuminatissima 16, 18, 21, 24 neonauclea calycina 18, 20, 26 nephelium 16, 18, 26; lappaceum 18; uncinatum 18, 26 normanbya normanbyi 58 ochanostachys 26; amentacea 16, 18, 21, 26 omalanthus populneus 18 oncosperma horridum18, 21, 24 palaquium ridleyi 16, 18, 26; walsuraefolium 15, 16, 18, 21, 26 palmijuncus 33 pandanus 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78; amaryllifolius 75; elegans 58; cf. kaida 75; kamii 75; kinabaluensis 75 panicum 3, 7 paranephelium nitidum 16, 18, 26 parashorea 18, 20, 21, 24 paratocarpus bracteatus 18, 25 peltophorum inerme 7, 8 pentaspadon motley 18 pertusadina eurhyncha 16, 18, 26 phoebe grandis 18, 25 phyllantectus 27 plathyspathus 27 plectocomiopsis 69; wrayi 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78 pleomele 3, 7 podocephalus 27 polyalthia 6; cauliflora 18, 21, 24; kingii 14, 16, 18, 24; lateriflora 18; sumatrana 18, 24 polyscias fruticosa 7 polytoca bracteata 124; digitata 124 pometia 18, 26; pinnata 26 porterandia 18; anisophylla 16, 18, 26 pouteria malaccensis 18 prestoea montana 44, 82 prunus arborea 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 26 pseudotsuga douglasii 59 pseuduvaria reticulata 3 psychotria sarmentosa 6; simiarum 82 pternandra azurea 18 pterospermum 18, 25; diversifolium 2, 6, 8; javanicum 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 16, 18, 25 quercus pagoda 58, 83, 84, 98 rauvolfia sumatrana 18, 24 rhombocalamus 27 rinorea anguifera 18; lanceolata 18, 26 rotang 33 rotanga 33 sabal palmetto 82, 96, 98 saccahrum 127 reinwardtia 140 [vol.15 santiria 7 scaphium macropodum 16, 18, 25 schizolobium amazonicum 82, 96 schizostachyum 70, 119, 120, 122; bamban 119, 120; blumei 119; brachycladum 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77; castaneum 120; lima 72, 74, 75, 77; purpureum 119, 120, 121* scleria lithosperma 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 shorea leprosula 12, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24 sorghum nitidum 124 spatholobus 18 sterculia rubiginosa 18, 25 streblus asper 3, 6 strombosia javanica 18, 26 styrax benzoin 16, 18, 21, 26 syzygium 5, 7; claviflorum 7; cymosa 18; cymosum 26 terminalia 2; catappa 4, 5, 6; subspathulata 3 tetracera akara 18 tetragastris altissima 82, 96 tetramerista glabra 18 tetranthera angulata 16, 18, 25 tetrastigma lanceolarium 18, 26 themeda 123, 124; gigantea 124; prostrata 123, var. arguta 125 theobroma speciosum 82, 96 timonius 18 toona australis 84 trigonostemon 18, 25 tristania 44 tristaniopsis whiteana 18 uncaria gambir 16, 18, 26 urophyllum 18; arboreum 18 vitex pinnata 2 xanthophyllum incertum 18 zalacella 33 ardhaka, i. m., ardi, w. h., undaharta, n. k. e. & tirta, i. g. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from manusela national park, seram ....................................................................... astuti, i. p. & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia... damayanto, i p. g. p. & widjaja, e. a. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia.................................................................................. dewi a. p., ariyanti, n. s. & walujo, e. b. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia............................................. girmansyah, d. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ........................................................................................................................................... latifah, d., congdon, r. a. & holtum, j. a. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities stimulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach............................. latifah, d., congdon, r. a. & holtum, j. a. regeneration strategies of palms (arecaceae) in response to cyclonic disturbances.................................................................................................. miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae).............................................................. pritchett, r., phillips, a., mardiastuti, a. & powling, a. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia............................................... rahmah, kartawinata, k., nisyawati, wardhana, w & nurdin, e. tree species diversity in the lowland forest of the core zone of the bukit duabelas national park, jambi, indonesia.................................................................................................................................................... sadili, a & kartawinata, k. a study of the undergrowth vegetation of sempu island, east java, indonesia ................................................................................................................................... syam, n., chikmawati, t & rustiami, h. a phenetic study of the calamus flabellatus complex (palmae) in west malesia .......................................................................................................... veldkamp, j. f. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia.......................................................... contents page 61 111 119 67 115 81 43 129 99 11 1 27 123 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 15(2): david simpson, herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk herwasono soedjito, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein, robert j. kibbee library, kingsborough community college, new york, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, 1400 lake shore drive, chicago, usa mark hughes royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), indonesia siti nur hidayati middle tennessee state university, tennessee, usa soejatmi dransfield herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk wong khoon meng singapore botanic garden, singapore reinwardtia vol 15, no 2, pp: 67 ‒ 79 67 diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia received 02 august, 2016; accepted 11 october, 2016 asih perwita dewi plant biology graduate program, department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, bogor agricultural university, darmaga campus, 16680 bogor, indonesia. email: asih_perwita@yahoo.com nunik sri ariyanti department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural science, bogor agricultural university, darmaga campus, 16680 bogor, indonesia. email: nuniksa@gmail.com eko baroto walujo herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: ekolipi@yahoo.com abstract dewi, a. p., ariyanti n. s. & walujo, e. b. 2016. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat. reinwardtia 15(2): 67 ‒ 79. — many plants are used for making plaited crafts such as basketry and woven mats by the dayak iban-désa, a sub-tribe of the dayak in kalimantan barat, indonesia. the dayak iban-désa gather the craft materials mostly from the plants in the forest. however, the habitats of these plants are being threatened by deforestation. the diversity of plants used for crafts is here documented. this study recorded the scientific names of plant species used for the craft plaiting, and observed abundance of plants used for craft. information about the plants used were gathered using non-structural interview and focus group discussion (fgd) with the informants and participants. the abundance of plaited plants was observed in 46 plots of 10 × 10 m2 plots by participative ecological method. nineteen plants species were used as plaited material, belonging to four families: arecaceae, poaceae, pandanaceae and zingiberaceae. two species of rattan (calamus sp. and plectocomiopsis wrayi becc.) have the highest index cultural significance (ics) value. those species were considered as the most valuable plant materials because of the quality of fiber, intensity on harvesting, and the resulting quality of plaited craft products. however, the demand for high quality products is not always supported by the availability of plant materials in the forest. therefore, the cultural significance of plants (the ics values) and their availability should be considered when determining the conservation strategy for each of these species. keywords: dayak iban -désa, index cultural significance, plaited crafts, plant diversity. abstrak dewi, a. p., ariyanti n. s. & walujo, e. b. 2016. keanekaragaman tumbuhan yang digunakan sebagai bahan anyaman oleh masyarakat subsuku dayak iban-désa di kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat. reinwardtia 15(2): 67 ‒ 79. — tumbuhan anyaman adalah tumbuhan yang digunakan untuk membuat aneka produk anyaman seperti keranjang dan tikar anyaman. subsuku dayak iban-désa di kalimantan barat adalah salah satu suku yang masih memanfaatkan tumbuhan sebagai bahan baku untuk membuat anyaman. sebagian besar tumbuhan anyaman yang digunakan adalah tumbuhan liar yang terdapat di hutan. keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan anyaman yang digunakan masyarakat dayak iban-désa belum pernah didokumentasikan, sementara habitat tumbuhan anyaman tersebut mulai terancam oleh deforestasi. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis tumbuhan yang digunakan sebagai bahan anyaman. penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengobservasi ketersediaan tumbuhan anyaman di habitatnya. informasi keanekaragaman jenis dan produk anyaman diperoleh melalui wawancara non-struktural bersama informan, pengamatan langsung proses produksi anyaman dan focus group discussion (fgd). observasi kelimpahan jenis tumbuhan anyaman dilakukan dengan metode sampling ekologi partisipatif pada 46 plot berukuran 10 × 10 m2 yang melibatkan informan kunci. tumbuhan anyaman yang digunakan oleh masyarakat dayak iban-désa meliputi 19 jenis berasal dari empat suku (arecaceae, poaceae, pandanaceae dan zingiberaceae). dua jenis rotan (calamus sp. dan plectocomiopsis wrayi becc.) adalah tumbuhan yang memiliki nilai kepentingan budaya (index cultural significance/ ics) yang tertinggi. kedua jenis tersebut merupakan jenis bahan anyaman yang paling unggul menurut masyarakat dayak iban-désa dalam hal kualitas keutamaan bahannya, intensitas pemanenan dan kekuatan seratnya. akan tetapi, pemanfaatan tumbuhan anyaman dengan nilai kegunaan yang tinggi tidak didukung dengan ketersediaannya di lapangan. hubungan antara nilai ics dengan ketersediaan tumbuhan di habitat dapat menentukan strategi konservasi yang tepat untuk diterapkan pada masing-masing jenis tumbuhan bahan anyaman. kata kunci: dayak iban -désa, nilai kepentingan budaya, keanekaragaman tumbuhan, produk anyaman. reinwardtia 68 [vol.15 introduction plants have been important for our livelihood over thousands of years, being used for foods, medicines, clothes, furniture, and other purposes. as early as 1741, the famous book herbarium amboinense dealing with useful plants for ambonense people (rumphius, 2011). then in 1916/1917, book “de nuttige planten van nederlandsch-indie” was written by heyne. he recorded at least 3500 species of useful plants in indonesia (heyne, 1987). the plants which were traditionally used for plaited crafts are listed among those records. dayak is a native tribe in borneo which has many sub-tribes, not only in kalimantan, but also in malaysia and brunei darussalam. plaited crafts produced by the dayaks are among the best plaited crafts in the world (sellato, 2013). they use various plants available in the nearby forests as the raw material of the plaited products. research on the plaited crafts made by different sub-tribes of the dayak have been conducted, such as, at the iban and kelabit (christensen, 2002), the bidayuh (mashman & nayoi, 2013) in sarawak, malaysia; the kayan mendalam (ngo, 2013), the uut danum (couderc, 2013), and the benuaq (hendra, 2009) in east kalimantan, indonesia. nevertheless, each sub-tribe produces different plaited crafts and use different plants species. it may depend on the availability of plants and their knowledge on plaiting, inherited from their ancestors. the diversity of plants used for plaited crafts made by the dayak iban-désa had not been reported previously. unfortunately, the forests where the dayak iban-désa gather the plaiting materials are currently threatened by deforestation. knowledge of the diversity of plants used for plaited crafts is important so that measures can be taken to modify and/ or reduce the deforestation process to ensure the conservation of these culturally important plants. materials and methods study area the dayak iban-désa, a sub-tribe of the dayak, is a large community of about ± 40.000 indigenous people. they inhabit the following regions of kalimantan barat: kabupaten sintang, sanggau, sekadau, and kapuas hulu. however, most of the dayak iban-désa lives in kabupaten sintang (alloy et al., 2008). the dayak iban-désa are closely related to the dayak iban of sarawak, malaysia, one of the largest group of dayak (mackinnon et al., 2000). the research was conducted from april to may 2014 in desa ensaid panjang (fig. 1). desa ensaid panjang covered an area approximately fig. 1. location of west kalimantan in indonesia on grey color (a); location of study site desa ensaid panjang (b); the desa ensaid panjang (c). 2016] 69 dewi et al. : diversity of plants used for plaited craft by the dayak iban-desa in kabupaten sintang  2, if the harvesting intensity for the crafts raw material occur occasionally every one to two years (often)  1, if the harvesting intensity for the crafts raw material occur less often than every two years (rarely) exclusivity value (e):  2, if more than 50% respondents suggest that the plant is very strong  1, if more than 50% respondents suggest that the plant is less strong  0.2, if more than 50% respondents suggest that the plant is weak the multiplication of these three components give the value of index cultural significance (ics) for each plants species, as shown in the formula below. ics = q × i × e plants availability in the habitat. participative plot sampling method which involves a guide and an informant (walujo, 2004) was conducted to observe the plant’s habitat. plots sites were determined by the purposive sampling (fachrul, 2007) based on harvesting location of each plant species. two replication of 10 × 10 m2 plots were made in all 23 point location, resulting 46 plots studied. the 46 plots established in three harvesting locations consist of 15 point locations (30 plots) in the tawang mersibung indigenous forest, three point locations (six plots) in the abandoned land near the betang panjang longhouse, and five point locations (ten plots) in the rentap foothills. the number of individuals or clumps of plants and the presence of plant species in the plot were counted to determine the importance value index (ivi). voucher herbarium specimens were collected, identified and deposited in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) lipi, cibinong. results diversity of plants the dayak iban-désa uses 21 species, one variety and one sub-variety of plants for producing plaited crafts. those plants belong to a recaceae (13 species, one variety, one sub-variety of rattans and one species of palm), poaceae (four species), pandanaceae (three species) and zingiberaceae (one species called senggang) (table 1). the plaited plants used by the dayak ibandésa are consisted of five groups: rattans, bamboos, pandans, palms and gingers. five genera of rattans are widely used by the dayak iban-désa for the plaited material, namely calamus, daemonorops, korthalsia, plectocomiopsis and ceratolobus (table 1). rattans are used to make any components of plaited crafts (the body, ±22 km2, including forest (about ±189 hectares), which consists of 778 inhabitants of 132 families. desa ensaid panjang is divided into three hamlets: ensaid baru, rentap selatan and ensaid pendek. however, the study was undertaken in the betang panjang longhouse at rentap selatan. the betang panjang was inhabited by 96 persons (representing 29 families). it is the place where the sub-tribes undertake their activities, such as weaving clothes, producing plaited craft, conducting some ceremonies, and other activities. sampling method the information on the species used for plaiting and the resultant plaited crafts were obtained through three different methods: 1) conducted personal interviews with the ensaid panjang village headman and the dayak ibandésa head of customs, and open-ended interviews with a craftsman (respondent); 2) observed the production process of the plaited crafts; 3) confirmed the accuracy of the information obtained from personal interviews through focus group discussions (fgd) with all respondents. the most prolific craft technicians were selected as the respondents, from among the dayak ibandésa in ensaid panjang. there were sixteen persons selected as respondents, nine male and seven female. the information which was gathered from interviews were about the plant materials in term of their quality value (either as the main material or the substitute material) and the intensity value (the harvesting intensity of the plants materials) in the field. that information was confirmed in the focus group discussion (fgd). fgd was done to reaffirm the information from the personal communication and to score the strength of the plaited plants. the scores were converted into exclusivity value (the crafts technicians preference based on the strength of the plaited plants). the categories for quality value, intensity value and exclusivity value are as follow (modification from turner, 1988). quality value (q):  4, if the plant was selected as the main plant for plaited materials and it could not be substituted by another plant.  3, if the plant can be used as the main plant or as a substitution for plaited materials.  2, if the plant is used only as a substitution plant for the plaited materials  1, if the plants can be used as the substitution plant for plaited materials, but preferable for other purposes. intensity value (i):  3, if the harvesting intensity for the crafts raw material occur throughout the year (very often) 2016] dewi et al. : diversity of plants used for plaited craft by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang 69 reinwardtia 70 [vol.15 frames, and string for tightening crafts). they are preferred for the crafts because they are stronger and more flexible than bamboos. various farming tools, for example baskets for carrying heavy loads, are usually made of rattan stems as the main material. three genera of bamboos used by the dayak iban-désa are dendrocalamus, gigantochloa and schizostachyum (table 1). although the bamboo culms are less flexure than the rattans, they are preferred for making specific plaited craft product which is used in the water. the bamboos are commonly used for making fishing tools (bubu putut, sangkar ikan). there are three species of pandanus used by the dayak iban-désa. the pandans are mainly used for producing household furnishings, such as mats, fans, little containers, and sun-hats. the leaves of pandans are woven for the crafts body. however, it can not be used for the craft’s string or frames, because it is easily ripped and hence, less durable. this is somewhat similar to the leaf of the palm licuala sp., that is used as the body of sun-hat craft but it is not used as the craft string nor frames. the wild ginger called “senggang” is the only species of ginger (zingiberaceae) used for making plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa. the leaf sheath of senggang is stronger and more durable than the pandan leaves. it is commonly plaited for the crafts body, the main body of non-patterned crafts, and the inner layer of the patterned crafts. diversity of plaited products there are 26 products made by the dayak ibandésa for farming tools, household furnishings, fishing tools, animal husbandry tools, children toys and ritual equipment (table 2). farming is the main activity of the dayak ibandésa, therefore nearly half of the craft products are farming tools. various baskets (empajang, takin, tengkalang, and sedong/tungking) for carrying heavy loads, a grain container (cupai), a bag (renjung and rujuh) for carrying personal belonging or farming equipment to the fields; trays (capan and pengindang) for winnowing and sieving grains, and a sun-hat (tudung) are kind of farming tools made by the dayak iban-désa (table 2). household furnishings produced by the dayak iban-désa (table 2) are used for common table 1. the diversity of plants used for the crafts material by the dayak iban-désa at sintang district, west kalimantan, indonesia family name / species name vernacular name (the dayak iban désa – bahasa indonesia – english name) arecaceae calamus axillaris becc. wi tapah – rotan sega air – rattan calamus blumei becc. wi entibab – rotan tukas – rattan calamus javensis blume var. peninsularis becc. wi nakung – rotan lilin – rattan calamus javensis blume var. peninsularis becc. subvar. polyphyllus becc. wi seni’k – rotan lilin – rattan calamus rugosus becc. wi tunggal – rotan perut ayam – rattan calamus speciosissimus furtado wi sega’ balau – rotan sega badak –rattan calamus zonatus becc. wi antu’k – rotan perdas – rattan calamus sp. wi minyak – rotan minyak – rattan ceratolobus concolor blume wi pelanduk – rotan mata pelanduk – rattan daemonorops oligophylla becc. wi keli’ – rotan keli’ – rattan korthalsia echinometra becc. wi seru’k – rotan meiya – rattan korthalsia flagellaris miq. wi danan – rotan dahanan – rattan licuala sp. jaung – palem – palm plectocomiopsis wrayi becc. wi lambang – rotan pepe – rattan poaceae dendrocalamus asper (schult.) backer ex heyne buluh pering – bambu betung – bamboo gigantochloa hasskarliana (kurz) backer ex heyne buluh munti’ – bambu lengka tali – bamboo schizostachyum brachycladum kurz with yellow culms buluh bala’ – bambu gading – bamboo schizostachyum brachycladum kurz with green culms buluh – bambu lemang – bamboo schizostachyum lima (blanco) merr. buluh temiang – bambu toi – bamboo pandanaceae pandanus sp. 1 ndas – pandan – pandan pandanus sp. 2 tandoh – pandan – pandan pandanus sp. 3 perupuk – pandan – pandan zingiberaceae hornstedtia reticulata (k. schum) k. schum senggang – jahe liar – wild ginger 2016] 71 dewi et al. : diversity of plants used for plaited craft by the dayak iban-desa in kabupaten sintang activities such as a bag for personal belongings (tabung bulat or tabung pipih), a little container to hold weaving tools (engkidung), fans (penidit ngelipan) and mats (tikar). fishing tools include a fish trap (bubu putut) and baskets (kemansai) to collect fishes and shrimps in the river. the dayak iban-désa make kerungan manuk, a cage for raising the chicken, and sangkar ikan, a cage for raising fish. the sangkar ikan has been rarely produced since the dayak iban-désa cultivate the fish such as carp, catfish, and tilapia, in fishponds. the buah raga ball, is the only traditionally made toy. synthetic modern toys are preferred to traditional toys and this may be the reason why others handmade toys are not produced. other important plaited crafts that are produced daily include rancak and ketapu laung (table 2). the rancak is a container made of rattans and bamboos, and used by the dayak in the ritual ceremony to serve meals or goods to the spirits of their ancestors. the ketapu laung is a hat made of bamboos. the hat worn by customary heads of the dayak iban-désa during ritual ceremonies. index cultural significance (ics) of plaited plants used by the dayak iban-désa the utilization of a plant by a society determines the importance of that plant for those people. the value of every plant will be different among different societies. the ics values of each species used by the people are summarized in table 3. the ics value was ranged from 1.2 to 24. there were 11 species, including one varieties and one sub-variety with high cultural significance (ics > 10), that is calamus sp., plectocomiopsis wrayi, c. javensis var. peninsularis, c. speciosissimus, c. blumei, c. javensis var. peninsularis subvar. polyphyllus, k. flagellaris, k. echinometra, c. concolor (the rattans), d. asper, s. brachycladum with green culms (the bamboos), pandanus sp. 1. (the pandan) and h. reticulata (wild ginger). generally, the plants with high ics values were used as the irreplaceable main material or table 2. the usage categories, plaited-craft products and descriptions of the plaited products made by the dayak iban-désa at kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia usage categories of products plaited-craft products descriptions of the products farming tools capan winnowing trays cupai grain container empajang basket for carrying heavy load kelayak special mats for drying paddy keranjang basket put on motorcycle to carry the resin from rubber trees pengindang sieve trays renjung bag for carrying personal farming tools rujuh bag for carrying personal farming tools sedong/tungking basket for carrying heavy loads of woods and fruits taken from the forests takin small basket for carrying rice grains tengkalang basket for carrying heavy loads of woods and fruits taken from the forests. physically, tengkalang is the same as sedong/ tungking, except it is longer than sedong/tungking tudung sun-hats worn to cover the head households furnishings bakul rice container engkidung container to place betel-pepper, yarn or another weaving tools penidit ngelipan pandan fan penyipat lalat the flies bat tabung bulat spherical bag for carrying supplies (meals, drink) to the fields, the tabung bulat made with pattern used as the ritual equipment in wedding ceremony tabung pipih spherical bag for carrying supplies (meals, drink) to the fields, the tabung pipih made with pattern used as the ritual equipment in wedding ceremony tikar mats fishing tools bubu putut fish traps, usually put in the river for a few days kemansai basket for collecting and carrying fishes and shrimps animal husbandry tools kerungan manuk cage for egg-laying hens sangkar ikan cage for cultivating fishes in rivers ritual equipment ketapu laung hats used by the customary heads during the ritual ceremony rancak container for serving foods, goods, and others to the spirits toys buah raga children toy, looks like a ball 2016] dewi et al. : diversity of plants used for plaited craft by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang 71 reinwardtia 72 [vol.15 both main and substitute material, harvested throughout the year, and have very strong fiber. ten species have low cultural significance (ics < 10), that is calamus rugosus, c. axillaris, c. zonatus, daemonorops oligophylla (the rattans), g. hasskarliana, s. lima, s. brachycladum with yellow culms (the bamboos), pandanus sp. 2, pandanus sp. 3 (the pandans) and licuala sp. (the palm). those plants are generally used as the substitute material or both main and substitute material, harvested often to very rare (once per year or only every two or more years) and have less strong fibers than those plants with ics > 10. ecological status of plaited plant harvesting sites of plants used for plaiting the plants used for plaiting occur in two types of habitat with three harvesting sites. the habitats are secondary forest (located at the tawang mersibung customary forest and the foothills of rentap hills), and open vegetation (at abandoned land near the betang panjang) (fig. 2). different species were harvested at each of the localities. all of the a recaceae (the rattans and palms) and pandanus sp. 1 were harvested from naturally occurring plants in the tawang mersibung customary forest. pandanus sp. 3 (cultivated) and senggang were harvested on the abandoned land. the bamboos were harvested from protected forest at the rentap foothill, including the sungai maram and baning panjang village. prior to early 2000, the rentap hill was used by the people as the location of shifting cultivation. after the ministry of forestry decree no. 259/kpts-ii 2000 was published on 23 august 2000, the rentap hill became a protected forest and shifting cultivation stopped. the important value index (ivi) of the plaited plants the ivi value provides information about availability of plants in the harvesting location (table 4). there were ten species, including one table 3. index cultural significance (ics) plaited plant in the dayak iban-désa based on quality value (q), intensity value (i) and exclusivity value (e) scientific name q i e ics category calamus sp. 4 3 2 24 main plaited material, harvested throughout the year (very often) and very strong plectocomiopsis wrayi 4 3 2 24 calamus javensis var. peninsularis 3 3 2 18 main and substitute plaited material, harvested throughout the year (very often) and very strong calamus speciosissimus 3 3 2 18 korthalsia flagellaris 3 3 2 18 korthalsia echinometra 3 3 2 18 pandanus sp. 1 3 3 2 18 hornstedtia reticulata 3 3 2 18 calamus blumei 3 3 2 18 calamus javensis var. peninsularis subvar. polyphyllus 3 3 2 18 dendrocalamus asper 4 2 2 16 main plaited material, harvested every one to two years (often) and very strong ceratolobus concolor 4 3 1 12 main plaited material, harvested every one to two years (often) and less strong schizostachyum brachycladum with green culms 3 2 2 12 main and substitute plaited material, harvested in one to two years (often) and very strong calamus rugosus 3 3 1 9 main and substitute plaited material, harvested along the year (very often) and less strong calamus axillaris 3 3 1 9 daemonorops oligophylla 3 3 1 9 pandanus sp. 2 3 3 1 9 pandanus sp. 3 3 3 1 9 gigantochloa hasskarliana 2 2 1 4 substitute plaited material, harvested every one to two years (often) and very strong schizostachyum lima 1 2 2 4 only a substitute material and it can be used to another utilization, harvested every one to two years (often) and very strong schizostachyum brachycladum with yellow culms 1 2 2 4 licuala sp. 3 1 1 3 main and substitute plaited material, harvested less often than every 2 years (very rare) and less strong. calamus zonatus 3 2 0.2 1.2 main and substitute plaited material, harvested in one to two years (often) and not strong 2016] 73 dewi et al. : diversity of plants used for plaited craft by the dayak iban-desa in kabupaten sintang scientific name total individuals/ clumps* total presences plot of the plants (from 30 plots established) relative density relative frequency ivi plectocomiopsis wrayi 40 2 23.12 5.71 28.83 pandanus sp. 1 35 2 20.23 5.71 25.94 calamus rugosus 15 4 8.67 11.42 20.09 calamus blumei 22 2 12.71 5.71 18.43 calamus javensis var. peninsularis 7 4 4.04 11.42 15.47 calamus zonatus 6 4 3.46 11.42 14.89 calamus javensis var. peninsularis subvar. polyphyllus 10 3 5.78 8.57 14.35 daemonorops oligophylla 14 2 8.09 5.71 13.8 calamus speciosissimus 8 3 4.62 8.57 13.19 ceratolobus concolor 9 2 5.2 5.71 10.91 calamus axillaris * 2 2 1.15 5.71 6.87 korthalsia echinometra * 2 2 1.15 5.71 6.87 korthalsia flagellaris * 1 1 0.57 2.85 3.43 calamus sp. * 1 1 0.57 2.85 3.43 licuala sp. * 1 1 0.57 2.85 3.43 table 4. the ivi value of plaited plants harvested in the tawang mersibung indigenous forest fig. 2. the plaited plants harvesting location. all species belong to arecaceae and one of the pandan (pandanus sp. 1) were harvested on the tawang mersibung customary forest; the other pandans and hornstedtia reticulata were harvested on the former fields; the bamboos were harvested on the rentap foothills. 2016] dewi et al. : diversity of plants used for plaited craft by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang 73 reinwardtia 74 [vol.15 variety and one subvariety of plaited plants with high ivi value (ivi > 10) found in the tawang mersibung indigenous forest, that is p. wrayi, pandanus sp. 1, c. rugosus, c. blumei, c. javensis var. peninsularis, c. zonatus, c. javensis var. peninsularis subvar. polyphyllus, c. speciosissimus, d. oligophylla and c. concolor (table 4). in the abandoned land harvesting location, pandanus sp. 3 and h. reticulata had a high ivi value (table 5, ivi = 87.37), and the bamboo g. hasskarliana in the rentap foothills (table 6 ivi = 113.64) also had a high ivi value. the plaited plants with high ivi value had more than 5 individuals/clumps and were found at least in two plots. discussion the role of plants on plaited crafts production by the dayak iban-désa rattans there are 312 species (in seven genera) of rattans in indonesia (jasni & krisdianto, 2012). rattans are important in plaited production in the dayak iban-désa community. almost all of the rattan species have higher ics values than other plants used for plaited crafts. rattans have been used for a wide variety of purposes, ranging from basket-ware, cords, toys, furniture and houses (dransfield, 1979). in the early 19th century, the king of kutai encouraged rattan cultivation among the dayak farmers (lópez & shanley, 2005) of barito, kapuas and kaharjan in kalimantan (mackinnon et al., 2000). the rattans were harvested and traded in the international market, mostly for the furniture manufacturers (lópez & shanley, 2005). the rattans exported from indonesia are regarded as the best quality cane in the world. those rattans with good quality are mostly from calamus, such as c. caesius, c. scipionum, c. tumidus and c. leiocaulis (sanusi, 2012). unfortunately, none of these species are recognized by the dayak iban-désa. it may be due to the species are not available in the forest where the dayak iban-désa harvest rattans. the dayak iban-désa recognize other species of calamus with good quality, namely c. javensis, c. speciosissimus, c. blumei and calamus sp. and also the following other genera korthalsia flagellaris, k. echinometra and plectocomiopsis wrayi. the dayak iban-désa do not sell the cane as a trading commodity, but rather they utilize the cane for producing their own tools. other species of calamus that have low quality cane include c. exilis and c. hispidulus. these species are not resistant to powder-post beetles attack (jasni & roliadi, 2011). the dayak iban-désa people regard calamus zonatus as a rattan with nonperishable fiber because the cane easily rot when exposed to water. therefore, this species was not made into burden baskets or plaited products soaked in water such as bubu putut, kemansai and sangkar ikan. it was used to make crafts with minor utilization, such as little containers (engkidung and cupai) which was used for carrying lighten goods. rattans are mainly used as the material for making various farming baskets that requires material with strength, flexibility, and light. they are used for making most of the plaited crafts produced by the dayak iban-désa. the plaited scientific name total individu/ clump* total presences plot of the plants (from 10 plots established) relative density relative frequency ivi gigantochloa hasskarliana 7 4 63.64 50 113.64 dendrocalamus asper 1 1 9.09 12,5 21.59 schizostachyum lima 1 1 9.09 12,5 21.59 schizostachyum brachycladum with yellow culms 1 1 9.09 12,5 21.59 schizostachyum brachycladum with green culms 1 1 9.09 12,5 21.59 table 6. the ivi value of plaited plants harvested in the rentap foothills scientific name total individu/ clump* total presences plot of the plants (from 6 plots established) relative density relative frequency ivi pandanus sp. 3 9 2 47.37 40 87.37 hornstedtia reticulata 9 2 47.37 40 87.37 pandanus sp. 2 * 1 1 5.26 20 25.26 table 5. the ivi value of plaited plants harvested in the abandoned land near the betang panjang long house 2016] 75 dewi et al. : diversity of plants used for plaited craft by the dayak iban-desa in kabupaten sintang crafts usually use more than one species of rattans in one plaited craft product, depending on the component of the craft: body, string or frame. rattans with smooth and strong fiber, such as korthalsia echinometra and plectocomiopsis wrayi, are plaited for the craft body. the rattans fiber with smooth surface are preferred by the craftsman because they are easy to split and easier to handle. rattans with a small diameter (< 0.5 cm) such as c. javensis, c. rugosus and d. oligophylla are used as string to bind the craft body and frame. those rattans are not split into parts, but are plaited as a whole cane. rattans with wide diameter ( > 0.5 cm) and rough fiber such as k. flagellaris and c. axillaris are used as the plaited craft frame. those rattans are used as a whole or split cane. the dayaks preferred the rattans to make the plaited crafts, over others material. likewise, other tribes in indonesia, such as anak dalam in jambi (jumiati et al., 2012) and sunda in west java (wardah et al., 2005) also prefer rattans. bamboos bamboos are known as an important organic building material throughout south, east, and southeast asia. they are used to build over 70% of houses in rural area (rao & sastry, 1995). indigenous people also use bamboos for many other purposes, such as to make paper, musical instruments, baskets, furniture, and handicraft. the bamboo shoots are also cooked as vegetable (dransfield & widjaja, 1995). the diversity of bamboos in kalimantan which comprises 23 species are lower than those in the other indonesian islands (80 spp. in sumatra, 58 spp. in java, 44 spp. in bali, 31 spp. in papua and 25 spp. in sulawesi) (widjaja, 2012). however, there are only four species of bamboos found in the ensaid panjang village. the dayak iban-désa use all of those four species for making plaited crafts, but the products are less varied than the product of rattans. the bamboos used for plaiting baskets have specific criteria such as small diameter, thick walls, long internode, and easy to split (dransfield & widjaja, 1995; lenjau et al., 2013). however, the dayak iban-désa do not have specific criteria for using bamboos. they frequently use the bamboos for making tools used in water such as fishing tools, because it is more durable than rattans and others. dendrocalamus asper are used as the main material of fishing traps, whereas the other bamboos (g. hasskarliana and s. lima) are used as the substitute material. bamboos are often used as the only material for making patterned crafts since they can be painted using natural as well as synthetic dyes (christensen, 2013). the bamboo craft made by the dayak iban-désa, s. brachycladum with green culms have long lasting colour when it is painted. therefore, d. asper and s. brachycladum with green culms have high ics value in the plaited crafts production. pandans pandans (pandanus, pandanaceae) are wellknown as a plant with various utilization, such as for food, spices, medicine, ritual and handicrafts (sadsoeitoeboen, 1999; wardah & setyowati, 2009; purwanto & munawaroh, 2010). there are ± 700 species of pandanus spread throughout the old world tropics, and ≥ 60 species occuring in borneo (purwanto & munawaroh, 2010). the utilization of pandans as handicraft material have been known for a long time, especially by the communities in jawa. there are a lot of small home-based industries in indonesia that produce many tools made of pandan, such as mats, slippers, tissue boxes, shopping bags, wallets, and other items. many of these home-based industries, such as in kalirejo and grenggeng, kabupaten kebumen, central java have exported their products. the raw materials of exported product are processed to increase their quality and durability (wardah & setyowati, 2009). however, the dayak iban-désa in the desa ensaid panjang did not use any special process for the raw pandan leaves since they made the crafts for themselves and rarely for sale. the dayak iban-désa usually harvest the fresh leaves of pandan and bring it to the betang panjang. the spines on the margin of the leaves are removed, then the leaves are split into parts before being plaited. they recognised three types of pandans found around the ensaid panjang village for specific purposes based on differences in morphology features. ndas (pandanus sp. 1) have narrow (± 2.8 cm wide), long leaves (± 164 cm long) and it is claimed that it has leaves with smooth and stronger fiber than other pandans. this species is usually used to make sleeping mats and farming tools such as takin, capan, tudung, cupai and bakul. tandoh (pandanus sp. 2) have wider (± 4.2 cm wide) and longer leaves (± 216 cm long) than pandanus sp. 1. the tandoh fiber is claimed to be stronger and rougher than that of pandanus sp. 1 and pandanus sp. 3. this species is often used to make sitting mats, farming tools and household furnishings. perupuk (pandanus sp. 3) has the widest (± 7.5 cm wide) and longest leaves (± 292 cm long). however, its fiber is claimed to be not as strong as pandanus sp. 2, even though it is smoother. this species is commonly used to make sitting mats, but rarely used to make other crafts. the pandanus sp. 1 has the highest ics value because it is preferred over others pandans species. the species of pandanus reported as commonly used for plaited material by the dayak are p. kamii, p. kinabaluensis (christensen, 2013), p. amaryllifolius and pandanus cf. kaida (uluk et al., 2001). since 2016] dewi et al. : diversity of plants used for plaited craft by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang 75 reinwardtia 76 [vol.15 the identity of the above three pandans has not be resolved, it is possible that these may prove to be among those commonly used species. palms licuala sp. is a fan palm used by the dayak iban-désa as plaited material. there are few records about the utilization of fan palm for plaited material. licuala borneensis, l. spicata, and l. flabellum are among the fan palm used to make small baskets and sun-hats (christensen, 2002; hajar, 2009). in the dayak iban-désa, the licuala are only use as a raw material for making sun-hats. the broad sheet of licuala leaves are not plaited like other raw materials.the leaves are cut into big parts, and then sewn together for the outer layer of sun-hat. the dayak iban-désa used the sheath of wild ginger (hornstedtia reticulata) for the sun-hat inner layer. the outer and inner layer of the sun-hats are tighten and bound together with the frame. licuala sp. is a plaited plant with a low ics value, being less important in the plaited crafts production by the dayak iban-désa. the low ics value is a consequence of the limited population of licuala sp. and its harvesting location is far away from the village. there are only one young clump of the licuala sp. left in their habitat. the distance between the habitat and the village is approximately ± 2.5 km, located inside of indigenous forest (compared to other plaited plants habitat in range 1 – 1.5 km). therefore, the people rarely harvested the licuala sp., and they usually substituted the material for making sun-hats with the leaves of pandanus that was grown around their village. senggang (wild ginger) information about the plaited raw material from zingiberaceae are still limited. the species of this family are commonly used as spices and medicine (setyawan, 2001; tanto & setyawati, 2009), with some species that have beautiful flowers are planted as ornamental plants and cut flowers (handayani & ariyanti, 2015). etlingera coccinea is used as plaited material (christensen, 2013). the senggang (hornstedtia reticulata; fig. 3) used by the dayak iban-désa are also known and used as the plaited material by other related groups of dayak iban (christensen, 2013; bléhaut, 2013; ball, 2013). the leaf sheath of hornstedtia reticulata is peeled layer by layer for preparing plaited material. the peeled sheaths then are rolled and dried under the sun for at least three days or up to a week, depending on the weather. the colour of dry leaf sheaths of the senggang are yellowish brown and its surface is shiny. the dayak ibandésa use senggang to make various products. the main farming tools made of senggang is kelayak, a mats for drying rice grains under the sun. senggang are also specially used as the inner fig. 3. the habit (a) and flower (b) of senggang (hornstedtia reticulata) grow in open area in a farmer field. 2016] 77 dewi et al. : diversity of plants used for plaited craft by the dayak iban-desa in kabupaten sintang layer of the patterned crafts made of bamboos. the aims of making double layers of the patterned crafts is to make the crafts stronger and more durable (christensen, 2013). the patterned crafts are usually used in ritual ceremony. therefore, those crafts need to be made neat, beautiful and durable. the dayak iban-désa also use the senggang as subtitute materials of burden baskets such as empajang which is commonly made of rattans. high usability of the senggang result in this plant being important (high ics value) in the plaited crafts production of the dayak iban-désa. senggang is cultivated by the dayak iban-désa around their own yard and field. assessment of plaited plants to determine the conservation strategy plaited craft production by the dayak ibandésa still depends on natural raw material. although the plaited craft products are rarely sold in the market, being only used for daily usage, the availability of plaited plants in their natural habitats are not always sufficient to supply the required amount of raw material. continuous harvesting of plants without concern for their long-term availability may cause the population of plaited plants to decrease. therefore, we need to observe the relation between utilization and availability of the plant material, in order to determine appropriate conservation strategy. there are four conservation strategies for plaited plants that are here suggested based on ics and ivi values (modified from sofiah, 2013) plants used for plaiting with:  high ics and ivi: protecting and maintaining the habitat;  high ics and low ivi: cultivating the plaited plants;  low ics and high ivi: exploring and increasing other potential value of the plants;  low ics and ivi: cultivate, explore and developing other potential of the plants. the important plants used in plaited craft production are frequently harvested throughout the year by the dayak iban-désa (table 3). therefore, high availability of plants in the habitat is required to satisfy the demand. there are nine species of rattans, two species of bamboos, one species of pandans, and the senggang that are claimed as important plants in plaited craft production by the dayak iban-désa. however, only six taxa of rattans (plectocomiopsis wrayi, calamus blumei, c. javensis var. peninsularis, c. javensis var. peninsularis subvar. polyphyllus, c. speciosissimus, ceratolobus concolor), one species of pandan (pandanus sp. 1), and senggang (hornstedtia reticulata) that are highly abundant in their habitat. the appropriate conservation strategy for those species is to protect and maintain the natural habitat of these plants. three species of rattans (k. echinometra, k. flagellaris, calamus sp.) and two species of bamboos (d. asper and s. brachycladum with green culms) also used as important plaited crafts (high ics value) and harvested throughout the year (table 3), are suggested to be cultivated. minor availability of individuals or clumps of these three species (table 4 and table 6) are needed to be increased by cultivating plants due to their importance for the plaited craft production. although the period of rattans and bamboos cultivation require a long period (± 15 years and 4 years respectively) (sutarno et al., 1994; sukawi, 2009), long-term cultivation ensure the regeneration of plants. the plaited plants with high abundance but are not as usable in plaited craft production need to be considered. the existence of less usable plants tend to become unknown and forgotten. therefore, the usefulness of those plants need to be explored for other potential value, such as for food resources and medicine, to increase usability of these plants. the plaited plants with high abundance (high ivi value), but less usable (low ics value) are three species of rattans (c. rugosus, c. zonatus, d. oligophyllus), one species of bamboo (g. hasskarliana), and one species of pandans (pandanus sp. 3). low availability and utilization of plaited plants are found in c. axillaris (the rattan), licuala sp. (the palm), pandanus sp. 2 (the pandan), s. lima and s. brachycladum with yellow culms (the bamboos). the appropriate conservation strategy for these plants is to cultivate, explore and to increase other potential values of the plants. the plaited plants in those categories are easily threatened with extinction. there are plaited plants that have become locally extinct because people did not control the plant harvesting in the last few years, such as purun, mendong and kulan. these plants are used to make mats. the population of several species of rattan such as wi matahari, wi sega and wi jerenang have also decreased. therefore, conservation strategies must be quickly applied to prevent extinction on these and other highly exploited species. the future of plaiting culture in the dayak iban -désa due to modernization and technological invention, the skills in traditional plaiting techniques of the dayak iban-désa inherited from the ancestors are threatened with extinction. the dayak iban-désa community is currently facing a problem on preserving the culture of producing plaited crafts. they gradually leave the traditional farming systems which use a variety tools of plaited crafts. most plaited household products 2016] dewi et al. : diversity of plants used for plaited craft by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang 77 reinwardtia 78 [vol.15 made of plant materials have been replaced by plastic or other synthetic products. young generation does not want to learn plaiting and are not interested in preserving the culture of making the crafts. at the time of this research, we only found crafts technician over 40 years old who still actively produce the crafts. efforts should be made to preserve the culture of plaiting. the dayak iban-désa communities should collaborate with the government and non government organizations (ngos) to organize workshops and exhibition programs for reintroducing the culture of plaiting to the younger generations. identification of plants used for the plaited material may help the people to cultivate and preserve the plants in order to maintain the availability of the craft materials instead of gathering the material from natural habitats. we need to innovate by creating and introducing a variety of plaited products for more varied usability and adjusted to current requirements. in addition, a trade management in the marketing of the craft productions should be applied. community agency such as dekranasda sintang and koperasi kobus in the sintang district has contributed on marketing the plaited crafts and other craft products. the plaited crafts could be exposed in an art galery that will be visited by domestic and international tourists. a great effort and support are needed to preserve the plaited crafts through next generation. conclusions the diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa consisted of twenty-one species, one variety and one sub-variety. the plants are classified in four families (arecaceae, poaceae, pandanaceae, and zingiberaceae). the arecaceae has more species used for the plaited material than the other families. the plaited materials were made from stem or culm (rattan and bamboo), leaf blade (pandan and palm) and leaf sheath (senggang) of those plants. the dayak iban-désa produce about twenty-six types of plaited crafts used for tools or equipment in farming, animal husbandry, fishing, household furnishings, ritual ceremony and children toys. the ics values showed that eleven species, one variety and one sub-variety of plant have high ics values, but the plants with high abundance were only six species, one variety and one sub variety, including plectocomia wrayi, calamus blumei, calamus javensis var. peninsularis, calamus javensis var. peninsularis subvar. polyphyllus, calamus speciosissimus, calamus concolor, pandanus sp. 1 and hornstedtia reticulata. the ics and ivi value can be used to determine the proper conservation strategy in order to keep the continuity of plaited craft production. acknowledgements we would like to thank the people of ensaid panjang village for the permission, cooperation and assistance during the field works, especially for mr. cepi, mr. manja and mr. ishak. big appreciation is also delivered to mr. rodias darwis as a partner of ms. asih. we are also thankful to the herbarium bogoriense (bo), research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center for the facilities provided during this study. references alloy, s. albertus. chatarina, p. i. 2008. keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa dayak di kalimantan barat. institut dayakologi, pontianak. ball, m. d. 2013. the sieve and the winnowing tray: a typology of winnowing trays and related plaitwork. in: sellato, b. plaited arts from the borneo rainforest. yayasan lontar, jakarta. pp. 436 ‒444. bléhaut, j. 2013. iban baskets: their production and function. in: sellato, b. plaited arts from the borneo rainforest. yayasan lontar, jakarta. pp. 104 ‒119. 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(https://bamboeindonesia.word press.com). accessed 25 august 2014. 2016] dewi et al. : diversity of plants used for plaited craft by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang 79 instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id> or in our website: http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/ index. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. 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(+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 223 − 231 223 leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanaceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia received february 6, 2014: accepted october 20, 2014 eka fatmawati tihurua herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: ekaf001@lipi.go.id ina erlinawati herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: inaerlinawati@gmail.com; ina_erlinawati@yahoo.com abstract tihurua, e. f. & erlinawati, i. 2014. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanaceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia. reinwardtia 14 (1): 223 – 231. ― cross sections of leaves of pandanus spp. showed that their leaf anatomy is similar, whilst paradermal sections indicated that crystal numbers differ. variation was found in the anticlinal epidermal cell walls, stomata, hypodermis, sclerenchyma, mesophyll and crystals, as discussed in this paper. key words: bukit raya-bukit baka national park, leaf anatomy, pandanus spp., sebangau. abstrak tihurua, e. f. & erlinawati, i. 2014. anatomi daun pandanus spp. (pandanaceae) dari sebangau dan taman nasional bukit baka-bukit raya, kalimantan, indonesia. reinwardtia 14(1): 223 – 231. ― irisan melintang daun pandanus spp. menunjukkan bahwa anatomi daunnya sama, akan tetapi irisan paradermal mengindikasikan bahwa jumlah kristalnya berbeda. variasi yang ditemukan di dinding sel epidermal antiklinal, stomata, hypodermis, sklerenkim, mesofil dan kristal dibahas dalam makalah ini. kata kunci: taman nasional bukit raya-bukit baka, anatomi daun, pandanus spp., sebangau. introduction pandanus is one of the member of pandanaceae family which has the broadest geographical distribution, occurring throughout the old world tropics, from east africa westward to polynesia, widely distributed to east asia and pacific (stone, 1965) with tree and shrub habit (nadaf & zanan, 2012), contains more than 600 species (kam, 1971). pandan of kalimantan is still little known. the exploration conducted in sebangau national park (palangkaraya, central kalimantan) and bukit raya-bukit baka national park (west kalimantan) in 2006 found several pandanus spp. including specimens belonging to the pandanus motleyanus complex species, which species is synonymised with p. yvanii solms according to keim et al. (2011). also four new species of pandanus were collected. recognizing and identifying species is difficult, therefore additional characters, e.g. leaf anatomy, are needed to support the morphological approach. little work has been done on the leaf anatomy of pandanaceae. kam (1971) has investigated the leaf anatomy of pandanus species in malaya, while pasaribu (2010) conducted leaf anatomy of freycinetia species from sumatra, rahayu et al. (2012) observed pandanus species from java and nadaf & zanan (2012) investigated leaf micromorphology of indian pandanaceae. the aim of this study is to get more information about the anatomical leaf structure (including leaf micromorphology and transversal section) of some pandanus, which was collected from two locations in kalimantan to support morphological data of pandanus spp. material and methods we used 18 collections (table 1) of pandanus from sebangau national park, palangkaraya, central kalimantan and bukit raya-bukit baka national park, west kalimantan. the paraffin method with modification (sass, 1951) and para reinwardtia 224 [vol.14 dermal cuttings (cutler, 1978) were used for this study. results and discussion pandanus spp. have straight, wavy and curved anticlinal walls. the epidermis cells vary in shape between square, polygonal and sometimes irregular (fig. 1). anatomically there are two types of leaf known from the collections (table 1). the anatomy of the first type shows a dorsiventral parenchyma with the mesophyll differentiated into palisade and sponge tissue. the second type shows a homogenous leaf anatomy, lacking a differentiation into palisade and sponge tissue. dorsiventral leaves are the common type shown by all pandanus species except the p. johoriensis complex and p. yvanii, which have both leaf types. adaxial epidermis anticlinal cell walls are straight in p. helicopus, p. johoriensis and pandanus sp., while straight to wavy could be find in p. aristatus, p. pachyphyllus, pandanus cf ridley, p. vinaceus and p. yvanii. abaxial epidermis anticlinal cell walls of p. aristatus, p. johoriensis, pandanus sp. are straight; straight to wavy of abaxial epidermis anticlinal cell walls in pandanus helicopus, p. cf ridley, p. vinaceus, p. yvanii and slightly wavy in p. pachyphyllus. shape of epidermis cell in both surfaces are square to polygonal found in all examined pandanus species, but straight to slightly irregular in adaxial epidermis of p. yvanii and abaxial epidermis cell of p. helicopus and p. yvanii. special focus on stomata the stomata of pandanaceae are tetracytic and found on the adaxial and abaxial surface, but less numerous adaxially. the stomata are level to the epidermal cells in the transverse section. the stomata may be accompanied by papillae. the papillae appear on the subsidiary or sometimes on no species collection numbers herbarium 1 p. aristatus martelli ary p. keim 778 bo 2 p. helicopus kurz. ex miq. ina erlinawati 140; ina erlinawati 157 bo 3 p. johoriensis martelli elizabeth a. widjaja 8051; elizabeth a. widjaja 8054 a; elizabeth a. wijaya 8054 c bo 4 p. pachyphyllus merr. ary p. keim 767 bo 5 pandanus cf ridley martelli wita wardani 431 bo 6 pandanus sp. muhammad amir 359 bo 7 p. vinaceus b.c.stone muhammad amir 313 bo 8 p. yvanii solms ina erlinawati 58; ina erlinawati 102; ina erlinawati 136; darnsfield 4311; kostermans 12823; wita wardani 439 bo table 1. specimens examined of pandanus. fig. 1. lower surface of pandanus leaf. scale bar 20 µm. 2014] 225 tihurua & erlinawati: leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. from kalimantan the adjacent epidermal cells. the papillae on the terminal subsidiary cells are simple, forked or sometimes dendritic. whereas papillae on the lateral subsidiary cells are globose in 3-7 alignments. (fig. 2b & 2c). based on the presence of papillae four classes of stomatal types (tomlinson, 1965) can be discerned. the first type consists of unspecialized stomata lacking papillae (fig. 2a). the second type shows stomata with papillae on the terminal and lateral of subsidiary cells as shown by p. aristatus, p. vinaceus and p. yvanii (fig. 2b). the third type has papillae on the subsidiary cells of the stomata and on the neighboring epidermal cells (fig. 2c); they are found in p. helicopus, p. johoriensis, pandanus cf. ridley and p. yvanii. the fourth type is defined by dendritic papillae present on the whole surface of the leaf. this type is found in p. pachypilus (fig. 2d). tomlinson (1965) mentioned that there are five types of stomata followed by rahayu et al. (2012) in their study about pandanus in java. in this study, we could not find the type of stomata which papillose are arranged in the lateral subsidiary cells. hypodermis all examined pandanus species has hypodermis tissue in the adaxial and abaxial side (fig. 3), except for p. aristatus that has this tissue only on adaxial part. the hypodermis tissue occur in 2 rows sometimes more. mesophyll the palisade also occur in the adaxial and abaxial part (fig. 3) but not in p. pachyphyllus and pandanus cf ridley that only occur in adaxial part. cuboid (fig. 3) and raphide crystal (fig. 4) are distributed in the mesophyll of all pandanus species leaf. specific descriptions of pandanus species in kalimantan p. aristatus martelli leaf dorsiventral. adaxial and abaxial epidermis anticlinal cell walls straight and curved, sometimes wavy in the adaxial surface. epidermis cell shape square, polygonal (fig. 5a). stomata in both surface with papillae on subsidiary cell at the abaxial side (fig. 7a). two layers hypodermis in the adaxial part of leaf. mesophyll differentiated into 2-3 palisade layers in the adaxial and 1 layer in the abaxial part of leaf. pseudolacuna between two vascular bundles (fig. 10a). a b c d fig. 2. variation of stoma in pandanus spp. there are 1 st type unspecified stomata (a), 2 nd type (b), 3 rd type (c) and 4 th type of stomata (d). stomata (thin arrow), papillae (thick arrow). scale bar 20 µm. reinwardtia 226 [vol.14 pandanus helicopus kurz. ex miq. leaf dorsiventral. adaxial epidermis cell with straight and slightly curved wall; while abaxial epidermis cell wall straight, slightly wavy and curved. adaxial and abaxial epidermis cell shape square, polygonal, with elongated cells in the adaxial and slightly irregular in the abaxial (fig. 5b). stomata in the adaxial epidermis sometimes present with papillae in the polar subsidiary cell, while papillae of abaxial epidermis cell occur at the subsidiary and/or epidermal cells (fig. 7b). hypodermis two layers in the adaxial and abaxial part of the leaf; long and thin, square. palisade 1-3 layers in the adaxial and a layer in the abaxial part of the leaf (fig. 9a). stellate parenchyma laid between 2 vascular bundles. fig. 3. cross section of pandanus leaf. leaf with branched parenchyma (stellate) exist between 2 vascular bundles (above), when get mature leaf, it will form pseudolacuna (below). bp: branched parenchyma; e: epidermis; h: hypodermis layer; p: palisade tissue; pl: pseudolacuna; s: sponge tissue; vb: vascular bundle; crystal in mesophyll (thin arrow); schlerenchyma (thick arrow). scale bar 50 µm. i r fig. 4. cross section of pandanus leaf. idioblast cell (i) with raphides (r) present in the mesophyll. scale bar 20 µm. pandanus johorensis martelli complex leaf homogen or dorsiventral. adaxial and abaxial epidermis cell has straight wall, slightly curved in the abaxial side (fig. 5c). adaxial and abaxial epidermis cell shape are square and polygonal shape. adaxial epidermis is showed short and long cell conspicuously. stomata in the both leaf surface with papillae in the epidermal and subsidiary cells of abaxial surface (fig. 7c). hypodermis two layers in the adaxial and abaxial part, sometimes up to 3 layers in adaxial. dorsiventral leaf has 2-5 layers adaxial palisade and 1-3 layers abaxial palisade. stellate parenchyma occurs in the middle of the leaf of this species. p vb h pl e 2014] 227 tihurua & erlinawati: leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. from kalimantan pandanus pachyphyllus merr. leaf dorsiventral. adaxial epidermal cell wall straight, curved and slightly wavy. abaxial epidermal cell slightly wavy wall. dendritic papillae covered epidermis cells and stomata (fig. 7d, see appendix). 2-3 layers hypodermis presents in the adaxial and abaxial part of leaf. mesophyll was differentiated into 2 layers of palisade in the adaxial part of leaf and sponge below. pseudolacuna presents between 2 vascular bundles. pandanus cf. ridley martelli leaf dorsiventral. adaxial and abaxial epidermis cell wall is straight and slightly wavy, also wavy anticlinal cell wall in the abaxial surface. epidermis cell shape is square, polygonal in the the both surface. there are short and long cells in the adaxial surface (fig. 6a). stomata in the both surface and papillae present in epidermal and subsidiary cells of abaxial surface (fig. 8a). hypodermis 2-3 layers in the adaxial and 2 layers in the abaxial part of leaf (fig. 9b). mesophyll is arranged by palisade tissue adaxial part of the leaf 1-3 layers and sponge below with branched parenchyma. pandanus sp. leaf dorsiventral. adaxial and abaxial epidermis with straight anticlinal cell wall and square shape. unspecialized stomata in both leaf surface (fig. 6b & 8b). hypodermis two layers on both part of leaf. 1-2 layers of palisade took place in adaxial and a layer in the abaxial leaf part, sponge exist between both parts. branched sponge between 2 vascular bundles (fig. 9). pandanus vinaceus b. c. stone leaf dorsiventral. adaxial and abaxial epidermis has straight, slightly curved, slightly wavy wall; square and curved polygonal in shape or sometimes slightly wavy in the abaxial epidermis. stomata spread in both surface, but papillae occur only at subsidiary cells of the abaxial surface (fig. 8c). two layers of hypodermis in both part of leaf. palisade tissue 1-2 layers in the adaxial part (fig. 10c) and single layer in the abaxial part with sponge took place between them. pandanus yvanii solms leaf homogen or dorsiventral. anticlinal cell wall of adaxial and abaxial epidermis is straight, very slightly wavy-wavy, slightly curved. epidermis cell shape in the both surfaces is square, polygonal, curved or slightly irregular; sometimes short and long cells present obviously in the adaxial surface. stomata distributed in both leaf surfaces, but papillae only present in the subsidiary and epidermis cell of abaxial epidermis (fig. 8d). hypodermis 2-3 layers in both part of leaf; flat shape. palisade 1-4 layers in the adaxial and 1-2 layers in the abaxial part. branched sponge (stellate) laid in the middle part of leaf between vascular bundles. references cutler, d. f. 1978. applied plant anatomy. longman. london and new york. kam, y. k. 1971. comparative systematic foliar anatomy of malayan pandanus. botanical journal of linnean society (64): 315‒351. keim, a. p., rugayah & rustiami, h. 2011. the pandanaceae of the bukit baka bukit raya national park and adjacent areas, west and central kalimantan, indonesia, with notes on their nomenclature and the rediscovery of pandanus aristatus and several new records. gardens’ bulletin singapore 63(1 & 2): 31–62. nadaf, a. & zanan, r. 2012. indian pandanaceaean overview. springer. india. pasaribu, n. 2010. frecynetia (pandanaceae) of sumatra. postgraduate school bogor agricultural university. (dissertation). rahayu, s. e., kartawinata, k., chikmawati, t. & hartana, a. 2012. leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java. reinwardtia 13 (3): 305‒313. sass, j. e. 1951. botanical microtechnique. 2 nd edition. the iowa state college press. iowa. usa. stone, b.c. 1965. pandanus stickm, in the malayan peninsula, singapore and abaxial thailand. part 1. malayan nature journal 19: 205. tomlinson, p.b. 1965. a study of stomatal structure in pandanaceae. pacific science 19 (1): 38‒54. reinwardtia 228 [vol.14 a e c e c e d e fig. 5. adaxial surface of p. aristatus martelli (a), p. helicopus kurz. ex miq. (b), pandanus johoriensis martelli (c), p. pachyphyllus (d). e: epidermal cell, stomata (arrow head) present in both surface of leaf and papillae (arrow) seen only in abaxial surface. scale bar 20 µm. a e b e c e d e fig. 6. adaxial surface of pandanus cf riedly (a), pandanus sp (b), p. vinaceus b.c. stone (c), p. yvanii solms. (d) leaves. e: epidermal cell, stomata (arrow head) present in both surface of leaf and papillae (arrow) seen only in abaxial surface. scale bar 20 µm. 2014] 229 tihurua & erlinawati: leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. from kalimantan a e b e c e d fig. 7. abaxial surface of p. aristatus martelli (a), p. helicopus kurz. ex miq. (b), p. johoriensis martelli (c), p. pachyphyllus (d) leaves. e: epidermal cell, stomata (arrow head) present in both surface of leaf and papillae (arrow) in simple, forked or dendritic type seen only in abaxial surface. scale bar 20 µm. a e b e c e d e fig. 8. abaxial surface of pandanus cf ridley merr. (a) pandanus sp. (b), p. vinaceus b. c. stone (c), p. yvanii solms. (d) leaves. e: epidermal cell, stomata (arrow head) present in both surface of leaf and papillae (arrow) seen only in abaxial surface. scale bar 20 µm. reinwardtia 230 [vol.14 a p s vb h b h p s vb h c vb s h p d s vb h h fig. 9. cross section of p. helicopus kurz. ex miq. (a), pandanus cf ridley martelli (b), pandanus sp. (c), p. johoriensis martelli (d) leaves. a single layer of epidermis in the adaxial and abaxial surface (thin arrow); h: hypodermis in the adaxial and abaxial part; p: palisade; pl: pseudolacuna; s: isodiametric or stellate sponge underneath the palisade lay between 2 vascular bundles; vb: vascular bundle, cuboid crystal is showed by arrow head and sclerenchyma (thick arrow). scale bar 50 µm. 2014] 231 tihurua & erlinawati: leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. from kalimantan a pl vb p h b pl vb p h c pl vb h p s d pl h vb fig. 10. cross section of p. aristatus martelli (a), p. pachyphylus merr. (b), p. vinaceus b.c. stone (c), p. yvanii solms. (d) leaves. adaxial and abaxial epidermis showed by arrow; h: hypodermis; p: palisade; pl: pseudolacuna in the mature leaf; vb: vascular bundle. scale bar 100 µm except p. vinaceus b. c. stone 50 µm. reinwardtia 232 [vol.14 instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 419-605-2-pb belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 reinwardtia vol. 21. no. 2. pp: 49‒53 doi: 10.55981/reinwardtia.v21i2.4249 49 update on alocasia cuprea k.koch distribution in north kalimantan received november 5, 2021; accepted august 29, 2022 ni putu sri asih research center for plant conservation, botanical garden and forestry, national research and innovation agency (brin), bali botanic gardens, candikuning, baturiti, tabanan, bali 82191, indonesia. email: nieeputse@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-9235. dewi lestari research center for plant conservation, botanical garden and forestry, national research and innovation agency (brin), purwodadi botanic gardens, jln. raya surabaya-malang km. 65, pasuruan 67163, indonesia. e-mail: itisme.dewi@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6321-1206. abstract asih, n. p. s. & lestari, d. 2022. update on a locasia cuprea k.koch distribution in north kalimantan. reinwardtia 21(2): 49‒53. — hitherto malaysian bornean a locasia cuprea k.koch is a newly recorded species for north kalimantan, taking a locasia in kalimantan to 10 species. an identification key and photos of a . cuprea are presented. key words: ar aceae, bor neo, distr ibution, diver sity, kr ayan. abstrak asih, n. p. s. & lestari, d. 2022. kebaruan sebaran a locasia cuprea k.koch di kalimantan utara. reinwardtia 21(2): 49‒53. — alocasia cuprea k.koch sebelumnya ditemukan di sabah dan serawak, malaysia, namun sekarang ditemukan di krayan, kalimantan utara, indonesia. temuan ini menegaskan bahwa a locasia di kalimantan sekarang terdiri atas 10 jenis. kunci identifikasi jenis dan foto tersaji dalam tulisan ini. kata kunci: ar aceae, bor neo, distr ibusi, ker agaman, kr ayan. introduction the last revision of a locasia in west malesia and sulawesi was conducted by hay (1998), yielding 31 a locasia species. since then, several new species have been described, six of which are from borneo (boyce, 2007; hay, 2000; kurniawan & boyce, 2011; wong & boyce, 2016; wong & boyce, 2020) and two species are from sulawesi (yuzammi & hay, 1998; 2002). these new species bring the total of a locasia in west malesia and sulawesi to 39 species, with 26 species officially recognized as originating from borneo. borneo, a center of a locasia diversity (wong & boyce, 2016), is estimated to have 50 a locasia species, the majority of which are endemic (kurniawan & boyce, 2011). kalimantan is a large area in borneo that is less well known (kurniawan & boyce, 2011). according to hay (1998) and kurniawan & boyce (2011), it has acknowledged that there are only ten known a locasia species in kalimantan. however, the a locasia reginae specimen with collection number burley et al. 527 deposited in harvard university’s gray herbarium, is misidentified. a locasia reginae is restricted in mulu national park’s karst area (p.c. boyce 2021, pers. comm., 13 november 2021). as a result, there are only nine species of a locasia in kalimantan. this number is only 35% of the total number of a locasia in borneo. this resulted to a great opportunity for fieldwork and a more intensive study of a locasia in kalimantan. during fieldwork in 2016 in kayan mentarang national park (kmnp), krayan, north kalimantan, many species of araceae, including a locasia, were collected. some species have not been formally described. a locasia cuprea k.koch was known to be distributed in sabah (hay, 1998) and serawak (boyce, 2004), was also found in kmnp (fig. 1). this first report on the distribution of a . cuprea in kalimantan brings the number of alocasia in kalimantan to 10 species. materials and methods plant material was obtained from fieldwork in kmnp in may 2016. the material was cultivated in eka karya bali botanic garden (ekbbg), candikuning, baturiti, tabanan, bali. the morphological characters were described based on this living collection. the habitat was recorded during the fieldwork in pa’ pulid forest, near to pa’ api http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v19i1.3850 https://dx.doi.org/10.55981/reinwardtia.v21i2.4249 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-9235 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6321-1206 reinwardtia 50 [vol.21 village, krayan, nunukan, north kalimantan. the identification key to a locasia species was made based on hay (1998). results taxonomic treatment alocasia cuprea k.koch alocasia cuprea (c.koch & bouché) c.koch, wochenschr. vereines befoerd. gartenbanes koenigl. preuss. staaten 4 (1861) 141; engl. in a. & c. dc., monogr. phan. 2 (1879) 509; ridl., j. straits br. roy. asiat. soc. 44 (1905) 179; engl. & k. krause, pflanzenr. 71 (iv.23e) (1920) 110; merr., bibliogr. enum. bornean pl. (1921) 104; merr., pl. elmer. born. (1929) 26; burnett, aroideana 7 (1984) 76, figs 2 & 3. -caladium cupreum c. koch & bouché, ind. sem. hort. berol., appendix (1854) 6. type: not located, presumed destroyed at b. neotype: cult. rbg kew ex borneo, n.e. brown s.n., may 11th 1876 (k; lecto; selected by hay, 1998). [gonatanthus cupreus c.koch, wochenschr. vereines befoerd. gartenbanes koenigl. preuss. staaten 4 (1861) 141 nom. in synon.]. [? caladium metallicum ed. otto, hamburger garten-blumenzeitung (1853) 517, nom. subnud.; koch, berlinen. allg. gartenzeitung. 1 (1857) 135]. [colocasia cuprea engl., araceae exsiccatae et illustratae no. 253 [date not ascertained, see hay et al. (1995: 174)] . -? sphalm. pro a locasia cuprea]. [alocasia metallica schott, oesterr. bot. wochenbl. 4 (1854) 410, nom. nud.; schott, syn. aroid. (1856) 46 (nom. superfl. pro caladium cupreum); hook., bot. mag. 86 (1860) t. 5190; lemaire, ill. hort. 8 (1861) pl. 283; van routte, fl. des serres & jardins 21 (1875) t. 2208-9]. herb to ca. 49.5 cm tall; rhizome erect; leaves 3–4 together; petiole to ca. 46 cm long, each subtended by cataphyll, green-green yellowish at the tip than gradually green and ivory reddish at the base, adaxially faintly mottled greenish, abaxially not mottled and paler color, sheathing in the lower ¼–⅓, green reddish at the margin; blades leathery, peltate, ovate, bullate between the main veins, adaxially glossy silver-green, green darker near the primary veins and midrib, abaxially deep purple, with a hyaline colorless margin ca. 1.5 mm wide; anterior lobe with the tip cuspidate and mucronate 4 mm; anterior costa with 4–5 primary lateral veins on each side, proximal ones diverging at ca. 125° then arching forward and outward to join a submarginal vein, distal primary veins diverging at ca. 55°; all primary veins with very conspicuous axillary glands abaxially; secondary veins forming well-defined undulating inter-primary collective veins; posterior lobes completely united except for fig. 1. distribution of a . cuprea in sabah (boyce et al., 2002; sulaiman & shunmugam, 2010; wong & joling, 2021), sarawak (p.c. boyce 2021, pers. comm., 13 november), and krayan (north kalimantan) (google earth and modified by ni putu sri asih (unpublished data)). : sarawak : sabah : kalimantan asih & lestari: a locasia cuprea distribution in north kalimantan 2022] 51 fig. 2. habitat of a . cuprea. a. a . cuprea in kmnp. b. a . cuprea cultivated in bali botanic gardens. photos by a. dewi lestari, b. ni putu sri asih. fig. 3. habitus of a . cuprea. a. the adaxial leaf. b. flower which almost all male flower within lower spathe. c. flower with artificial opened. d. the abaxial leaf. photos by ni putu sri asih. a b a b c d reinwardtia 52 [vol.21 a shallow retuse notch, rounded; posterior costae diverging at ca. 30°; inflorescences 2 paired, subtended by green brown reddish cataphylls; peduncle to ca. 20 cm long, pale green reddish at the base and green light reddish-green at the tip, not mottled; spathe green to greenish maroon, ca. 11.6 cm long; lower spathe oblong ovoid, ca. 5.5 cm long ca. 2.4 cm diam; limb about equal to the lo wer spathe, at first erect and cucullate, then sharply deflexed, separated from the lower spathe by an abrupt constriction at the top of male flowers; spadix considerably shorter than the spathe ca. 8 cm long, very shortly stipitate, 1.5–5 mm, the color is pale red, cylindric except appendix; female zone narrowly cylindric, ca. 2 cm long, ca. 1.2 cm wide; ovaries subglobose, longitudinally 3–4ribbed; stigma raised on a slender style ca. 1 mm, conspicuously 2–(–4) lobed, yellow at female flower anthesis; sterile interstice not attenuate, isodiametric or slightly narrower than male, ca. 2 whorls of rhomboid synandrodia; male zone cylindric, ⅔ or all within the lower spathe, 2.7 cm long; synandria rhomboid, with the synconnective raised above but not overlapping the thecae; thecae opening by apical pores; appendix white, gradually tapering to the tip, blunt, faintly irregularly channeled, ca. 2.6 cm long; fruit unknown. distribution. bor neo: sabah, sar awak and north kalimantan habitat. ter r estr ial, r iver bank to cliff of montane forest, sandy soil texture to leaf littercovered brown humus soil, and open to moderate shade at 1,005 m asl. the soil where this species found in kalimantan has 6.7 ph, and soil moisture 50%. identification key to a locasia species in kalimantan 1a. leaf blades not peltate in adult plants …..……...……………………………......……………….…...... 2 1b. leaf blades shallowly to completely peltate in adult plants ...…...…………….………........................... 7 2a. leaf abaxially with prominent venation, interprimary vein well defined and leaf blade abaxially pubescent ….……….…………………………………….………………………………….... a. sarawakensis 2b. leaf abaxially with no prominent venation, interprimary vein not well defined and leaf blade abaxially glabrous ……………………………...……………………………………….................................…… 3 3a. leaf abaxially glaucous ........................................................................................................… a. robusta 3b. leaf abaxially not glaucous ………………………………………………….……………..................... 4 4a. male zone wholly exerted from the lower spathe chamber …………………………..... a. macrorrhizos 4b. male zone half or completely within the lower spathe chamber .………….…….....…………………... 5 5a. petiole about equaling length of leaf blade, blade very thickly leathery to almost succulent, ovatosagittate to broadly ovato-sagittate .………………..…………………..............…..... a. scabriuscula s.l. 5b. petiole much exceeding the leaf of leaf blade, blade thinly leathery to leathery but not succulent, narrowly triangular …………....……...………………………………………………………...…...……... 6 6a. leaf blades dark green and leathery, peduncle relatively short, male zone about half enclosed within the lower spathe chamber …………………..……………………………….………...……….… a. princeps 6b. leaf blades grey-green and thinly leathery, peduncle relatively long, and male zone fully enclosed with in the lower spathe chamber …………………....…………………...……………..….… a. principiculus 7a. leaf slightly peltate to deeply peltate, membranous or occasionally thinly leathery, plants often unifoli ar, stigma stellate ……..………....………...………………………………………………... a. longiloba 7b. leaf strongly to almost completely peltate, thickly coriaceus, leaves several, the main venation and lamina border not white to pale grey-green adaxially, stigma rounded ….….…...…..……………..….. 8 8a. leaf bullate among the main veins, inflorescence paired ………..……………….…………………….. 9 8b. leaf not bullate among the main vein, inflorescence solitary ………………….…….…..…… a. peltata 9a. leaf stiffly and thickly coriaceous, raised areas pale grey against a darker blade, abaxially pale green with the primary and margin veins purplish-brownish red, male zone ⅓–½ enclosed within lower spathe chamber ……….……………..…..……………....………………………….……….. a. baginda 9b. leaf leathery, the bullate glossy bronze-green, abaxially the leaf and venation deep purple, male zone ⅔ within lower spathe chamber ………………………..………………………………………… a. cuprea taxonomy asih & lestari: a locasia cuprea distribution in north kalimantan 2022] 53 notes. in kalimantan, a . cuprea is cur r ently found in pa’ pulid forest, mountainous forest, that located in pa’ api village, krayan distric. it is found in two small populations of three to seven individuals. this species found in kalimantan differ from the former species in blade colour and number of primary veins. the blade colour of kalimantan species is glossy silver-green adaxially with 4–5 primary vein, while the colour blade of the former species is glossy bronze-green adaxially with 8–11 primary vein. these variations, how ever, are common in a locasia species. the habitat of this species in sarawak and sabah is kerangas or heath forest (p. c. boyce, 2021, pers. comm., 13 november). kerangas forest has strongly acidic soil (katagiri et al., 1991; suratman et al., 2011). this condition differs with the soil in pa’ pulid forest, where the soil tends to neutral ph. these different habitat findings indicate that this species is quite tolerant. hay (1998) said this species appear to be unaffected by substrate, occurring on ultramafic, limestone and sandstone areas. specimen examined. indonesia, nor th kalimantan, nunukan, tn kayan mentarang, sptn i long bawan, krayan, pa’ pulid, 20 may 2016, dewi lestari 122/hk 1668 (bali botanic gardens accession e2016060025, thbb! bo!) acknowledgements we would like to thank kayan mentarang national park (kmnp) for granting us permission to conduct research and collect plants, as well as eka karya bali botanical garden (ekbbg) for funding the fieldwork. we are grateful to the ekbbg exploration team for collecting this plant, and nursery and conservation staff for maintaining plants in cultivation. thanks to i gusti made sudirga for preparing the herbarium specimen. we are also grateful for p. c. boyce's excellent mentoring during the manuscript preparation. author contributors npsa and dl are the principal author of this manuscript. both authors analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. references boyce, p. c. 2004. the aroids of borneo. gardenwise 23: 11–13. boyce, p. c. 2007. studies on the a locasia schott (araceae-colocasieae) of borneo i: two new species from sarawak, malaysian borneo. gardens’ bulletin singapore 58(2): 141–154. boyce, p. c., sulaiman, b. & lintong, j. 2002. araceae of the crocker range national park sabah: a preliminary survey, checklist and generic key. a sea n review of biodiversity and environmental conservation (arbec): 1–7. hay, a. 1998. the genus a locasia (araceaecolocasieae) in west malesia & sulawesi. gardens’ bulletin singapore 50(2): 221–334. hay, a. 2000. a locasia nebula. curtis’s botanical magazine 17(1): 14–18, plate 381. katagiri, s., yamakura, t. & lee, s. h. 1991. properties of soils in kerangas forest on sandstone at bako national park, sarawak, east malaysia. southeast a sian studies 29(1): 35–48. kurniawan, a. & boyce, p. c. 2011. studies on the a locasia schott (araceaecolocasieae) of borneo ii: a locasia baginda, a new species from eastern kalimantan, indonesian borneo. a cta phytotaxonomica et geobotanica 60(3): 123–126. sulaiman, b. & shunmugam, v. 2010. a preliminary survey of aroids (family araceae) in maliau basin, sabah, malaysia. journal of tropical biology and conservation 6: 35–37. suratman, m. n., hamid, n. h. a., daim, m. s., malim, i. m. s. & sabri, m. d. m. 2011. forest types and tree communities of imbak canyon, sabah, malaysia. ieee symposium on business, engineering and industrial applications (isbeia): 71–75. wong, k. m. & boyce, p. c. 2016. novitates bruneienses, 6. a locasia azlanii (araceae), a new species from brunei. a cta phytotaxonomica et geobotanica 67(3): 185–189. wong, s. y. & boyce, p. c. 2020. studies on the a locasia schott (araceae) of borneo iii : alocasia puncakborneensis, a new species belonging to the princeps complex. w ebbia journal of plant taxonomy and geography 75(1): 111–115. wong, s. y. & joling, j. 2021. checklist of aroids (alismatales, araceae) from sabah (malaysian borneo). check list 17(3): 931– 974. yuzammi & hay, a. 1998. a locasia suhirmaniana (araceae-colocasiae) a spectacular new aroid from sulawesi, indonesia. telopea 7(4): 303–306. yuzammi & hay, a. 2002. a new species of alocasia (araceae) from sulawesi. aroideana 25: 70–75. reinwardtia 54 [vol.21 0. daftar isi reinwardtia 20 (2) 29 december 2021-final instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific regular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philippine journal of science 8: 163– 179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american journal of botany 90: 321–329. proceedings : temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional. pp. 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t., inoue, t., kohyama, t., osaki, m., simbolon, h., tachibana, h., takahashi, h., tanaka, n. & yabe, k. (eds.). proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. (eds.). genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 20. no. 2. 2021 contents pudji widodo & j. f. veldkamp (†). the confusing taxonomy and nomenclature of syzygium confusum complex (myrtaceae) ........................................................…………………………………………………………………...…... 43 muhammad ikhwanuddin mat esa, farah alia nordin, rusea go & akmal raffi. vanilla yersiniana (orchidaceae), a new record for peninsular malaysia ………………..……………………………....…..... 51 wita wardani, jaenudin, ismail apandi, anne kusumawaty & wahyudi santoso. a new species of deparia from new guinea ……………………………….……………………………………………….... 57 marlina ardiyani, wisnu handoyo ardi, prima wahyu kusuma hutabarat & axel dalberg poulsen. etlingera comosa, a new species (zingiberaceae: alpinioideae) from central sulawesi …………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………......….. 63 zinnirah shabdin, hollena nori, meekiong kalu & mohammad fajaruddin mohd faiz. evaluating the ecophysiology of survival for mapania cuspidata (miq.) uittien (cyperaceae) transplantation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..… 69 reinwardtia is an accredited journal (158/e/kpt/2021) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 21. no. 1. pp: 13‒17 doi: 10.55981/reinwardtia.v21i1.4268 13 a new variety of canthiumera glabra (rubiaceae: vanguerieae) received december 1, 2021; accepted april 16, 2022 ridha mahyuni herbarium bogoriense, research center for biosystematics and evolution, national research and innovation agency/badan riset dan inovasi nasional (brin), cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: ridhamahyuni@gmail.com tatik chikmawati department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, ipb university, bogor 16680, indonesia. email: tchikmawati@yahoo.com. nunik sri ariyanti department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, ipb university, bogor 16680, indonesia. email: nuniksa@gmail.com anne kusumawaty directorate of scientific collection management, national research and innovation agency/badan riset dan inovasi nasional (brin), cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: annekusuma01@gmail.com abstract mahyuni, r., chikmawati, t., ariyanti, n. s. & kusumawaty, a. 2022. a new variety of canthiumera glabra (rubiaceae: vanguerieae). reinwardtia 21(1): 13‒17. — canthiumera glabra var. laxiflora (rubiaceae: vanguerieae), a new variety from java and sumatra is described. the new variety differs from the typical variety in having laxly branched inflorescences and is restricted to south sumatra (lampung) and southwestern java. key words: canthium glabrum, indonesia, inflorescence form, malesia. abstrak mahyuni, r., chikmawati, t., ariyanti, n. s. & kusumawaty, a. 2022. varietas baru canthiumera glabra (rubiaceae: vanguerieae). reinwardtia 21(1): 13‒17. — canthiumera glabra var. laxiflora (rubiaceae: vanguerieae), varietas baru yang berasal dari jawa dan sumatra telah dipertelakan. varietas baru ini dibedakan dari kelonggaran cabang perbungaannya dan memiliki sebaran terbatas di sumatra bagian selatan (lampung) dan jawa bagian barat daya. kata kunci: bentuk per bungaan, canthium glabru m , indonesia, malesia. introduction the tribe vanguerieae is strictly defined by morphological characters such as axillary inflorescences, valvate corolla lobes, recessed stigmatic base, and ovaries with a solitary pendulous ovule. however, one of the problematic groups within vanguerieae is the canthium alliance, in which members of the alliance were distinguished in having characters such as axillary spines, presence of brachyblast, tufts of hair in stipules, unisexual or bisexual flowers, types of inflorescenses, shapes of calyx tube, and presence of hairs on corolla tubes. bridson (1992) laid out the foundation work on vanguerieae, and subsequently lantz & bremer (2004) and arriola et al. (2016) followed in utilising molecular and morphological data to distinguish groups within the canthium alliance. later, wong et al. (2018) demonstrated that canthium s.s. differed from other named genera in vanguerieae through the presence of the axillary supernumery buds and spines. it should be noted that molecular studies by lantz & bremer (2004) and razafimandimbison et al. (2009) lacked of materials from southeast asia and this rendered limited resolutions in their phylogenies. one of the segregate genera of canthium s.l. is canthiumera k.m.wong & mahyuni, and it is typified by canthiumera glabrum (blume) k.m.wong & mahyuni (wong et al., 2018). in total, four species were recognised for canthiumera and they can be distinguished based on the presence of hairs on leaf margin and http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v19i1.3850 reinwardtia 14 [vol.21 fig. 1. holotype of canthiumera glabra var. laxiflora (m. jacobs 8297). mahyuni et al.: a new variety of canthiumera glabra (rubiaceae: vanguerieae) 2022] 15 morphological characteristics on floral parts (shape of corolla tube, length of calyx, and hairs on style) and shapes of pyrene. canthiumera glabrum is a species distributed in java, bali, and sumbawa, and it has distinct morphological characteristics from the other species, namely canthiumera robusta, c. siamensis, and c. neilgherrensis, by its 1‒1.5 mm long calyx, corolla lobes about the same length as the corolla tube, and a pubescent style. while sorting through materials of canthiumera glabrum at herbarium bogoriense, we came across specimens with distinct differences in inflorescence characteristics but otherwise matches well with other materials of canthiumera glabrum. based on this distinct morphological character, we hereby describe a new variety to accommodate these materials from lampung (south sumatra) and ujung kulon (extreme west java). a description of this new variety and a map of its distribution are provided here. materials and methods this study was conducted following a standard protocol for taxonomic studies in which morphological characteristics of vegetative and generative part were observed from preserved herbarium specimens at herbarium bogoriense (bo), forest research institute of malaysia (kep), sandakan herbarium (san), sarawak forest department (sar), and singapore botanic gardens (sing). results and discussion distribution of canthiumera glabra includes java, bali, and sumbawa. we are unable to establish if c. glabra var. glabra occurs in sumatra. in general, morphological characters between c. glabra var. glabra and c. glabra var. laxiflora largely overlaps, with the exceptions of fruit pedicels of c. glabra var. laxiflora which is fig. 2. a & b. canthiumera glabra var. laxiflora. a. sparse inflorescence type observed from m. jacobs 8297. b. sparse inforescence type observed from nengah wirawan 197. drawn by anne kusumawaty. c. dense inflorescence type of canthiumera glabra var. glabra. (koorders 26702b, koorders & valeton, atlas der baaumaten von java). reinwardtia 16 [vol.21 shorter than those of the typical variety, i.e., ca. 0.5 mm long. the two varieties of canthiumera glabra, namely canthiumera glabra var. glabra and c. glabra var. laxiflora can only be distinguished by their inflorescence type. in addition, canthiumera glabra var. laxiflora is found to be restricted to southwestern java and the lampung district of sumatra. taxonomy canthiumera glabra var. laxiflora mahyuni, var. nov. — type: indonesia, sumatra, province of lampung, nw of kota agung, 5° 23’s, 104°25’e, 350–450 m, 9 may 1968, m. jacobs 8297 (holotype bo!, isotype sing). fig. 1. this new variety has laxly branched subumbellate cymes, peduncle 3–5 mm long branches, which has 1–2 mm long. other specimens examined. indonesia, java, province of banten; ujung kulon nature reserve, mt. pajung. 31 dec 1963, nengah wirawan 167 (bo). sumatra, lampung, no specific locality, 6 jul 1965, h.f. sun 9935 (bo); mt. tanggamus, 27 april 1968, m. jacobs 8075 (bo); baturadja, dec 1928, t. hoelt s.n. (bo). etymology. the new var iety epithet r efer s to the laxly branched inflorescences. distribution. endemic to southwester n j ava and south sumatra (lampung province) (fig. 4). at present, precise distribution of this new variety is unknown, apart from the present localities in bukit barisan national park and the ujung kulon nature reserve. acknowledgements this research was supported by the ministry of research, technology and higher education of indonesia. we would like to express our sincere thanks to the keepers and curators of the bo, kep, san, sar, and sing for permission to examine specimens under their care. ridha mahyuni would like to thank prof. dr. mien a. rifai and prof. dr. tukirin partomihardjo who supervised her doctoral studies. dr. k. m. wong (singapore botanic gardens) is gratefully acknowledged for assistance with verification of the species and encouragements. fig. 3. flower buds of canthiumera glabra var. glabra (ridha, s.n., bogor botanic garden). photo by ridha mahyuni. mahyuni et al.: a new variety of canthiumera glabra (rubiaceae: vanguerieae) 2022] 17 references ariolla, a. h., paraguison, l. d. & alejandro, g. j. d. 2016. kanapia (vanguerieae): a new endemic genus of philippine rubiaceae. plant systematics and evolution 302: 911–920. doi: 10.007/s00606016-1307-5. blume, c. l. 1823. catalogus van eenige der merkwaardigste zoo in-als uit-heemsche gewassen, te vinden in 's lands plantentuin te buitenzorg. batavia. 45 pp. bridson, d. m. 1992. the genus canthium (rubiaceae-vanguerieae) in tropical africa. kew bulletin 47: 353–401. lantz, h. & bremer, b. 2004. phylogeny inferred from morphology and dna data: characterizing well-supported groups in vanguerieae (rubiaceae). botanical journal of linnean society 146: 257–283. razafimandimbison, s. g, lantz, h., mouly, a. & bremer, b. 2009. evolutionary trends, major lineages, and new generic limits in the dioecious group of the tribe vanguerieae (rubiaceae); insight into the evolution of functional dioecy. a nnals of the missouri botanical garden 96:161–181. wong, k. m., mahyuni, r., ng, x. y. & neo, l. 2018. flora of singapore precursors, 8. systematy of the new southeast asian genera canthiumera and dibridsonia (rubiaceae: vanguerieae), with notes on plant architecture and reproductive ecology. reinwardtia 17(2): 101–124. fig. 4. distribution of canthiumera glabra var. laxiflora. reinwardtia 18 [vol.21 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 15(2): david simpson, herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk herwasono soedjito, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein, robert j. kibbee library, kingsborough community college, new york, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, 1400 lake shore drive, chicago, usa mark hughes royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), indonesia siti nur hidayati middle tennessee state university, tennessee, usa soejatmi dransfield herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk wong khoon meng singapore botanic garden, singapore reinwardtia vol 15, no 2, pp: 99 − 110 99 rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia received 09 july, 2016; accepted 01 september, 2016 rosie pritchett centre for biological sciences, university of southampton, highfield campus, southampton, so17 1bj, uk aurora phillips school of pharmacy and biomolecular sciences, university of brighton, brighton, bn2 4gj, uk ani mardiastuti department of forest resources, conservation and ecotourism, faculty of forestry, bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia andrew powling school of biological sciences, university of portsmouth, king henry i street, portsmouth, po1 2dy, uk. email:andrew.powling@port.ac.uk abstract pritchett, r., phillips, a., mardiastuti, a. & powling, a. 2016. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 15(2): 99 – 110. — this paper attempts to answer the question: how can at least 20 species of rattan palms in the genus calamus (family palmae (arecaceae)) co -exist in a rainforest? a survey of rattans was made in lambusango forest on buton, an island close to south east sulawesi, in indonesia. rattan species and numbers were recorded in 87 quadrats of 30 × 10 m, laid out along linear transects in habitats with a variety of soils. evidence for edaphic (soil) niches was sought. different rattan species were found to be adapted to soils with different conductivity and ph values. standardised mean difference (d) scores were calculated for pairs of species based on their response to soil ph. of the 66 pairs tested, 61 were found to be significantly different statistically. such differences suggest, but do not prove, that many species occupy different edaphic niches. it was found that species which show a preference for soils with intermediate ph values (5.0 to 6.5) can grow in soils with a wide range of ph values, implying broad edaphic niches and that competition between these species is weak. correspondence analysis shows that many species do not distinguish greatly between many soils with intermediate ph values. it is concluded that rattan species show evidence for having different edaphic niches, although the niches for many species are broad. it is speculated that many rattan species may be ecologically equivalent and that a weak version of ecological neutrality theory may apply. key words: neutr ality, niches, r attan, soil, sulawesi. abstrak pritchett, r., phillips, a., mardiastuti, a. & powling, a. 2016. keanekaragaman rotan dan relung edafis yang luas di hutan hujan tropis buton, sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 15(2) 99 – 110. — tulisan ini mencoba untuk menjawab pertanyaan: bagaimana setidaknya 20 jenis rotan marga calamus (suku palmae (arecaceae)) hidup berdampingan di hutan hujan? sebuah survei rotan telah dilakukan di hutan lambusango di buton, sebuah pulau yang dekat dengan sulawesi tenggara, indonesia. jumlah jenis individu rotan yang direkam dari 87 petak 30 × 10 m, diletakkan di sepanjang garis transek pada habitat dari berbagai jenis tanah. pengaruh terhadap relung edafis (tanah) dicari. jenis rotan yang berbeda diduga ditemukan sesuai dengan tanah dengan konduktivitas dan ph yang berbeda nilainya. nilai rata-rata perbedaan standarisasi (d) dihitung untuk jenis-jenis yang berpasangan berdasarkan respon mereka terhadap ph tanah. dari 66 pasang diuji, 61 ditemukan secara signifikan berbeda secara statistik. perbedaan tersebut menyarankan, tapi tidak membuktikan, bahwa banyak jenis menempati relung edafis berbeda. ditemukan bahwa jenis yang menunjukkan preferensi untuk tanah dengan ph menengah (5.0-6.5) dapat tumbuh di tanah dengan berbagai nilai ph, menyiratkan relung edafis yang luas dan bahwa persaingan antar jenis ini lemah. analisis korespondensi menunjukkan bahwa banyak jenis rotan tidak terlalu berbeda diantara jenis tanah dengan nilai ph menengah disimpulkan bahwa jenis rotan menunjukkan bahwa mereka memiliki relung edafis yang berbeda, meskipun banyak jenis memiliki relung yang luas. hal ini menimbulkan spekulasi bahwa banyak jenis rotan mungkin secara ekologi setara dan bahwa teori netralitas ekologi mungkin berlaku walaupun masih belum terlalu kuat. kata kunci: netr alitas, r elung, r otan, sulawesi, tanah. reinwardtia 100 [vol.15 introduction a central question of ecology is how can so many species of the same trophic level co-exist in a habitat without one species out-competing the others and causing their local extinction? this problem is of particular relevance to plants, where different species compete for a very limited range of environmental resources, namely light, water and a few mineral nutrients (silvertown, 2004). one explanation is that each species is adapted to an ecological niche: a set of environmental and biotic resources which allows it to persist; even in the presence of other species, each of which is adapted to a different set of resources (hutchinson, 1978; colwell & rangel, 2009). such adaptation involves ‘trade-offs’ (grime, 2001). if species do exploit niches there should be distinct differences between species and a consequence would be that individuals within species should increase in number when rare, since the resources on which they depend would be under-exploited (levine & hillerislambers, 2009; wilson, 2011). this frequency dependence would be due to intraspecific competition being greater than interspecific competition. an alternative explanation for the co-existence of species has been offered by hubbell (2001). this explanation assumes that all individuals of all species present are ecologically equivalent; hence species are ‘neutral’, in that no species is assumed to be competitively superior to others. such a theory is offered as useful in ecological research for its descriptive and predictive powers, even though it is understood that the world is not strictly neutral. rather it assumes that differences are not functionally significant (hubbell, 2001; rosindell et al., 2012; matthews & whittaker, 2014). the theory of neutrality suggests that replacement of one species by another can be a very slow process, occurring on the same time scale as speciation (hubbell, 2001). the problem of co-existence of similar and possibly competing species applies to the rattans, which are climbing palms (family palmae (arecaceae), sub-family calamoideae) requiring forest trees for support (dransfield et al., 2008). since many are congeneric and have the same general way of life they might be expected to compete ecologically with each other. at least 20 species of rattans, all classified in the genus calamus, have been found in lambusango forest on the island of buton, situated close to (10 km at nearest) the coast of south east sulawesi, in indonesia (widayati & carlisle, 2012; powling et al., 2015). the forest, part of which is a wildlife reserve, has a wide variety of habitats. in altitude it runs from 0 to 700 m, with rainfall over 2000 mm per year, and a variety of underlying rocks (milsom, 2000; powling et al., 2015). the rocks include limestones, sandstones, chert and peridotite, the last of these giving rise to ultrabasic (ultramafic) soils. thus the forest has very diverse topography and soils, and many different forest types exist (powling et al., 2015). the heteroge-neity of the habitats suggests that much ‘niche space’ is available to plants, so many different ecological niches should be available for different species to occupy (colwell & rangel, 2009). this could account for why so many rattan species can coexist. the expectation would be that niche-dependent rattan species should be found only in distinct habitats, where soil type, soil moisture, slope exposure, surrounding vegetation and other factors would offer the niche space required by the species. this would suggest that the community of rattans and other plant species has formed by the process of ‘niche assembly’ (hubbell, 2001), whereby all available niches are taken, so all niche space is occupied. alternatively, if rattan species are neutral and not niche-dependent, they can co-exist within habitats due to ecological equivalence of all individuals. therefore a community could have arisen by the arrival of various species that coexist due to lack of mutual competition. the term hubbell (2001) uses for this process is ‘dispersalassembly’. such a process may be important in the assembly of rattan species in the lambusango forest, since the ideas of island biogeography theory may apply (macarthur & wilson, 1967). following these ideas, sulawesi can be considered the meta community, providing the primary source of palm species for buton (powling, 2009), while lambusango forest can be considered the local community, receiving species by dispersal from sulawesi. field observations (powling et al., 2015) have suggested that some rattans of lambusango differ in their adaptation to soil ph. both soil ph and conductivity are quantitative measures of soil differences, likely to be related since both are influenced by the base status of soils. in some situations these parameters can vary over very small distances, for instance when water draining from limestone areas runs over sandstone soils (powling et al., 2015). evidence shows that small-scale variability in soil conditions, particularly soil fertility, influences the distribution of neotropical palms in forests (svenning, 2001). soil type can be regarded as a niche parameter and it has been shown that soil nutrient availability influences the composition of understorey palm communities in panama (andersen et al., 2012). transplantation experiments have shown that species which occur naturally in low-nutrient sites grow better in such sites, compared with species which occur naturally 2016] 101 pritchett et al. : rattan diversity in a tropical forest in high-nutrient sites. to some extent the relative performances of the species were reversed in highnutrient sites (andersen et al., 2014). the work to be described concerns an investigation of soil parameters and their influence on the diversity and distribution of rattan species at various sites, with differing geology, in lambusango forest. the sites were separated by distances of up to 12 kilometres and were deliberately chosen for their variety of rock and soil types. thus the survey took place over a wider area and in a wider variety of habitats than most, if not all, published surveys designed to test the neutral theory of biodiversity (chase, 2014). soil ph and conductivity, together with canopy cover, tree number and tree trunk area, were measured in quadrats at the sites. this paper describes only the influence of soils on rattans, since soil type was found to be the primary factor controlling rattan species diversity. however, other factors can influence rattan growth and diversity and soil characteristics are not the sole influence. it can be assumed that conductivity is an approximate measure of soil fertility, with increasing conductivity indicating increasing fertility. however, the possibility of toxic or nonnutrient ions being present in some soils, particularly ultrabasic soils, means that such a relationship might not hold. soil ph, rather than conductivity, is therefore used in some of the following analyses as a better single measure of general soil conditions. plants vary in their ability to grow on soils with different ph values, with requirements for either alkaline or acid soils shown by some plants (grime et al., 2007). such plants occupy at least two different edaphic niches when soil ph is taken as a niche axis. the object of this investigation was to determine whether the congeneric rattans require just one or two distinct soil types or whether they show spaced distributions along axes of soil ph and conductivity, suggesting each species occupies a distinct edaphic niche. edaphic niches might then explain why at least 20 rattan species coexist. materials and methods description of forest sites the study was carried out in the lambusango forest on the island of buton, within both the reserve and the surrounding area, which is officially designated as ‘limited production forest’. together these areas cover 95,000 ha (widayati & carlisle, 2012). outline maps of buton and the forest are presented in powling et al. (2015). the ‘limited production forest’ is set aside for lowintensity timber extraction; steep slopes in this area make intensive logging and rattan collection difficult. the main survey of rattan abundances took place during july and august 2010. this period would normally be the dry season, which lasts from july to october. however, due to la niña weather conditions, arising from inter-annual sea surface temperature variations of the tropical pacific (noaa, 2016), heavy rainfall was experienced throughout the study period. the survey of rattan abundances was conducted at sites in the forest, named anoa, bala, kakenauwe and lapago, which are shown on the map of the forest in powling et al. (2015). an additional site, jalan kodok, lying between kakenauwe and lapago, was also used. sites were chosen which showed little evidence of rattan collection in the years before the survey. they differed in underlying geology (milsom, 2000) and therefore topographies and soils. topographies varied from shallow to steep slopes and included ridges and river valleys. the altitudes of the survey sites varied from approximately 250 m to 500 m above sea level. sites were selected to include soils derived from the following rock types: limestone, sandstone, chert and peridotite; alluvial soils were also included. rattan abundance survey rattans were investigated along linear transects which ran through areas of forest with uniform soil types. six 30 × 10 m quadrats were recorded on each transect, with 30 m gaps between quadrats so that vegetation in each quadrat was independent of that in its neighbours. as a result, the length of a typical transect was 330 m. between 12 and 24 quadrats were recorded at each forest site, on either two or four transects. there was one exceptional transect, on chert soil at the bala site, where nine quadrats were recorded over a length of 510 m. an overall total of 87 quadrats on 14 transects were recorded. within each quadrat individual plants, and number of stems of multi-stemmed species, of all rattan species were counted. the rattan species had been identified previously by comparison with named specimens in the herbaria at kew, u.k., and bogor, indonesia (powling, 2009). soil measurements soil samples were taken from the centre (15 m) of each quadrat from a depth of 1–5 cm. soil (15 ml) was mixed with 10 ml of demineralised water and measurements made using a hanna combo ph and ec meter (hanna instruments, rhode island, usa). soil moisture at a depth between 1.0 and 6.5 cm was determined in situ as a percentage of the maximum moisture capacity of the soil in question, using a kelway soil tester (kel instruments, new jersey, usa). the measurements reported were taken on a single day, 8th august 2009. reinwardtia 102 [vol.15 data analysis data were analysed using microsoft excel 2007 and minitab 16. standardized mean difference effect size (d) scores were calculated using the practical meta-analysis effect size calculator program (wilson, 2013). other calculations were performed according to magurran (2004). results species investigated the rattan species found, their total numbers and the number of quadrats in which each species occurred are shown in table 1. the table shows 12 named species, with two entries for the species calamus zollingeri, indicated by the local names for the two varieties ‘batang’ and ‘mombi’ (powling, 2009). results to be presented show that these two varieties differ significantly in their response to soils of differing ph values, so the two varieties are treated separately, except for the rank-abundance plot and species abundance distribution. three unidentified species are included in table 1 since they were also found in the survey. five other species known to exist in the forest (powling, 2009) were not found during the survey. competition between rattans if rattan species segregate into niches on soils of different types it would be expected that they compete for soil resources, i.e. show root competition. fig. 1 shows that quadrats contained between one and eight species, with a modal number of four. the number of individual rattan plants and stems averaged 30.1 per quadrat, with a range between 3 and 102. the 102 individuals occurred in one of the quadrats with eight species. in view of the density of species and individuals in at least some of the quadrats it seems probable that root competition does occur between rattan species. it was noted that within disturbed habitats there were frequently one or two common or dominant species. these were often c. zollingeri (one or other variety) and/or c. ornatus, with in one case calamus sp. 2 being most common. these species are multi-stemmed and able to form clumps of stems derived from one original plant, so able to hold their position and spread. the commonness of these species in disturbed areas suggests this characteristic gives them a competitive advantage above ground over other rattans in high light environments. table 1. species of rattan found in survey quadrats †previously daemonorops robusta (baker, 2015). ‡ a species not listed in powling, 2009. rattan species found in survey (as listed in powling, 2009) species no. no. of individuals no. of quadrats calamus koordersianus becc. 1 149 21 calamus leptostachys becc. ex k. heyne 2 132 22 calamus minahassae warb. ex becc. 3 167 47 calamus mindorensis becc. 4 28 9 calamus ornatus blume 5 561 60 calamus pedicellatus becc. ex heyne 6 47 10 calamus siphonospathus mart. 7 158 25 calamus suaveolens w. j. baker & j. dransf. 8 157 9 calamus subinermis h. wendl. ex becc. 9 18 10 calamus symphysipus mart. 10 102 25 calamus validus† w. j. baker 11 4 3 calamus zollingeri becc. ‘batang’ 12 96 20 calamus zollingeri becc. ‘mombi’ 13 440 36 calamus sp. 1 14 354 26 calamus sp. 2 15 193 14 calamus sp. 3‡ 16 11 3 2016] 103 pritchett et al. : rattan diversity in a tropical forest rank-abundance and species abundance distribution a rank-abundance (whittaker) plot (magurran, 2004) of all species is shown in fig. 2. the species show an acceptable fit to a linear (geometric) distribution (kolmogorov-smirnov test statistic = 0.162 with a 5% critical value = 0.224), which indicates an order of dominance among the species. however, the species curve is noticeably sigmoid. such a curve shape often results when plotting species found in communities and indicates that the geometric model of species dominance might not apply. the sigmoid shape suggests the overall species abundance distribution may be lognormal (magurran, 2004). this distribution results when some species are common and some rare but a larger number are of intermediate occurrence. when logarithms of species numbers are plotted as a histogram a normal distribution results (preston, 1962). the result for the rattan species is shown in fig. 3, where logarithms to the base 4 are used (black columns). the distribution expected if the rattans followed an exact lognormal distribution is also plotted (white columns). the observed distribution does not differ significantly from the expected lognormal distribution (kolmogorovsmirnov test statistic = 0.143 with a 5% critical value = 0.230). the veil line (preston, 1962) is on the extreme left of the distribution, with 0.0015 (in effect, zero) species predicted to be beyond (to the left of) the veil line. this position is to be expected given that the rarest species (c. validus and calamus sp. 3) each occurred in three quadrats, when in most lognormal distributions the rarest species occurs in only one quadrat. the position of the veil line would appear to indicate that all the rattan species in the forest were found during the survey. however, this is known not to be the case (powling, 2009). relationship of soil ph and soil conductivity measurements made on soil samples during july and august in 2010 are plotted in fig. 4. this includes measurements additional to those made on the soils in the 87 quadrats. the figure shows a u-shaped curve with conductivity initially declining as ph rises, but then increasing to high values as ph increases further. it is presumed that at the lowest ph values certain substances, such as manganese, aluminium, possibly iron and soil organic acids, become ionised and soluble (grime, 2001), thus contributing to conductivity. some of these ions, particularly aluminium, may be toxic to many plants, including rattans. most of the soil samples with the lowest ph values were from the area with chert bedrock and low rattan diversity, where acidity and drought during the dry season may together make conditions impossible for most rattan species. responses of rattan species to soils the mean values for ph and conductivity of the soils in quadrats in which the rattan species grew are plotted in fig. 5. it can be seen that the species are distributed in the same general pattern as the soil samples (fig. 4). this indicates that most, if not all, soil types are exploited by at least one rattan species. fig. 6 shows a plot of the mean ph values and ranges of the soils on which the rattan species were found growing (c. validus is omitted due to only four plants being recorded in the survey). the plot shows that the species with the broadest ranges have soil ph means between approximately 5.0 and 6.5. species that are better adapted to soils with higher and lower ph values have narrower ranges. it is noticeable that three species adapted to low ph soils have very small ranges. this indicates that some species are specialised to tolerate acidic soils but cannot grow on soils with higher ph values. to a lesser extent this also applies to species adapted to grow on soils with high ph values. the general relationship is not an artefact caused by small sample size resulting in the appearance of limited range, since there is no significant correlation between sample size and range (r = 0.389, p = 0.152). however, the three species referred to above are exceptions since they have small ranges even when allowing for their sample size, suggesting that they are specialised for growth only on very acidic soils. comparison of species on soils with different ph values could be made by performing a oneway analysis of variance. however, such an analysis would require homogeneity of variances for the species and this was not the case. even when using only the 12 species and varieties with the largest sample sizes, bartlett’s test statistic was 652.04, p<0.001, and levene’s test statistic was 39.08, p<0.001. therefore, to compare the species’ abilities to grow on different soils a matrix of d values (nakagawa & cuthill, 2007) is presented (table 2). a d value is a standardised measure of the size of difference and can have 95% confidence limits calculated to show whether the d value indicates a statistically significant difference between two species being compared. the matrix in table 2 arranges the rattan species in order of their mean soil ph values (four species with low numbers of individuals found in the survey are excluded from the matrix). the results show that most pairs of species show significant differences from each other, indicating that, generally, they grow in soils with differing ph values. the calculation of d values requires the calculation of multiple t values (one for each pair of species); also the distributions of the soil ph values on which each species was growing were not always reinwardtia 104 [vol.15 fig. 3. species abundance distribution for the rattans. the bars show logarithms (to base 4) of the number of individuals of each rattan species (black columns) and the expected number of species, based on a lognormal distribution, in each category (white columns). fig. 4. the relationship between soil ph and soil conductivity. soil types – black circles: calcareous; red squares: from sandstone; green diamonds: ultrabasic; blue triangles: from chert; orange arrow heads: alluvial. fig. 2. rank-abundance plot for rattan species (triangles) with the fitted line for a geometric distribution (diamonds). the rattan species are ordered on the baseline from most common to least common. fig. 1. distribution of the number of rattan species per quadrat, obtained in the 2010 survey. 2016] 105 pritchett et al. : rattan diversity in a tropical forest fig. 6. the relationship between soil ph mean and the soil ph range for the rattan species. calamus validus is omitted due to the low number (4) of individuals found in the survey. the species are numbered as in table 1. fig. 5. the relationship between mean values for the conductivity and ph of the soils on which each rattan species was found growing. the species are numbered as in table 1. fig. 7a. correspondence analysis. plot of soil types. fig. 7b. correspondence analysis. plot of rattan species. chert karst c. suaveolens c. koordersianus c. sp. 1 reinwardtia 106 [vol.15 ab ,seiceps fo sriap rof )i c %59( slavretni ecnedifnoc %59 hti w ,serocs )d( ezis tceffe ecnereffid nae m desidradnats .2 elba t se d seiceps eht hcih w no slios eht fo hp eht no yltnacifingis ton era taht sriap seiceps eh t .slavretni eht fo sti mil reppu dna re wol eht wohs si c %59 rof sn muloc eh t . werg di f scilati ni n wohs era level %59 eht ta tneref sp ec ie s c . s ua ve ol en s c . k oo rd er si an us c . p ed ic el la tu s c . z ol lin ge ri 'm om bi ' c . m in ah as sa e c . z ol lin ge ri 'b at an g' 95 % c i d 95 % c i d 95 % c i d 95 % c i d 95 % c i d 95 % c i d 95 % c i d 95 % c i d 95 % c i d 95 % c i d c al am us s p. 1 8. 72 8 .1 5 9 .2 8 6 .1 4 5 .7 1 6 .5 7 8. 75 8 .0 7 9 .4 2 2. 64 2 .4 5 2 .8 3 1. 72 1 .5 1 1 .9 3 1. 72 1 .4 7 1 .9 7 c . s ym ph ys ip us 4. 20 3 .7 6 4 .6 4 3. 21 2 .8 3 3 .5 8 4. 27 3 .6 8 4 .8 7 1. 94 1 .7 0 2 .1 9 1. 40 1 .1 3 1 .6 7 1. 35 1 .0 4 1 .6 6 c al am us s p. 2 3. 51 3 .1 8 3 .8 5 2. 59 2 .3 0 2 .8 7 3. 72 3 .2 6 4 .1 8 1. 36 1 .1 7 1 .5 4 0. 95 0 .7 3 1 .1 7 0. 92 0 .6 7 1 .1 8 c . s ip ho no sp at hu s 4. 50 4 .0 9 4 .9 2 3. 25 2 .9 1 3 .6 0 4. 51 3 .9 7 5 .0 6 1. 69 1 .4 8 1 .8 9 1. 08 0 .8 5 1 .3 1 1. 01 0 .7 5 1 .2 8 c . l ep to st ac hy s 3. 09 2 .7 5 3 .4 3 2. 28 1 .9 8 2 .5 8 3. 15 2 .6 9 3 .6 2 1. 29 1 .0 8 1 .5 0 0. 91 0 .6 7 1 .1 5 0. 87 0 .6 0 1 .1 5 c . o rn at us 3. 72 3 .4 6 3 .9 8 2. 31 2 .0 9 2 .5 3 3. 51 3 .1 5 3 .8 7 0. 76 0 .6 3 0 .8 9 0. 34 0 .1 6 0 .5 1 0. 26 0 .0 4 0 .4 7 c . z ol lin ge ri 'b at an g' 2. 21 1 .8 9 2 .5 3 1. 33 1 .0 5 1 .6 2 1. 76 1 .3 5 2 .1 6 0. 53 0 .3 1 0 .7 5 0. 11 0. 14 0. 37 c . m in ah as sa e 2. 01 1 .7 4 2 .2 8 1. 16 0 .9 2 1 .4 0 1. 63 1 .2 7 1 .9 8 0. 37 0 .1 9 0 .5 5 c . z ol lin ge ri 'm om bi ' 2. 06 1 .8 4 2 .2 8 0. 87 0 .6 8 1 .0 7 1. 30 0 .9 9 1 .6 1 c . p ed ic el la tu s 2. 54 2 .1 4 2 .9 5 0. 05 0. 28 0. 38 c . k oo rd er si an us 1. 90 1 .6 3 2 .1 7 sp ec ie s c . o rn at us c . l ep to st ac hy s c . s ip ho no sp at hu s c al am us s p. 2 c . s ym ph ys ip us c al am us s p. 1 1. 79 1 .6 4 1 .9 5 0. 63 0 .4 2 0 .8 3 0. 88 0 .6 9 1 .0 8 0. 66 0 .4 8 0 .8 4 0. 35 0 .1 3 0 .5 7 c . s ym ph ys ip us 1. 12 0 .9 0 1 .3 4 0. 35 0 .0 9 0 .6 1 0. 40 0 .1 5 0 .6 5 0. 34 0 .1 0 0 .5 8 c al am us s p. 2 0. 64 0 .4 8 0 .8 1 0. 02 0. 20 0. 24 0. 02 0. 19 0. 23 c . s ip ho no sp at hu s 0. 81 0 .6 3 0 .9 9 0. 01 0. 22 0. 24 c . l ep to st ac hy s 0. 60 0 .4 0 0 .7 9 95 % c i d 2016] 107 pritchett et al. : rattan diversity in a tropical forest normal. these considerations mean that the exact 95% confidence limits may be uncertain. if approximate 99.9% confidence intervals are calculated, five more pairs are non-significant. this does not alter the general conclusion that most species pairs show a statistically significant difference in their response to soil ph. soil moisture soil conditions were investigated at three sites: lapago, jalan kodok and kakenauwe. all are areas with limestone bedrock, but kakenauwe differs from the first two by being an area of karst limestone with thinner soils over free-draining bedrock. kakenauwe has only one widespread and common species, calamus sp. 1, with other species present only in rare patches of deeper soil. the other two sites both have at least five common species (lapago: c. ornatus, c. sp. 1, c. symphysipus, c. siphonospathus, c. minahassae; jalan kodok: c. ornatus, c. zollingeri ‘batang’, c. minahassae, c. symphysipus, c. leptostachys). measurements of soil ph, conductivity and moisture (table 3) were made in august 2009, during the dry season nine days after the most recent rain. at this time partial el niño conditions were developing (noaa, 2016), so the season was drier than normal. it was found that the three sites differed significantly in their levels of soil moisture, with kakenauwe having the lowest levels. this was as expected since this site would be anticipated, on the basis of its thin soils and geology, to be the most drought-prone. it also had significantly higher mean values for soil ph and conductivity than the other two sites; however, the individual values did not exceed some of the higher values recorded from the other sites and so cannot be considered lethal for species able to grow in similar conditions elsewhere. the individual quadrat in the survey (on a jalan kodok transect) with the highest ph value (7.92) and the third highest conductivity value (237µs) contained seven species of rattan. the deep and moist soil in this quadrat appeared to allow the diversity. correspondence analysis correspondence analysis was used to explore the relationship between soils and rattan species. the soils investigated during the survey were divided into ten different types, based on the sites in the forest where the soils were found. each soil type was represented by between six and twelve quadrats. these soils differed in their mean ph values, ranging from soil on a chert ridge (mean ph = 4.16) to soil on karst limestone (mean ph = 6.88). the numbers of individual rattan plants or stems of each species on each soil type were used in the analysis. the two main components of variability are presented, with both the soil types and the rattan species plotted (fig. 7a and 7b). the first component (horizontal axis) represents mainly the ph of the soils. the second component (vertical axis) can be interpreted as mostly re-presenting the moisture content of the soils during the dry season, since the two driest soils (the chert soil and the karst limestone soil) have the highest scores and the lowest scoring is an alluvial soil. the soils themselves mostly cluster together, with the two driest yet furthest apart on the ph scale being quite separate, both from the main cluster and from each other. the plot of the species again shows considerable clustering, suggesting that the requirements of most species are met by the majority of soils that themselves cluster at intermediate ph values and moisture contents. the two most widely outlying species are c. suaveolens, which was found only on the chert soil, and calamus sp. 1, found mostly on the karst limestone soil. a few other species distinguish themselves from the cluster of species, showing that they have some adaptation to either dry and acid soils or to dry and calcareous soils. discussion this work sought evidence for niche segregation among species of rattans, in order to explain how 20 congeneric species can co-exist in the lambusango forest. in particular, because observations suggested that different species grew table 3. environmental parameters at sites lapago, jalan kodok and kakenauwe, august 2009 soil moisture (% saturation) soil ph soil conductivity (microsiemens) n mean±sd stat. popn.† n mean±sd stat. popn.† n mean±sd stat. popn.† lapago 13 63.0±9.5 b 13 6.10±0.58 b 13 124.5±53.1 b jalan kodok 17 78.1±8.0 a 17 6.17±0.70 b 17 158.0±55.9 b kakenauwe 15 53.5±4.9 c 16 6.79±0.50 a 16 203.8±42.9 a †the different statistical populations to which the measured values belong, as determined by analysis of variance, are indicated by different letters. reinwardtia 108 [vol.15 differences between species are responsible for the differences they show in their abilities to grow on soils of different types. however, the wide ranges show that although many rattan species may prefer soils of a particular ph they are by no means limited to such soils and can grow on a variety of other ones. the conclusion might be that, even if the species show niche structure along a soil ph gradient, many species occupy broad niches and that interspecific competition may be weak. an attempt was made to quantify the differences between the species. analysis of variance was not used since the variances of the variables (the ph values of the soils on which the rattans were growing) were not homogeneous. this was anticipated since there is no theoretical reason to expect niches for species along an axis to be equal in size. instead, standardised mean difference (d) values (nakagawa & cuthill, 2007) were calculated for each pair of species, together with the 95% confidence intervals for the d values (table 2). all except five pairs of species showed significant differences at approximately the 95% level. since statistical difference cannot be assumed to indicate biological difference the result cannot be taken to indicate that any particular pair of species do or do not occupy the same edaphic niche, given the absence of a theoretical expectation of how big a difference would indicate separate niches. indeed, species’ niches can be very close together on an axis, with the species co-existing for long periods of time (scheffer & van nes, 2006). nevertheless, the considerable differences between most species pairs (high d values) suggest that many rattan species do occupy different edaphic niches. the species pairs that are not statistically different show that some species have similar preferences for soil ph. in these cases competition between the species in the pairs may be avoided if they differ from each other along one or more other (unmeasured) niche axes and so do not normally grow together. one example of this may be c. siphonospathus and calamus sp. 2, which were never found growing together. other pairs consisted of species which were found together at one or more sites. a possible explanation for the co-existence of such species in the forest is that one of the pair may have a narrow range of soil ph tolerance, i.e. a narrow niche, and the other have a wider range, a broad niche. an example is c. pedicellatus (narrow range) and c. koordersianus (wide range). another pair that co-exist at many sites is c. zollingeri ‘batang’ and c. minahassae, with the first species often found in more open vegetation than the second. thus competition between the species in these pairs may occur at some but not all sites, so be insufficient for one species to competitively exclude the other from the forest. on different soil types, evidence was sought for niche separation along axes of soil ph and soil conductivity, these variables being taken as quantitative measures of soil differences. interspecific root competition would be expected to result in a species well adapted to a particular soil type (its own edaphic niche) out-competing less well adapted species, which in turn prosper on soils to which they are adapted. the co-existence of rattan species in close proximity within 30 × 10 m quadrats (fig. 1) is circumstantial evidence that root competition occurs. however, the presence of many different species in most quadrats suggests that such competition is not strong. a rank-abundance plot (fig. 2) of the species found during the survey gave a sigmoidal curve and when log transformed the species abundance distribution (fig. 3) was not significantly different from a lognormal distribution. this is a commonly observed relationship (magurran, 2004). the veil line at the extreme left of the distribution should indicate that all rattan species in the forest had been found in the survey. however, previous work (powling, 2009) has shown that at least five other species exist there, but these were not found in 2010 due to their rarity and the relatively small size of the survey. a species abundance distribution with the general shape of a lognormal distribution can arise due to either competitive (niche) or dispersal (neutral) processes. a lognormal distribution arises if communal niche space is sequentially subdivided into niches occupied by species (sugihara, 1980). alternatively, if constant immigration from a meta community into a local community occurs the local community will remain stocked with species despite species losses due to random extinctions, again resulting in an approximately lognormal distribution (loreau and mouquet, 1999). thus the species abundance distribution observed for the rattans does not show whether the community is a result of niche assembly or dispersal assembly. it was found that the u-shaped pattern obtained in the dot plot of soil conductivity vs. soil ph (fig. 4) was reflected in the plot of the means of the species on the same axes (fig. 5). this indicates that soil preference results from adaptations involving trade-offs, so is mostly controlled genetically, and that species occupy different niches on axes of soil ph and conductivity. the spaced distributions on the axes suggest that adaptation to different soils may have been a major factor in calamus speciation. the plot of ph range vs. ph mean (fig. 6) shows that some species, those with intermediate values for ph mean and wide ranges, can be considered generalists, whilst those with more extreme ph means and smaller ranges are more specialised. again this indicates that genetic 2016] 109 pritchett et al. : rattan diversity in a tropical forest demonstrates this observation for congeneric rattans. some species are found on acidic soils and seem to be limited to such soils (c. suaveolens, c. pedicellatus, calamus. sp. 3), one species shows a distinct preference for calcareous soils (calamus. sp. 1). however, most species, although they have a preferred soil ph optimum, are able to grow on a wide range of soils, so sites with soils of intermediate ph typically have many different species of rattan present. matthews and whittaker (2014) divide neutral theory into two forms, hard and weak neutrality. these authors state that weak neutrality applies when neutral (“null”) models “moderately explain community structure, even if fine scale examination reveals that species do differ in their niche characteristics”. weak neutrality theory may have some relevance to the rattans in lambusango forest in that, although there is evidence that species occupy edaphic niches, there is considerable overlap of the niches and little evidence for competitive exclusion of species from sites with soils of intermediate ph. therefore, many species appear to be ecologically equivalent. these considerations only apply to edaphic niches and root competition; it may be that other factors (other niche axes) also influence the species and prevent competition eliminating species from many situations. the possibility that neutral processes may influence the rattans in lambusango forest leads to consideration of the maintenance of rattan diversity there. neutrality implies that dispersal of species is important in maintaining plant diversity (condit et al., 2012), the dispersal of rattans being through the agency of birds such as frugivorous pigeons and hornbills (zona & henderson, 1989) known to be present on buton (martin et al., 2012). the source of rattan species would mostly be the far larger island of sulawesi to the north, which can be considered to hold the meta community; the dispersal path being from south east sulawesi via northern buton to the forest in southern buton. a path through muna, the island immediately to the west of buton, is unlikely at present since muna has been largely cleared of natural vegetation to convert the ground to agricultural production. the path from northern buton is still possible due to the presence of more or less continuous forest from north to south. the danger is that the path becomes difficult in future due to loss of forest, so dispersal into lambusango forest is diminished and the diversity of rattans declines. acknowledgements we thank our forest guides from labundobundo village: kuseh, mesilili, sahimu and tarahu, without whom this work could not have been done. this the measurements of soil moisture, ph and conductivity made in the relatively dry conditions of august 2009 (table 3) show that soils at different sites differ significantly in soil moisture as well as in ph and conductivity, at least during the dry season which occurs in most years (powling et al., 2015). a lack of soil moisture at a site might be expected to influence which species are capable of surviving there, and the site with the lowest soil moisture, kakenauwe, lacks most species, only one species, calamus. sp. 1, being common. the correspondence analysis (fig. 7a & 7b) shows the soils separated by the reaction of the species to them and the species separated by their reaction to the soils. the horizontal axis can be categorised as mainly registering the influence of soil ph. the vertical axis seems to mostly register the influence of soil moisture, with some species showing segregation along it. segregation into hydrological niches is widespread among plants (silvertown et al., 2015). due to la niña rains and saturated soils, no direct evidence for hydrological niches could be collected during the 2010 survey. however, the results in fig. 7a & 7b and table 3 suggest that hydrological niches influence rattan diversity. two species stand out in the plot of the species (fig. 7b). calamus suaveolens was found only on the chert ridge and is associated with this site in the correspondence analysis, whilst calamus sp. 1 was found predominantly on the karst limestone at kakenauwe and is likewise associated with this site. the main feature of the results is the clustering of most of the soils and most of the species. it appears that most species do not distinguish between the soils which have intermediate ph values (5.0 to 6.5) and retain high levels of soil moisture throughout the year. it could be that the correspondence analysis lacks the resolution to differentiate the majority of species, given that this work has shown that most species are distinct from each other in their reaction to soil ph (fig. 6, table 2). nevertheless, it seems that many species are able to grow on a wide range of soils, due to the wide tolerance of soil ph variability that they show. again, this suggests there is little competition on these intermediate soils. perhaps roots of rattan species have to compete more with tree roots than among themselves. this work has produced evidence that rattan species have distinct soil preferences related to ph and conductivity. this can be taken as evidence of edaphic niches, although the degree of separation between species required for niches to be assumed has not been established. it is a common observation that many plants show requirements or preferences for soils with particular ph values (grime et al., 2007) and the work described here reinwardtia 110 [vol.15 research is part of a programme organised by operation wallacea ltd., which provided funding and logistics. we thank bksda southeast sulawesi for giving us permission to work in the lambusango wildlife sanctuary and the kakenauwe nature reserve. the work was done under a research permit issued by the indonesian institute of sciences (lipi). the following people helped us during the course of this work: rebecca pullinger and drs. shirley coleman, richard greenwood, christopher jackson, john peterkin, philip wheeler and rebecca wheeler. we thank ryan chisholm for helpful criticism of an earlier version of the manuscript. references andersen, k. m., endara, m. j., turner, b. l. & dalling, j. w. 2012. trait-based community assembly of understory palms along a soil nutrient gradient in a lower montane tropical forest. oecologia 168: 519–531. andersen, k. m., turner, b. l. & dalling, j. w. 2014. seedling performance trade-offs influencing habitat filtering along a soil nutrient gradient in a tropical forest. ecology 95: 3399– 3413. baker, w. j. 2015. a revised delimitation of the rattan genus calamus (arecaceae). phytotaxa 197: 139–152. chase, j. m. 2014. spatial scale resolves the niche versus neutral theory debate. j. v eg. sci. 25: 319– 322. colwell, r. k. & rangel, t. f. 2009. hutchinson’s duality: the once and future niche. proc. natl. acad. sci. usa. 106, suppl. 2: 19651– 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scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id> or in our website: http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/ index. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) 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illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(1) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(1): 1-128.22 july 2002 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 1, pp: 95 – 116 the bornean genus hypobathrum (rubiaceae) an investigation of its characters and taxonomic status tri mulyaningsih faculty of agriculture, mataram university, indonesia & colin ernest ridsdale national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands abstract mulyaningsih, tri. & ridsdale, c. e. 2002. the bornean genus hypobathrum (rubiaceae). an investigation of its characters and taxonomic status. reinwardtia 12(1): 95–116. ⎯ the investigation on the characters and taxonomic status of the bornean genus hypobathrum was based on morphological observations of 140 specimens in herbarium borgoriense. the present study shows that there are 24 species that can be recognised. there are six species already placed in the genus (h. frutescens, h. longifolium, h. microcarpum, h. racemosum, h. salicinum and h. venulosum), three species require new combinations (h. coniocarpum, h. gracile, and h. rufidulum), one species requires a new combination and a new status (h. hirtum), a new name in hypobathrum is required for one species (h. lancifolium). in the present study twelve new species are proposed (h. bangueyense, h. caudifolium, h. collinum, h. ellipticifolium, h. glaberrimum, h. glabrum, h. lithophilum, h. palustre, h. rheophyticum, h. riparium, h. sampitense, and h. subulatum). in addition, one incompletely known species is mentioned. keywords: hypobathrum, rubiacaeae, borneo, taxonomy abstrak mulyaningsih, tri. & ridsdale, c. e. 2002. marga hypobathrum (rubiaceae) di kalimantan. penelitian ciri dan status taksonominya. reinwardtia 12(1): 95–116. ⎯ penelitian karakter-karakter dan status taksonomi marga hypobathrum di kalimantan dilakukan dengan mengunakan 140 spesimen di herbarium bogoriense. dari hasil penelitian tersebut disimpulkan bahwa marga hypobathrum di kalimantan ada 24 jenis. enam jenis yang telah dikenal yaitu: h. frutescens, h. longifolium, h. microcarpum, h. racemosum, h. salicinum dan h. venulosum; tiga jenis kombinasi baru yaitu: h. coniocarpum, h. gracile dan h. rufidulum; satu jenis kombinasi baru dan status baru yaitu: h. hirtum; satu nama jenis baru yaitu: h. lancifolium. dari hasil penelitian diusulkan dua belas jenis baru yaitu: h. bangueyense, h. caudifolium, h. collinum, h. ellipticifolium, h. glaberrimum, h. glabrum, h. lithophilum, h. palustre, h. rheophyticum h. riparium, h. sampitense dan h. subulatum. satu jenis yang tidak lengkap juga disebutkan. kata kunci: hypobathrum, rubiaceae, kalimantan, taksonomi introduction hypobathrum is one of the small genera belonging to the tribe octotropideae (rubiaceae), with about 26 described species from the old world in tropical africa & madagascar and comoro islands and mainland s. e. asia and malesia to the philippines and celebes (robbrecht, 1980; baillon, 1879; index kewensis, 1997). some species of this genus are recorded as being used as vegetables and medicines by local people (burkill, 1935; siemonsma & piluer, 1994). the typical characters of plants of this genus are small understorey treelets with horizontal branchlets and bilocular, baccate fruits and superficially resemble coffee, which is also reflected in the local names of the plants – kopen (java) or kikopi (sunda). the name hypobathrum was created by blume in 1826, for a plant which junghuhn collected from burangrang mountain, west java. from 1826 to 1875, it remained a monotypic genus that was characterised by the axillary inflorescences, flowers are arranged in dense cymes. in 1814, a related species of the genus was described by roxburgh from a plant collected by buchanan in 1796 from lukshmeepoora, chitagong, india. at the time he named the taxon as randia racemosa. in 1829, the same taxon was described by richard as spicillaria leschenaultii, but a year latter in 1830, de candolle changed 95 96 reinwardtia [vol12 this name to petunga roxburghii, then it became the type of the genus petunga. lastly, in 1877 kurz transferred the taxon to the genus hypobathrum as h. racemosum. in 1851, korthals considered the genus petunga, and he found four species in sumatra, java and borneo, three of them were found in borneo, one of which is petunga lanceolata korth. baillon (1879) treated hypobathrum in tropical africa, madagascar and comoro islands, and he recognised 14 species, six of which were knew species and a further eight new combinations, one of which was h. lanceolatum (sond.) baill., which was based on krausia lanceolata sond. this plant has typical characters such as the flowers in a cyme, turbinate, pentamerous, corolla throat sparsely villous, stamens exerted, anthers basifixed and ovule 1 per locule and is not related to the bornean species which requires a new name. hooker (1882) was the first author who considered that petunga should be placed into hypobathrum, but without clearly stating his reasons. later, backer (1956) accepted this treatment, because the differences between the two genera were only in the absolute length of the spike axis. on 1902, koorders and valeton stated that genus hypobathrum was different from petunga, and they recorded three species of hypobathrum: h. brevipes k. & v., h. frutescens blume and h. parviflorum miquel and four species of petunga: p. brevispica k. & v., p. glomerata (blume) dc, p. longifolia dc and p. microcarpa (blume) dc in java. six decades later, backer and bakhuizen van den brink f. (1965) revised them; p. glomerata (blume) dc was placed in the synonym of h. frutescens blume; h. brevipes k. & v. and p. brevispica k. & v. were placed in the synonym of h. parviflorum miquel, and p. longifolia dc was placed in the synonym of h. microcarpum (blume) bakh. f. the authors thus accepted four species of hypobathrum in java. later wong (1989), considered that p. longifolia dc to be a different from h. microcarpum (blume) bakh. f., and made the combination h. longifolium (dc) wong. in malaya, wong (1989), treated hypobathrum and described four species and ten incompletely known species. it was considered essential to do an in-depth study of the bornean genus hypobathrum, especially to solve the taxonomic problems, such as misidentifications of h. longifolium (dc) wong var. hirta (ridley) wong in malaya by wong (1989). the present study has attempted to ascertain the correct names of the taxa, improve the classification, and to determine relationships between the species. an identification key and data on the distribution of the taxa are also given. the study is based on an investigation of the herbarium materials from bo and fresh material from bogor botanical garden. from the collections studied by the authors, details and whereabouts are given only for those specimens used for an in-depth morphological study. measurements and descriptions are from dried materials, except for floral and fruit sizes, which are based on rehydrated (boiled in water) materials. the observations were made using a binocular microscope morphological characters habit the hypobathrum species are usually shrubs or small trees or treelets, seldom trees, but specimens of h. frutescens can reach up to 16 m tall. branchlet shape. most species have quadrangular branchlets when young and becoming subterete with age, or always subterete (h. lithophilum and h. subulatum), or always quadrangular (h. coniocarpum and hypobathrum sp.). surface. the young branchlets usually have a puberulous indumentum with simple hairs only, in most species the hairs disappear with age. however some species have glabrous branchlets. there are two species with persistent hairs. h. rufidulum has a tomentose indumentum and h. hirtum has a hirsute indumentum. leaves general. the attachment of the leaves is decussate in all species. most leaves are petiolated with a subterete petiole, but h. salicinum and h. subulatum have sub sessile leaves with flattened petioles. the texture of the leaves is coriaceous. shape. the species have various leaf shapes, for example: elliptic leaf (h. bangueyense, h. collinum, h. ellipticifolium, h. glabrum and h. rufidulum); lanceolate (h. frutescens, h. glaberrimum, h. lancifolium, h. microcarpum, h. racemosum and h. riparium); varying between elliptic and lanceolate (h. hirtum and h. longifolium); ovate (h. palustre and h. sampitense); linear (h. lithophilum, h. rheophyticum, h. salicinum and h. subulatum). base. the base of the leaves mainly vary between acute and cuneate or between cuneate 2002] mulyaningsih & risdale: bornean hypobathrum 97 and attenuate. often the base of the leaves are obtuse (h. collinum and h. gracile). apex. normally vary between acuminate and cuspidate, often acute (h. longifolium), or cuspidate e. g. h. hirtum, or caudate (h. caudifolium, h. collinum, h. glaberrimum, h. lithophilum, h. rheophyticum, h. subulatum and h. venulosum). in the latter case the transition to the leaf apex can be gradual. upper and lower surface. the upper surface is always smooth. often the upper surface is also shining such as on h. palustre. the lower surfaces are normally more rough and are different in colour (lighter than above). all the borneo species have glabrous leaves on upper surface but on lower surface the veins are normally glabrous, often with a caducous indumentum (h. caudifolium and h. frutescens), or some times species have persistent hairs, such as h. hirtum which has hirsute veins, h. bangueyense, h. gracile, h. longifolium, h. palustre and h. rheophyticum have puberulous veins and h. rufidulum has a tomentose indumentum all over. venation. the venation is usually depressed on the upper surface, rarely the primary veins are prominent on the upper surface (h. racemosum and h. salicinum). venation is raised on lower surface. primary veins vary between massive and stout or between stout to moderate, or between moderate and weak. normally the angle of divergence of the secondary vein varies between acute and moderate. the number of secondary veins varies between 5–11 pairs. most tertiary veins are conspicuously reticulate. often the tertiary veins are inconspicuously reticulate, such as h. lithophilum, h. rheophyticum, h. salicinum and h. subulatum. the marginal veins are arcuate or looped. margin. the leaf margins are always entire and they are usually glabrous, but some species have a caducous puberulous indumentum such as h. frutescens, h. longifolium, h. palustre and hypobathrum sp. however h. rufidulum has a persistent indumentum on its leaf margins. stipule shape. normally the stipules vary from ovate keeled to triangular and keeled, or lanceolate, keeled. the position of stipules is interpetiolar. stipule base. the stipule base is usually free, or often connate. for example h. hirtum has ovate stipules with a connate base, while triangular stipules with connate bases are found on h. rufidulum and h. collinum has lanceolate stipules connate at the base. margin. the stipule margins are ciliated. inner and outer surface. most species have stipules which are glabrous on the inner surface, often the base of the stipules are pilose such as on h. racemosum. the outer surface of the stipules vary: glabrous (h. collinum, h. glaberrimum, h. lancifolium, h. longifolium, h. racemosum, h. riparium and h. venulosum), or tomentose on the tip (h. bangueyense and h. salicinum) or tomentose on the base or along the midrib (h. caudifolium, h. ellipticifolium, h. glabrum, h. gracile, h. microcarpum, h. palustre, h. rufidulum and h. sampitense), or hirsute over the whole parts (h. hirtum and h. subulatum). duration. mostly the stipules are caducous to sub-caducous, but some are persistent (h. caudifolium, h. coniocarpum, h. glaberrimum, h. gracile, h. lithophilum, h. rufidulum and h. venulosum). inflorescence inflorescence. the inflorescences are normally axillary, but they can be axillary to pseudoterminal (end bud still present), e. g. h. racemosum. most inflorescences originate from the nodes but others are supra-axillary (h. caudifolium, h. collinum, h. glaberrimum, h. gracile, h. rufidulum, hypobathrum sp., h. subulatum and h. venulosum). bracts and bracteoles bracts. bracts on the axis and on the dichasium are present. the bracts usually vary between ovate and triangular or between triangular to lanceolate, except on h. subulatum, where the shape of the bracts is spear like. inner and outer surface. in most species the bracts are glabrous on the inner surface. there are some exceptions where the base of the bracts are pilose on the inner surface (h. ellipticifolium, h. microcarpum, h. racemosum, h. salicinum and h. sampitense), or sericeous overall (h. rufidulum), or sericeous on the tip e. g. h. coniocarpum and h. hirtum. position. the bracts are usually compiled decussate on the elongate axis and opposite on dichasium, or often opposite and alternate on the elongate axis and opposite on the dichasium (h. glabrum, h. lithophilum, h. rheophyticum, and h. subulatum). bracteoles. bracteoles are usually ovate, keeled or triangular, keeled, but sometimes narrowly triangular, keeled (h. rheophyticum). bracteoles base. some species have bracteoles with the base free and some others have bracteoles with the base connate on one side. for example h. bangueyense, h. collinum, h. 98 reinwardtia [vol12 coniocarpum, h. hirtum, h. lithophilum and h. rheophyticum have a triangular bracteoles with the base free. h. caudifolium, h. frutescens, h. glabrum, h. gracile and h. longifolium and hypobathrum sp. have ovate bracteoles with the base free. h. ellipticifolium, h. lancifolium, h. riparium and h. salicinum have triangular bracteoles with the base connate on one side. h. glaberrimum, h. microcarpum, h. palustre, h. racemosum, h. sampitense and h. venulosum have ovate bracteoles with the base connate on one side and lanceolate bracteoles with the base connate on one side are found on h. rufidulum. inner and outer surface. the inner surfaces of the bracteoles are usually glabrous, but can be pilose on the base (h. racemosum); or sparsely sericeous on the top (h. coniocarpum and h. hirtum), or sparsely sericeous over the whole surface (h. rufidulum). position. most bracteoles are inserted opposite to the base of the pedicel, or at the middle to the top of the pedicel (h. glaberrimum and h. venulosum); or one bracteole inserted on the base of the pedicel (h. longifolium); or only one bracteole inserted on the middle to the top of the pedicel (h. subulatum). margin. the bracteole margins are ciliated. flowers general. most flowers are small, at most up to about 2.5–5 mm long by 2–4 mm in diameter. the flowers are campanulate (corolla lobes united to compose a cup-shaped) or infundibular (funnelshaped). the flowers are usually tetramerous. the exceptions are h. hirtum, h. rufidulum and h. subulatum which are the only species in the genus to have penta-merous flowers. the arrangement of the flowers varies: a densely compound dichasia (fig. 1a.–group of the false dichotomy with the flowers to open situated between two lateral flower or cluster e. g. h. frutescens); a compound verticillate dichasia (fig. 1b. h. racemosum); a simple verticillate dichasia (fig. 1c. dichasium are compiled decussate on elongate axis, such as on h. caudifolium, h. ellipticifolium, h. lancifolium, h. microcarpum, h. racemosum, h. riparium, h. salicinum, h. sampitense and fig. 1d. dichasium are compiled opposite and alternate on elongate axis, e. g. h. glabrum); a panicle (fig. 1e. the branches of the primary axis are racemose and the flowers pedicellate e. g. hypobathrum sp.); sub raceme (fig. 1f.–pedicelate flowers are compiled decussate on elongate axis, pedicel ≤ 1 (–2) mm long, e. g. h. bangueyense, h. coniocarpum, h. glaberrimum, h. gracile, h. hirtum, h. lithophylum, h. longifolium, h. rheophyticum, h. subulatum and h. venulosum; fig. 1g. compiled opposite and alternate on elongate axis e. g. h. lithophilum, h. rheophyticum and h. subulatum); spike (fig. 1h.– sessile flowers are compiled decussate on elongate axis e. g. h. palustre and h. rufidulum). peduncle. the peduncle lengths vary from extremely short (≤ 2 mm) to ≥ 20 mm, to long, h. caudifolium which has peduncle up to 45 mm long. peduncle type varies between subterete and ensiform or ensiform and quadrangular. the peduncle surface is usually puberulous, sometimes hirsute (h. coniocarpum and h. hirtum), or glabrous (h. bangueyense and h. racemosum). pedicel. most flowers are sub-sessile with an extremely short pedicel ≤ 1 (–2) mm long. calyx. the lobes are united to form cupor funnel-shaped calyx which usually has four or five tiny ovate or triangular lobes. the calyx is usually extremely short (up to 1.5 mm long) and is always persistent on the fruit. surface. the calyx is usually glabrous on the inside, except in h. coniocarpum where it is sericeous on the apex of the lobes. on outside, the calyx is sometimes sericeous on the lobes or over the whole of the outer surface, but it also can be glabrous e. g. h. venulosum. the calyx lobes are ciliated on the margins. corolla. the corolla is usually campanulate or infundibular, usually four lobed, seldom 5 lobed. the corolla texture is usually thin, but it can be thick (h. bangueyense, h. coniocarpum and h. ellipticifolium). the shape of the corolla lobes is usually rotundate or ovate. fig. 1. the arrangement of flowers in inflorescence: a. densely compound dichasia; b. compound verticillate dichasia; c. and d. simple verticillate dichasia; e. panicle; f. and g. sub raceme; h. spike. surface. the corolla is usually glabrous on the outer surface, less frequently it is hairy, e. g. h. hirtum, h. lithophilum, h. longifolium, h. rheophyticum, h. rufidulum and h. subulatum. 2002] mulyaningsih & risdale: bornean hypobathrum 99 the inner surface of the throat is usually sparsely to densely villous, but it can be glabrous e.g. in h. coniocarpum, h. glaberrimum and h. lancifolium. the margins of the lobes are ciliated. stamen. the stamen is usually sub-sessile (with filament up to 1 mm long) seldom sessile e. g. h. collinum, h. glaberrimum, h. lithophilum, h. microcarpum, h. riparium and h. subulatum. the stamens are usually inserted in the throat, sometimes around the middle of the tube (h. ellipticifolium, h. sampitense and h. subulatum). anther. the anthers are always slightly protruding (the tips of the anthers are exerted in open mature flowers), their shape varies from ovate, lanceolate, to linear. the apex is always acute and its base is always bilobed. the anther is usually dorsifixed around the middle, sometimes sub-basifixed, but rarely dorsifixed (h. coniocarpum and h. microcarpum). disc. most species have an annular disc and few have annular swollen. in nature, the ring-like, green disc surrounding the base of the style is coated with nectar. although actual observations are lacking, it is suggested that the flowers are visited by flies while in search of nectar they carry out pollination (robbrecht & puff, 1986). pistil. the ovary is always inferior and consists of two locules, with 1–9 ovules per locule. placental position is apical and pendulous. style. the style is usually terete and smooth. the exception is h. subulatum where it is terete with vertical grooves. most species have a style which is villous over the whole surface, if the surface is vertically grooved then the hairs are found on the grooves. according robbrecht & puff (1986), hairs and vertical grooves have function in pollen presentation. in some species the style is glabrous (h. coniocarpum, h. glaberrimum and h. lancifolium). stigma. the stigma is always bifid, with the lobes linear or oblong. the lobes open horizontal in the mature flowers to facilitate pollen reception but they are closed in the bud stage when pollen presentation may occur. fruit fruit (fig. 2). most species have subglobose fruits, but other shapes occur: elliptic (h. coniocarpum and h. salicinum), or obovate (h. ellipticifolium, h. rheophyticum and h. sampitense), or pyriform (h. gracile, h. lithophilum, and h. subulatum), or turbinate (h. venulosum). the fruits are smooth, except in h. gracile and h. venulosum which are vertically grooved. the surface of the fruits are usually glabrous, but may also tomentose (h. rufidulum), hirsute (h. hirtum and h. longifolium), and puberulous (h. subulatum). the fruits are baccate (mesocarp fleshy and juicy). fig. 2. the fruit shape: a. subglobose, b. elliptic, c. obovate, d. pyriform, e. turbinate. stalk. the stalk is terete and smooth, it may be glabrous or covered with hairs e. g. hirsute on h. hirtum, or puberulous on h. venulosum. seeds. in the majority of species the seeds are compressed, a few exceptions have been observed where the seeds are concave. the seeds are always pendulous and when there are several seeds per locule they are imbricate. the exotesta is always sulcate and composed of strong elongate fibrous cells. the seeds are ruminate except on h. glaberium. the type of embryo is always foliate (spatulate-shape) and incumbent. the position of embryo is always lateral base. taxonomy hypobathrum blume hypobathrum blume, bijdr. (1826): 1007; don, gen. his. dichl. pl. iii (1834): 547; bentham & hooker, gen. pl. ii (1876): 92; baillon, his. pl. vii (1880): 315; hooker, fl. brit. ind. iii (1882): 120–121; backer & bakhuizen f., flora of java ii (1965): 315– 316; robbrecht, bull. jard. bot. nat. belg. l (1980): 69–77; wong, tree fl. malaya. iv (1989): 354–355. –typus: hypobathrum frutescens blume petunga dc. prodr. iv (1830): 398; don, gen. his. dichl. pl. iii (1834): 509–510; korthals, nederl. kruidk. arch. ii ii (1851): 171; bentham & hooker, gen. pl. ii (1876): 92; king & gamble, journ. as. soc. beng. lxxii (1903): 221–224; ridley, fl. malay pen. ii (1923): 84–85. –typus: petunga roxburghii dc. habit shrub, tree or treelet. trunk straight with pairs of horizontal to divaricating branches. branchlets quadrangular to subterete, bark smooth or vertically fissured, glabrous, or a caducous or persistent hairs. leaves ovate, elliptic, lanceolate or linear, coriaceous, decussate, symmetrical, above gla100 reinwardtia [vol12 brous, drying colour pale green, grayish dark brown or dark brown, below glabrous or persistent hairs or hairs disappear by ages, on the primary or primary and secondary veins or over the whole parts, drying colour light brown, brown or dark brown; margins entire, glabrous, caducous or persistent hairs; veins above depressed or prominent, below prominent; primary veins weak to massive; secondary veins curved; 5–14 pairs, with acute to wide angle divergence, tertiary veins inconspicuous or conspicuous, marginal veins arcuate. petiole subterete or flatten. stipules ovate, triangular or lanceolate, keeled, caducous, sub-caducous or persistent, base free or connate, inner and outer surface glabrous or hairy, margins ciliate. bracts decussate or opposite and alternate, ovate, triangular or lanceolate, keeled, inner and outer surface glabrous, sericeous or pilose, margins ciliate. bracteoles ovate, triangular or lanceolate, keeled, one or pair inserted on the base or on the middle to the top of pedicel, inner and outer surface glabrous or hairy, margins ciliated, the base free or connate on one side. inflorescences axillary or axillary-pseudoterminal, deflected, horizontal or erect, originating from the nodes or supra-axillary in origin. peduncle extremely short or distinct, glabrous or with caducous or persistent hairs. flowers hermaphrodite, arranged in a densely compound dichasia, a simple or compound verticillate dichasia, sub raceme, a panicle, or a spike, sessile or sub sessile, tetra-merous or pentamerous. hypanthium cup or funnel-shaped, glabrous or hairy. pedicel extremely short or distinct, glabrous or with hairy. calyx cup or funnel-shaped, inside and outside glabrous or with hairy, divided into 4–5 tiny ovate or triangular lobes, margins ciliate. corolla cupor funnelshaped, thin or thick, tubes short, the throat glabrous or villous, divided into 4–5 rotundate or ovate lobes, contorted in the bud, margins ciliate. perianth epigynous. ovary inferior, bilocules, one to many ovules per locule. stamens 4–5, sessile or sub sessile, inserted in the throat or around the middle of the tube. anthers ovate, lanceolate or linear, with two lobes at the base, dorsifixed, or dorsifixed around the middle or sub-basifixed, erect, slightly protunding in the blossom flower. stigma bifid, 2 oblong or linearly lobed, glabrous or villous, lobes open horizontal and exerted in the blossom flower. style terete, smooth or vertical grooves, glabrous or villous. disc annular or annular swollen. perianth epigynous. ovary inferior, 2 loculed with 1 to many ovules per locule. fruits baccate, subglobose, obovate, elliptic, pyriform or turbinate, smooth or vertical grooves, glabrous or hairy, with a persistent calyx; exocarp leathery, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp membranaceous. stalk extremely short or distinct, glabrous or hairy. seeds 1 to many, concave or compressed, arranged pendulous imbricate, exotesta was composed of elongate strongest fibrous cells, sulcate, embryo foliate, spatulate, basal lateral, cotyledon incumbent. distribution: world. africa: tropical africa, madagascar & comoro islands. continental south east asia: india, north east & nicobar islands eastwards to vietnam. malesia: malay peninsula, sumatra, borneo, java, lesser sunda islands, celebes and philippine islands. hypobathrum is found throughout borneo, both malaysian and indonesian political areas. key to the bornean species of hypobathrum 1. a. branchlets with a persistent indumentum 2 b. branchlets glabrous or with a caducous indumentum 4 2. a. bracts inside sericeous over the whole surface. bracteoles inside sericeous over the whole surface. flowers in a spike, sessile. anthers subbasifixed 19. h. rufidulum b. bracts inside not sericeous over the whole surface. bracteoles inside sericeous on the top. flowers in sub raceme, sub sessile. anthers dorsifixed around the middle 3 3. a. branchlets hirsute. stipules ovate, persistent. bracts inside sericeous on the top. flowers pentamerous. corolla funnel-shaped. stamens sessile. disc annular 10. h. hirtum b. branchlets puberulous. stipule triangular, caducous. bracts inside pilose on the base. flowers tetramerous. corolla cup-shaped. stamens sub sessile. disc annular swollen 13. h. longifolium 4. a. leaves linear, tertiary veins inconspicuous 5 b. leaves not linear, tertiary veins conspicuous 8 5. a. leaves glabrous on lower surface. bracts decussate. bracteoles base connate on one side. anthers sub-basifixed 20. h. salicinum b. leaves puberulous on the veins of the lower surface. bracts opposite and alternate. bracteoles base free. anthers dorsifixed around the middle 6 6. a. bracts spear like and the first bracts elongate. one bracteole inserted on the pedicel. inflorescences supraaxillary in origin. flowers pentamerous. style vertically grooved 22. h. subulatum b. bracts not spear like and the first bracts do not elongate. a pair of the bracteoles inserted 2002] mulyaningsih & risdale: bornean hypobathrum 101 oppositely to the pedicel. inflorescences arising from the nodes. flowers tetramerous. style smooth 7 6. a. petiole puberulous. stipules persistent. bracts outside sericeous. bracteoles oppo-site at the middle to the top of the pedicel. hypanthium funnel-shaped, puberulous. corolla funnelshaped. fruits pyriform, vertically grooved. stalk glabrous 12. h. lithophilum b. petiole glabrous. stipules subcaducous. bracts outside glabrous. bracteoles opposite at the base of the pedicel. hypanthium cup-shaped, glabrous. corolla cup-shaped. fruits obovate, smooth. stalk puberulous 17. h. rheophyticum 8. a. bracts inside hairy 9 b. bracts inside glabrous 15 9. a. stipules outside glabrous 10 b. stipule outside hairy 13 10. a. stipules caducous to sub-caducous. pedicel glabrous 16. h. racemosum b. stipules persistent. pedicel hairy 11 11.a. bracteoles inserted oppositely to the base of the pedicel. inflorescences originating from the nodes 4. h. coniocarpum b. bracteoles inserted oppositely to the middle to the top of the pedicel. inflorescences supraaxillary in origin 12 12. a. bracts ovate. hypanthium sparsely puberulous. fruits turbinate, vertically grooved, sparsely puberulous. stalk puberulous 23. h. venulosum b. bracts narrowly triangular. hypanthium glabrous. fruits subglobose, smooth, glabrous. stalk glabrous 7. h. glaberrimum 13. a. disc annular swollen. fruits subglobose 14. h. microcarpum b. disc annular. fruits obovate 14 14. a. petiole glabrous. bracteoles ovate. hypan-thium funnel-shaped. corolla thin, funnel-shaped. anthers sub-basifixed 21. h. sampitense b. petiole puberulous. bracteoles triangular. hypanthium cup-shaped. corolla thick, cupshaped. anthers dorsifixed around the middle 5. h. ellipticifolium 15. a. flowers in a spike, sessile 16 b. flowers not in a spike, sub sessile 17 16. a. veins on lower surface and petiole glabrous. stipules base connate. bracteoles base free, one inserted on the middle to the top of the pedicel. corolla cup-shaped. anthers sub-basifixed 3. h. collinum b. lower surface of veins and petiole scattered puberulous. stipules base free. bracteoles base connate on one side, inserted oppositely to the base of the pedicel. corolla funnel-shaped. anthers dorsifixed around the middle 15. h. palustre 17. a. bracteoles base connate on one side 18 b. bracteoles base free 19 18. a. corolla inside villous in the throat. anthers subbasifixed. style villous on the middle to the top 18. h. riparium b. corolla inside glabrous. anthers dorsifixed around the middle. style glabrous 11. h. lancifolium 19. a. veins with a persistent indumentum on lower surface. flowers in sub raceme 23 b. veins glabrous or with a caducous indumentum on lower surface. flowers not in sub raceme 20 20. a. bracts ovate, opposite and alternate. peduncle glabrous 8. h. glabrum b. bracts triangular, decussate. peduncle hairy 21 21. a. flowers in a panicle 24. hypobathrum sp. b. flowers not in a panicle 22 22. a. stipules triangular, subcaducous, outside glabrous. inflorescences arising from the nodes. peduncle ≤ 2 mm long. flowers in a densely compound dichasia. hypanthium glabrous. anthers subbasifixed 6. h. frutescens b. stipules ovate, persistent, outside tomentose. inflorescences supra-axillary in origin. peduncle ≥ 15 mm long. flowers in a simple verticillate dichasia. hypanthium densely hirsute. anthers dorsifixed around the middle 2. h. caudifolium 23.a. stipule ovate, persistent. bracteoles inserted oppositely to the middle to the top of the pedicel. inflorescences supra-axillary in origin. peduncle and axis hairy. anthers dorsifixed around the middle 9. h. gracile b. stipule triangular, caducous. bracteoles inserted oppositely to the base of the pedicel. inflorescences arising from the nodes. peduncle and axis glabrous. anthers sub-basi h. bangueyense 1. hypobathrum bangueyense mulyaningsih & ridsdale, sp. nov. ⎯fig. 3 folia elliptica subtus venis puberulis, petioli hirti, stipulae triangulares caducae, bracteae triangulares decussatae glabrae, bracteolae triangulares basi liberae pedicelli basi opposite insertae, corolla crassa, lobi ovati, faux villosa, stylus stigma villosus, antherae subbasifixae. – typus: p. castro & f. melegrito 1445 (bo–holotype), north east borneo, banggi (banguey) island, viii 1923. fl. habit unknown. branchlets divaricating, when young quadrangular and becoming subterete with age, bark smooth, glabrous; internodes 37–45 mm long, 2,5 mm wide, 2 mm thick, pilose on the young nodes after stipules have fallen. leaves elliptic, 75–108 mm long, 26–46 mm wide, above glabrous, drying colour pale green, below puberulous on primary and secondary veins, brown; apex cuspidate; the base cuneate; margins with caducous hairs; veins above depressed below prominent, primary veins stout, secondary veins ascending, curved, 7 pairs, moderate angle of divergence, tertiary veins 102 reinwardtia [vol12 conspicuous. petiole terete 6–7 mm long, hirsute on upper surface. fig. 3. hypobathrum bangueyense; a. flowering shoot from p. castro & f. melegrito 1445; b. flower bud; c. mature flower; d. pistil; e. the longitudinal section of the hypanthium; f. corolla; g1. bracteole inside; g2. bracteole outside; h1 bract inside; h2. bract outside. stipules caducous, triangular, 7 mm by 5 mm, keeled, outer surface tomentose on the tip, inner surface glabrous, the base free, apex acute. bracts triangular, 2 mm by 0.5 mm, strongly keeled, decussate, the apex acuminate, glabrous on outer and inner surfaces. bracteoles triangular 1 mm by 0.3 mm, keeled, opposite at the base of the pedicel, inside glabrous, outside sparsely sericeous, the base free. inflorescences deflected, arising from the nodes. peduncle up to 2 mm long, glabrous. axis glabrous, 15–50 mm long, 10–35 nodes, compressed below nodes, 4 mm space between nodes. flowers arranged in sub raceme, sub-sessile, tetra-merous, 2 mm by 1.1 mm. pedicel 0.2 mm long, hirsute. hypanthium funnel-shaped, 0.8 mm by 0.8 mm, glabrous. calyx funnel-shaped, 0.5 mm by 1.2 mm, tubes glabrous, lobes 4, tiny ovate, 0.4 mm by 0.7 mm, inside glabrous, outside sparsely sericeous on the apex. corolla thick, funnel-shaped, 1.8 mm by 1 mm (flower bud), glabrous on outer surface, tubes short, the throat sparsely villous; lobes 4, ovate, 0.8 mm by 1 mm. stamens 4, sub sessile, inserted in the throat; filament 0.1 mm long; anthers subbasifixed, 1 mm by 0.2 mm. style smooth, terete, 0.6 mm long, sparsely villous on the middle to the top. stigma bifid, lobes 0.6 mm long, sparsely villous on outer surface. disc annular. ovules 5 per locule. fruits not seen. distribution and ecology. the herbarium specimens were collected only from banguey island, but no notes on habit and ecology were made. 2. hypobathrum caudifolium mulyaningsih & ridsdale, sp. nov.⎯fig. 4 folia ovata ad elliptica glabra, stipulae ovatae persistentes extra tomentosae, bracteae triangulares decussatae extra sericeae, bracteolae basi liberae, pedicelli basi opposite insertae, inflorescentiae supra-axillariter ortae, flores in simplices dichasiis verticillatis, pedunculus plus quam 15 mm. longus axe pubescens, pedicellus glaber, hypanthium pubescens, corolla tenuis, lobi rotundati, faux sparse villosa, stylus cylindricus stigma bifidum villosus, antherae circa medium dorsifixae. – typus: h. wiriadinata 1310 (bo!– holotype; l, k, a, sing, san–isotype), east borneo, long tesak, 14 iii 1978. fl. habit treelet, 3-4 m high, 3 cm diam. branchlets divaricating, when young quadrangular and becoming subterete with age, bark smooth, glabrous but around the nodes scattered puberulous on young growth, internodes 50–73 mm long, 1.5–2 mm wide, 1.5–2 mm thick. leaves ovate to elliptic, 100–140 mm long, 28–60 mm wide, above glabrous, drying colour dark brown, below sparsely puberulous on the primary veins of the young growth, drying colour brown; apex caudate; the base acute; margins glabrous; veins above depressed, below prominent, primary veins moderate to weak, secondary veins curved, 7 pairs, ascending with acute to moderate angle of divergence, tertiary veins conspicuous. petiole 7–10 mm long, above sparsely puberulous on the young growth. stipules persistent, ovate, 5–7 mm by 4.5–6 mm, keeled, apex acuminate to cuspidate, the base free, inside glabrous, outside scattered toentose along the midrib. bracts triangular, 1.5 mm by 0.8 mm, keeled, decussate, inside glabrous, outside sericeous over the whole parts. bracteoles ovate, 0.9–1 mm by 0.5–0.8 mm, faintly keeled, opposite at the base 2002] mulyaningsih & risdale: bornean hypobathrum 103 of the pedicel, inside glabrous, outside densely sericeous on the midrib to the whole parts, the base free. inflorescences deflected, horizontal or erect; supra-axillary in origin. peduncle 15–45 mm long; axis 70–100 mm long with 23-26 nodes, 3– 7 mm between nodes, subterete to ensiform, sparsely hirsute. fig. 4. hypobathrum caudifolium; a. flowering shoot from h. wiriadinata 1310; b. flower bud; c. mature flower; d. pistil; e. the longitudinal section of the hypanthium; f. corolla; g1. bracteole inside; g2. bracteole outside; h1. bract inside; h2. bract outside. flowers arranged in a simple verticillate dichasia, sub sessile, tetramerous, 4.5 mm by 2 mm. pedicel 0.5 mm long, glabrous. hypanthium cup-shaped, 0.5–1 mm by 0.7–1 mm, densely hirsute. calyx funnel-shaped, 0.7–1 mm by 0.7–1 mm, outside densely sericeous, inside glabrous, lobes 4, ovate, 0.3–0.7 mm by 0.5 mm, faintly keeled. corolla thin, funnel-shaped, 3.8 mm by 2 mm, outside glabrous, tubes up to 2 mm in long, inside sparsely villous in the throat, lobes 4, rotundate, inside sparsely villous on the base. stamens 4, sub sessile, inserted in the throat, filaments 0.1 mm long, anthers linear, 1.7 mm by 0.2 mm, dorsifixed around the middle, the base with two lobes. style terete, smooth, 1.25 mm long, densely villous on the middle to the top. stigma bifid, lobes linear, densely villous on outside. disc annular. ovule 1 per locule. fruits not seen. distribution and ecology. this species has been found in the disturbed forest at 15–100 m above sea level, at bucalung and long tesak (east borneo). vernacular names. borneo: semampat (kutai), dejang (dayak). notes. this species strongly resembles h. gracile but differs in the following characters: hairy on primary veins below, inflorescence type, calyx and corolla shape and hypanthium hairy. 3. hypobathrum collinum mulyaningsih & ridsdale, sp. nov.⎯fig. 5 folia elliptica glabra, stipulae caducae ad subcaducae basi connatae, inflorescentiae crassae deflexae supra-axillariter ortae, flores spiciformes. – typus: jaheri 333 (bo!– holotype), central borneo, bukit batu milier, 1896-1897. fl. bud & fr. habit unknown. branchlets subterete when young quadrangular and becoming subterete with age, bark smooth, glabrous; internodes 45–65 mm long, 2.5–3 mm wide, 2–2.5 mm thick. leaves elliptic, 105–150 mm long, 33–53 mm wide, above glabrous, drying colour dark brown, lower surface glabrous, drying colour brown; apex caudate; the base obtuse; margins glabrous; veins above depressed, below prominent, primary veins moderate, secondary veins curved, 7–9 pairs, ascending with angle of divergence moderate, tertiary veins conspicuous. petiole 3 mm long, 1mm diam., glabrous. stipules caducous to sub-caducous, lanceolate, 7 mm by 3 mm, keeled, the base connate, apex cuspidate, glabrous on inner and outer surfaces. bracts ovate, 1.2 mm by 0.8 mm, keeled, decussate, inside glabrous, outside sericeous on the top. bracteoles triangular, 0.8 mm by 0.4 mm, keeled, one inserted on the middle to the top of pedicel, glabrous on inner and outer surfaces, the base free. inflorescences stout, horizontal to deflected, supra-axillary in origin. peduncle ensiform, 3–4 mm long, 1 mm diam., puberulous. axis ensiform, 15–25 mm long, 1 mm wide, 8–12 nodes, space between nodes 2–3 mm, glabrous. flowers arranged in a spike, sessile, tetramerous, 2 mm by 0.8 mm. hypanthium funnelshaped, 0.8 mm by 0.7 mm, glabrous. calyx subcampanulate, 0.8 mm by 0.8 mm, glabrous on inner surface; lobes 4, narrowly triangular, 0.5 mm by 0,3 mm, outside sparsely sericeous on the top. corolla thin, campanulate, 1.6 mm by 0.8 mm; outer surface glabrous, inner surface densely villous in the throat; lobes 4, rotundate, 0.6 mm by 0.4 mm, glabrous on inner surface. stamens 4, 104 reinwardtia [vol12 sessile, inserted in the throat; anthers lanceolate to linear, 0.7 mm by 0.2 mm, sub-basifixed, base with two lobes. style smooth, terete, 0.2 mm by 0.05 mm, villous on the middle to the top. stigma bifid, 0.1 mm long, villous on the outer surface. disc annular. ovules 5 per locule. fig. 5. hypobathrum collinum; a. flowering shoot from jaheri 333; b. flower bud; c. mature flower; d. pistil; e. the longitudinal section of the hypanthium; f. corolla; g1. bracteole inside; g2. bracteole outside; h1. bract inside; h2. bract outside; i. fruiting; j. the position of seeds in the fruit; k. seed. fruit smooth, subglobose, 7–8 mm by 4–5 mm, glabrous, exocarp thick, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp membranaceous. stalk 1.5 mm long, 2 mm diam., glabrous. seeds 1–2 per locule, concave to compressed, 5 mm long, 3 mm wide, 0.8 mm thick. distribution. bukit batu milier (central borneo). 4. hypobathrum coniocarpum (korth.) mulyaningsih & ridsdale, comb. nov. petunga coniocarpa korth., in nederl. kruidk. arch. ii ii (1851): 173; fl. ind. bat. ii (1956): 202. –typus: korthals s. n. herb. lugd. bat. no. 908 220241 (l-holo, photocopy!), borneo, south borneo, martapura. distribution and ecology. this species was found growing in the secondary forest near river bank at binalik river (north borneo), martapura (south borneo), and west kutai (east borneo), in the secondary forest at ancalong (east borneo) or in the hilly forest near teluk bajur, berau (east borneo). it is found within an altitudinal range of 15–250 m above sea level. vernacular names. borneo: semampat (kutai), lejang (dayak). notes. at a glance flowering plants are similar to h. gracile, but the attenuate of leaves base; bracts and bracteoles base free, sericeous on inside and outside are like h. longifolium. 5. hypobathrum ellipticifolium mulyaningsih & ridsdale, sp. nov. –fig. 6 folia elliptica glabra, stipulae triangulares caducae, bracteae ovatae, bracteolae triangulares oppositae ad pedicelli basin, inflorescentiae deflexae ad nodos ortae, flores in simplices dichasiis verticillatis hypanthium cupuliforme, corolla crassa cupuliformis lobis ovatis, antherae ad medium dorsifixae, fructus obovatus. – typus: w. m. polak 1401 (bo! –holotype; l, sing–isotype), south borneo, banjarmasin, tulungrejo, 3 x 1959. fl. & fr. habit unknown. branchlets subterete but quadrangular on young growth, bark smooth, glabrous but sparsely puberulous on below the nodes of the young growth, internodes 38–60 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 2.5 mm thick. leaves elliptic, 70–75 mm long, 32 mm wide, glabrous, above pale green, below drying colour brown; apex acute; the base attenuate; margins glabrous; secondary veins curve, 9 pairs, ascending with moderate angle divergence, tertiary veins conspicuous. petiole subterete, 5 mm by 1 mm, scattered puberulous on the upper part. stipules caducous, triangular, 7 mm by 4 mm, keeled, inside glabrous, outside sparsely puberulous along the midrib, the base free, apex obtuse. bracts ovate, 1 mm by 1 mm, keeled, decussate, inside pilose on the base, outside hirsute. bracteoles triangular, 0.7 mm by 0.8 mm, keeled, opposite at the base of pedicel, outside sericeous on the top, inside glabrous, the base connate on one side. inflorescences deflected, originating from the nodes. peduncle ensiform, 3 mm by 1.5 mm, sparsely puberulous. axis 9–12 mm long, 30 nodes, space between nodes 2 mm, sparsely puberulous. flowers arranged in a simple verticillate dichasia, sub sessile, tetramerous, 3 mm by 1 mm. 2002] mulyaningsih & risdale: bornean hypobathrum 105 pedicel 1 mm by 1.5 mm, sparsely puberulous. hypanthium cup-shaped, 1.5 mm by 1 mm, glabrous. calyx campanulate, 0.5 mm by 1 mm, inside glabrous, outside scattered sericeous; lobes 4, triangular, 0.3–0.7 mm by 0.5–0.7 mm. corolla thick, sub-campanulate, 2.2 mm by 1 mm, inside villous in the throat, outside glabrous; lobes 4, ovate 1.2 mm by 0.6 mm. stamens 4, sessile, inserted around the middle of the tube; anthers dorsifixed around the middle, linear, 0.9 mm by 0.1 mm. style smooth, terete, 0.4–1.25 mm, villous on the middle of the top. stigma bifid, linear, 0.6 mm by 0.1 mm, villous on outer surface. disc annular. ovules 7 per locule. fig. 6. hypobathrum ellipticifolium; a. flowering shoot from igg mudhitha cs. s. n.; b. flower bud; c. mature flower; d. pistil; e. longitudinal section of the hypanthium; f. corolla; g1. bracteole inside with flowers bud; g2. bracteole outside; h1. bract inside; h2. bract outside; i. fruiting; j. the position of seeds in the fruit; k. seed. fruits smooth, obovate, 6–7 mm by 2.5–3 mm, glabrous, exocarp thick, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp membranaceous. stalk 6 mm by 0.7 mm, sparsely puberulous. seeds 7 per locule, compressed, 4 mm long, 1 mm wide, 0.1 mm thick. distribution and ecology. this species was found growing on the clayey ground near marshy forest at tulungrejo, banjarmasin (south borneo). notes. this species differs from h. ellipticum baill., which has the following typical characters: leaves chartaceous, ovate, lateral vein 3–4 pairs, inconspicuous, stipule apiculate, disc inconspicuous. 6. hypobathrum frutescens blume distribution and ecology. this species has been recorded from a variety of habitats. moist primary and secondary forests growing in the fertile top-soil on the slopes of mountains in sumatra, java, lesser sunda islands. also in the forest near the beach of pelabuhan ratu. in borneo this species has been found in the riparian forest at martapura (south borneo) and kombeng mountain, west kutai (east borneo). it is found at an altitudinal range 30–2100 m above sea level. flowering: september, fruiting: november (middle java); flowering and fruiting: january– april, or june–august (west & east java). vernacular names. apit, hapit, kopian, kopen (java); resberesan (madura); kikopi (sunda). 7. hypobathrum glaberrimum mulyaningsih & ridsdale, sp. nov. –fig. 7 folia lanceolata glabra, stipulae persistentes, bracteolae pedicelli e medio ad apicem insertae, inflorescentiae supra-axillariter ortae, flores in subracemosae, corolla utrinque glabra, stylus teretus stigma bifidum glaber. – typus: amdjah 346 (bo!–holotype, l–isotype) central borneo, untung river, 27 xii 1898. fl. bud & fr. habit unknown. branchlets divaricating, subterete but quadrangular on young growth, bark smooth with rounded scars made by insects, glabrous, internodes 40–75 mm long, 2–3 mm wide, 1–2 mm thick. leaves lanceolate, 90–198 mm long, 23–66 mm wide, glabrous, upper surface (grayish) dark brown and lower surface drying colour brown; apex cuspidate to caudate; the base attenuate to cuneate; margins glabrous; veins above depressed, below prominent, primary veins stout to moderate, secondary veins curved, (6–) 8–11 pairs, ascending with moderate angle divergence, tertiary veins conspicuous reticulate. petiole subterete, 2–7 mm by 1–2 mm, glabrous. stipules persistent, triangular to lanceolate, 5– 11 mm by 4–7 mm, faintly keeled, glabrous on inside and outside, the base connate, apex acute to narrowly acuminate. bracts narrowly triangular, 1.5–3 mm by 0.5– 1.5 mm, keeled, decussate, inside pilose on the base, outside sericeous along the midrib. bracteoles ovate, faintly keeled, 1–1.5 mm by 0.8–1 mm, apex acuminate, opposite at the middle to the top of the pedicel, inside glabrous, outside 106 reinwardtia [vol12 sericeous on the top, the base connate on one side. fig. 7. hypobathrum glaberrimum; a. flowering shoot from amdjah 346; b. flower bud; c. mature flower; d. pistil; e. longitudinal section of the hypanthium; f. corolla; g bracteole; h1. bract inside; h2. bract outside; i. fruit; j. the position of seeds in the fruit; k. seed; l. the position of the embryo in the seed. inflorescences erect to deflected, supraaxillary in origin. peduncle quadrangular or subterete to ensiform, 2.5–5 mm by 1–1.5 mm, sparsely puberulous. axis quadrangular or subterete or ensiform, 13–34 mm long, 13–34 nodes, space between nodes 1–2 mm, sparsely puberulous. flowers arranged in sub raceme, sub sessile, tetramerous, 0.5–0.7 mm by 0.5–0.6 mm, still in bud. pedicel up to 0.5 mm by 0.3 mm, sparsely puberulous. hypanthium funnel-shaped, 0.2–0.5 mm by 0.1–0.3 mm, glabrous. calyx campanulate, 0.2–1 mm by 0.5–1 mm, glabrous on inner and outer surfaces; lobes 4, ovate to narrowly triangular, 0.1–0.8 mm by 0.2–0.3 mm, faintly keeled, glabrous on inner surface, sericeous on the top of outer surface. corolla thin, subcampanulate, 0.5–0.6 mm by 0.5–0.7 mm, glabrous on inner and outer surfaces; lobes 4, rotundate, 0.3– 0.4 mm by 0.2–0.3 mm, glabrous on inner and outer surfaces. stamens 4, sessile, inserted in the throat; anthers sub-basi-fixed, lanceolate, 0.3–0.4 mm long, base with two lobes. style smooth, terete, 0.4–1.25 mm, glabrous. stigma bifid, ovate, 0.1–0.3 mm by 0.05 mm, glabrous. disc annular. ovules 2–3 per locule. fruits smooth, subglobose, 5–8 mm by 4–7 mm, glabrous, exocarp thick, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp membranaceous. stalk 1.5–3 mm by 4– 7 mm, glabrous. seeds compressed to con-cave, 1–3 per locule, 3–6 mm long, 2–2.5 mm wide, 0.5–2.5 mm thick, endosperm homogeneous. distribution and ecology. this species has been found near river banks, at untung river, lelebulan (central borneo), magne river (east borneo) and in north borneo. 8. hypobathrum glabrum mulyaningsih & ridsdale, sp. nov. – fig. 8 folia elliptica glabra, stipulae triangulares caducae extra in costa tomentosae, bracteae ovatae oppositae vel alternatae, bracteolae basi liberae extus omnino sericeae, inflorescentiae e nodis ortae, flores in simplices dichasiis verticillatis, pedunculus, axis pedicelli glabri. – typus: e. g. sauver 1031 (bo!–holotype), central borneo, tanah laut, tunggel mountain. 2 viii 1965. fl. bud. habit treelet to tree, 7 m high. branchlets when young quadrangular and becoming subterete with age, bark smooth, glabrous; internodes 51–60 mm long, 2 mm wide, 2.5 mm thick, pilose on the young nodes after stipules have been fallen. leaves elliptic, 92–102 mm long, 32–37.5 mm wide, glabrous, above drying colour dark brown, below drying colour brown; apex cuspidate; the base cuneate, margins entire; veins above depressed, below prominent, primary veins moderate, secondary veins curved, 7–8 pairs, ascending with acute to moderate angle of divergence, tertiary veins conspicuous. petiole subterete, 3 mm long, 1 mm diam., glabrous. stipules caducous or sub-caducous, triangular, 7 mm by 1.5 mm, apex obtuse, inside glabrous, outside tomentose along the midrib. bracts ovate, keeled, 1.9 mm by 0.8 mm, opposite and alternate, inside glabrous outside sericeous. bracteoles ovate, keeled, 1 mm by 0.7 mm, opposite at the base of pedicel, inside glabrous, outside sericeous, the base free. inflorescences erect, originating from the nodes. peduncle subterete, 5 mm long, 1 mm diam., glabrous. axis subterete, 18–24 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, 7–10 nodes, space between nodes irregular glabrous. flowers arranged in simple verticillate dichasia, sub sessile, tetramerous, 3 mm by 1.7 mm. pedicel 0.3 mm long, 0.3 mm diam., glabrous. hypanthium funnel-shaped, 0.5 mm by 0.7 mm, glabrous. calyx funel-shaped, 0.5 mm by 0.7 mm, glabrous on inner surface; lobes 4, ovate, 0.3–0.4 mm by 0.8 mm, keeled faintly, outside sparsely sericeous on the top. corolla funnel-shaped, 2.5 mm by 0.9 mm, thin; outer surface glarous, inner surface densely villous in the throat; 2002] mulyaningsih & risdale: bornean hypobathrum 107 lobes 4, rotundate, 1 mm by 0.9 mm, glabrous on inner surface. stamens 4, sub sessile, inserted in the throat; filaments 0.3 mm by 0.1 mm; anthers lanceolate to linear, 0.2–1.3 mm by 0.05–0.1 mm, dorsifixed around the middle, the base with two lobes. style smooth, terete, 0.8 mm by 0.1 mm, densely villous on the middle to the top. stigma bifid, 0.1 mm long, villous on outer surface. disc annular. ovules 4–per locule. fig. 8. hypobathrum glabrum; a. shoot, b. inflorescence and c. fruiting from h. winkler 2577; d. flower bud; e. mature flower; f. pistil; g. longitudinal section of the hypanthium; h. corolla; i1. bracteole inside; i2. bracteole outside; j1. bract inside; j2. bract outside; k. flowering from e. g. sauver 1031; l. fruit; m. the longitudinal sections of the fruit; n. seed. fruits subglobose, smooth, 7 mm by 5.5 mm, glabrous, exocarp thick, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp membranaceous. stalk 0.5 mm long, 0.8 mm diam., glabrous. seeds 6 per locule compressed, 4 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 1 mm thick. distribution and ecology. this species has been found in fields on wet land at the base of tunggel mountain, tanah laut (central borneo) at 2 m above sea level. 9. hypobathrum gracile (korth.) mulyaningsih & ridsdale, comb. nov. petunga gracilis korth., nederl. kruidk. arch. ii ii (1851): 173; miquel, fl. ind. bat. ii (1856): 201. – type: korthals s. n. herb. lugd. bat. no. 908, 220– 256 (l–holo, photocopy!) herb. lugd. bat. no. 908, 220–251, 255, 258, 260 (l–iso, photocopy!) borneo, south borneo, banjarmasin, prarawin mountain. distribution and ecology. this species was found growing on periodically inundate land near kelai river at the base of nyapa mountain on 20 m above sea level, and in the disturbed forest and in the marshy calcareous forest at kelinjau river, and in the secondary forest at sak river (east borneo) and prarawin mountain, banjarmasin (south borneo). vernacular names. borneo: semampat (kutai), dejang (wai-dayak). 10. hypobathrum hirtum (ridley) mulyaningsih & ridsdale, comb. nov. & stat. nov. petunga hirta ridley, journ. mal. br. roy. soc. i (1923): 69. hypobathrum longifolium (dc) wong var. hirta (ridley) wong, tree fl. malaya (1972) i: 345. – typus: nur muhamed 7405 (sing–holo), sumatra, sibolangit, bukit kluang. distribution and ecology. this species has been found on the middle slopes of limestone ridge at teng bukap, kuching, and in the plain of primary forest (30 m above sea level) at kombeng mountain, west kutai (east borneo). vernacular names. borneo: kopi hutan (melayu), kupi tarun. notes. h. hirtum (ridley) mulyaningsih & ridsdale is based on petunga hirta ridley. wong (1989) described this taxon as h. longifolium (dc) wong var. hirta (ridley) wong. during the present study on muhamad nur 7405, it was noted that the taxon has the following typical characters: stipules persistent, ovate, outside hirsute over the whole parts; flowers pentamerous; calyx infundibular, lobes outside sericeous over the whole parts and seed one per locule. these characters differ significantly from h. longifolium (dc) wong var. hirta (ridley) wong is distinct species, it should be excluded from h. longifolium (dc) wong and hence the taxon is once again recognised as a distinct species. 11. hypobathrum lancifolium mulyaningsih & ridsdale, nom. nov. petunga lanceolatum korth., nederl. kruidk. arch. ii ii (1851): 171; non hypobathrum lanceolatum (sond.) baill. – typus: korthals s. n. herb. lugd. bat. no.908, 220–257 (l–holo, photocopy!) borneo, tewe river. 108 reinwardtia [vol12 distribution and ecology. mempawah, pontianak (west borneo), tewe river, martapura (south borneo), but no notes on habit and ecology were made. notes. the specific epithet lanceolatum is already occupied in hypobathrum with the combination h. lanceolatum (sond.) baill. based on krausia lanceolata sond. which is a different species. hence a new specific epithet is required for the present taxon. h. lanceolatum (sond.) baill. has the following different characters: flowers turbinate, in a cyme, pentamerous, corolla throat sparsely villous, stamens exerted, anthers basifixed and ovule 1 per locule. 12. hypobathrum lithophilum mulyaningsih & ridsdale, sp. nov. – fig. 9 folia linearia subtus venis primariis sparse puberulis venis tertiariis inconspicuis, petioli subtereti puberuli, stipulae persistentes, bracteae anguste triangulares oppositae vel alternatae extus sericeae, bracteolae binatae oppositae e medio ad apicem insertae, inflorescentiae e nodis ortae, hypanthium infundibuliforme puberulum, corolla infundibuliformis, stamina sessilia, fructus pyriformes verticaliter sulcati pedicellis glabris. – typus: h. wiriadinata 830 (bo! –holo, l–iso), east borneo, batu penolong, 4 vii 1975. fr. habit shrub, 1 m high. branchlets divaricating, subterete, bark smooth, on below the nodes with caducous hairs, internodes 32–47 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 2 mm thick. leaves linear, 95–133 mm long, 15–20 mm wide, above glabrous, drying colour grayish dark brown to dark brown, below sparsely puberulous on primary veins, drying colour brown; apex caudate; the base attenuate; margins glabrous; veins above depressed to prominent and below prominent, primary veins stout, secondary veins curved, 5–6 pairs, ascending with acute angle of divergence, tertiary veins inconspicuous. petiole subterete, 5–9 mm long, 1 m diam, sparsely puberulous. stipules persistent, triangular keeled, 4–6 mm by 3–4 mm, inside glabrous, outside scattered sericeous along midrib, the base free, apex acute to acuminate. bracts narrowly triangular, 1–1.5 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm wide, faintly keeled, opposite and alternate, inner surface glabrous, outer surface sericeous over the whole parts or on the top. bracteoles triangular, 0.5–0.8 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, keeled, opposite on the middle to the top of pedicel, inside glabrous, outside sericeous on the top, the base free. fig. 9. hypobathrum lithophilum, a. flowering shoot from h. wiriadinata 830; b. flower bud; c. mature flower; d. pistil; e. the longitudinal section of the hypanthium, f. corolla, g1. bracteole inside; g2 bracteole outside; h1. bract inside; h2. bract outside; i. inflorescence; j. fruit; k. the position of seeds in the fruit; l. seed; m. embryo. inflorescences erect, originating from the nodes. peduncle quadrangular or ensiform, 1.5–4 mm long, 0.5–1 mm wide, sparsely pu-berulous, compressed below the nodes. axis 7–35 mm by 0.5–1 mm, tomentose, 6–15 nodes, space between nodes up to 3–8 mm. flowers arranged in sub raceme, sub sessile, tetra-merous, 4 mm long, 2 mm diam. pedicel 1–2 mm long 0.5 mm diam., glabrous. hypanthium funnel-shaped, 1.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, puberulous. calyx subcampanulate, 0.5–1 m by 1 mm, inside glabrous, lobes 4, ovate faintly keeled, 0.3 mm by 0.5 mm, outside sericeous. corolla thin, funnel-shaped 2.6 mm long, 2.1 mm diam., outer surface sparsely puberulous; tubes ex-tremely short (up to 2 mm), inner surface densely villous in the throat, lobes 4, ovate, 1.1 mm long, 1 mm wide, margins ciliated. stamens 4, sessile, inserted in the throat; anthers lanceolate, 1.2 mm by 0.2 mm, dorsifixed around the middle. style smooth, terete, 1.5 mm long, included, villous. stigma bifid, 0.8 mm by 0.2 mm, lobes lanceolate, villous. disc annular. ovules 5 per locule. fruits pyriform with vertical grooves, 8.5–10 mm by 3 mm, glabrous, exocarp thick, me-socarp fleshy, endocarp membranaceous. stalk extremely short, 1–2 mm long, 0.5 mm diam., glabrous. 2002] mulyaningsih & risdale: bornean hypobathrum 109 seeds 3–5 per locule, compressed, 4 mm long, 1– 1.5 mm wide, 0.8–1 mm thick. distribution and ecology. this species has been found dwelling stones in the primary forest on the banks of the mahakam river bank, batu penolong, toho river (east borneo). it is found at an altitudinal range 100–150 m above sea level. vernacular name. borneo: urvur (dayak – bahau). 13. hypobathrum longifolium (dc) wong distribution and ecology. this species has been found in thailand (by streams in evergreen forest at surāt, in lowland in the evergreen forest at pūket and on a hill near a stream at pattānī); malay paninsula (in the forest at pahang, kwala tembeling, selangor, labu river, perak, goping; near a waterfall at tapah, penang and on a hill at kelantan, chaning); sumatra, java (in lowland to hill forest at banten, preanger, semarang, jepara, madiun and banyuwangi), borneo (on the over flood-plain at dahun, west kutai, east borneo). it grows at an altitudinal range 10–1200 m above sea level. vernacular names. borneo: pangihu (kutai), beran nipa (benuwa-dayak); kihapiet, kiapiet, kikopi-lalaki (sunda); babalan, hapit, klagu, urang-urangan (java). 14. hypobathrum microcarpum (blume) bakh. f. distribution and ecology. this species has been found in the mixed dipterocarp forest or primary forest, on the dry land to wet land on the slopes of mountain or plain throughout sumatra, java and lesser sunda islands, or on the margin of rivulet at mukun river. (east borneo) and kabili-sepilok, and on limestone hill at balembangan insland (north borneo). it grows at an altitudinal range 30 100 m above sea level, at landak river, kapuas river, kuala penjauh (west borneo); wanariset, mukun river at samarinda (east borneo). vernacular names. kayu-bras, bras, bebras, membras, muntimagas (dusun), kiapit (sunda), klayu (java). uses. in indonesia, the young leaves and shoot tips are eaten raw as a vegetable and used medicinally for making astringent. 15. hypobathrum palustre mulyaningsih & ridsdale, sp. nov. – fig. 10 folia ovata subtus venis primariis secundariisque puberulis, petiolus disperse puberulus, stipulae basi leberae caducae, bracteae ovatae decussatae, bracteolae ovatae basi uno latere connatae oppositae ad pedicelli basin insertae, inflorescentiae ad nodos ortae, flores spiciformes, pedunculus axis hypanthium hirsutum, corolla tenuis infundibuliformis lobis rotundatis. – typus: v. balgooy & v. setten 5466 (bo!–holo), west borneo, pontianak, palung mountain, 16 vi 1986. fl. habit sprawling shrub to treelet, up to 3 m high. branchlets helicoid, subterete but quadrangular on young growth, bark smooth with a densely caducous hirsute; internodes 32–45 mm long, 1.5–2 mm wide, 1–1.5 mm thick. leaves ovate, 80–90 mm long, 28–35.5 mm wide; upper surface shinning; lower surface puberulous on primary and secondary veins, colour brown; apex cuspidate to caudate; the base attenuate; margins with caducous hairs; veins upper depressed, below prominent, primary veins stout to moderate, secondary veins 6–7 pairs, tertiary veins conspicuous. petiole subterete, 4–6 (–9) mm long, scattered puberulous. stipules caducous, triangular, 7–9 mm by 2.5–4 mm, inside glabrous, outside tomentose along the midrib or the base, apex acute, the base free. bracts ovate, 1 mm by 0.8 mm, faintly keeled, outside densely sericeous, inside glabrous, decussate. bracteoles ovate, 0.4–1.3 mm by 1 mm, faintly keeled, opposite at the base of pedicel, outside densely sericeous over the whole parts, inside glabrous, the base connate on one side. inflorescences erect, originating from the nodes. peduncle ensiform, 1–1.3 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, hirsute. axis subterete to ensiform, (8–) 15–30 mm long, 8–15 nodes, 1.5 mm between nodes, hirsute. flowers arranged in a spike, sessile, tetramerous, 2–4 mm by 1–2 mm. hypanthium subcampanulate, 0.5–1 mm by 0.7–1.2 mm, hirsute. calyx funnel-shaped, 0.5–0.8 mm by 1– 1.5 mm, inside glabrous, lobes 4, ovate, 0.4–0.4 mm by 0.5 mm, faintly keeled, outside sericeous over the whole surface. corolla thin, funnel-shaped, 1– 3 mm by 0.7–2.1 mm, inside sparsely villous in the throat, outside glabrous; lobes 4, rotundate, 110 reinwardtia [vol12 0.6–1.3 mm by 0.6–1 mm, all parts sericeous on outside. stamens 4, sub sessile, inserted in the throat, filaments up to 0.2 mm; anthers linear, 0.8–1.3 mm long, dorsifixed around the middle. style smooth, terete, 0.4–1.5 mm, villous on the middle to the top. stigma bifid, stigma lobes linear 0.4–1.5 mm long, villous. disc annular. ovules 2–3 per locule. fig. 10. hypobathrum palustre; a. flowering shoot from v. balgooy & v. setten 5466; b. flower bud; c. mature flower; d. pistil; e. the longitudinal section of the hypanthium; f. corolla; g. bracteole; h1. bract inside; h2 bract outside. fruits not seen. distribution and ecology. recorded as growing on alluvium in the peat swampy forest and in the dipterocarp forest on the base of palung mountain (30 m above sea level) at pontianak (west borneo). notes. this species resembles h. gracile on the flowering plant, but it differs on the following typical characters: e. g. bark of branchlets covered with caducous hairs, leaves below puberulous on primary and secondary veins, stipules triangular keeled, inflorescences originating from the nodes, bracteoles base connate on one side and hypanthium hirsute. 16. hypobathrum racemosum (roxb.) kurz. distribution and ecology. this species has been found at an altitudinal range 50–100 m above sea level in india (in the swamp forest at luekshmee-poora, chittagong, not unfrequent in the coral-reef-forest of katchall, especially near marshes at nicobar islands); myamar (not unfrequent in the swamp forests and in somewhat swampy places at arracan, pegu mt.); cambodia, thailand (in the evergreen forest at tā ngaw, bāng son, takō (surāt); common on landward edge of mangrove at krabī lantā, trang, āo tong or in the scrub by stream at ranawng and lam lieng (pūket); in the light evergreen forest at kao chum tawng and tungsong (nakawn srītamarāt)); malay peninsula (on the low marshy ground at johor, tebing tinggi, malaca, merlimau selangor, batu tiga, penang; on the waterfall at perlis, bersih hangat and kanga); indonesia (in the forest throughout sumatra, java, borneo/ celebes (west borneo: sambas river, sanggau and batu lessung, south borneo: in the secondary vegetation at martapura, or on the base of limestone hill at muara uya, east borneo: on the small river bank in the disturbed primary forest at long bangun and magne river); philippines (in the forest at palawan and balabac). vernacular names. bras, bebras (dayak); muntimagas (dusun kuyu, malay peninsula), kayu ekor gajah, tulang betina (melayu); kan lên (siamese, peninsula). uses. the cambodians use this root as a part of decoction taken to treat yaws. 17. hypobathrum rheophyticum mulyaningsih & ridsdale, sp. nov. – fig. 11 folia linearia subtus venis puberulis, petiolus subteretus puberulus, bracteae anguste triangulares oppositae vel alternatae, bracteolae binatae ad pedicelli basin insertae, inflorescentiae erectae ad nodos ortae, pedunculus plus quam 30 mm. longus, flores in sub-racemosae, tetrameri, hypanthium cupuliforme glabrum, corolla tenuis, faux sparse villosa, lobi ovati, stylus teretus stigma bifidum laevis glaber, fructus obovoidei laeves, pedicello hirsuto. – typus: j. a. mc donald & ismail 3473 (bo!–holo, a–iso) east borneo, punjungan, kayan-mentarang, gong river. fl. & fr. habit shrub, 1–1.5 m high. branchlets divaricating, when young quadrangular and becoming subterete with age, bark smooth, glabrous, internodes 12–25 mm long, 1 mm wide, 1 mm thick. leaves linear, 95–135 mm long 9–12 mm wide, above glabrous, drying colour grayish dark brown; below puberulous on all veins; drying 2002] mulyaningsih & risdale: bornean hypobathrum 111 colour brown; apex caudate; the base attenuate; margins glabrous; veins above depressed and below prominent, primary veins stout, secondary veins curved, 10 pairs, ascending with acute angle of divergence, tertiary veins inconspicuous. petiole subterete, 5–8 mm long, 1–1.5 m diam, glabrous. fig. 11. hypobathrum rheophyticum; a. flowering shoot from j. a. mcdonald & ismail 3473; b. flower bud; c. mature flower; d. pistil; e. the longitudinal section of the hypanthium; f. corolla; g. bracteole; h1. bract inside; h2. bract outside; i. fruit; j. the longitudinal sections of the fruit; k. seed; l. embryo. stipules sub-caducous, triangular, keeled, 10 mm by 3 mm, glabrous, apex acuminate, the base free. bracts narrowly triangular, 4 mm long, 1 mm wide, faintly keeled, opposite and alternate, glabrous over the whole surfaces. bracteoles narrowly triangular, keeled, 1.2 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, opposite at the base of pedicel, inner surface glabrous, outside sericeous, the base free. inflorescences erect, originating from the nodes. peduncle subterete, 30–75 mm long, 0.1 mm wide, sparsely puberulous, axis compressed below the nodes, 7–13 mm by 0.5 mm, puberulous. flowers arranged in sub raceme, sub sessile, tetramerous, 4 mm long, 1 mm diam. pedicel 1 mm by 0.5 mm, tomentose. hypanthium cupshaped, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, glabrous. calyx subcampanulate, 0.8–1 mm by 1 mm, inside glabrous, lobes 4, ovate, 0.5 mm by 0.5 mm, faintly keeled, outside sericeous. corolla thin, subcampanulate, 2.2 mm long, 1 mm diam., outer surface hirsute, inner surface villous scattered in the throat, lobes 4, ovate, 0.8 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, margins ciliated. stamens 4, sessile, inserted in throat, anthers lanceolate, 1.2 mm by 0.2 mm, dorsofixed around the middle. style smooth, terete, 0.8 mm long, glabrous. stigma bifid, 0.8 mm by 0.2 mm, lobes lanceolate. disc annular. ovules 7 per locule. fruits smooth, obovate, 12.5 mm by 5 mm, glabrous, exocarp thick, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp membranaceous. stalk extremely short, 1 mm long, 1 mm diam., puberulous. seeds compressed, 5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 1 mm thick, seeds 7 per locule. distribution and ecology. this species has been found in the primary forest, on the floodplain at least 10 m from gong river, kayanmentarang, punjungan (east borneo). species rich, associates include hopea, shorea, pometia, eugenia, dipterocarpus, etc., on 425–450 m above level sea. 18. hypobathrum riparium mulyaningsih & ridsdale, sp. nov. – fig. 12 folia lanceolata petiolo glabro, stipulae triangulares grabrae caducae, bracteae triangulares raro decussatae glabrae, bracteolae basi uno latere connatae oppositae ad pedicelli basin insertae, inflorescentiae graciles erectae ad nodos ortae, flores in simplices dichasiis verticillatis, hypanthium glabrum, corollae lobi rotundati, faux villosa, stamina sessilia, antherae subbasifixae, stylus teretus stigma bifidum villosus. – typus: h. hallier 998 (bo!–holo) west borneo, tanggi river., 1893–1894. fl. & fr. immature. habit unknown. branchlets when young quadrangular and subterete with age, bark smooth and rounded scars made by insects, glabrous to sparsely puberulous on below nodes on young growth, internodes 42–80 mm long. leaves lanceolate, 75–85 mm long, 20–40 mm wide, glabrous, above drying colour pale green, below drying colour brown; apex cuspidate; the base attenuate; margins glabrous; veins above depressed, below prominent, primary veins stout, secondary veins curved, 6–7 pairs, ascending, moderate angle of divergence, tertiary veins conspicuous. petiole subterete, 3–5 mm long, 1 m diam, glabrous. stipules caducous, triangular, 6–7 mm, keeled, glabrous on inner and outer surface, the base free, apex acute. 112 reinwardtia [vol12 bracts triangular 1.8 mm by 0.9–1 mm, keeled, glabrous on outside and inside, decussate with rare distant. bracteoles triangular 1–1.5 mm by 0.1–0.8 mm, keeled, inside glabrous, outside sericeous on the top, opposite at the base of pedicel, the base connate on one side. inflorescences erect, originating from the nodes. peduncle ensiform, 2–5 mm long, 1.5–2 mm wide, puberulous. axis 20–35 mm long, glabrous, 2–20 nodes. flowers arranged in a simple verticillate dichasia, sub sessile, tetramerous, 4 m long, 2 m diam. pedicel extremely short, 0.2–0.8 mm long, puberulous. hypanthium funnel-shaped, 0.3–0.7 mm long, 0.5–0.9 mm wide, glabrous. calyx funnel-shaped, 0.7–0.9 mm long, tubes glabrous, lobes 4, ovate, 0.5–0.9 mm by 0.3–0.5 mm, faintly keeled, outside puberulous on the tip, inside glabrous. corolla thin, funnel-shaped, 3 mm long, 2–3 mm diam, outside glabrous, tubes inside villous in the throat, lobes 4, rotundate, 1.4–1.5 mm long, 0.9–1.1 mm wide, glabrous, margins ciliate. stamens 4, sessile, inserted in the throat; anthers lanceolate to linear, 1–2 mm long, sub-basifixed. style smooth, terete, 0.9–0.1 mm long, villous on the middle to the top. stigma bifid, 0.9–1 mm long, lobes linear, villous on outer surface. disc annular. ovules 2–5 per locule. fig. 12. hypobathrum riparium; a. flowering shoot from h. hallier 998; b1. flower bud; b2. mature flower; c. pistil; d. the longitudinal section of the hypanthium; e. corolla; f. bracteole; g1. bract inside; g2. bract outside. fruits smooth, subglobose, 2.1 mm by 1.8 mm, glabrous; exocarp thick, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp membranaceous. stalk 1.2 mm long, glabrous. seeds 2⎯5 per locule compressed, 0.5 mm long, 0.2 mm wide, 0.05 mm thick. distribution and ecology. this species has been found at north borneo and tanggi river (west borneo) but no notes on habit and ecology were made. 19. hypobathrum rufidulum (miquel) mulyaningsih & ridsdale, comb. nov. petunga rufidula miquel. – gynopachys? rufidula miquel, fl. ind. bat 2 (1856): 221; suppl. 1, sum. (1861): 219. –petunga rufidula (miquel) miquel. ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. iv (1869): 131. – typus: junghuhn s. n. herb. lugd. bat. no. 908, 220 –611 (l– holo, photocopy!), sumatra. distribution and ecology. his species has been found at sibolangit (sumatra) and semedum mountain, (west borneo), but no notes on habit and ecology were made. 20. hypobathrum salicinum (miquel) bakh. f. distribution and ecology. this species has been found in the forest at river bank on low hills at mentoko river, martapura (south borneo) and at sompacti (north borneo). 21. hypobathrum sampitense mulyaningsih & ridsdale, sp. nov. – fig. 13 folia ovata petioli glabri, stipulae triangulares extus sparse tomentosae caducae, bracteae ovatae intus basi pilosae extus costa sericea, bracteolae basi uno latere connatae, inflorescentiae erectae ad nodos ortae, pedunculus axis glaber, flores in simplices dichasiis verticillatis, hypanthium infundibuliforme, corolla tenuis infundibuliformes lobis ovatis, fructus obovoidei. – typus: p. buwalda 7886 (bo!–holo; a, bh, k, l– iso) central borneo, sampit, 7 x 1940. fl & fr. habit unknown. branchlets when young quadrangular and becoming subterete, bark smooth, a caducous puberulous above nodes, internodes 30– 60 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 3.5 mm thick. leaves ovate, 65–85 mm long, 27–39 mm wide, glabrous, above drying colour pale green, below brown; apex acuminate; the base attenuate; 2002] mulyaningsih & risdale: bornean hypobathrum 113 margins glabrous; veins above depressed, below prominent, primary veins stout, secondary veins curved, 7 pairs, ascending and matching with moderate angle of divergence, tertiary veins conspicuous. petiole subterete, 5–7 mm by 1 mm, glabrous. stipules caducous, triangular, 6 mm by 3 mm, faintly keeled, inside glabrous, outside sparsely tomentose along the midrib, apex acute. fig. 13. hypobathrum sampitense; a. flowering shoot from p. buwalda 7886; b. flower bud; c. mature flower; d. pistil; e. the longitudinal section of the hypanthium; f. corolla; g bracteole; h1. bract inside; h2. bract outside; i. fruit; j. the longitudinal section of the fruit; k. seed; l. embryo. bracts ovate, 1.2 mm by 1 mm, keeled, decussate, outside sericeous on the midrib, inside pilose on the base. bracteoles ovate, 0.8–1 mm by 0.6 mm, faintly keeled, opposite at the base of pedicel, outside sericeous on the base of the midrib, inside glabrous, the base connate on one side. inflorescences erect, originating from the nodes. peduncle ensiform, 3–6 mm by 1.5 mm, glabrous. axis ensiform, 5–10 mm long, 10–15 nodes, space between nodes up to 1.5 mm, glabrous. flowers arranged in a simple verticillate dichasia, sub sessile, tetramerous, 3 mm by 3.5 mm. pedicel up to 0.2 mm by 0.3 mm, scattered puberulous. hypanthium funnel-shaped, 0.5 mm by 1 mm, glabrous. calyx funnel-shaped, 0.7 mm by 1.1 mm, inside glabrous; lobes 4, ovate, 0.5 mm by 0.7 mm, faintly keeled, outside sericeous over the whole parts. corolla thin, funnel-shaped, 2.5 mm by 3.5 mm, inside densely villous in the throat, outer surface glabrous; lobes 4, ovate, 1.3 mm 0.8 mm. stamens 4, sessile, inserted in the middle of tube; anthers sub-basifixed, lanceolate, 1 mm by 0.2 mm. style smooth, terete, 0.7 mm by 0.2 mm, villous on the middle to the top. stigma lanceolate, 0.6 mm by 0.2 mm, villous on outer surface. disc annular. ovules 2 per locule. fruits smooth, obovate, with calyx tube elongate, 10 mm by 4 mm, glabrous, exocarp thick, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp membranaceous. stalk 5 mm by 0.9 mm, sparsely puberulous. seeds 1–2 per locule, compressed, 5 per locule, 5 mm long, 1–2 mm wide, 1 mm thick. distribution and ecology. this species has been found on the village plain at sampit (central borneo). vernacular name. borneo: sapit-sapit (sampit). 22. hypobathrum subulatum mulyaningsih & ridsdale, sp. nov. – fig. 14 folia linearia venis sparse puberulis, venis tertiariis inconspicuis, petiolus complanatus glaber, bracteae subulatae sed bractea prima elongata ad linearis oppositae vel alternatae, bracteolae ovatae ad pedicelli basin insertae, inflorescentiae erectae supraaxillariter ortae, flores subracemosae pentameri, stylus verticaliter sulcatus villosus, fructus pyriformes sparse puberuli pedicello brevissimo glabro. – typus: amdjah 215 (bo!–holo, l–iso) north borneo, sedalir mountain, 25 vii 1912. fl. & fr. habit shrub, 1–1.5 m high. branchlets divaricating, subterete, bark smooth, glabrous. internodes (10–) 25–40 mm long, 2–2.5 mm wide, 2–2.5 mm thick. leaves linear, 155–198 mm long. 15.5–20 mm wide, above glabrous drying colour grayish dark brown, below sparsely puberulous at the veins, drying colour brown; apex caudate; the base attenuate; margins glabrous; veins above depressed and below prominent, primary veins stout, secondary veins curved, 10–11 pairs, ascending with acute angle of divergence, tertiary veins inconspicuous. petiole flatten, (0.5–) 5–8 mm long, 1–2 m diam., glabrous. stipules sub-caducous, triangular 7–14 mm by 3–5 mm, keeled, inside glabrous, outside sparsely sericeous over the whole surface, apex acuminate, the base free. bracts spear-like, 3.5–4 mm long, 0.9–1 mm wide, the first bracts elongate to linear, opposite 114 reinwardtia [vol12 and alternate with irregular space, inside and outside glabrous. bracteoles ovate 0.9–1.2 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, keeled, one inserted on the base of pedicel, inside pilose on the base, outside puberulous on the top, the base free. inflorescences erect, supra-axillary in origin. peduncle quadrangular or ensiform, 1.5–4 mm long, 0.5–1 mm wide, sparsely puberulous. axis 16–95 mm by 0.5–1 mm, tomentose, 6–20 nodes, space between nodes up to 3–6 mm. fig. 14. hypobathrum subulatum; a1. flowering and a2. fruiting shoot after amdjah 215; b. inflorescence; c. mature flower; d. pistil; e. longitudinal section of the hypanthium; f. corolla; g1. bracteole inside; g2. bracteole outside; h. bract; i. the first bract; j. fruit; k. seed; l. embryo. flowers arranged in sub raceme, sub sessile, pentamerous, 4.7–6.4 mm long, 2–4 mm diam. pedicel extremely short, 0.5–1 mm long, hirsute scattered. hypanthium cup-shaped, 1–2 mm long, 0.7–1 mm wide, glabrous. calyx subcampanulate, 0.7–1 mm by 0.7–1 mm, inside glabrous, lobes 5, ovate faintly keeled, outside glabrous. corolla thin, funnel-shaped 2.2–3 mm long, 1–4 mm diam., inside villous in the throat, outside sparsely puberulous; lobes 5, rotundate, 0.8–1.2 mm long, 0.8–1 mm wide, margins ciliated. stamens 5, sessile, inserted in the tube, anthers lanceolate, 1–1.5 mm by 0.2 mm, dorsifixed around the middle. style smooth, terete, 0.8–1.3 mm long with 10 vertical grooves with villous on the middle to the top. stigma bifid, 0.8–1.5 mm by 0.2–0.8 mm, lobes lanceolate, grooved with villous on the outer surface. disc annular swollen. ovules 3 –7 per locule. fruits smooth, pyriform, 8–12.5 mm by 2.5–5 mm, sparsely puberulous, exocarp thick, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp membranaceous. stalk extremely short, 1 mm long, 1 mm diam., glabrous. seeds 3–7 per locule compressed, 2.8–3 mm long, 0.8–1 mm wide, 0.3–1 mm thick. distribution and ecology. this species was found growing on the flood-plain at conluence of rivers on sedalir mountain, genderan village (north borneo). notes. the species resembles h. lithophilum on the flowering plant, but the present species has the following different characters: petiole flatten, glabrous; bracts spear-shaped but the first bract elongate to linear, opposite and alternate; bracteole one inserted on the base of pedicel; flower pentamerous; style vertical grooves; fruits pyriform and stalk glabrous. 23. hypobathrum venulosum (hook. f.) wong distribution and ecology. this species has been recorded as growing in the mixed dipterocarp forest on basalt ridge (800 m above level sea) at bukit batu mersing, sarawak. this species has also been at penang, singapore (malay peninsula); palembang (sumatra) and in the research forest at kenepai mountain (west borneo). vernacular names. malay peninsula: kayu gading, tulang betina, susoh pelanduk, mempas jantan, jalok hantu, umpaong puteh, mali-mali, beberas payu, lambai, mengkudu rimba, pokok pukal (melayu). uses. in malaya, the pounded root is used to make a poultice used in small-pox, and the boiled roots for treating rheumatism. 24. hypobathrum sp. habit treelet, 2 to 4 m high, 10 cm diam. branchlets divaricating, quadrangular, bark smooth, scattered puberulous below nodes disappear with age, internodes 24–43 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, 1.5–2 mm thick. leaves lanceolate, 70–85 mm long, 12–15 mm wide, glabrous, above drying colour pale 2002] mulyaningsih & risdale: bornean hypobathrum 115 green; below drying colour brown; apex acuminate; the base attenuate; margins a caducous indumentum; veins above and below prominent, primary veins moderate, secondary veins curved, 7 pairs, ascending and matching with acute angle of divergence, tertiary veins conspicuous. petiole subterete, 6–8 mm long, hirsute on upper surface. stipules caducous, ovate, 5 mm by 5 mm, faintly keeled, glabrous on inside and outside, the base free, apex acuminate. bracts narrowly triangular, 1.5 mm by 0.8 mm, keeled, decussate, inside glabrous, outside sparsely to densely hirsute. bracteoles ovate, 1 mm by 1 mm, keeled, inside glabrous, outside sericous, opposite on the base of pedicel, the base free. inflorescences erect, supra-axillary in origin. peduncle quadrangular, sub-terete or ensiform, 1– 2 mm long, sparsely puberulous. axis ensiform, 13–23 mm long, 20–30 nodes, 1.5–2.5 mm between nodes, puberulous. flowers arranged in a panicle, sub sessile, tetra-merous, incomplete. pedicel up to 0.6 mm long, sparsely hirsute. hypanthium cupto funnelshaped, 0.9 mm by 0.8–1 mm, scattered puberulous. calyx funnel-shaped, 1 mm by 1.2 mm, glabrous on inner surface, hirsute on outer surface; lobes 4 ovate, 0.3–0.4 mm by 0.4–0.5 mm, faintly keeled. disc annular. ovules 2–4 per locule. fruits not seen. distribution and ecology. found growing on the bank of a small rocky river, at 200 m above level sea at pt. itci area (east borneo). notes. harry wiriadinata 246 (from pt. itci area east borneo) is provisionally mentioned here. it differs markedly inflorescences erect, supra-axillary in origin and flowers arranged in a panicle. it possibly represents a separate taxon. however the flowers are incomplete, it does not permit an adequate description. acknowledgements this paper forms part of a thesis for master degree submitted by one of us (tm) to the bogor institute of agriculture in 2000. the first author would like to thank her supervisors prof. dr. ir. h. edi guhardja, m.sc. (ipb), prof. dr. mien a. rifai (lipi) and dr. johanis p. mogea (lipi) for advice and guidance throughout the thesis. she would like to express her gratitude to the herbarium bogoriense (lipi), for granting her permission to conduct research and rijksherbarium leiden, for providing her some facilities. she especially would like to thank dr. j.f. veldkamp (national herbarium of the netherlands, leiden branch) who was so kindly help her correcting new epithet and latin description of the new species. references backer, c. a. & bakhuizen van den brink jr., r. c. 1965. flora of java. n.v.p. noordhoff, groningen. ii: 315–316. baillon, h. 1879. recueil d’observations botaniques. adansonia. 12: 201–212. baillon, h. 1880. histoire des plantes. librairie hachette & c, paris. 7:314–316. bentham, g. & hooker, j.d. 1876. genera plantarum. reeve & co., londini. 2: 92. blume, c. l. 1826. bijdragen tot de flora van nederlandsch indië. ter lands drukkerij, batavia. 988–1007. brink, b. v. d. jr. & koster, j. th.. 1963. notes on the flora of java viii. blumea 12: 64. burkill, i. h., birtwistle, w. & watson, j. g. 1935. a dictionary of the economic products of the malay peninsula. government of the straits settlements and federated malay state. : 1700. candolle, a. p. de. 1830. prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. sumptibus sociorum treuttel et würtz, paris. 4: 386–619. craib, w. g. 1932. a list of the plants known from siam with records of their occurrence. florae. siamensis enumeratio. published under the auspices of the siam society. bangkok. 2: 124–126. elmer, a. d. e. 1906. philippine rubiaceae. leafl. phill. bot. 1: 8, 28, 32. engler, a. & pranth, k. 1897. die natürlicchen pflanzenfamilien. verlag von wilhelm engelmann. 4(4): 79–80. hasskarl, j. c. 1842. plantarum genera et species novae out reformatae javenses. flora 25: 24. hasskarl, j. c. 1844. catalogus plantarum in horto botanico bogoriensi cultarum. typis officince publicce, batavie. 2: 114. hasskarl, j. c. 1845. plantarum javanicarum aut novarum aut minus cognitarum a dumbrationes. flora 28: 232. hooker, j. d. 1882. the flora of british india. l. reeve & co., london. 3: 120–121. king, g. & gamble, j. s. 1903. materials for a flora of the malayan peninsula. journ. as. soc. beng. 72 (4): 221–224. koorders, s. h. & valeton, t. h. 1902. tabula cxlvii et cxlviii zuccarinia macrophylla bl. mededeelingen unit's lands plantentuin 59: 107–120. koorders, s. h. & valeton, t. h. 1904. rubiaceae. icones bogoriense 2: 189–192. korthals, p. w. 1851. overzigt der rubiaceën van de nederlandsch-oostindische kolonien. nederl. kruidk. arch. 2: 169–199. 116 reinwardtia [vol12 kurz, s. 1876. a sketch of the vegetation of the nicobar islands. journ. as. soc. beng. 14 (3): 134–135. kurz, s. 1877. forest flora of british burma. office of the superrintendent of government printing. calcutta. 2: 50–51. lecomte, h. & humbert, h. 1922. flore générale de l’indo-chine. masson et cie, éditeurs. paris. : 265–271. merrill, e. d. 1923. enumeration of philippine flowering plants. manila bureau of printing. 3: 532–534. miquel, f.a.g. 1869. de quibusdam rubiacies, apocyneis et asclepiades. ann. mus. bot. lug. bat. 4: 130-131.. miquel, f. a. w. 1856. flora indie batavie. leipzig, bij fried, fleischer amsterdam. 2: 200–237. richard, a. 1829. mémoire sur la famille des rubiacées. paris imprimerie j. tastu. :256. ridley, h. n. 1923. botanical excursion in sumatra. journ. mal. branch. roy. as. soc. 1: 69. ridley, h. n. 1923. the flora of the malay peninsula. l. reeve & co., ltd. london. 2: 84–85. rifai, m. a. 1976. sendi-sendi botani sistimatik. lembaga biologi nasional lipi. bogor. 75 p. robbrecht, e. 1980. the hypobathreae (rubiaceae ixoroideae) 1. delimitation and division of a new tribe. bull. jard. bot. nat. belg. l: 69–77. robbrecht, e. 1988. tropical woody rubiaceae. opera bot. belg. 1: 1–271. robbrecht, e., bridson. d. m. & deb, d. b.. 1993. the south indian genus octotropis (rubiaceae) an investigation of its characters and reintatement of tribal name octotropideae. opera bot. belg. 6: 81–91. robbrecht, e. & puff, c. 1986. a survey of the gardenieae and related tribes (rubiaceae). bot. jahrb. syst. 108: 63–137. roxburgh, w. 1814. hortus bengalensis. a catalogue of the plants growing in the honourable east india company’s botanic garden at calcutta. printed at the mission press. :15. roxburgh, w. 1814. flora indica or déscriptions of plants. superintendent of botanic garden, calcutta. ed. 1. 1: 144–146. roxburgh, w. 1824. flora indica or déscriptions of plants. superintendent of botanic garden, calcutta. ed. 1. 2: 526. siemonsma, j.s. & piluer, k. (1994) plant resources of south-east asia: vegetables no. 8. prosea bogor indonesia. :295. steenis, c. g. g. j. van. 1981. rheophytes of the world. sijthoff & noordhoff alphen aan den rijn, the netherlands. :353 –355. wong, k.m. 1989. rubiaceae (from the genus rubia). in ng, f.s.p. tree flora of malaya: a manual of foresters 4: 354-355. appendix identification list of hypobathrum specimens ban = h. bangueyense cau = h. caudifolium col = h. collinum con = h. coniocarpum ell = h. ellipticifolium fru = h. frutescens gbe = h. glaberrimum gbr = h. glabrum gra = h. gracile hir = h. hirtum lan = h. lancifolium lit = h. lithophilum lon = h. longifolium mic = h. microcarpum pal = h. palustre rac = h. racemosum rhe = h. rheophyticum rip = h. riparium ruf = h. rufidulum sal. = h. salicinum sam = h. sampitense sub = h. subulatum ven = h. venulosum sp. = h. sp. ambri & arifin w 760: mic – amdjah 211 & 215: sub – 346: gbe – 421: rac. balgooy & setten 5466, 5519: pal – buwalda 7886: sam. castro & f. melegrito 1445: ban. endert 1721: lon – 2039: cau – 2996, 2034: con – 5235: hir 5257: fru – enggoh 10513: mic. hallier 677: ruf – 904,1016: rac – 998: rip – 1841: ven – 712: rac – 830: lit – 1310: cau – henar 67: lit – h. l. b. 163: lan jaheri 1721 (281a & b): gra – 333: col – 603: rac – 638, 885: gbe – 1602: lit. kawakami s. n. (6 x 1911): fru – korthals s. n. (herb. lugd. bat. no. 909, 318 351): lan – (ix/ xii 1852): sal – kostermans 12648 & 21209: gra – 21613: con – 4717: mic –kartawinata 682, 913: rac. mcdonald & ismail 3473: rhe – meijer 1090: mic – miquel s. n.: con. polak 1401: ell. s 32694 mamit: hir – s 22163 sibat & luang: ven – san 97281 sundaling: con – san 85523 bcsefa-lm et al: mic – sauver 1031: gbr –slinau s. n. ( winkler 2937): rip. reksodihardjo 723: sal. teysmann 19304, 18657: mic. winkler 3754: sal – 2577: gbr – wiriadinata 246: sp. – wood 1922: gbe instruction to authors taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 1.2002 contents page y. purwanto. gestion de la biodiversite: relations aux plantes et dynamiques vegetales chez les dani de la vallee de la baliem en irian jaya, indonesie 1 tri mulyaningsih & colin ernest ridsdale. the bornean genus hypobathrum (rubiaceae): an investigation of its characters and taxonomic status 95 bambang sunarno & hiroshi ohashi. a new species of dalbergia (leguminosae) from malay peninsula 117 bambang sunarno. new species of labisia (myrsinaceae) from sumatra 121 sri s. tjitrosoedirdjo. four new taxa of asteraceae in sumatra 125 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia dpn 74-150-1-sm abstrak morphological characters habit branchlet leaves stipule inflorescence bracts and bracteoles flowers fruit key to the bornean species of hypobathrum 11. hypobathrum lancifolium mulyaningsih & ridsdale, nom. n 18. hypobathrum riparium mulyaningsih & ridsdale, sp. nov. – bkgn reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 171 − 180 171 floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raja ampat, west papua, indonesia received january 13, 2013; accepted august 12, 2014 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: suhardjono@bogor.net. kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, 1400 lake shore drive, chicago, il 60605, usa and herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: kkjak@indo.net.id. abstract prawiroatmodjo, s. & kartawinata, k. 2014. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of the m a n g r o v e f o r e s t s o f r a j a a m p a t , w e s t p a p u a , i n d o n e s i a . r e i n w a r d t i a 1 4 ( 1 ) : 1 7 1 – 1 8 0 . — we studied the floristic composition and structure of mangrove forests and mangrove species distribution at the raja ampat regency, west papua. we sampled the forests using (10×10 m) quadrats to record trees and saplings laid out contiguously along 9 transects of 60 – 450 m long, stretching perpendicularly from the coastlines or riverbanks to the landward borders. seedlings were sampled using a 1×1 m subplot nested in each quadrat. the transects were established on the islands of batanta (6), salawati (2) and waigeo (1). within quadrats and transects we recorded 17 mangrove species of trees with density of 768 stems/ha and basal area of 37.82 m 2 /ha and tree height of 10 – 30 m. two species possessed the highest importance value (iv) , frequency, density and basal area i.e. rhizophora apiculata (iv = 168.06%) and bruguiera gymnorrhiza (iv = 67.18%). they also showed the highest similarity in their distribution, indicating highest degree of association. the mangrove at raja ampat may, therefore, be designated as the rhizophora apiculata – bruguiera gymnorrhiza association. other species with highest degree of distributional similarities but with low densities, basal areas and importance values were barringtonia racemosa, excoecaria agallocha, hibiscus tiliaceus, inocarpus fagifera, lumnitzera littorea and sterculia shillinglawii, of which four of them are not true mangrove species, usually growing on less saline and more solid soils. the floristic composition of the transects in the three islands showed relatively high similarities of about 70% and at higher similarities the transects in batanta island formed four groups, salawati island two groups and waigeo island one group. the bray-curtis polar ordination resulted in four groups of transects, which were related to the habitat conditions and the length of the transects. species diversity in the islands was very low, where the shannon diversity index ranged from 0.19 to 0.64 giving the average of 0.42. rhizophora apiculata and bruguiera gymnorrhiza were gregenerating well and in the future they will remain dominant. the mangrove forests of the raja ampat islands by any means should be maintained as green belts and protected from all kinds of destruction and should be made into conservation areas in order to sustain its ability to provide ecological services and non-destructive economic benefits. key words: rhizophora apiculata – bruguiera gymnorrhiza association, mangrove, raja ampat islands, west papua. abstrak prawiroatmodjo, s. & kartawinata, k. 2014. diversitas floristik dan karakteristik struktur hu t a n m a n g r o v e d i r a j a a m p a t , p a p u a b a r a t , i n d o n e s i a . r e i n w a r d t i a 1 4 ( 1 ) : 1 7 1 – 1 8 0 . — penelitian struktur dan komposisi tumbuhan mangrove serta distribusi jenis mangrove telah dibuat di kabupaten raja ampat, papua barat. hutan dicuplik dengan sembilan transek dengan panjang 60 – 450 m yang diletakkan tegak lurus garis pantai atau tepi sungai hingga mencapai batas daratan. setiap transek dibagi menjadi anak petak berukuran 10×10 m yang diletakkan menerus untuk merekam pohon dan belta. semai dicuplik dengan anak petak berukuran 1×1 m yang diletakkan menyarang di setiap petak. transek dibuat di batanta (6), salawati (2) dan waigeo (1). dalam transek dan petak tercatat 17 jenis pohon mangrove dengan kerapatan 768 pohon/ha dan area dasar 37.82 m2/ha serta tinggi pohon 10 – 30 m. dua jenis yang memiliki nilai kepentingan (nk), frekuensi, kerapatan dan area dasar tertinggi adalah rhizophora apiculata (nk = 168.06% ) dan bruguiera gymnorrhiza (nk= 67.18% ). dua jenis tersebut memiliki kesamaan sebaran, yang menunjukkan derajat assosiasi yang tinggi. dengan nilai kepentingan dan kesamaan sebaran tersebut sebagai kriteria, mangrove di raja ampat dapat disebut sebagai asosiasi rhizophora apiculata – bruguiera gymnorrhiza. jenis lain yang memiliki kerapatan, area dasar dan nilai penting rendah adalah barringtonia racemosa, excoecaria agallocha, hibiscus tiliaceus, inocarpus fagifera, lumnitzera littorea dan sterculia shillinglawii dan empat di antaranya adalah bukan mangrove sejati yang biasanya tumbuh pada tanah agak padat dengan kadar garam rendah. komposisi jenis dari transek di tiga pulau menunjukkan kesamaan yang relatif tinggi, sekitar 70%. dengan kesamaan yang tinggi transek di pulau batanta membentuk empat kelompok, pulau salawati dua kelompok dan pulau waigeo satu kelompok. ordinasi polar bray-curtis menghasilkan empat kelompok transek, yang terkait dengan kondisi habitat mailto:suhardjono@bogor.net mailto:kkjak@indo.net.id reinwardtia 172 [vol.14 introduction indonesia as an archipelago state, consisting of more than 17.508 islands with a coastline of 81.000 km long (soegiarto, 1984), has a very extensive mangrove forests. the mangroves provide live supports for a diversity of marine biota, such as providing breeding sites, nursery grounds, feeding sites and protection. therefore, mangrove ecosystems have received a great deal of scientific attention. the most extensive mangrove forests in indonesia are found in papua, covering a total area of 1.634.003 ha (hectares) or 50.4 % of the total mangroves of indonesia (saputro et al., 2009). in the raja ampat regency, they cover a total area of 28.050 ha (saputro et al., 2009), occurring on the waigeo island (6.843 ha), batanta island (785 ha), kofiau island (279 ha), misool island (8.093 ha) and the salawati island (4.258 ha) (anynomous, 2006). the mangrove forests that have been designated as conservation areas in papua cover only 148.000 ha. the mangroves throughout the country, including in raja ampat, are continually threathened by deforestation and clearance, particularly the conversion to schrimp and fish ponds. therefore, conserving mangroves is a must, as sanctioned by several government decrees, the presidential decree no. 32/1990, for instance, requires local governments to establish mangrove green belt. in several national parks, undisturbed mangroves along with other undisturbed ecosystems constitute the core zones. elsewhere the floristic composition and structure of mangrove forests have been well studied and reported in numerous publications and proceedings of workshop and symposia (e.g. soemodihardjo et al., 1991). an accunt of the mangrove forests of papua, treated as part of the entire island of new guinea, is briefly presented by alongi (2007). various studies and reviews on raja ampat (mckenna et al., 2002; palomares & heymans 2006; webb, 2005) barely mentioned mangrove forests. we, therefore, know very little about the species composition and structure of mangrove forests on the islands in the raja ampat regency, and so far only two records are available. anynomus (2006) registered 25 true mangrove species and 27 mangrove-associated species in raja ampat. takeuchi (2003) did a community-level reconnaisance on the mangrove along the banks of the gam and kasin rivers and described the mangrove in raja ampat as being sparse and poor in species compared to the new guinea mainland. in the present study, therefore, our investigation focus on floristic and structural aspects, which are important for establishing conservation areas and subsequent management and monitoring, in particular in view of the threat from increasing ecotourism development and conversion for economic and physical development in the regency. . study site and methods the raja ampat islands (fig. 1) are geographically located on 2°25’n 4°25’s and on 130° 132°55’e, comprising four main islands, i.e. batanta (batanta island), misool (misool island), salawati (salawati island) and waigeo (waigeo island). the area has a seasonal climate, showing a dry season from october to march with monthly rainfall of 170 mm and a wet season from april to setember with monthly rainfall of 270 mm (mckenna et al., 2002). the ecosystems around the islands consist of coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds, which experience maximum daily tide fluctuations of 1.8 m with the average fluctuation of 0.9-1.3 m (mckenna et al., 2002). sampling of mangrove forests using transect methods were undertaken at yenana in selat sagawin district on batanta, at samate in salawati utara district on salawati and at kalitoko on waigeo (fig. 1). we established nine transects, stretching perpendicularly from the coastlines or riverbanks to the inland edges of the forests bordering with the dryland. each transect was 10 m wide and its length and geographic position were as follows: (1) at yenanas on batanta, six transects were established and the overall distance between transect 1 and transect 6 was 17,500 m. dan panjang transek. diversitas jenis di pulau-pulau di raja ampat sangat rendah, seperti ditunjukkan oleh indek diversitas shannon yang berkisar dari 0.19 sampai 0.64 dengan nilai rata-rata 0.42. rhizophora apiculata dan bruguiera gymnorrhiza mempunyai regenerasi yang baik dan di masa depan mereka akan tetap dominan. dengan segala upaya hutan mangrove raja ampat hendaknya tetap dipertahankan sebagai jalur hijau mangrove dan sebagai areal konservasi untuk mempertahankan kemampuannya sebagai penyedia jasa ekologi dan manfaat ekonomi tidak destruktif. kata kunci: asosiasi rhizophora apiculata bruguiera gymnorrhiza, mangrove, kepulauan raja ampat, papua barat. 2014] 173 prawiroatmodjo & kartawinata: floristic & structural characters of mangroves forest at west papua transect 1 was 60 m long, located in a forest bordering an open sea at 0 0 51’0.6”s and 130 0 5’43.4”e; transect 2 was 70 m long, located in a forest along a river at 0 0 50’ 58.7”s and 130 0 51’42.9”e, transect 3 was 180 m long, located in a forest on an estuary at 0 0 50’58.7”s and 130 0 51’42.9”e, transect 4 was 110 m long, located in a forest along a river at 0 0 51’9.2”s and 130 0 51’11.0”e, transect 5 was 200 m long, located in a forest bordering an open sea at 0 0 50’9.6”s and 130 0 53’12.4”e and transect 6 was 200 m long, located in a forest bordering an open sea at 0 0 50’20.3”s and 130 0 53’3.4”e. (2) at samate on salawati, two transects, with the length of 200 m each, were established in a forest on an estuary at 0 0 59’25.4”s and 131 0 4’7.1”e and 0 0 58’18.4”s and 131 0 4’ 52.7” e. (3) at kalitoko on waigeo one transect with the length of 450 m was established in a forest located on a bay at 0 o 14’19.3” s & 130 o 48’25.6” e. each transect was divided into (10×10 m) plots to record trees with diameters at breast height (dbh) of ≥ 10 cm and saplings with dbh of 2-9.9 cm and a (1×1 m) subplot was nested within each plot to record seedlings with dbh of < 2 cm. if stilt roots were present the diameters were measured at 10 cm above stilt roots. the height of trees and saplings were estimated. the importance value of each species at tree and sapling stages was calculated by summing up the relative density (rd), relative basal area (rba) and relative frequency (rf). basal area was used to measure the dominance. biodiversity professional version 2.0 (mcaleece et al., 1997) was used for bray-curtis cluster analysis with sorensen similarity to construct grouping of transects and species and to calculate shannon diversity index. bray-curtis polar ordination of transects was performed using pc-ord (peck, 2010). all individuals within the plots and subplots were identified to species. species present outside the transects were also listed so as to obtain a general information on mangrove flora of the study sites but they were not included in the transect data analysis. voucher specimens were collected and identified at the herbarium bogoriense, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences at cibinong, bogor. the water depths on the riverside, seaside and the inland ends of each transect was measured with a measuring stake. the percentage of the canopy gaps along each transect was estimated. results and discussion floristic composition mangrove forests on the raja ampat islands, occuring along the coastal areas, rivers and estuaries extending to the inland with variable thickness, were mostly still in good conditions. table 1 shows the results of floristic and structural analyses within the transects on batanta, salawati and waigeo, where we recorded 17 species of 12 families, of which 11 were true mangrove species. six true mangrove species occurred in the three islands, six species (mostly non mangrove species) were found on waigeo, two species were present in batanta and waigeo, two species were recorded only in salawati and one species was found only in batanta. the spesies have been registered in the iucn redlist of threatened species version 2013.2 as least concerned with decreasing population (www.iucnredlist.org, accessed on 23 december 2013). species present within and outside the transects are listed in appendix 1 to give a general idea of the flora of the study sites. the mangrove forests on the three islands in raja ampat were characterized by species no 1-6 in table 1, with iv of 3.21–168.06%, ba of 0.0824.71 m 2 and d of 4-463 trees/ha. the similarity indices for distribution of species are presented in fig. 2. rhizophora apiculata and bruguiera gymnorrhiza had the highest degree of similarity of distribution in the quadrats within the transects (similarity of 90%). except for heritiera littoralis, fig. 1. the study sites on waigeo, batanta, and salawati in the raja ampat regency (kabupaten), west papua, indonesia http://www.iucnredlist.org reinwardtia 174 [vol.14 fig. 2. dendrogram (based on tree density) of tree species distribution in transects on batanta, salawati and waigeo in the raja ampat islands using biodiversityprofessional version 2 (mcaleece et al. 1997). table 1. area (ba=m 2 /ha) and importance value (iv=%) of true mangrove (tm) and non-mangrove (nm) tree species in the transects in the mangrove forests on batanta density (d=trees/ha), basal, salawati and waigeo. the spesies have been registered in the iucn redlist of threatened species. version 2013.2 as least concerned with decreasing population (www.iucnredlist.org. accessed on 23 december 2013). no species statu s batanta salawati waigeo d ba iv d ba iv d ba iv 1 rhizophora apiculata tm 623 32.14 172.02 278 25.64 175.71 304 10.3 6 146.70 2 bruguiera gymnorrhiza tm 205 13.20 74.76 25 5.50 94.09 27 0.50 13.69 3 bruguiera sexangula tm 70 2.72 26.67 218 0.45 9.21 113 2.73 54.98 4 xylocarpus moluccensis tm 45 1.07 14.42 8 0.02 1.82 42 1.08 30.76 5 rhizophora mucronata tm 18 0.92 4.27 13 0.55 8.15 9 0.46 6.57 6 ceriops tagal tm 5 0.09 2.46 33 0.03 1.83 4 0.12 2.68 7 barringtonia racemosa nm 2 0.02 1.74 8 excoecaria agallocha tm 2 0.15 2.43 9 hibiscus tiliaceus nm 7 0.12 3.09 10 inocarpus fagifer nm 11 2.02 17.81 11 lumnitzera littorea tm 2 0.03 1.79 12 sterculia shillinglawii nm 2 0.08 2.08 13 dolichandrone spathacea tm 2 0.07 0.97 22 0.92 13.93 14 intsia bijuga nm 6 0.17 2.14 2 0.02 1.77 15 heritiera littoralis nm 2 0.44 2.29 16 sonneratia alba tm 8 0.54 5.56 17 scyphiphora hydrophyllacea tm 5 0.05 3.64 sum 977 50.81 300 588 32.79 300 551 18.6 2 300 number of species 9 9 14 number of transects and area sampled (m2 ) 6 (8200) 2 (4000) 1 (4500) http://www.iucnredlist.org 2014] 175 prawiroatmodjo & kartawinata: floristic & structural characters of mangroves forest at west papua soneratia alba and scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, other species had relatively high similarities of distribution (similarity of > 50%) rhizophora apiculata was also a species with highest importance value (168.06%), followed by bruguiera gymnorhhyza (67.18%). based on the similarity of distribution and high importance values, the two species could be used as character species for naming mangrove forest at raja ampat as rhizophora apiculata–bruguiera gymnorrhiza association. it slightly differed from the finding of takeuchi (2007) who did a community-level reconnaisance on the mangrove along the banks of the gam and kasin rivers, and named the forest as the bruguiera gymnorrhiza–rhizophora mucronata association. the areas were not covered in the present study. as a whole the mangrove in raja ampat had a low species diversity as indicated by the shannon diversity indices that range from 0.19 at batanta transect 5 to 0.64 at waigeo transect (fig. 3), giving the average of 0.42. the dendrogram of species composition based on tree density among transects (fig. 4) shows a relatively high floristic similarities (>65%). at 69% and higher similarities, transects from groups 3 on batanta island, 2 on salawati island and 1 on waigeo. clustering seems attributed to differing number of species in the transect as well as due to the presence of certain species, whose presence were restricted to each transect (table 1). the occurrence of lumnitzera littorea, excoecaria agallocha, inocarpus fagifer, hibiscus tiliaceus, sterculia shillinglawii and baringtonia racemosa were restricted to waigeo island, sonneratia alba and scyphiphora hydrophyllacea to salawati island and heritiera littoralis to batanta island. these species show also separate clustering in the dendrogram (fig. 2). fig. 3. number of species and shannon diversity indices in transects at batanta, salawati and waigeo. shannon diversity indices were calculated using biodiversity professional version 2 (mcaleece et al., 1997). fig. 4. dendrogram of floristic similarities based on tree density among transects in batanta, salawati and waigeo, using biodiversit professional version 2 (mcaleece et al., 1997) fig. 5. bray-curtis polar ordination using pc-ord (peck 2010) showing the grouping (a–d) of the batanta transects (bat 1 – bat 6), salawati transects (sal 1 and sal 2)) and waigeo trasnsect (wai). reinwardtia 176 [vol.14 fig. 6. basal area (m 2 /ha) of (a) rhizophora apiculata and (b) bruguiera gymnorrhiza in transects of groups a, b, c, and d. plotted over the the ordination diagram fig. 7. comparison of floristic composition of mangrove forests in the raja ampat islands batanta, salawati and waigeo) with those on small islands in southeast maluku (larat, seira, wotab, wuliaru and kore). (data extracted from pramudji, 1987; puluhamuny, 2003; suhardjono & hapid, 2011) using biodivpro (mcaleece et al., 1997). 2014] 177 prawiroatmodjo & kartawinata: floristic & structural characters of mangroves forest at west papua the bray-curtis polar ordination (fig. 5) resulted in similar grouping of transects as that of the cluster analysis shown in fig. 4 above. the groups are related to the habitat conditions and the length of the transects. group a consisted of transects with average length of 153 m, whose outer ends were located on the forests bordering with the open sea. the water depths at the seaside ends of the transects were 25-35 cm and the inland ends were 5-10 cm. the average canopy gaps were about 60%. in group b the average transect length was 90 m, with the outer ends located on the riverbanks. the water depths on the riverbank sides of the transects were 20-30 cm and at the inland side were 5-10 cm. the average canopy gaps were about 30%. in group c the average transect length was 193 m and located at the estuaries. the water depths at the riverbank sides were 10-20 cm and at the inland sides were 5 cm. the average canopy gaps were about 20%. group d consists of only one transect of 450 m long. located in the forest at the bay. the water depth at the bay side of the transect was 70 cm and at the inland side was 5 cm. the average canopy gaps were about 10%. rhizophora apiculata was consistently dominant in most transects and all groups (fig. 6a), while bruguiera gymnorrhiza was co-dominant in transects 2 and 4 of the group 2 and dominant in transect 3 of the group c (fig. 6b). fig. 7 shows the comparison of floristic composition of mangroves in the raja ampat islands (batanta island, salawati and waigeo) and small islands in southeast maluku (larat, seira, wotab, wuliaru and kore) with bray and curtis cluster analysis using sorensen similarity formula and making use of denssity data of transects with lengths of 190-390 m available in pramudji (1987), puluhamuny (2003) and suhardjono & hapid (2011). the floristic composision differered a great deal as indicated by similarities among islands which varied between 25 and 75% despite limitted number of species occurring in mangroves. the mangrove of the raja ampat islands floristically very close to that in larat island, having similarities of 55.16%. within the restricted number of species in the mangrove environment, each island had apparently its own set of floristic combination, that characterized the community. the mangrove forests have been traditionally used by local communities as a source of family income, through harvest of fish, prawns, plants for medicinal uses, timber and firewood. toteng (2004) recorded 12 mangrove species used by the local communities in waren ii village, waropen regency. structure we described the forest structure in terms of horizontal spatial distribution, diameter class distribution and vertical height distribution. all trees recorded in the quadrats were classified according to diameter classes (fig. 8). it revealed that the majority of the trees (52.76%) were in the 10-20 cm diameter class and the diameters of the rests were distributed in the the diameters > 20 cm. it was true also for each island (fig. 9), where the trees of this diameter class were dominant but varied in number from 280 trees/ha in salawati 1 to 627 trees/ha in batanta 4. fig. 9 shows also that plants at the sapling stage were very abundant in each transect, ranging in number from 280 trees/ha in salawati 1 to 1714 trees/ha in batanta 2. trees with diameters >40 cm were rare, where the highest number was recorded in batanta 2 (357 trees/ha) and the lowest was in salawati 2 (15 trees/ha). rhizophora apiculata and bruguiera gymnorrhiza dominated the largest diameters. vertically the forests in the transects studied were dominated by trees with heights of 5-15 m, totalling 1254 trees/ha (69.67%) (fig. 10). trees with the heights of 5-10 m and >15 m were equally abundant, amounting to 561 trees/ha (31.03%) and 546 trees/ha (30.20%), respectively, while the understory at height of 2-5 m was very poor totaling only 8 trees/ha (0.44%). thus the forests were solidly occupied by trees with height of 5-15 m and diameters of 10-30 cm. the species with height > fig. 8. diameter class distribution and the density of trees in the raja ampat islands as calculated from data at batanta, salawati and waigeo . fig. 9. diameter class distribution of saplings and trees in transects on batanta, salawati and waigeo in the raja ampat islands, west papua. reinwardtia 178 [vol.14 15 m were bruguiera gymnorrhiza, b. sexangula, ceriops tagal, dolichandrone spathacea, excoecaria agallocha, heritiera littoralis, inocarpus fagifer, intsia bijuga, lumnitzera littorea, rhizophora apiculata, rhizophora mucronata, sonneratia alba and xylocarpus moluccensis. the tallest trees with height > 40 m recorded in the transecs were bruguiera gymnorrhiza, b. sexangula, heritiera littoralis, inocarpus fagifer, rhizophora apiculata and sonneratia alba. the dominant species in each height class, however, was rhizophora apiculata with bruguiera gymnorrhiza as the co-dominant. regeneration we investigated the tree seedling community in relation to regeneration. population structure, dominance and distribution of tree species and the number of individuals in each species at tree, sapling and seedling stages are indicators of the ability of a forest to regenerate itself and to maintain its survival, stability and sustainability. a stable forest ecosystem would have optimum density and the individuals of each species are normally well spread along diameter classes. table 2 presents the number of individuals/ha in seedling, sapling and tree stages of five main species. it is clear that the two main species, rhizophora apiculata and bruguiera gymnorrhiza had very good regeneration and the regeneration of, bruguiera sexangula and rhizophora mucronata was poorer. xylocarpus moluccensis was not regenerating at all as indicated by the absence of its seedlings. we noted that the nonmangrove species were not regenerating in the true mangrove habitats, although seedlings and fig. 10. height class distribution of trees and saplings in raja ampat islands as calculated from data at batanta, salawati and waigeo. fig. 11. height class distribution of saplings and trees in transects at batanta, salawati and waigeo in the raja ampat islands table 2. regeneration of five leading species in transects at batanta, salawati and waigeo in the raja ampat islands presented as density (number of individuals/ ha) in each diameter classes. no. species diameter class <2 cm 2-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm > 40 cm 1 rhizophora apiculata 133,293 507 167 106 62 43 2 bruguiera gymnorrhiza 53,832 161 91 36 11 16 3 bruguiera sexangula 16,108 354 48 14 4 3 4 rhizophora mucronata 2,874 898 958 419 240 5 xylocarpus moluccensis 40 7 3 1 saplings may be found in the transition area between swamp and dryland. the above account implies that in the future rhizophora apiculata and bruguiera gymnorrhiza will remain dominant in the mangrove forests of the raja ampat islands, unless the forests experience severe disturbance, where pioneer and secondary forest species will initiate successions. in the present community pioneers and secondary species occurred insignificantly in gaps within the forests and at the periphery of the mangrove communities. conclusion the mangrove forest at raja ampat is structurally dense with low species diversity. it is still in relatively good conditions with no apparent indication of having been severely disturbed and only natural disturbances might have taken place resulting in the gap formation in the canopy. so far no indication of significant number of secondary forest species have invaded the communities. 2014] 179 prawiroatmodjo & kartawinata: floristic & structural characters of mangroves forest at west papua rhizophora apiculata and bruguiera gymnorrhiza jointly dominated the forest at seedling, sapling and tree stages, confirming themselves that their dynamic good regeneration ensure the species will stay in the community unless severe perturbation interferes and stimulates the successional changes to set in. the above two species were complemented by less prevalent but important species, bruguiera sexangula and xylocarpus moluccensis. the mangrove forests in the raja ampat islands should, by any means, be conserved, managed and maintained as the green belts, whose width should satisfy the requirements and critera that have been developed for papua (wartaputra, 1991). any attempt to convert them into other uses, should be avoided. any disturbed sites should be restored applying the principles of accelerated natural successions. acknowledgements we thank the head of the botany division of research centre for biology-lipi and the head of the research centre for biology-lipi for the full support to undertake the research, without which we would not be able to implement it at all. our gratitude goes also to the local government authorities in the mayalibit district, salawati utara district, teluk sawagin district, yenanas village, the kalitoko village and the samate village as well as the local communities for providing the permits and other necessary facilities to complete the field research. references alongi, d. m. 2007. mangrove forests of papua. in: marshall, a. & beehler, b. m. (eds.), the ecology of papua, part two, periplus, singapore. pp. 824−857. anonymous. 2006. atlas sumberdaya pesisir kabupaten raja ampat, provinsi irian jaya barat. pemerintah kabupten raja ampat & konsorsium atlas sumberdaya pesisir kabupaten raja ampat. mc aleece, n., lambshead, p. j. d. & paterson, g. l. j. 1997. biodiversity pro. the natural history museum, london mckenna, s. a., allen, g. r. & suryadi, s. (eds.). 2002. a marine rapid assessment of the raja ampat islands, papua province, indonesia. rap bulletin of biological assessment 22, conservation internasional, washington, dc. palomares, m. l. d. & heymans, j. j. 2006. historical ecology of the raja ampat archipelago, papua province, indonesia. fisheries centre research reports 14( 7): 1–64. peck, j. e. 2010. multivariate analysis for community ecologists: step-by-step using pc-ord. mjm software design, gleneden beach, or. pramudji. 1987. studi pendahuluan pada hutan mangrove di beberapa pulau kepulauan aru, maluku tenggara. in: soerianegara, i., adisoemarto, s., soemodihardjo, s., hardjowigeno, s., soedomo, m. & ongkosongo, o. s. r. (eds.). prosiding seminar iii ekosistem mangrove, denpasar, bali 58 agustus 1986, panitia nasional program mab indonesialipi, jakarta. pp. 74−79. (in indonesian). pulumahuny, f. s. 2003. hutan mangrove di pulau -pulau kecil kepulauan yamdena, maluku tenggara. in: ruyitno, pramudji & supangat, i. (eds.). pesisir dan pantai indonesia vii. pusat penelitian oseonografi-lipi, jakarta. pp. 33−42. (in indonesian). saputro, g. b., hartini, s., sukardjo, s., susanto, a. & poniman (eds.). 2009. peta mangroves indonesia. pusat survey sumber daya alam laut, badan koordinasi survey dan pemetaan nasional (bakosurtanal). soegiarto, a. 1984. the mangrove ecosystem in indonesia: its problems and management. in: teas, h. j. (ed.). physiology and management of mangroves. w. junk publishers, the hague. soemodihardjo, s., hardjowigeno, s., naamin, n., ongkosongo, o. s. r. & sudomo, m. 1991. prosidings seminar iv ekosistem mangrove. bandar lampung, 7-9 agustus 1990, panitia nasional program mab indonesia-lipi, jakarta. suhardjono & hapid, u. 2011. hutan mangrove di pulau moti. in: maryanto, i. & sutrisno, h. (eds.), ekologi ternate. pusat penelitian biologi -lipi, bogor. pp.199−217. takeuchi, w. 2003. a community-level floristic reconnaissance of the raja ampat islands in new guinea. sida 20: 1093–1138. toteng, a. 2004. pemanfaatan vegetasi mangrove di kampong waren ii distrik waropen bawah, kabupaten waropen. beccariana 6(2): 71–78. wartaputra, s. 1991. kebijaksanaan pengelolaan mangrove ditinjau dari sudut konservasi. in: soemodihardjo, s., hardjowigeno, s., naamin, n., ongkosongo, o. s. r. & sudomo, m. (eds.). prosiding seminar iv ekosistem mangrove. bandar lampung 7-9 agustus 1990. ), panitia nasional program mab indonesia – lipi, jakarta. pp. 17–24. webb, c. o. 2005. vegetation of the raja ampat islands, papua, indonesia. a report to the nature conservancy. reinwardtia 180 [vol.14 appendix 1. list of species occurring in the transects and their vicinity in the raja ampat islands, west papua. in the transects and their vicinity in batanta, salawati and waigeo of the raja ampat islands, we listed 109 species, 83 genera and 52 families, of which only 27 were true mangrove species and the remainders were non halophytic species, growing generally in the transisition areas between saline mangrove swamp and terrestial dryland soils. we classified them into the following groups: group 1: species present in batanta, salawati and waigeo asclepiadaceae: finlaysonia obovata wall.; asteraceae: melanthera biflora (l.) wild; avicenniaceae: avicennia officinalis l.; calophyllaceae: calophyllum inophyllum l.; combretaceae: lumnitzera littorea (jack) voigt; euphorbiaceae: excoecaria agallocha l.; fabaceae: derris trifoliata lour.; pongamia pinnata (l.) pierre; flagellariaceae: flagellaria indica l.; goodeniaceae: scaevola taccada (gaertn.) roxb.; lecythidaceae: barringtonia asiatica (l.) kurz; barringtonia racemosa (l.) spreng.; malvaceae: hibiscus tiliaceus l.; meliaceae: xylocarpus granatum j. koenig; xylocarpus moluccensis (lam.) m. roem.; pandanaceae: pandanus tectorius parkinson ex du roi; rhizophoraceae: bruguiera gymnorhiza (l.) lam.; bruguiera sexangula (lour.) poir.; ceriops tagal (perr.) c.b.rob.; rhizophora apiculata blume; rhizophora mucronata lam.; rubiaceae: scyphiphora hydrophylacea c.f.gaertn.; sonneratiaceae: sonneratia alba sm.; sonneratia caseolaris (l.) engl.; sterculiaceae: heritiera littoralis aiton; verbenaceae: clerodendrum inerme (l.) gaertn. group 2. species present in batanta and waigeo acanthaceae: acanthus ebracteatus vahl; asclepiadaceae: tylophora cissoides blume; bignoniaceae: dolichandrone spathacea (l.f.) seem.; combretaceae: terminalia catappa l.; fabaceae: dalbergia candenatensis (dennst.) prain; intsia bijuga (colebr.) kuntze; malvaceae: thespesia populnea (l.) sol. ex corrêa; pteridaceae: acrostichum speciosum (fée) c. presl; sapindaceae: allophylus cobbe (l.) raeusch.; verbenaceae: teijsmanniodendron hollrungii (warb.) kosterm. group 3. species present in batanta and salawati acanthaceae: acanthus ilicifolius l.; aizoaceae: sesuvium portulacastrum (l.) l.; apocynaceae: cerbera manghas l.; arecaceae: nypa fruticans wurmb; convolvulaceae: ipomoea pes-caprae roth; fabaceae: sophora tomentosa l.; meliaceae: xylocarpus rumphii (kostel.) mabb.; olacaceae: ximenia americana l.; pandanaceae: pandanus dubius spreng.; pandanus odorifer (forssk.) kuntze; pteridaceae: acrostichum aureum l.; rhizophoraceae: bruguiera cylindrica (l.) blume; bruguiera parviflora (roxb.) wight & arn. ex griff.; rhizophora lamarckii montrouz.; rhizophora stylosa griff.; rubiaceae: morinda citrifolia l.; rutaceae: limonia sp. group 4. species present only in waigeo apocynaceae: alyxia floribunda markgr.; araceae: rhaphidophora sp.; asclepiadaceae: hoya lacunosa blume; asparagaceae: dracaena angustifolia (medik.) roxb; avicenniaceae: avicennia marina subsp. australasica (walp.) j.everett; bombacaceae: camptostemon schultzii mast.; convolvulaceae: ipomoea gracilis r. br.; cyatheaceae: cyathea sp.; cyperaceae: mapania macrocephala (gaudich.) k.schum.; dryopteridaceae: tectaria zeylanica (houtt.) sledge; ebenaceae: diospyros cauliflora blume; euphorbiaceae: shirakiopsis indica (willd.) esser; fabaceae: caesalpinia bonduc (l.) roxb.; caesalpinia crista l.; cynometra ramiflora l.; derris elegans benth.; inocarpus fagifer (parkinson) fosberg; hernandiaceae: hernandia sonora l.; loganiaceae: fagraea racemosa jack; meliaceae: aphanamixis polystachya (wall.) r.parker; menispermaceae: arcangelisia flava (l.) merr.; moraceae: artocarpus teysmannii miq.; rhizophoraceae: ceriops decandra (griff.) w.theob.; rubiaceae: hydnophytum moseleyanum becc.; sterculiaceae: scaphium macropodum (miq.) beumée ex k.heyne; tiliaceae: brownlowia argentata kurz; verbenaceae: premna serratifolia l. group 5. species present only in batanta borraginaceae: cordia dichotoma g. forst.; cannabaceae: celtis philippensis blanco; celastraceae: siphonodon sp.; clusiaceae: garcinia dulcis (roxb.) kurz; fabaceae: dendrolobium umbellatum (l.) benth.; mucuna bennettii f. muell.; lythraceae: pemphis acidula j. r. forst.; moraceae: ficus adenosperma miq.; ficus botryocarpa miq.; myrsinaceae: ardisia elliptica thunb.; nyctaginaceae: boerhavia diffusa l.; orchidaceae: coelogyne sp.; dendrobium aloifolium (blume) rchb. f.; piperaceae: piper betle l.; rubiaceae: aidia racemosa (cav.) tirveng.; guettarda speciosa l.; rutaceae: atalantia monophylla d. c.; sapotaceae: planchonella obovata (r. br.) pierre; sonneratiaceae: sonneratia ovata backer; thymelaeaceae: phaleria perrottetiana (decne.) fern.-vill. ; tiliaceae: grewia laevigata vahl; verbenaceae: clerodendrum buchananii (roxb.) walp. group 6. species present only in salawati avicenniaceae: avicennia marina (forssk.) vierh.; combretaceae: lumnitzera racemosa willd.; myrsinaceae: aegiceras floridum roem. & schult.; myrtaceae: osbornia octodonta f. muell.; sterculiaceae: heritiera globosa kosterm. group 7. species present in waigeo and salawati myrsinaceae: aegiceras corniculatum (l.) blanco. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-18473 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-18473 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2693350 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-83292 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-4759 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-246142 http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/a/goodeniaceae/ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-313527 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-19600169 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-285436 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2684038 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2684052 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2712632 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-27600050 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-189891 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-42703 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2615237 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-320759 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-320759 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2431102 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-1524 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2515863 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2629275 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2615257 http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/a/aizoaceae/ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-37166 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-136183 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-8501813 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-7172 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2467228 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-286535 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-286535 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2684048 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-129789 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-253144 http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/p/dryopteridaceae/ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2769515 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-927 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-927 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-10998 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-32543 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2807506 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2654097 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2654097 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-100978 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2708413 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-38626 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-53242 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-53242 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2809385 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2809716 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2647897 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2678624 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-57036 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-57036 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2559050 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-93328 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2664457 http://www.theplantlist.org/about/#accepted http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-42431 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-18454 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-8200116 instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 413-593-1-sm belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 79 − 83 79 about the phylogenetic of this plant family is very little and thus prevent from comparative study being conducted. not only known as horticulture plant, this family also have an economic value and useful for medicinal purposes (grant, 1955). trichomes are defined as unicellular or multicellular appendages, which originates from the epidermal cells and develop outwards on the surface of various plant organs and often covered the aerial organs or plants, and the morphology of trichomes structures vary greatly between species (werker, 2000). cutler et al. (2008) stated that, trichomes are hairs, papillae and scales that exhibit the same wide introduction acanthaceae is a plant family under the order lamiales with at least of 4000 tropical and subtropical species (borg, 2008). there are three subfamilies in acanthaceae which are acanthoideae, thunbergioideae and also nelsonioideae (borg &schonenberger, 2011). acanthaceae is known as third largest tropical plant family after myrtaceae and melastomataceae (grant, 1955). according to mcdade et al. (2008), even though acanthaceae is an important plant family in the tropical and subtropical countries of the world, the information trichomes morphology on petals of some acanthaceae species received november 28, 2013; accepted june 5, 2014 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari school of environmental and natural resource sciences, faculty of science and technology universiti kebangsaan malaysia.43600 bangi, selangor. e-mail: amirulaimanahmad@gmail.com noraini talip school of environmental and natural resource sciences, faculty of science and technology. universiti kebangsaan malaysia.43600 bangi, selangor. e-mail: ntalip@ukm.edu.my che nurul aini che amri school of environmental and natural resource sciences, faculty of science and technology. universiti kebangsaan malaysia.43600 bangi, selangor. mohamad ruzi abdul rahman school of environmental and natural resource sciences, faculty of science and technology. universiti kebangsaan malaysia.43600 bangi, selangor. abstract juhari, m. a. a. a., noraini. t., amri, c. n. a. c. & rahman, m. r. a. 2014. trichomes morphology in petals of some acanthaceae species. reinwardtia 14(1): 79 – 83. ― a preliminary taxonomic study was carried out on seven acanthaceae species namely as andrographis paniculata, pseuderanthemum graciliflorum, p. carruthersii, asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha, ruellia repens, justicia comata and j. betonica. the study was undertaken to investigate the morphology of trichomes present on the surfaces of flower petal. the variations found in this study are in their types and density. based on observation, two forms of trichomes are present in all species studies which are glandular and non-glandular trichomes. there are seven types of trichomes found in this study. trichomes types are shown to have systematic significance that can be used to differentiate and identify certain acanthaceae species studied. key words: acanthaceae, floral anatomy, trichomes. abstract juhari, m. a. a. a., noraini. t., amri, c. n. a. c. & rahman, m. r. a. 2014. morfologi trikom daun mahkota beberapa jenis acanthaceae. reinwardtia 14(1): 79 – 83. ― studi pendahuluan taksonomi dilakukan pada beberapa jenis acanthaceae yaitu andrographis paniculata, pseuderanthemum graciliflorum, p. carruthersii, asystasia gangetica ssp micrantha, ruellia repens, justicia comata dan j. betonica. studi ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui morfologi trikom yang terdapat pada permukaan daun mahkota bunga. dalam studi ini ditemukan variasi pada tipe dan kepadatannya. berdasarkan hasil pengamatan semua jenis diketahui terdapat dua bentuk trikom yaitu berbentuk kelenjar dan tidak berkelenjar. terdapat tujuh macam trickom pada pengamatan ini. tipe trikom secara sistematika menunjukkan karakter diagnostik untuk membedakan serta mengidentifikasi beberapa jenis acanthaceae pada studi ini. kata kunci: acanthaceae, anatomi bunga, trikom. reinwardtia 80 [vol.14 range as on the leaf and the type of hair can be of diagnostic value at species level, sometimes also at genus level, but rarely at family level. according to navarro & el oualidi (2000), trichomes also known as hairs or glandular hairs commonly found on the epidermis of plants. it is among the most useful taxonomic characters. on the other hand, they serve as physical and chemical block against biotic and abiotic stresses (kim et al., 2012). rao & ramayana (1977) stated that, the trichomes types are not only serve in the identification of species but also their corresponding part thus being important in pharmacognosy, archaeobotany, paleobotany and agronomy. the morphological and mechanical features (density, size, shape, surface texture, hair orientation) of trichomes can influence many aspects of plant physiology and ecology, such as to reduce insects movements, mechanical abrasion, and leaf wetness, for temperature regulation, increase light reflectance (including uv), decrease water loss through reflection, protection of phylloplane organisms, pollinator attraction, allelopathy and many more (wagner et al., 2004). therefore this study was conducted to investigate the detail morphology of trichomes of all species studied and to investigate its systematic significance in the family acanthaceae. material and methods seven acanthaceae species were chosen namely as andrographis paniculata nees, pseuderanthemum graciliflorum ridl., p. carruthersii (seem) guillaumin, asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha (l.) t. anderson, ruellia repens (nees) angely, justicia comata (l) lam. and j. betonica t. anderson. all species studied belong to the subfamily acanthoideae. the fresh flower materials were collected from several locations in peninsular malaysia such as tasik chini, felda chini, felda chemomoi, pahang, and hutan lipur sungai kanching, selangor. fresh flower specimens were fixed in aa (70% ethanol: 30% acetic acid in a ratio of 1:3). a measurement of 1 cm × 1 cm flower petal was cleared using basic fuchsion solution (10% basic fuchsion and 10% koh), and placed in the microwave at about 60 0 c for several hours. this was done to ensure that the epidermis layers of the samples were completely removed. cleared petal specimens were mounted on the glass slides using canada balsam and kept in the oven at 60 0 c for about two weeks. photograph of cleared petals was taken using video camera dp 25 olympus attached to an olympus microscope and images were processed using cell^b software and adobe photoshop. the preparations of the slides followed method by johansen (1940) and sass (1958) with suitable modifications. results the findings of this study have shown that eleven types of trichomes were found including eight non-glandular and three glandular trichomes listed as follows (singh & jain, 1975): i. non-glandular unicellularconical filiform unicellular trichome (a (i)) ii. non-glandular unicellular papilose unicellular trichomes (d (i)) iii. non-glandular uniseriate filiform-bicelled trichomes(c(i)) iv. non-glandular uniseriate filiformsimple filiform trichomes (e) v. non-glandular uniseriate filiformclavate filiform trichomes (c(ii)) vi. non-glandular uniseriate filiform conical filiform trichomes (f(ii)) vii. non-glandular uniseriate filiformcylindrical filiform trichomes (b) viii. non-glandular uniseriate filiform pedestallated filiform trichomes (g(ii)) ix. peltate glandular -with multi-celled head, 1-3 elongated stalk cells and a small neck cell (a (ii)) x. peltate glandular -multicellular head (f(i)) xi. vesicular glandular with unicellular head and 1-2-cells stalk (g(i)) the summary of trichomes types on petal of all species studied is shown in table 1. non-glandular types of trichomes are found on the surfaces of the petal in all of the species studied. the glandular trichomes present in three species studied which are peltate glandular with multi-celled head, 1-3 elongated stalk cells and a small neck cell in andrographis paniculata, peltate glandular multicellular head in justicia comata and vesicular glandular with unicellular head and 1-2-celled stalk in justicia betonica, but absent in other four species. two types of non-glandular trichomes were found on the species of asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha in this study which are non-glandular uniseriate filiform bicelled trichomes and nonglandular uniseriate filiform clavate filiform trichomes, whereas other species only consist of one type of non-glandular trichomes. discussion according to hardin (1979), the morphological characteristics of trichomes have played an impor2014] 81 juhari et al.:trichomes morphology on petals of some acanthaceae species tant role in plant systematics, especially of particular group at generic and specific levels. previous study has suggested that the presence or absence of peltate hairs and their forms, size and colour could be used in distinguishing between genera and species of plants (spring, 2000). hairs or trichomes may serve to protect buds of some plants until defense phytochemicals are produced (johnson, 1975). dead trichomes may continue to function in water absorption, seed dispersal and abrasion protection (werker, 2000). from result obtained, all of the species studied consists of non-glandular trichomes on its petal (fig. 1; table 1). except for asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha, all of other species studied having only one type of non-glandular trichomes. according to metcalfe (1960) non-glandular trichomes are called prinkle hairs and have smooth cell wall surfaces. non-glandular unicellular trichomes can only be found in andrographis paniculata and pseuderanthemum carruthersii, while the other species consists of non-glandular uniseriate filiform trichomes. in the species with glandular trichomes, only justicia betonica are having glandular vesicular trichomes, whereas, andrographis paniculata and justicia comata are having glandular peltate trichomes. andrographis paniculata, justicia comata, and justicia betonica are the only species that having non-glandular and glandular trichomes on the surfaces of the petals. therefore, the type of trichomes presence can be used as the diagnostic characteristics for species differentiation of these seven species. ascensão et al. (1996) stated that, the great diversity of plant trichomes has attract botanists interest by their adaptive and taxonomic value and in some family, this can be used as discriminative characters at subfamiliar level. both of non-glandular and glandular trichomes were found in this study. non-glandular and glandular trichomes are classified according to their morphology. on the petal, the non-glandular trichomes are unicellular and multicellular with one to three cells and also pointed-shaped. some of the non-glandular trichomes consist of echinate ornamentation on its surfaces. they may be unicellular or multicellular, and both types can be unbranched and branched (amalia et al., 2013). simple trichomes can forms at various stages of organ development, and same senescence before the organ reaches maturity, while others remain until plant senescence (wagner et al., 2003). there are two type of glandular trichomes found, which are the peltate and vesicular glandular trichomes. werker (1993) stated that glandular trichomes produced essential oils in order to protect the aerial parts of the plants against herbivores and pathogens. peltate trichomes also have different secretion processes. the secretory product in peltate trichomes remain trapped in a large subcuticular cavity, and the cuticular will only rupture if there are external factors such as high temperatures, low air humidity or animal aggression (ascensão et al., 1996). as a conclusion, findings in this study have shown and proven that the presence and types of trichomes have systematic significance in all seven species studied. acknowledgements we wish to thank faculty of science and technology, universiti kebangsaan malaysia (ukm) for providing us with many facilities to conduct this study. references amalia, r., noraini, t., jalifah, l., ruzi, a. r. & idris, s. 2013. morphology of trichomes in pogostemon cablin benth. (lamiaceae). australian journal of crop science 7(6): 744–749. ascensâo, l., marques, n. & pais, m. s. 1996. glandular trichomes on vegetative and reproductive organs of leonotis leonurus (lamiaceae). annals of botany 75: 619–626. borg, a. j. 2008. phylogenetics and floral structure in thunbergioideae and avicennia (acanthaceae). licentiate thesis in systematic botany. department of botany. stockholm university (unpublished research article). borg, a. j. & schonenberger, j. 2011. comparative floral development and structure of the black mangrove genus avicennia l. and related taxa in the acanthaceae. international journal of plant sciences 172: 330–344. cutler, d. f., botha, t. & stevenson, d. w. 2008. plant anatomy: an applied approach. blackwell publishing. united kingdom. grant, w. f. 1955. a cytogenetic study in the acanthaceae. brittonia 8(2): 121–149. hardin, j. w. 1979. atlas of foliar surface features in woody plants, i. vesture and trichome types of eastern north america. quercus bulletin torrey botany. club 106: 313-325. johansen, d. a. 1940. plant microtechnique. new york: mcgraw-hill book company inc. p. 97. johnson, h. b. 1975. plant pubescence: an ecological perspective. botanical review 41: 233–253. kim, h. j., seo, e.y., kim, j. h., cheong, h. j., kang, b. c., & choi, d. i. 2012. morphological classification of trichomes associated with possible biotic stress resistance in the genus capsicum. the plant pathology journal 28(1): 107–113. mcdade, l. a., daniel, t. f. & kiel, c. a. 2008. toward a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of acanthaceae s. l. 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(labiatae). a taxonomic review. anales jardin botanico de madrid 57(2): 277–297. rao, s. r. s. & ramayana, n. 1977. structure distribution and taxonomic importance of trichomes in the indian species of malvastrum. phytomorphology. 27: 40–44. sass, j. e. 1958. botanical microtechnique. 3 rd . ed. pp. 78. lowa: state university press. singh, v. & jain, d. k. 1975. trichomes in acantha g f e c d b a (i) (ii (i) (ii (i) (i) (ii (ii (ii (i) fig. 1. trichomes on petal of a. andrographis paniculata. b. pseuderanthemum graciliflorum. c. asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha. d. pseuderanthemum carruthersii. e. ruellia repens. f. justicia comata. g. justicia betonica. ceae. i. general structure. journal of indian botanical society. 54: 116–127. spring, o. 2000. chemotaxonomy based on metabolites from glandular trichomes. advances in botanical research 31: 153–174. wagner, g. j., wang, e. & shepherd, r. w. 2004. new approaches for studying and exploiting an old protuberance, the plant trichome. annals of botany 93: 3–11. werker, e. 1993. function of essential oil secreting glandular hairs in aromatic plants of lamiaceae-a review. flavour and fragrance journal 8: 249–255. werker, e. 2000. trichome diversity and development. in: hallahan d. l. & gray j. s. (eds.), advances in botanical research. 31: 1–35. 2014] 83 juhari et al.:trichomes morphology on petals of some acanthaceae species t a b le 1 . l is t o f sp e c ie s st u d ie d a n d t y p e s o f tr ic h o m e s fo u n d i n t h is s tu d y . s p e c ie s n o n g la n d u la r g la n d u la r p e lt a te v e si c u la r c o n ic a l fi li fo rm p a p il o se b ic e ll e d s im p le fi li fo rm c la v a te fi li fo rm c o n ic a l fi li fo rm p e d e st e ll a te d fi li fo rm w it h m u lt ic e ll e d h e a d , 1 -3 e lo n g a te d s ta lk c e ll s & a sm a ll n e c k c e ll m u lt ic e ll u la r h e a d w it h u n ic e ll u la r h e a d & 1 -2 -c e ll e d s ta lk a n d ro g ra p h is p a n ic u la ta + + p se u d e ra n th e m u m g ra c il if lo ru m + a sy st a si a g a n g e ti c a s sp . m ic ra n th a + + p se u d e ra n th e m u m c a rr u th e rs ii + r u e ll ia r e p e n s + j u st ic a c o m a te + + j u st ic a b e to n ic a + reinwardtia 84 [vol.14 instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 398-575-1-sm belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun eaya indonesia volume 1, part 2, pp. 191-196 (1951) the fern-genus arcypteris underwood (dictyopteris presi sensu fee) r. e. holttum* summary 1. the genus arcypteris underw. (dictyopteris presl sensu pee) is maintained as different from tectaria cav. and redefined. it is considered very closely related to pleocnemia presl. 2. four species are recognized. 3. the following new combinations are made: arcypteris irregularis (presl) holttum (basinym: polypodium irregulare presl), a. macrodonta (fee) holttum (basinym: dictyopteris macrodonta presl ex fee), a. brongniariii (bory) holttum (basinym: polypodium brongniartii bory), and a. gigantea (ces.) holttum (basinym: nephrodium giganteum ces.). 4s. reductions to synonymy are: aspidium difforme blume to arcypteris irregularis (presl) holtt., and polypodium pteroides presl to a. brongniartii (bory) holtt. the genus dictyopteris, as proposed by presl in "tentamen pteridographiae," included two quite distinct elements. the first, d. attenuata (polypodium brownii), is a polypodioid fern with creeping rhizome; the second element consists of the three closely allied species d. macrodonta, d. pteroides and d. irregularis. fee later (gen. fil. 267 pl. 21 a) excluded the first element, and confined the genus to the second, quoting and illustrating the species d. macrodonta and d. pteroides. he omitted d. irregularis, but as he quoted presl's figure of that species, it is apparent that he considered it to be identical with d. macrodonta. in 1903 underwood proposed a new genus arcypteris, with a. difformis (bl.) underw. as sole species. this name is synonymous with dictyopteris irregularis presl; a new generic name was necessary because the name dictyopteris had previously been used for a genus of algae, but "difformis" is not the earliest species epithet. the name dictyopteris was adopted by beddome and van alderwerelt van rosenburgh for ferns of the tectaria alliance which have no indusia. jn their usage, it included true species of tectaria, and also species which i consider should be placed in the genera pleocnemia and arcypteris as strictly defined. in a paper published in 1931 (in flora *professor of botany, university of malaya, singapore. — 191 192 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 1 125: 407-415), alice landmann discussed the genus in the sense of van alderwerelt van rosenburgh, and concluded that separation from tectaria on the basis of the characters of venation and lack of indusia is not warranted; but she did not mention the sinus-teeth, nor give an indication that pleocnemia and arcypteris have characters in common which separate them from the rest of christensen's tectaria. figs. 1-3, arcypteris irregularis (pr.) holtt., cult. singapore; fig. 1, a single pinnule; fig. 2, venation of one lobe of fig. 1, showing position of sori; fig. 3, sinus-tooth and adjacent venation. as noted in my paper on pleocnemia (holttum in reinwardtia 1: 171.. 1951), that genus and arcypteris differ notably from tectaria in various characters not mentioned by previous authors, namely narrow toothed rhizome-scales, complex vascular anatomy of stipe, the presence of sinusteeth, and the character and distribution of hairs and glandular hairs. the glandular hairs were shown by fee (as present in the sori) in one of his figures, but not mentioned in his text nor referred to in any later publication i have seen. the distinction between arcypteris and pleocnemia 1951] holttum : the fern-genus arcypteris 193 is in the venation, with which is correlated the less deeply divided nature of the lamina and the lack of sinus-teeth in some of the lower sinuses. omitting the characters which it shares with pleocnemia, arcypteris is distinguished as follows: fronds bipinnatifid or bipinnate; venation of narrow costal and costular areoles, and beyond these irregular 4to 6-sided areoles, without free included veins (an exceptional very short vein may occur) occupying the whole of the rest of the lamina, with few free marginal veins; sinusteeth broad and sometimes lacking in the lower sinuses; sori more or less round in shape, sometimes confluent, at vein junctions, always (in known species) without indusia; glands in sori spherical, usually red. key to the species of arcypteris 1. fronds normally bipinnatifid; the largest sometimes bipinnate near the base; sori scattered irregularly 1. a. irregularis 1. fronds amply bipinnate 2. sori in a row on each side of a costule, midway between costule and margin, usually distinct 2. a. macrodonta 2. sori confined to the margins of the lobes, often more or less confluent 3. pinnules of sub-basal pinnae to 12 cm long and 2 cm wide at the base; base cuneate, not adnate 3. a. brongniartii 3. pinnules of sub-basal pinnae about 4 cm long and 8 mm wide, adnate to the raehis. 4. a. gigantea 1. a. irregularis (presl) holttum, comb.nov. polypodium irregulare presl, rel. haenk. 1: 25. 1825 (basinym of new combination) . aspidium difforme bl., enum. pl jav. 160. 1828. — dictyopteris difformis (bl.) moore, index 90. 1858; bedd., hand. 300. — arcypteris difformis (bl.) underw. in bull. torr. club 30: 678. 1903. stock short, stout, erect or suberect but not arborescent, the apex and bases of the stipes densely clothed with long narrow rather dark brown scales. stipes to about 80 cm long, stout, green when living and pale when dry, glabrescent except for the scales at the base. lamina to at least 100 cm long and 60 cm wide, deeply bipinnatifid, or bipinnate towards the base, with numerous opposite pinnae, the lowest largest and much produced basiscopically, the basal basiscopic pinnule to 20 cm or more long and 6 cm wide, free, sessile, deeply lobed, usually much longer than the next."sub-basal pinnae to about 40 cm long and 12 cm wide, on large fronds pinnate at the base with a few pairs of sessile and usually more or less adnate pinnules, the distal part deeply lobed; lobes falcate, the longest with crenate margins and acute apex, the shorter more distal lobes entire with blunt apex, lobes usually about 1 cm wide, lower sinuses rounded at the base, upper narrowly angled with' a broad tooth in the angle; upper pinnae gradually less deeply lobed, the uppermost grading into the deeply lobed deltoid apex of the lamina. raehis and base of costae 194 rbinwardtia [vol. 1951] holttum : the fern-genus arcypteris 195 above with short erect multicellular hairs (ferruginous when dry) ; costae (except at base), costules, veins and surfaces glabrous above. rachises below glabrescent or bearing rather stiff multicellular hairs up to 1 mm long; costae below bearing similar hairs, at least at the base; costules and veins usually hairless but often with small round red glands, similar to those in the sori. texture of lamina firm-herbaceous, colour rather light green, drying brown-olivaceous. veins forming single narrow areoles along either side of costae between one costule and the next, and shorter areoles on either side of the costules, the whole of the rest of the lamina filled with more or less elongated 4—6-sided areoles, very few with an included free vein. sori small, close, usually scattered irregularly, exindusiate, round or often extending along the veins and sometimes confluent, the sporangia often bearing round red glands either near the annulus or on a hair attached to the stalk. spores with folded perispore. distribution. — throughout malaysia, and northwards into tenasserim, siam and cambodia; in malaya, a common terrestrial forest fern. in malaya this species is fairly uniform, the only notable variation being that some plants with very large fronds have several pairs of pinnae pinnate at the base, and these often have rather large crowded sori, which are arranged in a row on each side of the costules of the lobed pinnules, with additional sori also. it seems to me however that there is no clear-cut distinction between these bipinnate and the smaller simply pinnate fronds. 2, a. macrodonta (fee) holttum, comb. nov. dictyopteris macrodonta presl, tent. pterid. 194. 1836 (nom. nud.); fee, gen. fil. 267 pi. 21 fig. as. 1850 (basinym of new combination). — phegopteris macrodonta , mett., pheg. and aspid. 31, no. 68. 1858. — tectaria irregularis var. macrodon copel, in philip. j. sci. 2 c: 417. 1907. — tectaria macrodus c. chr., ind. fil., suppl. 3. 181. 1934. differs from a. irregularis in having the pinnae conspicuously pinnate, the pinnules sessile, unequally cuneate at the base (broader on the acroscopic side), their margins lobed one third (or sometimes more) towards the costa; sori in two close rows, one on either side of each costule, often somewhat confluent, with additional sori near the sinuses in the broader pinnules. distribution. — philippines. the specific epithet "macrodon" was given in manuscript to this species by reinwardt prior to 1836, but the first valid publication of the name was by fee, whose description was very brief but accompanied by an excellent figure. copeland (i.c.) considered this not very clearly distinguished from typical a. irregularis. the specimens i have seen however seem quite distinct, and christensen maintained the species. the few bipinnate specimens of a. irregularis gathered in malaya differ from the philippine specimens of a. macrodonta in having many additional irregularly arranged sori in the lobes outside the rows adjacent to the costules. even in the largest specimens the pinnules are adnate to the rachis and they are less deeply lobed than in a. macrodonta. 3. a. brongniartii (bory) holttum, comb. nov. polypodium pteroides presl, rel. haenk, . 1 : 25. 1825 (non retz. 1791). polypodium brongniartii bory, dup. voy. bot. 1: 263 t. su. 1828 (basinym of new combination). — tectaria irregularis var. brongniartii copel., philip. j. sci. 2 c: 417. 1907. differs from a. macrodonta in having the sori submarginal, in the lobes of the pinnules only, often more or less confluent. a sub-basal pinna i have seen is 45 cm long, with about 9 free pinnules on each side below the terminal lamina, the pinnules to 12 cm long and 2 cm wide at the base, the base unequally cuneate and even slightly stipitate, not broadly adnate to the rachis. distribution. — philippines. 4. a. gigantea (cesati) holttum, comb. nov. nephrodium giganteum cesati, rendic. r. acad. napoli 16: 2.6. 1877 (basinym of new combination); c. chr. in dansk bot. ark. 9: 49. 1937. polypodium andaiense baker in beccari, malesia 3: 45. 1886. the following is christensen's description of cesati's type specimen: "stipe ca. 75 cm long, blackish castaneous below with a dense mass of crisped, narrow, rufous, linear scales, upwards like rachis cinnamoncoloured with few scales, trisulcate above and minutely puberulous in the furrows. lamina 70 cm or more long, subcoriaceous, bipinnatifid or partly bipinnate, the short apex pinnatifid with an even (not lobed) wing between the segments. pinnae subopposite, at distances of 6—8 em, the basal ones with three much elongated pinnatifid pinnules on the lower side, the basal one 11 cm long, equally pinnatifid on the upper and outer part of the lower side, middle pinnae of large fronds up to 30 cm long, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, fully pinnate in the lower third, upwards pinnatifid to a wing 3—4 mm wide, of smaller fronds pinnatifid throughout; free pinnules patent, at distances of 2 cm broadly adnate to costa, oblong, about 4 cm long by 8 mm wide, obtuse, crenate, the segments similar, more oblique. costae minutely glanduloso-puberulous above (upperside otherwise glabrous), rather chaffy beneath with small brown scales, the under surface microscopically glanduloso-puberulous. venation pleocnemioid with one narrow costal areole and usually one row of angular areoles outside the costular ones; included veinlets none. sori small, dark brown, in1—2 irregular rows close to the edges of the segments, exindusiate." distribution. — new guinea (type from andai, nw new guinea). 196 reinwardtia [vol. 1 i have examined the type of p. andaiense at kew. it consists of two detached pinnae, which agree in all characters with christensen s description. this species approaches pleocnemia in venation, owing to the narrow lamina of the pinnules (which admits of little anastomosis of veins), but there can be no doubt that it belongs to arcypteris and not to pleocnemia, owing to its close resemblance to a. brongniartii. it differs from all species of pleocnemia in its adnate pinnules, and in their shallow lobes. . the sinus-teeth (as seen in the type of p. andaiense), occurring m the distal sinuses only, are short and broad. the spores have a folded perispore, with rather much anastomosis of the folds. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 1, part 2, pp. 197-198 (1951) malaysian lichens—iii* p. grobnhart ** cyanoporina groenh., an interesting lichen from java amongst the lichens sent by the late mr c. c. schroter at tjibodas (west java), a peculiar blue-grey species drew my attention. at first sight i intended to assign it provisionally to collemaceae indeterminatae, but on closer examination i doubted whether it was really a species of collemaceae. therefore. i examined it more carefully, with the following result. the granular thallus grows in smaller to larger patches over mosses, lichens, and detritus on bark. soredia and isidia are absent and the thallus is not surrounded by a dark hypothalline line. the granular appearance of the thallus is caused by the relatively large gonidia, which belong to stygonemataceae. the yellowish green cells are rounded, angular to semilunate, 8—12µ, wide and 10—15 µ long; one or more of them are enclosed within a gelatinous, colourless to pale citrine sheeth 4—6 µ thick. these clusters of gonidia are held together by the thalline hyphae constituting in this way a homoiomeric thallus. there is some resemblance with the thallus of moriolaceae but in this family the gonidia are totally surrounded with a network of short hyphae lying close together. in the thallus of cyanoporina, as i call this new lichen, such a network does not exist. the hyphae lie irregularly around the gonidia and cover them but partly. these gonidial hyphae are 2—3µ thick and possess very short cells. the thalline hyphae are 3 µ, thick, with inconspicuous lumen. even with the aid of a dissecting microscope the perithecia are almost* invisible. most of them are covered by the granules of the thallus. yet the thallus is abundantly fruiting and in sections perithecia are always present. they are globose, 110—130µ in diameter, pale fulvescent to yellowish, with a pseudoparenchymatic wall 10—12 µ thick, composed of densely interwoven hyphae. i could, not discover a pore. the paraphyses are diffluent and only fragments were found. bull, bot, gdns buitenzorg iii 17:* for the other papers of this series, see 203. 1941 and reinwardtia 1: 33-39. 1950. ** lichenologist, herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia. — 197 — • binder2 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_63 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_64 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_65 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_66 reinwardtia vol. 21. no. 1. pp: 19‒23 doi: 10.55981/reinwardtia.v21i1.4306 19 nepenthes harauensis, a new species of nepenthaceae from west sumatra received january 23, 2022; accepted april 18, 2022 hernawati faculty of forestry, muhammadiyah university of west sumatra, jln. pasir kandang no. 4, pasie nan tigo, koto tangah, padang, 25172, indonesia. e-mail: sinanalep@hotmail.com robi satria harau nursery, lembah harau, payakumbuh, 26271, indonesia. e-mail: harauorchids4523@gmail.com ch’ien c. lee institute of biodiversity and environmental conservation, universiti malaysia sarawak, kota samarahan, sarawak, malaysia. e-mail: chien@chienclee.com abstract hernawati, satria, r. & lee, c. c. 2022. nepenthes harauensis, a new species of nepenthaceae from west sumatra. reinwardtia 21(1): 19‒23. — a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from the harau region of west sumatra is described as nepenthes harauensis hernawati, r.satria & chi.c.lee. this species shares specific characteristics with both n. bongso and n. singalana but is unique in its thickly coriaceous and petiolate leaves, which are elliptic-oblong and have a distinctly peltate tendril insertion. key words: har au, nepenthaceae, nepenthes, sumatr a. abstrak hernawati, satria, r. & lee, c. c. 2022. nepenthes harauensis, jenis baru nepenthaceae dari sumatra barat. reinwardtia 21(1): 19‒23. — jenis baru nepenthes (nepenthaceae) dari kawasan harau sumatra barat dipertelakan sebagai nepenthes harauensis hernawati, r.satria & chi.c.lee. jenis ini mempunyai kemiripan karakter morfologi dengan n. bongso dan n. singalana tetapi memiliki keunikan dalam tekstur daun yang tebal dan kaku, berbentuk jorong yang melonjong, mempunyai tangkai daun dan memiliki sisipan sulur yang jelas menyerupai perisai. kata kunci: har au, nepenthaceae, nepenthes, sumatr a. introduction nepenthes (nepenthaceae) belongs to the group of carnivorous pitcher plants and is one of the groups with the highest number of species consisting of at least 160–180 species worldwide (murphy et al., 2020). the island of sumatra has long been recognized as one of the most diverse regions for the genus nepenthes. following clarke’s 2001 regional monograph, which listed 29 nepenthes species for the island, eight additional taxa, all endemic, have been described: n. izumiae (clarke et al., 2003), n. rigidifolia (akhriadi et al., 2004), n. jamban and n. lingulata (lee et al., 2006), n. flava (wistuba et al., 2007), n. naga (akhriadi et al., 2009), n. putaiguneung (metusala et al., 2020), and n. longiptera (victoriano, 2021). the steady rate of these discoveries is likely due to increased exploration of previously inaccessible regions of sumatra. it suggests that the full diversity of nepenthes on the island is far from being fully resolved. in 2015, robi satria made the first observations of an unidentified nepenthes species in harau, west sumatra. researchers from the nepenthesteam padang (np-team padang) visited the same locality in 2016 but found only a few individual plants that did not have pitchers. in july and september 2021, np-team padang conducted repeat visits to this site and eventually successfully procured complete specimens of this nepenthes that possessed both upper and lower pitchers. upon detailed examination and comparisons with other sumatran nepenthes, it was clear that this represented a distinct taxon described herein as a new species. materials and methods the fieldwork was carried out in july and september 2021 in harau, west sumatra. the locality and population distribution can be seen in fig. 1. morphological characters of n. harauensis were photographed and noted from the living plant in the wild. measurements were made using a ruler and a vernier calliper. herbarium specimens were prepared and deposited at herbarium universitas andalas (anda). the morphological characters http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v19i1.3850 mailto:chien@chienclee.com reinwardtia 20 [vol.21 of n. harauensis were then compared with the collection of specimens of n. bongso, n. ovata, and n. singalana stored in the herbarium of andalas university (anda) padang. results and discussion nepenthes harauensis hernawati, r.satria & chi.c.lee spec. nov. — type: indonesia, west sumatra, lima puluh kota, harau, growing terrestrially on shady sandstone clift, 1,100–1,400 m asl, flowering and fruiting, 22 september 2021, nepenthes-team padang (hernawati, havid, ihsan), npt 220921-1 (holotype anda!, isotype bo!). fig. 2. nepenthes harauensis has several morphological characteristics similar to n. bongso, but the pitcher shape is more like the n. singalana. the most prominent distinguishing character is the thick and stiff coriaceous leaf structure, the peltate tendril insertion, and the sheath-like petiole, which clasps the stem for ¾– ½ of its circumference. terrestrial climber up to 3 m tall. rosette not found. short shoots cylindrical 0.8–1.0 cm with congested leaves (2 per cm of the stem), internodes obscured. climbing stem angular 0.5 cm, internodes 4.0–6.9 cm long. leaves of short shoots thickly and stiffly coriaceous, petiolate; petiole 2.0–5.9 cm long, sheath-like, clasping stem for ¾ circumference; lamina elliptic to oblong, 9.5–15.9 × 5.2–6.7 cm, apex obtuse to truncate, gradually attenuate to the base; midrib flattened above and raised beneath, longitudinal veins 2 on each midrib, inconspicuous, pinnate veins inconspicuous; tendrils 27.0–49.5 cm long, peltate, ca. 0.4 cm from the apex. leaves of climbing stem same as those of short shoots but petiole 3.0–4.0 cm long, clasping stem for ½ circumference and not decurrent; lamina elliptic to oblong or slightly spathulate, 8.5–10.0 × 3.5–4.0 cm; tendrils sub-apical close to the apex, 12.0–29.0 cm long with 2–3 curls in the middle. lower pitchers originating abruptly from the tendril, ovoid 1/3– 1/2 in the lower half (6.1–9.0 × 3.7–5.2 cm), constricting to the hip, then cylindrical toward the mouth (8.5–12.8 × 2.7–3.9 cm); inner surface pale green on the glandular zone, pale green with dark red blotches on the waxy portion extending from the constriction of the hip to the top of the pitchers; two fringed wings present on the front of the pitcher, 2.9–4.4 × 0.1–0.2 cm, run from the mouth to the bottom, with fringed elements 0.2– 0.5 cm long; mouth ovate, oblique throughout, elongated into a short neck (≤ 2 cm) toward the lid; peristome more or less cylindrical, narrow at the front (≤ 0.6 cm), widening toward the rear (≤ 1.4 cm), ribs distinct, ≤ 0.1 cm apart, raised ≤ 0.1 cm, inner margin ending in teeth ca. 0.2 cm long; lid cordate to orbicular 4.1–5.1 × 3.6–5.1 cm, apex obtuse, with rounded protrusions, ca. 0.2 cm thickness on the lower surface, spaced ca. 0.4 cm from the lid tip, glands more or less evenly distributed across the undersurface although larger, and more densely packed along the midrib; spur simple ≤ 0.2 cm long. upper pitchers originating laterally from the tendril, narrowly ovoid in the lower third (4.3–6.0 × 2.4–2.7 cm), constricting to fig. 1. distribution of nepenthes harauensis hernawati, r.satria & chi.c.lee hernawati et al.: nepenthes harauensis, a new species of nepenthaceae from west sumatra 2022] 21 the hip, then cylindrical and widening toward the mouth (8.2–10.7 × 1.2–3.2 cm); inner surface same as that of the lower pitcher but the red blotches in the waxy zone are fewer and smaller; wings reduced to ribs; mouth ovate, oblique throughout, elongated into a short neck (≤ 1 cm), peristome same of those lower pitcher, but narrower (≤ 0.2 cm at the front and ≤ 0.5 cm at the rear) with three small lobes on each side, teeth ≤ 0.1 cm long; lid same of those lower pitcher, but smaller (3.7–4.8 × 2.8–4.0 cm); spur simple ≤ 0.7 cm long. male inflorescence a raceme, peduncle to 11.0–13.0 cm long, rachis 10.0–12.0 cm, pedicels 0.8–1.1 cm long, each bearing a single flower with a filiform bracteole 0.5 × 0.1 cm, spaced ca. 0.3 cm from the base of the pedicel, tepal broad ovate 0.5–0.6 × 0.3 cm, pale green, staminal column ≤ 0.3 cm long. female inflorescence is similar to the male but with a longer peduncle (19.5 cm long). fruits capsule 1.1–1.6 × 0.2–0.4 cm. indumentum, all parts of the plant are glabrous. colour of living specimens: stem and midrib pale green, occasionally purplish red; leaves light green above, pale green below; lower pitcher reddishgreen with dark red blotches to dark red; upper pitcher pale green; peristome dark red on a lower pitcher and pale green with the dark red stripe on the upper pitcher; inflorescence pale green. distribution. nepenthes harauensis is only known from the type locality in harau, west sumatra, indonesia. habitat. gr owing ter r estr ially on shady cliffs of the stunted forest of the sandstone hills around harau. numerous canyons in harau are formed among flat-topped sandstone outcrops with nearvertical walls. tropical lowland evergreen rain forests grow at the bases and summit of the outcrops. vegetation and open areas which result table 1. morphological characters of n. harauensis, n. bongso, n. ovata, and n. singalana characters n. harauensis n. bongso n. ovata n. singalana stem cylindrical to angular cylindrical to angular cylindrical cylindrical, occasionally angular internode obscured on the short shoots; 4.0–6.9 cm long on the climbing stems ≤ 15 cm long on the climbing stems ≤ 15 cm long on the climbing stems ≤ 15 cm long on the climbing stems leaves stiffly coriaceous, petiolate, clasping the stem, lamina elliptic to oblong coriaceous, sessile, lamina spathulate to lanceolate coriaceous, sessile to broadly sub-petiolate, lamina lanceolatespathulate thinly coriaceous, sessile, lamina lanceolate to lanceolate-spathulate tendril insertion peltate/sub-apical sub-apical apical apical longitudinal veins 2 on each side of the midrib 2–5 on each side of the midrib 3 on each side of the midrib 3–6 on each side of the midrib lower pitcher ovoid then cylindrical on the upper part broadly ovoid throughout broadly ovoid throughout narrowly ovoid then cylindrical on the upper part peristome cylindrical, widening toward the rear cylindrical or flattened expanded toward the rear flattened expanded toward the rear cylindrical, widening to the rear, expanded to the inside lid cordate to orbicular with a simple thickened bump near the apex cordate to orbicular with a simple, bifid, or grossly appendage near the apex ovate with a pronounced appendage near the basal part slightly cordate to orbicular, no appendage upper pitcher narrowly ovoid cylindrical and widening above infundibular cylindrical then infundibular above narrowly ovoid and cylindrical above inflorescence 1-flowered 1-2 flowered 1-flowered 1-flowered reinwardtia 22 [vol.21 from their structure provide important habitat for several nepenthes species, including n. adnata, n. albomarginata, n. eustachya, n. longifolia, and n. tenuis. nepenthes harauensis generally grows on cliffs above an altitude of 1,100 m asl. etymology. the specific name refers to the place “harau,” a sub-district of lima puluh kota regency. conservation status. based on observations, there are at least six populations in the type locality with an estimated number of young plants <100 individuals. despite having many individuals, this species rarely produces pitchers, especially the upper pitchers. habitats of n. harauensis are located in protected forest areas, so at this time, deforestation is not a serious threat to this species. illegal collection by plant collectors can be a potential threat if there is no early management of the species. further observations are still needed to assess the conservation status of n. harauensis. notes. this species is most readily distinguished from all other sumatran nepenthes by its unique combination of morphological characters. particularly unusual are the strongly petiolate leaves, a feature not seen in any other sumatran montane nepenthes. the peltate tendril insertion is also unusual in the genus nepenthes. in sumatra, it is only shared with n. rigidifolia and n. bongso. based on the characteristics of the pitchers, n. harauensis is appeared to be most closely allied to n. bongso, n. ovata, and n. singalana, none of which occur in the harau region. from n. bongso and n. ovata, it can be distinguished in having its pitchers either abruptly cylindrical or slightly expanded in their upper half (vs being ovoid or infundibular throughout). from n. singalana, it differs in having a distinctly rounded, thickened protrusion on the undersurface of the apex of the lid. moreover, a peristome that does not expand on its inner edge. these differences are outlined in table 1. fig. 2. nepenthes harauensis hernawati, r.satria & chi.c.lee. a. population of n. harauensis in the habitat. b. habit of the short shoots. c. leaf apex showing peltate tendril insertion. d. lower pitcher. e. upper pitcher. f. male inflorescence. g. fruits. h. glandular zone on the lid. from nepenthes-team padang (hernawati, havid, ihsan) npt 220921-1. photos by robi satria and havid ramadhan. hernawati et al.: nepenthes harauensis, a new species of nepenthaceae from west sumatra 2022] 23 although hybridization is a frequent occurrence among nepenthes, the possibility of a hybrid origin for n. harauensis is unlikely, given that there are no putative parental species in the harau region that could contribute morphological features that are distinct for this species. with the addition of n. harauensis, 11 nepenthes species have now been recorded within the harau region of west sumatra, making it one of the most diverse localities for this genus. although most of endemic nepenthes species from sumatra are restricted to the upper montane mossy forest of the barisan mountains, typically above 2,000 m, the highest peak within harau reaches only 1,460 m. despite this considerably lower elevation, the stunted forest of the sandstone hills around harau may mimic certain habitat conditions of higher mountains, making it possible for montane nepenthes to occur at lower altitudes. the presence of n. inermis evidences this, a species typically restricted to higher summits, found to grow near n. harauensis. other specimens examined. indonesia, sumatra, west sumatra, lima puluh kota, harau, 1,100–1,400 m asl., 06 july 2021, nepenthesteam padang (hernawati, havid, ihsan), npt 060721-1 (anda). acknowledgements we would like to thank the curator of the andalas university herbarium (anda) for handling and storing the specimens. thanks to wwf efn russel e train education for nature program for research grants. the first author would like to thank prof. ervizal a. m. zuhud, prof. lilik budi prasetyo, and dr. rinekso soekmadi as the research supervisors. we also thank the local people who have helped with the fieldwork. references akhriadi, p., hernawati & tamin, r. 2004. a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from sumatra. reinwardtia 12(2): 141–144. akhriadi, p., hernawati, primaldhi, a. & hambali, m. 2009. nepenthes naga, a new species of nepenthaceae from bukit barisan of sumatra. reinwardtia 12(5): 339– 342. clarke, c. 2001. nepenthes of sumatra & peninsular malaysia. natural history publication (borneo). kota kinabalu. sabah. clarke, c., davis, t. & tamin, r. 2003. nepenthes izumiae (nepenthaceae): a new species from sumatra. blumea 48: 179–182. lee, c. c., hernawati & akhriadi, p. 2006. two new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from north sumatra. blumea 51: 561–568. metusala, m., al farishy, d. d. & jebb, m. 2020. nepenthes putaiguneung (nepenthaceae), a new species from the highland of sumatra, indonesia. phytotaxa 454(4): 285–292. murphy, b., forest, f., barraclough, t., rosindell, j., bellot, s., cowan, s., golos, m., jebb, m. & cheek, m. 2020. a phylogenomic analysis of nepenthes (nepenthaceae). molecular phylogenetics and evolution 144: article 106668. victoriano, m. 2021. a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) and its natural hybrids from aceh, sumatra, indonesia. reinwardtia 20(1): 17–26. wistuba, a., nerz, j. & fleischmann, a. 2007. nepenthes flava, a new species of nepenthaceae from northern part of sumatra. blumea 52: 159–162. reinwardtia 24 [vol.21 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant -sociology and ecology reinwardtia . editors mien a. kijs wat a kartawinata n. wulijarni-soetjipto 1 published by ' herbarium bogoriense lembaga bio-logi nasional — lipi bo.sor, indonesia eeinwardtia vol. 9, part 1, 1 —182 31 december 1974 10issn 0(f34-365x reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 1, pp. 139—142 (1971) a new amorphophallus from thailand kai laksen & s. saksuwan larsen botanical institute, aarhus university, denmark. abstract amorpknphomus dixenii is described and illustrated; this new species is assigned to section cimdaritm and key to asiatic species of this section is presented. chromosome number of this species is found to be 2n = 28. abstrak pertelaan bergambar amorphophauna ditremi disajikan; jenis baru ini dimasukkan dalam soksi cuiidarum dan kunci determinasi jenis-jenis seksi ini yang ada di asia dieuguhkan juga. jumlah kromosom jenis ini ternyata 2n zz 28. during an expedition to thailand in 1970 mr. hans dixen (aarhus) collected a large tuber of an amovphophailvs at doi chieng dao in north thailand. the tuber was sent back and planted in our greenhouse in january 1971. in the early summer it produced an inflorescence, the study of which showed that it belonged to an undercribed species; 2 3 months later one large leaf developed (fig. l a ) . vfe have chosen to name this species after the collector. the taxa clearly belongs to the section cnndarum engl. (in engler, pflanzenfam. iv. 23 c. 1911). it is related to a. campamdatus (roxb.) bl. ex dene (syn.: a. rex prain ex hook, f.) from which it deviates in that the appendix has a truncate apex and a more narrow and closed apathe. the anthers are longer in our species and the ovary always seems to be 2-celled, correspondingly the stigma is always 2-lobed. k e y t o s e c t i o n c u n d a k u m i n m a i n l a n d a s i a 1-a. a p p e n d i x g l a b r o u s a. dubius bl. b . a p p e n d i x i r r e g u l a r l y f u r r o w e d . . . 2 2-a. a p p e n d i x t r u n c a t e c o n o i d a. ilixemi it. & s. l a r s e n b. a p p e n d i x conoid 3 3 -a. a p p e n d i x up to 5 cm diam a. eampanalatus gagnep. b. appendix 7 1 2 cm diam a. bungkokensis <ronb.) bl. en dene. reinwardtia [ v o i * 9 * rpkophalhte dixexii k. & s. larson. — a. leaf; nther, erosg eection; £-g. anther; h. gynoe nthe ox ovary; j. cross ry — del. b. johnson. -, longitudinal udinal section l a h s e u & l a h s i amorphophallus dixenii k. & s. larsen, spec. nov. — fig. 1. a. campanulato affinis, appendice spadicis trtmcatoeonica, spatha altiore angustiore, staminibus et ovario dissimilibus ab eo diversus. tuber supra depressum, circiter 15 cm altum, 25 cm diam., radicellis praesertim e facie superiore emissis. folia: cataphylla 1 (—2), majus circiter 10 cm icnijnim, membranaceum, amplcxicaula. folium vei-um unicum; petiolus 95 cm iongus, basi 4 cm diam., viridis albo-marmoratus, verrucosus; lamina tripartite, partibus circiter 100 cm longis, infra per 20 cm carstoiilibus, simplicibua, supra bis dichotomis, e segmentis inaequalibus compositis, rhachibua a segmentis decurrentibus alatis. infloreacentia: pedunculus 40 cm longus, 2.5 cm crassus, dua cataphylla infra gerens late lanceolata, 10—15 cm longa, 5—8 cm lata. spatha profunde campanuliformia, medio apulum constricta, 20 cm longa, basi 6 cm diam., medio 8—9 cm, supra margin© evoluto 15—18 cm, extra infra partem constrictam viridula, supra vinacea vel subfusca, ubique maculia albis aparsis notata; intra in parte infima 7 em alta (juxta flores femineos) saturate vinacea, vevrucosa, supra per 3 cm lutea, laevis, in summa parte vinacea, reticulata, margine undulata, apulum revoluta. spadix in parte infima 7 cm longa cylindrica 5 cm crassa flores femineos gerens, obscure vinaceus, stigmatibus aurantiacis vel flavidis, in parte superiore 6 cm longa infra 3 cm crassa aurantiacus, flores masculos gerens; appendix plus minus cylindvica vel truucato-conica, plicata, 5 em alta, 10 cm diam., vinacea, verrucosa. flores: flos feminius nudus; ovarium 2 mm altum. 3.5—4 mm latum, bilooulare, ovulo in quoque loculo unico anatropo; stylus 14 mm longus, 1 mm crassus; stigma 3 mm longum, 4 mm latum, profunde bipartitum. veatimentum masculae partis spadicis e staminibus solum compositum. stamen bacilliforme, 1—1.5 mm latum, 4—5 mm longum, filamento brevissimo, anthers duabus poris terminata bipartitis, quattuor sacculis ita sua cuique part eapertis. pollen; grana substantia flavida conglutinata, copiose in fundo spathae concervata. fructus ignotus. numerus chromokomatuin: 2n = 28. typus. tuber die 20 oct. anni 1970 650 m supra mare in solo humido silvae sempervirentis montancae ad montem doi chieng dao ab oppido chieng mai in septentriones situm a hans dixen sub numero 701515 lectus, in horto botanico aarhusiensi culhim, materie typifica anno 1971 me collecta, in herbario jutlandico (aau) deposita. in an earlier paper (larseti in dansk bot. ark. 27: 46, 1963) the cytology of the genus amorpkopkauvs was discussed. it was here stressed that our knowledge does not yet allow too far reaching conclusions, but two secondary basic numbers seem to exist xl. = 13 and 14. recently •chant {in kew bull. 25; 323, 1971) added chromosome numbers for reinwardtia [vol. 9 fig. 2. 2 mptaphase plates fr foot tip; a. dixenii fita well into this pattern. in several good metaphase plates from root tips 2n = 28 was counted (fig. 2). the morphology of the chromosomes corresponds to what has been found earlier. the author is indebted to mr. tyge christensen for latinizing the diagnosis. re i n warbtia published by herbarium bogoriensc — lbn, bogor vol. 9, p a r t 1, pp. 143 — 151 (1s74) a revision of plethiandra (mblastomataceae) m. p. nayar central national herbarium, botanic gardrn, htneruh — 3, india abstract seven species are dtscribed and a key to the species is presented. the genus is recorded foe the first time from central sumatra and this record is an extension of its generic distribution, known previously from borneo and malaya. plethiandra acaminata merr. and plethiandra aahebii burkill are reduced to synonymy and the following new combinations are proposed: plethiandra robuata (cogn.l nayar, plethiandra seesiliflora (cogn.) merr. var. *«**h« <stapf) nayar. abstkak pertelaan dan kunci detcrminasi untuk membeda-bedakan tlljuh jenis plethiandra disajikan. marga ini dilaporkan untuk pertama kali dari sumatra tcngah, yang memperluas daerah penyebarannya eebab sebelumnya hanya diketahui tumbuh di borneo dan malaya. pletkiandra acuminata merr. dan plethiandra sahebii burkill diperlakukan sebagai sinonim jenis lain dan kombinasi baru plethiandra robvxta (cogn.) nayar dan plethiandra sessiliflora (cogn.) mcrr. var. seesilis (stapf) nayar telah diusulkan. introduction j. d. hooker founded the genus pletliituulra in 1865 on the basis of methiandra motleyi from labuan (borneo). he placed it in the tribe jjlstronieae immediately next to the genus kibansia. baillon (nat. hist. pi. 7: 63. 1881), cogniaus (1391) and krasser (1893) followed hooker f. in its assignment. the genus was described again as medinillopsis by cogniaux (1891) with two species medinulopsis beccwriana from sarawak and medinillopsis sessiliflora from singapore, both baaed upon beccari's collections. in 1895 stapf noted that coguiaux's medinillopsis matched perfectly with hooker's genus plethiandra and he suggested the reduction of the genus medinillopsis. although stapf and later on burkill (1917) suggested this, it was left to merrill (in journ. roy. as. soc. straits spec. no. 449, 1921) to make the new combinations in the genus pletkiandra. stapf in 1894 (in trans. linn. soc. ii, 4: 163, 1894) after "ding a new species p. hookeri noted the correct systematic position i c o n t e n t s p a g e h a t t i n k , t. a. a revision of malesian caesalpinia, i n c l u d i n g , mezoneuroji ( l e g u m m o s a e c a e s a l p i n i a c e a e ) 1 • j o n e s , h . g < orchidaceae n a v a e vel m i n u s cogtlitae . . . . . . . 7 1 k e n g , h. rediscovery of cheilotheca malayana a n d t h e i d e n t i t y of . cheilotheca, audresia and mo.notropastmm (ericaceae. m o n o t r o p o i d e a e ) 7 7 k o s t e r m a n s , a . j . g . h . a m o n o g r a p h o f t h e genusn.eoanna•momum l i o u h o 8 5 m a t e r i a l s f o r a r e v i s i o n o f l a u r a c e a e i v . . . . . 9 7 r? a new bornean species .of mammea , . 117 triadodapkne, a. new jauraceous genua from borneo . 119 — a monograph of caryodaphnopsis a. shaw . ., . . . 123 larsen, k. & laksen, s. k. a new amorphophallus from thailand ' 139 nayak, m. p. a revision of phtkiandra (melastomataceae) . . 143 rao, a. n. £ leong, f. l. pollen morphology of certain tropical , • plants . . . . . . . . • 153 skvortzov, b. v. on some colourless flagellates from java and brasil 177 distributor bibliotheca bogoriensis, jalan raya juanda 20, eogok, indonesia by archipel rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_01 139-142 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_72 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_73 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_74 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_95 reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, kebun raya indonesia volume 5, part 4, p.p. 481-508 (i960) a monograph op the genus neesia * blume (bombacaceae) soepadmo ** summary 1) eight species are described: n. altissima, synandra, glabra, kostermansiana, malayana, pivrpurascens, piluliflora and strigosa. 2) n. kostermansiana is a species new to science. 3) n. glabra and synandra, formerly included in n. altissima are reinstated as distinct species. 4) the area of distribution of the genus covers lower siam, the malay peninsula, sumatra, java and borneo, with borneo as centre. acknowledgements i wish to express my thanks to the directors/keepers of the herbaria of bogor, kepong, kew, kuching, leiden, paris and singapore, for their cooperation in lending me material for my study. i am very grateful to prof. dr. c. g. g. j. van steenis (leiden) and dr. a. j. g. h. kostermans (bogor), who have taken the trouble to prepare the latin diagnoses, to go through the mss and who have suggested many emendations and corrections. i have to thank messrs. soekirno, damhuri and moh. anwar for preparing the drawings. introduction the generic name neesia was founded by blume in 1828 (fl. jav., l.c.), as a new name for the genus esenbeckia which he had described in 1825 but which was a later homonym; its single species was ar. altissima (bl.) bl. in 1874 masters added n. synandra from malacca, and in 1875 a third species, n. strigosa from borneo. beccari added three new species from borneo: n. ambigua, glabra, and purpurascens in 1889, and segregated the specimen p.b. 2037 from n. strigosa as n. piluliflora. •name d after th. fr. l. nees von esenbeck (1787—1837). ** assistant botanist, herbarium bogoriense, bogor. — 481 — reinwardtia [vol. 5 bakhuizen v.d. brink sr. (1924) described one new species, iv. malayana, from sumatra and the malay peninsula; he reduced iv. synandra mast., n. ambigua becc. and iv. glabra becc. to the synonymy of iv. altissima bl. furtado (1929) reinstated iv. synandra as a proper species. the genus neesia is closely allied to coelostegia, durio and kostermansia. the alliance of these four genera has been discussed by soegeng (in reinwardtia 5 (3): 271—272. 1960). kostermans in his monograph of durio (in communication, forest research institute, bogor 62: 2. 1958 and in reinwardtia 4(3): 361. 1959) suggested the desirability of combining neesia and coelostegia, as neesia differs only from coelostegia by the presence of prurient hairs in its fruit-valves. soegeng, on the contrary, advocates to keep the genera separate, until more material should be available and i believe too, that this is the best policy. the differential characters of neesia and coelostegia are: neesia 1. leaves with distinct, parallel, secondary nerves; lower surface glabrous or covered by stellate hairs or rarely sparsely covered by minute long-fimbriate scales. 2. epicalyx completely enveloping the bud. 3. calyx lobes neither saccate nor induplicate. 4. corolla hypogynous. 5. filament topped by one two-celled anther. 6. ovary superior, covered by hirsute, stellate hairs. 7. inside of the fruit-valves densely covered by brownish, hirsute, prurient hairs. coelostegia 1. leaves without distinct, parallel secondary nerves; lower surface covered by scales. 2. epicalyx reduced, subtending the calyx. 3. calyx lobes induplicate, saccate. 4. corolla subperigynous. 5. filament topped by three, one-celled anthers. 6. ovary partly embedded in the receptacle, covered by peltate scales. 7. inside of the fruit-valves glabrous. from the specimens examined, i am convinced that each filament is topped by one anther, and that the anthers are two-celled, not one-celled as assumed by bentham & hooker f. and baillon. the ovules are biseriate, not uniseriate as contended by endlicher and miquel; the indumentum of the young branchlets and leaves is very variable, it may consist of simple or of stellate hairs, or of fimbriate to long-fimbriate scales. it is, therefore, not advisable to use this character to distinguish between the young specimens, as both types of hairs and scales are often found on the same specimen. in old leaves, however, the indumentum of 196 j] soepadmo: a monograph of the genus nccsia 483 the lower surface becomes rather important, as this character is constant in some species. valuable characters for specific delimitation are the shape of fruit and calyx after anthesis. the name neesia blume is conserved against neesia sprengel (compositae, 1818). n e e s i a blume (nomen. gen. conserv.) neesia blume, pl java 1: vii, in nota, 1828; in nov. act. caes. leop. car. 17 ( l a ) : 75—84. 1835; endlicher, gen. pi. 990. 1840; griffith, not. pl as (4): 513. 1854; miquel, pi. ind. batav. 1(2)2: 206. 1859; bentham & hooker f., gen. pl 1: 213. 1862; baillon, hist. pl 4: 159. 1872; masters in hooker f., fl. brit. ind. 1: 352. 1874; in 3. linn. soc. bot. 15: 503. 1875; beccari, malesia 3: 259. 1889; boerlage, handl. fl. ned. ind. 1: 119. 1890; king in j. as. soc. bengal 60(2): 55. 1891; schumann in engler & prantl, nat. pfl. fam. 3(6) : 68. 1895; koorders & valeton in med. 's lands plantentuin buitenzorg 14: 128. 1895; de dalla torre & harms, gen. siphon.: 310. 1901; backer, schoolfl. j a v a 133. 1911; ridley, fl. mai. pen. 1: 265. 1922; bakhuizen v.d. brink sr. in bull. j a r d . bot. buitenzorg 3, 6: 220 & 245. 1924; lemee, diet, descr. genres 4: 664. 1932; burkill, diet. econ. prod. mai. pen. 2: 1537. 1935; corner, wayside trees mai. 1: 433. 1951. esenbeckia blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind., 3de stuk 118. 1825, non eseubeckia h.b.k. 1825. blumea rchb., consp. 209. 1828, non nees 1823. cotylephora meissner, gen. comm. 28. 1837. type species — n. altissima (bl.) bl. trees, branchlets stout, glabrous, or covered by stellate hairs or by minute fimbriate scales, leaf-scars protruding. leaves simple, alternate, crowded at the apex of the branchlets, penninerved; nerves patent, parallel, running out arcuately, impressed on the upper surface and prominent on the lower surface. petioles cylindrical, thickened at apex and base. stipules extrapetiolar, caducous or long-persistent. inflorescences generally cymose, axillary, subtended by caducous bracts, covered by stellate hairs and longfimbriate scales. buds conical or ovoid-globose. epicalyx before anthesis completely covering the bud, at anthesis splitting into 2—5 valvate lobes, after anthesis bell-shaped or campanulate, outside lepidote, inside glabrous or in some species pubescent, soon caducous. calyx monophyllous, coriaceous, before anthesis cone-shaped or ovoid-globose, in some species umbonate; after anthesis with a circular, irregularly crenulate apical orifice, sometimes becoming disk-like, the disk with or without incurved margin, outside lepidote (the scales are larger than those on the epicalyx), inside glabrous or partly pubescent. corolla hypogynous, calyptriform, consisting 4 8 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 of 5 free or rarely agglutinate, obtuse petals; aestivation imbricate, slightly contort; the entire corolla soon caducous; petals alternating with the epicalyx lobes. stamens numerous, filaments glabrous, filiform, unequal in length, connate at the base only or forming a more or less well-developed staminal tube for half of their length, the upper free part in 5 bundles, alternate with the petals. each filament with one two-celled anther. anthers reniform or subglobular, versatile, cells parallel, separate, longitudinally dehiscent. ovary ovoid, pentangular, 5-celled, sessile, covered by hirsute, stellate hairs, septs alternating with the petals. ovules anatropous, 5—12 in each cell, biseriate, placentation axillary, ascendant; style one, short, conical or filiform; stigma capitellate, small, rounded or subpentagonous. fruit capsular, ovoid or ellipsoid, woody, 5-angular, 5-celled, almost completely locnlicidally dehiscent into five valves; valves concave, outside muricate-tessellate, inside densely covered by light-brown, hirsute, prurient hairs. seeds subhorizontal, alternate on both side of the septae, ellipsoid, smooth, su intended by a reddish-brown, thick caruncle. cotyledons foliaceous, ovate, base emarginate, penninerved, enveloped by the two flat-convex parts of the endosperm. radicle short, conical, fleshy, basal. distribution — lower siam, the malay peninsula, sumatra, java and borneo; the centre is found in borneo. habitat — confined to humid primary forest, from sea level up to 1800 m altitude; on all kinds of soils. k e y t o the s p e c i e s 1. a. calyx after acthesis disk-like 2 b. calyx after anthesis not disk-like 7 2. a. lower surface of adult leaf glabrous 3 b. lower surface of adult leaf pubescent 4 3. a. buds conical. style filiform 5 b. buds ovoid-globose or obovoid. style conical 6 4. a. leaves 6—12 x 3—5 cm. calyx concave 6. n. purpurascens b. leaves 35—60 x 16—24 cm. calyx flat 2. n. synandra 5. a. stipules 1-—1.5 x 0.5—0.7 cm. fruit-valves areolate, glaucous. 5. n. malayana b. stipules 2—6 x 0*5—3 cm. fruit-valves tuberculate, not glaucous 4. n. kostermansiana 6. a. epicalyx campanulate, buds ovoid-globose. stipules 2—4 x 0.2—1 cm . . . 1. n. altissima b. epicalyx bell-shaped, buds obovoid. stipules 3—9 x 1.5—3 cm . . 3. n. glabra 7. a. fruit ovoid, rounded s. n. strigosa b. fruit ellipsoid, acute 7. n. piluliflora 1961] soepadmo: a monograph of the genus neesia 483 neesia altissima (bl.) bl. — f i g . 1—2 . xcesia altissima blume in nov. act. caes. leop. car. 17(la) : 83, t. 6. 1835; walpers, rep. 1: 331. 1842; hasskarl in tijdschr. nat. gesch. en phys. 12: 125. 1845; miquel, fl. ind. batav. 1(12) 2: 207. 1859; de sturler, beschrijv. houtsoorten ned. o. ind. 41. 1866; masters in j. linn. soc. bot. 14: 504. 1875; beccari, malesia 3: 261. 1889; schumann in engler & p r a n t l , nat. pfl. fam. 3(6): 68, f. 36 a—c. 1895; koorders & valeton in med. 's lands plantentuin buitenzorg 14: 129. 1895; janssonius, mikrogr. holzes 1: 408, f. 52. 1906; backer, schoolfl, j a v a 133. 1911; bakhuizen v.d. brink sr. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg 3, 6: 221 & 246. 1924, p.p. (excl. n. glabra becc. and n. synandra mast.) ; den berger in med. proefst. thee, java 97: 112. 1926; hej-ne, nutt. plant. ned. ind., ed. 2, 2: 1058. 1927; ed. 3, 1: 1058. 1950; furtado in gard. bull. s.s. 4: 424. 1929, p.p. (excl. n. glabra becc. and n. synandra mast.); burkill, diet. econ. prod. mai. pen. 2: 1538. 1935. — esenbeckia altissima blume, bijdr. xed. ind., 3de stuk. 119. 1825. — thespesia altissima (bl.) sprengel, syst. veg. 4(2) : 257. 1827. — cotylephora altissima (bl.) meissner, gen. comm. 28. 1837. — blume s.n. (l). payena nigropitnctata buick in ann. j a r d . buitenzorg 5: 53. 1886. — teijsmann s.n. (bo). neesia ambigwa beccari, malesia 3: 261. 1889;merrill in j. str. br. roy. as. soc., special number 377. 1921. — beccari p.b. 3087 (fi). tree up to 40 m tall, 120 cm in diam.; bark slightly fissured, cracked, greyish-brown; living bark 0.8 cm, brownish-red. sapwood dirty white, heartwood brown. branchlets lenticellate, glabrous or sparsely covered by fimbriate scales, in young plants densely covered by yellowish hirsute, stellate hairs. leaves coriaceous, oblong or obovate-oblong, (10—) 35—40 (—50) x (6—) 10—15 (—20) cm, emarginate or truncate (in young plants acute), base gradually attenuate, truncate or cordate, margin sometimes slightly undulate and in young plants with stellate hairs or fimbriate scales; nerves 15—20 pairs; upper surface glabrous or sparsely covered by stellate hairs and fimbriate scales, mainly on the nerves; lower surface light green (fresh), glabrous or sparsely covered by fimbriate scales; nerves glabrous or covered by minute fimbriate scales. leaves of young specimens with stellate or simple hirsute hairs all over. petioles 4—11 cm, 0.3—0.5 cm in diam., glabrous or sparsely covered by minute fimbriate scales. stipules caducous, coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, 2—4 x (0.2—) 0.3—0.5 (—1) cm, base truncate, apex acute or slightly emarginate, pale green (fresh); young ones with a dense layer of minute fimbriate scales and stellate hairs on both surfaces, glabrescent. inflorescence cymose, much-branched, multi-flowered, densely scaly, 2—5 cm long, as a rule in the axils of fallen leaves. peduncle terete or angular, 1—2 cm, 0.5—1 cm thick; pedicels 1—1.5 cm, 0.3—0.5 cm thick. bracts caducous, ovate, 0.5—0.8 x 0.3—0.4 cm, acute, base truncate, outside covered by brownish, minute, long-fimbriate scales, inside stellate4 8 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 tomentose. epicalyx campanulate, with three concave, ovate obtuse lobes, up to 1 cm and 1 cm in diam.; outside covered by minute brownish fimbriate scales, inside stellate-tomentose. bud ovoid-globose, truncate, at first convex, later concave and umbonate-mammillate, 1—1.5 cm in diam. calyx disk-like, 2—3 cm in diam., margin circinnately incurved; inside red-brown (fresh, blume), glabrous or stellate-tomentose, outside brownish, scaly. petals free, elliptic-oblong, base truncate, 1.5—1.7 x 0.3—0.5 cm; outside densely covered by yellowish-brown stellate hairs, apical part pink, base dirty white (fresh, blume); inside glabrous. stamens ca 25; filaments 0.6—0.8cm, connate at the very base, pale straw-coloured (blume); anthers reniform, yellowish (blume), ca 0.1 cm in diameter. ovary ovoid-conical, 0.8—1 cm, apex pink (blume), gradually merging into the conical, angular, 0.14 cm, glabrous or sparsely stellate-haired style; stigma capitellate, greenish (blume); ovules ellipsoid, 0.01—0.04 cm, 0.01—0.02 cm in diam., 10—12 in each locule. fruit ovoid-globose, 15—20 cm, 10—15 cm in diam., acute, base with a short neck; valves outside muricate-tuberculate. stalk cylindrical, woody, ca 2—3 cm, 1—1.5 cm in diam. seeds ellipsoid, compressed, 2—3 x 1—1.2 cm, blackish, glossy, smooth. vernacular names — bungan (blume, java), bengang or ki bengang (java, sometimes also in sumatra); punggai, durian antu (sumatra) . distribution — malay peninsula, sumatra, w. & c. java and borneo. habitat — primary forest, alt. 100—1800 m.; sometimes quite common (mt. pajung, udjungkulon). use — timber not durable. a decoction of the fruit's valves mixed with other diuretic substances is used against gonorrhoea (burkill). although, this species is closely related to n. synandra mast., i believe like furtado, that it is different, as elucidated below: ar. synandra n. altissima 1. adult lower leaf-surface densely stel1. adult lower leaf-surface glabrous late-haired. or sparsely covered by long-fimbriate scales and stellate hairs, mainly on the nerves. 2. bud slender, rounded. 2. bud broad, concave, umbonate. 3. calyx flat, margin erect. 3. calyx concave, with circinnately incurved margin. 4. filaments connate into a tube for 4. filaments only connate at the very half of their length. base. 5. fruit obtuse. 5. fruit acute. 1964] soepadmo: a monograph of the genus neesia 48f bakhuizen had reduced n. ambigua and n. glabra to the synonymy of n. altissima. of n. ambigua i could only examine a sterile fragment of the type specimen; from this material it is not possible to differentiate it from iv. altissima. according to beccari the fruit of iv. ambigua matches that of n. altissima. n. glabra is a distinct species. it differs from jv. altissima by its very large, up to 9 cm long stipules, obovoid buds and bell-shaped epicalyx. hasskarl (1855) misidentified the teijsmann (s.n.) specimen, collected from banten, with the vernacular name "karet kehalan" (a misspelling of "karet kihelang", cf. label), as a sapotoceous species. burck accepted hasskarl's contention and described the specimen as payena nigropunctata. koorders & valeton reduced it to n. altissima. malay peninsula. p e r a k . s. krian estate, ster., s.f.n. 36737 (bo, sing); perak r., aug., ster., s.f.n. 963 (sing). singapore. seletar road, near 10th mile, may, ster., corner s.n. (sing). sumatra. a t j e h . gajo, lueus, mt. agosan, alt. 1800 m, aug., ster., bb. 32402 (a, bo, bzf, l, sing). w. c o a s t . old agam, alt. 1300 m, pebr., ster., 66.2929 (bo, bzf, l) ; pajakumbuh, mt. sago, alt. 1000 m, may, ster., maradjo 5 (l) ; padang upper lands, solok, supajang, ster., s. coll., s.n. (bo) ; ibid., lubuk selasih, alt. 1000 m, april, ster., bb. 5501 (bo, bzf, l, w); b e n k u l u . redjang lebong, apr., ster., 66. 2956 (bo, bzf) ; redjang, n. slope of mt. batu kaba, alt. 1700 m, ster., endert 1055 (bo, bzf, l); e a s t c o a s t . bandarbaru, alt. 850m, jan., fr., lorzing 7035 (bo); r i a u . lingga, febr., ster., bb. 17263 (bo, bzf); p a 1 e m b a n g, febr., ster., bum-man v. vreeden 195 (bo). java. w. j a v a . banten. mt. karang, pulosari, tjiudjan, alt. 1050 m, june, ster., koorders 1,590 (bo, l) ; tjamara, tjiringin, mt. pangisisan, alt. 10—200 m, july, fl., koorders 4592 (bo, l) ; mt. hondje, alt. 100 m, sept., ster., kostermaiis s.n. (bo) ; tjitoreh, muntjang. alt. 500 m, fr., backer 1841 (bo); bogor. leuwiliang, mt. tjiputih, alt. 500 m, aug., fr., bakhuizen v.d. brink sr. 6000 (bo) ; near tjiampea, tjiteureup r., alt. 500 m, may, fr., bakhuizen 5503 (bo, k, l, pnh, us) ; near nangela, s.w. puraseda, febr., ster., bakhuizen 7081 (bo, l) ; nangela, along tjiteureup r., march, fl., bakhuizen 7621 (bo, l) ; ibid., alt. 600 m, apr., fl., bakhuizen 5884 (b, bo, bri, cal, g, k, l, p, pnh, sing, u, uc); pasir sireungit, estate bolang, alt. 600 m, june, ster., bakhuizen 6415 (bo) ; bolang, alt. 700 m, july, ster., van steenis 5037 (bo) ; ibid., may, fr., docters v. leeuwen 7902 (bo); pasir tjihideung, estate bolang, alt. 600 m, june, seedling, fr., fl., bakhuizen 6392 (bo, l, u); mt. salak, alt. 1000 m, may, ster., koorders 33278 (bo, l); ibid., zippelius 7018 (bo) ; mt. pantjar, alt. 500 m, dec, ster., dakkus 61 (bo, k, l, pnh, sing, u, uc, wag) ; mt. kembang, july, ster., ja 5356 (bo, bzf) ; sukabumi, mt. gede, pasir tangkil, alt. 800 m, febr., ster., ja 3138 (bo, bzf, pnh); tjiparaj, alt. 1200—1400 m, febr., ster., ja 3169 (bo, bzf); sanggrawa, djampangkulon, alt. 400 m, july, ster., koor ders 4593 (bo), et 8205 (bo); tjiandjur, takoka, djampang wetan, alt. 1100m, march, ster., koorders 12038 (bo, l), et 12039 (bo) ; et 12040 (bo, l), et 32759 (bo), et 39597 (bo); ibid., march, fl., koorders 15219 (bo, l) ; ibid., oct., ster., koorders 25574 (bo, l) ; ibid., apr., ster., koorders 4588 (bo), et 4589 (bo) ; tjiemas, july, 488 ' r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fr., kartanah s.n. ( b o ) ; t j i r e n g k a s r., a l t . 9 5 0 m , j u l y , s t e r . , backer 14952 ( b o ) ; t j a d a s m a l a n g , n e a r t j i d a d a p , t j i b e b e r r., a l t . 1000 m , oct., s t e r . , w i n c k e l 1682 (bo, l) ; c u l t a in h o r t . bogor., s u b no. x v i . 19—19a, a p r . , fl., koorders 15045 ( b o ) ; p r i a n g a n . t a s i k m a l a j a , p e n d j a l u , a l t . 720 m , j u l y , fr., koorders 47801 ( b o ) . c e n t r a l j a v a . b a n d j a r n e g a r a , p r i n g o m b o , a l t . 700—1000 m , nov., s t e r . , koorders 451)5 (bo, l) ; ibid., a l t . 800 m, a u g . , s t e r . , koorders 33786 ( b o ) ; ibid., a l t . 1000 m, s e p t . , fr., koorders 21917 ( b o , l) ; ibid., a l t . 1000 m, nov., s t e r . , koorders 4594 (bo, l ) ; ibid., a l t . 1000 m, oct., s t e r . , koorders 21906 (bo, l) ; ibid., a l t . 1000 m, a p r . , s t e r . , koorders 27183 (bo, l) ; m t . k a p a l , p a n d a n a r u m , a l t . 700—900 m, nov., s t e r . , koorders 11139 (bo, l ) . b o r n e o . s a r a w a k . k u e h i n g , j u n e , fr., beccuri p.b.3087 <fi, k ) , t y p e o f n. ambigua becc. 2. neesia synandra mast. — fig. 3—4 neesia synandra masters in hooker f., fl. brit. ind. 1 (2) : 352. 1874; im j. linn. soc. bot. 14: 504. 1875; beccari, malesia 3: 263. 1889; king hi j. as. soc. bengal 60 (2) : 56. 1891, p.p. (quoad specim. maingay 1516) ; ridley in j. str. br. roy. as. soc. 33: 51. 1900, p.p. (quoad specim. ridley s.n., anno 1890, 1904, 1908); fl. mai. pen. 1: 265. 1922, p.p. (quoad specim. forest guard 3 et maingay 1516); merrill in 3. str. br. roy. as. soc. 86: 328. 1922; furtado in gard. bull. s.s. 4: 422. 1929. — maingay 1516 (k). tree up to 30 m tall, 70 cm in diam. buttresses up to 2 m high, 50—100 cm out. bark dark-brown, smooth or superficially cracked, peeling off; strips 1 cm wide, hard. living bark 1.2 cm dark-brown, outside red. sapwood dirty white, heartwood light-brown. branchlets stout, lenticellate, the leaf-bearing part covered by fimbriate scales and stellate hairs. leaves chartaceous-coriaceous, obovate-oblong or elliptical, 35—60 x 16—24 cm, emarginate, base truncate or cordate; upper surface sparsely covered by stellate hairs and long-fimbriate scales, mainly on the nerves, lower surface densely covered by stellate hairs and long-fimbriate scales (especially on the main nerves); nerves 20—25 pairs. petioles up to 10 cm, 0.7 cm thick, covered by minute, fimbriate scales or stellate hairs. stipules coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, 2—5 x 1—1.5 cm, acute, base truncate, outside densely lepidote, inside densely stellate-haired or sparsely covered by minute fimbriate scales. inflorescence corymbose, or cymose to cincinnous, densely scaly, in the axils of fallen leaves. peduncle 0.5—1.5 cm, 0.3—0.4 cm thick; pedicel 0.5—1 cm, ca 0.3 cm thick. epicalyx bell-shaped, 0.5—0.7 cm in diam., 3-lobed, outside densely lepidote, inside glabrous. bud conical. calyx depressed, forming a flat disk of 1—1.5 cm in diam., margin erect, outside densely lepidote, inside glabrous. petals free, lanceolate, ca 1 x 0.5 cm, acute, base truncate, outside densely stellate-tomentose, inside glabrous. staminal tube 0.3—0.5 cm; anthers globular or reniform. ovary ovoid, ca 0.5 cm; style conical, ca 0.2 cm, sparsely stellate-haired; stigma discoid, margin stellate-haired. 196fc] soepadmo: a monograph of the genus neesia 489 very young fruit pentagonal, ellipsoid, pale-purple; ripe fruit ellipsoidsubglobose, obtuse, glaucous, ca 16 x 12 cm. seeds ellipsoid, 1—2 cm, 0.5—1 cm in diam., smooth, blackish, rounded, base cuneate. distribution — malay peninsula and borneo. habitat — in marshy lowland. malay peninsula. p e r a k , fl., scortechini 1831 (bo, l, sing); k e d a h . kubang pasau, compt. 6, perangin f.r., alt. 70 m, febr., ster. key. 74801 (kep); p e n a n g , fl., maingay 1516 (k, l), type; telok bahang, dec, ster., curtis 3081 (sing); ibid., febr., fl., burkill 4556 (k, sing, uc) ; penara bukit, march, fl., forest guard 3 (sing); batu ferengi, s. coll., s.n. (bo); t r e n g g : a n u . dungun, bukit bauk f.r., aug., ster., kep. 53368 (kep); s el an go r. kuala lumpur, wild hill, febr., ster., hamid cf 2301 (sing) ; 20 miles from ginting simpah, sept., fr., strugnell 13386 (sing); jo ho r e . 23th mile kota tinggi-jumaluang road, may, ster., sinclair s.f.n. 40301 (kep, sing). singapore. bukit timah, febr., fl., kiah s.f.n. 4585 (sing); ibid., may, fl., sinclair s.n. (bo, l) ; ibid., alt. 300 m, nov., fl., fr., holttum & furtado 19788 (bo, sing). borneo. s a n d a k a n , fr., ramos 1540 (bo, us); betottan, july, fr., boden kloss 18989 (sing, us); i n d o n e s i a n s. e. b o r n e o . tidung, alt. 15 m, aug., ster., bb.17802 (bo, bzf, l, pnh) ; berouw, mt. has bungaan, alt. 300 m, sept., fr., kostermans 13846 (bo, k, l) ; balikpapan distr., mentawir r. region, febr., fr., kostermans 10082 (bo). 3. neesia glabra becc. — fig. 5. neesia glabra beccari, malesia 3: 263. 1889; merrill in j. str. br. roy. as. soc, special number 377. 1921. — beccari p.b.2276 (fl). tree up to 40 m high, 80 cm in diam. branchlets glabrous or sparsely lepidote or sometimes sparsely covered by stellate and simple hairs. leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, 17—52 x 8—20 cm, chartaceous-coriaceous, acute, or rounded to slightly emarginate, attenuate towards the rounded base. petioles 6—12 cm, 0.2—0.5 cm thick. stipules foliaceous, ovate-lanceolate, 3—9 x 1.5—3 cm. leaves, nerves, petioles and stipules glabrous or sparsely lepidote. cymes axillary, up to 15 cm; bracts ovate-concave, ca 0.5 x 0.4 cm, inside glabrous, outside sparsely lepidote. epicalyx and calyx glabrous inside and densely lepidote outside. epicalyx campanulate, ca 1 cm in diam. bud obovoid, truncate or concave, mammillate, ca 1 cm in diam. calyx disklike, margin circinnately incurved. petals agglutinate, in bud ca 0.7 x 0.5 cm, glabrous. staminal tube ca 0.3 cm; anthers reniform, ca 1 cm. ovary ovoid, 0.5 cm, gradually merging into the conical, glabrous style; stigma capitellate, glabrous. fruit unknown. 4 9 0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 sumatra. a t j e h. singkel, alt. 15 m, d e c , ster., 66. 6029 (bo, b z f ) ; t a p an u 1 i. sibolga, alt. 15 m, nov., ster., 66. 3794 (bo, bzf, l ) ; lapian, alt. 20 m, febr., ster., 66. 3792 (bo, bzf, l ) ; manduamas, pangkalan tapus, low, oct., ster., 66. 29589 (a, bo, bzf, l ) ; kobun, d e c , stev., bb. 31004 (a, bo, bzf, l ) ; pondok rotan, low, oct., ster., 66.29553 (a, bo, bzf, l ) ; w. c o a s t . ophir, alt. 15 m, june, ster., 66.19833 (bo, bzf, l, pnh) ; e. c o a s t . simpang toba, alt. 30 m, sept., ster., bb.7159 (bo, l) ; langkat, nov., ster., bb. 0374 (bo, b z f ) ; labuan batu, low, aug., ster., bb.10349 (bo, bzf, l). borneo. s a r a w a k . mattang, july, fl., beccari p.b. 1990 ( f l ) ; id. 2276 ( f i ) , type; sept., fl., beccari p.b.2507 ( f i ) ; kuching, sept., fl., haviland 1805 (k, sar). 4. neesia kostermansiana soepadmo, spec. nov. — fig. 6—7. neesia altissima (non blume) furtado in card. bull. s.s. 4: 425. 1929, excl. synonyms: n. ambigua, glabra et synandra. neesia sytwndra (non masters) narayanaswami in j. proc as. soc. bengal, new series 27, 3: 345. 1933. folia chartaceo-coriacea, obovata vel obovato-oblonga. stipulae foliaceae, chartaceae, ovato-lanceolatae, acutae, distincte venosae. alabastrum conicum. calyx discoideus, margine circinnato-incurvo. stylus tenet cylindricus. fructus ovoideus acutus tuberculatus. tree up to 30 m tall, 120 cm in diameter. branchlets of young plants covered with hirsute simple and stellate hairs, glabrescent. leaves chartaceous-coriaceous, obovate or obovate-oblong, 13—35 x 7—16 cm, emarginate or rounded, gradually attenuate towards the truncate base; upper surface glabrous, in young plants sparsely stellate-haired; lower surface glabrous or sparsely covered by minute, long-fimbriate scales, mainly on the nerves. stipules foliaceous, chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate, 2—6 x 0.5—3 cm, acute, base attenuate, truncate; veins distinct, sparsely covered by hirsute simple and stellate hairs or sparsely lepidote. petioles glabrous or sparsely lepidote, 2—7 cm, 0.2—0.7 cm thick. cyme dichasial, up to 3 cm, densely lepidote, in the axils of fallen leaves; pedicels 1—2 cm, 0.1—0.2 cm thick. bracts caducous, concave, ovate, 0.2—0.3 x 0.1—0.2 cm, acute, inside glabrous, outside lepidote. bud conical. epicalyx campanulate, 3—51obed, 0.5—0.8 cm in diam., obtuse, inside glabrous, outside lepidote. calyx disk-like, about 1 cm in diam., inside central part stellate-haired, glabrescent, outside densely lepidote. petals free, lanceolate, 0.5—1 x 0.3 cm, obtuse, base truncate, inside glabrous, outside upper part stellate-haired. filaments 0.2—0.4 cm, connate at base; anthers globular, ca 0.05 cm in diam. ovary ovoid, 0.2—0.4 cm, ca 0.3 cm in diam.; style slender, cylindrical, ca 0.5 cm, glabrous; stigma capitellate, sparsely lepidote. fruit ovoid, ca 15—17 cm, 12—15 cm in diameter, acute, base soepadmo: a monograph of the genus neesia 01 with a short neck; valves outside tuberculate. seeds blackish-brown, ca 2 cm, 1 cm thick. distribution — malay peninsula. habitat — fresh water swamp. typus: wray 2271 (sing). the species is named in honour of dr. a. j. g. h. kostermans to whom i owe so much. it differs from n. altissima and from n. synandra by its large stipules and cylindrical style. it is closely related to at. malmjana, but it may be easily differentiated by its larger stipules, leaves and tuberculate fruit valves. from n. glabra it differs by its conical bud and cylindrical style. peninsular siam. khaw pok hill, dec, fr., haniff & nur s.f.n. 3905 (sing). malay peninsula. p e r a k. taiping, batu kurau, may, fl., haniff s.f.n. 13265 (sing, uc) ; ibid., june, fl., fr., henderson s.f.n. 23815 (bo, sing); sungai larut plains, july, fl., wray 2271 (k, kep, l, sing), type; ibid., aug., fr., wray 2875 (sing, uc) ; ibid., alt. 100 m, dec, fl., king's collector 5240 (bo, k, l, sing, us); ibid., apr., fr., king's collector 5768 (k, l, sing, uc); krian, bagan serai, apr., ster., mitchell 5679 (sing); sungai krian estate, jan., ster., spare s.f.n. 36747 (bo, sing) ; sungai perak, lambar kiri_, july, ster., strugnell 57309 (kep); ipoh, bota kiri p.r., alt. 30 m, march, fr., shah & kadim 278 (a, bo, k, l, sing) ; dindings, bruas, low, june, ster., kep. 54730 (kep) ; state land batu hampar, apr., ster., kep. 69057 <kep) ; kinta, state land batu kiri. sept., ster., kep. 54694 (kep); telok anson, tukang sedin, sept., fr., haniff s.f.n. hi61 (sing, uc) ; s e 1 a n g o r. kuala selangor. sungai tinggi, oct., fr., s.f.n. 34121 (kep, sing, uc). 5. neesia malayana bakh. — fig. 8—9. neesia malayana bakhuizen v.d. brink sr. in bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg 3, 0: 221 & 247, t. 34 & 35. 1924; heyne, nutt. plant. ned. ind., ed. 2, 2: 1059. 1927; ed. 3, 1: 1059. 1950; furtado in gard. bull. s.s. 4: 425. 1929; burkill, diet. econ. prod. mai. pen. 2: 1535. 1935. — grashoff 815 (bo). neesia synandra (non masters) ridley in j. str. br. roy. as. soc 33: 51. 1900, p.p. (quoad specim. ridley 3770, 5816 et furtado s.n.); fl. mai. pen. 1: 265. 1922, p.p. (quoad specim. ridley 5846). tree up to 50 m tall, 70 cm in diam. buttresses short, thick. bark dark chocolate-grey, fissured and tending to crumple and flake. structure of wood clearly visible to the naked eye. in young plants the branchlets, petioles, stipules and leaves (mainly on the nerves) densely stellate-and simple-haired, sometimes sparsely lepidote, glabrescent. leaves coriaceous, ovate-elliptical, 9—20 x 4—13 cm, emarginate, base rounded or subcordate; nerves 12—18 pairs. petiole (1—) 3.5 (—5) cm, 0.2—0.25 cm in diam., 4 9 2 r e i n w a r d t i a ' [vol. 5 glabrous. stipules linear-lanceolate, 1—1.5 x 0.5—0.7 cm, acutish, base truncate. inflorescence corymbose or cymose, multi-flowered, densely lepidote, 5—6 cm. bracts caducous, ovate, ca 0.3 x 0.2 cm, inside stellatehaired, outside lepidote. bud conical, concave, mammillate. epicalyx campanulate, 3—51obed, ca 0.5—0.7 cm in diam., inside basal part densely stellate-haired, outside lepidote. calyx disk-like, ca 0.5—2 cm in diam., margin circinnately incurved, inside at base stellate-haired, outside densely lepidote. petals free, linear-lanceolate, 0.5—1.5 x 0.2—0.3 cm, acutish, base truncate, inside glabrous, upper part outside stellate-haired. filaments shortly connate at base, 0.2—0.5 cm; anthers reniform, ca 0.1 cm, 0.05 cm thick. ovary ovoid-conical, 0.2—0.4 cm, 0.2—0.3 cm in diam.; style cylindrical, curved, ca 0.35—0.4 cm; stigma globular, ca 0.1 cm in diam. fruit ovoid, 10—15 cm, (7—) 10 (—15) cm in diam., acute, base with a short neck; outside areolate-muricate, glaucous; septs brownish; stalk terete, 2—4 cm, ca 1.5 cm in diam. seeds elliptical-obovoid, glossy, red-brown to blackish, 1—1.5 cm, 0.7—1 cm thick. distribution — malay peninsula, sumatra and borneo. habitat — fresh water swamp. vernacular names — bengang, sibengang or sebongang (sumatra); apa-apa (malay). bakhuizen v.d. brink sr. cited grashoff 815, 56.108 e. tp. 773, bb. 108 e. ip. 1008 and ridley 3770, from which i chose grashoff 815 as the lectotype. it has good inflorescences, leaves and is accompanied by dried fruits. n. malayana differs from n. altissima by its cylindrical style, conical bud and smaller leaf, flower and fruit. mature leaves of iv. malayana are as a rule glabrous or sometimes stellate-haired or sparsely lepidote (mainly on the nerves), but in the specimen anderson 9111 the leaves are densely stellate-tomentose on both surfaces; it may eventually represent a variety, but more material is needed to make a definite conclusion. malay peninsula. p a h a n g. gudang resau, kuantan, apr., ster., forest dept. f.m.s. field no. 3161 (sing); j o h o r e . w. johore, state land ulu benut, dec, ster., kep. 09951, (kep) ; s. benut, state land kiri mudek ulu, low, jan., ster., kep. 72801 (kep) ; state land ulu sanglang, pontian, dec, ster., kep. 69801 (kep); mawai, may, fi\, corner s.n. (sing). singapore. kranji, fl., ridley 5846 (sing) ; chan chu kang, fl., fr., ridley 3770 (bo, k, l, sing); mandai road, june, ster., s.f.n.s7138 (sing); cluny road, near hermit road, febr., fl., furtado s.n. (sing) ; hermit road, fl., achmad bin hassan s.n. (bo). 1966] soepadmo: a monograph of the genus neesia 493 sumatra. r i o u w . karimun, simpang kiri, low, dec, fl., 6b. 20381 (a, bo, bzf, bish, l, ny, s i n g ); ibid., may, ster., bb. 171*09 (bo, bzf, l ) ; bengkalis, kajenan, low, jan., ster., de haan ilia (bo, n y ) ; d j a m b i . indragiri, keritang, pangkalan kasai, lemang, low, aug., ster., bb. 28173 (a, bo, l ) ; simpang, alt. 45 m, nov., ster., bb. 12871 (bo, bzp) ; p a l e m b a n g , banjuasin, kubu region, low, nov., fl., grashoff 815 (bo, k, l), lectotype; ibid., low, june, fl., d e c , fl., jan., fr., bb. 108 e. ip. 773 (bo, bzf, l ) ; ibid., sept., fl., bb. 108 e. ip. 1008 (bo, bzf, k, l, uc). borneo. s a r a w a k . kuching, setapak f.r., low, fl., zehnder 9583 (bo, k, l, sar, sing) ; b r u n e i , lawas, behind kampung kuala lawas, low, july, fr., anderson 9111 (bo, k, l, sar, sing) ; i n d o n e s i a n b o r n e o . pontianak, kubupadi, low, apr., ster., bb. 6356 (bo. bzf). 6. neesia purpurascens becc. — fig. 10. neesia purpurascens beccari, malesia 3: 264. 1889; merrill in j. str. br. roy. as. soc, special number 377. 1921; bakhuizen v.d. brink sr. in bull. j a r d . bot. buitenzorg 3, 6: 223 & 247. 1924. — beccari p.b. 1386 ( f l ) . branchlets densely stellate-haired. leaves chartaceous, elliptic-obovate, 6—12 x 3—4 cm, obtuse or slightly emarginate, base rounded; upper surface sparsely stellate-haired (mainly on the nerves), lower surface densely stellate-haired. petiole ca 2.5 cm and 0.15 cm thick, densely stellate-haired. stipules caducous, ovate, 0.4—0.5cm, tomentose (according to beccari). racemes axillary, few-flowered; peduncles slender, 4—5 cm, ca 0.1 cm thick, covered by stellate hairs and fimbriate scales; pedicels 0.5—1 cm, densely lepidote. bud globular, 0.5—0.7 cm, ca 0.5 cm in diam., truncate or concave, mammillate. calyx disk-shaped, 1—1.5 cm in diam., margin circinnately incurved, basal part inside stellate-haired, outside lepidote. petals free, ovate-lanceolate, 0.7—1 x 0.2—0.3 cm, inside glabrous, upper part outside stellate-haired. staminal tube 0.3—0.4 cm; anther globular, ca 0.03 cm thick. ovary ovoid, ca 0.3 cm, 0.2 cm in diam.; style conical, ca 0.2 cm, glabrous; stigma capitellate, ca 0.1 cm in diam. borneo. sarawak, mt. mattang, apr., fl., beccari p.b. 1386 (bo, f l , k, s). 7. neesia piluliflora becc. — fig. 11—12. neesia piluliflora beccari, malesia 3: 267, t. 34 & 35. 1889; merrill in j. str. br. roy. as. soc, special number 377. 1921; bakhuizen v.d. brink sr. in bull. j a r d . bot. buitenzorg 3, 6: 233 & 247. 1924. — beccari p.b. 2037 ( f l ) . neesia strigosa masters in j. linn. soc. bot. 14: 504. 1875, p.p. (quoad specim. beccari p.b. 2037). tree up to 18 m tall, 30 cm in diam. branchlets in young individuals densely stellate-haired, subglabrescent. leaves chartaceous-coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, (7.5—) 20—25 (—45) x (6—) 10—12 1 9 6 1 ] soepadmo: a monograph of the genus neesia 495 lepidote. bud globular, ca 1 cm in diam. calyx 1—3 cm in diam., margin crenulate, 4—5 lobed, inside central part stellate-tomentose, glabrescent, outside lepidote. petals free, lanceolate, 1 x 0.5 cm, acute, base truncate, inside glabrous, outside stellate-tomentose. filaments 0.3—0.6 cm, connate for half of their length; anther reniform, 0.1—0.15 cm in diam. ovary ovoid, 0.5 cm, ca 0.3 cm in diam.; style conical, 0.1—0.2 cm, glabrous; stigma capitellate, ca 0.1 cm in diam. fruit ovoid, up to 10 cm, 6.5 cm in diam., obtuse, base with a short neck; tesselate-muricate, glaucous (beccari). borneo. s a r a w a k . mai-rap, apr., fl., beccari p.b. 3253 (fl, k), type; i n d o n e s i a n c esn t r a l b o r n e o , ster., jaheri s.n. (bo). index of collector's numbers. the number following the colon refers to the number of the species in this paper. achmad bin hassan s.n.: 5; anderson 9111: 5; backer 1841: 1; 14952: 1; bakhuizen 5503: 1; 5884: 1; 6000; 1; 6392: 1; 6415: 1; 7081: 1; bb.2929: 1; 2956: 1; 3792: 3; 3794: 3; 5501: 1; 6029: 3; 6356: 5; 7159: 3; 9374: 3; 10349: 3; 12871: 5; 17263: 1; 17409: 5; 17802: 2; 19833: 3; 20381: 5; 22462: 1; 28173: 5; 29539: 3; 29553: 3; 31004: 3; 34624: 7; 24629: 7; 108 e. ip. 773: 5; 108 e. ip. 100s: 5; beccari p.b. 1386: 6; 1990: 3; 2037: 7; 2276: 3; 2507: 3; 3087: 1; 3253: 8; boden kloss 18989: 2; barkill 4556: 2; buurwan v. vreeden 195: 1; comer s.n.: 1; s.n.: 5; curtis 3081: 1; dakkus 61: 1; docters v. leeuwen 7902: 1; endert 1055: 1; 3029 (= bb.35705): 7; for. dept. f.m.s. 3161: 5; for. guard 3: 2; furtado s.n.: 5; grashoff 815: 5; de haan ilia: 5; hamid cf 2301: 2; haniff s.f.n. 13265: 4; 14161: 4; haniff & nur s.f.n. 3905: 4; haviland 1805: 3; henderson s.f.n. 23815: 4; holttum & furtado 19788; 2; ja 3138: 1; 3.70.9: 1; 5356; 1; jaheri s.n.: 8; kartanah s.n.: 1; kcp. 53368: 2; 54694: 4; 54730: 4; 69057: 4; 69801: 5; 69954: 5; 7^s0i : 5; : 2; kiah s.fjv. 45s5: 2; king's collector 5240: 4; 5768: 4; koorders 4588: 1; 1; 4590: 1; -45.92: 1; 4592: 1; .4593: 1; -4594: 1; 4595; 1; s205: 1; 11139: 1; : 1; !3039: 1; 12040: 1; 1 2 5 1 9 : 1; 15645: 1; 2./.90s: 1; 220i7: 1; 25574: 1; : 1; 32759: 1; 35278: 1; 33786: 1; 39597: 1; 47801: 1; kostermans 10082: 2; 13846: 2; lor zing 7035: 1; maingay 1516: 2; maradjo 5: 1; mitchel 5679: 4; ramos 1540: 2;ridley 3770: 5; 5s-46: 5; seortechini 1831: 2; shah & kadim 278: 4; sinclair s.n.: 2; jr. coh., s.n.: 1; spare s.f.n. 36746: 4; van steenis 3768: 7; 5037: 1; strngnell 13386: 2; 57309: 4; s.f.iv. (singapore field number) 963: 1; 34121: 4; 3s737: 1; 37138: 5; treub s.m.: 7; winkel 1682: 1; wray 2271: 4; 2875: 4; zehnder 7583: 5; zippelius 7018: 1. r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fig. 1. — neesia altissima (bl.) bl. — after living material cultivated in the bogor botanic garden sub-no. xvi. h. 19 (bo), leafy branch. fig. 9. — neesia malayana bakh. — after b.b. 108 e. ip. 1008 (bo), fruits. 1961] ' soepadmo: a monograph of the genus necsia 497 fu;. 2. — necsia altissima (bl.) bl. — a. after bukhuizen 6392 (bo), old fruit; li. after bakhnizen 5884 (bo), flowers. 498 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 pig. 3. — neesia synandra mast. — after kiah s.f.n. 34685 (bo) ; a. flowering branch; b. bud; c. opened flower before anthesis; d. flower after anthesis; e. anthers. soepadmo: a monograph of the genus neesia 499 f i g . 4. — neesia synandra mast. — after kostermans 10082 (bo), ripe fruit. 500 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fig. 5. — necsia glubra becc. — a, c, g after huvilund 1805 (sar) ; b, d, a, f after beccari p.o. 2276 (bo); a. lower leaf surface, stipules and inflorescence; b. inflorescence; c. upper leaf surface; d. opened bud; e. corolla removed; f. corolla and stamens removed; g, flower after anthesis. soepadmo: a monograph of the genus neesia fig. 6. — neesia kostermansiana soepadmo — after wray 2271 (sing) ; a. flowering branch; b, c, d, e buds; f. flower after anthesis; g. petals. fig. 7. — nresin kostermansiana soepadmo — after shah & kadim 278 (sing), lipe fruit. 1961] soepadmo: a monograph of the germs neesia 503 pig. 8. — neesia malayana bakh. — after grashoff 815 (bo), flowering branch. 504 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fig. 10. — neesia purpnrascens becc. — after beccari p.b. 1386 (bo); a. flowering branch; b. corolla: c. opened calyx; d, e flowers after anthesis. 1961] soepadmo: a monograph of the genus neesia 505 f i g . 11. — neesia piluliflora becc. — after b.b. 34624, (bo); a, fruitingbranch; b, c opened flower buds. 50g r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 fig. 12. — neesia piluliflora becc. — a. after endert 3029 (bo), leafy branch; b. after v. steenis 3768 (bo), ripe fruit. 1961] soepadmo: a monograph of the genus neesia 507 fig. 13. — neesia strigosa mast. — after de vriese 117 (bo), young branchlets; a — i after beceari p.b. 3253 (bo) ; a, b buds; c. pistil; d, e petals; f. stamens; g. opened flower; h. corolla; i. stipule. 508 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 5 f i g . 14. — neesia strigosa mast. — a f t e r beccari, malesia 3, t. 33. img568_page_01 img568_page_02 img568_page_03 img568_page_04 img568_page_05 img568_page_06 img568_page_07 img568_page_08 img568_page_09 img568_page_10 img569_page_01 img569_page_02 img569_page_03 img569_page_05 img569_page_06 img569_page_07 img569_page_08 img569_page_09 img569_page_10 img569_page_11 img569_page_12 img569_page_13 img569_page_14 img569_page_15 img569_page_16 img569_page_17 img569_page_18 reinwardtia vol. 21. no. 1. pp: 1‒11 doi: 10.55981/reinwardtia.v21i1.3874 1 the population and distribution of agarwood producing tree (aquilaria malaccensis) in riau province received june 23, 2020; accepted december 22, 2021 yulizah research center for ecology and ethnobiology, national research and innovation agency/badan riset dan inovasi nasional (brin), cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong, 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: yulizah.rhiezha@gmail.com joeni setijo rahajoe research center for ecology and ethnobiology, national research and innovation agency/badan riset dan inovasi nasional (brin), cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong, 16911, bogor, indonesia. email:joen001@lipi.go.id agusdin dharma fefirenta research center for ecology and ethnobiology, national research and innovation agency/badan riset dan inovasi nasional (brin), cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong, 16911, bogor, indonesia. email:adindharma@gmail.com agung adi nugroho research center for applied microbiology, national research and innovation agency/badan riset dan inovasi nasional (brin), cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong, 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: agungadinugroho8@gmail.com abstract yulizah, rahajoe, j. s., fefirenta, a. d. & nugroho, a. d. 2022. the population and distribution of agarwood producing tree (a quilaria malaccensis) in riau province. reinwardtia 21(1): 1–11. — riau is recorded as one of the distribution areas of a quilaria malaccensis, and has the largest export quota of agarwood in indonesia. in this study, we identified the species distribution and abundance of the population of agarwood producing trees in the nature. the aims of the research were (i) to determine the distribution and abundance of a . malaccensis (ii) identification of ecological factors (microclimate and soil nutrients) and analysis of their relationship to abundance. seven locations of agarwood producing trees were selected: taman hutan raya (tahura: forest park garden) sultan syarif hasyim (ssh), three community forests in siak sri indrapura regency (gosib, perincit, and dosan), and three community forests in bengkalis regency (langkat, pangkalan jambi, and duri km 13). random plots were established in the study sites and environmental parameters such as soil moisture, soil ph, temperature, humidity, and the soil macronutrients data were recorded. a quilaria malaccensis planted at tahura ssh recorded about 38 individual ha -1 , with an average diameter was 15 cm, and the average tree height was 9.51 m. perincit showed the highest density in wild condition with 8.13 individual ha -1 , with an average diameter was recorded for 20.8 cm and the average tree height was 9.11 m. while the lowest tree density was recorded of 0.58 individual ha -1 in gosib; the average diameter and tree height were recorded of 40.15 cm and 14.70 m, respectively. the results of the study provide information in the conservation efforts of a . malaccensis through the possibility of planting it in various environmental conditions in riau province and land management such as being planted in monoculture or agroforestry systems as well as the ability to be reintroduced into species-rich natural forest. the supporting data gained from this study was used to provide information on location of potential seeds source and seedling. moreover, the nutrient content as reviewed in this research will also be essential information about the needs of nutrient content in agarwood plantations. key words: agar wood, a quilaria m alaccensis, riau, tahura sultan syar if hasyim. abstrak yulizah, rahajoe, j. s., fefirenta, a. d. & nugroho, a. d. 2022. populasi dan distribusi pohon penghasil gaharu (a quilaria malaccensis) di provinsi riau. reinwardtia 21(1): 1–11. — riau tercatat sebagai salah satu daerah distribusi a . malaccensis, dan memiliki kuota ekspor gaharu terbesar di indonesia. dalam studi ini, kami mengidentifikasi distribusi jenis dan kelimpahan populasi pohon penghasil gaharu di alam. tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (i) menentukan distribusi dan kelimpahan a . malaccensis, (ii) identifikasi faktor ekologi (iklim mikro dan unsur hara tanah) dan analisis hubungannya dengan kelimpahan. tujuh lokasi pohon penghasil gaharu dipilih: taman hutan raya (tahura: taman hutan raya) sultan syarif hasyim (ssh), tiga hutan masyarakat di kabupaten siak sri indrapura (gosib, perincit, dan dosan), dan tiga hutan masyarakat di kabupaten bengkalis (langkat, pangkalan jambi, dan duri km 13). pembuatan plot secara acak dilakukan di lokasi penelitian dan mengukur parameter lingkungan seperti kelembaban tanah, ph tanah, suhu, kelembaban serta data makronutrien tanah. a quilaria malaccensis yang ditanam di tahura ssh tercatat sekitar 38 tanaman ha -1 , dengan diameter rata-rata 15 cm, dan tinggi pohon rata-rata 9,51 m. desa perincit menunjukkan kepadatan a . malaccensis tertinggi dalam kondisi alam, mailto:yulizah.rhiezha@gmail.com reinwardtia 2 [vol.21 introduction agarwood trees, belong to thymelaeaceae (hou, 1960) and grow well in the tropical forests (sumarna, 2002). the most well known of agarwood producing genera are a quilaria and gyrinops. there are at least 13 species of agarwood producing trees which belong to aquilaria and gyrinops. the herbarium specimen collection indicates that a quilaria spp. and gyrinops spp. were distributed in the western and eastern parts of indonesia (roemantyo & partomihardjo, 2010; zich & compton, 2001). moreover, recent studies found that gyrinops verstegii grows well in the natural habitats and becomes a potential source of seed for young trees for the plant enrichments in manggarai district, flores island (rindyastuti et al., 2019). agarwood is non timber forest product (ntfp) produced as a product of secondary metabolites from the plant's defense in response to physical disorders or microorganism infections. the secondary metabolites are produced in the form of agarwood resin in agarwood tissue, which subsequently changes its colour from white to dark brown or dark black; this dark part has high economic value and named agarwood sapwood. due to the high economic value of agarwood products, these trees are declared as one of five product priorities of ntfps, while the other products are bamboo, rattan, honey, and bees (santoso et al., 2011). agarwood is widely used for many purposes such as perfume and incense; therefore, it has been harvested in significant volume in nature. the export of agarwood producing trees from indonesia and malaysia is leading among other countries. cites export data from 1995 to 1997 recorded that indonesia became the highest exporting agarwood with a range of 920 tons (barden et al., 2000). it was supported by the data of agarwood population in the forest; those were recorded for 61,000 from the period of 1991 to 1996. sumatra is a distribution area of a. malaccensis, and one of the places to produce the best agarwood is riau province (soehartono & newton, 2001). in riau province, agarwood was famous since the era of sultan syarif hasyim in the siak sri indrapura regency. the sultan and his family used agarwood as fragrance, medicinal plant, and trading commodity. at present, riau was no longer the center of agarwood trade, which causes the reduction of agarwood producing trees due to the unsustainable harvesting process. the reduction of agarwood trees in nature was mostly caused by land clearing, land use changed for plantations, and annual forest fires. in 2018, about 1,700 ha of forest was burnt and had an impact on the damage of the ecosystem (walhi riau, 2019). it also reduced the forest area and affected on the abundance of agarwood in nature, especially a. malaccensis in riau province. the directorate general of conservation and natural resources and ecosystems from the ministry of environment and forestry has a role in regulating the export quotas of wild plants and animals. this quota regulation greatly influences the sustainable use of plant and animal populations in nature. in 2018, the total quota of a. malaccensis was 151,725 kg, with the highest quota recorded around 50,000 kg for riau province (klhk, 2018). therefore, riau province has to improve cultivation technology to produce good quality agarwood resins. there were some studies of agarwood cultivation, including the ecology of agarwood and conservation for sustainable use (barden et al., 2000; soehartono & newton, 2000, 2001; paoli et al., 2001; sumarna, 2008), and the technology for producing good quality of agarwood resin by using selected microorganisms (budi et al., 2010; santoso et al., 2011). important information regarding the population studies of aquilaria spp. becomes an essential stage in determining quotas and maintaining the sustainability of the conservation plans. hence, monitoring and mapping activities of natural agarwood habitats are essential to know the distribution of the population, to maintain the sustainable use of agarwood, and to ensure that there are no threats in nature. the study aimed to determine the distribution and abundance of agarwood populations and the relationship with dengan 8,13 individu ha -1 dan diameter rata-rata tercatat 20,8 cm serta tinggi pohon rata-rata 9,11 m. sedangkan kepadatan pohon terendah tercatat 0,58 individu ha -1 di gosib; diameter rata-rata dan tinggi pohon tercatat masingmasing 40,15 cm dan 14,70 m. hasil penelitian ini memberikan informasi dalam upaya konservasi a . malaccensis melalui kemungkinan penanamannya di berbagai kondisi lingkungan di propinsi riau dan pengelolaan lahan seperti ditanam dalam sistem monokultur ataupun agroforestri serta ditanam kembali ke hutan alam yang kaya jenis. data penelitian juga mendukung informasi lokasi benih dan bibit yang potensial. selain itu, kandungan nutrisi seperti yang diulas dalam penelitian ini juga akan menjadi informasi penting tentang kebutuhan kandungan nutrisi di perkebunan gaharu. kata kunci: a quilaria malaccensis, gaharu, riau, tahura sultan syarif hasyim. yulizah et al.: the population and distribution of aquilaria malaccensis in riau 2022] 3 fig. 1. research sites of the population of agarwood producing trees in riau province. some environmental properties of wild agarwood producing trees in riau province, to find out some of the basic information for cultivation strategy based on their natural habitat, and to support the conservation with cultivation program of agarwood in that region. materials and methods study area the research was conducted in siak sri indrapura and bengkalis regencies, riau province in april 2019. in siak sri indrapura regency, the research area were located in the upstream area, i.e., tahura sultan syarif hasyim, gosib, dosan, and perincit. while in bengkalis regency, they were located in langkat, pangkalan jambi, and duri km 13 (fig.1). methods analysis of composition was carried out to determine the population of agarwood-producing trees in riau province. interviews with residents were conducted to determine the agarwood species targets and sampling locations. we selected agarwood populations that grow naturally without human interferences such as in conservation areas and community forests and those were planted without special treatment as found in tahura sultan syarif hasyim. vegetation study was carried out with adaptive cluster sampling method with plot of 30 × 30 m which was divided into 10 × 10 m subplots. the tree diameter at 1.3 m above the ground (dbh) and height was measured with hagameter for trees with dbh equal to or bigger than 10 cm. in addition to agarwood species, other plant species in the plots were also recorded and identified. herbarium samples were collected for identification and validation of agarwood producing tree species at herbarium bogoriense, research center for biology. soil ph, soil nutrients, air temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity were measured in each subplot. the parameters were measured by using a soil analyzer tester meter for soil ph; meanwhile, relative humidity and air temperature were measured by using a thermo-hygrometer and lux meter equipment. the measurements have been done in each location mainly in the morning reinwardtia 4 [vol.21 at about 10 a.m. to 2 p.m in a base of a tree with two repetitions. soil samples were then randomly collected at 10 cm depth in each selected subplot with two sampling points and were analyzed for c, n, p, k, ca, na, and mg. soil samples were taken on three subplots diagonally in each plot with two repetitions. the soil samples were digested by using an acid mixture and the nutrients contents were measured by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (aas) shimadzu type aa-6800, uv-vis spectrophotometer 1240 shimadzu, and cn analyzer yanaco jm 1000. all soil samples were analyzed in plant ecology laboratory, national research and innovation agency. data analysis tree density and basal area were determined by using basic ecological calculation. the dispersion of a . malaccensis was determined using morisita index (id) (krebs, 2009): n : the number of sample in plots x : the number of individuals in each plot then its dispersion pattern was determined as follows : mu : morisita index for regular dispersion patterns mc : morisita index for cluster dispersion patterns : value of chi square table with confidence interval 97.5% : value of chi square table with confidence interval 2.5% then the standard degree of morisita as calculated using following formula: if id ≥ mc > 1 if mc > id ≥ 1 if 1> id > mu if 1 > mu > id if ip = 0 = distribution pattern is random, ip < 0 = distribution pattern is uniform, and ip > 0 = distribution pattern is clumped. the relationship between abundance of a. malaccensis and environmental properties was analyses using canonical correspondence analysis (cca) (ter braak, 1987), mainly by using past software version 3. results the population and dispersion pattern of aquilaria malaccensis in riau province the study of agarwood natural habitat populations was conducted in the community forests managed by villagers; this location was surrounded by oil palm, rubber, and coffee plantations. because of the high economic value of agarwood resin well known by the community, therefore agarwood trees were not cut down during the land clearing. based on the information from villagers in the study site, an old tree of agarwood was still recorded with the age of about 70 years old with the tree diameter was recorded for 75.09 cm. agarwood producing trees a . malaccensis were found in some locations in riau such as in siak sri indrapura and bengkalis regency. the seven locations are the native habitat of a. malaccensis. although a. malaccensis was planted in 2005 for conservation purpose, it has previously been recorded as agarwood plants found in tahura ssh. based on the density of stands, the population in tahura ssh is higher than that in other locations, in addition to being in protected forest area, the vegetation conditions strongly support the growth of a . malaccensis. dense vegetation communities and diverse species such as, sloetia elongata, rhodamnia cinerea, endospermum diadenum, shorea parvifolia, elaeocarpus griffithi, dillenia reticulata, gironniera parvifolia, randia anisophylla, and nephelium cuspidatum. those trees were widely distributed in tahura ssh. the results recorded that the highest individual density in the community forest was in perincit village, siak sri indrapura regency with the individual density was 8.13 ha -1 , and the average tree diameter was 20.8 cm, and the tree height was recorded for 9.11 m (table 1; figs. 2 & 3). a quilaria malaccensis can be found around home gardens and plantations around the village of perincit. agarwood was in high demand by traders and poachers; therefore, residents initiative to move their houses to the nearest place from the agarwood. fig. 2 shows a high standard deviation in gosib village for the diameter and height of the tree. this result was due to the existence of old trees at gosib. the yulizah et al.: the population and distribution of aquilaria malaccensis in riau 2022] 5 interesting phenomenon was that the agarwood trees of dosan and gosib in the peat swamp areas had a bigger diameter. more common plants are found in community forest areas, namely elaeis guineensis, hevea brasiliensis, coffea sp., and some species of fruit such as theobroma cacao, garcinia mangostana, durio zibethinus, mangifera sp., nephelium lappaceum, syzygium sp., artocarpus rigidus, and other wood plants like palaquium hexandrum, ixonanthes icosandra, and artocarpus elasticus. conditions on the ground as in fig. 3. in addition, the development of plantations around people’s forest causes native species to degrade. the potential for the speed of growth and wide spread of seeds causes plantation crops to dominate community forest. this is evident from the many seedlings of coffea sp. and h. brasiliensis in each location. the distribution of diameter and height of a. malaccensis at each location shows that conditions do not support for the natural regeneration process. no seedlings were found at each location, it was also seen in the conservation area. tahura ssh officials said there had never been a flowering a . malaccensis tree. dispersion pattern can explain how population conditions in their habitat (amaral et al., 2015). morisita dispersion index (id) of a . malaccensis in tahura has id of 10 and mc (morisita index for cluster distribution patterns) of 1.43, while the value of ip (standard degree morisita) is 1,02. since id ≥ mc ≥1, and ip > 0, therefore it can be concluded that dispersion pattern of a. malaccensis in tahura ssh is clumped. similarity, the dispersion pattern of a . malaccensis in community forest is also clumped (gosib (ip= 0.13), dosan (ip = 0,99), perincit (ip = 1), langkat (ip = 1), pangkalan jambi (ip = 0.91) dan duri km 13 (ip = 1.03). the relationship between distribution and the ecological factors variables the influence of environmental factors on agarwood plant growth is very important, such as light intensity during sapling. these environmental factors might give different effects on the tree level growth. the highest average temperature during the study was in dosan area (38°c) and the lowest in duri km 13 (33°c). in addition, the average humidity was 57%, and the light intensity was 287 at all locations (table 2). the measurement result of this environmental data can not support information on the growth of a. malaccensis in the natural habitat but can provide an overview of the environmental conditions where a . malaccensis is found. based on the mapping of soil types, gosib, dosan, perincit, langkat dan pangkalan jambi were classified as peat soils (belonging to hemic arganosol and gleisol classes). meanwhile, tahura ssh and duri km 13 were classified as mineral soil types (cambic nitosols, cambic arenosol, gleic latosol, oxic latosol, and cambisol) (balai tanah indonesia, 2011). soil samples from the study sites were analyzed to determine the nutrient content. the nutrient content of p, ca, and mg was very low compared to other nutrients in all locations based on the criteria from balai penelitian tanah (2009). the nutrient contents were in the range of 0.003‒0.768%, 0.134‒ 0.225%, and 0.035‒0.114% for p, ca, and mg, respectively. k content was lower in the mineral soils than in the peat soils (table 3). sodium (na) content was categorized from high to very high, with a range of na being 0.981‒1.00%. nitrogen locations max diameter (cm) max height (m) average ba (cm 2 ) stand density (ind. ha -1 ) number of plots tahura ssh 44.98 ± 7.65 22.0 ± 2.72 232.84 ± 304.62 38.00 10 gosib 59.71 ± 27.66 21.6 ± 9.75 1,566.08 ±1,743.91 5.80 4 dosan 75.09 ± 18.98 23.7 ± 5.25 1,181.86 ± 1,371.91 4.50 10 perincit 30.14 ± 7.57 12.7 ± 2.91 355.81 ± 241.43 8.13 10 langkat 53.38 ± 18.92 16.3 ± 3.05 1,381.28 ± 924.90 1.25 7 pangkalan jambi 50.96 ± 12.69 10.9 ± 7.20 1,345.76 ± 758.06 2.50 8 duri km 13 17.25 ± 5.57 8.1 ± 1.07 218.73 ± 151.47 4.15 10 table 1. population and density of a . malaccensis in riau province reinwardtia 6 [vol.21 content has a very wide range from low, medium, high to very high, with a range of 0.12‒0.926%; the lowest and highest n were recorded in the mineral soil. carbon content in mineral soil was recorded from low to moderate, those were 1.606 and 2.198% in tahura and duri km 13, respectively, while the carbon contents were recorded from high to very high ranging between 3.787‒6.374% in the peat soils, an exception in langkat, it was recorded in a very low criterion (0.655%). outputs of ordination analysis using canonical correspondence analysis (cca) of past version 3 software were in the form of eigenvalue and ordination diagrams. the eigenvalue shows the level of distribution of species or plots in the ordination diagram. the results of cca ordination analysis obtained an eigenvalue of 0.412 which show the population represented by the location is not evenly distributed (fig. 4). discussion the population and dispersion pattern of aquilaria malaccensis riau province is one of the best agarwood producing areas and has been a trading center for agarwood. in 2016 to 2019 the export quota of a. malaccensis in riau province has always increased from 35,000 kg to 50,000 kg, but in 2020 the export quota of a . malaccensis has decreased to 40,000 kg. although there is a decrease, the highest export quota of agarwood was in riau province. based on these data, it should be shown that the agarwood population was still quite high with a high utilization as well. however, when we see the condition of the forest in riau province, not all forest areas in riau province are covered by forest vegetation. the main factor causing the reduction of forest cover was the increasing fig. 2. average distribution of diameter and height of a . malaccenssis in the study site, red bars were agarwood populations in siak sri indrapura regency, blue bars were in bengkalis regency. fig. 3. agarwood producing trees (a . malaccensis) in the conservation area. a. tahura sultan syarif hasyim, community forest. b. gosib, siak sri indrapura regency, c. perincit, siak sri indrapura regency, d. pangkalan jambi, bengkalis regency. photos by yulizah. a b c d yulizah et al.: the population and distribution of aquilaria malaccensis in riau 2022] 7 locations temperature (°c) humidity (%) light (lux) ph tahura ssh 29 ± 0.92 79 ± 4.2 340 ± 10.5 6.2 ± 0.50 gosib 34 ± 0.50 59 ± 3.46 280 ± 5.77 6.4 ± 0.23 dosan 38 ± 0.53 44 ± 0.46 290 ± 4.62 6.0 ± 0.38 perincit 35 ± 0.91 54 ± 4.18 210 ± 13.2 5.6 ± 0.28 langkat 35 ± 0.51 50 ± 1.67 380 ± 0.12 5.6 ± 0.12 pangkalan jambi 35 ± 0.00 50 ± 0.57 270 ± 10.5 6.2 ± 0.51 duri km 13 33 ± 0.50 57 ± 0.17 240 ± 0.00 5.0 ± 0.25 table 2. average value of environmental factors measured at each location table 3. the test of the soil chemical content at each location *vl (very low), l (low), m (medium), h (high), vh (very high) **assessment criteria for the result of soil chemical analysis by balai penelitian tanah, 2009. test component (%) location tahura ssh gosib dosan perincit langkat pangkalan jambi duri km 13 ca 0.160±0.018 vl 0.134±0.026 vl 0.199±0.018 vl 0.161±0.006 vl 0.18±0.001 vl 0.177±0.004 vl 0.255±0.010 vl mg 0.047±0.013 vl 0.123±0.009 vl 0.074±0.021 vl 0.114±0.009 vl 0.094±0.008 vl 0.110±0.015 vl 0.035±0.042 vl na 0.981±0.036 h 1.048±0.042 vh 1.000±0.013 vh 0.984±0.029 h 0.992±0.013 h 0.989±0.024 h 0.984±0.001 h k 0.103±0.074 l 0.442±0.054 m 0.217±0.076 l 0.376±0.067 m 0.543±0.089 m 0.445±0.022 m 0.011±0.024 vl p 0.003±0.002 vl 0.044±0.040 vl 0.010±0.009 vl 0.017±0.006 vl 0.768±0.001 vl 0.017±0.149 vl 0.005±0.01 vl c 1.606±0.623 l 6.374±2.822 vh 3.374±0.650 h 3.787±0.53 h 0.655±1.466 vl 6.020±2.621 vh 24.20±21.109 m n 0.126±0.032 l 0.483± 0.200 m 0.231±0.079 m 0.301±0.042 m 0.711±0.051 h 0.334±0.114 m 0.926±0.770 vh c/n 12.384±2.771 m 13.111± 0.417 m 14.575±1.473 m 12.600±0.151 m 13.588±2.035 m 18.017±3.246 h 26.134±0.485 vh reinwardtia 8 [vol.21 deforestation, one of which is for oil palm plantations. conversion of land to palm oil plantations and forest fires almost every year certainly disrupt the habitat of agarwood producing trees in nature. in addition, the increasing number of agarwood hunting in nature has decreased the agarwood population in riau province. the population density of a . malaccensis in community forest locations was high compared to studies that have been carried out in other locations. based on some researches, the density of agarwood producing trees (a quilaria spp.) was very low, with an abundance of only 0.01 and 0.2 individuals ha -1 in kutai national park, and gunung palung, respectively (donovan & puri, 2004; pribadi, 2009). the dispersion pattern of a. malaccensis in study areas was clumped. this can be stated that all research site has almost the same ecological conditions. a quilaria spp. showed clumped distribution also in sumatra and kalimantan (soehartono & newton, 2000). conservation areas such as tahura ssh have a high density with dispersion pattern was clumped and average diameter of 18 cm. in study site, the tree diameter of a. malaccensis in some locations was recorded as more than 20 cm (fig. 2). it was predicted that the harvestable agarwood tree was at about 20 cm dbh, far below the reproductive threshold, which was estimated at 35 cm dbh (paoli, 2001). this indicates that the diameter of agarwood producing trees in several study sites was still below the harvest threshold, so it was estimated that study sites such as perincit, and duri km 13, still maintain a population of agarwood producing trees. the community and agarwood hunters still maintain large-diameter agarwood trees as the mother tree. this finding was support by the abundance of the seed in gosib as the source of the seedling of the agarwood tree which will be planted. the differences in a . malaccensis density in each location might be due to the forest degradation, illegal hunting, and destruction of agarwood habitat in riau province. in consequence, it reduced or limited shading trees for a . malaccensis sapling. at the time of the study, several trees were flowering and bearing fruit. according to local community information, the a . malaccensis flowers almost every year, but at the time of the study, the seedlings or saplings were not found under the mother tree and in the plots. it was similar to the research in gunung palung national park, where the distance of agarwood sapling (with the height of > 15 cm) was found about 3‒7 m from mature trees, and the sapling density was only recorded about 10 sampling ha -1 (paoli et al., 2001). based on the information from the local community, dosan and gosib areas are a source of seedlings, and those are often visited by agarwood hunters to collect seeds and seedlings. in the perincit, pangkalan jambi, langkat, and duri km 13 areas, a . malaccensis populations were found in the middle of rubber and oil palm plantations. the area has been cleared, and there was no shade for the seedling to grow. as well known that the shade from agarwood and surrounding trees were important for the growth of the seedling. therefore, the shade was one of the reasons for determined the distance between seedlings and saplings from the mother tree. fig. 4. result of ordination cca shows the distribution of sample locations and soil nutrient content on the gradients of an environmental factors (t= temperature, h= humidity, l=light) . yulizah et al.: the population and distribution of aquilaria malaccensis in riau 2022] 9 sumarna (2008) described the relationship between the tree diameter and tree canopy; this related to the ability of natural regeneration. in siak sri indrapura regency, the location of the discovery of a . malaccensis is a peat area. previously, there was not recorded that a. malaccensis had ever been found in peat areas. partomihardjo et al. (2008) explained that several aquilaria species can be grown well on peat swamp forest areas, one of which was a. beccariana which grows in peat swamp forest at merang, south sumatra. at this time, the siak sri indrapura regency government has planted agarwood producing trees from a . malaccenssis, a. macrocarpa and a. beccariana in the peat area to prevent forest fires. however, this instance has not been supported by more instensive research. the relationship between distribution and the ecological factors variables based on information from local villagers, agarwood trees have been growing for more than 20 years at the research site. tables 3 and 4 show ecological variables in the habitats of a. malaccensis at seven research sites. aquilaria malaccensis trees grow at altitudes of 0‒2,400 m above sea level, in a high temperature range 28‒ 34°c, humidity from low to 80%, and rainfall of 1,000‒2,000 mm/year (sumarna, 2012; pribadi, 2009). aquilaria spp. are also grow well in dry soils with a high sand content, with soil ph ranging from acidic ph to almost neutral, and tree growth requires shade associated with low light intensity (pribadi, 2009). that's in line with the results of this study where temperatures at the study site ranged from 29‒33°c, with soil ph of 5.4 to 6.8, and humidity ranging from 50 to 79%. based on soil chemical properties, the population of a . malaccensis can be found in infertile to very fertile soil conditions with c organic range 0.655– 0.768% which categorized as very low until very high. forest floor cover is not too thick with litter, especially in gosib and dosan which are adjacent to oil palm plantations. some other types of agarwood research such as gyrinops versteegii in lombok, light intensity is the main factor affecting the occurrence of g. versteegii (mulyaningsih et al., 2017; sutomo & oktaviani, 2019). soil ph from acid (5.0) to neutral (6.4) shows of a. malaccensis can be found in a variety of environmental conditions. it can be seen in the cca diagram where variable light intensity and ph form a sharp angle (fig. 4), this shows that both ecological variables are the primary ecological factors at each location. variations of vegetation and tree canopy will affect the light intensity on the forest floor and will affect soil moisture levels. in soil nutrients, showing that the nutrient component of the soil is not a contributing factor to the distribution of a . malaccensis in riau, it can be seen in the chemical composition of the soil scattered in the middle of the ordination diagram. the relationship between distribution of a. malaccensis and ecological factor is uneven on the diagram cca (eigenvalue <1) (fig. 4). ecological variables converge at the center of ordination, while the populations at each location are scattered far away, such as duri km 13 (mineral soil) and gosib (peat soil). uneven distribution of a . malaccensis populations on cca diagrams, suggests there are other factors have a high role in the distribution of a. malaccensis but they were not measured in the study. one of the most high-impact factors is human activities such as hunting and plantations. winarni (2011) states that disruption of logging and forest management systems causes differences in the population structure of agarwood producing trees. human activities such as hunting and unsustainable harvesting are major factors in the loss of agarwood populations in nature. the populations of protected plant species such as a . malaccensis need more consideration to keep their populations in nature, so research on population dynamics is important to support conservation programs, especially in providing information about the minimum population sizes. riau province, as the conservation of agarwood producing trees was potential as the natural habitat of a quilaria spp. seedlings of a . malaccensis can also be obtained from dosan and gosib to produce high quality agarwood trees. seedlings of agarwood in both villages are always available throughout the year; those were scattered near the mother tree. however, sapling level of agarwood trees was not found because it could not survive without shading and the distance close to the mother tree. the potential in the conservation development of a . malaccensis is very likely, because a. malaccensis can be found in various of environmental conditions. in addition, there is support from the provincial government that supports conservation program by including a. malaccensis in the list of restoration plants that can be developed in various types of land and cultivation systems. however, this effort was still not enough because there were still many problems faced by farmers, mainly how to produce high quality of agarwood and the stability of agarwood price. until now, the quality of cultivated agarwood product was low, so this causes the hunting of agarwood in nature is still on going due to the high selling price. harvesting agarwood by cutting down the trees in natural habitats or plantations was about 75% of the total trees, with crop intensities ranging from 50‒100% (paoli et al., 2001; turjaman et al., 2016). to protect agarwood producing species, planting trees reinwardtia 10 [vol.21 in natural habitats has to be carried out, and the production of cultivated agarwood needs to be increased (liu et al., 2013). this was supported by the quality of the growth rate of natural regeneration of seedlings to provide good quality seedling (sumarna, 2012). conclusion this study revealed that a . malaccensis is spread from upstream to downstream of riau province and spread across various habitat characteristics with various soil type, soil nutrients and micro climate. the local or metapopulation of a. malaccensis at each location is scattered in a clumped. some ecological variables might be important for the abundance of this species are light intensity and ph. the tolerance of a. malaccensis to ecological factors is very wide, especially soil nutrients, providing opportunities for conservation of a . malaccensis in various environmental conditions and development with monoculture and agroforestry plantation system. acknowledgements the authors would like to thank to research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences for supporting the research budget (national budget dipa of cites project 2019). we also express our gratitude to the team members, i.e., heru hartantri and fauzi rahmat. we would like to thank to the official government of bbksda and forestry department of riau province for intense correspondence during the preliminary study. thanks to mr. syamsudin and mr. tarsono from siak sri indrapura regency, who provided information and technical support during the field study. finally we are extremely grateful to mr. campbell o. webb of ua museum of the north, university of alaska, fairbanks, ak, usa for critical reading and to a further anonymous reviewer for valuable input. references amaral, m. k., pellico netto, s., lingnau, c. & figueuredo, f. a. 2015. evaluation of the morisita index for determination of the spatial distribution of species in a fragment of araucaria forest. applied ecology and environmental research 13: 361‒372. balai penelitian tanah. 2009. petunjuk teknis analisis kimia tanah, tanaman, air dan pupuk. balai penelitian tanah. bogor. balai tanah indonesia. 2011. peta klasifikasi jenis tanah propinsi riau. https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id/portal-web. 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(ed.). a garwood, science behind the fragrance. springer, singapore. pp. 57‒71. walhi-riau (wahana lingkungan hidup indonesia eksekutif daerah riau). 2019. melawan a sap: riau dalam catatan buruk kebakaran hutan dan lahan. walhi riau. pekanbaru, riau. winarni, a. 2011. populasi dan potensi regenerasi tumbuhan penghasil gaharu (aquilaria macrocarpa baill.) di hutan kota gunung kembang dan hutan karet kecamatan sarolangun, kabupaten sarolangun, provinsi jambi. universitas indonesia, depok. [master thesis]. zich, f. & compton, j. 2001. a garwood (gaharu) harvest and trade in papua new guinea: a preliminary assessment. cites document. traffic oceania, sydney. reinwardtia 12 [vol.21 reinwardtia vol. 21. no. 1. pp: 35‒40 doi: 10.55981/reinwardtia.v21i1.4374 35 a new species of mukia (cucurbitaceae) from sumba island, indonesia received january 28, 2021; accepted june 6, 2022 mentari putri pratami plant biology graduate program, department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, ipb university, bogor 16680 indonesia. (now in department of biology, universitas pertahanan indonesia. kampus universitas pertahanan, sentul, bogor 16810, indonesia. email: mentari.pratami@idu.ac.id tatik chikmawati department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, ipb university, bogor 16680, indonesia. email: tchikmawati@yahoo.com rugayah herbarium bogoriense, research center for biosystematics and evolution, national research and innovation agency/badan riset dan inovasi nasional (brin), cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: titikrugayah@yahoo.com abstract pratami, m. p., chikmawati, t. & rugayah. 2022. a new species of mukia (cucurbitaceae) from sumba island, indonesia. reinwardtia 21(1): 35‒40. — mukia sumbensis pratami is described and illustrated as well as compared with its closely related species m. maderaspatana (l.) m.roem. and m. leiosperma (wight & arn.) wight. it differs in its tendril size, stem diameter, petiole hairiness, midrib indumentum on upper leaf surface, as well as in shape, margin, and surface of seed. anatomically the leaf of the new species has two palisade layers, unlike the other two species which have only one layer. key words: cucur bitaceae, m uk ia, new species, sumba. abstrak pratami, m. p., chikmawati, t. & rugayah. 2022. jenis baru mukia (cucurbitaceae) dari pulau sumba, indonesia. reinwardtia 21(1): 35‒40. — mukia sumbensis pratami dipertelakan dan dibuat ilustrasinya. jenis tersebut berkerabat dekat dengan m. maderaspatana (l.) m.roem. dan m. leiosperma (wight & arn.) wight tetapi berbeda pada ukuran sulur, diameter batang, rambut pada tangkai daun, dan juga pada ibu tulang daun, serta bentuk, ukuran, tepi, dan permukaan biji. secara anatomi jenis baru ini memiliki dua lapisan palisade, tidak seperti dua jenis lainnya yang hanya memiliki satu lapis. kata kunci: cucur bitaceae, jenis bar u, m uk ia, su mba. introduction mukia arn. is a cucurbitaceous genus of nine species distributed in africa, south asia, southeast asia, and australia (de wilde & duyfjes, 2010). the genus was firstly published by arnott (1840), with one species m. scabrella (l.) arn. as type species (now m. maderaspatana (l.) m.roem.). in australia, telford (1982), enumerated six species, two of them m. maderaspatana (l.) m.roem and m. micrantha (f.muell.) f.muell [now, a ustrobryonia micrantha (f.muell.) i. telford] were widespread and polymorphic, while the other species were not validly published (schaefer et al., 2008). as many as six species have been recorded in asia by de wilde & duyfjes (2006), namely mukia gracilis (kurz) w.j.de wilde & duyfjes, m. rumphiana (scheff.) w.j.de wilde & duyfjes, m. ritchiei (c.b.clarke) w.j.de wilde & duyfjes, m. javanica (miq.) c.jeffrey, m. leiosperma (wight & arn.) wight, and m. maderaspatana (l.) m.roem. based on molecular data, the asian species were found to be nested within the cucumis (schaefer, 2007; renner et al., 2007; ghebretinsae et al., 2007a; telford et al., 2011). therefore, they transferred all of them to cucumis (ghebretinsae et al., 2007b). nevertheless, in revising the malesian cucurbitaceae, de wilde & duyfjes (2010) continued to recognize mukia as distinct from cucumis. pratami et al. (2019) found further seven seed characters (colour, shape, size, surface pattern, seed edge, transverse section at seed neck, and the markings of the inner seed coat surfaces), it supported de wilde & duyfjes in separating mukia from cucumis. further molecular analysis on this group by pratami et al. (2020) showed that, issr http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v19i1.3850 reinwardtia 36 [vol.21 markers can be used to distinguish cucumis and mukia as separate genera. in working out all specimens of mukia deposited in herbarium bogoriense (bo), there is one specimen iboet 497 from sumba which has different characteristics from the other species of mukia. previously, de wilde & duyfjes have already noted on the specimen sheet that it has hairy petiole and different seed edges, which differ from m. maderaspatana. therefore, we decided to do further observations on this specimen as well as on m. leiosperma. materials and methods morphological observations were carried out on all specimens of mukia – in all numbering 285 sheets – deposited in herbarium bogoriense (bo) and in national herbarium of the netherlands (virtual herbarium). leaf anatomical preparations of iboet 497 herbarium specimen, has been made at the laboratory of ecology and plant resources, department of biology, ipb university, by making paradermal and transversal sections using sass methods (1951). for the m. maderaspatana we used specimens mpp 24, mpp 25, and mpp 55, while for m. leiosperma specimens sauliere 68 and sauliere 142 were used. results and discussion the results of our morphological observations on iboet 497, showed that if it compared with m. maderaspatana it has bigger stem diameter, thicker tendril, retrorse indumentum on petiole, bigger indumentum on midrib, and pitted surface of its seed. comparison with m. leiosperma showed that iboet 497 has similar shape, size, and colour of fruit characters, but it has thinner tendril, smaller seeds which have smooth surface (table 1). table 1 as well as the accompanying fig. 2 and fig. 3 also summarises the results of our anatomical observations of the three species. it shows that the transversal leaf section has two layers of palisade tissue of iboet 497. mukia sumbensis pr atami spec. nov. — type: indonesia, sumba, taimanga, kenangar, 15 mei 1925, iboet 497 (holotype bo!, isotype l [photo!]). figs. 1–3. morphologically the new species is closely related to m. maderaspatana but it has bigger stem table 1. characters differences of m. maderaspatana, m. sumbensis, and m. leiosperma no character states m. maderaspatana m. sumbensis m. leiosperma 1 stem diameter 0.4–1.4 mm 1.8–1.9 mm 0.8–1.2 mm 2 tendril thin (0.1 mm) thick (0.2 mm) thin (0.1 mm) 3 indumentum types of petiole scabrous and hispid retrorse villous 4 midrib indumentum size on upper leaf surface uniform not uniform uniform 5 indumentum colour whitish, not shiny whitish, not shiny golden, shiny 6 seed shape broadly ovate ovate ovate 7 average seed size 4.27 × 3.16 mm 4.31 × 2.96 mm 5.50 × 3.40 mm 8 seed surface convex and irregularly papillate convex and pitted or nearby smooth flat and smooth 9 stomata in adaxial surface present absent absent 10 size of stomata 19.70 × 11.31 μm 61.86 × 42.17 μm 21.92 × 14.21 μm 11 size of epidermal cells 31.89 × 21.41 μm 159.15 × 105.40 μm 56.60 μm × 31.14 μm 12 palisade layer one two one pratami et al.: a new species of mukia (cucurbitaceae) 2022] 37 fig. 1. mukia sumbensis pratami spec. nov. a. habit, climbing stem. b. petiole. c. leaves adaxial. d–e. leaves abaxial. f. fruit. g. seed. h. seed edge. scale bar = 1 mm. from iboet 497. drawn by w. a. mustaqim. reinwardtia 38 [vol.21 b2 b1 a1 a2 c1 c2 fig. 2. leaf anatomy (paradermal section) of mukia spp. a. mukia maderaspatana*. b. m. sumbensis. c. m. leiosperma. 1. adaxial surface. 2. abaxial surface. scale bar = 20 µm. *photo taken from pratami et al. (2019). a b c fig. 3. leaf anatomy (transverse section) of mukia spp. a. mukia maderaspatana*. b. m. sumbensis. c. m. leiosperma. scale bar = 50 µm. *photo taken from pratami et al. (2019). pratami et al.: a new species of mukia (cucurbitaceae) 2022] 39 diameter, thicker tendril, retrorse indumentum on petiole, bigger indumentum on midrib, and pitted surface of its seed. compared to m. leiosperma however, it has thinner of tendril, smaller size of seeds which have smooth surface. climbing herbs, monoecious. stem scabrous or stiffly­hairy, 1.8–1.9 mm diameter. probract absent. tendrils simple and thick (0.2 mm). leaves: petiole 1.7–2.3 cm long, 0.7–0.9 mm diameter, hispid with short to long, downwardly curved hairs (retrorse); blade subentire or 3–5lobed, broadly ovate, subcircular or broadly hastate in outline, 10–29 cm diam., base shallowly to deeply cordate, apex acuminate, margin variously up to 5 mm dentate, upper leaf surface hispid or scabrous-hairy, lower leaf surface hirsute hairy, bigger on midrib, indumentum color withish not shiny. male flowers in fascicles of 2–20; pedicel 1–2 (–10) mm long. female flowers solitary or in group up to 8; pedicel 1–2 mm long; calix and corolla not seen. fruit 1–2 in axillary clusters, pedicel 0.2–0.5 cm, green and pale green, ripening red, darker striped or not, globose, 0.5–1.5 cm diam., with few coarse hairs; coarsely wrinkled when dry. seeds numerous, whitish or pale brown, seeds not shining, ovate, 4.31 mm by 2.96 mm, margin narrow, faces convex, pitted or nearly smooth, groove along the edges of the seed. paradermal leaf section showed that anatomically the anomocytic stomata are confined to the abaxial surface, scattered among the irregularly shaped epidermal cells which are somewhat elongated, bumpy or lobed. from the leaf transversal section, characteristically it has two layers of palisade tissue. distribution. so far only known fr om sumba. habitat & ecology. highland for est. etymology. the specific epithet r efer s to the name of the island. conservation status. the status of this species is unknown according to the criteria of iucn red list. however, it can be categorized as an endangered new species, because so far it was only found once in one location. rarity note. admittedly, the char acter ization of m. sumbensis is only based on a single herbarium specimen collected almost a century ago from a semi arid area in the lesser sunda islands group. nevertheless, we believe that the publication of this new species belonging to a problematical genus is fully justified especially to draw special attention to the need to do further explorations to recollect and to ascertain its very existence in relation to the present precarious situation due to the threat of extreme climate changes now taking place. acknowledgements thanks are due to the ministry of research, technology, and higher education (dikti) for funding this research through the pmdsu scholarship programme, to the keeper of herbarium bogoriense, brin, cibinong for facilitating the authors to observe the specimens of mukia, and also to prof. mien a. rifai, ph.d for his advice, suggestion and assistance in pre­ paring this paper. references arnott, g. a. w. 1840. remarks on the fruit of the natural order cucurbitaceae. madras journal and literature science 12: 48–54. de wilde, w. j. j. o. & duyfjes, b. e. e. 2006. mukia arn. (cucurbitaceae) in asia, in particular in thailand. thai forest bulletin (botany) 34: 38–52. de wilde, w. j. j. o. & duyfjes, b. e. e. 2010. flora malesiana cucurbitaceae series 1 vol. 19. leiden university, leiden. ghebretinsae, a. g., thulin, m. & barber, j. c. 2007a. relationships of cucumbers and melons unraveled: molecular phylogenetics of cucumis and related genera (benincaseae, cucurbitaceae). a merican journal of botany 94: 1256–1266. ghebretinsae, a. g., thulin, m. & barber, j. c. 2007b. nomenclatural changes in cucumis (cucurbitaceae). novon 17: 176– 178. pratami, m. p., chikmawati, t. & rugayah. 2019. further morphological evidence for separating mukia arn. from cucumis l. biodiversitas 20(1): 211‒217. pratami, m. p., chikmawati, t. & rugayah. 2020. genetic diversity of cucumis and mukia (cucurbitaceae) based on issr markers. sa bra o journal of breeding and genetics 52(2): 127‒143. renner, s. s., schaefer, h. & kocyan, a. 2007. phylogenetics of cucumis (cucurbitaceae): cucumber (c. sativus) belongs in an asian/australian clade far from melon (c. melo). bmc evolutionary biology 7 (1): 58‒69. reinwardtia 40 [vol.21 sass, j. e. 1951. botanical microtechnique. iowa state college press, ames. schaefer, h. 2007. cucumis (cucurbitaceae) must include cucumella, dicoelospermum, mukia, myrmecosicyos, and oreosyce: a recircumscription based on nuclear and plastid dna data. blumea 52(1): 165‒177. schaefer, h., telford, i. r. h. & renner, s. s. 2008. austrobryonia (cucurbitaceae), a new australian endemic genus, is the closest living relative to the eurasian and mediterranean bryonia and ecballium. systematic botany 33(1): 125–132. telford, i. r. h. 1982. cucurbitaceae. in: george, a. s. (ed.). flora of a ustralia 8. australian government publishing service, canberra. pp. 158–198. telford, i. r. h., sebastian, p., bruhl, j. j. & renner, s. s. 2011. cucumis (cucurbitaceae) in australia and eastern malesia, including newly recognized species and the sister species to c. melo. systematic botany 36(2): 376–389. reinwardtia vol. 10, part 4, 425 437 (1988) leaf nutrient status in the lowland dipterocarp forest soedarsono riswan "herbarium bogoriense", centre for research and development in biology, lipi, bogor, indonesia abstract study on leaf nutrient status in the primary lowland dipterocarp forest has been carried out at mulawarman university research forest, lempake, samarinda. six elements i.e. n, p, k, na, ca and mg were analyzed. results show that the dominant species and family seemed to be controlling and maintenance the main mineral nutrients in this forest ecosystem. there were a variation of mineral nutrients between species and also a fluctuation of mineral nutrients in the different period. abstrak suatu pengamatan terhadap status hara makanan pada daun di hutan pamah primer dipterocarpaceae telah dilakukan dihutan penelitian universitas mulawarman, lempaks, samarinda. enam macam hara yaitu n,p,k, na.ca dan mg telah diukur kandungannya. hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa jenis dan suku dominan mengatur dan mengontrol hara makanan utama pada ekosistem hutan ini. variasi kandungan hara jelas terlihat pada jenis-jenis berbeda dan juga terlihat adanya fluktuasi kandungan hara pada periode waktu yang berbeda. introduction plant analysis as a tool for assessing the nutrient status or requirement of plants is not new. such a concept was already expressed more than a century ago by wienhold in 1862 (smith 1962). plant analysis has extensively been employed in agricultural research (kenworthy 1967, chapman 1967). in general the richest tissue with the highest concentrations are those where the metabolic activities are the greatest. for most plants the richest organs are the shoot apices and leaves. woody tissues generally have much lower concentration, but because of their bulk may contain a large proportion of the total elemental content of the plants. the contents of mineral elements in leaves of forest trees can vary 4 2 5 426 reinwardtia [ v o l . 1 0 appreciably during the vegetation period as a result of changes in metabolism, transport within the plant and leaching by rainfall (tamm 1951, likens & bormann 1970). the seasonal changes in chemical composition of tree species in the northern hemisphere are relatively well understood, but those in subtropical and tropical areas are poorly known. the aims of this study are to determine the mineral element contents of leaves from the most dominant tree species in the primary lowland dipterocarp forest. it is hoped that those species may controle the nutrient in the forest ecosystem, since it is generally assumed that in the tropical rain forest, most of nutrients are bound in the vegetation. study area and methods the forest under consideration was primary mixed dipterocarp forest (mdf) near samarinda, east kalimantan described in detail by riswan (1982; 1985). leaf material were collected from 35 common tree species based on the number of individual tree and the total of basal area. they were collected three times a year with a lapse of six months from the similar trees, that is in february, august and february coming year. this trees are the common trees, out of 209 species from 1.6 ha riswan's control plot (1982; 1987). there are inherent difficulties in sampling tree leaves. nutrient contents are known to differ between sun and shade leaves in a tree. in the present study, in order to. minimize the variability and to increase standardisation, the speciemens of tree leaf are collected from the base part of canopy. swan (1962) and gagnon (1964) mentioned that the analytical results of nutrient leaf content from lower canopy samples are as well correlated with site nutrient indices as upper crown values. leaf samples were soon dried in the field, kept inside newspaper and stored in cardboard boxes, until the leaf samples were brought to laboratory. to make sure that leaf samples were dry and ready for grinding, the leaf speciemens were placed in an oven for 24 hours at 80°c. specimens were ground by using a hammer mill and sieved by 0.7 mm standard mesh size before analysis. the preparation of sample solution suitable for elemental analysis by using a acid digestion method. n-content in the leaf was determined using a technicon autoanalyser following acid digestions. p in the sample was estimated as a phosphate by molybdenum blue method (allen et al. 1974). this method basically a colorimetry. k and na were measured by emmission spectrophotometry, using a unicam sp 900 series 2 spectrophotometer; and for ca and mg were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; using a similar instrument to that for k and na. 1988] riswan : leaf nutrient status in lowland dipterocarp forest. 487 results and discussions seasonal leaf nutrient the results of nutrient elements in the leaves (table 1) show seasonal fluctuations of nutrient elements in the leaves during study period. this agrees with reported studies in temperate zones (likens & bormann 1970, tamm 1981) and in tropical regions (nye 1961, ernst 1973 and golley e;t al 1975). table 1. mean of leaf-mineral nutrient in lempake forest, samarinda (n and p in % and other elements in mg/100 g) elements * n p k na ca mg february 1978 1.41 ± 0.07 0.12 ± 0.003 602.14 ± 39.00 56.84 ± 3.14 552.94 ± 46.49 229.61 ± 32.06 period of collection august 1978 1.68 ± 0.08 0.20 ± 0.01 1016.42 ± 59.67 23.36 ± 1.00 540.29 ± 45.13 247.25 + 43.17 february 1979 1.51 ± 0.07 0.13 ± 0.01 823.17 ±82.52 55.05 + 1.93 539.80 ± 44.95 241.14 ± 47 22 * value of element = mean of 35 species ± standard error according to duvigneaud and denaeyer-de smet (1970) there are three possible causes of the seasonal fluctuation of nutrients in the leaves, those are the forest canopies (leaves) are very efficient in capturing airborne dust particles, leaching of nutrients from the leaves by rain water and transfering of nutrient minerals from the leaves before they fall as litters. there is of course the natural build up within a leaf with ages. rodin and bazilevich (1967) reported that the amount of elements leached from the forest canopies in temperate zones are less than in tropical forest. they also mentioned that the degree to which elements are leached from the crown of trees also varies to some extent between species. kenworthy (1971) in his studies at malayan tropical forest found that the content of k in rain water passing through the canopy has increased eight times and for ca increased about three times; it is an evidence that pattern and rate of element mobilities within the nutrient cycling are differences; therefore, it indicates that k is a mobile element and ca is less mobile. the main factors possibly influence the leaf nutrient fluctuations 428 reinwardtia jvol. 10 are such as the differences of leaf nutrient mobilities in soil vegetation system, leaching of the rain water, transport within the plant, the ability of nutrient uptake and soil microorganism activities. nutrient status within species table 2 shows the mean value of each species within one year period and marked variations in mineral nutrient concentration within and among species. there are many reasons for this variation, such as seasonal factor, age of leaf and tree, position of leaf within the canopy, soil fertility and some . competation factor between plants, i.e. moisture, light, temperature and elevation (driessche 1974). table 2. mean of leaf-nutrient mineral for 1 year period at lempake forest, samarinda (% for n and p; and mg/100 g for k, na, ca and mgj no. species 1 shorea leprosula 2 s. assamica vai. globifera 3 s. parvifolia 4 s. smithiana 5 s. palembanica 6 s. ovalis spp. ovalis 7 s. polyandra 8 dvyobalanops beecarii 9 hopea rudiformis 10 dipterocarpus cornutus 11 monocarpia marginalis 12 palaquium hexandrum 13 pentace laxiflora 14 litaea sp. 15 eusideroxylon z wager i 16 eugenia suringarianum 17 e. sibulanensis n 1.73 1.67 1.80 1.15 ,1.76 1.40 1.71 1.02 1.92 0.93 2.55 1.43 2.04 1.84 1.30 1.47 1.14 p 0.12 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.28 0.12 0.23 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.17 0.21 0.13 0.11 0.11 k 515.56 934.44 594.44 414.44 556.67 447.78 539.45 765.56 734.44 518.66 408.34 916.67 1153.33 1078.89 1265.00 1067.22 1120.00 na 32.94 40.11 38.61 55.11 45.22 42.39 40.38 48.89 46.33 45.11 57.00 53.56 52.39 36.39 59.39 61.83 51.67 ca 532.22 926.44 637,66 451.22 435.28 422.94 692.39 673.56 430.78 525.00 902.22 777.67 589.78 607.17 386.50 553.50 505.39 mg 118.00 183.22 160.83 116.39 123.83 90.89 223.33 251.67 116.67 119.22 185.78 244.94 237.33 139.72 237.83 164.00 225,78 1988) riswan : leaf nutrient status in low land' dipt ero carp forest. 429 no 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 species syzygium rncemosum koordesiodendron pinnatum artocarpus tamaran glochidion loistylum mallotus muticus baccaurea macrocarpa cleistanthus myrkmthus gordonia excelsa elaeocarpun acmocefolius paranephelium sp. intsia palembanica ochanostachys amentacea scorodocarpus borneensis dillenia eximia d. excelsa diospyros macrophylla quercus gemmelifiora ryparosa javanica n 1.08 1.39 1.81 1.40 1.36 0.69 1.31 0.82 .1.39 1.36 2.34 1.77 2.25 1.17 1.04 1.26 1.45 2.18 p 0.12 0.17 0.11 0.16 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.17 0.11 0.19 0.14 0.22 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.18 0.17 k 328.33 1308.89 757.78 741.11 1077.22 982.22 836.67 510.00 605.55 408.33 1097.22 997.78 897.78 701.67 1452.22 457.22 745.55 1156.11 na 42.67 43.72 48.11 52.00 75.95 42.28 47.55 42.89 49.83 41.56 47.78 45.94 48.61 50.44 55.39 38.66 40.44 54.55 ca 518.17 1004.78 488.61 541.39 1188.00 999.00 567.11 475.60 588.39 478.17 460.55 180.22 230.00 297.61 256.83 88.67 569.83 540.-00 mg 225.17 275.33 195.67 380.11 1544.44 263.22 174.33 112.72 249.89 118.50 203.50 88.78 151.06 16.5.22 324.83 560.00 116.83 351.67 it is suggested that each of plant species has own capacity to uptake nutrient from the soil and store them in the leaves. this capacity will be filled to various degrees depending upon the species in competation with it and the general part of nutrients available for all species. a good example is intsia palembanica (leguminosae) what has a high n-leaf content. this is not surprising because many leguminous plants have n-fixation microorganism in their roots. in the overall patern of the ecosystem the,total nutrient uptake will depend upon the product of production of individual species and its nutrient content per unit weight. 4 3 0 reinwardtia [vol. 10 in table 3 the maximum and minimum values within one year period are recorded for range of species at primary dipterocarp forest plot. the comparison of the maximum and minimum values, with the standard content of leaf nutrient given by allen et al. (1974) demonstrated that top level for p and mg are much higher, n is more or less equal and for k, na and ca are much lower. however, it suggested that leaf nutrient status in plants are varies between forest ecosystem. table 3. the maximum and minimum values of leaf-nutrient content within one year period in lempake forest, indonesia elements contents (%) feb 78 maximum aug 78 feb 79 feb 78 minimum aug 78 note : i. pal = intsia palembanica g. exc m. mar = monocarpia marginalis d. cor h. rud = hopea rudiformis s, pot e. sib = eugenia sibulanensis e. zwa s. smi = shorea smithiana k. pin* d. mac diospyros macrophylla m. mut d. exc = dillenia excelsa ' s. ova o. ame = ochanostachys amentacea l. sp s. bor = scorodocarpus borneensk d. exi feb 79 n p k na ca mg 2.62 i. pal 0.17 i. pal 1.10 e. zwa 0.10 m. mut 1.35 m. mut 1.37 m.mut 2.92 m. mar 0.38 h. rud 1.60 k. pin 0.05 m. mut 1.16 m. mut 1.53 m. mut 2.42 m. mar 0.37 s. pol 2.25 d. exc 0.08 m. mut 1.06 m. mut 1.73 m. mut 0.76 g. exe 0.07 d. cor 0.16 s. smi 0.03 l. sp 0.10 d. mac 0.08 0. ame 0.79 g. exc 0.04 g. exc 0.36 d. mac 0.02 d. exi 0.10 d. mac 0.09 s. ova 0.90 g, exc 0,05 e. sib 0.21 s. smi 0.03 s. bor 0.07 d. mac 0.08 s. ova gordonia excelsa dipterocarpus cornutus shorea polyandra eusideroxylon zwageri koordesiodendron pinnatum mallotus muticus shorea ovalis spp.ovalis litsea sp. .dillenia eximia the interesting species which have a high nutrient status, are as follows: instia palembanica (leguminosae) which has the highest n-content. it well known among tropical leguminous trees that it has a prolonged seed dormancy. it is a big, straight tree with a smooth bole, and often became one of the emergent tree in the forest. four other species which also have 1988j riswan : leaf nutrient status in lowland dipterocarp forest. 431 n-content > 2% axe monocarpia marginalis (annonaceae), ryparosa javanica (flacourtiaceae) and pentace laxiflora (tiliaceae). all these species are small to medium trees.it means at least 5 species in five families involved for maintaining of n within forest ecosystem. the similar results that leguminous tree has high n-leaf content are recorded by nye (1958) in ghana forest and riswan (1977) for leaves from serawak and barro colorado, panama forest. 2. mallotus muticus (euphorbiaceae), a small to medium tree, common and with the high density of individual tree. the leaf mineral content of ca, mg and na is the highest among the dominant trees. this species is suspected as a fast growing species since it was very common in young secondary forest; if it is true, this another evidence that fast growing tree species have high leaf-nutrient content (riswan 1977). the other extra-ordinary of this species was mg-leaf content > ca > k. it is an unusual occasion, and it is also found in leaf of diospyros macrophylla (ebenaceae). 3. eusideroxylon zwageri (lauraceae), which the most dominant species in term of number of individual tree per ha, medium to big tree, very slow growing (meiyer 1974) and most of tree in this forest are mature trees (between 200-300 years old; riswan, et al. 1985). it has very high of kleaf content, together with soecies of dillenia excelsa (dilleniaceae) and koordesiodendron pinnatum (anacardiaceae). the last two species are small to medium trees. 4. shorea polyandra and hopea rudiformis (dipterocarpaceae), both have the highest p-leaf content, medium to big tree and most' of them are the emergent trees. dipterocarpaceae is a dominant family in term of total basal area. from the obtained data, it was clear that the dominant tree species or family indicate to maintenance and control the nutrient mineral in the forest ecosystem. it is very important since in the tropical rain forest, the most of available nutrient are bound in the living sistem (vegetation). ashton (1973) said that p and k were the critical nutrient elements in soil at soil of sarawak lowland dipterocarp forest and it was supported by golley et al. (1975) from panaman tropical forest. it means that p and k are the limiting factor in the tropical rain forest. the present data from lempake forest demonstrate that p and k are bound by the most dominant families those are dipterocarpaceae and lauraceae. both families are the most commercial timber in lowland dipterocarp forest, therefore it might be the answer why the effect of forest disturbences in the tropical lowland dipterocarp forest, i.e. shifting cultivation and logging operation cause a jeopardize in the whole forest ecosystem and leading to alang-alang (7mperata cylindrica) fields or wasting lands. 432 reinwardtia [vol. 10 nutrient status within family to test whether there is grouping of species which is belong to one family based on leaf-mineral contents, an ordination by using a principal component analysis (pca) programme has been used (fig. 1). the results show that species from each family built up their own group (family). it is clear that most of families have high nand p-leaf levels, except euphorbiaceae (no. ii) has very high of ca and mg (particularly mallotus muticus, no. 22) and also k and na levels. dipterocarpaceae (no. i) shows-the highest p-leaf content and also n, ca and mg. olacaceae (no. v) is also high in leafa x i s 3 na a x i s 1 fig. 1. principal component analysis ordination of species and six leaf-nutrient variables of primary dipterocarp forest, lempake, samarinda, legend. i-dipterocarpaceae. ii-euphorbiaceae. iii-myrtaceae. iv-dilleniaceae. v-oleaceae. vi-lauraceae. list of species (no 1 to 35) see table 2. 1988] riswan : leaf nutrient status in lowland dipterocarp forest. 433 content of n, p, k, and na. lauraceae (no. vi) particularly species of eusideroxylon zwageri (no. 15) and dilleniaceae (no. iv) show the highest of k-leaf level and also high content in n, p, and na. leguminosae (intsia palembanica, .no. 28), tiliaceae (pentace laxiflora) and flacourtiaceae (ryparosa javanica, no. 35) show a high of n-leaf content. this data support riswan (1977) based on analysis of sarawak and barro colorado leaf specimens: nutrient status in general a comparison between leaf-nutrient from lempake forest and some other tropical rain forest (table 4) show that most of nutrient elements seem to be in low level compare to other tropical forests^ except for k,na and ca which they are higher than stark's (1971a, 1971b) results. it is not surprised due to this forest grow on podzol soil which it is known very poor in soil nutrient and low ph. p-leaf level in lempake forest is more or less similar to the other forests and slightly higher than in kumasi, ghana and yangambi, belgian congo forests. the table also performs that p-leaf is the lowest content compared with other macronutrient, i.e. n, k, ca and mg. it suggests that p-soil level is very low in tropical lowland forests (ashton 1973, golley et al. 1975). ashton (1973) and withmore (1974) have approved that there is a strong indication that p-soil level can be an important factor for determining the distribution of species diversity in the tropical rain forest. ashton (1973) stated that species diversity appeared the greatest in the range 40-150 ppm of total p-soil and declined both below and above these levels. the present study in lempake forest resulted 131.08 ppm of p-soil content (table 5). tree species composition in lempake forest (209 species per 1.6 ha) supported this hypothesis. the leafand soil-nutrient elements (riswan 1982,1985) in the lowland primary dipterocarp forest at lempake can be ranked as follows n > k > ca > mg > p > na (leaf-nutrient) and n > ca > mg > k > p > na {soilnutrient). it is obvious that soil-nutrient is considerably lower than in leafnutrient, therefore it is reasonable that most of nutrient in the tropical rain forest is stored in vegetation. the results suggest that vegetation in tropical rain forest are extraordinary efficient at conserving nutrient levels which they required for maintaining their dynamic equilibrium. 484 reinwardtia [vol. 10 table 4. comparison of leaf-nutrient of lempake forest, sam ar in da with other tropical forests site mean of leaf-nutrient content (%) remarks n k na mg ca lempake, samarinda (present study) bukit mersing sarawak (riswan 1977) bukit iju, sarawak (riswan 1977) barro colorado island, panama (riswan 1977) kumasi and pakoase district, ghana (nye 1958a) kumasi, ghana (nye 1958b) yangambi, belgian (greenland and kowal 1960) darien, panama (goliey et al 1975) montane forest, puerto rico (ovington and olson 1970) amazone forest (stark 1971a and. 1971b) over all tropical forests (rodin and bazilevich 1967) 1.53 0.15 0.81 0.05 0.54 0.24 2.99 0.9.6 0.09 1.22 0.32 2.25 0.89 0.09 0.41 0.29 3.53 — 1.48 0.21 1.15 0.29 2.00 0.93 — 1,57 1.54 2.52 0.14 0.85 1.54 0.48 2.20 0.12 1.24 1.18 1.18 2.00 0.16 1.35 0.16 1.66 0.31 1.60 0.78 1.04 0.20 1.01 0.37 2.29 0.18 0.75 0.03 0.30 0.26 mean of 35 species; l year period; ryp soil mean of 20 species basalt soil mean of 21 species; rhyolite soil mean of 15 species; basic volcanic ash soil mean of 66 species; mean of 14 species data from 18 years old forest forest on podzol soil 2.25 0.17 0.95 0.05 1.00 0.30 mean of 34 species 1988] riswan : leaf nutrient status in lowland dipterocarp forest 436 tabel 5. comparison of mean leaf-nutrient and soil-nutrient in lempake forest, samarinda, indonesia (based on data february 1978) kind of items elements (ppm) n p k na ca mg leaves 14100 1200 6021.40 568.40 5629.40 2296.10 (mean of 35 species) soil (0-10 cm) 2500 5.30 175.95 48.28 1691.38 308.10 (mean of 9 (available) samples)* 131.08 (total) note : * : based on riswan (1982) conclusions data from the present study in the lowland primary dipterocarp forest have given a further advance evidence about leaf-nutrient as a part of nutrient cycling in the tropical rain forest, that is : 1. leaf-nutrients fluctuate following the time or have a seasonal change. 2. leaf-nutrient levels are higher compared with soil nutrient levels; therefore, this supports the hypothesis that total plant nutrient in the tropical rain forest is stored in vegetation. 3. the dominant species and families tend to control the nutrient cycling in the tropical rain forest. 4. phosporous and potassium seem the most critical elements in the plant-soil system in tropical rain forest, 5. plants in tropical rain forest have an extraordinary efficient at conserving nutrients. references allen, s.e., grimshaw. h.m., parkinson; j.a., & quarmby, c. 1974. chemical analysis of ecological materials. oxford, black-well sci. publ. anonymous, 1966. peta geologi indonesia, dir. geologi, bandung. ashton. p.s. 1973. report on research undertaken during the year 1963-1967 on the ecology of the mixed dipterocarp forest in sarawak. ms. botany depart. univ. of aberdeen. 436 reinwardtia [vol. 10 berlaoe, h.p. jr. 1949. regional in indonesia (rainfall in indonesia). k on ink. magn. en meteorol. oserv. te batavia. verhandelingen no. 37. chapman, h.d. 1967. plant analysis values suggestive of nutrient status of selected crops. soil testing and plant analysis. soil sci, soc. amer. publ. 2 : 33-48. driessche, r. van den. 1974. prediction of mineral nutrient status of trees by foliar analysis. bot. review. 40(3): 347-394. duvigneaud, p. & denaeyer-de-smet, s. 1964. le cycle des elements biogenes dans £' ecosysteme forest (forests temperees caducifoliees). lejeunia 28: 1-148. ernst. w. 1975. variation in the mineral contents of leaves of trees in miombo woodland in south central africa. j. ecol. 63: 801-807. gagnon, j.d. 1964. relationship between index and foliage nitrogen at two crown levels for mature black spruce. for. chron. 40 (2): 169-174. golley, f.b , mcginnis, j.t., clements, r.g., child. g.i. & duever, m.j. 1975. mineral cycling in a tropical moist forest ecosystem. univ. of georgia press. athena. greenland, d.j. & kowal, j.m.l. 1960. nutrient content of the moist tropical forest of ghana. plant and soil 22(2): 154-174. hardjono, 1967. uraian satuan peta expiorasi kalimantan timur bagian selatan. lembaga penelitian tanah. bogor. kenworthy. a.l. 1967. plant analysis and intepretation of analysis for horticulture crops. soil testing and plant analysis. soil sci. soc. amer, piebl. ser, 2: 59j76. kenworthy, j.b. 1971. water and nutrient cycling in a tropical rain forest. in. flenley, j . r . 1971. the water relation of malaysian forest. depart, of geography, univ. of hull. likens. g.e. & bormann. f.h. 1970. chemical analysis of plant tissue from the hubbard brook ecosystem in new hampshire. bull. 79, yale university school of forestry, new haven, ct. meuer, w. 1974. field guide for trees of west malesia, univ. of kentucky, lexington, u.s.a. nye, p.h. 1958a. the mineral composition of some shrubs and trees in ghana. j. west african sci. assoc. 4 (2): 91-98. 1958b. the relative importance of follows and soil in storing plant nutrient in ghana. j. west african sci. assoc. 4 (1): 31-49. 1961. organic matter and nutrient cycles under moist tropical forest. plant and soil 13: 333-346. ovington, j.d. and olson, j.s. 1970. biomass and chemical content of el verde, lower montane rain forest plants. in. o d u m , r t . & pigeon, rf. 1970. a tropical rain forest: h-63 to h-78. u.s. atomic energy commision. riswan, s. 1977. an investigation into the nutrient status of leaf material from tropical rain forest trees. unpubl. msc. thesis, univ. of aberdeen. 1982. ecological studies on primary, secondary and experimentally cleared mixed dipterocarp forest and kerangas forest in east kalimantan, indonesia. phd. thesis, univ. of aberdeen. 1985. nitrogen status in the early succession of two forest types in east kalimantan, indonesia. in. kang, b.t. & van der heide, j. 1985. nitrogen management in farming systems in humid and subhumid tropics. isf and iita, pp. 87-104. 1987. structure and floristic composition of a mixed dipterocarp at forest lempake, east kalimantan. proc. 3rd round table conference on dipterocarps. mab-unesco, jakarta, pp. 435-457. riswan, s., kenworthy, j.b. & kartawinata, k. 1985. the estimation of temporal processes in tropical rainforest: a study of primary mixed dipterocarp forest in indonesia. j. trop. ecol. 1(2) : 171-182. 1988] rlswan : leaf nutrient status in lowland dipterocarp forest. 437 rodin, l.e. & bazilevich, n.i. 1967. production and mineral cycling in terrestrial vegetation. oliver boyd, edinburgh and -london. schmidt, p.h. & ferguson, j.h.a. 1951. rainfall types based on wet and dry period ratios for indonesia with western new guinea: kement. perhub. djaw. met. dan geof. verhand. no. 42. smith, p.f. 1962. mineral analysis of plant tissue. annal. rev. plant physioi. 13: 81-108. stark; n., 1971a. nutrient cycling. i. nutrient distribution in some amazonian soils. trop. ecol. 12 (1): 24-50. 1971b. nutrient cycling. ii. nutrient distribution in amazonian vegetation. trop. ecol. 12(2): 177-201. swan, h.s.d., 1962. the mineral nutrient of the grand mere plantations. pulp paper. res. inst. canada. techn. report setr. 276. woodld. res. index 131. pp. 14. tamm, co. 1951. seasonal variation in composition of birch leaves. physiol. plant. 4: 461-469. whitmore, t.c. 1974. change with time and the role of cyclones in tropical rain forest on kolombangara, solomon island. comm, for. inst. no. 46. 10(4) 425_page_01 binder cover-100_page_013 reinwardtia 2017 16 (2) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 16 (2): 49 – 110, december 19, 2017 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary rina munazar layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: plant and flower of appendicula cordata wibowo & juswara. photos by a. r. u. wibowo. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 16(2): aida baja-lapis ecosystems research and development bureau college, laguna, philippines andre schuiteman herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens kew, richmond, surrey, england, uk eduard f. de vogel hortus botanicus, rapenburg 73, 2311 gj, leiden herwasono soedjito research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia john dransfield herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens kew, richmond, surrey, england, uk maarten j. m. christenhusz plant gateway, hertford, england, uk mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia peter o’byrne waikiki condominium h10-11, tanjung aru, 88100 kota kinabalu, sabah, malaysia yee wen low herbarium singapore, singapore botanic gardens, 1 cluny road, singapore reinwardtia vol 16, no 2, pp: 107–110 107 trichotosia gabriel-asemiana (orchidaceae), a new species from tambrauw, west papua province, indonesia received july 25, 2017; accepted november 08, 2017 yasper michael mambrasar herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. email : michael_mambrasar@yahoo.com andre schuiteman royal botanical gardens kew, richmond, tw9 3ab, united kingdom. email : a.schuiteman@kew.org abstract mambrasar, y. m. & schuiteman, a. 2017. a new species of trichotosia (orchidaceae: epidendroideae: podochileae) from tambrauw, west papua, indonesia. reinwardtia 16(2): 107‒110. — a new species of orchid, trichotosia gabriel-asemiana mambrasar & schuit. from west papua, indonesia, is described and illustrated, including a colour photograph. key words: new species, tambr auw, t richotosia gabriel-asemiana. abstrak mambrasar, y. m. & schuiteman, a. 2017. jenis baru trichotosia (orchidaceae: epidendroideae: podochileae) dari tambrauw, papua barat, indonesia. reinwardtia 16(2): 107‒110. — dipertelakan dan disajikan gambar ilustrasi serta foto jenis baru anggrek trichotosia gabriel-asemiana mambrasar & schuit. dari papua barat, indonesia. kata kunci: j enis bar u, tambr auw, t richotosia gabriel-asemiana. introduction new guinea is one of the global hotspots for orchid diversity, with about 2869 species in 129 genera being recorded so far (ormerod, 2017). the genus trichotosia blume (epidendroideae: podochileae) is here represented by approximately 23 species, many of which are poorly known and hard to distinguish from each other. the genus as a whole contains about 40–50 species (cribb & ng, 2005), distributed from the himalaya and china, through the malay archipelago and the philippines to the solomon islands and vanuatu. new guinea is clearly one of the centres of diversity for the genus. its members are easily recognised by the red-brown, yellow or sometimes whitish hairs covering the leaf-sheaths and, usually, the leaves. in 2016, during field work in the tambrauw regency in the vogelkop or bird’s head peninsula of new guinea, part of the west papua province of indonesia, a team from bioresources exploration papua (widya nusantara expedition program (e-win) 2017)-lipi discovered a species of trichotosia that by its small size, creeping rhizome, single-flowered inflorescences, and maroon flowers appeared quite distinct from any other trichotosia species known from new guinea. it is, however, remarkably similar to a littleknown species from vietnam, t. dalatensis (gagnep.) seidenf., but the morphology and indumentum of the lip appear sufficiently distinct to consider the new guinea material as belonging to a different, undescribed species. trichotosia gabriel-asemiana mambrasar & schuit., spec. nov. — type: indonesia, west papua province tambrauw regency, fef district, along the road to syubun village, 21 april 2016, michael mambrasar & santika 97 (holotype: bo!). figs. 1 & 2. diagnosis. this species is similar to trichotosia microphylla blume and t. dalatensis by its slender, creeping rhizome, short leaves (less than 2 cm long), and solitary flowers with an abaxial, conical callus near the lip apex. trichotosia dalatensis has flowers that are similar in size and in the maroon colour, but differs in having a glabrous, uniformly thick lip with a distinct adaxial callus, whereas t. gabriel-asemiana has a lip that is sparsely pilose abaxially and which is abruptly divided into a fleshy basal part and a thintextured upper part, but lacks an adaxial callus. trichotosia microphylla has larger, yellowish green flowers (lip ca. 9 mm long, vs. 4 mm in t. gabriel-asemiana), with the lip not pubescent abaxially, and not abruptly divided into a fleshy basal part and a thinner upper part. small epiphytic herb. roots numerous from the rhizome and especially from the basal part of the stem, hairy, branching, up to 4.5 cm long, 1 mm reinwardtia 108 [vol.16 fig.1. trichotosia gabriel-asemiana mambrasar & schuit., spec. nov. a. plant, b1. flower (top view), b2. flower (lateral view), c. lateral sepal, d. petal, e. lip, f. dorsal sepal, g. anther, h. column. from michael mambrasar & santika 97 (bo), drawing by wahyudi santoso (bo). b2 d c g h a e f 0.15 cm 0.10 cm 0.15 cm 0.15 cm 0.5 cm 0.10 cm 0.15 cm 1.5 cm 0.3 cm b1 mambrasar & schuiteman : a new species of trichotosia from west papua, indonesia 2017] diam. rhizome slender, creeping, branching, 2– 4.5 cm long, 0.5–1 mm diam., covered with hairy sheaths. stems erect, patent or pendulous with ascending apex, green to brown, 4–8.5 cm long, 1 –2 mm diam, terete, internodes 5–11 mm long, covered with leaf sheaths, with 10–15 leaves. leaves distichous, increasing in size upwards, subpatent, green, 1.4–1.7 cm × 4–8 mm, oblong to elliptic or narrowly obovate, acute, with decurved margins, thick-coriaceous, rather densely covered in soft, pale greyish brown hairs ca. 1.5 mm long. inflorescence emerging laterally from the upper internodes of the stem, short, one-flowered; peduncle very short, covered in soft, pale greyish brown hairs. floral bract 6 × 3 mm, lanceolate, pilose like the leaves. pedicel-with-ovary 1 mm long, densely pilose. flower not opening widely, maroon, 7 mm long, 5 mm wide. dorsal sepal 3 × 1 mm, narrowly ovate, subacute, abaxially sparsely verrucose, pilose, 3-veined. lateral sepals 4 mm long, at the base 4 mm wide, obliquely broadly triangular-ovate, subacute, sparsely verrucose, pilose, 3-veined. petals porrect, 3 × 1 mm, narrowly oblong, obtuse, glabrous, with one branching vein, appearing 3-veined near the middle. lip entire, 4 × 1.8 mm, narrowly oblongovate, fleshy in the basal 2.2 mm, abaxially rather sparsely pilose, 5-veined, the apical part (epichile) concave and thinner textured, the transition between the fleshier basal part and the epichile resembling a ridge; margin of epichile undulate near the base, apex obtuse, with a small, conical, abaxial callus. fruit not seen. distribution. new guinea, endemic. only known from the type locality in tambrauw regency, west papua province, indonesia. habitat. epiphyte on tr ees in pr imar y for est, elevation 450 m. etymology. named in honour of gabriel asem, regent of tambrauw regency since 2011, who in 2015 declared tambrauw regency a conservation zone. notes. t richotosia gabriel-asemiana, which it is our pleasure to name in honour of gabriel asem, the regent of tambrauw who has done so much for nature conservation in west papua province, is distinct from any of the species of trichotosia currently recorded from new guinea by its small size, creeping rhizome, single-flowered inflorescences, and maroon flowers. it is, however, clearly allied to a small group of taxa related to t. microphylla blume (blume, 1825; smith, 1905; 19081914, fig. 292), a species from southeast asia, sumatra, java and borneo. the new species is particularly similar to t. dalatensis from south vietnam (gagnepain, 1930, as eria dalatensis gagnep.; seidenfaden, 1992), which differs in the characters mentioned in the diagnosis. another fig. 2. trichotosia gabriel-asemiana mambrasar & schuit., spec. nov. habit and flower. photo taken from type location by ym mambrasar (bo). reinwardtia 110 [vol.16 related species is trichotosia dongfangensis x. h. jin & l. p. siu (jin & siu, 2004) from china (hainan). this has different colours (flower yellowish green with two purple calli on the lip), and a larger (7 mm long), glabrous lip of uniform thickness that lacks the conical abaxial callus near the apex; it seems very close to t. microphylla blume. peter o’byrne (pers. comm.) observed plants in sulawesi that appeared indistinguishable from t. microphylla, except that the lip was pubescent abaxially, much like our new species. the status of these plants is at present unresolved. acknowledgements the first author would like to thank (1) the e-win program of lipi for the opportunity to join the expedition to tambrauw regency, (2) dr. harry nugroho, dr. kusuma dewi sri yulita, yessi santika m.si., denny sahroni and the e-win team for helping to collect the specimens, (3) the director of balai besar konservasi papua barat and the government of tambrauw regency for granting permission to collect specimens, and (4) diah sulistiarini m.si. for helpful discussions. we thank the reviewers for constructive comments. references blume, c. l. 1825. bijdragen tot de flora van nederlandsch indië. lands drukkerij, batavia. cribb, p. j. & ng, y. p. 2005. trichotosia. in: pridgeon, a. m., cribb, p. j., chase, m w., & rasmussen f. n. (eds.). genera orchidacearum, vol. 4. epidendroideae (part one). oxford university press, oxford. gagnepain, f. 1930. eria nouveaux d’indochine. bulletin du muséum national d'histoire naturelle, sér.2, 2: 304–312. jin, x. h. & siu, g. l. p. 2004. trichotosia dongfangensis (orchidaceae), a new species from china. a nnales botanici fennici 41: 465– 466. ormerod, p. 2017. checklist of papuasian orchids. nature & travel books, lismore. seidenfaden, g. 1992. the orchids of indochina. opera botanica 114: 1–502. smith, j. j. 1905. die orchideen von java. brill, leiden. smith, j. j. 1908–1914. die orchideen von java. figuren-atlas. brill, leiden. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. a merican j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 16. no. 2. 2017 contents page himmah rustiami & andrew henderson. a synopsis of calamus (arecaceae) in sulawesi, indonesia ... 49 aninda r. u. wibowo & lina s. juswara. a new species of a ppendicula section pododesme (orchidaceae) from indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………...………..... 65 j.f. veldkamp. poa opinata (graminaeae), a new species from g. binaiya, ceram, moluccas, indonesia ……. 73 muhammad mansur & kuswata kartawinata. phytosociology of a lower montane forest on mountain batulanteh, sumbawa, indonesia …………………………………………………………………………………….... 77 jaideep mazumdar. typification of tectaria paradoxa (polypodiaceae subfam. tectarioideae) …………….... 93 rugayah & siti sunarti. the genus of lasianthus (rubiaceae) in wawonii island, southeast sulawesi, indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 97 diah sulistiarini, daniel potter & peter o’byrne. dendrobium tinukariensis, a new species of section calyptrochilus from mekongga mountains, southeast sulawesi, indonesia ………………………………… 103 yasper michael mambrasar & andre schuiteman. a new species of trichotosia (orchidaceae: epidendroideae: podochileae) from tambrauw, west papua, indonesia …..……………………………………. 107 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia 0a. front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia final 16(1) 8a jasper m mambrasar et al final (107-110) 9. daftar isi reinwardtia 16(2) untitled r e in w a r d ti a 13 (5) issn 0034 – 365 x a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(5): 391–455, december 20, 2013 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers david middleton (royal botanic gardens edinburgh, uk), eko baroto walujo (lipi, indonesia), ferry slik (xishuangbanna tropical botanical garden, china), henk beentje (royal botanic gardens kew, uk), hidetoshi nagamasu (kyoto university, japan), kuswata kartawinata (lipi, indonesia), mark hughes (royal botanic gardens edinburgh, uk), martin callmander (missouri botanic gardens, usa), michele rodda (singapore botanic gardens, singapore), mien a rifai (aipi, indonesia), rugayah (lipi, indonesia), ruth kiew (forest research institute of malaysia, malaysia). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id cover images: begonia hooveriana wiriad. spec. nov. reinwardtia vol 13, no 5, pp: 445− 448 445 march 1998, ws hoover 885 (holotype: bo!). stem cane like, stout, young stem green, old stem brownish green, glossy, glabrous, nodes thickened, internodes 3–4.5 cm long, 7 mm thick, once branched, up to 100 cm long; without a tuber. stipules pale green, erect, leathery, glabrous, oblongtriangular, base truncate, apex acute, tip ending in a needle, 2.5–3 cm long, ca. 1.6 cm wide, margin entire. leaves distant, erect then held almost horizontally; petiole pale green, 10–24 cm long, round in cross-section, 5–7 mm in diameter; blade asymmetric, flat, shining dark green above and dull plain mid-green below, leathery in life, papery when dried, 12–14 cm long, 11–15 cm wide, broad side 7.5–9 cm wide, base cordate, basal lobes overlapping, 5–6.5 cm long, margin broadly dentatesinuate, tip acuminate; venation palmate-pinnate with ca. 6–7 main veins, branching close towards the margin, veins shallowly impressed above, beneath prominent, the same colour as the blade. inflorescences subterminal, protogynous. female inflorescences with 2 flowers, erect, open for 4 days, peduncle 4.5 cm long, 3 mm in diameter, green with upper part compressed; pedicels 2 cm long, 1 mm diameter; ovary whitish green, shape triangular, locule ca. 1.8 cm long, 0.3 cm thick excluding the wings, wings 3 (rarely 4), equal, green; locules 3, introduction the island of sulawesi island has a high diversity of begonia species, many with ornamental potential although as yet none have been developed economically. smith et al. (1986) recorded 20 species of begonia from sulawesi. in the last decade, intensive study of sulawesi begonia has revealed many new species, with the total of native species increasing to 42 (hughes, 2006; thomas, et al., 2009a, b; girmansyah, et al., 2009). in 1998, during a trip to tanah toraja, south sulawesi the author found several identifiable species, including begonia aptera, b. hirtella, b. longifolia and b. siccacaudata. among the collections from rantepao is a new species which we named begonia hooveriana wiriad. in honor of mr walter scott hoover from new england tropical conservatory, usa who sponsored the expedition to look for new species of begonia in indonesia. begonia hooveriana wiriad. spec. nov. fig. 1–7. begonia petermannia erecta glabra, petiola longa, folia nitida, inflorescentia femina biflora axilaria, tepalae 5 lobae alba, fructus 3 alae, infloresentis mascularis terminalis umbellatis, flos 5-8, tepalis masculis 2 lobes, glabris, albus. — type: south sulawesi, central park makele, tanah toraja, south celebes, alt. 900 m, fl, fr, 9 a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from south sulawesi, indonesia received september 21, 2012; accepted october 12, 2013 harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: harry_wiria@yahoo.com abstract. wiriadinata, h. 2013. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from south sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 13 (5): 445–448. — a new species, begonia hooveriana wiriad., is described from tanah toraja in south sulawesi. it belongs to begonia section petermannia and brings the total number of begonia species native to sulawesi to 43 species. key words: begonia, indonesia, south sulawesi. abstrak. wiriadinata, h. 2013. satu jenis baru begonia (begoniaceae) dari sulawesi selatan, indonesia. reinwardtia 13 (5): 445–448. — satu jenis baru, begonia hooveriana wiriad. tergolong seksi petermannia dari tanah toraja sulawesi selatan dipertelakan dan dilengkapi dengan foto ilustrasi sehingga menambah jumlah begonia asli sulawesi menjadi 43 jenis. kata kunci: begonia, indonesia, sulawesi selatan. reinwardtia 446 [vol.13 fig. 1. begonia hooveriana wiriad. a. living collection showing flat shining leaf; b. male and female inflorescences; c. female and male inflorescence. scale bar a & b = 2 cm, c = 5 mm. (photo: harry wiriadinata). a b c placentas 2 per locule; tepals 5, pure white, glabrous, outer 2 tepals broadly ovate, margin entire, tip rounded, ca. 2.2 cm long, 2 cm wide; inner 3 unequal in size, ovate to ovate-oblong, the smallest tepal 1.8 cm long, 0.9 cm wide; styles 3, styles and stigmas yellow, 7 mm in diameter, stigmas spiral, densely woolly. male inflorescences composed of 1 –2 pseudo-umbels, basal bracts ovate, concave, thin, base flat or truncate, apex acute, glabrous, ca. 2 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, caducous; each pseudo-umbel compose of 6–8 flowers, peduncle 2–3 cm long, bracts in pairs, whitish green becoming green, ovate triangular, 6–12 long, 2–4 mm wide, glabrous, margin entire, tip narrowing and ending in a hair; pedicels up to 4 cm long; tepals 2, reniform, ca. 1.5 × 2.5 cm, margin entire, tip rounded, pure white, glabrous; stamens many, androecium sub-globose, 7 × 3 mm, on a 1 mm column; anthers pale yellow, narrowly oblong-obovate, ca. 1.2 mm long, tip notched, opening by slits. fruits erect with stiff, terete stalks of 1.5 cm long; capsule 18–28 mm long, 3–5 mm wide excluding the wings, glabrous, 3 lobed, each lobe with a thin wing; wings 3 (rarely 4), equal, ca. 5 mm wide, stigma persisting, stalk 2 mm long, splitting between the locules and wings. seeds barrel-shaped, ca. 0.3 mm long, collar cells ca. 2/3 of the seed length. 2013] 447 wiriadinata : a new species of begonia from south sulawesi, indonesia fig. 2. begonia hooveriana wiriad. a. female inflorescences; b. female flowers; c. male inflorescences; d. male flowers, scale bar a, c, & d = 5 mm, scale bar b = 1 cm. (photo: harry wiriadinata). a b c d has 5 white incurved tepals which do not fully open when pop out, male flowers borned in separate branches, compose in pseudo-umbel inflorescences; each male flower has 2 white tepals. fruit a capsule, it has 3 wings. it belongs to section petermannia. acknowledgement i am very grateful to hunter’s foundation and to the new england tropical conservatory bennington vtusa for financial support to ibetp (indonesian biodiversity education and training project) through herbarium bogoriense. i would also like to give my thank dr. ruth kiew, dr. mark hughes, daniel markus for their valuable comments, suggestions, support and read and editing this manuscript. distribution. south sulawesi, endemic. habitat. this species can be found from lowland to hilly areas up to altitudes of about 900 m asl, waste places and open area. notes. the new species is characterized by its flat shining dark green leaves that make this species is an attractive plant. unlike any other begonia in sulawesi, the begonia hooveriana is very distinct. the stem erect then arching down. stipules in pairs, oblong with needle tip, thick, glossy green. leaf has very long stalk, leaf blade glossy or shining at the upper surface. flowers protandrous; female flowers grow in pairs on an erect peduncle and each flower reinwardtia 448 [vol.13 references girmansyah, d., wiriadinata, h., thomas, d. c., & hoover, w. s. 2009. two new species and one subspecies of begonia (begoniaceae) from southest sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 13 (1): 69– 74. hughes, m. 2006. four new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sulawesi. edinburgh journal of botany 63 (2&3): 191–199. smith, l. b., wasshausen d. c., golding, j. & karegeannes, c. e. 1986. begoniaceae part l: illustrated key: part ll: annotated species list. smithsonian contributions to botany, no. 60. 584 pp. thomas, d. c., ardi, w. h. , hartutiningsih & hughes, m. 2009a. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from south sulawesi, indonesia. edinburgh journal of botany 66 (2):229–238. thomas, d. c., ardi , w. h. & hughes, m. 2009b. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from central sulawesi, indonesia. edinburgh journal of botany 66(1): 103–114. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new romance letter type submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id> for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed. english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english or latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 5. 2013 contents page harry wiriadinata, harry wiriadinata, deden girmansyah, james m. hunter, w. scott hoover & kuswata kartawinata. floristic study of west sumbawa, indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 391 nurhaidah iriani sinaga, ary prihardhyanto keim & pratita puradyatmika. the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia (pandanaceae) with seven new species in timika, west papua, indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………405 abdulrokhman kartonegoro. a revision of rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) in malesia …...421 siti susiarti, tutie djarwaningsih & ary prihardhyanto keim. pandan (pandanaceae) in flores island, east nusa tenggara, indonesia: an economic-botanical study ….………………………..431 ary prihardhyanto keim. a new species of freycinetia gaudich. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) from tidore island, moluccas, indonesia ………………………………………………………………… 441 harry wiriadinata. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from south sulawesi, indonesia …445 vera b. l. sihotang. the dynamics of pandanus illustrations from a historical perspective ………..449 lina s. juswara. book review …………………………………………………………………..….....455 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia reinwardtia 2018 17 (1) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 17 (1): 1 – 85, june 29, 2018 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary ruslan bukhori layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: psydrax undulatifolius k.m.wong & mahyuni spec.nov., a. habit; b. flower; c. stigma; d. flower bud; e. young fruit; f. corolla cut open to reveal inside; g. anther; h. stipule. a, e, h from h.n. ridley 6475 (sing); b, c, d, f, g from d.b. arnot 30665 (kep), drawing by anne kusumawaty (bo). the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 17(1): sylvain razafimandimbison swedish museum of natural history, swedia wong khoon meng herbarium singapore, singapore botanic gardens, 1 cluny road, singapore mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia joan pereira sandakan herbarium forest research centre sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia johan iskandar universitas padjadjaran, bandung, indonesia andrew powling -university of portsmouth, portsmouth, united kingdom reinwardtia vol. 17. no. 1. pp: 67–75 67 bamboo resources, cultural values, and ex-situ conservation in bali, indonesia received march 28, 2017; accepted may 15, 2018 wawan sujarwo bali botanic garden, indonesian institute of sciences-lipi, candikuning baturiti, tabanan 82191, bali, indonesia. email: wawan.sujarwo@lipi.go.id abstract sujarwo, w. 2018. bamboo resources, cultural values, and ex-situ conservation in bali, indonesia. reinwardtia 17 (1): 67–75. — this present study describes the diversity of bamboo resources, based on bali botanic garden’s bamboo collections, and its unusual uses, including complementary information on floristic region, and ex-situ conservation of bamboo resources on the island of bali, indonesia. bamboo resources have played an important role in the economics and culture of rural communities in bali. bali botanic garden, indonesian institute of sciences (lipi), started to introduce bamboo species in 1982 and established the ex-situ conservation compartment (2 ha) of bamboo in the same year. up to now, 52 species in 11 genera collected from mostly the malesian region (67.44%) and the eastern asiatic region (20.93%) have been planted in the bamboo compartment, of which 5.77% bamboo species are woody climbers. key words: bali, bamboo resources, ethnobotany, ex-situ conservation. abstrak sujarwo, w. 2018. keragaman bambu, nilai kultural, dan konservasi eks-situ di bali, indonesia. reinwardtia 17 (1): 67–75 — studi ini menggambarkan keragaman bambu, berdasarkan koleksi bambu kebun raya bali, dan kegunaan yang tidak biasanya, yang meliputi tambahan informasi mengenai wilayah floristik, dan konservasi eks-situ tanaman bambu di pulau bali, indonesia. bambu telah memainkan peran penting dalam ekonomi dan budaya masyarakat pedesaan di bali. kebun raya bali, lembaga ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (lipi), mulai memperkenalkan bambu pada tahun 1982 dan mendirikan petak konservasi eks-situ bambu (2 ha) pada tahun yang sama. hingga kini, 52 jenis bambu dari 11 marga yang sebagian besar dikumpulkan dari wilayah malesia (67,44%) dan wilayah asia timur (20,93%) telah ditanam di petak bambu, sebanyak 5,77% jenis bambu merupakan tumbuhan merambat. kata kunci: bali, bambu, etnobotani, konser vasi eks-situ. introduction there are more than 1250 bamboo species distributed in the humid tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions of the world (sharma, 1980; dransfield, 1981; qing et al., 2008). the islands in the malesian region have a rich diversity of plants and not all of those plants have been identified. indonesia has approximately 17,000 islands; one of those is bali. the country, with over 100 bamboo species, has rich bamboo diversity, third in the world only to china and india (dransfield & widjaja, 1995). bamboo is an amazing grass in the poaceae family (wong, 2004), and generates offspring by a complex robust rhizome system with woody culms and branches (soderstrom et al., 1979). bamboo is very adaptable, as it grows from lowland to highland. its uses in construction, pulp and paper, for handicrafts and household utensils are well known by many people, but its cultural values are less known. there is a uniqueness of bamboo on the island of bali. bamboo represents one of three living philosophies of the balinese. bamboo is an integral part of bali life, particularly in the rural populations. the coconut and banana are also used, but less commonly. the people of bali depend upon bamboo for every aspect of life from birth to death. for instance, balinese utilise the bamboo as a knife to cut the navel when a baby is born, and bamboo is used to transport the body of an individual to the cemetery upon his demise (sujarwo et al., 2012). bali botanic garden (bbg) has become one of the plant conservation centres in indonesia, situated on the east slope of bukit tapak hill, at an elevation of 1,250-1,400 m asl, adjacent to the batukaru nature reserve (15,390 ha). the total area of bbg is 157.5 ha (lugrayasa et al., 2009). by december 2015, bbg had 2,386 species in its collection, consisting of 241 families, 1,069 genera and including 52 species of bamboo and 213 species of ceremonial flora (kebun raya bali, 2015). learning the indigenous knowledge in every region about utilisation of bamboo will be useful for understanding the cultural values. even for the same bamboo species, the parts that are used and the preparation and application methods are not the same in every region. these depend upon the local wisdom and culture in every region (sujarwo et al., 2014). considering the diversity of bamboo, reinwardtia 66 [vol.17 someren, et joannus van dyck, amstelaedami. pp. 14–15. veldkamp, j. f. 2008. the correct name for the tetrastigma (vitaceae) host of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) in malesia and a (not so) new species. reinwardtia 12: 261–265. veldkamp, j. f. 2009. notes on the names of tetrastigma hosts of rafflesia. reinwardtia 13: 75–78. wen, j. 2007. v itaceae. in: kubitzki, k. (ed.). the families and genera of vascular plants. springer–verlag, berlin. pp. 468–476. wight, r. 1840. icones plantarum indiae orientalis i. j.b. pharoah, madras. pp. 17, 24, 59, 209. wight, r. & walker-arnott, g. a. 1834. prodromus florae peninsulae indiae orientalis i. parbury, allen, & co., london. pp. 128–131. yeo, c. k., ang, w. f., alvin, f. s. & lok, l. 2012. tetrastigma planch. (vitaceae) of singapore: with a special note of tetrastigma dichotomum (bl.) planch. nature in singapore 5: 263–270. reinwardtia 68 [vol.16 discovering its unusual uses could be valuable, not only in bali, and many scientists could take a role in this. it is possible that bamboo could become an industry worth millions of dollars, because of its rapid productivity and ease of cultivation in many environments. therefore, the aims of this present study are to discuss and to analyse the diversity of bamboo resources in bali botanic garden and its unusual uses, especially related to balinese culture, including their floristic region, and conservation efforts. material and methods study area the study was conducted in bali botanic garden (8°16’20”s, 115°9’7” e) in the middle part of bali island, indonesia. the island of bali is located at the westernmost end of the lesser sunda islands (indonesia), between java to the west and lombok to the east (fig. 1.). altitude varies from 0 m at the coast line to 3,142 m at the top of highest mountain (mount agung) (badan pusat statistik, 2015). bali has a tropical climate with a bimodal seasonality (dry season from may to october and rainy season from november to april). the total annual rainfall can vary across the island spanning from around 1,200 to around 3,700 mm. the average annual temperature also varies throughout the year, and ranges from 23 to 33oc. the soil is alluvial and dominated by latosol, regosol, and andosol (badan pusat statistik, 2015; sujarwo & caneva, 2015). bali has also rich biological diversity. the flora of bali is characterised by 1595 species of spermatophyta, 173 species of pteridophyta, and 169 species of bryophyta (girmansyah et al., 2013). data collection information on the number of bamboo resources was obtained through bali botanic garden’s catalogue (lugrayasa et al., 2009; kebun raya bali, 2015), and their floristic regions were obtained through the book of floristic region of the world, written by armen takhtajan (1986). that is important information to understand the origin/ distribution of bamboo resources. for each species of bamboo, the author reviewed available literature for utilisation and cultural values using scientific databases (such as science direct, google scholar). scientific names of the bamboo species were verified using online sources (e.g. the plant list, 2018). results this present study recorded 52 bamboo species belonging to 11 genera as being collected by bali botanic garden, of which 5.77% bamboo species are woody climbers. the most common genera are gigantochloa (20 species), bambusa (11 species), and schizostachyum (8 species). however, nine bamboo species are still unidentified. the native floristic region of the 52 recorded bamboo species covers malesian (67.44%), eastern asiatic (20.93%), indochinese (4.65%), and other tropical and sub-tropical asian (6.98%) regions. in total, fig. 1. the location of bali botanic garden sujarwo: bamboo resources, cultural values, and ex-situ conservation in bali 2018] 69 only three bamboo species are not native to the tropical and sub-tropical areas of asia. a list of bamboo species together with their floristic region is provided in table 1. this present study also recorded cultural values and ex-situ conservation of bamboo resources on the island of bali, indonesia. discussion bamboo resources and their floristic region dransfield (1981) estimated that sixty-four percent of world bamboo species are native to southeast asia, thirty-three percent grows in central and south america, and the rest is in africa and oceania. in indonesia, over 100 bamboo species are mostly distributed in sumatra, java, bali and the lesser sunda islands (dransfield & widjaja, 1995; widjaja, 2001; widjaja et al., 2005). the floristic region of this present study covers malesian (67.44%), eastern asiatic (20.93%), indochinese (4.65%), and other tropical and sub-tropical asian (6.98%) regions. this geographical derivation might be strongly in connection with cultural influences within the tropical and sub-tropical asiatic region. pringle (2004) and sujarwo & caneva (2016) mentioned that the island of bali is not only a species-rich tropical area, but also its people have a rich cultural history. on the contrary, the arrival in indonesia of plants native to central and south america was made by seed exchange among botanic gardens, and might have been introduced by the dutch starting in the 16th century (simmonds, 1976). even though the surface area of bali island is around 5,780 km2, and only 0.2% of the whole area of indonesia, six bamboo species were identified native to the island. they are bambusa ooh widjaja & astuti, dinochloa sepang widjaja & astuti, gigantochloa aya widjaja & astuti, gigantochloa baliana widjaja & astuti, gigantochloa taluh widjaja & astuti, and schizostachyum castaneum widjaja (arinasa & sujarwo, 2015). arinasa & peneng (2013) stated not all bamboo species on the island have been identified. in bali, bamboo generally grows in the natural forests and home gardens. one of the well-known bamboo forests is situated in penglipuran traditional village, a large area of bamboo belongs to the local communities and individual landowners, and it varies between 40 and 50 hectares (sujarwo, 2016). cultural values of bamboo history and folklore in the past, bambusa blumeana schult.f. grew abundantly throughout the coastline of the northern part of bali island. it formed a natural barrier, which prevented the dutch from entering the island when they wanted to colonise singaraja (the former capital city of bali) (sujarwo, 2012). according to the ancestors, the dutch threatened singaraja many times, but they could not enter singaraja due to bambusa blumeana. therefore, singaraja could not be colonised by the dutch for a long time. however, the dutch were very smart and they were relentless in their quest to colonise singaraja, so they were always devising new techniques to accomplish their goals. they came up with the idea of destroying the forest of b. blumeana, where it grew well and was sturdy. many coins (money) were thrown by helicopter at the bamboo forest over a long period of time. local people were overjoyed at this, because they did not have much money. as a result, they began to cut down all clumps of b. blumeana throughout the coastline in pursuit of these coins. the livelihood of the balinese people living in singaraja gradually began to change. consequently, this provided an opportunity for the dutch to clear the forest of b. blumeana. once that had been removed from the coastline, it was vulnerable and the dutch moved in easily. the dutch used weaponry and warships to attack singaraja. in the end they were able to colonise singaraja. the local people were saddened by this, because they realised, after it was too late, that the dutch had used this strategy to conquer them. folk feast galungan is one of the biggest feasts for hindus in bali, as are the nyepi and kuningan days. bali's hindus celebrate galungan twice a year, as well as kuningan but nyepi is held only once a year. a day before the day of galungan, balinese hindus in celebration set penjor in front of their own houses (sujarwo, 2011). penjor is made from entire bamboo culms and the curved ends are garnished with an assortment of ornaments. penjor is one of the most important tools in the galungan’s ceremony. this has resulted in increasing demand of bamboo in bali, which affects the selling price in the market. the meaning of penjor is as gratitude for blessings that have been given and also an offering to god that is symbolised in all the crops used in it. penjor is always installed the day before galungan and is attached in front of the entrance to the house with its end facing the street. it is removed a month after the day of galungan. the types of bamboo that are often used to make penjor are bambu bali (gigantochloa baliana), bambu tali (g. apus (schult.) kurz), bambu tabah (g. nigrociliata (buse) kurz), and bambu tamblang gading (schizostachyum brachycladum (schult.) kurz) (sujarwo, 2011). bambu bali is bali endemic species that has been developed in many local communities in bali and has been reinwardtia 68 [vol.16 discovering its unusual uses could be valuable, not only in bali, and many scientists could take a role in this. it is possible that bamboo could become an industry worth millions of dollars, because of its rapid productivity and ease of cultivation in many environments. therefore, the aims of this present study are to discuss and to analyse the diversity of bamboo resources in bali botanic garden and its unusual uses, especially related to balinese culture, including their floristic region, and conservation efforts. material and methods study area the study was conducted in bali botanic garden (8°16’20”s, 115°9’7” e) in the middle part of bali island, indonesia. the island of bali is located at the westernmost end of the lesser sunda islands (indonesia), between java to the west and lombok to the east (fig. 1.). altitude varies from 0 m at the coast line to 3,142 m at the top of highest mountain (mount agung) (badan pusat statistik, 2015). bali has a tropical climate with a bimodal seasonality (dry season from may to october and rainy season from november to april). the total annual rainfall can vary across the island spanning from around 1,200 to around 3,700 mm. the average annual temperature also varies throughout the year, and ranges from 23 to 33oc. the soil is alluvial and dominated by latosol, regosol, and andosol (badan pusat statistik, 2015; sujarwo & caneva, 2015). bali has also rich biological diversity. the flora of bali is characterised by 1595 species of spermatophyta, 173 species of pteridophyta, and 169 species of bryophyta (girmansyah et al., 2013). data collection information on the number of bamboo resources was obtained through bali botanic garden’s catalogue (lugrayasa et al., 2009; kebun raya bali, 2015), and their floristic regions were obtained through the book of floristic region of the world, written by armen takhtajan (1986). that is important information to understand the origin/ distribution of bamboo resources. for each species of bamboo, the author reviewed available literature for utilisation and cultural values using scientific databases (such as science direct, google scholar). scientific names of the bamboo species were verified using online sources (e.g. the plant list, 2018). results this present study recorded 52 bamboo species belonging to 11 genera as being collected by bali botanic garden, of which 5.77% bamboo species are woody climbers. the most common genera are gigantochloa (20 species), bambusa (11 species), and schizostachyum (8 species). however, nine bamboo species are still unidentified. the native floristic region of the 52 recorded bamboo species covers malesian (67.44%), eastern asiatic (20.93%), indochinese (4.65%), and other tropical and sub-tropical asian (6.98%) regions. in total, fig. 1. the location of bali botanic garden reinwardtia 70 [vol.16 species of bamboo life form collected from number of specimen (clump) floristic region bambusa bambusa blumeana schult.f. tree bali 5 malesian bambusa maculata widjaja tree bali 21 malesian w. nusa tenggara 5 bambusa multiplex (lour.) raeusch. ex schult. tree bali 16 eastern asiatic bambusa ooh widjaja & astuti tree bali 9 malesian bambusa tuldoides munro tree bali 6 eastern asiatic bambusa vulgaris schrad. tree bali 11 eastern asiatic e. nusa tenggara 4 s. sulawesi 2 w. nusa tenggara 4 bambusa vulgaris var. striata (lodd. ex lindl.) gamble tree bali 7 eastern asiatic bambusa vulgaris f. waminii t.h.wen tree bali 11 eastern asiatic e. java 1 w. nusa tenggara 1 bambusa sp.1 tree e. nusa tenggara 2 s. sulawesi 3 bambusa sp.2 tree bali 12 s. sulawesi 4 s.e. sulawesi 1 w. nusa tenggara 12 bambusa sp.3 tree s. sulawesi 2 dendrocalamus dendrocalamus asper (schult.) backer tree bali 23 indochinese e. nusa tenggara 1 w. nusa tenggara 1 dendrocalamus sp. tree bali 6 dinochloa dinochloa kostermansiana s.dransf. woody climber e. nusa tenggara 1 malesian dinochloa sepang widjaja & astuti woody climber bali 3 malesian dinochloa sp. woody climber bali 6 n. sulawesi 1 s. sulawesi 1 gigantochloa gigantochloa apus (schult.) kurz tree bali 42 indochinese gigantochloa atter (hassk.) kurz tree bali 4 malesian c. sulawesi 2 e. nusa tenggara 2 s. sulawesi 2 gigantochloa atroviolacea widjaja tree bali 4 malesian java 5 gigantochloa aya widjaja & astuti tree bali 13 malesian gigantochloa baliana widjaja & astuti tree bali 1 malesian gigantochloa manggong widjaja tree bali 12 malesian gigantochloa hasskarliana (kurz) backer tree bali 4 malesian gigantochloa kuring widjaja tree bali 7 malesian sumatera 9 gigantochloa luteostriata widjaja tree bali 3 malesian gigantochloa magentea widjaja tree bali 1 malesian gigantochloa nigrociliata (buse) kurz. tree bali 5 malesian gigantochloa pubinervis widjaja tree bali 9 malesian borneo 5 sumatera 5 gigantochloa pubipetiolata widjaja tree bali 1 malesian table 1. the ex-situ conservation of bamboo in bali botanic garden sujarwo: bamboo resources, cultural values, and ex-situ conservation in bali 2018] 71 species of bamboo life form collected from number of specimen (clump) floristic region gigantochloa robusta kurz tree bali 2 malesian gigantochloa serik widjaja tree bali 1 malesian gigantochloa taluh widjaja & astuti tree bali 5 malesian gigantochloa thoi k.m.wong tree bali 1 malesian gigantochloa velutina widjaja tree bali 3 malesian gigantochloa sp.1 tree bali 47 gigantochloa sp.2 tree bali 61 borneo 4 e. java 3 e. nusa tenggara 1 maluku 8 w. nusa tenggara 4 guadua guadua chacoensis (rojas acosta) londoño & p.m.peterson tree bali 10 amazonian neololeba neololeba atra (lindl.) widjaja tree papua 2 northeast australian otatea otatea acuminata (munro) c.e.calderón ex soderstr. tree mexico 15 madrean phyllostachys phyllostachys aurea rivière & c.rivière tree china 4 eastern asiatic phyllostachys nigra (lodd. ex lindl.) munro tree china 3 eastern asiatic phyllostachys sp.1 tree s. sulawesi 2 schizostachyum schizostachyum brachycladum (kurz) kurz tree bali 6 malesian c. sulawesi 1 e. nusa tenggara 8 java 4 s.e. sulawesi 2 schizostachyum castaneum widjaja tree bali 1 malesian schizostachyum caudatum backer ex k.heyne tree bali 1 malesian schizostachyum cuspidatum widjaja tree bali 1 malesian schizostachyum lima (blanco) merr. tree bali 34 malesian c. sulawesi 1 e. nusa tenggara 7 philippines 3 s.e. sulawesi 1 schizostachyum silicatum widjaja tree bali 23 malesian schizostachyum zollingeri steud. tree e. java 2 malesian schizostachyum sp.1 tree bali 14 borneo 1 papua 4 sumatera 2 s.e. sulawesi 4 w. nusa tenggara 14 w. papua 2 shibataea shibataea kumasasa (steud.) makino tree bali 3 eastern asiatic thyrsostachys thyrsostachys siamensis gamble tree bali 6 eastern asiatic abbreviations. c. sulawesi = centr al sulawesi; e. j ava = east j ava; e. nusa tenggar a = east nusa tenggara; n. sulawesi = north sulawesi; s. sulawesi = south sulawesi; s.e. sulawesi = south east sulawesi; w. nusa tenggara = west nusa tenggara; w. papua = west papua. table 1. the ex-situ conservation of bamboo in bali botanic garden (continued) reinwardtia 70 [vol.16 species of bamboo life form collected from number of specimen (clump) floristic region bambusa bambusa blumeana schult.f. tree bali 5 malesian bambusa maculata widjaja tree bali 21 malesian w. nusa tenggara 5 bambusa multiplex (lour.) raeusch. ex schult. tree bali 16 eastern asiatic bambusa ooh widjaja & astuti tree bali 9 malesian bambusa tuldoides munro tree bali 6 eastern asiatic bambusa vulgaris schrad. tree bali 11 eastern asiatic e. nusa tenggara 4 s. sulawesi 2 w. nusa tenggara 4 bambusa vulgaris var. striata (lodd. ex lindl.) gamble tree bali 7 eastern asiatic bambusa vulgaris f. waminii t.h.wen tree bali 11 eastern asiatic e. java 1 w. nusa tenggara 1 bambusa sp.1 tree e. nusa tenggara 2 s. sulawesi 3 bambusa sp.2 tree bali 12 s. sulawesi 4 s.e. sulawesi 1 w. nusa tenggara 12 bambusa sp.3 tree s. sulawesi 2 dendrocalamus dendrocalamus asper (schult.) backer tree bali 23 indochinese e. nusa tenggara 1 w. nusa tenggara 1 dendrocalamus sp. tree bali 6 dinochloa dinochloa kostermansiana s.dransf. woody climber e. nusa tenggara 1 malesian dinochloa sepang widjaja & astuti woody climber bali 3 malesian dinochloa sp. woody climber bali 6 n. sulawesi 1 s. sulawesi 1 gigantochloa gigantochloa apus (schult.) kurz tree bali 42 indochinese gigantochloa atter (hassk.) kurz tree bali 4 malesian c. sulawesi 2 e. nusa tenggara 2 s. sulawesi 2 gigantochloa atroviolacea widjaja tree bali 4 malesian java 5 gigantochloa aya widjaja & astuti tree bali 13 malesian gigantochloa baliana widjaja & astuti tree bali 1 malesian gigantochloa manggong widjaja tree bali 12 malesian gigantochloa hasskarliana (kurz) backer tree bali 4 malesian gigantochloa kuring widjaja tree bali 7 malesian sumatera 9 gigantochloa luteostriata widjaja tree bali 3 malesian gigantochloa magentea widjaja tree bali 1 malesian gigantochloa nigrociliata (buse) kurz. tree bali 5 malesian gigantochloa pubinervis widjaja tree bali 9 malesian borneo 5 sumatera 5 gigantochloa pubipetiolata widjaja tree bali 1 malesian table 1. the ex-situ conservation of bamboo in bali botanic garden reinwardtia 72 [vol.16 conserved in the bali botanic garden. bamboo and myths bambu pingit (gigantochloa hasskarliana (kurz) backer) is well known to the indigenous people in eastern parts of bali (sujarwo, 2010b). it is found there only in the holy area of the lempuyang luhur temple, which is one of the biggest temples in bali. it is located on the mountain lampuyang luhur, which is 1,200 m asl. the local people in this area believe that this bamboo can cure breast cancer, insomnia, and heart problems. a hindu priest at the temple says that the water inside the culms of this bamboo can cure those diseases. local people say that many have been healed by drinking the water from inside the culm (sujarwo et al., 2010a). in addition to being used as a medicine, the water inside the culm is used as holy water by hindu people in bali (sujarwo, 2010b). this is an example of local indigenous knowledge. on top of this mountain five clumps of bambu pingit are growing. while bamboos can grow from the lowlands to the highlands, this bamboo is growing only on top of this mountain. the roof of balinese traditional buildings most balinese have known that clay was usually used as raw material for the roof. but, in penglipuran traditional village in bali the roof is unique. in that village bamboo is used. the roof is made from laths of bamboos (gigantochloa aya, g. taluh and g. apus) with the dimensions of 5–7 cm wide, 25–54 cm long, and 0.5–1.2 cm thick respectively. in penglipuran, most holy buildings such as pura (temple), bale gong, bale piasan, bale kulkul and bale paruman (these holy buildings are parts of the hindu temple) have bamboo roofs. besides holy buildings, houses, kitchens, and angkul-angkul (private entrance gates) also use bamboo for roofs especially from bambu aya (g. aya). the utilisation of bamboo for roofs is found not only in penglipuran (bangli regency), but also in other villages in bali such as tigawasa and sidatapa villages (bulleleng regency), angsri and wongaya gede villages (tabanan regency), pempatan and tenganan villages (karangasem regency). arinasa & peneng (2013) stated that, in recent times, restaurants, hotels and houses in bali have utilised the laths of bamboo for the roof. making and preserving bamboo laths is simple. although the bamboo roof is made traditionally and without preservative, many people began to like it, because it gives freshness. the air circulation is better. also, the bamboo roof has been reported as lasting 25-30 years or more. bamboo charcoal in bangli regency, 18 species of bamboo grow. these include gigantochloa aya, g. taluh, g. apus, and dendrocalamus asper (schult.) backer. those bamboos have been utilised by traditional charcoal makers to produce charcoal. this is a product that has been developed as a sustainable product. it could be made from all parts of bamboo, but the traditional charcoal maker uses only bamboo waste. this includes rhizomes, internodes, small branches and waste from the bamboo home industry (astuti & arinasa, 2002). a few iron makers still exist in bali. they burn bamboo charcoal to make knives, sickles etc. they said that bamboo charcoal yields higher heat than other kinds, such as that made from coconut shells. this may be due the high silica content in bamboo. bamboo has a significant impact and is used in many aspects of the lives of local people, particularly in the bangli regency. based on local people information, bamboo charcoal usually sells for 60,000 idr per sack (1 usd = 13,200 idr). traditional charcoal makers can make five sacks in two days, for which they will get idr 300,000. however, they must buy the bamboo waste from craftsmen for idr 30,000 for one sack of bamboo waste. so the traditional charcoal makers get only idr 150,000 for two days or idr 75,000 for one day. they do not earn much, although this is a bit higher than for day workers, because labour pay is usually about idr 50,000 to idr 60,000 per day. bamboo and medicine the use of modern medicines and pharmaceuticals has spoiled humans, so that the knowledge of ancestral traditional medicines has been slightly overlooked. one potential alternative medicine material is bamboo. bamboo is well known, but its utilisation as medicine is less known. previously, the shoots of bambu kuning (bambusa vulgaris schrad.) were used to heal liver problems (sujarwo et al., 2012). balinese ancestors used the water in dinochloa scandens (blume ex nees) kuntze as medicinal eyewash and for tuberculosis (tengah et al., 1995). sujarwo et al. (2012) mentioned that some indigenous knowledge of bamboo was found through interviews with balian usada, an indigenous medical practitioner who is knowledgeable on plant uses, and eight species were found as medicine. the eight species of bamboo and their medicinal uses were: shoots of d. asper, used to reduce hypertension; shoots of gigantochloa nigrociliata, used to relax muscle and for heartburn; roots of g. aya, used to reduce fever; culms of bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris, used to cure liver problem; shoots of schizostachyum lima (blanco) merr. used to increase memory; shoots of bambusa vulgaris var. reinwardtia 72 [vol.16 conserved in the bali botanic garden. bamboo and myths bambu pingit (gigantochloa hasskarliana (kurz) backer) is well known to the indigenous people in eastern parts of bali (sujarwo, 2010b). it is found there only in the holy area of the lempuyang luhur temple, which is one of the biggest temples in bali. it is located on the mountain lampuyang luhur, which is 1,200 m asl. the local people in this area believe that this bamboo can cure breast cancer, insomnia, and heart problems. a hindu priest at the temple says that the water inside the culms of this bamboo can cure those diseases. local people say that many have been healed by drinking the water from inside the culm (sujarwo et al., 2010a). in addition to being used as a medicine, the water inside the culm is used as holy water by hindu people in bali (sujarwo, 2010b). this is an example of local indigenous knowledge. on top of this mountain five clumps of bambu pingit are growing. while bamboos can grow from the lowlands to the highlands, this bamboo is growing only on top of this mountain. the roof of balinese traditional buildings most balinese have known that clay was usually used as raw material for the roof. but, in penglipuran traditional village in bali the roof is unique. in that village bamboo is used. the roof is made from laths of bamboos (gigantochloa aya, g. taluh and g. apus) with the dimensions of 5–7 cm wide, 25–54 cm long, and 0.5–1.2 cm thick respectively. in penglipuran, most holy buildings such as pura (temple), bale gong, bale piasan, bale kulkul and bale paruman (these holy buildings are parts of the hindu temple) have bamboo roofs. besides holy buildings, houses, kitchens, and angkul-angkul (private entrance gates) also use bamboo for roofs especially from bambu aya (g. aya). the utilisation of bamboo for roofs is found not only in penglipuran (bangli regency), but also in other villages in bali such as tigawasa and sidatapa villages (bulleleng regency), angsri and wongaya gede villages (tabanan regency), pempatan and tenganan villages (karangasem regency). arinasa & peneng (2013) stated that, in recent times, restaurants, hotels and houses in bali have utilised the laths of bamboo for the roof. making and preserving bamboo laths is simple. although the bamboo roof is made traditionally and without preservative, many people began to like it, because it gives freshness. the air circulation is better. also, the bamboo roof has been reported as lasting 25-30 years or more. bamboo charcoal in bangli regency, 18 species of bamboo grow. these include gigantochloa aya, g. taluh, g. apus, and dendrocalamus asper (schult.) backer. those bamboos have been utilised by traditional charcoal makers to produce charcoal. this is a product that has been developed as a sustainable product. it could be made from all parts of bamboo, but the traditional charcoal maker uses only bamboo waste. this includes rhizomes, internodes, small branches and waste from the bamboo home industry (astuti & arinasa, 2002). a few iron makers still exist in bali. they burn bamboo charcoal to make knives, sickles etc. they said that bamboo charcoal yields higher heat than other kinds, such as that made from coconut shells. this may be due the high silica content in bamboo. bamboo has a significant impact and is used in many aspects of the lives of local people, particularly in the bangli regency. based on local people information, bamboo charcoal usually sells for 60,000 idr per sack (1 usd = 13,200 idr). traditional charcoal makers can make five sacks in two days, for which they will get idr 300,000. however, they must buy the bamboo waste from craftsmen for idr 30,000 for one sack of bamboo waste. so the traditional charcoal makers get only idr 150,000 for two days or idr 75,000 for one day. they do not earn much, although this is a bit higher than for day workers, because labour pay is usually about idr 50,000 to idr 60,000 per day. bamboo and medicine the use of modern medicines and pharmaceuticals has spoiled humans, so that the knowledge of ancestral traditional medicines has been slightly overlooked. one potential alternative medicine material is bamboo. bamboo is well known, but its utilisation as medicine is less known. previously, the shoots of bambu kuning (bambusa vulgaris schrad.) were used to heal liver problems (sujarwo et al., 2012). balinese ancestors used the water in dinochloa scandens (blume ex nees) kuntze as medicinal eyewash and for tuberculosis (tengah et al., 1995). sujarwo et al. (2012) mentioned that some indigenous knowledge of bamboo was found through interviews with balian usada, an indigenous medical practitioner who is knowledgeable on plant uses, and eight species were found as medicine. the eight species of bamboo and their medicinal uses were: shoots of d. asper, used to reduce hypertension; shoots of gigantochloa nigrociliata, used to relax muscle and for heartburn; roots of g. aya, used to reduce fever; culms of bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris, used to cure liver problem; shoots of schizostachyum lima (blanco) merr. used to increase memory; shoots of bambusa vulgaris var. sujarwo: bamboo resources, cultural values, and ex-situ conservation in bali 2018] 73 striata, used to cure liver problems; roots of schizostachyum brachycladum (kurz) kurz used to smooth mother's milk (sujarwo, 2010a; sujarwo et al., 2012); and roots and culms of g. apus, used to cure diabetes and for skin rejuvenation (sujarwo et al., 2010b). bamboo shoots bamboo grows more rapidly than any other plant on the planet, it has been clocked surging skyward as fast as 47.6 inches in a 24-hour period, but it can only happen in the rainy season, where shoot production becomes very abundant. however, there are only three types of bamboo shoots that are often traded in traditional markets in bali, namely bambu petung (dinochloa asper), bambu tabah (g. nigrociliata), and bambu tali (g. apus). arinasa & peneng (2013) stated that the first two species became very popular among local balinese people. bamboo shoots contain a lot of protein, carbohydrates, fats, fibre, and vitamins a and c which are beneficial to the human body and health (sujarwo et al., 2012). although it has many health benefits, it is rare to find dishes made from bamboo shoots in fancy restaurants and hotels in bali. there is a stigma in balinese communities that bamboo shoots are food for lower to middleclass society. peak harvesting season for bamboo shoots occurs in january; this made the selling price in traditional markets cheap enough. the bamboo shoots are sold at a price of 2000 idr per plastic bag (250 grams) (sujarwo, 2015a). with the many nutritional content and health benefits, as well as prices that are relatively affordable, bamboo shoots are very important for local balinese. creating a new water spring on the basis of studies conducted by arinasa & peneng (2013) and sujarwo (2015b), the local inhabitants in several traditional villages in bali, such as angsri village in tabanan regency, and tigawasa village in bulleleng regency, believe the bamboo forests that had been hundreds of years can create a new water spring. such villages could be a model, how a strong tradition of local communities which has been passed down through generations of ancestors can maintain bamboo forests for hundreds of years. the bamboo forests in such villages are mostly owned by indigenous communities, and only a small quantity is owned by individuals. local people only take a little direct benefit from selling bamboo culms, because they believe that the soil and water conservation is much more important than the direct value of bamboo culms itself. on the contrary, environmental bamboo foundation bali has received reports from many countries in the world that the flow of water in a region increases after a few years of planting bamboo and in some cases new springs appear (bamboo central, 2015). this is not surprising, considering the bamboo is a c3 plant and very effective in water conservation. as a comparison, trees absorb an average of 35-40% rainwater, while the bamboo can absorb up to 90%. that is the reason people in colombia said that they planted water when they grow bamboo. ex-situ bamboo conservation ex-situ bamboo conservation by bali botanic garden has been conducted since the 1980s. by 2015, the garden had managed to collect a total of 52 bamboo species or 30% of the total bamboo found in indonesia. nearly 33% of the present collection is a kind of introduced species native to outside the malesian region (kebun raya bali, 2015). efforts to increase the types of bamboo received great attention as a multi-purpose function. increasing the bamboo collection can be done by exploration, and exchange of material in the form of donations and index seminum among botanic gardens. exploration is carried out in the rural areas and protected forests of bali and eastern parts of indonesia, including lesser sunda islands, sulawesi, moluccas and papua, while material exchange is performed by governments and private institutions, botanic gardens, bamboo communities, and bamboo lovers. in the last ten years, bbg’ botanists have conserved at least 30 new bamboo species in the garden. on the basis of bamboo collection activities until the end of 2015, the garden has collected as many as 52 bamboo species that represent 11 genera, including six endemic bamboos. arinasa & sujarwo (2015) mentioned that in their wild habitat, five types of endemic bamboo can be found in either bamboo forests or home gardens, and one type, d. sepang, is only found in a protected forest area. it is possible that more endemic bamboo species in bali will be discovered, because many types of bamboo can be found in bali. bali botanic garden has not completely collected herbarium vouchers, especially in the genus of gigantochloa. field exploration is expected to be able to increase the number of new collection, including discovering new endemic bamboo species. conclusions the number of species of bamboos in bali island is similar to that throughout the malesian region, and the island has six endemic bamboo species, indicating that bali is one of the richest areas of bamboo in indonesia. until recently, bali botanic garden has collected 52 species with 11 genera from mostly the malesian region and the eastern asiatic region. these bamboo collections reinwardtia 74 [vol.16 are planted in a bamboo compartment with an area of two hectares. bamboo has out-standing cultural values for balinese people, and has a promising prospect to be developed into a large scale industry. with an increasing human population expanding its demands on bamboo resources, more approaches are required for conserving and managing bamboo resources. scientific approaches have to be conducted toward a better understanding of the distribution and propagation techniques of bamboo. establishing new botanic gardens should be strongly fostered to conserve more bamboo resources. acknowledgements the author would like to express his gratitude to ida bagus ketut arinasa, former director of bali botanic gardens, for sharing his valuable knowledge, and to dr. francois salomone for his help in preparing the map. references arinasa, i. b. k. & peneng, i. n. 2013. jenis -jenis bambu di bali dan potensinya. lipi press, jakarta. arinasa, i. b. k. & sujarwo, w. 2015. the diversity of endemic bamboo in bali and conservation efforts. bamboo journal 29: 85–92. astuti, i. p. & 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garden catalogue. lipi press, jakarta. pringle, r. 2004. a short history of bali: indonesia’s hindu realm. allen and unwin, crows nest. qing, y., zhu-biao, d., zheng-liang, w., kai-hong, h. e., qi-xiang, s. & zhenhua, p. 2008. bamboo resources, utilization and ex-situ conservation in xishuangbanna, south-eastern china. j. forestry res. 19: 79–83. sharma, m. l. 1980. bamboos in the a siapacific region. in: lessard, g. (ed.). bamboo research in asia. idrc, ottawa. pp. 99–120. simmonds, n. w. 1976. evolution of crop plants. longman scientific & technical, essex. soderstrom, t. r. & calderon, c. e. 1979. a commentary on the bamboos. biotropica 11: 161– 172. sujarwo, w. 2010a. potential use of bamboo as medicine in bali, indonesia. magazine of the american bamboo society 31(2): 10–12. sujarwo, w. 2010b. indigenous knowledge on gigantochloa hasskarliana in karangasem district, bali, indonesia. magazine of the american bamboo society 31(3): 10–12. sujarwo, w., arinasa, i. b. k. & peneng, i. n. 2010a. inventarisasi jenis-jenis bambu yang berpotensi sebagai obat di kabupaten karangasem bali. buletin kebun raya 13(1): 28 –34. sujarwo, w., arinasa, i. b. k. & peneng, i. n. 2010b. potensi bambu tali (gigantochloa apus schult & kurz) sebagai obat di bali. buletin penelitian tanaman rempah dan obat 21: 129–137. sujarwo, w. 2011. penjor: one tool of hindus religious ceremonies at galungan feast in bali. magazine of the american bamboo society 32 (1): 6‒7. sujarwo, w. 2012. history and folklore in bali. magazine of the american bamboo society 33 (5): 9–11. sujarwo, w., arinasa, i. b. k. & peneng, i. n. 2012. inventory and conservation of bamboos with medicinal properties in buleleng district in bali indonesia. bamboo journal 28: 47–55. sujarwo, w., arinasa, i. b. k., salomone, f., caneva, g. & fattorini, s. 2014. cultural erosion of balinese indigenous knowledge of food and nutraceutical plants. economic botany 68: 426–437. sujarwo, w. 2015a. how cheap to get bamboo shoots in traditional markets in bali (indonesia). magazine of the american bamboo society 36 (2): 6–7. sujarwo, w. 2015b. do the bamboo forests create a new spring. magazine of the a merican bamboo society 36(2): 7–8. sujarwo, w. & caneva, g. 2015. ethnosujarwo: bamboo resources, cultural values, and ex-situ conservation in bali 2018] 75 botanic study of cultivated plants in home gardens of traditional villages in bali (indonesia). human ecology 43: 769–778. sujarwo, w. & caneva, g. 2016. using quantitative indices to evaluate the cultural importance of food and nutraceutical plants: comparative data from the island of bali (indonesia). journal of cultural heritage 18: 342–348. sujarwo, w. 2016. stand biomass and carbon storage of bamboo forest in penglipuran traditional village, bali (indonesia). journal of forestry research 27(4): 913–917. takhtajan, a. 1986. the floristic region of the world. university of california press, california. tengah, i. g. p., arka, i. w., sritamin, n. m., gotama, i. b. k. & sihombing, h. (1995). studi tentang: inventarisasi, determinasi dan cara penggunaan tanaman obat pada “lontar usada” di bali. puslitbang farmasi balitbang kesehatan departemen kesehatan republik indonesia, jakarta. widjaja, e. a. 2001. identikit jenis-jenis bambu di kepulauan sunda kecil. lipi press, jakarta. widjaja, e. a., astuti, i. p., arinasa, i. b. k. & sumantera, i. w. 2005. identikit bambu di bali. lipi press, jakarta. wong, k. m. 2004. bamboo the a mazing grass: a guide to the diversity and study of bamboos in southeast asia. ipgri and university of malaya, kuala lumpur. reinwardtia 74 [vol.16 are planted in a bamboo compartment with an area of two hectares. bamboo has out-standing cultural values for balinese people, and has a promising prospect to be developed into a large scale industry. with an increasing human population expanding its demands on bamboo resources, more approaches are required for conserving and managing bamboo resources. scientific approaches have to be conducted toward a better understanding of the distribution and propagation techniques of bamboo. establishing new botanic gardens should be strongly fostered to conserve more bamboo resources. acknowledgements the author would like to express his gratitude to ida bagus ketut arinasa, former director of bali botanic gardens, for sharing his valuable knowledge, and to dr. francois salomone for his help in preparing the map. references arinasa, i. b. k. & peneng, i. n. 2013. jenis -jenis bambu di bali dan potensinya. lipi press, jakarta. arinasa, i. b. k. & sujarwo, w. 2015. the diversity of endemic bamboo in bali and conservation efforts. bamboo journal 29: 85–92. astuti, i. p. & arinasa, i. b. k. 2002. traditional bamboo charcoal in bali, indonesia. bamboo journal 19: 53–59. badan pusat statistik. 2015. bali dalam angka 2015. badan pusat statistik press, denpasar. dransfield, j. 1981. the biology of a siatic rattans in relation to the rattan trade and conservation. in: synge, h. the biological aspects of rare plant conservation. john wiley & sons ltd., london. pp. 179–186. dransfield, s. & widjaja, e. a. 1995. plant resources of south-east asia 7: bamboos. backhuys publishers, leiden. girmansyah, d., santika, y., retnowati, a., wardani, w., haerida, i., widjaja, e.a. & van balgooy, m.m.j. 2013. flora of bali: a n a nnotated checklist. yayasan pustaka obor, jakarta. http://www.kebunrayabali.com. accessed 16 june 2015. http://www.bamboocentral.org. accessed 26 september 2015. http://www.theplantlist.org. accessed 12 march 2018. lugrayasa, i. n, warnata, i. w. & ari– nasa, i. b. k. 2009. an alphabetical list of plant species cultivated in eka karya bali botanic garden catalogue. lipi press, jakarta. pringle, r. 2004. a short history of bali: indonesia’s hindu realm. allen and unwin, crows nest. qing, y., zhu-biao, d., zheng-liang, w., kai-hong, h. e., qi-xiang, s. & zhenhua, p. 2008. bamboo resources, utilization and ex-situ conservation in xishuangbanna, south-eastern china. j. forestry res. 19: 79–83. sharma, m. l. 1980. bamboos in the a siapacific region. in: lessard, g. (ed.). bamboo research in asia. idrc, ottawa. pp. 99–120. simmonds, n. w. 1976. evolution of crop plants. longman scientific & technical, essex. soderstrom, t. r. & calderon, c. e. 1979. a commentary on the bamboos. biotropica 11: 161– 172. sujarwo, w. 2010a. potential use of bamboo as medicine in bali, indonesia. magazine of the american bamboo society 31(2): 10–12. sujarwo, w. 2010b. indigenous knowledge on gigantochloa hasskarliana in karangasem district, bali, indonesia. magazine of the american bamboo society 31(3): 10–12. sujarwo, w., arinasa, i. b. k. & peneng, i. n. 2010a. inventarisasi jenis-jenis bambu yang berpotensi sebagai obat di kabupaten karangasem bali. buletin kebun raya 13(1): 28 –34. sujarwo, w., arinasa, i. b. k. & peneng, i. n. 2010b. potensi bambu tali (gigantochloa apus schult & kurz) sebagai obat di bali. buletin penelitian tanaman rempah dan obat 21: 129–137. sujarwo, w. 2011. penjor: one tool of hindus religious ceremonies at galungan feast in bali. magazine of the american bamboo society 32 (1): 6‒7. sujarwo, w. 2012. history and folklore in bali. magazine of the american bamboo society 33 (5): 9–11. sujarwo, w., arinasa, i. b. k. & peneng, i. n. 2012. inventory and conservation of bamboos with medicinal properties in buleleng district in bali indonesia. bamboo journal 28: 47–55. sujarwo, w., arinasa, i. b. k., salomone, f., caneva, g. & fattorini, s. 2014. cultural erosion of balinese indigenous knowledge of food and nutraceutical plants. economic botany 68: 426–437. sujarwo, w. 2015a. how cheap to get bamboo shoots in traditional markets in bali (indonesia). magazine of the american bamboo society 36 (2): 6–7. sujarwo, w. 2015b. do the bamboo forests create a new spring. magazine of the a merican bamboo society 36(2): 7–8. sujarwo, w. & caneva, g. 2015. ethno reinwardtia 76 [vol.16 instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. a merican j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings : temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 17. no. 1. 2018 contents page j. f. veldkamp. a revision of isachne in malesia 2: sect. albentes (gramineae, isachneae) …………..……….. 1 i putu gede p. damayanto. dinochloa malayana s. dransf. (poaceae: bambusoideae), a new record for indonesia .……………………...………………………………………………………….……………………...…… 35 edy nasriadi sambas, cecep kusmana, lilik budi prasetyo & tukirin partomihardjo. vegetation analysis and population structure of plants at mount endut forested area, gunung halimun salak national park, banten, java, indonesia …………………………………………………………………………………….……. 39 ian m. turner. a new combination in pseuderanthemum (acanthaceae) .……………………………………… 55 yeni rahayu, tatik chikmawati & elizabeth a. widjaja. nomenclatural study of tetrastigma leucostaphylum and tetrastigma rafflesiae (vitaceae): two common hosts of rafflesia in sumatra ………………... 59 wawan sujarwo. bamboo resources, cultural values, and ex-situ conservation in bali, indonesia …....………. 67 khoon meng wong & ridha mahyuni. flora of singapore precursors, 2. a new species and two new combinations in psydrax (rubiaceae: vanguerieae) for west malesia .………………….………………………………… 77 erratum reinwardtia vol. 16(2), 2017 .………………….…………………………………………………… 85 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia 0. front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia 17(1) reinwardtia 17_email 4_2-2 reinwardtia 17_email 4_69-69 reinwardtia 17_email 4_70-70 reinwardtia 17_email 4_71-71 reinwardtia 17_email 4_72-72 reinwardtia 17_email 4_73-73 reinwardtia 17_email 4_74-74 reinwardtia 17_email 4_75-75 reinwardtia 17_email 4_76-76 reinwardtia 17_email 4_77-77 reinwardtia 17_email 4_78-78 9. daftar isi reinwardtia 17(1) ok a journal on taxonomic botany, plant -sociology and ecology reinwardtia . editors mien a. kijs wat a kartawinata n. wulijarni-soetjipto 1 published by ' herbarium bogoriense lembaga bio-logi nasional — lipi bo.sor, indonesia eeinwardtia vol. 9, part 1, 1 —182 31 december 1974 10issn 0(f34-365x reinwardtia [vol. 9 1/2-3/4 the leaf length, filiform, prominulous, reticulation regular, dense, very minute; sometimes between-midrib and basals deep doniatia (slightly hullate on the upper surface). petiole slender, 6—10 mm long, laxly sericeous, concave above. inflorescences axillary, consisting of a very short (1—2 mm) reduced main peduncle, bearing up to 5 flowers; sometimes the flowers practically sessile. pedicel filiform, 5—8 mm, densely pilose. tube broadly funnel shaped, 0.5 m, inside densely sericeous. tepals erect-patent, narrowly ovate, acute, stiff, 1.5—2 ram long, densely sub-sericeous on both sides. stamens 1.25 mm long, inserted slightly below the tepals on the rim of the 0.5 mm broad tube; anthers quadrangular or ovate-quadrangular, obtuse, slightly shorter than the almost glabrous, thickish filaments; outer anthers with introrae upper and lateral lower, large, slanting cells, almost in one plane, inner anthers smaller, the lower large cells extrorse, the upper smaller ones lateral; glands large, long-stalked. staminodes sub-spathulate or oval on a thick long filament. ovary ellipsoid-ovoid, merging into a short, thick style •with small stigma. fruit ellipsoid to sub-globose, up to 6 x 10 mm, apiculate. cup fleshy, broadly funnel shaped, up to 6 mm long, the top shallowly excavated, the persistent, sericeous tepals erect, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide at the base; pedicel 1 cm long, slender. i have not seen the material, cited by yang, but the description fits n. delayayi. china. yunnan, fl., forrest lieea (bo, e ) ; pcc-eha-ho, april, fl., dda-ony s.n. (bo, p ) ; tenggueh, alt. 1e00 m, march, buds, fr., farrezt 9 f « (bo, e) ; yung-jen hsien, in ravine, alt. 1700 m, may, fl., tsai 62891 (a, bo); pa-ta-ouan, near pee tchouan, july, fl., jean py (dueloux $292) (bo, p ) ; forest of thou ty, fl., simeon ten (bo, p ) ; locality not indicated, fr., mclaren's coll. u«c (bo, k). re i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, vol. 9, part 1, pp. 97 —115 (1974) materials for a revision of lauraceae iv* a. j. g. h. kostebmans c/o herbarium bogoriense ,bogor,indonesia abstract in the genus actinodaphtie nees one new combination and one new species ace presented; in landera thunb. one new combination, 4 new species and one new forma; in latsea lam. one species has been reduced to synonymy, one nomen novum is presented, 5 new species are described and of 6 species new cecords are given; one species has been reinstated. the obscure mackilus sericea bl. is a3sumed to be conspecific with persea bombyeina (king ex hook, f.) kosterm. in the genus persea mill. one nomen novnm, two new combinations and one new species are created and proposed. in the genus phoebe nees one new combination and two abstrak djiisjyi uijirite ^ctijiodtiohns neea satu korabinasi baru dan ssttu jenis bum diusulkan; dalam lindera thunb. satu kambinasi baru, empat jenis diakut kembalf dan daerah penyebaran enam jenis diperluaa oleh terkumpulnya spesimen-speaimen baru. machilus sericea bl. dianggfap aama dengan perttea bombyema (king ex hoof.f.) kosterm.; da]am. baru diciutakan dalam matsa pho&bg nees satti kombinaai baru dasi du& ienie baru diuaulkan. actinodaphne neea actinodaphne forrestii (allen) kosterm., comb. & stxtt. nov. actinadaphne reticuleta vac. forrestii allen in annals missouri bot. gard. 25: 412. 1ssb. typus: forrest 1s827 (aa, k|. the species differs from a. retioulata, by the larger and thicker leaves, which are not reticulate, but only show some "fielded" pattern, the brown sublanuginose tomentum and the much shorter fruit pedice!part i appear^ m reinwardtia 7: 201-356. 19ge; part ii in ibid. 451-635. 1969; pact iii in ibid. 8: 21-106. 1070. reinwardtia [vot. 9 actinodaphne longipes kosterm., spec. nov. aetijiodapkne rehculata var. glnbra meissner in dc, frodr. 15(1): 213. 1864; liou ho, laur. chine et indochine 158. 1932 and 1934; allen in ann. missouri bot, gard, 25: 412. 1938; kostermans, bib]. laur. 38. 1964. — typus: j.s. smith s.rc. (k). pedieellus fructiferus usque ad 4 cm longus; ramulis glabris. meissner's variety glabra was based on a specimen, collected by sir j.s. smith. the provenance is obscure, nepal with an interrogation mark is written on the sheet at kew. hooker thought, that this specimen was glabrous because of its older stage and thought, that the specimen was collected in khasia. the type specimen shows shoots with a young stage of leaf development and subsequently collected material, proves, that the plant is indeed practically glabrous. moreover, the leaves are not reticulate, but scrobiculate with a finer mesh thai) those of a. reticulata. hooker was right, that the specimen of j.s. smith was from e. bengal. assam. paona, naga hills, 5800 ft. alt., sept., fr., bar 6%76 (k); darjeelinsr, dilpa, alt. 6500 ft., oct., fr., otrmaston e.m. (k); e. bengal, j.s. smith s.n. (k). lindeea thunb. lindera aggregata (sims) kosterm., comb, nov, lauras aggregata john sims in curtis bot. mag. 51: tab. 21117 (1824); koatermans, bibl. laur.: 663 (1964). lindera etrycknifolia (s. & z.) villar in blanco, fl, filip, ed. 3, nov. app.: 182 (1880); kostermans, i.e.: 773. — dapknidium myrrha sieb. & zuec. (non neesj ex meissn. in dc, prodr. 15(1): 23 (1864); kostermans, i.e.: 462. daphwidiu.'m strychy.ifoliv.rn sieb. & zucc, fl. japon. fern, nat. 2: 83 (1846); kostermans, i.e.: 4ss. — cinnamon™™ verlotii de lukmanoff, nomend, iconogr. canelliers ct camphr.: 19, tab. 14, fig. 142 (1889); kostermans, u,; s60. in the description of sims of this plant, it is mentioned, that it was sent to england from macao, china by reeves in 1821 on a vessel, named the orwell, under captain lindsay (sweet, hort. brit. 344. 1827 gives the date of introduction 1812, apparently a misprint). no original material could be discovered so far, although a rather recent collection of the kew gardens, is still labelled laurus aggregata. the plate is sufficiently detailed to make sure, that this is the shrub, commonly called lindera stryekmfolia. loudon (encyclop. 332, fig. 1855) gives a crude copy of this plate. the species is very close to lindera sinensis (bl.) kosterm. of the same provenance and also introduced by reeves, the differences being only in the size of the leaves and the glabrousness of l. sinensis. 1974] kostermans: re of lauraeeae iv the type material of cinnamomum verlotii de lukmanoff is conserved in paris and labelled: cultivee au musee sous le nom de lawrus gbiueopkylla, no. 90; it is a sterile specimen. lindera eberhardtii lecomte {in nouv. arch. mus., ser. v, 5: 115. 1913) may belong here or it may be l. sinensis. the young shoots of the material of l. eberhardtii are long-silky (not stated by lecomte). lindera caesia, as accepted by allen, is certainly l. sinensis. in paris a collection of callery (no. 61) is from the type locality (macao). lindera delkata kosterm., spec. nov. arbuscula? ramulis gracills glabris foliis alternantibus tenuiter chartaceis glabris lanceolatis caudato-acuminatis basi acutis utrinque sub lente prominule reticulatis opacis costis sat obscuris petiolis gracilis supra eanaliculatis inflorescentiis pergracilis umbellulis paucis longe et gracile pedunculatts glabris floribus dense sericeis. typus: van steenis 9880 (l). shrub ( ? ) ; branchlets slender, glabrous, smooth. end bud sericeous. leaves spirally arranged, thinly chartaceous, glabrous, lanceolate, 2 x 6—3.5 x is cm, caudate-acuminate, base acute, both surfaces dull, under the lens prominulously reticulate, upper surface with hardly prominulous midrib, gradually impressed towards its base, lateral nerves obscure, lower one with prominent midrib, the ca 10—15 pairs of lateral nerves rather patent, obscure, hardly differentiated from the reticulation. petioles slender, 3—5 mm, channeled above. inflorescences very slender, up to 5 mm long, ending in a sericeous end bud, with one or two umbels, or the inflorescence completely suppressed, umbel peduncles slender, 7—10 mm long. florets densely sericeous, pedicels 2 mm; tepals narrow, acute, 1.5 mm; stamens longer than the tepals, anthers ca 0.5 mm long. related to l. oxyphylla, but the leaves reticulate, caudate-acuminate, shorter petioled; the inflorescences different. sumatra. atjeh prov., gajo lands, s. of blang kadjeren, at the confluence of rivers kepi and river auan, flat ridftc, alt. 1100 m, march, fl., van steenis 9ss9 (bo, l); perhaps also: mt. sago near pajakumbuh, w. sumatra, alt. 1500 m, ster., meyer s905 (l). lindera moiuanoides kosterm., spec. nov. arbor mediocris ramulis dense minute sublanuginoso velutinis foliis alternant!bus chartaceis ovato-ellipticis acuminatis basi in petiolum brevem contract!a supra glabra nitida minute dense reticuiata vel sublaevia nerviis majoribus impressis subtus glauca perlaxe minute piiosa reinwardtia [vol. 9 nerviis majoribus prominentibus dense pilosis inflorescentiis aessilis paueifloris innovation!bus perulatia sericeis fructus globosus pedicello vix obeonico gracile piloso insidens. typub: endert u57 (l). tree, 5—16 m high, 5—20 cm diam. branchlets densely, minutely rusty sublanuginose pilose. leaves spirally arranged, in one plane, chartaceous, ovate-elliptic, 3 x 6—5 x 14 cm, acuminate, base contracted into the slender, pilose, 5—7 mm long petiole; both surfaces minutely densely reticulate, upper one glossy, glabrous, the main nerves impressed, lower one sparsely, minutely pilose on the veins, glaucous, midrib and the 3—4 pairs of curved, ascendent lateral nerves densely pilose, prominent, secondary nerves lax, parallel, subtiorizontal, prominulous, the basal pair of lateral nerves may reach % of the leaf lamina. inflorescences axillary, sessile, few-flowered, surrounded by numerous large, sericeous bracts. fruit globose, up to 5 mm diam., red, on a slender, slightly obconical, 5—7 mm long pedicel with the whithered flower parts persistent. malay peninsula. pahatig, cameron highlands, valley of bertam about kuala habu, april, buds, kep. scsos (l); ibid., g. jasar, alt. 1600 m, tree 7 m, diam. 8 cm, oct., fl. yellowish green, clie-ie wee lek 936 (l, sing); pahang, masu hill, 1250 m alt., tree 3 m, ster., nur s.n. <k); selangor, sempang, april, fr., ridley 1559t <k|. sumatra. n. slope of mt. sago, fajakumbuh, alt. 900 -1200 m, tree 15 m diam. 12 cm, bark yellow-brown with small tubercles, living bark 8 mm, dirty yellow with brown spots, ster., meyer 3536 (l); ibid., tree 3 m, meyer sj,10 (l); ibid, alt. 900 m, pebr., fr., meyer u65 (l). bokneo. sabah, kinabalu, ranau distr., sosopodon, alt. 1700 ro, tree 5 m, diam. 5 cm, bark brown, living bark yellow, wood white, febr., buds, san 4s819 (l); kundasang, alt. 1700 m, treelet 1,5 m, febr., buds, san 29012 (k, l ) ; ibid., liwago-sosopodon reserve, alt. 1e0o m, tree 13 m, diam. 20 cm, bark smooth, brown, living bark light brown, sapwood light yellowish, febr., buds, san 1*7985 (k, l ) ; gurulau spur, alt. 2000 m, tree 16 m, diam. 10 cm, nov., buds, /. & m.s. clemens 50s8!) (k, l); tenompok, 5000', ster., clemens s840s (k) ; sosopodon-kundasang, alt. 1800 m, tree 13 m, diam. 10 cm, bark purplish, inner bark violet, wood white-yellowish, nov., buds yellowish. son s313s (k, l ) ; ranau, above halting bungalow kinabalu near kundussng, sosopodon, alt. 1500 m, tree 15 m. bole 3 m, diam 20 cm, bark 14 inch, soft., apr., fl., sow 33778 (k); mesilau r., alt. 1700 m, tree 7 m, lower leaf surface glaucous, jan., buds pink, rsnb i>17 (k, l); ibid., tree 13 m, febr., buds, rsnb i283 (k, l); sarawak, bukit mersing, anap, basalt ridge, submontane forest, alt. 1000 m, tree 8 m, diam. 5 cm, sept., fr., s. 21970 (l); foot of murut mt., dec, buds, maulfm us (k); e. kalimantan, w. kutei, mt. kemul, alt. 1b00 m, tree 5 m, oct., fr. lightgreen, tinged with red, endert u57 (bo, k, l). llndera obtusilojja bl. cf. kostormans, bibl. laur, 762. 1964. typus: sine local., kcishe s.n., ster. (10. 1974] kostermans: re of lauraceae iv forma villosa (bl.) kosterm., stat. nov. — lindera obtiisiloba bl. var. villosa. bl, mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1(21}: 325. 1851 (basionym) ; cf. kostermans, i.e. 763 typus: siehold s.n. (l), "sirumozi". the type sheet at leiden has 3 collections, all wrapped in japanese tissue paper. the label mentions k (keishe) as collector and this label mentions the three local names ("wuhon bana, dan kou bai and kouzin bana") cited by blume. the sterile specimens belong all to the typical, almost glabrous form. the variety villosa of blume is based on a siebold apecimen at leiden, marked "sirumozi". it is more a forma rather than a variety, young plants are always densely sericeous. miquel mentioned in his catalogue mus. bot. lugd. bat. i: 81. 1871 two more varieties: hirsuta and pubescens; these names were copied from herbarium labels of var. pilosa el., they were published as nomina nuda. lindera pilosa kosterm., spec. nov. arbor ramulis apicem versus dense minutissime pilosis mi is alternantibus chartaceis elliptids acuminatis basi acutis supra glabris nitidis nervus medianus impresses costis filiformis vix prominulis subtus dense ferrugineo pilosis petiolis glabris supra anguste canaliculatis umbellulis longe et gracile pedunculatis glabris. typus: forbes 2is (l). tree, 9 13 m, diam. 20 cm. bark smooth, brown. branchlets densely, minutely dark rusty tomentellous. leaves spirally arranged, chartaceous, elliptic to subovate-elliptic, 5 x 10—7 x 15 cm, dinatinctly acuminate, base acute; upper surface glabrous, glossy, midrib impressed (at least the basal part), lateral nerves hardly prominulous or impressed, lower surface densely rusty tomentellous, midrib prominent, the ca 6—7 pairs of lateral nerves erect-patent, arcuate, prominent, slender, secondary nerves very lax, subparallel. petioles very slender, up to 2 cm long, narrowly channeled above. umbel bracts glabrous, peduncles slender, glabrous, 10—15 mm long, glabrous, a few on very short branchlets in the leaf axils. florets densely, minutely pilose, tepals 1.5—2 mm long; pedicel slender, ca 3 mm long. the species is characterized by the dense rusty tomentum of the lower leaf surface. in some specimens (for. officer sumatra's e. coast and meyer 3300) it is much thinner. in the specimen meyer 4048 the umbels are minutely sericeous. sumatra: locality not indicated, fl., forbes 2jfsl (l, 3 sheets); mt. sago near pajakumbuh, second, forest along bukit tjempago, alt. 900 -1000 m, tree 20 cm diam., bole 10 m, crown 5 m; outer bark smooth with saattered lenticels, 0.5 mm thick, 102 reinwardtia [vol. 9 live b o r k r e d b r o w n , yellow w i t h r e d b r o w n spots, common, oct., fl., meyer iois ( l ) ; ibid., n. slope, a l t . 1000 m, s t e r . , t r e e d i a m . 20 cm, bole 4 c m , c r o w n 6 m, b a r k b r o w n , smooth, meyer ss09 ( l ) ; k a r a l a n d s , a l t . 1400 m, oct., b u d s , f o r e s t officer sumatra's e. coast s ( b o , l ) ; s i b o l a n g i t , s.w. of b a n d a r b a r u , a l t . 9e0 m, oct., b u d s , lorzing 5s27 ( b o , l ) . lindera reticulosa kosterm., spec. nov. arbor ramulis glabris gracilis foliis alternant!bus chartaceis glabris lanceolatis distincte sensim attenuatis basi acutis utrinque prominule reticulatia eostis supra obscuris subtus filiformis petiolis gracilis canaliculatis inflorescentiis brevis pauci-umbellatis minutissime sericeia floribus sericeis. . , typus: f.r.i. 5016 (l). tree up to 27 m high, 30 cm diam.; bark smooth to cracked, lenticellate; live bark light brown, cambium bright yellow, wood white. branches slender, glabrous. leaves spirally arranged, chartaceous, lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, 2 x 7—3 x 11 cm, long-acuminate with sharp tip, base acute, both surfaces prominulously, rather obscurely reticulate, upper one with filiform, prominulous midrib, lateral ribs hardly visible, lower one paler, midrib prominent, the 7—9 pairs of lateral nerves filiform, erect-patent, hardly prominulous. petioles slender, 5—7 mm, channeled above. inflorescence branches up to 8 mm long, bearing a few umbels, minutely sericeous; umbel peduncles up to 1 cm long, outer bud scales glabrous, inner ones sericeous. florets densely sericeous, tepals 1.75 ram, narrowly ovate, acute; stamens exerted. related to l. polyantka, but easily distinguished by the leaf reticulation, which never occurs in l. polyantka. also near l. dictyoneura, which has stamens twice the length of the longer tepals. malay peninsula, pahang, fraser's hill, path to pine tree hill, mossy ridge, alt. 1300 m, tree 27 m, diam. 30 cm, bole fluted and knobly, bark smooth to cracked, lenticellate, slash inner bark light brown, cambium bright yellow, wood white, leaf glaucous beneath, march, male fls. pale yellow, f.r.i. 5016 (k, kep, l | ; trail to g. berumbun, cameron highlands, pahang, mountain elope, tree 20 m, short thick buttresses bark smooth slash inner bark brown granular outer layer yellow towards cambium, wood pale yellow, febr., female fls. pale yellow, f.r.i. hsu (k, kep, l), leaves broader, up to 4 x 9 cm; trail to g. jasar, cameron highlands, alt. 1400 m, tree 10 m, diam. 25 em, bark cracked, inner bark pale yellow, wood white, march, buds green, fr. round, green with short, apical point (not seen), leaves glaucous underneath, 2 x 6 3 x b em, f.r.i. 5060 (k, kep, l). litsea lam. litsea alba kosterm., spec. nov. arbor parva ramulis elabris albo-brunneis sat crassis apicem versus applanatis sulcatisque, foliis alternantibus chartaceis vel rigide chartaceis 1974] kostermans: revision of lauraceae iv 103 magnis glabris aubobovato-eliipticis breve obscure acuminatia basin versus aensim attenuatis obtusis, supra subnitida laevia nervo mediano lato plana costis obscuris, subtus pallidiora nervo mediano magno prominente costis erecto-patentibus sat gracilis prominulis nerviis secundaris filiformis laxis, petiolis sat crassis albo-brunneis, umbellulis immaturis axillaribua glomeratis minutissime adpresse piloais vel glabria breve pedunculatis. t y p u s : bsip 3851 ( l ) . small tree. bark white, smooth, living bark soft, white; wood, hard, white. branchlets rather thick, towards their apices flattened and sulcate, pale brownish white, glabrous, smooth. leaves spirally arranged, glabrous, chartaceous or rather stiffly chartaceous, subobovate-elliptic, 11 x 28—16 x 29 cm, shortly acuminate or acute, gradually tapered towards the obtuse base; upper surface rather glossy, the broad midrib flat, the lateral nerves obcure; lower surface paler, midrib strong, prominulous, lateral nerves 12—14 pairs, erect-patent, rather straight, curved near the margin, rather slender, prominulous, secondary nerves filiform, prominulous, lax, somewhat parallel. petiole pale brownish white (as the branchlets), thick, 1—2 cm long. immature umbels almost sessile in the leaf axils, the (immature) peduncles short, minutely, adpressed pilose, bud scales practically glabrous. characterized by the whitish bark of the branchlets and petioles. the leaves dry a reddish black colour. solomon islands. santa ysabel, allardyce harbour, sasakolo r., primary forest on river bank in valley bottom, jan., buds, b.s.i.p. $651 (k, l| ; s.e. santa ysabel, dadale bay, ilat plain, primary forest, aug., fr. light yellow (non vidi), b.s.i.p. 7k61 (k, l). litsea albayana vidal cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 78g. 1364. — typus: vidal sco <k), syntypes: vidal 1ss1, 7s17, 15148. new synonym: litsea, bulusaweiisib elmer, cf. kostcrmane, i.e. 795. — typus: elmer 1s792, irosin, mt. buluaan, july, young fr. (cal, l, us). other specimen: elmer 15s75, same locality, april, fl. (l); ibid., alt. s00 m, jlay, f l , pnh s853s (l). litsea anamo kosterm., spec. nov. arbor mediocris ramulis dense ferrugineo tomentellis foliis alternantibus rigide chartaceis ellipticis obtusis vel obscure brevissime acuminatis basi obtusis supra sat opaca sub lente minutissime dense reticulata nervo mediano impressa dense minute tomentella costis gracilis impress is glabrescentis subtus dense minute rufo-tomentella nervo median a prominente costis sat patentibus prominentibus venulis secundariis reinwardtia [vol. fl subparallelis connectis petiolis gracilis sat long is dense tomentellls supra anguste canaliculatis inflorescentiis immaturis dense ferrugineo tomentellis axillaris. typus: hartley t.g.h. 115is (l). tree 10—18 m tall, 10 and more cm diam.; bark grey brown to brown, smooth or rather rough, under bark green, inner bark light brown, or reddish brown, aromatic; wood straw. branchlets densely rusty tomentellous. leaves spirally arranged, rather stiffly chartaceous, elliptic (rarely subobovate-elliptic), 4.5 x 8—7 x 12 cm (2.5 x 6—3.5 x 10 cm in the syntype), obscurely, very shortly apiculate or obtuse, base obtuse: upper surface dull to slightly glossy, glabrous except on the nerves, under the high power lens minutely reticulate, midrib impressed, tomentellous, lateral nerves slender, impressed, glabrescent; lower surface densely rusty tomentellous, midrib prominent, the 9—12 pairs of rather patent lateral nerves prominent, connected by a rather lax reticulation. petiole rather slender, 10—15 mm long, densely tomentellous, narrowly sulcate above. umbels (immature) on very short, densely rusty-pilose axillary branchlets, the buds densely tomentellous. belongs to the l. amicorum group. terbitohy of new guinea. e. highl. distr., kainantu subdistr., kassam pass, alt. 1400 m, jan., buds, local name anamo (a, bri, canb, k, l ) ; morofae distr, kuali greek, about 5 miles s. of wail, april, buds, hartley t.g.h. 11.h3 (k, l). w. irian. 15 km s.w. of bernard camp, idcnburg r., alt. 1550 m, ster., brass & t/€?&tg@tih 11975 ( d i s t r i b u t e d as elttsoc&tnns't lltsea aurea k o s t e r m . cf. kostcrmans ™ reinwardtia h: 86, f. 40. 1st0. — typus: bb. sssj, (bo, l). new records: java. s. of leuwiliang, alt. 400 m, sept., buds. backer 25244 (l); borneo. sarawak, ulu sg. selada, melinau, kapit, 3d div., tree 33 111, diam. 40 cm, iban name anau, aug., buds, s. 21,9,97 (bo, k, l, sing). litsea brookeana kosterm., spec. nov. arbor ramulis dense minute ferrugineo tomentellis, foliis oppositis rigide coriaceis ellipticis brevissime apiculatis basi obtusis, supra nitida laevia neryo mediano impresso costia filiformis subimpressis, subtus minute adpresse pilosis glabrescentibus nerviis exceptis nervo mediano prominentibus costis sat patentibus gracilis marginem versus arcuatis evanescent!bus, petiolis craesis brevis dense pilosis. typus: miss w.m.a. brooke s571 (l). tree; branches grey, smooth, flossy, thickened at the nodes; branchlets stiff, densely, minutely rusty tomentellous. leaves opposite, 1974] of laurace rigidly coriaceous, elliptic, 3 x 4.5—3 x 7—4 x 8 cm, shortly apiculate, base obtuse; upper surface glossy, smooth, glabrous, midrib impressed (pilose at the base), lateral nerves very thin, slightly impressed; lower surface minutely adpressed, subsilky pilose, glabrescent, except on the main nerves, midrib prominent, the 7—10 pairs of slender rather patent, prominent lateral nerves arcuate near the margins. petioles rather thick 5—7 mm long, densely pilose. although the specimen is sterile, it is easily recognizable by its thick small opposite leaves, which place it in the l. ferruginea group. borneo. sarawak: mt. wm.a. erooke 8571 (l). lit, alt. 1700 m, 11 may 1954, mi: cf. kobtcrmi jrbach 13s6. litsea cai.ophyllantha k. schum. 8, bibl. laur. 706. 1964; e e rdtia 8: 1070. — typus: new records: new britain. galilo village near cape hoskins, w. nakanai, tree 7 m, diam. 25 cm, aug., young fr., ngf c501 (k, l, lae). new guinea. morobe distr., bulolo, alt. 1400 m, lower montane forest with caeianopsig, engelkardia, gordonia, tree 30 m, bole 17 m, diam. 50 cm, june, fr., ngf 1yu1 (a, bish, bo, bri, canb, k, l, lae, pnh, sing, syd, us), fr. slender, subovste-cllipsoid, 8 x 12 mm, cup thin, 7 — 8 mm diam. merging into the swollen, fleshy, obconical, 5 6 mm long pedicel; bupu villaee, warapit, alt. 1500 m, tree 12 m, bole 3 jn, diam. 25 cm, stems hollow and inhabited by black ants, veins yellow, july, fl., ngf 22982 (a, bo, bri, canb, k, l, sing, syo); above bahaia, 15 m. se of garaina, alt. 1000 m, tree 17 m, diom. 30 cm, old second, forest, bark light grey with warty lenticels, inner bark light straw, wood straw, leaves pale glaucous underneath, jan., after antheais. hartley t.g.h. 13677 <l>; e. highlands distr. near sassaura, alt. jsoo m, tree 7 m, bark grey-brown, smooth, inner bark straw, twigs hollow with ants, july, fr., hartley t.g.h. 119hg (l); s. highlands, sawmill at lalibu, alt. 2200 m, tree 20 in, sept., fr., ngf h70si, (l), fr. 8 x 14 mm, cup 3 5 mm, hardly different from fleshy pedicel. irian barat, japen isl., asau, sebosiari, serui distr., alt. 210 m, tree 22 m, bole 15 m, diam. 40 cm, bark smooth, white, slash light brown, sapwood 8 cm, yellow, heart wood brown, sept., buds, bw 92i3 (l); steep coast near djajapura (hollandia), low alt., tree 7 m, diam. 10 cm, bark smooth, aug., fr. black, kostermans & soegeng 295 (a, bo, g, k, l, p ) ; slope of cyclope mts near djajapura, alt. 300 m, tree 6 m, diam. 10 cm, bark thin, smooth, grey, wood yellow with cigarbox wood smell, branchlets white, ster., kostermjins & soegeng 188 (bo, l). litsea caerii kosterm. cf. kostermans in reinwardtia 8: 88, f. 41. 1970. new records: territory of new guinea, forests of the somadjidji, alt. 450 m, ster,, schleshtbt 19s77 (l), leaves much larger than usual; mt. ganeae, alt. 1000 m, ster.. can15290 (l); papua, centr. distr., track from mt. krone, e. of woitape, reinwardtia [vol. 0 nit. 2300 m, in undergrowth of castcmop* 2.6 cm, jan., fr., ngf £1)352 (l). forest, treekt bole 3 in, di; lltsea cauliflora s t a p f cf. kostcrmans, bibl. lour. 797. 1964. typus: haviland 1221. litsea cauliflora (thw.) trimen was published one year later, as far as could be ascertained. the fruit cups, contrary to those of l. cauiocarpa, which are also eauliflorous, are small and merge into the obconical short pedicel. new records: borneo. sabah, mt. kinabalu area, fr., r.s.n.b. 6017 (k, l i ; tenompok, alt. 1700 m, febr., fr., j. & m.s. clemens 28507 (k, k ) ; mesilau r., alt. 1700 m, tree 13 m, diam. 20 cm, april, fl., r.s.n.b. 4908 (k, l ] ; ibid., tree 7 m, diam. ib cm, jan., fl., r.s.n.b. 4057 (k, l); ulu langanani, alt. 1300 m, riverside and hillside, common, aug., fr., b.s.n.b. 1728 (k, i,). litsea caulocarpa merr. cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 797 1964. typus: ramos 1894 (l, us), syntypes: ramoi 1591 (us); villamil 309 (us). the cups are large and thick, obseurely thickly ribbed, the fruit diameter is less than the cup diameter. new records: sumatra. w. indragiri, taluk region, hutan pulau lawaa near taratik air hitam, lowland dipterocarp forest, sandy aoii, jan., fr., amiruddi-n 65 (l), tree 5 m, diam. 12 cm, crown 3 m. borneo. sabah, sandakan, kabili-sepilok for. rea., low alt., tree 7 m, diom. 10 cm, nov., fr. grey, bnbfd 1015), <l] ; bagat camp, alt. 40 m, black soil, tree 15 m, bole 7 m, diam. 10 cm, april, fr. yellow, san s5/.b6 <l); lungmanis, mile 9, alt. 50 m, tree 12 m, bole 10 m, diam. 13 cm, inner bark white, aoft, jan., fr. whitish green, sera 27123 (l); mile 45, labuk rd., tree 10 m near stream, inner bark yellowish, sapwood yellow, jan., fr.. sore isu2 (l); keraton camp, alt. 40 m, black soil near river bank, tree 17 m, bole 7 m, diam. 20 cm, bark brown, outer bark grey, inner brown, cambium yellow, jan., young fr., san ssss7 (l); mile 7.5 brit. borneo timb. co. concession, lungmanis, 25 miles s.w. of sandakan, alt. 20 ro, tree 15 m, march, fr., sera a 29s1 (a, bo, k, kep, l, sing); tawau, balong for. res., tree 13 m, bark grey brown, scaly. may, buds, san s01s2 <l); ibid., tree 10 m, diam. 30 cm, bark scaly, alaah outer bark thin, inner 13 mm, yellowish, may, buds, san so1ss (l); ulu sr. serudong, tree 10 m, diam. 20 cm, aug., young fr., son 31190 (l); quoin hill, cocoa estate, alt. so m, tree 7 m, diam. 10 cm, outer bark thin, inner bark brown, sapwood white, glossy, march, fr. white with peculiar smell, san 21525 (l); ulu sg. kalumpang, tree 7 m, diam. 30 cm, june, buda. son s0a77 (l); sarawak: s. tubau above tubau village, steep spur, alt. 100 m, tree 13 m, diam. 20 cm, bark smooth, grey-brown, mottled, april, fr. grey-green, s. 18s72 <l)i kuching, semengoh arbor., leached yellow sandy clay, alt. 15 m, tree 13 m, diam. 15" cm, bark smooth, whitish, may, fla. pale yellow, s. 1s959 (l); sampadi for. res., 25th mile bau-lundu ed., 1974] kostermans: ravi: of law iv 107 1st div., alt. 250 m, k buds greyish with gre central-east kalimanta cup light brownish, end rangaa forest, yellow clay, tree 7 m, diam. 13 cm, june, ish stalks, s. 26271 (bo, e, k, l, sing); indonesian , w. kutei, alt. 150 m, tree 6 cm diam., nov., fr. pink, rt 475s (bo, l); ibid., tree 10 m, diam. 8 cm, aug., fr. red, cupule dirty brown, when young white and cup light green, endert 2581 (bo, l). litsea chewii kosterm. cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 799. 1864; in k chew, corner & staintou 160 (bo, k). litaea. kelferi var. ovata gamble, ef. koster -dtia 8: 81. 1970. typus: 8s0. typus: wray 1600. new records: borneo. sabah, mt. kinabalu, ranau distr., e. pinosok plateau, alt. 1500 m, near stream, tree 7 m, bole 5 m, diam. 20 cm, inner bark brown, sapwood yellow, july, buds, sun ss07i (l); meailau r., alt. 1700 m, tree 5 m, diam. 8 cm, lower leafsurface light glaucous, febr., buds, rsnb 4203 (k, l); ibid., tree 5 m, jan., buds yellowish green, rsnb 4105 (k, l ) ; ibid., tree 10 m, april, fr.orange on one side, cup flat small, thick, esa'b 7006 (k, l). litsea ehrysoneura kosterm., spec. nov. arbor parva ramulis dense minute sublanuginoso-tomentellis, joliis alternantibus rigide chartaceis ellipticis acuminatis basi acutis supra subnitida glabrescentia dense minute reticulata nervo mediano impressa coatis filiformis subim press is, subtus sat laxe minute sublanuginoso tomentella nervo mediano prominentibus costis erecto-patentibus prominulis nerviis secundariia subparallelis conjunctus, petiolis sat longia canaliculatis, infloreacentiia immaturis axillaris subpilosis. typus: bsip 2uk (l). small tree. branchlets densely, minutely rusty sublanuginosetomentellous. leaves spirally arranged, stiffly chartaceous, elliptic, 4 x 11—6 x 14.5 cm, inconspicuously acuminate, base acute; upper surface rather glossy, densely sublanuginose-tornentellous, glabrescent (tardily on the nerves), densely, minutely reticulate, midrib impressed, lateral nerves filiform, slightly impressed, lower surface rather densely, minutely, ferrugineoualy sublanuginose-tomentellous, minutely reticulate, midrib prominent, densely pilose, lateral nerves 7—10 pairs, erect-patent, towards the margin arcuate, prominulous, connected by subparallel slender secondary veins. petioles slender, 1.5— 2̂.5 cm long, channeled above, densely pilose. umbels (immature) on very short branchlets in the leaf axils, the buds almost glabrous. solomon 1st. santa ysabel, near maringe lagoon, s. side of west ridge of mt. sasari, forest on very steep hillaide, alt. 700 m, leaves grey below with golden iins, petioles and twigs golden tomentose, oct., buds, bsip 2ui (k, l). reinwardtia [vol. 9 litsea coreana lev. leveille in fedde, kepert. 10: 370. 1912; allen apud kehder in j. arnold arb. 17: 327. 1936; in ann. missouri bot. gard. 25: 399. 1938; kakai, fl. sylv. koreana 22: 38 and 55. 1839; kostermans, bibl. laur. 807. 1964. typus: taquet 13s5 ( e | ; isotype: taquet s171, iiol (bo, e, k, le). litsea zwccariim koatermans in eeinwardtia 8: i n . 1970. dapknidium lancifolmm siebold & zuccarini (non thwaites), flora japon. fam. nat. 2: 83 (1846). 1s47; kostermans, i.e. 461; in reinwardtia, i.e.; lozoste laneifolia blume; cf. kostermans, i.e. 461 (no. 12a) ; actinodaphn* loncifolia is. & z.) meissner; cf. kostermans, i.e. 857 (no. 226b). i had the opportunity to study the original material of leveille in edinburgh and discovered, that leveille's description was based on specimens, belonging to different genera: a real litsea of which the flowers were described and persea thunbergii (specimen taquet 1356) of which the fruit were described. allen apparently saw only the latter specimen, and referred l. coreana to persea {machilus) thunbergii. as, however, the main part of the description covers litsea coreana, this name should be used. litsea zuccarinii from japan is identical with it, as was discovered by kakai. litsea krukovii kosterm., nomen nov. actinodapkite pedicdlata hayata (base) in matsumlira & hayata in journ. coll. sci. tokyo 22: 351. 1906; icon. 5: 172, fig. 60-c. 1915; ei. kostermans, bibl. laur. 35. 1964; hui-lin-li, woody fl. taiwan 198. 1963. fiwa pedicellata (hayata) nakai in journ. japan. bot. 14: 193. 1838; kostermana, i.e. 521. — litsea pedicellata (matsum. & hay.) hatusima in journ. geobot. 19 ( 1 2 ) : 25. 1971. _ typus: myahe anno 1s99, owatari anm 18ss, makino 18s8, hirar s.d. hatusima rightly transferred this species from actinodaphne to litsea. however, litsea pedicellata (m. & h.) hatusima is antedated by litsea pedicellata bartlett (1909), an american species. it is a great pleasure to name this species after dr. b.a. krukoff, the well known american botanist, who is supporting my work. litsea neohebridensis kosterm., spec. nov. arbor mediocris ramulis glabris sat gracilis foliis alternantibus lartaceis glabris ovatis vel late ellipticis brevissime late obscure -juminatis vel ohtusis basi cuneatis, utrinque minutissime dense reticulatis, supra sub-nitidis nervo mediano impressis costis filiformia prominulis, subtus pallidiori^us nervo mediano prominentibus sat gracilia ch; 3974] kostermans: revision of lav costis erecto-patentibus utrinque 4—6 gracilis, petiolis gracilis perlongis supra canaliculatis, infloreseentiis axillaris brevissirais sitbglabris umbellulis paucis longe pedunculatis, fructus anguste ellpsoideis, cupulis sessilis cupuliformis, basi obouicis margine integris. typus: a. morrison s.n. fp). tree, 7 m high. branchlets glabrous, rather slender. end bud very minutely sericeous. leaves spirally arranged, chartaceous, glabrous, ovate to broadly elliptic, 3.5 x 6—6 x 11—6.5 x 10 cm, shortly, broadly, rather obscurely acuminate or obtuse, base cuneate, both surfaces very minutely, densely reticulate (more distinct underneath); upper surface rather glossy, midrib slender, reddish, impressed, laterals filiform, prominulous, lower surface paler, midrib rather slender, prominent, reddish, laterals erect-patent, 4—6 pairs, prominulous, curved near the margin, sometimes forked, secondary nerves obscure, very lax. petioles slender, 1.5—3 cm long, channeled above. inflorescences axillary, ca 1—2 mm long, thickish (terminal bud minutely sericeous), slightly pilose, bearing a few, peduncled umbels. peduncles slender, up to 5 mm long with a few sub-appressed hairs, umbel buds accutish with a few subappressed hairs. fruit narrowly ellipsoid, up to 7 x 15 mm. cupula cup-shaped, rather thin, sessile, 3—4 mm deep and 5 m diam. with entire rim, merging gradually into an obconical, 2 mm long basal part. differs from l. aneityensis by its glabrous, thinner leaves with longer petioles and the sessile cup. new hebrides. tanna issl., lcnakcl, alt. 100 march, buds, kajewski ho (p); undine bay, efate, aug., fr., -4. morrison s.n. (p). rainforest, not common, nit of peak, 900 m alt., litsea verbteeghii allen cf. kostermans, bibl, laur. 892. 1964; in reinwardtia 7: 499. 1969; 8: 85. 1970. typus: brass & versteegh 11162 (a, bo, k, l). i formerly included this in l. alveolata allen. since more material has become available, i must confess, that allen was right in separating the two. superficially they are much alike, but the umbel stalks of l. alveolata are much shorter, in l. versteeghii the umbels are smaller on long peduncles; the fruits of l. alveolata have a cup continuous with the obconic short pedicel, in l. versteeghii the cups are almost flat, much smaller and abruptly narrowed into slender, longer pedicels. specimens examined: w. irian. hills n. of api e., kebar valley, alt. 800 m, clay soil, tree 26 m, bole 20 m, diam, 40 cm, buttresses up to 60 cm high, out 60 em, and 4 cm thick, outer bark greenish brown with many shallow fissures, inner bark yellow within, slash oehrous, rapidly turning brown, sap wood light yellow, no iio reinwardtia [vol. 9 1974] k o s t e m m a n s : re of lau 111 heartwood, oct., buds, bw $3$3 (l); bale r., 18 km ne. of lake habbema, alt. 2450 m, tree 5 — 6 m, nov., fls. brown, brass line (l). terbitory of new guinea. sepik distr., hindenburg range s. of nerenavip village, alt. 2900 m, secondary forest, tree 20 m, diam. 26 cm, wood yellow, sept. ft., ngf 28517 (a, bri, canb, k, l); w. highlands, alipe, kepaka, upper kangel valley, subdistr. hagen, alt. 2800 m, tree 17 m, diam. 20 cm, june, fr., bowers t8i (l). machilus nees (= persea) machilus sericea (nees) bi. blume, mub. bot. lugd. bat. 1 (21): 330. 1851; rf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 926. 1061; ocotea sericea nees (non h.b.k., nee goudot ex meisn.) i« wallich, pl asiat. rar. 2: 71. 1831, p.p. typua: wallich catal. 26og -b, p.p., n. (l). according to hooker f. (fl. brit. india 5: 139. 1889), laurus sericea a, b, c might or might not belong to one species; it was described by nees as a phoebe, but blume separated later a specimen as machilus sericea, "observing that it differs from the phoebe in the absence (sphalm.! = presence) of rings, caused by the fall of budseales at the base of the branches". blume's specimen, a small branchlet with leaves and inflorescence is conserved in leiden; it has a glaucous, sparsely sericeous lower leaf surface, sericeous flowers and glabrous filaments. in my opinion it is conspecific with persea bombyeina (king ex hooker f.) kosterm. the specific epithet "sericea" cannot be transferred to persea because of the american persea sericea h.b.k. and consequently the name persea bombyeina {king ex hooker f.) kosterm. stands. persea miller persea blumei kosterm., nom. nov. . bot. lugd. bat 1(21); 330. 1861; iker f., fl brit. india 5: 862. 1890; !erb. heland, e ncpalia, ocotea no. so, machilv.i pubescent blume (base), mus meisner in dc, prodi-, 15 <1): 40. 1864; ho kostermans, bibl. laur. 924. 1064. typus: 1 fl. (l); isotypus (k). the species was based oil a specimen sent from de candolle to blume as ocotea no. 20 (belonging to the set, sent by wallich to de candolle in geneve, hornemann in kjobnhavn and to d. don of nepalese plants). the holotype in leiden consists of a flowering branchlet with two leaves, more complete material is in the de candolle herbarium and i found also a good specimen in hooker's herbarium (kew), overlooked by hooker, who in his flora of british india disposed of it as a species beingunrecognizable from the description. it differs from its nearest relative p. villosa by the leaves having a villose lower surface without visible secondary nerves and the larger number of laterals. persea declinata (bl.) kosterm., comb. nov. lzurua declinatq. blume (basionym), catal. gewasser. 'slands tlantent. buiteniorg 66. 1823; ef. kostermans, bibl. laur. 611. 1964; phoebe declinata (bl.) nees, syst. laur. 114. 1838; cf. kostermans, i.e. 1275; m eeinwardtia 4: 203. 1957; 7: 353. 1968; ocotea declinata bl. (non mez), bjidr. fl nederl. indie l i e stuk 573. 1s2s; cf. kostermans, i.e. 1083. i have hesitated to refer this to persea, because of the non-reflexed, slightly hardened tepals under the fruit. however, the leaf reticulation is that of persea and so are the globular fruit and since its closest relation seems to be with p. excelsa, i believe that this species belongs to persea. in american species of persea semi-erect persistent tepals occur more often: for synonymy see kostermans in reinwardtia 7: 353. 1968. ... peraea endothrix kosterm., spec. nov. arbor ramulis glabris foliis coriaceis glabris ellipticis utrinque dense minute areolato-reticulatis breve acutis vel obtusis basi acutis, supra sublaevia nervo mediano robusta prominentis costis gracilia, petiolis bene euolutis, paniculis foliis subbrevioribus glabris paucifloris breve et pauce ramosis, pedicellis longis tepalibus elongatis extus glabris intus dense lanuginosis. typus; san 56521 (l). tree. branchlets rather slender, glabrous, end bud small, glabrous. collar of prophyl scars lacking. leaves spirally arranged, sub-aggregate, coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic to subobovate-elliptic, 2.5 x 7 (2.5 x 9)— c x 16 cm, shortly acuminate or obtuse, base acute, upper surface glossy, smooth or obscurely pitted, midrib slender, strongly impressed; lower surface densely areolate-reticulate, midrib strongly prominent, laterals 10—18 pairs, slender, erect-patent, arcuate near the margin, prominulous. petioles slender, 1—2 cm long. panicles axillary, glabrous, 1.5—12 cm long, few and shortly-branched near the apex, few-flowered. pedicels filiform, up to 7 mm. tepals elongate, narrow, up to 4 mm long, glabrous outside, densely woolly inside, tube infundibuliform, 1—1.5 cm; anthers 1—1.5 mm long, slender, pilose, anthers 0.5 mm, narrow, outer ones with large lower cells and very small upper ones; inner with larger upper reinwardtia [vol. 9 1374] kostermans: revision of lauraceae iv cells, the lower more lateral; basal glands long-stalked; staminodes longstalked, ovate, acutish with thickened rims; ovary ellipsoid; style as long as the filaments, stigma truncate, small. no collars of narrow prophyl scars could be discovered on the branches, which places this species near p. exceisa and p. declinata. characteristic is the woolly inside of the tepals (the inner ones are leiss woolly). borneo. sabah, eanau, alt. 1300 m, tcnompok proposed toe march, fl., san. ss5« (l). eh kinabalu, alseodapkne omeiensis gamble in sargent, pi. wilson. 2: 70, 24 march 1914, cf. kostermans, i.e. 69; notkapkoebe omeiemis (gamble) chun «i contr. biol. lab. sei. soc. china 1(5): 33. 1925; kostcrmans, i.e. 1058. mackilns dunnianus and m. mairei have been already reduced to synonyms of alseodaphne omeiensis gamble by render and liou ho. however, the former have been published 3 weeks earlier than a iseodaphne omeiensis. available material shows moreover the erect, indurate perianth of the fruit, which places this in phoebe. persea peduncula.ta (bl.) kosterm., comb. nov. lozoste •pedu.nculata blume (basionym), mus. bot. lugd. bat. 1 (23) : 364. jb51; kosternmns, bibl. lsur. 550. 1954. actinodapkne pedunculate. (bl.) meisn. in dc, prodr. 15(1): 211. 1864; cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 3g. typus: reeves s.n. (e herb. lindley) (l). modulus velittina champion ex benth. in hooker's kew journal & gard. miscell. s: 198. 1853; kostermans, bibl. laur. 930 (extensive references); in reinwardtia a1 £14 19fi2" a 120 1970 f exclus f tosea liou hot • pstbso vsivtiita i chamd rat benth.) kostermans in eeinwardtia b: 194. 1962; bibl., b.c. 1262. — typus: champion 181 (k). mackilus grij&ii han*e in ann. sci. nat., sir. 4, 18: 226 (1862) 18g3; kostermans, bibl. i.e. 908; persea grgsii (hance) kostermans in eeinwardtia 6: 186. 1962; 6: 118. 1970. — typus; grqi iji herb. hance s7s8 (e, k). actinodaphne wagniflora allen in ann. missouri bot. gard. 25: 403. 1938; kostermans, bibl., l.c31; in bull. bot. survey india 10: 287. 1968; in eeinwardtia 8: 120. 1970. this very common species, which flowers already when it is one meter high, is based on a specimen, collected by reeves in s. china and in the position of lindley, who sent a specimen to blume. allen, who re-described it as an actinodapkne, was apparently misled by the aggregate leaves, although inflorescence and flower structure excludes it definitely from actinodapkne. phoebe nees phoebe dunniana (levcille) kosterm., comb. nov. mackilus dunnianus ltveille in fedde, repert. 13: 174, 28 febr. 1914; cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 905. 1964. machilus mmniana yang in journ. w. china border res. soe. 15, b: 75. 1945; kostermans, i.e. 905 (sphalm. = dunniana). — typus: maire s.n., couines boisees a long ky, alt. 700 m, fleurs, junt 1912 (e). machilue mairci leveilte in fedde, repert. 13: 174. 1bi4, cf. kostermans, i.e. 917. typua: maire s.n., fl., lons ky, may <e>. phoebe kjellhergii kosterm., spec. nov. arbor ramulis apicem versus dense minutissime ferrugineo villosulis foliia subaggregatis rigide chartaceis vel subcoriaceis obovato-ellipticis vel suboblanceolatis breve vel brevissime acuminatis basin versus sensim flttenuatis in petioliim sat crassum contractis vel acutis supra nitida glabra nervo mediano impressa costis filiformis subimpressis subtus opaca minutissime adpresse piloaa nervo mediano prominentis costis erecto-patentis gracilis prominentis nerviis secundariis subparallelis filiformis conjunctis infra ctescenti is foliia aequilongis vel longioribus vix et breve ramosis glabrescentibus fructua ovoideus perianthus persistens par vis minutisaime adpresse pilosis. typus: kjellberg 2973 (bo). tree. branches smooth, pinkish grey, the youngest ones towards their tips densely, minutely, rusty villous. leaves spirally arranged, subaggregate (monopodial branching), rigidly chartaceous to subcoriaceous, obovate-elliptic to suboblanceolate, 4 x 11—6 x 17 cm, apex shortly acuminate to apiculate, base gradually tapered, acutish or occasionally somewhat rounded; upper surface smooth, glabrous, the midrib longitudinally narrowly channeled, lateral nerves filiform, slightly impressed, lower surface dull, finely, densely, very minutely appressed pilose, midrib and the slender, erect-patent, ca 10 pairs of slightly arcuate lateral nerves prominent, secondary nerves subparallel, filiform, prominulous, reticulation fine, rather dense. petioles rather stout, 10 mm long, puberulous, infruetescences axillary, subapical, up to 15 cm long with a long peduncle and few, up to 2 cm long, subapical branches, glabrescent; fruit ovoid, 11 x 13 mm, blue-black; persistent perianth rather flat up to 6 mm diam., the tepals unequal, up to 3 mm long1, minutely, densely appressed pubescent. characterized by the small persistent perianth, the obovate-elliptic, thickish leaves with a very short, appressed pubescence. the kjellberg specimen was from a branch, picked up from the ground. 114 reinwardtia sulawesi (celebes). diatr. palopo, village batang, (bo); todjambu, alt. too m, dec, fr. black, peduncles [vol. 9 lit. 250 m, ster., 66. 20898 red, kjellberg 2sts (bo). phoebe tenuifolia kostcrm., spec. nov. phoebe ctercutwides (elmer) merrill, cf. kostermans, bibl. laur. 1301. 1064, p.p. (quoad merritt 682i). lauraoeae, spec. x, koorders in medsd. plantent. buitenzorg 19: 575. 1898. arbor ramulia griseis lenticellatia glabris apiee minutissime pilosis foliis aggregates chartaceis diu glabreseentibus obovato-ellipticis brevissime late acuminatis basin versus attenuatis acutis utrinque minutissime dense reticulatis supra nitida nervo mediano impreasa costia obscuria filiforrnis aubimpressis subtus pallid; ora subopaca nervo mediano prominent! bus costis erecto-patentibua gracilis prominentibua nerviia secundariis parallelis prominulis connectis petiolig brevis infructescentiis foliis subbrevioribus apicem versus (sub lente) mmutissime dense pilosis vix ramosis pedunculis perlongis robustis fruetus par vis ellipsoideoovatis perianthus induratus minutisrime pilosus amplectens. typus: de boer 2s = bb. 2249 (bo). tree up to 20 m high and go cm diam. branchlets greyish white, lenticellate, glabrous with very large, protrudingoval leaf scars, near their apicea very minutely, densely pubescent. leaves apirally arranged, aggregate, ehartaceous, obovate-elliptic, 7 x 19—10 x 26 cm, obtuse with a very short, broad acumen, base gradually tapered, acute, both surfaces very minutely, densely reticulate, upper surface glabrous, glossy, midrib impressed, lateral nerves obscure, filiform, slightly impressed, lower surface more dull, in younger leaves minutely, rather densely appressed pilose, soon glabrous, midrib prominent, lateral nerves ca 10—12 pairs, erect-patent, slightly arcuate, prominent, connected by parallel, promraulous, filiform secondary veina. petiole 1—3 cm long. fruiting panicles up to 19 cm long with rather stout, long peduncle and a few up to 2 cm long apical, widely spaced branches, towards their apices very minutely appressed pubescent. fruit ellipsoid ovoid, slender, yellowish-brown (in ajcco), up to 6 x 10 mm, persistent perianth minutely, densely appressed pilose, ca 5 aim long, tepals subequal. a widespread species, characterized by its thin leaves with a very fine pubescence on the lower leaf surface; the small persistent perianth and the small fruit which dry yellowish brown. it has a fairly constant vernacular name in celebes: "areepoongoo". the specimen merritt sssi from mindoro has somewhat broader leaves with larger flowers, but the latter is due to the stage of development, some flowers are diseased and have become gigantic. 1974] kostermans: revision, of lauraceae iv philippines. mindoro, april, fl., merritt ss2i (bo); mindanao, todaya (mt. apo), diatr. of davao, may, fl., elmer 10685 (bo). sulawesi (celebes), minahasss, tondano, ster., xoorders 17429 (bo, l ) ; ibid., near eatatotok, ster., koorders 17w1 (bo, l ) ; eatahan, alt. 250-300 m, june, fr., koorders 2j,o7o (bo, l) and 17/.ss (boli kajuwatu, alt. 50 m, ster., hoarders 17501, (bo, l| and 1751s (bo); lulumbulan near paku-ure, april, f]., hoarders 1t',s6 (bo, l ) ; near modoinding alt. 1060 m, sept., buds, 66. 17120 (bo|; palopo distr., village morante, alt. 200 m, tree is m, diam. 33 cm, ster., 66. go8u (a, bo, l ) ; village batang, alt. 250 m, star., 66. 20898 (bo); amurang, fr., sine call. (bo, k, l ) ; is]. buton, distc. sampolawa, alt. 10 to, march, fr., de boer 29 = bb. 2249 (bo, l ) ; isl. muna, village wapai, alt. 5 m, tree 20 m, diam. 60 cm, ster., bb. 21729 (a, bo, l). i c o n t e n t s p a g e h a t t i n k , t. a. a revision of malesian caesalpinia, i n c l u d i n g , mezoneuroji ( l e g u m m o s a e c a e s a l p i n i a c e a e ) 1 • j o n e s , h . g < orchidaceae n a v a e vel m i n u s cogtlitae . . . . . . . 7 1 k e n g , h. rediscovery of cheilotheca malayana a n d t h e i d e n t i t y of . cheilotheca, audresia and mo.notropastmm (ericaceae. m o n o t r o p o i d e a e ) 7 7 k o s t e r m a n s , a . j . g . h . a m o n o g r a p h o f t h e genusn.eoanna•momum l i o u h o 8 5 m a t e r i a l s f o r a r e v i s i o n o f l a u r a c e a e i v . . . . . 9 7 r? a new bornean species .of mammea , . 117 triadodapkne, a. new jauraceous genua from borneo . 119 — a monograph of caryodaphnopsis a. shaw . ., . . . 123 larsen, k. & laksen, s. k. a new amorphophallus from thailand ' 139 nayak, m. p. a revision of phtkiandra (melastomataceae) . . 143 rao, a. n. £ leong, f. l. pollen morphology of certain tropical , • plants . . . . . . . . • 153 skvortzov, b. v. on some colourless flagellates from java and brasil 177 distributor bibliotheca bogoriensis, jalan raya juanda 20, eogok, indonesia by archipel rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_01 97-115 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_50 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_51 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_52 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_53 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_54 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_55 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_56 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_57 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_58 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_59 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_60 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_95 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 19 − 26 19 studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia and an updated description of begonia holosericea received january 10, 2014; accepted april 7, 2014 wisnu h. ardi centre for plant conservation – bogor botanic gardens, lipi. jln. ir. h. juanda no. 13 bogor, 16122. indonesia, e-mail: wisn001@lipi.go.id yayan w. c. kusuma centre for plant conservation – bogor botanic gardens, lipi. jln. ir. h. juanda no. 13 bogor, 16122. indonesia, e-mail: yayanwahyu@gmail.com carl e. lewis fairchild tropical botanic garden, 10901 old cutler road, miami, fl, 33156, usa. e-mail: clewis@fairchildgarden.org rosniati a. risna centre for plant conservation – bogor botanic gardens, lipi. jln. ir. h. juanda no. 13 bogor,16122. indonesia, e-mail: rosniatirisna@yahoo.com harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta−bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: harry_wiria@yahoo.com melissa e. abdo dept. of biological sciences, florida international university, 11200 sw 8 th st., miami, fl, 33199, usa. e-mail: mabdo002@gmail.com daniel c. thomas naturalis biodiversity center, leiden, p. o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: daniel.thomas@naturalis.nl abstract ardi, w. h., kusuma, y. w. c., lewis, c. e., risna, r. a., wiriadinata, h., abdo, m. & thomas, d. c. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia and an updated description of begonia holosericea. reinwardtia 14(1): 19 – 26. ― two new species of begonia, begonia holosericeoides ardi & d. c. thomas and b. aketajawensis ardi & d. c. thomas, are described from aketajawe lolobata national park, halmahera, indonesia. the two species belong to begonia section petermannia. begonia holosericea, previously only tentatively assigned to a section, is here assigned to section petermannia based on the examination of newly available material. additionally, a revised description and an illustration are provided. a key to the moluccan species of begonia is presented. key words: begonia, new species, halmahera. abstrak ardi, w. h., kusuma, y. w., lewis, c. e., risna, r. a., wiriadinata, h., abdo, m. & thomas, d. c. studi begonia (begoniaceae) kepulauan maluku i: dua jenis baru dari halmahera, indonesia dan pertelaan terbaru begonia holosericea. reinwardtia 14(1): 19 – 26. ― dua jenis baru begonia, begonia holosericeoides ardi & d. c. thomas and b. aketajawensis ardi & d. c. thomas dipertelakan dari taman nasional aketajawe lolobata, halmahera, indonesia. kedua jenis begonia masuk kedalam seksi petermannia berdasarkan pengamatan material baru yang tersedia. sebagai tambahan, perbaikan pertelaan dan ilustrasi telah diberikan. kunci identifikasi jenis begonia dari maluku juga disajikan dalam tulisan ini. kata kunci: begonia, jenis baru, halmahera. mailto:wisn001@lipi.go.id mailto:yayanwahyu@gmail.com mailto:clewis@fairchildgarden.org mailto:mabdo002@gmail.com mailto:daniel.thomas@naturalis.nl reinwardtia 20 [vol.14 introduction the begonia flora of the indonesian islands group of the moluccas, located west of papua and east of sulawesi, is poorly known. since the description of b. holosericea (teijsm. & binn.) teijsm. & binn. ca. 150 years ago, only one other endemic moluccan begonia species has been descri be d: be gonia s age ae nsis wiri ad. (wiriadinata, 2012). only six species of begonia have been reported from the islands altogether (hughes, 2008; wiriadinata, 2012), but this is certainly an underestimate. expeditions to lessexplored areas of other central malesian islands such as sulawesi have recently brought to light numerous new species (thomas et al., 2009a; thomas et al., 2009b; thomas et al., 2011) and it has been noted that “it is evident from herbarium collections that a number of endemic species remain to be described” from the moluccas (hughes, 2008). the six species previously reported from the moluccas comprise two endemic moluccan species, the previously poorly known begonia holosericea and b. sageaensis as well as the more widely distributed b. aptera blume, which also occurs on sulawesi and three closely related species (b. brachybotrys merr. & l. m. perry, b. pseudolateralis warb. and b. rieckei warb.) which fall in the begonia rieckei species complex, which shows a wide distribution in malesia east of huxley’s line (hughes, 2008). this paper presents an updated description of b. holosericea and provides descriptions of two new species of endemic moluccan begonia, raising the total number of species known from the moluccan islands to eight, four of which being endemic. begonia holosericea was previously only known from the type material and information on important characters such as placentation type was lacking. this is why doorenbos et al. (1998) only tentatively assigned the species to section petermannia and indicated that the placement was doubtful. hughes (2008) emphasized that the sectional placement of the species is unknown. new material, including plants cultivated at bogor and bali botanic gardens and herbarium material deposited in bo, has recently become available as a result of expeditions to the moluccas. based on this material begonia holosericea is here placed in section petermannia, as it exhibits typical characters of the section: protogynous inflorescences, two-tepaled male flowers, anthers with unilaterally positioned slits, fivetepaled female flowers, two-flowered female inflorescences or solitary female flowers, threelocular ovaries with axile placentation and bilamellate placentae, and fruits with equal or subequal wings. thus all moluccan begonia species, except for begonia aptera (section sphenanthera), can be assigned to section petermannia. recent expeditions to the moluccas, carried out through a partnership between bogor botanic garden and fairchild tropical botanic garden (june-august 2011, and june-august 2012) to commemorate a historic expedition to the region led by david fairchild in 1940, have resulted in many valuable herbarium and living specimens, a number of which may represent new species. two of them are described below. like the majority of moluccan species, they are classified in begonia section petermannia. all available begonia specimens from bo, e, k, l and sing have been consulted, and hence it must be assumed, at least until more intensive collecting may reveal otherwise, that these new species have restricted ranges and are endemic to halmahera island (fig. 1). diagnostic characters of the two new species and begonia holosericea are illustrated in figs. 2–4. identification key to begonia species in the moluccan islands 1a. plants erect ………………………………… 2 1b. plants creeping …………………………….. 3 2a. female flowers with 2–5 tepals; male flowers with 2 tepals, anther connectives not projecting at apex; leaves broadly ovate …….… b. rieckii 2b. female flowers with 6 tepals; male flowers with 4 tepals, anther connectives projecting at apex; leaves oblong-lanceolate ……. b. aptera 3a. leaf apex acuminate ……………………..… 4 3b. leaf apex rounded ……………………. …... 5 4a. adaxial leaf surface densely hirsute with red hairs; female inflorescence peduncle < 5 mm; female flowers solitary ………... b. sageaensis 4b. adaxial leaf surface glabrous; female inflorescence peduncle up to 3.5 cm; female flowers in two-flowered inflorescences …… ……………………………..b. holosericeoides 5a. male flower with two tepals; female inflorescence peduncle 2–3 mm long; ovary densely hairy ………................ b. holosericea 5b. male flowers with four tepals; female inflorescence peduncle ca. 1 mm long; ovary glabrous or glabrescent …….. b. aketajawensis species descriptions begonia aketajawensis ardi & d. c. thomas spec. nov. section petermannia. figs. 1, 2. ― type: 2014] 21 ardi et al.: begonia of the molucca islands i indonesia, north halmahera, aketajawe-lolobata national park, tayawi village, secondary lowland forest, 0 o 27’55.6’’n, 127o44’42.3’’e, 19 may 2011, melissa e. abdo 4740 (holo: bo). similar to begonia holosericea. differing from that species by the narrowly obovate to orbicular leaves, smaller leaf size (8.8–12 × 8.3–11 cm), male flowers with four tepals and sparsely hairy or glabrous ovaries (leaf laminas broadly ovate to suborbicular, 15–19 × 12–18 cm, male flowers with two tepals and densely hairy ovaries in b. holosericea). perennial, monoecious herb with creeping stems, to ca. 25 cm long, moderately to densely hairy. stems few branched; internodes ca. 1.7–3.8 cm long, densely covered with branched hairs. leaves alternate; stipules persistent, 8–13 × 5–6 mm, triangular, translucent glabrous except for hairs on the abaxial midrib, midrib abaxially prominent, projecting up to ca. 3.5 mm at the apex; petioles 3.5 –11.5 cm long, channeled, red, densely covered with branched hairs; lamina basifixed 8.8–12 × 8.5– 11 cm, asymmetric, narrowly obovate to orbicular, base slightly rounded to cordate, lobes not or rarely slightly overlapping, apex rounded, margin fimbriate, adaxial surface green or reddish green variegated, with silvery band or spots around the margin and extending inwards between the veins, glabrous, abaxial surface paler, hairy on the veins, primary veins 7–8, actinodromous, secondary veins craspedodromous. inflorescences axillary, protogynous; bracts ca. 7–13 × 4–6 mm, ovate, creamy tinged pink, sparsely hairy, with abaxially slightly prominent midrib projecting up to 3 mm at the apex; female inflorescences solitary, usually one node basal to the male inflorescences, peduncles ca. 1 mm long; male inflorescences usually distal to the female inflorescences, composed of 1–2 monochasial partial inflorescences with 2–4 flowers each, peduncles 2–3.5 cm long. male flowers: pedicels 3– fig. 1. distribution of begonia holosericeoides (triangle), b. aketajawensis (circle), b. holosericea (square). reinwardtia 22 [vol.14 5.5 cm long; tepals 4, white, the 2 larger 11–15.5 × 11.5–15 mm, orbicular, base slightly cordate, apex rounded, the 2 smaller 10–12.5 × 3–7 mm, elliptic or oblong-obovate; stamens yellow, filaments ca. 0.5–1 mm long, slightly fused at the very base, anthers ca. 1–1.5 mm long, oblong, dehiscing through unilaterally positioned slits >1/2 as long as the anthers. female flowers: pedicels 1.7–2.5 cm long; tepals 5–6, white tinged with pink, unequal, the 4 larger 10.5–15 × 8–11 mm, obovate, the smallest 11–15 × 5–7 mm, elliptic; ovary globoid 8.5–10 × 7–10 mm, locules 3, placentation axile, placentae bilamellate, wings 3, narrowly triangular, rounded at base, apex subtruncate to truncate, style basally fused, 3-branched, each stylodium bifurcate in the stigmatic region, stigmas 3, stigmatic surface a spirally twisted papillose band, yellow. fruiting pedicels ca. 25 mm long. fruits globoid, 8.5–13 × 7 –10 mm (excluding the wings), glabrous, dehiscent, splitting along the wing attachment, wing shape as for ovary, ca. 5.5 mm wide at the widest point (at the apex); seeds unknown. distribution. endemic to aketajawe-lolobata national park, halmahera, north moluccas, indonesia. locally common. habitat. found on vertical moist rock surfaces, including limestone substrates, in half to full shade, in secondary forest at 100–150 m altitude. other specimen examined. cultivated at bali botanic garden from vegetative material collected in the wild (indonesia, north maluku, halmahera timur, aketajawe-lolobata national park), 1 september 2013, wisnu h. ardi, wi 84 (bo). fig. 2. begonia aketajawensis ardi & d.c. thomas. a. plant habit in-situ (scale 10 cm); b. juvenile plant in-situ (scale 5 cm); c. cultivated juvenile plant (scale 2 cm); d. male inflorescence (scale 2 cm); e. male flowers (scale 1 cm); f. female flower (scale 1 cm); g. female flower (scale 1 cm); h. infructescence (scale 1 cm); i. ovary cross section (scale 5 mm). (photos: a & d-h: made ardhaka; b: yayan kusuma; c: wisnu h. ardi; i: daniel c. thomas). 2014] 23 ardi et al.: begonia of the molucca islands i note. the specific epithet refers to the collection locality of the type material, aketajawe-lolobata national park (latin, -ensis – originating from). begonia aketajawensis is similar to b. holosericea, but it can be easily distinguished by several characters such as leaf shape and size (narrowly obovate to orbicular leaves with laminas 8.8–12 × 8.3–11 cm, vs. broadly ovate to suborbicular leaves with laminas 15–19 × 12–18 cm), male flowers with four tepals (vs. male flower with two tepals) and sparsely hairy or glabrous ovaries (vs. densely hairy ovaries with stiff, red hairs in b. holosericea). begonia aketajawensis shows a character combination which is unique in the large section petermannia (>270 species): creeping stems and four-tepaled male flowers. four-tepaled male flowers are rare in section petermannia and have only been described from a few species such as b. georgei coyle, b. grandipetala irmsch., b. propinqua ridl. and b. watuwilensis girm., none of which is morphologically close to b. aketajawensis. the majority of species in section petermannia shows more or less erect stems, lthough there are some exceptions such as the rhizomatous b. mendumae m. hughes and the creeping b. gemella warb. ex l. b. sm. & wassh. in contrast to this, the begonia species in section petermannia endemic to the moluccas are characterized by fig. 3. begonia holosericeoides ardi & d.c. thomas. a. plant habit in-situ (scale 10 cm); b. plant habit in cultivation (scale 10 cm); c. stipule (scale 1 cm); d. male inflorescence (scale 2 cm); e. female inflorescence (scale 1 cm); f. male flower (scale 1 cm); g. female flower (scale 1 cm); h. ovary cross section (scale 5 mm). (photos: a: yayan kusuma; b-h: wisnu h. ardi). reinwardtia 24 [vol.14 creeping or rhizomatous stems. another characteristic feature of the endemic moluccan species are the few-flowered (2–5 flowers) male inflorescences which are arranged in simple monochasia. begonia holosericeoides ardi & d. c. thomas spec. nov. section petermannia. figs. 1, 3. ― type: cultivated at bogor botanic garden from vegetative material collected in the wild (indonesia, north maluku, halmahera timur, aketajawe-lolobata national park, sp2 village, primary lowland forest, 1 o 26’05.6”n 128o 37’30.20”e, 1 september 2013, wisnu h. ardi, wi 83 (holo: bo, iso: krb). similar to begonia holosericea (teijsm. & binn.) teijsm. & binn. differs from this species by the longer peduncles of the female inflorescences (1.1– 3.5 cm), sparsely hairy or glabrous ovaries and ovate leaves with acuminate apex (peduncle of the female inflorescence 2–3 mm long, ovary densely hairy and leaves suborbicular with rounded apex in b. holosericea). perennial, monoecious herb with creeping stems, to ca. 15 cm long. stems few branched; internodes ca. 10–12 mm long, dark green or green tinged red, densely covered with branched hairs. leaves alternate; stipules persistent, ca. 7–12 × 9–12.5 mm, triangular, glabrous except for hairs on the abaxial midrib, midrib abaxially prominent, projecting up to ca. 4 mm at the apex; petioles 3–4 cm long, red, densely covered with hairs; lamina basifixed, 15– 15.5 × 10.5–11 cm, asymmetric, ovate, base cordate and lobes not or slightly overlapping, apex acuminate, margin fimbriate, adaxial surface glabrous, dark green reddish, variegated with silver bands or spots between the veins sometimes fused forming a band along the margin, abaxial surface pale green, with red hairs on the veins, coriaceous, primary veins 7–8, actinodromous, secondary veins craspedodromous. inflorescences axillary, protogynous; bracts 8–14 × 4–8 mm, oblong, reddish, sparsely hairy, with abaxially slightly prominent midrib projecting up to 2 mm at the apex; female inflorescences two-flowered, usually one node basal to the male inflorescences, peduncles ca. 1.1–3.5 cm long; male inflorescences usually distal to the female inflorescences, composed of 1–3 partial inflorescences, each consisting of 2 monochasia with 2–4 flowers each, peduncles ca. 5–8 cm long, hairy. male flowers: pedicels 1.5–4 cm long, hairy; tepals 2, white tinged with pink, 13–15 × 11–13 mm, broadly ovate, base slightly cordate and becoming rounded at anthesis, apex rounded, abaxially glabrescent; stamens yellow, filaments ca. 1–2 mm long, slightly fused at the very base, anthers ca. 1.5 –2 mm long, oblong, dehiscing through unilaterally positioned slits >1/2 as long as the anthers. female flowers: pedicels 2.2–3.1 cm long, sparsely hairy, red; tepals 5, white tinged with pink at the margin, unequal, the four larger broadly ovate, 14 × 11–12 mm, one smaller, elliptic, 11 × 5 mm, margin fimbriate; ovary ellipsoid, 12.5 × 4.5 mm (excluding the wings), locules 3, placentation axile, placentae bilamellate, wings 3, subequal, cuneate to rounded at base, subtruncate at apex, widest point apically, style basally fused, 3-branched, each stylodium bifurcate in the stigmatic region, stigmas 3, stigmatic surface a spirally twisted papillose band, yellow. fruiting pedicels ca. 2.2–3.1 cm long. fruits ellipsoid, 10–13 × 4.5–5.5 mm (excluding the wing), sparsely hairy or sometimes glabrous, dehiscent, splitting along the wing attachment, wing shape as for ovary, ca. 9 mm wide at the widest point (at the apex); seeds unknown. distribution. endemic to the aketajawe-lolobata national park, halmahera, north mollucas, indonesia. habitat. found on vertical moist rock surfaces, including limestone substrates, in full shade, in primary rain forest at ca. 145 m asl. note. the specific epithet is a compound of holosericea (the species epithet of b. holosericea), and -oides (in greek compounds: resembling). it refers to the creeping habit and adaxial leaf pattern, which are similar to the conditions found in b. holosericea. although similar on first sight, b. holosericeoides can be easily distinguished by several characters such as the acuminate leaf apex (rounded in b. holosericea) and the sparsely hairy to glabrous ovary (densely hairy with stiff, red hairs in b. holosericea) and the length of the peduncles of the female inflorescences (0.2–0.3 cm in b. holosericea, vs. 1.1–3.5 cm in b. holosericeoides). begonia holosericea (teijsm. & binn.) teijsm. & binn., epim. ludg. bat.: 5(1863). section petermannnia. ― diploclinium holosericeum teijsm. & binn., tijdschr. ned.-indie 25:421 (1863). ― type: ternate island, j.e. teijsmann sn. (holo: bm), figs. 1, 4. perennial, monoecious herb with creeping stems, to ca. 25 cm long. stems few branched; internodes ca. 2–4.5 cm long, reddish, densely covered with branched hairs, which are red at base, and white at the apex. leaves alternate; stipules persistent, 13–16 × 9–12 mm, triangular, glabrous except for hairs on the abaxial midrib, midrib abaxially prominent, 2014] 25 ardi et al.: begonia of the molucca islands i projecting up to ca. 12 mm at the apex; petioles 7– 11.5 cm long, red, densely covered with branched hairs; lamina basifixed, 15–19 × 12–18 cm, asymmetric, broadly ovate to suborbicular, base cordate and lobes overlapping, apex rounded, margin fimbriate, adaxial surface glabrous, bullate, variegated, green with silvery green blotchs or spots between the veins and forming bands, abaxial surface pale green, hairy on the veins, primary veins 7–8, actinodromous, secondary veins craspedodromous. inflorescences axillary, protogynous; bracts ca. 15 × 8 mm, ovate, creamy tinged pink, sparsely to moderately hairy, with abaxially slightly prominent midrib projecting up to 6 mm at the apex; female inflorescences oneor two-flowered, usually one node basal to the male inflorescences, peduncles 2–3 mm long; male inflorescences usually distal to the female inflorescences, composed of 1–3(–5) partial inflorescences, each consisting 1–2 monochasia with 2–4 flowers each, peduncles ca. 3–5 cm long, hairy. male flowers: pedicels 3–4 cm long, hairy; tepals 2, white tinged with pink, 10–17 × 10–13 mm, broadly ovate, base slightly cordate and becoming rounded at anthesis, apex rounded; abaxially hairy, stamens yellow, filaments ca. 1 mm, slightly fused at the very base, anthers ca. 1–1.5 mm long, oblong, dehiscing through unilaterally positioned slits >1/2 as long as the anthers. female flowers: pedicels 3–4.2 cm, hairy, red; tepals 5, white tinged with pink at the margin, unequal, the four larger broadly ovate and adaxially concave (+/bowl-shaped), 10–14 × 10– fig. 4. begonia holosericea (teijsm. & binn.) teijsm. & binn. a. plant habit in-situ (scale 5 cm); b. plant habit in cultivation (scale 5 cm); c. stipule (scale 1 cm); d. male inflorescence (scale 1 cm); e. female inflorescence and flower (scale 1 cm); f. ovary cross section (scale 5 mm). (photos: a & d: izu a. fijridiyanto.; b, c, e, f: wisnu h. ardi). reinwardtia 26 [vol.14 12 mm, one smaller, elliptic, 10–13 × 5–6 mm, margin fimbriate; ovary ellipsoid, 9–11 × 5–7 mm, red, densely hairy, locules 3, placentation axile, placentae bilamellate, wings 3, subequal, rounded to cuneate at base, truncate to rounded at apex, widest point apically, style basally fused, 3-branched, each stylodium bifurcate in the stigmatic region, stigmas 3, stigmatic surface a spirally twisted papillose band, yellow. fruiting pedicels 3.5–4.2 cm long. fruits ellipsoid, 11–18 × 10–11 mm (excluding the wing), densely hairy, dehiscent, splitting along the wing attachment, wing shape as for ovary, reddish, ca. 12 mm wide at the widest point (at the apex); seeds unknown. distribution. endemic to mt. gamalama, ternate island, north moluccas, indonesia. habitat. this species can be found growing in shady places on vertical moist rock surfaces, in secondary forest at ca. 600 m altitude. other specimen examined. cultivated at bogor botanic garden from vegetative material collected in the wild (indonesia, north moluccas, ternate island, mt. gamalama), 6 january 2014, wisnu h. ardi, wi 95 (bo). note. begonia holosericea is the first endemic species described from ternate island on the basis of a specimen collected by teijsmann. the species was initially described as diploclinium holosericeum, but later referred to begonia. sectional placement was problematic for this species as information about its placentation was lacking, and doorenbos (1998) and hughes (2008) only tentatively assigned it to section petermannia. based on recent observations of plants cultivated in bogor botanic garden, which were collected from the type locality in 2009, b. holosericea can be confidently assigned to section petermannia 150 years after it was first described. it exhibits several typical characters of the section: protogynous inflorescences, two-tepaled male flowers, anthers with unilaterally positioned slits, five-tepaled female flowers, two-flowered female inflorescences or solitary female flowers which are born basal to the male, three-locular ovaries with axile placentation and bilamellate placentae, and fruits with equal or subequal wings. acknowledgements the authors would like to express gratitude to mustaid siregar and joko r. witono (bogor botanic gardens), and to hong liu and javier francisco-orteg (fairchild tropical botanic garden & florida international university) for their support, and to dr. izu andry fijridiyanto (bogor botanic gardens), i made ardhaka and kadek erosi undaharta (bali botanic gardens) for giving permission to use their pictures. the authors are also thankful for cooperation in the field and logistical support from mahroji and david purmiasa. irfan rosadi, hanom bashari, and other colleagues from burung indonesia provided invaluable assistance and collaboration. the permits for fieldwork provided by ristek and aketajawe-lolobata national park are also appreciated. funding support was provided by fairchild tropical botanic garden and bogor botanic gardens-lipi. references doorenbos, j. m., sosef, s. m. & de wilde, j. j. f. e. 1998. the sections of begonia including descriptions, keys and species lists. studies in begoniaceae vi. wageningen agricultural university papers 98 (2). wageningen: wageningen agricultural university. hughes, m. 2008. an annotated checklist of southeast asian begonia. edinburgh: royal botanic garden edinburgh. thomas, d. c., ardi , w. h., hartutiningsih & hughes, m. 2009a. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from south sulawesi, indonesia. edinburgh journal of botany 66 (2): 229–238. thomas, d. c., ardi, w. h. & hughes, m. 2009b. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from central sulawesi, indonesia. edinburgh journal of botany 66 (1): 103–114. thomas, d. c., ardi, w. h. & hughes, m. 2011. nine new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from south and west sulawesi, indonesia. edinburgh journal of botany 68 (2): 225–255. wiriadinata, h. 2012. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sagea lagoon, weda bay, halmahera island, north moluccas, indonesia. reinwardtia 13 (3): 263–270. instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 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columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 391-563-2-pb belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 a journal on tax0n0m1c botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors mien a. rifai kuswata kartawinata n. wulijarni-s0etj1pt0 published by herbarium bggoriense lembaga biologi nasional —. lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 9, part 4, 377 — 479 31 march 1980 10 issn 00-34 — s66x 384 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 the staminate strobilus of amentotaxus (figs. 19, 21 & 26) are probably homologous to the secondary branches (of which the first one is sterile, and the others, fertile), and that these structures are subtended a bract which is homologous to a secondary laminar appendage. (3) it is further suggested that the open dichotomous vein-systems in the axils of side veins in a segment of phylhcladus, the ultimate units of fertile shoot of cordaitwnthus*, and the sporangiophores of amentotaxus (figs. 19, 22, 23, 24, 27 & 28), are probably homologous to the tertiary branches, fertile and sterile, which again are subtended by the tertiary laminar appendages, known as bracts or the like. literature cited andrews, h. n. (19611). studies in paleobotany. j. wiley, new york. arnold, c. a. (1947). an introduction to paleobotany. mcgraw-hill, new york. banks, h. p. (1970). evolution and plants of the past. wadsworth, belmont. coulter, j m. & chamberlain, c. j. (191.7). morphology of gymnosperms. unir. chicago press, chicago. florin, r. (1948). on nothotaxus, a new genus of the taxaceae from eastern china. in acta horti berg. 14: 385-395. florin, e. (1951). evolution in cordaites and conifers. in acta horti berg. 15: 285-388. keng, h. (19g9). aspects of morphology of amentotaxus formosana with a note on the taxonomic position of the genus. in j. arnold arb. 50: 432-446. keng, h. (1974). the phylloclade of phyllocladus and its possible bearing on the branch systems of progymnosperms. in ann. bot. n.s. 38: 754-764. meeuse, a. d. j. (1963). from ovule to ovary: a contribution to the phylogeny of the megasporangium. in acta biotheoret. 16: 127-182. renault, b. (1879). structure comparee de quelques tiges de la flore carbonifere. in nouv. arch. mus. hist. nat. ser 2, 2: 213-348 (original not seen, cited in florin 1951). saxton, w. t. (1934). notes on conifers. viii. the morphology of austrotaxus spicata. in ann. bot. 48: 412-427. wilde, m. h. (1944). a new interpretation of coniferous cones. i. podocarpaceae (podocarpus). in ann. bot. n.s. 8: 1-14. wilde, m. h. (1975). a new interpretation of microsporangiate cones in cephalotaxaceae and taxaceae. in phytomorphology 25: 434-450. zimmermann, w. (1930). die phylogenic dor pflanzen. erster teil, g. fischer, jena. zimmermann, w. (1s52). main results of the telome theory. in palaeobotanist 1: 456-470. . . it must be stressed here that in the case of an ovulate strobilus, the terminal structure on the ultimate'units of fertile shoots (figs. 3, 4 & 23) are ovules, not sporangia. a. succinct discussion on the telomic concept and the nature of the integument by andrews (1961, pp. 372-375)'should be consulted. r e i n w a e d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 386 — 392 (1980) three new malesian species of gramineae soejatmi dransfield herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor, indonesia *) abstract illustrated descriptions of three new malesian species (racemobambos ceramica s. dransfield, nastus schmutzii s. dransfield and cymbopogon minutiflorus s. dransfield) are presented. r. ceramica is compared with r. schultzei (pilger) holttum, and n. schmutzii with n. reholttumianus s. soenarko. n. reholttumianus, so far found only in the island of sumba, is recorded also as occurring in flores. c. minutiflorus is the first representative of the genus in sulawesi. abstrak pertelaan bergambar tiga buah jenis baru suku rumput-rumputan dari malesia disajikan. jenis-jenis tersebut ialah racemobambos ceramica s. dransfield, nastus schmutzii s. dransfield dan cymbopogon minutiflorus s. dransfield. r. ceramica dibandingkan dengan r. schultzei (pilger) holttum, sedang n. schmutzii dengan n. reholttumianus s. soenarko. n. reholttumianus yang dilaporkan terdapat di sumba, ditemukan pula di flores. c. minutiflorus merupakan jenis pertama daripada marga cymbopogon di sulawesi. r a c e m o b a m b o s holttum in the island of seram, rutten collected a bamboo characterized by its panicle with multiflorus spikelets and climbing culms. it belongs to racemobambos and can be distinguished from the recognized species of the genus by its long, open and spreading panicle and hairy inflorescence axis. the species, here regarded as new, is very closely related to r. schultzei (pilger) holttum, which occurs in japen isl. (holttum 1967). it differs from r. schultzei in several respects, compared below spikelet lemma lodicules main axis and branches of inflorescence schultzei more or less sessile, with swollen base 10 mm long minutely puberulous glabrous ceramica pedicellate, pedicel 4.5 long, base not swollen 7 — 8.5 mm long glabrous puberulous mm present address: c/o the herbarium, royal botanic gardens, kew, england. _ 385 — 386 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 kacemobambos ceramica s. dransfield, sp. nov. — fig. 1. r. schultzei (pilger) holttum affinis, sed spiculis non sessilis, lemmatibus 7—8.5 mm longis, lodiculis glabris, axe prinario et ramis inflorescentiae pubescenti, differt. typus: rittten 223u (bo, holotypus) climber; culm not seen, upper part 3 mm diam., hollow, smooth, with thin wall; branches glabrous, 3—4 in each node. culm-sheath not seen. flowering branches 12—21 cm long, bearing leaves; leaf-blades 7—13.5 cm long, 5—7 mm wide, glabrous, tapering to a fine tip; auricle very short with long bristles (the longest being 8 mm long). main axis and lateral branches of panicle puberulous. spikelets 22—32 mm long, consisting of 4—5 florets, hermaphrodite, the terminal one barren; basal empty glumes 3, hairy when young, glabrous in age; glume i very small, 1.5 mm long, narrow, 1-nerved, pointed; glume ii 3.5—4 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, acuminate, 9-nerved; glume iii 6.3 mm long, 3 mm wide, rounded on the back, with rounded apex, 10-nerved; rachilla internode 5 mm long, flattened, glabrous; lemmas 7—8.5 mm long, rounded on the back, 3 mm wide, ovate, acuminate, minutely puberulous on the back, 10-nerved; palea 6.5 mm long, membrano-chartaeeous, 2-keeled, hairy along the keels, 2 nerves between the keels, 2 nerves each between the keel and the margin; lodicule 2 mm long, glabrous, hairy along the apex; anthers 3 mm long; ovary minutely puberulous; stigma 3 mm long. seram. makina, alt. 1000 110© m, in the forest, 18 may 1919-, rutten 228u (eo). n a s t u s nees among the bamboo material sent by father schmutz of ruteng (flores, indonesia) i found three interesting specimens of nastus. one of them (e. schmutz 3866, manggarai, west flores, alt. 800 m, 25.1. 1976) in fact belongs to n. rehotttumianus s. soenarko (1977) which so far is known to occur only in sumba. it is called "heso" by the native of manggarai, flores. the second specimen (e. schmutz 2789) is slightly different from n. rehotttumianus, for it has thinner glumes, lemma and palea. the specimen consists of flowering branches accompanied by very short notes from the collector. the other specimen is a young plant representing the same species as specimen schmutz 2789. later father schmutz sent some valuable information about this plant and n. rehotttumianus. people in west flores recognize two kind of "heso": 1) small "heso", which has culn* about 3 cm in diameter with thin wall, and it is found1 at lower elevations, 650—800 m, and 2) big "heso", which has culms about 5 cm in diameter with thick wall, and occurs at higher elevations, above 900 m. 1980] dransfield: three new malesian gramineae 387 fig. 1. racemobambos ceramiea. after rutten 2234. 888 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 the small "heso" is in fact n. reholttumianus and the other "heso" is an undescribed species. this new species can also be differentiated from the former species by having shorter uppermost glume. in n. reholttumianus uppermost glume is more or less as long as the lemma and palea, whereas in this new species it is shorter than the lemma and palea. it is a great pleasure to name this species after father schmutz who sent with enthusiasm the plant and the valuable information about it. nastiis schmulzii s. dransfield, sp. nov. — fig. 2. n. reholttumiano s. soenarko affinis, sed glumis, palea et lemmate tenuioribus et glume superiore lemmate paullo breviore, differt. typus: e. schmutz 2789 (bo, holotypus). climber; culm about 6 cm in diam., thick-walled, upper part bearing flowering branches 1.5 cm diam., with annular woody ring in each node. culm sheath not seen. flowering branches 9—25 cm long; leaf-blades 2.5—4.5 cm long, 4—8 mm wide, glabrous, lanceolate, tapering to a very fine long tip; ligule very short, less than 1 mm long, fringed (fringes up to 2.5 mm long). inflorescence open panicle, 3.5—7 cm long, with spreading branches, main axis and branches with minute hairs. spikelets 5.5—6.5 mm long, glabrous, slightly laterally compressed; glume i not more than 1.5 mm long, mucronate; glumes ii 1.5—2 mm long, mucronate; glumes iii 2—2.5 mm long, acuminate, ovate, more or less rounded on the back, 7-nerved; glumes iv 3—3.5 mm long, ovate, acuminate, 7nerved; lemma and palea more or less equal, 5.5—6.5 mm long, glabrous, acuminate, 7-nerved; lodicules 3, 1 mm long, with fringes; ovary slender with 3 long stigma; stamen 6, 2.5 mm long; no rachilla extension. west plores. manggarai, nunang, todong rancang, 18 november 1971, alt. 850 m, e. schmutz 2789 (bo); ibid., young plant, 16 january 1976, e. schmutz 3853 (bo). c y m b o p o g o n sprengel in the revision of the genus cymbopogon (soenarko 1977) 55 species are recognized and they occur in the old world tropics and subtropics to australia. no wild species of the genus has been recorded to occur in sumatra, kalimantan and sulawesi. among the specimens in the herbarium bogoriense there are two incomplete specimens bearing inflorescence only, collected in donggala in the central sulawesi. therefore they were not included during the preparation of the revision. , during the international society of sugar cane technologists germplasm expedition to various parts of indonesia in 1976 i was able to find 19s0] dransfield: three new malesian gramineae 389 fig. 2. nastus schmutzii. after e. schmutz 2789. this cymbopogon species growing wild in the areas surrounding palu in central sulawesi. this species is so far not found in the other parts of sulawesi, for during the trips to south and north sulawesi i did not see it. this species belong to ser. citrati and differs from the other species in this series in the densely pilose pedicels and rachis internodes and much smaller sessile spikelet with relatively broad-winged lower glume. 390 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 1s80] dransfield: three neiv malesian gramineae 391 cymbopogon minutiflorus s. dransfield, sp. nov. — fig 3. species nova ad series citrate pertinentes, sed ab aliis speciebus rhachidibus internodiis et pedicellis dense pilosis, et spicula sessili minore, differt. typus: s. soenarko 430 (bo, l, k). tufted, perennial grass; flowering culm up to 2 m tall, erect with drooping tip, smooth, polished, glabrous, nodes somewhat swollen, shortlybearded. leaf-blades 30—60 cm long, 6—8 mm wide, tapering to a very long tip, narrower to the base, glabrous, slightly rough on both surfaces, light green; basal sheaths persistent at the base of the culm, slipping, often curled, smooth, glabrous except at the lower part with spreading short hairs and at the junction with leaf-blade; ligule membranous, entire, glabrous, 1 mm long. spathate panicle about 60 cm long, narrow, erect or with drooping branches, internodes of main axis and branches pilose or with spreading hairs, nodes bearded; spatheole 9—16 mm long, glabrous; peduncle 3.5—4 mm long, slender, hairy from the middle upwards. raceme about 10 mm long, spikelet easily shedding; raceme-bases deflexed at maturity, the upper one much longer than the lower, slender with long hairs; rachis internodes and pedicel slender, 1.5 mm long, lowermost pedicel slender. sessile spikelet 3.5 mm long, awned; lower glume as long as the spikelet, 0.6—0.7 mm wide, flat on the back or faintly wrinkled, faintly 2-nerved, winged, glabrous, membrano-ehartaceous; upper glume membranous, 1-keeled, shorter than the lower glume; lemma of the lower floret hyaline, acuminate, that of the upper floret hyaline; palea absent; lodicules 2, cuneate, hyaline; awn 9 mm long; anthers 6; ovary very small, 1 mm long, with two stigmas; caryopsis 1.5 mm long. distribution : sulawesi, endemic. habitat: on limestone hills or soil, from sea level to 200 m alt. central sulawesi. between tawaeli and parigi, on limestone hills, 25 april 1976, alt. ca 200 m, locally common, s. soenarko 430 (bo, l, k ) ; between palu and kulawi, alt. ca 2'0o m, 2i6 april 1976, s. soenarko 431 (bo); donggala, near sea, 28 may 1954, a.h. alston 15592 (bo, a, b, bri, l, pnh, sing, us); between karang and donggala, 22 august 1937, alt. 20 m, along the road, p.j. eyma 1780 (bo). acknowledgements i should like to thank dr. mien a. rifai for reading the paper and dr. john dransfield for helping with the latin description. thanks are also due to sdr. damhuri for the drawings.\ fig. 3. cymbopogon minutiflorus. after s. soenarko 430. 392 r e i n w a r d t i a references [vol. 9 holttum, r.e. (1956). racemobambos, a new genus of bamboos. in gard. bull. sing. 15: 267-273. holttum, r.e. (1967). the bamboos of new guinea. in kew bull. 21: 263'-'292. soenarko, s. (1977). the genus cymbopogon sprengel (gramineae). in eeinwardtia 9: 231-375. soenarko, s. (1977). a new species of nastus nees (gramineae) from sumba. in gard. bull. sing. 30: 17-19. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9>, part 4, pp. 393; — 394 (1980') coelachne ghatica naik, sp. nov. v. n. naik department of botany, marathwada university, aurangabad, maharashtra, india abstract coelachne ghatiea naik, a new species of grass is described from western ghats, india. abstrak suatu jenis baru rumput coelachne ghatiea naik dipertelakan berdasarkan koleksi dari ghats barat di india. coelachne ghatiea naik, sp. nov. — fig. 1. c. simpliciuscula (wt. & arn.) munro ex benth. similissime, differt in glumis pubescentibus, minoribus, 0.5—1 mm longis, pedicellis longioribus, 1.5—2 mm longis (terminalibus in ambo plerumque longioribus exceptis), ergo paniculis effusioribus. holotypus: naik 1300a in herb. mu aurangabad. perennial grass with long creeping stem rooting at nodes. culms 8—15 cm long, hairy at nodes. leaves sheaths 5—8 mm long, pubescent with few long hairs; blades lanceolate, 6—30 x 3—4 mm, rounded or sub-cordate at base, many-nerved, hirsute on the nerves above, glabrescent beneath, acute at apex; 'ligule a ring of short hairs. panicles effuse, 3—8 cm long; rhachis grooved, branches spreading 5—15 mm long. spikelets globose or broadly ovoid, 1—1.25 mm long on slender pedicels about 1.5—2 mm long. florets two, the lower sessile and hermaphrodite, the upper pedicelled and hermaphrodite or female. the rhachilla welldeveloped between the lower and the upper lemma. lower glume broadly ovate, 0.5 mm long, 3-nerved, pubescent on the back. upper glume ovateoblong, about 1 mm long, concave, 5-nerved, pubescent on the back. lower lemma ovate-oblong,' slightly longer than the upper glume, 5-nerved, pubescent on the back, its palea shorter, nerveless. callus of the upper floret 0. upper lemma ovate-oblong, 1.25 mm long, 5-nerved, pubescent on the back, its palea slightly shorter, 2-keeled. stamens 2 or 3, about 1 mm long. grain ovoid, filling 2/3 of the lemma. ecology: gregarious on wet rocky soil of open grassland in association with utricidaria reticulata sin., erwcauton spp. and other grasses. _ 3 9 3 — contents page hsu an keng. a new interpretation of the compound strobilar structures of cordaites and conifers , 377 soejatmi dransfield. three new malesian species of gramineae 385 v. n. naik. coelachne ghatica naik, sp. nov 393 thomas j. delendick. the correct name for the acer of malesia 395 m i e n a. r i f a i . the identity of ustuago amadelpha var. glabhuscula 399 v. n. naik & b. w. patunkar. novelties in panicum (poaceae) from india . 403 n. p. balakrishnan. a new species of ophiorrhiza (rubiaceae) from great nicobar island, india 411 ronald h. petersen. type studies in the clavarioid fungi. v. the taxa described by caspar van overeem 415 a. w. subhebar & v. g. rao. an undescribed species of calothyriop<sis on apple 421 gregori g. hambali. a new species of balanophora from the malay peninsula, 425 kuswata kartawinata. a note on a kerangas (heath) forest at sebulu, east kalimantan 429 rusdy e. nasution & r. n. lester. a chemotaxonomic study of some species of zingiber subsection zerumbet 449 johanis p. mogea. the flabellate-leaved species of salacca (palmae) • printed by aechipel, bogor, java cov rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_07 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_08 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_09 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_10 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_11 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_55 a journal on tax0n0m1c botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors mien a. rifai kuswata kartawinata n. wulijarni-s0etj1pt0 published by herbarium bggoriense lembaga biologi nasional —. lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 9, part 4, 377 — 479 31 march 1980 10 issn 00-34 — s66x 424 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 the director, m.a.c.s. poona-4 for laboratory facilities and to the ministry of education, government of india for the award of s.rt * o n e of us (a.w.s.). this paper represents contribution no. 582 irom depart ment of mycology and plant pathology. references mulleb, e. & von aex, j.a. (1962). die gattungen der didymosporen pyrenomyceten. in beitr. kryptogamenfl. sehweiz 11(2): 1-922. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 425 — 427 (1980) a new species of balanophora from the malay peninsula gregori g. hambali herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor, indonesia abstract an illustrated description of balanophora hansenii hambali, spec, nov. is presented. the species belongs to sect. dibalaniella. abstrak pertelaan bergambar jenis baru balanophora hansenii hambali disajikan. jenis ini tergolong seksi dibalaniella. in his monograph on the genus balanophora j.r. & g. foster (dansk bot. arkiv 28: 1-189. 1972) dr. bertel hansen recognized 15 species. however, as a by product of a recent mistletoe-hunting trip with drs. john and soejatmi dransfield in malaya, one more species is to be included in this genus. balanophora hansenii hambali, spec. nov. — fig. 1. a ceteris speciebus sectionis dibalaniellae tuberibus inflorescentias ferentibus cylindricis, inflorescentia foliis aggregatis occulata differt. holotypus: hambali s.n. (bo). dioecious plants, dirty to bright coral red, with a pale yellow inflorescence. tubers branched, elongate, those bearing inflorescences distinctly cylindrical, 4—6 cm by 1.5 cm with apical part ca. 1 cm wide, surface fine granular, minutely puberulous, with scattered white stellate warts. leaves 1.5—3.8 cm by 1.1—1.9 cm, appearing verticillate on a very short stem of 1 cm long, 3-merous, in 3—4 whorls, slightly cucullate, appressed to and completely concealing the inflorescence, forming a compact oval head, during anthesis rather loosely arranged; longitudinal nerves 5—8, visible only in wet translucent material, median nerves occasionally branched at the middle. male inflorescence ca. 2 cm by 1.8 cm; flower — bearing bracts 2.5 mm by 4—5.5 mm, truncate, non flower — bearing bracts 3—4 mm by 3—4 mm, spathulate to acute. flower 19—20, (3-), 4-, (5-) merous, zygomorphic, dimensions of basal flowers larger than those of the apical; pedicels ca. 2—7 mm; lateral _ 4 2 5 — 426 u e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 3mm balanophora hansenii hambali. — a. habit sketch, b. inflorescence (the leaves are forcibly opened), c. unopen and open 4-petaled flower, d. unopen and open 5 petaled flower. — after the holotype. 1980] hambali: new balanophora 427 tepals obtuse to acute, 2—4 mm by 1—3 mm, median tepals truncate, 2.5—4 mm by 2—3.5 mm; synandrium 0.5—-2.5 mm long, semicircular in cross-section with diameters 1—3.5 x 0.8—2 mm, elevated on a torus, 1—1.5 mm long; anthers stretching from base to apex of synandrium, crossing the apex in many places, synandrium in cross section consisting of ca. 20 cells; pollen grains, triporate, sphaeroidal, in polar view subtriangular to subcircular, with exine granular at the equatorial region, grains completely bald at the polar regions. no. female plants were observed. this new species, named after dr. bertel hansen in appreciation for his interesting monograph, belongs to the section dibalaniella tiegh., of which three other closely-related species, i.e. b. elongata bl., b. papuana schlecht. and b. lowii hook.f., are already known. the compact headlike arrangement of the leaves which completely conceals the inflorescence, and the distinctly cylindrical inflorescence-bearing tubers are two features which make it easily distinguishable from the other members of this section. despite the superficial verticillate appearance, the leaves are actually arranged in a subtle compact spiral. this new species was featured under the name of balanophora papuana in nature malaysiana 3(1) : 24. 1978. malay peninsula. selangor/pahang border, gunung ulu kali, dwarf forest on a ridge in the vicinity of genting highlands recreation resort, alt. ca. it'oo' m, parasitic on the root of pentaphylax euryoides gardn. & champ. (pentaphylacaceae), 31 december 1977, hambali s.n., preserved in spirit, provided with a colour transparency (bo). one inflorescence was at anthesis at the time of collecting (about noon). the flowers emitted a faint, disagreeable smell, reminiscent of that of laurentia longiflora (l.) peterm. i should like to express my warm gratitude to drs. john and soejatmi dransfield, who enabled me to make the most of my stay in malaya. my gratitude is also extended to my parents who helped finance the trip, to the kadarsan family for their hospitality, and sdr. m. anwar for the drawing. i thank dr. j. dransfield further for preparing the latin diagnosis. contents page hsu an keng. a new interpretation of the compound strobilar structures of cordaites and conifers , 377 soejatmi dransfield. three new malesian species of gramineae 385 v. n. naik. coelachne ghatica naik, sp. nov 393 thomas j. delendick. the correct name for the acer of malesia 395 m i e n a. r i f a i . the identity of ustuago amadelpha var. glabhuscula 399 v. n. naik & b. w. patunkar. novelties in panicum (poaceae) from india . 403 n. p. balakrishnan. a new species of ophiorrhiza (rubiaceae) from great nicobar island, india 411 ronald h. petersen. type studies in the clavarioid fungi. v. the taxa described by caspar van overeem 415 a. w. subhebar & v. g. rao. an undescribed species of calothyriop<sis on apple 421 gregori g. hambali. a new species of balanophora from the malay peninsula, 425 kuswata kartawinata. a note on a kerangas (heath) forest at sebulu, east kalimantan 429 rusdy e. nasution & r. n. lester. a chemotaxonomic study of some species of zingiber subsection zerumbet 449 johanis p. mogea. the flabellate-leaved species of salacca (palmae) • printed by aechipel, bogor, java cov rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_27 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_28 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_55 reinwardtia vol 13, no 5, pp: 455 455 glimpse by misra in 2007 and many other orchid books that contribute to the information of the indian orchids, specifically to himalayan orchids. the book of ‘a century of west himalayan orchids’ is regarded as the supplement to the books of the other himalayan orchids that have been published. in regard to its physical form, this book is very handy to carry and easy to read due to its small size and the reasonable font size. also, this book is completed with a large number of attractive photos of the plants, flowers and the dissection of the floral parts. broader readers who have interests to orchids can utilize the book. this book consists of 243 species and each species was described in a complete detail and followed by the other taxonomic information such as their proper nomenclature, flowering and fruiting time, habitats, distribution, status, and potential values. among the species described in this book, the genus dendrobium is the most dominant, followed by the genus habenaria willd, liparis rich., eria lindl. and oberonia lindl. there are 16, 11, 10, 10, and 9 species of those genera above respectively. the information in this book is useful for scientists around the world including students, orchid lovers and conservation managements to implement the information needed for conservation and research in this area. despite the useful information on the taxonomic accounts of this book, there are few typo errors such as 30,000 became 300,000 in the preface, unclear species names in the figures (e.g. p. 31), and inconsistency in giving author name(s) after the scientific names and in giving photo legends that can be improved easily by massive proof reading. also some photos do not have complete information (figs. 18, 19). readers need to look back to the text in order to understand the information in the photos. also, the figures 18 and 19 showed the type of inflorescences that are cyme, spike, umber or fascicle without referring to particular photos. in addition, the details of the photos of floral morphology for each species can be better if it is supplemented with line drawings because many photos cannot capture hidden floral details. additionally, the book will be more functional for the readers who utilize this book in the field if the artificial identification key of west himalayan orchids is presented. – lina s. juswara, herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya jakarta-bogor book review h. j. chowdhery & d. k. agrawala. 2013. a century of west himalayan orchids. bishen singh mahendra pal singh. new connaught place, dehra dun, india. 318 pp. price usd 74.95 new book on ‘a century of west himalayan orchids’ has been published. the title of the book is suitable with the content of the book itself. the book was initiated to document orchids of east himalaya by providing reliable and accurate accounts of the genera and species found in west himalayan with the detail history of orchidology around the world including in india, general morphology of orchids including the variations on both vegetative and generative structures. the himalayan regions geographically including its physiography of west himalayan and the history of the plant exploration in west himalaya was also discussed thoroughly. the initial book of orchids of himalaya part i was written by george king and robert pantling in 1898 which contained many drawings and then followed by the orchids of north western himalaya vol ix part ii duthie 1906, orchids of kaumaun himalayas by pangtey, samant and rawat in 1991, orchids of india: a reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 233 − 236 233 diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo – how many species are there? received january 13, 2013; accepted october 21, 2014 julia sang botanical research centre, sarawak forestry, kuching, sarawak, malaysia. e-mail: juliasang@sarawakforestry.com. ruth kiew forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia. e-mail: ruth@frim.gov.my abstract julia, s. & kiew, r. 2014. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo – how many species are there?. reinwardtia 14(1): 233 – 236. — a total of 126 species are currently named and described from borneo (brunei 16 species, kalimantan – 5 species, sabah – 41 species and sarawak – 72 species). however, based on our survey of the begonia collection in the sarawak herbarium, the un-named taxa (about 110 species) significantly outnumber the 72named species. the situation is probably the same for sabah, so with many more new species than the 41 named ones at a conservative estimate the sabah begonia flora can be expected to exceed 100 species. for kalimantan (5 named species), the total number of un-named species is likely to be even higher considering that kalimantan occupies a larger land area, its begonia-rich mountains and limestone areas are hardly collected, and the begonia flora has hardly been studied at all. we can therefore expect the begonia flora of borneo to exceed 600 species. in view of the high level of narrow endemism (80% of species are known from a single locality), expeditions to unexplored areas are necessary to document, in particular, areas that are experiencing irreversible land-use change. alpha-taxonomy on a large scale is needed to tackle the backlog of literally hundreds of new undescribed species. keywords: begonia, borneo, diversity, endemism abstrak julia, s. & kiew, r. 2014. keanekaragaman begonia (begoniaceae) di borneo – berapa jenis yang ada disana?. reinwardtia 14(1): 233 – 236. — sebanyak 126 jenis telah diberi nama dan dipertelakan dari borneo (brunei 16 jenis, kalimantan – 5 jenis, sabah – 41 jenis dan sarawak – 72 jenis). akan tetapi, berdasarkan hasil survei koleksi begonia di herbarium sarawak, taksa yang belum diberi nama (sekitar 110 jenis) ternyata jumlahnya melebihi dari 72 jenis yang telah diberi nama. kondisi ini diperkirakan sama dengan sabah, dengan lebih banyak jenis baru melebihi 41 jenis yang telah diberi nama, diperkirakan jumlah begonia di sabah lebih dari 100 jenis. untuk kalimantan (5 jenis yang telah diberi nama), jumlah jenis yang belum dipertelakan kemungkinan lebih besar karena kalimantan mencakup area yang luas, pegunungan yang banyak begonia dan daerah batu kapur sangat sulit dikoleksi, sehingga jenis begonia hampir tidak dipelajari sama sekali. diperkirakan jumlah jenis begonia di borneo melebihi 600 jenis. mengingat tingginya tingkat endemisitas (80% jenis diketahui berasal dari lokasi tunggal), ekspedisi di daerah yang belum dijamah perlu dilakukan, khususnya pada daerah yang telah mengalami alih fungsi lahan. alfa-taksonomi pada lingkup yang luas diperlukan untuk mengatasi ratusan jenis yang belum dipertelakan. kata kunci: begonia, borneo, endemisitas, keanekaragaman introduction the first begonia species described from borneo was begonia microptera by hooker (1857) based on a specimen reportedly from borneo, but without specific locality (hughes, 2008). the se asian begonia database (http://elmer.rbge.org.uk/ begonia) listed a total of 95 named species for borneo, which comprises brunei, kalimantan, sabah and sarawak (hughes & pullan, 2007). since then, another 31 species have been described, mainly from limestone areas in sarawak (kiew & julia, 2007; kiew & julia, 2009; julia et al., 2013). in brunei, the only well-studied region in borneo, a total of 16 species were recognised (sands, 1997). in contrast, only five species are recorded from kalimantan and the tambelan islands. for sabah, a total of 41 species have been described to date. of these, 19 species were described from mount kinabalu (beaman et al., 2001) and 18 species from limestone hills (kiew, 2003). of the 72 species from sarawak, 13 species were described by ridley (1906) mostly from the kuching district in the first and only account of begonias in borneo. irmscher (1953) described a further 10 species based on beccari’s collections collected from north and central parts of sarawak. http://elmer.rbge.org.uk/begonia http://elmer.rbge.org.uk/begonia reinwardtia 234 [vol.14 since then exploration of limestone hills has yielded a further 35 species (pearce, 2003; kiew & geri, 2003; kiew & julia, 2007; kiew & julia, 2009; julia et al., 2013) and two from other areas (tawan et al., 2009). to date, a total of 126 species are described from borneo, almost half described in the 21 st century. however, the rate of describing new species is rather slow (0.6 species per year between 1857 and 1900, and 4 species per year in the 21 st century) and there are many more species collected that have yet to be described. for example, in sarawak herbarium, (sar), more than half the taxa cannot be matched to a known species. while the type images, which are essential in facilitating revisionary work, are available online in the se asian begonia database, there is still the problem that the early types are poor quality specimens. initiatives to re-collect specimens from the type localities of these specimens are needed, but in some cases this is quite impossible or very difficult because the locality data are either absent or very general and is without details of habitat. one exception is for ridley’s specimens from limestone in the kuching district where specimens have been recollected from type sites (kiew & geri, 2003). endemism all begonias species known in borneo are endemic to the island. the level of local endemism is also particularly high with more than 90% of the total species endemic to either brunei, kalimantan, sabah or sarawak. only six species in borneo are known to cross these political boundaries (table 1). of these, only two species (b. baramensis and b. fuscisetosa) can be found in all four regions. most species are also narrowly endemic. for example, 80% of species are known only from a single collection or only from the type specimen, while others have only been collected from a single locality (table 2). however, this likely reflects the lack of collecting as the begonia flora of borneo is still very poorly known. diversity of bornean begonias begonias in borneo belong to five sections but pre-dominantly to the sect. petermannia (table 3). ridley (1906) wrote “borneo, at least sarawak, appears to be tolerably rich in begonias…. the most abundant are the tall woodland species of the petermannia section with very insignificant flowers”. this statement remains true today. of the named and un-named sarawak petermannia species at least 88 species are cane-like begonias compared with 24 species that are creeping and small-leaved begonias and 20 species that have short stems, non-oblique leaves and short petioles. species belonging to sect. diploclinium and reichenheimia are some of the most attractive begonias, some with a neat rosette habit and peltate leaves (sect. reichenheimia) or with yellow or peach-coloured flowers (some sect. diploclinium). (begonia adenostegia is probably wrongly assigned to sect. platycentrum which is not thought to occur in borneo). begonias in sect. sphenanthera are unusual for the genus in having fleshy berries without wings compared with the usual dry winged capsule. how many begonia species are there in borneo? from brunei with a land area of 5.765 km 2 , a total of 16 species are known (sands, 1997), giving an estimate of 1 species per 360 km 2 . if this figure is extrapolated to estimate the number of begonias in borneo as a whole (with a total land area of approximately 740.000 km 2 ), it translates into more than 2000 species! but is brunei typical as a whole for borneo? one factor that suggests that the total number will be lower than 2000 species is habitat. begonias are not evenly distributed as beccari (1904) observed “i was surprised, also, to find in quite limited area no less than five distinct forms of begonia, a genus which species distribution b. baramensis merr. brunei, kalimantan, sabah, sarawak b. borneensis a.dc. sabah, sarawak b. chlorocarpa irmsch. sabah, sarawak b. cyanescens sands kalimantan, sarawak b. fuscisetosa sands brunei, kalimantan, sabah, sarawak b. stenogyna sands brunei, sarawak table 1. distribution of widespread bornean species 2014] 235 julia & kiew: diversity of begonia in borneo species known from a single collection b. hidiri tawan, ipor & meekiong b. keithii kiew b. kiamfeei kiew & s. julia b. kurakura tawan, ipor & meekiong b. layang-layang kiew b. murudensis merr. b. nagaensis kiew & s. julia b. promethea ridl. b. punchak kiew & s. julia b. serapatensis kiew & s. julia b. sibutensis sands b. tambelanensis (irmsch.) kiew b. urunensis kiew b. vaccinioides sands species known from a single locality b. apiensis kiew & s. julia b. benaratensis s. julia b. chlorosticta sands b. eutricha sands b. hullettii ridl. b. juliasangii kiew b. longiseta irmsch. b. niahensis k. g. pearce b. papyraptera ridl. b. payung s. julia & kiew b. propinqua ridl. b. sarangica kiew & s. julia is by no means rich in species in borneo”. habitats that occupy a large proportion of land area in borneo, such as peat swamp, heath forest and lowland forest, are relatively poor in begonia species. on the other hand, habitats such as limestone, mountains and rocky streams, are particularly rich in begonias. for example, at least 20 species are known from gunung kinabalu. in theory, too, as more areas are explored we should expect to find that species are more widespread (table 1) so that the number of new begonias would not continue to increase. in fact, experience shows that this is not the case. it is not unusual, based on our experience, for a 10-day expedition to a previously unbotanised area to yield ten begonia species of which only one or two are named species. for example, from the begonias collected from the bakun area, sarawak, before the area was flooded for a hydroelectric dam, of the 15 species only one, b. pyrrha ridl. can be named, the remaining 14 are new and awaiting description. in addition, there is already a large number of begonia specimens in local herbaria that are un-named and represent new species. for sarawak, based on our survey of the begonia collection in sar, the un-named taxa represent about 110 species compared with only 72 named species. the situation is probably the same for sabah where there are many more new species in the san herbarium than the 41 named ones so that the sabah begonia flora can be expected to exceed 100 species. for kalimantan, where only five species are currently named, the total number of un-named species is likely to be higher than that of either sabah or sarawak considering that kalimantan occupies a larger land area, its mountains and limestone areas are hardly collected and the begonia flora has hardly been studied at all. we can therefore expect the begonia flora of borneo to exceed 600 species. this overwhelming number shows that begonia is one of the largest genera of plants in borneo and the fact that there are more un-named taxa than named ones also shows that more work needs to be done. what next? to continue to improve our knowledge of the bornean begonias, the following next steps are suggested: i. to encourage more alpha-taxonomy to get names on species, particularly in view of the fact that there are already more new species without names in local herbaria than those with names; ii. to keep the se asian begonia database up-totable 2. examples of narrowly endemic species in borneo reinwardtia 236 [vol.14 section no. of species examples diploclinium 9 b. calcarea, b. elatostemma, b. gueritziana, b. havilandii, b. sabahensis, b. diwolii, b. subnummularifolia, b. kurakura, b. piring petermannia 102 b. baramensis, b. congesta, b. conipila etc. platycentrum 1 b. adenostegia reichenheimia 7 b. andersonii, b. burttii, b. juliasangii, b. payung, b. speluncae, b. rhodochaeta, b. tambelanensis sphenanthera 1 b. chlorocarpa date to facilitate taxonomic work; iii. to keep active an informal network among taxonomists who work on begonias in se asia or elsewhere. because taxonomic institutions in malaysia are unlikely to develop molecular facilities to study a non-commercial group such as begonia, a symbiotic relation with institutions outside malaysia or borneo is desirable; iv. to focus field work to little known areas (e.g. mountainous areas) as well as to areas that are in imminent danger of irreversible land use changes, (e.g. by conversion of forest to oil palm plantations, construction of hydroelectric dams, quarrying for limestone). conclusion the diversity and endemism of the begonia species in borneo is overwhelming with more than 600 species expected of which more than half are still undescribed. closing this knowledge gap becomes increasingly important in view of the increasing rate of deforestation and habitat loss in borneo. acknowledgements we would like to thank the secretariat of 9 th fm symposium and sarawak forestry corporation for funding the first author to attend the flora malesiana symposium in bogor. we sincerely thank the curators of sarawak herbarium and kepong herbarium for giving us permission to examine begonia specimens in their care. references beccari, o. 1904. wanderings in the great forests of borneo. archibald constable, london. uk. beaman, j. h., anderson, c. & beaman, r. s . 2001. the plants of mount kinabalu. 4. dicotyledon families acanthaceae to lythraceae. natural history publications (borneo) & royal botanic gardens, kew. pp. 570. hooker, j. d. 1857. begonia microptera. botanical magazine. 83: 4974. hughes, m. 2008. an annotated checklist of southeast asian begonia. royal botanic garden edinburgh, scotland, u.k. pp. 1–176. hughes, m. & pullan, m. 2007. southeast asian begonia database. electronic publication accessible via www.rbge.org.uk. irmscher, e. 1953. neue begoniaceen von o. beccari in malesien gesammelt. webbia. 9: 477– 503. julia, s., kiew, r. & geri, c. 2013. revision of begonia (begoniaceae) from the melinau limestone in gunung mulu national park and gunung buda national park, sarawak, borneo, including thirteen new species. phytotaxa 99(1): 1–34 kiew, r. 2001. the limestone begonias of sabah, borneo – flagship species for conservation. gardens’ bulletin singapore 53: 241–286. kiew, r. & geri, c. 2003. begonias from the bau limestone, borneo, including a new species. gardens’ bulletin singapore 55: 113–123. kiew, r. & julia, s. 2007. begonia (begoniaceae) from the limestone hills in kuching division, sarawak, borneo, including nine new species. gardens’ bulletin singapore 58(2): 199–232. kiew, r. & julia, s. 2009. seven new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from the ulu merirai and bukit sarang limestone areas in sarawak, borneo. gardens’ bulletin singapore 60 (2): 351–372. pearce, k. g. 2003. five new begonia species (begoniaceae) from the niah national park, sarawak, malaysia. gardens’ bulletin singapore 55: 73–88. ridley, h. n. 1906. begonias of borneo. journal of straits branch of the royal asiatic society 43: 1–92. sands, m. j. s. 1997 ‘1996’. begoniaceae. in: coode, m. j. e., dransfield, j., forman, l. l., kirkup, d. w. & idris, m. s. (eds.) a checklist of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of brunei darulsalam. brunei forest department & royal botanic gardens, kew. pp. 38–40. tawan, c. s., ipor, i. b., hidir, m., ampeng, a., marzuki, b. & meekiong, k. 2009. two new begonia species (begoniaceae) and notes on extended distribution of begonia calcarea ridl. from sarawak, borneo. folia malaysiana 10(1): 45-58. table 3: diversity of begonias in borneo http://www.rbge.org.uk/ instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. 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[phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 420-607-2-pb belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 reinwardtia vol. 20. no. 1. pp: 37‒41 doi: 10.14203/reinwardtia.v20i1.4141 37 begonia robii, a new species of begonia from lima puluh kota, west sumatra received june 12, 2021; accepted june 26, 2021 wisnu h. ardi research center for plant conservation and botanic gardens-lipi, jln. ir. h. juanda no. 13, bogor 16612, indonesia. email: wisnu.handoyo.ardi@lipi.go.id deden girmansyah herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta -bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: deden_bo@yahoo.com mark hughes royal botanic garden edinburgh, 20a inverleith row, edinburgh eh3 5lr, uk. email: mhughes@rbge.org.uk abstract ardi, w. h., girmansyah, d. & hughes, m. 2021. begonia robii, a new species of begonia from lima puluh kota, west sumatra. reinwardtia 20(1): 37–41. — a new species of begonia sect. jackia (begoniaceae), b. robii ardi & girm., is described from west sumatra and is a limestone karst endemic in the tanah datar dan lima puluh kota regency. its provisional iucn threatened category is considered to be endangered. key words: endemic, limestone, jackia. abstrak ardi, w. h., girmansyah, d. & hughes, m. 2021. begonia robii, jenis baru begonia dari lima puluh kota, sumatra barat. reinwardtia 20(1): 37–41. — jenis baru begonia seksi jackia (begoniaceae) dipertelakan dari sumatra barat, dan merupakan jenis endemik bebatuan kapur di kabupaten tanah datar dan lima pulu kota. evaluasi status konservasi berdasarkan iucn untuk begonia robii adalah terancam. kata kunci: endemik, batu kapur, jackia. introduction begonia studies in sumatra have recently increased the number of species known from the island to 67 (hughes et al., 2009; girmansyah et al., 2019; girmansyah et al., 2020). the diversity is dominated by begonia sect. jackia m.hughes (moonlight et al., 2018), which has 25 species native to sumatra. one species is also found in peninsular malaysia, begonia yenyeniae j.p.c.tan (tan et al., 2018), while the 24 others are endemic to sumatra. begonia sect. jackia was proposed to accomodate the rhizomatous species from malesia which formerly belonged to b. sect. reichenheimia. based on molecular analysis, the rhizomatous species form a clade that is distant both geographically and phylogene tically from b. thwaitesii hook. (hooker, 1853), type species of b. sect. reichenheimia from sri lanka (moonlight et al., 2018). the other sections found in sumatra are b. sect. petermannia (klotzsch) a.dc. (de candolle, 1859) with 15 spp., b. sect. platycentrum (klotzsch) a.dc. with 13 spp., b. sect. bracteibegonia a.dc. with 13 spp. and b. sect. parvibegonia a.dc with only one species (hughes et al., 2015). here we describe begonia robii ardi & girm. as a new species from sumatra in b. sect. jackia. all available begonia material in anda, bo, e, k, l and sing has been consulted, and therefore it must be assumed, at least until more intensive collecting reveals otherwise, that this species has a restricted distribution and is endemic to west sumatra. species description begonia robii ardi & girm. sp. nov. § jackia. figs. 1 & 2. — type: cultivated at bogor botanic gardens, from material collected in the wild (indonesia, sumatra, west sumatra, lima puluh kota regenmailto:deden_bo@yahoo.com mailto:mhughes@rbge.org.uk reinwardtia 38 [vol.20 cy, 31 march 2021), wisnu handoyo ardi wi 761 (holotype bo, isotype e). a limestone adapted species closely related to begonia droopiae ardi (ardi & hughes, 2010), in terms of its habit and variegated leaves, however it can be easily distinguished by its rounded leaf apex which have pale green blotches between the veins (not acuminate at the apex and green on the veins only), outer male flower tepals which are elliptic to obovate with an acute to rounded apex (vs. elliptic to suborbicular with a rounded apex), female flowers with two or three tepals, outer tepals 4‒12 × 7‒8.5 mm, elliptic (vs. female flower with three tepals, outer tepals 5.5‒6 × 4.5‒ 6 mm, orbicular to suborbicular), ovary ca. 8 × 5‒ 6 mm, ovoid to ellipsoid, wings equal to subequal with a truncate to cuneate base, and a cuneate apex (vs. globose to broadly ellipsoid ovary, 6‒7 × 10‒13 mm, wings equal with rounded base and apex). perenial monoecious herb, up to 10 cm tall. stem rhizomatous, light green with few white spots, sparsely hairy at the joint of stem and petiole, thickened and brown in older stems, rooting at the nodes, diameter 3–5 mm, internodes compressed 3 –8 mm. leaves alternate; stipules persistent, ovate, 8–10 × 7–9 mm, pale green, asymmetric, midrib abaxially prominent, hairy along the midrib to the apex extension, apex narrowed and extended up to 2 cm long; petioles 3–9.5 cm long, reddish brown, terete, with long white pilose hairs, up to 4 mm long; lamina basifixed, broadly ovate, 4–7 × 6–9 cm, asymmetric, reniform, margin crenate, ciliate with recurved stiff teeth at the end of the veins, base cordate, rarely overlapped, apex mostly rounded, rarely shortly acute, adaxially light green on the veins and the leaf base, dark purple patches between the veins and light green blotches, glabrous, bullate, abaxially paler, sparsely hairs along the veins; venation palmate, primary veins 6–7, actinodromous, secondary craspedrodomous. inflorescences bisexual, axillary, protandrous, cymes branching once dichasially at the base and at the two lateral branches branching monochasially, with up to 4 male flowers and one female at the apex, peduncle 7–13 cm long, pale green, sparsely hairy; bracts persistent, elliptic, ca. 3 × 2 mm, margin fringed, bracteoles minute, hairlike. male flowers: pedicels 12–22 mm long, white, glabrous to sparsely hairy; tepals 4, unequal, 2 outer tepals elliptic to obovate, ca. 8‒13 × 8–10 mm, margin entire, apex acute to rounded, white tinged pink, abaxially surface glabrescent; 2 inner tepals spatulate, 5–12 × 3–4.5 mm, margin entire, apex rounded; androecium globose, yellow; stamens 46–50, outer anthers subsessile, inner anthers on filaments about the same length as the anther, anthers 0.50 mm long, obtriangular, apex retuse, dehiscing through lateral slits about half the length of the anther. female flowers: pedicel 8–18 fig. 1. distribution of begonia robii ardi & girm. collection sites information was georeferenced using geonames geographical database at http://www.geonames.org ardi et al.: begonia robii, a new species of begonia from lima puluh kota, west sumatra 2021] 39 fig. 2. begonia robii ardi & girm. a. plant habit. b. stipules. c. bracts. d. inflorescence. e. male flower, front view. f. male flower, side view. g. female flower, front view. h. female flower, side view. i. fruit. j. ovary, cross section of middle part. from wisnu ardi wi 761. photos by w.h. ardi. reinwardtia 40 [vol.20 mm long, pale green, glabrous; tepals 2–3, unequal, white or white tinged with pink, 2 outer tepals elliptic, 4‒12 × 7‒8.5 mm, margin entire, apex rounded, inner tepal(s) narrowly obovate, 4‒ 5 × 1‒2 mm margin entire, apex rounded; ovary (excluding wings) ovoid to ellipsoid, ca. 8 × 5‒6 mm, reddish, glabrous, locules 3, placentation axile, placentae entire, total size including the wings ca. 12 × 11 mm, capsule three locular, placentae entire; wings 3, equal to subequal, base truncate to cuneate, apex cuneate, widest point at the middle part up to ca. 6 mm long; stigmas 3, yellow, y-shaped, ca. 4 mm long, surface once spirally twisted. fruit: pendent on a thin 10–20 mm long pedicels, recurved, seed bearing part ovoid to ellipsoid, ca. 8.5 × 6.5 mm, tip beaked, wings shape as for ovary, widest point up to 6 mm long (middle part). seeds unknown. distribution. sumatra, endemic to west sumatra, lima puluh kota and tanah datar regencies (harau valley, lintau buo and halaban). fig. 1. etymology. the epithet is after the collector, robi satria. characters species b. robii b. nurii b. yenyeniae stipule ovate, 8–10 × 7–9 mm, pale green, apex narrowed and extended up to 2 cm long, hairy narrowly triangular 5– 10 × 3–4 mm, red, apex narrowed filiform extended < 1 cm narrowly triangular 9– 12 × 3–4 mm, pale yellowish green, apex narrowed filiform extended < 1 cm lamina broadly ovate, 4–7 × 6– 9 cm, reniform suborbicular to orbicular, (2–)4(–7) × (3–)4–6 (–11) cm orbicular, 8–15 × 9.5– 13.5 cm, reniform male flowers pedicels 12–22 mm 3–7 mm 6–9 mm male outer tepals ca. 8‒13 × 8–10 mm, elliptic to obovate, with acute to rounded apex 4‒7 × 4–5 mm, broadly ovate to suborbicular with rounded apex 5–7 × 6 mm, suborbicular with rounded apex male inner tepals two, 5–12 × 3–4.5 mm, spatulate, apex rounded two, narrowly ovate, 3‒ 4.5 × 1‒2.5 mm, apex rounded two, ca. 5 × 3 mm, obovate, apex rounded or sometime retuse female flower pedicels 8–18 mm 9–15 mm 6–9 mm tepal number 2–3 2 3 outer tepals 4‒12 × 7‒8.5 mm, elliptic, 4‒6 × 3‒5 mm, broadly ovate to suborbicular ca. 2.8 ‒ 1.9 mm, obovate ovary (shape and size) ovoid to ellipsoid ellipsoid ellipsoid wings equal to subequal, truncate to cuneate at base, cuneate at the apex equal, truncate at base, cuneate at the apex equal, rounded at base, cuneate to subtruncate at the base fruit pedicels 10–20 mm 6–10 mm ca. 5.5 mm table 1. morphological characters comparions of begonia robii, b. nurii and b. yenyeniae. ardi et al.: begonia robii, a new species of begonia from lima puluh kota, west sumatra 2021] 41 habitat. limestone karst or sandstone forest, growing on vertical limestone cliffs in the shade. provisional iucn conservation assessment. endangered (en b1ab(iii), en b2ab(iii). based on reports from the collector, begonia robii is known from three localities of lowland limestone karst or sandstone. one of them is in a protected area, the harau valley forest reserve, which had small populations, however the habitat was burnt in 2019 and destroyed the populations. the halaban population is also threatened by road development. the two other localities in halaban and lintau buo, which are not legally protected areas. although its quite abundant in lintau, the species threatened by species trade, sold as ornamental plant. based on georeferences and using geocat (bachman et al., 2011) the extence of occurrence was estimated at + 5000 km 2 and area of occupancy (12 km 2 ), in combination with observed threats and on going reduction of its habitat, we asses this species as endangered. notes. begonia robii is most closely allied with b. droopiae as discussed in the diagnosis. there are a few other species with similar habit and leave shape, such as begonia nurii irmsch. (irmscher, 1929) and begonia yenyeniae j.p.c.tan, however b. robii can be differentiated from these two species by several combinations of characters (see table 1). acknowledgements we are grateful to robi satria who kindly provided the valuable samples. the curators of herbaria anda, bo, e, k, l and sing are thanked for facilitating access to specimens. references ardi, w. h. & hughes, m. 2010. begonia droopiae ardi (begoniaceae), a new species of begonia from west sumatra. gard. bull. singapore 62(1): 19–24. bachman, s., moat, j., hill, a. w., torre, j. de la. & scott, b. 2011. supporting red list threat assessments with geocat: geospatial conservation assessment tool. zookeys 150: 117‒126. de candolle, a. l. p. p. 1859. mémoire sur la famille des bégoniacées. ann. des. sci. nat. bot. sér 4 11: 93–149. girmansyah, d., sulistijorini, rugayah, t. & chikmawati, t. 2020. a key to begonia section bracteibegonia from sumatra with one new species and rediscovery of begonia fasciculata jack. phytotaxa 475(4): 289–295. girmansyah, d., susila & hughes, m. 2019. a revision of begonia sect. petermannia on sumatra, indonesia. phytotaxa 407(1): 79– 100. hooker, j. d. 1853. begonia thwaitesii. mr thwaites’ begonia. curtis’ bot. mag. 79: t. 4689. hughes, m., girmansyah, d., ardi, w. h. & nurainas. 2009. seven new species of begonia from sumatra. gard. bull. singapore 61(1): 29–44. hughes, m., moonlight, p.w., jara, a. & pullan, m. 2015. begonia resource centre. available at: http://padme.rbge.org.uk/begonia (accessed 28 october 2019). irmscher, e. 1929. die begoniaceen der malaiischen halbinsel. mitt. inst. allg. bot. hambg. 8: 87–160. moonlight, p. w., ardi, w. h., padilla, l. a., chung, k. f., fuller, d., girmansyah, d., hollands, r., mahardika, a., jara-muñoz, a., kiew, r., marasinghe, l. d. k., leong, w. c., liu, y., o’connor, m., peng, c. -i, pérez, á. j., phutthai, t., pullan, m., rajbhandary, s., reynel, c., rubite, r. r., julia, s., scherberich, d., shui, y. -m., tebbitt, m. c., thomas, d. c., zaini, n. h. & hughes, m. 2018. dividing and conquering the fastest growing genus: towards a natural sectional classification of the mega-diverse genus begonia (begoniaceae). taxon 67(2): 267–323. tan, j. p. -c., tam, s. m. & kiew, r. 2018. begonia yenyeniae (begoniaceae), a new species from endau rompin national park, johor, malaysia. phytokeys 110: 23–37. http://padme.rbge a journal on tax0n0m1c botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors mien a. rifai kuswata kartawinata n. wulijarni-s0etj1pt0 published by herbarium bggoriense lembaga biologi nasional —. lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 9, part 4, 377 — 479 31 march 1980 10 issn 00-34 — s66x w keinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 403 — 409 (r98o) novelties in panicum (poaceae) from india v. n. n a i k & b. w. patunkar department of botany, marathwada university, aurangabad, maharashtra, india abstract four novelties in the genus panicum l. namely p. phoiniclados, p. deccanense and p. paianum together with its variety minor have been described from materials collected from the marathwada region of the deecan plateau. abstrak empat takson baru dipertelakan dalam marga panicum l., yaitu p. phoiniclados, p. deccanense dan p. paianum serta varietasnya p. paianum var. minor. keempatnya didasarkan pada bahan yang dikumpulkan di daerah marathwada, dataran tinggi deecan. the large genus panicum l. is represented in india by about 22 species (bor, gr. burma, ceyl. ind. & pak.: 319-332. 1960). out of these fischer (in gamble, fl. pres. madras: 1232-1235. 1934) reported 14 from the southern parts of the country while only 8 species have been recorded from the northern parts by raizada & jain (in ind. for. rec. n.s. bot. 5(3): 153-161. 1964) and 11 species from the eastern parts by haines (bot. bihar & orissa: 1037-1043. 1924). these reports, however, do not cover the vast, more or less unexplored areas of the deccan plateau. an intensive exploration of the marathwada region of this area has now been undertaken and this has yielded quite a few novelties in grasses together with a large number of new records. the following novelties in the genus panicum were recently collected by the junior author and are being described here. panicum phoiniclados naik & patunkar, sp. nov. — fig. 1. panico repenti l. simile, differt rhizomate brevissimo, basi fibroso, foliis non-distichis v. sub-distichis et gluma inferior ovato-acuminata, 1-nervia. gramen perenne; rhizomate brevissimo, horizontali; basi fibroso. culmi erecti, 80—120 cm alti, simplices v. basi ramosi; ad nodos infe— 403 —• 404 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 1980] naik & patunkar: new panicums riores radicantes. vaginae glabrae, striatae; ligula in annula in ciliarem redacta; lamina plana v. convoluta, lineari-lanceolata, 10—25 x 0.3—0.5 cm, rigida, pseudo-disticha, glabra; apice angustata. paniculae pyramidales, ca. 8—15 cm longae, effusae; ramis erectis v. petentibus, angulatis, scabris instructae. pedicelli solitarii v. fasciculares, 1—2.5 mm longi; apice cupuliformes. spiculae ovato-lanceolatae, 2.5—3 mm longae. gluma inferior ovato-acuminata, 1—1.2 mm longa, 1-nervia; gluma superior lineari-lanceolata, 2.5 mm longa, acuta, 7—9-nervia; lemma inferius eidem simile paullo latis; palea longitudine 2/3 lemmatis inferioris, hyalina, 2-nervia; marginibus imbricatis. lemma superius ca. 2 mm longum, fulgens, 7-nervium. holotypus: patunkar 2a68 a in herb. mu aurangabad. tufted perennial grass with very short creeping rhizome; base fibrous. culms erect, 90—120 cm tall, simple or branched below, rooting at lower nodes. sheaths glabrous, striated; ligule a narrow coriaceous hairy ring, ca. 1 mm long; blades flat or convolute, linear-lanceolate, 10—25 x 0.3—0.5 cm, rigid, not or sub-distichous, glabrous, tapering to a fine point. panicles pyramidal, 8—15 cm long, sparingly branched; branches erect or spreading, angular, scabrous. pedicels solitary or paired, 1—2.5 mm long; tips cupular. spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 2.5— 3 mm long. lower glume ovate-lanceolate, 1—1.2 mm long, 1-nerved. upper glume linear-lanceolate, 2.5 mm long, acute, 7—9-nerved. lower lemma similar, slightly broader. palea 2/3 its length, hyaline, closely 2-nerved; the margins overlapping. upper lemma 2 mm long, glistening, 7-nerved. ecology: localy abundant in stagnant water pools, forming pure stand. a very distinct species with purplish culms and sheaths and very short rhizome. it differs from p. repens l., which it closely resembles, in having fibrous basal sheaths, longer culms, narrower leaf-blades, longer ovate-acuminate lower glume which is 1-nerved, and sterile lower lemma (rarely male). nanded. ganjgaon, 17 november 1974, patunkar 24-68 a (holotype is deposited in the mu herbarium and isotype in kew). panicum deccanense naik & patunkar, sp. nov. fig. 2. panico trypheron schult. simile, differt glumis inferioribus brevioribus et acutis, glumis superioribus 9—13v. multi-nerviis. gramen perenne; culmi erecti v. decumbentes, 25—50 cm longi; abquando ad nodos inferiores radicantes. vaginae glabrae v. pubescentes; pili basi bulbosi; ligulae hyalinae, apice laceratae; lamina plana, 3—15 x 0.6—0.8 cm, acuta v. acuminata, glabra v. pubescentia. paniculae ca. 7—25 cm longae, mox effusae; ramulis pedicellisque saepe capillaribus, scabrulis. pedicelli solitarii v. fasciculares, 1—3 mm longi. spiculae e e i n w a k d t i a [vol. 9 1980] naik & patunkar: new paniaums 407 ovato-acuminatae, 2.5—3 mm longae, virides v. purpurascentes, glabrae. glumae ad anthesin divaricatae; gluma inferior ovato-acuta, 1/3 v. spiculis paullo brevior, hyalina, 1-nervia; gluma superior ovato-lanceolata, 2.5 mm longa, acuminata, 9—13(v. magis)-nervia; lemma inferius simile, 5—7-nervium; palea eidem 2/3 longitudine, hyalina; lemma superius ellipticum, acutum, hyalinum. holotypus: patunkar 2350 a in herb. mu aurangabad. perennial grass; culms 25—50 cm long, erect or decumbent, sometimes rooting at lower nodes, glabrous. sheaths glabrous or hairy; hairs with bulbous bases; ligule lacerate, ca. 1 mm long; blades flat, 3—15 x 0.6—0.8 cm, acute or acuminate, glabrous or hairy on both surfaces. panicles 7—25 cm long, very effuse; branches capillary, scaberulous. pedicels solitary or paired, 1—3 mm long. spikelets ovate-acuminate, 2.5—3 mm long, green or purplish, glabrous. glumes (upper glume and lower lemma) widely gaping at anthesis; lower glume ovate, 1/3 times as long as the spikelet or a little less, acute, hyaline, 1-nerved; upper glume ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm long, acuminate, 9—13or morenerved. lower lemma similar, 5—7-nerved; palea 2/3 its length, hyaline. upper lemma elliptic, acute, hyaline. ecology : in open grassland, less common than p. trypheron schult. although a distinct species with shorter spikelets, short acute lower glume and 9—13or more-nerved upper glume, it is very difficult to distinguish in the field from p. trypheron schult. nanded. degloor, 24 september 1974, patunkar 2350 a (holotype is deposited in the mu herbarium and isotype in kew). panicum paianum naik & patunkar, sp. nov. — fig. 3. panico trypheron schult. simile, differt culmi pubescentes, pili basi bulbosi, paniculae pyramidatae, spiculae deciduae et gluma inferior acuta. gramen annuum; culmi 15—50 cm longi, erecti v. procumbentes, pubescentes; pili basi bulbosi. vaginae glabrae v. pubescentes; pili basi bulbosi; lamina lineari-lanceolata, 30—100 x 5—-9 mm, acuta, glabra v. pubescentia; ligulae in annula in ciliarem. paniculae ca. 6—15 x 6— 10 cm, effusae; samulis pedicellisque saepe capillaribus, scabrulis, glabrescentes. spiculae lanceolatae, 2.7—3.2 x 1—1.2 mm, acutae, divaricatae; pedicelli ad apice dilatatae. gluma inferior 1 mm longa, acuta, basi imbricatis; gluma superior ovato-lanceolata, 2.5—3 mm longa, acuta, 9—11-nervia. lemma inferius eidem simile, 7-nervium; palea lanceolata, 2-nervia; lemma superius 1.8—2 mm longum, coriaceum, obtusum, 3—5nervium; palea simile. holotypus : patunkar 24-30 a in herb. mu aurangabad. annual grass; culms 15—50 cm long, erect or procumbent, rooting at lower nodes, pubescent with bulbous based hairs. sheaths glabrous or pubescent with bulbous based hairs; ligule a ciliate ring ca. 1 mm long; blades flat, linear-lanceolate, 3—10 x 0.5—0.9 cm, acute, glabrous 408 k e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 fig. 3'. panicum paianum naik & fatunka var. paiannvi. 1. habit, 2. spikelet, 3 & 4. lower and upper glume, 5 & 6. lower lemma and its palea, 7 & 8. upper lemma and its palea and 9. floret. * • " ' • • • • ' . . 1980] naik & patunkar: new p'anicums 409 or pubescent. panicles ca. 6—15 x 6—10 cm, effuse; branches and pedicels capillary, scabrous, glabrescent; spikelets gaping at or even before anthesis, lanceolate, 2.7—3.2 x 1—1.2 mm, acute; pedicels dilated at apex. lower glume 1 mm long, acute, 5-nerved, base overlapping; upper glume ovate-lanceolate, 2.5—3 mm long, acute, 9—11-nerved. lower lemma similar to the upper glume, 7-nerved, often barren; palea lanceolate, 2nerved; upper lemma 1.8—2 mm long, obtuse, coriaceous, 3—5-nerved; palea similar. ecology: ample along gullies in open grassland. this species is very distinct because of the bulbous-based hairs covering the vegetative parts and desiduous spikelets. it has been named in honour of dr. r. m. pai. nanded, rajgarh, 26 october 1974, patunkar 2430 a (holotype is deposited in mu herbarium and isotype in kew). panicum paianum naik & patunkar var. minor naik & patunkar, var. nov. culmi minores et glabri; spiculae minores. holotypus : patunkar 2439 a in herb. mu aurangabad; isotypus in k). easily distinguished from var. paianum by its low stature, smaller spikelets and absence of hairs. it is found in similar situations as var. paianum. the authors wish to express their grateful thanks to dr. g. panigrahi, indian liasion officer for kew, botanical survey of india, and the authorities of the royal botanic gardens, kew, for their kind help in determination of plant specimens and the latin diagnosis. they are also thankful to dr. j. f. veldkamp, rijksherbarium, leiden, for going through the manuscript and to prof. k. b. deshpande, department of botany, marathwada university, aurangabad, for facilities and encouragement. contents page hsu an keng. a new interpretation of the compound strobilar structures of cordaites and conifers , 377 soejatmi dransfield. three new malesian species of gramineae 385 v. n. naik. coelachne ghatica naik, sp. nov 393 thomas j. delendick. the correct name for the acer of malesia 395 m i e n a. r i f a i . the identity of ustuago amadelpha var. glabhuscula 399 v. n. naik & b. w. patunkar. novelties in panicum (poaceae) from india . 403 n. p. balakrishnan. a new species of ophiorrhiza (rubiaceae) from great nicobar island, india 411 ronald h. petersen. type studies in the clavarioid fungi. v. the taxa described by caspar van overeem 415 a. w. subhebar & v. g. rao. an undescribed species of calothyriop<sis on apple 421 gregori g. hambali. a new species of balanophora from the malay peninsula, 425 kuswata kartawinata. a note on a kerangas (heath) forest at sebulu, east kalimantan 429 rusdy e. nasution & r. n. lester. a chemotaxonomic study of some species of zingiber subsection zerumbet 449 johanis p. mogea. the flabellate-leaved species of salacca (palmae) • printed by aechipel, bogor, java cov rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_16 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_17 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_18 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_19 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_55 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 183 − 192 183 taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) received february 2, 2014; accepted september 25, 2014 ivan a. savinov moscow state university of food production, 109316, talalichina, 33 moscow, russia. e-mail: savinovia@mail.ru abstract savinov, i. a. 2014. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.). reinwardtia 14(1): 183 – 192. — taxonomic survey of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) is presented. thirty five species taxa of glyptopetalum are accepted, including one new species, g. vidalii i. savinov (laos, thailand), a new record for china, g. tonkinense pitard (se yunnan) and a new record for cambodia, g. quadrangulare prain ex king, a new record for indonesia – g. euonymoides merr. and a new record for philippines, mindanao island – g. loheri merr. key words: asia, celastraceae, glyptopetalum, g. vidalii i. savinov, spec. nov., taxonomic treatment. abstrak savinov, i. a. 2014. revisi taksonomi marga glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) di asia. reinwardtia 14(1): 183 – 192. — survey taksonomi marga glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) di asia disajikan. tiga puluh lima jenis glyptopetalum diterima, termasuk satu jenis baru, g. vidalii i. savinov (laos, thailand), satu rekaman baru untuk china, g. tonkinense pitard (se yunnan), dan dua rekaman baru untuk kamboja, g. quadrangulare prain ex king, rekaman baru untuk indonesia – g. euonymoides merr. dan rekaman baru untuk filipina, pulau mindanao – g. loheri merr. kata kunci: asia, celastraceae, glyptopetalum, g. vidalii i. savinov, jenis baru, perlakuan taksonomi. introduction glyptopetalum is one of smaller genera of the family celastraceae, comprises about 30 species morphologically similar from sri lanka (1 species), india (3 species), bangladesh?, myanmar (3 species), thailand (5 species), china (11 species, 8 endemic)*, cambodia, laos and vietnam (12 species), philippines, malaysia and indonesia (8 species). the genus is a shrubs or small trees. they are growing in different types of forests from the lowland up to 1400 m. the species are all rare and local in the region (ding hou, 1962). genus glyptopetalum was described by thwaites in 1856 with one type species – g. zeylanicum thwaites from ceylon. g. bentham and j. d. hooker in “genera plantarum” (1862) considered euonymus and glyptopetalum as closely related genera in euonymeae subtribus and mentioned only slight differences between them. m. a. lawson in j. d. hooker's «flora of british india» (1875) published descriptions of three species of glyptopetalum – g. zeylanicum, g. sclerocarpum and g. grandiflorum. however, genus glyptopetalum was not supported as separate by h. baillon (1877). then, in loesener's celastraceae revision (1942) both genera was supported as separates. in celastraceae revision for “flora malesiana” ding hou (1962) mentioned 8 species of glyptopetalum from the region and approximately 20 species in the world. many new species was opened from indochina (pierre, 1894; pitard, 1907-1912a; tardieu-blot, 1948) and from philippines by elmer d. merrill (1967). further, it was received a new materials on the genus, including described a new species (ding hou, 1963; cheng et ma, 1999; liu et funston, 2008). in the last time closely relations between euonymus and glyptopetalum was well supported by molecular data (simmons et al., 2012). glyptopetalum is closely related (and very similar) to genus euonymus tournef. ex l., both genera are confused very often, especially on dry herbarium materials. actual problem is searching of new morphological diagnostic characters and realizing of new taxonomic revision, with analysis of all accumulated materials. materials and methods this taxonomic treatment founded on critical study of herbarium materials deposited in e, k, p, c, bkf, cmu, pnh, hn, pe, cdbi, kun, reinwardtia 184 [vol.14 ibsc, bo, and also on field trips in different countries of southeastern asia. author also examined a new herbarium collections from cambodia by shuichiro tagane with colleagues (japan) and from vietnam by maxim nuraliev (russia). results and discussion below are listed all species of glyptopetalum, which are accepted in this study. thirty five species taxa of glyptopetalum are accepted here. main morphological characters of glyptopetalum and euonymus are summarized in table 1. taxonomic treatment glyptopetalum thwaites glyptopetalum thwaites, hooker's j. bot. kew gard. misc. 8: 267. 1856. – type: g. zeylanicum thwaites subsp. zeylanicum zeylon, thwaites. shrubs or small trees. stipules small, caducous. leaves decussate or opposite. inflorescences cymose, simple or multi-circled (compound) dichasia, axillary or extra-axillary. flowers bisexual. calyx 4-lobed. petals 4. disk fleshy, flat, 4angular or slightly 4-lobed. stamens 4, inserted on the disk; filaments free. ovary immersed in the disk, 4-loculed. ovules 1 in each locule, pendulous. fruits capsular, globose or subglobose, loculicidal, when dehiscing the valves splitting from the central axis leaving a persistent columella. seeds wingless, with incomplete, fleshy basal aril, the raphe branched into 3-6 bands on the surface. distribution. 35 species in southern and southeastern asia: india and sri lanka (3 endemics species), bangladesh (?, data is absent), table 1. the morphology characters of glyptopetalum and euonymus. characters euonymus glyptopetalum flowers 4or 5-merous always 4-merous disk 4-5-angular or 4-5-lobed 4-angular or slightly 4-lobed ovule per cell 2 or more always 1 capsule form usual slightly or deep-lobed, ovate, globose, sometimes winged or echinate globose or subglobose (flattened out), slightly lobed capsule when open (3-)4-5-lobed or angular, without columella, with 2 seeds in each locule 4-1-celled, valves splitting from the central axis leaving a persistent columella, with 1 seed in each locule seeds small, complete or incomplete covered by aril, with raphe not branched big (in 1,5-2 ones more then in euonymus), incomplete covered by aril, with many branches (from 3 to 6) of raphe myanmar (4 species), thailand (6 species, 1 – endemic), indochina (13 species, 7 – endemics), china (11 species, 8 – endemics), taiwan (1 endemic species), philippines and indonesia (7 species, 6 – endemics), malaysia (2 species, 1 endemic subspecies). conspectus of glyptopetalum in south and southeastern asia because many species of the genus are rare and local in asia and mostly known from a few specimens, below they are considered on geographic regions with indication of the number of species, including endemic taxa. india and sri lanka, 3 endemics species 1. glyptopetalum lawsonii gamble glyptopetalum lawsonii gamble, bull. misc. inform. kew 1916, 131; gamble, fl. pres. madras 204 (147). 1918; m. mohanan & henry, fl. thiruvanthapuram 115. 1994; k. ramam. in n.p. singh et al., fl. india 5: 112. 2000. — type: ind or. (madras). 2. glyptopetalum grandiflorum bedd. g. grandiflorum bedd. icon. pl. ind. or. 1: 21 1871. — type: western peninsula, damp forests on the wynaad, alt. 2-2800 ft., beddome. 3. glyptopetalum zeylanicum thwaites g. zeylanicum thwaites in hooker's j. bot. kew gard. misc. 8: 268 1856. — type: zeylan. var. zeylanicum. myanmar, 4 species, 1 – endemic 4. glyptopetalum calocarpum (kurz) prain 2014] 185 savinov: taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites 1. a. leaf blade margin with coarse spiny teech 2 b. leaf blade margin dentate, denticulate, serrate, or nearly entire 3 2. a. leaf blade obovate or elliptic, with petiole 2–6 mm g. ilicifolium b. leaf blade ovate or oblong-ovate, sessile g. aquifolium 3. a. leaves dentate 4 b. leaves entire 21 4. a. leaves sessile or subsessile; base of blade subcordate g. subcordatum b. leaves distinctly petiolate, more than 3 mm long; base of blade usually cuneate, sometimes obtuse or rounded 5 5. a. leaves with apices obtuse to rounded sometimes slightly notched 6 b. leaves with apices acute to acuminate 7 6. a. leaves broad-elliptic, ovate or obovate, 4.5–6 by 31/3–3.5 cm. pedicels of the lateral fruits of each cyme at most 1mm long above the articulation with the bracteoles g. euonymoides b. leaves obovate to obovate-oblong, 10–14 by 5–8 cm. lateral fruits ca. 6 mm pedicelled g. palawanense 7. a. branchlets often distinctly 4-angled, sometimes sharply winged. leaves with nerves and veins depressed above, blade appearing as subbullate g. quadrangulare b. branchlets usually terete, very rearely slightly 4-angular. leaves with nerves and veins visible or obscure, sometimes distinct on both surfaces, not bullate 8 8. a. leaves lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate, 20–23 by 4–7 cm, veins and veinlets obscure or invisible on both surfaces, margin remotely denticulate g. acuminatissimum b. leaves usually elliptic to elliptic-oblong, ovate-oblong, rarely lanceolate, 4 –17.5 by 2–63/4 cm, veins and veinlets distinctly reticulate on both surfaces 9 9. a. inflorescences c. 2 cm long. leaf margin subentire, repandous, or with obscure, small black teeth g. loheri b. inflorescences usually longer, up to 10 cm long. leaf margin usually crenulate 10 10. a. inflorescences rather small, few branched, 2.5–5 cm long, peduncles 2–3 cm. fruits smaller 7–11 by 12–16 mm, smooth 11 b. inflorescences large, many branched, up to 10 cm long 13 11. a. leaves elliptic, nerves 5–10 per side. capsule yellowish orange-brown, smooth g. gracilipes b. leaves oblong, oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, nerves 7–9 or 8–18 per side. capsule pallid, maculate, macula squarrose 12 12. a. leaf blade oblong, oblong-ovate, or narrowly elliptic; lateral nerves 7–9 pairs g. feddei b. leaf blade narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, rarely oblong-elliptic or narrowly obovate, margin ones or twice serrate; lateral nerves 8–18 pairs g. rhytidophyllum 13. a. inflorescences 8–10 cm long, peduncles 6–8 cm g. longepedunculatum b. inflorescences lesser (2–7 cm long), peduncles 0.5–4.5 cm 14 14. a. pedicels 1.5–20 mm 15 b. pedicels longer, 20–35 mm g. longipedicellatum c. *pedicels 5–10 mm g. reticulinerve d. *pedicels 2–3 mm g. integrifolium key to the species of glyptopetalum in southern and southeastern asia (mainly according to: pitard, 1907-1912a; tardieu-blot, 1948; ding hou, 1962, 1963; liu et funston, 2008; savinov, orig. data) reinwardtia 186 [vol.14 15. a. fruit surface is wrinkled (and then with minute tubercles) or cracked 16 b. fruit surface is smooth (rarely slightly wrinkled) 17 16. a. fruits 15–18 by 15–23 mm, with scurfy warts or rough with minute tubercles g. sclerocarpum b. fruit often lesser, its surface is cracked g. vidalii 17. a. pedicels about 20 mm long g. poilanei b. pedicels 1.5–5 mm long 18 18. a. petals bifoveolate at the upper part inside. pistil evidently united with the disk, short-conical 19 b. petals smooth inside. disk distinctly fleshy, flat, pistil immersed in the disk and slightly above it 20 19. a. inflorescences less spreading dichotomously branched. flower stalk is articulated in the lower one fifth, the pedicel proper being 9–12 mm g. zeylanicum var. zeylanicum b. inflorescences more lax, spreading dichotomously branched. flower stalks is articulated at about the upper one fifth, the pedicel proper being only 2–3 mm g. zeylanicum var. brevipedicellatum 20. a. fruits small, subglobose, c. 8 mm diam. g. euphlebium b. fruits larger, depressed-globose, c. 15 mm diam. g. marivelense 21. a. inflorescences long 2–3 cm g. chaudocense b. inflorescences more 3 cm long 22 22. a. leaf margin crispate g. geloniifolium b. leaf margin other 23 23. a. stamens with filaments long 2 mm g. fengii b. anthers sessile 24 24. a. leaf apex obtuse to rounded g. calyptratum b. leaf apex often acuminate 25 25. a. leaves contracted suddenly on the apex 26 b. leaves are not contracted suddenly on the apex 27 26. a. leaf surface brilliant g. thorelii b. leaf surface mates g. tonkinensis 27. a. petioles long 0.1–0.5 cm 28 b. petioles long 0.4–1 cm 30 28. a. nerves 16 or more 29 b. nerves 5–6 g. angulatum 29. a. petioles long 0.3–0.5 cm g. strixifolium b. petioles long 0.1–0,15.cm g. harmandianum 30. a. nerves 5–8 per side. main peduncle 1–3 cm long, flowers small, light greenish g. calocarpum b. nerves 8–12 per side. peduncles filiform, slender, 10–16 cm long, flowers big, yellow g. grandiflorum c. secondary nerves 7–9 pairs. tertiary nerves broadly reticulate g. lawsonii d. leaf margin entire and revolute, lateral veins and veinlets invisible g. pallidifolium 2014] 187 savinov: taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites g. calocarpum (kurz) prain, j. asiat. soc. bengal 60 : 209. 1891; craib, fl. siam. 1: 280. 1926.— euonymus calocarpus kurz, j. asiat. soc. bengal 41: 299. 1872; j. asiat. soc. bengal 44: 159. 1875; m. a. lawson in hook.f., fl. brit. india 1: 609. 1875; kurz, forest fl. burma 1: 249. 1877. — type: burma. 5. glyptopetalum quadrangulare prain ex king g. quadrangulare prain ex king, j. asiat. soc. bengal 65: 345. 1896; ridl., fl. malay penin. 1: 446. 1922; symington, j. malay branch roy. asiat. soc. 14: 350. 1936; ding hou in steenis, fl. males. ser. 1, 6: 257, fig. 7a—g. 1963; kochummen, tree fl. sabah sarawak 1: 122, fig. 4. 1995. — type: penins. mal. 6. glyptopetalum sclerocarpum (kurz) m.a. lawson in hook. f. g. sclerocarpum (kurz) m.a. lawson in hook. f., fl. brit. india 1: 613. 1875; prain, j. asiat. bengal 60: 210. 1891; craib, fl. siam. 1: 280. 1926; tardieu in lecomte, fl. indo-chine suppl.: 785. 1948; gardner, sidisunthorn & anusarnsunthorn, field guide for. trees n. thailand: 128, fig. & photo 255. 2000. – ma et al., flora of china [web-version] 11. 2007 (as g. scherocarpum (kurz) m.a. lawson). – euonymus sclerocarpus kurz, j. asiat. soc. bengal 41: 299. 1872; forest fl. burma 1: 250. 1877. — type: pegu, kurz. 7. glyptopetalum angulatum (griff.) chakrab. & m.g. gangop. glyptopetalum angulatum (griff.) chakrab. & m.g.gangop. in j. econ. taxon. bot. 14: 129 1990. – euonymus griffithii kurz in j. asiat. soc. bengal, pt. 2, nat. hist. 41(2): 73 1872. – glyptopetalum griffithii (kurz) prain in j. asiat. soc. bengal, pt. 2, nat. hist. 60 (2): 209 1891. – hippocratea angulata griff. in not. pl. asiat. 4: 473 1854. — endemic of myanmar (probably, is distributed in ne india?). thailand, 6 species, 1 endemic glyptopetalum calocarpum (kurz) prain 8. glyptopetalum subcordatum ding hou g. subcordatum ding hou, blumea 12: 57, fig. 1j— p. 1963. holotype: l, isotype: bo! glyptopetalum quadrangulare prain ex king 9. glyptopetalum gracilipes pierre g. gracilipes pierre, fl. forest. cochinch.: t. 311b. 1894; pit. in lecomte, fl. indo-chine 1: 864. 1912; craib, fl. siam. 1: 280. 1926; tardieu in lecomte, fl. indo-chine suppl.: 785. 1948.— glyptopetalum annamense tardieu [in lecomte, fl. indo-chine suppl.: 783, fig. 94: 4-6, without latin description, 1948.] not. syst. 14: 47. 1950. glyptopetalum sclerocarpum (kurz) m.a. lawson 10. glyptopetalum vidalii i. savinov, spec. nov. — fig. 1(a-b). small tree. leaves sclerified, with glossy surface. inflorescences dichasial, up to 10 cm long. fruits a capsule with cracked (with fissures) surface, 1-nested, 13x8 mm. seed 1, 9 mm long, with branches of raphe. — type: j.e. vidal 5434, laos, prov. vientiane (vang vieng) 1971 (p!). distribution. central lao pdr, northern and sw thailand (cmu!). habitat and ecology. seasonal mixed forests, on the limestone bedrock (alt. 800-900 m). fl. unknown; fr. october-december. specimens examined. laos: j.e. vidal 5434 (p). thailand. martin van der bult 636, 711 (cmu), r. pooma 1369 (cmu). notes. the examined specimens are very similar to g. sclerocarpum (kurz) m.a. lawson in hook. f., but differ by the surface of capsule, which is cracked (fissured) (in g. sclerocarpum – with scurfy warts or rough with minute tubercles), and by the leaves which are more sclerified. the new species differs from g. sclerocarpum ecologically also. it grows in seasonal mixed forests, on limestone bedrock (alt. 800-900 m), whilst g. sclerocarpum grows in lowland evergreen or mixed forests. moreover, g. sclerocarpum was does not occur in laos, whereas g. vidalii is distributed in central lao pdr (p!), northern and sw thailand (cmu!). the species is named after the french botanist, prof. jule vidal, who collected unusual specimen in laos. indochina, 13 species, 7 endemics g. annamense tardieu: poilane 27690, vietnam, 1939, — type et isotype (p!) = g. gracilipes pierre 11. glyptopetalum calyptratum pierre g. calyptratum pierre, fl. forest. cochinch. sub t. 311 (1894). pierre 4074, cochinchina, 1866. — holotype et isotypes (det.: ivan savinov, 23 june 2009, p!). reinwardtia 188 [vol.14 12. glyptopetalum chaudocense pierre g. chaudocense pierre, fl. forest. cochinch. sub t. 310 (1894). harmand 530 et 634 (herb. pierre 4076), cochinchina, 1875-77. — holotype et isotype (det.: ivan savinov, 23 june 2009, p!). glyptopetalum gracilipes pierre pierre 4083, cochinchina, 1868. — holotype et isotypes (det.: ivan savinov, 23 june 2009, p!). 13. glyptopetalum harmandianum pierre g. harmandianum pierre, fl. forest. cochinch. sub t. 310 (1894). harmand 5830, cochinchina. — holotype et isotype (det.: ivan savinov, 23 june 2009, p!) 14. glyptopetalum integrifolium q.w. lin, z.x. zhang & q.r. liu g. integrifolium q.w. lin, z.x. zhang et q.r. liu, nom. nov. (guihaia 29(2): 162) = microtropis poilanei tardieu: poilane 10963, vietnam, 1924. — type: vietnam, annam, massif de dong tri, prov. de quang tri, alt. 700m, 1926-2-16, poilane 10.963 (holotype et isotype, p) 15. glyptopetalum longepedunculatum tardieu g. longepedunculatum tardieu, flore générale de l'indo-chine 1: 783. 1949. annotation: sine descr. lat., et in notul. syst. (paris) 14(1): 47, 1950. poilane 9072 et 9207, vietnam, 1923. — lectotype et isolectotype (det.: ivan savinov, 23 june 2009, p!) 16. glyptopetalum poilanei tardieu g. poilanei tardieu, notulae systematicae. herbier du museum de paris 14(1): 47. 1950. poilane 10044, vietnam, 1924. — type et isotypes (p!). glyptopetalum quadrangulare prain ex king distribution in region. cambodia, vietnam – cao bang + bu gia map. habitat. in evergreen forest. koh kong, cambodia. fu!, the kyushu university museum, japan. specimen examined. (no t 3510, may 18, 2012; 11°33'27.95"n 103°10'39.84"e); alt. 235m. coll.: toyama h., tagane s., kajisa t., tsujino r., shinozuka k., mishima t., tagawa k., zang m., phourin c., iwanaga f., nagamasu h., yahara t. note. a new record for cambodia glyptopetalum sclerocarpum (kurz) m. a. lawson glyptopetalum vidalii i. savinov spec. nov. 17. glyptopetalum strixifolium pierre g. stixifolium pierre, fl. forest. cochinch. sub t. 310 (1894). harmand 1186 (herb. pierre 3284), laos: champasak, 1877 [newman et al., 2007]. — holotype et isotypes (det.: ivan savinov, 23 june 2009, p!). note. very similar to g. harmandianum pierre. 18. glyptopetalum thorelii pitard g. thorelii pitard, fl. indo-chine [p.h. lecomte et al.] 1: 867. 1912. thorel, laos: xaignabouri, 18661868 [newman et al., 2007]. — holotype et isotypes (det.: ivan savinov, 23 june 2009, p!). 19. glyptopetalum tonkinensis pitard g. tonkinense pitard, fl. indo-chine [p.h. lecomte et al.] 1: 865. 1912. balansa 3144, vietnam, 1888. — holotype (det.: ivan savinov, 23 june 2009, p!). china, 11 species, 8 – endemics* 20. glyptopetalum aquifolium (loes. & rehd.) c.y. cheng & q.s. ma g. aquifolium (loesener & rehder) c. y. cheng & q. s. ma, in c. y. cheng & p. h. huang, fl. reipubl. popularis sin. 45(3): 93. 1999. 21. glyptopetalum feddei (h. léveillé) ding hou g. feddei (h. léveillé) ding hou, blumea 12: 59. 1963. 22. glyptopetalum fengii (chun & f.c. how) ding hou g. fengii (chun & f. c. how) ding hou, in fl. males. ser. 1. spermat. 6: 256 1962. 23. glyptopetalum geloniifolium (chun & f. c. how) c. y. cheng g. geloniifolium (chun & f. c. how) c. y. cheng, in c. y. cheng & p. h. huang, fl. reipubl. popularis sin. 45(3): 94. 1999. 24. glyptopetalum ilicifolium franch et) c. y. cheng & q. s. ma g. ilicifolium (franchet) c. y. cheng & q. s. ma, in c. y. cheng & p. h. huang, fl. reipubl. popularis sin. 45(3): 92. 1999. glyptopetalum longepeduncula tum tardieu 2014] 189 savinov: taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites 25. glyptopetalum longipedicella tum (merrill & chun) c. y. cheng g. longipedicellatum (merrill & chun) c. y. cheng, in c. y. cheng & p. h. huang, fl. reipubl. popularis sin. 45(3): 90. 1999. 26. glyptopetalum reticulinerve c. y. wu ex g. s. fan & y. j. xu g. reticulinerve c. y. wu ex g. s. fan & y. j. xu, in bull. bot. res., 2007 harbin 27: 129. — holoet paratype in kun! 27. glyptopetalum rhytidophyllum (chun & f. c. how) c. y. cheng g. rhytidophyllum (chun & f. c. how) c. y. cheng, in c. y. cheng & p. h. huang, fl. reipubl. popularis sin. 45(3): 89. 1999. — isotype in kun! glyptopetalum sclerocarpum (kurz) m. a. lawson glyptopetalum tonkinensis pitard (se yunnan). note. a new record for china! (ibsc!, № 743457). taiwan, 1 endemic species 28. glyptopetalum pallidifolium (hayata) q. r. liu & s. y. meng g. pallidifolium (hayata) q.r. liu & s.y. meng, in ann. bot. fennici 2011 48(2): 186. = euonymus pallidifolius hayata icon. pl. formos. 3:57. 1913. note. closely related to g. fengii. philippines and indonesia, 7 species, 6 – endemics 29. glyptopetalum acuminatissimum merr. g. acuminatissimum merr., pjs 29 (1926) 481; ding hou, fl. males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 257. — type: fb 29373 azurin (uc*, holo). luzon: isabela prov., mar-apr 1923. 30. glyptopetalum euonymoides merr. g. euonymoides merr., pjs 12 c (1917) bot. 276; epfp 2 (1923) 481; ding hou, fl. males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 256. — type: bs 27546 ramos (a, bm, k, l*, ny*, p!, pnh (photo)!, us*, iso). luzon: ilocos norte prov., bangui, feb-mar 1917. lesser sunda island: flores, mumang, 700 m, 15 august 1980, schmutz 6066, l, k!). note. a new record for indonesia! 31. glyptopetalum euphlebium (merr.) merr. g. euphlebium (merr.) merr., pjs 12 c (1917) bot. 280; epfp 2 (1923) 481; ding hou, fl. males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 258; glyptopetalum marivelense merr. var. euphlebium merr., pjs 10 c (1915) bot. 322. tapulao (=high peak), in forests, altitude “100-1400 m” (probably 1400 m), 15 dec 1907. glyptopetalum remotinervium merr., pjs 12 c (1917) bot. 280; epfp 2 (1923) 481. — type: merrill 741 (us*, syntype). palawan: ewiig (=iwahig) river, in forest, altitude ca. 300 m, 18 feb. 1903. 32. glyptopetalum loheri merr. g. loheri merr., pjs 10 c (1915) bot. 321; epfp 2 (1923) 481; ding hou, fl. males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 257. — type: tulisan, feb 1904. luzon, se celebes. note. a new record for mindanao. specimen examined: gaerlan, sageal & romero 11046 (k!). 33. glyptopetalum marivelense (elmer) merr. g. marivelense (elmer) merr., pjs 10 c (1915) bot. 321; epfp 2 (1923) 481; ding hou, fl. males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 258; euonymus marivelensis elmer, lpb 7 (1915) 2580. – type: elmer 6644 (not seen). luzon: bataan prov., mt mariveles, nov 1904. glyptopetalum reticulatum merr., pjs 12 c (1917) bot. 277; epfp 2 (1923) 482. — type: bs 27043 ramos (us*, iso). luzon: abra prov., mt posuey, damp forested slopes, altitude c. 300m, 4 feb 1917. 34.glyptopetalum palawanense merr. g. palawanense merr., pjs 26 (1925) 466; epfp 4 (1925) 249; ding hou, fl. males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) princesa, primary forests at low altitude, 27 dec 1922. — type: palawan, 29181, iso – p!, pnh (photo)! glyptopetalum quadrangulare prain ex king distribution in region. kalimantan (bo!). malaysia, 2 species, 1 endemic subspecies 35. glyptopetalum zeylanicum thwaites g. zeylanicum var. brevipedicellatum ding hou, fl. males. ser. 1, 6: 257 (1962), fig. 7m-p. — type: malay peninsula, pahang, kota glanggi, ridley, 2652, sing. glyptopetalum quadrangulare prain ex king distribution in region. kalimantan. reinwardtia 190 [vol.14 conclusion we have determined there are two general centers of species diversity: china and indochina (21 species) and philippines (6 species). glyptopetalum is closely related (and very similar) to genus euonymus tournef. ex l. the genus differs from euonymus by one ovule per cell (against at least 2 in euonymus), columella in capsule (its morphological nature unclear) and raphe branches on the seed. species of glyptopetalum are differs from each other by form and surface character of loculicidal capsule (smooth, wrinkled, covered by small warts, crack-like), in which developed only one seed more often and also by seed form, its size and peculiarities of its covered by aril (covered lower part of seed on 1/2 or 1/3) and raphe branches (from 3 until 6 branches; for some southern asian species raphe as separate, sometimes poorly divergent belts across all seed length and meeting in one point on seed top and seed base). the species of glyptopetalum are not to use in medicinal or as food (their fruits are poisonous!). but because it taxon is closely allied to euonymus, it may be used as source of bark latex (gutta-perca) and some other biological active substances. this question needed future studies. acknowledgements i am very grateful to my dear colleagues and friends from different countries who have supported of current taxonomic studies of celastraceae (especially of glyptopetalum) in southeastern asia (china, laos, vietnam, cambodia, thailand, malaysia, philippines, singapore, indonesia) and also in european herbarium collections. this material is based partly on work supported by the russian foundation for basic research under grant 12-04-31407. references cheng, c. y., ma, j. s. & huang, p. h. 1999. celastraceae. in: cheng, c. y. & huang, p. h. 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(ed.). the families and genera of flowering plants. vol. vi. flowering plants. dicotyledons. celastrales, oxalidales, rosales, cornales, ericales. berlin: springer. simmons, m. p., mckenna, m. j., bacon, c. d., yakobson, k., cappa, j. j., archer, r. h. & ford, a. j. 2012. phylogeny of celastraceae tribe euonymeae inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid genes. mol. phylog. evol. 62(1): 9‒20. [published on-line: 30 august 2011]. tardieu-blot, m. l.(mme) 1948. celastracees. in: humbert, h. (dir.). supplément a la flore générale l' indo-chine. t. i (7): gagnepain, f. (red.). paris. 2014] 191 savinov: taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites fig. 1a. view of herbarium type specimen of the glyptopetalum vidalii i. savinov, spec. nov. (p). reinwardtia 192 [vol.14 fig. 1b. view of fruit of the glyptopetalum vidalii i. savinov, spec. nov. (p). instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 415-597-2-pb belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 137 − 142 137 than half of the total state land mass. the hob area in sabah covers most of the interior heartlands, which is an important ecosystem for biodiversity and home to many local indigenous communities (fig. 2). in 2008, the sabah state government published the first strategic plan of action (spa) for sabah to support the hob initiative. the sabah spa was drawn up based on the sabah hob project document (pd) and the tri-national strategic plan of action to conserve the hob area. a set of targets was formulated for the spa for the period 2008– 2012. a newly revised strategic plan of actions for the period 2014–2020 was commissioned by the sabah state committee in 2013. the hob initiatives in introduction the heart of borneo (hob) vision and area the heart of borneo (hob) initiative was first mooted by world wildlife fund (wwf) and the declaration was signed by the three participating countries i.e. brunei darussalam, indonesia and malaysia in bali, indonesia on the 12 th february 2007. the declaration envisioned in the protection of about 22 million hectares of forested region on borneo island (fig.1). to date, the area has increased to 23 million ha which includes 16.777.840 ha for kalimantan, 6.089.900 ha for malaysia and about 405.960 ha for brunei darussalam (table 1). in sabah, 3.916.640 ha has been designated hob area of which occupies more contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia received march 4, 2014; accepted july 23, 2014 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira, john baptist sugau forest research centre, p.o. box 1407, 90715 sandakan, sabah, malaysia. e-mail: reuben.nilus@sabah.gov.my frederick kugan forest sector planning (fsp), headquaters, sabah forestry department, locked bag no. 68, 90009 sandakan, sabah, malaysia. e-mail: frederick.kugan@sabah.gov.my. abstract sabran, s., nilus, r., pereira, j. t., sugau, j. b. & kugan, f. 2014. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia. reinwardtia 14(1): 137 – 142. ― the heart of borneo (hob) declaration is a conservation agreement initiated by wwf and signed by three countries, i.e., brunei darussalam, indonesia and malaysia in bali, indonesia on 12th february 2007 to protect more than 23 million hectares of forested region on borneo island. these forested areas could be well protected when conservation management plan is in place. one of the crucial activities to facilitate the planning and formulation of conservation plan is to conduct scientific expeditions that include botanical exploration. the primary objective of the expedition is to identify the key conservation targets within the forest reserves. for the past five years, several expeditions have been conducted by the sabah forestry department under the auspices of the hob project to explore various forest reserves with conservation issues within the heart of borneo area. this paper will present the findings which include plant richness, endemism and plant conservation status in each forest reserves that has been explored. key words: botanical exploration, endemism, heart of borneo (hob), plant conservation status, plant richness. abstrak sabran, s., nilus, r., pereira, j. t., sugau, j. b. & kugan, f. 2014. kontribusi dari the heart of borneo (hob) terhadap kegiatan eksplorasi botani di sabah, malaysia. reinwardtia 14(1): 137 – 142. ― deklarasi the heart of borneo merupakan kesepakatan konservasi yang dipelopori oleh wwf dan ditandatangani oleh 3 negara yaitu brunei darussalam, indonesia dan malaysia di bali, indonesia pada tanggal 12 februari 2007 untuk melindungi lebih dari 23 juta hektar kawasan hutan di pulau borneo. kawasan hutan ini dapat dilindungi dengan baik ketika rencana managemen konservasi diterapkan. salah satu kegiatan yang paling penting adalah memfasilitasi perencanaan dan formulasi dari rencana konservasi untuk melakukan ekspedisi ilmiah yang meliputi kegiatan eksplorasi botani. tujuan utama dari ekspedisi yang dilakukan adalah untuk mengidentifikasi target kunci konservasi dalam kawasan hutan. selama lima tahun terakhir, beberapa ekspedisi telah dilakukan di departemen kehutanan sabah dibawah naungan proyek hob untuk mengeksplorasi berbagai macam kawasan hutan dengan isu konservasi dalam kawasan the heart of borneo. makalah ini menyajikan beberapa penemuan meliputi kekayaan tumbuhan, endemisitas dan konservasi tanaman di masing-masing kawasan hutan yang telah dieksplorasi. kata kunci: heart of borneo (hob), eksplorasi botani, endemisitas, kekayaan tumbuhan, status konservasi tumbuhan. mailto:reuben.nilus@sabah.gov.my mailto:frederick.kugan@sabah.gov.my reinwardtia 138 [vol.14 sabah are to pursue:  the consolidation of the network of protected areas and their viability and coverage.  replication of sustainable forest management within the production forest be exponentially increased.  building capacity and strengthening the institution governing conservation.  creating smart partnership between government, the private sector, non-governmental organizations and local community.  to expand and improve collaboration with neighboring state or country, including fig. 1. area designated under the hob initiative (dark green shade) in borneo island (source: wwf.panda.org). table 1. hob area in borneo island (source: wwf) country region/state area (ha) total area (ha) indonesia k a l i m a n t a n timur 8,906,190 16,777,840 k a l i m a n t a n tengah 2,988,240 k a l i m a n t a n barat 4,883,410 malaysia sarawak 2,173,260 6,089,900 sabah 3,916,640 b r u n e i d a r u s s a lam 405,960 405,960 grand total hob area (ha) 23,273,700 fig. 2. the boundary of the hob project area in sabah (source: sabah forestry department). international organizations. therefore, to pursue the first objective, sabah forestry department spearheaded the scientific expeditions to enhance biological resource data within the hob area as essential background information for the formulation of the conservation management plan (cmp) of designated protected areas under the 9 th and 10 th malaysian plan. the primary objective of the scientific expedition is to identify the key conservation targets within the reserves and highlight potential threats and recommend conservation measures to further 2014] sabran et al.: contribution of the heart of borneo 139 fig. 3. the location of 18 forest reserves where scientific expeditions have been conducted under the sabah hob initiative from 2008–2013 (source: sabah forestry department). enhance or maintain the ecological integrity of the ecosystem and the continuous survival of the forest biological richness. thus far, 15 scientific expeditions have been carried out, covering rapid assessments on the flora and fauna in these areas. a few agencies such as sabah parks, university of malaysia sabah (ums) and sabah agriculture department were also involved in the expeditions. this paper presents the botanical findings from 15 forest reserves covered during the expeditions. study site and methods eighteen forest reserves, namely batu punggul, bidu-bidu, bukit hampuan, bukit kuamas, bukit taviu, crocker range, ganui, gn. lumaku, gunong lumaku, gunung tinkar, lipaso, milianlabau, nurod urod, rafflesia, sg. siliawan, sg. sansiang, tawai and ulu telupid were surveyed from 2008−2013 (fig. 3). flora data from only 15 forest reserves are presented in this paper which excludes flora data from ganui, crocker range and milian labau forest reserves. plant herbarium specimens were collected from the survey area and deposited at the sandakan herbarium (san). sterile voucher specimens were also collected within 0.1-ha transect or 0.07-ha circular plots that were established to assess forest composition in different forest types in the reserve. plant specimens were collected mainly of vascular plants, comprising the angiosperms (dicotyledon and monocotyledon), gymnosperms, fern ally and ferns. the common tree species were identified directly to species level in the field by means of their distinctive field characteristics. for those that could not be readily identified, voucher specimens were collected for subsequent determination at san. prior to identification, the specimens were oven-dried at a temperature range of 45–50°c for several days. all oven-dried specimens were sorted according to morphospecies and identified to species level by cross-checking with existing specimens at san and related flora references (airy shaw, 1975; argent et al., 2007; ashton, 2005, 2006; beaman & beaman, 1998; chan et al., 1994; chung, soepadmo & lim 2005; clarke, 1997; dransfield, 1984, 1992; julia, 2005; kern, 1974; sugau, 2005; wong & sugau, 1996; wood, 1997; and wood & cribb, 1994). past collecting records from the various forest reserves surveyed were also obtained from the san database (brahms) and combined with the present flora data. the data for endemism is obtained from literature materials of the respective plant groups. plant conservation status were obtained from the iucn red list website (iucn, 2013). results and discussion 1. plant richness a total of 3413 taxa were recorded from 15 forest reserves surveyed (table 2). the angiosperm (dicotyledon) represents the largest reinwardtia 140 [vol.14 forest reserves area (ha) plant group total taxa lycophytes ferns gymnosperm angiosperm no. family no. taxa no. family no. taxa no. family no. taxa monocot dicot no. family no. taxa no. family no. taxa bidu-bidu 16094 1 1 13 28 3 7 12 118 77 481 635 bukit hampuan 1253 2 6 15 41 3 8 14 197 89 674 936 bukit kuamas 7324 1 1 15 25 1 2 12 32 71 430 490 bukit taviu 8630 1 1 12 20 14 85 76 537 643 batu punggul & sg. sansiang 494 2 6 19 47 14 66 74 477 596 gn. lumaku & gunong lumaku 11845 2 6 19 68 2 6 15 225 88 1225 1530 gunung tinkar 10150 3 3 16 30 2 5 12 109 84 667 814 lipaso 3866 1 1 7 11 12 81 62 237 330 nurod-urod 1705 1 5 18 54 2 3 13 70 75 451 583 rafflesia 356 3 4 19 78 3 4 15 106 83 470 662 sg. siliawan 2136 1 4 12 33 1 1 8 58 62 689 785 tawai 22697 1 2 13 25 2 13 16 155 87 875 1070 ulutelupid 7508 3 3 9 18 40 142 163 table 2. the plant richness in 15 forest reserves where scientific expeditions have been conducted under the sabah hob initiative from 2008–2013. plant group with 2.684 taxa or 79% of the total taxa recorded, followed by the angiosperms (monocotyledon) with 488 taxa (14%), gymnosperms with 21 taxa (1%), ferns with 204 taxa (6%) and fern ally with 16 taxa (0.5%). most of the surveyed areas are classified as tropical rainforest that are pristine and also areas subjected to various degree of human disturbances in the past that resulted with moderately disturbed to secondary dominated vegetation conditions. the botanical collections were largely made on various forest formations, i.e. mixed dipterocarp, ultramafic, limestone and montane forest. the highest number of taxa was recorded from the combined gn. lumaku and gunong lumaku frs with overall taxa of 1,530, followed by tawai fr with 1,070 taxa and bukit hampuan fr with 936 taxa. while the lowest number of taxa was recorded from ulu telupid fr with 163 taxa. it is expected that larger number of taxa will be recorded in the larger sized forest reserves and also areas that have been widely botanized in the past. 2. endemism the number of endemic species for borneo and sabah recorded from the 15 forest reserves are as listed in table 3. of the entire recorded plants, 493 taxa are known to be endemic to borneo and 110 taxa are endemic to sabah. these numbers equate 18% of the estimated total flora endemic to borneo and 10% to sabah (maycock, pers. comm.). the highest number of endemic plants to sabah is recorded in tawai fr with 35 taxa, including four hyper-endemic species. this is followed by batu punggul fr and sg. sansiang fr with 21 taxa; bukit hampuan fr with 19 taxa; gunung tinkar with 18 taxa; and nurod urod fr with 15 taxa. outstandingly, five hyper-endemic taxa have been discovered; four taxa recorded in tawai fr, namely rhododendron sugaui (ericaceae), semecarpus angustifolius (anacardiaceae), syzygium soepadmoi (myrtaceae) and a new species of tristaniopsis (which is yet to be published but currently known as tristaniopsis merguensis subsp. tavaiensis (berhaman, pers. comm.) and one taxon in bukit hampuan fr, pittosporum linearifolium (pittosporaceae). other notable endemic plants to sabah include adinandra longipedicellata (pentaphylacaceae), nepenthes macrovulgaris (nepenthaceae), paphiopedilum rothschildianum (orchidaceae), rhododendron fallacinum (ericaceae) and shorea symingtonii (dipterocarpaceae). remarkably, most of the endemic taxa are found growing on ultrabasic substrates (table 3). plants that colonize and survive on ultramafic soils, evolved on a separate trajectory from their non-ultramafic relatives. in many cases, the new species survived on a patch of ultramafic soil because they are poor competitors on other substrates. as a result of this island effect, ultramafic substrates house a large number of species that are found only or endemic on ultramafic habitats and vulnerable to human 2014] sabran et al.: contribution of the heart of borneo 141 forest reserve soil parent materials no. of endemic taxa sabah borneo bidu-bidu ultrabasic igneous rock 11 37 bukit hampuan ultrabasic igneous rock; basic igneous rock 19 (including one hyper-endemic species) 68 bukit kuamas basic igneoud rock; ultrabasic igneous rock 8 44 bukit taviu sandstone & mudstone 3 58 batu punggul & sg. sansiang sandstone & mudstone; limestone 21 75 gg. lumaku and gunong lumaku sandstone & mudstone 13 112 gg. tinkar ultrabasic igneous rock 18 116 lipaso basic igneous rock 2 36 nurod urod major sandstone & minor mudstone 15 123 rafflesia sandstone & mudstone 5 45 tawai ultrabasic igneous rock 35 (including four hyper-endemic species) 98 ulu telupid basic igneous rock 0 29 sg. siliawan sandstone & mudstone 0 0 table 3. the number of sabah and borneo endemic taxa recorded in the 15 forest reserves where scientific expeditions have been conducted under the sabah hob initiative from 2008–2013. table 4. number of threatened plant taxa from seven forest reserves within the hob. forest reserve conservation status cr en vu nt lc batu punggul & sg. sansiang 6 5 4 gg. lumaku & gunong lumaku 14 11 13 10 gunung tinkar 17 8 7 15 10 nurod urod 7 2 8 rafflesia 4 3 2 9 9 activities (primack, 2000). however, endemic plants can easily become endangered because of their restricted habitat and highly restricted ranges (kruckeberg, 1984). 3. plant conservation status the plant conservation status of each taxon was identified based on iucn red list of threatened species (version 2013.2) (iucn, 2013). so far, the exercise was done for five forest reserves as listed in table 4. the result shows that 32 taxa are categorized as threatened, i.e., critically endangered (cr), 23 endangered (en) and 25 vulnerable (vu). all of these threatened taxa are trees. it is noteworthy that all the critically endangered taxa are represented by the dipterocarpaceae. the endangered taxa represented mostly by dipterocarpaceae (19 taxa), podocarpaceae (3 taxa) and rosaceae (1 taxon). thirteen families, namely anacardiaceae (3 taxa), araucariaceae (1 taxon), dilleniaceae (1 taxon), dipterocarpaceae (2 taxa), illiciaceae (1 taxon), lauraceae (1 taxon), leguminosae (2 taxa), meliaceae (2 taxa), myristicaceae (1 taxon), rosaceae (1 taxon), rutaceae (1 taxon), sterculiaceae/malvaceae (5 taxa) and thymelaeaceae (4 taxa) are categorized as vulnerable (vu). 4. other research and management contribution the botanical findings and recommendation for management implications that resulted from the surveys conducted in six forest reserves located within the vicinity of telupid district (tawai, bidu-bidu, bukit kuamas, ulu telupid, lipaso and bukit taviu forest reserves) have been utilized note cr: critically endangered en: endangered vu: vulnerable nt: near threatened lc: least concern reinwardtia 142 [vol.14 for the formulation of a conservation area management plan (camp) for telupid forest reserve complex. currently, a conservation area management plan for gn. lumaku and gunong lumaku frs is being prepared and the botanical resources and proposed conservation issues will be incorporated. through these botanical surveys, it has also facilitated plant taxonomic researches. based on the flora survey, one paper has been presented internationally, while another two papers were presented in national conferences. a technical paper has also been published in the international journal. it is anticipated that more scientific accounts will be generated from the active botanical inventories carried out in the hob areas under this auspices initiative. conclusion over the five years of botanical exploration in various protected areas under the hob initiative, a great understanding of plant richness, endemism and plant conservation status have been achieved. most of the important findings have been or will be significantly use to facilitate the planning and formulation of conservation plans for the respective protected areas. acknowldegements we would like to take this opportunity to express our highest gratitude and thanks to the ministry of natural resources and environment and sabah forestry department for making the funds available for our research. we also thank staff of the sabah forestry department who have given their support and commitment throughout the expeditions. references airy shaw, h. k. 1975. the euphorbiaceae of borneo. kew bull. additional series iv. london. 245 p. argent, g., lamb, a. & philips, a. 2007. the rhododendrons of sabah, malaysia. natural history publications (borneo) kota kinabalu & royal botanic garden edinburgh. 280 p. ashton, p. s. 2005. new tristaniopsis peter g. wilson & j. t. waterh. (myrtaceae) from borneo. gardens’ bulletin singapore 57: 269–278. ashton, p. s. 2006. new syzygium (myrtaceae) from northern borneo. kew bull. 61: 107–144. beaman, j. h. & beaman, r. s. 1998. the plants of mount kinabalu: gymnosperms and non-orchid monocotyledons. 3. natural history publications (borneo) kota kinabalu. 220 p. chan, c. l., lamb, a., shim, p. s. & wood, j. j. 1994. orchids of borneo 1. sabah society, kota kinabalu & royal botanic gardens, kew. 402 p. chung, r. c. k., soepadmo, e. & lim, a. l. 2005. a synopsis of the bornean species of microcos l. (tiliaceae). gardens’ bulletin singapore 57: 101–130. clarke, c. 1997. nepenthes of borneo. natural history publication, kota kinabalu. 207 p. dransfield, j. 1984. the rattans of sabah. sabah forest record 13: 182. dransfield, s. 1992. the bamboos of sabah. sabah forest records 14: 94. iucn. 2013. the iucn red list of threatened species. version 2013.2 http://www.iucnredlist.org. (accessed in 20 july 2013). julia, s. 2005. a synopsis of the genus actinodaphne nees (lauraceae) in sabah and sarawak, malaysia. gardens’ bull. singapore 57: 69–100. sugau, j. b. 2005. twelve new species of adinandra (pentaphylacaceae) from borneo. sandakania 16: 1–27. kern, j. h. 1974. cyperaceae. flora malesiana. series i. 7(3): 435–753. kruckeberg, a. r. 1984. california serpentines: flora, vegetation, geology, soils and management problems. university of california press, berkeley, ca. primack, r. 2000. a primer of conservation biology. sinauer associates, inc. 319 p. wong, k. m. & sugau, j. b. 1996. a revision of fagraea (loganiaceae) in borneo, with notes on related malesian species and 21 new species. sandakania 8:1–93. wood, j. j. & cribb, p. j. 1994. checklist of orchids of borneo. royal botanic gardens, kew. 409 p. wood, j. j. 1997. orchids of borneo. vol. 3. sabah society in association with royal botanic gardens, kew. 299 p. http://www.iucnredlist.org instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 406-585-2-pb belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 211 – 217 211 hila and scolecosporous, mostly acicular, pluriseptate, hyaline conidia, are typical for the genus cercospora (crous & braun, 2003). recent studies of cercosporoid fungi from thailand have revealed several new species and new records of cercospora on wild plants and economically important cultivated plants (meeboon et al., 2007a, b, c; nakashima et al., 2010; to–anun et al., 2009, 2011; phengsintham et al., 2012, 2013). during the study of diversity of cercospora and allied genera in thailand (2008–2010), we found cercospora leaf spot on an ornamental plant identified as brunfelsia uniflora [syn. b. hopeana] at royal flora garden, chiang mai. this plant belongs to family solanaceae, originally from south america and now widely cultivated as ornamental plant. brunfelsia uniflora is also recognized as introduction cercospora fresen. is an anamorph–typified ascomycete genus, now considered and used as holomorph genus covering species only forming cercospora–like asexual morphs as well as species with such asexual and mycosphaerella–like sexual morphs (braun et al., 2013). more than 3000 names have been described worldwide (crous et al., 2000; crous & braun, 2003) [see also http:// www.mycobank.com/mycotaxo.aspx]. members of this genus are commonly found as saprobes, secondary invaders and plant pathogens causing leaf spot or leaf blight (crous & braun, 2003). the morphological characteristics of pigmented conidiophores, conspicuously thickened and darkened conidiogenous loci (scars) and conidial cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora received january 17, 2014; accepted september 26, 2014 iman hidayat microbiology division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences (lipi), cibinong, indonesia. e-mail: imanhidayat@yahoo.com jamjan meeboon department of agriculture, 50 phaholyothin rd., ladyao, chatuchack, bangkok, thailand. abstract hidayat, i. & meeboon, j. 2014. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora. reinwardtia 14(1): 211 – 217. — cercospora brunfelsiicola on brunfelsia uniflora is proposed as a new species based on a combination of molecular phylogenetic and morphological data analyses. the molecular phylogenetic analysis based on combined multilocus analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (its), part of the elongation factor 1–α gene (ef1–α), and part of the calmodulin (cal) gene regions showed that c. brunfelsiicola is phylogenetically distinguishable from other cercospora species, including members of the c. apii s. l. complex. morphologically, c. brunfelsiicola differs from other closely related cercospora species, in particular c. acaciae-mangii, by forming lesions with indistinct margin, larger stromata [(32) 48.5 ± 10.6 (68) μm diam.], and filiform to narrowly obclavate conidia [(45) 59 ± 9.1 (72) × (2.5) 2.5 ± 0.2 (3) μm]. key words: fungi, hyphomycetes, leaf spot, phylogeny, taxonomy. abstrak hidayat, i. & meeboon, j. 2014. cercospora brunfelsiicola (jamur, mycosphaerellaceae), jenis jamur cercosporoid daerah tropis pada brunfelsia uniflora. reinwardtia 14(1): 211 – 217. — cercospora brunfelsiicola hidayat & meeboon yang ditemukan pada bercak daun brunfelsia uniflora diusulkan sebagai spesies baru berdasarkan kombinasi hasil analisis data morfologi dan analisis filogenetik sekuen dna gabungan dari daerah internal transcribed spacer (its), sebagian daerah gen elongation factor 1–α gene (ef1–α) dan gen calmodulin (cal). hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa c. brunfelsiicola secara filogenetik terpisah dari sekuen dna cercospora terdekat, termasuk anggota c. apii s.l. secara morfologi, c. brunfelsiicola dapat dibedakan dari spesies cercospora terdekat, khususnya c. acaciae-mangii, karena memiliki warna gejala pada daun kecoklatan dengan garis batas yang tidak jelas, stromata lebih besar [diameter (32) 48,5 ± 10,6 (68) µm] dan memiliki bentuk konidia obclavate [(45) 59 ± 9,1 (72) × (2,5) 2,5 ± 0,2 (3) m]. kata kunci: bercak daun, filogeni, hifomisetes, jamur, taksonomi. mailto:imanhidayat@yahoo.com reinwardtia 212 [vol.14 medicinal plants for diuretic, antirheumatic and anti –inflammatory (plowman, 1977). in this report, cercospora specimen on b. uniflora from thailand is proposed as a new species based on a combination of morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses involving its rdna, part of the elongation factor 1–α (ef1–α) gene and part of the calmodulin (cal) gene region. materials and methods collection and observation specimens of cercospora leaf spot on b. uniflora were collected from royal flora, chiang mai province, thailand. magnifying lenses of 10× and 20× magnifications were used during the observation of symptoms in the field. specimens showing the presence of cercospora caespituli were placed in plastic bags for further examination. the collecting bags were sealed and labeled as follows: name of host plant, collection site, collector/s and collection date. macroscopic characteristics were observed using a stereo microscope (olympus szx7) to check the fungal caespituli on the leaf spots in detail. the examination of microscopic characters was carried out by means of an olympus bx53 light microscope using oil immersion (1000×). specimens for observation were prepared by hand sectioning. water and shear’s solution were used as mounting media. thirty conidia, hila, conidiophores, conidiogenous loci and 10 stromata fig. 1. phylogenetic tree based on combination of its, partial ef1–α, and cal genes region representing placement of members of c. brunfelsiicola within cercospora s.str.. bootstrap support ≥ 50% from maximum parsimony analysis are shown on the nodes. 2014] 213 hidayat et al. : a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora were measured for each specimen. line drawings were prepared at a magnification of 400× or 1000×. single spore isolation was carried out following the method outlined by choi et al. (1999) with a modification. dried herbarium specimens were deposited in the biotec herbarium (bbh), thailand. cultures were deposited at biotec culture collection (bcc), thailand and lipi microbial culture collection (lipimc), indonesia. dna extraction, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and sequencing a culture of cercospora isolated from b. uniflora was grown on potato dextrose broth (pdb, difco) and incubated on waterbath shaker (100 rpm) (taitec personal–11) for 10 days at 28°c prior to dna extraction. fungal mycelia were harvested in a 1.5 ml tube with 500 µl miliq water. mycelial cell–walls were homogenized mechanically using table 1. genbank accession number of cercosporoid fungi used in this study. no. species strain code genbank accession number its ef cal 1 cercospora brunfelsiicola rf5 ab859638 ab863025 ab863026 2 cercospora acaciae-mangii cpc 10526t ay752141 ay752176 ay752235 3 cercospora acaciae-mangii cpc 10550 ay752139 ay752172 ay752231 4 cercospora senecionis-walkeri cbs 132636 jx143649 jx143408 jx142916 5 cercospora apii cbs 116455 ay840519 ay840486 ay840417 6 cercospora apiicola cbs 116457 ay840536 ay840503 ay840434 7 cercospora armoraciae mucc 768 jx143554 jx143308 jx142816 8 cercospora apii cbs 152.52 ay840515 ay840482 ay840413 9 cercospora apiicola cpc 10248 ay840539 ay840506 ay840437 10 cercospora beticola cbs 116456 ay840527 ay840494 ay840425 11 cercospora cf. flagellaris cbs 132674 jx143606 jx143364 jx142872 12 cercospora capsici mucc 574 jx143569 jx143325 jx142833 13 cercospora chenopodii cbs 132620 jx143571 jx143327 jx142835 14 cercospora cf. citrulina mucc 588 jx143582 jx143340 jx142848 15 cercospora tezpurensis cs 2012t kc351743 kc513746 kc513745 16 cercospora zeae-maydis cbs 117758 dq185075 dq185087 dq185111 17 cercospora zeina cpc 11998 dq185082 dq185094 dq185118 18 cercospora beticola cpc 5123 dq233327 dq185094 dq233405 19 cercospora cf. helianthicola mucc 716 jx143615 jx143374 jx142882 20 cercospora cf. ipomoeae mucc 442 jx143618 jx143377 jx142885 21 cercospora kikuchii cbs 135.28 dq835071 dq835089 dq835135 22 cercospora lactucae-sativae mucc 570 jx143623 jx143382 jx142890 23 cercospora cf. nicotianae cbs 132632 jx143631 jx143390 jx142898 24 cercospora punctiformis cbs 132626 jx143638 jx143397 jx142905 25 cercospora cf. richardiicola mucc 138 jx143643 jx143402 jx142910 26 cercospora rodmanii 15-gtox gq884185 gq884191 gq884195 27 cercospora sojina cpc 17977 jx143674 jx143434 jx142942 28 cercospora zeae-maydis cbs 117757 dq185074 dq185086 dq185110 29 cercospora zebrina cbs 118790 gu214657 kf253248 kf253963 30 cercospora zeina cpc 11995t dq185081 dq185093 dq185117 31 cercospora cf. zinniae cbs 132676 jx143757 jx143519 jx143027 32 pseudocercospora thailandica cpc 10621 ay752159 ay752189 ay752251 33 pseudocercospora thailandica cpc 10547 ay752156 dq835102 ay752248 reinwardtia 214 [vol.14 plastic pestle. the mycelia were then centrifuged using a centrifuge minispin (eppendorf, germany) at 14.500 rpm for 10 minutes. dna was extracted from the mycelia with a phytopuretm dna extraction kit (ge healthcare, uk) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. dna amplification was performed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using primer pairs of its5 (5’– ggaagtaaaagtcgtaacaagg–3’) and its4 (5’–tcctccgcttattgatatgc–3’) for its (internal transcribed spacer) region (white et al., 1990), ef1–728f (5’– catcgagaagttcgagaagg–3’) and ef1– 986r (5’–tacttgaaggaacccttacc–3’) for part of elongation factor 1–α region, and cal– 228f (5’–gagttcaaggaggccttctccc–3’) and cal–737r (5’– catctttctggccatcatgg–3’) for calmodulin region (carbone & kohn, 1999). for the its region, pcr was performed in a 25 ml volume as follows: nuclease free water 10 µl, go taq® green mastermix (promega, madison, usa) 12.5 µl, its5 dan its4 primer 0.5 µl for each primer, dmso 0.5 µl, and dna template 1 µl. the pcr reaction was done using takara thermocycler (takara, japan) as follows: initial denaturation at 95ºc for 90 s, followed by 35 cycles of 95ºc for 30 s, 55ºc for 30 s, 72ºc for 90 s, and final extension of 72ºc for 5 min. pcr reactions for ef and cal genes were performed in 25 ml reaction volumes as follow: each reaction containing nuclease free water 8.75 µl, go taq® green mastermix (promega, madison, usa) 12.5 µl, forward and reverse primer 0.625 µl for each primer, dmso 0.5 µl, and dna template 2 µl. pcr was performed in a takara thermocycler (takara, japan) with the following program: 94ºc for 5 min, 35 cycles {94ºc for 30 s, 52ºc for 30 s, 72ºc for 30 s} and followed by a final extension of 7 min at 72ºc (groenewald et al., 2005). pcr results were visualized using electrophoresis method in a 1% agarose gel at 100 v for 30 min. agarose gel was soaked in an ethidium bromide for 60 mins and visualized under uv light (printgraph). pcr products were sent to 1stbase (malaysia) for dna sequencing. phylogenetic analysis nucleotide sequences obtained from the respective primer pairs (its5 and its4, ef1–728f and ef1–986r, cal–228f and cal–737r) were examined and refined by direct examination using chromas pro 1.41 software (technelysium pty ltd., australia). sequences generated from the respective its, ef, and cal regions were aligned with sequences retrieved from dna databases (ddbj, ncbi) using muscle (edgar, 2004) implemented in mega 6 (tamura et al., 2013). pseudocercospora thailandica strain cpc 10621 and p. thailandica strain cpc 10547 were used as outgroups in the analysis. regions designated as ambiguously aligned were excluded from the analyses. genebank accession number, strain code, and taxon names used in this study are given in table 1. the phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the maximum parsimony (mp) method in paup* 4.0b10 (swofford, 2002). the mp analysis was performed with the heuristic search option using the ‘tree–bisection-reconstruction’ (tbr) algorithm with 1000 random sequence additions to find the optimum tree. the stepwise addition option set as random and maximum tree number was set at 5000. tree length (tl), consistency index (ci), retention index (ri), related consistency index (rc), and homoplasy index (hi) were also calculated. the kishino–hasegawa (kh) likelihood test (kishino & hasegawa, 1989) was carried out to compare the best tree topology obtained by the nucleotide sequence data with a constrained tree. the strength of the internal branches of the phylogenetic tree in mp analysis was tested with bootstrap (bs) analysis (felsenstein, 1985) using 1000 replications. bs values of 50 % or higher are shown. random sequence addition was used in the bootstrap analysis. all sites were treated as unordered and unweighted, and gaps treated as missing data. treegraph 2 (stöver & müller, 2010) was used to refine the phylogenetic tree. the partition homogeneity test (farris et al., 1995) was carried out by using paup* to determine whether its, ef1 –α, and cal datasets were in conflict with 1000 replicates. results phylogenetic analysis the alignment of the combined sequences from its, ef and cal regions contained 33 sequences and 1120 total characters, of which 835 characters were constant, 40 characters were variable and parsimony-uninformative, 245 characters were parsimony–informative. the most parsimonius tree was generated in 515 steps (ci = 0.695, ri = 0.791, rc = 0.550, hi = 0.305). the phylogenetic tree generated from mp analysis showed that c. brunfelsiicola is phylogenetically distinguishable from other cercospora sequences (fig. 1). sequences of c. brunfelsiicola formed an independent lineage and showed a close relationship to sequences of c. acaciae–mangii crous, pongpan. & m. j. wingf. on acacia mangium willd. (leguminosae) with 62% bs (bootstrap support). 2014] 215 hidayat et al. : a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora this clade is sister to a clade containing sequences of c. tezpurensis m. k. meghvansi & md. haneef khan on capsicum assamicum purkayastha & singh, c. rodmanii on eichhornia crassipes (mart.) solms, and c. cf. richardiicola on fuchsia×hybrida with 94% bs. taxonomy cercospora brunfelsiicola hidayat & meeboon, spec. nov. – fig. 2. mycobank mb805994 cercospora brunfelsiicola differs from c. acaciaemangii and other closely related cercospora species by forming lesions with indistinct margin, larger stromata [(32) 48.5 ± 10.6 (68) μm diam.], and filiform to narrowly obclavate conidia [(45) 59 ± 9.1 (72) × (2.5) 2.5 ± 0.2 (3) μm]. ― type: thailand, chiang mai province, royal flora garden, on leaves of brunfelsia uniflora (pohl) d. don [= b. hopeana (hook.) benth.] (solanaceae), 27 july 2008, jamjan meeboon, rf5 (bbh 23764: holotype). ex-type culture: bcc32756, other culture: lipimc 774. genbank accession number (its: ab859638, ef: ab863025, cal: ab863026). leaf spots amphigenous, distinct, circular to angular, 2–7 mm diam., brown, sometimes forming larger lesions, margin indistinct. caespituli mainly epiphyllous, dark or blackish, punctiform, scattered within the lesions. stromata (32) 48.5 ± 10.6 (68) μm diam. (n = 10), intraepidermal, well-developed, composed of globular to angular, brown to blackish brown cells. conidiophores numerous, in dense fascicles arising from stromata, (34) 98.5 ± 28.8 (151) × (2.5) 4 ± 0.6 (5.5) μm (n = 30), rarely branched, subcylindrical, strongly geniculate, 2–5–septate, simple, straight, erect to decumbent, smooth, pale fig. 2. cercospora brunfelsiicola sp. nov. (from holotype) a. conidia. b. stromata and conidiophores. (scale bar = 50µm). reinwardtia 216 [vol.14 yellow to pale brown. conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, (10) 21.5 ± 8.2 (47.2) × (2.5) 4.1 ± 1.1 (4.8) µm long (n = 30), holoblastic, monoblastic to polyblastic, sympodially proliferating. conidiogenous loci 2.5–3 μm diam. (n = 30), conspicuous, thickened and darkened. conidia (45) 59 ± 9.1 (72) × (2.5) 2.5 ± 0.2 (3) μm (n = 30), solitary, filiform to narrowly obclavate, 4 –8–septate, straight, hyaline, smooth, base obconically truncate, with subacute apex, hila 2– 2.5 μm diam. (n = 30), thickened and darkened. distribution. only known from its type locality. etymology. the new species is named after its host generic name. discussion the current study is the first report of cercospora found on b. uniflora. about 12 species of cercospora have been recognized on hosts of the plant family solanaceae, viz, c. canescens ellis & g. martin (c. apii s. l.), c. lanugiflori chupp & a.s. mull. [on solanum velutinum dunal (= s. lanugiflorum pittier)], c. nigri tharp var. microsporae l. n. bhardwaj & y. s. paul (on s. nigrum l.), c. nicandrae chupp [on nicandra physalodes (l.) gaertn.)], c. nicotianicola j. m. yen (on nicotiana tabacum l.), c. physalidis ellis (c. apii s. lat.), c. physalidis–angulatae j.m. yen (on physalis angulata l.), c. puyana syd. (on s. trachycyphum bitter), c. sciadophila (speg.) chupp (on s. violifolium schott. ex spreng), c. solanacea sacc. & berl. (on solanum spp.), c. solani thüm. (on solanum spp.), and c. solaninigri chidd. (on s. nigrum) [chupp, 1954; crous & braun, 2003]. cercospora venezuelae var. indica govindu & thirum. and c. solanigena bhartiya, r. dubey & s. k. singh are noted as uncertain species by crous & braun (2003) as type material could not be traced and due to the assumption that the original description was based on young conidia, respectively. based on the morphological examination, c. brunfelsiicola is distinguishable from other cercospora species found on hosts of the plant family solanaceae by having strongly geniculate, densely fasciculate conidiophores and filiform to narrowly obclavate conidia with a few septa (fig. 2). cercospora brunfelsiicola differs from the plurivorous c. apii s. l. on solanaceae (c. canescens, c. physalidis) by having well–developed stromata, numerous conidiophores in dense fascicles and strongly geniculate conidiophores. the filiform to narrowly obclavate conidia of c. brunfelsiicola (fig. 2) are apparently distinct from the long acicular conidia of c. apii s.l. the molecular phylogenetic analyses based on combined sequence of its, ef1–α and cal gene regions apparently showed that c. brunfelsiicola has a close phylogenetic relationship to c. acaciae –mangii (groenewald et al., 2013). cercospora brunfelsiicola is distinguishable from c. acaciaemangii on a. mangium, which was originally described from thailand as well (crous et al., 2004), by having lesions with indistinct margin, larger stromata [(32) 48.5 ± 10.6 (68) μm diam.] and filiform to narrowly obclavate conidia [(45) 59 ± 9.1 (72) × (2.5) 2.5 ± 0.2 (3) μm]. cercospora acaciae-mangii was morphologically described by crous et al. (2004) based on distinct symptom (lesions medium brown, surrounded by a raised, dark brown border), stromata lacking to well– developed (up to 30 μm diam.) and conidia acicular (50–350 × 3.5–5 μm). in conclusion, our morphological data showed that the lesions with indistinct margin, densely fasciculate, strongly geniculate conidiophores and filiform to narrowly obclavate conidia are distinct characters that distinguish c. brunfelsiicola from other closely related cercospora species and justify the introduction of a new species for this fungus. acknowledgements this research was financially supported by a research grant from the international foundation for science, awarded to jamjan meeboon (d/45381). the authors thank ms. floretta f. yuliarni for technical assisstance during dna extraction and pcr amplification. references braun, u., nakashima, c. & crous, p. w. 2013. cercosporoid fungi (mycosphaerellaceae) 1. spercies on other fungi, pteridophyta and gymnospermae. ima fungus 4: 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(eds.), pcr protocols: a guide to methods and applications. san diego, academic press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197 reinwardtia 218 [vol.14 instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. 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reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 15(2): david simpson, herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk herwasono soedjito, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein, robert j. kibbee library, kingsborough community college, new york, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, 1400 lake shore drive, chicago, usa mark hughes royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), indonesia siti nur hidayati middle tennessee state university, tennessee, usa soejatmi dransfield herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk wong khoon meng singapore botanic garden, singapore reinwardtia vol 15, no 2, pp: 111 − 114 111 a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia received 13 may, 2016; accepted 10 october 2016 inggit puji astuti center for plant conservation, bogor botanic garden-lipi, jln. ir. h. juanda no. 13, bogor, indonesia 16122. email:inggit_pa@yahoo.com rugayah herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: titikrugayah@yahoo.com abstract astuti, i. p. & rugayah. 2016. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia. reinwardtia 15(2): 111 –114. — a living collection of bogor botanic gardens, planted in plot xxiv.a.192-192a and originated from kemiri said nature reserve, cyclops mountain in papua collected by lugrayasa (lg 1352), is described and illustrated as a new species, namely murraya cyclopensis astuti & rugayah. the species is closely related to murraya paniculata (l.) jack, in vegetative and flower structures, but differ in the presence of indumentum on twig, rachis and petiole, smaller size of flowers, red globose fruits, and orbicular seeds covered by densely short hairs and red aril. key words : cyclops, kemir i said natur e reser ve, m urraya cyclopensis, new species. abstrak astuti, i. p. & rugayah. 2016. jenis baru murraya dari pegunungan cyclops, papua, indonesia. reinwardtia 15(2): 111-114. — koleksi hidup kebun raya bogor yang ditanam di vak xxiv. a. 192-192a, yang berasal dari cagar alam kemiri said, pegunungan cyclops papua, koleksi lugrayasa (lg 1352), di pertelakan sebagai jenis baru, dengan nama murraya cyclopensis astuti & rugayah. jenis tersebut memiliki karakter morfologi yang mirip dengan m. paniculata (l.) jack pada karakter vegetatif dan struktur bunganya, tetapi berbeda pada adanya bulu pada ranting, rakis dan tangkai daun, ukuran bunganya yang lebih kecil, buahnya yang membulat dan berwarna merah, serta bijinya yang membundar, berbulu pendek dan lebat serta beraril merah. kata kunci : cagar alam kemir i said, cyclops, jenis bar u, m urraya cyclopensis. introduction the genus murraya has been reported to consist of 11 species and four varieties, distributed from india through sri lanka, south china, taiwan, indo-china, thailand, philippines, indonesia, new guinea, new caledonia and northern australia (swingle & reece, 1967; jones, 1992, 1995, mabberley, 1998). in 1911 backer described two species of murraya from java, indonesia namely murraya exotica l. and m. koenigii spreng. while backer and bakhuizen van den brink jr. in 1965 recognized two species, m. paniculata and m. koenigii, they included m. exotica as the synonym of m. paniculata. however, uji (1994) supported swingle and reece (1967) and placed m. exotica as a distinct species. recently astuti (2006) and astuti et al. (2011) enumerated four species of murraya found in java, namely m. crenulata, m. exotica, m. koenigii and m. paniculata. in 2000, bogor botanic garden team carried out an exploration to cyclops mountain nature reserve, papua. one collection, lg 1352 was identified previously as m. paniculata (lugrayasa et al., 2000). during astuti study on herbarium material of murraya from the national herbarium leiden in 2004, she observed that m. paniculata from new guinea, solomon and fiji have similar morphological characters with m. paniculata from cyclops. four years later (2004), seedling of lg 1352 were planted in plot xxiv. a.192-192a as a living collection and registered with accession number b20010319. in 2006 this living collection produced flowers and fruit. unfortunately, the plant died, but three other new living collections as f1 have been planted in plot xxiv. a. 249 and plot xxiv.b. 172-172 a. compared to other species of murraya in indonesia, the living papuan collection is closely related to m. paniculata, because of the similarity in vegetative and floral structures, but differs in the presence of indumentum, flower size, shape of fruit and its colour, and seed shape. the twig rachis and petiole of this collection are hairy, while the twig, rachis and petiole of m. paniculata are glabrous. the flower is smaller but with a shorter peduncle compared to m. paniculata. the fruit shape of the collection is globose, bright red color and with a rounded apex whereas m. paniculata is ellipsoid (the fruit length is twice the width), orange, and with an acute apex. the fruit of m. paniculata has 1–4 seeds, the fruit of the collection has 1–2 seeds. the seed of the collection is rounded with a short acute apex and covered by densely short hairs and red aril, reinwardtia 112 [vol.15 whereas the seed of m. paniculata is ellipsoid, covered with densely long hairs and orange aril (lugrayasa et al., 2009; fig. 1). the globose fruit and circular-semicircular seeds are similar to m. euchrestifolia hayata and m. crenulata (turez.) oliv. (swingle & reece, 1967). it differs from m. euchrestifolia especially on inflorescence types, flower sizes and fruit color. murraya euchrestifolia has cymes inflo rescences, 0.5 cm flower and reddish-yellow with minute black dots of fruits (engler, 1931; chang & hartley, 1993) (table 1). while it differs from m. crenulata (turez.) oliv. especially in color of the fruit. the color of m. crenulata is greenish white – pale pink. based on those morphological differences, the collection is proposed as a new species. murraya cyclopensis astuti & rugayah spec. nov. —fig. 1. murraya paniculata habitus similis sed indumentum mollis, floris parvis, fructus orbicularis, semina globosa apice brevi acutus, arillum rubrum, — type: java, bogor botanic gardens, plot xxiv. a. 249, introduced from kemiri said nature reserves, cyclops mountain papua, 14 march, 2016, frisca damayanti 009, (holotype: bohb! ; isotype: bo!) shrubs or small trees, up to 5 m high, branches near the ground (less then 6 branches), bark greyish brown, fissured. twigs green covered by short hairs. leaves compound, paripinate, 7–15 cm long, rachis green covered by soft hairs, consists of (2) 3–11 leaflets, leaflets alternate, rounded with the larger leaflets (2.7–7.2 × 1.8–4.6 cm) at the terminal, and the widest part in the middle of the leaflets length; based obtuse sometimes unequal, apex acute, upper surface bright green, lower surface pale green with soft hairs; midrib hairy; petiole 0.5–0.8 cm, hairy. inflorescense terminalaxillar, solitary or 3 flowers. flower white, fragrant; pedicel ca. 3 mm long, hairy; calyx erect green, 1.0–1.5 mm long; petals 5, oblong lanceolate, 0.8–1.2 × 0.3 cm, out curved apex with transparant dot; stamen 10, unequal size; ovary 1 cell. fruits berry, globose 0.8–1.1 cm, green hairy when young, bright red glabrous when ripe, with 1 –2 seeds. seed rounded-semicircular 0.5–0.7 × 0.3 –0.5 cm, greyish cream, one side concave with ridged surface, other side flat, densely hairy, aril red. distribution. cyclops mountain, papua specimens examined. j ava, bogor botanic gardens originated from cyclops mountain papua, plot xxiv. a. 249, 14 march 2016, frisca damayanti 009; plot xxiv. b. 172, 27 august 2016, inggit pudji astuti ip 1174. local name. kemuning (indonesia) note. the plant only found at kemir i said nature reserves, papua at 200 m altitude asl. in cyclops mountain. the information about the population and spatial distribution of the species is not available, thus, conservation status is not evaluated (ne). acknowledgements we would like to thank dr. gillian dean and prof. mien a. rifai for critically reading the manuscript. references astuti, i. p. 2006. kajian taksonomi murraya spp. di jawa berdasarkan sifat morfologi dan molekular. universitas gadjah mada, yogyakarta. [msc. thesis]. astuti, i. p., rugayah, susandarini, r. & purnomo. 2011. the genus murraya (rutaceae) in java. floribunda 4(3): 65–69. table 1. comparison of murraya cyclopensis, m. paniculata, m. euchrestifolia and m. crenulata no. morphological character m. cyclopensis m. paniculata m. euchrestifolia m. crenulata 1. indument soft hair glabrous glabrous glabrous 2. leaflet shape broadly ovatesuborbicular lanceolate, elliptical, ovate elliptic-oblong oblong 3. petiole 0.5–0.8 cm 0.1–0.3 cm 0.3 cm 0.4–0.9 cm 4. inflorescence cluster, 1–3 flowers cluster, 1–3 flowers cymes, 15–20 flowers cymes 11–20 flowers 5. flower size 0.8–1.2 cm 1.5–2 cm 0.5 cm 0.6–0.8 cm 6. fruit shape/size globose/0.8–1 cm ovoid–oblong /1–2 cm globose/1 cm globose/0.6–1.0 cm 7. fruit colour red orange reddish-yellow with minute black dots greenish white – pale pink 8. seed shape/size circular-semicircular 0.5–0.7 × 0.3–0.5 cm ellipsoid 0.6–1.4 × 0.2–0.5 cm semicircular 0.8 × 0.4–0.5 cm circular – semicircular 0.6 × 0.4 cm 2016] 113 astuti & rugayah : a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain papua fig. 1. murraya cyclopensis. a. habit; b. flower; c. corolla; d. stamens; e. stigma and style; f. immature fruit; g. seeds. source of materials: frisca damayanti 009 and inggit pudji astuti ip 1174. (drawing by anne kusumawaty) reinwardtia 114 [vol.15 backer, c. a. 1911. school flora voor java. n. v. boekh. visser & co. weltevreden. backer, c. a. & bakhuizen v/d brink jr, r. c. 1965. murraya (rutaceae). flora of java 2. n. v. p. noordhoff groningen. pp. 94–103. chang, c-e & hartley, t. g. 1993. rutaceae : murraya. in: huang, t-c. (ed.). flora of taiwan 3. 2nd edition, taipeh. pp. 523–527. engler, a. &. prantl, k. 1931. rutaceae. die naturlichen pflanzenfamilien. band 19a. verlag von wilhelm engelmann. leipzig. pp. 320–321. jones, d. 1992. progress in taxonomic research on the aurantioideae of southeast asia. in: setyobudi, l. bahar, f. a., winarno, m. & whittle, a. m. (eds.). proceeding of a sian citrus rehabilitation conference. ministry of agriculture, republic of indonesia agency for agricultural research and development central research institute for horticulture, fao/undp, ins/84/007: 135. jones, d. 1995. rutaceae. in: soepadmo, e. & wong, k. m. (eds.). tree flora of sabah and sarawak 1. sabah forestry department, malaysia; forest research institute malaysia & sarawak forestry departments malaysia. pp: 406–407. lugrayasa, i. n., suryana, n., tahrodin & supardi. 2000. laporan inventarisasi tumbuhan langka asli cagar alam pegunungan cyclops kabupaten jayapura irian jaya. pusat konservasi tumbuhan kebun raya bogor lipi (not published). lugrayasa, i. n., astuti, i. p. & sutrisno. 2009. murraya sp. dari cyclops: karakterisasi dan penyebarannya. in: adjie, b., darnaedi, d. , sutrisno, witono, j. r., sutara, p. k., kriswiyanti, e., triyono, t. arinasa, i. b. k. (eds.). prosiding seminar peran konservasi flora indonesia dalam mengatasi dampak pemanasan global. upt. balai konservasi tumbuhan “eka karya” bali, ptti dan fmipa universitas udayana dan blh provinsi bali. 590–594. mabberley, d. j. 1998. australian citreae with notes on other aurantioideae (rutaceae). telopea 7: 333–334. swingle, w. t. & reece, p. c. 1967. the botany of citrus and its wild relatives. in: reuther, w., webber, h. j. & batchelor, l. d. (eds.). the citrus industry of california. volume 1. a centennial publication of the university of california. pp. 231– 240. uji, t. 1994. murraya exotica dan murraya paniculata di jawa. floribunda 1(14): 55. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id> or in our website: http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/ index. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 2, pp.. 197 — 213 (1975) some sooty moulds and black mildews from singapore and the malay peninsula g. l i m department of botany, university of singapore, singapore abstract in singapore and the malay peninsula sooty moulds and black mildews are common. colonies of these fungi on plant foliage often consist of several species mixed together and each species may produce more than one type of conidia and other fruiting structures. the specimens collected and examined are described and listed under ascomycetes (17 species) and fungi imperfecti (16 species). the most common species were those of meliola and microxyphium. a host list is provided. abstrak di singapura dan semenanjung malaya jamur jelaga dan jamur embun hitam umum terdapat. koloni jamur-jamur ini pada dedaunan sering terdiri atas beberapa jenis yang bercampuran dan masing-masing jenis dapat membentuk lebih dari satu macam tubuh buah. spesimen yang terkumpul dan diteliti dipertelakan dan disusun dalam ascomycetes (17 jenis) dan fungi imperfecti (16 jenis). jenis yang paling sering dijumpai tergolong marga-marga meliola dan microxyphium. suatu daftar tumbuhan inang disajikan juga. introduction sooty moulds and black mildews occur abundantly and prominently on a wide range of plants in this part of the world, where the temperature and humidity are high all the year around. many are associated with aphids and scale insects, feeding on the honey dew excretions of these insects. a sooty mould or black mildew colony on a leaf surface often comprises several species of fungi, and each may produce more than one — 197 — 198 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 type of conidia and other fruiting bodies. the different species may fruit concurrently or otherwise. therefore much difficulty arises in relating the conidial state to the correct sexual fruiting state of the same fungus. these factors have contributed considerably to the confusion in the study, identity and nomenclature of this group of fungi. much information and knowledge on these fungi occurring elsewhere have been published. these include stevens (1917); stevens & tehon (1926) on species of meliola and irene from british guiana and trinidad; mendoza (1932) ; fraser (1933, 1934, 1935a, 1935b, 1937) on the sooty moulds of new south wales; fisher (1939) on australian sooty moulds; and miller & bonar (1941) on the sooty moulds of california. studies on the fungus flora of uganda by hansford (1937; 1945; 1946a), those on west african meliolineae by deighton (1944), and hansford & deighton (1948), hansford's contribution (1946b) on foliicolous ascomycetes and his monograph on meliolineae (1961) are valuable reference works. from north america, barr (1955) described several species of sooty moulds. batista and ciferri's work on the chaetothyriales (1962) and their taxonomic revision on the sooty moulds of asbolisiaceae (1963) are well known. farr (1969) reported on dominican sooty moulds and reynolds (1971) on the use of hyphal morphology in the taxonomy of sooty mould ascomycetes. some sooty moulds from indonesia have been described by boedijn (1931) and hansford (1954). occurrences of these fungi in the malay peninsula have also been recorded by thompson & johnston (1953) and johnston (1960). to add further to information on this group of interesting fungi occurring in this region, some collections and observations carried out are reported herein. the specimens examined were grouped under the ascomycetes or the form class fungi imperfecti depending on the presence or absence of the perfect state fruiting structures at the time of collection. it is recognised that those arranged under fungi imperfecti may never be associated with a sexual state. identification of the fungi was based on comparisons with published descriptions. for most of those grouped under fungi imperfecti, bastista & ciferri's (1963) nomenclature and descriptions were closely followed and compared. in this paper, the fungi are described and presented for convenience in an alphabetical arrangement comprising 17 species under the ascomycetes and 16 species under the fungi imperfecti. the most common ones were found to be species of meliola and microxyphium. a host list with localities is compiled for ease of reference. 1975] lim : malayan sooty moulds 199 ascomycetes 1. asterina landolphiicola hansf. in proc. linn. soc. lond. 157: 33. 1945. colonies amphigenous, black; hyphae brown, hyphopodia 1-celled, globose to lobed, sessile, 5—6.5 x 6—7 µm. thyriothecia of compact radiating hyphae, 90—130 µm diam. ascospores 2-eelled, brown with hyaline band, 11—14.5 x 6.5—9 µm (fig. 1). on artocarpus elastica reinw. (moraceae), at nee soon, singapore. 2. asterina lawsoniae p. henn. & nym. in ann. mycol. 9: 391. 1911. colonies amphigenous, black; hyphae light brown, hyphopodia 1-celled, sessile, lobed 6.5—9.5 x 6.5 µm. thyriothecia circular, flat, dark brown, 61—109 µm diam. ascospores 2-celled, pale brown with central, hyaline band, 13—16 x 6.5—7 µm (fig. 2). on lawsonia inerrnis l. (lythraceae), at changi, singapore. 3. asterina sponiae rac, parasit. alg. pilz. jav. 3 : 34. 1900; dennis in kew bull. additional series 3: 196.1970. colonies epiphyllous, black; hyphae brown, hyphopodia 1-celled, 6.5—8 x 6.5 µm. thyriothecia dark brown, circular, 53—140 µm diam. ascospores 2-celled, dark brown, slightly constricted at septum, 16.5—20 x 10 µm. on trema orientalis bl. (ulmaceae), at gunong panti, johore, malay peninsula. 4. asterina uvariicola hansf. in proc. linn. soc. lond. 157: 34. 1945. colonies epiphyllous, confluent, black; hyphae light brown, hyphopodia 1-celled, sessile, globose to lobed, 6—6.5 x 5—6.5 µm. thyriothecia arise laterally from hyphae, 54—90 µm diam. ascospores 2-celled, brown with hyaline central band, 19—22 x 9.5—13 µm (fig. 3). on dillenia reticulata king (dilleniaceae), at lombong batu, johore, malay peninsula. 5. balladyna velutina (berk. & curt.) hohnel in s.b. akad. wiss. wien math. nat. 119: 411. 1910. colonies amphigenous, black; hyphae brown with black setae; hyphopodia numerous, sub-clavate to globose to lobed, 1-celled, 7—10 x 6.5—7 µm. hyphal setae erect, black, apex obtuse, 100—250 x 3—6.5 µm at base. ascostroma stipitate, globose to pyriform, arising laterally from hyphae, 46—57 x 30—52 µm. ascospores olivaceous brown, 1-septate, 13—19 x 6.5—9.5 µm (fig. 4). 2c0 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 fig-. 1. asterina landolphiicola, 2. asterina lawsoniae, and 3. asterina uvariicola, all with hyphopodiate hyphae and 2-celled ascospores. 4. balladyna velutina with hyphopodiate hgsphae, black setae, 2-celled ascospores and young ascostroma. 5. chaetothyrium javanicum with ascostroma, young asci with ascospores. 6. irenina fid with hyphopodiate hyphae and globose, setose ascostroma. . 7. meliola citricola with hyphopodiate hyphae, setae and multiseptate ascospores-. 8. meliola furcata with hyphopodiate hyphae and black setae. 9. meliola macarangicola with hyphopodiate hyphae, black setae, ascostroma and 4-septate ascospores. 1975] lim : malayan sooty moulds 201 on gardenia jasminoides ellis (rubiaceae), at taman negara, pahang, and fraser's hill, pahang, malay peninsula. balladyna gardeniae rac. is a synonym. 6. chaetothyrium javanicum (zimm.) boedijn in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 11: 225-227. 1931. hyphae brown, of elliptical cells, thick-walled, some of the larger cells constricted slightly at the middle. ascostroma dark brown, globose, 80—120 µm diam., ostiolate, setae brown, faintly septate. asci hyaline, 8-spored. ascospores 3—4 celled, only immature ones observed (fig. 5). on thunbergia laurifolia lindl. (acanthaceae) and bridelia tomentosa bl. (euphorbiaceae), at cluny road, singapore. 7. irenina fici hansf. in c.m.i. mycol. pap. 23: 37-38. 1948. colonies black, hyphae with capitate 2-celled hyphopodia and a few mucronate hyphopodia. ascostroma dark brown, globose, 160—190 µm diam., setose, setae black, tips dentate, 245—380 x 8—11 µm at base. ascospores dark brown, 4-septate, constricted at septa, 45—53 x 21—26 am (fig. 6). on ficus pumila l. (moraceae), at fraser's hill, pahang, malay peninsula. 8. meliola aethiops sacc. in bol. orto bot. napoli 6: 41. 1921, hansf. in sydowia, beiheft 2: 252. 1961. colonies black on upper surface of phyllodes. hyphae mainly with 2-celled capitate hyphopodia, and very few mucronate hyphopodia. hyphal setae numerous, dark brown with obtuse tips, septate, thick walled. ascostroma setose, globose, 115—200 µm diam., non-ostiolate, setae much like hyphal setae. ascospores brown, 5-celled, constricted at septa, 33—43 x 10—16 on acacia auriculiformis a. cunn. (leguminosae), at university of singapore campus, bukit timah, singapore. 9. meliola citricola syd. in ann. mycol. 15: 183. 1917; hansf. in sydowia, beiheft 2: 383. 1961. colonies dark brown, hyphae with 2-celled capitate and mucronate hyphopodia, and with dark brown setae which are septate, attenuate or dentate. ascostroma black, globose, 100—225 µm diam., glabrous. ascospores brown, 4-septate, 38—43 x 16—19 m, constricted at septa (fig. 7). on citrus aurantifolia swingle (rutaccae), at kuala sedili, johore, malay peninsula. 202 reinwardtia [vol. 9 10. meliola citeicola syd. var. amyridis hansf. in sydowia 9: 40. 1955; hansf. in sydowia, beiheft 2: 384. 1961. hyphae setose with 2-celled capitate and mucronate hyphopodia, setae dark brown with dentate tips. ascostroma glabrous, globose;, 195—225 µm diam. ascospores 4-septate, brown, 41.5—48 x 16—19µm. on citrus grandis osbeck (rutaceae) and symplocos ep. (symplocaceae), at fraser's hill, pahang, malay peninsula. 11. meliola furcata lev. var. ugandensis hansf. in sydowia 9: 65. 1955; hansf. in sydowia, beiheft 2: 373. 1961. colonies brown, hyphae with 2-celled capitate and mucronate hyphopodia, hyphal setae black. ascostroma globose, 80—180µm diam. ascospores 4-septate, 43—53 x 19—22 µm, constricted at septa (fig. 8). on vitis sp. (vitaceae), at fraser's hill, pahang, malay peninsula. 12. meliola macarangicola hansf. in proc. linn. soc. lond. 157: 23. 1945; hansf. in sydowia, beiheft 2: 220. 1961. colonies black, hyphae with 2-celled capitate and mucronate hyphopodia, numerous black hyphal setae with acute tips. ascostroma glabrous, slightly pyriform, 140—180 x 140—170 µm. ascospores brown, 4-septate, 42—54 x 14.5—19 µm, constricted at septa (fig. 9). on macaranga heynei johnston (euphorbiaceae), at lombong batu, johore, malay peninsula. 13. meliola malacotricha speg. in anal. soc. cienc. argent. 22: 59. 1888; hansf. in sydowia, beiheft 2: 647. 1961. colonies brown, hyphae with 2-celled, capitate and mucronate hyphopodia, setose. hyphal setae septate with obtuse tips. ascostroma globose, 125—180 pun diam. ascospores 4-septate, pale brown, 34—38 x 13 µm, constricted at septa (fig. 10). on ipomoea carica (l.) sweet (convolvulaceae), at fraser's hill, pahang, malay peninsula. 14. meliola rizalensis syd. var. viticis (hansf.) hansf. & deighton in c.m.i. mycol. pap. 23: 70. 1948. colonies black, hyphae with 2-celled capitate hyphopodia and a few mucronate hyphopodia. hyphal setae numerous, especially at the base of ascostroma, thick-walled, dark brown, septate with obtuse or slightly dentate tips. ascostroma glabrous, globose, 80—160 µm diam., black. ascospores pale brown, 4-septate, 29—40 x 11—14 µm, constricted at septa (fig. 11). 1975] l i m : malayan sooty moulds 203 fig. 10. meliola malacotricha with hyphopodiate hyphae, setae with obtuse tips and ascostroma. 11. meliola rizalensis with hyphopodiate hyphae, 4-septate ascospores and ascostroma. 12. meliola salaciae with hyphopodiate hyphae, 4-septate ascospores, black seta and young ascostroma. 13. meliola themedae with 4-septate ascospores and setae with dentate tips. 14. antennariella elegans with hyphae, ostiolate pycnidia and pycnidiospores. 15. microxyphiella commista with hyphae, pycnidia and 1-septate pycnidiospores. 204 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 f i g . 16-22. microxyphium species, w i t h v a r i o u s shaped pycnidia, h y p h a e and pycnidiospores. 16. microxyphium aciculiforme. 17. microxypfiium artocarpi. 18. microxyphium cesatii. 19. microxyphium coffeanum. 20. microxyphium columnatum. 2 1 . microxyphium leptospermi. 22. microxyphium secundum. 1975] lim: malayan sooty moulds 205 on clerodendron incisum klotzsch var. macrosiphon (hook, f.) baker (verbenaceae), at botanic gardens, singapore. 15. meliola salaciae hansf. in proc. linn. soc. lond. 157: 182. 1946; hansf. in sydowia, beiheft 2: 346. 1961. colonies black, hyphae setose, with 2-celled capitate and mucronate hyphopodia. ascostroma globose, 56—100 µm diam. ascospores 4-septate, constricted at septa, 36—43 x 13—16µm (fig. 12). on citrus union burm. f. (rutaceae), at taman negara, pahang, malay peninsula. 16. meliola themedae stev. & rold. in philip. j. sci. 56: 59. 1935; hansf. in sydowia, beiheft 2: 742. 1961. colonies black, hyphae with 2-celled capitate and mucronate hyphopodia. hyphal setae short, numerous, light brown to black, with deeply dentate tips. ascostroma glabrous, globose, 130—210µm diam., brown to black. ascospores light brown, 4-septate, 48—55 x 16—19 µm, constricted at septa (fig. 13). on themeda villosa durand & jackson (gramineae), at fraser's hill, pahang, malay peninsula. 17. phaeochaetia setosa (zimm.) bat. & cif. in sydowia, beiheft 3; 75. 1962. colonies black, pellicose; hyphae brown, slightly constricted at septa, exhyphopodiate. ascostroma setose, brown to dark brown, globose to elongate, seated on slightly raised hyphal base, 75—90 x 66—85 µm, setae on upper half of ascostroma stiff, septate to non-septate with obtuse ends, 5—6.5 µm wide at base. ascospores hyaline 4—5 celled, with slight constrictions at septa, 16.5—20 x 5 µm. on acacia auriculiformis a. cunn. (leguminosae), associated with scale insects, at university of singapore campus, bukit timah, singapore. also found on leaves of murraya paniculata jack (rutaceae), tabernaemontana divaricata r. br. ex bl. (apocynaceae) and coffea arabica l. (rubiaceae), in singapore. fungi imperfecti 1. antennariella elegans bat. & cif. in quaderno 31: 28. 1963 (perfect state capnodium elegans fraser). hyphae epiphyllous, pycnidia brown, almost globose, 42—70 x 35—56µm, ostiolate. pycnidiospores hyaline, ovoid, 3 x 1.5 µm (fig. 14). on eugenia javanica lam. (myrtaceae), at changi, singapore. 206 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 1975] l i m : malayan sooty moulds 207 2. microxyphiella commista bat. & cif. in quaderno 3 1 : 98. 1963. black colonies, forming encrustations on both surfaces of leaves. hyphae light brown. pycnidia abundant with upper and lower expanded portions joined by short narrower stipe. upper end fimbriated and hyaline, lower portion brown, 95—210 x 22—58 µm wide at base and 22—35 µm at upper expanded portion, and 13—16 µm at stipe. pycnidiospores hyaline, 1-septate, 6—8 x 3µm (fig. 15). on nerium oleander l. (apocynaceae), at kranji, singapore. associated with tripospermum rnyrti. 3. microxyphium aciculiforme cif., bat. & nasc. in quaderno 3 1 : 110. 1963. hyphae forming black encrustations which become flaky when dry. pycnidia abundant, brownish-black, flask-shaped, occasionally branched, ostiole fimbriate, 210—420 x 22—35 µm wide at base and 8—13 µm wide at neck regions. pycnidiospores bacillar, hyaline, about 4 x 1 5 urn (fig. 16). on lantana camara l. (verbenaceae), associated with red ants, at university of singapore campus, bukit timah, singapore. associated with podoxyphium ampullaceum. 4. microxyphium artocarpi bat., nasc. & cif. in quaderno 3 1 : 114. 1963. hyphae in greyish patches on leaf surface. hyphal cells oblongcylindrical. pycnidia abundant, pale to dark brown with hyaline fimbriae at ostiole, flask-shaped, 220—335 x 19—42 µm wide at base and 9.5 [xm wide at tip. pycnidiospores hyaline, bacillar 3—5 x 1.5 jj.ni (fig. 17). on eugenia javanica lam. (myrtaceae), at changi, singapore. pound associated with antennariella elegans. 5. microxyphium cesatii bat. & cif. in quaderno 3 1 : 120. 1963 (perfect state capnodium cesatii mont.). hyphae exhyphopodiate. pycnidia dark brown to black, cylindrical, 290—520 x 13—26 [xm wide at base and 8—11 -xm wide at tip. pycnidiospores hyaline, 6 x 1-5 u.m (fig. 18). on aglaia odoratissima bl. (meliaceae), at fraser's hill, pahang, malay peninsula. associated with microxyphium coffeanum. 6. microxyphium coffeanum bat. & matta in quaderno 3 1 : 122. 1963. hyphae epiphyllous, pycnidia flask-shaped, brown, 140—300 x 13—26 µm wide at base and 6 µm wide at tip. pycnidiospores hyaline, 3 x 1.5 µm (fig. 19). on cerbera odollam gaertn. (apocynaceae), aglaia odoratissima bl. (meliaceae) and acalypha sp. (euphorbiaceae), at fraser's hill, pahang, malay peninsula and queenstown, singapore. 7. microxyphium columnatum bat., cif. & nasc. in quaderno 3 1 : 123. 1963. epiphyllous colonies. pycnidia abundant, dark brown, ovoid to cylindrical 85—145 x 17.5—30 µm. pycnidiospores 4 x 1-5µm (fig. 20). on plumeria rubra l. (apocynaceae), associated with scale insects, at lornie road, singapore. associated with m. leptospermi and tripospermum acerinum. 8. microxyphium leptospermi fischer in quaderno 3 1 : 133. 1963. hyphae forming thick mat on upper leaf surface and extending to petiole. hyphal cells bead-like. pycnidia abundant, brown, flask-shaped and sometimes fimbriate at ostiole, 280—450 x 26—42 µm at base, and 6.5—13 µm at tip. pycnidiospores elliptic and hyaline, 5 x 1-5 µm (fig. 21). on plumeria rubra l. (apocynaceae), at lornie road, singapore. associated with m. columnatum. 9. microxyphium secundum bat. & cif. in quaderno 3 1 : 136. 1963. hyphae forming black encrustations on upper leaf surface. hyphal cells constricted at septa. pycnidia in clusters, brown to black, some branching into two, 450—560 x 50—65µm at widest part and 9.5—13 µm at tip. pycnidiospores ovoid, hyaline, 4—5 x 1.5 µm (fig. 22). on gardenia jasminoides ellis (rubiaceae), at university of singapore campus, bukit timah, singapore. 10. microxyphium spathodeae bat. & matta in quaderno 31:137. 1963. hyphae forming brown encrustations, constricted at septa. pycnidia solitary or gregarious with definite hyphal base, dark brown to black, 280—520 x 22—32µm wide at base and 6.5—11 µm wide at tip. pycnidiospores hyaline and bacillar, 2 x 1 µ m (fig23). on memecylon acuminatum sm. (melastomaceae), at nee soon, singapore. 11. microxyphium tenellum sacc. in quaderno 31:138. 1963. colonies in thin, black patches. hyphae beaded in appearance. pycnidia non-fimbriate, 170—220 x 17.5—22 µm wide at base and 6.5—13 µm at apex. no pycnidiospores observed (fig. 24). on diospyros scortechinii king (ebenaceae), at fraser's hill, pahang, malay peninsula. 208 reinwardtia [vol. 9 12. podoxyphium ampullaceum bat. & maia in quaderno 31: 164. 1963. hyphae forming black encrustations on upper leaf surface. hyphal cells globose to oblong. pycnidia occasionally branched with inflated apex and fimbriate ostiole, dark brown to black in neck region, lighter colour in inflated region, 360—570 x 22—30 ^m diam. in inflated area, 19—36 sxm at base. pycnidiospores hyaline, bacillar, 2—3 x 1-5 u.m (fig. 25). on eugenia polyantha wight (myrtaceae), gardenia jasminoides, lantana camara and thunbergia laurifolia, at university of singapore campus, bukit timah, and cluny road, singapore. 13. podoxyphium azevedoi bat., nasc. & cif. in quaderno 31:166. 1963. hyphae light brown. pycnidia abundant with narrow black stipe and light brown inflated apex, 210—360 x 13—16 p wide at stipe region and 19—33 µm wide at inflated region. no pycnidiospores observed (fig. 26). on stenolobium stans seem. (bignoniaceae), at fraser's hill, pahang, malay peninsula. 14. tripospermum acerinum (syd.) speg. in physis 4(17): 295. 1918; hughes in c.m.i. mycol. pap. 46: 10. 1951. hyphae forming brown encrustations on upper leaf surface. conidia 4-armed, pyriform stalk cell, arms pale brown, hyaline at apex, 20—50 x 6.5—9.5 µm wide at base, up to 7-septate. two arms and stalk cell attached to one cell, while other two arms attached to another cell laterally to the first (fig. 27). on coffea arabica l. (rubiaceae), achras zapota, cinnamomum iners and plumeria rubra, at fraser's hill, pahang, malay peninsula; upper serangoon, singapore; university of singapore campus, bukit timah; and lornie road, singapore, respectively. associated with t. gardneri on c. arabica leaves. 15. tripospermum gardneri (berk.) speg. ex hendrick in publ. inst. nat. etud. agron. congo beige 35: 186. 1948; hughes in c.m.i. mycol. pap. 46:12. 1951. light brown hyphae and conidia. latter with 3 to 4 arms, faintly septate and with obtuse tips, 45—83 x 9 µm wide at base (fig. 28). on coffea arabica l. (rubiaceae), at fraser's hill, pahang, malay peninsula. associated with t. acerinum. 16. tripospermum myrti (lind) hughes in c.m.i. mycol. pap. 46: 18. 1951. 1975] l i m : malayan sooty moulds 209 28 fie 23 microxyphium spathodeae and 24. microxyphium tenellum, with various shaped ' pycnidia, hyphae and pycnidiospores. 25. podoxyphium ampullaceum and 26 podoxyphium azevedoi with hyphae and pycnidia. 27. tripospermum acerinum, 28 tripospermum gardneri, and 29. tripospermum myrti, with hyphae and 6 to 4-armed sentate conidia. 210 reinwaedtia [vol. 9 colonies black on upper surface of leaves. hyphae brown, conidia subhyaline with stalk cell, 6.5—7 x 3—4 y.m, 4 arms, each up to 4-septate, 17—26 x 3—4 [xnujwide at base (fig. 29). on citrus grandis osbeck (eutaceae) and nerium oleander, associated with scale insects, at kranji, singapore. host acacia auriculiformis acalypha sp. achras zapota aglaia odoratissima artocarpus elastica bridelia tomentosa cerbera odollam cinnamomum iners citrus aurantifolia citrus grandis citrus limon clerodendron incisum var. macrosiphon coffea arabica dillenia reticulata diospyros scortechinii host list fungus phaeochaetia setosa meliola aethiops microxyphium coffeanum tripospermum acerinum microxyphium cesatii microxyphium coffeanum asterina landolphiicola chaetothyrium javanicum microxyphium coffeanum tripospermm acerinum meliola citricola meliola citricola var. amyridis tripospermum myrti meliola salaciae meliola rizalensis var. viticis phaeochaetia setosa tripospermum acerinum tripospermum gardneri asterina uvariicota microxyphium tenellum locality bukit timah, university campus, singapore. queenstown, singapore. serangoon road, singapore. fraser's hill, malay peninsula. nee soon, singapore. cluny road, singapore. fraser's hill, malay peninsula. bukit timah, university campus, singapore. kuala sedili, malay peninsula. fraser's hill, malay peninsula. kranji, singapore. taman negara, malay peninsula. botanic gardens, singapore. bukit timah, university campus, singapore. fraser's hill, malay peninsula. fraser's hill, malay peninsula. lombong batu, malay peninsula. fraser's hill, malay peninsula. 1975] lim : malayan sooty moulds 211 host eugenia javanica eugenia polyantha ficus pumila gardenia jasminoides ipovioea carica lantana camara lawsonia inermis macaranga heynei memecylon acuminatum murraya paniculata nerium oleander plumeria rubra stenolobium stans symplocos sp. tabernaemontana divaricata themeda villosa thunbergia laurifolia trema orientalis vitis sp. fungus antennariella elegans microxyphium artocarpi podoxyphium ampullaceum irenina fid balladyna velutina microxyphium secundum podoxyphium ampullaceum meliola malacotricha microxyphium aciculiforme podoxyphium ampullaceum asterina lawsoniae meliola macarangicola microxyphium spathodeae phaeochaetia setosa microxyphiella commista tripospermum myrti microxyphium columnatum microxyphium leptospermi tripospermum acerinum podoxyphium azevedoi meliola citricola var. amyridis phaeochaetia setosa meliola themedae chaetothyrium javanicum podoxyphium ampullaceum asterina sponiae meliola furcata locality changi, singapore. bukit timah, university campus, singapore. fraser's hill, malay peninsula. fraser's hill & taman negara, malay peninsula. bukit timah, university campus, singapore. bukit timah, university campus, singapore. fraser's hill, malay peninsula. bukit timah, university campus, singapore. changi, singapore. lombong batu, malay peninsula. nee soon, singapore. katong, singapore. kranji, singapore. lornie road, singapore. fraser's hill, malay peninsula. fraser's hill, malay peninsula. serangoon road, singapore. fraser's hill, malay peninsula. cluny road, singapore. gunong panti, malay peninsula. fraser's hill, malay peninsula. 212 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 acknowledgements author wishes to thank miss c.t. low and mr. y.s. ng for technical help, associate professor hsuan keng for assistance with tfhe botanical names of plants, and mrs. m. goh for patiently drawing the illustrations. references barr, m.e. (1955). species of sooty moulds from western north america. in canad. j. bot. 33: 497—514. batista, a.c. & ciferri, r. (1962). the chaetothyriales. in sydowia, beiheft 3; 1—129. batista, a.c. & ciferri, r. (1963). the sooty moulds of the family asbolisiaeeae. in quaderno 31: 1—229. boedijn, k.b. (1931). notes on some sooty moulds. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 11: 220—231. deighton, f.c. (1944). west african meliolineae i. meliolineae on malvaceae and tiliaceae. in c.m.i. mycol. pap. 9: 1—24. dennis, r.w.g. (1970). fungal flora of venezuela and adjacent countries. in kew bull. additional ser. 3: 1—531. farr, m.l. (1969). some black mildew; sooty mould, and fly speck fungi and their hyperparas-ites from dominica. in canad. j: bot. 47: 369—381. fisher, e.e. (1939). a study of australian sooty moulds. in ann. bo'. lond. 3: 399—426. fraser, l. (1933). an investigation of the sooty moulds of new south wales. i. historical and introductory account. in proc. linn. soc. n.s. wales 58: 375—395. fraser, l. (1934). an investigation of the sooty moulds of new south wales. 11. an examination of the cultural behaviour of certain sooty mould fungi. in proc. linn. soc. n.s. wales 59: 123—142. fraser, l. (1935a). an investigation of the sooty moulds of new south wales. iii. the life histories and systematic positions of aithaloderma and co/pnodium together with descriptions of new species. in proc. linn. soc. n.s. wales 60: 97—118. fraser, l. (1935b). an investigation of the sooty moulds of new south wales. iv. the species of eucapnodeae. in proc. linn. soc. n.s. wales 60: 159—178. fraser, l. (1937). the distribution of sooty mould fungi and its relation to certain aspects of their physiology. in proc. linn. soc. n.s. wales 62: 35—56. hansford, c.g. (1937). contributions towards the fungus flora of uganda. i. the meliolineae of uganda. in j. linn. soc. 5 1 : 265—284. hansford, c.g. (1945). contributions towards the fungus flora of uganda. vii. new records and revisions. in proc. linn. soc. lond. 157: 20—41. hansford, c.g. (1946a). contributions towards the fungus: flora of uganda. viii. new records (continued). in proc. linn. soc. lond. 157: 138—212. 1975] l i m : malayan sooty moulds 213 , • . (1946b). the foliicolous ascomycetes, their parasites and associated fungi. ln c.m.i. mycol. pap. 15: 1-240. hansford, c.g. (1954). meliolales from indonesia. in reinwardtia 3: 75-112. hansford, c.g. (1961). the meliolineae. / „ sydowia, beiheft 2: 1-806. hansford, c.g. & deighton, f.c. (1948). west african meliolineae. ii. meliolineae collected by f.c. deighton. in c.m.i. mycol. pap. 23: 1—79. hughes, s.j. (1951). studies on micro-fungi. xii. in c.m.i. mycol. pap. 46: 1—35. johnston, a. (1960). a supplement to a host list of plant diseases in malaya. in c.m.i. mycol. pap. 77: 1-3o. mendoza, j.m. (1932). two new species of sooty moulds from the philippines. in philip. j. sci. 47: 289—294. miller, v.m. & bonar, l. (1941). a study of the perisporiaceae, capnodiaceae and other sooty molds from california. in univ. calif. publ. bot. 19: 405—428. reynolds, d.r. (1971). on the use of hyphal morphology in the taxonomy of sooty mold ascomycetes. in taxon 20: 759—768. stevens, f.l. (1971). spegazzinian meliola types. in bot. gaz. 64: 421—425 setvens, f.l. & tehon, l.r. (1926). species of meliola and irene from british guiana and trinidad. in mycologia 18: 1 22. sydow, h., sydow, p. & butler, e.j. (1911). fungi' indiae orientals in ann mycol. 9: 372—421. thompson, a. & johnston, a. (1953). a host list of plant diseases in malaya. in c.m.i. mycol. pap. 52: 1—38. rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_09 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_10 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_11 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_12 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_13 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_14 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_15 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_16 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_17 hasil reinwardtia vol 12, part 5, pp: 373 – 382 373 local distribution and coexistence of prevalent tree species in peat swamp forests of central kalimantan received august 16, 2008; accepted october 30, 2008 herwint simbolon botany division, research centre for biology-lipi, cibinong science centre, jl. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911,indonesia. e-mail: herbolon@indo.net.id abstract simbolon, h. 2009. local distribution and coexistence of prevalent tree species in peat swamp forests of central kalimantan. reinwardtia 12(5): 373–382. ⎯ a study on the distribution and coexistence of prevalent tree species in peat swamp forests was conducted at lahei and kelampangan, central kalimantan. the prevalent species in both sites were calophyllum canum, combretocarpus rotundatus, cratoxylum glaucum, ctenolophon parvifolius, elaeocarpus petiolatus, with palaquium cochleariifolium at kelampangan, and buchanania sessifolia, madhuca sericea, semecarpus sp., shorea balangeran, tetractomia obovata and vatica oblongifolia at lahei plot. the prevalent species were randomly distributed, however, when individuals were grouped into mature vs juvenile, the mature individuals of c. parvifolius tended to be clumped and the juvenile were randomly distributed; while in c. rotundatus, the mature individuals were randomly distributed and the juvenile were clumped. pattern of the coexistence among the prevalent species in the study site were associated, and independent relationships, and almost no exclusion relationship was found. independent and associated relationships among the coexisting species may be one of the explanations of the mechanism which maintain relatively high diversity of plant species in the tropical peat swamp forests, which has extreme habitat conditions and narrow habitat heterogeneity. pattern of the coexistence relationships among mature vs juvenile individuals of the same species varied. key words: peat swamp forest, prevalent species, local distribution, coexistence, central kalimantan abstrak simbolon, h. 2009. persebaran lokal dan kebersamaan jenis pohon utama di hutan rawa gambut kalimantan tengah. reinwardtia 12(5): 373–382. ⎯ penelitian terhadap pola persebaran dan hubungan kerbersamaan jenisjenis pohon utama hutan rawa gambut telah dipelajari di lahei dan kelampangan, kalimantan tengah. jenis-jenis dominan di kedua petak penelitian adalah: calophyllum canum, combretocarpus rotundatus, cratoxylum glaucum, ctenolophon parvifolius, elaeocarpus petiolatus dan palaquium cochleariifolium di kelampangan; dan buchanania sessifolia, madhuca sericea, semecarpus sp., shorea balangeran, tetractomia obovata dan vatica oblongifolia di lahei. secara umum, persebaran lokal jenis-jenis utama di kedua petak penelitian umumnya adalah acak. akan tetapi, pada pengelompokan individu antara induk vs juvenil, induk c. parvifolius memperlihatkan kecenderungan persebaran yang mengelompok sedangkan juvenilnya acak; sebaliknya induk jenis c. rotundatus tersebar secara acak sedang juvenilnya mengelompok. pola hubungan kebersamaan antar jenis di dalam petak penelitian umumnya adalah asosiasi tumpang tindih, dan tidak saling tergantung; kecenderungan pola hubungan bersaing yang saling meniadakan hampir tidak ada. pola hubungan tidak tergantung dan saling berasosiasi antar sesama jenis utama adalah merupakan salah satu penjelasan mengenai mekanisme yang menjaga keanekaragaman relatif tinggi di hutan gambut dengan keadaan lingkungan yang ekstrim. pola hubungan induk vs juvenil dalam jenis yang sama terlihat berbeda antara satu jenis dan jenis lainnya. kata kunci: hutan rawa gambut, jenis utama, persebaran lokal, kebersamaan, kalimantan tengah introduction natural vegetation of many tropical areas contains many plant species (richards 1952; whitmore, 1984; okuda et al., 1997). the number of tree species per ha in lowland of mixed dipterocarp forests, for example, ranges between 94–362 species, heath forests ranges between 121–151 species and peat swamp forests ranges between 72–81 species (see kartawinata et al., 2008; simbolon, 2008). tree species composition in tropical rain forest also varies with habitat (richards, 1952) and tree distributions are often associated with environmental factors (baillie et al., 1987; cannon & leighton, 2004; clark et al., 1998; lieberman et al., 1996; miyamoto et al., 2003; newbery & proctor, 1984; pendry & proctor, 1997; sollins, 1998; swaine, 1996). coexistence of some species in a community may occur because habitats naturally vary and each species has its own morphological, niche and plasticity adaptations. the spatial pattern of mailto:herbolon@indo.net.id reinwardtia [vol.12 374 distribution of each species in an ecosystem might be random or agregated, and the pattern may be related to the propagules, adaptations, agents of dispersal, patterns of relationships among coexisting species and its interaction with habitat and environments. the relationships among coexisting species might be spatial overlapping (associated), independent or exclusive (possibly as a result of competition). naturally, if species live in different habitats, have different needs for resources and have no direct or indirect interactions with each other, or when habitats offer unlimited resources, they should have no difficulty coexisting in a region containing these separate habitats (chesson, 2000b). however, species do not have to be strictly segregated in space for regional coexistence; resources are often limited, and species have direct and indirect competition for nutrients, space, light and others. as a result, species or individuals may reduce the access of other species or individuals to a necessary resource that is in limited supply; this is called competition (palmer et al., 2003). communities with many competitive species are ubiquitous in nature (tilman, 1982; shiyomi & yoshimura, 2000). species experience greater intraspecific than interspecific competition in favorable areas and vice versa in unfavorable areas (chesson, 2000a, 2000b). both non-equilibrium and equilibrium theories have been proposed to account for species richness in tropical rain forests (hubbell & foster, 1986; whittaker, 1975; okuda et al., 1997). further, hubbell & foster (1986) emphasized that it is impossible to explain species richness by niche differentiation, and treated non-equilibrium forces as the working mechanism of species richness. the pattern of relationships among coexisting species in a community have been also approached with mathematical models (see iwao, 1977; chesson, 2000a; 2000b; nishimura et al., 2002; amrasekare et al., 2004 and palmer et al., 2003) studied the mechanisms that restrict and maintain diversity within mutualist guilds. relevant studies on the spatial distribution of tree species have been conducted in some areas in south and southeast asia. these include the spatial distribution of elatiospermum tapos in west kalimantan (simbolon et al., 2000), local and geographical distributions for a tropical tree genus scaphium (yamada & suzuki, 1997, yamada et al., 2000), tree species distributions across five habitats in a bornean rain forest (cannon & leighton, 2004), tree distribution pattern and fate of juveniles in a lowland tropical rain forest, malaysia (okuda et al., 1997), spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species (condit et al., 2000), tree diversity and distribution in undisturbed and human-impacted sites of tropical wet evergreen forest in southern western ghats, india (parthasarathy, 1999). the present paper intends to discuss the local distribution and pattern of relationship among coexisting of prevalent tree species in peat swamp forests of kelampangan and lahei, central kalimantan in relation to high tree diversity under extreme habitat conditions. methods study sites a 1-ha plot (100 m x 100 m) was established in two sites of peat swamp forest of central kalimantan, those are: p-l plot at lahei and p-k at kelampangan. the lahei site is located in the area approximately 3–4 km east from kampung babugus, desa lahei, kecamatan mentagai, central kalimantan. the average annual precipitation (1993–1999) was about 2800 mm. although the monthly rainfall was over 100 mm in most months, a few months especially july and august occasionally was less than 100 mm of rain. most of the area is covered with heath forest, while patches of peat swamp forest (up to 7 m peat depth) occured along the mangkutup river, a branch of kapuas river (for detail see miyamoto et al., 2003, nishimura & suzuki, 2001, nishimura et al., 2007 and haraguchi et al., 2000). p-k plot is located between sebangau river and kahayan river, with peat depth of 3-5 m. the kelampangan area is a remnant of peat swamp forest selectively logged in the 1980s and also included in the 1990s mega rice project of central kalimantan, the so called proyek lahan gambut satu juta hektar. a man-made canal, 6–8 m wide, running from north to south about 200 m to the west of the p-k plot, to drain the water of peat swamp, was established during the project. field survey after a reconnaissance study to explore the general conditions of the peat swamp forests, the 1-ha plots were set up. they were divided into 100 sub-plots of 10 x 10 m2. all trees with stem girth at breast height (gbh, or at 130 cm above the ground) of more than 15 cm (or about 4.8 cm in diameter at breast height, dbh) were individually numbered with aluminum tags, their positions were mapped, and their gbh was measured. voucher specimens were taken for further species identification in the herbarium bogoriense. 2009] simbolon : peat swamp forest of central kalimantan 375 index is -1. based on these measurements, total basal areas, number of species, number of individuals of each species and diversity index in each plot were determined. plant position within the plots were analyzed using morisita’s indices of dispersion, and iwao’s indices of association, for each prevalent species. the prevalent species in the pk plots have been reported in simbolon (2003), while those in the p-l plot have been reported in nishimura et al., (2007) and simbolon (2002, 2008). the prevalent species in this paper are the top five species for total basal area and number of individuals. the paper also deals with intraspecific relationships between juveniles (5–25 cm dbh) and mature individuals (> 25 cm dbh) of the prevalent species. results prevalent species the density of trees in both studied plots of peat swamp forests were very high, especially at kelampangan where the soil water level is getting progressively lower and lower due to the presence of man-made canals in the areas, which drain the water from peatland and flow to the sea. the tree density at lahei plot was lower than that at kelampangan, but the total basal area of trees at lahei plot was higher than that at kelampangan (table 1), possibly indicating that forest succession at peat swamp of lahei was more advanced than that at kelampangan. this interpretation was also supported by the data on the diameter class distribution of tree trunks, and the largest trunk diameter of trees and the average numbers of individuals of each species in both study plots. calophyllum canum had the highest density of 324 individuals per ha among the prevalent species in the 5–10 cm diameter class at the kelampangan plot, but the species with the highest trunk diameter, of 65 cm, was combretocarpus rotundatus. at lahei, the most abundant species in the 5–10 cm diameter class was buchanania sessifolia, having a density of only 14 individuals per ha; this was also the species with the biggest trunk diameter that reaching up to 105 cm. the local distribution pattern of individuals of the prevalent species within the plot was examined by the morisita’s index of dispersion, iδ (see morisita, 1959, 1962). the formulas for these indices have been translated by suzuki (unpublish, pers. comm.) into a macro for microsoft excel. when the morisita index is 1, individuals are randomly distributed, with aggregated individuals having a value larger than 1. the pattern of relationships among coexisting species within a plot was examined by iwao’s indices of association, i ω (see iwao, 1977). when the index is +1, both spe-cies are overlapping (associated), when index is 0 both species are independently distributed, and both species are in complete exclusion (possibly due to competition) when the table 1. the number of individuals (tn) and total basal areas (ba, m2/ha) of the top five most prevalent species within 1ha plot of peat swamp forest at kelampangan and lahei, central kalimantan. peat swamp forest kelampangan lahei no species family tn ba tn ba 1 buchanania sessifolia anacardiaceae 147 6.296 2 calophyllum canum guttiferae 515 3.914 3 combretocarpus rotundatus rhizophoraceae 36 4.824 4 cratoxylom glaucum hypericaceae 125 2.107 5 ctenolophon parvifolius olacaceae 350 3.167 3 0.009 6 elaeocarpus petiolatus elaeocaroaceae 183 1.221 7 madhuca sericea sapotaceae 127 4.574 8 palaquium cochleariifolium sapotaceae 355 4.259 9 semecarpus sp. [umpa] anacardiaceae 161 8.903 10 shorea balangeran dipterocarpaceae 2 0.216 24 8.321 11 tetractomia obovata rutaceae 1 0.003 150 1.322 12 vatica oblongifolia dipterocarpaceae 237 2.125 number of trees 3074 1590 number of species 81 72 number of trees / species 37.95 22.08 basal area (m2/ha) 34.14 45.58 fisher diversity index 15.02 15.25 number of trees d>10cm 1084 700 number of species d>10cm 54 52 reinwardtia [vol.12 376 the trunk diameter class distribution of trees and some selected species at both study sites showed inverse j-shaped curves (fig 1). the inverse j-shaped curve of the kelampangan plot was much steeper than that of the lahei plot for calophyllum canum, indicating that the density of juvenile individuals at kelampangan was higher than that at lahei. the density of trees of 5-25 cm class diameter at kelampangan was higher than that at lahei, meanwhile the density of large trunks of more than 25 cm in diameter at kelampangan was lower than that at lahei, although the density of trees was much lower. table 1 shows the numbers of individuals and total basal areas of tree trunk of the top five prevalent species in each of the study plots. beside the demography of composing species and stages of succession of the forests discussed above, the species composition of the study sites also shows a great difference. among 145 species recorded in two 1-ha plots, only 8 species occurred in both plots, i.e. tetramerista glabra, tetractomia obovata, pternandra coerulescens, nephelium maingayi, lophopetalum beccarianum, diospyros hermaphroditica, ctenolophon parvifolius and shorea balangeran. 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 cc ep0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 n o . o f in d iv id u a ls diamet er (cm) kelampangan cc cg cp cr ep pc 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0 b s 0 30 60 90 120 150 n o . o f in d v id u a ls diamet er (cm) lahei bs sb ms su to vsp fig. 1. trunk diameter class distribution of all species in l: lahei and kl: kelampangan (upper left), and prevalent species at kelampangan: (cc: calophyllum canum, cr: combretocarpus rotundatus, cg: cratoxylum glaucum, cp: ctenolophon parvifolius, ep: elaeocarpus petiolatus and pc: palaquium cochleariifolium) and lahei: (bs: buchanania sessifolia, ms: madhuca sericea, su: semecarpus sp. [umpa], sb: shorea balangeran, to: tetractomia obovata and vsp: vatica oblongifolia). local distribution of prevalent species based on the morisita’s (1959, 1962) indices of dispersion, the distributional pattern of trees of prevalent species in peat swamp forest at kelampangan was random, except for c. rotundatus which was slightly aggregated when the number of subplots was larger (50 subplots). similarly the distributional pattern of prevalent trees in the peat swamp forest of lahei was also random (fig. 2). 2009] simbolon : peat swamp forest of central kalimantan 377 pattern of relationships among coexisting species the results of analysis of the iwao’s (1977) indices show that the pattern of relationships among coexisted prevalent tree species in kelampangan areas, some tended to be independent and some others were overlapping (associated), and almost no values indicated exclusion (competition) relationships (fig. 3). calophyllum canum showed an overlapping relationship with four other prevalent species, i.e.: c. rotundatus, c. glaucum, c. parvifolius, e. petiolatus, and the species performed an independent relationship with p. cochleariifolium (fig. 3a). c. rotundatus had an overlapping relationship with c. parvifolius and p. cochleariifolium, but showed an independent relationship with c. glaucum, and slightly indicated a competitive (exclusion) relationship with e. petiolatus; meanwhile, e. petiolatus indicated an overlapping relationship with p. cochleariifolium (fig. 3b). the relationship between c. glaucum and e. petiolatus; c. glaucum and p. cochleariifolium; c. parvifolius and p. cochleariifolium, and c. parvifolius and e. petiolatus was independent, c. glaucum and c. parvifolius were associated (fig. 3c). a 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 0 20 40 60 80 100 sub-plots m o ri si ta i n d e x cc cr cg cp ep pc b 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0 20 40 60 80 100 sub-plots m o ri si ta i n d e x bs ms su sb to vsp fig. 2. morisita’s indices of dispersion versus spatial scale for tree prevalent species in peat swamp forest at kelampangan (a): (cc: calophyllum canum, cr: combretocarpus rotundatus, cg: cratoxylum glaucum, cp: ctenolophon parvifolius, ep: elaeocarpus petiolatus and pc: palaquium cochleariifolium); and lahei (b): (bs: buchanania sessifolia, ms: madhuca sericea, su: semecarpus sp[umpa], sb: shorea balangeran, to: tetractomia obovata and vsp: vatica oblongifolia) a -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 sub-plot s o m e g a cc-cr cc-cg cc-cp cc-ep cc-pc b -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 sub-plot s o m e g a cr-cg cr-cp cr-ep cr-pc ep-pc c -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 20 40 60 80 100 sub-plot s o m e g a cg-cp cg-ep cg-pc cp-ep cp-pc fig. 3. iwao’s indices of association (omega) between two species of coexisting species in peat swamp forest at kelampangan: (cc: calophyllum canum, cr: combretocarpus rotundatus, cg: cratoxylum glaucum, cp: ctenolophon parvifolius, ep: elaeocarpus petiolatus and pc: palaquium cochleariifolium). as in kelampangan, iwao’s association indices of the coexisting prevalent tree species in peat swamp forests at lahei site also indicated an independent or overlapping (association) relationship (fig. 4). the pattern of overlapping relationships among two coexisting species was obvious between b. sessifolia and t. obovata; b. sessifolia and s. balangeran (fig. 4a); m. sericea and vatica oblongifolia (fig. 4b); semecarpus sp. [umpa] and vatica oblongifolia; semecarpus sp. [umpa] and s. balangeran; and s. balangeran and t. obovata (fig. 4c). an independent relationship is shown by b. sessifolia and m. sericea; b. sessifolia and semecarpus sp. [umpa]; b. sessifolia and vatica oblongifolia (fig. 4a); m. sericea and semecarpus sp. [umpa]; m. sericea and t. obovata; m. sericea and s. balangeran; t. obovata and v. oblongifolia (fig. 4b), and semecarpus sp. [umpa] and t. obovata, and between two species of dipterocarpaceae, between s. balangeran and v. oblongifolia (fig. 4c). reinwardtia [vol.12 378 intraspecific relationship: mature vs juvenile individuals when the individuals of each prevalent species were categorized into juvenile and mature stages for analysis of intraspecific relationships, some species had groups of less than 10 individuals and were excluded from analysis of morisita’s indices of dispersion and iwao’s indices of association. these excluded groups from kelampangan site included: mature trees of c. canum and e. petiolatus; and from lahei site were juvenile individuals of s. balangeran; and mature trees of t. obovata and v. oblongifolia. based on the morisita’s indices of dispersion, two prevalent species from kelampangan site showed an different pattern of distribution between juvenile and mature individuals. the distribution pattern of the mature individuals of c. parvifolius were clumped while its juveniles were random; conversely, the mature individuals of c. rotundatus were random while its juvenile were clumped. the distributional pattern of the mature and juvenile individuals of other tree prevalent species were random. at the lahei site, the distributional pattern of the juvenile and mature individuals of the prevalent species were random (fig. 5). a -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 sub-plots o m e g a bs-ms bs-su bs-sb bs-to bs-vsp b -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 sub-plot s o m e g a ms-su ms-sb ms-to ms-vsp to-vsp c -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 sub-plot s o m e g a su-sb su-to su-vsp sb-to sb-vsp fig. 4. iwao’s indices of association (omega) between two species of coexisting species in peat swamp forest at lahei: (bs: buchanania sessifolia, ms: madhuca serices, su: semecarpus sp. [umpa], sb: shorea balangeran, to: tetractomia obovata and vsp: vatica oblongifolia) kelampangan 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 20 40 60 80 100 sub-plot s m o ri si ta i n d e x cp-j cp-m pc-j pc-m cr-j cr-m cg-j cg-m lahei 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 sub-plot s m o ri si ta i n d e x bs-j bs-m ms-j ms-m su-j su-m fig. 5. morisita’s indices of dispersion versus spatial scale for mature (m) and juvenile (j) individuals of the same species in peat swamp forest at kelampangan: (cr: combretocarpus rotundatus, cg: cratoxylum glaucum, cp: ctenolophon parvifolius, pc: palaquium cochleariifolium), and lahei: (bs: buchanania sessifolia, ms: madhuca serices, su: semecarpus sp. [umpa]). kelampangan: m vs j -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 20 40 60 80 100 sub-plots o m eg a cr cg cp pc lahei: m vs j -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 sub-plots o m eg a bs ms su fig. 6. iwao’s indices of association (omega) versus spatial scale for mature (m) and juvenile (j) individulas in peat swamp forest at kelampangan: (cr: combretocarpus rotundatus, cg: cratoxylum glaucum, cp: ctenolophon parvifolius, dan pc: palaquium cochleariifolium), and lahei: (bs: buchanania sessifolia, ms: madhuca sericea, su: semecarpus sp. [umpa]). 2009] simbolon : peat swamp forest of central kalimantan 379 based on the iwao’s indices of association, the pattern of relationships between juvenile and mature individuals of the prevalent species varied. the pattern of relationships between juvenile and mature individuals of c. glaucum and p. cochleariifolium at kelampangan site were overlapping (associated); and the patterns were exclusion (competitive) for c. parvifolius and c. rotundatus (fig. 6). the pattern of relationship between mature and juvenile individuals of semecarpus sp. [umpa] at lahei site was independent, however, the pattern was associated for b. sessifolia and m. sericea (fig. 6). discussion the densities of trees in the peat swamp forest studied were very high compared to that of other forest types in the lowlands of tropical areas. the range of densities of trees with dbh greater than 10 cm in tropical areas is 245–859 individuals per ha (richards, 1952; ashton,1964; manokaran & lafrankie, 1990; campbell et al., 1992; condit et al., 1996; lieberman et al., 1996; kartawinata et al., 2008). the great difference of tree densities between two study sites is mainly due to different ages of the forests, and to the selective logging conducted in 1980s in the peat swamp forest of kelampangan (simbolon, 2003). as the results, there are many small (juvenile) individuals, with the biggest trunk diameter in kelampagan at present of only 65 cm, while in lahei there are only few small individuals and the dbh of the biggest trunks reached up to 105 cm. the number of species in the study sites is categorized as high (81 and 72 species per ha, respectively), although not as high as the mixed dipterocarps forest that may reached up to 94–362 species per ha (kartawinata et al., 2008, simbolon, 2008). this is attributed to the environmental conditions of the peat swamp forests of the study sites, whose soils are extremely acids, low in available nutrients, anaerobic and consisting mainly of organic materials. it is, however higher in comparison to the number of tree species of only 63 species in 50 ha deciduous forest of mudumalai, southern india, where the mineral soils are well drained (condit et al., 1996). the prevalent species in the study sites are commonly found in peat swamp forests of kalimantan (anderson, 1963, 1972; simbolon & mirmanto, 2000). however, only 3 out of 12 prevalent species were distributed in both study plots, indicating that the tree beta-diversity in the peat swamp of the study sites was relatively high, and the prevalent species in other site may be different. anderson (1963) reported about 376 plant species in peat swamp forests of sarawak and brunei, and simbolon & mirmanto (2000) reported 310 plant species in peat swamp forests of central kalimantan. as have been mentioned above also, only 8 out of 145 species occurred in both plots. the results of the present study is in line with richards (1952) and okuda et al. (1997) who stated that species composition of tropical forest varies from site to site. the pattern of local distribution of prevalent species in both study sites were mostly random. observed distribution patterns were the result of responses of plants to the abiotic environment in combination with biotic interactions, such as seed dispersers, natural enemies and competitors (kneitel & chase, 2004; russo et al., 2005). aggregated tree distributions, for example, can also be established and maintained by niche segregation and dispersal limitation, i.e., the failure of seeds to reach all possible recruitment sites, as well as intraand inter-specific interactions, such as competition and pathogenpressure (janzen, 1970; condit et al., 2000; hubbell, 2001; dalling, et al. 2002, russo et al., 2005). some prevalent species, such as two species of dipterocarpaceae (s. balangeran and v. oblongifolia) and c. rotundatus have fruits which are slightly adapted to wind dispersal. these fruits, however, could not be dispersed by wind quite far from the parent trees, but the adapted fruit parts and water may help the fruits to find suitable niches for growing, and to be randomly distributed. as for the other prevalent species which have fruits with dispersal limitation, the random distribution might be caused by the physical condition of peat swamp forest, such as flat topography and annual periodic inundation, especially during the rainy seasons. during the inundated periods in rainy season, the flat condition of the peat swamp forest ground makes it possible for water to transport and disperse fruits to any direction reaching suitable niches to grow. again, the peat land with inundated conditions and homegenous organic materials may lead to the formation of a homogenous habitat, and less niche segregation compared to forests with well drained mineral soils. as has been mentioned above, niche segregation will contribute to the aggregated tree distribution (condit et al., 2000; hubbell, 2001; dalling et al., 2002, russo et al., 2005). the pattern of relationships among the coexisting prevalent tree species in the study sites reinwardtia [vol.12 380 varied: some were independently distributed and some others were overlapping (associated) and almost none showed an exclusive (competitive) relationship. independent and associated relationships among the coexisting species may help maintain relatively high diversity of plants in the tropical peat swamp forests, which have extreme habitat conditions and low habitat heterogenity. some researchers have explained that the mechanisms which operated in the maintenance of high diversity in tropical forests include habitat heterogenity (e.g. grubb, 1977; nakashizuka et al., 1992; rebertus and veblen 1993; manabe et al., 2000), specialization on narrow niches (ashton, 1969; macarthur, 1969; tilman, 1982; russo et al., 2005) but that most tropical tree species belong to a large habitat generalist guild (hubbell & foster, 1986). the distributional patterns of juvenile and mature individuals of the same species on c. parvifolius and c. rotundatus are quite different with the distributional pattern of all individuals of the prevalent species in the study sites, which are randomly distributed. the mature individuals of c. parvifolius show an agregated distributional pattern while its juvenile individuals are random; conversely, the mature individuals of c. rotundatus show a random distributional pattern while its juvenile individuals are agregated. the pattern of intraspecific relationships between coexisting mature and juvenile individuals of both species show an exclusion relationships, which indicate that there may be competition between mature and juvenile individuals (harada & iwasa, 1994; harada, 1999). as has been discussed above, seeds of c. rotundatus and c. parvifolius might be dispersed farther from the parent trees. nakashizuka (2001) has summarized three important advantages of the long distance dispersal of seed, such as: avoiding high mortality near the parent plant due to specific enemies (escape or janzen–connell hypothesis); increasing the probability of finding a suitable (safe) site for establishment (colonization hypothesis), and reducing sibling competition (see also janzen, 1970; howe & smallwood, 1982; willson, 1993; takeuchi et al., 2005). acknowledgements the author wishes to thank my colleagues for their cooperation during the field research. dr. eizi suzuki allowed the author to use the macro software on microsoft excel for analyzing the morisita’s and iwao’s indices. drs. kuswata kartawinata, campbell webb, eizi suzuki, soedarsono riswan and tukirin partomihardjo gave valuable comments on an earlier manuscript. the field research in kelampangan was funded by dipa of the research center for biology of the indonesian institute of sciences (lipi). the research in lahei was a part of the japan–indonesia cooperative project on environmental management 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(vitaceae) conducted in sumatra has revealed a number of species records. there are two species were misinterpreted. two species names are here discussed: t. leucostaphylum (dennst.) alston ex mabb. and t. rafflesiae (miq.) planch., which formerly united with t. lanceolarium. key words: nomenclatur e, rafflesia, sumatra, tetrastigma, vitaceae. abstrak rahayu, y., chikmawati, t. & widjaja, e. a. 2018. studi tatanama terastigma leucostaphylum dan tetrastigma rafflesiae (vitaceae): dua tumbuhan inang rafflesia di sumatera. reinwardtia 17(1): 59–66. ― penelitian tetrastigma (miq.) planch. (vitaceae) di sumatera telah berhasil mengungkap beberapa catatan jenis. dua jenis di antaranya salah diinterpretasikan. kedua nama jenis yang didiskusikan dalam artikel ini adalah: t. leucostaphylum (dennst.) alston ex mabb. dan t. rafflesiae (miq.) planch., yang sebelumnya digabungkan ke dalam kelompok jenis t. lanceolarium. kata kunci: rafflesia, sumatera, tatanama, tetrastigma, vitaceae. introduction tetrastigma (miq.) planch. is an important genus in the grape family (vitaceae) which are well-known as the exclusive host plants of rafflesia, a genus of holoparasitic species endemic to south east asia which contains the largest flower of the world. some species of tetrastigma are also used as traditional medicine to cure scabies, treating headaches and fevers in indonesia, malaysia, vietnam and philippines (lemmens, 2003). tetrastigma hemsleyanum diels & gilg ex gilg is commonly used for treating hepatitis, fever, pneumonia, rheumatism and a sore throat in china (liu et al., 2002). tetrastigma is one of the fourteen genera of the grape family vitaceae which is characterized by unbranched to digitately branched tendrils, a dioecious sexual system and 4-lobed stigmas in pistillate flowers (suessenguth, 1953; wen, 2007; ren, et al. 2011). there are 95 species of tetrastigma in the old world, primarily in the tropics with a few species in temperate asia (wen, 2007; chen et al., 2011a; 2011b). taxonomists recognized twelve species in the malay peninsula (latiff, 1983), four species in singapore (yeo et al., 2012), and five species in australia (jackes, 1989). sumatra may have served as one of the major routes of dispersal of tetrastigma from indochina to west malesia in the early oligocene before it became widely distributed in east malesia in the late middle miocene (chen et al., 2011b). the latest study found eleven species of tetrastigma in sumatra (rahayu, 2017). the taxonomy of sumatran tetrastigma, however, has never been systematically revised and is poorly known. species delimitation and nomenclature of several species has been controversial, such as t. leucostaphylum (miq.) planch. tetrastigma leucostaphylum is one of the species which is found easily in sumatra. it has been misinterpreted as a synonym of t. lanceolarium, since planchon excluded tetrastigma from genus v itis in 1887. latiff (2001) combined tetrastigma lanceolarium (roxb.) planch. and t. leucostapylum to become t. tuberculatum. he proposed t. tuberculatum (blume) latiff as the valid name for the common host of rafflesia spp. in malesia. then, veldkamp (2008) proposed the common host of rafflesia spp. is not t. tuberculatum, but t. rafflesiae. however, in 2009 veldkamp treated t. lanceolarium, t. leucostaphylum and t. rafflesiae as synonymies of t. coriaceum, which is mailto:riinayu23@gmail.com mailto:tchikmawati@yahoo.com reinwardtia 60 [vol.17 the common host of raflesia spp. in malesia. recently, this taxon has been known under various names, such as t. lanceolarium (the most popular), t. leucostaphylum, t. rafflesiae, and t. coriaceum. this study aimed to clarify the delimitation of tetrastigma species based on morphological characters, especially concerning the taxonomical confusion of t. leucostaphylum and t. rafflesiae, the two common hosts of rafflesia in sumatra. materials and methods a morphological study of the genus tetrastigma in sumatra was carried out following conventional methods of herbarium taxonomy (de vogel, 1987; rifai, 2013). the total number of 59 specimens kept at the herbarium bogoriense (bo) were thoroughly examined. they were consisted of 33 old specimens kept at the herbarium bogoriense (bo), 23 new specimens collected during the field work in sumatra and 3 specimens collected from the living collections at the bogor botanical garden (bbg). the field work conducted in the western part of sumatra, along bukit barisan mountain (west lampung, bengkulu, kaju aro – kerinci, bukit tiga puluh national park – riau, sibolangit to ketambe, southeast aceh. the samples which collected from bbg were xvii.f.114.a, xvii.f.72, and xvii.f.96a. several type specimens kept at bo and the images of some others stored at kew herbarium (k), leiden herbarium (l) and paris herbarium (p) were also studied. results and discussion morphologycal study tetrastigma (miq.) planch. was excluded from genus v itis by planchon (1887) based on the key species t. lanceolarium (roxburgh) planchon. however, the name of t. lanceolarium now has changed to t. leucostaphylllum (dennst.) alston ex mabb. as its older epithet is cissus leucostaphyla dennst. the previous tetrastigma lanceolarium are herein designated as two species, namely t. rafflesiae and t. leucostaphylum. based on the observation of tetrastigma in sumatra, it is found that t. lanceolarium is a synonym of t. leucostaphylum, since the last name is older than the first one. it is also a different species from t. rafflesiae. details of the characters to distinguish both species are provided in table 1. those characters are found on the type specimens and representative specimens examined. there are three new characters which have never been reported, namely petiole length, the length ratio of terminal petiolule and lateral petiolule, and the number of secondary veins. tetrastigma leucostaphylum can be identified by leaves having 3-(4)-5 leaflets, rarely with simple leaves, with subcoriaceous, glabrous, lanceolate leaflets, base acute, 8-10 pairs of secondary veins, petioles shorter (3–4 cm) than t. rafflesiae, the length of terminal petiolule twice as long as the lateral petiolule, and the inflorescence is a corymbose cymes. tetrastigma rafflesiae characterized by its 3 foliolate, longipetiolate, coriaceous, glabrous, ovate–elliptic leaflets, base cunneate, 7 pairs of secondary veins, terminal petiolule more than twice length of the lateral petiolule, petiole base swollen, sub-umbellated cyme inflorescence with very short to sessile peduncles. during this study, some specimens which were identified as t. lanceolarium or t. leucostaphylum in the herbarium are confirmed as t. rafflesiae. the nomenclatural study and species delimitation dennstedt in 1818 published cissus leucostaphyla based on the rheede’s type specimen, provided as a figure in hortus malabaricus 7 t.8 (rheede 1688: 15), which was called as v allia tsjori valli in malabaris. then c. leucostaphyla was treated as basionym of t. leucostaphylum (dennst.) alston (mabberley & hamilton, 1977). roxburgh have seen the rheede’s illustration on hortus malabaricus, but he used his own specimen (roxburgh 2429 as water colour painting at k!) as a type specimen of c. lanceolaria. however, roxburgh is also mentioned v allia tsjori valli in his description (roxburgh, 1820). roxburgh believe that v allia tsjori valli is a synonym of c. lanceolaria. then planchon (1887) proposed c. lanceolaria to be t. lanceolarium, and using roxburgh 2429 as type specimen, without mentioning v allia tjsori valli. in fact, the type specimens of cissus leucostaphyla (dennstedt, 1818) and c. lanceolaria (roxburgh, 1820) are refers to the same rheede’s illustration on hortus malabaricus, both name should be synonym. so, it can be concluded that the correct name of t. lanceolarium is t. leucostaphylum (dennst.) alston ex mabb. as was also mentioned by shetty & singh (1988). therefore, t. lanceolarium is nomen illegitimum based on art. 52, when the type has already have a name. the nomenclature confusion between t. lanceolarium and t. leucostaphylum is clearly solved. several names have been mentioned by planchon (1887) as synonym of t. lanceolarium, such as v itis lanceolaria and v . muricata. v itis lanceolaria wall. (wight, 1840) is not supposed to be included in the t. lanceolarium group, because it has sessile rough stigma which is never found in the genus tetrastigma. this statement is confirmed in the illustration no. 28:59 (wight, 1840), but the illustration no. 177:209 (wight, 1840) which was rahayu, chikamawati & widjaja: nomenclatural study of tetrastigma leucostaphylum 2018] 61 redrawn from roxburgh 2429 is the real cissus lanceolaria roxb. therefore, vitis lanceolaria wall. is a different species from c. lanceolaria and is not synonym with t. lanceolarium. the name of v. lanceolaria has also been applied to another plant (a homonym). vitis muricata published by wight and walker-arnott (in prodr. fl. pen. ind. or. 1: 128. 1834) also cited in hort. malab. 7: 15, t. 8. whereas wall. num. list no. 6015 and wight's specimen no. 432 that wight and walker-arnott (1834) also cited in the protologue of v . muricata are different and require another name. thus, v . muricata is not synonym of c. lanceolaria, and this name is illegitimate based on art. 53 and 54. later, latiff (2001) proposed the host of indomalesia rafflesia should be t. tuberculatum (blume) latiff which formerly called as t. lanceolarium. veldkamp published two papers regarding this problematical name of the host of rafflesia. veldkamp (2008) argued that the correct name of tetrastigma, which is a common host of rafflesia in malesia, would be t. rafflesiae miq., and it is neither t. lanceolarium nor t. leucostaphylum. he also mentioned that the combination name which latiff made (t. tuberculatum) was superfluous. based on our recent observations, t. tuberculatum and t. rafflesiae are very distinct. tetrastigma tuberculatum has tuberculate stem, 3-5 foliolate, ovate leaflets, basal leaflets rounded, while t. rafflesiae has lenticellate stem (the lenticels are quite prominent, but not tuberculate), trifoliate, ovate–elliptic leaflets, basal leaflets cunneate, and the base petioles are swollen. subsequently, veldkamp (2009) retracted his statement by submitting a new name, tetrastigma coriaceum. since he found the older epithet for t. rafflesiae is cissus coriacea which was proposed by de candolle in 1824 collected probably by either riedlé (fide planchon, 1877: 425) or leschenault (fide gagnepain, 1910: 320) in timor and more fully described by decaisne in troisieme (1834). veldkamp assumed the correct name for the host of rafflesia spp. must be t. coriaceum (dc.) gagnep. (veldkamp, 2009). unfortunately, t. coriaceum is not found in sumatra during this study. tetrastigma rafflesiae is a name based on the type specimen of korthals from mt. melintang, sumatra (l!), which was proposed as v itis rafflesia by miquel (1863). this species is truely different than t. leucostaphylum. we have seen korthals specimen which were kept in leiden, sh. 897, 348-162 barcode l0013743, sh. 897, 348-163 barcode l0013744 and barcode l0013742. although veldkamp (2008) explained there is no inflorescence on the type specimens kept in leiden, miquel (1863) has described the inflorescence characters which we observed as v . rafflesiae. thus, planchon (1887) proposed this species as t. rafflesiae. based on this study, t. rafflesiae and t. leucostaphylllum can be treated as two different species. these species are well-known as host of rafflesia in sumatra and had been misapplied. the re-identification of the sumatran host rafflesia should be carried out again. chen et al., (2011a) had listed t. tuberculatum is one of the table 1. the morphological characters used to distinguish tetrastigma rafflesiae and t. leucostaphylum. characters tetrastigma rafflesiae tetrastigma leucostaphylum number of leaflets 3 leaflets 3-(4)-5 leaflets present of simple leave simple leave absent simple leave present (rarely) petioles longipetiolate (7–12 cm) shorter than t. rafflesiae (3–4 cm) petiolules terminal petiolule very long, much longer than twice the length of lateral ones (3.5‒6 cm : 0.5‒1.5 cm) terminal petiolule shorter, only twice longer than the lateral ones (2‒3 cm : 0.5‒1.5 cm) petiole base swollen not swollen leaf blade coriaceous subcoriaceous leaf shape mostly elliptic lanceolate leaf base cuneate acute secondary veins at the terminal leaflets 7 pairs, prominent 8-10 pairs, smooth inflorescences subumbellate cymes corymbose cymes peduncle very short peduncle to sessile short peduncle reinwardtia 62 [vol.17 host of rafflesia in sumatra (the name of t. tuberculatum was superflous). recently, people conducted the research of rafflesia, but did not provide the qualified pictures for identification of its host species. therefore, the identification of tetrastigma as specific host of rafflesia need further study or re-identify. taxonomic treatment tetrastigma (miq.) planch. in de candolle, monogr. phan. 5 (1887) 320, 423; suessenguth in engler & prantl, nat. pfl. fam. 20d (1953) 318; backer & bakhuizen van den brink jr., fl. java 2 (1965) 88; latiff, gard. bull. sing. 36 (1983) 213– 228. — type: tetrastigma leucostaphylum (dennst.) alston ex mabb. habit woody climbers. polygamodioecious. stems terete, stem surfaces striate and lenticellate, old stems sometimes flattened. tendrils leafopposed, unbranched or digitately branched, stout or slender. petiolate, short petioles (3–9 cm) or longipetiolate (up to 12 cm); the length of terminal petiolules and lateral petiolules have ratio 3:1, 2:1 or 1:1. stipules paired, caducous. leaves palmately or pedately compound, 3 foliolate, 3-5 foliolate, 5 foliolate or 5-11 foliolate, rarely simple; alternate; leaflets chartaceous to coriaceous, glabrous or sometimes puberulous; margin indented, rarely entire. inflorescence axillary, cymous, pedunculate. flowers unisexual, usually pubescent, tetramerous; calyx cupulate; corolla cucculate, tipically cream, white or greenishwhite, caducous; pistillate plant has 4-lobed stigma, ovary cone-shaped, style short, stigma large, ciliolate or nonciliolate, staminodia present; staminate plant has four big anthers, filaments erect, disc obscure, ovary reduced with stigma entire. berries globose to ellipsoid, fleshy, light green or whitish green when young, orange to red when ripe; seeds 1-4, ovoid, obovoid, ellipsoid or pyriforme; endosperm m-shaped or t-shaped in cross-section. habitat and ecology. this genus can be found from 50-2000 m asl. their habitat is an open area of lowland to the mountain forest, easily found in the riverside or habitat which has high humidity. distribution. t etrastigm a distr ibuted in tropical and subtropical asia, malesia (about 95 species), china (24 species), india (16 species) and australia (5 species). the main distribution area of tetrastigma in sumatra is the western part of bukit barisan mountains. uses. the obligator y host of rafflesiaceae, orang utan feeding vines, some species used as medicinal plants. 1. tetrastigma leucostaphylum (dennst.) alston ex mabb. tetrastigma leucostaphylum (dennst.) alston ex mabb., alston in mabberley & hamilton, taxon 26 (1977) 539. cissus leucostaphyla dennst., schlüss. hort. malab. (1818) 17, 19, 33. — type: vadakkumkoor, 1688, rheede (a picture in rheede 1688: 15 t.8 as vallia-tsjori-valli), see notes. tetrastigma lanceolarium (miq.) planch. in de candolle, monogr. phan. 5 (1887) 423. nom. illegit. cissus lanceolaria roxb. fl. ind. 1 (1820) 430. — type: kerala, 1820, roxburgh 2429 (cal; water-colour painting at k!). habit large climber. stems rough, striate, lenticels prominent, young stems terete, old stems flattened and tuberculate. tendrils stout, woody, usually simple. petioles 3–9 cm long; terminal petiolules (2–3 cm) twice longer than the lateral ones (0.5–1.5 cm). leaves pedate, 3-(4)-5 foliolate, rarely simple; leaflets blade subcoriaceous, glabrous; terminal leaflets 13–15 x 4–6 cm, lanceolate to oblong, base acute, apex acuminate, margin serrate; secondary veins 8-10 pairs, veins inconspicuous/smooth; lateral leaflets lanceolate to oblong, oblique, base acute to rounded, apex and margin as in the terminal leaflets. inflorescence corymbose cyme; peduncles short, up to 4 cm long, dark brown, corky. flowers 1.5–2 mm long, whole parts pubescent; pedicels 2–4 mm long; 4lobed calyx; corolla green to whitish green, 4 petals 1.5–2 × 0.75–1 mm; disc restricted to the base of ovary; pistillate has ovary cone-shaped, style short 0.2–0.5 mm long, 4-lobed stigma, large, 1.a short petiole (3–9 cm), terminal petiolule (2–3 cm) twice longer than lateral ones (0.5–1.5 cm), leaflets lanceolate, base acute, secondary veins 8-10 pairs................................... t. leucostaphylum 1.b long petiole (up to 12 cm), terminal petiolule very long (3.5–6 cm), more longer than twice length of the lateral ones (0.5–1.5 cm), leaflets mostly elliptic, base cunneate, secondary veins 7 pairs .................................................................................................................................t. rafflesiae key to the sumatran species of tetrastigma leucostaphylum group rahayu, chikamawati & widjaja: nomenclatural study of tetrastigma leucostaphylum 2018] 63 ciliolate; staminate has 4 stamens ca. 1.5 mm long, filaments ca. 0.75–1.5 mm long, big anthers ca. 0.5 mm long, oblong. berries globose ca. 1 cm across, light green or whitish green when young, orange to red when ripe; seeds 2-4, obovoid; endosperm m-shaped in cross-section. habitat and ecology. t etrastigm a leucostaphylum is the most common host of rafflesia in sumatra. this species can be found in several habitat types, from the secondary forests, in the edge of the primary forest, rocky cliffs, much depleted dense forest on limestone rock, riverside, plateau forest, until the lowland forest in sumatra. distribution. indonesia: j ava, sumatr a (fig. 1.). malay peninsula. india. nepal. bhutan. bangladesh. vernacular name. daun j ar i lima. uses. the leaves used to cur e fever in talang mamak ethnic, bukit tiga puluh, riau province. specimens examined. aceh: valley of lau alas, near tributary of lau ketambe, ca. 35 km nw of kutatjane 200‒400 m alt., 20 may 1972, w .j.j.o. de wilde & b.e.e. de wilde-duyfjes 12207 (bo); ibid, 21 mar. 1975, w .j.j.o. de w ilde & b.e.e. de wilde-duyfjes 15650 (bo); ketambe research station, alas river valley, ca. 35 km nw of kutatjane 3° 40' n 97° 40' e at the primary rain forest 300-500 m alt., 12 jun. 1979, w .j.j.o. de w ilde & b.e.e. de wilde-duyfjes 18111 (bo); ketambe research station, in the edge forest near alas river valley to lawe ketambe, 04 sep. 2014, y . rahayu 59 (bo, us); ibid, y . rahayu 61 (bo, us); ibid, y. rahayu 62 (bo, us); ibid, 05 sep. 2014, y . rahayu 64 (bo, us); ibid, y . rahayu 65 (bo, us); ibid, y . rahayu 66 (bo, us); tngl near ketambe, mawas river, 14 may 1981, w . meijer 15708 (bo); south atjeh, the lowland forest in or adjacent to the south and south west parts of tngl, foot hill forest in the middle of alas river (lae sauraya) area, 2° 55' n 97° 57' e, plateau forest 50-80 m alt., 25 jul. 1985, w .j.j.o. de wilde & b.e.e. de wilde-duyfjes 20133 (bo); ibid, w .j.j.o. de w ilde & b.e.e. de wilde-duyfjes 20307 (bo). north sumatra: mt. singgalang 500 m alt., 25 may 1918, h.a .b. bunnemeijer 2746 (bo); gedong johore, south of medan, 04 feb. 1914, j.a . lorzing 3534 (bo); simbahe, north of sibolangit, 12 apr. 1918, j.a . lorzing 5630 (bo); ibid, 07 apr. 1926, j.a. lorzing 11741 (bo). west sumatra: sipora, mentawai island, 17 oct. 1924, c. bolden-kloss fig. 1. distribution map of tetrastigma leucostaphylum (▲) and t. rafflesiae ( ) in sumatra reinwardtia 64 [vol.17 14643 (bo); mentawai, 08 sep. 1924, iboet 91 (bo); ibid, 13 oct. 1924, iboet 371 (bo); batu island, 28 oct. 1814, raap 474 (bo); ibid, 08 jan. 1844, raap 612 (bo); ibid, 10 jan. 1896, raap 630 (bo); ibid, 18 jan. 1897, raap 648 (bo); sibesi island, 22 apr. 1921, w . docters van leeuwen-reijnvaan 5074 (bo); c.g.g.j. van steenis 3277 (bo); rimba simarasap, bukittinggi 8001100 m alt., 29 dec. 1982, dayar a rbain 108 (bo); dr. c.d. duwehand 323 (bo); barisan range, muro kalumpi, kwantan river near sijunjung, japanese railroad 0° 36' s 100° 59' e, 03 mar. 1974, e.f. de v ogel 2789 (bo); ulugadut, east part of padang, 06 may 1999, nakano 99018 (bo); between indarung and air sirah, east part of padang, 12 jun. 1999, nakano 99040 (bo); tahura bung hatta, padang, west sumatra, 11 aug. 2014, y . rahayu 25 (bo, us); ibid, y . rahayu 27 (bo, us). riau: indrapura, 08 mar. 1954, a .h.g. a lston 14338 (bo); tnbt, batang gansal area, along the road to the papunauan waterfalls, 11 jul. 2014, y . rahayu 01 (bo, us); ibid, y . rahayu 04 (bo, us); ibid, y . rahayu 06 (bo); near bingkuang lake, pekanbaru-bangkinang km.47, riau, 23 jul. 2014, y . rahayu 07 (bo, us). south sumatra: baturadja, south sumatra, 08 jul. 1965, h.f. sun 9968 (bo). bengkulu: bengkulu, along the r oadway of kepahiyang, near bukit daun, 17 aug. 2014, y . rahayu 29 (bo, us); ibid, y . rahayu 30 (bo, us). lampung: estate wai liwa, lampung, 11 dec. 1921, iboet 447 (bo); along the roadway of liwa – krui, kubu perahu, west lampung, 19 aug. 2014, y . rahayu 44 (bo, us); along the roadway of liwa – krui, sw of kubu perahu, balik bukit district. west lampung, ibid, y . rahayu 46 (bo, us); krakatau island 5 m alt., 19 jan. 1922, w . docters van leeuwen-reijnvaan 5970 (bo). culta: bogor botanic garden, xvii.f.96a, 26 jan. 2015, y . rahayu 69 (bo, us); bogor botanic garden, xvii.f.72, 26 jan. 2015, y. rahayu 72 (bo, us); bogor botanic garden, xvii.f.114a, 26 jan. 2015, y . rahayu 76 (bo, us). notes. veldkamp (2008) mentioned t. leucostaphylum is not found in malesia, but it is found only in bangladesh, bhutan, india and nepal. based on our observation and by looking at illustration of type specimens of t. leucostaphylum (rheede, 1688: 15 t.8) and t. lanceolarium (roxburgh 2429) are similar, and many specimens collected from sumatra resemble to this species, so specimen from sumatra which is cited under the specimen examined is t. leucostaphylum. however, the rheede’s illustration has not been supplied by brief information about its status as type specimen. the place of occurrence mentioned is berkencour, which is now called vadakkumkoor, the region south east of cochin. the specimen of roxburgh 2429 also found at kerala, which is part of cochin. 2. tetrastigma rafflesiae (miq.) planch. tetrastigma rafflesiae (miq.) planch., in de candolle, monogr. phan. 5 (1887) 443. v itis rafflesiae miq., ann. mus lugd. bat. 1 (1863) 75. — type: west sumatra, mt. melintang, 23 feb. 1981, korthals s. n., fide miquel (isotype l!). habit large climber. stems terete, lenticellate, glabrous. tendrils stout, woody, simple, tendril arms longer than 20 cm. petioles 7–12 cm long, longipetiolate, base of petioles are swollen; petiolules terminal very long (3.5–6 cm) more longer than twice length of the lateral ones (0.5– 1.5 cm). leaves trifoliolate, simple leaves never found, leaflets blade coriaceous, glabrous; terminal leaflets 12–14 × 4–6 cm, oblong to elliptic, base cunneate, apex acuminate, margin serrate; secondary veins 7 pairs, midrib on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces are prominent; lateral leaflets ovate to elliptic, base, apex and margin as in the terminal leaflets. inflorescence subumbellate cyme; peduncles short, almost sessile. flowers ca. 2 mm long, whole parts pubescent; pedicels 1–2 mm long; 4-lobed calyx; corolla 4 petals, 1–1.5 × 0.5– 1 mm; disc restricted to the base of ovary; pistillate has ovary ovoid, style short (unclear), 4-lobed stigma, ciliolate, staminodia developed; staminate has 4 stamens, filaments up to 1 mm long. berries ellipsoid, ca. 0.7–1 cm across, yellowish green when young, red to dark red when ripe; seeds 1-2, ellipsoid; endosperm m-shaped in cross-section. habitat and ecology. gener ally in the hills and mountain forest (379-991 m. alt), in the edge of the primary forest and riverside. distribution. indonesia: sumatr a (fig. 1.). specimens examined. aceh: ketambe, valley of lau alas, near tributary of lau ketambe ca. 35 km of kutatjane 200-400 m alt., 31 may 1972, w.j.j.o. de wilde & b.e.e. de wilde-duyfjes 12478 (bo); ketambe, along guhra river 300-350 m alt., 10 jun. 1979, w .j.j.o. de w ilde & b.e.e. de wilde-duyfjes 18048 (bo); ibid, 10 jul. 1979, w.j.j.o. de wilde & b.e.e. de wilde-duyfjes 18546 (bo); ketambe research station, in the edge forest near alas river valley to lawe ketambe, 04 sep. 2014, y . rahayu 58 (bo, us); ibid, y . rahayu 60 (bo, us). north sumatra: twa sibolangit, 04 aug. 2014, y . rahayu 16 (bo, us). west sumatra: boekit batoe banting 1000–1100 m alt. agam, west sumatra, aug. 1918, e. jacobson s.n. (bo); batang palupuh, west sumatra, 21 aug. 2014, y . rahayu 51 (bo, us); ibid, y . rahayu 52 (bo, us); along the road bukittinggi– medan km. 8, near batang palupuh, west rahayu, chikamawati & widjaja: nomenclatural study of tetrastigma leucostaphylum 2018] 65 sumatra, 21 aug. 2014, y . rahayu 53 (bo, us); lampung: along the r oadway of liwa–krui, kubu perahu, west lampung, 19 aug. 2014, y . rahayu 43 (bo, us). acknowledgements we would like to thank dr. jun wen for her advisory and very kind help to the first author during this study. we are very much indebted to the director and keeper of the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for allowing us to conduct the study at bo. we are very grateful to the directors and keepers of herbaria at p, k, l to use their digitize type specimens. we are also grateful to the forest rangers of gunung leuser national park at ketambe research station, twa sibolangit, batang papuluh conservation forest, bukit tiga puluh national park, and bogor botanic garden. this work was supported by the indonesia ministry of higher education through bppdn scholarships to the first author. references backer, c. a., bakhuizen van den brink jr. r. 1965. flora of java 2. noordhoff, groningen. chen, i. 2009. history of v itaceae inferred from morphology-based phylogeny and the fossil record of seeds. university of florida, florida. 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(eds.) flora of china 12. science press, beijing. pp. 195–208. ren, h., lu, l., soejima, a., luke, q., zhang, d., chen, z., wen, j. 2011. phylogenetic analysis of the grape family (vitaceae) based on the noncoding plastid trncpetn, trnh-psba and trnl-f sequences. taxon 60(3): 629–637. rifai, m. a. 2013. a sas-asas sistematika biologi. puslit biologi lipi, bogor. pp. 37–44. roxburgh, w. 1820. tetrandria monoginia. in: roxburgh, w. (ed.). flora indica 1. thacker spink co., calcutta. pp. 423–434. shetty, b. v., singh, p. 1988. the vitaceae in rheede’s hortus malabaricus. taxon 37(1): 169–174. suessenguth, g. 1953. v itaceae. in: engler, a., prantl, k. (eds) dienaturlichen pflanzen familien 20. dunker-humblot, berlin. pp. 318 –327. van rheede, h. a. 1688. horti malabarici pars septima. sumptibus johannis van someren, et reinwardtia 66 [vol.17 joannus van dyck, amstelaedami. pp. 14–15. veldkamp, j. f. 2008. the correct name for the tetrastigma (vitaceae) host of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) in malesia and a (not so) new species. reinwardtia 12: 261–265. veldkamp, j. f. 2009. notes on the names of tetrastigma hosts of rafflesia. reinwardtia 13: 75–78. wen, j. 2007. v itaceae. in: kubitzki, k. (ed.). the families and genera of vascular plants. springer–verlag, berlin. pp. 468–476. wight, r. 1840. icones plantarum indiae orientalis i. j.b. pharoah, madras. pp. 17, 24, 59, 209. wight, r., walker-arnott, g. a. 1834. prodromus florae peninsulae indiae orientalis i. parbury, allen, & co., london. pp. 128–131. yeo, c. k., ang, w. f., alvin, f. s. & lok, l. 2012. tetrastigma planch. (vitaceae) of singapore: with a special note of tetrastigma dichotomum (bl.) planch. nature in singapore 5: 263–270. reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 123 − 132 123 on the evolution of dipodium r. br. received january 09, 2014; accepted july 15, 2014 peter o’byrne research fellow at forest research institute malaysia (frim). waikiki condominium h10-11, tanjung aru, 88100 kota kinabalu, sabah, malaysia. e-mail: oberonia@gmail.com. abstract o’byrne, p. 2014. on the evolution of dipodium r. br. reinwardtia 14(1): 123 – 132. — dipodium r. br. (orchidaceae), a genus of ca. 38 species, should be divided into an australasian clade and a malesian clade, based on morphological and geographic evidences. dipodium section dipodium and section leopardanthus (blume) o. kuntze are re-defined to accommodate this change. an evolutionary scenario that explains this division is proposed. the lack of diversity of floral structure in the genus is probably caused by pollinator-specificity, while the diversity of plant form may be due to long-term environmental factors. an evolutionary explanation is suggested for the complex between dipodium fevrellii j. j. sm. and the hybrid d. pandanum bailey in new guinea. the complex in java involving d. pictum (lindl.) rchb. f. and d. scandens (bl.) j. j. sm. is discussed, and the presence of a hybrid noted. in borneo, the complex taxonomic situation caused by repeated inter-breeding of populations is noted. key words: dipodium, evolution, inter-specific complex, hybrid, new guinea, orchidaceae, section dipodium, section leopardanthus. abstrak o’byrne, p. 2014. evolusi dipodium r. br. reinwardtia 14(1): 123 – 132. — marga dipodium r. br. (orchidaceae) yang mempunyai kurang lebih 38 jenis, seharusnya dibagi kedalam klad australasian dan malesian, berdasarkan bukti morfologi dan geografis. dipodium seksi dipodium dan seksi leopardanthus (blume) o. kuntze dipertelakan ulang untuk mengakomodasi perubahan yang ada. sebuah skenario evolusi yang menjelaskan pembagian ini telah diusulkan. rendahnya keanekaragaman struktur pembungaan pada marga ini kemungkinan disebabkan oleh kekhususan polinator, sementara keanekaragaman bentuk tumbuhan kemungkinan disebabkan oleh faktor lingkungan. penjelasan evolusi dianjurkan untuk jenis kompleks dipodium fevrellii j. j. sm. dan jenis hibrid d. pandanum bailey di new guinea. jenis kompleks di jawa meliputi d. pictum (lindl.) rchb. f. dan d. scandens (bl.) j. j. sm. dibahas dalam makalah ini, dan keberadaan jenis hibrid tersebut telah dicatat. di borneo, kondisi taksonomi yang kompleks disebabkan oleh persilangan antar populasi yang berulang. kata kunci: dipodium, evolusi, inter-spesifik kompleks, hibrid, new guinea, orchidaceae, seksi dipodium, seksi leopardanthus. introduction dipodium was established by r. brown in 1810 for the australian species d. punctatum. it currently has about 39 taxa, distributed from southern indochina and peninsular thailand through the malesian region to palau (caroline islands), queensland (australia), solomon islands and new caledonia and vanuatu. dipodium species show remarkable consistency in floral morphology, making it very difficult to determine species. this resulted in the genus gaining a reputation for being “difficult”, and most taxonomists avoided working on it. there have been no substantial taxonomic publications on the genus, other than o’byrne (2013), which found 11 characters in the floral morphology that permit determination at species level. a full taxonomic revision of dipodium section leopardanthus (o’byrne, in prep.) contains many new taxa, some of which are referred to in this paper. traditional treatment of dipodium the relationship between dipodium and related genera is unclear. both cameron et al (1999) and stern and judd (2002) placed dipodium in subtribe cyrtopodiinae and both showed that the cyrtopodiinae is not a monophyletic group, but neither managed to resolve the relationships within the group. pridgeon et al. (2009) placed dipodium in tribe cymbidieae, but did not comment on intergeneric relationships within the tribe and did not mention the infrageneric division into two sections. the genus has traditionally been divided into section dipodium and section leopardanthus (blume) o. kuntze, which correspond roughly to the two geographic centres of diversity, australasia and malesia. section dipodium has eleven species; nine endemic to australia, one endemic to new guinea, and d. squamatum (g. forst.) r. br. in australia, new caledonia and vanuatu. they are homoge reinwardtia 124 [vol.14 nous in habit; all are leafless plants with subterranean rhizomes and an erect flowering stem that has many persistent bracts (reduced leaves). they all have an annual growth cycle. it has long been assumed that they are holomycotrophic, but dearnaley (2006) suggests that some may be indirect parasites on tree roots. section leopardanthus has about 28 taxa, distributed from southern indochina and peninsular thailand through the malesian region to palau (caroline islands), queensland (australia) and solomon islands. all are leafy plants, but otherwise they are non-homogenous in habit. three species are sympodial terrestrials (fig. 1), with a disjunct distribution (fig. 2). the remainder have traditionally been described as monopodial climbing plants (fig. 3) and have a continuous distribution (fig. 4). o’byrne (2013) states that the division into terrestrial and climbing plants is an over-simplification, as climbing plants go through terrestrial and scrambling phases when immature. horticultural experience supports this; fig. 1. dipodium paludosum is one of the three leafy sympodial species traditionally described as “terrestrial”. fig. 2. map showing the disjunct distribution of the three leafy sympodial dipodium species. fig. 4. map showing the continuous distribution of climbing dipodium species. fig. 3. the majority of section leopardanthus species have traditionally been described as monopodial climbing plants. note the copious climbing roots on this dipodium fragrans. photo by p.t.ong. 2014] 125 o’byrne: on the evolution of dipodium r. br. so-called “terrestrial” plants can be cultivated as epiphytes, and climbing phase specimens can be cultivated as terrestrials. section leopardanthus can have a seasonal growth cycle or can grow continuously; in some taxa these life-forms are interchangeable. the origin and evolution of dipodium (fig. 5). if we consider dipodium to be divided into australasian and malesian clades, then it is analogous to dendrobium, where the division into two geographic clades is now well supported (clements (2003); schuiteman (in preparation); wood (2006). it is reasonable to assume that both genera had similar origins and each developed into two clades through similar causes. this could mean, as suggested by wood (2006) for dendrobium, that dipodium has an ancient origin and that the ancestral species was present on both the australian and the indian continental plates when (or shortly after) the ancient supercontinent of pangea broke up. the ancestral species was probably not dissimilar to the modern-day dipodium ensifolium f. muell., a leafy sympodial terrestrial with a seasonal growth cycle. as the two continental plates drifted apart, the dipodium populations on each plate developed separately, in isolation from each other. consider the following scenario. as australia drifted slowly north-east, it became drier and more arid, and dipodium responded by becoming subterranean and developing holomycotrophy or indirect parasitism as their energy source. this enabled them to reduce water-loss by reducing the leaf area; in most modern day species, the leaves are vestigial, present only as non-photosynthetic scales at the stem base. since their stems are short-lived (their only function is to support the inflorescence), these species never developed the ability to produce adventitious roots along the stems. the indian continental plate drifted northwards until it collided with eurasia. the dipodium population travelled across the collision zone and then spread south-east through what is now myanmar into thailand and malaysia. somewhere on this journey, they encountered a barrier of rainforest and responded by developing the ability to climb up tree trunks. in order to do this, they need adventitious roots along the stems and these are present in copious quantities in all members of the malesian clade. once they had adapted to living in rainforest, the malesian clade were able to spread south-east through the island chains, eventually reaching caroline islands, australia and the solomon islands, the outer limits of their present-day distribution. the main binary morphological difference between the two dipodium clades is therefore not the presence or absence of leaves (section dipodium has reduced leaves on the stem), but the presence or absence of adventitious roots along the stem. section dipodium lacks adventitious roots at stem nodes; section leopardanthus possesses them. this enables us to resolve the sectional position of the two of the “leafy terrestrial” taxa traditionally placed in leopardanthus. the australian dipodium ensifolium f.muell. does not form adventitious roots at stem nodes, and therefore belongs in the australasian clade, despite the presence of green leaves. dipodium gracile schltr. from sulawesi is known only from the type (destroyed), but the protologue does not mention adventitious roots and schlechter stated it was closer to d. ensifolium than d. paludosum (which is in section leopardanthus). dipodium gracile is therefore tentatively placed in section dipodium, becoming its northernmost member and the only species outside australasia. dipodium sections redefined; summary section dipodium australasian clade. 13 species. distribution: australia (11 species, 10 endemic), 1 extending to new caledonia and vanuatu, new guinea (1 endemic), sulawesi (1 endemic). terrestrial. sympodial. stems with green leaves (2 species) or leaves reduced to scales/bracts. stems without adventitious roots at nodes. column apex not yellow. section leopardanthus (blume) o. kuntze in post & kuntze, lexicon gen. phanerog.: 179 (1904). malesian clade. ca. 26 taxa. distribution: indochina, malaysia, indonesia, philippines, caroline islands (1 taxon), new guinea (3 taxa, 1 endemic), 1 taxon extending to australia and solomon islands, louisiade archipelago (1 endemic). adult phase either sympodial terrestrial (1 species) or monopodial climbing. leafy. stems with adventitious roots at nodes. column apex yellow (3 exceptions). pollinators, conservation of floral stucture, and the significance of flower color the flowers of all dipodium species are unusually consistent in size, shape and structure, especially when compared to the great diversity of floral form found in genera of similar evolutionary reinwardtia 126 [vol.14 fig. 5. diagram summarising the proposed evolution of dipodium, the development of different plant habits, and the infrageneric division into sections. age, such as dendrobium. despite the long period of geographically-enforced separate development, there is hardly any difference in the flowers of the australasian and malesian clades. the simplest explanation for such highly conserved floral morphology is that from an early stage in its evolutionary history, the ancestral dipodium was producing flowers that were a perfect match with its pollinator and neither flower nor insect have undergone major external changes since then. this does not mean that there has been no evolution of floral form since the time of the ancestral dipodium, just that the evolutionary changes have been minor. the only visible difference between flowers of the australasian and malesian clades is the colour of the column apex. no species in the australian clade have a yellow column apex, while most species in the malesian clade (and all the successful ones) have a bright yellow column tip (fig. 6). the evolutionary paths of the pollinating insects in australasia and malesia have diverged, but only slightly. the dipodium species in the two areas have co-evolved along with the pollinators, resulting in a minor floral difference in flower colour between the two clades. the highlyconserved yellow column apex in the malesian clade must be a pollinator-attractant, while the pollinators of the australasian clade do not require yellow on the column to attract them to the flowers. the pollinators in dipodium are not known, but there are two relevant records, both from australia. bernhardt & burns-balogh (1983) reported the removal of pollinia from dipodium punctatum (sm.) r. br. by a female leafcutter bee (chalicodoma derelicta) and jones (1988) observed wasps removing pollinia from d. stenochilum o. schwarz. note that removal of pollinia does not automatically equate with being a pollinator; ling (2011) and ong (2011) both report stingless bees (trigona sarawakensis) collecting pollinia from orchid flowers without causing pollination. 2014] 127 o’byrne: on the evolution of dipodium r. br. it is possible to write a list of characters that the pollinators of dipodium must possess: a medium to large size flying insect that is long-lived and travels long distances. belongs to an old insect group that currently occurs throughout malesia and australasia. possesses some degree of colour vision. solitary bees (eg. leafcutter bees) and solitary wasps (eg. parasitoid wasps of subfamily eumeninae) fulfill the criteria for being pollinators in dipodium. honeybees (apis sp.) and bumblebees (bombus sp.) are excluded because they are not native to australia. unusually in orchidaceae, flower colour is a conserved character in all dipodium species except for d. pandanum (o’byrne, 2011). furthermore, most species share the same colour palette; white to cream tepals with pink to purple spots. several species have yellow tepals with red spots. only a small number of species deviate from these colour palettes and they are all rare, i.e. not very successful. this level of colourconservation must be linked to pollinatorattraction. it also implies that the pollinators are likely to be attracted to and capable of pollinating, different dipodium species. this means that hybrids between dipodium species should occur; the remaining part of this paper deals with this issue. new guinea and the dipodium pandanum complex the island of new guinea has 5 dipodium species. dipodium elatum j. j. sm. is in section dipodium; the other 4 species are in section leopardanthus and arrived in new guinea from malesia. one of these, dipodium brevilabium metusala & o’byrne, occupies an isolated position in the section, while the other three form fig. 6. most species in the malesian clade have a bright yellow column tip. left to right: dipodium bicallosum j.j.sm., dipodium purpureum, dipodium conduplicatum j. j. sm. the dipodium pandanum complex. the species involved are d. fevrellii j. j. sm., d. pandanum bail. and d. brassii o’byrne (in prep.). their distributions are shown in fig. 7. dipodium section leopardanthus would have reached new guinea by island-hopping to the south-east (from modern-day maluku) while the island was being pushed in the opposite direction. new guinea arrived at its present position only recently in geological time, having been pushed to the north-west by the northward drift of australia. the louisiade archipelago, which was originally part of mainland new guinea, got left behind and became a chain of isolated islands. dipodium brassii is the only species found in the louisiade archipelago and is endemic there. although it is possible that it arose in-situ by reversion, its glabrous midlobe flanks are caused by a fundamentally different bud-development to the other new guinea leopardanthus taxa, all of which have hairy midlobe flanks. it is more likely that the ancestor of d. brassii island-hopped to new guinea from the north-east and occupied the whole island before the louisiade archipelago became isolated. dipodium brassii (or its immediate ancestor) was probably the first leopardanthus to reach new guinea and although it has been replaced by more vigorous competitors on the mainland, it has survived on isolated islands that the competitors never reached. o’byrne (in prep.) shows that dipodium fevrellii is widely distributed across the malesian islands (fig. 7). it is one of the most easily recognised species in the section, with red-spotted bright yellow sepals and petals (fig. 8) and a red-marked white midlobe which has stiff bristlelike hairs on its flanks. (fig. 9). in new guinea, it is found only in the west of the island, where it is often hard to distinguish from the rather variable reinwardtia 128 [vol.14 dipodium pandanum. dipodium pandanum is the most common section leopardanthus in new guinea. it is unique in the genus because of the variation in tepal colour (fig. 10). since flower colour is a conserved character in all other dipodium species, this level of colour variation points to a hybrid origin for d. pandanum. the species also shows variation in sidelobe length and an abnormally high degree of variation in the quantity and nature of hairs on the midlobe flanks and the simplest explanation for this is hybridization between a species with glabrous flanks and another with hairy flanks. there are only two possible parents of this hybrid; d. brassii (purple-spotted creamy-white tepals, short side lobes, glabrous fig. 7. map showing the distribution of the three species in the dipodium pandanum complex. midlobe flanks) and d. fevrellii (red-spotted yellow tepals, long sidelobes, hairy midlobe flanks). a hypothetical scenario that accounts for these observations is that d. brassii occupied new guinea before the louisiade archipelago became isolated and before the relatively young volcanic island chain of new britain, bougainville and the solomon islands emerged. after the louisiade archipelago became isolated, d. fevrellii (or its immediate ancestor) invaded new guinea from the west. since the two species have the same pollinators, they hybridized, forming d. pandanum. the hybrid displaced both parent species and occupied new guinea, later spreading through a newly emerged new britain to bougainville and the solomon islands and (only recently) crossing the torres straits to australia. dipodium fevrellii has probably invaded new guinea several times, each time hybridizing with fig. 8. dipodium fevrellii. photo by r. kusumawati. fig. 9. the lip of dipodium fevrellii. arrows point to the rows of bristle-like hairs. photo by r. kusumawati. fig. 10. variation in tepal colour in dipodium pandanum. a: solomon islands, photo by p. j. cribb. b: alba-form, indonesian papua, photo by f. handoyo. c: indonesian papua, showing the influence of d. fevrellii, photo by e. f. de vogel. d: papua new guinea, photo by p. o’byrne. 2014] 129 o’byrne: on the evolution of dipodium r. br. the native dipodium population. the existence of pure-form d. fevrellii in the west of the island is an unhybridized population from the most recent invasion. the cline of d. pandanum forms that is found from west to east is due to the percentage of d. fevrellii in the population; plants in the west have the highest percentage and thus the most bristles amongst the hairs on the midlobe; plants in the solomon islands have the lowest percentage, and thus the midlobe flanks are covered in long soft hairs, not bristles. fig. 11 shows some of the lip variation in d. pandanum and the lips of both parents. although d. pandanum may be of hybrid origin, it has been in existence for a long time, has a widespread population and is stable in the eastern part of its range. therefore, this paper does not propose any taxonomic change to its specific status. in the western part of the range, the population seems to contain many f2, f3 (etc.) hybrids, which cannot be readily distinguished from each other, or from the putative parents. it is beyond the scope of this paper to resolve their status, so they are all treated as d. pandanum, but their existence is noted. for similar reasons, this paper does not propose to change the specific status of d. fevrellii. the species is widespread and easily-recognised across the whole of its range except in western new guinea, where repeated hybridization events apparently caused it to merge with d. pandanum. if it were reduced to synonomy under d. pandanum, it would become impossible to identify these hybrids; it makes no taxonomic sense to make such a change. java & the dipodium scandens – d. pictum complex dipodium scandens (bl.) j. j. sm. and d. pictum (lindl.) rchb. f. are the two earliest names in section leopardanthus. both species are confined to west java, where d. pictum is known only from the type and d. scandens is still found in scattered populations (o’byrne, in prep). both species have been widely misinterpreted, partly because of poor protologues (d. pictum is a mixtum), but also because a hybrid between the two species is more common than either parent. in books and photos of javanese orchids, this hybrid has invariably been referred to as “d. pictum”. the confusion probably originated with j. j. smith (1924), who illustrated 2 different taxa under d. pictum, but chose the wrong one for publication. the published illustration shows the hybrid; the unpublished one is d. pictum. dipodium scandens and d. pictum have totally different flowers, different lip shapes and different stipes. the hybrid, dipodium javanicum (o’byrne, in prep), is intermediate between the parents in each of these (fig. 12). it is being described at specific status because it has formed a stable population that has been in existence for at least one hundred years. there are other, unknown taxa in the javanese complex. the photograph in comber (1990) labelled “d. scandens, west java, 820 m.” shows a taxon from gunung halimun that is neither d. scandens nor d. javanicum. it probably represents another hybrid; the influence of d. scandens on the lip shape is clear. i have seen no herbarium material that matches this photo. borneo the australasian section dipodium never reached borneo; here, all taxa belong to section leopardanthus. apart from a few distinct, uncommon (i.e. not very successful) species, the situation in borneo is extremely complicated. the best-known species is dipodium purpureum j. j. sm. (fig. 13), but d. fragrans o’byrne & vermeulen (fig. 14), d. paludosum (griff.) rchb. f. (fig. 15) and d. puspitae o’byrne (in prep) (fig. 16) are also widespread across the island, while pockets of d. fevrellii can be found in the east. all these taxa probably share the same pollinators and should be capable of interbreeding. it is hardly surprising that many borneo dipodium specimens cannot be placed under any of these existing names and appear to be intermediates between two or more of these species. with the few exceptions mentioned above, dipodium in borneo is in a state of population-flux, with new populations constantly emerging, then inter-breeding with neighbouring populations to produce new hybrids. this has probably been going on for tens or hundreds of millennia, with frequent invasions of species from neighbouring territories preventing the emergence of a stable population. o’byrne (in prep) attempted to produce a specific level taxonomy using traditional morphological methods, but the results are unsatisfactory; it will require an inspired dna analysis to fully resolve the relationships between these constantly changing populations. acknowledgements the author would like to thank phillip cribb, ed de vogel, frankie handoyo, richa kusumawati and ong poh teck, for allowing me to use their photos. thanks to forest research institute malaysia (frim), kebun raya bogor, linus gosuking at kipandi butterfly park (sabah), reinwardtia 130 [vol.14 fig. 11. lip variation in d. pandanum, and the lips of d. fevrellii and d. brassii. fig. 12. lip and column of dipodium javanicum, lip of d. pictum, lip and column of d. scandens. four of the drawings after smith (1905). photos by f. handoyo. 2014] 131 o’byrne: on the evolution of dipodium r. br. fig. 13. dipodium purpureum from sabah, borneo. fig. 14. dipodium fragrans from central kalimantan, borneo. photo by f. handoyo. fig. 15. dipodium paludosum from pahang, peninsular malaysia. fig. 16. dipodium puspitae holotype from jambi, sumatra. the flowers of this species are hard to distinguish from d. paludosum; the most obvious differences are in plant habit. reinwardtia 132 [vol.14 singapore botanic gardens and tenom orchid centre (sabah) for allowing me access to their collections of living plants. thanks to herbarium bogoriense, kepong herbarium in frim, singapore botanic gardens, the royal botanic gardens at kew, and the national her-barium nederland at leiden for allowing me to examine their herbarium collections. finally, my thanks to andre schuiteman and ong poh teck for commenting on (although not necessarily agreeing with) the manuscript. references bernhardt, p. & burns-balogh. 1983. pollination and pollinarium of dipodium punctatum. victorian nat. 100: 197–199. cameron, k. m., chase, m. w., whitten, w. m., kores, p. j., jarrell, d. c., albert, v. a., yukawa, t., hills, h. g. & goldman, d. h. 1999. a phylogenetic analysis of the orchidaceae: evidence from rbcl nucleotide sequences. american journal of botany 86: 208–224. clements, m. a. 2003. molecular phylogenetic systematics in the dendrobiinae (orchidaceae), with emphasis on dendrobium section pedilonum. telopea 10(1): 247–298. comber, j. b. 1990. orchids of java. benthammoxon trust, england: 385 dearnaley, j. d. w. 2006. recent studies of the biology of the yellow hyacinth orchid dipodium hamiltonianum. orchadian 15: 128–130. jones, d. l. 1988. native orchids of australia. reed australia. ling, c. y. 2011. caught red-handed – stingless bee robs pollinia from corymborkis veratrifolia. mal. orc. j. 8: 111–112. o’byrne, p. 2013. a revision of dipodium in peninsular malaysia mal. orc. j. 12: 59–92. o’byrne, p. a revision of dipodium section leopardanthus. (in prep.) ong, p. t. 2011. a stingless bee robs dendrobium microglaphys of its pollinia. mal. orc. j. 8:113– 115. pridgeon, a. m., cribb, p. j., chase, m. w. & r a s m u s s e n , f . n . 2 0 0 9 . g e n e r a orchidacearum vol. 5, epidendroideae (part 2). oxford university press: 65–68. schuiteman, a. dendrobium. in: pridgeon, a. m., cribb, p. j., chase, m. w. & rasmussen, f. n. (eds.). genera orchidacearum. vol. 6: epidendroideae (part 3). oxford: oxford university press. (in prep.) smith, j. j. 1905. die orchideen von java. brill, leiden. smith, j. j. 1924. tafeln javanischer orchideen, 2. bulletin du jardin botanique de buitenzorg, s. 3 (6) 1: tab. 1–25. stern, w. l. & judd, w. s. 2002. systematic and c o m p a r a t i v e a n a t o m y o f c y m b i d i e a e (orchidaceae). botanical journal of the linnean society 139: 1–27. wood, h. p. 2006. the dendrobiums. ruggell, liechtenstein: gantner verlag. instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 402-581-2-pb belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(4): 317 — 3 8 9 , december 20, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) teguh triono (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) eizi suzuki (kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami lay out editor deden sumirat hidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers ed de vogel (netherlands), henk van der werff (usa), irawati (indonesia), jan f. veldkamp (netherlands), jens g. rohwer (denmark), lauren m. gardiner (uk), masahiro kato (japan), marshall d. sunberg (usa), martin callmander (usa), rugayah (indonesia), paul forster (australia), peter hovenkamp (netherlands), ulrich meve (germany). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 4, pp: 347 356 six years experience on plant identification services: a case study in herbarium bogoriense received december 23, 2011; accepted august 30, 2012 alex sumadijaya herbarium bogoriense, research center for biology lipi. jl. raya jakarta-bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail: alexsumadijaya@gmail. com abstract sumadijaya, a. six years experience on plant identification services: a case study in herbarium bogoriense. reinwardtia 13(4): 347-356. — the herbarium bogoriense (bo), an integrated part of the botanical division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences, receives plant specimens to be identified on a daily basis. in a six year period from 2005 to 2010, data were extracted from thousand of identification requests by hundreds of clients. patterns were observed based on variables such as time, plant groups, client expertises, and taxonomic level. outputs from these analysis are being expected to become one of the pillar to build a unifying scheme for botanical research at the herbarium bogoriense by focusing on human resources development to deal with biodiversity issues about frequently encountered taxa. keywords: biodiversity, herbarium bogoriense, id service, names, specimen. abstrak sumadijaya, a. pengalaman enam tahun dalam pelayanan identifikasi tumbuhan: sebuah studi kasus di herbarium bogoriense. reinwardtia 13(4): 347-356. — herbarium bogoriense (bo), sebagai bagian dari bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, menerima jasa identifikasi tumbuhan sebagai kegiatan rutin. data selama enam tahun sejak 2005 sampai 2010, dikumpulkan dari ribuan hasil identifikasi yang diajukan oleh ratusan pengguna. pencarian pola pelayanan berdasarkan beberapa faktor antara lain waktu, kelompok tumbuhan, keahlian pengguna serta hirarki taksonomi. luaran dari analisis ini diharapkan dapat menjadi dasar untuk membangun sebuah skema yang menyatukan skema penelitian botani di herbarium bogoriense dengan memfokuskan pada pengembangan sumber daya manusia yang berkaitan dengan keanekaragaman taksa yang sering dijumpai sehari-hari. kata kunci: keanekaragaman hayati, herbarium bogoriense, jasa identifikasi, nama, spesimen. introduction plant identification service every year, the herbarium bogoriense (bo) receives hundred of requests for plant identification (id) service. supported by the best qualified technicians (parataxonomists) for identification, as well as plant taxonomists for validation of the plant names, the institution maintains the status as the national scientific authority for plant biodiversity in indonesia. it has numerous plant specimens as reference collections (dried, spirit, and carpology) and become one of the oldest herbaria in the tropics, which is established in 1817 (holmgren et al, 1990). the annual report of the research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences (the parent institution) inconsistently mentioned the cumulative number of specimen which has been determined and number of client during each calendar year (january 1st to december 31st). annually, the number of client and specimen were varies, with the following records: 1484 specimens in 2002 (anonymous, 2003); 2272 specimens in 2003 (prasetyo, 2004); 311 clients and 2567 specimens in 2008 (anonymous, 2009); 332 clients and 2650 specimens in 2009 (anonymous, 2010). the basic function of the service is to provide clients with the scientific name(s) of their plant specimens. the id service starts when a client request for plant identification being received by bo (delivered by client, courier or sent by mail). the specimen was then identified by parataxonomist to determine the species name. the next step was validation of the name by plant taxonomists or often the curator(s) of the particular taxa. the result is a written certificate, given to the client, with the scientific name(s) of the specimen(s) under family, genus and species names. most of the requests can be resolved into the species level, or even the infraspecies level, although some remain unresolved only to genera or family level, or were unidentified. during 6 years, dynamic of the id services were unrecorded with respect to the feature such as taxonomic level, time of certificate issue, and field of expertise of the client. these data change with time, but the pattern, if any, remains unknown. re347 348 reinwardtia [vol.13 suit of data mining and pattern seeking can be used to focus limited human resources on particular priority taxa that were frequently accessed. the clear objectives for the study was to digitize the data, as well as establish a baseline for quantitative information of the id services, and improve the result. any defect, mainly dealing with standarisation (e.g. for names), can be revised for bo's future improvement of id services. in addition, a more advanced utilization of the data could be used for the development of policy issues at local, national, or international levels. for example, the data can be used to identify (potentially) valuable species for national programs, or for supporting assessments in biodiversity. bo's human resources and plants collection to identify the specimens, parataxonomists rely on the reference of bo's dried collection. bo has dried collections which comprises 306 families of spermatophytes, and more than 30 families and groups in pteridophytes. most collections were collected from the malesia phytogeography region, with a smaller number of plant collections from other region, as a result of voucher deposits from other herbaria. considering variable number of the families in flowering plants as mentioned in heywood (1993) and realizing differences in major plant classification systems (brummit, 1992), the taxon names being used for identification is based on a system which has been exclusively developed by the herbarium bogoriense. over time, the system had been influenced by prominent botanists such as f. w. junghuhn (1809-1864), c. a. backer (1874 1963), and c. g .g. j. van steenis (1901-1986). today, plant taxonomists expertise in bo are distributed unequally, most focus on taxa with important ecological functions or economic uses. several large families have more than one expert (number in parentheses) e.g. orchidaceae (2), arecaceae (2), araceae (2), zingiberaceae (2), begoniaceae (2), and poaceae (2). on the contrary, the large collection of pteridophytes have only 3 experts. the remaining taxonomists focus on euphorbiaceae, myrtaceae, rutaceae, sapotaceae, pandanaceae, musaceae, araceae, lauraceae, rafflesiaceae, balsaminaceae, bryophytes, and basidiomycetes. these staff come from various education levels, ranging from bachelors to doctoral degree, and professorship. name validation also conducted by accessing authorized websites ( w w w . i p n i . o r g , w w w . t r o p i c o s . o r g , and www.theplantlist.org) regularly. material and method digital available data extracted from the year of 2005 to 2010. the data were arranged annually, and each year comprised of hundred of request from clients. the procedure for the data analysis was divided into 2 phases. phase one consisted of copying the data from the certificates (.doc or .docx), then arranging it into columns (scientific names, families, client, and time factor) on a spreadsheet (.xls). the next step was standardizing the format (e.g. look at nomenclature issues in discussion) for easier sorting. data were checked based on client name to remove any duplicate entries. phase 2 involved searching for annual pattern(s) in the data. data were sorted into alphabetical order to extract for scientific names, clients, and time period. in each year, data were filtered for the most frequently identified taxa, by ordering from the highest rank into the lowest one. the final step was comparing these data annually to spot any pattern(s) over the years. result and analysis the study covered 15,779 specimens from 4,158 client requests six years (72 months) period. in total, there were 3,783 specimens being determined (including synonyms), within 1,377 genera and 314 families. taxon determination with cf. status and infra-specific level were treated as being part of the appointed species. nomenclature issues standardization of names is very important, since many taxa have synonyms or alternative names. different names treated to the same taxon could be the result of whether different human resources (with varying taxonomic backgrounds and expertise during the validation process) or purely changes in classification. several widely known families of compositae, cruciferae, gramineae, guttiferae, labiatae, leguminosae, palmae, and umbelliferae were treated each under nomen alternativum (mcneill et al., 2006), as asteraceae, apiaceae, poaceae, clusiaceae, lamiaceae, fabaceae, arecaceae and brassicaceae consecutively. these alternative names were found occasionally contaminating the certificates, sometimes written as e.g. lllabiatae= lamiaceae". these inconsistencies are the priority for future improvement. there were also cases such as papilionaceae, caesalpiniaceae, and mimosaceae which regarded as three different 2012] sumadijaya: six years experiences on plant identification services in herbarium bogoriense 349 families. it was decided to unify these taxa under single family in accordance with specimen management storage at bo. typing errors also found, with different character(s) (e.g. allophilus of allophyllus) and character inconsistency (e.g. axonophus compressus of axonopus compressus). synonyms problem were haunting in the analysis, since a name easily becomes synonym under particular taxa. here, from 3,783 names given, each might not represent a unique taxa. some of these were discussed in species section below. number of specimens and clients specimen and client number were slowly increasing in six years, as shown by linear regression analysis in figure 1. this analysis has goal to forecast and anticipate the bulk of specimen in the future. it will become a strong justification to improve the management system for id services. the year of 2006 marked the lowest client number, with 604 clients, a slight decrease from 621 clients in 2005. then, the client number increased steadily to 645 in 2007, 676 in 2008, expanding to 792 in 2009, and reached 819 in 2010. contrary to client numbers, the year of 2006 with 2,810 specimens served as the peak point after the increase from 2,032 in the previous year. in the following years of 2007 and 2008, specimen number dropped to 2,609 and 2,537 in a row, before reaching up to 2,843 in 2009, and 2,948 in 2010. these dynamic figures might correspond to dynamic number of people who have involved general biodiversity issues or focusing on species in their research project, such as forestry and mining. the annual report of the research center for biology (2009) showed different number, with lower client number (332), which might be caused by unfiltered multiple clients, and higher specimen number (2,576), which caused by the duplication of specimen input. time component twelve months period in each year were divided into 4 quarters, each with three months interval as seen in figure 2. in the first quarter (january march), specimen number were relatively stable, except for 2009, which increased to 562 in february. the most productive time was during the last quarter (october december) with ca. 400 specimens identified (600 in 2009), except for 2005 and 2006, when the number dropped dramatically to less than 200 specimens in november and december respectively. each year, the period of minimum specimen (less than 100 specimens) was generally 1 month. in the case of 2007, march to may had a low number in id service because of the institution relocation from bogor to the new location at cibinong science center. on the following year, the low specimen number might be the result of no extra ordinary activity in the beginning of the year, which was associated with budget allocation in most institutions. caution should be noted in the time factor recorded on the certificate. it was represent the month of the id service was approved by the institution, not the time of specimen arrival at bo. most clients with single specimen received the result as the same month as the sample arrived. however, some clients had hundred of specimens. it resulted in the work of id services that would be extended up to 2 29*8o i total specimens linear (totals peeimens) i total clients lineal (clients) 2005 2010 fig 1. number of clients and specimens varies annually, trends show steady increase with linear regression. 350 reinwardtia [vol.13 2500 january february march april may june july august september october november december • 2010 • 2009 d2008 • 2007 • 2006 • 2005 fig. 2. client requests within the 6 year period studied. note the light period (march-april), in contrast to significant increase in the last quarter (october december). 3 months before the certificate issued. client expertises unfortunately the expertises of the client were not properly recorded, as the data were inconsistently noted. on average, 67.37 % of the total client (ranging from 59.0% in 2008 to 76.7% in 2009) did not mention their expertise explicitly. field of expertises were extracted from the remaining 32.63% client who mentioned their domain explicitly. some clients did mention their expertise generally as natural sciences. natural sciences is a broad domain which can be categorised into pharmacy, biology, chemistry, mathematics, geography, and physics. the first three is often to use id services, rather than the last three. this case makes natural sciences as a domain lacks of details and produces bias information. therefore it was not included in the analysis. the dominant clients were pharmacy, followed by biology and chemistry which almost equal in number. medical field increased slowly after appeared in 2005, whereas forestry was up and down sporadically from year to year. other minor fields were oceanography, anthropology, and geology. focusing on the institutions, most of the users came from various educational institutions such as universities (public and private) and academies of pharmacy, whether as undergraduate or graduate students, from either indonesia or overseas. others were from public sector, mainly various research centers in biotechnology, chemistry, and geotechnology, all are parts of indonesian institute of sciences, veterinary services, government departments (forestry, agriculture), botanical gardens, national parks, as well as private companies (food, pharmaceutical, foundry, plantation and agribusiness, and forest concessions). minority came from international groups, international companies, non -governmental organizations, and hospitals. interesting sporadic requests were made by bpom (badan pengawas obat dan makanan, the national agency of drug and food control). the institution requested identification of many specimens at once, with each specimen was given a single certificate apart from another, which resulted in large number of certificates. data dilemma based on various client backgrounds, the samples given for id services were in variable state. some were severely damaged by fungi, due to improper method of preservation, or lacked of vital parts like flower and inflorescence, which is difficult to be identified. this resulted in unidentified specimens, or identified only to family or genera level. to date, the information still leaves several unresolved questions. one was the lack of information about which plant parts were used for identification (the plant parts could be twigs, leaves, stems, tubers, flowers, fruits, or the whole plant). answering this question could help anticipate future obstacles to successful identification. second, the exact locations (island, mountain, beach, forest, or other geographical details), and habitat or sites (plantation, roadside, garden, mine, conversion area, or other landscape information) of specimens was not recorded, resulting in difficulties to determine the origin of specimens. future potential the id services potentially inform the existence of new species. it can serve as the hunting ground for new species candidate if we focus on unidentified specimens at families or, and genera level, with appropriate generative structure and field notes. new record regarding expansion of distribution area of certain taxa can be resulted from this activity. in order to do so, a specific task force should be 2012] sumadijaya: six years experiences on plant identification services in herbarium bogoriense 351 assembled. for temporary, the comparison can be treated only for the island of java, which has detailed inventory of spermatophytes in flora of java. the three volume books of flora of java serve as basic list to monitor the plants in this island. plant group the division of plants were based on practical reason. among these groups are: spermatophytes (seeded plant), pteridophytes (fern), bryophytes (mosses), lichens and fungi. most specimens were spermatophytes with 14,540 specimens (92.1%). the spermatophytes itself divided into subgroups of angiosperm which had significant portion with 14,495 specimens (91.8%) and gymnosperms with 45 specimens (0.3%). angiosperms consist of dicotyledoneae with 12,162 specimens (77%) and monocotyledoneae with 2,333 specimens (14.8%), as seen in figure 3. annual dynamic of plant groups were visualised in figure 4. the dicotyledoneae within spermatophytes noted as the largest proportion of identified plant group. the result was matched with the prediction, since the majority of flowering plants are within these groups, which have most frequent interaction with people's daily life. pteridophytes (612 specimens, 3.9%) ranging from 55 specimens in 2007 to 149 specimens in 2009. from 2008, there were more than 100 specimens annually. the group only had a small proportion of the total specimens, but has stable presence in each passing year. gymnosperms comprised fewer than 10 specimens annually, except for 2008 when there were 16 specimens. the rest of the groups had percentages around 1% of the total specimens. lichens were a tiny fraction (101 specimens, 0.6 %), ranging from 1 in 2005 up to 67 in 2006, with less than 15 specimens for the next 4 years. bryophytes (185 specimens, 1.1%) and fungi (136 specimens, 0.9%) only occur sporadically. the former was absent in 2006 and 2007, whereas the latter was absent in 2007 and 2010. sargassum granuliforum c. agardh. (sargassaceae) represented thalophytes, had only single occurrence within the 6 years period, which was in 2009. for oceanic species, it was assumed that most of the specimen being given to the research center for oceanography which focus on marine species. families the top 10 families based on identified specimen were marked by euphorbiaceae as the most specimen (943), followed by fabaceae (797), moraceae (combined with cecropiaceae, 736), rubiaceae (593), zingiberaceae (combined with costaceae, 588), myrtaceae (521), poaceae (502), asteraceae (491), dipterocarpaceae (359), and lauraceae (358) as seen in figure 5. to visualize some taxa dynamics, criteria were subjectively defined (more than 50 specimens annually from 6 consecutive years). as consequences, only several of the top ten families being represented here. families with 50 specimens, but without consecutive presence within these years or vice versa, were rejected from figure 6. as the largest family identified with 943 specimens, euphorbiaceae consisted of various species within 58 genera. macaranga was the largest genus with 100 specimens (10.6%), followed by glochidion with 86 specimens (9.12%), mallotus with 67 specimens (7.1%), phyllanthus with 60 specimens (6.36%), antidesma with 57 specimens (6.04%), acalypha with 55 specimens (5.83%), baccaurea with 53 specimens (5.62%), and aporusa with 49 specimens (5.19%). the rest of the genera each contributed less than 5 %. fabaceae had 797 specimens, and had the largest number of genera (78) compared to all identified 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 i un id i thallophytes i lichen i fungi i bryophytes i pteridophytes angiosp. monocot i angiosp. dicot i gymnosperm fig. 3. percentage of total plant group identified. percentages only correspond with dicotyledoneae and monocotyledoneae as the largest components. fern, lichens, thallophytes, fungi and gymnosperms have very small proportion shown here. 352 reinwardtia [vol.13 3000 2000 1000 • thallophytes • lichens • fungi • bryophytes • pteridophytes • monocot • dicot • gymnospermae 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 fig. 4. dynamics of plant groups identified. thallophytes have very small proportion that is not shown here. fabaceae moraceae 1 rubiaceae t zinqiberaceae [ myrtaceae 1 asteraceae 1 dipterocarpaceae lauraceae meliaceae clusiaceae 200 400 600 800 1000 fig. 5. ten dominant families from 2005 to 2010. 200 100 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 • dipterocarpaceae • euphorbiaceae fabaceae • moraceae •zingiberaceae rubiaceae fig. 6. identification at family level. only 6 families top dominant are shown. dipterocarpaceae has a significant increase at the end of the period. specimen only showed at dipterocarpaceae, euphorbiaceae & fabaceae. 2012] sumadijaya: six years experiences on plant identification services in herbarium bogoriense 353 family. the largest genus was cassia with 56 specimens (7.02%), comprised of 13 species (some were ornamental plants such as c. fistula l., c. hirsuta l., c. multijuga rich., and c. siamea lam.). there was no dominant genus with more than 10% proportion. it happened due to almost equal distribution of the genera. some were pulses such as arachis hypogaea l., cajanus cajan (l.) huth, glycine max (l.) merr., parkia speciosa hassk., p. timoriana (dc.) merr., phaseolus radiatus l., p. lunatus l., p. vulgaris l., pithecellobium jiringa (jack) prain ex king, tamarindus indica l., and vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. fabaceae also contains forages such as calopogonium mucunoides desv., desmodium spp., and leucaena leucocephala (lam.) de wit, as well as wayside trees (dalbergia, pterocarpus indicus willd.), and even weeds (mimosapudica l.). moraceae, with 737 specimens, was dominated by the giant genus of ficus (516 specimens, 70.1%), which was discussed further in the genera section. meanwhile artocarpus, known as either a vegetable or fruit in daily life, with a. altilis (park.) fosberg, a. heterophyllus lam. and a. integra merr., consisted of only 143 specimens (19.4%). these 2 genera were making for almost 90% of the specimens of the family. the remaining c. 10% was occupied by morus (34 specimens, 4.6%), with contribution of some minor genera such as antiaris, broussonetia, cecropia, cudrania, fatoua, parartocarpus, poikilospermum, sloetia, streblus, and taxotrophis. zingiberaceae, with 588 specimens (costus, with 29 specimens also included here). two genera of curcuma and zingiber occupied more than half (59.9%) of the family. further discussion is in the section on genera trends. poaceae had 502 specimens. bamboos as a distinct group consisted of 58 specimens (11.55%). oryza sativa l., a staple food in indonesia, had 32 specimens, with 4 specimens identified to the infraspecific level i.e. o. sativa f. glutinosa blanco (recognized as sticky rice). zea mays l. had 13 specimens. the sugar cane, saccharum, occured with 3 species (s. edule hassk, s. officinarum l., and s. spontaneum l.) of 7 specimens. axonopus compressus (sw.) beauv., an exotic species from south america now commonly used as lawn grass, had 23 specimens. it has polymorphic appearance, contributed to different vernacular names such as jukut pait, suket pait, papaitan, or rumput gajah mini. the essential oil producer cymbopogon was recorded with 2 species of 26 specimens. the dominant weeds genera encountered were imperata, panicum, paspalum, and pennisetum. weedy asteraceae consisted of 491 specimens. similarly to fabaceae, 49 genera were distributed almost equally and resulted on no dominant genus with more than 10% proportion of each genera within family. the largest contributions were gynura (48 specimens, 9.77%), eupatorium combined with chromolaena (35 specimens, 7.12%), blumea (41 specimens, 8.35%), and pluchea with single species of p, indica (l.) lees. (30 specimens, 6.1%). the other genera were less than 5% and included of ageratum, bidens, clibadium, cosmos, elephantopus, erigeron, lactuca, mikania, sonchus, synedrella, tagetes, tridax, and wedelia. the rest of the families with more than 100 specimens annually were economic importance such as rubiaceae (593; medicine, ornamental, and weeds), myrtaceae (521; fruit and spices), lauraceae (358 specimens, fruit and spices), dipterocarpaceae (359 specimens, timber trees), meliaceae (316 specimens, fruit, medicine, and timber) and clusiaceae (291 specimens, fruit and medicine). largest unidentified specimens belonged to the families of rubiaceae (23), dipterocarpaceae (17), fabaceae (15), arecaceae (11), and apocynaceae (10). meanwhile, 196 specimens remained unidentified to the family level because specimens were incomplete, broken, fragmented, or experienced colour change. number of ornamental plants such as araceae (homalomena, aglaonema) were less than expected. this might be caused by easier access to popular information from trubus, an agricultural and hobbyist magazine, which provides informations for ornamental, medicinal, and other economic prospective plants. an interesting fact was observed in the banana family. musaceae had 53 specimens, but only 10 specimens were identified by using scientific names (m acuminata colla, m. balbisiana colla, or m. paradisiaca l.). the rest were identified as either musa "abb" (followed by local names, mainly kepok, with other variants such as nangka, uli, lampung, raja sereh, tanduk), or musa "aaa" (followed by local names, mainly ambon, and with other variants such as mas, barangan, ambon lumut, and giant cavendish). it was illustrating the use of two systems which were 1.) a botanical binomial nomenclature of species name for wild type, and 2.) a standardized genotype based with local names on recognized cultivated variants. most of the specimens that have been identified were banana cultivars and some of them were not using the current system. classification and nomenclature of banana cultivars have been a long complicated issue. today, the three tiers system using species, genome group, and cultivar are being adopted. the edible diploid and triploid which were 354 reinwardtia [vol.13 derivatived from musa acuminata colla and musa balbisiana colla uses the scientific name of their respective wild parents. whereas the hybrids will be classified under musa x paradisiaca l. as recognized by international code of nomenclature for cultivated plants. genera ten largest genera were identified as ficus (514 specimens), syzygium (341 specimens), shorea (264 specimens), piper (261 specimens), curcuma (199 specimens), garcinia (172 specimens), zingiber (148 specimens), artocarpus (143 specimens), litsea (130 specimens), and aglaia (110 specimens) as shown in figure 7. with similar rules as for the families, criteria were subjectively being customised to identify genera dynamic. the criteria was the number which must exceed 15 specimens annually within 6 consecutive years (figure 8). ficus had the highest number with 514 specimens. two dominant taxa, each with significant portions of the total were f. sinuata thunb. (31 specimens) and f. fistulosa reinw. ex blume (27 specimens). fifty two specimens (10.11%) remained unidentified and was the highest unidentified genus in id services. it might be caused by polymorphic species appearance and sterile specimens which made difficulties in id service. next genus was syzygium with 20 specimens in 2005, increasing to more than 50 specimens in the following year. it showed steady progress through the rest of the period and included a variety of species. syzygium had variable species with 341 specimens (65.45%) from the rest of myrtaceae. psidium, an exotic plant in indonesia with only a single species (psidium guajava l.) followed it with 57 specimens (10.94%). ficus syzygium shorea piper curcuma garcinia zingiber artocarpus litsea aglaia 1514 1341 ]264 1261 199 ^ 1 7 2 ] 1 4 8 143 130 3110 200 specimen number 400 600 fig. 7. ten dominant genera from 2005 to 2010. 150 100 138 2005 2oo6 2007 2008 2009 • curcuma 1 ficus piper • shorea syzygium 2 0 1 o fig. 8. identifications at genera level. the graphic is shown the largest 5 families dominant with specimen number, except for curcuma. 2012] sumadijaya: six years experiences on plant identification services in herbarium bogoriense 355 shorea showed a significant increase in 2010, with more than 100 specimens. the genus was dominant family of dipterocarpaceae (264 of 359 specimens, 73.53%). two of the most frequent species, s. selanica blume (66 specimens, 25%) and s. assamica dyer (31 specimens, 11.7%) resulted in more than one third of the family. high demand of identification for this taxa were due to its high economic value. the remaining genera with less than 25 specimens were dipterocarpus (24), hopea (20), vatica (18), cotylelobium (13), parashorea (6) and anisoptera (3). piper with 261 specimens was a significant component of piperaceae (93.21%). more than half of piper was p. betle l. (132 specimens, 47.14%). three other genera, heckeria, pilea, and peperomia, which only represented minor proportion. specimens of curcuma (199 specimens, 33.8%) was consisted of c. zanthorrhiza roxb., c. zedoaria roscoe, c. longa l., and c. mangga valeton & zipp. zingiber (148 specimens, 25.2%) was consisted of z officinale roscoe, z zerumbet (l.) smith, and z montanum (j. konig) a. dietr. both genera dominated in zingiberaceae were the next significant genera within 6 years. the detail is discussed under species section. garcinia was the largest genus (172 specimens, 59.1%) in clusiaceae, with a total of 291 specimens. the next giant genus was calophyllum (105 specimens, 36.1%) with the remaining (5.8%) distributed in 4 genera (clusia, cratoxylon, mammea, and mesua). some genera with significant number of species remained unidentified to the species level were syzygium (65 specimens), ficus (51 specimens), calamus (34 specimens), and dendrobium (21 specimens). species top ten species were piper betle (132 specimens), zingiber officinale (84 specimens), phaleria macrocarpa (74 specimens), alpinia galanga (l.) willd. (72 specimens), curcuma zanthorrhiza (69 specimens, with c. xanthorrhiza treated as synonym (newman, et al. 2004)), shorea selanica (66 specimens), aloe barbadensis mill. (65 specimens), psidium guajava (57 specimens), hibiscus sabdariffa l. (54 specimens), and syzygium polyanthum piper betle l [ zngiberofinale roscoe [ phaleria irarocarpa (scheff.) boerl [ alpinia galanga (l.) willd. [ curcuma zanthormiz a roxb. [ shorea selanca blume [ alobe barbadense mil [ psidium guajava lnn. [ syzygumpolyanthumwa . [ hibiscus sabrida l. [ 60 90 120 150 fig. 9. ten dominant species from 2005 to 2010 250 200 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 • forestry • biology • agriculture • chemistry • medicine • pharmacy fig. 10. expertise from 32.63% of total clients. the majority were from the pharmacy sector. 356 reinwardtia [vol.13 (wight) masam (54 specimens), as shown in figure 9. real obstacles were faced in efforts to generate species patterns using customizable criteria. there was no single species with a cumulative number equal to, or greater than 8 specimens annually for 6 consecutive years. species names tend to occur randomly. for example, p. betle presence was recorded in each year except in 2008. c. zedoaria, z. officinale, a. barbadensis (with synonym a. vera (l.) burm.f) occurs randomly for 4 years. ageratum conyzoides l., andrographis paniculata nees, carica papaya l., camelia chinensis kuntze, centella asiatica (l.) urb., phaleria macrocarpa boerl., p. guajava, and s. polyanthum occured in non-consecutive three years within six years period. no pattern was revealed on species level. there were 2 factors contributed to this result: relatively short time and the abundance of species name. too many species names resulted in too few accumulation on each taxa. i assume longer periods combined with other customizable criteria, will reveals patterns at the species level. conclusion specimen pattern had not detected for short period of time and too many species. however, for genera and families level, the data showed dynamic appearance in six year. it was assumed the data will reveal something more robust if collected comprehensively for at least one decade. with more data, the dynamics will show the information with better resolution. ten years data can be treated as first baseline for the next decade. the family euphorbiaceae, the genus ficus, and the species p. betle had shown up as the highest hit on three different levels. these temporary results can be explained by great diversity as well as significant utilization in some species in euphorbiaceae, many different species of ficus, and intensive projects in uncovering the savor of p. betle. furthermore, the id services can be used as one of the effort to add bo's the new plant collection since the materials originated from elsewhere in indonesia. it is a smart way to save time, budget, and energy of bo's staffs, which only collect them during limited field work. capacity building of human resources in bo should be directed to overcome challenges in particular taxa. along with time, the regeneration of identification skill become the main issue, since the senior parataxonomists will retire. to train young technicians to be professional parataxonomist, on the other hand, will take considerable time and energy to expand their expertise in plant identification. focusing in the right facet, priorities should be directed toward families with significant proportions in id services since they represented more frequent utilized taxa contact within society. on the other side, it will serve as general map to see the blank spot of the families expertise in the institution. in the future, collaboration with other taxonomists worldwide on relevant taxa is required to solve numerous problems. with cooperation, various analysis can reveal new pattern to discover something new. acknowledgement the author expresses his gratitude to prof. eko baroto walujo, the former director of bo, for permission to use the data. ms. yayan helped with data input for the years of 2005 and 2006. acknowledgement to dr. gillian dean for invaluable positive criticism on structure and english language. mr. suhardjono and ms. j.j. afriastini provided positive criticism with respect to identification. the author also thank dr. teguh triono, dr. joeni setijo rahajoe, and ms. lulut dwi sulistyaningsih for useful discussions and inputs. references anonymous. 2003. laporan tahunan pusat penelitian biologi tahun anggaran 2002. pusat penelitian biologi-lipi, bogor. anonymous. 2009. laporan tahunan pusat penelitian biologi tahun anggaran 2008. pusat penelitian biologi-lipi, bogor. anonymous. 2010. laporan tahunan pusat penelitian biologi tahun anggaran 2009. pusat penelitian biologi-lipi, bogor. brummitt, r. k. 1992. vascular plant families and genera. royal botanic garden, kew. heywood, v. h. 1993. flowering plants of the world. b.t. batsford ltd, london. holmgren, p. k, holmgren, n. h. & barnett, l. c. 1990. index herbariorum, part i: the herbaria of the world, 8th ed. new york botanical garden, new york. keng, h. 1978. orders and families of malayan seed plants. singapore university press. singapore. mcneill, i, barrie, f. r., burdet, h. m., desmoulin, v., hawksworth, d. l., marhold, k., nicholson, d. h., prado, i, silvap, c, skog, j. e., wiersemaj. h. & turland, n. j. 2006. international code of botanical nomenclature (vienna code). regnum vegetabile 146. a.r.g. gantner verlag kg, vienna. newman, m., lhuillier, a. & poulsen, a. d. 2004. blumea supplement 16. checklist of zingiberaceae of malesia. nationaal herbarium netherlandsuniversiteit leiden branch, leiden. prasetyo, e. b. 2004. laporan tahunan pusat penelitian biologi tahun anggaran 2003. pusat penelitian biologi-lipi. bogor. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 4. 2012 contents page sri endarti rahayu, tatik chikmawati, kuswata kartawinata & alex hartana. morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae: a case study in the javanese species 317 sri rahayu. hoya (apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae) diversity in gunung gede pangrango national park, west java, indonesia 331 deby arifiani, adi basukriadi & tatik chikmawati. newly described species of endiandra (lauraceae) from new guinea 341 alex sumadijaya. six years experience on plant identification services: case study in herbarium bogoriense 347 bayu adjie, agung kurniawan, norio sahashi & yasuyuki watano. dicksonia timorense (diksoniaceae), a hemi-epiphytic new species of tree fern endemic on timor island, indonesia ... 3 5 7 ian m. turner. nomenclatural notes relevant to the flora of indonesia 363 wita wardani, arief hidayat & dedy darnaedi. the new pteridophyte classification and sequence employed in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for malesian ferns 367 diah sulistiartni. the orchids genus dilochia in indonesia 379 dedy darnaedi. book review 389 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology lipi cibinong, indonesia depan img576_page_3_page_1 img576_page_3_page_2 438-639-1-sm_page_12 belakang reinwardtia vol. 21. no. 2. pp: 81‒82 doi: 10.55981/reinwardtia.v21i2.4430 81 correcting a minor error: a new name for a marantaceae species from new guinea received october 5, 2022; accepted november 11, 2022 ian m. turner singapore botanical liaison officer, royal botanic gardens kew, u.k. singapore botanic gardens, national parks board, 1 cluny road, singapore 259569, republic of singapore. email: i.turner@kew.org. abstract turner, i. m. 2022. correcting a minor error: a new name for a marantaceae species from new guinea. reinwardtia 21(2): 81‒82. — the new name, phrynium cominsia i.m.turner, and lectotype are published for cominsia minor valeton (marantaceae). key words: cominsia, indonesia, lectotype, nomen novum, phrynium. abstrak turner, i. m. 2022. perbaikan kesalahan kecil: nama baru jenis marantaceae dari papua nugini. reinwardtia 21 (2): 81‒82. — nama baru tersebut adalah phrynum cominsia i.m.turner, dan diterbitkan sebagai tipe pengganti cominsia minor valeton (marantaceae). kata kunci: cominsia, indonesia, nama baru, phrynium, tipe pengganti. introduction in their revision of the generic organisation of asian marantaceae, suksathan et al. (2009) reduced the genus cominsia to phrynium. among the new combinations at species rank that were made to accompany this realignment, cominsia minor valeton was transferred to phrynium, as ‘phrynium minor’. the latin term minor is a comparative adjective derived from parvus meaning small, so minor means smaller. latin adjectives typically decline according to the gender of the noun that they are describing, or in plant nomenclature when used as a specific (or infraspecific) epithet with the gender of the generic name with which they form the name (icn (turland et al., 2018) art. 23.5). for masculine and feminine genders, minor is the correct declension, for genera with a neuter gender the epithet is correctly minus. therefore, ‘phrynium minor’ is correctible to phrynium minus. but this name has been used before by schumann (1902) for what is now known as stachyphrynium repens (körn.) suksathan. & borchs. the new combination in phrynium for cominsia minor is therefore an illegitimate later homonym, and cannot be the correct name for the species. as there appear to be no heterotypic synonyms available, a replacement name is proposed here, using the old generic name as the specific epithet. cominsia minor was described by valeton from plants growing in the bogor botanic garden, that were originally introduced from south-west new guinea. the protologue included a detailed plate, presumably drawn from living material. valeton made no reference to herbarium material and no likely type material was located in herbarium bogoriense (h. rustiami pers. comm.). therefore, valeton’s plate is here selected as lectotype of the name cominsia minor. phrynium cominsia i.m.turner, nom. nov. replaced synonym: cominsia minor valeton, bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg, ser. iii, 2 (1920) 351, t. ii. – phrynium minus suksathan & borchs., bot. j. linn. soc. 159 (2009) 394, as ‘minor’, nom. illegit., non p. minus k.schum. (1902). lectotype: [published illustration] valeton, bull. jard. bot buitenzorg, ser. iii, 2 (1920) t. ii (designated here). acknowledgements dr. himmah rustiami very kindly checked herbarium bogoriense for type material of cominsia minor. references schumann, k. 1902. marantaceae. in: engler, a. das pflanzenreich 4: 1‒184. suksathan, p., gustafsson, m. h. & borchsenius, f. 2009. phylogeny and generic delimitation of asian marantaceae. botanical journal of the linnean society 159: 381 ‒395. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v19i1.3850 mailto:i.turner@kew.org https://dx.doi.org/10.55981/reinwardtia.v21i2.4430 reinwardtia 82 [vol.21 turland, n. j., wiersema, j. h., barrie, f. r., greuter, w., hawksworth, d. l., herendeen, p. s., knapp, s., kusber, w. h., li, d. z., marhold, k., may, t. w., mcneill, j., monro, a. m., prado, j., price, m. j. & smith, g. f. 2018. international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (shenzhen code) adopted by the nineteenth international botanical congress shenzhen, china, july 2017. regnum vegetabile 159: 1‒254. a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(4): 317 — 3 8 9 , december 20, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) teguh triono (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) eizi suzuki (kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami lay out editor deden sumirat hidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers ed de vogel (netherlands), henk van der werff (usa), irawati (indonesia), jan f. veldkamp (netherlands), jens g. rohwer (denmark), lauren m. gardiner (uk), masahiro kato (japan), marshall d. sunberg (usa), martin callmander (usa), rugayah (indonesia), paul forster (australia), peter hovenkamp (netherlands), ulrich meve (germany). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 4, pp: 341 3 4 6 newly described species of endiandra (lauraceae) from new guinea received january 2, 2012; accepted august 14, 2012 deby arifiani herbarium bogariense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center. jl. raya bogorjakarta km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. biology department, faculty of mathematics and natural science. universitas indonesia, ui campus, depok 16424, indonesia. e-mail: debyarifiani@yahoo.com adi basukriadi biology department, faculty of mathematics and natural science, universitas indonesia, ui campus, depok 16424, indonesia. e-mail: basukriadi@yahoo.com tatik chikmawati biology department, faculty of mathematics and natural science. bogor agricultural university. bogor, indonesia. e-mail: tchikmawati@yahoo. com abstract arifiani, d., basukriadi, a. & chikmawati, t. 2012. newly described species of endiandra (lauraceae) from new guinea. reinwardtia 13(4): 341-346. — two new species of endiandra {lauraceae), i.e. endiandra areolata arifiani and endiandra lanata arifiani are described from new guinea. both species have staminal glands, but their form is different in the two species. moreover, e. areolata arifiani is characterized by its prominent areolation formed by the minor venation, and e. lanata arifiani is easily recognized by the presence of a dense curly indument on its twig, leaves, inflorescences and flowers. key words: endiandra, lauraceae, staminal glands, minor venation, new guinea. abstrak arifiani, d., basukriadi, a. & chikmawati, t. 2012. jenis baru endiandra (lauraceae) dari pulau niu guini. reinwardtia 13(4): 341-346. — dua jenis baru endiandra (lauraceae) dari niu guini, yaitu endiandra areolata arifiani dan endiandra lanata arifiani dipertelakan. kedua jenis tersebut mempunyai kelenjar benang sari, namun bentuknya berbeda. lebihjauh, e. areolata arifiani dicirikan dengan reticulum memata jala yang jelas yang terbentuk dari urat daun minor, sedangkan e. lanata arifiani dapat dikenali dengan mudah karena adanya rambut ikal yang lebat pada ranting, daun, perbungaan dan bunga. kata kunci: endiandra, lauraceae, kelenjar benang sari, pertulangan daun minor, new guinea. introduction the genus endiandra r.br. is a genus within the laurel family (lauraceae) which consists of over 100 tree species distributed from south china across the malesian region to australia and several western pacific islands (rohwer, 1993; van der werff, 2001). endiandra can be recognized by the paniculate inflorescence in which the ultimate cyme are not strictly oppposite, bisexual flowers with 3 stamens (rarely 2 or 6) having 2 loculated of anthers, producing fruits which are free on receptacles. endiandra was first described by robert brown (1810) and is currently grouped together with the genera beilschmiedia, potameia, cryptocarya and triadodaphne in the tribe cryptocaryeae based on the inflorescence type and wood anatomy (van der werff & richter, 1996). new guinea is thought to be the main center of distribution of the genus, with a high number of endemic species. during the preparation of a taxonomic treatment of endiandra in new guinea, several specimens with different characteristics compared to other endiandra species were recognized. detailed observation of the characters in each specimen suggested that the specimens represent two undescribed species. 341 342 reinwardtia [vol 1. endiandra areolata arifiani, spec. nov. fig. 1, 3. endiandra areolata is recognized by stiffly coriaceous leaves with prominently areolate minor venation, and by erect flowers. the stiffly coriaceous leaves are similar to e. oviformis kosterm., but the latter has smooth leaves, without prominent minor venation as in e. areolata. — type: indonesia, west papua, sorong, remoe, 1 sep 1948, pleyte 733 (holotype bo!; isotype l!, lae). tree up to 25 m tall, up to 20 cm in diameter. twigs brown, solid, striate, glabrous. terminal buds narrowly elliptic, straight, 2-3 mm long, with dense appressed hairs. leaves slightly clustered; petiole thin, slightly canaliculate, 1-1.2 cm long, glabrous; blade stiffly coriaceous, broadly elliptic, 9-11.4 x 4.2-5.6 cm, glabrous, apex acute to obtuse, with a short acumen of a few millimeters, base broadly cuneate to attenuate; midrib flat to slightly impressed above, raised below, glabrous; lateral veins obscure, thread-like, slightly raised on both surfaces, as prominent as minor veins; minor venation coarsely areolate, prominent. inflorescences paniculate, axillary or terminal, ca. 5 cm long, with numerous flowers, sparsely pubescent, glabrescent; bracts caducous; pedicel slender, 0.5-1 mm long, pubescent. flowers light brown (fresh), very small, erect, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter, pubescent; tepals ovate, ca. 0.6 mm long, pubescent outside, glabrous inside; stamens 3, each with a pair of glands at the base; anthers somewhat rectangular, ca. 0.7 x 0.3 mm, sessile, glabrous; locules small, nearly rounded; staminodes none; receptacles shallow, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 0.6-0.7 mm long, glabrous; style 0.5 mm long, stigma unconspicous. fruits unknown. distribution. the species is known from indonesia i.e. moluccas (halmahera) and papua (sorong) and up to idenburg river area (jayawijaya mountains). habitat and ecology. secondary rain forest or swamp forest on clay, rocky subsoil. etymology. named after its prominent areolate venation. additional specimens examined. indonesia, papua, 4 km sw of bernhard camp, idenburg river, 1 mar 1939, brass & versteegh 13142 (bo, l); moluccas, morotai, mt. parapara, 28 may 1949, kostermans 1260 (bo, l). notes. endiandra areolata is different from other species of endiandra in new guinea because of ins stiffly coriaceous leaves in which the lateral veins are obscured by prominent areolate minor veins and by its small, erect flowers. coriaceous leaves are also found in e. oviformis kosterm., but in that species the dried leaves are pale and smooth. dark and prominently areolate, as in e. areolata additionally, e. areolata has somewhat rectangular anthers, which is an uncommon shape in endiandra, with a pair of small staminal glands at the base of each stamen. flowers of new guinean species of endiandra vary in the presence and absence of staminal glands. when present, the glands can be separate, with a pair of glands at the base of each stamen, or fused to form a disc-like structure around the base of the 3 stamens. the specimen label of kostermans 1260 shows the locality is morotai, g. (mount) parapara. however, mt. parapara is not in morotai island, instead two localities are recorded as parapara mountain location, i.e. halmahera and bacan islands (http: www.traveljournals.net/explore/indonesia/locations p/52.html). according to notes on kostermans collecting localities, in 1949 he did an exploration in moluccas especially in morotai and halmahera islands but none was mentioned that he went further south to bacan island (de wilde & baas 1995; http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/ kostermansajgh.htm). therefore, we consider that mt. parapara that kostermans went to was the one in halmahera island and we assume that kostermans may accidently put morotai for g. parapara. this is also the case with other specimens where he put morotai for tobelo, whereas tobelo is actually located in halmahera island. 2. endiandra lanata arifiani, spec. nov. fig. 2, 3. endiandra lanata is recognized by dense curly hairs on lower leaf surfaces, inflorescences, and flowers. the species is almost similar to e. papuana lauterb., but the latter has more numerous flowers in its inflorescences, and bigger leaves. — type: papua new guinea, fergusson island, milne bay, esa'ala, track between tutubea and lake lavu, 12 nov 1976, croft 68764 (holotype bo!; isotype bo!, sing!, lae). tree up to 20 m tall, 50 cm in diameter. twigs solid, dark brown, with dense curly hairs, sparser on older twigs. terminal buds conical, 3-5 mm long, with dense curly hairs. leaves alternate; petiole thin, terete, 0.8-1.5 cm long, flat above, curly pubescent; blade chartaceous, elliptic or subobovate, 7.5-13.5 x 4-6.5 cm, glabrous above, with curly 3)12] arifiani et al.: newly described species of endiandra (lauraceae) from new guinea 343 hairs. whitish or glaucous below, apex acute to obtuse, with a small acumen, base cuneate to attenuate: midrib slightly impressed above, with sparse curly hairs, raised below, with dense curly hairs; lateral veins 5-7 pairs, slightly impressed or flat, with sparse curly hairs above, raised with dense curly hairs below; minor venation finely reticulate. inflorescences paniculate, length up to 17 cm or more, axillary or subterminal, fewer-numerous flowered, rusty brown, densely curly pubescent; bracts linear or lanceolate, 1-2 mm long; pedicels slender, 2.5-3 mm long, with dense curly hairs. flowers yellow (fresh), spreading, up to 8 mm in diameter; tepals subequal, the inner ones smaller, ovate or broadly ovate, 2.2-2.5 x 1.5-2.5 mm, glabrous inside, with dense curly hairs outside; glands united to form a disc-like structure; stamens 3; anthers ovate, protruding from the fused glands, glabrous; locules roundish, small; staminodia none; receptacle deep, pubescent inside; ovary ellipsoid, 0.5 mm long, glabrous; style short; stigma inconspicuous. fruits unknown. distribution. the species found in papua new guinea, in the districts of morobe, gulf and milne bay. habitat & ecology. lowland rain forest to lower montane forest, alt. 150-823 m. etymology. named after its dense curly indument (woolly = lanatus). local name. kovitiomatanga (middle waria). additonal specimen examined. papua new guinea, gulf district, near putei, junction of tauri and kapau rivers, 9 mar 1966, craven & schodde lae947 (bo, l); morobe district, titapuba, 1 oct 1966, streimann & kairo ngf26160 (bo, lae). notes. endiandra lanata is a species with fused staminal glands, unlike e. areolata that has separate glands. the species has inflorescences with very dense curly hairs similar to e. papuana lauterb., but e. lanata is distinct from e. papuana in bearing fewer flowers and having smaller leaves (7.5-13.5 x 4-6.5 cm in e. lanata vs. 10-19 x 7-10 cm in e. papuana). additionally, the minor leaf veins of e. lanata are fine and prominent on the upper surface versus obscure and smooth in e. papuana. endiandra lanata also shows affinity to e. gemopsis kosterm., but the former has more hairs on the twigs and inflorescences compared to e. gemopsis. additionally, e. gemopsis has pale bark and small flowers (1.5-2 mm), whereas e. lanata has dark-brown bark and flowers up to 8 mm. acknowledgements the first author would like to thank m. a. rifai for valuable discussion and comments during preparation of the manuscript. special thanks go to sing for making the specimens available, anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on the manuscript and subari for preparing the excellent illustrations. references brown, r. 1810. laurinae. in prodromus florae novae hollandiae et insulae van diemen. typis richardi taylor et socii, london. de wilde, w. j. j. o & baas, p. 1995. in memoriam professor a. j. g. h. kostermans (1906-1994). blumea 40: 1-13. http://www.traveljournals.net/explore/indonesia/ locations/p/ 52.html). accessed 14 december 2011. http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/ kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 20 k. rohwer, j. g. 1993. lauraceae. in: k. kubitzki, j. g. rohwer, v. bittrich (eds.). the families and genera of vascular plants ii. springer verlag, berlin. van der werff, h. & richter, h. g. 1996. toward an improved classification of lauraceae. annals of missouri botanical garden 83: 409-418. van der werff, h. 2001. an annotated key to the genera of lauraceae in the flora malesiana region. blumea 46: 125-140. 344 reinwardtia [vol.13 3 cm fig. 1. endiandra areolata arifiani. a. habit; b. intact flower; c. flower (front tepals removed); d. anther with a pair of glands; e. pistil (pleyte 733). drawn by subari (bo). arifiani et al.: newly described species of endiandra (lauraceae) from new guinea 345 3 cm 3 mm fig. 2. endiandra lanata arifiani. a. habit; b. intact flower bud; c. flower (tepals removed); d. flower scheme (top view); e. receptacle showing style; f. anther; g. pistil (croft lae 68764). drawn by subari (bo). 346 reinwardtia [vol.13 fig. 3. distribution of e. areolata arifiani (•) and e. lanata arifiani (•) in new guinea instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 4. 2012 contents page sri endarti rahayu, tatik chikmawati, kuswata kartawinata & alex hartana. morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae: a case study in the javanese species 317 sri rahayu. hoya (apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae) diversity in gunung gede pangrango national park, west java, indonesia 331 deby arifiani, adi basukriadi & tatik chikmawati. newly described species of endiandra (lauraceae) from new guinea 341 alex sumadijaya. six years experience on plant identification services: case study in herbarium bogoriense 347 bayu adjie, agung kurniawan, norio sahashi & yasuyuki watano. dicksonia timorense (diksoniaceae), a hemi-epiphytic new species of tree fern endemic on timor island, indonesia ... 3 5 7 ian m. turner. nomenclatural notes relevant to the flora of indonesia 363 wita wardani, arief hidayat & dedy darnaedi. the new pteridophyte classification and sequence employed in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for malesian ferns 367 diah sulistiartni. the orchids genus dilochia in indonesia 379 dedy darnaedi. book review 389 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology lipi cibinong, indonesia depan img576_page_3_page_1 img576_page_3_page_2 437-3045-1-pb belakang untitled r e in w a r d ti a 13 (5) issn 0034 – 365 x a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(5): 391–455, december 20, 2013 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers david middleton (royal botanic gardens edinburgh, uk), eko baroto walujo (lipi, indonesia), ferry slik (xishuangbanna tropical botanical garden, china), henk beentje (royal botanic gardens kew, uk), hidetoshi nagamasu (kyoto university, japan), kuswata kartawinata (lipi, indonesia), mark hughes (royal botanic gardens edinburgh, uk), martin callmander (missouri botanic gardens, usa), michele rodda (singapore botanic gardens, singapore), mien a rifai (aipi, indonesia), rugayah (lipi, indonesia), ruth kiew (forest research institute of malaysia, malaysia). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id cover images: begonia hooveriana wiriad. spec. nov. reinwardtia vol 13, no 5, pp: 433−439 433 pandan (pandanaceae) in flores island, east nusa tenggara, indonesia: an economic-botanical study received august 02, 2012; accepted october 11, 2013 siti susiarti herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: susi.etno@yahoo.com tutie djarwaningsih herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jljl. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: tutie_teresia@yahoo.com ary prihardhyanto keim herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: arypkeim@yahoo.com abstract susiarti, s., djarwaningsih, t. & keim, a. p. 2013. pandan (pandanaceae) in flores island, east nusa tenggara, indonesia: an economic-botanical study. reinwardtia 13 (5): 433–439. — the people in the indonesian province of nusa tenggara timur (then east lesser sunda islands) consist of many ethnic groups, each with their own local languages. the island of flores is the second largest island within the east lesser sunda islands. the island is inhabited by 10 ethnic groups, in which four are regarded as the dominant groups: flores, ende, lio and manggarai. the pandan flora of the island is still largely unknown; the same is for their ethnobotany. the aim of this current study is to know the traditional usages and potential uses of pandan flora in the flores island. the study was carried out in three regencies: ende, nagekeo and manggarai. the result of this study shows that there are four species of pandanus (p. amaryllifolius, p. dubius, p. kaernbachii, and p. tectorius) and one species of freycinetia (f. insignis) are recorded from the areas understudy. the presence of p. kaernbachii in flores island is a new record. the people also recognises the diversity of pandanaceae, especially from the genus pandanus, in which they are known by local names such as ―panda‖, ―re‘a‖, ―waku‖, and ―mbojo‖. main usages of pandanus are as material sources for handicrafts (mats, coffee bowls, and hats), dye, flavourings, funeral offering, and ornamental plant. key words: freycinetia, lesser sunda islands, pandanus. abstrak susiarti, s., djarwaningsih, t. & keim, a. p. 2013. pandan (pandanaceae) di pulau flores, nusa tenggara timur, indonesia: sebuah studi botani-ekonomi. reinwardtia 13 (5): 433–439. — masyarakat di nusa tenggara timur terdiri atas banyak kelompok etnis dan masingmasing kelompok memiliki bahasa daerah sendiri. pulau flores adalah pulau terbesar kedua di propinsi nusa tenggara timur. pulau ini dihuni oleh 10 kelompok etnis, diantaranya flores, ende, lio dan manggarai. flora pandan di pulau ini belum banyak dikenal, demikian pula etnobotaninya. tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengungkap pemanfaatan tradisional pandan di pulau flores beserta potensinya. penelitian dilakukan di tiga kabupaten: ende, nagekeo dan manggarai. hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di tiga kabupaten tersebut terekam empat jenis pandanus (pandanus amaryllifolius, p. dubius, p. kaernbachii, dan p. tectorius) dan satu jenis freycinetia (f. insignis). p. kaernbachii di pulau flores adalah rekaman baru. masyarakat setempat mengenali keragaman suku pandan-pandanan (pandanaceae), khususnya dari marga pandanus, mereka mengenal dengan beberapa nama daerah seperti: ―panda‖, ―re‘a‖, ―waku‖ dan ―mbojo‖. kegunaan utama pandan sebagai bahan baku untuk kerajinan tangan (tikar, wadah kopi, dan topi), bahan pewarna, penyedap makanan, sesaji bunga pada pemakaman, dan tanaman hias. kata kunci: freycinetia, kepulauan nusa tenggara, pandanus. introduction flores island flores is the second largest island in the string of islands included within the province of east nusa tenggara. the island is surrounded in the north by flores sea, in the west by sappy strait, in the east by flores strait, and in the south by sawu sea. the highest point in the island is mount kelimutu, in which the three outstanding lakes are located. these lakes are renowned for their colourful waters due to the activities of different species of algae in the water. reinwardtia 434 [vol.13 administratively the island is divided into 10 regencies such as ende, manggarai, east manggarai, west manggarai, nagekeo, ngada, and sikka. the people live in these regencies consists of 10 ethnics, i.e. ende, flores, lio, manggarai, and ngada. pandan flora of flores island prior to the present study the information regarding the pandan flora of flores was a brief accounts (supported by two black and white photos) by rensch (1930), on a species of freycinetia insignis and pandanus tectorius. furthermore, it was followed by wiriadinata (2008) as part of the floristic study of this island. the ethnobotanical information was presented by rensch (1930), who briefly mentioned and described the widely cultivated p. amaryllifolius and the wild and never cultivated p. tectorius. then it was followed by temu (1995), who described the usages of the two species in relation with the ritual related purposes. however, despite those information actually there has been no report on the exact number of pandan species found in flores. thus, the aim of this research is to provide up to date information on the pandan flora of this magnificent island, including their traditional usages. method and study site the research was conducted in the villages of sokoria, ndonga kapah, wolosambi, all are in the east lio district, nagekeo regency, nangaroro district, village of belang turi and lake rana mese area in the manggarai regency (fig. 1). some of these areas, particularly lake rana mese were previously visited and described by rensch (1930). herbarium preparation followed van balgooy (1987) and stone (1983). the research was conducted using open ended interview, field observations, and purposive sampling. the management of pandanaceae also observed such as extractivism, cultivation, diversity, and utilization by local people. results and discussion the result of the present study indicates that one species of freycinetia (f. insignis) and four species of pandanus (p. amaryllifolius, p. dubius, p. kaernbachii, and p. tectorius) were found in flores. prior to the present study only f. insignis, p. amaryllifolius, and p. tectorius were known from the island. hence p. dubius and p. kaernbachii may be considered as new records for flores. freycinetia insignis was found in the kelimutu national park at 630 to 990 meters altitude. the species was also found abundantly in the rana mese lake (td 1356, td 1362, td 1368) at the elevation of 1260 meters (figs. 2a & 2b). this agrees with rensch (1930). pandanus amaryllifolius is a widely cultivated species, never found in the wild. it is known as ―panda‖ in various local languages in the flores island. although the origin of this well known aromatic species in flores is still shrouded in mystery, but from our observations in the field we believe that p. amaryllifolius was introduced. it is usually planted in the gardens or house yards from sea level to 1000 meters altitude. p. amaryllifolius was introduced. the presence of p. dubius in flores was not reported by rensch (1930) despite the fact that he carried out explorations from beaches to hinterlands of flores. the result of this current study shows that this species is only found as an ornamental plant (fig. 2c); it is assumed here to be an introduced species. pandanus kaernbachii (fig. 3; td 1399) is collected from puujita in the village of wolosambi at 220 meter altitude and known by local people as ‗waku‘. this species is also found in ndonga kapah in ondorea barat village, district of nangapanda at altitude 100 meters; and rentung village (td 1338) in manggarai regency at altitudes of 980 to 1040 meters. it inhabits wet and damp areas close to water springs and riversides. prior to this current study (stone, 1982; kanehira, 1940; jebb, 1992; keim et al., 2008; keim, 2009) p. kaerbachii has never been reported in the lesser sunda islands; thus it is a new record for flores and extending the distribution of the species further west from the previously seram island in the moluccas (keim et al., 2008). in almost all local languages spoken in the area understudy p. tectorius (fig. 4) is known as ―re‘a‖ except in the bajawa, where it is called ―ze‘a‖. linguistically this is an interesting finding. the language spoken in bajawa is known as ngada, a language which is classified as belonging to the sumba-flores group, ende-manggarai (westerncentral flores) subgroup (blust, 2009). unlike other languages within the group, the ngada language is considered unique as it has no prefixes and suffixes at all (mc whorther, 2006). as there has been few reports on the phonology of the language (djawanai, 1980; baird, 2002; suparsa, 2009) the 2013] 435 susiarti et al. : pandan in flores island: an ethnobotanical study finding raises a question if there is a phenomenon of sound shift from ―r‖ in other ende-manggarai languages to ―z‖ in ngada as indicated by the vernacular names described above (thus ―re‘a‖ to ―ze‘a‖). further linguistic study is essential for basic knowledge. in flores p. tectorius is known as ―re‘a‖ in almost all local languages except in the bajawa, where it was named ―ze‘a‖. in the wild p. tectorius is abundantly found at the beaches and seashores particularly at nangaroro, nagekeo district, where they are usually found in flowering and fruiting on july to august. this current study shows that this species is common throughout the kelimutu national park at altitude of 630 to 990 asl. in rentung village, manggarai, which is located at 980 to 1040 meters altitude (td 1352) this species is even found at approximately 1000 meters altitude. these are surprising discoveries as p. tectorius is previously known as predominantly seashores and beaches dwellers; thus adding new information on the species distribution in relation with elevation gradient. pandanus tectorius is harvested for its leaves, which are widely used throughout flores as raw materials for mats and handicrafts (figs. 5 & 6). apparently due to this reason p. tectorius is cultivated. this present study records the presence of a taxon of pandanus known by local people at ndonga kapah, nangapanda district as ‗mbojo‘. the leaves are not used, only the stems that are used for building materials. unfortunately by the time this study was conducted the taxon was neither in flowering nor fruiting. thus, the identification of this taxon to the species level is practically impossible. ethnobotany of flores pandans the result of this study shows that in flores p. tectorius is the commonest species to be used. the species is mostly harvested for its leaves. this finding is in accordance with rensch (1930). pandanus tectorius is usually planted in home yards, gardens and in rice fields (particularly in the non irrigated sections). the other but less utilised species is p. kaernbachii. the use of leaves from p. kaernbachii in flores island has never been reported before, it is a new ethnobotanical record for the island. prior to this present study the usage of materials from pandan origin by local inhabitants in the villages surrounding the ruteng ecotourism park, manggarai reported by wawo (1998) but was only for mats. this current study records that in flores the leaves from ―re‘a‖ (pandanus tectorius) are used as raw materials for many purposes such as: handicrafts a. mats fig. 1. study site reinwardtia 436 [vol.13 as in other areas in indonesia (hofstede, 1925; rahayu et al., 2009; susiarti & rahayu, 2010) in flores mats are also made following simple process started from selecting the leaves, removing the spines then dried in the sun. after the leaves are dried for a day, the leaves are rolled up and stored. the next day the leaves are dried again. this process of sun drying can take 1 to 2 days until the leaves are completely dried. the leaves then knitted to create a mat. about 30 leaves are used to make a 2 × 2 meters mat (fig. 5). the knitting process is commonly practised by women after working in the rice fields. a mat can be finished in a week. mats are usually used for domestic purposes or sold in local market. the mats are commonly called as ―re‘a‖ as well by the people in flores except in nangaroro, sokoria, and wolosambi, where they are called ―te‘e re‘a‖. in rentung the mats are named ―loce re‘a‖. whatever the local name is the word ―re‘a‖ is always used. this refers to the plant from which the raw materials are harvested, p. tectorius and the fact that all languages in the area understudy belong to the ende-manggarai (western-central flores) subgroup). some people in flores also use leaves from a different species for making mats that is the leaves of p. kaernbachii or locally known as ―waku‖ as can be seen in nangaroro, manggarai and puujita, wolosambi. the mat-producing process is the same as in p. tectorius. waku itself means umbrella in the local languages spoken in those areas which refers to the other usage of the leaves (fig. 6). b. coffee container the leaves of p. tectorius can also be used for making traditional coffee container called ―roto‖. ―roto‖ is used as container for storing coffee beans during coffee harvesting time as can be seen in manggarai. ―roto‖ can also be used as a container for piper leaves, betel nuts, and chalks. it is usually layered by bamboo. c. hat making hats from pandan leaves are more complicated than making mats as the leaves are more narrowly pieced, carefully knitted, and coloured in red and blue. this hat-producing activity is rarely seen now. nevertheless, the hat making industry is not totally closed as the traditional hats are still highly regarded and used in the government ceremonial feast as can be commonly found in manggarai and usually shown together with the symbol of the east nusa tenggara province, the komodo dragon (berybe, 2007). d. pillow the process of making a traditional pillow is started by making mats. after the mat has been created, it is rolled up and sewed then filled with kapok (ceiba pentandra). it is usually coloured in red and blue. these traditional pillows can also be used as ceremonial tables as can be seen in rentung, manggarai. natural food colouring and flavouring as in other parts of indonesia in flores the most common species used for natural food colouring and flavouring is the leaves harvested from p. amaryllifolius, the famous aromatic pandan. in local languages it is simply known as ―panda‖. the leaf produces natural green colour and characteristic flavour for the prepared food. building materials in flores the stems from a taxon of pandanus locally known as ―mbojo‖ are used as building materials. unfortunately, the individuals found were not in fruiting by the time the exploration made, thus were not collected. fig. 2. a. habitat and habit of freycinetia insignis; b. infructescence of freycinetia insignis; habit of pandanus dubius a b c 2013] 437 susiarti et al. : pandan in flores island: an ethnobotanical study fig. 4. a. the habit of pandanus tectorius planted at nangaroro beach; b. the male inflorescence of pandanus tectorius at anthesis; c. the mature cephalium of pandanus tectorius. the cephalium of p. tectorius is not consumed by local people. fig. 5. a. a lady is harvesting pandan leaves; b. clearing the spines from pandan leaves; c. making mats from coloring pandan leaves. a c b fig. 3. a. the habit of pandanus kaernbachii found at puujita within the vicinity of wolosambi village at 220 meter altitude. this finding marks the new record of the species for the lesser sunda islands; b. the obvious prop roots of pandanus kaernbachii. the prop roots of p. kaernbachii are not used by the local people; c. pandanus kaernbachii showing the single elongate-lanceolate leaf, mature cephalia, and juvenile individual ready to be planted. reinwardtia 438 [vol.13 ornamental plants the result of this present study indicates that in flores p. dubius and p. tectorius are planted as ornamental plants. in nangaroro p. dubius is the most favourite ornamental plant and it is planted in small pots. ritual purposes the leaves from p. amaryllifolius are used as a part of offering in rituals of visiting graveyards or sacred places. the pleasant aroma produced by the leaves of this well-known aromatic pandan is regarded by the people as sacred and enchanting. other purposes hidayat et al. (2001) reported that powder made from the prop roots of a species of pandanus is used for medical infusion. this current study does not record the same practise in the study area. furthermore, they also recorded the use of the stems of f. scandens as ropes. the result of this current study is in accordance with them. acknowledgements the authors would like to express their gratitude to the people of ende, flores, lio, manggarai, and nangaroro for their generosities in sharing their precious knowledge on the usage of pandans and more importantly affectionate acceptation of us to be both honourable guests and members of families. the warm appreciation is also sent to the anonymous reader for the valuable and important comments and suggestions to the manuscript. references baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. berybe. 2007. seputar tiga kabupaten: manggarai barat, manggarai timur, dan flores beserta kegiatan orang manggarai di jakarta, lonto leok, dan tombokilo. [http: tombokilo.blogspot.com/2007/ripplemanggarai-three-in-one-sir.html]. blust, r. 2009. is there a bima-sumba subgroup?. oceanic linguistics 47: 46–114. djawanai, s. a. 1980. a study of the ngadha text tradition: a linguistic investigation of the collective mind of the ngadha people on the island of flores, indonesia. university of michigan, michigan. [phd. thesis]. hidayat, s., astuti, i. p., munawaroh, e & wightman, g. 2001. useful plants in the luku melolo forest, east sumba, indonesia. indonesian botanic gardens and parks, wildlife commission of the northern territory & australian centre for international agricultural research. bogor. hofstede, h. w. 1925. het pandanblad: als grondstof voor de pandan hoeden industrie op java. eibergen, batavia. jebb, m. 1992. a field guide to pandanus in new guinea, the bismarck archipelago & the solomon islands. christensen research institute, madang. kanehira, r. 1940. a summary of our knowledge of papuan pandanus. bot. mag. (tokyo) 54: 258. keim, a. p. 2009. pandanaceae of the island of yapen, papua (west new guinea), indonesia, with their nomenclature and notes on the rediscovery of sararanga sinuosa, and several new species and records. blumea 54: 255–266. keim, a. p, susiarti, s. & amir, m. 2008. taksonomi pandanaceae pulau seram. laporan teknik pusat penelitian biologi-lipi: 1281-1326. fig. 6. a. traditional umbrella made from waku; b. traditional hat as a symbol of east nusa tenggara province. 2013] 439 susiarti et al. : pandan in flores island: an ethnobotanical study mc whorter, j. 2006. what we believe but can not prove. harper, new york. rahayu, m., sunarti, s. & keim, a. p. 2009. kajian etnobotani pandan samak (pandanus odoratissimus l. f.): pemanfaatan dan peranannya dalam usaha menunjang penghasilan keluarga di ujung kulon, banten. biodiversitas 9 (4): 310–314. rensch, b. 1930. eine biologische reise nach den kleinen sunda-inseln. gebrüder borntraeger, berlin. stone, b. c. 1982. new guinea pandanaceae: first approach to ecology and biogeography. in: gressitt, j. l. (ed.). biogeography and ecology of new guinea. vol. 1. monographiae biologicae 42. dr. w. junk publ., the hague. stone, b. c. 1983. a guide to collecting pandanaceae (pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga). ann. missouri bot. gard. 70: 137–145. suparsa, i. n. 2009. the phonology of rongga language: a transformational generative study. udayana university, denpasar. [phd. thesis]. susiarti, s. & m. rahayu. 2010. kajian etnobotani pandan samak (pandanus tectorius sol.) di kabupaten tasikmalaya, jawa barat. berita biologi 10 (1): 113–122. susiarti, s. & m. rahayu. 2010. kajian etnobotani pandan samak (pandanus tectorius sol.) di kabupaten tasikmalaya, jawa barat. berita biologi 10 (1): 113–122. temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat ―djoka dju‖ pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263– 268. van balgooy, m. m. j. 1987. collecting. in: de vogel (ed.). manual of herbarium taxonomy theory and practice: 14 – 19. unesco. wawo, a.h. 1998. an ethnobotanical study of people around ruteng nature recreation park, flores island. in simbolon, h. (ed.). the natural resources of flores island. research and development center for biology, the indonesian institute of sciences: 51–77. wiriadinata, h. 2008. flora gunung kelimutu dan gunung kelibara taman nasional kelimutu, pulau flores, nusa tenggara timur. berita biologi 9 (2): 185–194. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new romance letter type submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id> for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author‘s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed. english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english or latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author‘s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 5. 2013 contents page harry wiriadinata, harry wiriadinata, deden girmansyah, james m. hunter, w. scott hoover & kuswata kartawinata. floristic study of west sumbawa, indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 391 nurhaidah iriani sinaga, ary prihardhyanto keim & pratita puradyatmika. the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia (pandanaceae) with seven new species in timika, west papua, indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………405 abdulrokhman kartonegoro. a revision of rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) in malesia …...421 siti susiarti, tutie djarwaningsih & ary prihardhyanto keim. pandan (pandanaceae) in flores island, east nusa tenggara, indonesia: an economic-botanical study…..………………………..431 ary prihardhyanto keim. a new species of freycinetia gaudich. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) from tidore island, moluccas, indonesia ………………………………………………………………… 441 harry wiriadinata. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from south sulawesi, indonesia …445 vera b. l. sihotang. the dynamics of pandanus illustrations from a historical perspective ………..449 lina s. juswara. book review …………………………………………………………………..….....455 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 43 51 phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers received december 23, 2013; accepted may 20, 2014 fifi gus dwiyanti united graduate school of agricultural sciences, ehime university, 3-5-7 tarumi, matsuyama, ehime 790-8566, japan. e-mail: fifigusdwiyanti@yahoo.com koichi kamiya forest genetics laboratory, faculty of agriculture, ehime university, 3-5-7 tarumi, matsuyama, ehime 790-8566, japan. e-mail: kkamiya@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp ko harada forest genetics laboratory, faculty of agriculture, ehime university! 3-5-7 tarumi, matsuyama. ehime 790-8566, japan. e-mail: kharada@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp abstract dwiyanti, f. g., kamiya, k. & harada, k. 2014. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers. reinwardtia 14(1): 4 3 5 1 . — dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (kapur) is an economically important timber species in southeast asia that can serve as a good model for studying the impact of the pleistocene glaciations on the genetic diversity and distribution of species in tropical regions. seven polymorphic microsatellite markers were analyzed in five natural populations of d. aromatica (n = 120 individuals): gunung panti in malay peninsula, lingga island in lingga archipelago, lambir hills national park, limbang and similajau national park in borneo. the level of gene diversity (he) for the five populations was relatively high with a range from 0.571 (similajau) to 0.729 ( gunung panti). the high genetic diversity in the present study could be attributed to the larger refugia population sizes of d. aromatica than that of other species. the population genetic structure revealed two distinct groups: the malay peninsula-lingga archipelago and borneo. this pattern suggests that populations in each geographical area might be the consequence of post-glacial expansion from one or two refugia, but that gene flow between different glacial refugia was fairly restricted. keywords: dryobalanops aromatica, microsatellite, phylogeography, genetic diversity, genetic structure. abstrak dwiyanti, f. g., kamiya, k. & harada, k. 2014. struktur filogeografi pohon komersial penting dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) dengan marka mikrosatelit. reinwardtia 14(1): 43 51. — dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (kapur) merupakan jenis pohon penghasil kayu yang bernilai ekonomi penting di asia tenggara, >ang mana dapat dijadikan model yang baik untuk mempelajari dampak pleitosen glasiasi pada keragaman genetik dan distribusi spesies di daerah tropik. tujuh penanda mikrosatelit dianalisis pada lima populasi alami d. aromatica {n = 120 individu): gunung panti di semenanjung malaysia, pulau lingga di kepulauan lingga, taman nasional bukit lambir, limbang and taman nasional similajau di borneo. tingkat keragaman genetik (he) untuk kelima populasi relatif tinggi, dengan selang dari 0.571 (similajau) hingga 0.729 (gunung panti). keragaman genetik yang tinggi pada studi ini dapat dihubungkan dengan ukuran populasi refugia yang lebih besar pada d. aromatica daripada spesies lain. struktur genetika populasi menunjukkan dua kelompok yang berbeda: semenanjung malaysia-kepulauan lingga dan borneo. pola ini menunjukkan bahwa populasi pada masing-masing area geografik mungkin merupakan konsekuensi dari ekspansi postglasial dari satu atau dua refugia, namun aliran gen antara refugia yang satu dengan yang lainnya cukup terbatas. kata kunci: dryobalanops aromatica, mikrosatelit, filogeografi, keragaman genetik, struktur genetik. introduction the geographic area containing the malay peninsula, sumatra, java and borneo is known as sundaland and represents a globally important hot spot of biodiversity (sodhi et al., 2004). it is renowned for its rich variety of plant species especially in lowland rainforests (myers et al., 2000; mittermeier et al., 2004; sodhi et al., 2004 and ohtani et al., 2013). the pleistocene glacial 43 44 reinwardtia [vol periods have been regarded as major factors influencing the geographical distribution, demographic dynamics, and pattern of genetic diversity of species (comes & kadereit, 1998; haffer & prance, 2001; hewitt, 2004; soltis et al., 2006; stewart et al., 2010; ramirez-barahona & eguiarte, 2013). however, little is known about the impact of pleistocene glaciations on the genetic diversity and distribution of species in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in sundaland area, even though the impact of glaciations in temperate zones has been the main focus of many phylogeographic studies (cruzan & templeton, 2000; hewitt, 2000; emerson & hewitt, 2005). dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f., locally known as kapur, can function as an ideal model species for studying the impact of glaciations in tropical regions, as the distribution of this species covers almost all of sundaland. the species occurs naturally in the lowland mixed dipterocarp forests of malaya, sumatra, the riau archipelago and borneo (wood & meijer, 1964; ashton, 1964; ashton, 1968; symington, 2004), and is particularly abundant on deep humid yellow sandy soils with a propensity for ridges, at an altitudes below 400 m (ashton, 2004). in the malay peninsula, the species is confined to the eastern side south of 5°n latitude e.g., johor, pahang, selangor and terengganu (symington, 2004; chua et al., 2010). in sumatra, the species has been recorded from north west sumatra (angkola, sibolga, kelasan and upper singkil), east sumatra (bengkalis and siak), mursala, lingga and singkep island (ashton, 1982), while in borneo it occurs in sabah (beaufort, beluran, kinabatangan, labuan, labuk sugut, papar, penampang and sipitang districts), sarawak (bintulu, kapit, lawas, limbang, marudi, miri, mukah and tatau districts) and brunei (ashton, 2004; chua et al., 2010). the timber and the camphor harvested from this tree also give it economic value. the timber of the species is a moderately heavy and durable construction timber, while the camphor obtained from the wood attracted early arab traders, at one time being worth more than its weight in gold in the middle east and is used for incense and perfume (ashton, 2004). however, the species has since 1998 been classified as 'critically endangered' (cr al cd+2cd, bl+2c d c2.3) by the iucn red list of threatened species due to logging and camphor exploitation. studies associated with this species are therefore of interest on several levels. one of the methods available for inferring genetic diversification and biogeographical history over the past several million years is analysis of molecular data of extant species based on nuclear microsatellites. microsatellites as a class featurea variable number of tandem repeats with a repeat unit of new nucleotides and have been used as genetic markers. because of their high mutation rates, microsatellite markers are especially useful in detecting recent evolutionary events such as_ expansion and migration after the last glacial maximum (lgm) about 20,000 yearsago (jeffreys et al., 1985). phylogeographical studies using microsatellite on tropical tree species from sundaland area are very scarce and limited, instead many studies using nuclear genes and chloroplast intergenic spacers or introns, such as in shorea curtisii (kamiya et al., 2012), shorea parvifolia (iwanaga et al, 2012), and shorea leprosula (ohtani et al2013). those studies detected two major genetically different groups of sundaland populations: sumatra-malay and borneo and suggested the presence of a scarcely forested land bridge on the sunda shelf during glacial periods in the pleistocene and predominance of tropical lowland rainforest at least in sumatra and eastern borneo. based on these results, we wanted to test whether this pattern also occurs in d. aromatica populations. therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the level of genetic diversity and to reveal phylogeographical relationships in five d. aromatica populations using microsatellite markers. materials and methods plant materials leaf tissue of adult trees or saplings was collected from five natural populations representing three geographical regions covering most of the natural distribution range of the species except for the sumatra mainland: gunung panti (1.8344° n, 103.9005° e) in malay peninsula, lingga island (0.1607° s, 104.5855° e) in lingga archipelago, lambir hills national park (4.1983° n, 114.0427° e), limbang (4.7544° n, 115.0075° e) and similajau national park (3.5172° n, 113.3414° e) in borneo (fig. 1). a total of 120 individuals of d. aromatica was used in this study. plant materials were dried in the field with silica gel and stored in a freezer at -80°c. they were subsequently used for dna extraction. microsatellite genotyping silica gel-dried leaves were ground to a fine powder using a tissuelyser ii (qiagen japan, tokyo). total genomic dna was extracted from 2014] dwiyanti et al.: phylogeographic structure of dryobalanops aromatica revealed by microsatellite 45 fig. 1. sampling location of d. aromatica table 1. primer information for seven microsatellite loci used in this study locus primer sequence (5'-3') size (bp) annealing temperature (°c) dral87 f: tctctcttatccaactctctca r: agggaactaaagcagacatcac dra266 f: agacttaataatggaggacgag r: ccacaattagccaccatcttac dra426 f: ccaacgctgctcaaagttcgtg r: gctggctggcataatataatcc dra428 f: ctattgatgcccttatagcttt r: acgagcctctctactctataat dra471 f: tctcagtctcacaatctatcca r: tttctgtgtcattttagcaacc dra519 f: tcaagccagaagagatagagac r: atattcctttcatattattggg dra569 f: gtaaaaccaatacacgtacata r: atggaagtcatttcatctattt 102-160 115-165 224-244 265-303 220-248 185-219 221-247 57 54 57 57 54 57 54 each sampled tree using the modified ctab method (doyle & doyle, 1990). seven microsatellite loci (dral87, dra428, dra426, dra519, dra266, dra471 and dra569) developed for d. aromatica by nanami et al. (2007) were used in this study. the forward primer of each marker was labeled with 6-fam, vic, ned, or pet phosphoramidite (applied biosystems japan, tokyo). details of the markers used in this study are shown in table 1. a type-it microsatellite pcr kit (qiagen) was used to amplify microsatellite loci. multiplex pcr amplification was performed in a volume of 5 µl, containing 1 x type-it multiplex pcr master mix, 0.2 (µm of forward and reverse primers and about 40 ng genomic dna. an applied biosystems 2720 thermal cycler (applied biosystems) was used under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 95°c for 5 min, then 31 cycles of denaturation at 95°c for 30 s, annealing for 1 min 30 s and extension at 72°c for 30 s, followed by a final incubation at 60°c for 30 min. annealing temperatures were 57°c for dral87, dra428, dra426 and dra519, and 54°c for dra266, dra471 and dra569. fragment sizes were determined using an abi prism™ 310 genetic analyzer reinwardtia [voltable 2. genetic diversity of microsatellite loci in five populations of d. aromatica island name malay peninsula lingga archipelago borneo total grand mean population gunung panti lingga island similajau limbang lambir n 20 13 32 27 28 120 24 na 6.86 7.14 5.29 8.43 7.86 7.11 ne 4.27 3.72 2.62 3.52 3.38 3.50 ho 0.521 0.681 0.616 0.503 0.587 0.582 he 0.729 0.689 0.571 0.575 0.623 0.637 f 0.289*** 0.007ns -0.084*** 0.192*** 0.032*** 0.087 number of samples (n), mean number of alleles per population (na), mean number of effective alleles (ne), mean observed heterozygosity (ho), nei's mean expected heterozygosity (he), fixation index (f) with the significance level for deviation from the hardy-weinberg equilibrium (hwe): p < 0.001 (***), not significant (ns). table 3. pairwise f st values for five populations of d. aromatica with the significance level of population differentiation after bonferroni correction population lambir limbang similajau gunung panti lingga island lambir limbang similajau gunung panti lingga island -0.01289 ns 0.09347*** 0.12556*** 0.22536 *** 0.25598 *** 0.17874*** 0.20128*** 0.21946 *** 0.21273*** 0.01111ns p < 0.001 (***), not significant (ns). (applied biosystems) and visualized using genemapper 3.0 software (applied biosystems). data analysis basic statistics of genetic diversity, including number of alleles per locus (na), observed heterozygosity (ho), expected heterozygosity (he) and fixation index (f), were calculated using genalex software version 6.41 (peakall & smouse, 2006). deviations from hardy-weinberg (hw) equilibrium were tested for each locus in each population using genepop 4.0.10 (raymond & rousset, 1995; rousset, 2008). pairwise fst was calculated to determine the level of population differentiation using the program arlequin version 3.5.1.2 (excoffier & lischer, 2010). an analysis of molecular variance (amova) was carried out using arlequin version 3.5.1.2 (excoffier & lischer, 2010) to apportion variance within populations, among populations within groups, and among groups. populations were grouped into three island groups for the analysis, i.e. malay peninsula, lingga archipelago and borneo (table 2). genetic distances between populations were estimated using the nei genetic distance, d (nei et ah, 1983), as implemented in genalex version 6.41 (peakall & smouse, 2006). the resulting distance matrix was used to construct a neighbor-joining (nj) phenogram using mega version 3.1 (kumar et al, 2004). structure version 2.3.4 (pritchard et al, 2000) was used to estimate the number of genetically homogeneous populations (k) using a bayesian model-based clustering method. a burn-in of 50,000 iterations was performed followed by 500,000 iterations of mcmc (markov chain monte carlo) simulation. the model was run for a range of k-values from 1 to 7, with ten replications each. the best k-value supported by the data 2014] dwiyanti et al.: phylogeographic structure of dryobalanops aromatica revealed by microsatellite 47 mas assessed according to the recommendations of evanno et al. (2005), whereby the statistic ak was calculated based on the rate of change in the log likelihood of the data between successive k-values using structure harvester (earl & von holdt,2012). results genetic diversity and fixation index the mean number of alleles per locus (na) across seven microsatellite loci ranged from 5.29 in similajau to 8.43 in limbang (table 2). observed heterozygosity (ho) was highest in lingga island with a value of 0.681 and lowest in limbang with a value of 0.503. expected heterozygosity (he) ranged from 0.571 in similajau to 0.729 in gunung panti with a mean value of 0.637(table2). the fixation index [f) ranged from f = -0.084 in the similajau population to f = 0.289 in the gunung panti population. significant departures from hardy-weinberg equilibrium were observed in all the populations, except the lingga island population. f was significantly negative in the similajau population, but it was positive in the gunung panti population. the negative fixation index value for the similajau population was significantly smaller than zero and showed an excess of heterozygotes, while the high fixation index value in gunung panti was significantly larger than zero and showed an excess of homozygotes (table 2). genetic structure pairwise fst values (table 3) ranged from -0.01289 (limbang vs lambir) to 0.21946 (gunung panti vs similajau). significant genetic differentiation was found in 8 out of 10 population pairs after a bonferroni correction was applied. no genetic differentiations were observed between lingga island and gunung panti and between limbang and lambir. the amova revealed that 62.97% of the total molecular variance was within individuals (table 4). 4.44% was attributed to among-populations differences within groups and 16.84% to amonggroups differences. the remainder (15.75%) applied among individuals within populations. a nj phenogram (fig. 2) shows that relationships among the five populations agree well with geographic distribution. the structure analysis revealed the presence of distinct clustering in the five d. aromatica populations. the value of ak was highest when k = 3. the populations can therefore be characterized by the following three clusters: the limbang and lambir populations mainly composed of cluster 1, the similajau population mainly composed of cluster 2, and the gunung panti and lingga island populations mainly made up cluster 3 (fig. 3). discussion population genetic diversity the levels of genetic diversity (he= 0.5710.729) estimated for d. aromatica in this study were higher than for other dipterocarp species in asian rain forests such as shorea javanica (rachmat et al., 2012) and s. leprosula (ohtani et al., 2013), but comparable with s. lumutensis (lee et al., 2006), vateriopsis seychellarum (finger et al, 2012), and s. obtusa (senakun et al., 2011). at face value, the genetic diversity value in bornean populations was slightly lower than that of the malay peninsula and lingga archipelago. similarly, the diversity value based on microsatellite markers (he = 0.709) reported by lim et al. (2002) in d. aromatica in the malay peninsula region was higher than that reported by harata et al. (2012) in lambir, borneo (he = 0.589). the high genetic diversity in the present study could be attributed to the larger refugia population sizes of d. aromatica than that of other species. high levels of genetic diversity may also be associated with population history, reproductive strategy and life history of the species, which have maintained a larger effective population size (lee et ah, 2000 ; lim et al, 2002). three of five populations showed a significantly positive inbreeding coefficients (table 2). the positive values could be attributed in part to the presence of null alleles, or inbreeding between relatives (biparental inbreeding), restricted seed and moderate pollen dispersal, or a wahlund effect due to two or more breeding subunits inside a given population (papi et al, 2012). lim et al. (2002) reported that the high fixation indices detected in d. aromatica populations in the malay peninsula, could be explained by a wahlund effect. it is possible that all populations in the peninsular malaysia originated from one large population, which later sub-divided into several sub-populations. since no evidence of wahlund effect and no calculation of the null allele were in the present study, biparental inbreeding in d. aromatica could be regarded as a possible reason for the high fixation index in gunung panti population (malay peninsula). 48 reinwardtia [vol 14 o.o2 fig. 2. neighbor-joining (nj) phenogram based on pairwise fst among the investigated d. aromatica populations borneo (a) malay lingga peninsula archipelago (b) fig. 3. bayesian clustering analysis of five populations of d. aromatica using structure (k= 3). (a) bar plot for each individual showing three clusters: cluster 1 composed of lambir and limbang (black), cluster 2 composed of similajau (gray) and cluster 3 composed of gunung panti and lingga island (white). (b) tree plot showing a representation of the genetic distance among those 3 clusters. " 1 " represents the black bars (cluster 1), "2" gray bars (cluster 2) and " 3 " white bars (cluster 3). phylogeographic structure the phylogeographic structure of d. aromatica was estimated by calculating the level of population differentiation. it was found that the level of genetic differentiation increased with geographic distances. significant pairwise values were mostly found for populations from different islands. for example, a low level of genetic differentiation was detected between the malay peninsula and lingga archipelago populations and also among populations within the borneo region, while a high level of genetic differentiation was detected between the malay peninsula/lingga archipelago population and borneo populations. at the last glacial maximum (lgm; approximately 0.02 mya), peninsular malaysia, sumatra, java and borneo islands were connected by the exposed sunda shelf (voris, 2000) and at this period, some studies suggested a savanna corridor across the sunda shelf separated rainforest of sumatra-malay area and borneo (kaars, 1991; kaars & dam, 1995; bird et al., 2005). thus, the present study suggests that populations in each geographical area might be the consequence of post-glacial expansion from one or two refugia, but that gene flow between different glacial refugia was fairly restricted. this suggestion is also supported by iwanaga et al. (2012) who reported a very low 2014] dwiyanti et al.: phylogeographic structure of dryobalanops aromatica revealed by microsatellite 49 migration rate in s. parvifolia population after divergence of the sumatra-malay and borneo imply that contacts of the sumatra-malay and borneo population were limited. therefore, when sunda shelf was exposed, the expanding savanna must have been strong but imperfect barrier to gene flow between sumatra-malay and borneo. the genetic differentiation patterns observed in the present study are also evident in the result of the structure analysis and the neighbourjoining (nj) phenogram. both results show different patterns of d. aromatica genetic structure at the cluster level. structure analysis divides the structure of d. aromatica populations into three clusters: limbang-lambir, similajau and gunung panti-lingga island, while the nj tree shows two distinct groups: the malay peninsulalingga archipelago and borneo populations. at the subcluster level however, both approaches show the same patterns: lambir-limbang, similajau and gunung panti-lingga island (fig. 2). the clear distinction between the malay peninsula and borneo populations observed in the present study was also found in s. curtisii by kamiya et al. (2012), where it was reported that long-term population persistence with limited seed dispersal and low levels of gene flow may act as a driving force of divergence between the malay peninsula and borneo populations. a study of population structure in s. parvifolia (iwanaga et al., 2012) also suggests that the clear separation of the two groups was due to limited genomic exchanges between the two groups and that reproductive isolation has developed between them. in a study of phylogeography of s. leprosula, ohtani et al. (2013) reported the presence of a longitudinal genetic cline both within the malay/ sumatra population group and the borneo group, indicating that the genetic structures in sumatra and the malay peninsula are not independent from each other due to long-term land connections between sumatra and the malay peninsula across the shallow strait of malacca during glacial periods (current average depth about 25 m). our result gives an additional support for the inference of non-forested land bridge at lgm between sumatra-malay peninsula and borneo. conclusion the high genetic diversity in the present study could be attributed to the larger refugia population sizes of d. aromatica than that of other species. the phylogeographic structure revealed two distinct groups: the malay peninsula-lingga archipelago and borneo. this pattern suggests that populations in each geographical area might be the consequence of post-glacial expansion from one or two refugia, but that gene flow between different glacial refugia was fairly restricted. the present study gives an additional support for inference of non-forested land bridge at lgm between sumatra-malay peninsula and borneo. acknowledgements this study was supported by the global environment research fund (d-0901) of the ministry of the environment, japan to ko harada. references ashton, p. s. 1964. ecological studies in the mixed dipterocarp forest of brunei state. oxford forestry memoirs, 25. 75 p. ashton, p. s. 1968. manual of the dipterocarp trees of brunei state and of sarawak. borneo literature bureau, sarawak forest department. 242 p. ashton, p. s. 1982. dipterocarpaceae. in: van steenis, c. g. c. j. 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illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. 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(araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 394-3039-1-pb belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 13 − 17 13 codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia received february 6, 2014; accepted april 7, 2014 lim chung lu herbarium, forest research institute malaysia (frim), 52109 kepong, selangor, malaysia. e-mail: limchunglu@frim.gov.my ruth kiew herbarium, forest research institute malaysia (frim), 52109 kepong, selangor, malaysia. abstract lim, c. l. & kiew, r. 2014. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia. reinwardtia 14(1): 13 – 17. — codonoboea is the largest genus of gesneriaceae in peninsular malaysia with 92 species. nine sections, boeopsis, codonoboea, didymanthus, glossadenia, heteroboea, pectinati, reptantes, salicini and venusti, have been erected based on morphological characters, such as habit, leaf arrangement and shape, type of inflorescence, number of flowers, corolla type and nectary type. recent molecular phylogenetic study using its and trnl-f sequences show that only section heteroboea is monophyletic. while the sections of codonoboea can no longer be maintained as formal taxonomic taxa, as informal groupings they are useful in identification and in constructing keys. key words: codonoboea, gesneriaceae, peninsular malaysia, section. abstrak lim, c. l. & kiew, r. 2014. seksi codonoboea (gesneriaceae) di semenanjung malaysia. reinwardtia 14(1): 13 – 17. — codonoboea merupakan marga terbesar dalam gesneriaceae di semenanjung malaysia dengan 92 jenis. sembilan seksi yaitu boeopsis, codonoboea, didymanthus, glossadenia, heteroboea, pectinati, reptantes, salicini dan venusti telah dibuat berdasarkan karakter morfologi, seperti habitus, bentuk dan susunan daun, tipe perbungaan, jumlah bunga, tipe daun mahkota dan tipe nektar. penelitian filogenetik molekuler terkini dengan menggunakan sekuen its dan trnl-f menunjukkan bahwa hanya seksi heteroboea yang bersifat monofiletik. sementara itu seksi codonoboea tidak bisa dipertahankan sebagai taksa taksonomi secara formal, pengelompokan informal seksi ini dapat dimanfaatkan dalam membangun kunci dan dapat pula dimanfaatkan dalam proses identifikasi. kata kunci: codonoboea, gesneriaceae, semenanjung malaysia, seksi. introduction gesneriaceae rich. & juss. ex dc. (1816), the african violet family, is a diverse family with 140–150 genera and more than 3500 species worldwide (weber, 2004) widely distributed in the subtropical and tropical regions in the old and new world. peninsular malaysia is the centre of diversity of codonoboea ridl. (table 1) and in peninsular malaysia it is the largest and most diverse genus of the gesneriaceae with 92 species (kiew & lim, 2011; kiew, 2011; kiew & sam, 2012; lim et al., 2013) with still more awaiting new species description followed by paraboea (24 species) and ridleyandra (19 species). in the past, the genus was confused with didymocarpus wall., didissandra c. b. clarke, paraboea (c. b. clarke) ridl., loxocarpus r. br., henckelia spreng. and chirita buch.-ham. ex d. don. however, with evidence from the molecular phylogenetic method, weber et al. (2011) showed conclusively that codonoboea is a monophyletic group distinct from the genera mentioned above. table 1. distribution of codonoboea species. in peninsular malaysia, its species are morphologically very diverse ranging in habit (creeping, area no. species peninsular thailand 4 peninsular malaysia 92 sumatra 9 borneo 27 batam & lingga is. 2 philippines 2 sulawesi 2 moluccas 1 new guinea 1 mailto:limchunglu@frim.gov.my reinwardtia 14 [vol.14 rosette or erect herbs), in leaf arrangement (alternate or opposite), branching of inflorescence (from much branched panicles to single-flowered cymes) and in flower size, colour and type (pollen or nectar flower). to facilitate the classification of this large and diverse genus, nine sections have been proposed based on one to several morphological characters (table 2), but even with nine sections there are still a few odd species, such as c. longipes (c. b. clarke) kiew, that cannot be assigned to existing sections. in a large and unwieldy genus, sections can serve several functions for example in (a) grouping similar species together can facilitate identification and the construction of keys by dividing a large number of species into smaller units of similar taxa, (b) making it easier to discern phytogeographic patterns, and (c) it may reflect evolutionary trends. however, the problem with similar morphology is that it may also reflect parallel or convergent evolution in adaptation, for example, similar habitat, pollinator or dispersal mechanism. to assess whether the codonoboea sections are monophyletic, the molecular phylogenetic method was used on a sample of species from peninsular malaysia. materials twenty seven taxa of codonoboea were included in the study with representatives from five of the nine sections from peninsular malaysia (table 3). another four species from borneo, the philippines and sumatra have not been assigned to a section (middleton et al., 2013). species from microchirita (c. b. clarke) y. z. wang [m. caliginosa (c. b. clarke) y. z. wang, m. involucrata (craib) y. z. wang, m. ruthiae rafidah and m. viola (ridl.) a. weber & rafidah) and boea [boea hygrometrica (bunge) r. br. and b. philippensis c. b. clarke) were selected as outgroup taxa. using molecular phylogenetic technique, two regions, i.e. trnl-f intron-spacer region, and the nuclear its1-5.8s-its2 region were analysed (lim, 2014). mapping of sections character-state transitions was carried out in macclade 4.08 (maddison & maddison, 2003). results and discussion mapping of sections onto a molecular phylogenetic tree is shown in fig. 1. from the tree, only section heteroboea is monophyletic. section heteroboea is well-supported with all species sampled forming a clade together with the undescribed codonoboea sp. nov. 2. species of this section are caulescent with spirally arranged leaves and large, solitary, trumpet-shaped flowers with a large annular nectary. phylograms of its15.8s-its2 region, trnl-f intron-spacer region as well as the combined results of the two regions show that the species in the clade do not differ table 2. sections in codonoboea. section publication salient characters boeopsis ridley (1907) j. roy. as. soc. str. br. 49: 22; kiew (1992) gard. bull. sing. 44: 39. rosette plants, small campanulate corolla codonoboea kiew (1990) blumea 35: 167. epiphyllous flowers didymanthus clarke (1883) monogr. phan. 5 (1): 87, tab. 10. erect stem, opposite and well-spaced petiolate leaves glossadenia weber & burtt (1998) beitr. biol. pflanzen 70: 335. tongue-like nectary heteroboea bentham (1876) genera plantarum 2: 1022. spirally arranged leaves, winged petiole pectinati ridley (1923) flora of malay peninsula 2: 508. serrate to deeply toothed lamina reptantes ridley (1905) j. roy. as. soc. str. br. 44: 29. creeping stem, opposite and wellspaced leaves salicini ridley (1896) j. linn. soc. bot. 32: 514; kiew (1992) gard. bull. sing. 44: 41. small campanulate corolla, narrow lamina venusti kiew (1995) malay. nat. j. 48: 203. foliaceous, conspicuous bracts 2014] 15 lim & kiew: codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia table 3. codonoboea species according to the section. section species boeopsis c. anthonyi, c. codonion, c. floribunda, c. heterophylla, c. leiophylla, c. oreophila, c. pumila, c. puncticulata, c. rubiginosa didymanthus c. albomarginata, c. glabrata, c. malayana, codonoboea sp. nov. 1 heteroboea c. bombycina, c. crinita, c. curtisii, c. platypus, c. fasciata, codonoboea sp. nov. 2 salicini c. salicina, c. salicinoides, c. tiumanica venusti c. calcarea not assigned borneo: c. bakoensis, c. crenata philippines: c. corrugata sumatra: c. racemosa peninsular malaysia: c. longipes, codonoboea sp. nov. 3, codonoboea sp. nov. 4, codonoboea sp. nov. 5 fig 1. mapping of codonoboea sections on maximum parsimony majority-rule consensus tree based on combined its and trnl-f sequences. number above branches are majorityrule frequencies. reinwardtia 16 [vol.14 much genetically (lim, 2013). in fact, it is possible that the species concept in this section is too narrow because several species groups, such as the c. crinita (jack) c. l. lim, c. platypus (c. b. clarke) c. l. lim and c. bombycina (ridl.) c. l. lim complex, are difficult to identify, because while the extreme forms are distinct there are many specimens showing intermediate character states. in contrast, section boeopsis, didymanthus and salicini are not monophyletic in the tree. their morphological similarity is likely therefore to be the result of convergent evolution due to adaption to pollinator or environmental factors. for example, the salient characters of section salicini are (a) narrow lamina that can be explained as adaptive to their rheophytic habitat and (b) small campanulate corolla as adaptation to the same pollinator (which is as yet unknown). similarly, the rosette habit of section boeopsis is an adaptation to their growing on vertical earth banks or rock faces and the trend from the nectar flowers (large trumpet-shaped corolla and large annular nectar) to the flat-faced pollen flower with a minute or no nectary is a trend that appears to have occurred more than once in codonoboea. conclusions the results from the molecular study call into question the taxonomic value of the sections and indeed kiew & lim (2011) did not assign species to section for precisely this reason. although, section heteroboea is monophyletic, it is firmly nested within the other codonoboea species sampled, so it makes no sense to maintain giving it formal taxonomic status. codonoboea is very diverse morphologically and informal subgeneric groups are still useful for a speciose genus in formulating user-friendly keys for identification. indeed, the only key for all species in peninsular malaysia is that of ridley (1923) and the ease of using it (always relative in the case of ridley’s keys) is because it is based on these groups that enable rapid identification. therefore, it is advocated here that while informal groups are useful that they not be given formal taxonomic status and that the nine sections should therefore lapse into synonym. acknowledgements this research was carried out as part of the flora of peninsular malaysia project (project no. 01-04-01-0000 khas) at the forest research inst. malaysia (frim), kepong, funded by the ministry of science, technology and innovation. in addition, the first author is indebted to the following for financial support: the systematic studies of selected taxa of plants project [erycibe (convolvulaceae), chirita, loxocarpus, henckelia sections bo eopsis and salicini (gesneriaceae) and utricularia (lentibulariaceae)] in peninsular malaysia (gpp-tfbc-1208-001) at frim and funded by malaysian forestry research and development board (mfrdb), and to the postgraduate research fund (project no. ps170/2008b) at university of malaya, kuala lumpur. we are much indebted to royal botanic garden, edinburgh (rbge) as a collaborating institute for the molecular phylogenetic study, especially to m. möller for guidance and advice in molecular phylogenetic study. we are grateful to the staff of the frim flora biodiversity programme for their assistance in the field trips. to curators, keepers and staff of bm, e, k, kep, klu, l, sar, sing and ukmb, we feel so much indebted for the specimen loans and type specimen photographs provided. references bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2, 2, london: lovell reeve & co. pp. 990–1025. clarke, c. b. 1883. cyrtandreae. in: a. & c. de candolle, monographiae phanerogamarum. vol. 5, 1 paris: g. masson. kiew, r. 1990. reassessment of the generic status of codonoboea (gesneriaceae) and its species. blumea 35: 167–176. kiew, r. 1992. five new species of didymocarpus (gesneriaceae) from peninsular malaysia. gardens’ bulletin singapore 44: 23–42. kiew, r. 1995. a new species and section of didymocarpus (gesneriaceae) from belum and temengor, hulu perak, peninsular malaysia. malayan nature journal 48: 201–207. kiew, r. 2011. two new species of gesneriaceae from gunung padang, terengganu, malaysia. malayan nature journal 63(4): 661–666. kiew, r. & sam, y. y. 2012. codonoboea personatiflora (gesneriaceae), a new species from peninsular malaysia. phytokey 18: 61–66. kiew, r. & lim, c. l. 2011. names and new combinations for peninsular malaysian species of codonoboea ridl. (gesneriaceae). gardens’ bulletin singapore 62(2): 253–275. lim, c. l. 2014. revision of codonoboea sect. boeopsis and sect. salicini (gesneriaceae) in peninsular malaysia. university of malaya, kuala lumpur, malaysia. (thesis). lim, c. l., kiew, r. & haron, n. w. 2013. codonoboea oreophila (gesneriaceae), a new species from peninsular malaysia. blumea 58(1): 68–70. maddison, d. r. & maddison, w. p. 2003. macclade. vers. 4.08. sinauer, sunderland, ma. ridley, h. n. 1896. cyrtandraceae malayenses– didymocarpus sect. salicini and sect. kompsoboea. j. linn. soc. bit. 32: 514. 2014] 17 lim & kiew: codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia ridley, h. n. 1905. the gesneriaceae of the malay peninsula. j. roy. as. soc. str. br. 44: 1–92. ridley, h. n. 1907. new or rare malayan plants. sect. boeopsis. j. roy. as. soc. str. br. 49: 22. ridley, h. n. 1923. gesneriaceae. fl. malay peninsula 2: 495–547. weber, a. 2004. gesneriaceae. in: kubitzki, k. (ed.) the families and genera of vascular plants 7: 63–158. weber, a. & burtt, b. l. 1998. remodelling of d i d y m o c a r p u s a n d a s s o c i a t e d g e n e r a (gesneriaceae). beitrage zur biologie der pflanzen 70: 293–363. weber, a., middleton, d. j., david, j. m., forrest, a., kiew, r., lim, c. l., rafidah, a. r., sontag, s., triboun, p., wei, y. g., yao, t. l. & möller, m. 2011. molecular systematics and remodelling of chirita and associated genera (gesneriaceae). taxon 60(3): 767 –790. reinwardtia 18 [vol.14 instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 388-557-1-sm belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant -sociology and ecology reinwardtia . editors mien a. kijs wat a kartawinata n. wulijarni-soetjipto 1 published by ' herbarium bogoriense lembaga biologi nasional — lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 9, part 1, 1 —182 31 december 1974 10issn 0034-365x reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bog vol. g, part 1, pp. 117 — 118 (1974) a new bornean species of mammea l. a. j. g. h. kostermans the new specie similarity to ma described and illustrated end noted. jenis baru maminea sinclairi dipertdafcan dan digamba samaannya dengan mammea anaetotmtsans dibi-caraksn. sedang pe jlammea sinclair! kosterm., spec. nov. — fig. 1. frutex, foliis magnis coriaceis, breve acuminatis basi obtusis, nervia lateralitms plurimis horiaontalis supra impressis, hypsophyllis aciculatis parvis, fructus aesailibua globosus pluriloculatis, exterioribua atriatia. typus: sinclair s.f.n. 10274, (bo). shrub, 120 cm high. sap sulphur yellow. branchlets with rather arge lenticels. leaves biaeriate, coriaceous, elliptic, 10 x 50—12 x 31 cm, shortly, sharply acuminate, base rounded; upper surface subtmllate between the numerous (up to 30 pairs) of patent and sagging impressed lateral nerves, in between short impressed nerves, reticulation dense, prominulous, midrib broad, prominulous; lower surface pale green with yellowish tinge (fresh) with prominent midrib and filiform laterals, which anastomose 5—10 mm from the margin. petiole 1—1.5 cm long, thickish; hypsophyls up to 1 cm long, ovate, caudate, stiff. fruit orange, sessile in leaf axil, subglobose, radially atriate, fleshy, 3 cm diam. with 5 cells and 5 large seeds. the leaves are similar to those of m. anastomosans (miq.) kosterm., hut have much more lateral nerves and have a rounded base. mammea anastomosans has cauliflorous flowers, the fruit are unknown. m. sinclairi has axiliar, sessile, plurilocellatc fruit and hence falls in subgenus mammea. borneo, sarawak, sungei sabah tapang, serian, leaves medium green above, psle green beneath with vellot sinclair s.f.n. 10274 (bo, sar, sing). — 117 — janka of stream in forest, eh tinge, 7th aug, i960, fr., reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriensis — lbn, eogor vol. 9, part 1, pp. 119 — 121 (1974) uadodaphne, a new lauraceous genus from borneo a. j . g. h. kostermans abstract an illustrated description of the new monotypic genus 1 myristicoidee is presented, and its similarity to beilsehmiedia, • and endia-ndra is discussed. pertelaan bergambar marga coides disajikan dan persomaanny cryptocarya serta endiandra dibi nonotipe haru triadodaphne tnyristii dengan ruarga-marga beilschmiedia, triadodaphne kosterm., gen nov. arbor foliis alternantibus floribus parvis tubua urceolatua tepalibus sterioribus crasais incurvis, interioribua rninutis membranaceis, staminius tres fertilibus tepalibus exterioribus oppositus, antheris bilocellatia amentis baai biglandulosis, ovario stylo diatincta, stigmate inconapicua uncata. species nnicum. this remarkable plant looks at first sight like an endiandra or a beilschmiedia, because of its very conspicuous prominent leaf reticulation and the small pustules on midrib and branchlets; the loaves, however, are not opposite {as in mostbeilschmiedia) and the flower tube is lurceolate reminding: that of cryptocarya, although the orifice is much wider than that in cryptocarya. the most remarkable feature are the 3 well developed, fleshy outer epals, as compared with the inconspicuous membraneous inner ones. the flower reminds strongly that of myristicaceae. the number of fertile stamens is 3, which characteristic it shares with endiandra but the deep urceolate tube does not occur in endiandra, heither the discrepancy in the size and texture of the tepals. the flowers are too immature to ascertain the shape of the fruit cup, although it seems that the fruit might have a deep cup. i c o n t e n t s • p a g e h a t t i n k , t. a. a revision of malesian caesalpinia, i n c l u d i n g , mezoneuroji ( l e g u m m o s a e c a e s a l p i n i a c e a e ) 1 j o n e s , h . g . orchidaceae n a v a e vel m i n u s cogtlitae . . . . . . . 7 1 k e n g , h. rediscovery of cheilotheca malayana a n d t h e i d e n t i t y of . cheilotheca, audresia and mo.notropastmm (ericaceae. m o n o t r o p o i d e a e ) 7 7 k o s t e r m a n s , a . j . g . h . a m o n o g r a p h o f t h e genusn.eoanna•momum l i o u h o 8 5 m a t e r i a l s f o r a r e v i s i o n o f l a u r a c e a e i v . . . . . 9 7 . a new bornean species .of mammea , . 117 triadodapkne, a. new jauraceous genua from borneo . 119 — a monograph of caryodaphnopsis a. shaw . ., . . . 123 larsen, k. & laksen, s. k. a new amorphophallus from thailand ' 139 nayak, m. p. a revision of phtkiandra (melastomataceae) . . 143 rao, a. n. £ leong, f. l. pollen morphology of certain tropical , • plants . . . . . . . . • 153 skvortzov, b. v. on some colourless flagellates from java and brasil 177 distributor bibliotheca sogoriensis, jalan raya juanda 20, eogok, indonesia tj-archlpel. rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_01 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_61 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_62 rein vol 1, part 2 pp 66 -220_page_54_page_95 a journal on tax0n0m1c botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors mien a. rifai kuswata kartawinata n. wulijarni-s0etj1pt0 published by herbarium bggoriense lembaga biologi nasional —. lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 9, part 4, 377 — 479 31 march 1980 10 issn 00-34 — s66x 392 r e i n w a r d t i a references [vol. 9 holttum, r.e. (1956). racemobambos, a new genus of bamboos. in gard. bull. sing. 15: 267-273. holttum, r.e. (1967). the bamboos of new guinea. in kew bull. 21: 263'-'292. soenarko, s. (1977). the genus cymbopogon sprengel (gramineae). in eeinwardtia 9: 231-375. soenarko, s. (1977). a new species of nastus nees (gramineae) from sumba. in gard. bull. sing. 30: 17-19. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9>, part 4, pp. 393; — 394 (1980') coelachne ghatica naik, sp. nov. v. n. naik department of botany, marathwada university, aurangabad, maharashtra, india abstract coelachne ghatiea naik, a new species of grass is described from western ghats, india. abstrak suatu jenis baru rumput coelachne ghatiea naik dipertelakan berdasarkan koleksi dari ghats barat di india. coelachne ghatiea naik, sp. nov. — fig. 1. c. simpliciuscula (wt. & arn.) munro ex benth. similissime, differt in glumis pubescentibus, minoribus, 0.5—1 mm longis, pedicellis longioribus, 1.5—2 mm longis (terminalibus in ambo plerumque longioribus exceptis), ergo paniculis effusioribus. holotypus: naik 1300a in herb. mu aurangabad. perennial grass with long creeping stem rooting at nodes. culms 8—15 cm long, hairy at nodes. leaves sheaths 5—8 mm long, pubescent with few long hairs; blades lanceolate, 6—30 x 3—4 mm, rounded or sub-cordate at base, many-nerved, hirsute on the nerves above, glabrescent beneath, acute at apex; 'ligule a ring of short hairs. panicles effuse, 3—8 cm long; rhachis grooved, branches spreading 5—15 mm long. spikelets globose or broadly ovoid, 1—1.25 mm long on slender pedicels about 1.5—2 mm long. florets two, the lower sessile and hermaphrodite, the upper pedicelled and hermaphrodite or female. the rhachilla welldeveloped between the lower and the upper lemma. lower glume broadly ovate, 0.5 mm long, 3-nerved, pubescent on the back. upper glume ovateoblong, about 1 mm long, concave, 5-nerved, pubescent on the back. lower lemma ovate-oblong,' slightly longer than the upper glume, 5-nerved, pubescent on the back, its palea shorter, nerveless. callus of the upper floret 0. upper lemma ovate-oblong, 1.25 mm long, 5-nerved, pubescent on the back, its palea slightly shorter, 2-keeled. stamens 2 or 3, about 1 mm long. grain ovoid, filling 2/3 of the lemma. ecology: gregarious on wet rocky soil of open grassland in association with utricidaria reticulata sin., erwcauton spp. and other grasses. _ 3 9 3 — 3-94 p , e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 3 cm 9 stamens and ovary 3 & 4. lower and upper and its palea and 9. this species is similar to c. simpliciusctda (wt. & am.) munro ex benth., but panicles are more effuse with long-pedicelled spkelets and shorter pubescent glumes. western ghats. amboli hill station, 13 september 1971, naik 1300a (holotype and naik isoob, c isotypes). i wish to express my grateful thanks to dr. j.f. veldkamp of rijksherbarium, leiden, for valuable suggestions and latin d.agnosi, i am thankful to prof. k.b. deshpande of this department, for facilities. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 39& — 401 (198-0) the correct name for the acer of malesia thomas j. delendick herbarium, the new york botanical garden, bronx, new york 10u58, v.s.a. *) abstract it is shown that the legitimate and proper name for the maple of malesia is acer laurinum hasskarl. abstrak diperlihatkan bahwa nama yang sah dan tepat untuk ki kanada yang ada di malesia adalah acer laurinum hasskarl. for quite some time the name to be used for the entire-leaved, evergreen species of acer which occurs in malesia was a matter for question, with a. javanicum jungh., a. niveum bl, a. laurinum hassk., a. curranii merr., a. philippinum merr., and a. cassiaefolium bl. being applied byseveral authors dealing with that flora. when populations in southeast asia and hainan are considered as belonging to the malesian taxon, another six epithets come under consideration. in the flora malesiana, a. niveum is the name indicated by bloembergen (1948), but this was corrected to a. laurinum by van steenis (1954). murray (1969) also concluded that the oldest legitimate name is a. laurinum, and de jong (1976) (who also recognizes a. garrettii craib and a. machilifolium hu & cheng for mainland populations) concurs. in 1965, in a publication apparently overlooked by the above monographers, kostermans pointed out that laurus caesia reinwardt ex blume (1826) from indonesia is in fact an acer and, further, that it represents the same taxon hitherto known as a. laurinum! he therefore published the new combination acer caesium, (reinwardt ex blume) kostermans, and indicated that it was the earliest available name. to date, a. caesium (reinwardt ex blume) kostermans is hardly known in the botanical literature, having been adopted only by whitmore (1973) in his tree flora of malaya. * present address: herbarium, brooklyn botanic garden, loo© washington avenue, brooklyn, new york 11225, u.s.a. contents page hsu an keng. a new interpretation of the compound strobilar structures of cordaites and conifers , 377 soejatmi dransfield. three new malesian species of gramineae 385 v. n. naik. coelachne ghatica naik, sp. nov 393 thomas j. delendick. the correct name for the acer of malesia 395 m i e n a. r i f a i . the identity of ustuago amadelpha var. glabhuscula 399 v. n. naik & b. w. patunkar. novelties in panicum (poaceae) from india . 403 n. p. balakrishnan. a new species of ophiorrhiza (rubiaceae) from great nicobar island, india 411 ronald h. petersen. type studies in the clavarioid fungi. v. the taxa described by caspar van overeem 415 a. w. subhebar & v. g. rao. an undescribed species of calothyriop<sis on apple 421 gregori g. hambali. a new species of balanophora from the malay peninsula, 425 kuswata kartawinata. a note on a kerangas (heath) forest at sebulu, east kalimantan 429 rusdy e. nasution & r. n. lester. a chemotaxonomic study of some species of zingiber subsection zerumbet 449 johanis p. mogea. the flabellate-leaved species of salacca (palmae) • printed by aechipel, bogor, java cov rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_11 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_12 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_55 reinwardtia_13_1_291209 today reinwardtia vol 13, part 1, pp: 45 − 67 45 exploration of high elevation liana colonies on mt. slamet, central java, indonesia received june 8, 2009; accepted june 16, 2009 w.s. hoover new england tropical conservatory (netc), bcic, 940 walter street, north bennington, vt 05257. usa. email: netrop@sover.net deden girmansyah herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research centre for biology-lipi, jl. raya bogor-jakarta km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. email: deden_bo@yahoo.com harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research centre for biology-lipi, jl. raya bogor-jakarta km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. email: harry_wiria@yahoo.com james m. hunter new england tropical conservatory (netc), bcic, 940 walter street, north bennington, vt 05257. usa. email: info@netrop.org abstract hoover, ws., girmansyah, d., wiriadinata, h. & hunter, j. m. 2009. exploration of high elevation liana colonies on mt. slamet, central java, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(1): 45–67. — one hundred forty–five individual lianas were distributed on 2 east facing ridges on the second highest mountain on java, mt. slamet (3418 m.), central java, indonesia. twenty one colonies were observed on small flat areas on ridges. the liana species observed include: embelia pergamacea, toddalia asiatica, elaeagnus latifolia, schefflera lucida, vaccinium laurifolium and lonicera javanica. diameter of each liana was measured and liana density/flat area calculated. floristic collecting was undertaken within the elevational gradient of liana distribution. data suggest an ecotone transition from lower to upper montane forest is observed between 2200 and 2300 m, though forest types are difficult to determine due to disturbance caused by fire at the upper elevations. observing lianas at these unusuall high elevations with near pluvial rainfall, contradict established scientific theory concerning global distribution and abundance of lianas. keyword: liana, rainfall, elevation, mt. slamet, central java abstrak hoover, w. s., girmansyah, d., wiriadinata, h. & hunter, j. m. eksplorasi koloni liana dataran tinggi di g. slamet, jawa tengah, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(1): 45–67. — seratus empat puluh lima liana tersebar di 2 lokasi yang menghadap punggung bukit sebelah timur g. slamet (3418 m, gunung kedua tertinggi di jawa), jawa tengah, indonesia. dua puluh satu koloni terekam pada area datar punggung tersebut. jenis–jenis liana yang tercatat adalah: embelia pergamacea, toddalia asiatica, elaeagnus latifolia, schefflera lucida, vaccinium laurifolium dan lonicera javanica. diameter tiap–tiap liana diukur dan kepadatan liana dihitung. data menunjukan daerah transisi (ecotone) terdapat pada ketinggian 2200 sampai 2300 m dpl, walaupun tipe hutannya tidak dapat di identifikasi karena bekas terbakar. hasil pengamatan liana pada daerah dengan curah hujan yang sangat ekstrim tinggi dan ketinggian yang tidak biasanya tersebut bertentangan dengan teori keilmuan tentang distribusi global dan kelimpahan liana. kata kunci: liana, curah hujan, ketinggian, g. slamet, jawa tengah introduction botanists observing tropical forests and climbers in the 19 th and early 20 th centuries noted the abundance of lianas at lower elevations and a decrease of these plants with increasing elevation (treub 1883, schenk 1892–3, davis and richards 1933–34, and richards 1936). such observations on lianas came to define a physiognomic characteristic of lowland tropical forests (webb 1959, grubb et al. 1963, grubb and whitmore 1966, ashton 1964, richards 1964, whitmore 1984, 1988). croat (1978) goes so reinwardtia 46 [vol.13 far as to say the presence of woody climbers is the single most important physiognomic character distinguishing tropical from temperate forests. ashton (2003) considers 800–1200 m. an ecotone transition between lowland and lower montane forest, emphasizing that different mountains have different characteristics, and vegetation types along tropical mountains cannot be identified by single, standard elevational definitions. in considering the transition from upper montane to subalpine, kartawinata (2005) suggests the boundary be considered 2300 m., differing from steenis et al. (1972) report that 2400 m. be the boundary, with much historical debate about elevation zones and tropical mountain vegetation. kartawinata’s (2005) paper may be considered a benchmark for identifying botanical and ecological research needs in indonesia, including lianas; this paper is one of the first specific contributions ever on lianas of indonesia. at the time putz and mooney (1991) published the biology of vines, research on lianas was limited compared to other plant groups. gentry (1991), from this book, likely provides the first global data base on distribution and evolution of climbers; his report based on 56 neotropical and 32 paleotropical sites, all of which are lowland except for 9 montane neotropical forests sites, which are only briefly mentioned. since 1991, scientific literature on lianas has expanded greatly, with many papers examining eco–physiological characteristics of climbers. longino (1986) may have been the first to observe a negative correlation between growth and rainfall, while schnitzer’s (2005) paper summarizes current eco–physiological research and provides explanation for global patterns of liana abundance and distribution based on 69 neo–tropical lowland sites; elevation is not a factor mentioned in his work. most of the literature on lianas over the past years has focused on neo–tropics, with comparatively limited research from se asia, though a number of papers are noteworthy (see for example: jacobs 1976, putz 1984, 1985, 1987, campbell & newberry. 1993, pinard & putz., 1993, caballe 1994, babweteera 2000, dattaraja & sukumar, 2004 and parthasarathny et al. 2004). kartawinata (2005:126) goes so far as to say, “studies on lianas and epiphytes should be promoted further since to date they have been neglected”, in reference to indonesia. in the mountain flora of java, steenis et al. (1972) illustrate 12 species of lianas and about 14 other vine species having woody characteristics, noting that toddalia asiatica and vaccinium laurifolium are 2 species from this present study mentioned by van steenis et al. (1972). v. laurifolium is documented to occur as a shrub on the summit of mt. gede/pangrango complex, outside of the plots (sadili et al. 2009) as well as having been observed to occur epiphytically (wiriadinata, pers. comm.). lonicera javanica is noted to be a highly invasive vine with a cosmopolitan distribution, likely considered a weed (dillenburg et al. 1993). mt. slamet (3418 m, 7 14’23.8” s. lat.; 109 13’.8” e. long.) was selected for exploration because it is the second highest mountain on java (fig. 1 and 2); reporting the highest precipitation on the island is from the town of baturden on the south slope of mt. slamet, averaging about 7000 mm/year (fig. 3, berlage 1941 and indonesian meterological and geophysical institute) and 2 nd highest reported rainfall in indonesia (schmidt & ferguson 1951). rainfall is noted to have exceeded 10,000 mm/year at baturden (fig. 1). early exploratory research on mt. slamet is extensive though appears limited to primarily lowland tropical forest, likely due to the relative inaccessibility of upper elevations due to extensive forest cover. the first botanist to explore mt. slamet appears to be g.f.w. junghuhn with exploration made primarily between 1940–1945 (steenis –kruseman 1950). the cyclopedia of malaysian plant collectors (steenis–kruseman 1950) lists the following botanists as having undertaken exploration of mt. slamet, together with many other locations in indonesia, with their concentrated years of exploration: s.h. koorders 1893–1914, p. de monchy 1897, m. raciborski 1897–1902, f.a.f.c. went 1898–1930, c.a. backer 1907–1948, l.g. den berger 1917–1926, h.j. lam 1924–1925, j. jeswiet 1926, hagederon 1926, c.g.g. j. van steenis 1928–1940, f. verdoorn 1935, f.c. drescher 1958. recent expeditions and collecting trips to mt. slamet are recorded from bogor herbarium’s digital library including: sulistyani (1995), arifiani (2001), rahman (2001), susana (2002), and wiriadinata (2004) netc sponsored expedition involving the present authors. this paper reports on liana colonies forming a component of upper elevation tropical forest along two east–facing ridges on mt. slamet, central java, indonesia, indicating lianas, in rare instances, are not restricted to lowland tropical forests but can become abundant at high elevations. further, mt. slamet’s liana colonies thrive under pluvial–like rainfall conditions, furthering the distinction of this habitat. these liana data from mt. slamet contradict much of the conventional thinking on climbers. methods general floristic collecting was undertaken along hoover : exploration of high elevation liana colonies on mt. slamet, central java, indonesia 2009] 47 table1. vine species from mt. slamet species/family/local name no. of individuals no. of colony elevation (m) trunk diameter (cm) range mean range mean embelia pergamacea 9 1 1935 –1935 1935 +/– 0 2.6 –3.3 3.0 +/– 0.2 a.d.c. ( myrsinaceae ) gang toddalia asiatica (l.) 9 4 1951 –2357 2243 +/– 169 1.4 – 4.5 2.4 +/– 1.1 lam. ( rutaceae ). kuwut vaccinium laurifolium 64 13 1966 –2591 2401 +/– 75 1.6 – 7.6 3.4 +/– 1.5 var. laurifolium miq. (ericaceae), kematus elaeagnus latifolia l. 11 3 1981 –2149 2068 +/– 60 1.4 – 3.2 2.6 +/– 0.6 (elaeagnaceae) duren schefflera lucida l. 12 3 1981– 2316 2283 +/– 97 1.5 – 4.9 2.9 +/– 1.1 (araliaceae) tanganan lonicera javanica dc. 40 4 2499 –2591 2552 +/– 22 1.3 – 3.7 2.2 +/– 0.5 (caprifoliaceae ) blebur table 2. colony size and distribution on mt. slamet ridges 1 and 2 total elevation no of total colony size no of vines / square mean change (m) colony no of vines (square m) meter diameter (cm) ridge 1 lower ½ 655 321 15 8 96 (66%) 34 (35%) 1025.17 675.17 0.18 0.18 3.2 3.3 upper ½ 290 7 62 (65%) 350.00 0.19 3.0 ridge 2 61 6 49 ( 34%) 1268.50 0.12 4.4 the entire elevation gradient from lowland until high elevation and data of vine were collected follow standard methodology for censuring and measuring liana (schnitzer et al. 2006 and gerwing et al. 2006). specimens were collected and put between old news paper, pored with alcohol 70% put into big plastic bag and sent to herbarium bogoriense for drying and identification. results herbarium specimens collected from the 6 species of lianas were identified at bogor herbarium and data summarized in table 1. a clear distinction is observed between the elevational distribution and abundance of the 4 “lower elevation” species embelia pergamacea, elaeagnus latifolia, toddalia asiatica and schefflera lucida and the 2 “upper elevation” species vaccinium laurifolium and lonicera japonica. the former 4 species are much less abundant, with 41 individuals (28%) and distributed between 1935 to 2357 m, than the latter 2 species, with 104 individuals (72%) and distributed between 1966 to 2591 m; only 9 individuals of vaccinium are found at the “lower elevation” with 55 found at the “upper elevation”. reinwardtia 48 [vol.13 1\13 vaccinium laurifolium 9 100 2469 2.99 +/– 1.71 0.090 1\14 lonicera javanica 10 100 2499 2.36 +/– 60.00 0.100 1\15 lonicera javanica 3 25 2591 2.86 +/– 0.28 0.120 2\16 vaccinium laurifolium 2 10.5 2591 5.33 +/– 0.11 0.190 2\17 vaccinium laurifolium 7 130 2560 3.50 +/– 1.50 0.054 2\18 vaccinium laurifolium 5 930 2560 4.36 +/– 2.23 0.005 lonicera javanica 21 930 2560 2.02 +/– 0.63 0.023 2\19 vaccinium laurifolium 7 150 2545 3.34 +/– 1.13 0.047 2\20 vaccinium laurifolium 1 33 2530 5.73 +/– 0.00 0.030 2\21 lonicera javanica 6 15 2491 1.99 +/– 0.09 0.400 table 2 indicates colony size and distribution of liana between both ridges. ninety–six colonies of lianas (66%) are distributed on ridge 1, while ridge 2 has 49 colonies of lianas (34%). the elevation gradient of ridge 1 is 655 m., while ridge 2 has 61 m. of gradient change. observing colony size of available habitat for the liana, a distinction is noted between the 2 ridges. ridge 1 has a total of 1,025 m 2 of flat colony surface area, or colony size; flat is a relative term in so far as we are on a steep mountain ridge. nonetheless, the lianas were observed restricted to these flat areas since these locations were the only places where the lianas grew, and not on steep areas. ridge 2 has a total of 1,268 m2 of flat colony habitat for the lianas, representing roughly 20% more habitat surface than ridge\ colony no. species no. of individuals colony size (square meters) elevation ( meters ) mean diameter ( cm ) no of lianas/ square meter 1\1 embellia pergamacea 9 17.2 1935 2.98 +/– 0.23 0.523 1\2 toddalia asiatica 2 2.25 1951 1.51 +/– 0.11 0.889 1\3 vaccinium laurifolium 2 16.72 1966 4.93 +/– 1.58 0.120 1\4 elaeagnus latifolium 2 59.5 1981 2.63 +/– 0.34 0.034 1\5 1 59.5 1981 4.93 +/– 0.00 0.017 1\6 elaeagnus latifolium 6 20 2057 2.68 +/– 0.50 0.300 1\7 vaccinium laurifolium 6 400 2149 2.55 +/– 0.65 0.015 elaeagnus latifolium 3 400 2149 1.80 +/– 0.33 0.008 1\8 vaccinium laurifolium 1 100 2256 4.62 +/– 0.00 0.010 schefflera lucida 1 100 2256 4.77 +/– 0.00 0.010 toddalia asiatica 1 100 2256 3.18 +/– 0.00 0.010 1\9 toddalia asiatica 1 50 2301 4.46 +/– 0.00 0.020 vaccinium laurifolium 7 50 2301 2.41 +/– 0.65 0.140 1\10 vaccinium laurifolium 8 25 2316 2.42 +/– 0.17 0.320 10 25 2316 2.45 +/– 0.73 0.400 1\11 vaccinium laurifolium 3 25 2347 3.87 +/– 1.94 0.120 toddalia asiatica 5 25 2347 2.1 +/– 0.74 0.200 1\12 vaccinium laurifolium 6 25 2408 4.03 +/– 1.70 0.240 table 3. vine species diversity/ colony and individual colony data hoover : exploration of high elevation liana colonies on mt. slamet, central java, indonesia 2009] 49 ridge 1, even with only 61 m. of elevation change, and being much shorter in distance. overall liana density, measured by number of vines/ha is significantly different between the two ridges: ridge 1 has a mean density of 1800 lianas/ha., while ridge 2 is lower with a mean of 1200 lianas/ha. the opposite situation is observed for mean liana diameter: ridge 1 having a mean liana diameter of 3.2 cm. and ridge 2 having a mean of 4.4 cm. from table 2, focusing on ridge 1 with its 655 m. of elevational gradient presents its own set of interesting data. most notable is greater abundance of lianas at the upper elevations: 34 lianas (35%) observed on the lower half of ridge 1 and 62 lianas (65%) observed at the upper half of the ridge. the elevational gradient is not exactly divided in half for a “lower half” and an “upper half” because of plot locations, but the elevational dividing point is between plot 8 (2,256 m) and 9 (2,301 m). the elevational change for the lower half is 321 m. and for the upper half is 290 m. colony size for habitat is significantly different between “lower” and “upper” halves: the lower half of the gradient has 675 m 2 of surface colony area while the upper colony surface area is 350 m 2 . mean diameter is different between the lower and upper halves of the ridge also: the lower with a mean diameter of 3.3 cm. and the upper with a mean of 3.0 cm. species diversity on colonies is of interest (table 3). the lowest 6 colonies, from 1,935 m to 2,057 m on ridge 1, are each consists of a single species. embelia pergamacea, with 9 individuals, is observed only on colony number 1 and is not observed anywhere else on the 2 ridges. a similar situation for single species occupancy occurs at the highest most elevations also, where single species mostly dominate individual colonies: on ridge 1, colonies 12–15 are each occupied by vaccinium laurifolium or by lonicera japonica. on ridge 2, colonies 16–21, the same species occur with one or the other exclusively, except on the largest colony observed (930 m 2 ), number 18, which includes both species, though dominated heavily by vaccinium. the middle elevation colonies on ridge 1 are of interest from a multiple species standpoint: colonies 7–11, ranging from 2,149 m to 2,347 m are occupied by 2 species on each flat area, except for colony number 8 (2,256 m), the only plot observed to have 3 species, v. laurifolium, schefflera lucida and toddalia asistica, with just one individual of each species. colony number 8 (2256 m) is 100 m 2 of flat surface and is of special interest. aside from its uniqueness with 3 species, if ranked, colony number 8 has one of the lowest liana densities (.01) of all colonies on mt. slamet, is the middle–most colony on ridge 1, and the diameters of each liana rank among the largest measured: the schefflera ranks 4th largest, vaccinium ranks 5th and the toddalia is 12 th , out of a total of 145 lianas colonies. such circumstances suggest explanation other than just coincidence. the uniqueness of colony 8 suggests there may be other ecological or climatic characteristics of interest, at or near, this elevation, to be discussed below. of the 21 colonies occupied by these lianas on mt. slamet, 14 (66%) are dominated by a single species, 6 (29%) diversified with 2 species each and colony number 8 (5%) with 3 species. table 4 is a list of the general flora collected within the elevational range of the lianas (1935– 2591 m) on mt. slamet and compares the elevations of these collections with those of other sites throughout java. including the lianas, 19 species of general flora were collected. other species were collected below and above the lianas, though are not included in this report. interestingly, 8 species collected on mt. slamet from our expedition achieve elevational records for java including: saurauia microphylla, schefflera aomatica, observed once, and s. lucida, a mt. slamet liana abundantly observed for this study, vaccinium laurifolium, from this study, peperomia tomentosa, only the 2nd specimen collected on java, smilax odoratissima, elatostemma strigosum and antrophyum reticulatum. most of the general flora collected are common to java, as indicated by the abundant collections from the island. when the mt. slamet lianas are examined by rarity on java, vaccinium laurifolium var. laurifolium has only been collected 8 other times on the island, and is the most abundant vine observed on mt. slamet (64 individuals); this species observed as an epiphyte, also (wiriadinata, pers. comm.). elaeagnus latifolia has only been collected 14 times on java, with 11 individuals on mt. slamet (abdulhadi et al. 1998, kartawinata 2005). discussion mt.slamet’s high elevation liana colonies appear distinct as a tropical ecology observation. this discussion will examine these liana colonies in terms of a number of parameters including: forest type, elevation, taxonomic diversity, precipitation, pioneering capability of lianas and fire as a cause for disturbance. how each of these parameters is related to reported observations in tropical ecology will be discussed, indicating the distinction of mt. slamet’s upper elevation forest. forest type a central observation regarding mt. slamet’s upper elevation forest is its secondary nature, based on disturbance caused by fire, more of which will reinwardtia 50 [vol.13 no family, genus, species collection from java our 2004 mt. slamet collections elev. record # elev. range mean 1 actinidiaceae saurauia microphylla vriese 10 1400–1900 1500 1900&2500 x 2 araliaceae schefflera aromatica (bl.) harms schefflera lucida l. 11 17 1400–1900 1300–2229 1782 1632 2000 2300 x x 3 asteraceae gynura aurantiaca dc. 31 600–2550 1560 2200 4 caprifoliaceae viburnum lutescens bl. lonicera javaniva dc. 53 31 150–3000 1000–3200 1112 1598 2500 2700 5 cyperaceae carex filicina nees 20 1400–3020 2349 2500 6 elaeagnaceae elaeagnus latifolia l. 14 250–2000 1211 2300 7 equisetaceae equisetum debile roxb. 65 100–2680 1317 2500 8 ericaceae vaccinium laurifolium var laurifolium bl. 8 600–2300 1596 1500/2500/2900 x 9 fagaceae lithocarpus spicatus (sm) rehd et wills 44 93–2403 1150 2600 10 myrsinaceae ardisia javanica dc. embelia pergamacea dc. 87 20 93–3000 300–2400 2500 2100 2500 2100 11 piperaceae peperomia laevifolia miq. peperomia tomentosa dietr. piper caninum bl. 91 1 96 200–2200 1642 25–2708 1425 1642 546 1700/1900 1900/2200 2000/2100/2700 x 12 polypodiaceae microsorium nigrescens bl. 35 200–2000 1061 1900 13 ranunculaceae ranunculus blumei steud thalictrum javanicum bl. 92 58 700–3300 1000–3300 2007 2739 1690/2500/2800/29 50 2500 14 rutaceae toddalia asiatica (l.) lam. 47 93–2600 1719 2600 15 saxifragaceae dichroa febrifuga lour. 91 500–3000 1530 1400/2200/2800 16 smilacaceae smilax odoratissima bl. smilax zeylanica l. 30 63 900–2200 500–2000 1642 626 1300/1900/3000 1900 x 17 symplocaceae symplocos cochinchinensis (lour.) moore 12 7 150–3020 1532 2600 18 urticaceae elatostemma strigosum (bl.) hassk. pilea angulata bl. urtica bullata bl. 9 38 12 970–2933 800–2600 1500–2600 1707 1460 2049 2200/2950 2000 2100 x 19 vittariaceae antrophyum reticulatum (forst.)kaulf. 64 5–1846 450 2000 x tale 4. general species list from mt. slamet hoover : exploration of high elevation liana colonies on mt. slamet, central java, indonesia 2009] 51 be said below. an observational gradient of disturbance is evident along ridge 1 from 2300 m. to the “burn–off zone” at 3,076 m. lower elevational forest, estimated from 1850–2300 m., may be the richest montane forest we have observed in indonesia (hoover et al. 2004), suggesting its disturbance is relatively limited. above 2300 m, indications of more recent disturbance are observed, with the distribution of lianas being a prime indication since total number of lianas increases dramatically after 2300 m (fig. 9). it is important to attempt identification of the type of forest in which these mt. slamet lianas are growing, which is montane. ashton (2003) points out it is often difficult to distinguish floristic, structural and physiognomic elements separating lower montane from upper montane forest, thus describing an ecotone transition between these vegetation zones. standard elevational benchmarks for forest transitions are unreliable because mountains have different heights and are subject to varying climatic conditions. the studies by grubb et al. (1963) and grubb and whitmore (1966) in ecuador, whitmore’s (1984) studies of tropical mountains of asia and throughout the tropics and (whitmore 1998) all are classic studies of tropical forest zonation in relation to elevation. more recent studies have continued to examine complex issues regarding vegetational zonation on se asian tropical mountains, with little agreement among scientists; see for example, but not limited to osawa (1991), kitayama (1992), gioda et al. (1993), aiba and kitayama (1999), beaman et al. (2001) and kartawinata (2005). nonetheless, ashton (2003) makes a clear case for transitional/ecotone tropical forest zones that can be effectly applied in the field. table 4 lists the general flora associated with the lianas of mt. slamet and compares the elevational ranges and means of these species with the same species collected throughout java. it is predictable a number of floristic elevational records (8) would be achieved since mt. slamet is the second highest mountain on java. examining species associated with lianas suggests a floristic composition representative of lower montane forest on java, also suggested by ashton (pers. comm.), with elevational records achieved by these species simple because forest habitat extended by high elevation. the forest observed along the elevational gradient up to 2200 m. is likely lower montane with an ecotone transition roughly occurring between this elevation and 2300 m.; within this elevation range occur a number of distinctions in the liana data: 1. plot 8 (2256 m), being the only plot observed with 3 species of lianas, occurring in the middle of the gradient and concentrated with 3 of the largest diameter lianas observed. 2. the 4 “lower elevation” species do not exceed 2347 m, while the 2 “upper elevation” species are concentrated above 2301 m at colony number 9, with only 9 vaccinium occurring below 2300 m. 3. fig. 9 indicate data at the 2201–2300 m elevational range category are distinct since each of the parameters (total number of individuals, mean lianas/m 2 and mean trunk diameter are respectively lowest, one of the smallest and highest. the disturbed nature of the upper elevation forest complicates identification of forest type, be it lower or upper montane, and at what elevation forest transition occurs is difficult to assess. however, the data indicate distinction around 2200–2300 m. it is of interest to note kartawinata (2005) states, “the altitude of 2300 m is the meeting point of dominant species of upper montane forest and sub– alpine forest, hence the elevation of 2300 may be suggested as the boundary between montane zone and subalpine differing from the boundary at altitude 2400 m. previously defined by van steenis et al (1972)”. mt. slamet is distinct from the mt. gede/ pangrango complex since no vegetation exists on the top 400 m of mt. slamet. fire has completely burned off the top of mt. slamet, while mt. gede/ pangrango has experienced a limited recent fire history. none–the–less, 2300 m certainly appears to be a critical elevation for se asian tropical forests. regarding mt. slamet, the elevational range around 2200–2300 m. may to be an ecotone transition zone between lower and upper montane forest. though not part of this study, it should be pointed out that lonicera lianas were observed on the upper most sections of ridge 2 at approximately 2700 m, but they appeared to be very young plants, with diameters of less than 10 mm. evidence of fire was observed on the trunks of small trees. it was difficult to assess this forest as upper montane, due to the apparent disturbance caused by fire, but there still appeared to be enough distinguishing characteristics such as low stature and single canopy tree stratum, few shrubs, and microphyll leaf size to distinguish this burned forest as upper montane. elevation in itself, the presence of lianas on mountain slopes is not unusual. steenis et al. (1972) report on 14 different species of lianas in the mt. flora of java, with an additional number of climbers having woody characteristics. most of steenis et al. (1972) liana are observed at elevations closer to 1000 – 1500 m., much less than the mt. slamet site reinwardtia 52 [vol.13 beginning at 1935 m and above. gentry (1991) lists his 9 montane forest sites of the neotropics where lianas are present by elevation. the pasochoa, ecuador (3,010 m) site is higher than mt. slamet’s liana site, though this ecuadorian site is based on only a 0.1 ha and the data extrapolated. all gentry’s 9 montane sites are listed as a single elevation, whereas the mt. slamet site is along an elevational gradient from 1,935 – 2,591 m. aside from this report and gentry’s (1991), elevation is generally not a factor in the great volume of recent literature since putz and mooney (1991) published their “biology of vines”. in order to establish data standards, schnitzer (2005), “…omitted forests that were classified as subtropical, montane and premontane to reduce confounding the differences in latitude, elevation, and temperature among the sites.” a review of the last 18 years of liana literature indicates research is restricted to lowland tropical forest, primarily of the neotropics, where elevation is not a parameter examined. therefore, the distinction with mt. slamet’s lianas is their colony structure distributed along a 655 m elevational gradient, with the greatest abundance of plants found at the higher elevations, particularily because of vaccinium laurifolium and lonicera japonica. taxonomic diversity the 6 lianas observed at mt. slamet, embelia pergamacea (myrsinaceae), elaeagnus latifolia (elaeaganaceae), toddalia asiatica (rutaceae), schefflera lucida (araliaceae), vaccinium laurifolium (ericaceae) and lonicera japonica (caprifoliaceae) represent families that are different from the limited asian data sets available. gentry’s (1991) 3 asian sites were collected from lowland forest in kalimantan, and would be expected to be different, with his 7 most common liana families being: annonaceae, apocynaceae, fabaceae, loganiaceae, rubiaceae, connaraceae and dilleniaceae. considering the taxonomic composition of the lianas at his 9 neotropical upland andean sites, only the ericaceae is shared with the mt. slamet site, though he is only reporting the most common families, noting that lianas from many other families are observed. of interest is that gentry (1991) points out that the asteraceae is the most speciose neotropical montane vine family and in general andean montane forest climbers are dominated by a hemiepiphytic habit, as opposed to ground based woody lianas, like the 6 mt. slamet, species, further distinguishing this site. precipitation precipitation at baturden, central java is ranked as the second highest measured in indonesia, averaging over 7,000 mm/year for the last 93 years (fig. 3a). (for interest’s sake the 5 highest measured rainfall sites in indonesia are, by site, province, mean rainfall/year in mm, and the years data were collected (berlage 1949 and schmidt & ferguson 1951): 1. sungai batoeng, w. sumatra, 7752 mm, 1929–1936; 2. tenjo, batuaden, c. java, 7069 mm, 1919–1941; 3. tombo, ond., c. java, 6656 mm, 1889–1941; 4. patoengkrinono, c. java, 6649 mm, 1897–1941; 5. pagilaran, c. java, 6379 mm, 1896– 1941. there may well be wetter areas in papua.) this is nearly a “pluvial” level of rainfall by the holdridge (1967) system for neotropical life zones, referring to this system because there appears to no eqivalent category for se asia. pluvial forest is benchmarked at 7400 mm/year and above by gentry (1991). though precipitation is not known specifically at the mt. slamet liana site, its adjacency to baturaden suggests the site is very wet. (appendix 2 shows old historical maps for rainfall stations and rainfall patterns at baturaden (number 25) and mt. slamet, noting stream density on the south slope. further, the next most adjacent sites to our mt. slamet liana site, besides baturden being the closest, include sites due east, with each site number and mean rainfall: number 23j jelegong – 6012, number 23a noesakambang – 5952 and number 24 redjasari – 5565 mm berlage 1949) for reference, gentry (1991) only reports on 2 of his liana sites where rainfall exceeds baturaden: tutunendo, colombia with 9000 mm/year at an elevation of 90 m. and mt. cameroun, cameroun with 8000 mm/year at 230 m. elevation, both lowland sites. no precipitation data are available for any of gentry’s (1991) 9 montane forest sites. a review of available literature suggests liana abundance and distribution is negatively correlated with precipitation. the mechanistic explanation for global liana patterns of distribution offered by schnitzer (2005) is based on a data set including 66 tropical forests: 24 dry forests, 31 moist forests and 11 wet forests. schnitzer’s (2005) explanation for greater abundance and distribution of lianas in dry forest habitats involves the adaptive capability of lianas to exploit dry seasonal conditions through faster growth rates compared to trees, and a deep root system allowing plants to obtain necessary water. research supporting schnitzer’s (2005) overall theory is spread far and wide in the recent literature noting particularily, but not limited to: longino (1986), who may have been the first to observe this negative correlation between liana abundance and precipitation, gartner et al. (1990), ewers et al. (1991), opler et al. (1994), philips et al. (2002), restom and nepstad (2004), and kalacska et al. (2005). thus, mt. slamet’s liana community distributed over 655 m of elevational gradient in a “hyper– hoover : exploration of high elevation liana colonies on mt. slamet, central java, indonesia 2009] 53 wet”, high elevation forest appears distinctive for global tropical ecology. pioneering capability of mt. slamet lianas and fire as a cause for disturbance noted throughout tropical literature, are lianas pioneering capacity to invade disturbed habitats, in reference to tree fall gaps, hurricanes, and logging sites (see for example: putz et al. 1984, balee and campbell 1990, fisher and ewers 1991, babweteera et al. 2000, schnitzer 2005, avalos et al. 2007. additional tropical literature primarily from se asia describes the ecological effects of disturbance caused by fire. see for example: kartawinata (1993), riswan (1982), riswan and kartawinata (1988, 1989, 1991), sadili et al. (2009) describe the effects of fire on vegetation patterns on mt. gede pangrango complex, west java, indonesia. similarily, mt. slamet is a volcano and the effects of fire were apparent on the trunks of the acacia sp. and anaphalis viscida at the subalpine zone, as well as at a section of upper montane forest at 2700 m. on ridge 2, observed above the liana site. it is proposed that fire may be an environmental factor effecting the upper elevation forest on mt. slamet, and contributes directly to the presence of the lianas, due to their pioneering ability. though the specific liana colonies showed no direct or immediate evidence of fire, this does not preclude the possibility that fire has burned areas along the ridges now occupied by lianas, thus disturbing the ecology of the forest and allowing lianas to invade with their rapid growth rates and form the colonies observed. the distribution of lianas on mt. slamet may be explained by the disturbance caused by fire, particularily, the greater abundance of lonicera and vaccinium at the upper elevations, as mentioned above. it is our hypothesis that fire has been a frequent factor influencing the upper elevational forest ecology of mt. slamet for much of its history, to a point where the steep upper section of the mountain on its south face, estimated at 800 or more meters of elevational gradient, is basically a “vine or liana forest”, not in the sense of balee & campbell (1990) or perez–salicrup (2001) amazonian liana forests but a localized one. we hypothesize that by rotating from the steep south side of the mountain to the much less steep east side of the mountain, montane forest will become more prevelant, and thus exhibit a gradient in liana abundance and density. rotating further to the ne side of the mountain, where the present site has been documented, one observes even fewer lianas than the east side. in other words, the highest liana density and abundance has not been observed and documented, but is predicted for the south slope. the steep upper south slope has likely been effected not only by fire, but also by landslides due to being so steep, as fig. 1. view of mount slamet showing upper section of western ridge from baturaden reinwardtia 54 [vol.13 can be observed in fig. 2, thus causing further disturbance of this area and promoting the pioneering capability of lianas to invade and dominate the ecology. at this point, we plan a dry season observational trip up the south slope to document photographically whether the hypothesized liana community exists as a “liana forest” at a local scale. climate change it would be irresponsible not to mention the possible effects of climate change on montane forest of mt. slamet, especially in view of svenning & condit (2008) commentary on the lack of research on climate change in the tropics. perhaps climate change has contributed to a shift in montane forest vegetation on mt. slamet since this liana community appears unusual. rainfall data from baturaden (fig. 3) suggest a decline in precipitation over the last 93 years, still leaving precipitation very high on mt. slamet’s south and east slopes. such a shift in rainfall may be explained in a number of ways. 1. overall global climate change is effecting rainfall patterns locally in java. 2. forest clearing; perhaps up through the 1950’s much of the lowland coastal area of central java was forested and by the early 1960’s this forest was destroyed. philips et al. (2002) and wright et al. (2004) have data suggesting sharp increases in liana abundance and productivity in neo–tropical forests, while schnitzer (2005) acknowledges the possible effects of climate change on liana abundance and distribution. from the standpoint of elevation shifts of biota in the tropics, colwell et al. (2008) present a new concept for approaching climate change in the tropics, with perhaps future consideration being given to applying this model to the upper elevation lianas on mt. slamet. certainly, mankind’s assult on nature may produce consequential changes in vegetation with perhaps more ecological circumstances like mt. slamet being observed in the future. of interest to the history of tropical ecology and research on lianas, is the important role of longino, sparked in part by colwell et al. (2008) paper, in which longino is one of the authors. as mentioned above, longino (1986) paper in biotropica may likely be the first research to document the negative correlation between lianas and precipitation; an observation of great importance to global tropical ecology, witnessed by the great volume of post– 1991 literature concerning this observation. of the many important post–1991 studies, longino does not appear to have contributed much beyond the original, critical observation in 1986. gentry (1991:14) does not make reference to this paper, though his data report, “it is probably not altogether coincidental that the neotropical site with the highest liana density (jauneche, ecuador) occurs in an area with a marked dry season that is transitional between moist and dry forest.” what is the explanation for j.t. longino’s highly influential, original observation on lianas being elaborated by other scientists who published much more?. curiously, a similar question can be asked about why dr. enrique forero, universidad national in bogota, colombia, was not a second author with gentry on the many papers he published on work in colombia, where forero was his active partner and undertook serang jakarta bandung g. slamet jogjakarta semarang surabaya malang banyuwangi banten prov. jakarta prov. w.java c. java prov. e. java prov. jogjakarta prov. fig. 2. map of java island with mount slamet, showing major cities in provinces hoover : exploration of high elevation liana colonies on mt. slamet, central java, indonesia 2009] 55 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 19 16 19 18 19 20 19 22 19 24 19 26 19 28 19 30 19 32 19 34 19 36 19 38 19 40 19 42 19 44 19 46 19 48 19 50 19 52 19 54 19 56 19 58 19 60 19 62 19 64 19 66 19 68 19 70 19 72 19 74 19 76 19 78 19 80 19 82 19 84 19 86 19 88 19 90 19 92 19 94 19 96 19 98 20 00 20 02 20 04 20 06 20 08 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 ja n f e b m a r a p r m e i ju n e ju l a u g s e p o k t n o p d e s mean monthly rainfall # o f m m /m o n th year fig 3. rainfall data for baturaden, central java ( berlage 1949). a. annual from 1916–2008 b. monthly mean rainfall a. b. reinwardtia 56 [vol.13 2 cm a b c d fig. 4. toddalia asiatica a. habitat of liana mixed with other vegetation on medium tree estimated 12 m tall on plot 2, 1951 m, b. colony of liana trunks, c. habit, d. fruit cluster hoover : exploration of high elevation liana colonies on mt. slamet, central java, indonesia 2009] 57 a b c d fig. 5. elaeagnus latifolia, a. habitat showing liana covering estimated 10 m tall melastomataceae tree at plot 4, 1981 m b. liana trunk on tree, c. habit, d. dioecious flower 1 cm reinwardtia 58 [vol.13 a c d fig. 6. schefflera lucida a. habitat showing clump of secondary branches sprouded from main trunk which is climbing on large possible lithocarpus tree, plot 5, 1981 m, b. six or more liana trunks on large tree estimated 15 m tall, c. habit, d. flower buds b hoover : exploration of high elevation liana colonies on mt. slamet, central java, indonesia 2009] 59 a b fig. 7. vaccinium laurifolium a. habitat of large liana on schefflera sp. tree trunk estimated 15 m tall on plot 3, 1966 m, b. colony of lianas at base of tree, c. habit, d. flower buds and fruits 1 cm 1 cm c d reinwardtia 60 [vol.13 a b c d fig. 8. lonicera javanica a. habitat of liana on tree trunk, b. colony of liana trunks on plot 14, 2499 m, c. habit, d. single dioecious flower 3 cm hoover : exploration of high elevation liana colonies on mt. slamet, central java, indonesia 2009] 61 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 t o ta l o f l ia n a i n d iv id u a l m e a n o f li a n a d e n si ty /m 2 m e a n t ru n k d ia m e te r (c m ) 1900– 2001– 2101– 2201– 2301– 2401– 2501– fig 9. total of liana individual, mean of liana density/m 2 and mean trunk diameter within elevational ranges on mt. slamet. reinwardtia 62 [vol.13 much of the work in the pluvial forests of 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mt. slamet, baturaden from an old undated map providing mean number of rainy days during the driest four months of the year ( kloninklijk magnetsxh meterologisch observatorium te batavia, gemiddeld aantal tegendagen gedurende de droogste vier maanden van het jaar). arrow indicating mt. slamet and baturden. b. rainfall station map of section of central java, showing baturaden, mt. slamet (overzichtskaart van de ligging en namen der regenstation f java & madoera 1941). arrow indicating station 12. reinwardtia 66 [vol.13 appendix 2. circumference of individual lianas on mt. slamet ridge# plot #/ species and individual ridge# plot #/ species and individual ridge# plot #/ species and individual ridge# plot #/ species and individual ridge 1 plot 1 e. pergamacea 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 plot 2 t. asiatica 1 2 plot 3 v. laurifolium 1 2 plot 4 e. latifolia 1 2 plot 5 s. lucida 1 plot 6 e. latifolia 1 2 3 4 5 6 plot 7 v. laurifolium 1 2 3 4 9 9 9.5 9 10 10 8 10.5 10 9 4.5 5 19 12 9 7.5 15.5 10 6 7.5 10 9 8 10 10.5 9 8 5 6 7 e. latifolia 1 2 plot 8 v. laurifolium 1 s. lucida 1 t. asiatica 1 plot 9 t. asiatica 1 v. laurifolium 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 plot 10 v. laurifolium 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 s. lucida 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.5 5 6 4.5 6 14.5 15 10 14 6.5 6 10 6.5 11 7 6 7 7.5 8 8.5 7 7.2 7.2 8 5 6 6 6.5 7 6.5 8 9 11 12 plot 11 v. laurifolium 1 2 3 t. asiatica 1 2 3 4 5 plot 12 v. laurifolium 1 2 3 4 5 6 plot 13 v. laurifolium 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 plot 14 l. javanica 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13.5 17.5 5.5 10.5 7 5.5 5 5 20 12 8.5 7.5 18.5 9.5 8 7 6.5 21 15.5 5.5 5.5 6 9.5 7 5.5 8 4.5 10 6 9.5 8 9.5 6 plot 15 l. javanica 1 2 3 plot 16 v. laurifolium 1 2 plot 17 v. laurifolium 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 plot 18 v. laurifolium 1 2 3 4 5 l. javanica 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 8.5 10 8.5 17 16.5 10.5 5.5 12 15.5 7.5 7.5 18.5 24 10 12.5 16.5 5.5 11.5 8 7 8.5 5 5 5.5 4.5 5 4.5 5.5 5 4 10.5 4.5 7.5 6 5.5 7 7 6.5 8 c ir cu m fe re n ce ( cm ) c ir cu m fe re n ce ( cm ) c ir cu m fe re n ce ( cm ) c ir cu m fe re n ce ( cm ) hoover : exploration of high elevation liana colonies on mt. slamet, central java, indonesia 2009] 67 ridge# plot #/ species and individual ridge# plot #/ species and individual ridge# plot #/ species and individual plot 19 v. laurifolium 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15.5 12 13 12 6.5 8.5 6 plot 20 v. laurifolium 1 plot 21 v. laurifolium 1 18 64 plot 22 l. javanica 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.5 6.5 6 6 6 6.5 c ir cu m fe re n ce ( cm ) c ir cu m fe re n ce ( cm ) c ir cu m fe re n ce ( cm ) reinwardtia 2017 16 (1) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 16 (1): 1 – 48, june 15, 2017 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary rina munazar layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: catanthera keris veldk. (1. inflorescences; 2. close up flower; 3. flower bud), medinilla squillula veldk. (4. habit; 5. branches; 6. fascicle of uniflorous infructescences), medinilla uninervis veldk. (7. habit. note 1-nerved leaves; 8. infructescence; 9. immature and mature fruits), medinilla zoster veldk. (10. habit; 11. inflorescences; 12. flower). photo credits: bangun 223, lowry & phillipson 7287, mahroji, fabanyo & soleman 69, callmander, et al. 1067. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 16(1): agus susatya university of bengkulu, bengkulu, indonesia agus sutanto indonesian tropical fruit research institute (itfri), west sumatra, indonesia axel d. poulsen royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk andrew powling school of biological sciences, university of portsmouth, portsmouth, uk elham sumarga school of life sciences & technology, institut teknologi bandung, bandung, indonesia meekiong kallu university malaysia sarawak, samarahan, sarawak, malaysia harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia ulrich meve lehrstuhl für pflanzensystematik, universität bayreuth, bayreuth, germany mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia reinwardtia vol 16 no 1, pp: 31 – 45 31 phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope of mt. wilis, east java, indonesia received january 10, 2017; accepted march 16, 2017 purwaningsih, ruddy polosakan botany division, research center for biology – lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, 16911, indonesia. email: purazali@yahoo.co.id ; email: ruddypolos@yahoo.co.id razali yusuf perumahan tanah baru d1-11, bogor, indonesia. kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, 1400 lake shore drive, chicago, il 60605, usa. email: kkjak@indo.net.id abstract purwaningsih, polosokan, r., yusuf, r. & kartawinata, k. 2017. phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope of mt. wilis, east java. indonesia. reinwardtia 16(1): 31 − 45. —a phytosociological study of a montane forest was carried out on the south slope of mount wilis, kediri, east java. the objective of the study was to do quantitative measurements of floristic composition and structure of the montane forest located within the seasonally dry climatic region as to date no such study has been undertaken there. it was conducted using the quadrat method by establishing plots of 2500 m2 each at five locations at the altitudes of 1100 m asl (above sea level), 1200 m asl, 1300 m asl, 1400 m asl and 1500 m asl, thus the total area sampled was 1.25 ha. they were plot1100 at bekayang, plot1200 at bukit bendera, plot1300 at batutulis, plot1400 at mergosepi and plot1500 at brak. a total of 1045 trees comprising 74 species of 50 genera and 33 families were recorded. based on a species constancy index of 100 %, the saurauia nudiflora-weinmannia blumei association was established. the association consisted of (1) the cyathea-polycias subassociation, representing the heavily disturbed forest, currently dominated by cyathea contaminans and (2) the villebrunea-syzygium subassociation, representing the least disturbed forests, dominated by syzygium lineatum and villebrunea rubescens. the lowest number of species (13) was recorded in plot1100 and the highest number (39) in plot1300. important species recorded included cyathea contaminans (importance value, iv= 47.97); lithocarpus sp. (iv= 22.07); lithocarpus sundaicus (iv= 14.05); saurauia pendula (iv= 12.85); villebrunea rubescens (iv= 12.12) and syzygium lineatum (iv= 11.22). diameter measurements showed that 76.60 % of trees in plot1100 and 86.60 % in plot1200 consist of small individuals with diameters between 10 and 30 cm. trees with large diameters of >30 cm occurred in plot1300, plot1400 and plot1500. the presence of large numbers of small trees and lesser numbers of trees with large diameters in a forest stand indicated that the stand was regenerating after heavy disturbance. the presence of the majority of trees with height of < 20 m (99 %) further confirmed the forest ’s dynamic status. key words: association, distur bance, mount wilis, phytosociology, r egener ation, subassociation. abstrak purwaningsih, polosokan, r., yusuf, r. & kartawinata, k. 2017. penelitian fitososiologi hutan pegunungan di lereng selatan gunung wilis, kediri, jawa timur. indonesia. reinwardtia 16(1): 31 − 45. — tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan pengukuran kuantitatif komposisi flora dan struktur hutan pegunungan, yang terletak di wilayah iklim kering musiman. penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kuadrat dengan membuat petak masing-masing 2500 m2 di lima lokasi dengan elevasi 1100 m dpl., 1200 m, 1300 m, 1400 m dan 1500 m, sehingga total luas petak adalah 1,25 ha. petak-petak tersebut adalah petak1100 di bekayang, petak1200 di bukit bendera, petak1300 di batutulis, petak1400 di mergosepi dan petak1500 di brak. pencuplikan merekam sebanyak 1.045 pohon, yang terdiri atas 74 jenis, 50 marga dan 33 suku. berdasarkan indeks konstansi jenis 100% dibentuk asosiasi saurauia nudiflora-weinmannia blumei. asosiasi tersebut terdiri atas (1) subasosiasi cyathea-polycias, yang mewakili hutan terganggu berat, yang saat ini didominasi oleh cyathea contaminans dan (2) subasosiasi villebruneasyzygium, yang mewakili hutan sedikit terganggu, yang didominasi oleh syzygium lineatum dan villebrunea rubescens. jumlah jenis terendah (13) tercatat dalam petak1100 dan jumlah jenis tertinggi (39) dalam petak1300. jenis penting yang tercatat meliputi cyathea contaminans (nilai kepentingan, nk= 47,97); lithocarpus sp. (nk = 22,07); lithocarpus sundaicus (nk = 14,05); saurauia pendula (nk= 12,85); villebrunea rubescens (nk= 12,12) dan syzygium lineatum (nk= 11,22). berdasarkan kelas diameter pohon tercatat bahwa 76,60% pohon dalam petak1100 dan 86,60% dalam petak1200 didominasi oleh individu pohon kecil dengan diameter 10 dan 30 cm, sedangkan pohon dengan diameter besar >30 cm dijumpai dalam peta1300, petak1400 dan petak1500. kehadiran sebagian besar pohon kecil dan beberapa pohon berdiameter besar menunjukkan adanya proses regenerasi hutan setelah terjadinya gangguan berat. kehadiran mayoritas pohon dengan tinggi batang < 20 m (99%) menegaskan lebih lanjut status dinamika hutan. kata kunci: asosiasi, fitososiologi, gangguan, gunung wilis, regenerasi, subasosiasi reinwardtia 32 [vol.16 introduction the island of java with a total area of ± 13.5 million ha has the lowest forest cover, amounting to only 0.74 % of the total forest cover of indonesia or less than 10% of the total area of the island (fadli, 2004; simbolon, 2002). meanwhile the forestry law (uu 41/1999 tentang kehutanan) and spatial arrangement law (uu 26/2007 tentang tata ruang) require 30 % of the total area to be preserved in order to maintain various functions of the forest ecosystems. the lowland natural forests have been converted into agricultural lands and settlements and the remaining natural forests can be found only in the mountains at the altitude of >1000 m, in the form of protected forests and national parks. they are still suffering from human disturbance, especially in the areas near settlements. montane forests on java occur at 800-2500 m asl (above sea level), comprising lower montane forest, upper montane forest and subalpine forest, stretching from the everwet to seasonally dry climatic zones. they have been qualitatively described by various authors and summarized by steenis et al. (1972). recently more quantitative studies have been undertaken by various investigators in the wet montane to subalpine forests of west java, mainly in mt. gedepangrango (yamada, 1975; 1976; 1977; abdulhadi et al. 1998) and mt. halimun and mt. salak (simbolon & mirmanto, 1997; mirmanto & simbolon, 1998; yusuf, 2004; purwaningsih & yusuf, 2008). a substantial number of narrative vegetation accounts of most mountains in east java have been published by various authors as listed by steenis et al. (1972). the only quantitative studies in the seasonal forest in east java were those of purwaningsih (2013) mt merbabu and larasati (2004) at mt. kelud. the vegetation of mt. wilis was described by koorders, lörzing and swart (steenis et al., 1972). the forests on mt. wilis have been heavily disturbed by tree poaching and conversion into tree plantations. there are, however, remnants of natural forests, which are developing after heavy disturbances, and those which are least disturbed and still in relatively good condition, including those on the south slope which were selected for the present study. studies on floristic composition and structure along altitudinal gradients, complemented with habitat factors, are necessary to understand the relationships between vegetation and environmental factors. the objective of the present study is to do quantitative measurements of floristic composition and structure of the montane forest, as to date no such study has been undertaken. this paper is limited to the description of the forest in terms of the main structural parameters, species richness, pattern of relative abundance and family composition. such data are important for measuring the suitability and the priority of conservation (keel et al., 1993) as well as for ecological restoration of disturbed forests. study site the wilis mountain range consists of several mountains, where the highest is mt. ngliman with a summit of 2563 m asl (above sea level). mt. wilis proper with a summit of 2182 m asl lies adjacent to mt. slurup with a summit of 2046 m. mt. wilis is a non-active volcano and its total area covers 26,634.4 ha. it is geographically located at 07°37”-08°05” south 111°30”-112°09” east covering six regencies, i.e. kediri, tulungagung, nganjuk, madiun, ponorogo and trenggalek. the forest and other vegetation on mt. wilis are classified as the protected area managed by the state forest corporation unit ii east java ( perum perhutani unit ii jawa timur) comprising bkph (bagian kesatuan pemangkuan hutan, forest management section) pace-kediri (12,863 ha) and bkph lawu (15,771.4 ha). the forests in the mt. wilis region appear to have been once disturbed and the remnants of undisturbed or least disturbed natural forests are small in extent and located in the areas that have been designated sacred sites, such as near the batutulis region. most of the forests, particularly those located in the eastern sections of the kediri regency at the altitudes of 1100-1200 m have been disturbed mainly by illegal logging. the forest cover of mt. wilis consists of lowland forest at < 1000 m asl, lower montane forest at 1000-1500 m asl, upper montane forest at >1500 m asl and tree-less short vegetation at 1800 m asl that extends to almost the top of the mountain. on the east slope the forest reaches only up to 1500 m asl while higher up the summit area is covered by the imperata cylindrica grass community, mixed with casuarina tree seedlings. the local community reported that in this area a big fire took place in 1983, followed by recurrent fires in the subsequent years, and rendered the area up to the summit bare and open. this is apparent from the presence of burned tree stumps and the occurrence of canopy gaps of various sizes. the study site was selected on the south side of mt. wilis, within the jugo and besuki village region,kediri. it is located in the rainfall type c of schmidt & ferguson (1951), the climate diagram (fig. 1) of the nearest rainfall station at besuki (630 m asl) shows the mean annual rainfall of 3459 mm, the two-month dry period in august (76 mm) and september (58 mm) and the ten-month wet period in october-july, where the mean monthly rainfall is >100 mm with the highest mean in january (425 mm) (lmg, 1969). purwaningsih et al. : phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope 2017] 33 the study site was selected at the sambiroto forest management unit (rph), where the least disturbed natural forest covers large areas occurring as islands within the matrix of the pine (pinus merkusii) plantations. in general the sambiroto forest management unit is hilly with hill tops of 1500 m asl at bukit batutulis, 1200 m asl at bukit bendera, 1600 m asl at bukit sekeber and 1700 m asl at bukit grangsang. the soils are dark brown latosols with humus layers, stony and not easily erodible. materials and methods field sampling was carried out in the montane forest on the south slope of mt. wilis, using the quadrat method (cox, 1967; muellerdombois & ellenberg, 1974). plots were established in the remnants of disturbed and least disturbed natural forests on relatively flat topography within the pine plantations. plot size of 0.25 ha (50×50 m) was selected to fit the topography and the size of the existing natural forest remnants. one plot was established in each of the following sites, i.e. plot1100 in bekayang (1100 m alt), plot1200 in bukit bendera (1200 m alt), plot1300 in batutulis (1300 m alt), plot1400 in mergosepi (1400 m alt), and plot 1500 in brak (1500 m alt). thus the total area of forest sampled was 1.25 ha. each plot was divided into 25 subplots of 10x10 m each. within each subplot all trees with dbh (diameter at breast height) ≥10 cm were identified, their positions were recorded, and their diameters measured bole heights and tree heights were estimated. woody lianas with dbh ≥10 cm were treated as trees. a forest profile diagram for each plot was constructed from a strip of 10×50 m nested within each plot. density, frequency and dominance were defined and calculated according to the standard fig. 1. a map of the study site and climate diagram for besuki rainfall station at mt. wilis. the climate diagram shows the two-month dry period in august (76 mm) and september (58 mm) and the ten-month wet period in october -july with mean monthly rainfalls >100 mm. reinwardtia 34 [vol.16 method (cox, 1967; mueller-dombois & ellenberg, 1974; rahmah et al., 2016). density is defined as the number of individuals per unit area. the number of individuals per species was later calculated for the total area of the plot, which was 0.25 hectare. the density in the plot is the sum of the individuals of all species and is expressed in terms of the number of individuals per hectare. the relative density (rd) for each species was calculated using the following formula: frequency relates to the number of times a species occurs in subplots in the plot and is expressed as percentage of the total number of subplots. tree dominance is usually defined as stem cover, which is the same as basal area. the basal area (ba) was obtained with the formula: ba = (½d)2π where d stands for diameter. the dominance of a species is measured by summing the ba values for all individuals in the species. the relative dominance (rdo) was obtained with the following formula: the sum of rd, rf and rdo indicates the importance of a species in the plot. the importance value (iv) is then calculated with the following formula: iv = rd + rf + rdo the family important value (fiv) was calculated by summing up importance values of all species in a family (kartawinata et al. 2004). shannon’s index of diversity was calculated using the formula (chao & shen 2003) in each subplot percentage of canopy gaps and the projected tree crown coverage were estimated, and topography and soil type were noted. herbarium specimens for each species within the plot were collected and identified at the herbarium bogoriense, research center for biology‒lipi, cibinong. the identity and nomenclature of each tree species follow backer & bakhuizen van den brink, jr. (1963-1968). results species composition table 1 shows that overall within 1.25 ha sample plots we recorded 1045 trees, comprising 74 species, 50 genera and 33 families. it shows also vegetation characteristics of the five plots. table 2 presents the species composition of each plot. it indicates that each species has its own significance and distribution and groupings in the forest community. a grouping of species may be designated as an association on the basis of degree of constancy (mueller-dombois & ellenberg, 1974). in the present study, based on the 100 % constancy of saurauia nudiflora and w einm annia blumei, the forest community on the slope of mt. wilis along the altitudes of 1100-1500 m may be designated as saurauia nudiflora-weinmannia blumei association or for short saurauiaweinmannia association. using the species distribution and the synthesis table method (mueller-dombois & ellenberg, 1974) two groups forming two subassociations could be identified and they were related to the degree of disturbance. the grouping was entirely based on floristic composition, hence application of pca (principle component analysis) to confirm it was unnecessary. one subassociation covered plot1100 and plot1200, which were heavily disturbed plots. it was characterized by species group 2 comprising a langium javanicum, polycias nodosa, cyathea contaminans, magnolia sp., mussaenda teysmanniana, and saurauia pendula species. (table 2), which could be assigned as characteristic species. on account of species dominance, it may be designated as the cyathea contaminans-polycias nodosa subassociation or for short cyathea-polycias subassociation. it was dominated by cyathea contam inans (iv= 215.8 and 49.14) followed by polycias nodosa (iv= 20.20 and 23.67). other species with high importance values were a langium javanicum (iv= 23.67) and mussaenda teysmanniana (iv= 18.54). other species are listed in group 3 and group 4, which were restricted to plot1100 and plot1200, respectively. another subassociation was found in plot1300, plot 1400 and plot1500, which were least disturbed plots. it was characterized by species group 9 (table 2) consisting of a ntidesma tetandrum, ficus ribes, litsea elliptica, l. noronhae, s. lineatum, toona sureni, turpinia sphaerocarpa, purwaningsih et al. : phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope 2017] 35 vernonia arborea, and villebrunea rubescens. they could be designated as the characteristic species. based on the species dominance it may be designated as the villebrunea rubescens-syzygium lineatum subassociation or for short villebruneasyzygium subassociation. other species are listed in table 2 as group 7, whose distribution was restricted to plot1300 and plot1400, group 8 in plot1300, group 9 in plot1400, group 10 to plot1500 and group 11 to plot1300 and plot1500. species in group 5 essentially belonged to the villebrunea-syzygium subassociation but occurred also in the cyathea-polycias subassociation in plot1200. group 12 consists of species with fortuitous distribution, including macaranga tanarius and trema orientalis which are secondary forest species that filled canopy gaps. table 3 shows the number of species and family importance values of selected common families, i.e., those occurring in 3 to 5 plots. of 33 families, four families with high mean family importance values (fiv) were cyatheaceae (fiv= 58.25), fagaceae (37.26), lauraceae (26.22) and actinidiaceae (20.62). highest fiv of cyatheaceae was recorded in the plot1100 at bekayang, where cyathea contaminans had iv= 215.8, that made the plot a mono-dominant community. in plot1200 at bukit bendera, it occurred with relatively high iv (49.4), but it was absent in the plot1300 at batutulis, plot 1400 at mergosepi and plot1500 at brak (table 2). the families with the highest number of species were lauraceae (10), rubiaceae (8), euphorbiaceae (5) and moraceae (5). although lauraceae had the highest number of species, it had a low number of individuals (52) much less than cyatheaceae (277), which was the highest. the number of families having one tree species was high (78%) while families containing one species and one tree were arecaceae and elaeocarpaceae (table 2). only two tree species were recorded in all five plots at mt wilis and they constitute the characteristic species of the saurauia-weinmannia association structure forest structure is defined by size and density as well as horizontal and vertical distribution of trees (kershaw, 1964; mueller-dombois & ellenberg, 1974). the structure of forests in the study sites is depicted by graphs (figs. 2 & 3) and profile diagrams (figs. 4a-e). diameter classes show that 76.60% of trees at plot1100 and 86.60% of trees at plot1200 were dominated by small individuals with diameters of 5.1-30.0 m and only few trees had diameters >30 cm (figure 2). trees with large diameters >30 cm occurred in plot1300, plot1400 and plot1500. few of the trees had diameter >50 cm (7-10%), examples were engelhardtia spicata (100 cm) in plot1500 and lithocarpus sp. (130 cm) in plot 1300. other large trees included syzygium lineatum and toona sureni. table 4 shows nine tree species with relatively high density of individuals with diameters < 40 cm to indicate their regeneration status in all plots. alangium javanicum, cyathea contaminans, mussaenda teysmanniana and polycias nodosa, which were confined to and prevalent in heavily disturbed plot1100 and plot1200 (table 2), had good regeneration. antidesma tetandrum, clerodendrum phyllomega and villebrunea rubescens were regenerating relatively well in the least disturbed plot1300, plot1400 and plot1500, while the regeneration of saurauia pendula and laportea sp. was good in almost all plots (table 2). the behavior of other species in terms of the diameter classes was as follows: 1) species that were represented in almost all diameter classes up to 100 cm but with low table 1. vegetation characteristics of the five plots at mt. wilis vegetation characteristics all plots (11001500 m alt) plot1100 (bekayang 1100 m alt) plot 1200 (bukit bendera 1200 m alt) plot1300 (batutulis 1300 m alt) plot1400 (mergosepi 1400 m alt) plot1500 (brak 1500 m alt) plot size (ha) 1.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 number of species 74 13 30 39 31 28 number of genera 50 13 25 29 24 22 number of families 33 12 19 22 20 19 number of trees 1045 235 301 221 140 148 density (trees/ha) 836 940 1204 884 560 592 basal area (m2/ha) 29.65 22.08 22.92 45.12 32.76 25.52 shannon’s diversity index 3.40 0.78 2.78 3.05 3.00 2.76 reinwardtia 36 [vol.16 table 2. total basal area (ba in m2), total density (d in trees/ha) and importance value (iv) of tree species recorded in five plots in the montane forest of mt. wilis, kediri, east java. no species plot1100 plot1200 plot1300 plot1400 plot1500 ba d iv ba d iv ba d iv ba d iv ba d iv grup 1 1 saurauia nudiflora 0.41 14 10.57 0.38 72 18.15 0.60 84 22.50 0.05 16 6.17 58 0.94 39.52 2 weinmannia blumei 0.01 8 4.64 0.07 32 7.66 0.09 24 6.67 0.11 4 3.00 4 0.08 3.03 grup 2 3 alangium javanicum 0.01 8 4.67 0.34 108 23.67 4 cyathea contaminans 4.98 788 215.8 1.00 240 49.14 5 magnolia sp. 0.01 4 2.33 0.12 16 5.89 6 mussaenda teysmanniana 0.01 4 2.48 0.18 96 18.54 7 polycias nodosa 0.15 44 20.20 0.38 116 23.67 8 saurauia pendula 0.69 14 5.35 0.38 72 18.15 grup 3 9 archidendron clypearia 0.03 12 5.47 10 erythrina subumbrans 0.07 16 10.17 11 melastoma malabatrichum 0.01 8 4.64 12 melochia sp. 0.03 8 4.97 grup 4 13 aglaia edulis 0.04 16 3.92 14 alseodaphne umbellifolia 0.08 40 8.44 15 artocarpus elastica 0.02 4 1.22 16 dolichandrone spathacea 1.14 112 38.54 17 elaeocarpus sp. 0.01 4 1.15 18 ficus sp. 0.01 4 1.12 19 glochidion rubrum 0.04 12 3.62 20 lindera polyantha 0.08 8 3.26 21 lithocarpus pseudomolucca 0.61 76 21.33 22 macaranga semiglobosa 0.16 36 9.55 23 pinanga kuhlii 0.00 4 1.02 24 symplocos sp. 0.07 32 7.66 grup 5 25 lasianthus laevigatus 0.08 36 8.78 0.02 8 2.32 26 nauclea purpurascens 0.00 4 1.02 0.02 8 1.74 27 phoebe grandis 0.01 4 1.09 0.12 20 5.28 grup 6 28 engelhardtia spicata 0.06 12 3.89 0.38 4 4.51 1.11 16 20.05 12 1.71 20.69 29 ficus grossularioides 0.05 16 3.98 0.01 4 1.15 0.10 4 2.86 12 0.51 13.25 30 helicia attenuata 0.04 8 2.67 0.03 20 5.71 0.02 8 3.45 0 0 0 31 laportea sp. 0.02 4 1.30 0.00 4 1.12 0.20 76 26.77 0 0 0 32 lithocarpus sundaicus 0.36 44 13.03 1.08 44 18.43 0.32 28 13.39 18 1.25 23.24 grup 7 33 debregeasia dichotoma 0.01 4 1.14 34 lithocarpus sp. 5.48 160 79.52 35 nauclea obtusa 0.04 4 1.43 36 nauclea subdita 0.02 8 2.39 37 schefflera divaricata 0.05 8 2.59 38 talauma candollii 0.03 12 3.54 purwaningsih et al. : phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope 2017] 37 no species plot1100 plot1200 plot1300 plot1400 plot1500 ba d iv ba d iv ba d iv ba d iv b a d iv grup 8 39 acer laurinum 0.10 4 2.00 0.01 4 1.71 40 clerodendron phyllomega 0.44 84 21.10 0.38 20 12.74 41 cyathea orientalis 0.12 44 10.49 0.05 8 2.99 42 litsea accedentoides 0.08 24 5.96 0.11 12 6.17 43 neolitsea javanica 0.13 16 5.48 0.40 8 8.14 44 platea latifolia 0.08 4 1.76 0.91 40 27.27 45 syzygium laxiflorum 0.04 16 4.09 0.07 4 2.42 grup 9 46 antidesma tetrandum 0.08 44 10.17 0.08 28 11.44 2 0.02 1.87 47 ficus ribes 0.01 8 2.25 0.01 4 1.71 6 0.04 4.39 48 litsea elliptica 0.02 8 2.34 0.05 4 2.21 8 0.35 8.62 49 litsea noronhae 0.11 32 9.69 0.32 28 15.22 18 0.32 14.87 50 syzygium lineatum 0.63 80 24.90 0.30 24 12.48 8 1.99 21.53 51 toona sureni 0.15 16 5.69 0.84 12 15.13 12 1.52 22.28 52 turpinia 0.14 28 8.87 0.45 28 15.86 4 0.04 3.71 53 vernonia arborea 0.67 16 9.71 0.74 16 14.63 4 0,11 4.33 54 villebrunea rubescens 0.03 16 3.96 0.30 96 30.69 60 0.51 39.88 69 astronia spectabilis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 8 1.67 0 0 0 4 0.02 3.57 70 ficus fistulosa 0 0 0 0.03 8 2.52 0.01 4 1.21 0 0 0 12 0.39 11.31 71 lithocarpus spicatus 0.09 4 3.79 0.07 20 5.35 0 0 0 0.66 4 9.73 0 0 0 72 litsea sp.1 0.02 8 4.88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0.3 10.60 73 macaranga tanarius 0 0 0 0.34 48 15.43 0 0 0 0.25 12 7.90 0 0 0 74 trema orientalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.38 4 4.51 0 0 0 4 1.73 17.09 table 3. number of species (nsp) and family importance values (fiv) of common families (occurring in 3 to 5 plots). family plot 1100 plot 1200 plot 1300 plot1400 plot 1500 mean fiv nsp fiv nsp fiv nsp fiv nsp fiv nsp fiv actinidaceae 1 15.9 1 18.2 1 23.4 1 6.19 1 39.4 20.62 lauraceae 1 4.88 4 13.8 7 27.4 6 45.9 5 38.9 26.22 fagaceae 1 3.79 3 39.7 2 96.4 2 23.2 1 23.2 37.26 cyatheaceae 1 216 1 49.1 1 11.0 2 8.36 1 6.76 58.25 rubiaceae 1 2.48 3 28.3 4 7.63 1 3.57 1 2.36 8.87 moraceae 4 8.84 3 4.92 2 4.59 3 28.8 9.43 meliaceae 1 3.92 2 7.61 1 15.2 2 24.1 10.17 juglandaceae 1 3.89 1 4.58 1 20.1 1 20.7 9.85 euphorbiaceae 3 28.6 1 10.7 2 19.4 2 3.64 12.47 urticaceae 1 1.30 3 5.89 2 57.7 1 39.8 20.938 verbenaceae 1 22.0 1 12.78 1 3.02 7.56 myrtaceae 2 29.0 2 15 2 23.3 13.46 asteraceae 1 9.94 1 14.7 1 4.31 5.79 staphyleaceae 1 9.42 1 15.9 1 3.69 5.82 reinwardtia 38 [vol.16 fig. 3. number of trees according to height classes in the study plots on the southern slope of mt. wilis. fig. 2. number of trees according to the diameter classes in the study plots on the south slope of mt. wilis. purwaningsih et al. : phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope 2017] 39 fig. 4a. canopy profile diagram of plot1100 (bekayang): 1. cyathea contaminans; 2. saurauia pendula; 3. polyscias nodosa; 4. astronia spectabilis fig. 4b. canopy profile diagram of plot1200 (bukit bendera); 1. lindera polyantha; 2. ficus fistulosa; 3. macaranga semiglobosa; 4. cyathea contaminans; 5. polyscias nodosa; 6. mussaenda teysmanniana; 7. saurauia nudiflora; 8. dolichandrone spathacea; 9. helicia attenuata; 10. artocarpus elastica; 11. engelhardtia spicata; 12. symplocos sp.; 13. lithocarpus pseudomoluccana; 14. macaranga tanarius fig. 4c. canopy profile diagram of plot1300 (batutulis); 1. clerodendron phyllomega; 2. astronia spectabilis; 3. saurauia pendula, 4. cyathea orientalis; 5. lithocarpus sundaicus; 6. toona sureni; 7. syzygium lineatum; 8. schefflera divaricata; 9. lithocarpus sp.; 10. helicia attenuata; 11. litsea noronhae; 12. syzygium laxiflorum; 13. engelhardtia spicata; 14. turpinia sphaerocarpa reinwardtia 40 [vol.16 fig. 4d. canopy profile diagram of plot1400 (mergosepi): 1. litsea noronhae; 2. platea latifolia; 3. litsea accendentoides; 4. villebrunea rubescens; 5. engelhardtia spicata; 6. mussaenda frodosa; 7. antidesma tetrandum; 8. turpinia sphaerocarpa; 9. toona sureni; 10. lithocarpus sundaicus; 11. actinodaphne glomerata; 12. syzygium lineatum; 13. neolitsea javanica; 14. laportea sp.; 15. clerodendron phyllomega; 16. lithocarpus spicatus; 17. weinmannia blumei; 18. helicia attenuata fig. 4e. canopy profile diagram of plot1500 (brak). 1. lithocarpus sundaicus; 2. saurauia pendula; 3. villebrunea rubescens; 4. toona sureni; 5. ficus ribes; 6. turpinia sphaerocarpa; 7. engelhardtia spicata; 8. astronia spectabilis; 9. litsea elliptica; 10. symplocos fasciculata; 11. syzygium sp.; 12. syzygium lineatum; 13. ficus fistulosa; 14. litsea noronhae; 15. cyathea crenulata; 16. ficus grossularioides; 17. melochia cf. umbellata; 18. trema orientalis table 4. overall regeneration in all plots represented by species with small diameters (<40 cm) and with relatively high density (individuals/plot). species diameter class (cm) 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 cyathea contaminans 32 169 52 4 saurauia pendula 22 29 8 2 clerodendrum phyllomega 10 8 2 4 villebrunea rubescens 38 12 1 polycias nodosa 16 22 2 mussaenda teysmanniana 20 5 alangium javanicum 13 16 antidesma tetandrum 10 9 laportea sp. 10 11 purwaningsih et al. : phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope 2017] 41 density were engelhardtia spicata, lithocapus sundaicus, lithocarpus sp., syzygium lineatum, turpinia sphaerocarpa and vernonia arborea. 2) species with diameters of 10-40 cm but with irregular pattern of distribution and low density (1 -14 trees/ha) were artocarpus elasticus, acer laurinum, actinodaphne glomerata, actinodaphne procera, aglaia edulis, alseodaphne umbellifolia, archidendron clypearia, astronia spectabilis, breynia racemosa, cyathea crenulata, cyathea orientalis, debregeasia dichotoma, dolichandrone spathacea elaeocarpus sp., erythrina subumbrans, ficus fistulosa, ficus grossularioides, ficus sp., flacourtia rukam, glochidion rubrum, helicia attenuata, lasianthus laevigatus, lasianthus sp., lindera polyantha, lithocarpus pseudomoluccus, litsea accendens, litsea elliptica, litsea noronhae, litsea sp.1, litsea sp.2, macaranga tanarius, macaranga semiglobosa, magnolia sp., melastoma malabatricum, melochia umbellata, mussaenda frondosa, nauclea obtusa, nauclea purpurescens, nauclea subdita, neolitsea javanica, phoebe grandis, pinanga kuhlii, premna obtusifolia, pyrenaria serrata, saurauia nudiflora, schefflera divaricata, symplocos fasciculata, symplocos sp., syzygium laxiflorum, syzygium sp., talauma candollei and weinmannia blumei. 3) species represented in high diameter classes (60-100cm) but sparingly present in the lower diameters were toona sureni (50-70 cm), trema orientalis (50-70 cm), lithocarpus spicatus (90100 cm), platea latifolia (70-80 cm) and ficus ribes (80-90 cm). discussion the forest on the south slope of mt. wilis, as sampled by the five plots in the present study, belongs to the humid montane forest. it is indicated by the schmidt & ferguson (1951) rainfall type c and the climate diagram (fig. 1) of the nearest rainfall station at besuki (630 m alt) which shows the mean annual rainfall of 3459 mm. it fits the phenomenon described by steenis et al. (1972) and steenis & schippers-lammertse (1965). it is stated that the north slopes of the mountains in that region (wilis, lawu, arjuno, semeru, iyang and ijen), being on the leeward sides, were exposed to extremely dry air masses during the dry season, leading to the formation of a seasonally dry climate and seasonally dry monsoon forests. the south slopes, however, being on the windward sides, were constantly receiving rainfall resulting from the exposure to wetter air masses coming from the southeast, hence no dry period developed here, resulted in the development of moist climate and moist forests. the species composition of the forests on the south slopes was typical of that of moist montane forest of java (steenis et al., 1972). because there is no dry season on the south slope of mt. wilis, in the present plots no typical seasonal monsoon forest trees were recorded, such as butea monosperma and casuarina junghuhniana, the latter of which is generally dominant in the seasonal monsoon montane forests in east java. plot1300 located at 1300 m alt had the highest number of species, basal area, density, species diversity index. plot1400 also had high values for vegetation characteristics, not much different from those of the plot1300. they indicated that the forest conditions in these plots were better than those in the three others. the latter had lower values of the vegetation characteristics, which were assumed to be related to the degree of forest disturbance. the local inhabitants from the nearby villages often passed through these plots and tree cutting took place from time to time leading to the formation of open forest canopy. table 5 shows that the number of tree species in the present plots was lower than those in the wet montane forests at mt. halimun in west java, but higher than those in seasonal montane forest at mt. merbabu and mt. kelud and at moist montane forest at mt. ciremai. the difference in species richness and species composition in west and east java was in general due to differences in climate (steenis & schippers-lammertse,1965; steenis et al., 1972), but the difference with mt. ciremai was likely due to heavy human disturbance instead of climate, as they are located in similar rainfall type c of schmidt and ferguson (1951). the species richness in mt. wilis is comparable to that in other montane forests at mt. gede and mt. halimun-mt. salak corridor, which were heavily to slightly disturbed. it is much lower that that in mt. halimun, which was likely due to severe disturbance by human activities compared to that in mt. halimun, which was relatively little disturbed. in addition it was due to difference in the climate, where the south slope of mt wilis belongs to the schmidt & ferguson rainfall type c (slightly seasonal humid climate), while mt. halimun belongs to the rainfall type a (perhumid climate). forest destruction in mt. willis was due mainly to activities of people living in settlements in the vicinity of the montane forests. tree poaching by cutting was the most common practice in the area and has led to the formation of canopy gaps of different sizes, which were so widespread in the forests of the area (figs. 4a-e). our qualitative observations showed that tree regeneration took place under such gaps and the kind and density of seedlings and saplings present varied with gap size, as observed also in various tropical forests reinwardtia 42 [vol.16 elsewhere (brokaw, 1985; hartshorn, 1980; poore, 1968; runkle, 1981, whitmore, 1984). this explains the presence of saurauia nudiflora and w einmannia blumei in all plots, thus with 100% constancy. they are secondary forest species (steenis et al., 1972; whitmore, 1984) that can grow on open sites in heavily damaged mountain forest as well as in small canopy gaps of primary and least disturbed mountain forests. cyatheaceae was recorded to have the highest fiv compared to the other families (table 3). it was due to the fact that the entire plot1100 was practically covered by cyathea spp., especially the tree fern, cyathea contaminans (table 2, fig. 4a). this species occurs in the wet tropics at the altitudes of 200-1500 m, especially in the mountain regions, and is very tolerant to direct solar radiation (holttum, 1963; steenis et al., 1972). any open sites within and outside forests will be generally and aggressively invaded by this species if mature tree fern individuals are present in the vicinity (steenis et al., 1972; whitmore, 1984). it is, therefore, implied that the total dominance of c. contaminans on plot1100 indicated that the plot was once covered by natural forest, which was later totally cleared, resulting in the formation of large gaps, enabling the spores of c. contaminans to invade the open forest floors. the invasion of c. contaminans by spores was faster than that by any disseminules of other species. rapid entry and later the fast growth of foliage prevented other seeds and disseminules from seed banks to grow and develop under the shade of c. contaminans foliage. the secondary species occurring in the plots belonged to euphorbiaceae, actinidiaceae and moraceae, whose distribution in indonesia ranges from lowland to montane forests. it appears that species of euphorbiaceae, dispersed by wind, birds and mammals (pijl, 1982), were more adaptable to low altitudes, hence they were more abundant in the lowland forests than in the montane forests. in the present study we recorded five species occurring mainly at the altitude of 1200 m. one of the species, macaranga tanarius, was abundant and dominant in disturbed forest with large canopy gaps, while other species including antidesma tetandrum, glochidion rubrum and macaranga semiglobosa were less abundant and they occurred in least disturbed forest with small canopy gaps. many other secondary forest species seedlings began to invade gaps in disturbed primary forest areas, including ficus ribes, f. fistulosa and f. grossularioides (moraceae), saurauia nudiflora and s. pendula (actinidiaceae), v ernonia arborea (asteraceae) and villebrunea rubescens (verbenaceae) (table 2). it should be noted that two secondary forest species (v . arborea and trema orientalis) could reach large diameters. vernonia arborea could reach diameters of 60-70 cm in plot1300 and 80-90 cm in plot1400, while t.orientalis could reach diameters of 50-60 cm in p1200 and 70-60 cm in plot1300. the two species are known to be long-lived secondary forest species (whitmore, 1984). it could be implied that the plots, where the two species currently occurred, were disturbed in the past. the number of species in the plots varied with altitude. at the altitudes of 1300-1500 m in slightly disturbed primary forests the number of species was high, especially at batutulis, while at the altitudes of 1100-1200 m it was low, as confirmed also by the species diversity index (table 1). the low number of species in the low altitude plot (plot1100) was due to the high coverage and dominance of c.contaminans that practically excluded other species altogether (table 2, fig. 4a). the high number of secondary forest species was related to the presence of large gaps. the plots at higher altitudes, where the primary forests were least disturbed with small gaps (figs. 4c-e), and the primary species were dominant. dominant species in primary forest that could grow in gaps of various sizes included lithocarpus sundaicus and syzygium lineatum. the number of individuals in the diameter classes of 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm may be used to indicate the regeneration status of a forest stand (mueller-dombois & ellenberg, 1974; richards, 1996). table 4 shows the overall regeneration in table 5.comparison of the number of tree species in selected plots on several mountains in java site alt. (m) plot size (ha) number of tree species source east java mt. wilis 1100-1500 1,25 72 present study mt . kelud 600-1000 0.75 29 larasati (2004) central java: mt. merbabu, 1700-2400 1,75 19 purwaningsih 2013 west java: mt. halimun 900-1200 1.0 116 simbolon, 2001 mt. halimun-mt. salak corridor 900 1.0 69 yusuf, 2004 mt. gede 800 1.0 70 nelva et al. 2009 mt. ciremai 1600-2000 1.2 57 purwaningsih & yusuf 2008 purwaningsih et al. : phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope 2017] 43 all plots as indicated by relatively large number of individuals with diameters of ≤ 20 cm, comprising only of nine species which were distributed in different plots. the presence of large numbers of small trees and a smaller number of trees with large diameters in a forest stand indicated that the stand was regenerating after heavy disturbance. the presence of a majority of trees with height of < 20 m (99%) further confirmed the forest’s dynamic status. there were few trees with heights >20 m (fig. 3). at higher elevations in plot 1300, plot1400 and plot1500 the percentage of trees with heights of < 20 m was 70-85%, those with heights of 20-25 m was 12-27% and those with heights >30 m was 14 %. the latter consisted mainly of engelhardtia spicata, lithocarpus spicatus, lithocarpus sp., litsea noronhae, syzygium lineatum, toona sureni, villebrunea rubescens and weinmannia blumei, which occurred at altitude ≥1300 m in plots 1300, plot1400 and plot1500 (figs. 4c-e). the tree species with highest basal areas were lithocarpus sp. (5.48 m2), which occurred in plot1300 and cyathea contaminans (4.98 m2) in plot1100. the local community considered plot1300 at batutulis as a sacred site, hence local people would not dare to trample the plot, thus making it least disturbed. table 2 shows that each species had its own significance, distribution and groupings leading to the formation of saurauia nudiflora-weinmannia blumei association, extending along the altitudinal gradient from 1100 m to 1500 m asl. in the forest community on the south slope of mt. wilis. further grouping of species led to the establishment of the cyathea contaminanspolycias nodosa subassociation characterized by species group 2 in heavily disturbed plots and the villebrunea rubescens-syzygium lineatum subassociation characterized by species group 9 in least disturbed plots (table 2). at the altitudes of 1100-1200 m tree species that were commonly encountered were mostly secondary forest species, including cyathea contaminans, saurauia nudiflora, macaranga tanarius, ficus spp. at the altitudes of 1300-1500 m, however, they were mostly primary forest species belonging to fagaceae, lauraceae, myrtaceae, etc. secondary forest species were present but sparingly. it may be implied that the forests in this area were secondary forests in the lower altitudes and slightly disturbed primary forests higher up, composed mainly of primary forest species mixed with scattered secondary forest species. conclusion the forest communities along the altitudinal gradient of 1100-1500 m have a low species richness and are designated as the saurauiaweinmannia association, which has two subassociations. the existence of two subassociations is related to the degree of disturbance. it is predicted that the subassociations will remain unchanged in many years to come as the regeneration is poor, hence the successions leading to communities similar to the original ones prior to disturbances would take a very long time. the succession can be enhanced by applying ecological restoration through planting tree species native to the sites, complemented with actions to prevent fire and tree poaching. the ecological restoration, especially on bare, unforested and burnt sections of the mountain, will help in increasing species diversity, improving forest conditions and expanding the coverage of forest to satisfy the requirements stipulated in spatial arrangement law (uu 26/2007 tentang tata ruang) that necessitate the preservation of 30% of the total area of a region in order to maintain various functions of the forest ecosystems. species that will survive and maintain themselves in the forest in the future are currently represented in almost all diameter classes, although with low density. these are engelhardtia spicata, lithocarpus sundaicus, lithocarpus sp., syzygium lineatum, turpinia sphaerocarpa and vernonia arborea. references abdulhadi, r., srijanto, a. & kartawinata, k. 1998. composition, structure and changes in a montane rain forest at the cibodas biosphere reserve, west java, indonesia. pp. 601-612 in: dallmeier, f. & comiskey, j.a. 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(eds). gunung halimun: the last submontane tropical forest in west java. biodiversity conservation project in indonesia. 4: 1–9. soepadmo, e 1972. fagaceae. flora malesiana 7(3): 265–403. van steenis, c. g. g. j. & schipperslammertse, a. f. 1965. general part: concise plant geography of java. in: backer, c. a. & bakhuizen van den brink jr. r. c flora of java 2, n.v.p. noordhoff, groningen. pp. 3–72. van steenis, c. g. g. j., hamzah, a. & toha, m. 1972. the mountain flora of java. leiden. 90 pp. whitmore, t. c. 1984. tropical rain forest of the far east. 2nd edition. clarendron press. oxford. yamada, i. 1975. forest ecological studies of the montane forest of mt. pangrango, purwaningsih et al. : phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope 2017] 45 west java. i. stratification and floristic composition of the montane rain forest near cibodas. the southeast a sian studies 13: 402– 426. yamada, i. 1976. forest ecological studies of the montane forest of mt. pangrango, west java. ii. stratification and floristic composition of the forest vegetation of the higher part of mt. pangrango. t he southeast asian studies 13: 513–534. yamada, i. 1977. forest ecological studies of the montane forest of mt. pangrango, west java. iv. floristic along the altitude. the southeast asian studies 15: 226–254. yusuf, r. 2004. keanekaragaman jenis pohon pada hutan terganggu di daerah koridor taman nasional gunung halimun. berita biologi 7(1 &2): 41–50. reinwardtia 46 [vol.16 instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 16. no. 1. 2017 contents page dini puspitaningrum, wendy a. mustaqim & marlina ardiyani. a new record of etlingera pauciflora (zingiberaceae) in java, indonesia ...…………………………………..…………………..…….…...………….…………. 1 sri rahayu & michele rodda. hoya narcissiflora (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae), a new species from borneo ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………. 5 iyan robiansyah. predicting habitat distribution of endemic and critically endangered dipterocarpus littoralis in nusakambangan, indonesia ……………………………………………….…..……………………………….………. 11 lulut dwi sulistyaningsih. a newly described and recorded infraspecific taxa of musa borneensis becc. (musaceae) from sulawesi, indonesia ……………………………………………...…....…………….………………..... 19 jan-firts veldkamp & abdulrokhman kartonegoro. new species of catanthera and medinilla (melastomataceae) from halmahera, indonesia and a new name for a medinilla from madagascar…………………………………...…...……... 25 purwaningsih, ruddy polosakan, razali yusuf & kuswata kartawinata. phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope of mt. wilis, east java, indonesia………………………..…………………………….…. 31 ian m. turner. a new combination for subspecies of radermachera quadripinnata (bignoniaceae) ........................ 47 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia 16(1)_1-1 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_2-2 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_3-3 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_4-4 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_35-35 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_36-36 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_37-37 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_38-38 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_39-39 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_40-40 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_41-41 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_42-42 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_43-43 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_44-44 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_45-45 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_46-46 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_47-47 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_48-48 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_49-49 reinwardtia 2017 jun full_50-50 8. daftar isi reinwardtia 16(1) untitled r e in w a r d ti a 13 (5) issn 0034 – 365 x a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(5): 391–455, december 20, 2013 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers david middleton (royal botanic gardens edinburgh, uk), eko baroto walujo (lipi, indonesia), ferry slik (xishuangbanna tropical botanical garden, china), henk beentje (royal botanic gardens kew, uk), hidetoshi nagamasu (kyoto university, japan), kuswata kartawinata (lipi, indonesia), mark hughes (royal botanic gardens edinburgh, uk), martin callmander (missouri botanic gardens, usa), michele rodda (singapore botanic gardens, singapore), mien a rifai (aipi, indonesia), rugayah (lipi, indonesia), ruth kiew (forest research institute of malaysia, malaysia). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id cover images: begonia hooverina wiriad. spec. nov. reinwardtia vol 13, no 5, pp: 405−419 405 in 1939, and johns from 1994 to 1999. the collections are kept in bo, k, l, lae, and man. most of the specimens are still unidentified or just labeled as freycinetia sp. thus, this current study is aimed at specifying the exact number of species existing in this area, especially in timika, based on these specimens including their biological and ecological aspects. materials & method the current study was carried out from october 2005 to march 2009. the study was started by colintroduction the island of new guinea (both the indonesian part and papua new guinea) is well known for its richness of tropical rainforests and biodiversity. regarding the genus freycinetia (pandanaceae: freycinetoideae) the island is also known as the center of diversity. one of the area that possess outstanding diversity in papua (west new guinea) is timika in the indonesian part of the island. prior to this current study several species have already been collected from timika such as by meijer-drees in 1938, boden-kloss in 1939, brass the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia (pandanaceae) with seven new species in timika, west papua, indonesia received june 18, 2012; accepted october 10, 2013 nurhaidah iriany sinaga forestry department, papua university, indonesia, jl. gunung salju, amban, manokwari, papua barat, indonesia. e-mail: irianysinaga@yahoo.com ary prihardhyanto keim herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: arypkeim@yahoo.com pratita puradyatmika reclamation & biodivesity environmental department of pt freeport indonesia, mimika, papua 99920, indonesia. abstract sinaga, n. i., keim, a. p. & puradyatmika, p. 2013. the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia (pandanaceae) with seven new species in timika, west papua, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(5): 405–418. —this current study of freycinetia was carried out in timika, west papua. results indicate that species vary in both morphological characters and habitat preferences. timika is unique as only in this area species with highest number of segments in a berry and of stigmatic remains are found. exceptional characters regarding to auricles, areolas, and stigmatic remains are observed in many species in this area. the result of this current study suggests that the ability of species to adapt to the widespread forest disturbances in timika leads to their differences in morphological features compare to other papuan species. subsequently, seven new species are described here. key words: freycinetia, new guinea, pandanaceae, papua, timika. abstrak sinaga, n. i., keim, a. p. & puradyatmika, p. 2013. karakter unik dan habitat freycinetia (pandanaceae) serta tujuh jenis baru dari timika, papua barat. reinwardtia 13(5): 405–418. — studi mengenai freycinetia dilakukan di timika, papua. hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variasi ditemukan pada karakter morfologi dan habitat. timika menjadi unik karena hanya di areal ini jenis tumbuhan tersebut memiliki jumlah segmen beri dan stigma tertinggal terbanyak dari yang pernah ditemukan. karakter khusus pada aurikel, areola dan stigma tertinggal diamati pada banyak jenis di areal ini. hasil penelitian memberikan dugaan bahwa kemampuan jenis untuk beradaptasi secara luas dalam hutan yang terganggu di timika membawa perbedaan pada pembentukan karakter morfologi dibandingkan dengan jenis freycinetia papua lainnya. dengan demikian, sebanyak 7 jenis baru timika dipertelakan dalam tulisan ini. kata kunci: freycinetia, new guinea, pandanaceae, papua, timika. mailto:irianysinaga@yahoo.com mailto:arypkeim@yahoo.com reinwardtia 406 [vol.13 lecting activities in timika (2005) then followed by herbarium studies conducted in herbarium bogoriense (bo) indonesia in 2006 and 2008, (herbarium manowariense (man) indonesia in 2006, lae herbarium (lae) papua new guinea in 2006, the national herbarium of the netherlands leiden branch (formerly rijksherbarium leiden, l) in 2008, and the kew herbarium (k) uk in 2009. results and discussion groupings and unique variations in morphology the result of this current study indicates that there are 38 species of freycinetia found in timika, grouped into 4 non-taxonomical groups (sinaga et al., 2010): the imbricate-leaved freycinetia angustissima group (consisting of 3 species), the semi -imbricate-leaved f. funicularis group (consisting of 8 species), the non-imbricate-leaved f. macrostachya group (consisting of 14 species), and the grass-like-leaved f. oblanceolata group (consisting of 13 species). among the four groupings described above, unique morphological characters can be observed in the members of the two groups, f. macrostachya and f. funicularis groups. the result of this current study shows that the largest auricle and highest number of stigmatic remains ever recorded in the genus (18 to 32) is found in f. megaauriculata, which is a member of freycinetia macrostachya group. fusion of stigmatic remains with areolas that caused a distinctive broccoli-like arrangement is also observed in this species. this kind of arrangement has never been recorded before. morphological variations in the fruit characters are also observed in the two other members of the group: freycinetia circuita and f. clavata. in f. circuita the stigmatic remains are circular, while f. clavata possesses three rigidly segmented berries each with four or five stigmatic remains. in the fused berries the number of stigmatic remains is not in equal to the number of berries. the same phenomenon can be seen in f. megaauriculata. in f. frutonumerata and f. frutaspiralica the most obvious morphological variation are observed in the cephalia. in f. frutonumerata the highest number of cephalia per infructescence is 12; this is the largest number of cephalia per infructescence ever recorded in the genus. in f. frutaspiralica the cephalia are spirally arranged. species with spirally arranged cephalia are rare in new guinea. so far this character is only shared with f. arfakiana, a species found in manokwari. in the f. funicularis group the main morphological character lies in the unique arrangement of stigmatic remains and areola. freycinetia pleurantha possesses stigmatic remains and areola arranged in 4 lines but separated in two combined lines by a series of holes. in f. imbristigma the stigmatic remains and areola are imbricately arranged in 2 combined lines. in f. fusiforma and f. magnoareola the characters are primarily those of the the areolas. in f. fusiforma the stigmatic remains and areolas are fused (hence the epithet ―fusiforma‖) and form the centrally located areolas. on the contrary, f. magnoareola has the largest areolas in the genus, so large the areolas entirely cover the stigmatic remains. the variations in the stigmatic remains and areolas in this group are usually found in species that inhabit the highlands of central part of western new guinea. habitat the results of our study indicate that in timika freycinetia species are present in primary, open and secondary forests (table 1). the result of this present study shows that 38 species inhabit the primary forests, while 18 species inhabit both primary forests and disturbed forests, including the modified of ajkwa deposition area (mod-ada) in the lowland area of pt freeport indonesia project area, which was designated to manage tailings. tailings are produced from ore-processing to obtain valuable minerals. the production process results in 3 % concentrate containing copper, gold and silver, and 97% tailings. several areas in mod-ada are recovering by the natural succession process, which has reached the stage of secondary forest of pioneer plants. one of plants that found in the tailings natural succession area is freycinetia sp. (sinaga and puradyatmika, 2006). thus, in timika species of freycinetia prefer humid primary forests – especially close to rivers or creeks–over disturbed forests, as the genus usually does (stone, 1982); except for f. concolor which is present in more open areas. in new guinea freycinetia species that inhabit secondary forests are rare. only species that belong to the imbricate leaved or f. macrostachya group are known to inhabit this kind of habitat, particularly f. macrostachya and f. marginata. the other species that also occur in the area but less commonly so are f. excelsa, f. frutonumerata, f. klossii, f. lacinulata, f. megaauriculata, f. pallida, and f. ultrapedicellata. members of the f. funicularis and f. angustissi2013] 407 sinaga et al. : the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia in timika, papua no groups and species members type of forests disturbed primary freycinetia angustissima group 1 f. angustissima × × 2 f. pseudoangustissima × × 3 f. stenophylla × × f. funicularis group 4 f. funicularis × × 5 f. fusiforma × 6 f. imbristigma × 7 f. lateriflora × 8. f. magnoareola × 9 f. pleurantha × 10 f. rhodospatha × 11 f. sterrophylla × f. oblanceolata group 12 f. concolor × × 13 f. ellipsoidalis × × 14 f. forbesii × × 15 f. frutasolla × 16 f. inermis × × 17 f. iriana × 18 f. lenifolia × × 19 f. obtusiacuminata × 20 f. oblanceolata × 21 f. oreophila × 22 f. rectangularis × 23 f. scandens × 24 f. tenuis × f. macrostachya group 25 f. clavata × 26 f. circuita × 27 f . excelsa × × 28 f. fibrosa × 29 f. frutaspiralica × 30 f. frutonumerata × × 31 f. klossii × × 32 f. lacinulata × × 33 f. macrostachya × × 34 f. marginata × × 35 f. megaauriculata × × 36 f. pallida × × 37 f. pseudoinsignis × 38 f. ultrapedicellata × × table 1. species distribution in timika (+ indicates presence, absence). reinwardtia 408 [vol.13 ma groups grow in mountainous areas up to about 3000 meters altitude (merrill and perry, 1939) and are rarely seen in lower-lying areas, except around the digul river in the vicinity of merauke and in secondary forest at a mod-ada area close to the aijkwa river, where f. angustissima and f. polyclada are found. in this current study it is assumed that these two species are originally montane but were distributed by river flows to much lower altitudes. the result of the present study indicate that only in timika the members of f. angustissima and f. the identification key of timika freycinetia 1a. inflorescence axillary or both axillary and terminal …………………..…………………………………… 2 1b. inflorescence only arrangement in terminal ……………………….…….…………………………………. 3 2a. cauline and prophyll leaves not present, prophyll bract arrangement in 3 to more than whorls ….……….. 4 2a. cauline and prophyll leaves present, prophyll bract arrangement in 1or 2 whorls ……………………….... 11 3a. leaves arrangenment imbricate, cauline leaves colored, the apex of exterior bracts not linear longest ….... 25 3b. leaves tufted, cauline leaves not present, the apex of exterior bracts linear longest …...…………………. 23 4a. leaves have 2 kinds of leaves, the leaves on the middle to the apex are different from the leaves on the middle to the base stem …………………………………………………………….……… 11. f. sterophylla 4a. leave have only 1 kind of leaves, the leaves on the middle to the apex are similar to the leaves on the middle to the base stem ………………………………………...……………………………………………………... 5 5a. leaves linear……………………………………………………………………………………………….... 6 5b. leaves lanceolate, fusiform ………………………………………………..…………………………….…. 8 6a. leaves 12 -25 cm long, cephalia sub globose ………………………..……………………... 7. f. lateriflora 6a. leaves more than 30 cm long, cephalia cylindrical………………………………………………..……….. 7 7a. stigma 6 or more; stigma-areola imbricate……………………………………………...…… 6. f. imbristigma 7b. stigma 1-3; stigma-areola not imbricate ………………………………………………...… 10. f. rhodosphata 8a. cephalia obovoid to falcate or falcate; stigma 6-10 ……..………………………………………………… 9 8b. cephalia cylindricall; stigma 14-18 …………………………...………………………….… 9. f. pleurantha 9a. areola cunneate centre, bear marginal stigma; leaves fusiform 10-15 cm long …………………. 5. f. fusiforma 9b. areola not cunneate centre; not bear marginal stigma; leaves lanceolate…………………………………….. 10 10a. small exterior bracts 5 levels, margin and apex spinulous; stigma hidden by areola; areola valvate wider than stigma, put on the surface berry ………………………...……………….………………….. 8. f. magnoareola 10b. small exterior bracts 8 levels, margin and apex not spinulous; stigma not hidden by areola; valvate bold areola on the centre ………………………………………………………………………..…………... 4. f. funicularis 11a. cephalia globose…………………………………………………………………………………………….. … 12 11b. cephalia oblong, cylindrical or others ………………………………………………...……………………. .. . 16 12a. leaves linear ………………………………………………...………………………………………………… 13 12b. leaves not linear ………………………………………………….………………………………………... … 14 13a. auricle narrower than base leaves; cephalia 1 numbers; stigma not put on he place that it looks like hole …………………….………………………………………………………………….………… 15. f. frutasolla 13b. auricle wider than base leaves; cephalia more than 1, stigma put on the place that it looks like hole ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21. f. oreophila 14a. leaves ovoid or gladiate; berry ovoid or widely obovoid, without wings; conjugation of base auricle in less than ¼ part …………….……………………………………………………………………………….. 15 14b. leaves oblong; berry obturbinate, has wings, conjugate of base auricle in ¼ part …………… 12. f. concolor 15a. bracts 2 cm wide or less; cephalia 2 numbers; do not have areola bold until style ….. 19. f. obtusiacuminata 15b. bracts 3-4 cm wide cephalia 1 numbers; areola bold covering until style …..…………………... 18. f lenifolia 16a. cephalia oblong…………………………………………………………………………..………………… 17 16b. cephalia cylindrical.……………………………………………………………………..…………………. 20 17a. auricle remain just fiber when falling, conjugation on base in ⅓ part; berries pyramidal , has style and wings; leaf gladiate, abaxial smooth; pedicle glabrous ………………………….…………… 13. f. ellipsoidalis 17b. auricle falling down together when falling, conjugation on base in ½ or more part; berries not pyramidal, without style and wings; leaf gladiate, abaxial smooth; pedicle glabrous ……………………..……...………18 18a. auricle triangular, falling down longitudinally, step by step; leaves oblanceolate ………… 20. f. oblanceolata 18b. auricle tapered, falling down in all part together; leaves slightly elliptic or ensiform ….……………….…….19 19a. cephalia 2; apex of berry not turning flat when mature; leaves slightly ellips berry obtrullate, black stigma wider than areola …………………..…………………………………………..…………… 22. f. rectangularis 19b. cephalia 3 rarely 4; apex of berry turning flat when mature, leaves ensiform; black stigma not wider than areola …………………………………………………………………………………...…………. 16. f. inermis 20a. auricle wider than base leaf; leaves lanceolate; berries numerous ……………………………... 14. f. forbesii 20b. auricle not wider than base leaf; leaves oblong, gladiate or ensiform; berries rarely ……………….……..… 21 2013] 409 sinaga et al. : the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia in timika, papua funicularis groups can be found in secondary forests. the same is found in the f. oblanceolata group, where members of this group appear in mod -ada areas in both primary and secondary forests. prior to the current study the members of these three groups were said to be entirely absent from the secondary forests of new guinea; thus this is new information. we believe that the relatively high level of rainfall in timika creates more humid conditions (resulting in microclimatic changes) and as a consequence increases the level of organic materials in soil through the decomposition of fallen leaves and other plant parts, up to the level that can sustain the growth of species of freycinetia. thus, the presence of freycinetia in the area where it was previously absent is caused through the improvement of a forest trilogy: climate, soil, and seed re21a. stigma wider than areola, about 3–4 (6) numbers, mature fruits orange; leaves has prophyll, auricle remain fibers when falling ………………….……………………………………….…………..………….. 17. f. iriana 21b. stigma wider than areola, about 1–2 numbers, mature fruits red; auricle remain nothing when falling …….. 22 22a. pedicle smooth; auricle conjugation base in ⅓ part; leaves gladiate ..………………………… 24. f. tenuis 22b. pedicle hirsute; auricle conjugation base in 1⁄6 part; leaves ensiform ..………………………….. 23. f. scandens 23a. leaves arranged tritichous looks rosette, tufted to the apex of the branchlet only; stigma smaller than areola ……………………..…………………………………………………………………………… 3. f. stenophylla 23b. leaves arranged tritichous put along branch……………………………………….……………………… 24 24a. leaves linear, longer about 10–30 cm long; auricle triangular, without longitudinal nerves; cephalia cylindri cal, berries numerous, pyramidal …………..…………………...………………….….. 2. f. peudoangustissima 24b. leaves lanceolate, short about 5–10 cm long; auricle oblong deltoid, has 2 longitudinal nerves; cephalia oblongus, berries unnumerous, cylindrical …………………...……….………...……………. 1. f. angustissima 25a. inflorescence arrange umbel …………………………..………………………………….……..………….. 26 25b. inflorescence arrange raceme or spirally ……………………………………………………………………. 27 26a. auricle width 1cm; leaves 25–40 cm long; cephalia 4; areola widely on the transversal side 29. f. frutaspiralica 26b. auricle width about 2.5–4 cm; leaves more than 100 cm long; cephalia 8–12; berries obtrullate, areola widely on the longitudinal side ………………………..…………….………………………...…. 30. f. frutonumerata 27a. cephalia cylindrical ……………………………………….………………………….……………………… 28 27b. cephalia others ………………………………………………………….…………………………………… 29 28a. leaves longest, about 70 to 100 cm long ……………………………………………………………………. 30 28b. leaves short, about 10 to 50 cm long ………………………………………………………..………………. 32 29a. cephalia longest, about 10 to 12 cm long ……………………………………………………………………. 31 29b. cephalia short about 0.5 to 5 cm long ………………………………………………………………………. 34 30a. auricle red bright, a half circular; berries fusion 3 4 berry; berry clavate; stigma irregular arranged looks like brocoli, numerous about 18 -32 numbers, bigger than areola …………………….……… 35. f. megaauriculata 30b. auricle dark purple, truncate; without fusion berries; stigma regular dot 2 rarely 3 or 4, not bigger than areola ……………………...…………………………………………………………………….…. 33. f. macrostachya 31a. auricle longest, about 12-23 cm long; leaves lanceolate; pedicle not hirsute; stigma wider than berry, surface convex ………………….………………………………………..…………………………….. 34. f. marginata 31b. auricle short, about 5-6 cm long; leaves linear; pedicle hirsute; stigma not wider than berry, surface not convex ……………………..………………………………………………………………..………………………. 33 32a. auricle remain fibers; berry ellipsoid; stigma surrounding by flat areola …...…………….……… 26. f. fibrosa 32b. auricle not remain fibers; berry not ellipsoid; stigma surrounding by not flat areola .……………….... 35 33a. cephalia clavata, about 11–12 × 2.5 cm; berries stout segmenta; stigma 4–5 numbers rarely 9; auricle tapered, has 2 longitudinal nerveses, apex margin spinulous; length of leave about 45–55 cm …….……. 8. f. clavata 33b. cephalia oblong, about 2.5 × 1–1.5 cm; berries not has stout segmenta auricle truncate, without 2 longitudinal nerves; length of leave about 70–90 cm ……………………….……………………………….…... 9. f. circuita 34a. cephalia slightly globose to globose; lamina of the leaf is thin ……………….………………… 36. f. pallida 34b. cephalia slightly oblong or ellipsoid; lamina of the leaf not thin ……………………….…………………. 37 35a. cephalia about 2.5 by 0.5 cm; auricle slightly rounded, membranaceous, pale green, with 2 pale yellow longitudinal nerves; stigma 4 rarely 2,3,6,8 .…………………..…………………………. 33. f. ultrapedicellata 35a. cephalia about 3 by 1 or 4–5 by 3 cm; auricle truncated, not membranaceous, dark purple, without 2 pale yellow longitudinal nerves; stigma 1 or 2 rarely 3……….…………………………….……………… 36 36a. berries rarely; stigma put on longitudinal side of the berry; leaves length about 20–30 cm …… 11. f. excelsa 36b. berries numerous; stigma put on longitudinal side of the berry leaves about 30–50 cm long …… 17. f. klosii 37a. cephalia ellipsoid, mature bright yellow; leaves without distinct spines; auricle slightly fibers, easy drying ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32. f. lacinulata 37b. cephalia oblong, mature orange–red; leaves with distinct spines; auricle without fibers, not easy drying ………………………………………………...……...………………………………..… 37. f. pseudoinsignis reinwardtia 410 [vol.13 sources. furthermore, the result of this study also shows that despite sharing montane habitats the f. angustissima and f. funicularis groups differ in distribution areas. members of f. angustissima group are restricted to new guinea, whereas members of f. funicularis group are widely distributed from new guinea further west to sulawesi. freycinetia concolor is regarded in the current study as the only species that possesses the ability to inhabit open areas, an area that it shares it with the other shrubby dominant species, the robust grass phragmytes karka. freycinetia inermis, f. ellipsoidalis, f. forbesii, and f. lenifolia are found in secondary forest but all species here only found living under trees canopy except f. inermis, this species prefers hanging on the stem of the trees that are living at the marginal area of the secondary forest. only one species can sustain life in the open, fully sunny areas, i.e. f. concolor. description of new species 1. freycinetia circuita sinaga, a. p. keim & pu radyatmika spec. nov. –– fig. 1 frutex scandens foliis imbricatis, linearis, 70–90 cm longis, 2.5 cm basi latis, 1 cm apice latis; venis longitudinalibus adaxialis indistinctis, abaxialis dense striata; auriculis truncatis, 5 cm longis, 1 cm latis. infructescentia terminalis, 3 spicis cylindricis; pedunculus 1 cm longis, 1 cm latis, pedicellis 30 mm longis, 5 mm latis. fructus oblongus, 12 cm longis, 2–2.5 cm latis; bacca obtrulloidea, reliquieae stigmatorum circulares. –– type: l. j. brass 12967, indonesia, papua, timika, idenburg (holotype: bo!, isotype: l!). slender climbing pandan, climbing up to 10 m, ascending on tree trunk. stem terete, 1–2 cm diam., internodes 1–2 cm long. leaves tristichous, imbricate, linear, 70–90 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, apex acuminate; adaxial surface green, slightly glaucous, with closely arranged longitudinal veins, 24–26 on ½ basal part of lamina, 2 indistinct pseudolongitudinal veins, apical and middle part of lamina with bristles, bristles 5–8 mm long; abaxial surface green, glabrous; auricle truncate, 5 cm long, 2 cm wide. cauline leaves consist of 2 whorls, coloring orange-red; basic cauline leaves linear, 50 by 4 cm; upper cauline leaves linear, 30 by 3–3.5 cm. male inflorescence not observed. male flowers not observed. bracts consist of 3 whorls; outer bracts narrowest, ovate, 10 by 3 cm, outer surface closely terraces with shortly distinct transverse veins; middle bracts ovate, 6–7 by 3 cm; interior bracts lanceolate, fleshy. inflorescence terminal, ternate; peduncle terete, 1 by 1 cm; pedicels semi-terete, 3 by 0.5 cm, rachis to 10 cm long. cephalium oblong, 12 cm long, 2–2.5 cm wide. berries sparse; each obovoid, angular, indistinctly segmented; stigmatic remains circular, 1–2, surrounded by areola. distribution. endemic to papua. habitat and ecology. in forest margins, occasional at1100 m asl. etymology. with circular stigmatic remains. specimen examined. indonesia, papua, timika, idenburg, 1100 m asl, feb. 1939, l. j. brass 12967 (bo, l). notes. the circular stigmatic remain is undoubtedly the most distinctive morphological character of f. circuita and it is unique to this species. apart from this f. circuita very much resembles f. aculeata; however, the two species differ also in four more morphological characters described in table 2. 2. freycinetia frutaspiralica sinaga, a. p. keim & puradyatmika spec. nov. –– fig. 2 frutex scandens foliis imbricatis, lanceolatis, 25–40 cm longis, 1–2 cm latis. venis longitudinalibus abaxialibus distinctis, venis transversalis brevi, grossis; adaxialibus tenellis. auriculis gradatim angustatis, 3 cm longis, 1 cm latis, rubris. infructescentia terminalis, spiratim, 3–4 spicis cylindracis et oblongis. cephalia 2–5 cm longis, 1.5–2 cm latis. bacca pyramidalis. segmentibus distinctis, stigmatibus 3. –– type: n. i. sinaga 3437, indonesia, papua, timika, kuala kencana (holotypus: man!, isotype: bo!). slender climbing pandan, climbing up to 10 m, ascending on tree trunk. stem terete, 1 cm in diam., internodes1 cm. leaves arrangement tristichous, imbricate, lanceolate, 25–40 cm long, 1 cm wide at base, 2 cm wide in middle, 1 cm wide near apex, spines distinct on the base, lamina glaucous beneath, apex cuneate to cuspidate; adaxial closely set indistinct longitudinal veins; abaxially closely set distinct longitudinal veins, 16 in each leaf half, with short transversal veins, looking rough; auricle tapered, 3 by 1 cm, bright red, transparent. prophyll leaves in 2 whorls, lanceolate, 3 by 1 cm, reddish green. staminate flower small, light orange to fairly pink; anther oblong, same length as filament. pistillate inflorescence not observed. pistillate flowers not observed. bracts consist of outer, middle and inner bract. infructescence terminal, spirally arranged, with 4 cephalia; peduncle terete, 2 by 1 cm; pedicel semi-terete, 2–3 by 0.5 cm. cephalia cylindrical to oblong, 2–5 by 1.5–2 cm; 2013] 411 sinaga et al. : the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia in timika, papua berry apex pyramidal, connate at the base, segments distinct, lacking a style; stigmas 3 on the flat area of pyramidal apex berry; areola thin, but some berries with widely transversal areola. distribution. timika in southwestern mainland new guinea and the island of new britain. habitat and ecology. lowland tropical rainforests. sometimes found climbing on betel nut palm (areca catechu). the species is living on the sea level to 100 m asl. etymology. spirally arranged infructescences, which is referred here as fruits. specimens examined. indonesia, papua, timika, kuala kencana, 60 m asl, 14 oct. 2005, n.i. sinaga 3437 (man, bo); papua new guinea, new britain, salae, hopkins, 100 m asl, 21 dec. 1967, m. coode & r. j. johns 3584 (bo, k, lae). notes. freycinetia frutaspiralica shares the possession of conspicuous red auricles with f. megaauriculata; however, they are different in at least five characters (table 3). f. frutaspiralica is straightforwardly distinct from f. megaauriculata in the size of auricle and the arrangement of inflorescences or infructescences. in new guinea species with spirally arranged cephalia are extremely rare. so far this character is only shared with f. arfakiana, a species found in manokwari. 3. freycinetia frutonumerata sinaga, a. p. keim & puradyatmika spec.nov. –– fig. 3 frutex scandens foliis imbricatis, linearis, 100–110 cm longis, 6 cm latis basi, 2 cm latis apice. venis longitudinalibus abaxialibus pseudolis, adaxialibus tenellis. auriculis gradatim angustatis, 8–17 cm longis, 2–4 cm latis, purpureis. infructescentia terminalis, cephalibus cylindricis 8–10; pedunculus 3 cm longis, 3 cm latis; pedicellis 4–5 cm longis, 5–7 mm latis. fructus 8–12 cm longis, 2–3 cm latis. baccarum apices pyramidalis; stigmaticis 2(1,3). –– type: n. i. sinaga 3324, indonesia, papua, timika, kuala kencana (holotype: man!) fig. 1. f . circuita. a. adaxial surface of leaf; b. closely regular longitudinal nerves on abaxial leaf; c. the fruits; d. berries with circular stigmas on the apex; e. ring margin areola; f. terraces bract with shortly transversal nerves. name of species shapes of leaves outer peduncular bracts diameter of pedicels length of cephalia shapes of stigmatic remains f. aculeate linear glabrous when drying 3 mm 12 cm not circular f. circuita lanceolateelongate terraces when drying 5 mm 3–4 cm obviously circular table 2. morphological differences between f. aculeata and f. circuita. c d e f b a 7 mm 3 mm 2 mm 1 cm 1 mm 1 mm reinwardtia 412 [vol.13 slender to stout climbing pandan, climbing up to 8 m. stem terete, 2–3 cm in diam., internode 2 cm long. leaves arrangement tristichous, imbricate, ascending, linear, internode between leaves 1–1.5 cm, more than 100 cm long, 6 cm wide at base, 2 cm wide at apex, conduplicate in basal part for 1520 cm, apex caudate, margin with stout yellow spines; adaxially smooth; abaxial surface with pseudo-longitudinal veins, covered by white indumentum; auricle broadly tapered, half circular, 8–17 by 2–4 cm, dark purple, with longitudinal veins. staminate flower light orange to pink; anther oblong. pistillate inflorescence not observed. pistillate flowers not observed. infructuscence terminal, spirally arranged, with 8–10 cephalia; peduncular bracts in 3 whorls: outer bract narrowly ovate, 1012 by 3–4 cm, apex acuminate to caudate; middle bract cymbiform, 8–10 by 3 cm, apex acuminate; inner bract elongate, fleshy; peduncle terete, 3 by 3 cm; pedicel slightly terete, 4–5 by 0.5–0.7 cm; rachis 4–6 cm long. cephalia cylindrical, or falcate, 8–12 by 2–3 cm; berries apex pyramidal, base slightly narrowly obconic, numerous, 4–5 segments, some berries connate, others separate; style very small; stigma discoid or semi-terete 2 (1) (3) numbers, surface flat to convex, areola surrounding each stigma; areola bigger than stigma . distribution. timika in the southwestern part of indonesian new guinea and around east kuanga in the western province of papua new guinea. habitat and ecology. lowland primary tropical rainforests. living from 20 to 60 m asl. etymology. numerous cephalia, which are referred here as number of fruits. specimens examined. indonesia, papua, timika, mod ada pt. freeport indonesia, 20 m asl, 11 oct. 2005, n. i. sinaga 3324 (man); papua new guinea, western, 40 km ne of kunga, 130 m asl, huynh 66 (lae). notes. freycinetia frutonumerata possesses numerous cephalia, 8 to 10 per infructescence. this species shares the spirally arranged infructescences with f. frutaspiralica however, the two species differ in the number of cephalia, in which f. frutonumerata has conspicuously higher number (8–10 compared to 4). 4. freycinetia fusiforma sinaga, a. p. keim & puradyatmika spec. nov. –– fig. 4 frutex scandens foliis semi-imbricatis, 18–40 cm longis, 2–2.5 cm latis, linearis, venis longitudinalibus distinctis adaxialis, striatis abaxialis cum venis transversalibus brevis. infructescentia ternata, terminalis. cephalia oblonga, bacca base oblongis, apice campanuliformis, segmentis distinctis 5, reliquieae stigmatorum 6, marginalibus, areolis punctis centris. –– type: r. j. johns & e. wally 10523 indonesia, papua, timika, tembagapura (holotype: bo!, isotype: l!,k! man!). fig. 2. f. frutospiralica. a. adaxial surface of leaf; b.abaxial surface of leaf; c. leaves and auricle; d. spirally arrangement of the fruits; e.the climbing plant with reddish green of prophyll leave f. berries with rarely widest of the margin areola. a b d e c f 1 mm 1 mm 1.5 cm 1 cm 1 cm 2 mm 2013] 413 sinaga et al. : the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia in timika, papua slender climbing pandan, climbing up to 8 m. stem terete, 1 cm diam.; internodes 1.5–2.5 cm, basal part without leaves, middle part with nonimbricate leaves, apical part with semi-imbricate leaves. leavess ubulate, 10–15 cm long, 2–2.5 cm wide, fairly fleshy, apex cuspidate with minute spines, leaf margin with sparsely arranged brown spines, each 1 mm long, 0.5–1 cm distance; adaxial surface green, glabrous, with distinct longitudinal veins and short transverse veins; auricle tapered, reddish green, membranaceous, 2–3 cm long, 0.5–1 cm wide, with 3 longitudinal veins on basal ⅓ part. prophyll bracts in 4 whorls, reddish orange: in 3 whorls each narrowly ovate, 1–2 cm long, 1 cm wide, cuspidate apex, margin with minute spines; in apical whorl widely ovate, 2 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, with caudate apex. staminate inflorescence interfoliar, lateral, ternate; pedicel 3 cm long, 0.5 cm wide; male flowering part light orange to fairly pink, 4 cm long, 1.5 cm wide. staminate flower small, light orange to fairly pink; anther oblong, same length with filament. pistillate inflorescence not observed. pistillate flowers not observed. infructescence terminal, ternate; peduncular bracts in 3 whorls, deep reddish orange: outer bract widely ovate, 3 cm long, 2 cm wide, cuspidate apex, margin with minute spines; middle bract widely ovate, 4 cm long, 3 cm wide, cuspidate apex, margin with minute spines; inner bract lanceolate-elogate, 2 cm long, 1 cm wide, fleshy; peduncle terete, 1 cm long, 0.5 cm wide; pedicel scabrous, 20 mm long, 3 mm wide, with small canals (canaliculi); rachis slightly falcate or oblong,10 mm long, 4 mm wide. cephalium fairly globose to falcate, 1.5–2 cm long, 1.5 cm wide. berry lanceolate-elongate, 5 mm long, basal ovary oblong, apical bell-shaped, concave, segments not obvious; stigmatic remains irregular, 6, marginal; areola cuneate, in 5 parts, giving the appearance of central corolla. distribution. endemic. habitat and ecology. grows in primary forest at 2500 to 2900 meters altitude. commonly found in the transition from mid-montane nothofagusdominated to upper montane forests. etymology. fused form, which refers to the fusion of stigmatic remains and areolas. specimens examined. indonesia, papua, timika, tembagapura, 2500–2900 m asl, 24 apr. 2000, r. j. johns & e. wally 10523 (bo, k, l, man); 3275 meter asl, 25 nov. 2000, e. j. lucas 46 (man). notes. the fused stigmatic remains and areolas form undoubtedly the most distinctive morphological character of this species. so far this phenomenon has never been recorded in other species. freycinetia fusiforma closely resembles f. sterrophylla. nevertheless, they differ in the leaves, margin of prophyll bracts, shape of ovary, shape of cephalia, and stigmatic remains & areola (table 4). table 3. morphological differences among f. frutaspiralica, f. megaauriculata and f. frutonumerata. name of species prophyll length and width of leaves auricle inflorescence arrangement shape of ovary number of stigmas f. frutaspiralica prophyll present; leaves 25-40 cm long; 1-2 cm wide dark red to purplish; 3 cm wide spiral prism 3 f. megaauriculata prophyll absent; leaves 80-110 cm long; 6-8 cm wide bright red; 3-5 cm wide umbel very clavate 18-32 f. frutonumerata prophyll absent; leaves > 100 cm long; 2-6 cm wide dark purple; 24 cm wide spiral obtrulloid 2 rarely 1 or 3 reinwardtia 414 [vol.13 5. freycinetia imbristigma sinaga, a. p. keim & puradyatmika spec. nov. –– fig. 5 frutex scandens foliis semi-imbricatis, 50–55 cm longis, 2–3 cm latis, linearis. infructescentia ternataaxilaris. pedunculi teretia, 4 cm longis, 2 cm latis; pedicelli 45–50 mm longis, 3 mm latis. cephalia cylindrica;bacca conjunctionis ovariis, segmentis distinctis 5, stigmatisimbricatis, marginalis 4, areolis punctis centris. –– type: meijer drees 656, indonesia, papua, timika (holotype: bo!, isotype: l!). medium climbing pandan, climbing up to 8 m high with leafless stem, no climbing roots observed, basal part of climbing stem also leafless and no climbing roots seen. stem terete, 2 cm diam., internodes 2.5–5 cm long. leaves semi-imbricate on apical part of stem, moderately so on middle part, less in basal part; lamina lanceolate, 50–55 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, apex and margin with minute spines, apex acuminate; adaxial surface green, glabrous, with distinctly longitudinal veins, 16–17 on ½ basal part of lamina; abaxial surface green, fairly glabrous, with indistinct longitudinal veins; auricle tapered, 4–5 cm long, 1 cm wide. prophyll bracts in 8 whorls, individual bracts cymbiform, 1–4 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, apex acuminate, margin with minute spines. male inflorescence lateral on leafless stem, ternate, flowering part cylindrical. male flowers not observed. pistillate inflorescence not observed. pistillate flowers not observed. infructescence terminal; peduncular bractsin 3 whorls; outer bracts ovate, 4 cm long, 4 cm wide, apex acuminate, margin entire; middle broadly ovate, 8–11 cm long, 4-5 cm wide, apex acuminate, margin entire; inner bracts lanceolate-elongate, 3 cm long, 2 cm wide, fleshy; peduncle terete, 4 cm long, 2 cm wide; pedicel triangular, 45–50 mm long, 3–5 mm wide, hirsute. cephalium cylindrical to oblong, 8–10 cm long, 2–3 cm wide. berries sparse; each transversally oblong, fused, distinctly segmented; stigmatic remains 6, centrally arranged, wider than areolas; areola circular, encircling stigmatic remain, stigmatic remains and areola imbricately arranged. distribution. endemic. habitat and ecology. commonly found inhabiting the primary forests. etymology. imbricate stigmatic remains that refers to the imbricate arrangement of stigmatic remains and areolas. specimens examined. indonesia, papua, timika, meijer-drees 656 (bo, l). notes. freycinetia imbristigma is morphologically similar to f. funicularis, but differs in at least four morphological characters: the presence of fused ovaries that forms the characteristic oblong transversal berry, and the imbricate arrangement of stigmatic remains and areolas; also the shape of prophyll bracts, and shape & length of pedicel (table 5). 6. freycinetia magnoareola sinaga, a. p. keim & puradyatmika spec. nov. ― fig. 6 fig. 3. f. frutonumerata. a. fruits on the terminal; b. ascendent leaves; c. adaxial leaf; d. oblong and falcate fruit; e. purple dark auricle; f. berries and stigmas. a b c d e f 2.5 cm 2 cm 6 cm 1 cm 2 cm 5 mm 2013] 415 sinaga et al. : the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia in timika, papua frutex scandens foliis semiimbricatis, lanceolatis, 20–30 cm longis, 2–3 cm latis. venis longitudinalibus distinctis abaxialis paginalis, minutes adaxialis paginalis. infructescentia teretea axillaris. fructus oblongis, 4–6 cm longis, 2–3 cm latis. bacca campanuliformis; stigmatibuscelatis 5–6 (8–10), areolis magnis. –– type: h. d. hoogland 4794 papua new guinea, northern district, tufi, koreaf (holotype: bo!). medium to fairly large climbing pandan, climbing up to10 m high; climbing with leafless stem, no climbing roots observed. stem terete, 2–3 cm diam., sturdy, internodes 4 cm. leaves concentrated on middle to apical parts of branches; semi imbricate on apical and middle parts of stem, not imbricate on basal part; lamina elongatefig. 4. f. fusiforma. a. the fusiform leaves ; b. sharp spine along margin; c. abaxial lamina with slightly distinct longitudinal nerves and shortly transversal nerves; d. adaxial lamina with distinctly longitudinal nerves; e. the auricle that conjugate base along one third; f.prophyll bracts; g. axillary infructescence with pedicle longer than cephalia; h & j. falcate cephalia; i. berries; k. stigma on the margin and areola on center. table 4. morphological differences between f. fusiforma and f. sterrophylla. name of species leaves margin of prophyll bracts shape of ovary shape of cephalia stigmatic remains & areola f. fusiforma 1 kind: apex and base are same about 10-15 cm long; fusiform shape glabrous bell shape falcate areolas cuneate accumulate on centre surrounding stigmas f. sterrophylla 2 kinds; apicalones longer than basal; apical 30–40cm compare to 15– 20cm; linear shape spinulous cylindrical globose areola irregular surrounding longitudinal stigma a b c d e f g h i j k 3 cm 1mm 1mm 1mm 1cm 7 mm 4mm 2mm 1cm 4mm reinwardtia 416 [vol.13 lanceolate, 20–30 cm long, 1–4 cm wide; apex fairly acuminate, 2 cm long, with minute spines; adaxial surface green, glabrous, with distinct longitudinal veins, 12 on ½ basal part of lamina, veins on middle part with bristles; abaxial surface green, glabrous, with pseudo-longitudinal nerves; auricle tapered, 30 –40 mm long, 5 mm wide. prophyll bracts in 5 whorls, arranged regularly, triangular, each 1–3 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, apex and margin with minute spines, cuspidate. male inflorescence not observed. male flowers not observed. pistillate inflorescence not observed. pistillate flowers not observed. infructescence lateral, intrafoliar, ternate; peduncular bracts in 3 whorls: outer bracts boat-shaped, red, 6 cm long, 5 cm wide, apex caudate, with minute spines; middle bracts lanceolate-elongate, red, 9 cm long, 5 cm wide, apex caudate, with minute spines; inner bracts lanceolate-elongate, 4 cm long, 2 cm wide, deep red, fleshy; peduncle terete, 3 cm long, 3 cm wide; pedicel semi-terete, 60 mm long, 3 mm wide, covered by hairs in one line, longer than rachis. cephalium obovoid and sometimes slightly curved, 6–8 cm long, 2–3 cm wide. berries few; each bell-shaped, formed by a fusion of 6–10 ovaries, distinctly segmented; stigmatic remains 5–10, totally covered by the large areola; areola obvious, large, robust, central, transversally and longitudinally widespread. distribution. this species is assumed here to have a disjunct distribution. one location is within the mamberamo basin in the northern central part of indonesian new guinea and the other is in the south -eastern part of mainland papua new guinea. habitat and ecology. grows on swamp forests on the 0 to 50 m asl. etymology. large areola, which refers to the large size of the areola. specimens examined. indonesia, papua, timika, fig. 5. f. imbristigma. a. hirsute pedicle and transversally oblong berry that is built by fusion some berries; b. leaves: apex acuminate; c. the infructescence on the stemless with remain prophyll bracts to about 2 prophylls on the base and ternate cyllindric cephalia on the apex; d. the imbricate arrangement of the stigma–areola. a b c d 1 mm 2 mm 1 cm 1 mm 2013] 417 sinaga et al. : the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia in timika, papua benhard camp, 50 m asl, 8 aug. 1908, meijerdrees 482 (bo); papua new guinea, northern district, tufi, koreaf, sea level, 23 sept. 1954, h. d. hoogland 4794 (bo). notes. freycinetia magnoareola possesses a conspicuous large areola that entirely covers the stigmatic remains. in fact f. magnoareola possesses the largest areola known in the genus. this species also has the distinctive bell-shaped berry that is formed through the fusion of 6 to 10 ovaries. these two morphological characters distinguish this species from f. funicularis, which is in the field might look similar in appearance to f. magnoareola. these two species also have prophyll bracts that are different in shape (table 5). 7. freycinetia ultrapedicellata sinaga, a. p. keim & puradyatmika spec. nov. ― fig. 7 frutex scandens foliis imbricatis, linearis , 10–20 cm longis, 1 cm latis. venis longitudinalibus, adaxialis tenellis. infructescentia terminalis, cephalibus cylindricis; pedunculus 20 mm longis, 5 mm latis; peduncellis 30 mm longis, 3 mm latis. fructus 25 mm longis , 5 mm latis. bacca obtrulloidea; stigmatibus 4 (8). –– type: n. i. sinaga 3997 indonesia, papua, timika, kuala kencana (holotype: man). small climbing pandan, hanging on the tree trunk. stem terete, 1 cm in diam., internodes 1 cm long, grey. leaves imbricate, linear, 10–20 cm long, 1 cm wide or less; lamina, smooth, thin; sharp yellow spines at the basal margin and median margin; adaxial surface with pseudoregular longitudinal veins; abaxial surface with indistinct longitudinal veins, 4 per half leaf; auricle slightly rounded, 2 by 0.3 cm, membranaceous, pale green, with 2 pale yellow longitudinal veins and shortly transverse veins. cauline leaves before bracts, in 2 whorls. male inflorescence not observed. male flowers not observed. pistillate inflorescence not observed. pistillate flowers not observed. infructescence terminal, of 2 cylindrical cephalia, green; peduncular bracts in 3 whorls: table 5. morphological differences among f. imbristigma, f. funicularis and f. magnoareola. name of species shape of prophyll bracts shape & length of pedicel shape of cephalia shape of berry fusion of areola stigmatic remains f. imbristigma cymbiform triangular cylindrical transversally oblong imbricate f. funicularis ovate semi-terete cylindrical to falcate cylindrical arranged closely in common f. magnoareola triangular semi-terete obovoid to falcate bell shape areola hiding stigmas table 6. morphological differences in the length of leaves & number of abaxial longitudinal veins, shape of auricle, length of pedicle, berry, and number of stigmatic remains between f. ultrapedicelata and f. excelsa . name of species length of leaves & number of abaxial longitudinal veins shape of auricle length of pedicel berry number of stigmatic remains freycinetia ultrapedicelata 10 20 cm long; 4 on a half leaves slightly rounded longer than fruits (3:2) obtrulloid, have wings 4 (2,3,6,8) f. excelsa 20 30 cm long; 7-8 on a half leaves slightly truncated as long as fruits (3:3) slightly cylindric without wings 2 (3) reinwardtia 418 [vol.13 exterior bracts ovoid, 3 by 1 cm, apex cuspidate; middle bracts ovoid, 3 by 0.5 cm; interior bracts fleshy when mature; peduncle terete, 2 by 0.5 cm; pedicel terete, 3 by 0.3 cm, covered by hirsute indumentum. cephalia cylindrical, 2.5 by 0.5 cm, green; berries separate; berry obtrulloideus segments stout, with wings; stigmas 4 (2, 3, 6, 8), discoid, surrounded by a bold circular areola. distribution. timika in the southwestern part of indonesian new guinea and lae area in morobe, papua new guinea. habitat and ecology. lowland primary tropical rainforests (start from sea level to 100 m asl). etymology. long pedicel, which refers to the relatively long pedicel that is the same length as rachis. specimens examined. indonesia, papua, timika, kuala kencana, 40 m asl, 30 nov. 2005, n. i. sinaga 3997 (man); papua new guinea, morobe, lae, 26 jun. 1999, billy bau lae 82978 (lae). notes. in freycinetia the pedicel is usually shorter than the rachis. the same length of pedicel and rachis so far is only recorded in this species. freycinetia ultrapedicellata also possesses a unique auricle, in which the auricle is slightly rounded, quite small (20 × 3 mm), transparent, light yellow with 2 fairly long longitudinal and short transversal nerves. freycinetia ultrapedicellata is regarded here as having a close affinity with f. excelsa but it differs from the latter mainly in the leaves, type of auricles, length of pedicels, berries and stigmatic remains (table 6). conclusion species of freycinetia found in timika have exfig. 6. f. magnoareola : a. lanceolate leaves with aristate apex; a1. prophyll bracts to about 15 prohylls bellow and bracts above: exterior bracts smaller than middle one, apex cuspidate. b. abaxial leaf have regularly distinct nerves; c. the infructescence on leafless stem with pedicle that is longer than cephalia; d. hidden stigmas, just areola that appears on the surface berry; e. berries. fig. 7. f. ultrapedicelata: a. the thin leaves; b. leaves; c. the transparent auricle; d. berries; e. small oblong fruits. a b c d e a b c d e 2.5 mm 2 mm 3 mm 3 cm 4 mm 3 mm 1.5 cm 5 mm 2 mm 7 mm 2013] 419 sinaga et al. : the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia in timika, papua ceptional morphological characters and ecological preferences. these characters are commonly found in the f. macrostachya and f. funicularis groups, where freycinetia frutonumerata possesses the highest number of cephalia per infructescence known for the genus freycinetia, while f. magnoareola has the largest areola. unique ecological preferences are observed in the f. macrostachya and f. oblanceolata groups. freycinetia concolor so far is the only species known in new guinea to successfully inhabit open areas rather than closed forest. species that inhabit secondary forests include f. excelsa, f. frutonumerata, f. klosii, f. lacinulata, f. megaauriculata, f. palida, and f. ultrapedicellata. references merill e. d. & perry l. m. 1939. plantae papuana archboldiana. j. arnold arbor. 21:163–169. sinaga, n. i. & puradyatmika p. 2006. keragaman jenis tumbuhan pada area pengendapan pasir sisa tambang (sirsat) pt freeport indonesia. makalah pt freeport indonesia. jakarta. sinaga, n. i., keim, a. p., megia, r. & hartana, a. 2010. the ecology and distribution of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) in indonesian new guinea. reindwardtia 13(2):189– 197. stone, b. c. 1982. new guinea pandanaceae: first approach to ecology and biogeography. in gressitt, j. l. (ed.). biogeography and ecology of new guinea. vol. 1. monographiae biologicae 42. dr. w. junk publ., the hague. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new romance letter type submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id> for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed. english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english or latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 5. 2013 contents page harry wiriadinata, deden girmansyah, james m. hunter, w. scott hoover & k u s w a t a k a r t a w i n a t a . f l o r i s t i c s t u d y o f w e s t s u m b a w a , i n d o n e s i a ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 391 nurhaidah iriani sinaga, ary prihardhyanto keim & pratita puradyatmika. the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia (pandanaceae) with seven new species in timika, west papua, indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………405 abdulrokhman kartonegoro. a revision of rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) in malesia …...421 siti susiarti, tutie djarwaningsih & ary prihardhyanto keim. pandan (pandanaceae) in flores island, east nusa tenggara, indonesia: an economic-botanical study ….………………………..431 ary prihardhyanto keim. a new species of freycinetia gaudich. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) from tidore island, moluccas, indonesia ………………………………………………………………… 441 harry wiriadinata. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from south sulawesi, indonesia …445 vera b. l. sihotang. the dynamics of pandanus illustrations from a historical perspective ………..449 lina s. juswara. book review …………………………………………………………………..….....455 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia reinwardtia_13_1_101209 + dftar isi+new re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology re in w ar dt ia 13 (1) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia vol 13, part 1, pp: 1 − 12 1 at different stages. therefore, existing collections of amorphophallus are inadequate. sterile specimens are usually impossible to determine, although few species have distinctive vegetative characters: e.g. a. muelleri with bulbils on the upper surface of the lamina. in this study no attempt has been made to provide a key based only on vegetative characters. amorphophallus konjac, with tuber rich of mucilages, mainly glucomannans, is cultivated in japan and is an important food source (mayo et al., 1997). in tropical asia, particularly india, the starchy tubers of a. paeoniifolius (elephant yam) are commonly used as food (bogner, 1987). amorphophallus blume ex decaisne amorphophallus blume ex decaisne, in nouv. ann. mus. hist. nat. 3 (1834) 366; blume, rumphia 1 (1837) 138; hassk., cat. hort. bot. bogor. (1844) 54; koord., fl. tjibodas 6 (1922) 34; bold., zakfl. java ed. 6 (1932) 36; engl., in engl. & prantl, nat. pflanzenfam ii, 3 (1889) 126; alderw., bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii, 1 (1920) 363; steenis, den hoed, bloemb. & eyma, fl. scholen indonesie (1949) 129; koord., exkurs. fl. java 1 (1911) 256; bakh.f., in backer, bekn. fl. java 17 (1957) 24; engl., bot. jahrb. syst. 25 (1898) 16; kunth, enum. pl. 3 (1841) 31; backer & bakh. f., fl. java 3 (1968) 111; miq., fl. ind. bat. 3 (1856) 201; schott, syn aroid. (1856) 37; schott, prod. syst. aroid. (1860) 130; engl., introduction the genus amorphophallus (araceae – thomsonieae) comprises 170 species world wide (mayo et al., 1997), of which 25 species (14.2 %) occur in indonesia. about 18 species (68 %) are endemic to indonesia: eight species in sumatera, five species in java, three species in kalimantan and one species in sulawesi (hetterscheid & ittenbach, 1996). the genus amorphophallus was fully revised by engler (1911). following engler’s, several authors, namely bogner et al. (1985); hetterscheid (1994), hetterscheid and ittenbach (1996), have partly reviewed or discussed the genus and have added some new species and their descriptions. this genus amorphophallus was established by blume (1836–1837). subsequently, schott erected many new genera based on blume’s work: e.g. brachyspatha schott, conophallus schott, corynophallus schott, allopythion schott, hansalia schott, hydrosme schott, plesmonium schott, rhaphiophallus schott and synantherias schott. however, these genera are considered as synonyms of amorphophallus. the first two are listed above, brachyspatha schott, conophallus schott, are his predecessors from java. making of amorphophallus herbarium specimens is difficult, due to their gigantic size, and the fact that inflorescences and leaves tend to be present the genus amorphophallus blume ex decaisne (araceae – thomsonieae) in java received january 22, 2009; accepted june16, 2009 yuzammi centre for plant conservation – bogor botanic gardens, lipi. jl. ir. h. juanda no. 13 bogor 16122, indonesia. e–mail: yuzammi@yahoo.co.id abstract yuzammi. 2009. the genus amorphophallus blume ex decaisne (araceae – thomsonieae) in java. reinwardtia 13 (1): 1–12. ⎯ an alpha–taxonomic account of amorphophallus blume ex decaisne in java including key identification to the species is presented. eight species are recognized in java, of which five species are endemic. full description as well as the usages of some species as source of starch are presented. key words. araceae, amorphophallus, description, java. abstrak yuzammi. 2009. marga amorphophallus blume ex decaisne (araceae – thomsonieae) di jawa. reinwardtia 13(1): 1–12. ⎯ studi alfa taksonomi amorphophallus blume ex decaisne di pulau jawa dipaparkan berikut kunci identifikasi jenisnya. ditemukan ada delapan jenis amorphophallus, lima diantaranya endemik. pertelaan lengkap serta kegunaannya sebagai sumber pati disajikan. kata kunci. araceae, amorphophallus, pertelaan, jawa. m.s. pramono comment on text reinwardtia 2 [vol.13 in ac. & dc., monogr. phan. 2 (1879) 308; hook.f., fl. brit. india 6 (1893) 513; schott, gen. aroid. (1858) 31; engl., in engl. pflanzenr. 48 (iv.23c) (1911) 61; backer, trop. natuur. 9 (1920) 21; hett. & ittenbach, blumea 19 (1996) 8; mayo et al., gen. arac. (1997) 235; mayo et al., in kubitzki (ed.), fam. & gen. vascular plants, monocot. 4 (1998) 64. ⎯ type: amorphophallus campanulatus decaisne [= a. paeoniifolius (dennstedt) nicolson]. brachyspatha schott, syn. aroid. (1856) 35; schott, prod. syst. aroid. (1860) 126. ⎯ type: brachyspatha variabilis (blume) schott [= a. variabilis blume] (lecto, selected by nicolson, taxon 16 (1967) 514–519). conophallus schott, syn. aroid. (1856) 34; miq., fl. ind. bat. 3 (1856) 198; miq., bot. zeitung (berlin) 14 (1856) 563; schott, prod. syst. aroid. (1860) 127; schott, ann. mus. bot. lugduno–batavum 1 (1863) 124. ⎯ type: conophallus bulbifer (roxb.) schott [= a. bulbifer (roxb.) blume] (lecto, selected by nicolson, taxon 16 (1967) 514–519). small to giant terrestrial herbs, tuberous, rarely rhizomatous (not in java) or stoloniferous (not in java); tuber usually depressed–globose, sometimes irregularly ± elongate–cylindric (not in java), napiform (not in java) or carrot–shaped (not in java); leaves usually solitary, rarely 2–3 in adult plants, sometimes 2–3 in seedlings; petiole usually long, smooth, rarely verrucose to sagittar, usually conspicuously spotted and marked in a variety of patterns; lamina more or less circular in outline, compound, divided into 3 primary leaflets palmately arranged, one anterior and two posterior, all equal or anterior shorter than posteriors, highly divided or dichotomously further divided, sometimes bearing bulbils at junction of rachises; leaflets oblong– elliptic to linear, with acuminate sometimes caudate apex, decurrent at the base, entire or with undulate margin; terminal leaflets larger; primary veins pinnate, forming a distinct submarginal collective vein; higher order venation reticulate; inflorescence solitary, preceded by cataphylls, usually flowering without leaves, rarely with the leaves; peduncle similar to petiole, elongating at fruiting; spathe variously coloured, marcescent and finally falling off, boat– shaped, not or clearly differentiated into lower spathe and limb, sometimes constricted between them; lower spathe convolute, rarely connate, campanulate to cylindric or ventricose, inner surface smooth or longitudinally ribbed, near base rough to warty or densely covered with scale– or hair–like processes (not in java) or smooth; limb erect to spreading, smooth, ribbed or variously undulate or frilled at margins; spadix sessile or stipitate, shorter to much longer than spathe; female zone shorter, equalling or longer than male zone; pistils usually closely packed, sometimes distant; ovary sub–globose to ovoid or obovoid, 1–4 locular; ovule 1 per locule, anatropous, placenta axile to basal; style absent to very long, conoid to cylindric; stigma variable in shape, entire and sub–globose, 2–4 lobed or stellate, sometimes large and brightly coloured; sterile zone absent or present (not in java), if present consisting of staminodes, sometimes partly or entirely naked; male zone cylindric, ellipsoid, conoid or obconoid, usually contiguous with female; stamens free or sometimes connate in basal flowers or throughout male zone up to 0.4 cm long (in java), short; filaments absent or distinct; thecae obovoid or oblong, opposite, opening through apical, rarely lateral, pores or transverse slits; pollen monad, inaperturate, subisopolar to apolar, boat–shape, mostly ellipsoid to ellipsoid–oblong, bilateral or radiosymmetric, mean 53 mm., range 34–82 mm.; excine striate, striate–reticulate, psilate, scabrate, areolate, fossulate, sagittari–foveolate, verrucate, or spinate (grayum, 1992); appendix usually present, erect, rarely horizontal or pendent, contiguous with male zone or separated by a constriction or short stipe, very variable in shape, usually sub–conic or sub– cylindric, sometimes sub–globose (not in java), usually smooth or bearing staminode–like structures near base or entirely covered with staminodes, sometimes grooved or densely to sparsely hirsute (not in java), sometimes irregularly wrinkled; fruit a berry 1 to few seeded, orange to red, rarely blue (not in java) or white (not in java); seed ellipsoidal with smooth, thin testa; embryo large, somewhat green superficially; endosperm absent; chromosome numbers mostly 2n = 26 (petersen, 1989). distribution. about 170 spp. ranging from tropical africa and madagascar to tropical asia, the malay archipelago, melanesia and australasia (mayo et al., 1997). habitat. most of this genus occurred in tropical humid forest, seasonal forest and open woodland. rarely found in limestone. sometimes it grows in waste places or areas of human habitation (mayo et al., 1977). etymology. based on greek: amorphous means deformed and phallus means penis. key to the species in java 1. a. peduncle shorter than, or more or less equal to spathe........................................................................2 b. peduncle distinctly longer than spathe ....................3 2. a. spathe cup–like, lower spathe and limb differentiated…………................................5. a. paeoniifolius b. spathe cylindrical, lower spathe and limb not clearly differentiated ........................6. a. sagittarius 3. a. male zone of spadix with a disc–like expansion in the middle ......................................3. a. discophorus yuzammi : amorphophallus in java 2009] 3 b. male zone of spadix without a disc–like expansion ..........................................................................4 4. a. style less than 10 mm long to almost absent ……………………………………………………..5 b. style more than 10 mm long, always present...........6 5. a. appendix strongly rugulose, pale purple, ovaries purple ..............................................7. a. spectabilis b.appendix near smooth and minutely pitted, white, ovaries pink or red ..……....................4. a. muelleri 6. a. peduncle smooth ...............................8. a. variabilis b. peduncle rugulose, at least near the base ................7 7. a. female zone three times as long as male zone ………………………………........2. a. decus–silvae b. female zone almost as long as male zone ……………………………………....1. a. annulifer 1. amorphophallus annulifer hett. amorphophallus annulifer hett., blumea 39 (1994) 243; hett. & ittenbach, blumea 19 (1996) 36. ⎯ type: cultivated in hort. bot. leiden, 3 jan 1991, ex west java, lengkong, ca. 750 m altitude, (orig. coll. van balgooy s.n.), w. hetterscheid h.a.m. 119–t (l, holo− n.v.). [amorphophallus muelleri sensu beumée, trop. nat. 8 (1919) 96; alderw., bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii, 1 (1920) 365; backer, trop. natuur. 9 (1920) 25; bakh.f. in backer, bekn. fl. java 17 (1957) 27; backer & bakh.f., fl. java 3 (1968) 113, non blume (1837)]. tuber subglobose, up to 10 cm in diam., dark brown, no offset development; leaf solitary; petiole ca. 90 cm long, ca. 2 cm in diam., background a complex marbling of shades of blackish green, mid−green and paler green, grading upwards into dark brown and mid−green shades, the upper half bearing white spots, scattered, oval to elongate −elliptic with brown marbling in the centre, basal part with many small, rigid verrucae; lamina ca. 100 cm in diam., rachises only narrowly winged in the distal parts; leaflets elliptic to elliptic–lanceolate, 8−15 cm long, 4−5 cm wide, apex long acuminate to caudate, mid−green adaxially; inflorescence solitary; peduncle as petiole in colour, 66–156 cm long; spathe ovoid to triangular ovoid, 13–29 cm long, 14−25 cm diam., not constricted; lower spathe deeply convolute, outside pale greenish background and large and small brown spots and numerous, small white spots, inside pale greenish, smooth or furrowed with small muricate warts at base; limb erect, broadly acute, outside as lower spathe with strongly brownish−purple tinge near the margin, inside dark maroon; spadix sessile, longer than spathe, 22−56 cm long; female zone somewhat cylindric, slightly tapering to the top, 3−8 cm long, 1.7−2.7 cm diam., with an oblique base; pistils closely packed; ovaries depressed, angulated, 0.3−0.5 cm in diam., 0.25−0.35 cm high, bilocular, lower part whitish–green, upper part dark maroon; style ca. 0.2 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diam., dark maroon, very obvious; stigma ca. 0.1 cm in diam., ca. 0.1 cm high, shallowly bilobed, lobes conic, reddish brown; sterile zone absent; male zone cylindric, gradually widening toward the apex, 3–3.5 cm in diam.; male flower 3–4 stamens; stamens ca. 0.3 cm long; filaments ca. 0.15 cm long; anthers ca. 0.15 cm long, ca. 0.2 cm in diam., truncate, pale yellow; connective pale greyish green; thecae opening through elongated apical pores; appendix elongated fusiform–conic, inflated, hollow, thin–walled, granulate, off–white, 16–44 cm long, slightly or more prominently laterally compressed, with or without a strong ring–like expansion near the base, thickest ca. 1/3 from the base; fruit unknown. distribution. western java, mount karang and lengkong (sukabumi) area (hetterscheid & ittenbach, 1996). habitat. lowland to lower montane, secondary forest; 200–1000 m altitude. notes. since beumée (1919) first used the name a. muelleri (non blume) for this species it has been consistently misnamed in herbaria. (see a. muelleri for explanation). the taxon epithet annulifer was used by hetterscheid to emphasize the unique ring–like structure found at the base of the appendix. however, the structure may not be present in small specimens. other specimens seen. west java: goea gadjah, near klappa noenggal, buitenzorg, 400−500 m altitude, 23 dec 1912, backer 5906 (bo); ca. 200 m altitude, 24 dec 1912, backer 23406 (bo). 2. a m o r p h o p h a l l u s d e c u s – s i l v a e backer & alderw. amorphophallus decus−silvae backer & alderw., bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii, 1 (1920) 369; backer, trop. natuur. 9 (1920) 25; alderw., bull. jar. bot. buitenzorg iii, 4 (1922) 164; bakh.f., in backer, bekn. fl. java 17 (1957) 26; backer & bakh.f., fl. java 3 (1968) 112; hett. & ittenbach , blumea 19 (1996) 59. ⎯ type: west java, nusa kambangan, mt. kletjer, kornasi s.n. (bo, holo; l, iso − n.v.). seasonally dormant herb; tuber ca. 40 cm in diam.; leaf solitary; petiole 200−350 cm long, 13–20 cm in diam., greyish to greyish green with numerous small scattered dark−brown spots that sometimes fuse, and large elongate whitish spots centred by greenish−brown spots, with surface rough at base, otherwise smooth; lamina 3–4 m wide; leaflets reinwardtia 4 [vol.13 other specimens seen. java: zippelius s.n. (l, barcode l 0235637–40), junghuhn s.n. (l, barcode l 0235636); west java, sukabumi, dinewatie, 24 jan 1938, wiersma s.n. (bo, herb. sheet no. 100983–84). 3.amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw., bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii, 1 (1920) 371; backer, trop. natuur. 9 (1920) 23, fig. 5&6; bakh.f., in backer, bekn. fl. java 17 (1957) 25; backer & bakh.f., fl. java 3 (1968) 112. ⎯ syntypes: east java, mount wilis, 11– 15 feb 1914, backer 11463bis (bo), 11470 (bo – n.v.), 11563 (bo – n.v.). tuber depressed–globose; leaf solitary; petiole 80–120 cm long, green with dark brown and greyish spots, the basal part rugose; lamina 100–150 cm in diam.; terminal leaflets elliptic or oblong– lanceolate, up to 20 cm long, ca. 6 cm wide, with caudate tip, base abruptly narrowing and long decurrent; inflorescence solitary; peduncle 80–150 cm long, as petiole in colour; spathe ovate, not constricted, 15–20 cm long, 7.5–14 cm in diam., with acute to obtuse tip, sometimes shortly apiculate tip; lower spathe convolute, dull dark green with scattered whitish dots outside, dirty greyish–purple with scattered faint paler dots in the upper part, the margin darker, inside pale yellowish–green in lower 1/3, with tiny conical warts at the base, deep purple toward apex, with narrow greyish waxy zone in between; limb erect, glossy dark–maroon on both surfaces; spadix sessile, shorter to slightly longer than spathe, 14–20 cm long; female zone sub– cylindric, 3–4 cm long, 1.5 cm in diam.; pistils closely packed; ovaries depressed to obovate, ca. 0.2 cm long, 0.3–0.4 cm in diam., depressed in the centre, lower half yellowish green, upper half blackish purple with ridged surface, 2 locular with 1 ovule each; placenta basal; style 0.1–0.2 cm long, ca. 0.1 cm in diam., dark purple; stigma conoid, ca. 0.1 cm high, ca. 0.1 cm in diam., bright yellow or brown, shallowly 2–lobed; male zone 2–2.5 cm long, orange, swollen near the middle, disc–like; male flowers with 3–4 stamens; stamens ca. 0.25 cm long; filaments ca. 0.15 cm long, connate; anthers truncate or slightly rounded, yellow, ca. 0.1 cm long, 0.1–0.2 cm in diam.; thecae opening through apical pores; appendix spreading at base, tapering toward apex with obtuse tip, 10–15 cm long, 2–3.5 cm in diam. in middle part, granulate, cream to yellowish green or dirty purple, producing heavy scent of decay during female anthesis; fruit unknown. distribution. east java: endemic at mount wilis. (narrowly) elliptic, 9−32 cm long (dry), 3−10 cm wide (dry), with acuminate to caudate tip 1−4 cm long (dry); primary veins 7−19 on each side, joining with intramarginal vein, slightly raised both adaxially and abaxially, diverging at 40°−55°; submarginal vein present; secondary veins flush with lamina; inflorescence solitary; peduncle as petiole in colour, 105−300 cm long; spathe campanulate, erect, broadly ovate, (50−)70−75 cm long, 45−50 cm in diam., olive−green or greyish purple with large and small pale to dark green spots outside, purple with numerous small ridge−like warts at base inside, grading to pale green at the middle, and becoming purple toward apex; spadix sessile, (50−)105−120 cm long, (sub−equalling or) exceeding the spathe; female zone cylindric, 3−4 times the length of male zone; ovary subglobose, 0.3−0.4 cm high (dry), 0.3−0.5 cm in diam (dry); style ca. 0.4 cm long (dry); stigma inconspicuously bilobed; sterile zone absent; male zone obconical, yellow; stamen ca. 0.1 cm long (dry); thecae opening through apical pores; appendix ca. 90 cm long, ca. 125 cm in diam. at the base, reddish to pale yellow, attenuate, bearing irregular elongated staminodes; fruit unknown. distribution. west java: endemic. habitat. secondary forest. notes. amorphophallus decus–silvae is the tallest species found in java. it is a rare species, restricted to west java, where it has been recorded from localities such as mount karang (pandeglang) and lengkong forest (sukabumi). the species is newly recorded from mount halimun national park, based on a photograph taken by a ranger. it was initially collected by kornasi from nusa kambangan (a small island near cilacap) and grown in the bogor botanic garden, from where the type was described. unfortunately, the plant no longer survives, having died in november 1949. according to hetterscheid (pers. comm.) herba– rium and spirit specimens of the cultivated material were lodged as types at herbarium bogoriense (holo) and leiden (iso). unfortunately, during my last short visit to herbarium bogoriense, i failed to find them. further searches need to be made in the collections of cultivated material or at the bogor botanic gardens herbarium. amorphophallus decus–silvae is closely related to a. gigas, an endemic sumatran species. both of these taxa have a similar habit, having very long peduncles but are distinct on reproductive characters. a. decus–silvae has much smaller stigmas, longer and more slender styles, shorter stamens, anthers with very obtuse angles, rounded rather than elongated pores, connectives flat and ungrooved and pollen fossulate. (hetterscheid, pers. comm.) yuzammi : amorphophallus in java 2009] 5 habitat. secondary forest, 900–1300 m altitude. notes. of three syntypes cited in the protologue, only specimens of backer 11463 bis (three of six sheets) have been found. unfortunately, the male zone of the inflorescence, which provides important diagnostic characters, is damaged. it is interesting to note that possibly backer collected several specimens from the same locality (11 –15 feb 1914, as in the protologue) but initially gave them only one number, thinking they were all the same taxon. the bis may have been added later if this was found to be incorrect, with the other three herbarium sheets filed with another species. these sheets have not been found. the remaining syntypes (backer 11470 & backer 11563), presumed lodged at bo, are still an enigma. they are probably located together with other specimens of cultivated plants from the garden, which are kept separately or at the bogor gardens herbarium. further searches for and work on the syntypes are required before lectotypification or epitypification can be done. amorphophallus discophorus strongly resembles a. annulifer, but can be readily distinguished by its swollen disc–like male zone (hetterscheid, pers. comm.). 4. amorphophallus muelleri blume amorphophallus muelleri blume, rumphia 1 (1837) 143; kunth, enum. pl. 3 (1841) 33; regel, gartenflora 24 (1875) 291; engl., in a. & ca. dca., monogr. phan. 2 (1879) 311; engl., in engl., pflanzenr. 48 (iv.23c) (1911) 86; koord., exkurs.–fl. java 1 (1911) 257; hett. & ittenbach, blumea 19 (1996) 102. ⎯ brachyspatha muelleri (blume) schott, syn. aroid. (1856) 35; miq., fl. ind. bat. 3 (1856) 200; schott, prod. syst. aroid. (1860) 127. ⎯ type: west java, bantam, j.ca. van hasselt s.n. (l, inca. drawing in icon coll. – n.v.). amorphophallus oncophyllus prain, j. asiat. soca. bengal. pt. 2, nat. hist. 62 (1893) 80; hook.f., bot. mag. 49 (1893) t. 7327; hook.f., fl. brit. india 6 (1893) 516; engl., in engl., pflanzenr. 48 (iv.23c) (1911) 98; alderw., bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii, 1 (1920) 365; backer, trop. natuur. 9 (1920) 29; koord., exkurs.–fl. java 4 (1923) 188, fig. 383; toxopeus, in van hall & van kooper, landbouw ind. archip. 3 (1950) 711. ⎯ type: cocos island, d. prain s.n. (cal, k – n.v.). [conophallus blumei schott, ann. mus. bot. lugduno–batavum 1 (1863) 124. ⎯ amorphophallus blumei (schott) engl., in a. & ca. dca., monogr. phan. 2 (1879) 316; bakh.f., in backer, bekn. fl. java 17 (1957) 28; backer & bakh. f., fl. java 3 (1968) 113. nom. superfl. pro a. muelleri blume]. seasonal herb; tuber globose or depressed– globose, dark brown, yellow or orange inside, to 28 cm in diam., no annual offsets; leaf solitary, occasionally two on one tuber; petiole 40–180 cm long, 1 –8 cm in diam. at base, smooth, olive to brownish green or almost black, with numerous pale green elongate–elliptic, rhomboid shaped or stripe–like spots, sometimes with many small rounded pale green dots; lamina highly dissected, 75–200 cm in diam., bearing epiphyllar bulbils on centre and distal rachises; leaflets lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate with acuminate tip, and strongly and broadly decurrent base, 10–40 cm long, 4–15 cm in wide, pale green abaxially, green or dark green adaxially with a dirty white or pinkish–red marginal line, which may be very pronounced in seedling; primary veins prominent abaxially, slightly sunken adaxially; bulbils depressed, rounded or elongated, greyish brown, 0.5–6 cm in diam., 1–40 per leaf; inflorescence solitary; peduncle as petiole in colour, 30–60 cm long, 0.5–3 cm in diam. at base; spathe broadly triangular or transversely elliptic, coriaceous, marcescent, 7.5– 27 cm long, 6–27 cm in diam.; lower spathe deeply convolute, slightly or clearly constricted at the lower limit of the male zone of the spadix, dark pink or pale yellowish pink inside, grading upwards to purplish or brownish with dirty pale–greenish and dirty pale brown, transversely elongated spots, smooth or with numerous elongated small warts at the base, pale green or pale dirty pinkish outside, usually with transversely elongated, whitish spots and occasional small blackish–green dots, grading upward to brownish purple, or dark greyish–green, with large white spots; limb sub–erect or spreading, with reflexed margin, similar in colour to lower spathe on both surfaces; spadix 8–30 cm long, (sub)sessile or stipitate; stipe, if present, 0.1–1.5 cm long; marcescent in fruiting stage; female zone (dry) cylindric, 4 –8 cm long; ovaries (dry) sub–globose; stigma (dry) disc–like, almost as broad as ovary, 3–4 lobed; style ca. 0.1 cm long; male zone (dry) gradually widening toward upper warts, sub–equal or shorter than female zone, 4–6 cm long; anthers (dry) ca. 0.1 cm wide; thecae opening through apical pores; appendix (dry) ovate to elongate–ovate, 7–13 cm long; fruit a berry, oblong, slightly sunken at apex, bright red, usually 2 seeded. distribution. andaman islands through myanmar, northern thailand, sumatera, java, flores and timor (hetterscheid & ittenbach, 1996). habitat. thickets, disturbed areas, forest edges and village groves; ca. 900 m altitude. notes. the epithet muelleri was applied by zippelius (unpublished as arum “mulleri” based on material from kuhl & van hasselt), in honour of the zoologist salomon müller. blume (1836–1837) reinwardtia 6 [vol.13 published the binomial amorphophallus “mulleri” without considering the spelling. subsequently, schott (1856) created another combination, brachyspatha mülleri. following article 60.6 of the vienna code (macneill et al., 2006), which state that diacritical signs have to be modified; the epithet becomes muelleri. in previous literature the name amorphophallus muelleri has often been misapplied to a. annulifer (see hetterscheid, 1994) while a. muelleri blume has frequently been called a. blumei (beumée, 1919; alderwerelt van rosenburgh, 1920; backer, 1920; bakhuizen van den brink, 1957; backer & bakhuizen van den brink, 1968). a. muelleri and a. annulifer are distinguished by the former having a stigma almost as wide as the ovary and a style ca. 0.1 cm long, whereas in the latter the stigma is much narrower than the ovary and the style is ca. 0.2 cm long. amorphophallus muelleri is the only javan species of amorphophallus bearing bulbils on the lamina, making it easy to recognise in the vegetative state. furthermore, the lamina of the seedling is an extremely beautiful, deep bronze–green with bright pink or white margins (hetterscheid & ittenbach, 1996). sastrapradja et al. (1984) recorded that tubers of a. muelleri (cited as ‘a. blumei’) have been collected from the wild in blitar, east java, they have been exported to japan for the extraction of polysaccharides containing mannose. other specimens seen. java, pogal [?= tegal], 600–700 m. altitude, mousset 594 (bo); feb 1915, ridley s.n. (sing, herb. sheet no. 071765). west java: preanger, tjikirai, near panjindangan, halte tjibadak, halimoun, ca. 600 m. altitude, 8 jan 1920, bakhuizen van den brink 3217 (bo, l); trogong [=tarogong], garoet, 19 feb 1915 koorders 41237b (k, l); tjibodas, sapiin 2385 (bo). central java, lebak barang, pekalongan, 100–575 m altitude, 12 jan 1918, backer 23279 (bo, k, l, sing); tegal, bumiajoe, 17 mar 1919, mohr s.n. (l, barcode l 0235649). east java: mount idjen, besoeki, near kayumas, ca. 700 m altitude, 19 apr 1920, backer 30795 (bo); w. baloeran, ca. 450 m. altitude, 23 mar 1949, rappard s.n. (l, barcode l 0235647). 5.a m o r p h o p h a l l u s p a e o n i i f o l i u s (dennst.) nicolson — fig.1. amorphophallus paeoniifolius (dennst.) nicolson, taxon 26 (1977) 338; hett. & ittenbach, blumea 19 (1996) 107. ⎯ dracontium paeoniifolium dennstedt. “paeoniaefolium”, schluessel hort. malab. (1818) 13, 21, 38. ⎯ type: mulen–schena rheede, hort. malab. 11 (1692) pl. 19. amorphophallus campanulatus blume in decaisne, ann. mus. natl. hist. nat. 3 (1834) 366; blume, rhumpia 1 (1837) 139; kunth, enum. pl. 3 (1841) 32; hassk., cat. hort. bot. bogor. (1844) 54; miq., fl. ind. bat. 3 (1856) 201; schott, syn. aroid. (1856) 38; schott, prod. syst. aroid. (1860) 130; engl., in a. & ca. dca., monogr. phan. 2 (1879) 309; bisschop, pl. nederlandsh ind. (1883) 776; hook.f., fl. brit. india 6 (1893) 513; engl., bot. jahrb. syst. 25 (1898) 16; engl., in engl., pflanzenr. 48 (iv.23c) (1911) 76; koord., exkurs. fl. java 1 (1911) 257; backer, trop. natuur. 9 (1920) 22; alderw., bull. jar. bot. buitenzorg iii, 4 (1922) 163; koord., exkurs. fl. java 4 (1923) 184–186, fig. 378– 380; ochse, veg. dutch e. ind. (1931) 48; bold., zakfl. java (1932) 36; bakh.f., in backer, bekn. fl. java 17 (1957) 24; backer & bakh.f., fl. java 3 (1968) 111. ⎯ type: timor, ca. gaudichaud–beaupré s.n. (p, holo – n.v.). [arum campanulatum roxb., (nom. nud.) hort. bengal. (1814) 65; roxb., pl. coast coromandel 3 (1820) 68; hook., bot. mag. 55 (1828) t. 2812; roxb., fl. ind. 3 (1832) 509 (nom. illeg.)]. amorphophallus rex prain, j. asiat. soca. bengal, pt. 2, nat. hist. 62 (1893) 79; hook.f., fl. brit. india 6 (1893) 514; engl., in engl., pflanzenr. 48 (iv.23c) (1911) 75. ⎯ type: narcondam island (andaman islands), d. prain 111 (k – n.v.). tuber depressed–globose, to 30 cm in diam., ca. 20 cm high, dark brown, root scars prominent, annulate, forming offsets every season; leaf mostly solitary, sometimes two; petiole to 2 m long, ca. 20 cm in diam., rough to nearly smooth, pale to dark green or blackish–green background, with large and small pale blotches and numerous tiny dark dots; lamina highly dissected, to 3 m in diam.; leaflets rounded, oval, ovate or obovate to elliptic or elliptic –oblong, 3–35 cm long, 2–12 cm wide, with acuminate tip, mid–green adaxially, mid–green or pale– green abaxially; inflorescence solitary; peduncle 3– 20 cm long, 1–8 cm in diam., elongating during anthesis; spathe campanulate, broader than long, 10– 40 cm long, 15–60 cm in diam., somewhat constricted; lower spathe variable in colour, yellowish– green to dark–brown background with small and large pale blotches outside, lower half deep–maroon with numerous warts and upper half pale–yellow or whitish or very pale–pinkish inside; limb erect at first, becoming reflexed, spreading, strongly undulate, dark–red or maroon outside, dark–maroon and glossy inside; spadix sessile, shorter or longer than spathe, 7–70 cm long; female zone cylindric, usually longer than male zone, 5–22 cm long; ovary subglobose; style 0.8–1.6 cm long, dark purple; stigma distinctly 2–3 lobes, yellowish or yellowish– orange; male zone gradually wider toward apex, 5– 9 cm long; stamens 0.2–0.4 cm wide; anther ca. 0.1 cm long from above; thecae opening through apical yuzammi : amorphophallus in java 2009] 7 paper. this error does not affect the legitimacy of this new combination (vienna code (macneill et.al., 2006), art. 33.5, ex. 14). backer, (in backer and bakhuizen van den brink 1968), described the javan material of a. paeoniifolius (‘campanulatus’) as two forms, ‘forma sylvestris’ and ‘forma hortensis’, based on petiole surfaces. he noted that the former has very rough petioles, grows wild and the tubers are not edible, whereas the latter has an almost smooth petiole, is cultivated and the tubers are eaten. widjaja and lester (1987) report electrophoresis of leaf and tuber proteins, chromatography of phenolic compounds and morphology can be used to distinguished wild and cultivated forms. engler (1911) also used characters such as size of inflorescence, relative length of spadix and spathe, and roughness of the petiole to distinguish various species now considered synonymous with a. paeoniifolius. nicolson (1977) considers these character variations relate to maturity of the plant, sunlight exposure, or tuber size. amorphophallus paeoniifolius is a common species in java. it is frequently cultivated for its edible tubers, especially in central and east java, where it is mostly served as a snack. in order to remove oxalate crystal, javanese people treat the tubers by leaving them outside (after slicing) in the sun and rain for several days before cooking. other specimens seen. java, spanoghe s.n. (k); zippelius s.n. (l, barcode l 0235654); blume s.n.(l, barcode l 0235651–52); blume s.n. (bo, herb. sheet no. 1264270); horsfield aroid 17 (k). west java: kebajoran, batavia, nov 1904, backer s.n. (l, barcode l 0235653). central java: oengaran, ca. 800 m altitude, 20 oct 1913, leeuwn –reijnvaan 2105 (bo). east java: djatiroto, ca. 20 m altitude, backer 7967 (l); poeger, ca. 10 m altitude, 28 dec 1914, backer 18223 (bo); kepoeh near pasoeroean, ca. 40 m altitude, 2 jan 1915, backer 18374 (bo); gadungan, pare, koorders 41662b (bo); kediri, gadungan, pare, ca. 400 m altitude, 25 nov 1916, koorders 43171b (bo, l). 6. amorphophallus sagittarius steenis — fig.2. amorphophallus sagittarius steenis, acta. bot. neerl. 2, 3 (1953) 302; bakh.f., in backer, bekn. fl. java 17 (1957) 26; backer & bakh.f., fl. java 3 (1968) 112; hett. & ittenbach, blumea 19 (1996) 116. ¾ type: west java, buitenzorg, tjisadea, ca. 1000 m. altitude, 8 nov 1941, l. v. d. pijl 889a (bo, holo). tuber subglobose, yellowish brown, 4–5 cm high, ca. 6 cm in diam., weighing up to 120 g; leaf pores; appendix dark–maroon, pyramidal, wrinkled with many folds and grooves, 8–30 cm long; fruit a berry, oblong, 1–1.5 cm long, 0.5–0.8 cm in diam., orange to red, 2(–3) seeded. distribution. madagascar, eastward via india to malesia, thailand, indochina, southern china, polynesia and northern australia (hetterscheid & ittenbach, 1996). it is found throughout java. habitat. secondary forest, forest edges, teak– forest, village groves, thickets, highly disturbed areas, in part shade or fully exposed areas; up to 800 m altitude (backer & bakhuizen van den brink, 1968; hetterscheid & ittenbach, 1996). notes. the name amorphophallus campanulatus was usually applied to this species before nicolson (1977) who provided an excellent clarification of this taxon which now is called a. paeoniifolius. the epithet campanulatus was initially used by roxburgh (1814) but was a nomen nudum. his subsequent publication (roxburgh 1820) was illegitimate because he included rheede’s plate 19, which had been used by dennstedt (1818) to erect a new name, dracontium paeoniifolius. later blume (in decaisne 1834) created a new combination based on the roxburgh binomial, amorphophallus campanulatus. nicolson (1977, p. 338) erroneously cited the basionym of a. paeoniifolius as “arum paeoniifolium dennstedt” in his protologue instead of dracontium paeoniifolius dennstedt; he had previously cited it correctly several times in the same fig. 1. amorphophallus paeoniifolius reinwardtia 8 [vol.13 solitary; petiole smooth, slender, turgid, 30–40 cm long, ca. 1 cm in diam. at base, grading from mid– green at the base to dark–green with bright–green spots surrounded by whitish and blackish–green edges; lamina 60–80 cm in diam.; rachises not winged; leaflets elliptic–lanceolate, acuminate, 6–23 cm long, 2.5–9 cm wide, moderately glossy–green adaxially, greyish–green abaxially; primary veins sunken adaxially, slightly prominent abaxially; inflorescence solitary, subtended by ca. 5 membranous cataphylls; peduncle 12–21 cm long, 0.5–0.8 cm in diam., as petiole in colour; spathe erect, 13–19 cm long, 9–10 cm in diam.; lower spathe convolute, narrowly oblong, pale brown or light yellow outside with large or small, pale green or white spots that are often partially fused, whitish–green or off–white inside with many small warts at the base; limb erect, somewhat twisted near the top, ovate or ovate– lanceolate, obtuse or acute tip, glossy maroon on both surfaces; spadix shorter or equalling the spathe, sessile, 13–15.5 cm long; female zone cylindric 1.3–2 cm long, 0.8–1 cm in diam.; pistils closely packed or slightly separated; ovary globose to subglobose, 0.2–0.4 cm in diam., 0.15–0.25 cm long, pale green, sometimes maroon near the style, unilocular, uniovulate, with basal placenta; style to 0.5 mm long, ca. 0.1 cm in diam., maroon or green; stigma 0.1–0.15 cm in diam., variable, often obliquely inserted on the style and strongly zygomorphic, flat, disc–-form or with a variously folded margin, often 3 lobed; sterile zone absent; male zone subcylindric, slightly obconic, ca. 4 cm long, 0.8–1.3 cm in diam.; stamens subtruncate, 0.2 cm long; filaments 0.1 cm long, basally connate; anthers polygonal in cross–section, 0.1 cm long, 0.1–0.2 cm in diam., pale yellow or pale purplish–violet; thecae opening through apical pores; appendix elongate, acute, 7–9.5 cm long, 1–1.8 cm in diam. (near base), off–white to light pale–yellow, surface minutely or distinctly verrucate; fruit unknown. distribution. java: endemic. habitat. secondary forest on slopes. notes. amorphophallus sagittarius differs from a. variabilis in its short peduncle up to 21 cm (cf. up to 120 cm in the latter) and the spadix subequaling the spathe (cf. mostly twice the length of the spathe in the latter). other specimens seen. west java, situ gunung, curug sawer, hay & yuzammi 14005, cult. at the royal botanic gardens, sydney, acc. no. 970540. 7. amorphophallus spectabilis (miq.) engl. amorphophallus spectabilis (miq.) engl., in a. & ca. dca., monogr. phan. 2 (1879) 316; engl., in engl., pflanzenr. 48 (iv.23c) (1911) 109; koord., exkurs.–fl. java 1 (1911) 258; alderw., bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii, 1 (1920) 364; backer, trop. natuur. 9 (1920) 25; koord., fl. tjibodas 6 (1922) 34; bakh.f., in backer, bekn. fl. java 17 (1957) 25; backer & bakh.f., fl. java 3 (1968) 112. ⎯ conophallus spectabilis miq., bot. zeitung (berlin) 14 (1856) 564; miq., fl. ind. bat. 3 (1856) 199; schott, prod. syst. aroid. (1860) 128. ⎯ lectotype: java, collector not specified (l, sheet no. 898.87–213 – n.v.) (proposed by hetterscheid in manuscript, see notes below). tuber up to 20 cm in diam.; leaf solitary; petiole almost smooth, dark green with grey and brown spots, 100–150 cm long; lamina 100–150 cm in diam.; anterior and posterior primary rachises naked at the junction, narrowly winged distally; leaflet at terminal branches lanceolate or elongate–elliptic, 13 –30 cm long, 3–12 cm wide, with acuminate tip 2.5 –4 cm long and narrowly decurrent base; inflorescence solitary; peduncle as petiole in colour, 120– 220 cm long; spathe erect, 34–60 cm long, 15–25 cm in diam.; lower spathe oblong, deeply convolute, fig. 2. amorphophallus sagittarius yuzammi : amorphophallus in java 2009] 9 olive green outside with pale green spots, paler at the edge of the spots, sometimes also larger whitish areas, becoming purple upwards, dark–purple inside in the lower half with scattered warts at the base, pale whitish–green in the upper half; limb narrowly ovate with acute tip, undulate margin, glossy blackish–purple outside, darker at the edges, glossy dark– maroon inside; spadix sessile, much shorter than spathe, 25–40 cm long; female zone cylindric, 2.5–8 cm long, 1–2 cm in diam.; pistils not closely packed; ovary sub–globose, 0.1–0.2 cm high, 0.2– 0.4 cm in diam., yellowish green, sometimes purple in the upper part, unilocular, uniovulate, with placenta basal; style 0.3–0.5 mm long, 0.1 cm in diam., purple; stigma conic, asymmetric with one large peripheral lobe with a deep, semi–circular groove at the base, 0.1–0.2 cm high, 0.1–0.2 cm in diam.; male zone gradually widening towards apex, 2–9 cm long, 1.5–4 cm in diam. at widest part; stamens 0.2–0.3 cm long, 0.1–0.2 cm in diam.; anthers dumbbell shape (dry), 0.7–2 mm wide (dry), much shorter in lowermost zone, glossy dark–purple; connectives broad, sometimes elevated; thecae opening by apical or sub–lateral pores; filament 0.8–1.3 mm long, basally connate to entirely connate; appendix somewhat expanded at the base (not obvious when dry), narrowly fusiform conic, tapering toward apex with obtuse, acute or subacute tip, pale brownish– purple or yellowish–brown, 10–23 cm long, 2.5–6 cm in diam., densely covered with small elongate warts; fruit a berry, sub–oblong, orange–red, 1– seeded. distribution. west java: endemic. habitat. montane forests; 800–1800 m altitude. notes. in the protologue of conophallus spectabilis, miquel (1856) did not cite any collector’s name that could be used to link to typification. the only evidence is that he used javan material to describe his name. engler (1879) transferred the name into amorphophallus based on miquel’s work. a problem arises because bull has used the same name, a. spectabilis, for an african species (appeared in one of his horticulture catalogues – n.v.) that he described from a poor specimen that was sterile and scientifically inadequate. however, bull’s name is earlier than engler’s (hetterscheid, pers. comm.). referring to vienna code (macneill et al., 2006) art. 53.1, a. spectabilis (miq.) engl. becomes illegitimate because it is a homonym. to deal with this problem there are two alternatives: 1) establishing a nomen novum for the javan species or 2) conserve the name a. spectabilis (miq.) engl. against a. spectabilis bull, because bull’s name has apparently never been used for an african species and also is not listed in index kewensis. on the contrary, engler’s name has been applied to the javan entity up to now. in this case, lectotypification is required. it has been suggested (hetterscheid, pers. comm.) that a specimen of an anonymous collector (l, sheet no. 898.87–213), the specimen from java, be designated because it agrees with the protologue. it is also annotated with miquel’s handwriting as a. spectabilis. other material of a. spectabilis (a junghuhn specimen) bearing miquel’s handwriting could not be used because it is labelled ‘conophallus giganteus schott’. other specimens seen. java, korders 40976b (bo). west java: mount tikoekoer, near telaga patengan [? =patenggang], ca. 1700 m altitude, 31 mar 1914, backer 12887 (bo); mount patoeha, near telaga patengan [? =patenggang], ca. 1650 m altitude, 31 mar 1914, backer 12886 (bo); pasir limoes, boerangrang, ca. 1200 m. altitude, 23 jul 1920, bakhuizen van den brink 4384 (bo); batavia, 13 jun 1922, bakhuizen van den brink 5537 (bo); tjinjiroean [=cianjur], ca. 1600 m altitude, 24 may 1915, van leeuwen 2322 (bo); mount patoeha, telaga patenggang, ca. 1700 m altitude, backer 12742 bis (bo); mount tikoekoer, ca. 1700 m. altitude, backer 12887 bis (bo). 8. amorphophallus variabilis blume — fig.3. amorphophallus variabilis blume, rumphia 1 (1837) 146; kunth, enum. pl. 3 (1841) 33; de vriese, pl. junghuhn. (1851) 100; hassk., cat. hort. bot. bogor. (1844) 54; engl., in a. & ca. dca., monogr. phan. 2 (1879) 313; engl., in engl., pflanzenr. 48 (iv.23c) (1911) 80; koord., exkurs.–fl. java 1 (1911) 257; alderw., bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii, 1 (1920) 367; backer, trop. natuur. 9 (1920) 28; alderw., bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii, 4 (1922) 166; koord., exkurs.–fl. java 4 (1923) 187, fig. 382; bold., zakfl. java (1932) 36; steenis, den hoed, bloemb. & eyma, fl. scholen indonesie (1949) 129; bakh.f., in backer, bekn. fl. java 17 (1957) 28; backer & bakh.f., fl. java 3 (1968) 113; hett. & ittenbach, blumea 19 (1996) 124. ⎯ brachyspatha variabilis (blume) schott, syn. aroid. (1856) 35; schott, prod. syst. aroid. (1860) 127; miq., fl. ind. bat. 3 (1856) 200. ⎯ type: rumphia 1 (1837) plate 35, 37h. amorphophallus variabilis blume var. immaculatus hassk., flora 25 (2), beibl. 1 (1842) 8; hassk., cat. hort. bot. bogor. (1844) 54. ⎯ type: not designated – see below. seasonal herb; tuber depressed–globose, ca. 8 cm high, ca. 15 cm in diam., white, with numerous small spindle–like offsets 1–1.5 cm long; leaf soli reinwardtia 10 [vol.13 tary or occasionally two; petiole ca. 120 cm long, ca. 3.5 cm in diam. at base, smooth or slightly rough at base, extremely variable in colour, from entirely green to olive–green or greyish–green or dark brown, with rounded, oval or elongated blotches of dark green, white, greyish green, dark brown and blackish dots; lamina ca. 125 cm in diam.; primary main branches naked; leaflets elliptic to elliptic– lanceolate, 4–34 cm long, 2–12 cm wide, with acuminate to long–acuminate tip, mid green adaxially, pale green abaxially; inflorescence solitary; peduncle smooth, colour as petiole, 8–120 cm long, 0.4–3 cm in diam. at base; spathe erect, elongate triangular, acute, slightly constricted at the level of male zone of the spadix, 6–23 cm long, 3–20 cm in diam.; lower spathe convolute, yellowish–green outside suffused with brown at margin, with scattered whitish and dark brown spots, numerous tiny dark brown dots, and pale reddish–brown longitudinal lines, pale yellowish–green to reddish–brown inside with small flattened yellow warts at base; limb erect then slightly reflexed, broadly triangulate with acute tip, as lower spathe outside, ivory to pale green or pale reddish brown inside; spadix sessile, usually much longer than spathe, more or less twice the length of the spathe; female zone ca. 1 cm long; pistils sub–globose, green, closely packed; ovary ca. 0.3 cm high, ca. 0.2 cm in diam., green, 2–locular, each with 1 ovule; placenta basal; style ca. 0.5 mm long; stigma 2 lobed, bright yellow; sterile zone absent; male zone cylindric, ca. 2 cm long, usually twice length of female zone, pale apricot; male flower 2–3–merous; anther dumbbell–shape from above; stamen truncate, ca. 0.1 cm long, ca. 0.1 cm in diam.; thecae opening through apical pores; appendix pale yellow, at least twice length of male plus female zones, granulate, tapering toward apex; fruit a berry, bright orange–red, 1–2 seeded (backer & bakhuizen van den brink, 1968). distribution. java, madura and kangean islands. habitat. teak forest, rasamala (altingia) forest, in disturbed forest, in village gardens; near sea level to 700 m altitude. notes. amorphophallus variabilis is a common species in java. the petiole and the peduncle are very variable in colour, as also is the size of the inflorescence. hasskarl (1842), segregated var. immaculatus on the basis of petiole and peduncle colour. since this species exhibits considerable plasticity in the characters used by hasskarl, it was decided that it was not useful to recognise varieties any longer. he mentioned that he had seen material. presumably this was a cultivated or wild growing specimen at the bogor botanic gardens, but no material has been found. other specimens seen. java, blume s.n. (l, barcode l 0235660–1); kulh & van hasselt s.n. (l, barcode l 0235657); lobb s.n. (k); zollinger 585 (k). west java: batavia, kramat sentiong, ca. 15 m altitude, 27 sep 1902, backer 32844 (bo); tjidadap, tjibeber, ca. 625 m altitude, 9 sep 1917, backer 2911 (bo); tjiapus bij tjiomas, ca. 500 m altitude, 6 jun 1920, backer 3686 & 3687 (both bo); buitenzorg, 11 feb 1889, boerlage s.n. (l, barcode l 0235659); buitenzorg, kota batoe, tjidani, 13 mar 1893, hallier 545 c. (bo); buitenzorg, hallier 545a (bo, l), hallier 545b (bo), leeuwen s.n. (bo, sheet no. bo–0034769); buitenzorg, empang, meonchy s.n. (bo, herb. sheet no. bo–102301); cult. bot. gard. bogor, gard. no. xv k c vi 15 (cult. by dr. olah), 8 mar 1956, jacobs s.n. (bo, herb. sheet no. bo–0034426); cult. rbg kew (acc. no. 409–82.08085), ex java, near djakarta, bondok [?=pondok], (orig. coll. sato & t. abe s.n.), mayo s.n. (k); cult. rbg kew (acc. no. 408– 82.04584), ex west java, bogor, jasinga, (orig. coll. widjaja 887), widjaja s.n. (k); cult. rbg kew (acc. no. 408–82.04585), ex west java, sukabumi (orig. coll. hambali s.n.), widjaja s.n. (k). central java: n.w. moeriah, petjangaan, ca. 300 m. altitude, 11 oct 1912, leeuwen 949 (bo); n. moeriah, ca. 600 m altitude, 13 oct 1912, leeuwen 967 (bo); semarang, bangkong, 29 july 1915, leeuwen s.n. (bo, herb. sheet no. bo–1264283). east java: soerabaya, 20 sep 1922, dorgelo 939 (l); fig. 3. amorphophallus variablilis yuzammi : amorphophallus in java 2009] 11 soerabaya, g. lawang – g. kembangan, 31 aug 1923, dorgelo 2091 (l); modjokerto, segoenoeng dampak, ca. 700 m. altitude, 7 oct 1917, winckel 603b (bo). doubtfully javan taxa amorphophallus punctulatus blume amorphophallus punctulatus blume, rumphia 1 (1837) 148; koord., exkurs.–fl. java 1 (1911) 258; kunth, enum. pl. 3 (1841) 34; engl., a. & ca. dca., monogr. phan. 2 (1879) 318. ⎯ conophallus punctulatus schott, syn aroid (1856) 35; miq., fl. ind. bat. 3 (1856) 199; schott, prod. syst. aroid. (1860) 129. ⎯ type: a. zippelius s.n. (?l – n.v.). this species was initially described by blume (1837) putatively on javan material, but no specimens have been located in blume’s collections at leiden. neither do any of the javan amorphophallus so far unknown agree with blume’s description (hetterscheid, pers. comm.). amorphophallus giganteus blume amorphophallus giganteus blume, rumphia 1 (1837) 144; hassk.,cat. hort. bot. bogor. (1844) 54; de vriese, pl. junghuhn. (1851) 100; koord., exkurs.–fl. java 1 (1911) 257; koord., exkurs.–fl. java 4 (1923) 187, fig. 381; kunth, enum. pl. 3 (1841) 33; engl., in a. & ca. dca., monogr. phan. 2 (1879) 315; engl., in engl., pflanzenr. 48 (iv.23c) (1911) 83; backer, trop. natuur. 9 (1920) 26. ⎯ conophallus giganteus schott, syn. aroid. (1856) 34; miq., fl. ind. bat. 3 (1856) 198; schott, prod. syst. aroid. (1860) 128. blume’s illustration of amorphophallus giganteus shows a leaf and a tuber resembling a. paeoniifolius, whereas the inflorescence does not agree with any presently known javan specimens. comparisons have yet to be made to determine whether it matches any non–javan species. specimen seen: java: meijer 1370 (bo); bij kampong bendrong, mousset 977 (bo). acknowledgements i would like to express my thanks dr. wilbert hetterscheid for his generous discussion of the javan amorphophallus. i also gratefully acknowledge dr. alistair hay and prof. chris quinn for their supervision during my master study in unsw australia. i also thank to the directors of the following herbaria for allowing me to examine material held in their institutions: bo, l, k and sing. special thanks are due to dr. dan nicolson (us) and dr. teguh triono (bo) for their reading and commenting on the manuscript. references alderwerelt van rosenburgh, c.r.w.k. van. 1920. new or noteworthy malayan araceae 1. bull. jard. bot. buitenzorg iii, 1: 359–389. backer, c.a. 1920. determinatie–tabel voor de javaansche soorten van amorphophallus bl. trop. natuur. 9: 21–32. backer, c.a. & bakhuizen van den brink jr., r.c. 1968. flora of java 3:111–113. wolters–noordhof nv, groningen. bakhuizen van den brink, r.c. 1957. family 225. araceae. in: backer, c.a. beknopte flora van java (emergency edition) 17: 1–156. beumée, j. 1919. een tocht door het karang–gebergte. trop. natuur. 8: 96–98. blume, c.l. 1836–1837. collectanea ad monographian aroidearum. rumphia 1: 73–124 (1836), :125– 154 (1837). leiden. bogner, j. 1987. morphological variation in aroids. aroideana 10 (2): 4–16. bogner, j., mayo, s.j. & sivadasan, m. 1985. new species and changing concepts in amorphophallus. aroideana 8: 15–24. decaisne, m.j. 1834. description d’un herbier de l’ile de timor, faisant partie des collections botaniques du muséum d’histoire naturelle. nouv. ann. mus. hist. nat. iii, 3: 333–501. dennstedt, a.w. 1818. schlüssel zum hortus malabaricus. weimar. engler, a. 1879. araceae. in de candolle, a. & ca. (eds.). monograpiae phanerogamarum. 2: 1–681. masson, paris. engler, a. 1911. araceae–lasioideae. in engler, a. pflanzenreich 48 (iv. 23c): 1–130. grayum, m.h. 1992. comparative external pollen ultrastructure of the araceae and putatively related taxa. monogr. syst. bot. missouri bot. gard. 43: 31 hasskarl, j.k. 1842. plantarum genera et species novae aut reformatae javenses. flora 25 (2), beibl. 1:1–16. hetterscheid, w.l.a. 1994. notes on the genus amorphophallus (araceae) – 2 new species from tropical asia. blumea 39: 237–281. hetterscheid, w. l. a. & ittenbach, s. 1996. everything you always wanted to know about amorphophallus, but were afraid to stick your nose into!!. aroideana 19: 7–131. macneill, j.; barrie, f.r.; burdet, h.m.; demoulin,v.; hawksworth, d. l.; marhold, k.; nicolson, d.h.; prado, j.; silva, p.c.a.; skog, j.e. & wiersema, j.h. 2006. international code of botanical nomenclature (vienna code). regnum vegetabile 146. a.r.g. gantner verlag kg. reinwardtia 12 [vol.13 mayo, s.j., bogner, j. & boyce, p.c.a. 1997. the genera of araceae. royal botanic gardens, kew. 370 pp. miquel, f.a.w. 1856. aroideae novae javanicae. berl. bot. zeit. 14: 561–565. nicolson, d.h. 1977. (429) proposal to change the typification of 723 amorphophallus, nom.cons. (araceae). taxon 26: 337–338. petersen,g. 1989. cytology and systematics of the araceae. nordic. j. bot. 9 (2): 119–166. roxburgh, w. 1814. hortus bengalensis. serampore, calcuta.104 pp. roxburgh, w. 1820. (272) arum campanulatum. plants of the coast of coramandel 3: 68–69. sastrapradja, s., hambali, g. g & prana, t. k. 1984. edible amorphophallus and its related species in indonesia. in: chandra, s. (ed.). edible aroids. clarendon press, oxford. schott, h.w. 1856. synopsis aroidearum. mechitarists’ press, vienna. widjaja, e.a. & lester, r. n. 1987. morphological, anatomical and chemical analyses of amorphophallus paeoniifolius and related taxa. reinwardtia 10 (3): 271–280. cover.pdf reinwardtia_13_1_121209_yuzammi.pdf reinwardtia 2022 21 (1) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 158/e/kpt/2021 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 21 (1): 1–41, june 30, 2022 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) eka fatmawati tihurua (morphologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) layout andri agus rahman illustrators wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, national research and innovation agency cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong, bogor, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: nepenthes harauensis hernawati, r.satria & chi.c.lee. from hernawati et al. npt 220921 -1. photos by robi satria and havid ramadhan. http://blog.sivitas.lipi.go.id/ekaf001/ the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 21(1): campbell o. webb, university of alaska, fairbanks, alaska, usa. eizi suzuki, kagoshima university, japan. yee wen low, singapore botanic gardens, singapore. wong khoon meng, singapore botanic gardens, singapore martin cheek, royal botanic gardens, kew, richmond, the united kingdom. jun yokoyama, faculty of science, yamagata university, japan. susanne renner, university of washington st. louis, usa. mien a. rifai, indonesian academy of sciences (aipi), jakarta, indonesia. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 2, pp. 215 — 219 (1975) guepiniopsis oresbia, a new wood destroying basidiomycete d. rangkuti * & m i e n a. rifai herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia abstract a new dacrymycetaceous fungus is described and illustrated based on specimens found growing on schima, vaccinium, casuarina and other decayed wood in mountain areas in java. . , . . abstrak suatu jenis baru jamur perusak kayu yang tergolong suku dacrymycetaceae dipertelakan dan digambar berdasarkan spesimen yang ditemukan tumbuh pada kayu schima, vaccinium, casuarina dan iain-lain di beberapa daerah pegunungan di jawa. in the course of a survey on indonesian dacrymycetaceous fungi (rangkuti 1975) an apparently undescribed species was discovered colonizing decayed wood of several tree species growing at higher altitudes. this species is pezizoid and has more or less obconical fruitbodies with undulating discoid top lined by a layer of hymenium consisting of bifurcate metabasidia and slender dikaryophyses. the sterile surface of the fruitbody is covered by a palisade of cortical hairs the cells of which are catenulate and provided with refractive, gelatinized and thick walls. no clamp connection has been observed in any part of the fruitbody, and its basidiospores are ultimately transversely 3—7 septate. macroscopically this new species is very similar to calocera guepinia holterm. as illustrated by holtermann (1898). hennings (1900) considered the latter to be identical with guepinia merulina (pers.) quel., a species now commonly treated as a synonym of guepiniopsis buccina (pers. ex fr.) l. kennedy which in turn has been accepted as the permanent address: fipia biologi, universitas andalas, padang, indonesia. — 215 — 216 reinwardtia [vol. 9 effective type species of the genus guepiniopsis pat. in describing calocera guepinia, however, holtermann (1898) emphatically stated that it had one septate basidiospores. although hennings's contention might be correct, but because of the unreliability of most of holtermann's observations (boedijn 1935) and the fact that calocera guepinia was never rediscovered again, it is suspected that in all probability the new species is identical with it. in the absence of any authenticated specimen of calocera guepinia it would be advisable to regard the two as distinct taxa. in view of the difficulty in separating guepiniopsis from heterotextus lloyd and dacrymyces nees ex fr. it is worthwhile to discuss the justification for classifying the new species in guepiniopsis. it seems that the catenulate hairs and the absence of clamp connection place this species near guepiniopsis buccina; the two species can be separated from each other mainly by the difference in the number of their basidiospore septation. therefore the species to be described below will not only fall within the scope of guepiniopsis (inclusive of heterotextus) as commonly accepted by modern authors (kobayashi 1939, martin 1952, kennedy 1959, reid 1974) but it will also fit in the narrower generic limits adopted by donk (1964) and macnabb (1965a, 1965b). guepiniopsis oresbia rangkuti & rifai, spec. nov. — fig. 1 fructificationes subpileatae, pezizoideae, gregariae vel caespitosae, in vivo luteae vel aurantiacae et gelatinosae, ex hyphis gelatinosis, septatis, efibulatis compositae. cortice cum crassoparietibus, simplicibus vel ramosis pilis tecto. probasidia 32—55 x 4—6.5 µm, cylindrice clavata dein bifurcata. basidiosporae suballantoideae, hyalinae, 3—7 septatae, 12.5—22 x 4.5—8 µm, germinatione per conidia vel per tubulos germinantes. typus: d. rangkuti 402 (bo). fruitbodies gregarious to caespitose, rarely scattered, when fresh appearing yellow, orange yellow to orange with firm gelatinous consistency, becoming orange brown and horny when dried. they are often more or less pileate or pezizoid and sometimes much contracted below and rooted into the subtrate. the sterile lower part subcylindrical to almost obconical, gently expanded above and occasionally laterally compressed, longitudinally irregularly grooved, in general short and stout, measuring up to 15 mm high by 9 mm wide. the fertile upper part often slightly darker coloured than the lower part, discoid with undulating surface and wavy margin, becoming distinctly but shallowly cupulate when dried, up to 12 mm wide. except for the cortical and hymenial 1975] rangkuti & rifai: guepiniopsis oresbia 217 fig. 1. guepiniopsis oresbia — a, habit sketch, side and top view; b, cortical layer; c, hymenial layer; d, basidiospores (b and c to same scale; a from d. rangkuti 4l5, b —d from type). 218 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 layers internally they are homogeneous, consisted of septate (but without clamp connection), branched, hyaline and gelatinized long cylindrical hyphae the lumina of which 1—2µmm wide, becoming slightly wider to about 3 µm towards the subhymenium. the sterile part is covered by a 50—75µmthick palisade layer of catenulate and clavate hairs' which are septate and simple or branched, their cells with narrow lumina of only up to 5 µm diameter but are provided with refractive, gelatinized thick walls that thp individual cells can be up to 11 µm wide; the apical cell of each hair is broadly obovoidal or irregularly obpyriform and almost mamillate. hymenium confined to the interior of the disc and consist of dikaryophyses and basidia. dikaryophyses simple or occasionally branched, sparingly septate, thin walled, cylindrical to slightly clavate at their 1.5—2 µm wide apices. probasidia 32—55 x 4—6.5 µm, cylindrical clavate, ultimately developed into bifurcate metabasidia. basidiospores 12.5—22 x 4.5—8µm, hyaline, thin walled, transversely 3—7 septate, mostly suballantoid, germinate by conidia or germ-tube. java. w e s t j a v a : o n dead wood, t r a i l from cibeureum t o kandang badak, mt. gedeh, ca 2000 m, 4 march 1975, d. rangkuti 34-3 ( b o ) ; on dekd wood, mt. tekukur, north of mt. p a t u h a , sukabumi area, ca 1650 m, 24 september 1941, m.a. donk (bo 17964); on dead wood, north west of mt. halimun, sukabumi area, ca 1350 m, 11 september 1941, m.a. donk (bo 17970). — c e n t r a l j a v a : on dead vaccinium, mt. bueu, dieng mountains, ca 2375 m, 15 j u l y 1975, d. rangkuti 393 ( b o ) ; on dead schima wallichii, mt. perahu, dieng mountains, ca 2500 m, 15 july 1975, d. rangkuti 397 ( b o ) ; on dead vaccinium, mt. perahu, dieng mountains, ca 2450 m, 15 j u l y 1975, d. rangkuti 402 (bo, t y p e ) ; on dead wood, mt. bucu, dieng mountains, ca 2400 m, 17 j u l y 1975, d. rangkuti 415 (bo). — e a s t j a v a : on dead wood, bremi, iyang mountain, ca 1500 m, july 1935, w.c. van heurn (bo 15153); on dead wood, cubanrondo near pujon, slope of mt. kawi, ca 1450 m, july 1937, w.c. van heurn ( b 6 17320). this work was carried out while one of us (d.r.) was a recipient of a research scholarship from the seameo regional centre for tropical biology/biotrop, bogor, to which an acknowledgement is made. references boedijn k. b. (1935). treub laboratory investigations —mycetozoa, fungi & lichenes. in ann. jard. bot. buitenz. 45: 105—112. donk, m.a. (1964). on some old species of dacrymycetaceae. in proc. ned. akad. wet. c 67(2) : 1—18. hennings, p. (1900). fungi ii, in o. warburg, monsunia 1: 137—174. 1975] rangkuti & rifai: guepiniopsis oresbia 219 holtermann, c. (1898). mykologische untersuchungen aus den tropen. verlag von gebruder borntraeger, berlin. kennedy, l. l. (1959). the genera of dacrymycetaceae. in mycologia 50(1958): 874—895. kobayashi, y. (1939). on the dacrymyces group. in sci. rep. tokyo bunrika daigaku b 4: 105—128. macnabb, r. f. r. (1965a). taxonomic studies in the dacrymycetaceae. iv. guepiniopsis pat. in new zeal. j. bot. 3: 159—169. macnabb, r. f. r. (1965b). taxonomic studies in the dacrymycetaceae. v. heterotextus lloyd. in new zeal. j. bot. 3: 215—222. macnabb, r. f. r. (1975). taxonomic studies in the dacrymycetaceae. viii. dacrymyces nees ex fr. in new zeal. j. bot. 11: 461—524. martin, g. w. (1952). revision of north central tremellales. in univ. iowa stud nat. hist. 19: 1—122. rangkuti, d. (1975). investigation on wood-destroying fungi dacryopinax, calocera and related genera. technical report — doc. tfrs/75/181, biotrop, bogor. reid, d. a. (1975). a monograph of the british dacrymycetales. in trans. brit. mycol. soc. 62: 433—494. rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_18 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_19 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_20 a journal on tax0n0m1c botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors mien a. rifai kuswata kartawinata n. wulijarni-s0etj1pt0 published by herbarium bggoriense lembaga biologi nasional —. lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 9, part 4, 377 — 479 31 march 1980 10 issn 00-34 — s66x reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 411 — 414 (1980) a new species of ophiorrhiza (rubiaceae) from great nicobar island, india n. p. balakrishnan botanical survey of india, andaman — nicobar circle, port blair, india abstract ophiorrhiza nicobarica balakr. is described and illustrated and compared with ophiorrhiza trichocarpos bl. abstrak jenis baru ophiorrhiza nicobarica balakr. dipertelakan dan dibandingkan dengan ophiorrhiza trichocarpos bl. ophiorrhiza nicobarica balakr., spec. nov. — fig. 1. differt a 0. trichocarpos bl. bracteis conspicuis, lineari-lanceolatis, usque ad 4 mm longas, persistentibus; calycis lobis lineari-lanceolatis usque ad 5 mm longos; antheris longioribus, usque ad 3 mm longas; stylo longiore, usque ad 7.5 mm longum. herba, 20—45 cm alta; caulis decumbens, ascendens, ad nodos infra radicantes, 3.5—4.5 mm crassus, saepe semel ramosus, supra pubescentem, infra glabrum. folia ovato-lanceolata, subaequilatera, oblique-cuneata vel acuta ad bases, brevi-acuminata ad apices, 4—13 cm longa, 2—6 cm lata, supra satis dense pubescentia, infra albida et longe-ciliata on nervis; nervi laterales 10—12 binati, arcuati, sursum infra prominentes; petiolus 0.5—5.5 cm longus, pubescens; stipulae integrae, late ad bases, linearilanceolatae, 4—5 mm longae, parce hispidae. inflorescentia cyma, dichotoma, spiciformis, hirsuta; pedunculus 2—3 cm longus, ± 2 mm crassus; rami principales 2, 1.5—2 cm longi, saepe cum ramis secondis; pedicelli 0—2 mm longi; bracteae lineari-lanceolatae, 3—4 mm longae, hirsutae, persistentes; costa distincta. calycis tubis cupuliformis, truncatus, connatus ad ovarium, ± 2 mm longus et latus, externus dense hirsutus; lobi 5, lineari-lanceolati, subaequales, ± 5 mm longi, ± 1 mm lati, uninerves, sparse hirsuti, persistentes. corolla alba, 10—14 mm longa, constricta ad ± 3 mm ex basi, inflata vel tumida inter basim et constrictionem, cylindrica et gradatim infundibularis ad partem supernam, dense longi— 4 1 1 — 412 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 ophiorrhiza nicobariea balakr. _ 1980] balakrishnan: new ophiorrhiza 413 ciliata ad intra constrictionem, aliter intra glabrum, ciliata on costa exteriora; lobi 5, ovati, oblongi, subacuti, ± 3 mm longi, ± 2 mm lati, valvati, reflexi, crassi ad margines, carinati ad costos exteriores, inflexi ad margines in alabastra. stamina 5, inclusa, dimorpha; filamenta affixa ad basim corollae, 2.5—3.5 et 5.5—6.5 mm longa, gracilia, glabra; antherae lineares, 2—3 mm longae, dorsifixae, introrsae, dehiscentes ad longitudinales rimas. discus 2-lobatus; lobi plani, rotundati, ± 0.5 mm longi, glabri, utrinque bases styli. ovarium 2-cellulare; cellulae multiovulatae; stylus heterostylus, filiformis, 3.5—4.5 et 6.5—7.5 mm longus; stigma 2-lobatum; lobi ± 1 mm longi, clavati, dense lanati. fructus valde compressus lateralis, transverse oblongo-ellipticus, 9—10 mm latus, 4—5 mm altus, 2—3 mm crassus, pubescens, valde nervosus, calycis lobis persistentibus, dehiscens transversim rima ad apicem; semina numerosa, subglobosa, angulosa, valde porcata, ± 0.5 mm diam., ferruginea. habitat: ad umbrosos riparios rivulorum in sylvis sempervirentibus collibus. holotypus: balakrishnan 3027 a (cal), isotypi balakrishnan 3027 b (cal), 3027 c-f (pbl) *, 3027 g-h (l), 3027 i (bo). herb, 20—45 cm high; stem decumbent, ascending, rooting at lower nodes, 3.5—4.5 mm thick, often once branched, pubescent above, glabrous below. leaves ovate-lanceolate, subequal-sided, obliquely cuneate or acute at base, short acuminate at apex, 4—13 cm long, 2—6 cm wide, fairly densely pubescent above, whitish and long hairy on nerves beneath; lateral nerves 10—12 pairs, arched upwards prominent beneath; petioles 0.5—5.5 cm long, pubescent; stipules entire, broad-based, linear-acuminate, 4—5 mm long, sparingly hispid. inflorescence cymose, dichotomous, spiciform, hirsute; peduncles 2—3 cm long, ± 2 mm thick; main branches 2, 1.5—2 cm long, often with secondary branches; pedicels 0—2 mm long; bracts linear-lanceolate, 3—4 mm long, hirsute, persistent; midrib distinct. calyx-tube cupshaped, truncate, connate to ovary, ± 2 mm long and wide, densely hirsute outside; lobes 5, linear-lanceolate, subequal, ± 5 mm long, ± 1 mm wide, 1-nerved, sparsely hirsute, persistent. corolla white, 10—14 mm long, constricted at ± 3 mm above the base, swollen inflated between the base and constriction, cylindric and gradually funnel-shaped at upper part, densely long ciliate inside at the constriction, otherwise glabrous inside, hairy on nerves outside; lobes 5, ovate, obtuse, ± 3 mm long, ± 2 mm wide, valvate, reflexed, thickened at margins, keeled on midrib outside and inflexed at margins in buds. stamens 5, enclosed in corolla-tube, dimorphous; filaments adnate to base of corolla, 2.5—3.5 and 5.5—6.5 mm long, slender, glabrous; anthers linear, 2—3 mm long, dorsifixed, introrse, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. disc 2-lobed; lobes flat, rounded, ± 0.5 mm long, glabrous, on both sides of style base. ovary 2-celled; cells many-ovuled; style heterostylous, filiform, 3.5—4.5 and * andaman — nicobar herbarium, botanical survey of india, port blair, 414 e e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 6.5—7.5 mm long; stigma 2-lobed; lobes ± 1 mm long, densely woolly. fruit strongly laterally compressed, transversely oblong-elliptic, 9—10 mm wide, 4—5 mm high, 2—3 mm thick, pubescent, strongly nerved, with persistent calyx, lobes, dehiscing by transverse slit on top; seeds numerous, subglobose, angular, strongly ridged, ± 0.5 mm diam., brownish red. this species differs from 0. trichoca/rpos bl. in bracts being conspicuous, linear-lanceolate, up to 4 mm long, persistent; calyx lobes linearlanceolate up to 5 mm long; anthers longer, up to 3 mm long; style longer, up to 7.5 m long. the presence of dimorphous stamens and heterostyly is unusual in the genus. a review of different floras indicate that this has not been reported so far in ophiorrhiza, even though certain other genera in rubiaceae exhibit this feature. great nicobar island: 17 km from campbell bay to alexandra river, ca. 75 m. above m.s.l., 21 aug. 1975, balakrishnan 3027 a-b (cal), ibid, 3027 c-f (pbl); ibid. 3027 g-h (l); ibid. 3027 1 (bo). r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 415 — 420 (1980) type studies in the clavarioid fungi. v. the taxa described by caspar van overeem ronald h. petersen department of botany, university of tennessee, knoxville, tn, usa 37916 a b s t r a c t i type specimens of javanese clavarias described by van overeem — i.e. clavaria depokensis. clavaria luteo-tenerrima, clavaria sanguineo-acuta and clavulinopsis sulcata — are extant and well preserved in herbarium bogoriense. these are reexamined and reassigned to their respective genera and infrageneric complexes. abstrak spesimen tipe jenis-jenis clavariaceae yang dipertelakan van overeem dari jawa —• yaitu clavaria depokensis, clavaria luteo-tenerrima, clavaria sanguineo-acuta dan clavulinopsis sulcata — masih ada dan disimpan di herbarium bogoriense. spesimen ini diperiksa kembali dan ditunjukkan marga dan bagian marga yang layak menampungnya. although not many, the taxa proposed and illustrated by van overeem (1923a, b, c) have been important to an understanding of tropical clavarioid fungal relationships. in the only modern works to deal with these taxa (corner 1950, 1970), they were disposed of equivocally for the types had not been examined, although van overeem's descriptions and plates were extremely accurate for their day. a recent very brief visit to the herbarium bogoriense allowed me to examine the type specimens concerned and therefore to assign them accurately to genera and to infrageneric complexes. it is to that end that this paper offered. the following items of reliquiae support these specimens: 1) all specimens include fruit bodies fixed in liquid and in excellent condition for analysis; 2) an empty, accessioned packet usually accompanies the specimens in liquid, often bearing collection data not included on the fixed specimen; 3) in one instance dried fruit bodies are in a packet separate from the material in liquid; 4) published illustrations (van overeem 1923b, c) of fruit bodies and microscopic characters were apparently consistently made from type specimens; and 5) the original — 4 1 5 — contents page hsu an keng. a new interpretation of the compound strobilar structures of cordaites and conifers , 377 soejatmi dransfield. three new malesian species of gramineae 385 v. n. naik. coelachne ghatica naik, sp. nov 393 thomas j. delendick. the correct name for the acer of malesia 395 m i e n a. r i f a i . the identity of ustuago amadelpha var. glabhuscula 399 v. n. naik & b. w. patunkar. novelties in panicum (poaceae) from india . 403 n. p. balakrishnan. a new species of ophiorrhiza (rubiaceae) from great nicobar island, india 411 ronald h. petersen. type studies in the clavarioid fungi. v. the taxa described by caspar van overeem 415 a. w. subhebar & v. g. rao. an undescribed species of calothyriop<sis on apple 421 gregori g. hambali. a new species of balanophora from the malay peninsula, 425 kuswata kartawinata. a note on a kerangas (heath) forest at sebulu, east kalimantan 429 rusdy e. nasution & r. n. lester. a chemotaxonomic study of some species of zingiber subsection zerumbet 449 johanis p. mogea. the flabellate-leaved species of salacca (palmae) • printed by aechipel, bogor, java cov rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_20 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_21 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_22 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_55 reinwardtia 2018 17 (2) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 17 (2): 87 – 154, december 18, 2018 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary ruslan bukhori layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: canthiumera robusta k.m.wong & x.y.ng, spec. nov. top left: leafy branch with inflorescences; note also keeled stipules. top right: flower with tufts of pale moniliform hairs visible opposite corolla lobes. below left: fruits. below right: pyrenes. photos: ang wee foong (top left) and x.y. ng (remaining images). the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 17(2): andrew powling, school of biological sciences, university of portsmouth, portsmouth, united kingdom george argent, royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, united kingdom joan pereira, forest research centre, sandakan, sabah, malaysia jun yokoyama, dept. of biology, faculty of science,yamagata university, yamagata, japan khoon meng wong, singapore botanic gardens, singapore kongkanda chayamarit, queen sirikit botanic garden, p.o. box 7, mae rim, chiang mai, thailand reinwardtia vol. 17. no. 2. pp: 97‒100 97 rhododendron meagaii, a new species of rhododendron subgenus vireya (ericaceae) from papua, indonesia received 04 may, 2018; accepted 24 september, 2018 yasper michael mambrasar herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: michael_mambrasar@yahoo.com prima w. k. hutabarat center for plant conservation bogor botanic garden-lipi. jln. ir. h. juanda no. 13, bogor, 16122, indonesia. email: hutabaratpwk@gmail.com abstract mambrasar, y. m. & hutabarat, p. w. k. 2018. rhododendron meagaii, a new species of rhododendron subgenus v ireya (ericaceae) from papua, indonesia. reinwardtia 17(2): 97‒100. ‒‒ rhododendron meagaii, is described and illustrated as a new species in subgenus v ireya (ericaceae) from mount salju, district of abenaho, yalimo regency, papua province, indonesia. characters distinguishing this new species from related species are discussed. key words: district of abenaho, new guinea, new species, papua province, rhododendron meagaii. abstrak mambrasar, y. m. & hutabarat, p. w. k. 2018. rhododendron meagaii, jenis baru rhododendron submarga v ireya (ericaceae) dari papua, indonesia. reinwardtia 17(2): 97‒100. ‒‒ rhododendron meagaii, dipertelakan dan digambar sebagai jenis baru pada submarga v ireya (ericaceae) dari gunung salju, distrik abenaho, kabupaten yalimo, provinsi papua, indonesia. didiskusikan pula karakter yang membedakan jenis baru ini dengan jenis yang terdekat. kata kunci: distrik abenaho, jenis baru, provinsi papua, pulau nugini, rhododendron meagaii. introduction new guinea is a major center diversity of rhododendron subgenus vireya in the malesia region with more than three times the number recorded compared with the next richest island: borneo (argent, 2015). the number of species in western new guinea is greater than in the eastern part (papua new guinea). argent (2015) recorded 121 species in western new guinea compared with only 85 species in the eastern part. rhododendron is well recorded in new guinea because of its impressive flowers (kartikasari et al., 2013). in 2016, during fieldwork in yalimo regency, papua province, the team from lipi discovered a rhododendron that appeared to be new. this species is quite distinct from any other rhododendron species known from western new guinea. however, there were strong superficial similarities to rhododendron diesianum schltr. from eastern new guinea. on close examination the scale structure and disposition appeared to be sufficiently distinct to consider this new collection as belonging to a different, undescribed species. rhododendron meagaii mambrasar & hutabarat spec. nov. — type: indonesia, papua province, yalimo regency, abenaho district, mount salju, 23 may 2016, michael mambrasar 239 (holotype: bo! iso: e! k!). figs. 1 & 2. diagnosis. distinct in section hadranthe schltr . in having the combination of characters: elliptic leaves, long stalked dendroid scales, a glabrous corolla and stamens of irregular lengths. shrub or small tree to ca. 2 m, twigs densely scaly, ca. 2‒3 mm in diameter, internodes 2‒6 cm. leaves in tight pseudowhorls, 3‒5 together, spreading. blade 27‒55 × 7‒19 mm, elliptic to narrowly elliptic; base cuneate; apex obtuse to acute occasionally apiculate; margin entire, revolute; when young: densely covered with reddish-brown scales, quickly becoming glabrescent adaxially more slowly abaxially. scales dendroid, with highly divided arms and long slender stalks, from low persistent epidermal tubercles. mid-vein impressed above and strongly prominent beneath; lateral veins obscure. petiole reinwardtia 98 [vol.17 fig. 1. rhododendron meagaii mambrasar & hutabarat, spec. nov. a. branch showing habit of flowers. b. corrolla opened out. c. flower. d. pistil. e. stamen. from michael mambrasar 239 (bo), drawing by wahyudi santoso (bo). mambrasar & hutabarat : rhododendron meagaii, a new species from papua 2018] 99 5‒7 × 1 mm, densely stellate scaley, grooved. flower bud ca. 10 × 4 m, broadly ellipsoid, the basal bracts spreading, all other bracts appressed. bracts: the outermost triangular, caudate, densely scaly outside and along the margins; inner bracts to ca. 7 × 8 mm, ovate to obovate, apiculate, membranous, scaly distally abaxially and along the margins. bracteoles to ca. 18 × 1 mm, linear slightly broadened near the apex, with a few marginal scales. flowers spreading 4‒5 together in open umbels. pedicels: 9‒11 × 0.5 mm, densely brown stellate scaly without simple hairs. calyx ca. 2 mm diameter, disk-shaped, the margin undulate, scaly outside, without simple hairs. corolla zygomorphic, purple, without scent; tube ca. 20 × 4 mm, curved, glabrous both outside and inside; lobes ca. 8 × 6 mm, subcircular, glabrous. stamens 10, unequel in length, slightly exserted, loosely clustered on the upper side of the mouth; filaments 20‒22 mm long, sparsely short hairy in the proximal 2/3, glabrous distally. anthers oblongoid, ca. 2 mm long. disk densely short hairy on the upper side. ovary narrowly fusiform, 6‒7 mm long, densely scaly; style ca. 1‒1.2 cm long, shortly patently hairy in the proximal 4 mm and glabrous distally. stigma ca. 2 mm in diameter. fruit cylindrical, densely scaly when young. distribution. known only fr om the type locality. ecology. mossy for est and open montane shrubbery. growing with dicranopteris sp. altitude 1,100 m asl. etymology. name in honour of or ganes meaga († ), kebun raya biologi wamena technician who helped in collecting this species. phenology. rhododendron meagaii was observed in flower when it was collected at the middle of may 2016. later it was reported that the living specimen at the nursery of kebun biologi wamena in wamena was flowering and fruiting in early june 2017. conservation status. not assessed. note. this species is clearly in section hadranthe schltr. displaying the characteristic dendroid scales on distinct epidermal tubercles of that section. it keys to rhododendron prainianum in argent (2015), but lacks the distinctive linear leaves of that species. it appears to be most similar to r. diesianum schltr. which occurs much further to the east in new guinea but that species has scales which are sessile or on much shorter stalks, and has a laxly scaly corolla tube outside. acknowledgements the authors would like to thank (1) ksk kebun biologi wamena for the opportunity to join the fig. 2. rhododendron meagaii mambrasar & hutabarat, spec. nov. a & b habit and flower. photo taken from type location by y. michael mambrasar (bo). c. cultivated at biology botanical garden in wamena (kebun raya biologi wamena). photo by dede nurul iman. a b c reinwardtia 100 [vol.17 exploration to yalimo regency, (2) dr. lina susanti juswara, organes meaga and lesman kogoya for helping to collect the spesimens, (3) the director of lorentz national park and the government of yalimo regency for granting permission to collect specimens, (4) dr. george argent for helpful discussions, (5) wahyudi santoso for preparing illustration and (6). herbarium bogoriense (bo) for permission for observation in systematic laboratory, (7) dede nurul iman for the pictures and phenology information of the living specimen in wamena. references argent, g. 2015. rhododendrons of subgenus vireya 2 nd ed. 1‒454. royal botanic garden, edinburgh. kartikasari, e. n., marshall, a. j. & beehler, b. m. 2013. ekologi papua. 2 nd ed. yayasan obor indonesia dan conservation indonesia, jakarta. sleumer, h. 1966. rhododendron. in: van steenis, c. g. g. j. (ed.). flora malesiana i (6): 474–668. wolters-noordhoff, groningen. instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through reinwardtia online journal system and <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. a merican j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings : temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t., inoue, t., kohyama, t., osaki, m., simbolon, h., tachibana, h., takahashi, h., tanaka, n., yabe, k. (eds.). proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis] . website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 17. no. 2. 2018 contents laode alhamd. ecological study of the arrowroot (tacca leontopetaloides (l.) kuntze) at karimunjawa national park (knp), central java ………………………………………………………….…………………………….……. 87 yasper michael mambrasar & prima w. k. hutabarat. rhododendron meagaii, a new species of rhododendron subgenus vireya (ericaceae) from papua, indonesia ……...………………..……………………….. 97 k. m. wong, ridha mahyuni, xin yi ng & louise neo. flora of singapore precursors, 8. systematy of the new southeast asian genera canthiumera and dibridsonia (rubiaceae: v anguerieae), with notes on plant architecture and reproductive ecology …………..………………………………………………………………………………... 101 andrew powling. an assessment of present plant diversity on the natewa peninsula, vanua levu, fiji …….. 125 asep sadili, kuswata kartawinata, herwasono soedjito & edy nasriadi sambas. tree species diversity in a pristine montane forest previously untouched by human activities in foja mountains, papua, indonesia ………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….…... 133 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia 0. final front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia 17(1)_edit himmah 2 final michael mambrasar et al_edit himmah (97-100) 0. final daftar isi reinwardtia 17(2)_edit himmah reinwardtia_13_1_291209 today reinwardtia vol 13, part 1, pp: 75 − 78 75 notes on the names of the tetrastigma (vitaceae) hosts of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) received july 13, 2009; accepted december 8, 2009 j.f. veldkamp nationaal herbarium nederland, universiteit leiden, po box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e–mail: veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl abstract veldkamp, j.f. 2009. notes on the names of the tetrastigma (vitaceae) hosts of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae). reinwardtia 13(1): 75–78. — older epithets for tetrastigma rafflesiae miq. (1863; vitaceae), also known as t. lanceolarium auct. non planch. and t. leucostaphylum auct. non alston ex mabb. (vitaceae), are provided by cissus coriacea dc. (1824) and cissus verrucosa steud. (1840), whereby the correct name for this host of rafflesia spp. must be tetrastigma coriaceum (dc.) gagnep. the name tetrastigma pisicarpum (miq., 1863) planch., host of at least rafflesia patma, likewise must be replaced by tetrastigma scariosum (blume, 1825) planch. key words: malesia, rafflesia, rafflesiaceae, tetrastigma, vitaceae. abstrak veldkamp, j.f. 2009. catatan pada nama tetrastigma (vitaceae) tumbuhan inang rafflesia (rafflesiaceae). reinwardtia 13(1): 75–78. — nama lama tetrastigma rafflesiae miq (1863; vitaceae), yang juga diketahui sebagai t. lanceolarium auct. non planch. dan t. leucostaphyllum auct. non alston ex mabb. (vitaceae), digantikan oleh cissus coriacea dc (1824) dan cissus verrucosa steud. (1840), sedangkan nama yang benar untuk tumbuhan inang rafflesia spp. ini seharusnya tetrastigma coriaceum (dc) gagnep. nama tetrastigma pisicarpum (miq. 1863) planch., tumbuhan inang terakhir dari rafflesia patma, sebaliknya seharusnya diganti oleh tetrastigma scariosum (blume, 1825) planch. kata kunci: malesia, rafflesia, rafflesiaceae, tetrastigma, vitaceae. introduction veldkamp (2008) has argued that the correct name for the host of rafflesia spp. (rafflesiaceae) would be tetrastigma rafflesiae miq. (1863; vitaceae) as all previous ones were either illegitimate, unidentifiable, or inapplicable. now it turns out that there are older, valid, and legitimate names available. the earliest one is cissus coriacea dc. (1824: 632) collected probably by either riedlé (fide planchon, 1877:425) or leschenault (fide gagnepain, 1910 :320) in timor and more fully described by decaisne (1834). as far as known there is only a single species of tetrastigma present in timor which in the herbaria has been identified as t. lanceolarium auct. non planch. (e.g. by backer & bakhuizen f., 1965) or t. leucostaphylum auct. non (dennst.) alston ex mabb., and therefore the correct name must be t. coriaceum (dc.) gagnep. another earlier name is cissus verrucosa steud. (1840), a new name based exclusively on cissus tuberculata blume (1825a), because of the earlier combination by jacquin (1797). tetrastigma coriaceum (dc.) gagnep not. syst. (paris) 1 (1910) 320. ––– cissus coriacea dc., prodr. 1 (mid jan 1824) 632; decne, nouv. ann. mus. hist. nat. paris iii, 3 (1834) 445. ≡ herb. timor. (1835) 117. (reprint); planch. in a. dc., monogr. phan. 5 (1887) 424, in syn. (“bl. bijdr. i”, error for dc.). ––– vitis coriacea (dc.) miq., ann. mus. lugd.–bat. 1 (1863) 78. ––– type: timor, ? leschenault vel riedlé s.n. (p, holo; g, idc microfiche, no collector). cissus tuberculata blume, bijdr. 4 (1825–a) 189, non jacq. (1797). ––– cissus verrucosa steud., nomencl. bot. ed. 2, 1 (1840) 373. ––– lectotype: blume s.n. [“g. parang”, which is in the province “tjanjor” (cianjur) that blume mentioned] (l, holo, sh. 897,348––8), designated by veldkamp (2008). vitis verrucosa [zoll.] backer in the course of this study we became aware of an apparently related species that also bears the epithet “verrucosa”, but then in cayratia juss. and vitis l. backer (1911, exact date unknown) differentiated between two species, vitis lanceolaria [(roxb.) reinwardtia 76 [vol.13 roxb. ex] wall. and v. verrucosa [zoll.] backer. under the first he cited cissus tuberculata blume, and for the second he said that it was “possibly a form of v. lanceolaria”. he had found the combination cissus verrucosa on the label of zollinger 2868 in bo. no author of the combination is given on it (see also the transcript by gagnepain, 1911, of the text on the duplicate in p, mentioned below), but it is not unlikely that moritzi or zollinger had identified the material with c. tuberculata sensu blume and had applied steudel’s correction of 1840. none of these names were later mentioned by moritzi (1846) or zollinger (1854–1855). backer thus inadvertently described a new species but his combination is a later homonym of v. verrucosa raf. (1830). new combinations based on illegitimate names have no author in parentheses (art. 49.1). in former times such a reference was placed between square brackets, but this useful indication for some reason was deleted after 1972 (rec. 46.3 of that code). koorders (1912) also had seen the zollinger specimen in bogor and made the combination cayratia verrucosa [zoll.] koord. he also noted “vitis verrucosa (zoll.) backer msc. in herb. bogor.” and apparently did not know that backer had already published this less than a year before. this is a nomenclatural oddity: two combinations with the same epithet in two different genera, independently published within a year by two different authors, based on the same specimen in one herbarium. according to art. 33.3 koorders’s combination is not for a new species, but a new combination without backer as the author in parentheses as the name was illegitimate (art. 49.1). apparently backer and koorders thought that zollinger might have published the combination somewhere. buitenzorg / bogor then and now has a magnificent library and collection, but it lacks many old publications and journals. backer somewhere said that he couldn’t do the nomenclature of the species accepted by him and therefore used the names most generally in use. see van steenis (1968). what they did not know, was that turczaninow (1863) had described a cissus zollingeri based on a duplicate of zollinger 2868 (cited as “2686”) now probably in kw. a request for confirmation to that institute remained unanswered. it would seem that koorders soon became aware of this, because he corrected his combination to cayratia zollingeri (turcz.) koord. ex koord.– schum. (1912), a combination also made by galet (1967). we have seen only a few pages of the latter publication, but as it is a thesis from a french university, we very much suspect that it was invalidly published under art. 30.5. it may be noted that ipni at the day of writing (july 2009) accepted 9 combinations made by him. if valid, this one is a later isonym which has no nomenclatural status (art. 6, note 2). probably slightly earlier than backer (and koorders) gagnepain (2 mar 1911: 377) used the duplicate of zollinger 2868 in p and described tetrastigma micranthum. he published a full citation of the original text on the label in which the name cissus verrucosa is mentioned with a question mark and without authorship. because the combinations are homotypic [art. 9.2, note 2 (c)] “zollingeri” is the epithet to be used, thus making cayratia verrucosa koorders, tetrastigma micranthum gagnep., and vitis verrucosa backer superfluous. these names apparently have dropped from literature. they are not accounted for in heyne (1917, and later editions of 1927, 1950, 1987) nor in backer & bakhuizen f. (1968: 679, 759). turczaninow’s publication bears the censor’s date of 11 september 1863. the next issue is dated 12 december. it may be assumed that the actual publication was soon after the 11th, and therefore is slightly earlier than a publication by miquel on 24 september 1863. here miquel described vitis pisicarpa, now know as tetrastigma pisicarpum (miq.) planch. zollinger 2868 in bo has been identified as this by latiff. jackes (1989) cited material from “indonesia” (zollinger s.n., in k, most likely from java ––– planchon cited zollinger 495 ––– de vogel 5039 (not 5059) in k, from halmahera) and australia (cape york). in l latiff has identified material as such from the malay peninsula (johor, kedah, kelantan, langkawi, selangor), e. java and nusa kambangan, the philippines (luzon, mindoro, palawan, poillillo), the lesser sunda isles (flores, lombok), moluccas (ceram, tanimbar), and new guinea (aru isl., central prov.), and, in correspondence, added t. godefroyanum planch. from thailand and indochina, and t. micranthum gagnep. from java. from this rather disjunct distribution it would seem that the species has some preference for a distinct dry season. surprisingly, among the java material in l there is also a sheet from nusa kambangan, java, labelled cissus scariosa blume and vitis coriacea miq. var. β: blume 1644, annotated “in cujus radicibus rafflesia invenit”, that is echoed in blume (1825a) “in radicibus hujus plantae supra terram expansis mirabilis rafflesia patma crescit”, and by miquel (1863): “ubi rafflesiam patma nutrit”. this host was identified as vitis coriacea by miquel and as t. pisicarpum by latiff. it is interesting to note that junghuhn (1853) also stated that rafflesia veldkamp : notes on the names of the tetrastigma (vitaceae) hosts of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) 2009] 77 patma grew on cissus scariosa. his notes make interesting reading, e.g. that in may 1847 the rafflesia flowers were so abundant that he couldn’t do a step without crushing several specimens. he didn’t find any flowers or fruits on the host and was told by the locals that the flowers of the parasite would begin their development only after the host has lost its fruits. from this he concluded that they flowered and fruited at different periods, which is strange, as he also said that he found the flower buds in all stages of development (except that none were open yet), while it is known that flower buds usually are present all year round. flowering at least in 1850 in transplants in bogor was in march and again in october (teijsmann in de vriese, 1853). i would not be surprised, if the host was so affected that it didn’t flower at all anymore, while, also, the interest of any collector would be more focussed on this spectacular flower of 35–50 cm diameter then on the liana that nourished it. thus the blume collection is the type of the earliest name for this assembly of synonyms, and the combination in tetrastigma by planchon (1887) is the correct name for tetrastigma pisicarpum. tetrastigma scariosu (blume) planch. in a. dc., monogr. phan. 5 (1887) 441. ––– cissus scariosa blume, batav. cour. 23 mar 1825b: 12 [3] (n.v., fide mabberley, 1980); bijdr. 4 (20 sep 1825a) 191. ––– type: herb. blume 1644 (l, holo, sh. no. 897.347–133), java, nusa kambangan, citandoi, november 1824 (see blume, 1825–b). cissus zollingeri turcz., bull. soc. imp. naturalistes moscou 36, 2 (soon after 11 sep 1863) 591 (zollinger “2686”), see note. ––– tetrastigma micranthum gagnep., notul. syst. (paris) 1 (2 mar 1911) 377, nom. superfl. –– vitis verrucosa [zoll.] backer, schoolfl. java 1 (1911) 253, nom. superfl., non raf. (1830). ––– cayratia verrucosa [backer] koord., exk. fl. java 2 (mar/apr 1912) 565, nom. superfl. ––– cayratia zollingeri (turcz.) koord. ex koord.–schum., syst. verz. 1, fam. 170 (jun 1912) 8; galet, recherch. meth. identif. & classif. vitac. 2 (1967) 329 (329: “syn. nov.”, in the k copy changed manually to “comb. nov.”), 371 (reference is made to c. zallingeri “par erreur” molon, “l.c.”: 70, which we could not trace), if valid, an isonym. ––– type: zollinger 2868 (“2686”; probably in kw, holo; bo, p), e java, banyuwangi, litjin, 6 may 1845. vitis pisicarpa miq., ann. mus. lugd.–bat. 1 (24 sep 1863) 79. ––– tetrastigma pisicarpum (miq.) planch. in a. dc., phan. 5 (1887) 441. 1887. ––– type: zippelius s.n. (l, holo, sh. no. 897.348–96 & 904.272––25), new guinea. tetrastigma godefroyanum planch. in a. dc., monogr. phan. 5 (1887) 436. ––– lectotype: pierre 4433 (p, holo), s. vietnam (“cochinchine”), dong nai prov., dinh mountains, suggested by planchon, designated here. acknowledgements dr. j. boggan (us) pointed out the presence of cissus verrucosa steud. (1840) as an older name for tetrastigma rafflesiae miq. (1863). mr. a. sumadijaya was most helpful in going through the collections in bo. ms. a. trias blasi (tcd) is thanked for her expert advise. ms. f. ainsworth (k) very kindly sent some rare literature. dr. m.a. latiff (ukmb) kindly provided various additional information. dr. e. a. widjaja is thanked for the translation of the abstract into bahasa indonesia. references backer, c.a. 1911. schoolflora voor java 1: 253. visser & co., weltevreden. backer, c.a. & bakhuizen van den brink jr. r.c. 1965. flora of java 1: 89. noordhoff, groningen. blume, c.l. von. 1825a. bijdragen tot de flora van nederlandsch indië 4: 189. lands drukkerij, batavia. blume, c.l. von. 1825b. korte beschrijving van de patma der javanen. bataviasche courant 23 maart: 1–22, and later versions, see van steenis, 1989: (23)–(29). decaisne, j. 1834. description d’un herbier de l’isle de timor. nouv. ann. mus. hist. nat. paris iii, 3: 445. 1834, reprinted verbatim as herbarii timorensis descriptio: 117. 1835. roret, paris. de vriese, w.h. 1853. mémoire sur les rafflesias rochussenii et patma: 7–8. arnz & co., leiden, düsseldorf. gagnepain, f. 1911 (2 mar). additions au genre tetrastigma. not. syst. (paris) 1: 377–378. galet, p. 1967. recherches sur les méthodes d’identification et de classification des vitacées des zones tempérées. ii thèse: 329, 371. faculté des sciences de montpellier, université de montpellier, france. heyne, k. 1917. de nuttige planten van nederlandsch– indië 3: xii, xxiii. ruygrok & co., batavia. heyne, k. 1927. de nuttige planten van nederlandsch– indië 3: xii, xxiii. 2nd edition. ruygrok & co., batavia. heyne, k. 1950. de nuttige planten van nederlandsch– indië 3: xii, xxiii. 3rd edition. ruygrok & co., batavia. heyne, k. 1987. tumbuhan berguna indonesia, 4 vols: liii, 2521 pp. yayasan sarana wana jaya, jakarta. jackes, b.r. 1989. revision of the australian vitaceae, 5. tetrastigma (miq.) planchon. austrobaileya 3: 149–158. jacquin, n. j. von. 1797-1804. plantarum rariorum horti caesarei schoenbrunnensis descriptiones et icons opera et sumptibus nicolai josephi jacquin. lugduni batavorum. junghuhn, f. 1853. java, zijne gedaante, zijn plantentooien inwendigebouw. ed. 2, 1: 359–361. mieling, the hague. koorders, s.h. 1912. exkursionsflora von java 2: 565. fischer, jena. reinwardtia 78 [vol.13 mabberley, d.j. 1980. generic names published in salisbury’s reviews of robert brown’s works. taxon 29: 604. miquel, f.a.w. 1863. ampelideae novae. ann. mus. lugd. bat. 1: 78. moritzi, a. 1846. systematisches verzeichniss: 40. moritzi, solothurn. planchon, j.e. 1887. ampelideae in a. dc., monogr. phanerog. 5, 2: 436, 441. masson, paris. rafinesque, c.s. 1830. medical flora 2: 133. atkinson & alexander, philadelphia. shetty, b.v. & singh, p. 2000. vitaceae. fl. india 5: 314–315. botanical survey of india, calcutta. steudel, e.t. 1840. nomenclator botanicus, ed. 2, 1: 373. cotta, stuttgart, tubingen. turczaninow, n. 1863. animadversiones ad catalogum primum et secundum herbarii universitatis charkoviensis. bull. soc. imp. naturalistes moscou 36, 2: 591. van steenis, c.g.g.j. 1968. the herb flora of taiwan, or how to master a flora without types and with only a few books. fl. males. bull. 22: 1562– 1567 (1564!). van steenis, c.g.g.j. 1989. anacolosa. fl. males 10: (23)–(29). kluwer academic publishers, dordrecht / boston / london. veldkamp, j.f. 2008. the correct name for the tetrastigma (vitaceae) host of rafflesia (rafflesiaceae) in malesia and a (not so) new species. reinwardtia 12: 261–265. zollinger, h. 1854–1855. systematisches verzeichniss. 3 vols. kiesling, zürich. a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology lipi reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(4): 317 — 3 8 9 , december 20, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) teguh triono (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) eizi suzuki (kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami lay out editor deden sumirat hidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers ed de vogel (netherlands), henk van der werff (usa), irawati (indonesia), jan f. veldkamp (netherlands), jens g. rohwer (denmark), lauren m. gardiner (uk), masahiro kato (japan), marshall d. sunberg (usa), martin callmander (usa), rugayah (indonesia), paul forster (australia), peter hovenkamp (netherlands), ulrich meve (germany). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 4, pp: 389 book review b.s. parris, r. kiew, r.c.k. chung, l.g. saw & e. soepadmo (eds). 2010. flora of peninsular malaysia, series i. ferns and lycophytes. vol 1. malayan forest records no. 48. forest research institute malaysia, ministry of natural resources and environment, malaysia, 249 pp. price: rm80/ usd60 new book on ferns and lycophytes of peninsular malaysia has been published as a series of flora peninsular malaysia. the book was initiated to document ferns and lycophytes diversity by providing reliable and accurate accounts of the families, genera and species found in peninsular malaysia, with update nomenclatures utilising both morphological and molecular data. it is a new flora with important new information after more than five decades of the last flora of malaya 2 fern (holttum, 1954). this new flora covers about a sixth of the ferns and lycophytes of peninsular malaysia with accounts for 9 families, 21 genera, 100 species, 1 subspecies and 4 varieties. the new flora is illustrated by comprehensive introduction with conspectus of orders, families and genera followed by key to the families and brief history of the botanical collecting and observation on ferns and lycophytes in peninsular malaysia. four families namely lycopodiaceae, selaginellaceae, psilotaceae and equisetaceae, which are always excluded in fern flora of malaya are treated in this book as lycophytes and true ferns. the families treated by local and overseas authors and included in vol. 1 are selaginellaceae (k. m. wong), psilotaceae (r. kiew), equisetaceae (r. kiew), osmundaceae (r. jaman), matoniaceae (r. jaman & y. umi kalsom), schizaeaceae (r. jaman & y. umi kalsom), cibotiaceae (a. t. nor ezzawanis), loxogrammaceae (r. jaman) and grammitidaceae (b. s. parris). each family is shortly described followed by key to the genera, and species, as well as varieties, if any. some selected species of each family are nicely and accurately illustrated with hand drawing. in addition, 18 plates consisting 67 beautiful colour photographs of the selected species representing the family are nicely arranged to make the book is more exiting. among the families described in this volume, grammitidaceae is the biggest taxonomical change where several new generic concepts recently proposed based on molecular evidence are accepted. in peninsular malaysia grammitidaceae is represented by 12 genera and 52 species, compared to worldwide estimation (20 genera and over 750 species) malaysia is rich in generic numbers (60%) but very poor in species numbers (7%). it is interesting phenomena to think about the gammitidaceae worldwide. aside from the useful information on the taxonomy and nomenclature, all species are shown with a distribution map and provided with an assessment of their conservation status that is usually not included in the flora. the flora aims to provide baseline information that is essential for the management and conservation. inclusion of conservation status, along with taxonomic features, is to make the flora account relevant to policy makers, managers and general public. the new flora is very useful to study ferns and lycophytes in the region such as indonesia and western part of malesian region. i definitely look forward to the completion of other volumes of this series. the authors of the new flora of peninsular malaysia, series i: ferns and lycophytes are to be congratulated for this timely production of this important volume. dedy darnaedi, herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences, indonesia. references holttum, r. e. 1954. ferns of malaya vol. 2. singapore. 653 pp. 389 instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 4. 2012 contents page sri endarti rahayu, tatik chikmawati, kuswata kartawinata & alex hartana. morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae: a case study in the javanese species 317 sri rahayu. hoya (apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae) diversity in gunung gede pangrango national park, west java, indonesia 331 deby arifiani, adi basukriadi & tatik chikmawati. newly described species of endiandra (lauraceae) from new guinea 341 alex sumadijaya. six years experience on plant identification services: case study in herbarium bogoriense 347 bayu adjie, agung kurniawan, norio sahashi & yasuyuki watano. dicksonia timorense (diksoniaceae), a hemi-epiphytic new species of tree fern endemic on timor island, indonesia ... 3 5 7 ian m. turner. nomenclatural notes relevant to the flora of indonesia 363 wita wardani, arief hidayat & dedy darnaedi. the new pteridophyte classification and sequence employed in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for malesian ferns 367 diah sulistiartni. the orchids genus dilochia in indonesia 379 dedy darnaedi. book review 389 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology lipi cibinong, indonesia depan. img579_page_2_page_3 belakang reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 181 − 182 181 a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don received february 6, 2014; accepted august 25, 2014 ian m. turner research associate, royal botanic gardens kew, richmond, surrey, uk. e-mail: turner187@btinternet.com. abstract turner, i. m. 2014. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don. reinwardtia 14(1): 181 – 182. — the identity of uvaria nitida roxb. ex g.don. (annonaceae) has not been considered for 180 years. the plant is only known from material grown in the calcutta botanic garden in india following introduction from, reportedly, the moluccas. examination of a specimen from the brussels herbarium, designated here as lectotype, indicates that the species is a member of orophea subgenus sphaerocarpon, similar to orophea gabra merr. a new combination in orophea is made. key words: lectotype, new combination, orophea glabra, uvaria nitida, william roxburgh. abstrak turner, i. m. 2014. kombinasi baru orophea (annonaceae) pada uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don. reinwardtia 14 (1): 181 – 182. — identitas dari uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don. (annonaceae) masih belum jelas selama 180 tahun. tumbuhan ini hanya diketahui dari material yang tumbuh di kebun raya kalkuta di india dan diintroduksi di maluku. hasil pemeriksaan spesimen dari herbarium brussels dijadikan sebagai lektotipe, yang mengindikasikan bahwa jenis ini merupakan anggota dari orophea submarga sphaerocarpon, mirip dengan orophea gabra merr. sebuah kombinasi baru pada orophea telah dibuat. kata kunci: kombinasi baru, lektotipe, orophea glabra, uvaria nitida, william roxburgh. introduction william roxburgh, the father of indian botany, supervised much introduction of plants to the botanic garden of the east india company in calcutta. one such is a species that roxburgh named uvaria nitida. the earliest publication of the name by roxburgh is in the hortus bengalensis (roxburgh, 1814) but, other than the name, the sole piece of information supplied is that the plant was introduced to calcutta from the moluccas. therefore the name is not validly published here. the publication of a description by roxburgh was not achieved until the posthumous publication of his complete (except cryptogams) flora indica (roxburgh, 1832). here roxburgh provides a very short description and again states that the plant came from the moluccas. however, as happened with many roxburgh taxa due to the delays in publication of the original roxburgh works, the publication of this name was validated earlier in this case by george don in his a general history of the dichlamydeous plants. don refers the name to a roxburgh manuscript presumably a manuscript copy of flora indica and provides a brief description sufficient to validate the name. the only known specimen of uvaria nitida is in the herbarium of the national botanic garden of belgium (br) (forman, 1997). it was part of the herbarium of martius who purchased a collection including roxburgh specimens from the linnean society in london (turner & veldkamp, 2012). george don may well have seen both the roxburgh manuscript and herbarium specimens at the linnean society, where his brother david was the librarian. the uvaria nitida specimen consists of a branchlet bearing several leafy twigs with the remains of some post-flowering inflorescences. it bears a small ticket labelled ‘uvaria nitida 2697’, apparently in roxburgh’s own hand. there is also a herbium martii label bearing the name uvaria nitida roxb. the specimen clearly does not belong in uvaria there is no sign of stellate indumentum. to someone familiar with asian annonaceae the specimen has the look of a member of orophea subgenus sphaerocarpon (syn. mezzettia ridl.; leonardía & keßler, 2001), with the leaves drying brown and rather shiny and more or less glabrous. the rather congested remains of axillary inflorescences with very short, fine pedicels provides the closest match with orophea glabra merr., a species from the philippines. however, the carpel number on the one flower remnant bearing any reproductive structures appears to be more than mailto:turner187@btinternet.com reinwardtia 182 [vol.14 six, the carpel number reported for o. glabra (keßler, 1988). the moluccas remain relatively poorly known botanically and it is possible that o. glabra extends southwards from the philippines to eastern indonesia. alternatively, roxburgh’s introduction may have been wrongly localised or the plant have been first bought to the moluccas (presumably ambon) from elsewhere. as noted on the specimen by dr c. meade, the plant is an orophea and therefore a new combination is required for the name. this is provided below. i refrain from formally reducing orophea glabra to a synonym of o. nitida, but note the strong similarity. indonesian botanists are encouraged to look for orophea nitida in their country in order to confirm its status. orophea nitida (roxb. ex g. don) meade ex i. m. turner, comb. nov. basionym: uvaria nitida roxb. ex g.don, gen. hist. 1 (1831) 93. – lectotype: [india, cultivated in east india company botanic garden, calcutta] w. roxburgh 2697 (holo: br! (br s.p. 802 875) [image available at http://www.br.fgov.be/research/collections/ herbarium/detail.php?id=601526],designated here). orophea glabra merr., govt. lab. publ. philipp. 29 (1905) 14. lectotype: philippines, masbate province, ticao island, may-june 1904, w.w. clark forestry bureau no. 1017 (holo: ny, designated by keßler (1990: 513); iso: bm, k!). acknowledgement the curator of vascular plants (br) kindly permitted the loan of the roxburgh specimen. references forman, l. l. 1997. notes concerning the typification of names of william roxburgh's species of phanerogams. kew bulletin 52: 513–534. keßler, p. j. a. 1988. revision der gattung orophea blume (annonaceae). blumea 33: 1–80. keßler, p. j. a. 1990. studies on the tribe saccopetalae (annonaceae)—ii additions to the genus orophea blume. blumea 34: 505–516. leonardía, a. a. p. & keßler, p. j. a. 2001. additions to orophea subgenus sphaerocarpon (annonaceae): revision and transfer of mezzettiopsis. blumea 46: 141–163. roxburgh, w. 1814. hortus bengalensis. mission press, serampore. roxburgh, w. 1832. flora indica. (2 nd edition), volume 2. w. thacker & co., calcutta. turner, i. m. & veldkamp, j. f. 2012. william roxburgh’s eye plant and its relevance in the nomenclature of phaeanthus (annonaceae). kew bulletin 66: 571–579. instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 414-595-1-sm belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 2. ms_farah (51-55) reinwardtia vol. 20. no. 2. pp: 51‒55 doi: 10.14203/reinwardtia.v20i2.4186 51 vanilla yersiniana (orchidaceae), a new record for peninsular malaysia received august 15, 2021; accepted october 07, 2021 muhammad ikhwanuddin mat esa department of biology, faculty of science, universiti putra malaysia, 43400 serdang, selangor, malaysia. e-mail: m.ikhwan_wan@yahoo.com farah alia nordin school of biological sciences, universiti sains malaysia, 11800, pulau pinang, malaysia. e-mail: farahalianordin@usm.my rusea go department of biology, faculty of science, universiti putra malaysia, 43400 serdang, selangor, malaysia. e-mail: ruseago@upm.edu.my akmal raffi faculty of resource science and technology, universiti malaysia sarawak, 94300, kota samarahan, sarawak, malaysia. e-mail: mrmakmal@unimas.my abstract mat esa, m. i., nordin, f. a., go, r. & raffi, a. 2021. vanilla yersiniana (orchidaceae), a new record for peninsular malaysia. reinwardtia 20(2): 51−55. — the genus vanilla plum. ex mill. from peninsular malaysia is now enriched with the discovery of a newly recorded species, vanilla yersiniana that made up its regional diversity to eight taxa. this species was documented from two adjacent secondary lowland forests in perak; further south to the southern tail of thailand. this paper describes the first record of v. yersiniana in peninsular malaysia with some highlights of its morphology and ecology. the data presented will add to the present state of knowledge on the species botanical profile. key words: checklist, malaysia, orchidaceae, vanilla. abstrak mat esa, m. i., nordin, f. a., go, r. & raffi, a. 2021. vanilla yersiniana (orchidaceae), rekaman baru dari semenanjung malaya. reinwardtia 20(2): 51−55. — marga vanilla plum. ex mill. dari semenanjung malaya kini diperkaya dengan penemuan jenis baru yang tercatat, vanilla yersiniana yang membentuk keragaman regionalnya menjadi delapan taksa. jenis ini didokumentasikan di dua hutan dataran rendah sekunder yang berdekatan di perak; lebih jauh ke selatan ke ekor selatan thailand. makalah ini menjelaskan catatan pertama v. yersiniana di semenanjung malaysia dengan beberapa sorotan morfologi dan ekologinya. data yang disajikan akan menambah pengetahuan tentang profil botani terkini dari jenis ini. kata kunci: daftar jenis, malaysia, orchidaceae, vanilla. introduction orchidaceae is a fascinating plant family that allures researchers globally to study their systematics, ecophysiology and economical values. the current research trend on orchids in malaysia focuses largely on the enumeration of the family composition. it is a never-ending task; with a relatively vast and unexplored forested land, malaysian orchid's inventory is most likely far from being complete. to date, there are approximately 3000 orchid species recorded throughout malaysia (ong et al., 2017; juiling et al., 2020; forest department sarawak, 2021). this figure is contributed by the series of novo discovery as well as the documentation of new regional record, which is also modelled by the local genus vanilla – the subject matter of this paper. generally, the genus vanilla of malaysia is represented by ten species of which seven of them can be found in peninsular malaysia (ong, 2018; raffi, 2019). however, the genus account in the peninsula is now enriched with the discovery of a species with distinct morphological characters from two adjacent localities in the state of perak. its initial population was spotted in january 2021 with indivi reinwardtia 52 [vol.20 duals bearing short sterile inflorescences (indicators of post-anthesis and unsuccessful fertilization) and the species identity was revealed two months later when three individuals were found flowering. this species was preliminary referred as v. albida blume due to its high morphological resemblance but is later confirmed as v. yersiniana guillaumin & sigaldi based on the taxonomic description and drawing by averyanov (2011) as well as its matched distribution pattern that is centred in indochina. in this paper, we present the new record of vanilla species for peninsular malaysia, amended its morphological des criptions and provide important notes on the botanical profile. these data will add to the current knowledge on the genus from malaysia, particularly from the peninsular region. materials and methods in situ observations were conducted on the individuals of vanilla from two localities in lenggong, a valley located in the northern part of perak, from january to july 2021. flowering specimens were collected, dissected, preserved using the standard herbarium technique of bridson and foreman (1998) and deposited in the herba rium of school of biological sciences, universiti sains malaysia (usmp) (thiers, 2021). morphological characteristics of plants parts of the vanilla were diagnosed and compared with the descriptions by soto-arenas & cribb (2010) and averyanov (2011). the morphological characters of vanilla yersiniana were described based on the peninsular malaysian specimen and its botanical drawing is provided. results and discussion taxonomic treatment vanilla yersiniana guillaumin & sigaldi, bull. mus. nat. hist. sér. 2, 36: 162. 1964. figs. 1 & 2. ― type: vietnam (hon ba), 26.03.1963, de sigaldi 362, de sigaldi 309 (syntype p). hemiepiphytic, large creeping vine. roots up to 4 m long. stem to 10 m long or more; internodes 8.5 –10 cm long, 8–9 mm in diam. leaves 10–12 × 4–6 cm, narrowly ovate or broadly lanceolate, apex shortly acuminate, glossy green; petiole ca. 1.5 cm long. inflorescence 2–5.5 cm long in total, bearing 4–10 flowers; peduncle 0.5–1.5 cm long; rachis 1–3 cm long; floral bract ca. 2 mm long, broadly triangular. pedicel-with-ovary 2.8–3.2 cm long, terete, slightly curved, green. flowers in succession, wide-opening, 6–8 cm across; sepals and petals white with greenish-yellow tint. sepals broadly oblanceolate, ca. 5.5 cm long, 1.5 cm wide; petals a little smaller, ca. 5 cm long with adaxial keel along the median vein. lip ca. 5 cm long, trumpet-shaped, forms a narrow tube at base, adnate to column margins for about 3/4 of its length; base light yellow; apex white, rounded, 4 cm wide when spread out, margin slightly undulate to undulate; disc with an imbricate brush ca. 0.7 cm high by 0.5 cm wide, the apex with longitudinal rows of sparsely and shortly papillate hairs, 1– 2.5 mm long, tinted red. column ca. 4.5 cm long, slender, slightly curved, glabrous, whitish; lateral sides of clinandrium slightly undulate, reddish; rostellum ca. 0.5 cm long, rectangular; stigma 0.5 cm wide, transversely oblong to rectangular; apex irregularly incised with reddish margin, whitish yellow; anther-cap ca. 0.4 cm long, helmet-shaped, glabrous, greenish; pollinia granular. fruit 12 cm long, cylindrical. distribution. vietnam, thailand and peninsular malaysia. in peninsular malaysia found in perak. ecology. climbing on trees, close to streams in secondary evergreen lowland forests. phenology. flowering from march to may. fruiting in march. notes. vanilla yersiniana is a new record to peninsular malaysia. the lanceolate, long-acuminate leaves, whitish flowers and its scarcely developed papillae on lip apex distinguished this species from its closest ally, the v. albida. tepals of v. albida are greener, and the lip is white with conspicuous trichomes at the apex of the lip (cribb, 2014). specimen examined. ikhwanuddin 11871 (usmp), malaysia, perak, lenggong, 120 m elevation, 3 march 2021, flowering vine. mat esa et al.: vanilla yersiniana (orchidaceae), a new record for peninsular malaysia 2021] 53 key to vanilla species from peninsular malaysia 1a. leaves reduced to small scales …………..…………………………..……………………...… v. aphylla 1b. leaves not reduced to small scales, of various sizes …………………….…………………..….……… 2 2a. leaves ≥ 30 cm long ……..………………………………...……………..………..………….……..…. 3 2b. leaves ≤ 20 cm long ……………...…………………….………………………………………..……... 4 3a. lip with veins blood-red forked or branched, midlobe with with tuft of hairs ..…….…….. v. sumatrana 3b. lip with purple-marked veins, midlobe with red-purple papillae at the apex ……...…... v. kinabaluensis 4a. lip apex deeply bilobed ………………………...…...……………………….……..………...……..….. 5 4b. lip apex entire ......................................................................................................….……….………….. 6 5a. lip midlobe with dense horseshoe-shaped callus at the emarginated apex ………….…........ v. griffithii 5b. lip midlobe with single individual hairs arranged vertically towards the intersection of apical split ….... …………………………..………………………………………………...………….... v. norashikiniana 6a. lip with dense group of hairs at the apex ……………………..………..…….…….……….… v. pilifera 6b. lip with sparsely arranged hairs at the apex ………………….……………….…………………………7 7a. lip with single individual trichomes arranged in rows at the apex ……………………..…… v. montana 7b. lip with sparse short papillate hairs at the apex ………………………….………..………. v. yersiniana fig. 1. vanilla yersiniana in situ, lenggong, perak. a. flower, front view. b. vines with inflorescences at different flowering stages. c. fruit. photos by ikhwanuddin. reinwardtia 54 [vol.20 fig. 2. vanilla yersiniana. a. part of flowering plant. b. inflorescence with frontal view of flower. c. lip, side view. d. column with lip spread out. e. petal, adaxial (left) & abaxial (right). f. dorsal sepal. g. lateral sepal. h. apical half of the lip disc showing the brush in the middle of the lip disc and hairs on apex. i. imbricate brush on the lip disc. j. column apex. from the herbarium specimen, ikhwanuddin 11871 (usmp). drawn by mohamad aidil noordin. mat esa et al.: vanilla yersiniana (orchidaceae), a new record for peninsular malaysia 2021] 55 acknowledgements the authors would like to express our deepest gratitude to department of biology, universiti putra malaysia, school of biological sciences, universiti sains malaysia, and faculty of resource science, universiti malaysia sarawak for the facilities and assistance provided during the study conducted. special thanks to dato’ mohd ridza awang, director general of forestry department of peninsular malaysia, tuan haji roslan rani, director of kedah state forestry department, and dato’ mohamed zin yusop, director of perak state forestry department for granting access to the research locality with research permit number: kt7767-7775/2021. this project is funded by the american orchid society grant (grant no.: c-2020-17 and 304/pbiologi/6501097/a151) awarded to the corresponding author, farah alia nordin. references averyanov, l. v. 2011. the orchids of vietnam illustrated survey. part 3. subfamily epidendroideae (primitive tribes–neottieae, vanilleae, gastrodieae, nerviliea). turczanino wia 14(2): 15–100. cribb, p. 2014. a synopsis of vanilla in borneo. malesian orchid journal 13: 101–112. bridson, d. & forman, l. 1998. the herba rium handbook. kew royal botanic gardens. united kingdom. forest department sarawak. 2021. facts and figures. https://forestry.sarawak.gov.my/page-0-4611170-facts-figures.html. (accessed 21 march 2021). juiling, s., leon, s. k., jumian, j., tsen, s., lee, y. l., khoo, e., sugau, j. b., nilus, r., pereira, j. t., damit, a., tanggaraju, s., o’byrne, p., sukaibin, s., mujih, h. & maycock, c. r. 2020. conservation assessment and spatial distribution of endemic orchids in sabah, borneo. nature conservation research 5: 136– 144. ong, p. t., o’byrne, p., saw, l. g. & chung, r. c. k. 2017. checklist of orchids of peninsular malaysia. research pamphlet no. 136. forest research institute malaysia. kepong. ong, p. t. 2018. flora of peninsular malaysia– vanilloideae. malesian orchid journal 21: 69– 116. raffi, a. 2019. ‘vanilla in malaysia: diversity and potential’. presented at 13th asia pacific orchid conference (apoc 13), borneo convention centre kuching, sarawak, malaysia. 25 july. soto-arenas, m. a. & cribb, p. 2010. a new infra-generic classification and synopsis of the genus vanilla plum. ex mill. (orchidaceae: vanillinae). lankesteriana 9(3): 355–398. thiers, b. 2021. index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. new york botanical garden’s virtual herbarium (continuously updated). https:// sweetgumnybg.org/science/ih. (accessed 27 august 2021). reinwardtia 56 [vol.20 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant -sociology and ecology reinwardtia . editors mien a. kijs wat a kartawinata n. wulijarni-soetjipto 1 published by ' herbarium bogoriense lembaga bio-logi nasional — lipi bo.sor, indonesia eeinwardtia vol. 9, part 1, 1 —182 31 december 1974 10issn 0(f34-365x 1! el n ward ti a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbk, bopor vol. 9, part 1, pp. 153 —i76 (1371) pollen morphology of certain tropical plants a. n. rao & leonc fong ling department of botany, university of singapore, singapore abstract the pollen morphology of 49 species belonging to 48 genera and 31 families ia recorded in this paper. of these 24 anil 19 taxa are studied show the variations in the local pollen grains. in most of the species studied presently the characters were similar to those recorded previously for the respective families. the variations seen in some of the taxa with the present observations ace comparatively discussed with reference to previous literature. abstrak tei-morfologi serbuk sari 49 jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan tropika golong dalam 46 marga dan 31 suku telah dilaporkan dalam karangan ini. enam jenis telah dipertelaken kembali untuk menunjukkan adanya variasi pada serbuk sari tumbuh-tumbuhan setempat. ciri-ciri kebanyakan jenis yang diteliti ternyata sama dengan ciri-ciri sukunya yang bersangkutan yang sudah dilaporkan orang aebelumnya. variasi yang terlihat pada sifat-sifat dinding serbuk sari, keadaan lubang-iubang dan iain-lain ditunjukkan. hasil pengamatan yang dilakukan sekarang ini dibandiugkau dan dibahas dengan mengafu pada puhtaka-pustaka yang ada. ixtroductton according to a recent estimate there ftre about 28,000 species of angiosperm in the malesian region representing about one tenth of the world flora (van steenis 1948). the estimated number of malayan genera is around 1,800 and of malayan species about 8,300 (keng 1970). taxonomieally these are well described and documented in the different regional floras (see keng 1970, for details). for the last few years detailed investigations are tarried out to study the pollen morphology and other structural details of some of the species. in an earlier publication the pollen morphology of about ninety local species, representing forty families of angiosperms, was described (rao & lee 1970). the pollen characters of about 50 species are recorded in this paper, and few of the tasa are described to indicate the variations seen in the local plants. — 158— . . . . reinwardtia [vol. 9 the well known works of cramvell (1953), erdtman {1943, 1952, 1957, 1961), faegri & iveraen (1950, 1964), hyde & adams (1958), nair (1965) and wodehousc (1935) and the journals grana palynologiril botanical review (faegri 1956; wodehouse 1936), pollen et spores^ palaeobotanist and journal of palynology served as chief sources of references. other published papers were consulted wherever necessary. 2o/j ^^k .1974] pigs. 1-8. 1. imperata cylindrica. 2. schizostachyum. braekycladum. s. arckonto phoenix alexandrite. 4. aglaonema jrictus. 6. aechmea tinetoria. 6. pitcairn.it iategrifoua. 7. gnnocaryum utorate. 8. boerhaavia diffusa. materials a no methods pollen grains were collected in the mornings from the fresh ope flowers of plants growing in singapore and west malaysia. envelope were used to separate and prevent contamination of the pollen of diffe rao & leokg: ti-fipicat pntten grai; rent species. in cases where the anthers were large (such as datura) one flower gave all the material required whereas in others (such as grossandra and nyctantheg) 15—20 flowers were found to be necessary. where contamination of foreign pollen was found, due to the visiting pollinators, the very mature buds were used. voucher specimens were prepared and deposited in the herbarium and the numbers of such specimens are mentioned against the species name. the symbols ush (university of singapore herbarium) and sbgh (singapore botanic gardens herbarium) indicate the place of deposition and the number mentioned here is the same as recorded on the herbarium sheet. the pollen grains were fixed in concentrated acetic acid and after 24 hours they were acetolysed following the method outlined earlier (erdtman 1952, 1960). the procedure was slightly modified as was found necessary. in the case of thick walled pollen grains it was necessary to bleach them before acetolysis, by using saturated sodium chlorate solution. to obtain the average measurements at least 20 grains were measured in each case. the size of fresh and acetolysed grains was compared and there was insignificant difference between the two. to determine the size, shape, l0 pattern, exine pattern, the methods employed by earlier workers were followed and descriptive terms used presently are in conformity with the published work (erdtman 1952; nair 1965). in the palynograms of dicotyledonous plants the first figure on the left represents the polar view, followed by a second of the equatorial view, with the exceptions of the pantoporate or rugulate conditions. for monocotyledonous plants the first diagram represents the surface view followed by a diagram showing lateral view. the ol patterns are given except for those where sexine pattern is psilate. observations monocotyledons g k a m i n e a e imperata oylindrica beauv. ush 4033. figure 1 plate i, 1 monoporate, pore diameter 2.1 .̂m, pore margin 1.6 .̂m. exine 1-1 y.m thick. spheroidal, diameter 27.4 jim. foveolate. •sekixostackyum brachycladum kurz. ush 5279. figure 2 monoporate, of pore diameter 2.4 iim, pore margin is thick forming an annular ring of 1.8 iim. exine is 1.3 jim thick. spheroidal, diameter 28.1 jim. foveolate. reinwardtia [vol. 1974] rao & leong: tropical pollen, gr in all the genera so far studied, pollen grains are monoporate and differences are noted in the diameter of the grain, the porate condition, that is whether they are crassimarginate or tenuimarginate. p a l m a e archontophoenix alexandrae h. wend] & drude. sbgh 15/15. figure 3 monosulcate. exine 0.9 jun thick. bilaterally symmetrical 42.3 x 49.5 x 28.8 ij.m. psilate. this family ia palynologically heterogenous (erdtman 1952). the ol pattern ranges from psilate to reticulate, some of them beset with spines and others not so. generally, members of this family are either 1-sulcate or 2-sulcate. a r a c e a e aglaonema pictum kunth. ush 623. figure 4 non-aperturate. exine thickness of 3.6 [aih. spheroidal, diameter 29.8 nm. exine plicate, that is folded. ol pattern foveolate. this is a palynologically heterogenoua ranging from the non-aparturate to the sulcate and porate conditions. in this species, the exine is unique because it is plicate and its ol pattern is more or less obscure. such non-apcrturate pollen grains with thick plicate exine is considered more "advanced" than the monosulcate, finely reticulate ones (erdtman 1952). b r o m e l i a c e a e aeckmea tinctoria mez. ush 4458. figure 5 biaperturate, one pore at each end of the pollen grain. exine l.-l ijm thick. bilaterally symmetrical 22.1 x 34.9 x 24.2 y.m. reticulate. pitcairnia, iutegrifolia hort. sbgh 17/171. figure 6 plate i, 2. monosulcate. exine thickness 1.0 nim. bilaterally symmetrical 19.2 x 32.6 x 21.0 urn. retipilate. in bromelioideae, 1-aperturatc grains are found and aeckmea involucrata belonging to this sub-family is not an exception (erdtman 1952). but ae.chmm tinctoria is exceptional in that the pollen grains are biaperturate. pollen grains of another species a. bernoulliana show the biaperturate condition also (erdtman 1952). here, as in pollen grains studied in certain species of ochnagavia, thecophyllwm, etc. (erdtman 1952), the ends of the grain, that is around the regions of the apertures show a finer reticulation than the rest of the grain surface. members of the group pitcairnioideae have monosulcate pollen and pitcairnia. iutegrifolia is no exception (erdtman 1952). p o n t e d e k i a c e a e eickkornw, crassipes solms. ush 4358. figure 10 monosulcate. exine 1.5 ii.ni thick. bilaterally symmetrical. renate, 20.5 x 43.1 x 23.3 pn. finely foveolate. monoekorut hastata solms. sbgh 4/179. figure 11 monosulcate. exine thickness 1.2 -im. bilaterally symmetrical 17.6 x 37.4 x 18.9 jtm. foveolate. the pollen grains of various genera show sulcate condition. essentially the pollen grains of eichhornia crassipes and that of monochoria hastatv are similar except for the slight difference in size. grandiflora. 10. eichhornia. craaaipee. 11. a. 13. zephyranthes alba. 14. gdustackys reinwardtia [vol. jj rao & leong: tropical pollen a m a k y i , l i d a c e a g leptocmlon qia'toensis sealy. ush 4459. figure 12 plate i, 3 monosulcate. exine 2.4 ;j.ra thick. bilaterally symmetrical 49.4 x 79.2 x 46.9 urn. retipilate. zephyranth.es alba hort. ush 4364. figure 13 monosulcate. exine thickness 1.2 am. bilaterally symmetrical 27.4 x 51.6 x 27.1 ^m. very prominently reticulate. pollen morphology of members of this family are diversified (erdtman 1952). some of them are small and in others very large pollen grains are found here. longest axis 17 to 160 ;im in some "rains (erdtman 1952). likewise, oh pattern ranges from scrobiculate to retipilate. but generally, the aperturate condition is sulcate. erdtman has divided this family into four main groups on the basis of pollen morphology (erdtman 1952). z l n g i b e e a c e a e geostackys rupestris ridley. segh 12,-170 no. 8. figure 14 plate i, 4 non-aperturate. exine 0.6 nm thick. spheroidal. diameter 87.2 ym. psilate, but excrescences are in the form of gemma. pollen grains of members of this family are usually non-aperturate, large in size, but generally, the exine is very thin and hence not resistant to aeetolysis. exine may be psilate, and sometimes excrescences may be present in the form of spinules or gemma. dicotyledons n y c t a g i x a c e a e boerhaavia diffiisa l. ush l71 '71. figure 8 pantoporate. pore diameter 2.4 j.m. pore margin 1.1 ;i.m. interposal distance is 17.1 ;im. exine 5.4 .̂m thick. spheroidal, diameter 60.3 |ini. surface of pollen grain is spiniferous, with spine length 2.4 \j.iti. interspinal areas foveolate. pollen grains of different genera show spines or spinules. the aperturate condition is very varied, ranging from colpate to pantoporate (erdtman 1952). pollen of another species, boerhaavia caribaea is studied by lundell (cited in erdtman 1952) and it is found that the porate condition and the excrescences are essentially the same, except for the fact that the pollon diameter of this species is bigger, namely 80 jim. this is true for many other species studied by nowicke (1970) e.g. b. anistyphyua, b. dichoto'nia, b. erecta, etc. p o b t u l a c a c e a e ica grandiflora hook. ush 2711. figure 9 polyrugate. exine thickness 2.3 ;j.m. spheroidal. surface of the ,rain spiniferous, with spine length 1.4 u.m. interspinal area areolate. fhe arrangement of the colpi is irregular and there are about five in sch pollen grain. oil globules are also seen in the grain and they vary om two to four in number. pollen of portidaca quadrifida and portidaca grandiflora, a cultivated species in uppsala, are described (erdtman 1952). in all cases, the polyrugate condition is seen, but spinules of portulxiea, grandiflora grown in uppsala are twice the length of that of the same species grown locally. this difference could be attributed to environmental conditions as the climate in sweden is very different from that of singapore (kurtz & linerman 1958). reinwardtia cruciderae [vol. 9 braasiea oleracca l. ush 4457. figure 15 tri-zonocolpate. exine thickness 1.2 ;jm. prolate spheroidal 14.9 x 33.4 tjm. reticulate. other species studied are braasiea campeal.ris (spheroidal, 35 ;im and braasiea juneea (spheroidal, 21 ,um; nair 1965). the pollen aperturate conditions of these 2 species are also tri-zonoeolpate, but their sizes and shapes differ from b. oleracea. moringaceae moringa oleifera lam. ush 4454. figure 16 tri-zonocolporate. lolongate ora 7.5 x 5.2 .̂m. exine 1.2 ym thick. oblate spheroidal 32.4 x 33.3 ii.m. foveolate. another species was studied, moringa aptera, cultivated in egypt (erdtman 1952). the pollen characters of both these species are similar, c u n o n i a c e a e weinmannia blumei planch. ush 3588. figure 18 tri-zonocolpate. exine thickness 0.8 .̂m. prolate spheroidal 10.2 9.3 jtm. foveolate. pollen grains of members of this family are usually 2or 3-colporate with exine stratifications more or less obscure. weinmannia intermedia, grown in mexico, has pollen grains of the colporate condition (erdtmatt 1952). but weinmannia blvmei shows colpate condition. l e g u m i n o s a e andira mrinamensis splitg. ush 739. figure 17 plate i, 5 tri-zonocolporate. pollen grains aspidote, that is the apertures are borne on small circular areas called aspides, protruding as rounded domes from the surface of the grain. ora circular 1.3 ^m in diameter. exiw thickness 0.9 jra. prolate 17.6 x 12.8 \ita. finely foveolate. there is considerable variation in the family with aperturate condition ranging from colporate to porate and exine pattern ranging from psilate to reticulate (erdtman 1952; nair 1965). the pollen in i hi case is monad in contrast to the polyac! condition in many mimosoidcac rao & leong: tropical pollen grah 2 o j j figs. 22-27. 22. elaeodexdron quadrangulatum. 23. impaliens griffumi. 24. wormia aiiffrutico&a. 35. pierie ovalifolia. 26. rhododendron leucobotrys. 27. styrax benzoin. llnaceae ixonanthes reticulata jack. ush 402. figure 19 plate i, 6 tri-zonocolporate. ora lolongate 9.9 x 5.2 (j.m. exine 1.9 j.m thick. prolate spheroidal 50.3 x 49.7 jum. surface of pollen grain spinulous, with spinule length of 0.9 ;jm. interspinal areas foveolate. this species was collected from kedah peak and when compared with the pollen of singapore plants studied (geh 1967), it had pollen grains of a larger size. this could be attributed to different environmental conditions, as the species collected from kedah peak was found at an altitude of 3,000 feet above sea level (kurtz & liverman 1958). the ora was larger and lalongate compared to that of singapore plants 162 reinwardtia [vol. <! which had a smaller and circular ora. pollen grains of other species, /. icosandra, and /. chinensia (colporate, spinulose) have similar morphology (erdtman 1952). e u f h o r b i a c e a e jatropha podagrica hook. ush 2282. figure 20 plate i, 7 non-aperturate. exine thickness 2.9 ;j.m. spheroidal, diameter 61.5 |im. excrescences in the form of verruca. areolate. pollen of jatropha curcas has a diameter of 68 ;j,m (erdtman 1952). c e l a s t r a c e a e elaeodendron quadrangitlatum reiss. ush 4359. figure 22 tri-zonocolporate. ora lolongate 17.5 x 1.4 ^m. exine thickness 1.7 yjn, thinner towards colpi margins. subprolate 29.5 x 25.6 ;itn. punctate. " . i c a c i n a c e a e gonoearyum morale sleum. ush 4354. figure 7 non-aperturate. exine 2.6 jim. thick. spheroidal, diameter 29.3 ;;.m. retipilate. this species is an exception in that it is non-aperturate. normally, pollen grains belonging to members of this family have the colpate, colporoidate, or porate conditions (erdtman 1952). b a l s a m i n a c e a e impatiens griff ithii hook. f. sbgh 19/38c/1. figure 23 pantoporate with at least three pores. pore diameter 4.5 ;im. pore margin 0.6 iim. irregular distribution of pores and therefore the inlevporal distances are not constant. exine 1.3 jim thick, spheroidal, diameter 34.1 jim. spmulous with spinule length of 0.8 |im. reticulate. members of this family have pollen grains of the colpate condition and show variation in size (erdtman 1952; nair 1965; faegri & iversen 1949). but an exception is found in this species impatiens griff ithii, which shows pantoporate condition. other species, namely impatiens biflora (24—34 |ira), /. noli-tangere (23—31 jim), and i. parviflora (29—40 ;am) have grains of the colp(old)ato condition. (erdtman 1952; nair 1965). 1d74] lkong: tropical pollen, grains d l l l e n i a c b a e fflormia suffrutieosa griff. ush 1747. figure 24 tri-zonocolpate. exine thickness 1 ;im. suboblate 18.6 x 22 inn. reticulate. the eolpate condition is found in dillenia ovata, wormia alata, fetracera alnifolia, etc. (erdtman 1952). sometimes, brevicolpate condition is seen in the pollen grains of wormia suffrutieosa cultivated in bogor (erdtman 1952). e r i c a c e a e pierix oval!folia d. don. sbgh 14/93. figure 25 compound pollen grains in tetrads, of two types, namely the tetrahedral and the tetragonal type i.e. 1 pair of pollen grains art perpendicular to the other pair. the tetrahedral type occurs in 83% and tetragonal type occurs in 17%. tri-zonocolporate. ora lalongate 2.8 x 4.2 |im. exine 1.1 ;j.m thick. oblate 17 x 23.8 m». longest axis of tetrad 33.9 ;im. finely foveolate. s arbor-tristis. 29. cerbera odolla .iterria. 31. ronpellia grata. 184 reinwardtia [vol. 9 rhododendron leucobotrys ridley. sbgh 46/93/8. figure 26 plate i, 8 compound pollen grains in tetrahedral arrangement. tri-zonoeolporate. ora lalongate 2.5 x 10.5 ;jm. exine thickness 2.0 ;im. longest axis of tetrad 51 jim. foveolate. the pollen grains of this family are either united in tetrads, or occurring singly. aperturate condition is usually colporate with exine obscure. the ora is lalongate and in this case, it is very prominent forming a streak across the colpus. size variations are seen in the grains of this family, with a range between 25 jun to more than 50 ;im. other species studied are rhododendron arboreum (58 jim), r. barbatum (54 ]ini), r. catawbiense (62 ]im), and r, lepidotivm (53 ;jm). they show similar pollen morphology except for the size variations (erdtman 1952; nair 1965). s t y e a c a c e a b styrax benzoin dryand. ush 4350. figure 27 tri-zouoeolpate. exine thickness 3.1 y.m. prolate 32.4 x 23.3 jim. foveolate. the pollen grains of styrax officuialis have the colporoidate condition and are much larger in size. styrax suberifolhtm has pollen grains of the colporate condition (erdtman 1952). therefore, the aperlurate condition is not a constant feature, even in the pollen grains of the same genus. 0 leaceae nyetanthes arbor-tristis l. ush 333. figure 28 plate i, 9 tri-zonocolpate. exine 3.4 .̂m thick. subprolate 46.3 x 39.1 fj.hi. retipilate. pollen grains of local plants are similar in size, and it is subprolate in contrast to the spheroidal condition (erdtnian 1952). the ol pattern of the pollen grains of the species found locally is retipilate and do not possess any excrescence in contrast to that found in thailand, which have a reticiiiate pattern with the lumina studded with granules or ± piloid excrescences. this could be due to the different climatic conditions which existed in different habitats or they are obtained from different horticultural varieties (kurtz & liverman 1958). 1974 rao & lkong: tropical pollen grains a f o c y n a c b a e cerbera odollam gaertn. ush 384. figure 29 tri-zonocolporate. ora lalongate 15 x 6.6 jmi. exine thickness 1.8 î m. shape ranges from subprolate to prolate spheroidal 72.8—75.3 x 61.6—72.8 ji. foveolate. ramvolfia vomttoria afzel. ush 4460. figure 30 plate ii, 1 tricolporate. ora lolongate 5.6 x 3.4 ;ijn. margin of colpus, crassimarginate. exine 1.2 ;j.m thick. suboblate 29.9 x 37.8 jtm. foveolate. roupeuia grata wall & hook. ush 352. figure 31 4-zonoporate. pore diameter 2.s [im. pore margin 1.5 .̂m. interporal distance 22 ym. exine thickness 1.2 ii.m. spheroidal, diameter 40.4 |xm. foveolate. thevetia peruviatia merrill. ush 4355. figure 32 tri-zonocolporate. ora lalongate 5.5 x 6.3 ;j.m. exine thickness 2.8 ;j.m. suboblate 50.5 x 62.9 iim. reticulate. 2on p 'gs. 32 36. 32. thevetia pemviana. 33. ekretia mv sjieciosisffimmm. 35. bmnfolsia etlyeiaa. 36. br •ophylla. 34. clerodendrreinwardtia [vol. 9 pollen grains of members of this family are usually colporate or porate in nature. pollen grains of rauwolfia verticillata are colporate, and ora are lalongate compared to the lolongate condition found in that of r. vomitoria (erdtman 1952). the exine pattern is usually foveolate. the main morphological characters are fairly constant within individual genus (erdtman 1952). bokaginaceae ehretia mierophylla hort. ush 4361. figure 31 plate ii, 8 tri-zonocolporate. ora lalongate 3.8 x 1.9 [im. exine thickness 1.2 jim. prolate spheroidal 27.1 x 27.8 y.m. faintly reticulate. pollen of other species studied are ehretia (aevis var. floribunda, e. latifolia, e. rigida and e. silvatica (erdtman 1952). the morphological characters in all these species are similar. v e r b e n a c e a e clerodendron speciosissimum van geert. "ush 4537. figure 40 plate ii, 3 tri-zonoeolpate. exine thickness 2.5 yjn. prolate spheroidal 50.6 x 46.3 y.m. exine surface is spiniferous with spine length of 1.3 y.m. foveolate. two other species have been studied, that of clerodendron infor~ tunatum: spheroidal, 60 urn and c. serratum: spheroidal, 71 ji.m (nair 1965) and it has been found that the general pollen morphology conforms with that of clerodendron speciosissimum. solanacbae brunfelsla calycino, benth. sbgh 61/114. figure 35 plate ii, 4 4-zonoporate. pore diameter 9.6 |im. pore mai-gin 0.9 |im. interporal distance 14.6 iim. exine thickness 1.0 ;im. oblate spheroidal 35.8 x 35.9 um. reticulate. brunfelsia wndwlata swartz. ush 585. figure 36 tri-aonoporate. pore diameter 8.4 -im. pore margin 1.3 |im. interporal distance 23.5 y.m. exine 1 |im thick. oblate spheroidal 37.9 x 39-3 iim. foveolate. capsicum annuum l. sbgh 10/114. figure 39 tri-zonocolporate. ora lolongate 3.4 x 5.8 um, forming a long streak across colpus. exine thickness 1.2 jim. prolate spheroidal 23.6 x 21.4 um. foveolate. rao & l e o n g : tropical polleti yra 167 datura metel l. suh 445. figure 37 tri-zonobrevi col pate. exine thickness 1.1 ji.m. oblate spheroidal, 40.4 x 33.1 um. striate. striations converging at the polos. petunia axitlaris britton, stern & poggenb. ush 4456. figure 42 tri-zonocolporate. ora lolongate 6.4 x 8.1 jjm. exine 1.1 ]im thick. suboblate 23.8 x 29.5 [jm. faintly reticulate. solatium -melongena l. sbgh 2/114. figure 40 tri-zonocolporate. ora lolongate, forming a streak across the colpus 5.1 x 14.4 [j.m. exine thickness 1.1 y.m. prolate spheroidal 26.4 x 24.9 jim. faintly foveolate. solanwm wrightii nees. ush 4356. figure 41 tri-zonocolporate. ora lalongate 6.0 x 4.9 um. exine thickness 1.3 urn. prolate spheroidal 21.4 x 19.8 um. psilate. datura sziaveolens (figure 38) is also studied (erdtman 1952) but based on observations it is found that the aperturate condition is colporate in nature, but the species collected from malaysia shows the brevicolpate figs. 37 40. 37, datura metel. 38. datura ettoveolens. 39. capsionmannuu reinwardtia figs. 41-49. 41. solatium wrigktii. 42. petunia, axittans. 43. te capensie. 44. crossandra wndulaefolia. 45. psexderanthemum retioulotum. 46. berre laevictadis, 47. isotoma umgiflora. 4b. museaenda oblowga. 49. jihsseito sarmevifo condition. the ora present ia lalongate in the former species. another species found locally is datura metel and this too shows a brevicolpate condition. apart from the two species studied locally, other species in which their pollen grains are studied are solanum alatwrn, souinwm dulcamara, solanum luteum, solanum nigram (erdtman 1952), solatium pseudocapsieum., and solanum verbascifokum (nair 1965). in all cases, there ia very little morphological variation and all of them show colporate condition. the taxonomic significance of the pollen morphology in solanaceae is not so obvious because, sometimes genera belonging to the same tribe or subtribe have similar pollen morphology, but in other cases, it can be very different (erdtman 1952). the following table shows the species studied by erdtman and nair, compared with the species presently studied. datura arborta (chaubel & deodikar 1963) rao & leonc: tropioat pollen arai: aperturate conditions porate porate datura suaveoleua (cited in erdtman 1952) solatium peeudocapsicrtitl (nair 1965) solanum vprbascifolitiin (nair 1b65) solanum ivrigkui colporate brevicolpate colporate b rev i col pate colpovate colporate colporate colporate colporate colporate colporatc colporate colporate colpomte colporate 35.8 x 35.9 37.!) x 39.3 j 37 x 40 j 40.4 x 33.1 41 x 45 jj.ni 23.6 x 21.4 jj.m 23.8 x 29.5 |im 30 x 26 :im 14.5 x 13 jtm 28.5 x 24.5 ^m 20 x 24 y,m •26.4 x 24.9 y.m 17.5 x 14 .ij.m si x 18 :j.m 21.4 x 10.s (in with reference to the table, the pollen grains of datura stramonium are smaller than the other three species. the species studied presently (d. metel and d. sitaveolens) are brevicolpate, whilst other workers have recorded colporate condition in certain species. except for the size variations, the pollen of solanum species generally show the colporate condition. reinwardtia [vol. 1974] rao leong: tropical pollen gr 171 s c r o p h u l a k i a c e a e russelia sarmentosa facq. ush 3293. figure 49 tri-zonocolporate. ora lalongate 3.2 x 4.4 p.ni, exine 0.9 y.m thick. oblate spheroidal 14.8 x 16.1 ij.m. rugulate. the pollen grains of members of this family have close affinitieh with that of the genera in solanaceae. but in this family, striate pattern of exine, the n on-aperturate, or 4-aperturate conditions, and large size of the grains are not so common as are encountered in members of solanaceae. b i g n o n i a c e a e tecomatia, capeiisk spach. ush 3322. figure 43 tri-zonocolpoidate. exine thickness 1.6 ym. oblate spheroidal 28.9 x 30.7 ;j.m. retipilate. acanthaclae crossandm undulaefolia salisb. ush 4360. figure 44 plate ii, 6 two colpate. exine thickness 1.5 ;im. exine thicker at equatorial region, thinner at the poles. perprolate 56.0 x 19.7 tim. reticulate. the grain is perprolate and 2-colpate. normally, colpi are three or more in number and perprolate condition is not frequently encountered in pollen grains of other families. pollen of this species studied earlier also exhibit the perprolate condition, but larger in size (87 x 42 ;i.m) (erdtman 1952). pseuderwnthemum reticulatum radlkf. ush 2402. figure 45 plate ii, 7 tri-zonocolporate. ora lalongate, 5.2 x 3.8 ^m. exine thickness 2.2 iim. subprolate 39.8 x 32.5 y.m. surface of the grain is scalloped and this is best seen in the polar view. ol pattern punctate. the scalloped shape of the pollen grain is quite unique, and characteristic. the pollen of 3 other species described are p. em-datum, p. citatrecasaii and p. malaecmise (raj 1961). essentially, they all show the colporate condition. r u b i a c e a e borreria laevicavms ridley. ush 5037. figure 46 zonoporate. four to six pores are found in one pollen grainpores slightly elongated. pore diameter 1.8 jim. pore margin 1.4 v-minterpora! distance 10.6 ^m. exine 1.4 ?.m thick. prolate spheroidal 33.5 x 32.s ;j.m. foveolate. mitssaenda oblonya king. ush 1790. figure 48 4-konoporate. pore diameter 2.2 [im. pore margin 0.8 im. interporal distance 7.6 7.111. exine thickness 1 ;j.m. oblate spheroidal 15.1 x 17 urn. foveolate. warseeiviezia eocciuea klotzseh. ush 507. figure 21 tri-zonoporate. pore diameter 2 {j.m. pore margin 1.1 ;j.m. exine thickness 1.2 ;j.m. prolate spheroidal 16.5 x 15.2 -jun. excrescences granulose. retipilate. pollen morphological variations are seen with regard to shape, ol pattern, aperturate condition and size. campanulaceae isotonu), longiflora presl. ush 3026. figure 47 plate 11, 2 tri-zonocolpate. exine thickness 2.2 y.m. oblate spheroidal 35.3 x 37.7 j.m. reticulate. lumina in the polar region are very small, and as they reach the equatorial region, they are very prominent. variations in pollen morphology are seen in this family. three other species studied are isotoma (lobelia) anceps var. minor: 29 x 19 ;im; l.gloria-montis: 5 8 x 3 5 ;jm (erdtman 1952) and l. nicotianaefolia: 2 6 x 2 3 vxa (chaubal & deodikar 1963). the aperturate condition in the first two species listed is colporoidate. the latter has pollen grains of the colpate condition. size variations are indicated. discubsiox the pollen grains of plants studied either at the generic or species level are given in the following table. for others the variations noticed in the local plants are recorded and the data is compared with the earlier accounts. studied at the genetic level imperata cylhidrica archoittophoenix alexandrae twiwma picttttn •aimlo. integrifolia. eichkornia crassipcs monochiria hastata ' the number of species studied pr studied at the aechmea unctoria (2)" boerhaavia diffasa (14) portuluca grandiflora (1) braesica oleracea (2) moringa oleijera (1) weinmaimia blumei (1) ixonanlhes reticalata (2) jabrqpha, podagriua (1) level sly is sho ithin the bracket. 172 studied at the generic lev zephyrantkes alba geostackys rupestris andira surinamensis etaeedendron qaadrungulauin gonocaryum morale cerbera odollam roupellia grata tkevetia peruviana brunfelsia species (b. cafycin i i a [vol. s t u d i e d a t t h e species level impatient griff ithii (s) wormia suffruticosa (1) rhododendron leucobotrys (4) styrax bemoin (2) raiiwolfia. vomitaria (1) ekretia microphylla (4) clerodendron specinsissimttnt (2) datura species (d. metel & d. suaveolens) (2) solaiium species (s. melongena & s. wrigktii) (6) fseuderantkemam reticulatum (3) isotoma longiflota (3) rao & leong: tropieaj jwmsn grains petunia axularis ruseelia sarmentosa tecotnariv* capeftsia borreria laevicaulie muaeaenda oblonga wareeewiaiia cocci-nea earlier, under the description of each species a brief comparison is made about the pollen characters of the closely related genus or species. in the palynological studies, the families studied may be broadly divided into two groups, namely eurypalynous type, that is, their pollen grains are characterised by a great array of pollen types and variations in morphological characters like apertures, exine stratifications, ol patterns, excrescences, etc.; the other group being the stenopalynous type in which the pollen of different genera in a family show more or lesa similar characters. the classification of the different families, presently investigated, under the two groups is summarized below. ies stenopalynous families gramineac pontederiaceae zingiberaceae cruciferae euryp. p a l a r i e n am alynou. raae iccae imeliac arvllid mo ngaceae euphorbiacc apocynaceae verbenaceae acanthaceae celastrac balsainin: styracace scrovhulariaceae rubiaceae campanulaceae plate i. 1-i). 1. impe qiiitoewsia. a. geostachys 1. jatrophn porlagrica. -ota eylindriea. 2. pitca rnpestris. b. andira sili-is. rhodthlevdron u i iittegrifolia. 3. lejitochiton ensis. 0. ixonanthes reticulata. •iriie. !l. nyetanth.es arbor-math. among the species investigated the corporate (325!,), colpate (2i'/< j, poi-ate (20^,), sulcate (12%) and non-aperturate (10%) grains are found and the percentage of their occurrence is mentioned within the brackets. gramineae has pollen grains characterised by the presence of a single pore. the non-aperturate condition is seen both in monoand dieots. the thickest exine is seen in boerliaavia diffusa (5.4 ;,m) and thinnest in case of geostachys i-iipestris (0.6 y.m). the smallest and largest grains 1 7 4 r e i n w a r d t i a [ v 0 l f l seen presently are those of weinmannia bhimei (10.2 x 0.3 ;im) and geostachys rupestris (diameter 87.2 y.m) respectively. pollen characters are generally very specific and said to be genetically controlled (wodehouse 1935). the external characters of the pollen, for example the diameter, size, number of pores or furrows sculpture of exine are somewhat variable at least in some plants as a result of the rao & leoko: trapical polkn gr 176 plat* ii 1-s 1 rauwolfia vomitoria. 2. leotamu kingiflora. 3. ckrodendi speciosis'sinmm 4 brunfelsia calycina. 5. datura *uavcolew>. s. crosiandra tindul folia 7 pseuderanthemum retittulatum. s. ehretia microphyua. climatic effects on the pollen forming plants or directly upon the process of pollen formation (kurtz & liverman 1958). high temperature, repeated cooling of flower buds, variation in the moisture contents of the soil or arid condition may effect the size of the grains, or number uf germ pores on them (kurtz & liverman 1%8). polyploid condition is another factor that causes variations in pollen size and viability within a given species. among the cultivated plants such variations are common. some workers claim that the position of the flower on the plant, the size of the anther, and the time of flowering also influence the pollen size. among1 the plants presently studied such variations are noticed in the following genera: portulaca, ixonanthes, nyctanthes, datura and cros&andra. the exine pattern of the pollen of nyctanthes arbor-trigtis found locally is retipilate and do not possess any excrescence, in contrast to that found in thailand which have a reticulate pattern with more or less piloid excrescences (erdtman 1952). heferenoes chauhai, p. d. & fieodikab, g. b. (iflfi3>. pollen grains of poisonous plants. i. poisonous pollen in honey samples from western ghats (india). hi grana palynol i: 393-397. cuanwrll, l. m. (1953). new zealand poliea stttdies. the tnonneotytedons. harvard university press, cambridge, mass. eedtmau, g. (1943). an introduction !u pollen anali/sh. chronic botanies company, walttam, mass. erdtman, g. (1952). pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. almqvist & wikscll, stockholm. ekdtman, ci. (1957j. pollen and spore nunjiholoby/plant taxotiamy. almiivist & wiksell, stockholm. khdtmam, g. (i960). the aeetolysis method. a revised description. in svensk. bot. tidskr. 54: e61-564. ehdtman, g., behglunel, b. & praglowshi, j . (1961). an introduction to n scandinavian pollen flora. alraqvist & wiksell, stockholm. paf.ohi, k. (19b6). recent trends in palynology. in bot. rev. 22: 639-684. farcht, k. & iverben, j. (1950). textbook of mode™ pollen analysis. munksgaard, copenhagen. paecri, k. & iverssr.-, j. (1964). textbook of pollen analysis. munksgaard, copenhagen. hyde, h. a. & adams, a. f. (1958). an atlas of airborne pollen grant*. macmillan & co., london. ken'c. h. (1s70). size and affinities of the ftora of the malay peninsula. la jour. trap. geog. 3 1 : 43 66. kurtz, b. b. & ltvebman, j. l. |19bs). some effects of temperature on pollen characters, hi bull. torrey bot. ci. 85: 136-138. nair, p.k.k. (1965). pollen grains of western himalayan plants. asia, bombay. reinwardtia pollen morphology in the nytaginaceae . in grana palynol morphological studies in the acanthaceae. in grana palynol (1970).studies on singapura pollen. in pacific sci (1w0). hemnwabdtia published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. %, port 1, pp. 177 — 182 (1974) on some colourless flagellates from java and brasil b. v. skvortzov instituto de botanica, sao panic, brazil abstract two new monotypie genera (kaakimonas bogotiensis and hoehnemastix saepatilensib) and aik other new species (four in tetramitus and two in balliamonas) of colourless flagellates are described based on samples collected in bogor and sao paulo. abstrak 15ua ntnygn inonotipe {ktzaki'itioiiab hoffoticnsts dan nochyiswtastix xaopatilpnsis) dan enam jenis (empat dalam tetramitus — antara lain tetrumiius indowe&iae dan dua dalam baltiatnwiasi flaeellata tak contoh yang dikumpulkan di bogor (jawa) dan sao paulo (brasilia). the colourless flagellates described in the present note have been cultivated and studied in the instituto de botanica, sao paulo. they were isolated from samples collected by dr. m. kizaki in bogor (java) in 1971 and by the present author in sao paulo, brasil. all illustrations presented were made from living specimens and all type specimens studied are preserved in the cryptogamic herbarium of the iiiktituto de botanica, sao paulo, brasil. the eight species described are distributed among four genera which can be distinguished as follows. 1. cells 3 times broader than its length, with 2 2. cells fusiform, with 2 anterior and one poster] 3. cells elongate to fusiform, with 3 s 4. colls elongate ovate to fusiform, wit! •imming flagelks. terior flageiles. bauiamantui sltv flagelles of different length. haohnen • flagelles of diffe perty kizakimonas skvortzov, gen. nov. fam. ampbimonadaceae, ord. protomastiginae. monada solitaria, libere jiatantes, compresso-lanceolata, cum antico et postico oppositis convexie, 3 plo latius quam longius; membrana i c o n t e n t s p a g e h a t t i n k , t. a. a revision of malesian caesalpinia, i n c l u d i n g , mezoneuroji ( l e g u m m o s a e c a e s a l p i n i a c e a e ) 1 • j o n e s , h . g < orchidaceae n a v a e vel m i n u s cogtlitae . . . . . . . 7 1 k e n g , h. rediscovery of cheilotheca malayana a n d t h e i d e n t i t y of . cheilotheca, audresia and mo.notropastmm (ericaceae. m o n o t r o p o i d e a e ) 7 7 k o s t e r m a n s , a . j . g . h . a m o n o g r a p h o f t h e genusn.eoanna•momum l i o u h o 8 5 m a t e r i a l s f o r a r e v i s i o n o f l a u r a c e a e i v . . . . . 9 7 r? a new bornean species .of mammea , . 117 triadodapkne, a. new jauraceous genua from borneo . 119 — a monograph of caryodaphnopsis a. shaw . ., . . . 123 larsen, k. & laksen, s. k. a new amorphophallus from thailand ' 139 nayak, m. p. a revision of phtkiandra (melastomataceae) . . 143 rao, a. n. £ leong, f. l. pollen morphology of certain tropical , • plants . . . . . . . . • 153 skvortzov, b. v. on some colourless flagellates from java and brasil 177 distributor bibliotheca bogoriensis, jalan raya juanda 20, eogok, indonesia by archipel rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_01 153-176 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_79 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_80 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_81 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_82 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_83 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_84 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_85 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_86 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_87 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_88 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_89 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_90 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_91 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_95 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(4): 317 — 3 8 9 , december 20, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) teguh triono (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) eizi suzuki (kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami lay out editor deden sumirat hidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers ed de vogel (netherlands), henk van der werff (usa), irawati (indonesia), jan f. veldkamp (netherlands), jens g. rohwer (denmark), lauren m. gardiner (uk), masahiro kato (japan), marshall d. sunberg (usa), martin callmander (usa), rugayah (indonesia), paul forster (australia), peter hovenkamp (netherlands), ulrich meve (germany). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 4, pp: 367 377 the new pteridophyte classification and sequence employed in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for malesian ferns received july 19, 2012; accepted september 11, 2012 wita wardani, arief hidayat, dedy darnaedi herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya jakarta -bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail: wt.wardani@gmail.com abstract. ward am, w., hidayat, a. & darnaedi d. 2012. the new pteridophyte classification and sequence employed in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for malesian ferns. reinwardtia 13(4): 367-377. — bo followed sequences written in the first flora malesiana series ii for malesian fern specimen arrangement and flora listing, which then updated as revision for pteridophyte families done successively. however, the sequence in this incomplete flora to some extent is problematic. recent advancement in pteridophyte classification is available and expected to stabilize delimitation of families and genera. the paper reviews the two sequences and presents a consensus for specimen arrangement and flora listing of malesian fern. key words: pteridophyte classification, sequence, malesian fern. abstrak ward am, w., hidayat, a. & darnaedi d. 2012. the new pteridophyte classification and sequence employed in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for malesian ferns. reinwardtia 13(4): 367-377 . — penataan spesimen dan pencatatan flora paku-pakuan dari wilayah malesia di herbarium bogoriense mengikuti klasifikasi yang termuat dalam edisi pertama flora malesiana ii. urutan penggolongan ini terus diperbaharui sejalan dengan kemajuan revisi flora tersebut. namun penggolongan dalam flora yang belum tuntas tersebut tidak jarang menimbulkan banyak pertanyaan. perkembangan terbaru dalam klasifikasi paku-pakuan telah diterbitkan dan diharapkan cukup stabil untuk diaplikasikan. tulisan ini meninjau klasifikasi dalam flora malesiana dan klasifikasi paku-pakuan terbaru tersebut, serta menghadirkan suatu urutan konsensus dari keduanya yang dapat diterapkan pada penataan spesimen dan pencatatan flora pakupakuan dari wilayah malesia kata kunci: klasifikasi, paku-pakuan, urutan, paku malesia. introduction there are major changes in the classification of vascular plant through the publication of apg iiii and the lycophyte and fern linear sequence. these two attempt to present a convenience sequence to be applied in specimens arrangement, listing in flora, books, indices, etc., which is claimed to be more natural and reflecting evolutionary relationship (christenhusz et al, 2011a; haston et al, 2009). both classification are much appreciated as sort of solution to the present classification, generated using the most recent research result, mainly by means of molecular approach. nevertheless, controversies are still to remain. it is often the result of molecular studies is rather discordance with conventional or morphological observations. some relationships are sound impossible or rather not convincing because of inadequate sampling. hence, there are suggestions to consider appropriate adjustment in the application (hawthorne & hughes, 2008; sheperd, 2008; stace, 2010). herbarium bogor (bo) has been adopted sequence presented in the first volume of flora malesiana series ii, written by holttum, for malesian ferns and fern allies collection, that sorted in alphabetical order. as he mentioned in his introductory note (1959), the groupings might changed in the final re-assessment at the conclusion of the treatment. after three volumes, there are significant departures in the families or genera groupings. the revision has covered 15 families and groups until 1998. the remaining taxa mostly are the large or difficult ones that in total occupy considerable space in the herbarium. as the national herbarium, bo is referred for the correct plant identification in botanical research and works of, especially, university students in the country. this service is also considered as an effective way for disseminating updates of related researches. bo consistently follows flora malesiana as the most practical way to carry the service. however, the flora is problematic to some extent. meanwhile, the expected better and new fern classifica367 368 reinwardtia [vol.13 tion in christenhusz et al. (2011a), with its subsequent papers, is somewhat different to the overall flora sequence. there has been no attempt found to synchronize flora malesiana with the new classification of fern and lycophyte. this paper reviews the two sequences and proposes the best alternative for the alignment of families and genera of malesian fern in bo. contrasting flora malesiana sequence to the new classification stace (2010) mentioned that adopt new different classification often halted predominantly for the reason of unfamiliarity. to our observation, the most recent classification of fern and lycophyte (christenhusz et al, 2011a, 2011b, 2011c) which is largely based on the works published in smith et al. (2006), later is partly refined by rothfels et al, (2012), is obviously different from the previously adopted in bo but clarifies relationship in some groups of taxa. it is quite unusual to group the grammitids with other polypodiaceae, or having pteridaceae enlarged with adiantoids and vittarids. however, the inclusion of ctenitis and lastreopsis to dryopteridaceae is a lot more sensible than to lump them in tectaria group. some switching of taxa is already predicted but some newly recognized families are fairly atypical. in the first volume of flora malesiana (1959), holttum begun the indecisive fashion of delimiting fern family, ended up with groups of genera. most part of the first and second volume of revision covered by the same person which causes such delimitation quite common. the label "group" often confused students that further oblige explanation. however, the revision is very functional in identify malesian fern specimens. problems occur whenever one deals with untreated genera that excluded from its initial group. table 1 is presented as an attempt to decipher the discrepancies between the two sequences. the second and third columns are conjointly sorted alno of row 1 2 3 initial group in fmii 1956 adiantum group adiantum anogramma ceratopteris cerosora cheilanthes coniogramme doryopteris hemionitis notholaena onychium pellaea pityrogramma syngramma schizolepton taenitis fm revisions (not yet revised) classification in christenhusz et al. (2011a, c) all of the member included in pteridaceae see row 28 notes asplenium group (not yet revised) aspleniaceae diplora, loxocaphe = asplenium asplenium asplenium diplora hymenasplenium loxoscaphe athyrium group anisocampium athyrium callipteris cornopteris cystopteris diplaziopsis diplazium dryoathyrium (not yet revised) athyriaceae anisocampium athyrium cornopteris deparia diplazium cystopteridaceae acystopteris cystopteris gymnocarpium diplaziopsidaceae diplaziopsis callipteris = diplazium gymnocarpium is included in dryopteris group in fm ii classification. 2012] wardani et al.: the new pteridophyte classification in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) 369 no of row 4 5 initial group in fmii 1956 blechnum group blechnum brainea doodia woodwardia fm revisions azollaceae azolla (revision published soon) classification in christenhusz et al. (2011a, c) the genus is moved to salviniaceae blechnaceae blechnum brainea woodwardia stenochlaena notes see row 29 doodia = blechnum stenochlaena is member of pteris group in fm ii classification. ch eiropleuriaceae cheiropleuria dipteridaceae cheiropleuria dipteris in the fm ii classification, dipteris is initially placed in polypodiaceae but then not included in the revision. 7 8 9 dennstaedtia group dennstaedtia histiopteris hypolepis microlepia monachosorum orthiopteris paesia pteridium cyatheaceae cyathea dicksonia cystodium cibotium culcita davalliaceae davallodes leucostegia davallia (revision partly published soon) cyatheaceae alsophila cyathea gymnosphaera sphaeropteris dicksoniaceae dicksonia cibotiaceae cibotium cystodiaceae cystodium culcitaceae culcita davalliaceae davallodes davallia hypodematiaceae leucostegia didymochlaena hypodematium dennstaedtiaceae dennstaedtia histiopteris hypolepis microlepia monachosorum paesia pteridium saccolomataceae orthiopteris saccoloma different from fm ii revision, cyatheaceae consist of four genera of the scaly one, while other tree fern merit their own family. unlike the fm ii revision, leucostegia is placed in hypodematiaceae, together with two genera, which in fm ii classification is included in dryopteris group and tectaria group respectively (but then not included in the revision). orthiopteris is placed in saccolomataceae. saccoloma is not recognized in fm ii classification. 370 reinwardtia [vol.13 no of row 10 initial group in fm ii 1956 dryopteris group acrophorus currania diacalpe didymochlaena dryopteris gymnocarpium peranema polystichum polystichopsis stenolepia fm revisions (not yet revised) classification in christenhusz et al. (2011a, c) dryopteridaceae acrophorus arachnoides diacalpe dryopsis dryopteris polystichum polystichopsis stenolepia dryopolistichum ctenitis lastreopsis teratophyllum lomagramma elaphoglossum bolbitis arthrobotrya rumohra notes peranema = dryopteris currania = gymnocarpium, which is included in cystopteridaceae, see row 3 didymochlaena is included in hypodematiaceae, see row 8 dryopolistichum in fm ii clasification is intially included in tectaria group but then not included in the revision ctenitis and lastreopsis are member of tectaria group in fm ii revision. the last four genera are member of lomariopsis group in the fm ii revision, in which the fifth is treated as a synonym. rumohra is not recognized either in initial fm ii classification. equisetaceae equisetaceae equisetum equisetum 12 13 14 gleicheniaceae dicranopteris gleichenia grammitidaceae acrosorus calymodon ctenopteris grammitis nematopteris oreogrammitis prosaptia scleroglossum xiphopteris hymenophyllaceae hymenophyllum trichomanes (not yet revised) (not yet revised) gleicheniaceae different from fm ii dicranopteris revision, diplopterygium diplopterygium and sticherus is recoggleichenia nized as distinct species sticherus apart from gleichenia. all member of this group are included in polypodiaceae see row 26 hymenophyllaceae callistopteris cephalomanes didymoglossum hymenophyllum trichomanes vandenboschia 15 isoetaceae isoetes isoetaceae isoetes 2012] wardani et al.: the new pteridophyte classification in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) 371 no of initial group in fm ii row 1956 fm revisions classification in christenhusz et al. (2011a, c) notes 16 17 18 19 20 lycopodiaceae lycopodium marattiaceae angiopteris christensenia macroglossum marattia lindsaea group sphenomeris tapeinidum xyropteris lindsaea lomariopsis group lomariopsis thysanosoria teratophyllum lomagramma elaphoglossum bolbitis (not yet revised) (not yet revised) matoniaceae matonia phanerosorus lindsaeaceae sphenomeris tapeinidum xyropteris lindsaea odontosoria lomariopsidaceae lomariopsis thysanosoria cyclopeltis lycopodiaceae lycopodium lycopodiella huperzia marattiaceae angiopteris christensenia ptisana matoniaceae matonia phanerosorus in the fm ii revision, odontosoria = sphenomeris. unlike in fm ii revision, four genera are included in dryopteridaceae, see row 10 cyclopeltis is member of tectaria group in the fm ii revision. macroglossom = angiopteris ptisana is a nomen novum for marattia of the old world 21 22 23 24 marsileaceae marsilea nephrolepis group arthropteris nephrolepis oleandra oph ioglossaceae botrychium helmintostachys ophioglossum osmundaceae leptopteris osmunda (not yet revised) (revision published soon) (not yet revised) (not yet revised) marsileaceae marsilea nephrolepidaceae nephrolepis oleandraceae oleandra oph ioglossaceae botrychium helmintostachys ophioglossum osmundaceae leptopteris osmunda arthropteris is included in tectariaceae, see row 32 25 plagiogyriaceae plagiogyria plagiogyriaceae plagiogyria 372 reinwardtia [vol.13 no of row initial group in fm ii 1956 26 27 psilotuceue psilotum fm revisions polypodiaceae aglaomorpha arthromeris belvisia christiopteris drynaria goniophlebium lecanopteris lepisorus leptochilus lemmaphyllum microsorum paraselliguea platycerium podosorus polypodiopteris pyrrosia selliguea thylacopteris (not yet revised) classification in christenhusz et al. (2011a, c) polypodiaceae aglaomorpha arthromeris christiopteris drynaria goniophlebium lecanopteris lemmaphyllum lepisorus leptochilus loxogramme microsorum paraselliguea platycerium podosorus polypodiopteris pyrrosia selliguea thylacopteris acrosorus calymodon chrysosrammitis cochlidium ctenopterella dasygrammitis grammitis micropolypodium oreogrammitis prosaptia radiogrammitis scleroglossum themelium xiphopterella psilotaceae psilotum tmesipteris notes belvisia = lepisorus loxogramme is not included in the fm ii revision the second section of the column is member of grammitidaceae in fm ii classification xiphopteris = cochlidium; ctenopteris = prosaptia; nematopteris = scleroglossum underlined genera is not recognized in initial fm ii classification. in fm ii classification, tmesipteris is placed in its own family. 2012] wardani et al.: the new pteridophyte classification in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) 373 no of row 28 to 30 31 32 initial group in fmii 1956 pteris group acrostichum hemipteris lepidocaulon pteris schizostege stenochlaena salviniaceae azolla salvinia selaginellaceae selaginella fm revisions not yet revised revised only for azolla not yet revised schizaeaceae schizaea lygodium tectaria group pteridrys pleocnemia ctenitis tectaria tectaridium chlamydogramme heterogonium aenigmopteris psomiocarpa cyclopeltis lastreopsis classification in christenhusz et al. (2011a, c) pteridaceae acrostichum adiantum anogramma aspleniopsis austrogramme ceratopteris cerosora cheilanthes coniogramme doryopteris haplopteris hemionitis notholaena onychium pellaea pityrogramma pteris syngramma taenitis antrophyum haplopteris monogramme rheopteris vittaria salviniaceae azolla salvinia selaginellaceae selaginella schizaeaceae schizaea lygodiaceae lygodium tectariaceae pteridrys pleocnemia tectaria aenigmopteris psomiocarpa arthropteris notes hemipteris & schizostege = pteris lepidocaulon = histiopteris, dennstaedtiaceae, see row 9 stenochlaena moved to blechnaceae see row 5 all the member of adiantum and vittaria group included here schizolepton = taenitis vaginularia = monogramma in the revisionazolla form its own family, azollaceae lygodium moved to its own family tectaridium, chlamydogramme, heterogonium = tectaria ctenitis, lastreopsis moved to dryopteridaceae, see row 10 cyclopeltis moved to lomariopsidaceae, see row 17 374 reinwardtia [vol.13 no of initial group in fmii row 1956 33 tmesipteridaceae tmesipteris vittaria group antrophyum 35 monogramma vaginularia vittaria fm revisions th elypteridaceae ampelopteris amphineuron chingia christella coryphopteris cyclogramma cyclosorus macrothelypteris mesophlebion metathelypteris nannothelypteris parathelypteris phegopteris plesioneuron pneumatopteris pronephrium pseudocyclosorus pseudophegopteris sphaerostephanos stegnogramma thelypteris trigonospora (not yet revised) (not yet revised) classification in christenhusz et al. (2011a, c) th elypteridaceae cyclosorus macrothelypteris metathelypteris phegopteris pseudophegopteris thelypteris all member of this group now included in pteridaceae see row 26 notes the genus dictyocline = cyclosorus, is recognized in the initial fm ii classification but then was not included in the revision. coryphopteris, nannothelypteris, parathelypteris = thelypteris the rest of the genera in fm ii revision are synonyms for cyclosorus. this genus is included in psilotaceae, see row 27 phabetically as applied in specimen arrangement in bo. later in the table, these two are referred as fm ii classification. the explanation in column "notes" refers to genera listed in the fourth column ("classification in christenhusz et al. (2011a, c)") contrasted to the fm ii classification. some genera are underlined; refer to those that not included in the particular family or group in the fm ii classification. the genus/genera written before the equal sign "=" is coming from the fm ii classification, considered as the synonyms of the genus written afterward in the christenhusz' classification. the table is confined to families and genera occurred in malesian region. preferred option for bo good classification should reflect systematic relationship among the taxa, thus provides high level of predictivity which then will endure for the foreseeable future (stuessy, 2009; stace, 2010). the new classification (christenhusz et al., 2011a and its subsequent papers) is based on fairly large data set of the most recent studies which then confidently expected to perform a good classification. however, applying new sequence must consider carefully the cost of shifting. first, possibility of significant change to the classification is always present in the future. second, rearranging hundreds of pigeonholes would demand a lot of time and resources which is fairly limited. third, bo has priority of work, i.e. contribute in finishing the flora malesiana revision, rather than to deal with undone new combination caused by splitting or lumping genera. it is here, proposed bo to adopt these following actions for the malesian fern collection arrangement and flora listing: 1. for genera in the indecisive groupings after fm ii revision, their placement in the family could follow linear sequence in christenhusz et al. (2011a, c) and the subsequent papers. this would dismiss the confusion over the term "group" and provide the right niche for genera excluded from the flora revision. for example, in the tectaria group of fm ii revision, some 2012] wardani et al.: the new pteridophyte classification in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) 375 3. of the genera included are more often considered closer to dryopterids. hence, this grouping leads to the confusion over delimiting the later. moreover, hypodematium, was initially included in the tectaria group, after the revision were left alienated. however, it must be anticipated that changing arrangement in this two groups according to the more recent linear sequence will result in considerable space issue, and proposing over than 20 new combinations is in necessity. this is partly because some members of the lomariopsis group and lindsaea group in fm ii revision are involved. nevertheless, it is recommended not to discern the new combinations. other than change the placement of genera in families, it is preferable to entrust them as revised in the flora. for genera in families after revision, the placing shall be kept as in revision instead of following the more recent linear sequence. the later option will caused the necessity to create many new combinations or to do nomenclatural corrections, as happen earlier in the ferns of thailand (lindsay & middleton, 2009). the most noticeable example is cyatheaceae and thelypteridaceae. the splitting of cyathea to four genera and lumping 22 genera in thelypteridaceae to six will generate nomenclatural problems. instead of creating new names and doing more changes in specimen order, since bo sort specimen alphabetically, it is best to leave them as the current arrangement based on the flora. for genera that are not yet revised, they should be treated the same as treating the indecisive groups. however, whenever the flora updated and the sequence is somewhat different to the new classification, it is preferable to priorities the flora. there will be none or minor changes to specimen arrangement in families with similar member of genera. initial group with slightly mixed genera would have to split, such as athyria group to three families (see rothfels et al., 2012 for diplaziopsidaceae), or dennstaedtia group to two families. this alteration involves only few species that would not generate space problem. however, families with medium to voluminous combination of genera such as dryopteridaceae with additional member coming from tectaria group and lomariopsis group; pteridaceae with the adiantoids and vittarids appended; also polypodiaceae enlarged with grammitids, will require extra rooms. the revised genera of polypodiaceae shall be sorted as in the flora while the untreated one such as loxogramme and grammitids fern shall be arranged as in the recent linear sequence. in summary, the malesian fern collection in bo would be arranged according to the following sequence (in alphabetical order): aspleniaceae asplenium hymenasplenium athyriaceae anisocampium athyrium cornopteris deparia diplazium azollaceae azolla blechnaceae blechnum brainea stenochlaena woodwardia cheiropleuriaceae cheiropleuria cyatheaceae cibotium culcita cyathea cystodium dicksonia cystopteridaceae cystopteris gymnocarpium davahiaceae davallodes davallia leucostegia dennstaedtiaceae dennstaedtia histiopteris hypolepis microlepia monachosorum paesia pteridium diplaziopsidaceae diplaziopsis dipteridaceae dipteris dryopteridaceae acrophorus arachnoides arthrobotrya bolbitis ctenitis diacalpe dryopolistichum dryopsis dryopteris elaphoglossum lastreopsis lomagramma polystichum polystichopsis rumohra 376 reinwardtia [vol.13 stenolepia teratophyllum equisetaceae equisetum gleicheniaceae dicranopteris gleichenia hymenophyllaceae callistopteris cephalomanes didymoglossum hymenophyllum trichomanes vandenboschia hypodematiaceae didymochlaena hypodematium isoetaceae isoetes lindsaeaceae lindsaea odontosoria sphenomeris tapeinidum xyropteris lomariopsidaceae cyclopeltis lomariopsis thysanosoria lycopodiaceae huperzia lycopodium lycopodiella marattiaceae angiopteris christensenia ptisana matoniaceae matonia phanerosorus marsileaceae marsilea nephrolepidaceae nephrolepis oleandraceae oleandra ophioglossaceae botrychium helmintostachys ophioglossum osmundaceae leptopteris osmunda plagiogyriaceae plagiogyria polypodiaceae acrosorus aglaomorpha arthromeris calymodon christiopteris chrysogrammitis cochlidium ctenopterella dasygrammitis drynaria goniophlebium grammitis lecanopteris lemmaphyllum lepisorus leptochilus loxogramme micropolypodium microsorum oreogrammitis paraselliguea platycerium podosorus polypodiopteris prosaptia pyrrosia radiogrammitis scleroglossum selliguea themelium thylacopteris xiphopterella psilotaceae psilotum tmesipteris pteridaceae acrostichum adiantum anogramma antrophyum aspleniopsis austrogramme ceratopteris cerosora cheilanthes coniogramme doryopteris haplopteris hemionitis monogramma notholaena onychium pellaea pityrogramma pteris syngramma taenitis vittaria saccolomataceae orthiopteris saccoloma salviniaceae salvinia schizaeaceae lygodium schizaea selaginellaceae selaginella tectariaceae aenigmopteris arthropteris pteridrys pleocnemia psomiocarpa tectaria thelypteridaceae ampelopteris amphineuron chingia 2012] wardani et al.: the new pteridophyte classification in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) 377 christella coryphopteris cyclogramma cyclosorus macrothelypteris mesophlebion metathelypteris nannothelypteris parathelypteris phegopteris plesioneuron pneumatopteris pronephrium pseudocyclosorus pseudophegopteris sphaerostephanos stegnogramma thelypteris trigonospora acknowledgement the corresponding author would like to thank dr. peter hovenkamp for his valuable information in fern specimen arrangement at l and progression in the flora malesiana series ii revision. references christenhusz, m. j. m, zhang, x. & schneider, h. 2011a. a linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns. phytotaxa 19: 754. christenhusz, m. j. m, chase, m.w. & fay, m. f. 2011b. preface to "linear sequence, classification, synonymy and bibliography of vascular plants: lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms". phytotaxa 19: 4-6. christenhusz, m. j. m. & schneider, h. 2011c. corrections to phytotaxa 19: linear sequence of lycophytes and ferns. phytotaxa 28: 50-52. haston, e., richardson, j. e., stevens, p. f., chase, m. w. & harris, d. j. 2009. the linear angiosperm, phytogeny group (lapg) iii: a linear sequence of the families in apg iii. bot. j. linn. soc. 161:128-131. hawthorne, w. d. & hughes, c. e. 2008. optimising linear taxon sequences derived from phylogenetic trees a reply to hasten & al. taxon 57 (3): 698-704. lindsay, s. & middleton, d. j. 2009. new combinations in the ferns of thailand. edinburgh j. bot. 6 (2): 355-361. rothfels, c.j ., sundue, m. a., kuo, l., larsson, a., kato, m, schuettpelz, e. & pryer, k. m. 2012. a revised family-level classification for eupolypod ii ferns (polypodiidae: polypodiales). taxon 61(3): 515-533. shepherd, k.a. 2008. consensus or complacency? a discussion of the proposed new collection sequence at the wa herbarium. newsl.aust.syst.bot.soc. 135: 5-8. smith, a. r., pryer, k. m, schuettpelz, e., korall, p., schneider, h. & wolf, p. g. 2006. a classification for extant ferns. taxon 55 (3): 705-731. stace, c. a. 2010. classification by molecules: what's in it for field botanist? watsonia 28: 103-122. stuessy, t. f. 2009. plant taxonomy. the systematic evaluation of comparative data. ed. 2. new york: columbia university press. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 4. 2012 contents page sri endarti rahayu, tatik chikmawati, kuswata kartawinata & alex hartana. morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae: a case study in the javanese species 317 sri rahayu. hoya (apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae) diversity in gunung gede pangrango national park, west java, indonesia 331 deby arifiani, adi basukriadi & tatik chikmawati. newly described species of endiandra (lauraceae) from new guinea 341 alex sumadijaya. six years experience on plant identification services: case study in herbarium bogoriense 347 bayu adjie, agung kurniawan, norio sahashi & yasuyuki watano. dicksonia timorense (diksoniaceae), a hemi-epiphytic new species of tree fern endemic on timor island, indonesia ... 3 5 7 ian m. turner. nomenclatural notes relevant to the flora of indonesia 363 wita wardani, arief hidayat & dedy darnaedi. the new pteridophyte classification and sequence employed in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for malesian ferns 367 diah sulistiartni. the orchids genus dilochia in indonesia 379 dedy darnaedi. book review 389 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology lipi cibinong, indonesia depan img576_page_3_page_1 img576_page_3_page_2 441-645-1-sm_page_06 belakang a journal on taxonomic botany, plant -sociology and ecology reinwardtia . editors mien a. kijs wat a kartawinata n. wulijarni-soetjipto 1 published by ' herbarium bogoriense lembaga bio-logi nasional — lipi bo.sor, indonesia eeinwardtia vol. 9, part 1, 1 —182 31 december 1974 10issn 0(f34-365x rei nward t ia shed by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogo vol. 9, part 1, pp. 1—69 cl974) a revision of malesian caesalpinia, including mezoneuron (leguminosae-caesalplniaceae) t. a. hattink b. a. krukoff botanist of mdleaian botany, rijksherbarium, leiden, netherlands summary this is the first taxonomic revision of this pantropical genus of prickly climbers for the area, the solomons inclusive. it deals with 21 species, of which 19 ore native (dealt with over the whole of their area), and 2 are widely naturalized, viz c. pulckerrima and c. sappan. also mentioned are 3 occasional introductions. full descriptions are given, keys to the native and to the cultivated species, the complete synonymy and typification with all important later references. many new deductions have been made, some from adjacent regions. new species are c. opptrsitifolia, from borneo, with truly opposite leaves and c bolomonewsis from the solomons; new combinations are based on m. fwfuracewm. prain, c. hymenocarpa based on m, hymenoc. mindorevigiit based on m. •mittdor^jtse merr., c. pubeecens based on m. pubescens desf., c. scorteckinii baaed on m. scortechinii f.v.m. from queensland and now on record from new guinea, the last one closely resembling c. brachycarpa, another new combination based on m. braehycarpmn benth, from new south wales. no subdivisions of the genus are adopted or proposed. the longstanding nomenclatural confusion hetween c. bonduc, c. bonducella, c. cristrt, and c. major has been visualized in a diagram. specimens of importance for the knowledge of the area have been cited. extreme and intergrading specimens are discussed. eeference is made to the main indexes to all names and all specimens are given. abstrak di maleaia dan kepulauan solomon marge caesalpinia diwakili oleh 21 jenis, 19 jenis di antaranya asli dan dua jenis lagi (c. puuherrima dan c. eappati) merupakan basil naturalisasi; tiga jenis yang kadangkadang didatangkan disinggung juga. dua jenis baru dan delapan kombinasi baru diusulkan untuk pertawa kali, dan beberapa jenis lagi diperlakukan sebagai ainonim jenis lainnya. pertelaan lengkap, gambargambar, daftar sinonim, acuan tentajig nilai ekonomi masing-maaing jenis serta kunci detenninaai jenis-jenis asli serta jenis-jenis youg dibudidayakan disajikan pula. introduction this revision was made aa a contribution to the flora malesiana, but as the family for that work is not expected to be completed before a few years hence, the descriptive parts are already published here. since it is also a precursory study to that flora, the regions adjacent to malesia have also been taken into account, and several names from s.e. asia have here been evaluated as well. as for the non native species, a clear difference can be made between the common ones c. pulcherrima and c. swppan, which were evidently introduced long ago, on the one hand, and a few occasional introductions on the other. all have been incorporated in the 'key to the cultivated species' before the treatment of the species. the common species have been dealt with in the same style as the indigenous ones; the others have been mentioned in the key only. an effort has been made to evaluate all names ever used for caesalpinia in the present circumscription in malesia*). however, it would not be expedient to cite and correct the many misapplications of names. the index to specimens at the end will provide a detailed clue to most of the works in which material was cited. the most complicated case of nomenclatural confusion has been elucidated in figure 1. type specimens have been cited with the names based on them and not again among the 'specimens examined' under the species. in the latter category altitudes have been given if this seemed informative, and fertility only if the date of collection was known. characters and their taxonomic significance most species of caesalpinia are climbers or straggling shrubs, only a few species attain the it a b it of a small tree. one species, c. parviflora, usually is a climber, but a few old collections from malaya were reported to be from small trees. a species can be recognized by its) flowers as well as by its fruits, but leaflets are usually necessary too. the hairs in caesalpinia are simple and usually appressed, in c. bondzic and c. major occur on the pedicels and calyx sometimes also glandular hairs. of the indigenous malesisn species 49 types, from inside and outside malesia, could be examined" 11 tvoes were loat or inaccessible the total number of names of sections, species, and infraspecific tuna evaluated in this study, amounts to 123. the total number of examined specimens is about 1640, the duplicates not reckoned. 1974] hattink: malesian caesalpinia the branchlets, as far as they have been collected, mostly are armed with recurved spines. in some species these are also inserted at the leaf base beside the stipules (see below). in c. bonduc and c. major also straight prickles occur; sometimes these prickles are very densely placed on the branches and the leaf rhachises. the prickles on the old stems may occur on top of corky knobs. since those stems, or the older branches, are rarely collected, and the field notes about this are scarce, it is uncertain whether this occurs in all species. a few collections only consisting of stems with those knobs and no leaves present, could not be identified by me. the presence and the shape of the stipule s have some taxonomic importance, but they are not always available. two species, c. sappan and c. latisiiiqua, have on either side of the leaf base a raised line, which may bo the scar of a stipule. in spite of the abundant material i could not find any field note about stipules on the living plant. in one malesian species, c. oppositifolia, the stipules are interpetiolar. in the latter species the leaves are opposite, while they are alternate in all other malesian species. the leaves are double-pinnate, a terminal pinna is present only in the introduced c. coriaria. in most apecies the rhachises are armed underneath; usually the prickles are recurved and inserted in pairs below the base of the pinnae and often also scattered ones occur. the length of the petiole varies, and no taxonomic value could be found. the pinnae are opposite, rarely the lowest two are subopposite. the distances between the pinnae decrease towards the top. usually also the pinnae decrease in length towards the top, but in some species the pinnae in the middle are the longest. for the leaflets the presence of a stalk, the arrangement and the shape of the leaflets are characteristic, though not always specific. in some species the leaflets always are opposite, in a few species always alternate, but in most species both may occur, often even on one specimen. the siae of the leaflets usually is variable, often so with the number: the more leaflets, the smaller they are and conversely. only in a few species is the number of leaflets per pinna of tasonomic importance. often the terminal leaflets deviate in shape and size. in some species the leaflets are linear, usually the shape is rectangular or elliptic. the inflorescences are racemose, axillary and terminal, often branched. in many species the upper, leaves fall off, giving the inflorescence the appearance of a panicle, but then scars of the leaves are perceptible. in some c. latisiliqiia and c, sumatrana specimens the reinwardtia [vol. d inflorescences are conspicuously thickened from the beginning. the bracts are usually early caducous, in some species they are wanting. pedicels and flowers are of taxonomic importance, that is whether or not 1) the pedicels are jointed above the base, 2) the pedicels and flower buds arc hairy, 3) the standard is bilobed or entire, and smaller or longer than the other petals, 4) the flowers are unisexual or bisexual, 5) the ovary is hairy and also 6) the number of ovules. the flowers usually are bisexual. two species have unisexual flowers: the female ones do have stamens, but the anthers contain no pollen; the male flowers have a rudimentary ovary. the racemes only have flowers of one sex, whether the whole plant is unisexual is uncertain. the colour of the flowers usually is yellow, in some species also combined with red. sometimes the calyx is yellow too. in c. parviflora the flowers are sometimes whitish or greenish. the stamens are useless for identification, except in c. pulcherrima where the filaments are conspicuously long, and in c. bondue and c. -major, where in female flowers the anthers contain no pollen. the filaments usually are hairy, except in c. swrnatrana where they often are glabrous. the anthers are glabrous, except in c. seorteckinii where they are villose. the width of the stigma ranges from as narrow as the style to much wider, the top of the style then being funnel-shaped. the stigma is never peltate, as it is in the allied genus peltophorum. the fruit is a good means to distinguish the species, but not always diagnostic. for c. furfuracea this is difficult, as most fruiting specimens are leafless, and the pods are very similar to those of c. andamanica. prom two species, c. parviflora and c. oppositifolia i saw ripe pods detached only; the pods and their seeds are similar and may have been mixed up. in winged fruits the wing usually runs along the whole length, but sometimes begins up to 1 cm above the base. the top also is often variable; the wing may end up to y° cm below the top or the top may be hooked. in the latter case the wing goes further than the top and is curved to the seed bearing part. for possibilities within one species, see fig. 6. taxonomy in the genus caesalpinia occur many different types of pods. the first one to remark this was de candolle, he also was the first to divide caesalpinia into sections on account of the fruits. two of his four sections contain malesian species: sect. nugaria (with our c. arista) and sect. sappania (with c. sappan and c. digyna). bentham & hooker i974] a maleeian caeaalpii (186s) divided caesalpinia into 10 sections; in malesia occur only species of the sections nugaria dc, guilandina (l., genus), sappania dc., caesalpinaria b. & h. (with the introduced c. pulcherrima only) and cinclidocarpus (zollinger, genus). in the latter section they also placed c. digyna, which de candolle had in sect. sappania. bentham's sections were adopted by taubert (1894). baker (1878) divided caesalpinia into 3 subgenera: guilandina, eucaesalpinia, and cinclidocarpus. the genus mezoneuron was divided by miquel (1855) into a subgenus tubicalyx, and another one, left unnamed. baker divided the genus in * eumezoneuron and *f tubicalyx; taubert established these as sections. as in this paper only the malesian species are revised, representing only a part of the whole diversity of the genus, i refrained from subdividing caesalpinia. the genus mezoneuron was only differentiated from caesalpinia. on the pods, which in the former were taken to be winged along the dorsal suture, and in the latter were wingless. however, c. decapetala often bears a narrow dorsal wing on the pod. the pods of the linnaean genus guilandina (where our c. bondua was placed) are spiny; in those of c. digyna the sutures are thickened, and there is a great variety in pod dehiscence, yet these are all reckoned to caesalpinia, in the latter as well as in mezoneuron the fruits display quite a variety of shape, and the number of seeds ranges from 1 to about 12 in both. in both caesalpinia and 'mezoneuron' also trees occur, e.g. c. sappan and c. kavaiensis mann (in proc. am. ac. arts s c : 164. 1866, and was referred to mezoneuron by hillebrand in 1888). mezoneuron sinense hemsl.*) in jlinn. soc. 23: 204. 1887, from china, is in foliage, flowers, and pods very near c. nuga (our c. crista) but the pods of the former are narrowly winged on the dorsal suture. prain (in j. as. soc. beng. ii 66: 470. 1897) tentatively suggested to move cnucja out of caesalpinia and to put it together with mezoneuron sinense in a new genus, 'nugaria'. mezoneuron seorteckinii resembles a caesalpinia, notably c. crista, as for the flowers, and m. brachyearpum eenth., fl. austr. 2: 278. 1864, as for the leaves and fruits. roth species are also intermediate between the two genera in having the pod being comparatively much broader and the valves of the pod much thicker than in other species attributed to mezoneuron. remarkable is that the pods of m. scortechinn are dehiscent, and in the herbarium have lost their wing: dehiscence •) of c. chmensh roxb. [hort. bcng.; s2. 1814, nomen] fl. ind. ed. carey 3: 381. 1832, from china, i have not seen the type, but it cannot be the same species. r e i n w a b d t i a [vol. 9 e — e 1 1 1 ii s s s £ "lj j l j l " s * 5 c u ei <j u 5 ™ j j e ~ 1374] hattink: maleeian caesalpinia only occurs in some caesalpinia species. with the resemblance of the fruits of mscorteckinii to those of c. stenoptera merr. in j. ami. arb. 1935 1938, from tonkin, the presumed generic distinction crumbles down further. brenan in kew bull. 17: 203. 1963, already doubted the distinction because of the great variation in pods between the species of both. , , ,, , , when i visited the kew herbarium, mr. brenan suggested that also purolobium might be incorporated in caemlpinia. however: 1) there are no species with transitional fruits between purolobmm and either caesalpinia, or mezoneuron, 2) the fruits of all pterolobmm speces are very uniform, 3) contrary to cae&alpinia and mezoneuron the genus pterolobiiim may be recognized in flower on account of the shape of the ovary in my opinion pterolobiiim is a distinct genus. the monotypic genus wagatea, to which c. tpieata was transferred, was distinguished on account of the conspicuous long calyx tube and the absence of pedicels (actually they do occur). the same sort of calyx, however, occurs in c. sumatmna, for some time reckoned to mezoneuron. wagatea is therefore reckoned to caesalpinia. distribution a regularity in the distribution patterns of the indigenous species is shown by the coastal g. bondiic and c. arista, and also by a few species which seem consistently to avoid evevwet conditions, namely c. digyna, enneaphylla, furfuracea, kymenacarpa, and to a lesser degree c. pvbwcens. in the same category seems to come c. andamanica save for a collection from true rain forest area in s. sumatra. local endemics are c. mmdorensis, ovvositifolia, and solomonensis. caemlpinia cucullata, latisiliqua, parviflora, swm.tro.wx, and tortuosa occur rather scattered in parts of malesia. most remarkable is the distribution pattern of c. decapetau which is the only species that occurs mostly on mountains, up to ca 1700 m; at lower altitudes it might have been planted for use in hedges. of three species the distribution in borneo seems to be confined to a very small area around sandakar.; c. oppositifolia is there endemic, c. varviflora is also found at palawan and in western malaya, c. » trana occurs also in sumatra, malaya, java, new guinea, and the solomon islands. ' . although frequency is hard to judge from the available material as far as not belonging to the common coastal species, and the armature may have deterred collectors, most species seem to be generally rare. reinwardtia [vol. 9 1974] hattink: malesian caesalpinia vernacular names as many species bear similar sounding vernacular names, these apparently have little distinctive value. vernacular names may be found in back., schoolfl.: 3 9 6 4 0 1 . 1911; burk., diet. 2nd ed.: 389-394, 1488. 1966; heyne, nutt. pi. 3rd ed. 1: 750 753. 1950; men-, in philip. j. sc. 4: bot. 26s. 1909; ibid. 5: eot. 5 6 5 7 . 1910; enum. philip. 2: 2 6 6 2 6 9 . 1923; koord., exk. fl. java 2: 371. 1912. uses uses mentioned on the labels are not included in the text, because much about it is uncertain. the cultivated species are almost all introduced because of their dye (c. sappan) or tanning material (c. coriaria), or as ornamental (c. pnlcherrima, spieata, spinosa). for further information s e e : burk., diet.: 3 8 6 3 9 3 , 1463. 1935; 2nd ed.; 389-397, 1488. 1966; heyne, nutt. pi. 3rd ed. 1: 7 5 0 7 5 5 . 1950; watt, diet. ec. prod. ind. 2: 3 1 2 . 1889; comm. prod. ind.: 190-196. 1908. acknow ledg em ents i express my sincere thanks to the directors of the herbaria listed in the index to examined specimens, for the loan of their material a n d / o r the hospitality given for my stay at their institutions, particularly to professor c. g. g. j. van steenis and to his successor professor c. kalkman for receiving me at the rijks her barium and for allowing me the use of the facilities and for the services of the staff, of whom especially the draftsmen miss ruth van crevel and mr. c. l. marks, and the typist.miss emmy van nieuwkoop are here remembered for the expert jobs they did. thanks are also due to mr. j. p. m. brenan and mr. r. m. polhill at kew, and dr. j. e. vidal at paris, here remembered for the personal interest they expressed in the work and for the stimulating help they gave me. last but not least, i should like to thank my supervisor at the rijksherbarium, dr. marius jacobs, for whose patience, interest, guidance and help i feel very much indebted. c a e s a l p i n i a l . caesalpiniu l., sp. pl: 380. 175s; gen. pl 5th ed.: 178. 1754 ('caexalpina'); cavan., deser. pi.: 467. 1802; dc, prod. 2: 480. 1825 (including the sections nmgaria and sappania); mem. leg.; 4(58. 1837; w. & a., prod.: 280. 1834; miq.. pl ind. bat. 1, 1: 107. 18s5; b. & h,, gen. pl 1: 565. 1865 (including the sections nagano, cnhaytdina, sappania, cacsalphiaria and cinclidocarpus); baker in hook, f., reinwardtia [vol. 9 fl. br. ind. 2: 254. 1878 (including the subgcnera guilandina, eueaesnlpinia and cinckdacarpus); taubert in e. & p., nat. pfl. fam. iii 3: 173. 1834 (including the sections taken from b. & h . | ; prain in j. aa. soc. beng. ii 66: 225. 1857; gagn. to fl. gen. i. c. 2: 173. 1913; back. & bakh. f., fl. java 1: 5u1964: hutch., gen. fl. pi. i : 260. 1964. gvilaudina l., sp. pl: 381. 1753; gen. pl 5th ed.: 179. 1754; dc, prod. 2: 480. 1825; w. & a., prod.: 280. 1834; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 113. 1855. poineiana l., sp. pl: 380. 1753. bovdur. p. miller, card. diet. abr. cd. (no pas.) 1754; medik-, theod. sp.: 40. 1786. campecia adans., fam. pl 2: 318. 17c3. ticanto adans., para. pl 2: 319. 1763. cinchdocarpus zoll. in nat. geneeak. arch. n.i. 3: 81. 1816. biancaea todarc, nuov. gen. sp. pl: 21. 1858. mezaneuron*) vest, in mem. mus. hiat. nat. paris i: 245. 1818; dc., prod. 2: 484. 1825; w. & a., frod.: 282. 1834; miq., fl. ind. bet. 1, 1: 103. 18e5; ibid.: 1081. 1858 (including the aubgenus tubicalyx); e. & h., gen. pi. 1: 565. 1865; baker ia hook, f., pi. br. ind. 2: 257. 1878 (including * eumetoneuron and **tubieatyx); boer]., handl. 1: 392. 1890; taubert in e. ii p., nat. pfl. fara. iii 3: 176. 1391 (including the sections eumenmeuron and tubicalyx); prain m j. aa. soc. eeng. ii 66: 130. 1897; gagn. in pl gen. i . c . 2: 193. 1913; back. & bafeh. f., fl java 1: 546. 1964. wagatea dalz. {in hook., j. bot. kew misc. 3; 89. 1851, nonicnl, bomb. fl: 80. 1861. climbers or shrubs or small trees, usually armed with recurved prickles, rarely together with straight ones, the former on old stems often on a tubercular base, rarely unarmed; often hairy when young, the hairs simple, appressed, rarely also glandular hairs."*) stipules present or absent or wanting, sometimes reduced to scales, or on either side of the leaf base a crescent-shaped ridge which might he the scar of a stipule, in one malesian species the stipules interpetiolar. leaves alternate, in one malesian species opposite, double pinnate; petiole ! 4 2 i / s times as long as the distance between the first two pairs of pinnae, distances between the other pinnae decreasing towards the top; rhachis beneath often with recurved prickles with rarely straight ones amongst them; pinnae opposite, rarely the lowest ones subopposite, a terminal pinna present only in one introduced species, jointed at the base, often armed with recurved prickles at the base of the leaflets, sometimes scattered ones amongst them, stipels only present in one introduced species. leaflets opposite or alternate, sessile or short-stalked, jointed at the base, usually membranous, sometimes coriaceous, entire, the base usually ) the original spelling ia mezonevron, which may he changed in mezaneuron (act. 73 of the code), de candfflle was the first to use mestnuwnim. later authors used either spoiling, but gave no reason for their choice. throughout the p autho •• ) this d iption applies to the male 1974] hattikk: malesian caesalpinia 1 1 oblique, the acroscopic side wider, sometimes subequal to equal, surfaces often hairy when young. racemes axillary and then often serial, or terminal or both, often branched, the bracts early caducous except in one malesian species, often short-hairy or short-pubescent; bracts mostly early caducous; bracteoles absent; pedicels jointed at the base and often also near the top or rarely in the middle. flowers usually bisexual, rarely unisexual, often all parts punctate (secretory cavities), in bud globose or ovoid, the lowest sepal often covering the bud like a hood; receptacle short, usually obliquely funnel-shaped or cupular; sepals 5, imposed upon the receptacle, usually conjoining at the base only, rarely connate into a campanulate calyx tube with 5 segments, sometimes all sepals subequal, mostly the lowest one cucullate, longer than the other 4, the latter rounded at the top, often reflexed during anthesis, often ciliate. petals 5, inserted on the receptacle, sessile or with a short claw, limb orbicular or oblong, standard mostly in shape and size deviating from the other petals, in that case often hairy on the transition between the claw and the limb or the claw protracted into a ligule. stamens 10, inserted on the receptacle, free, in 2 whorls which alternate with the petals, in open flower usually incurved, equal in shape and size or alternately smaller and larger or the median ones smaller; filaments laterally compressed, hairy at the base or rarely glabrous; anther dorsifixed and versatile, glabrous, rarely villose, opening with 2 longitudinal lateral slits. pistil sessile or short-stalked, ovary oblique at the base, ovules 1—10 (—13), flat; style slender, more or less curved upwards, often funnel-shaped at the top, stigma terminal, oblique, usually orbicular and hollow in the centre or sometimes slightly bilobed, eiliate or glabrous. pod dehiscent or indehiscent, 1—5 times as long as wide, winged along the dorsal suture or wingless, in the former case membranous, rarely coriaceous, unarmed, in the latter case either coriaceous to sublignous and then usually unarmed, rarely spiny, or fleshy, sometimes twisted, the margins thickened, pericarp usually swollen on each seed. seeds 1—10 (—13), either orbicular to ellipsoid to reniform, flat or globose, ovoid to ellipsoid to almost rectangular in outline and also in section, only in c. solomonensix finely sculptured; albumen usually absent, rarely present. distribution : pantropical genus estimated at ca 100 species; all over malesia where 19 species are indigenous, 2 (c. pulehemma and c. sappan) probably introduced and now wide-spread; 3 were introduced and occasionally cultivated. see fig. 2. ecology: mostly in (secondary) scrub-vegetation, sometimes coastal, rarely in primary forest, often in seasonally dry country, but sometimes also under everwet conditions, on various types of soil from sea level to ca 1700 (2000) m altitude. not seldom species seem to have a considerable ecological range. notes: the part on which in most species the sepals are inserted is called 'calyx tube' by many authors, e.g. bentham & hooker and hutchinson. also 'disc' is sometimes used. here receptacle ia preferred, reinwardtia [vol. 9 like taubert did already. a real calyx tube is only present in c. spicata and csumatrana, where the connate part of the calyx is much thinner than the receptacle, which ia fleshy in all species. aa type species of mezoneuron, hutchinson (1964) appointed m. glabrvmi desf. from "burma, malaya". the material which desfontaines described was from timor and belongs to our caesalpinia (formerly mezoneuron) pubexcens (see there for an explanation of the confusing interpretations), which does not occur in burma nor in malaya. key to the species wild and naturalised*) 1. leaves alternate. stipules (if present) not inter petiolar. b r a n d s of the racemes alternate, rarely also serial. 2. leaflets more than % mm stalked. pod winged or wingless, in the latter ease neither swollen on each seed, nor the sutures thickened. 8. pedicels 3^ cm nr shorter. filaments 3 cm or shorter. leaflets without 3tipejs. 4. pods unarmed. flowers bisexual: anthers with pollen, pistil 5 mm or longer. 5. ovules 4 or more, rarely 1 2 but then either 10 or more pairs of pinnae and more than ib leaflets per pinna or a calyx-tube present. pod more than 2 times longer than wide, more than 6 cm long. seeds more than 2, if 1—2 then the pericarp thin. 6flowering material. ") 7. calyx tube absent, sepals as long as or longer than the receptacle. 8. standard rounded at the top. fl. ovary glabrous. 10. flower buds glabrous. 11. leaflets opposite, 7—12 pairs per pinna. 12. pedicels 1 2 cm long. claw of the standard protracted in a ligule. filament ca 10 mm long 7. c. enneaphylla 12. pedicels 2 2 & cm long. standard either somewhat smaller than the other petals and glabrous, or as large as the other petals and on the transition of the claw and the limb hairy; claw not protracted in a ligule. filament ca 15-20 mm long . . . . 8. c. furfuracea 11. leaflets alternate, 6 1 0 in all per pinna . . . , 1. c. andamanica 10. flower buds hairy. 13. pedicels 8 1 5 mm long. claw of the standard protracted in a ligule. ovules 1-6. 14. ovnles 4 6 . leaflets 10-18 in all per pinna, index l%-2 . . . . 14. ovnles 1 2 . leaflets 16--24 in all per pinna, index 2 3 . . . . 12. c. mindorttisis 13. pedicels 15-30 mm long. claw of the standard not protracted. ovules 8 1 0 5. c. decaphala ; ) f o r pods, see f i g . 5. key to t h e c u l t i v a t e d species on p a g e 15. h*) of 19. c poloflionenbia t h e f l o w e r s a r e n o t k n o w n . 1974] hattink: ma/eeian caesalpinia 13 9 . o v a r y h a i r y . 15. claw o f t h e s t a n d a r d p r o t r a c t e d i n a ligule. ovules 4 7 . . . . 15 c vubesc^ns 35. claw of the standard not protracted. ovules 8-10 5. c. decapetala 8. s t a n d a r d bilobcd. 16. s t a n d a r d 2 — 5 t i m e s as l o n g as t h e o t h e r p e t a l s , t h e s e at t h e t o p a c u m i n a t e o r w i t h 3 t e e t h . l e a f l e t s u s u a l l y a l t e r n a t e , a t l e a s t t h e lowest ones o f a p i n n a , t o p rounded t o r e t u s e . ovules 6 — 1 3 . . . . 10. c. latieiliqua 16. standard about as large as the other petals. leaflets opposite, acuminate or acute. ovules 1 2 4. c. cueultata 7. calyx-tube campanulate, 0 — 16 mm long, longer than the segments or than the receptacle ' . 20. c. tnmmtrana 6. fruiting material. 17. pod with a wing of 5 mm or wider. seeds 1 8 ( 1 3 ) . 18. seeds placed separate from each other, to be counted from without, if 1-seeded, then the pod shining, glabrous. 19. pedicels jointed near the top or without a distal joint, in the latter case the leaflets opposite and the dorsal and ventral sides of the receptacle recurved (see fig. 5, number 1,8). 20. pedicels glabrous or with a few hairs. receptacle glabrous, rarely shed. leaflets opposite or alternate. 21. leaflets opposite. 22. pod shining. leaflets 9 1 8 by 5 7 mm. pedicel 15-20 mm long. median ends of the receptacle {if persistent) not recurved . . . . 7. c. eaneaphylla 22. pod dull. leaflets 18-25 by 7 1 3 mm. pedicel 2 0 3 5 mm long. median ends of the receptacle recurved . . . . 8. c. furfuracea 21. leaflets alternate, 6 1 0 in all per pinna. median ends of the 20, infructescences and pedicels and receptacle hairy (hand lens!), the latter usually shed. 23. pods 1-seedcd. pinnae 1 0 1 3 pairs. leaflets 16-24 in all per pinna; index 2 3 12. c. mivdorensis 23. pods (1—) 3-6-seeded, each seed in an orbicular swelling of 10-15 mm 0. pinnae 6 1 0 pairs. leaflets 10-18 in all per pinna; index hi — 2 9. c. hymenocarya 19. pedicels above the base not jointed or jointed at ca y, from the top to ca halfway (see also note 5 under c. tatisuuiua), leaflets alternate or opposite. receptacle persistent, not recurved or only the ventral side. 24. receptacle usually wider than long, often grading into the pedicel (see fig. 4, number 10), the widest part at the dorsal (winged) side of the pod. 25. receptacle glabrous or hairy. at least the lowest leaflets of a pinna alternate, top rounded to retuse. pod 6—9 ( — 13)-seeded 10. c. latiailiqia j,a reinwardtia [vol. 9 25, receptacle g l a b r o u s . l e a f l e t s opposite , t o p a c u m i n a t e . pod 1 ( 2 ) seeded 4. c. cucullata 24. receptacle usually about as wide as long, glabrous, often narrowed info the pedicel (see fig. 4, number 20), symmetrical or the widest part at the ventral side of the pod 20. c. smnalrana 18. seeds 4—7, placed close together in the middle of the pod, not to be counted from without. pedicel, receptacle and pod hairy. pod dull . . . 15. c. pnbescens 17. pod wingless, or the wing less than 2 mm wide. 23. pod 6 ^ 1 1 by 2^—3 cm. leaflets opposite, uji to 22 mm long, usually hairy 5. c. decapctola 26. pod 1 0 1 2 by 714 — 8 cm. leaflets alternate, 75—85 mm long, glabrous 19. c. eolomonensia s. ovules 1-2 (—31. pinnae 2 8 pairs. leaflets 16 or less per pinna. pod 1—2 times aa long as wide, 3—7 cm long, coriaceous. £7. pinnae 5 8 pairs. leaflets alternate, 1 0 1 6 in all per pinna. pod winged 18. c. ecorteckinii 27. pinnae 2 — 5 pairs. leaflets opposite, 2 — 4 pairs per pinna. pod wingless 3. c. crisis 4. pod armed with rigid spines. flowers unisexual, in } flowers the pistil ca 7—8 mm long, the anthers without pollen; in $ flowers the pistil ca 1 mm ions. 28. stipules pinnate, consisting of 3 — 5 leaflets, each ca %—s cm long. leaflets ( 1 2 ) 1 6 2 4 in all per pinna, the base unequal. when flowering the pedicels 2—6 mm. ovules 2. seeds grey 2. cbonduc 28. s t i p u l e s s u b u l a t e or a b s e n t , sometimes split, up to 2 mm long. l e a f l e t s 6—14 i n all per p i n n a , t h e b a s e ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y ! e q u a l . w h e n f l o w e r i n g t h e pedicels 6—12 m m long. ovules 4 . seeds yellow . . . . 1 1 . c . major 3. pedicels 3% cm or l o n g e r . f i l a m e n t s 3 cm or l o n g e r . l e a f l e t s w i t h s t i p e l s . c u l t i v a t e d small t r e e or s h r u b , often u n a r m e d 16. c. pulckerrima 2. leaflets sessile or subsessile, less than li mm stalked. pod wingless. 29. pedicels not jointed near the top. flower buds eventually globose. ovary usually glabrous. pod swollen on each seed, indehiscent, fleshy, margins thickened. 30. leaf rh.ichis 1 7 2 3 cm. pinnae ca 5 cm long. leaflets hairy, above dull. 6. c. diffyna 30. leaf rhachis 30 cm or longer. pinnae 5—30 cm long. leaflets glabrous or very sliort-hairy (hand lens!), above shining 21. c. tortuosa 29. pedicels jointed near the top, there often nodding. flower buds eventually ovoid, cucullate. ovary hairy. pod with dorsal suture ending in a sharp beak. the seeds cannot be counted from without. 31. stipules present. pedicels 4 1 1 mm. bracts 1 ^ 6 by <a-2 mm. claw of the ' standard 1—2 mm long. ovules 3, seeds flat, orbicular . . 14. c. p&rviftora 31. stipules wanting, beside the leaf base a raised line. pedicels 1 5 2 0 mm. bracts 5 1 2 by 3—5 mm. claw of the standard ca 5 by 2 mm. ovules 8—6. seeds ellipsoid in outline and also in section 17. c. sappan 1. leaves opposite. stipules interpetiolar. branches of the racemes in opposite, serial clusters 13. c. oppositifolia 1874] hattink: malesian caesalpinia key to the cultivated species 1. both pedicels and stamens less than 3 cm long. leaflets without stipels. 2. racemes more than 10 cm long. leaves even pinnate. leaflets more than 3 mm wide. 3. pedicels more than 2 mm long. calyx tube absent. 4. pinnae 9 —14 pairs. leaflets opposite, 10 — 12 pairs per pinna. lowest sepal with entire margin. pod with the upper margin ending in a sharp beak 17. c. support 4. pinnae 2—7 pairs. leaflets opposite or some of them alternate, fewer than is in all per pinna. lowest sepal serrate. pod leathery, with thickened margins. the seeds can be counted from the outside. from south america. (for nomenclature see sprague, bull. mise. inf. kew: 91-96. 1931) c. spiwoea (molina} o. kue. 3. pedicel3 up to 2 mm. calys eampanulate, tube ca 1—2 mm long. from northwest india (wagatea spscata (dalz.) dalz.) c. spicata dalz. 2. racemes up to 6 em long. leaves often odd-pinnate. leaflet^ up to 214 mm wide, ie—28 pairs per pinna. pod flexuous, twisted. from south america {poinrarata coriaria jacq.) c. coriaria (jacq.) willd. 1. pedicels and stamens more than 3 cm long. leaflets with stipels, short-stalked. from south america 16. c. putcherrima 1. caeaalpinia andamanica (prain) hattink, nov. comb. — fig. 4 / 1 . mezoneuroti andawanicam prain in j. as. soe. beng. ii 6 1 : 131. 18b2; ibid. ii 66: 234. 1897. — type: prain s.n. (cal, holo; k ! ) , from s. andaman, rangaehang, y.fr. 16, xi. 185b. mszmeuron kunstleri prain in j. as. soc. beng. ii 66: 233. 1897; ridl., pl mai. pen. 1: 647. 1922. type: king's mil. {kunsiler) sss (cal, holo; k!), from malaya, perak, sunga ryah (= sg. raya), fl. x. 1880. climber up to 20 m, in all vegetative parts glabrous. branchlets glossy; prickles recurved, 2—6 mm long. stipules caducous, scale-like, vi mm long, 2 mm wide, acute, appresaed. leaves: rhachis 15—50 cm long; prickles in pairs at the base of the pinnae and scattered ones in between, 1—3 mm long; pinnae 2—6 pairs, 7—16 cm long, often with a spine at the base of the leaflets, ending1 in a ca i mm long tip. leaflets alternate, sometimes subopposite at the top of a pinna, 6—10 ia all per pinna, 2—s mm stalked; blade membranous, widest at the middle, the highest tme(s) above the middle, subsymmetrical, index, \y^—z, 2—6 by 1—3</a cm, base cuneate, top obtuse to rounded, sometimes somewhat retuse, surfaces when dried dull. racemes axillary and then often serial, as well as terminal, combined into a panicle of 25—50 cm long in all (—75 cm according to prain); axes puberulous to glabrous; bracts wanting, caducous; pedicels 6—10 mm, after anthesis 15—25 mm, glabrous, sometimes somewhat hairy or hairy on the joint only, jointed 1—2 (after anthesis —7) mm below the top. flower buds glabrous; receptacle symmetrical, cupular, 1—2mmlongby4 (—6) mm wide; lowest reinwardtia [vol, 9 sepal deeply cucullate, ca 12 by 6 mm, the others ca 4 by 6 mm, reflexed during anthesis, ciliate. petals spreading; standard ca 10 by 7 mm, obovate, at the base 2 mm wide, at the inner side at about half the length a transverse furrow, which is densely hairy inside; the other 4 petals ca 9 by 5 mm, short-clawed, limb elliptic, glabrous. stamens exaerted; filament 12—14 mm, woolly over v\.—vt of the length; anther 3 by 1 mm. pistil glabrous; ovary ca 4 by 1 mm, 1 mm stalked, ovules 4; style ca 12 mm, stigma somewhat bilobed, 1 ram wide, ciliate. in fruit the pedicel ca 15 mm (—25 mm in the andamans), jointed 3—5 mm {—7 in the andamans) below the top; receptacle persistent, laterally flattened, 2—3 mm long, 7—9 mm wide, the median ends often somewhat recurved, abruptly narrowed into the pedicel; pod indehiscent, 3—4 times as long as wide, 10—15 by 2i/a—4 cm, including the 9—12 mm wide wing, base cuneate, top acute, carpels dull, often strongly reticulate. seeds 3—4, spaced, ovate in outline, flat, ca 11 by 6 by 1 mm, brown, smooth; albumen none. distribution; burma (tenasserim, s. andaman), indo-china (cochin-china), thailand (peninsula); in malesia: sumatra (lampung), malaya (perlis, perak). c h i t t a g o n g , o a r j a n i a r a n g e , cowan 5ssi d e n t i t y u n c e r t a i n : i n d i a . b e j = imp. for. hist. 21,391, fl. burma. t e n a a 3 e r i m : pnckermtin s.n,, fr. 1844, pierre, fr. a n d n m a n 5 : soutli a. king's coll., fr. 2. xii. 1893, king's coll., fl. 13. x. 1s94. indo-china. c o c h i n c h i n a : prov. bienhoa, km 73 route no. 20, poitane 19765, fl. 17.x.1931. thailand. p e n i n s u l a : sichon, 50 m, kerr. 15689, fr. 12. v. 1928. kaw chang, kerr 1655s, fr. 17.1.1929. pang-nga, kerr 17sis, fr. 5. iii. 1929. surat, yanyan, kerr 18191, fr. 21.11.1930. sumatra. l a m p u n g : nw. of kota agung, ,t23's 104*35'e, 350-450 m, jacobs 8i70, fl. 17. v. 1968. malaya. p e r i l s : bukit ketri, sf s29s4 henderson, fr. 19.xi.1929. p e r a k : reservoir padang rengas, sf 1497s haniff, it. 18.1. 1925. salak, sf 69*1 haniff & nur, fr. 11. xii. 1920. i poll, kinta hill f. r., 450 m, kep 9975v ramni zain«ddin, fl. 12. x. 1966. ecology : in scrub, evergreen primary forest, along rivers and roads, up to 500 m. fl. may, oct., fr. oct. to march. notes: 1. compilation of field data: flowers scented, calyx green, petals yellow, filaments pale green, anthers brown; young fruits green. 2. prain contrasted in his key mezoneuron andamanicum with m. kunstleri on account of the longer distance between the joint in the pedicel and the calyx, the glabrous pedicels, and the obtuse leaflets in the former. the shape of the leaflets and the distance between the joint and the calyx, however, vary in malaya, and the pedicels in the isotype of m. kunstleri are glabrous. 1974] hattjnk: malesian caesalpinia 17 3. the pods resemble those of c. sumatrana and c. furfuracea. the former has no joint in the pedicel, and a different calyx-tube; the latter differs by its opposite leaflets. 4. of the specimen from india, chitlagong, the identity is not quite certain. 2. caesalpinia bonduc (l.) roxb. emend. dandy & exell caesalpinia bonduc (l.) roxb., fl. ind. (ed. carey) 2: 362. 1832, emend. dandy & exell ™ j. bot. 76: 179. 1338; back. & bakh. f., fl. java 1: 545. 1964. guilandina bondve l., sp. pi.: 381. 1753, not of later ed.; skeela in science n.s. 37: 922. 1913. — g. bonducella l., sp. pi. 2nd ed.: 545. 1762, nom. illeg. — c. bondacella (i..) fleming in a3. res. 11: 159. 1810, nom. illeg. — q. bonduc b minus dc, prod. 2: 480. 1s2s. bondw minus medik., theod. spec: 41, t. 2. 1886, nom. illeg. — c. jayabo ft cytaunperma maaa in an. soe. esp. hist. nat. is: 234. 18s0, nom. illeg. — lectotype (dandy & exell's choice|; hb. hermann vol. 3: fol. 35 (bmi), from ceylon, fl. guilandina gemina lour., fl. cochineh.: 265. 1790. type: loureyro ('.) s.n. (bm!), from cochinchina, fl. fr. 1774, 1780. cactalpinia banducella (l.) fleming var. aequiacnhala o. ktie., rev. gun. pi. 1: 186. 1896. — type: not seen. caesalrania bondvcella (d fleming var etevans o ktze. ic type: o. kuntze issi (ny!), from java, batavia, v. 1875, fl. caesalpinia bonducella, (l.) fleming var, inaequiaculeuta o. ktze., t.c. — lectotype: o. kuntze s.n, (ny!), from java, fl. 1875. caesalpinia sogerensts baker f. in j. bot. 61: suppl. 12. 1923. — type: forbes 112 (bm! l! p!), from new guinea, sogeri region, 9'21'45"s, i47°31r3te, fr. 1885-86. mezoneuron oxypkyllam gagn., leaves only: see under doubtful species. climber up to is m. branchlets dull, hairy to almost glabrous; prickles densely placed to wanting, straight or somewhat recurved, , 1—10 mm long 011 a small suborbicular base. stipules subpersistent, pinnate or bipinnate, consisting of 3—5 leaflets, these ovate, ca '/a—2 em long, often mucronate. leaves: rhachis 15—80 cm, armed with recurved prickles at the base of the pinnae and often scattered ones in between, in the basal part often also straight prickles to 10 mm long; pinnae 6—11 pairs, 8—20 cm, rhachia sometimes protracted to 3 mm. leaflets opposite to subopposite, (12—) 16—24 in all per pinna, ca 1 mm stalked; blade membranous, widest at the middle, asymmetrical, index 2—2*4 (—3>/£), 1—6'/̂ by v2—3 cm, base rounded, top rounded to acute, rarely acuminate, mucronate, margins curved, nerves prominent, surfaces dulu; hairy, rarely glabrous. racemes supra-axillary and inserted up te 2 cm above the leaf axil and often serial, as well as terminal, often branched, up to 30—60 cm in all, in the lower part often set with short, straight prickles, all parts densely hairy; bracts caducous, exceeding the topmost flowers when they are in bud for 1—5 mm, lanceolate, 8—15 by ca 1 mm, bristle pointed; pedicels 2—6 mm, jointed i/ij—1 mm below the top. flowers in 3 or 5 racemes (the 1 flowers seemingly bisexual but reinwardtia [vol. 0 1974] hattink: malesian caesalpinia anthers functionless), buds ovoid, pubescent; receptacle ca 1 ram long, 3 mm wide; sepals almost equal, reflexed during anthesis, 7—10 by i—6 mm, on their margins often glandular hairs, the lowest one somewhat boatshaped. petals not or slightly exceeding the sepals; standard: claw ca 3 by 1 mm, densely hairy on both sides, limb 4—7 hf 3 mm, reflexed, glabrous or with a few hairs; the other 4 petals ca 7 by 2 mm, spathulate, in the basal part and on the outer side hairy, sometimes cihate. stamens: filament nearly straight, hairy in the basal part, in s sowers the filament ca 6—10 mm, anther ca 1% by ^ mm; in e flowers the filament ca 5 mm, anther ca 1 by % mm, without pollen. pmil in a flowers ca 7 _ s by 2 mm, hairy; ovary ca 3 by 2 mm, 1 mm stalked, densely set with ca v2 mm long spines, ovules 2; style ca 3 mm, hairy, stigma ciliate; pistil in i flowers rudimentary, ca 1 mm long, hairy. in fruit the pedicel ca y*—lvz cm, in section round, at the base 2—4 mm 0 towards the top the thickest and there ca 4—7 mm 0, more or less ligneous; pod ca y2 cm stalked above the receptacle, at maturity in the dried state swollen, dehiscent, ca iy2—2 times as long as wide, 6^—9 by rf'/g—4y3 cm, base acute, top rounded, style-remnant to 8 mm long, surf aces more or less densely set with 5—10 mm long spines, surfaces and bristles hairy. seeds 1 2 , ovoid to globular, 1 5 2 0 mm long, smooth grey (greenishgrey when unripe) with parallel lines concentric with the hilum which is brown and often has a minute rejecting point of the fumcle; albumen """"distribution: pantropic. in malesia in all parts, but distinctly scarce in the rain forest areas in sumatra, borneo, the philippines and western new guinea. — fig. 3. ecology: the ecological amplitude of this species seems not quite even over its whole area. while it is often coastal, it may also occur inland, in secondary forests, and in eastern parts of malesia it may ascend to about 850 m. there seems to be a preference for a seasonal climate. a periodicity was not found, often flowers and fruits occur together. a record of b.l. turner s.n. (bm!) from 9000 10200 ft on mt obree in papua anno 1918 seems apoeryphous. u s e s : burkill (1966) says (under c. jayabo and ccrista) that the seeds are used for stomach troubles etc. and the leaves for tapeworms. see also watt, diet. ec. prod. ind. 2: 3. 1889; comm, prod. ind.; 190. 1908 (both under c. bonducella), and heyne, nutt. pi. 3rd ed. i: 751. 1950 (under c. crista and c. jayabo). notes: 1. compilation of field data: calyx green, petals yellow, standard tinged with red or orange, filaments and style pale green, anthers brown, stigma pale yellow; fruits green. 2. the long-standing confusion between the species here called caesalpinia bondue and c. major (explained in fig. 1) goes back to an unfortunate segregation by linnaeus of his pre-1753 materials. the 20 reinwardtia [vol. 3 1974] hattink: malesian caesalpinia illegitimate name c. bmiducella has by subsequent authors rather consistently been applied to the former. the name c. bondue, however, got misapplied in different ways. the nomenclature has been commented on by urban (symh. antili. 2: 269. 1900) who interpreted this species as c. ciista l. 1753. dandy & exell had another opinion, which we follow here. differences between c. bondue and c. bonducella (our c. "major and c. bondue) on account of their seeds are given by petch in ann. r. bot. gard. perad. 9: 299-305. 1924. 3. the above description rests on malesian material only and comprises but part of the whole diversity. for descriptions covering other parts of the world, see for south america: fawcett & rendle, fl. jam. 4: 93, fig. 1920 (under c. bonducella), britton & wilson, sc. siirv. porto rico virg. isl. 5: 378. 1924 (under guilandma crista), pulle, fl. suriname 2, 2: 86. 1939, gooding, loveless & proctor, fl. barbados: 175. 1965; for africa: wilczek in fi. cong. belg. ruanda urundl 3: 250. 1052, erenan in fl. trop. e. afr. leg. 2 caes.: 37. 1967, aubreville, fl. cameroun 9: 310. 1970. 4. in specimens from the rain forests in new guinea (e.g. forbes 112, type of g. sogerensis, heyligers 13s7, pullen 6611, tippett u.p.n.g. 361) the branchlets and leaf rhachises are often pubescent and densely set with 5—10 mm long straight pubescent spines. plants were found which integrade with the scarcely spiny ones from the beach habitats (e.g. lae 51582 and brass 22052, both from the rain forests, the branches of the latter being unarmed (las!) to slightly armed (l! a!) but less as the branches of ngf 38078, from the beach). 5. many collections consist of racemes with male flowers and detached fruits. whether these are taken from one plant or from two different ones, is uncertain; see petch, i.e.: 304. 6. one specimen (ngf is527) is inscribed: myremecophilous at nodes. 7. one collection, sf 2i962 from malaya, johore, pulau plandok, vi. 1931, has seeds which are black, without concentric lines and somewhat intruded like those of c. xolomonensis. 3. caesalpinia crista l. — fig. 4/8. caesalpinia crista l., sp. pl: 380. 1753; skeels in science n.s. 37; 922. isis; dandy & exell in j. bot. 76: 179. 1938; bock. & bakh. f., fl. java 1: 545. 1sb4. — lectotype (dandy & exell's choice): hb. hermann "vol. 1: fol. 68 (bm!), from ceylon. guuandina naga l., sp. pi. 2nd. ed.: 546. 1762; lam., eneycl. m£th. i: 434. 1785; willd., sp. pi. 2: 635. 1799. ticanta nuga (l.) medik., theod. spec: 52. 17s6. c. wu$a (l.) ait., hort. kew. 2nd ed. 3: 32. 1811; benth., fl. hongk.: 97. 1861; kura, for. fl. burma 1: 405. 1877; baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 255. 18781 trim., fl. ceyl. 2: 99. 1894; prain m j. as. son. beng. ii 66: 2s7, 470. 1897; merr. in philip. j. sc. 5: bot. si. 1810; back., sehoolfl.: 401. 1911; koord., exk. fl. java 2: 371. 1912; gagn. m fl. gtn. i . c . 2: 181. 1913; merc., int. rumph.: 261. 1917; sp. blanc: 176. 1918; gamble, pi. pres. madras 1: 394. 1919; rid]., fl. mai. pen. 1: 650. 1922; merr., comm. lour.: 190. 1935; bor & kaizada in j. bomb. nat. hist. soc. 46: 1, fie. 5. 1946. type: nitj/oe silvaram rumph., herb. arab. 5: t. 50. 1747, from ambon, fl. fr. genista icandew lour., fl. codiinch.: 428, 1790. — bv.ua laureirii sprenk., syet. veg. 3: 186. 1826; according to merr., comm. lour.: 191. 1935. — type: (n.v.) from cochmchina. guilandma paniculate lam., eneycl. meth. 1: 434. 1785; willd., sp. pi. 2: 535. 1799. c. paniculata, (lam.) roxk, hort. eeng.: 32. 1814; dc, prod. 2: 481. 1825; rosb., fl. ind. (ed. carey) 2: 364. 1832; w .& a., prod.: 281. 1834; wight, ic. 1: t. 36. 1840. type: kaka mvuu, vel kaka moullou (in caption kaka mullu) kheede, hort. mai. 6: t. 19. 168fi, irom india, malabar, fl. fr. caeialpinia laevigata perr. in mem. soc. linn. paria 3: 104. 1824. type: perrotut (n.t.) from the philippines. caesalpinia ecandens heyne ex both, nov. pi. sp.: 209. 1821; dc, prod. 2: 464. 1825. type: heync s.n. (bm! holo; k!), from ind. or., fl. fr. liana up to 15 m, in all vegetative parts glahrous. branchlets glossy, hlaek, more or less armed with recurved prickles. stipules wanting-. leaves: rhachis 10—30 cm; prickles sometimes absent, recurved, at the hase of the pinnae and scattered ones in between; pinnae 2—4 (—5) pairs, 2^—8 (—12) cm, often armed. leaflets opposite, 2—3 (—5) pairs, 2—4 mm stalked; blade coriaceous, widest at the middle, index 2—21/j, 2—10 by 1—5 cm, hase acute, subequal, top acute to obtuse, sometimea acuminate or rounded, margins curved, nerves prominent, surfaces above shining, below dull. racemes axillary and terminal, combined into a 20—40 cm long panicle, short-hairy when young; bracts very early caducous, ca 1 mm long; pedicels 7—15 mm, jointed ca 1 mm below the top. flower buds glabrous; receptacle oblique, ca 2 mm long, 5 mm wide; sepals: the lowest one cucullate, ca 8 by 4 mm, glabrous, the others 6—8 hy 2—3 mm, reflexed during anthesis, ciliate. petals spreading; standard: claw ca 5 by 2 mm, hairy, limh siihorhicular, ca 5 mm 0. reflexed, glabrous, margins incurved; the other 4 petals: claw ca 1 by % mm, limb widest below the middle, 7—9 by 4 mm. stamens: filament ea 10 mm, woolly to over the middle; anther ca 1% by 1 mm. pistil ca 12 mm long, hairy to glabrous; ovary ca 1 mm stalked, ca 2—3 by 2 mm, ovules 1—2 (—3); style ca 10 mm, stigma somewhat wider as the style, ciliate. in fiii.it the pedicel as long as in the flower, receptacle shed, the remnant ca 3 mm wide; pod 2—6 mm stalked above the receptacle, when ripe somewhat swollen, indehiscent, ca 1—2 times as long as wide, 4—7 by 2*4—bys em, base cuneate, top obtuae to acute, beaked at the upper angle or at the top. reinwardtia [vol. 1s74] malesian caesalpinia seeds 1, rarely 2, orbicular to ovoid to reniform in outline, flat, ca 2—2>/2 by vfo—2 by 1/2—1 cm, when dried black; albumen none. distribution : coastal parts of se. asia from india to the ryukyu is., australia (queensland, new caledonia); in malesia in all parts, except e. sumatra and e. borneo. ecology : river banks, on sandy beaches, in and behind mangroves (but then only on the sandy parts), chalk rocks and limestone; at low altitude, rarely up to 350 m. a periodicity was not found. notes: 1. compilation of field data: bark grey-brown; flowers fragrant, petals yellow, standard red or with red veins, anthers orange; fruits green, dark brown to black when ripe, may float on the water. 2. the confusion about the nomenclature of this species is explained in fig. 1. the nomenclature has been commented on by dandy & exell in j. bot. 76: 175 -176, 179. 1938. out of the references under c. arista l. 1753 they chose the only specimen of our species, the other references being our c. bondiie. urban (symb. antill. 2: 269. 1900) used c. crista for our c. bonduc. 3. for interpretations of caesalpinia (gmlandina) axillaris see under doubtful species. 4. resembles c. stenoptera in foliage. see under 18. c. seortechinii, note 3. 4. caesalpinia cucullata koxb. caesalpinia cucullatti roxb. [hort. ben?.: 32. 1814, nomeii; wall., cat. k. 5828. 1831-32, nomen], pl ind. (ect. carey) 2: 358. 1832. — mezenearon cucttllatnm (koxb.) w.&a., prod.: 283. 1834; dalz. & gibson, bomb. fl.: 80. 1861; brandis, for. pi. nw. & c. india: 155. 1874; kurz, for. pl burma 1: 409. 1877; baker in hook, f, fi. br. ind. 2: 258. 1878; prain in j. aa. soe. beng. ii 66: 232. 1897; brandis, ind. tr.: 247. 1s06; talbot, for. fl. bomb. pres. sind 1: 443. 1909; merr. in philip. j. sc. 5: bot. 56. lfllo; back., schooifl: 306. 1911; gagn. in pi. g4n. i . c . 2: 197. 1913; gamble, pl pres. madras 1: 395. 1919; craib, fl. siam. enura. i: 499. 1928; kanj. & das, fi. assam 2: 123. 1938; back. & bakh, f., fl. java i! 546. 1964. — type: w. carey (see note) from india, "delta of the ganges, by him introduced into the botanic garden at calcutta, where it blossoms in february and march." mezonearon macrophyllum bi. ex miq., fi. ind. bat. 1, 1: 104. 1855; koord., eik. fl. java 3: 372. 1912. type: blame [91007] (l!), from java, fl. mezoneuron cucuuaiwrn, (rot*.) w. & a. var. grandis heyne ex baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 258. 1878. [c. grandis heyne ex wall., cat. «. 5830. 1831-33, vamen.] type: hb. wauich n. ssso b (k!), from india, madras. mezoneuron aiatllahim (eovb.) w. & a. var. mbuetum craib, fi. siam. enum. 1; 499. 1s2s. — type: ken10u7b <k1), from thailand, wangkia, kanburi [rsohaburi], y.fr. 9. ii. 1926. climber up to 20 m, in all parts glabrous. brwnchlets smooth, black, ., the older rough, lenticellate; prickles recurved, black, 5—10 mm long, on older stems on a corky knob. stipules wanting. leaves: rhaehis 10—40 cm, prickles in pairs at the base of the pinnae and scattered ones in between; pinnae 3—6 pairs, 10—20 cm, often with spines in pairs at the base of the leaflets and scattered ones in between. leaflets (sub) opposite, 3—6 pairs, 2—4 mm stalked; blade coriaceous, widest below the middle, index li/2—2 (—3), 5—12 by 2y2—6% cm, base acute to rounded, inequal to subequal, top acuminate, margins arching, nerves prominent but the eosta on. the upper side sunken, surfaces above shining, below dull. racemes axillary and terminal, combined into a panicle of 20-50 cm in all, often from old stems, sometimes with a few prickles, glabrous; bracts wanting; pedicels ca 8 mm, glabrous, jointed in the middle or up to v-i from the top. flower buds globose, glabrous; receptacle very oblique, 2 mm long, 6—8 mm wide; lowest sepal cucullate, in open flower twice as long: as the others, 8—12 by ca 4 mm, glabrous, the other sepals ca s by 3 mm, ciliate. petals cihate near the base; standard vaalted, bilobed, 6—8 mm long by 10—12 mm, sinus for half the length, the other 4 petals: claw vi mm long, limb stiborbicular to ovate, 5—8 by 4—̂ 6 mm, the highest pair of petals about 4/5 the length of the other pair. stamens far exserted; filament 20—25 mm, curved upwards, shorthairy over ca 1/5 of the length; anther ca 1% by y%—1 mm. pistil glabrous or short-silky, 1—2 mm stalked; ovary 5 by 1 mm, ovules 1, occasionally 2; style 20—30 mm, curved upwards, stigma oblique, ca % mm 0, glabrous. in fruit the pedicel 10—12 mm, jointed ca 1/3 from th% top; receptacle persistent, ca 2 mm long, 8—10 mm wide; pod 2—4 mm stalked above the receptacle, very thin, oblong-lanceolate, 3—4 times as lo me 3«bu u c a i l l l g s l u e , « u . . i . u . . ^ " <=. seeds 1, rarely 2, in the middle of the pod, orbicular in outline, flat, ca 1 cm 0, shining brown. distribution: india, china (yunnan), burma (s. andaman), indochina (tonkin, annam), thailand (n., s e . ) ; in malesia: sumatra (n. and w.), malaya (see note), java, lesser sunda islands (bali), borneo (banjavmasin), philippines (according to merrill: luzon, mindanao). i n d i a , kb. wallich 5sssa, e, fl. fr., s8s0c, fl., d. fr., e, £1. f r . 15. x u . 1820. h o r t . c a l c , (ko-iburj-h?! hb. waltich s7$, fl. 22. i i . 1815. hamilton kb. walhch ss2&d, f l . fr. d e h r a d u n , raizada s.n,, f l . f r . x i i . 1952. komola, hb. wallick 5s2sd, in p a r t : f r . 4 . i i . 1809. n o p a l : t u n l i n g s h a n , 2 7 ' 1 8 ' n 8 7 ° 1 3 r e , nwkett sou, f l . 1 2 . x i m h 6 1 . s i k k i m : r e g . t r o p . 1 4 0 0 0 ft, j.d. hooker. c h i t t a g o n g : king's cou. sos, b u d s 1se6. a s s a m : 11 coll. b i h a r : 1000 f t , j.d. hooker, fl. g o h a n i m a r i , mukerjee 568, f r . ib. iv. 1941. c h i n a . y u n n a n : forrest 11812, t e n g u y u e h , ± 2b°n 8 9 " 3 0 ' e , forrest 8519, fl. burma. a n d a m a n s : south a.: king's coll. 23.1.1s93, 18.11.1893. reinwardtia [vol. hattink: malesian caesalpinia indo-china. t o n k i n : d'alleigvtte, ir. vii. 1908. ti vu, balaaaa s150. a n n a m : prov. quang tii, lang-hon-sao, pailane 12613, fr. 1s.iii.1s27; prov. haut-donai, col de braian, djiring, 900 in, poilane $4761, fr. 4, iii. 1935. thailand, n o r t h : near lampang, ± l8"16'n 99'30'e, kerr s115, fl. 14.1.1914. s o u t h e a s t : ampo makam, ± 13"n 102°10'e, kerr sss3, fl. 10. xii. 1924. sumatra. a t j e h : mt bur ni geredong, 1500 m, van steenis 6487, st. 5. ix. 1934. e a s t c o a s t : padang bulan, jockeins si?s, st. 0. iv. 1923. w e f t c o a s t : fort de koek [= padang tinggi], jacobson 3089, fl. viii. 1822. identity doubtful: malaya. k e d a h : langkawi, bukit pateh, comer s.s., bt. 20. xi. 1841. java. w e s t to e a s t , to 1500 m: 18 coll. n u s a b a r u n g : jacobs 4711, st. 13. v. 1957. lessee sonda islands. b a l i : g. pala, 475 m, maier & sarip 21b, fl. 13. ix. 1918. borneo. k a l i m a n t a n : banjsrmasin, motley ss6, 11. 1857-58. philippines (merrill's records; not seen). l u z o n : laguna, elmer. m i n d a n a o : lake lanao, mrs. clemens 9h2, ii. 1907. ecology: in forests, forest fringes and scrub, up to 1500 m. fl. (in maleaia) april-oct. notes : 1. compilation of field data: calyx and sepals yellow, fruits red. 2. the (holo) type material of m. eueulloium which may be in c.al, i have not seen. in bm there is a flowering specimen, inscribed w. carey; in. sing there is a specimen inscribed in what seems roxburgh's hand: "no. 272 caesalpiiiia cucuuata r.h.b. febr. 22.1815". on the detached inflorescence a few old flowers are loft. fruits, also described, were not seen. 3. the difference between the var. macrophyllum and the typical variety is only in size of the vegetative parts. no sharp limits between those two varieties could be found by me. for interpretations of caesalpima (guilandina) o,xillaris see under doubtful species. 4. a sterile specimen, corner s.n. (sing!) from malaya, langkawi, bukit puteh, 20. xi. 1941, has the leaflets aubsessile, oblique at the base, ca 3 times as long as widethe prickles on the stem-piece are inserted on tubercular knobs, the young branches are when dried not black as usual in c. cucuuata. 5. caesalpjnia decapetala (roth) alston caesatpiwia dempetala (roth) alston, fl. ceyl. (suppl.): s9. 1031; back. & bakh. f,, fl. java 1: 545. 1964. — eeickardia ? deeapetala roth, nov. pi. sp.: 212. 1821; d c , prod. 2; 4b4. 1826; g. don, gen. syst.: 433. 1832. type: heyne a holo; k, iso), from india, fl. 20 b •d of c. sutomonensis. the number are theffig 4 pods of d e ^ p m ^ species; seed of c. 8o(wn0b*k™. ihe number are_i. » uw«. rf the >pecta in the test, 1 and s bdng similar, 20 being var.abl reinwardtia [v0t,. caesalpinia sepiaria roxb. [hoit. beng.: 32. 1814, women], fl. lid. (ed. carey) 2: 360. 1832; w. & a., prod.: 282. 1834; wight, ic. 1: t. 37. 1840; miq., f). lnd. b a t 1, 1: 109. 1855; kun, for. fl. burma 1: 406. 1877; baker in hook, f., fi. br. lnd. 2: 256. 1878; trim., fl. ceyl. 2: 100. 1894; prain in j. as. soe. beng. ii 66: 329. 1897; brandis, lnd. tr.: 246, fig. 1906; talbot, for. f!. bomb. pves. sind 1: 440. 1909; mcrr. in philip. j. sc. 5: bot. s5. 1910; back., sehoolfl.: 309. 1911; koord, exk. fl. java 2: 371. 1912; gagn. in. fl. gen. i. c. 2: 180. 1913; gamble, fl. pres. madras 1: 3(14. 1919; rock, leg. pi. hawaii: 102, fhotogr., 105. 1920; eidl., fl. mai. pen. 1: 650. 1932; bor & raiiada in i. bomb. nat. hist. soc. 46: 9, t. i, 2, fig. 5, 1946. — biancaea zcandens todaro, nuev. gen. sp. pi.: 32. 1858. — biancaen. sepiaria todaro, hort. bot. panorm.: 3. 1876-78. type: roxburgh (? holo; bm!; k! iso in hb. wallich 583&a), from india, fl. fr. caesalpinia japonica sieb. & zucc. ™ abh. k. ak. wiss. munchen iv 2: 117. 1845. — c'sepiaria roxb. var. japonica (sieb. & ziiec.) gagn. in fl. gen. i. c. 2: 180. 1913. — type; siebold & zuecanini (le), from japan. caesalpinia benguelensis elmer m leaf i. philip. bot. 1: 226. 1307. — mezoneuron in leafl. philip. bot. 1: 362. 1907. — type: elmer 87so i the philippines, luzon, benguet prov., baguio, fl. fr. benguetense (elmer) el (bo1 k! l! pnhf), fro iii. 1907. caesalpinia ferox hi '•); lnd. sem. hort. amst. 1841 (not seen, cat. hort. bog.: 235. 1844, descr-; pi. jav. ear.: 40c. 1848. type: not keen, probably a living plant in hort. bog, climber or shrub, up to 25 m, young parts densely brown hairy. brancklets dull, glabrescent, more or less set with recurved prickles to s mm long. stipules subpersistent, obliquely ovate-semi cordate, 8—is by 4—7 mm, acuminate, hairy. leaves: rhachis 7—38 cm, hairy; prickles sometimes absent, mostly in pairs at the base of the pinnae, often scattered ones in between; pinnae 3—10 pairs, 2 ^ — 7 cm, hairy, often armed. leaflets opposite, 5—12 pairs per pinna, y%—1 mm stalked, membranous, widest at the middle, the highest pair above the middle, more or leas asymmetrical, index 2—3,12—22 by 4—11 mm, base rounded, top truncate to retuse, surfaces when dried dull, appressed short-hairy, rarely glabrous. racemes axillary and then serial, as well as terminal, 15—32 cm long, hairy, often bearing 1 or 2 leaves; bracts caducous, ovatelanceolate, acuminate, 4—8 by 2—2ty2 mm, pubescent; pedicels 15—30 (—s5) mm, pubescent, joint (sometimes invisible) 1—3 mm below the top. flower buds first almost globose, eventually ovoid, hairy, all parts punctate (secretory cavities); receptacle oblique, 2 mm long, 5—10 mm wide; lowest sepal slightly cucullate, 8—10 by 3—4 mm, the others 6—8 by 3—4 mm, reflexed during smthesis. petals spreading, standard; claw 4—6 by 1—2 mm, hairy, limb suborbicular, 5—7 mm 0, reflexed, the other 4 petals ca y» mm clawed, limb obrhomboid, ca 6—10 by 4—8 mm. stamens exserted; filament 10—15 mm, woolly to over the middle, the upper median one leas hairy; anther l'^—2 by %,—1 mm, glabrous. pistil ca 17 mm; ovary 4—5 by 1—1̂ 2 mm, hairy or glabrous, ovules 8—10; style 8—9 mm, glabrous, stigma ca % mm 0. in fruit the pedicel as long as in the flower, ligneous; receptacle-remnant 4—6 mm wide; pod subsessile, dehiscent, ligneous, 3—4 times as long as wide, 6^—-11 1974] hattink: mahsian caesalpivia 37 by 214—3 cm, sometimes on the dorsal side up to 3 mm wide longitudinally winged, base rounded, top rounded, the upper suture prolonged in a sharp beak, style-remnant up to 15 mm, margins parallel, surfaces often prominently nerved, exocarp and endocarn easily to be separated. seeds 4—9, ellipsoid in outline and also in section, 8—12 by 6—8 by 3—4 mm, black, dull; albumen none. distribution: india (himalaya, deccan), ceylon, japan (honshu, shikoku, kyushu), china (anhwei, hong kong), upper burma, pacific (tahiti, wild?, oaliu, wild?), also cultivated in other tropical countries and then run wild; in malesia: sumatra (northern half), malaya (penang), java, lesser sunda islands (lombok, flores, timor), philippines (luzon), swcelebes. unconfirmed: indo-chinese peninsula. india, hb. wallich s»«d, e, f, all f l , /, fl. fr., wight ss8, fl. d e c c a n : bombay area: gorakhpur, panigrahi 10615, fl. 25.11.1866. nilgm mts, hohenacher usb. bot. garden, hb. wallich 5ss4b. fl. 20.1.1815. nff, h i m a l a y a : daursan, y50 m, watt sts1. kumaon, 2100 m, bsi s555s n.c. nai-r, fl. 23.iv.1965. near dehra dun, zuteki e.n. = pr! hs7ho, fl. 2. iv. 1828. n e p a l : 1000—2100 m, 6 coll. b e n g a l : reg. trop. hooker f. & thomson ldh 977. a s s a m : manipur, 900 m. bullock 959, fl. 2s. ii. 1846. sylhet distr., hb. wallich s8s&c, fr. xii. 1823. ceylon. thwaites 278i, fl. japan. h o n d o : minomo in settsu, m. togasi nsm its (distr. by tns), fl. 1.vii.1952, also s h i k o k u and k y u s h u . china. a n h w e i p r o v . : tien chu shan, chien shan hsien, a: 32°n 117-e, c.s. fan & u 57, fr. 12. vi. 1936. h o n g k o n g : 1200 m, tsui s7s. fr. 24, 26. iv. 1932. h a i n a n : yaichow, 240 m, f.c. how 7o8a0, fl. 1933. burma. u p p e r b.: abdul hvk s.n, fl. 7.x.1890. sumatha. n o r t h : about 900-1350 m, 12 coll. w e s t c o a s t : korthale, fl. pajakumbuh, 500 ra, w. meyer, fl. 14. viii. 1957. malaya. p e n a n g : govt. hill. 750 m, curt/a sb5, one sheet fl. viii. 1885, one sheet fl., detached fr. x. 1880. java. w e s t to e a s t : from sea level at tandjung friok, blume, st. iv,to ± 1700 m on mt sindoro, horsing 2zi, fr. 2. ii. 1812, 28 coll. in all, mostly montane. lesser sunda islands. l o m b o k : 1200 m, rensch h7, fl. 30. iii. 1927. f l o r e s : per. ruteng, 1000-1200 m. verheijen + « , fl., tel/2, fr. 2s. v. 1863. t i m o r : south central part, 1100 m, walsh 806, fl. 2i.v.192b; &10 ra, walsh, ilk, fl. fr. 2. v. 1829. philippines. l u z o n : benguet prov.: 5 coll. (± 1300 m). cagaysn prov., 8s 17531 clemens, fl. iv. 1627. manila, vidal y s. &$%, fr. celebes. s o u t h w e s t p e n . : ranto leroo, 1400 m, kjellberg 4082, fr. 2. iv. ifl29. i.oka bonthain, teijsmnnn 13753 hb, st. pacific. t a h i t i : m. vesco s.n. hi). hasskarl, fl. 1847. o a h u ; kailua, fosherg & oliveira 10760, f!. 12. xii. 1935. ecology: open grasslands, scrub, forest fringes and edges of belukar on mountains between 1000 and 1700 m {-2000 ni in nepal), at lower altitude in china, indo-china and japan, in malesia also cultivated at low altitude and there run wild. seems to prefer a dry soil. reinwardtia [vol. s 1974] hattink: malesian caesalpinia: uses; used for the impenetrable hedges it forma. notes: 1. compilation of field data: flowers yellow, sometimes dark red, standard with red veins or dots, anthers violet or red. 2. the foliage resembles that of c. -pubescens, the latter having short stipules and often alternate leaflets. 3. the wing on the pod is the widest in specimens from china. a glabrous ovary only occurs in inrio-china, china and japan. 6. caesalpinia digyna rottl. — fig. 4/6. caesalpmia digyna rottl i». ges. naturf. f r . berl. neue sehr. 4: 200, t. 3. 1803; d c , prod. 2: 482. 182e; g. don, gen. syat. 2: 431. 1832; w. & a.. prod.: 281. 1834; kurz, for. f1. burma 1: 407. 1877; baker in hook, f., pi. br. jnd. 2: 256. 1878; trim., fl. ceyl. 2: 100, 1884; prain in j. as. soc. beng. ii 66: 231. 1897; gagn. in fi. gen. i. c. 2: 182. 1913; gamble, fl. prea. madras 1: 394. ibid; rid!., fl. mai. pen. 1: 651. 1322; craib, fl. siam. emim. 1: 501. 1928; kanj. £ das, fl. assam i: 121. 1938; bor & raizada w j. bomb, nat. hiat. soc. 46: 10, fig. g, 194g; back. & bakh. f., fl. java 1: 546. 1964. type: rattler s.n. ( b t k ! ) , from [s. india] mannelon, fl. fr. 9. x. 1799. caesalpinia oleosperma eoxb. [hort. bong.: 32. 1814, h m m ] , fl. ind. (ed. carey) %: 357. 1832. type: roxburgh (u.w.1, from india. cttesatptnia gracilie miq., f l . ind. bat. 1, 1: 110. 1855; back., schoolfl.: 401 1911. type: horsfield 1ss (bm!; k! holo), from java, ft. fr. climber or scandent shrub or small tree, up to 10 m, young parts densely rusty-brown hairy. branchlets mostly glossy, occasionally lenticellate, when dried dark purplish, slightly pilose or glabrous; prickles recurved, 4—5 mm long. stipules caducous, subulate, to 3 mm long, slightly liairy. leaves: rhachfs 17—23 cm; prickles in pairs at the base of the pinnae, recurved, 1—3 mm long-, with occasionally smaller ones in between; pinnae 8—13 pairs, 4—5 cm, unarmed. leaflets opposite, 9—12 pairs per pinna, subsessile, membranous, closely placed, often overlapping-, index 2^/>—zvs, 5—11 by 2*4—4v£ mm, base oblique-truncate, top truncate or notched, margins parallel, lateral nerves obscure, surfaces when dried above dull dark greenish, below dull grevish and in some specimens densely pitted, on both sides appressed short-hairy. racemes axillary and terminal, combined into a panicle of 30—40 em long in all, the single racemes 18—30 cm, sometimes with a single branch, glabrous or hairy like the branchlets, with a few prickles in the basal p a r t ; bracts caducous, somewhat boat-shaped, 4 by 0.4 mm, hairy; pedicels spreading1, slender, 11a—2% cm, glabrous or with a few hairs, above the base not jointed. flowers in all parts punctate (secretory cavities), buds glabrous; receptacle oblique, shallowly cup-shaped, 1—2 mm long, 6—7 mm wide; the lowest sepal 6—8 by 4—5 ram, the others 3—5 by 2—3 mm. petals spreading, standard (including the claw) ca 5 by 3 mm, boat-shaped, claw 2 by 1 mm with hairy margins, limb suborbicular, with a group of woolly hairs in the transitional zone between the claw and the limb, otherwise glabrous, the other 4 petals with a very short claw, which is 3 . in the upper pair often along the margins hairy, limb orbicular, 6—8 mm 0, glabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate. stamens slightly esserted, filament ca 12 mm, woolly over more than half the length, the 2 median ones less hairy; anther iv2 by 0.7 mm, glabrous or with a few hairs. pistil glabrous or silky-hairy along the ovarial sutures; ovary 3—4 by 1 mm, ovules 2—4; style 6—8 mm, glabrous, stigma 0.3 mm wide, short-hairy along the margin. in fruit the pedicel as long as in the flower, receptacle persistent, ca 1—2 mm long, ca 7 mm wide; pod indehiscent, 1^_2v2 times as long as wide, 3—5 by l'/a—2 cm, glabrous, base rounded, top obtuse, short-beaked, both sutures thickened, often constricted between the seeds, exocarp strongly adnate. seeds 1—3 (—4), subglobose, ca 10—12 mm 0, dark brown, testa very hard; albumen none. distribution: india (nepal, bengal, madras), ceylon, burma, indochina (laos, annam, cochin-china), thailand (n., e . ) ; in malesia: sumatra (palembang), nw. malaya, java (central, east; also madura and kangean is.), lesser sunda islands (bali). india. not further located: 9 coll.n e p a l : dhnran, 26°">0'n 87'so'e, williams & stainton 855s, fl. 22. ix. 1067. b e n g a l : chittagong hill tracts, kmg's coll eo7. djanipur distr., hb, wauhh sssob, fl. fr. 6. iii. 180ft. ceylon. beddome 9.1,90, thwaitea 1527. b u r m a . u p p e r b , : abdul hub * . « . , f l , 7 . x . 1 8 9 0 . t e i a s s e r i m : moulmein, falconer 56$. i n d o c h i n a . l a o s : sayonnakhet, poilane ssoal, fl. 1 3 . x . 16b8. l u a n g p r a b a n g , poikme 20211, f r . 28.11.1932. a n n a m : p r o v . n h a t r a n g , poilanv bj&l, f r . 22.1.192b; evrard ',67. c o c h i n c h i n a : thorvl sr,2; n e a r s a i g o n , pierre 21s. t h a i l a n d . n o r t h : c h i a n g mai a r e a , ca 1s°n 8 9 " e , 300 m, kerr sou, fl. if. 12. i x . 1909; 200 m, kerr isee, fr. 28. x i . 1920. e a s t : n a k a w n r a c h a s i m a , ca 200 ra, ca 1 5 ° n 1 0 2 ° e , hkf 23769 = smitinand iscl, f l . e.ix.1958. s o u t h of t h i s l i n e : 13 coll. s u m a t r a . p a l o m b a n g : d e voogd z$2, fl. 1 . x i i . 1928. m a l a y a . k e d b h f i n d . p e n a n g a n d l a n g k a w i l a . ) : 1 2 coll. p e r l i s : m a t a a y e r , low a l t . , sf 2805s henderson, fl. 22. x i . 1929. p e r n k ; eg. k e n c r i n g , sf 28883 henderson, fl. ib. vi. 1b30. j a v a . e a s t o f 1 1 0 ° e , u p t o 2 s 0 m : 1 6 c o l l . k a n r ' e a n i s , : i c o l l . m a d u r a : 2 5 1 5 0 m a l t . , 5 c o l l . l e s s e r s u n d a i s l a n d s . b a l i : 4 c o l l . ecology: dry plains or hills, savannahs, scrub, forest fringes, up to 250 m. in general a drought-loving species, which in thailand occurs together with c. furfuracea (see there). a periodicity was not found. uses: the pods are used for tanning, see burk., diet. 2nd ed.: 391. 1966; watt, comm. prod. ind.: 192. 1908; diet. ec. prod. ind. 2: 9. 1889. notes:1. compilation of field data: petals yellow, all or only the standard with a red dot at the base or red veins. reinwardtia [vol, 9 1974] ilattjnk: malt cuesalph 7. caesalpinia enneaphtlla rash. — fig. 4/7. caesalpinia enneaphytta rash. [hort. beng.: 32. 18j4, nomen], fi. ind. (ed. carey) 2: 363. 1832. — mezoneuron enneaphyllum (roxb.) w. & a. es benth. in miq., pl jungh.: 258. 1852; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 104. 1855; baker in hook, f., pl br. ind. 2: 258. 1878; prain in j. as. soe. beng. ii 66: 472. 1sb7; back., schoolf].! 397. 1911; kootd., exk. pl java 2; 372. 1912; ctaib, fl. siara. enum. 1: 498. 1928; kanj. & das, fl. assam 2; 124. 1938; back. & bakh. f., fl java 1: 547. 1964. — type: roxburgh's drawing n. 1426 (k!), fl. fr. shrub or climber, up to 15 m. branchlets glossy, when young finely pubescent, sparsely beset with recurved prickles, these 1—3 mm long. stipules scale-like, ca 14 nim long, 1 mm wide, appressed, often seemingly absent. leaves: rhachis 20—40 cm, short-hairy to glabrous, at the insertion of the pinnae and in between set with recurved prickles; pinnae 8—12 pairs, 3—8 cm, short-hairy to glabrous, unarmed or with a few short prickles. leaflets opposite, 8—12 pairs per pinna, y%—1 mm stalked; blade membranous, widest about the middle, index 2—3, subequal, 9—18 by 5—7 mm, base and top rounded, margins parallel, surfaces when dried dull, glabrous. racemes axillary and terminal, 25—40 cm, often branched, hairy to glabrous, unarmed; bracts caducous, lanceolate, 1—2 by 14 m m i hairy; pedicels 10—20 mm, glabrous or sparsely hairy, jointed 1—3 mm below the top. flower buds glabrescent or glabrous, almost globose; receptacle oblique, cupular, ca 2 mm long, 4—6 mm wide; lowest sepal deeply cucullate, glabrous, ca 5—6 by 2—4 mm, the other 4 sepals ca 4—6 by 3—4 mm, reflexed during anthesis, ciliate. petals spreading, glabrous, sometimes the standard ciliate; standard ca 8 by 4 mm, claw 3 by 1 mm, leathery, prolonged into a ligule which is ca 1 mm long with a bilobed top, limb reflexed, suborbicular, 4—5 mm 0; the other 4 petals: claw 1 by 1 mm, ciliate, limb suborbicular, ca 5 mm 0. stamens exserted; filament ca 10 mm, the topmost one glabrous, the other 9 hairy to about the middle; anther 11/4—2 by vi—1 mm, glabrous. pistil subsessile, glabrous; ovary 4—5 by v/> mm, ovules 4—6; style ca 6 by y-i mm, top funnel-shaped, stigma ca 1 mm 0, short-ciliate. in fruit the pedicel 15—20 mm, jointed ca 3—4 mm below the top and there nodding; receptacle first ca 6 mm wide, later often shed and remnant then 2—3 mm wide; pod indehiscent, very thin, 2v2—3i/2 times as long as wide, 8—12 by 21-c—4 cm, including the 7—10 mm wide longitudinal wing, base cuneate, top acute, surfaces shining, the swelling on each seed ellipsoid to linear, the long sides contrary to the length direction. seeds 4—6, ellipsoid in outline, flat, ca 7 by 5 by 2 mm, brown, smooth; albumen none. distribution: india (assam), china, burma, indo-china (tonkin, annam, cochin-china), sw. thailand; in malesia: west and central java, sw. celebes. india: a s s a m : cachar, booker f. & thomson, fl. fr. china. morse sis, fr. 1801. burma. u p p e r e.: wuntho, halves 5805, fr. 24. xii. 1914. tankhayongi™ £1 miles from rangoon, parkvnxnn 14611, fr. 30. vi. 1932. indo-china. t o n k i n : long tdieou, simon soi. a n n a m : prov. haut donal, col de braian, djirinsr, 11'35'n iob'05'e, poilane 2lo4i, fr. 1. ii. 1935. c o c h i n c h i n a : dongnai, pierre, fr. 1.1866. thailand. s o u t h w e s t : kanburi, 14°2'n 9b°33'e, bo ni, kerr 10100, fr. 30.xii.1q26. chumpawn, 10°50"n 99°20re, 150 jn, kerr 11124, fl. fr. 14.1.1927. java. culta: junghuhn 722. w e s t : priangan, sumedang, hoarders 40i7s, st. 28.ii.191s. c e n t r a l : rembang, blora, beumee 871, fl. vi.1917. sw. of semarang, bodja, djatikalangan, ± 300 in, wailz 875, lib. janghuhn is, yfr. celebes. s o u t h w e s t : pangkadjene, teijsmann uses hb, ims hb, fr. ecology: forest fringes, ca 300 m alt. notes: 1. compilation of field data: flowers yellow; fruits brown. 2. for differences with c. furfuracea see there. 8. caesalpinia furfuracea (prain) hattink, nov. comb. — fig. 4/8, fig. s. [caesalpinia furfuracea wall., cat. ji. 5835. 1831-32, mow™]. mtzonenron furfuraceum prain in j. as. soe. beng. ii 66: 471. 1897. type: hb. wabich n. 5ss5 (bm!; k! holo), from [burma] tenasserim, attaran river, pabang hill, fr. climber or straggling shrub. branehlets glossy, slightly pubescent or glabrous; prickles recurved, up to 5 mm long. stipules persistent, scale-like, ca ^ mm long, 1% mm wide, the axil hairy. leaves: rhachis 25—30 cm, short-hairy on the upper side, a prickle below the insertion of each pinna and scattered ones in between; pinnae 7—8 pairs, opposite or sometimes one pinna inserted to 1 cm higher as the other, 6—10 cm, hairy. leaflets opposite, 7—10 pairs per pinna, 1 mm stalked; blade membranous, equal or subeqnal, widest at the middle, the topmost pair above the middle, index 2—2va. 18—25 by 7—13 mm, base rounded, in the topmost pair cuneate, top rounded or retuse, margins parallel, surfaces glabrous or the costa below puberulous. racemes axillary and terminal, often branched, up to ca 40 cm long in all, brown-hairy when young, unarmed; bracts caducous, 8—12 by ca *4 mm, hairy; pedicels spreading, 2—21/2 cm long, hairy or glabrous; usually jointed ca y±—\\'-i mm below the top. flower buds glabrous; receptacle oblique, cupular, 2 mm long, 7—8 mm wide; lowest sepal deeply cucullate, glabrous, ca 15 mm long and 4 mm deep, the other 4 aepals ca 8 by g mm, reflexed during anthesis, mostly ciliate. petals spreading; standard: in malesia i—9 mm long, claw 2—4 by ca 2 mm, glabrous, grading into the limb which is reflexed, vaulted, ca 3—4 mm jong and near the top 5—6 mm wide, glabrous, the margin at the top waved; standard in continental asia ca 13 mm long, including the claw which is ca 6 by 31/2 mm with hairy margins, limb more or less reniform, reflexed, ca 7 by 8 mm, woolly hairy on the transition with the claw; the other 4 petals: claw 2—4 by 3 mm, limb suborbicular, ca 15—20 mm 0. stamens exserted; filament ca 15—20 mm, hairy to about the middle; anther 4 by 1 mm, glabrous. pistil reinwardtia i.vol. 9 1974] f i g . 5. caesalplnia furfurucea, s h o w i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e s iietween specimen t h a i l a n d ( a b ) and t h e l e s s e r s i m d a i s l a n d s ( e d ) , 5 x. — p r o m av ( a b ) and forfees j79* ( c d ) . fig. 6. caesal-pinia latieiliqua: top of poda, showing the variability, 1 x. — a fron cossro £ melegrito 1bs7, b from p.vjj -27sh, c from bs ^fle?s. fig. 7. caesalpinia nalomore all from nne pod, i s . — from fis/f ttobs. pig. 8. flowers of caesalpinin latixuiqua ( a d ) and c. mmdomwih < e h ) : a. open flower, b. the same, two sepals removed, c. standard, d. 1—4. petals, e. open flower, f. the same, two sepals and four petals removed, g. standard, h. 1—4. petals, 3 x. — from pnh 17sso (a—d) arid bs 18g7s (e—h). reinwardtia [vol. 9 j974] hattink: malesian caesalpinia: ca 1 mm stalked, glabrous; ovary 8 by 2 mm, ovules 4—5; style ca 20 mm, the top funnel-shaped, stigma 11,4 mm 0, short-ciliate. in fruit the pedicel 2—3^4 cm, above the base not jointed or ca 4 mm from the top, receptacle persistent, ca 2—3 mm long by 8—9 mm, the median ends often recurved, abruptly narrowed into the pedicel, pod indehiscent, comparatively thin, 21/^—31/j times as long as wide, 7—20 by 2'/i—6 cm, including the 10—17 mm wide wing, base cuneate, top acute, often hooked, surfaces dull, covered with wax. seeds 3—4, spaced, ellipsoid in outline and also in section, ca 11 by 6 by 4 mm, brown, smooth, dull; albumen ? distribution: burma (toungoo, tenasserim), thailand; in malesia: lesser sunda islands (timor, alor). b u r m a . t o u n g o o d i s t r. : lace sou, fl. 1 0 . x 1 i . 1 9 0 9 . t h a i l a n d . n o r t h : l a i n p a n g , 18°47'n 9 9 ' 3 0 ' e , 250 m , kerr 4806, fr. 7. i i . 1 9 2 1 ; b a n ta d u a , 17°50pn 9 8 ° 3 8 ' e , 200 m, kerr 4g6s, fl. 28. x i . 1920. s o u t h w e s t : w a n g k a , 15°06'n 88"2b'e, 150 m , kostermans, f r . iv. 1946 (leaves o f c diffyna), l e s s e r s u n d a i s l a n d s . t i m o r : forbes 8703, f l . , teijsmmn 10699, f r . o e o l o e b a n , 1 0 0 0 m , schmutz 231!), f r . o n l y 3 . v i i . 1 9 6 8 . a l o r : jaag 609, f l . 7 . v . 1 9 3 8 . ecology: in thailand in the same habitats as c. digyna. seems to prefer a strong seasonal drought. notes: 1. compilation of field data: flowers yellow; fruits with blue wax. 2. the flowers resemble those of c. andamanica, c. digyna, and c. enneapkylla. the first two have different leaflets. the last one has a glabrous standard. 3. the fruits resemble those of c. andamanica, c. enneapkylla, c. sumatrana, and c. latisiliqiw,. the first one differs in leaflets; the second in the shorter pedicels and the shape of the calyx tube; the last two differ in the calyx tube, the absence of a joint in the pedicel, and the often larger leaflets which usually are alternate. 4. kostermans os from thailand, near neechey, 15°06'n 98°28'e, 25—28. iv. 1946, is a mixture, the fruits belonging to this species, the leaves to c. digyna. possibly the fruiting plant was leafless. as all fruiting collections from the lesser sunda islands are collected without leaves, the species may be deciduous. 5. kerr 4665 (c. furfuracea) and kerr 4666 (c. digyna) are both from thailand, ban ta dua; as, moreover, kostermans 98 is a mixture of these two species, they obviously grow together in thailand. 9. caesalpinia hymenocarpa (prain) hattink, nov. comb. — fig. 4/9. [caesalvinia kyme-nocarpa wall., cat. n. 5832. 1831 -32, nomen; w. & a., prod.: 283. 1834, nomen, tentatively under meioneuron. — mezoneuron kymenocarpum jacks, in ind. kew. 2: 223. 1885, nomen]. — m. hymenocarpum prain in j. as. soc. beng. ii 66: 233 descr., 472. 1897; back., sohoolfl.: 397. 1911; koord., exk. fl. java 2: 872. 1912; gagn. ill fl gen. i. c. 2: 1s4. 1913; craib, fl. slam. emim. 1: e00. 1928. — type: kb. walkck 583s (bm!; k! holo), from [burma] taong doling, fr. mezoneuron laotimm gags, in not. syst. 2: 208. 1911; in fl. gen. i . c . 2: 19e. jh13. lectotype: tkorel z.n. (p!), from lbos, me kong, stucng streng (= stung treng), fl. 18c6-6s. climber or shrub. branchuts glossy to dull, slightly pubescent or glabrous; prickles recurved. stipules scale-like, ca vg mm long, va—1 mm wide, appressed. leaves: rhachis 20—40 cm, short-hairy, ending between the last pair of pinnae in a ca 3 mm long tip, which is inserted contrary to the length direction; prickles at the insertion of each pinna and often scattered ones in between; pinnae 6—10 pairs, sometimes one pinna inserted up to 1 cm higher as the other, 4—10 cm long, hairy, unarmed, contrary to the top a 1—3 mm long appendage. leaflets opposite or alternate, 10—18 in all per pinna, ca 1 mm stalked; blade membranous, widest about the middle, the topmost pair above the middle, index l'/a—2, 11—28 by 5—16 mm, base subequal to unequal, cuneate in the topmost pair, top rounded to retuse, margins parallel or curved, surfaces when dried dull, pubescent to glabrous. racemes axillary and then often serial, as well as terminal, 20—40 cm long, combined into a panicle of 30—50 cm long in all, pubescent; bracts wanting, caducous; pedicels 8—15 mm, pubescent, jointed 1—4 mm below the top. flower buds pubescent; receptacle oblique, cupular, ca 1 mm long, 6 mm wide; lowest sepal deeply cucullate, in open flower 9—10 by 5 mm, the other 4 sepals ca 6—7 by zy2—4 mm, reflexed during anthesis, ciliate. petals spreading; standard: 7—8 by 6 mm, the claw 3—4 by 11,4—2 mm, leathery, margins hairy, the claw prolonged in a ligule which is ca 1 mm long with a bilobed to dentate top, limb reniforni to orbicular, ca 3—4 by 4—6 mm, reflexed, the other 4 petals: claw ca '/•> by 1 mm, hairy or glabrous, limb suborbicular to rentform, ca 7—10 by 10—11 mm. stamens exserted; filament ca 7—17 mm, the upper median one glabrous and slender, the lowest 3 hairy at the base only, the other 6 hairy to about the middle; anther 2% by 1 mm, glabrous. pistil glabrous; ovary 5 by 1 mm, ovules 4—6; style ca 12 mm, top funnel-shaped, stigma 1 mm 0, short-ciliate. in fruit the pedicel as long as in the flower, jointed 1—4 mm below the top and there often bend, receptacle shed, the remnant then 2—3 mm wide, sometimes persistent and then ca 6 mm wide, laterally compressed; pod thin, indehiscent, 0—v2 ctn stalked, 2y2—5 times as long as wide, 6—15 by 2—3 (—4) cm, including the 6—8 mm wide longitudinal wing, base cimeate, top sometimes rounded, normally hooked: the wing ca 1—6 mm longer than and curved to the seed bearing part, dull to shining, weakly reinwardtia [vol. 1973] hattink: malesian caesalpini reticulate, each seed in a swollen seed chamber which is orbicular, ca 10—15 ram 0. seeds (1—) 3—6, ellipsoid in outline, flat, ca 5—10 by 3—5 by 1 mm, dull; albumen none. distribution : ceylon, china (yunnan), burma (alao andaman is.), indo-china (laos, cochin-china), thailand (n., s.e.) ; in malesia: java (djakarta, once found), lesser sunda islands (sumbawa, florcs, alor, timor, tanimbar la.). ceylon, thwaites s8o1, fl. fr. 1868. near ginigathene: n.d, simpson 854s, fl. china. y u n n a n : bans d'anty, it. burma. gambia, skaik mokim b1&, fr. xi. 1903. t c i u i s e r i m : tavoy. 14°o2'n 98°12'e, hb. wallich s « « h , fl. 7. xii. 1827; loc. unknown, ft!.. wallich 5ss/,g, fl. 28. ix. 1820. a n d a m a n s : 8 coll. indo-china. l a o s : spire 70s, fr., 811, fr. me khong, hamnand s2, fr. bassin se moun, harmand 151, fr. xi1.1875. c o c h i n c h i n a : thorel, yfr. 1862 66. bienhoa, pierre, it. iv.1893. cap st. jacques, poiiane 60s, fl. 18.x.1b19. t h a i l a n d . n o r t h : chiang rai, 19°56'n 99°51pe, bunchaai & nimamng hs9, fl. 10. viii. 1967. chiang mai, 18°18'n 98"59'e, kerr 1s29, fl. 20. v i i i . 1910. 1339a, fr. 10.11.1911. s o u t h e a s t : chantabun, kerr 0589, fr. 10. xii. 1824. sriracha, mrs d.j. collins 1s52, it. 4. xii. 1927. e a s t : pak thong chai, 2 0 0 3 0 0 m, van beusekom & geeeink s378, fr. 26. x. 1971. java. w e s t : batavia, now j a t i n e g a r a , backer u656, si65t, fr. x.1904. l e s s e e sunda i s l a n d s . w. s u m b a w a : kuswata 1s6, fr. 3. v. 1961. f l o r e s : wae wolang, rehas, 300 m, schmutz 183a, fr. 26. v. 1966. a l o r : beach, jaag isx, fr. 4.v.193s; 850 m, jaag 13g7, fr. 18.v.1938. t i m o r : guichenot s.n. fr. t a n i m b a r i s . : jamdena, central p a r t , van borssum waalkes sk7. fl. 4.iv.1956 (fr. of c. crista), van boreeam waalkes s320, fl. 7.iv.195s. ecology: hill jungle, monsoon forest, river banks, up to 850 m alt. seems to prefer a strong seasonal drought. notes: 1. compilation of field data: fruits green, tinged with red. 2. specimens from the lesser sunda islands (e.g. jaag 422 from alor) and the tanimbar islands {van borssum waalkes 8320 from jamdena) have the same shape of leaflets as specimens from thailand (kerr 9589). specimens from the andamans often have leaflets which are larger and resemble those of c. andamanica; the latter differs by the glabrous leaflets, pedicels and calyx, and different pod. this species resembles c. pubescetis in shape and arrangement of leaflets, but differs in the shorter pedicels, the glabrous ovary and the arrangement of the seeds in the pods. gagnepain's mezoneuron laoticum was described as having flowers jointed 1 mm from the top and pods of 9 cm long, which are not hooked at the top. in hia key (1913) these characters are used to distinguish his species from m. hymenoearpum ("fruits 10—15 cm"). as in the cited syntypes of m. laoticwm the fruits are often longer than 9 cm and also sometimes are hooked at the top, and the distance between the joint in the pedicel and the calyx is variable in specimens from other regions too, i included m. luoticum in this species. the figure in the fl. gen. i. c. is wrong: the two teeth on the standard claw are in fact a ligule. 3. for guichenot s.n. (p!), from timor, that was named mezoneuron glabrum, see under 15. caesalpinia pubeseens. 4. specimens from ceylon (thwaites 3601, p.p.), have pods without swollen seed chambers; the pods also are wider than those from other localities. flowers (tlnvaites 3601, p.p.; ar. douglas simpson 8548), however, are the same. 10. caesalpinia latisiliqua (cavan.) hattink, nov. comb. ~ fig. 6 a d , 4/10. bauhinia ? latisiliqua cavan., ic. 5: 5, (. v>8. 1799. — mezoneitron luusiliquum (cavan.) merr. in philip. j. sc. 4: bot. 268. 1s09; ibid. 5: bot. 57. 19101 sp. blanc: 176. isis, — type: cayanilles's plate end. leaves, which are bauhinioid, from the philippines, luion, fr. caeealpinia torquata blanco, fl. filip.: 336. 1837. type: lost. mezan-euron procumbent blanco, fl. filip. 2nd ed.: 235. 1845. type: lost. mezon<mron glabrum (non desf.) f.-vill., nov. app.: 70. 1s80. meioneuron rubrwm merr. in pub]. gov. lab. philip. 6: 7. 1904. type: merrill 805 (k! pnhf us!), from the philippines, paragua (= palawan), point separation, fr. 20. ii. 1903. mezonearon platymrpum merr. in philip. j. sc. 11: bot. 85. 1916. — type: hose 70 (bm! k! l! pnh! dupl.), from borneo, sarawak, baram district, miri river, fl. yfr. 1.1895. mezoneuron cabadbarense elmer, leaf!. philip. bot. 10: 3757. 1939. — type: elmer 13s86 (bm! bo! gh! k! l! p! pnh! ny! u!), from the philippines, mindanao, cabadbaran, fl. vii. 1912. mezoneuron bala-asae pram [in j. as. soc. beng. ii 66: 472. 1897, nomen] ex gaga, in pi. gen. i. c. 2: 198. 1913. lectotype: bala,7tsa 1298 (kl l! pi holo), from indo-china, tonkin, pres de luang yen, fl. fr. viii. 1885. mezoneuron keo gagn. in bull. mus. hist. nat. paris ii 24: 318. 1952. type: poilans u52 (k! li p! holo), from indo-china, annam, tourane, fl. 1. vi. 1920. mezoneuron oxyphyllum gagn., fruits only, see under doubful spccie3. climber or small tree, up to 20 m. branchlets glossy to dull, puhescent to glabrous, unarmed or with a few prickles, these scattered, recurved, on older stems on a corky knob. at the leaf-base on either aide a crescent-shaped ridge, 2—4 mm long, which might be the scar of a stipule often also a prickle heside it. leaves: rhachis 20—40 cm: prickles in pairs at the base of the pinnae and often paired or scattered ones in between; pinnae 4—8 pairs, 7—13 cm, sometimes armed, hairy to glabrous. leaflets alternate to subopposite, sometimes some of them opposite, the topmost 2 of a pinna in a pair, 6—16 in all per pinna, 1—3 (—4) mm stalked, blade membranous to coriaceous, index 1*4—2v2, 38 reinwardtia [vol. il 1974] hattink: malesian caesalpinia: l1/^—7 by %—5 cm, base unequal to subequal, truncate to obtuse, in the highest pair of a pinna often euneate, top rounded to truncate to retuse, margins parallel or eurved, nerves below often prominent, surfaces when dried at»ve dull to shining, below dull, glabrous or appressed short-hairy to pubescent. racemes axillary and terminal, combined into a 30—100 cm long panicle; rhachis often thick, up to 1 cm 0, pubescent to glabrous, unarmed; bracts wanting, caducous (linear to lanceolate according to elmer); pedicels 10—20 mm, pubescent to glabrous, above the base not jointed (in malesia). flowers in all parts punctate (secretory cavities), in bud ovoid, pubescent to glabrous; receptacle oblique, 3—5 mm long, 7—12 mm wide; sepah: the lowest one cucullate in bud, in open flower twice as long as the others, 7—15 by 6—8 mm, the other 4 sepals ciliate, top rounded, the lowest two 4—7 by 3—5 mm, the highest two semiorbicular, 4—7 mm 0. petals very unequal, standard vaulted, bilobed, 8—12 (—19) by 6—10 ( — 14) mm, at the base 1—2 mm wide, sinus for ca vs—% of the length and sometimes with a short stipitate process, the other 4 petals: length 1/5 to l/2< of the standard, 2—6 by iy2—3 mm, short-clawed or sessile, widest above the middle, top acuminate to tridentate, in the latter case the central dent acuminate, the lateral ones rounded; often ciliate. stamens far esserted; filament ca 14 (—22) mm, more or less hairy to about the middle; anther 1—2 by v4 mm. pistil pubescent or glabrous, 0—1/; mm stalked, ovary ca 5 by 1 mm, flat, ovules 6—13; style ca 8 mm, stigma oblique, hairy along the margin. in fruit the pedicel 15—32 mm; receptacle 4—7 mm long, 7—18 mm on median, section, the widest part at the winged side of the pod; pod 2—3y2 times as long as wide, 10—16 by 3—5 cm, including the 10—15 mm wide wing at the dorsal side, base euneate, hidden in the calyx-tube, top variable (see fig. 6), surfaces sometimes reticulate-nerved. seeds 6—9 (—13), placed separate from each other, ellipsoid in outline, flat, ca 9—12 by 6—7 by 1 mm, brown, dull; albumen none. distribution : indo-china (tonkin, annam); in malesia: borneo (not from the s.w. part, also labuan, banguey), philippines, celebes, e. new guinea (morobe distr., once found). i n d o c h i n a . t o n k i n : balansa 2149, fl. fr. iv. 1887, bon 2b95, fr. 17. v i . 1884. ho y u n g shon a n d vis., tien-yen, tmng 30749, fl. k r e n k h e , in morit. bong h a m , bon 2132, fl. 14. v. 1883. a n n a m : t o u r a n e , clemens 3167, fl. fr. v. 1927. b o r n e o . s a r a w a k : 3 r d div. k a p i t , clemens s12ss. b r u n e i : bevn 989 ashion, fr. i i i . 1958. s a b a h : to 1500 in, 19 coll. k a l i r a t i n t a n : n . e . p a r t , s o u t h w a r d s t o 0 ° 3 6 ' s , 6 coll. l a b u a n : unllrtt 54?. b a n g u e y : castro & melegrita 15s7. philippines. all parts, up to 1300 m, 39 coll. celebes. n o r t h : 0'57'n 124'10re, 600 m, kavdern s64, fl. fr. vii. 1917. c e n t r a l : manado. koorder* 17700, fr. 28.0.1895. malili. kjeltberg 2005, fl. 20.viii. 1929. s o u t h e a s t : lbsbo, 100 m, kjellberg 1170, fr. 2. iv. 1929. new guinea. t e r r i t o r y : biiao river, morobe distr., 6°30's 147°10'e, ngf 2s252 gillison, fl. fr. 21. v. 1965. ecology : rocks on sunny hot dry slopes, river banks and road sides, primary forests and forest fringes. notes: 1. compilation of field data: panicle-branches red, pedicels green, corolla green, yellow, yellowish white or pink; fruit red. 2. the species is very variable. elmer distinguished mezoneuron cabadbarense from m. latisiliquum by "a number of important characters". as elmer neither mentioned those, nor described the flowers, which are present in the type specimen and, like the vegetative parts, do not differ from those of m, latisiliquum, i see no reason to keep his species distinct. 3. the pod resembles that of caesalpinia sumatrana, see there. 4. the specimens of the philippines differ from those of borneo by the leaf index: 2—21,4 in the philippines against v/n—2 in borneo; often also by the standard; the sinus reaches in the philippines often further than halfway, in borneo less than halfway. the ovary is never glabrous in borneo. intermediates in foliage occur; compare e.g. san 1u7j, from sandakan with pnh 278!) (a! pnhi) from luzon: both specimens are in fruit, the foliage is almost identical. 5. specimens of annam (named mezoneuron keo) differ sometimes by a joint in the pedicel. they possess a standard like many bornean specimens, but the foliage and the glabrous ovary are like many philippine specimens, e.g. elmer 17988 from luzon. specimens of tonkin (named mezonemoii balanme) resemble the bornean ones, e.g. clemens 21293 from sarawak. 11. caesalpinia major (medik.) dandy & exell caeaalpinia, major (medik.] dandy & exell in 3. bot. 76: 180. 1s38; sykcs, contr. fl. niue: 54. 1970; fosberg in taxon 22: 162. 1973. — bonduv majus medik., theod. spec43, t. .» upper part. 17b6. excl. syn. gailandina bonduc l. — guibntdina bojtdvc l., sp. pi. 2nd ed.: 545, 1762, num. illeg.: non l. 1753. g. bnnduo l. a majus dc, prod. 2: 480. 1825. g. major (dc.) small, fl. se. u.s. 2nd ed.: 591. 1903; skeds iit sdence n.a. 37: 922. 1913. — c. jayabo maza in an. soo. ebb. hist. nat. 19: 234. 1890, n'an. illeg. — c, glcbnlorum bakh. f. & tan eoyen in blumea 12: 62. 1963; bask. & bakh. f., fl. java 1: 545. 1964. type: frutex globulomm rumph., herb. atnb. 5: t. 48. 1747, from malesin, ambon and the other moluccan islands, fl. fr. see note 2. caemlpinia glabra (p. mill.) merr. in philip. j. sc. 5: bot. 54. 1910, exd. type; see note 6. climber up to 15 m. branchlets glossy to dull, hairy to glabrous; prickles straight or somewhat recurved, v->—3 mm lont; on a small suborbicular base, sometimes also recurved prickles on an ellipsoid base. stipules caducous, subulate, often split into 2 or 3 superposed parts, 1—3 ram long. leaves: rhachis up to 75 cm, armed with recurved 40 reinwardtia [vol. 9 1974] hattink: malesian caesalpini prickles at the base of the pinnae and scattered ones in between, often also in the lower part short straight prickles; pinnae 3—8 pairs, 7—35 cm, hairy to glabrous. leaflets opposite or alternate, 6—14 in all per pinna, ca 1 mm stalked; blade membranous to subcoriaceous, widest at the middle, subsymmetrieal, index i1/*—2*/<s, 3—9 by li/2—5 cm, the basal one or two often much smaller than the others, the topmost ones often the largest, base acute to rounded, top acute to acuminate (rarely rounded), margins curved, costa mueronate, nerves prominent, surfaces dull or the upper side shining, hairy to glabrous. racemes supra-axillary and then inserted up to 3 cm. above the leaf-axil and often serial, as well as terminal, often branched, 10—50 cm in all, in the lower part sometimes with short, straight prickles, all parts densely hairy, glabrescent; bracts caducous, not exceeding the topmost flower buds, lanceolate, ca 5 by y%—1 mm, bristle pointed; pedicels 6—12 mm, jointed >/i—1 mm below the top. floivers in s or $ racemes; rarely 1 or more branches of a s raceme g (the s flowers seemingly bisexual but anthers without pollen), in bud ovoid, pubescent; receptacle ca 1 mm long, 3 mm wide; sepals ca 7 by 2 mm, almost equal, the lowest one somewhat boat-shaped, all reflexed during anthesis. petals not exceeding the sepals; standard: claw ca 3 by 1 mm, on both sides densely hairy, limb ca 4 by 3 mm, reflexed, glabrous or with a few hairs; the other 4 petals ca 7 by 2 mm, widest above the middle, on the basal part and the outer side hairy, sometimes ciliate. stamens: filament nearly straight, hairy in the basal part, in s flowera filament ca 6—7 mm, anther ca lvi, by % mm; in s flowers filament ca 5 mm, anther 1 by '/s mm, without pollen. pistil in 9 flowers ca 7 by 2'/2 mm; ovary ca 4—5 by 2|/a mm, hairy, densely set with ca i/a m™ long spines, ovules 4; style ca 3 mm, hairy, stigma ciliate; pistil in s flowers rudimentary, ca 1 mm long, hairy. in fruit the pedicel 1—3 cm, on section round, 3—6 mm 0, towards the top the thickest; receptacle 5—7 mm wide; pod 5—10 mm stalked above the receptacle, swollen, dehiscent, ca 2 times as long as wide, 8—13 by 4—6 cm, base acute, top rounded, style-remnant up to ca 11 mm long, surfaces more or less densely set with 5—10 mm long bristles; surfaces and spines often hairy, seeds 2—4, (sub(globular, 15—25 mm 0, smooth, yellow to brownish (grey-green when unripe) with parallel lines concentric with the hilum, which is brown and often has a minute rejecting point of the funicle; albumen none. distribution: america (s.e. united states, caribbean is., guyana), madagascar, se. asia from india to the ryukyu is., pacific is. (micronesia, sandwich is., tonga); in malesia: all parts, except the major rain forest areas of sumatra, borneo, the philippines, celebes and new guinea. ecology: a species with a wide ecological amplitude; beaches, sandy areas, thickets, primary forests and forest fringes, dense jungles, up to 1000 m alt., even to 1400 m in new guinea. a periodicity was not found. u s e s ; . the same as those of c. bonduc, see there. notes; 1. compilation of field data: calyx green or light red, petals yellow, anthers brown; fruits green. 2. of eakhuizen & van royen's paragraph the last line should read "theod. specios. (1786) 43, quoad descr., excl. syn. l.". their omission of the l. at the end does not affect the clear intention of the authors to declare bonduc majus medik. an illegitimate name, since for the prelinnaean generic name bonduc plum., which medikus wanted to reinstate, linnaeus had already established guilandina. in spite of this the name caesalpinia major (medik.) dandy & exell, which these authors announced as a new combination based on bonduc majus medik., can not be considered illegitimate, see code art. 72, note, so bakhuizen & van royen's name must be rejected. see also fig. 1. as neither bakhuizen & van royen nor dandy & exell (nor earlier authors) typified the names proposed by them, and as no specimens were found by me in herbaria consulted by linnaeus, rumphius's plate is here suggested as such. the stipules have not been drawn, these are small and caducous. as the spiny fruits occur only in two malesian species, and as the other one (with larger stipules) has also correctly been figured by rumphlus, there is no doubt as to the identity. 3. the above description rests on malesian material only, comprising but part of the whole diversity of the species. for description of other parts of the world see fawcett & rendle, fl. jam. 4: 92. 1920 (under caesalpinia bonduc) and britton & wilson, sc. surv. porto rico virg. isl. 5: 379. 1924 (under guihindina bonduc). 4. one of the few new guinea specimens, viz ngf 32592 coode (l! lae!) differs by being pubescent in all parts except the upper side of the leaflets, many glandular bairs on the pedicels and calyx and more spines on the racemes. a parallel with caesalpinia bondiitc, where in new guinea also specimens occur which are very pubescent and more spiny (named c. sogerensis baker). 5. many collections consist of racemes with male flowers and detached fruits. whether these are of one plant or not is uncertain. 6. guilandina glabra p. mill., gard. diet. 8th ed. (no pagination). 1768, probably belongs to the genus gymnocladus (leguminosaecaesalpiniaceae) according to dandy & exell (1938). 12. caesalpinia mindorensis (merr.) hattink, nov. comb. — fig. 4/12, 8 e h . meioneuron mindorcv.se merr. m philip. j. sc. s: bat. 232. 190s. type: fb ss8s (pnh+, see note), from the philippines, mindoro, pinamalnyan, fr. x. 1906. reinwardtia [vol. 9 1074] hattink: malesian caesalpini mezoneuron mindcrense merr. var. inermis merr., i.e. — type: bs 15u (boi gh! k! pnht ny! us!), from the philippines, mindoro, bulalacao, fr. viii ix. 1906. or prickles in 2's or 3's at the insertion of the pinnae, sometimes scattered ones in between; pinnae 10—13 pairs, rarely the lowest two alternate, 5—8 cm, short-hairy, unarmed, at the top a ea 1 mm long appendage. leaflets opposite or alternate, 16—24 in all per pinna, i/i—1 mm stalked, closely placed, overlapping; blade membranous, widest at the middle, the topmost pair above the middle, index 2—3, 8—22 by 4—8 mm, base subequal to unequal, rounded to cordate, top retuse, margins parallel, surfaces when dried dull, glabrous or beneath near the stalk hairy. racemes supra-axillary and then sometimes serial, as well as terminal, the single racemes 10—30 cm long, often branched, combined into a panicle of 20—50 cm long in all, pubescent; bracts caducous, boat-shaped, 4—5 by 1 mm including the 2—3 mm long bristle point, hairy; pedicels 8—15 mm, pubescent, jointed 1—2 mm below the top. flowers in all parts punctate (secretory cavities), pubescent; receptacle oblique, cupular, 2 mm long, 6 mm wide; sepals ciiiate, the lowest one deeply cucullate, 7 _ 8 by 5 mm, the other 4 sepals 6—7 by 3—4 mm, reflexed during anthesia. petals spreading; standard: 7—8 by 4 mm, the claw 4 by 2 mm, leathery, hairy along the margins, in the middle prolonged into a ligule which is ca vb mm i o n s w i t n a retuse top, limb reflexed, ovate to suborbicular, 3—4 by 4—6 mm, the other 4 petals: claw y2 by ! m m> hairy or glabrous, limb subormcular, ca 7—10 mm 0. stamens exserted; filament 1 1 1 3 mm woolly in the basal half or up to th h , the remnant 2—3 mm wide; pod very thin, indehiscent, ca 3 times as long as wide, 6—9 by 2—8 cm including the 5—8 mm wide longitudinal wing at the dorsal side, base attenuate, top rounded, often hooked, surfaces shining, swollen on the seed, weakly reticulate. seeds 1, in the middle of the pod, flat, circular in outline, 7 mm 0, dull; albumen none. distribution: malesia: philippines (mindoro, biliran, mindanao). — p h i l i p p i n e s . m i n d o r o : fb 1,79 merritt, f r . 20. x. 1s06, pnh 177s3, it. 19. v i . 1953, pnh 1s72$, fl. 16. v i i i . 1963. b i l i r a n : bs 1ss72 e.g. mcgregor, fl. vi.1914. m i n d a n a o : d a v a o prov., m a t i , b s (ssso, fl. 27.iv.1927. ecology: secondary forests, edge of swamps, thickets, at low altitude. notes: 1. compilation of field data: flowers yellow, pollen black, fruits green (greenish yellow when young). 2. the specimen fb ^79 merritt (l!), 20. x. 1906, pinamalayan, mindoro, agrees very well with merrill's description (e.g. prickles sometimes in threes), while also the locality is the same. it might have exactly resembled the lost type. 3. in spite of merrill's statement that the leaves of the var. inerme are unarmed, there are some spines on the us duplicate. as the number of spines is very variable in other specimens too, i see no reason to keep the variety distinct. 13. caesalpinia oppositifolia hattink, rtov. spec. — fig. 9. typus: san 24026 legit j. singh (k! l! holo, san!), e malesia, north borneo, ranau distr., hot spring track, 2000 feet, fl. 15. ii. 1961, "climber, forest, hill side". descriptio typi: liana. stipulae interpetiolares ad 31,4 cm longae 41/2 cm latae. folia opposita vel subopposita; rhachis 25—50 cm longa aculeis reeurvatis armata; pinnae 4—6 paribus, 10—21 cm longae; foliola opposita vel subopposita, 5—8 paribus ca 1 mm petiolata, lamina 4—10 cm longa i1/a—4'/a cm lata glabra. racemi axillares terminalesve, ramulis oppositis seriales bractea subtentis, pedicellis sparsis 5—10 mm longia bractea subtentis. florium receptaculum ca 2 mm longum 3 mm latum sepalis ca 3 mm longis i1/* mm latis; petala ca 4 mm longa 2 mm lata, vexilli unguis interne pubescens; pistillum ca 4 mm longum pubescens ovulis 2. (fructus deest.) climber. branchlets dull, co state, 1 entice hate, unarmed or the prickles in pairs beside the leaf-base. stipules interpetiolar, persistent, up to 314 by 41/2 cm, base amplexicaul, top rounded or bilobed, tops then acute to rounded, the sinus variable, sometimes up to the base. leaves opposite; rhachis 25—50 cm, short-pubescent to glabrous, prickles in pairs at the insertion of the pinnae and scattered ones in between; pinnae opposite or the lower ones subopposite, 4—6 pairs, 10—21 cm long, short-pubescent to glabrous, unarmed or with scattered recurved prickles. leaflets opposite or subopposite, 6—8 pairs per pinna, ca 1 mm stalked; blade membranous, index 2—2i/a, 4—10 by li/a—4i/2 cm, base unequal, top acute to obtuse, emarginate, margins parallel or curved, surfaces above shining to dull, below dull, both sides glabrous. racemes axillary and terminal, up to 40 cm long in all; pubescent when young, branches opposite, serial, .the subtending bracts (leaves?) not seen, their stipules interpetiolarly connate, up to 1v£ cm long; pedicellar bracts caduc^is, ca 3 by 1 mm, boat-shaped, top acute, hairy; pedicels 5—10 mm long, pubescent, jointed ca v« mm from the base. flower buds eventually ovoid, pubescent; receptacle ca 2 mm long, 3 mm wide; sepals ca 3 by 1% mm, the lowest one concave. petals: standard ca 4—5 by 2 mm, claw hairy on the inner side, tapering into the reflexed limb, the other 4 petals ca 5 by 2 mm, spathulate, hairy at the base. stamens: filament ca 5 mm, reinwardtia [vol. 9 1974] hattink : ma 46 f i e 9 caemlmwia opotisitifolia: a. habit, b. a node with stipules, c. infloreseenc with buds, m, x — a mainly after san 2s67&, b c from san hobs. hairy in the lower part, the upper median one at the basal part for ca 1 mm glabrous; anther ca •'/( , by l/2 mm, glabrous. pistil ca 4 mm long, pubescent; ovary ca 2 by v/% mm, ovules 2; style ca 1—2 mm, the upper half glabrous, stigma ciliate. in fruit the pedicel unknown; pod (detached) dehiscent, ca 2 vs. times as long as wide, ca 9 by 4 cm, the widest towards the top, base rounded, top truncate, beaked at the upper angle, dull. seeds 2, ovoid in outline, flat, ca 27 by 22 by 3 mm, black. distribution: malesia: n. borneo (near sandakan). north borneo. s a n d a k a n a r e a : mangkuo r., tungku. nbfd 88?1 h. g. keith, fl. 30. iv. 1s38. lungmanis, mile <w2, br. borneo timber co. concession, 25 miles s.w. of sandakan, san a 2ss7, fl. yfr. 4.iii.1956. beluran, kuala sinaputa, labuk, san bsu9, fl. fr. 14. v. 1961. sandakan, mile 18, « mile to peng kcong's area, san 2ss7s, {1. 25.1.1961. ecology; river banks and open spaces in primary forests, up to 600 m. uses : the kedayans use the stems for making fish-traps. notes: 1. compilation of field data: flowers greenish white. 2. the detached pods of saw 25149, from sandakan, labuk, kuala sinaputa, beluran, are similar to those of the type specimen of c. minittiflora; see under c. parviflora, note 6. 14. caesalpinia parviflora prain caesalpinia parviflora prain vsr. typiva pram in j. as. soc. beng. ii 66: 330 descr., 470. 1897; ridl., fl. mai. pen. 1: 650. 1922. lectotype: wray 1809 (cal, holo; k! sing!), from malaye, perak, relau tugor, fl. v. 1888. caeealpinia parviftera proin var. stipularia pram, i.e. 230 descr., 470. — c. stipularie (prain) hid], (not tho south american sp. of bentham), fl. mai. fen. 1: 651. 1922. cassalpinia minuhflora elmer in leaf]. philip. bot. 5; 1803. 1913. type; elmer 12sb9 (bm! k! l! p! pnh! dupl.; u!), from the philippines, palawan, puerto frincesa, mt pulgar, fl. +, fr. iv. 1911. caesalpinia bomeensis merr., pi. elm. born.: 104. 1929. — type: elmer 21ub (a! bm! bo! k! l! ny! p! u! uc! hole; sing!), from borneo, elphinstone prov., tawao, f]. x. 1922—iii. 1s23. climber or small tree, young parts hairy. branchlets hairy, with recurved prickles in pairs below the leaf-base. stipules subpersistent, lanceolate to broadly ovate-oblong, 8—20 by 3—11 mm, sessile; base amplexicaul, ca % of the width, top acute to acuminate. leaves: rhachie 14—35 cm, hairy, unarmed or with a few prickles, these scattered or in pairs at the base of the pinnae; pinnae 8—19 pairs, 5—12 cm long, unarmed or sometimes with a few small prickles. leaflets 13—18 pairs per pinna, opposite or subopposite, sessile, membranous, closely placed, index 21a—3, 7—26 by 2'/a—9 mm, base obliquely truncate, top retuse, sometimes truncate, margins parallel, both surfaces when dried dull dark reinwardtia [vol. 9 1974] h a t t i n k : male greenish or below dull greyish, sometimes above dull blackish, somewhat short-hairy or glabrous, ciliate or not. racemes supra-axillary and then often serial, as well aa terminal, combined into a panicle which is up to 1 m long in all, the single racemes often branched, all parts densely short-hairy; bracts caducous, linear to lanceolate to broadly ovate, either 5—6 by 14—1 mm or 114—2 by 1 mm, top acuminate to caudate, pedicels 4—11 mm, jointed ca y% mm below the top. flowers often punctate (secretory cavities), buds ovoid, hairy to glabrous; receptacle ca 1—2 mm long, 3—5 mm wide, sepals hairy to almost glabrous, ciliate, lowest one ca 3—7 by 1—3 mm, somewhat boat-shaped, the other 4 sepals 2—6 by 1—2 mm. petal?: claw 1—2 by l/2—1 mm, limb 4—6 by lva— 4 mm, widest about the middle; standard vaulted, claw on both, sides and along the margins hairy, limb glabrous, the other 4 petals: claw alongthe margins hairy, limb sometimes ciliate. stamens exserted; filament 5—10 mm, woolly over more than half the length; anther ca 1/2 by 1/3 mm, glabrous. pistil aubseasile; ovary 2—4 by 1—1'/<> mm, hairy, ovules 2: style 3—6 mm, glabrous, except the basal part, stigma as wide as the style. in fruit the pedicel ca v/$ cm; pod (detached) dehiscent, up to 10 by 3'a cm, widened to the top, base rounded, top obtuse, upper margin ending in a sharp beak. seeds 2, orbicular, flat, up to 2 cm 0, smooth. distribution: malesia: malaya, n". borneo, philippines (palawan). oil. s e l a n g o r : k e p o n g p l a n t a t i o n , sow & tagon s e m b i l a n ; alvins 1637. an (probably): marche 78, fl. iv. 1884. ecology : primary forests and clearings at low altitude. notes: 1. compilation of field data; flowers greenish, light yellow, yellow ochre or white, sometimes with red inside. 2. prain distinguished two varieties of caesalpinia parviflora, viz var. typica and var. stvpularis, later by ridley elevated to specific rank. as the foliage of the duplicate of kmistler si.99 (l!), named var. typica, is similar to that of wray s991 (sing!), named var. stipularis, the size of the leaflets cannot stand as a distinguishing factor. the size of the stipules is very variable: the bigger the leaflets are, the bigger the stipules, so i think that no separation between the two varieties is possible. elmer described of his c. minutiflora both fruits (seen) and flowers (not seen; probably lost in manila). of marche 78 (p!) from palawan the flowers agree very well with elmer's description of c. minutiflora. the foliage of both collections is similar to that of wray s9s3, 3991 and i2sl, all from malaya, their flowers only differing in size. the same may hold for the pod: those from malaya are, according to the description, smaller. malaya. p e r a k 1b8s1, fl. ft.vf.19a9. n< north borneo. philippines. pi the flowers of the eornean specimens agree with those of marcke 78, but the leaflets are smaller and agree with the malayan material. the only difference lies in the bracts, which in the bornean material are much shorter. 3. this species is closely related to c. sappan, and c. macra craib from thailand, but differs from the former in the presence of stipules, the shape of the leaflets which often are also ciliate, the often much smaller flowers and the fewer ovules; the latter species has very short stipules (ca </2 mm long), fewer pinnae, and leaflets which are fewer per pinna and relatively shorter. the pods of c. macra may be similar to those of c. parviflora. 4. this species may have the habit of climber or small tree. ridley contrasted in his key c. stipularis as a climber and c. parviflora as a tree, but under the description of the latter he noted: "a large climber according to kunstler". 5. holmberg 87j, (sing!) from malacca, batu ti#a, recorded by ridley under c. stipularis, appeared to be pterolobium. densiflorum prain. 6. i have not seen ripe fruits from borneo and malaya. according to prain's description the fruit of his var. typica is "21/a by 1% cm, with a recurved beak at the upper angle of the obtuse apex, seeds (young) oval, 4, 6 mm long". the number of seeds does not agree with the number of ovules, which is always two; the size of the pod may be that of a young one. in elmer's type of c. minutiflora the fruits are 10 by 3'/j cm, 2-seeded and their shape agrees with the description of c. parviflora. the detached fruits with his type specimen are similar with the also detached ones with a specimen of c. opposiufolia; the latter differs in its opposite leaves, with interpetiolar stipules, and the serial clusters of the branches of the racemes being opposite too. as very young fruits of bornean and malayan specimens are exactly the same, i see no reason to keep them distinct. 15. caesalpinia pubescens (desf.) hattink, nov. comb. — fig. 4/15. mezoneuron pxbescens deaf, in mem. mua. hi3t. nat. paris 4: 247, (. 11. 1818; dc, prod. 2: 484. 1825; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 104. 18ft5; merr. in philip. j. so. 5: bot. 56. 1910; back., schoolf].; 397. 1911; merr., fl. manila: 230. fol2; koord., exk. fl. java 2: 372. 1912; gagn. m fl. gen. i.-c. 2: 193. 1913; merr., sp. blanc: 176. 1918; back. & bakh. f., pi. java 1: e47. 1964. type: lezchenault s.n. (p!), meztmeuron glabrum deaf, in mem. mus. hist. nat. paris 4: 246, t. 10. 1818; dc, prod. 2: 484. 1s25; miq., pi. ind. bat. 1, 1: 103. 1865. type: legckenawlt s.n. (k! p! holo), from timor, fl. (p!) fr. (k!). reinwardtia [vol. 9 1874] hattink: maheiaa caesalpinia caesalpinia ignoia blanco, f1. filip.: 336. 1837; f.-vill. & naves, fl. filip. 3rd ed. 2: 72. 1878. — type: lost. mezoneuroa pubesccw desf. var. longipen craib, fl. siam, enum. 1: 500. 1928. type: kerr mil (k!), from siam, surat, kanchanandit, fl. 1. viii. 1927. climber or scandent shrub (or tree?), up to 10(—15) m, young parts densely rusty-brown hairy. branahlets dull, (always!) sparsely set with recurved spines, these 2—5(—17) mm long. stipules persistent, up to 2 by y% mm, hairy, the tip sharp. leaves: rhachis 20—60 cm, sometimes protracted for 1—5 mm beyond the highest pair of pinnae; prickles in 2's or 3's at the base of the pinnae, recurved, 2—5(—15) mm long1, with occasionally smaller ones scattered in between; pinnae 9—15 pairs, 7—12 cm, often armed, the rhachis sometimes ending in a sharp tip which is 1-—2 mm long. leaflets opposite or subopposite or alternate (sometimes all combinations on 1 plant), 10—20 in all per pinna, i/->—1 mm stalked; blade membranous, widest about the middle, the highest pair above the middle, index 2. 8—24 by 4—12 mm, base rounded, more or leas asymmetrical, top truncate to refuse, surfaces when dried dull, both sides appressed short-hairy, sometimes almost glabrous. racemes axillary and terminal, 15—30 cm, not branched, brown-pubescent, unarmed; bracts caducous, lanceolate 5—10 (—20) by 2—3 (—4) mm, including the top which is acuminate and 2—4(—8) mm long, pubescent; pedicels 2—-s'/fc cm, pubescent, jointed ca 3 mm below the top and after anthesis there often bent. flower buds first almost globose, eventually ca %—1 cm 0, pubescent; receptacle oblique, cupular, 2—4 mm long, 7—8 mm wide; sepals at both sides pubescent, lowest one deeply cucullate, 12—16 by 3—6 mm, the others ca 7 by 7 mm, reflexed during anthesis, ciliate. petals spreading, standard: claw 3 by ]/2 mm, margins hairy, protracted into a glabrous ligule, limb reniform to broadly ovate, 4—5 by ca 10 mm, reflexed, the other 4 petals: claw very short, hairy, limb suborbicular, 10—20 mm 0, sometimes ciliate. stamens exserted; filament 12—15 mm, 9 of the filaments woolly to over the middle, the upper median one almost glabrous and slender; anther 2i/2—z /̂o, by 1 mm, glabrous. pistil (sub) . . tl_ -, . . i . i il. . _ _ . 1~l£ _ * i l . _ i . t . _ e o i , . o *> margin only. in fruit the pedicel as long as m trie tiower, receptacle usually shed, the remnant 2—3 (—6) mm wide; pod indehiscent, (2i/>—) 3—4 times as long as wide, 10—15 by 4—5(—6) cm, including the 8—12 (—ib) mm wide dorsal wing, around the seeds swollen and prominently nerved (number of seeds indeterminate from outside), wing often inserted about 1 cm from the base, sometimes ending v2—l1^ em before the top. see<fe 4—7, close together in the middle of the pod, their long sides adjoining, ellipsoid in outline and also in section, 8—10 by 3—6 by 2—3 mm with a small circular opening at the base, brown, smooth, dull; albumen none. distribution: indo-china (coast of annam), thailand (peninsula) ; in malesia: sumatra (banka), java (all parts, also madura,kangean is.), lesser sunda islands (bali, lombok, sumbawa, flores, timor, wetar), philippines (central luzon), celebes (sw-, also salajar). i n d o c h i n a . c o a s t : ca 16°30'n, 4 coll.; 12" n, c.b. robinson 1ss5, fl. fr. i i i . 1 9 1 1 , poilane huh, fl. s.x.1922; 1 1 ° k , eurard, 1676, fr. 5.xi.1h24. s u i i l a t e a . b a n k a : d j t b u s , teijsmami ss06. j a v a . w e s t t o e a s t : 3 9 coll. k a n g e a n i s . : 3 coll. m a d u r a : 7 co)}. l e s s e r s u n d a i s l a n d s . b a l i : m t p r a p a t a g u n g , 2 5 m , kkss u , f r . 16.vi.19s8. l o m b o k : 0 7 0 0 m , elberi 602, fl. 27.iv.1909. 790, fl. 30.iv.1909. sibo, f r . 2.vii.1309. s u m b a w a : 12 km s. of s u m b a w a besi, kusviata. 217, fr. 17.v.1961. f l o r e s : w. p a r t , mt n d e k i , 200 m, kosu-rmans & wiraman 176, fl. fr. 12.iv.1965. t i m o r : 1 1 coll. w e t a r : bloenticrgen sbs2. fl. 8-9.iv.1939. p h i l i p p i n e s . l u z o n : c e n t r a l p a r t , 1 7 coll. c e l e b e s . s o u t h w e s t : e n r e k a n g , kjellberg 1,102, fr. 9 . v . 1029. s a l a j a r ; teijsmann ts87s hb. ecology: monsoon forests, scrub, savannahs, up to 700 m alt. prefers a seasonal drought, fl. in the end of the wet season. note: 1. compilation of field data: flowers yellow, standard tinged with red; fruits green. 2. the type specimen of mesoneuron glabrum differs from that of m. pubeseens only by its less pubescent leaflets. the epithet pubescena is chosen because of the many misinterpretations of m. gtabrutn and caesalpinia glabra in literature (c. furfuracea and c. latisiliqua were often misidentified as mezoneuron glabrum; c. major was named c. glabra, by merrill, etc.). the name c. pubescens, proposed by wallirii, cat. n. 5834 b, without a description and hence invalid, was given to a specimen which belongs to c. deeapetala, mezoneuron intermedium, m. scandens and m. seandens var. inermis are mere names on herbarium sheets in l, all from timor. m. potfanei is a herbarium name on poilane ish from annam. 3. clemens 3092, from indo-china, annam, tourane, has almost glabrous leaflets, like some timor specimens. 4. this species resembles c. deeapetala and c. hymenocarpa in foliage; see there. * 5. tha drawing with desfontaines's description was taken from leschenault (flowers) and guichenot (fruits). another specimen of guiehenot from timor, also without a collector's number, labelled m. glabrum, belongs to c. hymenocarpa and has not been used for the description of m. glabrum. reinwardtia [vol. 9 6. frazer 133 (bm!), from "w. australia", consisting only of pods, is not considered in the distribution because of the doubtful origin and the wanting leaves. 16. caesalpinia pulcheeeima {l.) swartz cacsatpiitia pujckerrima (l.) swartz, observ. bot.; 166. 1791; willd., ep. pi. 2: 581. 1799; mia., pi. ind. bat. 1, 1: 111. 1e55; kurz, for. fl. burma 1: 407. 1877; baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 265. 1e7s; men. in philip. 1. se. 5: bot. 54. 1910; back., sehoelfl.: 3ss. 1911; koord., exli. fl. java 2: 371. 1912; gogn. in fl. gen. i.-c. 2: 183. 1913, merr., int. euniph.: 2c0. 1917; sp. blanc: 175. 1918; rock, leg. pl hawaii: 104 photo gr., 105. 1930; merr., comm. lour.: 191. 1935; bor & raizada in j. bomb. nat. hist. soc. j6: 4< 1940; back. & bakh. t, fl. java 1: 544. 1964. — poiwaana pulcherrima l., sp. pl: 380. 1753; lour., fl cochinch.: 261. 1790; ait., hott. kew. hnd eij. 3: 30. 1811; g. don, gen. syst.: 432. 1832; w. & a. prod.: 282. 183*. — type: linnaeus 52911 (linn!), from indin calicliore, fl. fr. shrub or small tree, up to 5 m, in all parts glabrous. brancklets glossy, unarmed or with a. few straight prickles. stipules caducous, subulate, ca 2 mm long. leaves: rhachis 20—40 cm, constricted at the base, unarmed or with a few prickles, these in pairs at the base of the pinnae, straight or slightly curved to the top; pinnae 5—9 pairs, both pinnae of a pair inserted close to each other at the upper side of the rhachis and often a small subulate stipel between them, 4—12 cm long, the intermediate ones the longest; each pair of leaflets with a triplet of stipels, these subulate, ca lfo mm long. leaflets opposite, 6—12 pairs per pinna, 1—2 mm stalked, blade rectangular, widest at the middle, the topmost pair above the middle, index 2—2*4,9—30(—35) by 5—15(—23) mm, the lowest ones often the smallest, base unequal, rounded, top rounded to retuse, margins parallel, costa mucronate, surfaces dull. racemes axillary and terminal, 20—50 cm long, sometimes branched, all parts glabrous, rarely with a few straight prickles; bracts caducous, ca 5 by 14 mm; pedicels (35—)50—-100 mm long, above the base not jointed, ca 3 mm below the top thickened. flowers bisexual {sometimes s ?), punctate (secretory cavities); receptacle ca 2 mm long, 4 mm wide, grading into the pedicel; lowest sepal deeply cucullate, ca 15 by 5 mm. the other 4 sepals 10—13 by 6—7 mm, ciliate. petals spreading; standard: claw stamens very tar exserted: filament 55—7b mm, in tne oasai p a n nairv; anther ca li/3_2va by 1 mm, glabrous. pistil about as long as the stamens; ovary 15—20 by 2 mm, ovules ca 10; style 50—g5 mm, stigma ciliate. in fruit the pedicel as long as in the flower, ca 5 mm below 1974] hattink: malesian caesalpinia margins somewhat divergent, surfaces dull. seeds 8—10, somewhat rectangular in outline and also on section, ca 8—10 by 6—8 by 2—3 mm, black, dull; albuminous. distribution : origin south america, widely cultivated throughout the tropics. uses : cultivated as an ornamental throughout malesia and often run wild. the pod seems to be edible. notes: 1. compilation of field data: calyx yellow, petals yellow or red or red with a yellow border. 17. caesalpinia safpan l. — fig. 4/17. caesalpinia sappan l., sp. pl: 381. :1753; sp. pl 2nd ed.: 545. 1762; lour., fl. cochinch.: 262. 1790; swartz, observ. bot: 1gs. 1791; willd., sp. pl 2: 58k, 1793; a i t , hort. kew. 2nd ed. 3: 31. 1811; blaneo, fl. filip.: 335, 1837; miq., fl ind. bat. 1, 1: 108. 1855; kurz, for. fl. burma it 405, 1877; baker m hook. 1,, fl. br. ind. 2: 255. 1s78; prain in j. a3. soe. beng. ii 66: 228. 1897; brandia, ind. tr.: 246. 1906; merr. in philip. j. sc. 5: bot. ss, 1910; back., sclioolfl.: 400. 1911; koord,, exk. fl. java 2: 371. 1912; gagn. in fl. g4n. i.-c. 2: 179. 1913; gamble, fl. pres. madras 1: 394. 1919; rock, leg. pl hawaii: 36 pkotogr., 101. 1920; ridl., fl. mai. pen. 1: 649. 1822; merr., comm. lour.: 131. 1935; bor & raizada in j. bomb. nat. hist. soc. 46; 6. 1946; back. £ bakh. f., fl java 1: 546. 1964. — c. anguitifolia salisb., prod.: 326. 1795, von. illeg. biancaea aappan todaro, hort. bot. panorm.: 8. 1e76-7s. — type: hb. hermann, vol. 4. fol. 31 (bm!), from ceylon. small tree or shrub, up to 10 m. bra-ncmets dull, lenticellate, usually set with recurved prickles, these scattered and in pairs below the insertions of the leaves, on old branches placed on large knobs, rarely unarmed. at the leaf-base on either side a crescent-shaped ridge, 2—4 mm long, which might be the scar of a stipule. leaves: rhachis 25—40 cm, shorthaiiy to glabrous; prickles none or in pairs at the base of the pinnae and scattered ones in the lower part; pinnae 9—14 pairs, 9—15 cm, shorthairy, unarmed. leaflets 10—20 pairs per pinna, opposite, subsessile, membranous, closely placed, index 2—3>4, 10—-25 by 3—11 mm, base obliquely truncate, top retuse to rounded, margins parallel, costa at the base very excentric, from there running obliquely to the middle of the top, surfaces when dried above shining or both sides dull, glabrous or sparsely short-hairy (hand-lens). racemes supra-axillary agd terminal, combined into a panicle, 10—40 cm long in all; bracts caducous, 5—12 by 2—5 mm, hairy; pedicels 15—20 mm, jointed ca 1—2 mm below the top and there nodding1. flower buds glabrous, often punctate (secretory cavities) ; receptacle oblique, cupular, ca 2 mm long, 6̂ —8 mm wide; sepals ciliate, lowest one eucullate, ca 10 by 4 mm, the other 4 sepals ca 7 by 4 mm, reflexed duringanthesis. petals spreading; standard: claw ca 5 by 2 mm, leathery, hairy, limb orbicular, ca 4—6 mm 0, reflexed; the othsr 4 petals: claw ca 1 by v/^ mm, hairy or glabrous, limb suborbicular, reinwardtia [vol. 9 ca 10 mm 0. stamens exserted, filament ca 15 mm, woolly to over the middle; anther ca v/% by 1 mm, glabrous. pistil ca 18 mm long-, pubescent; ovary ca 4 by v/± mm, ovules 3—6; style ca 14 mm, stigma ca i/g mm 0, eiliate. in fruit the pedicel as long as in the flower, nodding at the joint; receptable shed; pod dehiscent, ca 2y% times as long as wide, 8—10 by 3—4 cm, widest towards the top, base rounded, top truncate, upper margin ending in a sharp beak, surfaces when dried black. seeds 3—4, ellipsoid in outline and also in section, ca 15—18 by 8—11 by 5—7 mm, black, dull; albumen none. distribution; origin unknown. cultivated in s. and s.e. asia; throughout malesia, in new guinea once found (bw 9790, from manokwari). u s e s : from the wood a red dye can be obtained. see w.h. brown, min. prod. philip. for. 2: 389. 1921; burk., diet. 2nd ed.: 394. 1966; heyne, nutt. pi. 3rd ed. 1: 753. 1950; watt, comm. prod. ind.: 194. 1908; diet. ec. prod. ind. 2: 10. 1889. notes: 1. compilation of field data: flowers yellow; fruit green. 2. for differences with c. purviflora, see under that species. 18. caesafpinia scortechinii (f.v.m.) hattinli, nov. comb. — fig. 4/18. mezaneuren eaoheckimi p.v.m. in wing, south. sc. e e c : 73. ise2; bailey, queenal. fl. 2: 4s1, t. 15, fig. 5 7 . 1900. type: bidwill s.n. ( e ! ) , from australia, queensland, wide bay, fr. liana or shrub. branchlets glossy to dull, short-pubescent to glabrous, with a few small, recurved prickles. stipules caducous, ca 1 mm long, 2 mm wide, appressed, top acute. leaves: rhachis 13—25 cm; prickles in pairs under each pair of pinnae and often scattered ones in between; pinnae 5—-8 pairs, 5—11 cm, unarmed. leaflets alternate, 10—16 in all per pinna, ca 1 mm stalked; blade membranous, widest about the middle, index 2, 15—30 by 7—16 mm, base oblique, top rounded, surfaces when dried dull, above glabrous or short-hairy, below glabrous to hairy. racemes supra-axillary and then often serial, as well as terminal, combined into a panicle of ca 30 cm long in all, puberulous to glabrous; bracts caducous, subulate, ca 3 mm long, hairy; pedicels 3—5 mm, jointed ca i/i mm below the top. flowers bisexual, rarely also some s ones in a raceme, buds ovoid, hairy; receptacle ca 1 mm long, 4 mm wide, short-hairy to glabrous; sepals often punctate (secretory cavities), almost glabrous, ciliate, the lowest one ca 6 by 2 mm, boat-shaped, the other 4 sepals 5—6 by 2 mm, reflexed during anthesis. petals as long as the calyx; standard: claw 1—2 by 1 mm, on the inner side hairy, limb oblong, 3—i by 2—3 mm, incurved; the other 4 petals: claw ca vi «"n, on the inner side hairy, limb oblong, ca 4—5 by 2-—3 mm. stamens: filament 1874] hattink: malesian caesalpinia ca 7 mm, hairy to over the middle; anther ca v/^ by 1 mm, villose. pistil pubescent in malesia, glabrous in australia, in s flowers rudimentary; ovary ca 2 by l^s mm, ovules 1—2; style ca 6 mm, in the lower part hairy, stigma not much wider than the style, ciliate. in fruit the pedicel ca 7 mm; pod ca 1 mm stalked above the receptacle, flat, indehiscent, obliquely rhomboid-orbicular, 1—li£ times as long as wide, 3—iy$ by 2—3 cm including the 1—6 mm wide wing at the dorsal side, base rounded 1 to cuneate, top rounded, the wing there often hooked, surfaces dull, black, prominently nerved. seed 1, almost reniform in outline, flat, ca 18 by 15 mm; albumen none. distribution : australia (queensland, northern part of new south (wales); in malesia: new guinea (papua). new guinea. p a p u a : central distr., kairuku, van duuren is, fl. fr. iii. 1963. s. highland distr. c. 810 m, schodde 22ie, fl. 25.ix.1961. lake daviumbu, m'7i9s, fl. fr. viii.193g. australia. q u e e n a l a n d : moreton distr., mt. glorious, jh£. clemens a., fr. 1.1945. dalrjmiple heights and vie., m.s. clement s.n., fl. viii-ix.1947. udange, mary valley, white 9811, fl. 10. xl 1933. fraser i, ± 25° s 16£t10'e, rd 4581, fl. 17/18. x. 1930. n e w s o u t h w a l t s : murwillumbah, 28°22's £3"24'e, 45 m, tkurtell & coveny 3880, fr. 1o.xii.1971. ecology; rain forests, secondary forests, river banks and along roads. notes: 1. compilation of field data: petals yellow, pods brown. 2. this species resembles caesalpinia braehycarpa (benth.) hattink, comb. nov. (baskmym: mezoneuron brachycarpum benth., fl. austr. 2: 278. 1864; lectotype c. moore s.n. (k!) from australia, new south wales, richmond river, flowering branches only). the bidwill specimen on the same sheet in k is the type of c. scortechinii. c. braehycarpa differs of the latter by the flanges of cork along the stems, the (sub) opposite leaves and inflorescence branches, and the pods having thinner walls and a less suborbicular shape. also to c. braehycarpa belongs nsw 120'jis (l! syd) from new south wales, near nimbin, old fr. 19-ii-1971, but brass 19746 (a, l!) from queensland, cape york pen., though also with opposite leaves and inflorescence branches, migfct belong to a different taxon for its different leaflets and (detached) pods. 3. the pod of this species is nearly identical to that of c. stenoptera merr; mentioned in the introduction. of the latter species i saw the type: pitelot 1757 (k! p!) from tonkin, prov. cao bang, ban gioc, fr. vi-1933. the leaves are ca 8—12 cm long, pinnae 2—3 pairs, leaflets 2—3 pairs, these ca 2 mm stalked, largest in or below the middle, 4—7va by 2—3 cm, base rounded, top acuminate. it resembles c. erista in num.oi reinwardtia jvol, 9 ber and size of the leaflets hut the latter are distinctly acuminate. from tonkin i also saw balansa 21us ( p ! ) , which i dare not identify (but certainly not mezoneuron cucullatum as the label is inscribed). the leaflets integrade between those of petelot u757 and of c. crista, but there are 5 pairs of pinnae and 4 pairs of leaflets, the flowers are identical to those of c. crista. 19. caesalpinia solomonensis haitink, nov. spec. — fig. 4/19, 7. typus: bsip 6068 legit l. maenu'u (hon, k! l! holo; lae! sin&l us!), e malesia, solomon is., viru river, se. new georgia, fr. 24.vi.1965, "flat plain, 15' above sea level, well-drained secondary forest; climber reaching 40' above ground; fruits green, 4" x 3", flat". descriptio t y p i : liana. foliorum rhachis 70—so cm longa aeuleis recurvatis armata; pinnae 6 paribus oppositis 15—21 cm longae; foliola oppoaita vel suhopposita ca 10 in auoque pinna; pinnae ca 1—2 mm petiolatae lamina ca iy±—81/j cm longa 3—3y% em lata basi acuta apice acuminata mucronata. racemi supra-axillares seriales, fructificantes lignosi ramis 5—9 mm diametro. (fiores desunt.) fructus supra receptaculum 7—10 mm petiolatus, 10—12 cm longa v/%—8 cm lata basi ohlique acutus apice rotundatus dorso ca 5 mm rostratus faciehus laevis obscure venatis margin ibus iticrassatus rarissime ventro aculeatus. semina 2, quasi semi-orbiculaira, plus minusve complanata indententata, ca 25—30 mm longa facie porcellata ordinatione partim pauce partim valde irregulare. climber, in all parts glabrous. brancklets glossy. stipules wanting. leaves glabrous; rhachis 70—80 cm long, armed with recurved prickles at the base of the pinnae and scattered and paired ones in between; dinnae 6 pairs, 15—21 cm long. leaflets opposite or subopposite, ca 10 in all per pinna, 1—2 mm stalked; blade membranous, widest at the middle, index 2—21^, subsymmetrical, 7]/&—8i/a by 3 — 3 ^ cm, base acute, top acuminate, margins curved, costa mucronate, nerves prominent, surfaces dull to shining. racemes supra-axillary, serial, in fruit woody, 15—18 cm long, 5—9 mm 0, glahreacent. (flowers unknown.) fruit: pedicel 6—10 mm by 5—7 mm, ligneous; receptacle-remnant ca 3—4 mm long by 7—8 mm, subortneular; pod 7—10 ram stalked above the receptacle, ca l^/i times as long as wide, 10—12 by 7i/2—8 cm, base acute, oblique, top rounded, at the dorsal side a ca 5 mm long point, unarmed, or with an occasional spine at the ventral suture. seeds 2, almost semi-orbicular with rounded corners, fiat, surfaces and sides intruded, 25—30 mm 0, testa covered with a partly regular pattern of fine slightly and strongly curved ridges, hilum brown. distribution: malesia: solomon islands (new georgia, once found). ecology: well-drained secondary forest at low altitude. notes: 1. compilation of field data: fruits green. 10741 hattink: male, 2. the seeds may be abnormal: the seeds of bsip 10013 (c. major) and sf si9s6 (c bondiut) are also somewhat intruded, while they usually are globular to ovoid, but without curved ridges. the species is vegetatively similar to c. major (cf. bsip 10013), but the fruits are remarkedly different; unarmed (but in one pod in l, i found a single spine, which unfortunately broke off), and much larger with thicker carpels. the species undoubtedly belonged in the linnaean genus guilimdina., together with c. bonduc and c. major. the last two have spiny pods, c. solomonensis being transitional to smooth-fruited caesalpinias. 20. caesalpinia kumatrana rob. — fig. 4/20. 1 caeialpinia sumatrana roxb. [hort. beng.: 32. 1814, nomen], fl ind. (ed. carey 2: 366. 1832; w. & a., prod.: 2b3. 1s34, tentatively under mezoneuron. — mezoneuron sumatranum <roxb.) w. & a. ex miq., pi. ind. bat. 1, 1: 105. 1855; ibid.: fllobl. 1858; baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind, 2: 259. 1s78; prain in 1. as. soc. beng. ii 66: 235. 1897; eidl., fl. mai. pen. 1: 647. 1922; back. & bakh. f., fl. java 1: 6. 1964. — type: c. campbell (n.v.), from sumatra (see note). mezoneuron swlfnreum miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1; "106. 1855; back., schoolfl.: 7. 19u. — type:"zolliuger s.n. {1002 in p) (bm! ki p! u! holo), from java, tjskoja, fl. meianeuran sutnatranum (roxb.) w. & a. esr miq. var g miq., fl. ind. bat. 1. 1: 1081,1858. — type: teysmann a.m. (k! l! u! holo>, from sumatra, siboga, fl. mezoneuron koordersii back., schoolfl.: 3s6. 1911. — type: koorders sius (bo! ,holo; l)), from java, preanger, wijnkoopabaai, palaboean, fr. fl. iv. 1899. climber up to 20 m, in all parts glabrous (sometimes the leaflets hairy). branchlets glossy, unarmed or sparsely set with up to 5 mm long prickles. stipules none or only a raised line which might he a scar. •'leaves; rhachis 30—50 cm, unarmed or prickles in pairs at the insertion of the pinnae and often scattered ones in between; pinnae 4—8 pairs, 8—-15 cm, unarmed or sparsely set with recurved prickles. leaflets alternate, at the top often an opposite pair, 7—9 in all per pinna, 2—3 mm •stalked , subsymmetrical, widest at the middle, the highest leaflel(s) above the middle, index 114—2 (—214, 2'/2—7 by 11/3—51/2 cm, base cuneate iracxs caducous, ca i oy ya mm, noar-snapea, lop acuie to acuminate; «dieels 5—20 mm, often somewhat s-shaped, above the base not jointed. towers in bud oblong, glabrous; receptacle oblique, 3—-7 mm long, 4—8 b-nm wide; calyx-tube 6—15 mm long, 4—8 mm wide, after anthesis circumsciss 3—7 mm above the receptacle and falling off with the corolla and the stamens; calyx segments half-orbicular, the lowest one 4—10 mm, cucullate, the other 4 ca half as long as the lowest one, 2-—7 mm long. reinwardtia [vol. 9 often ciliate. petals inserted on the receptacle, almost equal, spathulate, 12—30 mm long, basal part 2—z mm wide, limb 8—12 mm wide, standard vaulted, the margins sometimes ciliate or fimbriate half-way; the other 4 petals plane. stamens not or slightly exceeding the petals; filament 15—29 mm, laterally compressed, in the lower part '/i—2wi mm wide, alternately a narrow and wide one, glabrous or near the base short-hairy; anther ca l^h—3 by 1 mm, glabrous. pistil 12—30 mm, glabrous; ovary 6—15 by 1—2 mm, ovules 2, 4 or 8 (rarely in between): style 6—15 mm, stigma as wide as the style, ciliate. in fruit the pedicel 10—25 mm, receptacle 4—7 mm long, 7—12 mm wide, the widest part at the seedbearing side of the pod; pod subsessile, ca 3 times as long as wide, 10—17 by 3—6 cm including the longitudinal, dorsal wing which is ca i/a of the width, base cimeate, hidden in the calyx-tube, top rounded or hooked, surfaces smooth or slightly reticulate-nerved. seeds 1—8, spaced, ellipsoid in outline, flat, ca 11 by 7 by 1 mm, brown, dull; albumen none. distribution: india? (see note); in malesia: sumatra (west coast, eengkulu), malaya, w. &. e. java, borneo (near sandakan), new guinea, solomons (guadalcanal). origin doubtful; jndia, silhet, wallich 5828 c, mixture with leaves of c. cucullata. sumatra. w e s t c o a s t : mt sago near pajakumbuh, 900—1200 m, w. meyer 81s7. kerintji valley, siulak daras, h.c. robinson & c.b. kfoss 3008, fl. 21.111.1914. b c n g k u l u : bmtuhan, coastal road, van der fiji sis, fl. i. vi. 193j. malaya. most provinces (not from perlis or kedah), 29 coll, java. w e s t : low to 1000 in, 10 eoll. e a s t : s. of surabaja, sumbertiingkal, hoarders 2ss8s, st. 27. vi, 18%, borneo. s a b a h : sandakan and vie, sea level, villamil i'm, fr. 30. iii. 1916, japp 821, fl. 13.11.1920. new guinea. w e s t : mamberamo r., doctere van leeuwen 968s, fl. fr. vii.1926. hollandia distr., 50-70 m, bw s98j> versteegk, fr. 19.ix.1956, van boyen & sleumer 5637, fl. fr. 29. v. 1961. e a s t : daunde r. near vanim, 2°40's 141°20'e, ngf 25hiyfr. 20. ix. 1066. central distr., kareraa, schodde s604. fr. 19. vii. 1962. morobe distr., 7°1g's 146°40'e, 750 m, ngf 30898, fl. fr. 28. ix. 1967. sudest i., brass s7ts1, fl. 19.viii.1956. solomons. g u a d a l c a n a l : whitmtrre 6003, fl. 3.vii.19cb. ecology: forest fringes, along roads, in secondary vegetation, usually at low altitude, but in new guinea up to 1000 m. notes: 1. compilation of field data: calyx red, segments (yellow-) green, petals red; fruits red. 2. in k is wallich 58$ia, which is inscribed: "herb. roxburgh, ( . . . . ) returned". this specimen bears only one (destroyed) flower and may be the type. roxburgh's drawing n. 1423 (k!), inscribed c. sumatrana roxb., also represents our species. 3. the fruits resemble those of c. anda-inaniaa, c. furfuracea and c. lamsuiqva. the first has jointed pedicels and a shorter receptaclej 1974] hattink: malesittn caesai. which is often recurved. the second has opposite leaflets. the third has an often more oblique receptacle with the widest part at the winged side of the pod. 21. caesalpinia tostuosa roxb. caesalphua, tortuosa roxb. [hort. beng.: 32. 181-1, iioraen], fl ind. (ed. carey) 2: 3h5. 1s32; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 1cs. 1s65; kurz, for. fl. burma i: 407. 1877; baker u hook, f., fl. br. ind, 2: 267. 1678; prain in j. as. soc. beng. ii g6: 231, 471. 1e97; brandis, ind. tr.: 247. 1906; kid], pi. mai. pen. i: (531. 1922. — type: roxburgh s.n. (k!). "hort. cale. e. sumatra", fl. caesalpinia microphylta [ham. ex wall., cat. n. 6826. 1831-32, itomenj ex prain (not of g. don) m j. as. soc. beng. ii 66: 471. 1897; brandis, ind. tt.: 247. 1906; kanj. & das, fl, assam 2: 122. 1938, [— c. parvifolia steud., nom. bot. 2nd ed.: zil, 1840, women] — type: wallich 5820 (k!), from goyalpara, fl. fr. 6. viii. 1908, cinalidocarjrue nitidue zoll. in nat. geneesk. arch. n.i. 3: £2. 1846. — caesalpinia einclideewpa miq., pl ind. bat, 1, 1: 110. 18eb; baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 256. 1878; back., schoolf].: 400. 1911; koord., exk. fl. java 2: s71. 1312; back. & , bakh. fl., fl. java 1: e46. 1964. type: zollinger 8462 (a! bm! l! hoio; p ! | , from java, fl. caesalpinia acanthobotrya miq., sumatra: 293. 1861; prain in j. aa. soc. beng. ii 66: 232. 1887. — type: thepetikont 22j.0 hb (bo! u! liolo), from sumatra, prianian, fl. 1865-60. caesalpmia tortuosa roxb. var. grandifolia fedde in ecp. sp. nov. 12: 39a. 1913. — type; meebold 17908 (k!>, from burma, kowpok, fr. 1.1912. climber or shrub or small tree, up to 10 m. branemets glabrous, leiiticellate; prickles"recurved, up to 8 mm. stipules wanting. leaves: rhachis 30—45 (—70) cm, hairy; prickles recurved in pairs at the base of the pinnae, often also scattered ones in between; pinnae 7"—20 pairs, 5—-16 cm, the proximal and distal ones often shorter than those in between, hairy, unarmed. leaflets opposite, 12—30 pairs per pinna, sessile, membranous, linear, index 3—6, 9—22 by 2—6 mm, base oblique, truncate, top obtuse or rounded, margins parallel, costa parallel to the margins, lateral nerves perceptible, surfaces when dried above shining below dull, glabrous or sparsely short-hairy (hand lens). racemes (supra) axillary, and then sometimes serial, as well as terminal, 20—60 em in all, often branched, pubescent, in the lower part or up to the top armed with many recurved prickles, sometimes unarmed; bracts caducous, ca 2 by 1 mm, hairy; pedicels 8—15 rum, hairy, above the base not jointed. flowers often punctate (secretory cavities), bud glabrous or hairy in the basal part; receptacle 2 mm long, 8 mm wide; lowest re/pal deeply cucullate, ca 8—10 by 7 tnm, the other 4 ca 3 by 6 mm, usually ciliate. petals: standard 10—13 by 6—8 mm, claw 6—8 by 2 mm, hairy, the basal part glabrous in the centre, limb reflexed, vaulted, reniform, 4—5 by 6—8 mm; the other 4 petals: claw 1—3 by 1 mm, hairy or glabrous, limb elliptic to orbicular to reniform, 7—10 by 6—12 mm. stamens slightly exserted; 58 reinwardtia [vol. 0 1974] ilattink: statesian caesalpinia filaments 10—14 mm, woolly over ca half their length, the upper median one often slender and less hairy; anthers 2*/2—'<$ by 1 mm, glabrous. pistil 10-—16 mm, subsessile; ovary 3—4 by ivi mm, hairy or glabrous or along the upper margin hairy only, ovules 4—5(—7) ; style often grading in the ovary, 8—12 mm long, glabrous or in the basal part hairy, stigma ca 1 mm p. in fruit the pedicel ca' 15 mm; receptacle persistent, salver-shaped, ca 2 mm long, 7 mm wide; pod indehiscent, often twiated, 3i/2—9 by 2—wi cm, base rounded, top obtuse, short-beaked, both sutures thickened, often constricted between the seeds, glabrous, when dried black, exocarp and endocarp strongly adnat*, swollen on the seeds, when ripe transversely cancellated cleft. seeds 1—5(—7), subglobose, ca 10 mm 0; albumen none. distribution: india (assam), china (hongkong), burma; in malesia: sumatra (w. & e.), malaya (johore, penang, singapore), java (w. & e-), borneo (w. & e. near the equator). i n d i a . (several w a l l i c h collbetlons not f u r t h e r l o c a t e d ) . a s s a m : c h i n a . h o n g k o n g : s o t . for. dept. s4st. s u m a t r a . e a s t c o a s t : a a a h a n , b a t u , yates 1858. w e s t c o a s t : priaman, diepcnhorst 1s77 hb. malaya. j o h o r c : s. segun, rowai, corner s.n., sst. 12.v.1b35. penang curtis war, fl. fr. x. 1887. s i n g a p o r e : ridley zq9!,. java. 109° e on the s. .coast, backer 311,57, fl. 10. v. 1921, and futher west e a s t : djember area, koordere 20sj5, tsmst, both £r. 17. x. 1895. borneo. k a l i m a n t a n : west part, sg. landak {?>, tvljamann s.n east dart, bungalun, ratten 738, fl. fr. 23.si.i912. ecology : primary and secondary forests, forest fringes, along rivers; in java often on limestone, further data are wanting. notes: 1. compilation of field data: flowers scented, petals yellow, stamens green, anthers violet, pollen yellow. 2, the differences, given in the literature, between caesalpinia tortuosa and c. cinclidocarpa are the numbers of pinnae and leaflets, the inflorescence branches and ralyx hairy or not. in all parts of the area the numbers of pinnae and leaflets vary: large leaflets are concomitant with a lower number of leaflets and pinnae (like also in c. latisiliqita). the branching or the inflorescence is variable too and when the upper leaves have fallen off, the single racemes look like a compound panicle. the calyx should be glabrous in c. tortuosa and hairy in c. cinclidocarpa; however ridley £094 was cited by eidlep under c. tortuosa: this specimen has leaflets like the other malayan specimens (e.g. curtis 1027), but the calyx and ovary are hairy, like in specimens of java (zollinger 953). an ovary, which is hairy on the upper suture only, occurs in a specimen from hort. bot. bogor., coll. unknown (l! bo!), fl. iv.1911. 3. the type of c. acanthobotrya is similar to specimens of malaya (e.g. curtis 1027) and assam (e.g. col, jenkins s.n.). 4. caesalpinia dnclidoearpa var. grandiflora, c. dnclidoearpa var. grandifolia and c. nitida (zoll.) back., non hassk. are mere names on herbarium sheets in l, all from java. 5. roxburgh's drawing no 1426 (k!) fl. fr. also represents this species. doubtful species caesalpinia axillaris (lam.) dc, prod. 2: 481. 1825; w. & a., prod.: 280. 1834. — guilandina axillaris lam., encycl. meth. 1: 435. 1785, based on the 'bankaretti' in rheede, hort. mai. 6: 35, t. 20. 1686, which was referred to caesalpinia axiuaris by dc, prod. 2: 4s1. 1825, was suggested to belong to this species by w. & a., prod.: 280. 1834, and by baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 258. 1878. the figure of rheede is very bad: singly pinnate leaves and axillary flowers. the leaflets resemble those of c. eucullata and the fruits may belong to c. crista. caesalpinia nitida hassk., cat. hort. bog.: 285. 1844; miq., fl. ind. bat. 1, 1: 113. 1855. — type: not seen, the description is probably made after a living plant. miguel doubted already about this species. according to the description of the leaflets, the species may be c. major. 'c. nitida (zoll.) back.' is a herbarium name given to specimens belonging to c. tortuosa. mezoneuron oxyphyuwm gagn. in, bull. mus. hist. nat. paris ii, 24: 319. 1952. — type: f. fleury, kb. chevalier 32512 (p!) from indo-china, n. annam, prov. nghe-an {vinh) : reserve foreatiere de co-ba (kenhe), fr. 14. v. 1914. the twig and leaves belong to caesalpinia bondue, the inf ructescence to c. latisiliqua; one of the fruits is narrow, like in gagnepain's mezoneuron kea, in the other fruit the top is much wider, and may be a monstrosity. excluded species caesalpinia arborea zoll. in nat. geneesk. arch. n.i. 3: 65. 1846, was reduced by bentham, fl. austr. 2: 279. 1864, as a synonym of peltophorum ferragineum (= p. pterocarpa (dc.) back.; leguininosae). caesalpinia dasyrhachis miq., sumatra: 292, 1861, was referred to peuophorum by kurz ex baker in hook, f., fl. br. ind. 2: 257. 1878 ('dasyrachis'; leguminosae). reinwardtia [vol. 9 caesalpinia ferruginea decne in nouv. ann. mus. hist. nat. paris 3: 462. 1834, was referred to peltophorum ferrugineum (= p. pterocarpa (dc.) back.; leguminosae). caesalpinia inermis, a nomen nudum of roxburgh, hort. eeng.: 90. 1832, was reduced by bentham, fl. austr. 2: 279. 1864, to peltophorum ferrugineum (= p. pterocarpa (dc.) back.; leguminosae). guilandina microphylla dc, cat. pi. monsp.: 114. 1813, typified by nugae sylvarum minimaerumph., herb. amb. 5: t. 49 f. 2. 1747, was erroneously used as a synonym of caesalpmia bonduc (our c. major) by grisebach, fi. br. w. ind. isl.: 204. 1860, but by merrill, int. eumph.: 251. 1917, reduced to acacia rugata (lam.) ham. ex merrill (leguminosae). guilandia moringo, l., sp. pi.: 381. 1753, was placed as a synonym tinder moringa oleifera lam. by c.g.g.j. van steenis, fl. males. i, 4: 45. 1949 (moringaceae). mezoneuron grande miq,, sumatra: 291. 1861, was by heyne, nutt. pi. 2: 251. 1936, placed as a synonym of acrocarpus fraxinifolia wight (leguminosae). invalid names (not attributed to one of the species treated in the present revision) caesalpinia ? mlaroe is a herbarium name of spanoghe, uaed as a synonym of c. ferruginea decne, at present peltophorum pterocarpa (dc.) back. (leguminosae). caesatpinia ? maeklotii is a herbarium name of miquel, used in the synonymy of both his mezoneuron sulfureum and caesalpinia, arborea (see under excluded species). it belongs according to the index kewensis to peltophorum, ferrugineum ( = p . pterocarpa (dc.) back.; leguminosae). caesalpinia, micrantha is a herbarium name of merrill, given to specimens belonging to pteralobium microphyllum miq. (leguminosae). an effort has been made and all the epithets under thi species where they belong or they belong under one of the, c. spinoea is abbreviated spn. italics, new names in bold typi index to names to evaluate oil the names given to caesalpinia species, genus caesaljiinia. the names are referred to the o the chapters doubtful, excluded and invalid, if e. a key to the 3-letter abbreviations of accepted : the end. caesalpinia spicata is abbreviated spc, accepted names are in normal print, synonyms in 19741 hattink: matesian caesalpinia btiakinia ititisiliqui* cavan. = lat biancaca trdaro ^ cncsahjinia sappan todaro = sap scandeni todaro = dec sepiariatodaro = dec bondue p. miller = caesalpinia majns medik. = maj minus medik. = bon butea loureirii spreug. = cri caesalpinin l. sect. caesalpi.tariu b. & ii. = cacaalpinia sect. ciftclidocarvus e & h — caesalpinia sect. guilandina e. &. h, = caesalpinio sect. nugaria dc. = caesalpinia seet. sappemia dc. = caesalpinia subgen. cintlidocarpus baker = caesalpima s"bgen. eueaesatpmia baker = caesajpinia subgen. gmlaiuhna bu!;er = caesalpinie acanthobotrya miq. ^ tor andamaniea (prain| hflttink — ana aiiffustifelia saliab. = sap arborea zoil. — excluded axillarts dc. — doubtful bengiuitensh elmer = dee bonduc (l.) roxb. — bon bonducella (l.) fleming = bon var. aequiaculeata o. ktze = bon var. elegang 0. ktze = bon var. inaeq-uiacnleata 0. ktze = bon bomcensis merr. = pal' liraohycarpa (benth.) haltlnk — see sco note 2 ciftclidocarpa miq. — [or var. grandiflera — invalid name; cariaria (jaeq.) willd. — cor crista l. — cri cucuhata hoxb. — cue dtsyrhachis miq. — excluded decapetala (eoth) alston — dec digyna rottl. — dig enneaphylla roxb. — enn ferox hassk. = dec ferruginea decne. — excluded furfuracea (prain) hallink — fur glahra {s. mill.) mecr = maj globubirum bakli. t. & van eoyen = maj gradlis miq. = dig grandis heyne ex wall. — invalid name; see cue hymenocarpa (prain) hattink — hym ignuta blanco = pub inermis koxh. — excluded jupovica sieb. & zucc. — dec jayabo maaa = m a j h cyanosj/ety/ta maza ^^ don kilaroe spanoghe — invalid laevigata perr. = cri latiailiqua (cavan.) hattink — lat •maeklotii miq. — invalid macro, eraib — see par note 3 major (medik.) dandy & exell — maj micrantha merr. — invalid microphylla ham. ex prain non. g. don =i tor mindorensis (merft) hattink — min miiaitiflora. elmer = par nitida hassk. — doubtful nitida (zoll.) back. — invalid name; nuga (l.| willd. = cri uleosperma roxb. = dig opposittfolia hattink — opp panieulata (lam.) roxb. = cri parviiiora r r a i n -—• par var. etipitlarh prain = par var. typim prain = par pubescens (desf.) hattink — pnb pubeecens wall. —• invalid oame; see pub pulcherrima (l.) swartz — pul stipttwg noronha ^ sap sappan ij. — sap scaytflwns hqyi\e e^ jtoth ^ cri reinwardtia [vol, 9 scortechinii (fv.m.) h a t t i n k — sco aepiaria eoxb. = dec var. japoniea, (zieb. & zucc.) gagn. := dec bolomonensis hattink — sol bpieata dalz. — spc spinosa (molina) o. ktze — spn stenoptera merr. — see sco note 3 etipularis (pra'n) eidl, non vogel = par sumatrana roxb. — sam ntitrtn rlnnro • l a t tortuosa roxb. — tor var. grandifolia fedde = tor campeda adans. = caesalpinia cipcli'locarpus zoll. = caesalpima nitidui zoll. = lor genista scandens lour. — en a. -r j'™^. t — l^p-i=nti^inia axilltvris — doubtful bonduc l. (r7s3) = bon 6o«dus l. (1t62) = maj ? majus dc. = maj g mihiw dc. = bon bovdaaella l. = bon gemina loar. = bon gubra p. mill. — excluded; see maj major (dc.) small = maj microphylla dc. — excluded meriaga l. — excluded wuga l. = cri kaka moullov. rheede = cri kaha mtdhi rheede = cri mczonewroh desf. = caesalpinia sect. eumezoncuron taubert = cae salpinli sect. tubicalyr taubert = caesalpini subgen. tvbieabjx miq. = caesalpin *eumei!onemim baker r^ caesalpinn '•tnbicahx baker = caesalpinla 6o!ans(w prain = lat benguetense (elmer) elmer = dec braehycarp'um benth. — see sco note cabadbnrvnse elmer — lat cueullatum (roxb.) w. & a. =t cue var. ffrnndis heyne es baker = cue var. robuslmn craib = cue enncaphyllum (rusb.) w. & a. ex bcntb. = enn glahrum desf. = pub ffrande miq. — excluded zia/menoeorpum pcain = b5™ miermedimm zipp. — invalid name; ice" gagn. = lat knnstlnri praia = and taolicum gagn. = hyra latisiliqmim (cavan.) mcrr. = lat mae™pfc»il«m bl. ex miq. =cue mindorense merr. = min var. inevme merr, = ™in gagn, — doubtful p ^ f t i y c n ' m^rr. = lat y o i ( o n c i gagn. invalid naros; see p^b ??j-oc?tm6c3 blanco = lat puoeacens desf. = f"^ var. loksfpcs craib = pub j-!!o™m merr. = lat. scand'.ns spanoghe — invalid name; see pub var. inermis spsnoslic — invalid name; see pul) scoriechiitii f.v.m. = sco 8k?/hreum miq. = sum ««w»t™»»i» (roxb.) w. & a. miq. = var. 3 miq. = sum poinciana l. = caesalpinia coriaritt jacq. = cot •pvlckerrima, l. = pal keiabardia deaapetala roth = dec ticr.nto adans. = caesalpinia va-ja (l-) meda. = cri wagatea dalz. = cacaalpinia epieata (dab.) dalz. = ape 1974] hattink: male caesalpinid. index to examined specimens this list is an index to all the collections of caesalpinia examined author. specimens collected in an institutional series have been listed undi series only. for an explanation of the abbreviations see fl. males. bv 1571 1578. 1908. specimens without a collector's number have been indicated possible, with the month and year of collecting. type specimens have been with (t). specimens marked with • are mentioned in the text. the spfcim referred to an abbreviation of their name, explained at the end. the materials were supplied by the following herbaria: a arnold arboretum at cambridge, mass. bm°) british museum (natural history) at london bo herbarium bogoriense at bogor gil gray herbarium at cambridge, mass. k1) royal botanic gardens at kew kep forest research institute at kepong, malaya l+) riiksherbarium at leiden l i n n ' ) linnoan herbarium at london ny new york botanical garden p11) l a b o r a t o i r e lie p h a n s r o g a m i e at p.aris p n h p h i l i p p i n e n a t i o n a l h e r b a r i u m a t m a n i l a s i n g h e r b a r i u m o f t h e b o t a n i c g a r d e n s a t s i n g a p o r e u*) b o t a n i c m u s e u m & . h e r b a r i u m a t u t r e c h t u c h e r b a r i u m o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y o f c a l i f o r n i a a t b e r k e l e y u s s m i t h s o n i a n i n s t i t u t i o n a t w a s h i n g t o n , d.c. b y t h e ;r t h a t ill. 22: , where marked ens are a scries 1w8, 1903, £01s, ssio; lat, 2<j10\ cri, 2037: opp; abubakar 41 oh: i r i ; aet 229: cri. aet & idjan 24fl: cri; akern 252: cri] 5£1: pul, 771: sap; d' alleizette xi-1906: pul, xi-1906: bon, vii.1908: cue; seel: cri; attmamn 121: pub; alvins 371: maj, 7s1: sum, 16s7: par, ssi3: sap; amami 416: dec; amdjah 45, 764: cri; anang (cxp. de haan) 377: cri: anderson 1004: pul, 2010: bon, 8706: pul, s767: maj; annandala 24-11916: cri; apostal is: cor; arora 26viii-1966: bon; atjeh (exp. van huls(jjn) 27: bon, 75; cri, s17: pul. backer 15-vi-1ss6: bon, ix-1s03: sap, 11-1904: cri, iv-1904: bon, yiii-1904: sap, 1452, ism: bon, 17,14: sum, 25s0: pub, 2s4s: bon, £ei%; pub, 2739: sap, 2s1s, 0ss4: maj, 3s11: cue, s824: n.aj, 595?; sum, $001: tor, sb7i: dig, 6641: pub, 6sg2, 7065: cor, 71»5, 7761: bon, sisl: cue, 1175b: maj, 121s6: tor, 1395$: bon, 13o4i: pub, 180611 dig, 1ss09: cri, 16i26: dig, 1646i: pub, 1709617x87: maj, 17s&1: sum, hub: bon, 18880: cue, uuti, 19268: bon, 192si: dig, 1942s, 19698: bon, 19911: dig, 200s1: sap, 200is: pub, 20062: dig, s007s: sap, 20502: pub, 205ss: bon, 20s&3: pub, 207s7: sap, 20741: pub, 20902: dig,gll£4:han. 21247: dig, 21256: pub, 25523; maj, 2eao^.' dee, silss: pub, 242s2: !pub, 34188: bon, •>4i99: pub, 21,515, 24688: dig, 34724; bon, 21,742: pub, ss1i1: dee, 23522: sum. by the autho reinwardtia [vol. 9 ilattink: malesian caehulpii 26604: cor, 26774: dig, 26822; bon, 26997: pub, 27000: dig, 27037: pul, 27350, 27565: bon, 27571: eri, 28092; bon, £££«£; cri, 2sjss: bon, 28525: p u b , 2sss4: bon, 2880s: pub, 2 9 i / 7 , bfllw: bon, si 110: dig, swsfi; p u b , 2s474-1 bon, 2sbs9: pub £ 9 7 « : cri, 29701, 29822: bon, 2s9stf: cri, 30378: dig, s0&28: m a j , j10s5: bon, j1.j57: t o r , s2sc7: m a j , sss32, 3ssj3, tfsm; s 3 8 / 5 : eri, sis11, 34512. 34518, si51i, 34515, 34516, 3i617: bon, 34518: t o r . 34519, s4530; p u l . s i s a j . « 5 2 2 : sap, 34666 = s4657. s4657: hym, 34658, s4659: p u b ; c.f. baker 1s-x-1917: c r i ; bakhmsert van den brink sr 47s: m a j , 2847: bon, 251b: m a j , 5015.cue, 4089: pul, 5j3s: s a p ; baujadia 3742: c r i ; botonea j a w . m a j , 1298: l a t ( t ) , s j « : cri, £119: lat, sj50: cue, 2us: c r i ; ff.n. & c m . bangham, 623: cri, fifls; bon, 755: dec; barclay 3554, 3591; c r i ; bartlett 15139; m a j ; bb series 11143: pul, 14090: s a p ; beccari p.b. 849: m a j , p . b . 24ss, p.b. 3116; cri, p . b . 3527: bon; beimome 3430: d i g ; beguin 759: aap, j i ^ : bon, 1435: cri. j f 3 i : bon, 1764: c r i ; b e i j x i i 1 9 0 2 : bon; dera berger us: cue; beumte 196: ?pub, s 7 j : enn, 91.j, 980: p u b , j o m ; bon, j 4 i 7 : sap, 8457: pub, woo: dig, 4962: aap, 5152; cue, 5 2 « ; p u b ; van beusekom & geeaink 3-178: h y m ; b i f f series 2j7s9: d i g ; bloembergen s090, 3220; bon, ss22: pul, s s i s : pub, s55s: pul, 3662; p u b , j&}£, 4 4 ? * : pul, 4545: bon; sfitme 7 1 5 : m a j , 73100: cue ( t ) ; bwb series; numbers without a have been cited u n d e r t h e collector, for the o t h e r s , see u n d e r a: boerlage 16-xi-is88: sap, 13-ii-18s9: sap, 258: pul, 2',7: dee; dv. bois 81: sap, bolster 866: l a t ; boa 2182, 2695: l a t , 4670: s a p ; van. barssum waalkea 61s: c t i , 727. 1689: bon, 1990; cri, 8267: hym, 8281: m a ] , s320.\ hym*, j s 5 0 : bon; botchtan so, 105, 194: bon; bot. & for. d-.pt. hong kong 8421; t o r ; branderhorst 150: bon; brass 742: bon, 1852: cri, isso; bon, 1659: cri. 2s0i».m a j , s m , sss9: cri, 9*8f: bon, 74ss: sco, 14063, 2178s: eri, «e05s: bon-1, 27?5j: s u m ; byeinefcomjj v-1917: pub, 1g-ii-1s18; bon; brinkman 21: s a p ; brikon s i ; p u b , 224: p u l ; sj-oo&e s s ^ . cri, 10578: mixed: fr. bon, fl. m a j ; r. brown iv-1803: p u b ; brun series 989: l a t ; bs series m s : raaj, 610: cri, 1477: pub, 151s: rain (t), 4969: bon, 0cb5: lat, 7418: cri, ? w 7 : lat, 7948: pul. 3s01, 1 « m : p u b , 17531: dee, jsodo; lat , 18672: min, j s j s j ; pub, 27s7s, 29100: lat , *s5ij : aap, s7949, 39650: lat, ws9s: bon, 46526, 4667s, 47106: lat, 49280: min, ?fi7jp: l e t ; b s / f series 4809: m a j , soss: sol ( t ) , 778$-. eri, j 0 0 i « : m a j * , ijsoj, 11668, 12422: cri, 2s?»fl; bon; bidlack 959: dec; cwhoaaui so: s a p ; biracfcwai & wimana»b 1489: h y m ; bit^kemeijer fi0?5: sap, 8001: p u l ; burger 2001: pub, too: bon; j j j . s u r t i i i vi-1915: bon, 47: dec, ^9fl; sum, j 2 7 s : c r i ; h..w. burkilt & shah 268; m a j ; baitnirfa i s 9 s / sap, 44%3: bon, ss74: cri, 7482: dig; b» sei-wb 3#sj; sum, 45i8, 546$: cri, s7s0: sap. culei-j/ vi1i-1935: bon; crirr 11224, 11516: cri, 1jbs2, j1sss, 16189; bon; 6'aiytefc & enocft 271: bon; cusfiiio 601: c r i ; cast™ 4 4 0 * : p a r ; castro & metegrito 1358; sap, 1537: lat , 3549: pul, 1700: bon; c f series 676: sap, j i £ 3 : bon, i w eri, 1823; s u m ; ctoiid sors, 5ss2: cue; cheaug s.n. 29-1x-1s60: d i g ; s i . cftevalier 32512: leaves: bon, f r . : tlat (t>; carfa(opfte,-sen 3017; m a j ; cta-fce 5 a 5 i « : crij glg8oh & vail slooten 54: d i g ; clemsns 1-1945: eco, viii-ix-1947: sea, 262: lat, 922: cue, 30s2: pub, jifif, is053 : lat, $1292: pul, sjs9s: l a t ' , 27625, 2829729438, s1246: l a t , 41734: bon; coeri j5fl, 7 0 5 : cri, 1092,1134: bon; coifs 2*15: bon; d.j. collins 1s6, 600. 1459: dig, js5s: hym, 1853: d i g ; conraioi-^s5: p u l ; cope. land 108: cri, 345: bon, { 7 0 : l a t ; corner 12-v-1935: t o r , 14-ix-1936: sum, 4-v1910: ?sum, 20-xi-1b41; c u e ' ; cowan 633; ' a n d * ; cauting 1138; eri, 119s: l a t ; curtis 99: bon, 385: dec, 448: dig, 1027: tor*, 1502; bon, 2618: cri, 2sb2; dig, 2s67: cri, s « £ : s u m ; 4 . h . curtias 203, 472: bon; cuzner 8: pul. van daalen 479: p u l ; derbyshire 640: degener 31117: bon; dickason 6904: e r i ; diepenwst hb 1s77: tor, hb i2j0.tor ( t ) ; dillewijn & demandt x-1929: cri, 1611 (x-1929): d i g ; doctcrs van leetiwen 1543; bon, 1591: cri, 1812: bon, 9689: sum, 11371: c r i ; doeters van leeuwen-reynvaan 1-1909: a s p , 3-11-1910: dig, 22-v-1910: bon, 17-iv-1911: cri, 4-x-1911: dec, $63: dec, s74: dig, 1 0 0 5 : dec, 3739, 5188, 6127: bon; dommera 49: bon, 215: dig, sj.j: pul, s*«; sap, $55: pul, stfo: bon: dorgelo 1767: cri, j 9 i s ; bon, van duuren is: sco. e i o i o 168: bon; eoaio & conklin. 14s2: l e t ; eberhardt 1522: p u b ; e d d t n v i i 1r03: bon; ffeseci 5^4: bon; elbert 403, 692, 799; pub, 3052: pul, 2490: pub, 2628, 29.16: cri, ,»7im; sap, .{597; bon; elmer 5715: pul, 5723: bon, ss«s: dee, 7002: bon, 7009: eri, m « , 8466: lat , s720: dec ( t ) , 10306: sap, 17w/7: m a j , 131s7: lat, 12969: p a r (t), 13.»su; l a t (t), 17983: lat*, 2o.m4: lat, 21449: p a r ( t ) ; e-nehai 10393: c r i ; jjnders aosj: l a t ; evrard 467: dig, ifi7fl; pub. fuhoner 568: d i g ; c.s. ^ o a & li 67: dec • fb series 93' sad 47tl • min* 1952 2272, t4b2; cri, jssfi.sap, jsto: pub, 3569: pn\, 4879-18261: cri, 1*405, i s 4 0 7 : pill, so«e»: sap, a*7so: c r i ; fenir 11: bon; feuille.lau de bruyn 442: bon; f m s series 1129, 4053, 5082, 6s1s, 9848, 6544, 10837. 10338, 11287, 11743, 12596, 13298: aap, 20417: m a j , 20556: sap, 28906: sum, 38880; eri, ssjs7.aap, s9012 ( = p u o * a i 0 3 9 j ) : cri, 51s02, fi4^3u; ape; forbes 112: bun" <t), l^joo, 1785; m a j , i £ 0 s ; eri, sjssa; pui, s79s; fur, 4022: p u l ; formau 494: l a t ; forrest 8519, 11812: cue; fosberg 24978; m a j , 20sss: pul, s l s a i ; m a j , s 3 s i » : pul, 36507: i n a j , s 7 m i : c r i ; fosberg & oliveira 10760: dec; foxwarthy 1119; cci; frofee w s : c r i ; fbi series 2089: m a j , 8013, 7669: bon, wl̂ ff, li'tf/i': sum, 5js02: spc, 55708: sap, 50973: dig, cse39; spe; fn'edi-erc sis: pul. gamble 4043: lion; gi(,6s j s ^ . c r i ; gjellerup 289a: c r i ; cflftkn s89fi: s a p ; grathoff 560; a a p ; grutterink 3226: p u b ; gueiverij 7 7 5 : m a j ; guichenot 324: p u b ; gasdoi-/ f i , 170, s 7 i : sap. cfe uaan, see artflwp and also nedi; haines 24-x1i-1914: e n n ; hallier i3-v1864, 12-xi-1894: eri, l l . v i 1 8 9 6 : sum, 15-vi-1896 (or 15-11?) : bon, 68: sap, 488, i8se: l a t * j « * : cri, 4i88: l a t ; harmand 22, 162; hym, £0£: m a j ; hartley 9732: e r i ; hatuaima 24066: m a j ; haviland 1522; m a j ; tfeiaic j15h.h y m ; ffelteiw 4 7 : bon; hctlwig 674: c r i ; tfff»der«on 1 9 v i i m 9 2 9 : cri, i2s6: a a p ; / / c n % 2&i i m 9 f i | : bon; hb. hermann vol. 1 m. b8: eri ( t l , vol. 3 fol. 86 : bon ( t ) , vol. 4 fol. 3 1 : sap ( t ) ; htykgen 1367: bon"; b. ho 1883: p a r ; hochrtutiner 2088: cri, &57s:.sap, £5*0: p u l ; den hoed 48, 3062; bon; hohenacker 102a: c r i ; holaivoogd iso: bon; hoogerwerj 12-xi-1941: cri, 2s, 27: bon, 369: p u l ; hoogland 4274, 8r56: bon: haesfietd 183: bon, u s ; pub. j s 7 ; dec, u s ; dig (t), 139: dec, 1^0.cue, 141: pub, lia.p u l ; hort, bot. bog. i.d.io: cor, i.i.22, i.i.43, i.i,24, i.i.65, i.i.83: pul, i.k.i: eoc, xii.a.81, xii.a. 8 3 : bon, xii.a.88, x i i . a . i 0 3, xii.a.105, xii.a.106a: m a j , xii.a.107a: hon, x i i . a . l l l a : cri, xii.a.112: sap, xli.a.114a, xii.a.ibs, xii.a.158a: dec, xii.a.lfl2: cri, xii.a.1b3: dig, xii.a.166: spc, x i i . a.173: cri, xii.a.i73, xii.a.174: t o r , reinwardtia [vol. 9 xii.a.177: cri, xii.a.224: bon, xii.a. 225a: cri, xiiij.126: eor, xv.j.a.ix.4/5: pul, xvii.d.b9a: cri, xvii.d.61: dec, xvii.d.65: sap, xvii.d.toa: dec, xvii. d.78, xvii.d.82: cri, xvii.d.83, xvii. d.s5: tor, xvii.d.99: maj, xvii.d.101: maj, xvii.d.106: maj, xv1i.d.109: maj, xviii.d.65a; spc, xx.i.i.24: cor; hort. bot. tjibodas vg-26: spn; hosaka 3819: eri; c. hose 70: lat (t), 269: cri; g. bole 32: cri; hoshim 678: sap; hokwink 23: bon; how 70849: dec, 70992; sap; howard 8048: bon; howe & van balgooy 1044: bon; hubburd 4581: seo; huitema 34: cti, 103: dec; abdul huk 7-x-1830: dig; hultett 547: lat, 605; sum; van hulstijwf see atjeh and also saanan. iboet is: bon, 167: sap, 503: maj; idjan & mochtar 82: pul, iso, 144: maj. jaag 422: hym*, 4s3; bon, 609: fur, 708: sap, 880: cri, 1267: hym; 7ncit 4602: sap; jacobs 4791: cue, 4900: pub, 4924: dig, s4?0: and; joeotsob 2089: cue; jo/ri 2370; bon; jaheri 288: bon (one sheet maj), 287; cri; janoaski 450; cri, 57s: pul; jayesmglis 858: sum; tt, jensen 249: eri; jochena 65: dec, j17s: cue; jonker s09: pul; jisaghuhn 35, s6: sap, 38: dee, 42: enn, 269: pul, 287: mixed pal & eap, 733: enn; j«pp 821: sum. kadir & ewggoh 10333: lat; kanehira • & hatusima 11580: maj, 128s7: cri; karta 90: bon, 99,1s7, 280: cri; kaudern 254: lat; kawagoe 2b-vii-1919: cri; keith 4961: cri, 8871: opp; kep series 1162: bon, 72572: auni, 93756: and, 118186: maj, 118188: bon; kensou: dig, 1#29, !ss9o; hym. 3115: cue, 4jss: dig, 4665: fur*, 4tftfff: dig*, 4s0«: fur, 7s6s: dig, 9589: hym*, 9592: cue, 20200: enn, j0479; cue (t), 1096s: dig, 11424: enn, 12846: maj, 13212: pub (t). 13s34: maj, 15639; and, 25779: dig, 16051: bon, 2gs53, 37s43, 18191: and; g. kinp 408: cri; stuff's collector 20-11-1892, 8-x-1892: eri, 15-x-1892, 5-xm892, 24-xii-i892: hym, 23-i-1s93, 18-ii-1bb3: cue; 7-x1803; hym, 2-xii-18s3: and, 27-i-18s4: hym, 13-x-1894; and, 10-xi-1894, 5-11895: hym, sos; cue, 607: dig, 895: and (t), 1029; cri, sj,99; par", 711,7: maj. ? s s j ; par, 10567; sap; jj-w. ff'kff 5621: sap; kjellberg 1s6: bon, 4?0: cri, 563: sap, i i 7 0 : lat, 13s4: bon, 2005: 1st, tos2: dee, ^jos; pub; kjc.s.s14: pub; kioss jsj80: lat; ktdjf 67; maj; koeis 248??, 25073, 29192: euc: kuorders 844: bon, 1s449: dec, isoio: tor, 15u9; dec, 17621-, ito2s: 6ow, 17700: fat, )j70r, 17709: cri, 19862: dec, s0js4: bon, s0s75.* tor, 21268, 21870; cue, s1282: tor, 21i71: pub, *£0fo> 22588: bon, 8j5s«: sum, s«590: ma), &j3ss; cue, s5igj: maj, s5?45: pub, 25520: sap, j8«sis: cri, s7406: maj, 37407: bon, s7«0s: dec, 2832$: pub, a«55#: cue, 28956: dig, ss35s: cri. 292h9: cue, j«i35: bon, 30692: sum, 80694: tor, si til: pul, m 2 9 : pub, w « , s44&5; maj, s444s: sum (t), ss21b: cri, 352s0: bon, js2^5: cue, 3s30s; cri. 35555: pub, s5514; bon, ss01j: dee, jflsss: bon, 40441, 1,0442: sun, 40473: enn, 42482: pub, 425ss: cup. jm7f, 47fl": maj; kooy jj* : bon, 184: pul: xontum flss: sap, 101s: maj; koetermans 98: leayea dig, fr. fur*, 7s& 766: maj, 2ss9, 472"; cri, 6808, 9722: lat, 2ssss: maj, 23378: lat; koslkrmans & wirawan 176: pub, s31: bon; kunstter, see king's collector; o. kuntze 42si: bon (t), 6194: dig; kwsicofo 1*6.' hym, 2j5: sap, 217: pub. loce 5(»gi.fur; lae, see ngf series; lam 474: cri, hiss: bon; laza.i3.es & adams 284' hon; lea-no 5406: pul; teftjjjonn bt 7s9: bon; lieftinck 2-iv-1939: maj; ho. linnaeus no 529/1: pul (t); llawa 229: pub; loher 2188, 218s: sap, 2190; bon, 2191, 2192, 2193; pub, 2194, 2195: dec, 2196, 2197: cri, 2202, 2270: lat, 327j: aap, 5909: pub, 5bw: cri; lotting 122: sap, s*i." dec, 10s1: cri, 1974] hattink: ca tipr, 67 jc5i: bon, 14z1: dec, 2su9, ^ j i 5 : apn, 3043: eri, s2s4: bon, s a i l ; eri, 3s60, i39o: maj, 4»s2, s9ss, s07s; dec, soss: cri, 9166: eor, sgsii, j«127; cri; ltitjeharnta 6164: bun. ilfeket 3575: ton, eosd; eri; moie,sl sarip 276: cue; maingay 534; sum, 55* (= aois|; cri, 553 {= 1492); sap; mali•uianag 215: lat, 270: cri; marave 69: pub; murcan s51: dig; jwurcjie ?s; par*; a/artiits (hb. pi. bras.) s29: bon; mecbold 10208 (= 117208): tor, 17208: tor (t|; dim der mccr & (ten hoed 2059: bon; merrill 267: pul, s05: lat (t), 842: maj, 887: sap, s5ff; lat. 962, 1h5: crl, i4ss, j72j: lat, sij7, 2s53: sap, 3284: bon, m 4 i : cri, 344?; pul, phil. pi, 1785: dec, sp. blanc. 27: pul, 234: pub, s98: bon, 540; sap, 849: cri, «75t lat; mefmer 92; pul; jtfeijei5597: bon, 7589: dec, « 5 ? : sum; mondi(h) 53: cri, 1s6: maj; .w«oney 3350: cri, s4o3; bon; moree sjf!; enn; mohey s28: cri, s5fi: cue; jfcfn'«..-j<ie so*: cue; jlfniiue 140: maj. nair bsl nc 35555; rtec; nauen 13viii-lb40t dig, 13-viii-194o: aap; nedi (rap. ile bonn) iso: pul, 554: bon; wed! & idjan 266: sap; ngp aeries 2395; cri, « 7 7 ; bon, 5081.• eri, 5u9s; bon, 84s7, 5538: cri, 3453s, 1950s: bon, 19r,c4: cri s2s52: lat, h2898: cri, s5844 •' sum, 27m2: cri, 27?7s: bon, 2s47i, 29627: cri, josss; sum, s2592: maj*, s7jfig; cri, ss07s: bon*, 3*4«s: cri, 43102: bon, us09: cri, 4*537; bon", 5!5s2:bon'; t«™ mel 3953: pul, s734; pul, 4ifis: eri, 42fio, 42*s: maj, 46s2: cri; norketl so44; cue; n(ational) s(cience) m(nseum) (japan) 429: dec. olsen 445: bon; ran ooststroom s977< 12490: pul. i s h j : spe. /27js, 12717: sap, j271s: maj, 12865; bon, 1303«: sap, 2350?: dec, .13595: bon, 13729; ape; otik i918: cri; owwehand 40; dec, 9s: maj. wu dur paarih 50: dig. 5s: bon; poniffrafti 10fii5; dec; panoff 229, 32s, 498: cri; pcrkinsen 14611: enn; pierre iv1893: hym, 218: dig; pie^se 230; aap, 156: bon, 861, 820: cri, 874: pul; pwff series 2789: lat°, 7029; lat, 3ss2: bon, 9114: c:i, 232ss: eor, 17o60: cri, j ? i d e : bon, 27390; lat, 275s4: pul, 2?7es, 2s?£3; min, 18729, 18862: eri, 18948: pub, is2s5, 22423: cri, 324s6: lat, 33166: pul, 3ss3?, 3s877: cri, 553b2: pul, 3s5s0, s7856: eri, s07s?: bon, s22s9: lat; pottane 606: hym, 1452: lat <t), 4s44: pub* 5431: dig, 13612: cue, 1s7ss: and, 20911: dig, 240h; enn, 24701; cuc,2sd41: dig; polw«jij 9953: dee; potunin, sykei & williams 1284, 3721: dee; poore 610: maj; popta 38: pul; pobtahinua 1802: pul, prain 1 x go mmodjo 150: bon; provftw/ion djetnber h: bon; pree/etottom rubber b s80: dee; puasa 1718, 4638: par, 989$; maj; puiien 5510; bon, 6611: bon™, 7tfl9: sum; purteglvve 1,959: cti, 5032: maj; ku« der fiji 373: sum. quisumbing 1995; pul. eflop 7«, j9b, 540: cri, 53i: maj, 592: cri; boul 43, 174: dig; rachmat (exp. uffln y«mren| 137: sap, 159: cri, j5s: bon, 651, 723, sos: cri, 320: bon, ss2: sapiragluivan 103882: cri; bahmat si boeea 5741: maj, 5s03; pal; eakada s.n. xim952: cup; ramti 1883: sap; ramos 208b: pub; rni?t 305: maj, 306, 939: bon; hb. reinwardt 1334: bon; bensch 147; dec, 408, 1022: bon; kicft «02; bon; ridley 7-ii-lobl 1 dec, 153; bon. 1377: eri, 2094: tor*, 2105: sum, 2591): sap, 2650: maj, 30s3: sum, s31s: bon, 6026: sum, b235: tri, s307: dig, 34s7, »4s7: cri, 151s1: dig; ridley & curtis iii-1892: sum; c.b. robinson 1355: pub, pi. ritmpk. amb. 5s8, 6ss: cri, s42: pul, 5s4: maj, 5bs: sap; h,c. bobinson c185: cri; m.c. robinson & kloss s006: sum; roosil 509: maj; rombvrgh 71: lat; ko(wei-9-x-1799: dig (t) ; roxburgh272: cue*; van royen 542s; cri; van royen reinwardtia [vol. 9 & steamer b6s7: sum, 56s0; pul, 6681: cri; r-atten 11,0; pul, 72s: tor, 2089: iiibj. s aeries 17916: bon, 299s0: eri; soiinan (exp. van hulitijn) 8: pul; san aeries 25474-' lat*, 19209: lat, 19ss7: par, 23678: opp, 24025: opp (t), s514s: opp", 26010: lat, 28659: par, s55.w." lat, s9m2: maj, w.ue.eri, 41s05; bon, fifisj.*.cri; sangkkackand 185: dig; j.v. santos 5s1o: lat, 5s4fi, (ko!': bon; sarip 17s: bon; satindem 14s: pul; schilling 309: dec; schmidt 12, 118a; maj, 2«so: hym. 837: cri, i i 8 0 : sap, 2s19: fur, 2sss: pu!; sckodde 221,6: seo, ssdi: sum; scortechim 108s: maj; a. scott, bkaral project no 70: dec; sf1 sei-iea ig?fl: cri, 1286: sap, ss9s: bon, 2s12: hym, «s4f: and, w 6 : spc, 7488: bon, 10js5: sap. lossi: sum, j4075: and, 15278: sum, 15177: dig, j57#«, 25sj0, i5««s: maj, 10211: sap, 18611: sum, 187b0: sap, jwib: maj, iwsil; lat, issos: dig, £2»s4: and, s29s9." maj, 2siw. #ss£s; dig, 24963: bon*, ssnfi; cri, 291u: bon, s977s: maj, js27b: eri, si87h pul, s»«sfl.' bon, s9os1; dig; saaifc mo/rim viii-1903: tor, 27, 128: tor, «j8: hym; seidenfaden 2sli: eri; sieburg xii-j928: sap; simon soi: enn; n,d. simpson $5i8; hym*; j. sinclair 2s-vtii-1951: sum, 9286: lat; sintenie bids: bon; i>an s'oot™. & backer sso1s: bon; .4.c. smith 7911: bon; smitinomd i861; dig; sneuwla 3-s5; dec; sorgdrager is: pul; sdio & tagoa 1g8s1: pat; specht 16: bon; sptve 7d3, » i j ; liym; sptitgerber 798: bon; stow 202: bon; stainton, sykea & william* 169, 2567: dec; ™« steenia 58s: bon, jsss: maj, sbil: dig, siw: dec, c^*?: cue, 7508: dig, josso: cri, 11136: dec, jfjso: cri, jiw6; cue; stone uoo: maj; sfonc & j. sinclair 6251: cri; suringar i-ii1885: cor, b-ii-188b: cor, 1g-iv-1bs5: bon, 24-iv-1b85: bon, 25-1-1885: cor; suzuki 29-xii-1922: cri. takanuitsu 12is, 1287: cri, 1551: maj; talbot 1256; eri; teyimunn hb s8s, hb iil5: cri, hb 2761: dig, hb 3206: 1 sheet no caea, 1 sheet pub (fr.), hb 7831: bon, hb 10699: fur, hb lleei: pub, hb uses: enn. hb 18906: fur, hb j22j2; enn, hb 1s758: dec, hb 13873: pub; thomsen 711, 81,9: eri; tfto™; s.«. 1866-1868: hym <t), 3b2: dig, thurtell & coveny 3880: seo; tftiuaifeg 1537: dig, 27si: dec, sew: hym*; tippett upng sci: bon*; tsarcff s07i9: lat; rsianfl fins s7j7; sap; tfm 278: dec; tulteken 557: bon. miec j « : r a a j . valetoh 2-iii-1905: bon; vanoverhergh 3760: sap; verheyen iei: dec, 7(w; maj, 10&2/i3: bon, s*s4: pul; verhoef 2s: dee; ve™w es^^; bon; vertteeg 1131, 1800: cri;vidal y s. £q8: dec, bs9: pul, 278: pub, 7w; eri, 7i5: sap, 1067, 1265: eti, k*4: pub, 2667: lat; fii!oma jpo; sos; lat; villar 2607: lat; <fe foojfd dig, 812, sis: pub, 2^0-bon; vorart 32, 49: sap, 57: pub, sfl; pul; e 20: cri; j>cra vuwren, see jjacjmnl. ai*i s75: enn; wa(j:er 6 6 « , rlsba: ivaikca 87g: cue", s80sa, s808b, 580sc, 5803d. s803e: bon, s804: cue, sheet maj, 1 sheet bon, 5s13a, c,d,e,f,g: pul, 5825: dig, 5826: tor (t), 5827a,b,c,d: tor, ss2sa,b: cri, 5828c: leaves: cue, fl.: sum, 5828d,e: cue, 5#3#a,c,d, skpp(.: cri, s830b: cue <t), s8s0c,d,e: cue, s&»ja: sum"1, 58s1b,c: cri, 5ss2; hym (t), 5sj,s^,b: : dec", s«sic, d.e.f: aee, 58s4g: hym, bssih: hym inn, 58sij: dec, 5834 euppl: dee p.p. , 68s5; fur (t), 5837: spc, 583sa,b,c,d: i, 5s3!)a, b, 6s41f, g: dig, ssilh: dig, bm also fr.: hym, s84u: dig; wahk : pub, 201: bon. «2s; pub, 306, 37f: dec, 404: pul; waterhoiuse iol-b maj; 1974] hattink: malesian cnesoii l^alt s7jj: dec; cm. waiter u6s: bon; g. weber 14-xi-18s8: pul; week i: pul; welnlaiui 291: eri; uo« h'eiaen i s : sap; icfi««e( 1067: pul, ims, jc75: cri; white 9811; aco; whitford 1264: eri; tv/iifmore fiooj: sum; wight 837: bon, &?s; dec, 839: sap, s4/.pul, s*g: eti, 81,4: spc; a.g. de wilde 2754." pul; * wiijeshibsink 13: iri, wi/iinms j32: bon, 701: lat, jsofi: dee, 2728: pul; wtf/inms & staintoh s5sj: dig; iviwrtd 97s: sum, 1810: dec, 1 s « : maj; w's»c *7: sap. ios: pub; womerszetf & simmonds 50s1: cri; wood 753; lat, m * . sap; itra* 1909: par (t), fms; maj, 3983: par*, jsw.par*,4sw; par", 5554; sap. yates 932: bon, 1570: dec, issfi: tor, js7s.cri, yuncker 15195, 1s868: maj. zimmermann 1s7, 147: pul; zolhitgn6io, 648: sap, s5s: tor*, 1002: sum (t). i j 3 5 ; pub, 1193: pul. js2j: maj, 2s37: sap, 2122: cri, w 2 : tor (t); van. zon 1: dec.;zwhki 2-iv-19s&: dee; zwiekey 2$5: and .= bon = cor = eri = cue = dec = dig = enn = fur = hym = lat = maj = min = opp = par =: pub = pal = sap = sco = so] = sdt = c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. v. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. key to the abbreviations of names oitdamvnic/. (prain) hattink bonduc (l.) dandy & exell coharia <jaco>) willd. cucullata roxb. decapetala (roth) alston digyna kotti. enneaphylla eoxb. furfttracea (frain) hattink hymenocarpa (prain) hnttink latisiliqua <cavan.) hattink , •major (medik.) dandy & esell mindarensia (merr.) hattink oppositifolia hattink parviflora prflin pvbeecene (desf.) hattink pnlcherrima. (l.) swarts sappa-n l. ecortechinii (f.v.m.) hattink aolowanennvi hattink ajticata dalz. spinosa (molinal o. ktze. sumatrana roxb. toriuosa eoxb. i c o n t e n t s p a g e h a t t i n k , t. a. a revision of malesian caesalpinia, i n c l u d i n g , mezoneuroji ( l e g u m m o s a e c a e s a l p i n i a c e a e ) 1 •j o n e s , h . g < orchidaceae n a v a e vel m i n u s cogtlitae . . . . . . . 7 1 k e n g , h. rediscovery of cheilotheca malayana a n d t h e i d e n t i t y of . cheilotheca, audresia and mo.notropastmm (ericaceae. m o n o t r o p o i d e a e ) 7 7 k o s t e r m a n s , a . j . g . h . a m o n o g r a p h o f t h e genusn.eoanna•momum l i o u h o 8 5 m a t e r i a l s f o r a r e v i s i o n o f l a u r a c e a e i v . . . . . 9 7 r? a new bornean species .of mammea , . 117 triadodapkne, a. new jauraceous genua from borneo . 119 — a monograph of caryodaphnopsis a. shaw . ., . . . 123 larsen, k. & laksen, s. k. a new amorphophallus from thailand ' 139 nayak, m. p. a revision of phtkiandra (melastomataceae) . . 143 rao, a. n. £ leong, f. l. pollen morphology of certain tropical , • plants . . . . . . . . • 153 skvortzov, b. v. on some colourless flagellates from java and brasil 177 distributor bibliotheca bogoriensis, jalan raya juanda 20, eogok, indonesia by archipel 1-69 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_01 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_02 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_03 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_04 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_05 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_06 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_07 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_08 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_09 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_10 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_11 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_12 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_13 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_14 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_15 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_16 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_17 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_18 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_19 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_20 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_21 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_22 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_23 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_24 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_25 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_26 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_27 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_28 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_29 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_30 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_31 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_32 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_33 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_34 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_35 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_36 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_95 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(2) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(2): 129-204.22 november 2004 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 2, pp: 141 – 144 a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from sumatra pitra akhriadi, hernawati and rusjdi tamin herbarium universitas andalas (‘anda’), kampus unand, limau manih, p.o. box 249 padang, sumatera barat, indonesia. abstract akhriadi, pitra, hernawati & tamin, rusjdi. 2004. a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from sumatra. reinwardtia 12 (2): 141 – 144. ─ a new species of nepenthes rigidifolia is described. keywords: nepenthes, nepenthaceae, sumatra abstrak akhriadi, pitra, hernawati & tamin, rusjdi. 2004. jenis baru nepenthes (nepenthaceae) dari sumatra. reinwardtia 12 (2): 141 – 144. ─ telah dipertelakan satu jenis baru nepenthes rigidifolia. kata kunci: nepenthes, nepenthaceae, sumatera introduction sumatra is the second island after borneo that has the highest diversity of nepenthes. clarke (2001) found 29 species of nepenthes in sumatra island that had been distributed on lowland until montane forest. eight of them occurred in upper montane forest only and nine others occurred in both of upper and lower montane habitats. this study found 24 species of nepenthes in sumatra, 12 natural hybrids, three doubtful species and a new species (team, 2004). the study areas was sumatra island, excluded nanggroe aceh darussalam province that’s caused regional conflict over there. nepenthes rigidifolia akhriadi, hernawati & tamin, spec. nov. – fig.1. folia sessilia crassa rigide coriacea laminis ovatis ad spathulato-oblongis 17.8─20.2 cm longis 5.6─7.8 cm latis venis longitudinalibus 3 vel 4, cirrho subapicali 0.3─0.9 cm infra apicem inserto, ascidium superius ovoidissimum 20.7─21.1 cm altum 7.2─9.4 cm latum, peristome expanso 2.2─4.4 cm lato, ambobus lateris 4-lobatis antice incisura, collifero, operculo ovato, calcare trifido, intus pubescenti, inflorescentiae pedunculus rami pedicelli bracteoli tepali filamenta pubescentes, pedunculus c. 4.2 cm longus, ramis 0.4─0.5 cm longis, pedicelli 0.5─0.6 cm longis bifloris. ─ typus: sumatra utara, kab. karo, around sidikalang areas, 1000─1500 m, dec 11, 2003, nepenthes team (hernawati, p. akhriadi & i. petra), np 354 (‘anda’–holo, bo–iso). stem of the rosette and lower part: rosette 30 cm length, cylindrical, 0.8 cm in diam., internodes 0.5 cm long. stem of the middle part: similar to those of the rosette and the lower part, but erect 100─150 cm length, 1─1.3 in diam., internodes 1.2─2.1 cm long. stem of the upper part: similar to those of the rosette and the middle parts, but climbing 100─200 cm, 0.6─1.1 cm in diam., internodes 3.2─5.1 cm long, sometimes having a spine-like on node above. leaves of the rosette and the lower pitcher: thick and stiff coriaceous, sessile, ovate or spathulate-oblong, 8.5─10 cm long, 3.5─4 cm broad; gradually attenuate towards the base, clasping and decurrent the stem for 2/3 its diameter; midrib flattened above and raised beneath; longitudinal veins 2 each sides of the midrib, distinct above and indistinct beneath; pinnate veins distinct above and indistinct beneath; apex obtuse-rounded; margin entire; tendril insertion sub-apical and having a wide 0.3─0.4 cm from the apex, 11.5─13 cm long. leaves of the middle part: similar to those of the rosette and the middle part, but spathulate-oblong, 19.1─20.8 cm long, 7─7.6 cm broad; longitudinal veins 4 each sides of the midrib; tendril have wide 0.5─0.9 cm from the apex, having a loop-like, 23.6─27.2 cm long. leaves of the upper part: similar to those of the rosette and the middle parts, but 17.8─20.2 cm long, 5.6─7.8 cm broad, clasps the stem for ½─2/3 its diameter; midrib sunken or flattened above; longitudinal veins 3─4 each sides of the 141 142 reinwardtia [vol.12 midrib, distinct above and rather distinct beneath; apex obtuse-acute; tendril have a wide 0.4─0.6 cm from the apex, having a loop-like or not, 27.2─32.1 cm long. rosette and lower pitchers: broad ovoid, 9.6─15 cm high, 4.4─6.4 cm wide, contracted 0.2─0.9 cm wide at the base; glandular zone extended ½ of the pitcher high from base, ovoid then broad ovoid at the upper; two wings 0.1─0.2 cm broad that extended down from the edge of the mouth to 1.5─2 cm the mouth below, with fringed hairs 0.3─0.5 cm wide; mouth oblique, elliptic-ovate, having neck, 3.8─6.7 long, 2.6─4.7 cm broad; peristome expanded outwards 0.6─2.1 cm broad besides, 2 lobes each sides, contracted in front to 0.7 cm broad then having a notched in front 1.1 cm long, innerside incurved, teeth 0.05─0.1 cm long; lid elliptic-ovate, 4─5.2 x 2.5─3.5 cm, base cordate, apex acute-obtuse, longitudinal veins 3 each sides; concentrated nectar gland on beneath surface at the lip middle, circular-slightly ovate, ≤ 0.01 cm in diam.; spur 0.3─1.2 cm long, insertion 0.2 cm sub-apical of the neck, trifid then insertion one 0.3 cm long sub-apical of the spur. middle pitchers: all other parts similar to those of rosette and lower pitcher, but 17.1─20.4 cm high, 7.8─8.5 cm wide, glandular zone slightly infundibular and expanded broad ovoid at the middle then slightly ovoid at the upper; wings slightly reduced to ribs 0.1 cm broad without fringed hairs; peristome expanded outwards 2.1─2.9 cm broad besides, contracted in front to 1.9─2.4 cm broad then having a notched in front 2.4─2.8 cm long; teeth 0.05─0.1 cm long; lid ovate, 7.1─7.7 cm long, 4.5─5.2 cm broad with nectar gland ≤ 0.01 in diam.; spur 1.2-1.6 cm long, insertion one 0.2─0.3 cm long sub-apical of the neck. upper pitchers: all other parts similar to those of middle pitchers, but 20.7─21.1 cm long, 7.2─9.4 cm broad; mouth expanded outwards 2.2─4.4 cm broad besides, 4 lobes each sides contracted in front to 0.9 cm broad then having a notched in front 3.9─4.7 cm long; lid 5.9─7.9 cm long, 3.9─5.6 cm broad, nectar gland beneath circular or slightly ovate ≤ 0.01 cm in diam.; spur 1─1.6 cm long, 2 branches that a branch with bifid, insertion one 0.3─0.4 cm long sub-apical of the neck. male flowers: a raceme, rachis 3.9 cm long, peduncle 4.2 cm long; bractea 0.9 cm long, 0.4 cm broad at the middle; peduncle branch 0.4─0.5 cm long, pedicels 0.5─0.6 cm long, 2-flowered; bracteole filiform, 0.1─0.2 cm long near the base; tepal ovate-oblong, 0.4─0.5 cm long, 0.2─0.3 cm broad; filament 0.4 cm long, staminal column 0.1 cm in diam. female flower: not found. indumentum of the rosette and the middle part: tendril pubescent near the pitcher base, buds of the pitcher densely pubescent, glandular zone of the pitcher pubescent and densely pubescent on the upper, wings with fringed hairs pubescent. indumentum of the upper part: tendril densely pubescent near the pitcher base, buds of the pitcher tomentose, developing pitcher tomentose, lid glabrous or pubescent especially at developing pitcher. peduncle slightly pubescent; peduncle branches, pedicels, bracteole, tepal, filament densely pubescens. colour of herbarium specimen: stem blackish, leaves above young brown and dark brown beneath, pitcher blackish brown with dark brownish blotches, lid blackish. colour of living specimen: stem green, leaves green, pitcher blackish brown with greenish white blotches, peristome blackish for rosette and dark reddish orange for upper, lid black with greenish blotches. distribution. north sumatra. habitat. terestrially in lower montane forest at about 1000─1500 m a.s.l. figure 1. nepenthes rigidifolia akhriadi, hernawati & tamin (a) habit and upper pitchers (b) lower pitchers (c) inflorescens (d) male flower (e) tepal (f) nectar gland on the lid beneath (nepenthes team (hernawati, p. akhriadi & i. petra) np 354). 2004] akhriadi, hernawati & tamin: a new species of nepenthes from sumatra 143 vernacular names: north sumatra: tahultahul (karo). derivation. the specific epithet rigidifolia refers to stiff coriaceous texture of this species leaves. notes. the characters of this species looks very similar with nepenthes spa that noted by clarke (2001). this species had been found in karo region of north sumatra. it’s common terrestrial well on the ground. in observation, it’s habitat on the rock in the lower montane forest. their habitat is potentially to disappear caused by land clearing. we only found one single population and twenty-four mature plants. tragically, the species have potentially to disappear. in the table 1. species that seem to be closely related to nepenthes rigidifolia are compared. characteristic clearly distinguishing nepenthes rigidifolia from nepenthes bongso, nepenthes ovata and nepenthes spectabilis was shown in table 1. tabel 1. comparison of characters between n. rigidifolia with n. bongso, n. ovata and n. spectabilis. characthers n. rigidifolia n. bongso n. ovata n. spectabilis leaves texture thick and stiff coriaceous coriaceous thin coriaceous thin coriaceous shape ovate or spathulateoblong spathulatelanceolate spathulatela nceolate lanceolate insertion sub-apical sub-apical apical apical distance from the apex 0.3-0.6 cm 0.5 cm no no lower pitcher shape broad ovoid narrower ovoid ovoid ovoid size 10 x 6 cm 29 x 8 cm 17 x 7 13 x 5 cm mouth 2 lobes and have neck 4 lobes 4 lobes no lobes spur trifid bifid unbranched unbranched upper pitcher shape broad ovoid infundibuliform infundibuliform long and narrower cylindrical flower 2-flowered 1-flowered 1-flowered 2-flowered pitcher pubescent pubescent glabrous or pubescent pubescent color of the pitcher (lower part) blackish brown with greenish white blotches blackish or reddish greenish yellow or red blackish brown with greenish blotches specimen examined nepenthes rigidifolia: nepenthes team (hernawati, p. akhriadi & i. petra), sumatra utara, kab. karo, around sidikalang areas, 1000-1500 m a.s.l., dec 11, 2003, np 354 (‘anda’–holo, bo–iso). nepenthes bongso: nepenthes team (nurainas, hernawati, p. akhriadi, f. atmaja, i. salputra, b. parsito b. & s. kurniawan), np 28, west sumatra, padang, a trip to mt. gadut, 1500 – 1800 m a.s.l., august 12, 2001 (‘anda’); nepenthes team (hernawati, p. akhriadi, a. ardianto, m. ismail m. & e. pranata), np 78, west sumatra, solok, talang babungo area, 1300-1950 m a.s.l., october 21, 2001 (‘anda’); m. hotta, r. tamin, h. okada & syamsuardi, 61, west sumatra, mt. gadut, 1700 m a.s.l., 15/8/1984, 42 (bo, ‘anda’); bünnemeijer, 5521, west sumatra, gn. talang, 7/1/1918, (bo). nepenthes ovata: nepenthes team (hernawati, p. akhriadi & i. petra), np 373, np 377, sumatra utara, kab. toba samosir, g. pangulubao, 1500-2100 m a.s.l., dec 16, 2003 (‘anda’). nepenthes spectabilis: nepenthes team (hernawati, p. akhriadi & i. petra), np 348, np 349, sumatra utara, kab. karo, g. sibayak, 1700-2000 m a.s.l., dec 09, 2003 (‘anda’); np 351, g. sinabung, 1900-2100 m a.s.l., dec 10,2003 (‘anda’); np 375, kab. toba samosir, g. pangulubao, 1500-2100 m a.s.l., dec 16, 2003 (‘anda’); j. a. lorzing, 8297, sumatra, g. sibajak, 1800-1900 m a.s.l., 5/6/1920, 7308 (bolectotype); 23/01/1921 (bo). acknowledgement the authors would like to express their gratitude to bp conservation programme with the expedition id 1455 for financial support during their survey in sumatra island. they are grateful to dr. charles clarke who suggested to conduct this study in the field. they wish to thank dr. irawati of bogor botanic garden and dr. e. a. widjaja, dr. nanda utami, himmah rustiami, msc of herbarium bogoriense for their support and discussion about this study, also the keeper of herbarium bogoriense for using the specimen during the study. thank to dr. j.f. veldkamp (l) provided the latin diagnosis, and also deden girmansyah for his help. references clarke, c. 1997. nepenthes of borneo. natural history pubications. kota kinabalu. clarke, c. 2001. nepenthes of sumatra and peninsular malaysia. natural history publications. kota kinabalu. cheek, m & jebb, m. 2001. nepenthaceae. flora 144 reinwardtia [vol.12 malesiana 15. foundation flora malesiana. danser, b. h. 1928. the nepenthaceae of the netherlands indies. bulletin de jardin de botanique buitenzorg. iii. 9 (3-4): 249-438 team, np. 2004. nepenthes project 2002 a conservation expedition of nepenthes in sumatra island. final report january 2004 bp conservation programme. padang indonesia. instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034-365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 2. 2004 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. kedrostis medik. (cucurbitaceae) in asia .'. 129 j.f. veldkamp. miscellaneous notes on mainly southeast asian gramineae... 135 pitra akhriadi, hernawati and rusjditamin. a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from sumatra 141 kuswata kartawinata, ismayadi samsoedin, m. heriyanto and j.j. afriastini. a tree species inventory in a one-hectare plot at the batang gadis national park, north sumatra, indonesia .. 145 e.a.p. iskandar & j.f. veldkamp. a revision of malesian isachne sect. isachne (gramineae, panicoideae, is.ach.neae) ' 159 johanis p. mogea. four new species pf arenga (palmae) from indonesia 181 j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for pyrrosia hastata ching (polypodiaceae, pteridophyta) ..... 191 tri mulyaningsih & colin ernest ridsdale. an additional species of villaria rolfe {rubiaceae') from the philippines 195 elizabeth a. widjaja, inggit pudji astuti & ida bagus ketut arinasa. new species of bamboos (poaceae-bambusoideae) from bali 199 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia covd 56-116-1-sm leaves covbel untitled r e in w a r d ti a 13 (5) issn 0034 – 365 x a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(5): 391–455, december 20, 2013 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers david middleton (royal botanic gardens edinburgh, uk), eko baroto walujo (lipi, indonesia), ferry slik (xishuangbanna tropical botanical garden, china), henk beentje (royal botanic gardens kew, uk), hidetoshi nagamasu (kyoto university, japan), kuswata kartawinata (lipi, indonesia), mark hughes (royal botanic gardens edinburgh, uk), martin callmander (missouri botanic gardens, usa), michele rodda (singapore botanic gardens, singapore), mien a rifai (aipi, indonesia), rugayah (lipi, indonesia), ruth kiew (forest research institute of malaysia, malaysia). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id cover images : begonia hooveriana wiriad.. spec. nov. reinwardtia vol 13, no 5, pp: 441−444 441 proposed here as freycinetia tidorensis a.p. keim. species enumeration freycinetia tidorensis a. p . keim spec. nov. –– figs. 1–3. moderate climbing pandan; infructescence terminal; berries rostrate, very similar to freycinetia devriesei but different in number of stigmas, in which the number of stigma in f. tidorensis varies from 1 to 2, whereas in f. devriesei 3 to 6. –– type: h.j. lam 3763 (l! holo; bo! iso.), indonesia, moluccas, north moluccas, tidore, above gorrabanga (now gorabunga), 9 jul. 1926. fairly moderate climbing pandan. stem triangle shaped, glabrous, 0.8 cm in diameter, internodes 1– 1.8 cm. leaf elongate ellipsoidal, 14–15.5 cm long, 2.9–3.4 cm wide, acute apex, minute spines ½ proximally; adaxial surface glabrous; abaxial surface glabrous; leafsheath 1 cm long; auricle not observed –apparently tapered. staminate inflorescence not observed. pistillate inflorescence not observed. staminate flower not observed. pistillate flower not observed. infructescence terminal, quaternate, 6.5–7 cm long; peduncle short, 1 cm long; pedicel 1.8–2 cm long. cephalium globose, 4 cm long, green when young turns to dark red when mature. berry introduction freycinetia is a genus of approximately 300 species. the genus has its profound diversity in the malesiana floristic region with about 160 species currently recognised (stone, 1982; 1983), in which about 10 species are found in the moluccas especially the halmahera island as shown by the collections made by teysmann and de vriese during their exploration to the archipelago from 1859 to 1860 (teysmann, 1861a; 1861b; 1877a; 1877b). beccari also made some collections during his three explorations to the islands, especially seram island in 1873, 1876, and 1878 (beccari, 1924; solms, 1878). warburg (1900) started the systematic studies on the pandan flora of the moluccas followed by martelli (1910; 1913) and stone (1962; 1970). the latest work was made by keim et al. (2008) and callmander (2013, pers. comm.). however, despite the explorations, fairly large collections and those previous studies, the pandan flora of the moluccas is still largely unknown particularly for tidore island as there has been no addition to the pandan flora of the island since the first mention by rumphius (1743). this current study is aimed to unveil the pandan flora of this long botanically forgotten island and started by the discovery of a new species a new species of freycinetia gaudich. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) from tidore island, moluccas, indonesia. received september 10, 2012; accepted october 11, 2013 ary prihardhyanto keim herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: arypkeim@yahoo.com. abstract keim, a. p. 2013. –– a new species of freycinetia gaudich. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) from tidore island, moluccas, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(5): 441–444. freycinetia tidorensis a.p. keim is newly described from tidore island, moluccas. this new species is morphologically similar to f. devriesei solms but differs in the number of stigmatic remains. in f. devriesei the number is 3 to 6, never less than 3; whereas in freycinetia tidorensis 1 to 2, never more than 2. key words: freycinetia, freycinetoideae, moluccas, pandanaceae, tidore. abstrak keim, a. p. 2013. –– jenis baru freycinetia gaudich. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) dari pulau tidore, maluku, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(5): 441–444. jenis baru freycinetia tidorensis a.p. keim dari pulau tidore, maluku dipertelakan. jenis baru ini mirip secara morfologi dengan f. devriesei solms, namun berbeda pada jumlah tinggalan kepala putiknya. pada f. devriesei jumlahnya 3 hingga 6, tidak pernah kurang dari 3; sementara pada f. tidorensis 1 hingga 2, tidak pernah lebih dari 2. kata kunci: freycinetia, freycinetoideae, maluku, pandanaceae, tidore. . reinwardtia 442 [vol.13 fig. 1. freycinetia tidorensis a.p. keim. general habit of the isotype (h.j. lam 3763 kept at bo). unfortunately, the specimen is fairly destroyed, particularly the cephalium. nevertheless it shows the terminal triad infructescence. in this current publication the cephalium is thus observed through the photos taken from the holotype kept at l. (source: a.p. keim). 2013] 443 keim : a new species of freycinetia gaudich from tidore island, moluccas, indonesia fig. 2. a. infructescence from the holotype (h.j. lam 3763, l) shows cephalium composed of rostrate berries, in which each berry mostly with 1 stigmatic remains; b. fragment of cephalium from the holotype (h.j. lam 3763, l) shows the apical part of berries with mostly 1 to 2 stigmatic remains. scale bar = 5 mm. (source of figs. 2a & b: j.f. veldkamp, used here with permission). fig. 3. freycinetia tidorensis a.p. keim. the elongate light creamy white seeds. scale bar = 5 mm. (source: j.f. veldkamp, used here with permission). a b reinwardtia 444 [vol.13 rostrate; stigmatic remains 1–2; seed elongate, 1.2 mm long, 0.2 mm wide, light creamy white. distribution. endemic. habitat. lowland tropical rainforest at around 700 m altitude. etymology. the epithet refers to tidore, the island where the type was collected. vernacular name. „gufoa‟ (tidore). uses. not recorded. notes. the type of f. devriesei was collected from halmahera island in the moluccas (solms, 1878; warburg, 1900) and since that it was the only species with rostrate berries known in the moluccas. the two other species with rostrate berries are f. micrura (stone, 1983), which is in sulawesi, and the philippine f. rostrata, which has been placed into synonym of f. devriesei by stone (1969, the placement of f. rostrata into synonymy is beyond the scope of this paper; thus will not described further). the result of this current study indicates that there is another taxon from tidore island with rostrate berries. despite outstandingly similarity in general appearances, nevertheless the taxon from tidore island straightforwardly differs from f. devriesei in the number of stigmas. the number of stigmas in f. devriesei varies from 3 to 6, never less than 3; whereas in the taxon from tidore the number varies from 1 to 2, never more than 2 (figures 2 & 3). thus the taxon from tidore is proposed here as a new distinct species, f. tidorensis. acknowledgement the author would like to express his deepest gratitude to dr. jan friets veldkamp from the netherlands centre for biodiversity naturalis, section national herbarium of the netherlands, leiden university, leiden, for the photos of cephalia and seeds. the author‟s appreciations are also sent to his colleagues drs. kuswata kartawinata and andria agusta for encouraging the author to propose this taxon as a new species. references beccari, o. 1924. nuova guinea, selebes e molucche. erbario di firenze, firenze (florence). keim, a. p, susiarti, s. & amir, m. 2008. taksonomi pandanaceae pulau séram. laporan teknik pusat penelitian biologi lipi. cibinong: 1281–1326. martelli, u. 1910. enumerazio ne delle “pandanaceae”. i: freycinetia. webbia 3: 307-327. ––––– 1913. enumerazione delle pandanaceae ii. pandanus. webbia 4: 5–105. rumphius, g. e. 1743. herbarium amboinense. vol. 4. franciscus changuion, amsterdam. solms, h. 1878. monographia pandanacearum. linnaea 42: 4. stone, b. c. 1962. two new asiatic pandanaceae. j. arn. arb. 43 (3): 348–350. ––––– 1969. materials for a monograph of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae). vii. a revised list of philippine species with critical notes and some new taxa. webbia 23 (2): 597–607. ––––– 1970. materials of a monograph of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae) xiii: a new species from ternate island, moluccas. pacific science 24 (3): 417– 419. ––––– 1982. new guinea pandanaceae: first approach to ecology and biogeography. in gressitt, g.l. (ed.). biogeography and ecology of new guinea. vol. 1. monographiae biologicae 42. dr. w. junk publ., the hague. ––––– 1983. studies in malesian pandanaceae 19: new species of freycinetia and pandanus from malesia and southeast asia. j. arn. arb. 64 (2): 309–324. teysmann, j. e. 1861a. verslag van den hon insp. v. kultures j.e. teysmann over de door z. ed. in 1860 gedane reize in de molukken. nat. tijdschr. n. i. 23: 290–369. ––––– 1861b. verslag van den hon insp. v. kultures j.e. teysmann over de door z. ed. in 1860 gedane reize in de molukken. journ. bot. néerl. l: 297–344. ––––– 1877a. uitstapjes naar het binnenland van noordhalmahera. bijdr. taal-, landen volkenk. n.i. 4e reeks. 1: 500–518. ––––– 1877b. bekort verslag eener botanische dienstreis naar de molukken, van 12 mei t/m 29 november 1876. nat. tijdschr. n.i . 37: 75–148. warburg, o. 1900. pandanaceae. in engler, a (ed.). das pflanzenreich 4 (9). engelmann, berlin: 1– 100. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new romance letter type submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id> for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author‟s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed. english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english or latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author‟s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 5. 2013 contents page harry wiriadinata, deden girmansyah, james m. hunter, w. scott hoover & k u s w a t a k a r t a w i n a t a . f l o r i s t i c s t u d y o f w e s t s u m b a w a , i n d o n e s i a ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 391 nurhaidah iriani sinaga, ary prihardhyanto keim & pratita puradyatmika. the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia (pandanaceae) with seven new species in timika, west papua, indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………405 abdulrokhman kartonegoro. a revision of rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) in malesia …...421 siti susiarti, tutie djarwaningsih & ary prihardhyanto keim. pandan (pandanaceae) in flores island, east nusa tenggara, indonesia: an economic-botanical study ………….………………..431 ary prihardhyanto keim. a new species of freycinetia gaudich. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) from tidore island, moluccas, indonesia ………………………………………………………………… 441 harry wiriadinata. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from south sulawesi, indonesia …445 vera b. l. sihotang. the dynamics of pandanus illustrations from a historical perspective ………..449 lina s. juswara. book review …………………………………………………………………..….....455 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia untitled r e in w a r d ti a 13 (5) issn 0034 – 365 x a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(5): 391–455, december 20, 2013 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers david middleton (royal botanic gardens edinburgh, uk), eko baroto walujo (lipi, indonesia), ferry slik (xishuangbanna tropical botanical garden, china), henk beentje (royal botanic gardens kew, uk), hidetoshi nagamasu (kyoto university, japan), kuswata kartawinata (lipi, indonesia), mark hughes (royal botanic gardens edinburgh, uk), martin callmander (missouri botanic gardens, usa), michele rodda (singapore botanic gardens, singapore), mien a rifai (aipi, indonesia), rugayah (lipi, indonesia), ruth kiew (forest research institute of malaysia, malaysia). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id cover images: begonia hooveriana wiriad. spec. nov. reinwardtia vol 13, no 5, pp: 449−454 449 the dynamics of pandanus illustrations from a historical perspective received august 09, 2011; accepted october 16, 2013 vera budi lestari sihotang herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: verbudl@yahoo.com abstract sihotang, vera b. l. 2013. the dynamics of pandanus illustrations from a historical perspective. reinwardtia 13 (5): 449–455. — pandanaceae is placed in the superorder pandaniflorae and the order pandanales, indicating its uniqueness when compared with the other seed plants. pandanaceae contains three genera, pandanus, sararanga and freycinetia. limited collections seem to be one reason why botanical illustrations are made, so that people can enjoy their ―collections‖ from a picture painted on canvas. botanical illustration is one type of record that can also give evidence about whether the plant exists. in addition, botanical illustration can give information about the growth of the plant, and historical evidence can be traced. there is no doubt that pandanus has also been well illustrated. later, further developments in pandanus research obviously influenced the illustrations of pandanus. key words: pandanaceae, pandanus, history, illustration. abstrak sihotang, vera b. l. 2013. dinamika ilustrasi pandanus dari perspektif sejarah. reinwardtia 13 (5): 449–455. — pandanaceae menjadi unik jika dibandingkan dengan tanaman berbiji lainnya karena merupakan satu-satunya representasi dari superordo pandaniflorae dengan ordonya pandanales. pandanaceae terdiri dari tiga genus, pandanus, sararanga, dan freycinetia. keterbatasan koleksi nampaknya menjadi salah satu hal yang mendorong dibuatnya ilustrasi dari sebuah tanaman, sehingga manusia pun dapat menikmati ―koleksi‖ tanamannya lewat sebuah gambar di atas kanvas. ilustrasi tumbuhan lewat sebuah lukisan menjadi salah satu rekaman yang menjadi bukti bahwa tumbuhan itu pernah ada dan menjadi gambaran mengenai perkembangan tumbuhan itu sendiri. artinya, lewat ilustrasi tumbuhan, sebuah bukti sejarah pun dapat dilacak. tidak dapat diragukan lagi bahwa pandanus juga telah terilustrasi dengan baik, perkembangan selanjutnya, penelitian yang lebih mendalam mengenai pandanus ternyata mempengaruhi ilustrasiilustrasi pandanus itu sendiri. kata kunci: pandanaceae, pandanus, sejarah, ilustrasi. introduction describing species is one important activity in term of biology research. in the botanical field, there are certain requirements which must be fulfilled, for example a researcher must choose a plant specimen that will be a voucher specimen as well as take photographs and make illustrations that will provide documentation about the species being studied. as well as documentation, a researcher also makes an illustration to clarify the smallest parts of the plant that are not easily visible. illustrations also allow researchers to differentiate one species from another. in the past, when documentation media was not as sophisticated as today, a researcher had to make an illustration of the plant rather than taking photographs. this illustration could be made by the researcher or by a specialized illustrator who joins the research. in the history of biological research, botanical illustrations are the illustrations that received most of the attention. there have been changes in plant illustration over time. at the beginning of 16 th century, illustrations were used to present the beauty of the plant, whereas in the next centuries, the depiction of the plant was more detailed and specific (rix, 1989). this shows that there has been a progressive development in botanical illustration from century to century, and we can see that the characteristics of botanical illustration have changed between the 1600s and 1900s. botanical illustration has been influenced with the progress of human technology. for example, using magnification with a sophisticated microscope and camera, we can now see the details of plant parts like pollen grains, cellular structure of tissues, and even the organelles inside cells. without the improvement of technology, we would not mailto:verbudl@yahoo.com reinwardtia 450 [vol.13 be able to see these small structures, which is essential for biological research. as well as being important for science, botanical illustrations was also initially used by society for other reasons, such as religious purposes and worship, and for beauty or as art, for example cave paintings, statues, and other historical objects. thereby, illustration is not only a part of biological research but is also a record of the journey of the researcher and the social situation which influenced him/her. therefore, the history of illustration also tells us about social change and trends in knowledge. pandanaceae is a representative from the order pandanales and is the sole representative of the pandaniflorae super order. pandanaceae has three genera, sararanga with 2 species, freycinetia, with about 180 species, and pandanus itself with 500700 species (jebb, 1991). compared to the other two other genera, pandanus has the widest distribution, from tahiti to west africa, and from australia to the foothills of the himalayas, and hawaii. pandanus is also frequently illustrated over a long time period, making it suitable for a study on the development of illustrations. as described above, this paper aims to explore the different characteristics in pandanus illustrations in relation to the changing of the centuries. the scope of this study is from the 1600s to the late 1900s. the late 1600s was the beginning of pandanus illustrations in indonesia, starting with the dutch scientist rumphius who settled in ambon in 1653. through his research, he produced paintings of pandanus that were contained in a book called the herbarium amboinense. this study used the 1900s as the end point because at this time illustrations of various types of pandanus were found along with the rapid growth of research on this plant. the purpose of this research is to explain the characteristic differences in pandanus illustrations from the 1600s to the 1900s. in addition, the author will also explore the history of plant illustrations, with pandanus illustrations as a case study. methods a qualitative method was used in this study. that method was divided into five stages, namely topic selection, gathering information sources, source evaluation, interpretation, and manuscript preparation. the selected topic was pandanus plant illustrations, and several pandanus illustrations from books and reprints were examined. the illustrations, which were from different years, were compared and differences in characteristics were recorded. in addition to examining pandanus illustrations, information sources explaining the history of illustration were consulted in order to see if the history of pandanus illustration would follow a similar pattern. evaluation of these sources was carried out to determine the originality of the data. these histories were analyzed using a descriptive analysis and analytic model with a historical approach (gottschalk, 1950) to determine for how plant illustrations have developed over time. in the search for the sources, difficulty was found due to a lack of pandanus illustration from 18th century. also, we compare the characteristics of pandanus illustration over time with the general model for development of illustration style and determine if pandanus fits the model. results and discussion illustration is a means by which texts are enhanced and made capable of conveying information and emotion in a way that words cannot. in this study, we will examine pandanus illustration from 17 th century to the 20 th century. pandanus illustrations were produced in 17 th century by the dutch naturalist who worked for the dutch east india company i.e. george eberhard rumpf (1628-1702). he is also known as rumphius, and he spent most of his time in indonesia on the island of ambon where he lived from his arrival in 1653 until his decease. the herbarium amboinense consist of twelve books, published in six volumes. although the book was published in the 1700s, rumphius made illustrations in the 1600s so we can say that these illustrations represent illustration characteristics of 17th century. some of the characteristics of pandanus can be seen. for example, the first illustration he describes is pandanus verus (fig. 1a). in this picture he shows the small pandanus fruit. he describes the main stem with segmented roots and prop roots, and describes the leaves as long and narrow with a thorn on the side of the leaf. the second illustration is pandanus fpurius (fig. 1b). apparently this was a mature pandanus because the stems are usually branched only in adult plants. the leaves were located at the end of the branch. the fruit in this picture is larger, and the flowers are also shown. the third illustration is pandanus humilis (fig. 1c). in this illustration, rumphius showed characteristics from pandanus which is an inverted cone and short stem as well as the alternate leaf arrangement and flowers that grow from axillary leaves. rumphius tried to illlustrate pandanus with detailed description. he illustrated inflorescence in fig. 1b, though it was not too detailed. also, he 2013] 451 sihotang: the dynamics of pandanus illustrations from historical perspective illustrated an aggregate fruit heads comprised of many tightly bunched wedges (fig. 1b), the ring pattern on bark characteristics (fig. 1a) and prop roots (fig. 1c), to the 17th century, scientifically this illustration can represent pandanus. rumphius already started the distribution of parts of the plant and this was followed by illustrators in the next century. in terms of beauty, these illustrations are not enough to represent it. another pandanus illustration which was studied is a p. tectorius illustration made by sydney parkinson in the 18 th century, namely in the year 1769 in tahiti. he was a painter in the field of botany and made this illustration when he participated in the voyage with captain cook to tahiti, new zealand, and australia. this illustration uses water colors on paper. in the illustration, parkinson drew the male inflorescence of pandanus tectorius (fig. 2a natural history museum, london). in this century, illustration has begun with detailed character. in terms of beauty, this illustration can represent it even though the color of the real male inflorescence of pandan did not correctly enough. nevertheless, scientifically this illustration cannot represent it, because part of the male inflorescence is not described in detail. fig. 2b are botanical illustrations of pandanus leram (martelli, 1913) in late 18th century (1792). this illustration began to focused on one part of plant, though it is not too detail as well as illustration in 19th century. the illustration focused on drupe, but cannot accurately describe the drupe. when viewed at a glance, we will not know that these illustrations depict pandanus drupe. both scientifically as well as beauty, this illustration cannot represent them, while the first impression of this illustration is a pencil scratches only. illustrations from the 19 th century are characterized by the interest of the illustrator on one particular part of the plant such as flowers or leaves. pandanus illustration from this century represented by original illustration from curtis's botanical magazine, published as a watercolor and pencil on paper plate on 1 st november 1857. the specimen figured here was sent to kew by the governor hercules g.r. robinson from saint kitts, this species is a native of the west coast of africa (fig. 3a). the illustration focused on fruit heads comprised an aggregate of many tightly bunched wedge. the pandanus illustration was produced with good coloring in order to illustrate the fruit and leave more accurately. people will know that this is pandanus leaves by looking this, because the leaves represent lifelike. it also shows shaped phalange or drupe and describe part of it. also, this illustration give great attention to detail and precision, not only a correct image but a beautiful one as well. illustration in fig. 3b shows pandanus branch cutting with female inflorescence. the original illustration is a watercolor and pencil on paper plate published on 1 st september 1857 and was stated to have come from madagascar. unfortunately, we can not see morphological characteristics of pandanus by looking this illustration. pandanus illustration in figs. 4a and 4b focused on drupe of pandanus. scientifically, those illustrations can describe drupes accurately, either outside or inside appearance. figs. 4a and 4b fig. 1. pandanus illustrations produced by rumphius from herbarium amboinense in 17th century. a. pandanus verus; b. p. fpurius ; c. p. humilis. (source: herbarium amboinense). a b c reinwardtia 452 [vol.13 show the drupe characteristics from pandanus dubius and pandanus kaida. fig. 4b-a shows drupe with longitudinal section from pandanus drupaceus. fig. 4b-b shows drupe with lateral section from pandanus eydeouxia. by looking those illustrations, we can imagine what the drupe looks like, when it took apart from the fruit. most people who see those illustrations perhaps do not know whether it is pandanus. text was heavily used to describe the botanical illustrations, it is used as supplement for the illustration. by the 20 th century, pandanus illustrations were much more specific than those from the 17 th , 18 th , and 19 th centuries. pandanus illustration in these centuries did not just describe the plant as a whole or only the outside appearance but also the small part which is inside the plant. illustration of this plant was already developed from the time that linnaeus started classifying plants. in the 20 th century the illustrations were more detailed and focused. illustration was really intended to examine certain parts of the plant more deeply, and in this case only one part of the plant was drawn. in some pandanus reprints of the 1900's, most of the illustrations focused on one part only, but in more detail. there are some parts of the plants that were not shown in the pandanus illustration in 17 th century and early 18 th century, but that appeared in the 20 th century illustrations, including the phalange, drupe, base of leaves, leaf tip, the anther, filament, and the stigma (fig. 4c). phallange is illustrated in full form and split lengthwise. great attention in measurement was taken but the illustration in split form doesn’t looks like the real one. another illustration that distinguishes pandanus illustration in 17 th , 18 th , and 19 th century with pandanus illustrations from 20 th century can be seen in the field guide to pandanus in new guinea, the bismarck archipelago and the solomon islands (jebb, 1991). in 20 th century, plants illustrations were produced in the form of field guides. these books served to help the amateur botanist when identifying a specimen. until the mid-20 th century, the coloring in plant illustrations was still done by hand. in the book, matthew jebb represents trees, fruit, leaves, and male inflorescence of each pandanus. in addition, the size of the leaves, and drupe, the height of the prop roots, and the height of the tree are given (fig. 5). scientifically, this illustration cannot represent the real pandanus. morphological characteristics, the drupe, the leaves cannot be seen by looking this illustration. in the 20 th century, illustrations of pandanus furcatus were also produced in the form of lithographs by j.n fitch. this illustration is found in the curtis botanical magazine, in 1914 and 1916. it is said that the coloring of the illustration fig. 2. a. pandanus tectorius illustration by sydney parkinson. source: http://internt.nhm.ac.uk; b. pandanus leram illustration in 18th century. source: enumerazione delle “pandanaceae” . a b http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/ 2013] 453 sihotang: the dynamics of pandanus illustrations from historical perspective fig 4. a. illustrations a–d pandanus dubius spreng., illustrations e–g p. kaida s. kurz. source: pflanzenreich: pandanaceae; b. illustration (a) drupe of pandanus drupaceus thou., illustration (b) p. eydeouxia balf. (source: pflanzenreich: pandanaceae); c. pandanus illustration made in 20 th century which focused on the phalange. (source: new species of pandanus from east malaysia). fig. 5. pandanus calatiphorus by matthew jebb. (source: a field guide to pandanus in new guinea, the bismarck archipelago and the solomon islands). a b c fig. 3. a. pandanus candelabrum, p. beauv. source: http://plants.jstor.org/visual/kcur000001263; b. pandanus pygmaeus thouars. source: http://plants.jstor.org/visual/kcur00000814. a b reinwardtia 454 [vol.13 was not finished yet, but it illustrates the process of good handcoloring. conclusions from the above discussion, it can be said that there are differences in characteristics between pandanus illustrations from the 17 th , to the 20 th centuries. during the 17 th century, pandanus illustrations were detailed, but only showed the main parts of the plant, such as fruit, flower, and stem. in the 18 th century, pandanus illustrations showed a detailed depiction of flowers and other plant parts. at the beginning of the 19 th century, pandanus illustrations were also detailed and with good coloring. in the 20 th century the pandanus illustrations were more even detailed and focused on particular parts of the plant. illustration was really intended to examine certain parts of the plant more deeply, and in this case only one part of the plant was drawn. these characteristic differences can be seen from the addition of more plant parts to the illustrations. in addition, more specific parts of the plant were illustrated in more detail in the 19 th and 20 th centuries. in the 19 th century the illustrations of one part of the plant were created because of the interest acknowledgements i would like to express my deepest gratitude to prof. dr. mien a. rifai, who has given me idea to do research which combine history and biology and also for his valuable criticism. i am also indebted to dr. gillian dean for a critical reading of the manuscript. without her great patience and suggestions, this paper would never have been completed. i am also indebted to prof dr. eko baroto walujo, who gave his approval for carrying out my research. i would like to give my special thanks to the reseachers of the herbarium bogoriense for their expertise, knowledge and essential support, and to librarians who have provided me with all of the necessary materials. references gottschalk, l. & notosusanto, n. (translator). 1986. mengerti sejarah. universitas indonesia press. jakarta. http://internt.nhm.ac.uk. accessed 20 october 2005. http://plants.jstor.org/visual/kcur00001263. accessed 20 october 2005. http://plants.jstor.org/visual/kcur00000814. accessed 13 august 2011. of the illustrator in that section. in the 20 th century, illustrations aimed to be more focused on the area of of interest being studied. in addition, plant illustrations done in the 20 th century have more emphasis on scientific purpose, especially for more in-depth examination of the characteristics of each species of the genus pandanus. in the illustration of previous centuries, in order to display the beauty of the plant, it can be seen that plants illustrations were generally made in larger sizes. in addition, delineation of other parts of the plant before the 20 th century was only as an informal addition. we have to make difference between botanical art and botanical illustration. botanical art is the aesthetically focused art of a botanical object, where botanical art is an interpretation of subject. whereas the aims of botanical illustration is to study and to understand the details of plants, flowers and other part of plants. it means that, botanical illustration produce not only correct image but a beautiful one as well (watson & dallwitz, 1992). jebb, m. 1991. a field guide to pandanus in new guinea, the bismarck archipelago and the solomon islands. christensen research institute, papua new guinea. martelli, u. 1913. enumerazio ne delle “pandanaceae”. webbia 4(1): tav. xx merril, e. d. 1917. an interpretation of rumphius’s herbarium amboinense. manila. rix, m., 1989. the art of the plant world: the great botanical illustrators and their work. the overlook press. woodstock, new york. rumpf, g. e. & burmanni j. 1750. herbarium amboinense. meinard uytwere, amsterdam. stone, b. c. (1966/67), a new species of pandanus from east malaysia. malaya science 3: 24–26. warburg, o. 1900. pandanaceae . in: engler , a (ed.). das pflanzenreich 4 (9). engelmann, berlin: 1100. watson, l., & dallwitz, m. j. 1992 onwards. the families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrievel. version 4 th march 2011. http://delta-intkey.com. accessed 5 august 2011. http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/ http://plants.jstor.org/visual/kcur00000814 instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new romance letter type, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id > for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed. english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english or latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 5. 2013 contents page harry wiriadinata, deden girmansyah, james m. hunter, w. scott hoover & k u s w a t a k a r t a w i n a t a . f l o r i s t i c s t u d y o f w e s t s u m b a w a , i n d o n e s i a ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 391 nurhaidah iriani sinaga, ary prihardhyanto keim & pratita puradyatmika. the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia (pandanaceae) with seven new species in timika, west papua, indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………405 abdulrokhman kartonegoro. a revision of rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) in malesia …...421 siti susiarti, tutie djarwaningsih & ary prihardhyanto keim. pandan (pandanaceae) in flores island, east nusa tenggara, indonesia: an economic-botanical study….………………………...431 ary prihardhyanto keim. a new species of freycinetia gaudich. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) from tidore island, moluccas, indonesia ………………………………………………………………… 441 harry wiriadinata. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from south sulawesi, indonesia …445 vera b. l. sihotang. the dynamics of pandanus illustrations from a historical perspective ………..449 lina s. juswara. book review …………………………………………………………………..….....455 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia a journal on tax0n0m1c botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors mien a. rifai kuswata kartawinata n. wulijarni-s0etj1pt0 published by herbarium bggoriense lembaga biologi nasional —. lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 9, part 4, 377 — 479 31 march 1980 10 issn 00-34 — s66x 3-94 p , e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 3 cm 9 stamens and ovary 3 & 4. lower and upper and its palea and 9. this species is similar to c. simpliciusctda (wt. & am.) munro ex benth., but panicles are more effuse with long-pedicelled spkelets and shorter pubescent glumes. western ghats. amboli hill station, 13 september 1971, naik 1300a (holotype and naik isoob, c isotypes). i wish to express my grateful thanks to dr. j.f. veldkamp of rijksherbarium, leiden, for valuable suggestions and latin d.agnosi, i am thankful to prof. k.b. deshpande of this department, for facilities. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 39& — 401 (198-0) the correct name for the acer of malesia thomas j. delendick herbarium, the new york botanical garden, bronx, new york 10u58, v.s.a. *) abstract it is shown that the legitimate and proper name for the maple of malesia is acer laurinum hasskarl. abstrak diperlihatkan bahwa nama yang sah dan tepat untuk ki kanada yang ada di malesia adalah acer laurinum hasskarl. for quite some time the name to be used for the entire-leaved, evergreen species of acer which occurs in malesia was a matter for question, with a. javanicum jungh., a. niveum bl, a. laurinum hassk., a. curranii merr., a. philippinum merr., and a. cassiaefolium bl. being applied byseveral authors dealing with that flora. when populations in southeast asia and hainan are considered as belonging to the malesian taxon, another six epithets come under consideration. in the flora malesiana, a. niveum is the name indicated by bloembergen (1948), but this was corrected to a. laurinum by van steenis (1954). murray (1969) also concluded that the oldest legitimate name is a. laurinum, and de jong (1976) (who also recognizes a. garrettii craib and a. machilifolium hu & cheng for mainland populations) concurs. in 1965, in a publication apparently overlooked by the above monographers, kostermans pointed out that laurus caesia reinwardt ex blume (1826) from indonesia is in fact an acer and, further, that it represents the same taxon hitherto known as a. laurinum! he therefore published the new combination acer caesium, (reinwardt ex blume) kostermans, and indicated that it was the earliest available name. to date, a. caesium (reinwardt ex blume) kostermans is hardly known in the botanical literature, having been adopted only by whitmore (1973) in his tree flora of malaya. * present address: herbarium, brooklyn botanic garden, loo© washington avenue, brooklyn, new york 11225, u.s.a. 396 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 however, the binomial acer caesium had earlier been used by wallich in brandi's the forest flora of north-west and central india in 1874 for a himalayan maple allied to a. pseudoplatanus l. in light of article 55 of the i.c.b.n. (1972 edition) and its accompanying examples, it becomes clear that a. caesium (reinwardt ex blume) kostermans (1965) is to be regarded as a later homonym of a. caesium wallich ex brandis (1874), and, in accordance with article 64, a. laurinum hasskarl is the legitimate and proper name for the maple of malesia. the following synonomy is adapted from van steenis (1948) and murray (1969), excluding consideration of the continental populations and the binomials based on them. acer laurinum hasskarl acer laurinum hasskarl apud hoeven & de vriese in t\jdschr. natuurl. gesch. physiol. 10: 138. 1843. a. javanicum junghuhn apud hoeven & de vriese in tijdschr. natuurl. gesch. physiol. 8: 391. 1841, [nomen nudum\; in monatsber. verh. ges. erdk. berlin 3: 96. 1842; non a. javanicus burmann, fi. ind.: 221. 1768, which is not an acer (cf. bloembergen, 1948: 4). a. niveum blumen in jaarb. kon. ned. maatsch. aanm. tuin.: 84 over the date 1844, but issued later than may 1845 (and reprints, issued later than oct. 1844) in eumphia 3: 193. 1847. a. cassiaefolium blume in rumphia 3: 193. 1847. a. philippinum merrill in philipp. dept. int. bur. govt. lab., bull. 35: 36. 19c6. a. curranii merrill in philipp. j. sci. 4: 285. 1909. a. caesium (reinwardt ex blume) kostermans in reinwardtia 7: 141-142. 1965, based on laurus caesia reinwardt ex blume, bijdr. fl. n. i.: 553. 1826; non a. caesium wallich ex brandis, forest flora of north-west and central india: 111. 1874. i wish to thank rupert barneby, arthur cronquist and david giannasi for their comments and suggestions; this work was accomplished with the support of an herbarium fellowship from the new york botanical garden. references bloembergen, s. (1948). aceraceae. in van steenis, c.g.g.j., flora malesiana. ser. 1, 4(1): 3 4 . brandis, d. (1874). the forest flora of north-west and central india. london. jong, p.o. de (1976). flowering and sex expression in acer l. a biosystematic study. in meded. landbouwhogeschool 7 6 2 : 1-201. kostermans, a.j.g.h. (1965). miscellaneous botanical notes 4. in reinwardtia 7: 141-146. : ' . murray, e. (1969). acer notes. in kalmia 1(1): 1-4. 1 9 8 0 ] delendick: acer laurinum 3 s 7 at. (ed.), (1972). international code of botanical nomenclature. ' c o r r i g e n d a e t wh i t mok e , t.c. (1973). tree flora of malaya, a manual for foresters vol , longman group limited, london. contents page hsu an keng. a new interpretation of the compound strobilar structures of cordaites and conifers , 377 soejatmi dransfield. three new malesian species of gramineae 385 v. n. naik. coelachne ghatica naik, sp. nov 393 thomas j. delendick. the correct name for the acer of malesia 395 m i e n a. r i f a i . the identity of ustuago amadelpha var. glabhuscula 399 v. n. naik & b. w. patunkar. novelties in panicum (poaceae) from india . 403 n. p. balakrishnan. a new species of ophiorrhiza (rubiaceae) from great nicobar island, india 411 ronald h. petersen. type studies in the clavarioid fungi. v. the taxa described by caspar van overeem 415 a. w. subhebar & v. g. rao. an undescribed species of calothyriop<sis on apple 421 gregori g. hambali. a new species of balanophora from the malay peninsula, 425 kuswata kartawinata. a note on a kerangas (heath) forest at sebulu, east kalimantan 429 rusdy e. nasution & r. n. lester. a chemotaxonomic study of some species of zingiber subsection zerumbet 449 johanis p. mogea. the flabellate-leaved species of salacca (palmae) • printed by aechipel, bogor, java cov rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_12 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_13 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_55 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 15(2): david simpson, herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk herwasono soedjito, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein, robert j. kibbee library, kingsborough community college, new york, usa kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, 1400 lake shore drive, chicago, usa mark hughes royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, scotland, uk mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), indonesia siti nur hidayati middle tennessee state university, tennessee, usa soejatmi dransfield herbarium kewense, royal botanic gardens, kew, uk wong khoon meng singapore botanic garden, singapore reinwardtia vol 15 no 2, pp: 115 – 118 115 a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia received 26 july, 2016; accepted 31 august 2016 deden girmansyah herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology–lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. email: deden_bo@yahoo.com abstract girmansyah, d. 2016. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia. reinwardtia 15(2): 115 – 118. — a new species of begonia l. (begoniaceae), begonia semongkatensis girm., is described from sumbawa island, lesser sunda islands, indonesia. the species belongs to begonia section reichenheimia. an illustration, identification key and distribution maps are provided. key words: begonia semongkatensis, begoniaceae, section reichenheimia, sumbawa. abstrak girmansyah, d. 2016. satu jenis baru begonia (begoniaceae) dari sumbawa, kepulauan sunda kecil, indonesia. reinwardtia 15(2): 115 – 118. — satu jenis baru dari marga begonia l. (begoniaceae), begonia semongkatensis girm., telah dideskripsikan dari sumbawa, kepulauan sunda kecil, indonesia. jenis ini termasuk ke dalam seksi reichenheimia. ilustrasi, kunci identifikasi dan peta distribusi dari jenis ini juga tersedia. kata kunci: begonia semongkatensis, begoniaceae, seksi reichenheimia, sumbawa. introduction the genus begonia l. (linnaeus, 1753) is one of the largest flowering plants, currently estimated to have 1803 species distributed throughout tropical and subtropical asia, africa and america (hughes et al., 2015b). in southeast asia, indonesia is a center diversity for begonia with 231 accepted species of begonia (girmansyah, 2016). the lesser sunda islands (nusa tenggara) has five species recorded so far ie. begonia bimaensis undaharta & ardaka (undaharta et al., 2015), b. multangula blume (hughes et al., 2015a), b. sumbawaensis, b. jaranpusangensis and b. brangbosangensis (girmansyah, 2016). the lesser sunda islands comprise many islands, most of which are part of indonesia and are administered as the provinces of bali, west nusa tenggara (lombok & sumbawa) and east nusa tenggara (flores, sawu, roti, solor, alor and west timor). west nusa tenggara comprises the western portion of the lesser sunda islands with sumbawa island being the biggest island in the province. sumbawa is situated between lombok in the west and flores in the east. botanical explorations in sumbawa are summarised in van steenis and kruseman (1950). a floristic study of west sumbawa has been reported in wiriadinata et al. (2013). recent botanical explorations in may 2016, conducted by herbarium bogoriense (rcblipi) recorded one new species of begonia from west sumbawa, between semongkat and batu dulang (fig. 1). all available specimens from bo, e, k, l and sing and digital images from hughes et al. (2015b) have been consulted. there are five species of begonia in sumbawa as recorded by girmansyah (2016); this recent new discovery brings the number of begonia in sumbawa to six species. taxonomy begonia semongkatensis girm. spec. nov. fig. 2 similar to begonia bimaensis undaharta & ardaka (undaharta et al., 2015) but differs in tuber (absent vs. present), plant height up to 16 cm (vs. less than 10 cm), stipules lanceolate, 10–12 × 3 mm (ovate to elliptic, 3 × 1–2 mm), petiole from 1–13 cm long (vs. 3.5–7.5 cm long), peduncle 2–11 cm (vs. 3–6 cm), male and female flowers tepals abaxially hairy (vs. glabrous), number of stamen 24 (vs. 40), and female flower pedicels 9–10 mm long (vs. 2.5–4 mm long) and fruit pedicel 10–15 mm (vs. 2–5 mm long). — type: indonesia, west nusa tenggara, sumbawa island, brang pelat, batu lanteh subdistrict, 12.5 km sw of sumbawa, between semongkat to batu dulang, 08°33′506″s 117°19′876″ e, 381 m elev., 12 may 2016. deden girmansyah deden 2385 (holotype: bo!; isotype: e!). perennial, monoecious herb, up to 16 cm tall, tuber absent. stems very reduced, internodes ca. 1 mm long; stipules lanceolate, 10–12 × 3 mm, margin with sparse hairs, caducous. leaves alternate; petioles, 1–13 cm long, green to reddish, with scattered multicellular glandular hairs; lamina basifixed, 1.5–10 × 1.2–7 cm, asymmetric, ovate, base cordate, lobes commonly overlapping, apex acute, margin shallowly undulate, sparsely villose, with reinwardtia 116 [vol.15 minute teeth at the end of the veins, upper surface green to dark reddish green with sparse short glandular hairs, lower surface pale green to reddish with sparse villose hairs; venation palmatepinnate, veins pale green to reddish, base 2 pairs, along midrib 4–5. inflorescence cymose, fewflowered, axillary, protandrous, bisexual; peduncles 2–11 cm long, pale green to reddish, with sparse hairs; bracts minute, elliptic, margin slightly fimbriate, persistent. male flowers: pedicels 10–30 mm long, tepals 4, pink, outer tepals ca. 9–10 × 10 mm, sub-orbicular, abaxially sparsely hairy, inner tepals ca. 9 × 4–5 mm, obovate to elliptic; androecium yellow, symmetric, 1 2 3 4 5 a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. rhizomatous or tuberous herb; leaves ovate to broadly ovate …………...…….. erect herb; leaves ovate to oblong …………………………………………........ base tuberous; leaves lobed, upper surface with long hairs …………………..... base rhizomatous; leaves entire, upper surface glabrescent or with short hairs ... up to 16 cm tall, leaves 1.5–10 × 1.2–7 cm, number of stamens 24, fruit 10–15 mm long ……………………………………………………………………...…. up to 30 cm tall, leaves size 10–30 × 9–29 cm, number of stamen 48, fruit 22– 30 mm long …………………………..……………………………………...….. leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, margin shallowly lobed; fruit fleshy and indehiscent………………………………………………………………..……... leaves elliptic, oblong, ovate or narrowly ovate, margin entire; fruit dry and dehiscent ……………………..…………………………………………………. leaves ovate to elliptic; petiole hairy ………………………………..………..... leaves narrowly ovate to oblong; petiole glabrous ………………………..…… 2 4 b. bimaensis 3 b. semongkatensis b. sumbawaensis b. multangula 4 b. jaranpusangensis b. brangbosangensis fig. 1. type locality of begonia semongkatensis girm. in west sumbawa. globose, stamens ca. 24, filaments fused at base into a short column ca.1 mm long; filaments 0.2– 0.3 mm long, anther ca. 1 mm long, broadly obovate, dehiscing through lateral slits as long as anther, apex retuse. female flowers: 1 or 2, pedicels 9–10 mm long, bracteoles absent; tepals 3 –4, pink, unequal, two outer tepals broadly ovate, ca. 7 × 5–6 mm; sparsely hairy on abaxial surface, one or two inner tepal elliptic, 5 × 2–3 mm, glabrous; ovary 3–5 × 2–3 mm (excluding wings), ellipsoid, glabrous, reddish white, locules 3, placentation axile, placentae entire, wings 3, sub equal, pinkish, acuminate at base, rounded to acute at apex, widest point 2–5 mm long; stigmas 3, ykey to the species of begonia from sumbawa (modified key from girmansyah, 2016) girmansyah : a new species of begonia from sumbawa lesser sunda islands 2016] 117 fig. 2. begonia semongkatensis. a. habit. b. leaf colour. c. leaf margin. d. leaf abaxial surface. e. male flower. f. female flower with three tepals. g. female flower showing ovary, side view. h. male flower dorsal side. i. female flower with 4 tepals. j. fruits, k. stipule, l. ovary transverse section. scale bars: a (2 cm); e–l (1 cm). (photos: deden girmansyah). shaped, stigmatic surface once spirally twisted. fruit with pedicel 10–15 mm long, capsule ellipsoid, 7–9 × 4–5 mm, (excluding wings), dehiscent, splitting along the wing attachments, wing shape as for the ovary, widest point, 3–4 mm long. seeds barrel-shaped, 0.24–0.27 mm long, collar cells more than a half of seed length. distribution. endemic to sumbawa, between semongkat to batu dulang. habitat. this species gr ows on sandstone cliffs in semi-shade along the main road from semongkat to batu dulang. etymology. the epithet ‘semongkatensis’ refers to the semongkat area, one of the famous tourism object in sumbawa besar district from where the type material was collected. specimens examined. west sumbawa, mt. batu lanteh rather dry slope, n of batu dulang, 4 may 1961, kostermans 18684 (a); sumbawa, 1927, rensch 546 (b). notes. this species var ies in statur e and leaf size, which ranges from 1 to 10 cm. observations of living plants in the field clarified this variation. it is not only the size of leaves which vary, but also the number of flowers per individual. in the small-sized plants, the number of flowers is two, one male flower and one female flower. in larger plants, the number of flowers is 3–5, male flowers 2–3 and female flowers 1–2. in addition, the shape, size and color of the leaves also varies, so that scattered colonies can look quite different and at first glance could potentially be confused as different species (fig. 3). acknowledgements i would like to thank herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, the indonesian institute of sciences who encouraged me to collect begonia specimens during 2016 expedition in batu lanteh, west sumbawa. i would also like to thank to himmah rustiami for precious discussion. i would like to thank all colleagues for their excellent assistance during the field trip in batu lanteh, west sumbawa. 2016] girmansyah : a new species of begonia from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands 117 reinwardtia 118 [vol.15 references girmansyah, d. 2016. three new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa island, indonesia. gardens bulletin singapore 68(1): 77– 86. hughes, m., girmansyah, d., & ardi, w. h. 2015a. further discoveries in the ever-expanding genus begonia (begoniaceae): fifteen new species from sumatra. european journal of taxonomy 167:1–40. dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2015.167 hughes, m., moonlight, p., jara, a. & pullan, m. 2015b. begonia resource centre. royal botanic garden edinburgh. http:// elmer.rbge.org.uk/begonia/ (accessed on 22 jun. 2016). linnaeus, c.1753. species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexual digestas. holmiae: laurentii salvii. undaharta, n. k. e., ardaka, i. m., kurniawan, a. & adjie, b. 2015. begonia bimaensis, a new species of begonia from sumbawa island, indonesia. gardens bulletin singapore 67(1): 95–99. van steenis & kruseman, m. j. 1950. malaysian plant collectors and collections: being acyclopedia of botanical exploration in malaysia and a guide to concerned literature up to the year 1950. flora malesiana, ser. i, 1: 5–605. jakarta: p. noordhoff. wiriadinata, h., girmansyah, d., hunter, j., hoover w. s. & kartawinata, k. 2013. floristic study of west sumbawa, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(5): 391−404. fig. 3. begonia semongkatensis. a & d. habit with small leaves and single flower; b. habit with larger leaves with more than one flower; c. leaf shape comparison within the species. (photos: deden girmansyah). instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id> or in our website: http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/ index. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of botanical nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 15 (2): 67 – 135, december 22, 2016 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) secretary rina munazar layout dede aryanto illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: mapania sembilingensis miraadila, shabdin & meekiong. a. habit; b. leaf apex details; c. sheath margin details; d. capitate inflorescence; e. spike; f. spicoid bract [drawing by meekiong, k.]. 2016 15 (2) a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 reinwardtia decem ber 2016 15 (2) : 67 – 135 reinw ard tia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia reinwardtia vol. 15. no. 2. 2016 contents page asih perwita dewi, nunik sri ariyanti & eko baroto walujo. diversity of plants used for plaited crafts by the dayak iban-désa in kabupaten sintang, kalimantan barat, indonesia .............................................. ..... 67 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. growth responses of palm seedlings to different light intensities manipulating canopy gaps with an ecophysiological approach ........................................ ....... 81 rosie pritchett, aurora phillips, ani mardiastuti & andrew powling. rattan diversity and broad edaphic niches in a tropical rainforest of buton, sulawesi, indonesia ................................................. .................. 99 inggit puji astuti & rugayah. a new species of murraya from cyclops mountain, papua, indonesia ......... 111 deden girmansyah. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumbawa, lesser sunda islands, indonesia ................................................................................................................... ......................................................115 i putu gede p. damayanto & elizabeth a. widjaja. a new species of schizostachyum (poaceaebambusoideae) from sumba island, indonesia .............................................................................................................. 119 j. f. veldkamp. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia ............................................................................. 123 miraadila m. i., shabdin z. & meekiong k. two new species and one new geographical record for sarawak, malaysia (cyperaceae: mapanioideae) ......................................................................................... ................................. 129 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia 1. ms_pudji (43-49) reinwardtia vol. 20. no. 2. pp: 43‒49 doi: 10.14203/reinwardtia.v20i2.4160 43 the confusing taxonomy and nomenclature of syzygium confusum complex (myrtaceae) received june 02, 2021; accepted august 02, 2021 pudji widodo fakultas biologi, universitas jenderal soedirman. jln. dr. soeparno 63, purwokerto 53122, indonesia. biology department, institut pertanian bogor (ipb university), jln. raya dramaga, kampus ipb, dramaga, bogor 16680, indonesia. email: pwidodo@unsoed.ac.id jan frits veldkamp (†) naturalis biodiversity center, research group of tropical botany, p.o. box 9517, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. institute of biology leiden, leiden university, p.o. box 9505, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. abstract widodo, p. & veldkamp, j. f. 2021. the confusing taxonomy and nomenclature of syzygiun confusum complex (myrtaceae). reinwardtia 20(2): 43‒49. ― the taxonomic and nomenclatural confusions surrounding the syzygium confusum complex are elucidated. for that purpose, type specimens are designated and circumscriptions are presented for each species. typifications, newly characterized descriptions and illustrations are presented for syzygium korthalsii widodo, s. confusum (blume) bakh.f., s. blumei (steudel) merr. & l.m.perry, s. insigne (blume) merr. & l.m.perry. the new species syzygium sipirokense widodo & veldkamp is described. key words: jambosa, malesia, myrtaceae, southeast asia, syzygium. abstrak widodo, p. & veldkamp, j. f. 2020. kekusutan taksonomi dan tata nama kompleks syzygium confusum (myrtaceae). reinwardtia 20(2): 43‒49. ― kekusutan taksonomi dan tata nama jenis seputar kompleks syzygium confusum dicoba diuraikan dengan pemantapan penunjukan spesimen-spesimen tipenya. selanjutnya perapian batasan takson yang termasuk jenis kompleks juga telah dilakukan. oleh karena itu pemantapan nama dan pertelaan serta ilustrasi syzygium korthalsii widodo, s. confusum (blume) bakh.f., s. blumei (steudel) merr. & l.m.perry, s. insigne (blume) merr. & l.m.perry dan jenis baru syzygium sipirokense widodo & veldkamp disajikan. kata kunci: asia tenggara, jambosa, malesia, myrtaceae, syzygium. introduction in studying the sumatran free petalled species of syzygium one may have difficulty in identifying the species with narrow leaves, especially because some of their representatives are rare and hence poorly known (backer & bakhuizen van den brink jr., 1963:343). in april 1972, for the flora malesiana project, bakhuizen van den brink jr. & van steenis tentatively identified and annotated two specimens preserved in l (namely hlb no. 898.203-342 part of herb blume s.n. collected in java without definite locality and hlb no. 898.203-344 collected around bogor, java by an unknown collector) as syzygium confusum (blume) bakh.f. another specimen (hlb no 898.203-345 collected in mount malintang, west sumatra by korthals) was tentatively identified by them as syzygium cf. confusum (blume) bakh.f. in 1846 korthals had already identified his collection (hlb 898.203-345) as jambosa lanceolata korthals. confusion arose when blume (1849) proposed the name jambosa confusa blume for other material from java and sumatra, inferring that korthals’s name was superfluous, as jambosa lanceolaria was an earlier name for korthals’s material, based on eugenia lanceolaria roxb. (1832). to rectify this, blume (1850) proposed jambosa korthalsii blume as a new name for jambosa lanceolata korthals. although these specific epithets are similar, they do not mean exactly the same thing because lanceolarius (= small tip of a spear) and lanceolatus (= lancetshaped) and they are not confusable under the icnafp (turland et al., 2018). in this case, what is the nomenclatural status of blume’s proposed new name jambosa korthalsii blume? is it a superfluous name? korthals’ specific epithet lanceolatum cannot be transferred to syzygium because it is pre -empted by the combination s. lanceolatum (lam.) wight & arn. (1834). it is clear, therefore, that there is a need to clarify this nomenclaturally confused situation. reinwardtia 44 [vol.20 in revising the taxonomy of the narrow leaves syzygium in sumatra (widodo, 2011) we found that twigs, leaf shape, leaf base and apex more often than not offer valuable characters for deli miting species. consequently, morphological variation in these characters in the syzygium confusum complex will be given special attention. during the course of this study, in bo we found specimens from sumatra with characteristics very much like syzygium insigne (blume) merr. & l.m.perry and s. blumei (steudel) merr. & l.m.perry (species also related to the syzygium confusum complex) but with consistently varying characteristics. we take this opportunity to describe these specimens and propose a species new to science. materials and methods materials used in this research are herbarium specimens from sumatra, java, and borneo preserved in the herbaria of bo, l and k. procedures and methods of observations used in this study mostly followed those elaborated by rifai (1976), de vogel (1987), widodo (2011) and widodo (2012). results and discussion results of our renewed observations of morphological characters of syzygium confusum complex are presented in table 1. we found that combinations of these characters are of assistance for delimiting closely related species as can be observed in table 1. 1. syzygium korthalsii widodo. –– fig. 1. jambosa lanceolata korth. ned. kruidk. arch. 1: 199. 1846. [non syzygium lanceolatum (lam.) wight & arn., 1834]. – jambosa korthalsii blume, mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 1: 101. 1849 [1850], nom. superfl. – syzygium korthalsii widodo, reinw. 13(3): 235‒240 (2012). ― type: indonesia, west sumatra, gunung malintang, korthals s.n. (holotype l! hlb no. 898.203345), designated by widodo (2012). tree diameter unknown. twigs usually 4-angled to 4-winged, with smooth and whitish pale brown bark. leaves relatively long compared to width, the leaf form very narrowly ovate, 30‒45 cm by 2.5‒5 cm, brown above and milky brown below when dry; leaf base cordate, leaf apex long narrowly acuminate; petiole ca. 3 mm long, swollen and corky, drying pale brown; midrib channelled on the upper surface and raised on the lower surface, pale brown when dry; major lateral veins consists of ca. 25 pairs, 1‒1.5 cm apart, at an angle of 60°‒70°, sometimes curved near the midrib and straight near the intramarginal veins; minor lateral veins absent or present, oil dots between 2 major lateral veins less than 20 per cm2; intramarginal vein 1 or 2, faint, 1‒3 mm from margin. inflorescence a terminal cyme, but the flower with a pseudostipe 5‒7 mm long, hypanthial cup funnel-shaped; sepals triangular, 5‒6 mm long, 5 mm wide; petals unknown; style 35 mm long. fruits unknown. distribution. syzygium korthalsii is known from a limited area in west sumatra, namely in pariaman and in gunung malintang. notes. syzygium korthalsii can be readily distinguished from other sumatran species by its leaf form which is very narrowly ovate and almost linear, reaching approximately 45 cm long and only around 3.5 cm wide on average. 2. syzygium confusum (blume) bakh.f. – –– fig. 2. jambosa confusa blume, mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 1: 101. 1849 (non j. confusa blume ex miq., anal. bot. ind. 1: 27. 1850, nom. inval., in syn. sub e. microbotrya miq., non pert.). syzygium confusum (blume) bakh.f. in bakhuizen v/d brink jr. & koster, blumea 12: 61. 1963. – eugenia dolichophylla koord. & valeton, meded. lands plantentuin 40: 78. 1900, “doligophylla” non eugenia dolichophylla kiaersk., en. myrt. bras. 157. 1893, nec syzygium dolichophyllum (laut. & k.schum.) merr. & l.m.perry, j. arn. arb. 23: 249. 1942. – eugenia malayana gagnep. in lecomte, fl. indochina 2: 838. 1921. syzygium malayanum (gagnep.) i.m.turner, gard. bull. singapore 47: 378. jul 1997 (“dec 1995”); singapore natl. acad. sci. 22‒24: 21. aug 1997 (“1996”), nom. superfl. – syzygium amshoffianum merr., philipp. j. sci. 79: 366. 1951 (“1950”), nom. superfl. ― type: indonesia, java without definite locality. herb. blume s.n. (holotype l! hlb no. 898.203-342), tentatively identified/annotated as syzygium confusum (blume) bakh.f. in april 1972 by bakhuizen van den brink jr. & van steenis. tree to 8 m tall. twigs terete and slightly compressed near the nodes. leaves narrowly lanceolate, 20‒30 cm by 3‒5 cm tapered gradually from the middle to apex; upper surface blackish brown, lower surface reddish brown when dry; leaf base widodo & veldkamp: the confusing taxonomy and nomenclature of syzygium confusum 2021] 45 narrowly cuneate, apex long acute to acuminate; petiole 10‒13 mm long, slender or swollen, scaly, peeling off; midrib rounded below, pale brown when dry; lateral veins very faint on both the upper and lower surfaces ca. 30 pairs, 1‒2 cm apart, at an angle of 60°‒70°, oil dots a few per cm2; intramarginal vein 1, very faint 1‒2 mm from margin. inflorescence simple or paniculate to 5 cm long, terminal, up to 21 flowers per inflorescence. rachis terete and 4-angled, drying dark brown. flowers with short ultimate inflorescence axis, pseudostipe and hypanthial cup 8‒15 mm long, trumpet-shaped to turbinate. sepals 4 free, semiorbicular, 3.5 mm long ca. 4 mm wide. petals semiorbicular ca. 5.5 mm long and wide, a few gland dots. stamens ca. 10 mm long. style ca. 20 mm long. ovary 2-locular. fruits campanulate (immature). distribution. java. in sumatra, syzygium confusum is known only from batam island. notes. koorders & valeton (1900) realised that blume’s specific epithet confusa could not be combined with eugenia because it was pre-empted by e. confusa dc. (1828), so that he proposed the new combination e. doligophylla. this, however, is an orthographic variant of the earlier e. dolichophylla kiaersk. (1893) as can be seen when koorders himself corrected it (1912). it is not a misprint as was suggested by henderson (1949: 50), as the spelling is consequently used throughout in the 1900 paper. this combination is therefore also a later homonym and illegitimate. gagnepain (1921) proposed the new name e. malayana for this species (govaerts et al., 2008), which turner (1997a, b) used in syzygium, overlooking the fact that s. confusum was required, and that this combination had already been made by bakhuizen van den brink jr. & koster (1963). gagnepain’s specimens (dussaud s.n., harmand 1314 and thorel s.n.) and his description based on them actually refer to syzygium megacarpum (craib) rathakr. & n.c.nair (wuu kuang soh, tcd, in litt.). unaware of gagnepain’s action merrill (1951) proposed yet another name: syzygium amshoffianum, which is superfluous. 3. syzygium blumei (steud.) merr. & l.m.perry. –– fig. 3. eugenia angustifolia blume, flora 7(1): 291 (1824), [nom. illeg., non eugenia angustifolia lam., encycl. 3: 203 (1789)]. – myrtus no character s. korthalsii s. confusum s. blumei s. insigne s. sipirokense 1 twigs 4-angled to 4winged terete and slightly compressed near nodes terete terete and 4angled near nodes 4-winged 2 leaf form very narrowly ovate narrowly lanceolate quite narrowly ovate narrowly ovate quite narrowly ovate to almost oblong ovate 3 leaf apex long narrowly acuminate acute to acuminate acute to acuminate acute acuminate to apiculate 4 leaf size 30–45 cm by 2.5–5 cm 20–44 cm by 3–5 cm 15–20 cm by 2–3 cm 4–10 cm by 1– 2.75 cm 10–15 cm by 3– 5.5 cm 5 leaf base cordate almost narrowly cuneate rounded or subcordate subcordate or almost rounded rounded or subcordate 6 inflorescence peduncle unknown peduncle unknown peduncle very short 2–5 mm or sessile peduncle unknown peduncle 4angled, drying black 7 locality sumatra, mount malintang java java borneo, martapura aceh, north sumatra table 1. morphological differences between species of syzygium confusum complex reinwardtia 46 [vol.20 hypericifolia blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind.: 1082 (1826) [nom. illeg., non myrtus hypericifolia salisb., prodr. stirp. chap. allerton: 354 (1796)]. jambosa hypericifolia (blume) dc., prodr. [a. p. de candolle] 3: 287 (1828), nom. illeg. eugenia hypericifolia (blume) koord. & valeton, meded. lands plantentuin 40, bijdr. 6: 69 (1900) [nom. illeg.] – eugenia blumei steudel, nomencl. bot. ed. 2. 1: 601 (1840). syzygium blumei (steudel) merr. & l.m.perry, mem. amer. acad. arts 18: 164 (1939). ― type: indonesia, jawa, bogor. (holotype l! hlb no. 898.203-344). labelled as jambosa confusa, and preidentified/ annotated as syzygium cf. confusum (blume) bakh.f. by bakhuizen van den brink f. & van steenis in april 1972. habit unknown. twigs terete, glabrous, drying yellowish. leaves sessile, glabrous, narrowly ovate, 6–19 cm long by 1.5–3 cm wide; leaf base rounded to subcordate, leaf apex acute to acuminate; major lateral veins 6–9 pairs, very faint on both surfaces; leaves drying greyish above and yellowish below. inflorescence terminal and in leaf axil. pedicel terminally solitary, 1 flower with shorter petals. calyx 4 lobed, base attenuate. fruit unknown. distribution. west java, mt. salak. habitat & ecology. tropical rain forest. 4. syzygium insigne (blume) merr. & l.m.perry –– fig. 4. jambosa insignis blume, mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 1: 100. 1849. syzygium insigne (blume) merr. & l.m. perry, mem. acad. arts & sci. 18: 163. 1939. mem. gray herb. harvard univ. 4: 163. 1939; masam., enum. phan. born.: 530. 1942. ‒ jambosa lancifolia miq., anal. ind. 1: 17. 1850; fl. ned. ind. 1, 1: 427. 1855, nom. superfl. ―type: indonesia, borneo, martapoera. korthals s.n. (holotype l! hlb no. 898.203347), accepted by merrill (1921), merrill & perry (1939), and masamune (1942). tree, height and diameter unknown. twigs 4angled. leaves opposite, very shortly petiolate nearly two-ranked, narrowly ovate, leaf apex acute, base subcordate or almost rounded, 4–10 cm by 1–2.75 cm, transverse veins confluent in the inframarginal nerve, coriaceous, shiny above, and often impressed with inconspicuous dots, paler below. racemes 1–3, terminal and solitary in the axils, short, few-flowered. flowers showy, rather longly pedicellated, pink. calyx about 2.5 cm, tube of the calyx turbinate, widened above, the limb with sort rounded flaps of 6–8-fid, lobes unequal, the outermost shorter, deciduous. distribution. borneo. notes. not to be confused with eugenia insignis thwaites from sr i lanka, a “true” eugenia. miquel (1850: 17) did not mention eugenia insignis blume, but described e. lancifolia as new based on the same material, so that the name is superfluous. though he realised it in 1855 (p. 427), he still retained his own epithet. merrill (1921: 429) regarded jambosa insignis and j. lancifolia as distinct species, repeating blume’s suggestion that more than one collection would be involved. merrill & perry (1939: 163) joined the two, but did not mention jambosa lanceolata at all, probably because they were aware that this was a sumatran species, whereas they were dealing with bornean material. 5. syzygium sipirokense widodo & veldkamp spec. nov. ― fig. 5. ― type: indonesia, sumatra, tapanuli selatan, cagar alam sipirok, nagurguran. ea widjaja 2012, 19 march 1983 (holotype bo!). small tree or shrub. twigs winged near the nodes. leaves sessile, opposite, lanceolate, 10‒15 cm by 3 ‒5.5 cm, leaves upper surface dark brown, lower surface brown when dry. major lateral veins 10– 14; leaf base rounded or cordate; leaf apex acuminate to apiculate; intramarginal veins one, 1– 2 mm from margin, channelled above, raised below. inflorescence arises from the leaf axil, peduncle four-angled, slightly winged, slender, black when dry. flower unknown. fruit ovoid to oval, 8–12 mm long, 5–7 mm diameter, green-red. distribution. aceh province, aceh tenggara regency. north sumatra, tapanuli selatan, cagar alam sipirok, nagurguran. habitat & ecology. primary forest 700 m alt. etymology. the epithet sipirokense came from one of the areas where this specimen was collected. conservation status. this species is known from two locations, namely sipirok nature reserve in north sumatra and ketambe research station in aceh. the iucn assessment (iucn, 2020) is categorized as critically endangered (cr). widodo & veldkamp: the confusing taxonomy and nomenclature of syzygium confusum 2021] 47 fig. 1. syzygium korthalsii. leafy twig. fig. 2. syzygium confusum. leafy twig. fig. 3. a. syzygium blumei. b. syzygium insigne. c. syzygium sipirokense widodo & veldkamp spec. nov. a b c reinwardtia 48 [vol.20 specimen examined. sumatra, aceh, ketambe research station. kramadibrata k 329, k 333, 11 march 1982. notes. syzygium sipirokense resembles s. blumei. however, the leaves of syzygium sipirokense dry dark brown above and pale brown below, instead of drying greyish above and yellowish below as in s. blumei. twigs of syzygium sipirokense are 4winged, while the twigs of s. blumei are terete. acknowledgements the first author has been supported by a grant from the directorate general of higher education, the republic of indonesia. acknowledgement is due to prof. dr. alex hartana and prof. dr. tatik chikmawati who have supervised the first author during his study and to prof. dr. mien a. rifai for improving the rewritten final manuscript. we would like to appreciate the keepers of l, k, and bo f or per mi ssi on to o bs er ve th e collections. prof. dr. peter van welzen is thanked for his assistance and service. dr. lyn craven (†), csiro, australia, is acknowledged for his advice. prof. dr. john parnell, trinity college dublin is thanked for providing references. dr. rafael govaerts, royal botanic gardens kew is appreciated for giving relevant information. dr. wuu kuang soh, trinity college dublin kindly commented on gagnepain’s new name. grateful acknowledge-ment is due to dr. eve lucas, royal botanic garden kew for her critical review of the manuscript. references bakhuizen van den brink jr., r. c. & koster, j. t. 1963. notes on the flora of java viii. myrtaceae. blumea 12: 61. blume, c. l. 1849. ord. myrtaceae. subord. myrteae. museum botanicum lugdunobatavum 1 (7): 100‒101. de candolle, a. p. 1828. prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 3: 279. treutel & würz, paris. gagnepain, f. 1921. myrtaceae. in: lecomte, p. h. flora of indo-chine 2: 838. masson & cie, paris. govaerts, r., sobral, m., ashton, p., barrie, f., holst, b. k., landrum, l. l., matsumoto, k., mazine, f. f., lughadha, e. n., proença, c., soares-silva, l. h., wilson, p. g., lucas, e. 2008. world checklist of myrtaceae. kew publishing. royal botanic gardens, kew. henderson, m. r. 1949. the genus eugenia (myrtaceae) in malaya. gardens’ bulletin si ngapore 12: 50‒51. koorders, s. h. 1912. exkursionsflora von java 2. fischer, jena. koorders, s. h. & valeton, t. 1900. bijdrage no. 6 tot de kennis der boomsoorten op java. mededeelingen uit's lands plantentuin 40: 78‒79. korthals, p. w. 1846. bijdrage tot de kennis der myrtaceae. nederlandsch kruidkundig archief 1: 199. masamune, g. 1942. enumeratio phanerogamarum bornearum: 530. government of taiwan, taipei. merrill, e. d. 1921. a bibliographic enumeration of bornean plants. journal of the straits branch of the royal asiatic society special number: 428‒429. merrill, e. d. 1951 (“1950”). readjustments in the nomenclature of philippine eugenia species. philippine journal of science 79: 366. merrill, e. d. & perry, l. m. 1939. the myrtaceous genus syzygium gaertner in borneo. memorial academic arts & science 18: 163. ≡ memorial gray herbarium of harvard university 4: 163. miquel, f. a. w. 1850. stirpes quaedam borneenses. analecta botanica indica 1: 17, 27. miquel, f. a. w. 1855. flora van nederlandsch indië 1(1): 427. c.g. van der post, amsterdam, c. van der post jr., utrecht. rifai, m. a. 1976. sendi-sendi taksonomi tumbuhan. herbarium bogoriense, bogor. turland, n. j., wiersema, j. h., barrie, f. r., greuter, w., hawksworth, d. l., herendeen, p. s., knapp, s., kusber, w. h., li, d. z., marhold, k., may, t. w., mcneill, j., monro, a. m., prado, j., price, m. j. & smith, g. f. (eds.). 2018. international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (shenzhen code) adopted by the nineteenth international botanical congress shenzhen, china, july 2017. regnum vegetabile 159. glashütten: koeltz botanical books. doi https://doi.org/10.12705/ code.2018. turner, i. m. 1997a. (16 jul 1997; “1995”). a catalogue of vascular plants of malaya. gardens’ bulletin singapore 47: 378, 384. widodo & veldkamp: the confusing taxonomy and nomenclature of syzygium confusum 2021] 49 turner, i. m. 1997b. (aug 1997; “1996”). what should the kelat trees of malaya be called? journal of the singapore national academy of science 22‒24: 21. vogel, e. de (editor). 1987. manual of herbarium taxonomy: theory and practice. unesco southeast asia regional office, jakarta. widodo, p. 2011. syzygium of sumatra: the free petalled species. lap lambert academic publishing gmbh & co. saarbrücken, germany. widodo, p. 2012. new nomenclature in syzygium (myrtaceae) from indonesia and its vicinities. reinwardtia 13 (3): 235‒240. wight, r. & walker-arnott, g. a. 1834. prodromus florae peninsulae indiae orientalis 1. parbury, allen & co. reinwardtia 50 [vol.20 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 157 − 162 157 floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park received january 17, 2014; accepted august 4, 2014 elizabeth anita widjaja herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. email:ewidjaja@indo.net.id. daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, usa. email: dpotter@ucdavis.edu abstract widjaja, e. a. & potter, d. 2014. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of mekongga national park. reinwardtia 14(1): 157 – 162. ―mekongga is one of the highest mountains in southeast sulawesi. the mekongga region was declared as protected forest in 1994, after logging had been done in this area. a floristic study of this forest was conducted from 2009 through 2011 by visiting the area twice a year, once each during the dry and wet seasons, and collecting specimens from the flowering and fruiting plants. other species were also recorded, but most of them cannot be identified because the plants were too young or were not in flower or fruit at the time of collection. specimens of 855 species in 155 families were collected, of which 5% (44 species) are endemic to sulawesi and 11% (91 species) are introduced species from china, south america, india, or even madagascar. in addition, new records for sulawesi were collected from mekongga for species originally recorded from java (50 species), malaysia (35 species), the philippines (28 species), new guinea (14 species), sumatra (13 species), borneo (11 species), moluccas (4 species) and the lesser sunda islands (3 species). based on these data, it seems that species have mostly migrated to mekongga from java, then from malaysia and the philippines. more than 10 new species are proposed from this area, including a bamboo (poaceae) and members of the families orchidaceae, gesneriaceae, melastomataceae, myrtaceae and araliaceae. further study of the floristic account will be done, which can be used as baseline data in support of an important proposal to designate the mekongga area as a national park. key words: diversity, endemic, flora, mekongga, mountain, sulawesi. abstrak widjaja, e. a. & potter, d. 2014. studi floristik hutan lindung mekongga: dalam rangka pembentukan taman nasional mekongga. reinwardtia 14(1): 157 – 162. ― mekongga merupakan salah satu gunung tertinggi di sulawesi tenggara. kawasan mekongga dinyatakan sebagai hutan lindung pada tahun 1994, setelah kegiatan pembalakan hutan pada kawasan ini. studi floristik pada kawasan ini dilakukan dari tahun 2009 sampai 2011 dengan mengunjungi kawasan tersebut dua kali setahun, ketika musim kemarau dan penghujan dan melakukan koleksi spesimen dari tumbuhan yang sedang berbunga dan berbuah. jenis-jenis lainnya juga dicatat, tetapi kebanyakan tidak bisa diidentifikasi karena terlalu muda atau tidak sedang berbunga atau berbuah saat koleksi dilakukan. selama penelitian, 855 jenis dari 155 suku telah dikoleksi, 5% (44 jenis) merupakan jenis endemik sulawesi dan 11% (91 jenis) merupakan jenis introduksi dari china, amerika selatan, india, atau bahkan madagaskar. selain itu, terdapat rekaman baru untuk sulawesi yang dikoleksi dari mekongga untuk jenis-jenis yang berasal dari jawa (50 jenis), malaysia (35 jenis), filipina (28 jenis), niugini (14 jenis), sumatera (13 jenis), borneo (11 jenis), maluku (4 jenis) dan kepulauan sunda kecil (3 jenis). berdasarkan pada data tersebut diatas, terlihat bahwa jenis-jenis tersebut pada umumnya bermigrasi ke mekongga dari jawa, malaysia dan filipina. lebih dari 10 jenis baru diusulkan dari kawasan ini, termasuk didalamnya bambu (poaceae) dan jenis-jenis dari suku orchidaceae, gesneriaceae, melastomataceae, myrtaceae dan araliaceae. penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai jumlah flora akan dilakukan, yang dapat digunakan sebagai data dasar dalam menunjang proposal penting untuk menjadikan mekongga sebagai kawasan taman nasional. kata kunci: endemik, flora, gunung, keanekaragaman, mekongga, sulawesi. mailto:dpotter@ucdavis.edu reinwardtia 158 [vol.14 introduction sulawesi is one of the five large islands in indonesia. botanically the island is fascinating, with a high degree of endemism (widjaja et al., 2010), though estimates of the total number of species and percentage of endemics vary considerably. based on the recent compilation of sulawesi flora in order to make a check list of the indonesian flora, sulawesi possess 6741 species, of which 2225 species (33%) are endemic to sulawesi (pusat penelitian biologi, in press). in contrast, van welzen & slik (2009) mentioned that, based on the flora malesiana publication, sulawesi possesses 1169 species, of which 160 (14%) among them are endemic (14%), while roos et al. (2004) mentioned that sulawesi possesses 1765 species, of which 217 (12.3%) are endemic. thus, it is clear that more exploration on this island is needed to understand the mystery of flora in sulawesi. one of the areas that possesses prominent plant diversity is the mekongga mountain area in the southeastern part of the island. mekongga is the highest mountain in the southeast sulawesi province (2620 m alt.) and covers three districts: kolaka, north kolaka and konawe. the mountain possesses four types of forests: lowland tropical rainforest, lower montane forest, higher montane forest (with conspicuous thick and dense bryophyte covering) and subalpine forest. the mountain has long been considered to retain a high level of endemism due to its unique habitat, which is relatively isolated with soil obviously composed of high level of heavy metals, particularly nickel (as the mountain is within the legendary nickel rich verbeck range), limestone and karst. mekongga is also the source of water for at least three major rivers in southeast sulawesi (the konaweha-lahumbuti, toari and woimendoasusua). unfortunately, despite the possibility of possessing high level of endemism, there have been very few explorations ever made to the mountain, such as by kjelberg in 1929 from 2 october – 4 november at the northern part of mekongga mountains. the mountain diversity has long experienced threats including the uncontrolled logging and forest clearings from lowland up to 1800 m alt. following the termination of the logging activities in 1993 some of the already opened areas then were transformed into cacao plantations. the rest of the unused open areas became secondary forests with numerous introduced and alien species. nevertheless, some parts of the mountain still survive with fairly dense tropical rainforests including several organisms that make the mountain biologically famous such as anoa (bubalus quarlesi), babirusa (babyrousa babirussa), digo macaque (macaca ochreata), sulawesi hornbill (aceros cassidix) and of course tarsius (tarsius spectrum). due to this biological uniqueness it is regarded here that the status of protected forest is no longer suitable for protecting the amazing diversity. the improvement of the status to national park is essential and urgently required. the current study has been conducted in the foothills of mekongga protected forest (258519.5 hectares) in the vicinity of tinukari village, pasir angin sub district and north kolaka district, which also includes the masembo river. the study areas covers various types of habitats including the lowland tropical rainforests from 0 up to 500 m altitude, and lower and upper montane forests around 500 to 2000 m alt. at lower montane forests the scenery is dominated by bryophytes that densely cover the trees. upper montane forests are dominated by subalpine forests consisting of fairly dwarfed trees. several cacao plantations have been established by the local people after the logging, occurring from the base of the foothills (50 m alt.) up to 700 m alt. from the lowland area, the hills rise very steeply up to 1000 m, where the vegetation changes from lowland to highland forest, which extends to 2000 m, where it gives way to bryophyte forest. after that, there are rocky, steep hills that extend to the peak of the mountain, and the vegetation changes to subalpine forest with dwarf trees. the mekongga mountainous area consists of protected forest (258519.5 ha), limited production forest (46248.5 ha), production forest (24867.5 ha), conversion production forest (8684.35 ha) and conservation forest (tourism park alam padamarang 3654.1 ha and tourist park mangolo 3869 ha) (fig. 1). the type of soil in mekongga mountainous area under the north kolaka district includes podzolik red yellow (17%), podzolik brown grey (9%), litosol (10%), regosol (17%), aluvial (33%) and mediteran red yellow (14%), whereas in kolaka district is podzolik red yellow (24%), podzolik brown grey (15 %), litosol (19%), regosol (6%), alluvial (8%), renzina (10%) and meditteranean red yellow (18%) (fig. 2, 3). the mekongga mountainous area lies near the equatorial line which has a tropical climate with air temperature minimum 10 0 c and maximum 31 0 c or average 24 0 – 280c. the highest rainfall occurs in november and the lowest in february. 2014] 159 widjaja & potter: floristic study of mekongga fig. 1. map of mekongga mountainous area (source: biphut prov. sultra in associate program – 4, 2012). fig. 2. geological map of mekongga mountainous area (source: biphut prov. sultra in associate program – 4, 2012). reinwardtia 160 [vol.14 fig. 3. soil map of mekongga mountainous area (source: biphut prov. sultra in associate program – 4, 2012). fig. 4. map of type of climate in mekongga mountainous (source: biphut prov. sultra in associate program – 4, 2012). 2014] 161 widjaja & potter: floristic study of mekongga the highest rainfall day occurs in march and the lowest in july. there are two climates in this area, east monsoon which makes the area dry, called the dry season and west monsoon which makes the area wet, called the rainy season. therefore, there are two types of climate due to rainfall, climate type a and climate type b (fig. 4). however, this climate has changed recently, probably due to global climate change. method the floristic inventory has been done through exploration, in which all kind of plants found in flower or fruit or in spore are collected. results and discussion during the first year inventory (2009), it was reported that 523 species (105 families) have been found (widjaja et al., 2010). based on the data collected during 2009 – 2011 inventories, it is recorded that 855 species from 155 families of plants have been recorded excluding around 10 taxa that are regarded as new species. around 11% (91 species) turned out to be introduced or invasive species from various places such as china, india, madagascar, and south america. they might have been brought to mekongga through wind, water, animals (birds and bats) or human activities. the previous study also recorded 44 species found in mekongga (about 5% from flora of mekongga) as endemic to sulawesi. they are dominated by members of the families gesneriaceae (4 species), fabaceae (4 species), rubiaceae (3 species), and ericaceae (3 species). three species and one subspecies are endemic to mekongga mountain: alocasia balgooyi, a. suhirmaniana (araceae), begonia mekonggensis and b. aptera subsp. hirtissima (begoniaceae). some new records for sulawesi of species previously reported from java (47 species), malay peninsula (35 species), philippines (25 species), new guinea (14 species), sumatra (5 species), borneo (9 species), moluccas (5 species) and lesser sunda islands (3 species) were collected. more than 10 new species are proposed from this area, including a taxon of bamboo (poaceae) and taxa from families such as araliaceae, ericaceae, gesneriaceae, melastomataceae, myrtaceae and orchidaceae. the results of this current study indicate that the number of species found in the lowland tropical rainforests (0 to 1000 m alt.) is 474 species from 126 families, which are mainly dominated by euphorbiaceae, lauraceae, moraceae, poaceae, sapindaceae and rubiaceae. in the lower montane to upper montane forests in much higher altitudes (1000 to 2000 m) the number of species decreases drastically to only 90 species from 50 (lower montane forests) and 39 (upper montane forests) families. the families are mainly dominated by ericaceae, melastomataceae, myrtaceae, primulaceae and rubiaceae. in the subalpine forests with altitudes higher than 2000 m the commonly found families are ericaceae, orchidaceae, polypodiaceae, podocarpaceae, hymenophyllaceae and rubiaceae. this current study shows that approximately 96 species from 93 families have been recorded in both lower and higher altitudes (from 0 to 2000 m). fifty-eight species from 28 families have been recorded in much higher altitudes ranging from 1000 to 2620 m (peak of mount mekongga). sixteen species from 13 families are found in both lowland and much higher altitudes (2000 to 2650 m). nineteen species from 16 families are found in three altitude ranges (fig. 5). based on the figures described above, the result of this current study also indicates that the highest level of species diversity is in the lowland tropical rainforests. the diversity in the family category apparently depends on the number of species that inhabit the area; thus the number of families in lowland tropical rainforests is conspicuously higher than at higher altitudes and within the higher altitudes the numbers at lower and upper montane forests are still higher than at the peak of the mountain despite the fact that the number of species is the same. in other words, in general the plant diversity of the mekongga decreases with increasing altitude. the noticeable diversity and endemism found in mekongga mountain as shown by the results of the studies described above suggests that the current status of the mountain as protected forest is no longer appropriate to protect their existence in the future; thus the improvement of the status is essential and the current study suggests the status of national park as the best solution. conclusion from the above data, it can be concluded that the flora of the mekkongga mountains includes a total of 855 species of vascular plants. among them, 44 species are endemic to sulawesi and four species are endemic to mekongga. we also report that 145 species found in mekongga are new records for sulawesi, each of which was reinwardtia 162 [vol.14 previously recorded only from java, malay peninsula, philippine, new guinea, sumatra, borneo, moluccas or lesser sunda islands. beside that the diversity in the lowland is higher than in the upper mountain, especially near the top of the mountain. ten species are new species from mekongga including one bamboo, two orchids, one myrtaceae, one gesneriaceae, one melastomatacae, one ericaceae and one araliaceae, which still require further research. acknowledgements we would like to thank to the team of icbg for sharing the information during in the field, and also to our colleagues (arief hidayat, yessi santika, agus suyadi, wahyudi santoso, udjang hapid) who helped to collect plants during the exploration. beside that we would like also to thank the local people (gusman, basir, jumaring, head of village and several people in the village of tinukari) who always helped the team during the expedition. the project described was supported by grant number u01tw008160 from the fogarty international center, the office of dietary supplements, the national science foundation and the department of energy. this project was supported by the usda agricultural food research initiative of the national institute of food and agriculture, usda, grant #3562104750. the content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the fogarty international center or the national institutes of health, the office of dietary supplements, the national science foundation, the department of energy, or the department of agriculture.” finally we would like to thank to the whole team who helped the expedition become successful. references associate program – 4, i. c. b. g. 2012.usulan perubahan fungsi kawasan, s.l.: s.n. pusat penelitian biologi, lipi. status keanekaragaman hayati indonesia. cibinong: s.n. (in press). roos, m. c., kessler, p. j., gradstein, s. r. & baas, p. 2004. species diversity and endemism of five major malesian islands: diversity-area relationships. journal of biogeography, v (31). pp. 1893– 1908. van welzen, p. c. & slik., j. w. f. 2009. patterns in species richness and composition of plant families in the malay archipelago. blumea 54: 166–171. widjaja, e. a., hidayat, a., santika, y., atikah, t. d., sumadijaya, a. & potter, d. 2010. floristic diversity of mekongga mountains in south east sulawesi, indonesia. paper presented at flora malesiana viii, 23-27 august 2010, singapore botanical gardens. fig. 5. histogram of number of species based on the altitude. notes 0 _1000 : altitude from 0 – 1000 m asl 1001_2000: altitude from 1001 – 2000 m asl 2001_2620: altitude from 2001 – 2620 m asl 1_3 : altitude from 0– 1000 and 2000– 2620 m asl 1_2 : altitude from 0– 1000 and 1001– 2000 m asl 2_3 : altitude from 1001– 2000 and 2000– 2620 m asl 1_2_3 : altitude from 0– 1000, 1001– 2000 and 2000– 2620 m asl instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. 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[phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 411-589-2-pb belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 reinwardtia vol. 20. no. 1. pp: 27‒36 doi: 10.14203/reinwardtia.v20i1.4031 27 diversity and phenetic study on syconium of ficus l. (moraceae) from kerala, india revealing natural classification along with an identification key received january 31, 2021; accepted may 3, 2021 sreehari s. nair research and p. g. department of botany, mes asmabi college, p. vemballur, thrissur, kerala, india. email: harificus@gmail.com k. h. amitha bachan research and p. g. department of botany, mes asmabi college, p. vemballur, thrissur, kerala, india. email: amithabmes@gmail.com p. j. ebin department of botany, sacred heart college, thevara, cochin, kerala, india. email: ebinpj@shcollege.ac.in abstract nair, s. s., bachan, k. h. a. & ebin, p. j. 2021. diversity and phenetic study on syconium of ficus l. (moraceae) from kerala, india revealing natural classification along with an identification key. reinwardtia 20(1): 27–36. — ficus l. commonly called ‘figs’ is one of the most complex genera among the angiosperms with its specialised inflorescence called syconium that looks like a fruit. syconium of 33 species of ficus reported from kerala were observed here to develop a novel key, solely based on syconium morphology. numerical taxonomic methodo logy for syconium morphological characters were standardised, considering 22 characters with 104 character states and analysed using similarity clustering. the floral features of the genus are very much complex and all the existing keys for the species identification relays on both vegetative as well as floral features. hence, the present key will be practical in use when syconium is the only available part. the numerical analysis of the syconium features well clustered and separated the trees with cauliflorous inflorescence, hemi epiphytic-epiphytic life forms and independent trees similar to the natural classification of the figs as “atthi, itthi and aal”, indicating that phenetic analysis using the syconium characters alone provided a grouping similar to the natural grouping based on the habit. preliminary phylogenetic analysis of figs also provided a similar clustering. this gives an insight into the fact that the separation of figs into these natural groups is reflecting phylogenetic trait. detailed studies including more morphological traits and molecular analysis could establish the phylogenetic relation of figs in relation to the evolutionary history of climate and vegetation. key words: diversity, ficus, identification key, natural classification, phenetics, syconium. abstrak nair, s. s., bachan, k. h. a. & ebin, p. j. 2021. penelitian keanekaragaman dan fenetik bentuk sikonium ficus l. (moraceae) dari kerala, india, mengungkap klasifikasi alami dan kunci identifikasinya. reinwardtia 20(1): 27–36. — ficus l. biasa disebut 'buah ara' adalah salah satu marga paling kompleks di antara angiospermae dengan perbungaan khusus yang disebut sikonium, yang terlihat seperti buah. sikonium dari 33 jenis ficus yang dilaporkan dari kerala diamati di sini untuk mengembangkan kunci baru, hanya berdasarkan morfologi sikonium. metodologi taksonomi numerik untuk karakter morfologi sikonium distandarisasi, dengan mempertimbangkan 22 karakter dengan 104 status karakter dan dianalisis menggunakan penggugusan keserupaan. ciri-ciri bunga dari marga sangat kompleks dan semua kunci yang ada untuk identifikasi jenis bergantung pada ciri vegetatif dan juga ciri-ciri bunga. karenanya, kunci sekarang akan praktis digunakan jika sikonium adalah satu-satunya bagian yang tersedia. analisis numerik fitur sikonium mengelompok dengan baik dan memisahkan pohon dengan perbungaan kauliflorus, bentuk kehidupan hemi epifitik-epifitik dan pohon independen yang mirip dengan klasifikasi alami buah ara sebagai "atthi, itthi dan aal", menunjukkan bahwa analisis fenetik menggunakan karakter sikonium sendiri memberikan pengelompokan yang mirip dengan pengelompokan alami berdasarkan perawakan. analisis filogenetik awal dari buah ara juga memberikan pengelompokan yang serupa. ini memberikan wawasan tentang fakta bahwa pemisahan buah ara ke dalam kelompok alami ini mencerminkan sifat filogenetik. studi terperinci termasuk lebih banyak sifat morfologi dan analisis molekuler dapat menetapkan hubungan filogenetik buah ara dalam kaitannya dengan sejarah evolusi iklim dan vegetasi. kata kunci: fenetik, ficus, keanekaragaman, klasifikasi alami, kunci identifikasi, sikonium. mailto:harificus@gmail.com reinwardtia 28 [vol.20 introduction the genus ficus l. is the most advanced member in the family moraceae with a worldwide distribution of about 750 species (berg & corner, 2005; chaudhary et al., 2012). they are common ly called ‘fig’ plants. the plant is characterised by the typical hypanthodium inflorescence and the infructescence, a syconium generally referred as ‘fig’ or ‘receptacle’. fig plants are considered as a keystone species (vanitharani et al., 2009; kumar et al., 2011) in many ecosystems, with nutrient rich figs being eaten by reptiles, birds and mammals the year around. in india, the genus has about 115 species including 24 infraspecific taxa (chaudhary et al., 2012). thirty one species of figs have been so far reported from kerala (sasidharan, 2004). in general, there is a natural classification of the figs (matthew, 1995) as “atthi” (trees with cauliflorous inflorescence), “itthi” (hemi epiphytic and epiphytic trees, stranglers) and “aal” (independent trees), which were the vernacular names used by hendrik van rheede in hortus malabariucs (rheede, 1678). the presence of minute microscopic flowers within the hypanthodium make the identification of the taxa highly problematic. the keys currently in practice are not solemnly based on syconium characters but rather based on vegetative and floral morphology (gamble, 1925; corner, 1965). development of a key based on syconium features with very detailed diagnosis can make the identification of figs much easier, since the syconium being a very characteristic feature and could be easily collected. in addition to molecular data, morphological characters can also be used for establishing phylogenetic relationship (scotland et al., 2003; wiens, 2004). consideration of more morpho logical characters with detailed character states can provide a clear segregation of a genetically related group (henderson & ferreira, 2002; sonibare et al., 2004; bolourian & pakravan, 2011; rahman et al., 2013) and this could be closer towards phylogenetic segregation when compared to the traditional morpho taxonomic method. the present study focuses to provide the diversity of syconium and a key based on the syconium morphology alone for the identification of ficus species. also, to understand whether the clustering of figs based on syconium morphology have any similarity with the habit based natural classification of figs into three groups, ‘atthi’, ‘itthi’ and ‘aal’. thus, this paper uses the numerical taxonomic techniques for phenetic segregation of figs based on syconium features for developing a strong foundation of syconium based key as well as for testing the similarity with natural classification. if the natural classification is reflected in the phenetic syconium character segregation, this could be taken as first level confirmation towards the hypothesis that the natural grouping in figs are reflecting the phylogenetic affinity. materials and methods extensive field studies were conducted for the collection of specimens. syconium of the figs were collected and were preserved in faa solution (bowles, 2004). morphological characters of syconium were observed including the vestiture and the images were taken using coolpix digital microscope. the species were identified using regional floras (gamble, 1925; sasidharan, 2004) and the identified species were confirmed by herbarium consultation in the herbariums of cali, kfri, tbgt and mh. herbarium specimens and floras were consulted for the analysis of syconium of the species whose fresh materials were unavailable. the syconium characters were enumerated in a data sheet prepared specifically for syconium features following the terminologies used by simpson (1953). multiple samples were analysed for the conformity of the characters. numerical taxonomic methodology for syconium characters were developed and standardised (sneath & sokal, 1973). thirty three taxa were diagnosed and entered into the data base with 22 characters covering 104 character states (table 1). the development of the different character state is based on the range of each character and suitable for entry into a numerical matrix representing 0 and 1 for absence and presence respectively (fasila et al., 2020). the data was analysed using past software for similarity-based clustering, giving equal weight age for all the character states studied. a novel key was prepared from the observations of syconium characters and also based on the clustering provided by dendrogram. the habit specifi city of the species was confirmed according to berg (2003). the similarity clustering dendrogram obtained by analysing 22 morphological characters of syconium was used to test the relatedness of habit based natural grouping in figs with the clustering of figs based on syconium morphology and thereby to understand whether they have any phylogenetic relation. results syconium of 33 species of figs studied shows significant character dissimilarity, that are enough to differentiate them into separate species (fig. 2). out of the 33 species studied, 27 species had axillary inflorescence and 6 species had cauliflorous inflorescence. syconium of 12 species were sessile nair et al.: diversity and phenetic study on syconium of ficus l. 2020] 29 fig. 1. study area, kerala state, india. and 21 were pedunculate. among the 12 species with sessile syconium, 10 species were having outer bracts, while two species were devoid of outer bracts. within the 21 pedunculate species, 15 species had outer bracts and 6 species lack outer bracts (fig. 3). vestiture on the surface of the syconium were characteristic and were consistent in all the species studied. glabrous or hairy vestiture of the syconium were also used to separate the species. numerical taxonomic analysis of the syconium characters also showed species level separation with significant similarity and dissimilarity coefficient. the maximum dissimilarity was observed for f. auriculata lour (44%). ficus rigida var. bracteata (corner) bennet & f. superba miq and f. microcarpa l.f & f. binnendijkii (miq.) miq. were the most similar species with a 92% similarity. the dendrogram developed through similarity clustering using past software is given (fig. 4). the species were clustered into three major groups based on the similarity of syconium morphology. habit preference of the species plotted on the dendrogram and it showed a similar grouping pattern with the syconium morphology-based clustering. discussion the morphological features of the syconium were well segregated providing a syconium based identification key for 33 species. this could be very useful in practise, since the syconium is the most available part of a fig during any kind of field study. this can help field botanists as well as ecologists and people from other disciplines. the numerical analysis provided more clarity for preparing such a practical key based on syconium features. natural grouping in figs based on habit divides them into three groups as ‘atthi, itthi and aal’ in malayalam, which include the trees with cauliflo rous inflorescence, hemi epiphytic-epiphytic life forms and independent trees respectively. similar ity clustering based on 104 character states of the syconium morphology alone separated the species significantly and also clustered them into three groups similar to the natural grouping based on habit, strengthening relatedness between clustering based on syconium morphology and natural grouping. the only exceptions in the clustering were f. superba and f. hispida, two cauliflorous species ware grouped along with the independent reinwardtia 30 [vol.20 table 1. character and character states of ficus species studied. sl. no. character character states 1 inflorescence position axillary, cauliflorous 2 inflorescence clustering solitary, paired, clustered 3 basal bracts present, absent 4 syconium length maximum 1–10 mm, 11–20 mm, 21–30 mm, 31–40 mm, 41–50 mm, 51–60 mm, 61–70 mm, 71–80 mm, 81–90 mm, 91– 100 mm 5 syconium length minimum 1–10 mm, 11–20 mm, 21–30 mm, 31–40 mm, 41–50 mm, 51–60 mm 6 syconium width maximum 1–10 mm, 11–20 mm, 21–30 mm, 31–40 mm, 41–50 mm, 51–60 mm, 61–70 mm 7 syconium width minimum 1–10 mm, 11–20 mm, 21–30 mm, 31–40 mm, 41–50 mm 8 syconium shape obovoid, globose, turbinate, oblong, ovoid 9 syconium pubescence glabrous, hairy, hairy near ostiole 10 syconium texture glabrous, pubescent, pilose, scars, scabrid, strigose, puberulent, tomentose 11 peduncle present, absent 12 peduncle length maximum 1–10 mm, 11–20 mm, 21–30 mm, 31–40 mm 13 peduncle length minimum 1–10 mm, 11–20 mm, 21–30 mm, 31–40 mm 14 peduncle width maximum 1–5 mm, 6–10 mm, 11–15 mm 15 peduncle width minimum 0–1.0 mm, 1.1–2.0 mm, 2.1–3.0 mm, 3.1–4.0 mm 16 peduncle shape terete, angular 17 peduncle pubescence glabrous, hairy 18 peduncle texture glabrous, pubescent, pilose, scars, scabrid, strigose, puberulent, villous 19 syconium colour at young stage green, pale green 20 syconium colour on maturity green, dark green, pale brown, yellow, pale yellow, orange, pale red, purple, white, grey 21 syconium colour on ripening green, dark green, pale brown, yellow, pale yellow, orange, pale red, purple, brown 22 lenticels present, absent nair et al.: diversity and phenetic study on syconium of ficus l. 2020] 31 fig. 2. syconium of figs. a. f. amplissima. b. f. anamalayana. c. f. arnottiana. d. f. auriculata. e. f. beddomei. f. f. benjamina. g. f. benghalensis. h. f. callosa. i. f. drupacea. j. f. asperata. k. f. heterophylla. l. f. hispida. m. f. microcarpa. n. f. nervosa. o. f. pumila. p. f. racemosa. q. f. religiosa. r. f. talbotii. s. f. tinctoria ssp. gibbosa. t. f. tinctoria ssp. parasitica. u. f. tsjahela. v. f. virens. w. f. amplocarpa. x. f. binnendijkii. y. f. caulocarpa. z. f. costata. a1. f. dalhousiae. a2. f. elastica. a3. f. guttata. a4. f. krishnae. a5. f. mollis. a6. f. rigida var. bracteata. a7. f. superba. reinwardtia 32 [vol.20 fig. 3. diversity of the syconium. syconium based key for the identification of ficus species 1a. syconium sessile, peduncle absent ……………...……………………………......……………….….... 2 1b. syconium not sessile, peduncle present ….…...…………………...……………………....................... 3 2a. surface of the syconium hairy ….……………….…………………………………….……….……..... 4 2b. surface of the syconium glabrous ……………………………………………...............................…… 5 4a. receptacles paired, surface with puberulent hairs, basal bracts absent ..........................… f. krishnae 4b. receptacles clustered, surface with pubescent or tomentose hairs, basal bracts present …................. 6 6a. figs with pubescent hairs, 1.5–2.5 cm in size, red coloured on ripening ………….. f. benghalensis 6b. figs with tomentose hairs, 0.8–1.0 cm in size, brown coloured on ripening .……….....….. f. mollis 5a. surface of the syconium with scars, syconium solitary in arrangement .……………...….... f. talbotii 5b. surface of the syconium glabrous without scars, syconium not solitary in arrangement, clustered ……………………………………………………………………………………...…...…. 7 7a. basal bracts present ……………………...………………………………………….………...…… 8 7b. basal bracts absent ……………….………………….…….…………………….…… f. benjamina 8a. figs arranged solitary or in pairs …….…………………………………………………………... 9 8b. figs arranged in clusters …….…………………………...…………………..……………..….. 10 9a. syconium obovoid in shape, arranged solitary …………..……………..……….. f. amplissima 9b. syconium not obovoid in shape, arranged in pairs ………………….………...…….. ……… 11 11a. shape of the receptacle oblong ……………………………..…..……………....…………. 12 11b. shape of the receptacle not oblong, globose or ovoid ………………………..………...… 13 12a. figs up to 4 cm, red coloured on ripening ………………………………....…. f. drupacea 12b. figs up to 1.5 cm, yellow coloured on ripening …………................………...… f. elastica 13a. receptacle globose in shape, 0.8–1.0 cm in size, orange coloured on ripening ………………………….…………………………………...…….. f. microcarpa 13b. receptacle ovoid in shape, 0.3–0.5 cm in size, red coloured on ripening ………….. …...………………….………………………………………….………….... f. binnendijkii nair et al.: diversity and phenetic study on syconium of ficus l. 2020] 33 10a. syconium 0.4–1.0 cm in size, red coloured on ripening ……………..………..….. f. religiosa 10b. syconium 0.5– 0.6 cm in size, pale brown coloured on ripening …………..…...…. f. tsjakela 3a. figs cauliflorous ……………………………………..………………………….…………….……… 14 3b. figs axillary ……………………………………………………………..………………..………...… 15 14a. receptacles in pairs, arising from long hanging racemes, rarely axillary ……………..…. f. hispida 14b. receptacles in clusters, arising from the main trunk only ……..…………………...…………….. 16 16a. turbinate shaped syconium, surface of the syconium hairy…….…………………… f. auriculata 16b. globose shaped syconium, surface of the syconium glabrous …………..……………...…….… 17 17a. figs less than 1.5 cm across, purple coloured in ripening ………………………...... f. superba 17b. figs above 2.0 cm across, red coloured in ripening ……….……….……………………...….. 18 18a. receptacles in clusters of many, on long racemes (up to 15 cm) ……..………..... f. racemosa 18b. receptacles in clusters of few, not on long racemes …………………………………...…… 19 19a. figs large, 3.0–6.5 cm in size, peduncle up to 1.0 cm in length, mature figs without ooze of resin …………………………………………................................…. f. amplocarpa 19b. figs small, up to 2.5–3.5 cm in size, peduncle above 1.0 cm in length, mature figs with ooze of resin ………………………….…………………………………...…. f. guttata 15a. syconium arranged as clusters on the axis ………………….………………..………………...…. 20 15b. syconium arranged in pairs or solitary on the axis ……………………….………………………. 21 20a. peduncle and figs hairy, peduncle up to 0.2–0.4 cm long …………...…………...… f. caulocarpa 20b. peduncle and figs glabrous, peduncle up to 0.1–0.2 cm long ………………….…… f. arnottiana 21a. figs paired ……………………………………………………………………………...……….. 22 21b. figs solitary …………………………………………………………………………………...… 23 22a. basal bracts present ………………………………………………….………………...……… 24 22b. basal bracts absent ………………………………………………...…….……………………. 25 24a. globose shaped receptacles …………………………………………….....……………….... 26 24b. obovoid shaped receptacles …………………………………………………..….………..... 27 26a. peduncle long, 0.5–1.0 cm, figs less than 1.8 cm across …………………...…………...… 28 26b. peduncle short, 0.1–0.3 cm, figs 2.0 cm and above ………..……………...….....…. f. virens 28a. receptacles 1.2–1.6 cm in size, peduncle 0.5–0.8 cm long, yellow–red coloured on ripening …………………………………………………………………...…….. f. costata 28b. receptacles 0.8–1.2 cm in size, peduncle 0.5–1.0 cm long, pale brown–purple coloured on ripening …………………………………….…...….... f. rigida var. bracteata 27a. syconium above 3.5 cm, surface glabrous with scars, peduncle angular in shape …… ……………………………………………………………………………...….... f. beddomei 27b. syconium below 2.5 cm, surface hairy without scars, peduncle terete in shape ………..... 29 29a. figs and peduncle hairy, figs 1.0–1.6 cm across, peduncle 0.8–1.0 cm ……. f. dalhousiae 29b. figs hairy near ostiole and peduncle glabrous, figs 1.6–2.3 cm across, peduncle 0.5–1.2 cm ………………………...…………………………………........ f. anamalayana 25a. length of the peduncle above 1.0 cm, receptacles red coloured on ripening … f. exasperata 25b. length of the peduncle below 0.8 cm, receptacles yellow coloured on ripening ………… 30 30a. surface of the syconium hairy, below 0.8 cm in size, peduncle 0.4–0.6 cm in length …..……………………………………………………...………… f. tinctoria ssp. gibbosa 30b. surface of the syconium glabrous, above 1.0 cm in size, peduncle 0.5–1.0 cm in length ………..…………….……………..………………...….. f. tinctoria ssp. parasitica 23a. receptacle obovoid in shape, hairy, with basal bracts ……………..………….……… f. pumila 23b. receptacle globose in shape, glabrous, without basal bracts ……………...……...…….…….. 31 31a. syconium with scars on the surface, 2.8–3.5 cm across, peduncle hairy …...… f. heterophylla 31b. syconium without scars on the surface, glabrous, below 3.0 cm across, peduncle glabrous.. 32 32a. receptacles 2.5 cm and above, peduncle length above 1.0 cm …………………. f. callosa 32b. receptacles below 2.0 cm, peduncle length 0.8–1.0 cm …………………….…. f. nervosa reinwardtia 34 [vol.20 fig. 4. dendrogram showing the clustering of figs based on syconium morphology and habit preference. nair et al.: diversity and phenetic study on syconium of ficus l. 2020] 35 trees. ficus superba might have grouped among them due to the close similarity in the syconium morphology with other species in the group. ficus hispida shows cauliflorous inflorescence as well as axillary inflorescence. along with this, the close similarity in syconium morphological characters could be the reason for the exceptional clustering of this species with other members. phylogenetic studies on figs also provided a similar grouping (sreehari & bachan, 2020). morphometric studies were used to establish the genetic relatedness in many genera (rahman et al., 2013). since the phenetic analysis of the syconium and preliminary phylogenetic analysis shows a clustering, similar to the natural grouping of figs, this could be taken as first level confirmation towards the hypothesis that the natural grouping in figs is reflecting the phylogenetic affinity. conclusion the syconium based numerical analysis showed that the morphological variations in syconium characters alone is significant to separate the species. hence, the syconium morphology-based identification key will be practical in use, even when the syconium is the only available part. the syconium morphology-based clustering was much similar to the natural grouping of figs into trees with cauliflorous inflorescence, hemi epiphyticepiphytic life forms and independent trees, indicating phylogenetic affinity. detailed phenetic analysis incorporating more morphological characters, molecular studies including a greater number of taxa and their ecological association within a geographical enclosure can provide more light on the phylogeny of figs in relation to the evolutionary history of climate and vegetation. acknowledgements we are grateful to the department of botany, mes asmabi college, p. vemballur and sacred herat college, thevara, for providing the facilities to carry out the work. the authors are thankful to the curators of cali, kfri, tbgt and mh for the services provided for the completion of the study. references berg, c. c. 2003. flora malesiana precursor for the treatment of moraceae 1: the main subdivision of ficus: the subgenera. blumea 48(1): 166 –177. berg, c. c. & corner, e. j. h. 2005. moraceae: ficus. flora malesiana series i (seed plants) 17. pp. 1–730. bolourian, s. & pakravan, m. 2011. a morphometric study of the annual species of alyssum (brassicaceae) in iran based on their macroand micromorphological characters. phytologia balcanica 17(3): 283–289. bowles, j. m. 2004. guide to plant collection and identification. uwo herbarium workshop on plant collection and identification. 23 pp. chaudhary, l. b., sudhakar, j. v., kumar, a., bajpai, o. & tiwari, r. 2012. synopsis of the genus ficus l. (moraceae) in india. taiwania 57(2): 193–216. corner, e. j. h. 1965. check list of ficus in asia and australasia with keys to identification. gard. bull. sing. 21: 1–186. fasila, p. k., bachan, a. k. h., girija, t. p. & pradeep, a. k. 2020. cryptocarya sheikelmudiyana (lauraceae), a new species from the western ghats in kerala, india. taiwania 65(3): 265–271. gamble, j. s. 1925. flora of the presidency of madras. vol. 3. adlard & son. ltd., london. pp. 1351−1371. henderson, a. & ferreira, e. 2002. a morphometric study of synechanthus (palmae). systematic botany 27(4): 693–702. kumar, a., bajpai, o., mishra, a. k., sahu, n., behera, s. k. & chaudhary, l. b. 2011. assessment of diversity in the genus ficus l. (moraceae) of katerniaghat wildlife sanctuary, uttar pradesh, india. american journal of plant sciences 2(1): 78– 92. matthew, k. m. 1995. an excursion flora of central tamil nadu, india. crc press. rahman, m. o., rahman, m. z. & begum, a. 2013. numerical taxonomy of the genus senna mill. from bangladesh. bangladesh journal of plant taxonomy 20(1): 77–83. rheede tot draakestein, h. a. van. 1678. hortus indicus malabaricus. vol. 1. amsterdam: j. van someren & j. van dyck. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.707 pp. sasidharan, n. & sivarajan, v. v. 2004. biodiversity documentation of kerala. part 6. kfri hand book. scotland, r. w., olmstead, r. g. & bennett, j. r. 2003. phylogeny recons truction: the role of morphology. syst. biol. 52 (4): 539–548. doi: 10.1080/10635150390223613. simpson, m. g. 1953. plant systematics. elsevier. inc. sneath, p. h. a. & sokal, r. r. 1973. numerical taxonomy. freeman and company, san francisco, usa. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.707 doi:%2010.1080/10635150390223613 reinwardtia 36 [vol.20 sonibare, m. a., jayeola, a. a. & egunyomi, a. 2004. a morphometric analysis of the genus ficus linn. (moraceae). african journal of biotechnology 3(4): 229–235. sreehari, s. n. & bachan, a. k. h. 2020. phylogenetic study on the genus ficus l. (moraceae) in kerala using its sequences as molecular marker. meridian 9(1): 34–37. vanitharani, j., bharathi, b. k., margaret, i. v., malleshappa, h., ojha r. k. & naik, k. g. a. 2009. ficus diversity in southern western ghats: a boon for bio diversity conservation. journal of theoretical experimental biology 6(1): 69–79. wiens, j. j. 2004. the role of morphological data in phylogeny reconstruction. syst. biol. 53(4): 653–661. doi: 10.1080/10635150490472959. doi:%2010.1080/10635150490472959 r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 2, pp. 221 — 223 (1975) a note on podoconis megasperma boedijn mien a. rifai herbarium bogorienses, bogor, indonesia abstract the lectotype specimen of podoeonis megasperma is selected and this species is reclassified as exosporium megaspermum (boedijn) rifai, a newly proposed combination. an illustrated redescription is presented. abstrak spesimen lektotipe untuk podoeonis megasperma ditentukan dan jenis ini diklasifikasikan sebagai exosporium megapermum (boedjjn) rifai, yang merupakan suatu kombinasi baru. suatu pertelaan bergambar disajikan. examination of the original specimens of podoeonis megasperma boedijn (1933) revealed that this species cannot be considered to be congeneric with podoeonis theae (rant) boedijn sensu boedijn (1933) — the lectotype and only other original species of the genus podoeonis boedijn (hughes 1953), which in turn was treated as a synonym of sporidesmium link ex fr. by ellis (1958, 1971) — because its conidiogenous cells are tretic and not monoblastic. the majority of these cells appear monotretic so that at a glance podoeonis megasperma resembles a species of corynespora giissow. a diligent search for more mature conidiophores indicates, however, that their proliferation is not percurrent through the previous pore because in renewing their apices these conidiophores grow sympodially. consequently when proliferation took place the conidial scar was pushed aside and the apical portion of the old conidiophore became irregularly frayed, as has been illustrated by boedijn (1933: 126, fig. 4/5). therefore podoeonis megasperma should be classified as a species of exosporium link ex fr. as this genus is understood by ellis (1961, ]971), inspite of the fact that its stroma is rather poorly developed and its conidia are euseptate; in this respect this species resembles exosporium ampullaceum (fetch) m.b. ellis. 221 — 222 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 1975] rifai: on podoconis megasperma 223 as boedijn (1933) did not indicate which of the seven specimens he cited should serve as the holotype specimen, the collection boedijn 366 is here formally indicated as the lectotype of podoconis megasperma. exosporium megaspermum (boedijn) rifai, comb. nov. — fig. 1 podoconis -megasperma boedijn in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. i l l , 13: 133, fig. 3/15, 4/5, 7. 1933 (basionym). colonies widely effused, brownish black to black, finely hairy. mycelium mostly immersed in the substrate, consisted of much branched, septate, pale brown to brown, smooth walled, 1.8 — 4,5µm diam. hyphae. stromata poorly developed, immersed, composed a very few layers of polygonal cells. conidiophores arise singly or at the most in a group of two's or three's, terete, unbranched, straight or flexuous, dark brown to reddish brown and paler towards the slightly swollen apex, up to 480 µm long by 8 —11.5 µm diam., often enlarged to about 18.5 µm diam. at the base, septate, smooth walled. the outer wall of the conidiophore is slightly thickened and dark at the apex and after the first conidium which develops through a pore in the centre of this thickened apex has fallen, the conidiophore grows out laterally below the scar splitting the side wall and pushing the scar to one side, then growing for some distance before forming the second conidium at the newly constituted apex. conidia maturing acrosporously, broadly obclavate to subfusoidal, often rostrate, with truncated dark scars at the base, smooth walled, dark reddish brown but paler towards the apex, 4 — 7 septate with the second cell from below largest, 60 — 90 µm long by 20 — 28.5 µm wide at the widest part, tapering to 3 •—4.5µm near the apex. west java. on decayed stems, cibodas nature reserve, april 1930, boedijn ss2 (bo 11529), boedijn 333 (bo 11458), boedijn 366 (bo 11373, lectotype), boedijn 515 (bo 11281); ibid., december 1930, boedijn 945 (bo 12002); ibid., august 1931, boedijn 1597 (bo 12753), boedijn 1599 (bo 12754). references in bull. jard.boedijn, k.b. (1933). ueber eininge phragmosporen dematiazeen. 'bot. buitenz. i l l , 13: 120—134. ellis, m.b. (1958). clasterosporium and some allied dematiaceae phragmospora i. in c.m.i. mycol. pap. 70: 1—89. ellis, m.b. (1961). dematiaceous hyphomycetes iii.in c.m.i. mycol. papellis, m.b. (1971). dematiaceous hyphomycetes. comm. mycol. inst., hughes, s.j. (1953). podoconis in britain. in naturalist, lond. 864: fig. 1. exosporium megaspermum (from boedijn 366) rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_21 rein.vol.9,part 2, 183-223_page_22 reinwardtia 2021 20 (1) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 10/e/kpt/2019 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 20 (1): 1 – 41, july 07, 2021 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) eka fatmawati tihurua (morphologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) layout liana astuti illustrators wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: begonia robii ardi & girm. a. plant habit. b. stipules. c. bracts. d. inflorescence. e. male flower, front view. f. male flower, side view. g. female flower, front view. h. female flower, side view. i. fruit. j. ovary, cross section of middle part. from wisnu ardi wi 761. photos by w.h. ardi. http://blog.sivitas.lipi.go.id/ekaf001/ the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 20(1): andrew j. henderson, the new york botanical garden, new york, usa badal kumar datta, tripura university, agartala, india chien c. lee, kuching, sarawak, malaysia daniel c. thomas, singapore botanic gardens, singapore ren-yong yu, naturalis biodiversity center, leiden, the netherlands roderick w. bouman, hortus botanicus, leiden, the netherlands rugayah, herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia shih-hui liu, national sun yat-sen university, kaohsiung, taiwan reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 27−33 27 for indonesia. about 17 species (68%) of indonesian amorphophallus are endemic, of which eight species occur in sumatera, five species occurs in java, three species occurs in kalimantan and one species occurs in sulawesi (hetterscheid & ittenbach, 1996). within the indonesian archipelago, java is floristically the best known. it was the first large malesian area to be botanically explored. the immense anthropogenic pressures on the flora of java have directly resulted in the degradation of plant diversity of this island, largely because of the extensive land conversion over many decades. the genus amorphophallus is characterized as having a spadix consists of unisexual flowers, female flowers towards the base and male towards introduction the genus amorphophallus (araceae – thomsonieae) was established by blume (18361837) and fully revised by engler (1911). since then, several authors, for example, bogner et al. (1985); hetterscheid (1994), and hetterscheid and ittenbach (1996), have partly reviewed or discussed the genus and have described some new species (yuzammi, 2009). this genus comprises ca. 200 species, distributed from west africa, the subtropical eastern himalayas throughout subtropical and tropical asia into the tropical western pacific and north-east australia (sedayu et al., 2010; boyce et al., 2012), of which 25 species (12.5%) are recorded conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia received september 29, 2013; accepted april 8, 2014 yuzammi centre for plant conservation – bogor botanic gardens, lipi. jln. ir. h. juanda no. 13 bogor, 16122. e-mail: yuzammi@yahoo.co.id joko ridho witono centre for plant conservation – bogor botanic gardens, lipi. jln. ir. h. juanda no. 13 bogor, 16122. wilbert l. a. hetterscheid von gimborn arboretum verlperengh 13941 bz doorn, netherlands. abstract yuzammi, witono, j. r. & hetterscheid, w. l. a. 2014. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia. reinwardtia 14 (1): 27 − 33. — amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. is one of the javan endemic aroid species. this species is locally endemic to the slopes of mount wilis in kediri regency (east java) at elevations between 600–1300 m. poorly known species like a. discophorus could easily become extinct if not distinguished from other species, such as a. muelleri, that are used for commercial purposes. the conversion of natural forests for agriculture over the last decade has resulted in a loss of suitable habitat for this species. several field trips undertaken to locate natural populations of this species have proved unsuccessful. based on these field exercises, a. discophorus is regarded as presumed extinct in the wild. key words: amorphophallus discophorus, araceae, east java, extinct, mount wilis. abstrak yuzammi & witono, j. r. & hetterscheid, w. l. a. 2014. status konservasi amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) di jawa, indonesia. reinwardtia 14 (1): 27 − 33. — salah satu jenis endemik yang berasal dari jawa adalah amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. jenis ini merupakan jenis endemik yang ditemukan di lereng gunung wilis di kabupaten kediri, jawa timur pada ketinggian antara 600 – 1300 m. pengetahuan dan pengenalan jenis a. discophorus sangat sedikit diketahui dan hal ini sangat mudah menjadikannya punah apabila tidak dapat membedakannya dengan jenis lain seperti a. muelleri, yaitu jenis yang telah lama dimanfaatkan untuk tujuan komersial. dalam dekade terakhir banyak sekali ditemukan alih fungsi hutan menjadi lahan pertanian sehingga menyebabkan habitat yang sesuai untuk jenis ini menjadi hilang. beberapa studi lapangan telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui populasi jenis ini di alam dan hasilnya tidak menemukan satupun jenis ini di habitat aslinya. berdasarkan studi lapangan tersebut maka dapat dikatakan bahwa jenis ini telah punah di alam. kata kunci: amorphophallus discophorus, araceae, jawa timur, gunung wilis, punah. mailto:yuzammi@yahoo.co.id reinwardtia 28 [vol.14 the apex and a spathe divided into a limb and convolute lower tube (mayo et al., 1997). the spadix usually consists of numerous flowers that are sessile and very small. the female zone lies below the male zone and the appendix is located above the male zone. in general, the anthesis of female flowers is earlier than male flowers therefore the opportunity for self-pollination is limited. the pollination of species of amorphophallus usually depends on insect pollinators such as beetles. there are eight species of amorphophallus known to occur in java, namely, a. annulifer hett., a. decus-silvae backer & alderw., a. discophorus backer & alderw., a. muelleri blume, a. paeoniifolius (dennst.) nicolson, a. sagittarius steenis, a. spectabilis (miq.) engl. and a. variabilis blume. of these eight species, the following five are recognized as endemic: a. annulifer, a. decussilvae, a. discophorus, a. sagittarius and a. spectabilis (yuzammi, 2009). it is mentioned in the protologue (alderwerelt van rosenburgh, 1920) that the species had only been found in mount wilis, kediri regency, east jawa (hetterscheid & ittenbach, 1996; yuzammi, 2009). the rapid development of the area surrounding of mount wilis has threatened the natural populations of a. discophorus. several recent field studies failed to locate natural populations of a. discophorus. this study of a. discophorus was funded by the incentive programs of researchers and engineer – indonesian institute of sciences to the first and second authors. the remaining endemic species will be studied under other schemes. description amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw., bull. jard. bot. buitenz. 3rd ser., vol. 1 (1920) 371; backer, de trop. nat. 9(1) (1920) 23, figs. 5, 6; bakhuizen v.d. brink, fl. of java vol. 3 (1968) 112. ― syntypes: backer nrs. 11463bis, 11470, 11563 (bo, all), indonesia, java, mt. wilis (eastern ridges, above kediri), alt. 1200-1300 m., 11 15 february 1914. tuber depressed-globose. leaf solitary; petiole 80 – 120 cm long, green with dark brown and greyish spots, the basal part rugose; lamina ca. 100 – 150 cm in diam; terminal segments elliptic or oblonglanceolate, up to ca. 20 cm long, ca. 6 cm in diam, long acuminate, base abruptly and long decurrent. inflorescence solitary, long peduncled; peduncle 80 – 150 cm long, rest as petiole; spathe ovate, ca. 15 – 20 cm long, ca. 7.5 – 14 cm in diam, acute or obtuse, sometimes shortly apiculate, outside base dull dark green with scattered whitish dots, upper part dirty greyish purple with scattered, faint paler dots, the margin darker, inside base pale yellowish green, then a narrow zone of purple with a distinct greyish waxy layer, the limb glossy dark maroon, base within with small, conical, obtuse verrucae. spadix sessile, shorter or slightly longer than spathe, ca. 14 – 20 cm long; female zone cylindric, ca. 3 – 4 cm long, ca. 1.5 cm in diam, flowers congested; male zone obconic with a central, disciform swollen part, ca. 2 – 2.5 cm long, ca. 1 cm in diam at the base and 1.3 cm at the top, disc ca. 2 cm in diam, top roofed against the base of the appendix, flowers congested; appendix sessile, elongate conic, base truncated, broadly expanded (annuliform) and concave, ca. 10 – 15 cm long, ca. 2 – 3.5 cm in diam at the middle, surface verruculate, cream, yellowish green or dirty purple with a yellowish base, top obtusish or acutish, producing a heavy gas-like smell at female anthesis. ovaries depressed or obovate, subcircular or angulate in cross section, 3 – 4 mm in diam, ca. 2 mm long, depressed in the middle, lower half yellowish green, upper half blackish purple and with a grooved surface, 2-locular, one basal ovule per locule; style 1 – 2 mm long, ca. 1 mm in diam at the base, dark purple; stigma conical, obtuse, ca. 1 mm high, ca. 1 mm in diam, bright yellow or brown, shalowly 2-lobed, lobes obtuse, surface echinulate; male flowers consisting of 3 – 4 stamens; stamens ca. 2.5 mm long; filaments ca. 1.5 mm long, connate; anthers truncate or slightly rounded, ca. 1 mm long, ca. 1 – 2 mm in diam, yellow, pores apical, elongate. pollen striate. fruits red. distribution. amorphophallus discophorus is locally endemic species as cited in type specimen and only found around mount wilis, east java, indonesia at secondary forest, 600 – 1.300 m alt. additional specimens. hetterscheid h. am. 537 (l), central java, mt. wilis (orig. coll. sizemore & hambali 95-005, cult. in leiden bot. garden). notes. in nearly all respects, a. discophorus resembles a. annulifer hett. from west java. the latter species lacks the disc in the male zone and in large specimens the appendix is much longer than the spathe. from the syntypes, only backer 11463bis could be located in bo. unfortunately in this specimen the entire male zone is destroyed. result and discussion amorphophallus discophorus can be distinguished from others javanese amorphophallus by having swollen disc-like in male zone. it means that something with a round shape resembling a flat 2014] 29 yuzammi et al. : conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus in jawa circular plate about in the middle of male zone. according to the protologue a. discophorus only occurs in the area surrounding mount wilis. mount wilis is an inactive volcano at an altitude 2.563 m asl (anonymous, 2013). the peak of mount wilis is shared by six regencies namely kediri regency (the eastern part of mount wilis), tulungagung regency (the southeast part of mount wilis), trenggalek regency (the southern part of mount wilis), ponorogo regency (the western part of mount wilis), madiun regency (the northwest part of mount wilis) and nganjuk regency (the northern part of mount wilis). five of six regencies (excluding trenggalek regency) located at the slopes of mount wilis have been explored (table 1) in an effort to find a. discophorus. the first fieldwork conducted in 1998–1999 in the foot hills of mount wilis at kediri regency failed to find a. discophorus. ten years later, a second round of fieldwork was conducted at two locations on the slope of mount wilis at kediri regency. the areas are managed by bkph (division of forest management unit) kediri and kph (forest management unit) kediri and are located at badut village and ampel gading village in mojo district, kediri regency at an altitude of 727 – 835 m. it was also not possible to encounter the species during the second attemp. in the following year, another field work was carried out at parang village, banyakan district in kediri regency at an elevation of 500 – 900 m asl. it was also unsuccessful. in 2010, the fieldwork was undertaken in a location managed by bkph wilis barat, kph lawu ds (wagir lor village, ngebel district, ponorogo regency at an altitude of 753-800 m) in both secondary and disturbed primary forests. however, it was also unsuccessful. in 2011, subsequent work was conducted in nganjuk regency and madiun regency. the latest fieldwork was conducted in april 2013 in madiun regency. none of the field studies were successful. the failure to locate a. discophorus in the wild is probably caused by several factors. firstly, most of secondary forest on the slopes of surrounding mount wilis has been converted into plantations such as timber, cassava and maize plantations in the last decades. these plantations are still in operation and it is here concluded that the land conversion probably damaged the habitat of the species. secondly, the forest fire destroyed the forests on the slopes of mount wilis in 2009. roqib (2009) mentioned that the fire started at rph sugihan, kph kediri in kediri regency at the elevation of 1.200–1.300 m. the fire continued to spread up to bkph north wilis and kph lawu. the fire has destroyed at least 90 ha of the slope of mount wilis. in the following years several forest fires occurred on mount wilis. in 2012, for example, a forest fire destroyed the forests on the western slope of mount wilis. this time the fire occurred in bkph dungus, madiun regency (efendi, 2012). forest fires that occurred on the slopes of mount wilis have damaged forest land and left the land in a critical condition. futhermore, mayo et al. (1997) mentioned that fire is very destructive and the removal of the forest favours the invasion of weedy plants which prevent the regeneration of the great majority of forest inhabiting araceae. in this case, the fires not only burnt all of the growing plants of a. discophorus, but it also damaged tubers of this species. finally, the inadequate knowledge of local people of the distinguishing features of a. discophofig. 1. amorphophallus discophorus: inflorescence (a), spadix with swallon disc-like in male zone, a part of spathe removed (b), tuber (c). (photo: wilbert hetterscheid). a b c reinwardtia 30 [vol.14 rus meant that it has been mistakenly harvested as of a. muelleri, its commercially grown relative. apparently, the tuber size of a. discophorus is similar to a. muelleri. people who live on the slopes of mount wilis and surrounding areas mention that excessive harvesting of porang (a. muelleri) and other related species were carried out from 2007– 2009. all tubers of amorphophallus were sent directly to surabaya and then processed into flour for export purposes. it is assumed that only tubers of a. muelleri were selected and processed, whereas tubers of other species (including a. discophorus) were removed and discarded. flour of a. muelleri is known as the most valuable flour due to of its high glucomannan content (sumarwoto, 2007). nowadays, a. muelleri is cultivated in plantations in certain locations in east java as the demand for flour of the species has increased. conclusion based on the field observations, a. discophorus is presumably extinct or, at the very least, locally extinct. further searches for and field studies of natural populations of a. discophorus are required to clarify the conservation status of the species. recommended localities that should be searched include the trenggalek regency, tulungagung regency and some areas in kediri regency. fig. 2. left – java map (above) and east java map (below); right –the localities of fieldwork surrounding of mount wilis (red dots). fig. 3. slope of mount wilis at kediri regency, east java. almost all of the secondary forest has been destroyed. 2014] 31 yuzammi et al. : conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus in jawa acknowledgements we thank to kph jawa timur for permission to undertakes fieldwork in their management areas. we also thank to sri wahyuni and mr. sudarsono for the assistance during the field trips. a part of this fieldwork was supported by the incentive programs of researchers and engineer – indonesian institute of sciences in 20092011. references alderwerelt van rosenburgh, c. r. w. k. 1920. new or noteworthy malayan araceae. bulletin jardin botanical buitenzorg 1 (3): 359–389. anonymous. 2013. gunung wilis. http:// id.wikipedia.org/wiki/gunung_wilis (accessed on 01 -08-13). bogner, j., mayo, s. j. & sivadasan, m. 1985. new species and changing concepts in amorphophallus. aroideana 8: 15–24. boyce, p. c. a., sookchaloem, d, hetterscheid, w. l. a., gusman, g., jacobsen, n., idei, t. & van du, n. 2012. araceae. flora of thailand 11(2): 1–221. blume, c. l. 1836–1837. collectanea ad monographian aroidearum. rumphia 1: 73–124 (1836); 125–154 (1837). leiden. efendi, a. w. 2012. hutan gunung wilis kembali t e r b a k a r . h t t p : / / d a e r a h . s i n d o n e w s . c o m / read/2012/10/04/23/677010/hutan -gunung-wiliskembali-terbakar (accessed on 12-08-2013). engler, a. 1911. araceae-lasioideae. in: engler, a. pflanzenreich 48 (iv. 23c): 1–130. hetterscheid, w. l. a. 1994. notes on the genus amorphophallus (araceae) –2 new species from tropical asia. blumea 39: 237–281 hetterscheid, w. l. a. & ittenbach, s. 1996. everything you always wanted to know about amorphophallus, but were afraid to stick your nose into!!!!!. aroideana 19: 7–131. mayo, s. j., j. bogner & boyce, p. c. a. 1997. the genera of araceae. royal botanic gardens, kew. roqib, m. 2009. lereng gunung wilis kebakaran. h t t p : / / n e w s . o k e z o n e . c o m / read/2009/10/09/340/264317/lereng-gunung-wiliskebakaran (accessed on 12-08-13). sedayu, a., eurlings, m. c. m., gravendeel, b. & hetterscheid, w. l. a. 2010. m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r e v o l u t i o n o f amorphophallus (araceae) based on a combined phylogenetic analysis of trnl, rbcl and leafy second intron sequences. botanical studies 51: 473 – 490. sumarwoto, 2007. review: constituen of manna of iles-iles (amorphophallus muelleri blume). bioteknologi 4 (1): 28–32. (in indonesian). yuzammi. 2009. the genus amorphophallus blume ex decaisne (araceae-thomsonieae) in java. reinwardtia 13(1): 1–12. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/gunung_wilis http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/gunung_wilis http://daerah.sindonews.com/read/2012/10/04/23/677010/hutan-gunung-wilis-kembali-terbakar http://daerah.sindonews.com/read/2012/10/04/23/677010/hutan-gunung-wilis-kembali-terbakar http://daerah.sindonews.com/read/2012/10/04/23/677010/hutan-gunung-wilis-kembali-terbakar http://news.okezone.com/read/2009/10/09/340/264317/lereng-gunung-wilis-kebakaran http://news.okezone.com/read/2009/10/09/340/264317/lereng-gunung-wilis-kebakaran http://news.okezone.com/read/2009/10/09/340/264317/lereng-gunung-wilis-kebakaran reinwardtia 32 [vol.14 table 1. fieldwork localities to assess a. discophorus population surrounding mount wilis in east java . no localities no. of population year latitude longitude altitude (m asl) 1. badut village, mojo district, kediri regency, east java 0 2009 s: 07⁰ 51’ 19.0” e: 111⁰ 52’ 40.2” 735 2. ampel village, mojo district, kediri regency, east java 0 2009 s: 07⁰ 52’ 07.1” e: 111⁰ 52’ 21.0” 727 3. block 164a, rph kediri, kph kediri, ampel village, mojo district, kediri regency, east java 0 2009 s: 07⁰ 52’ 05.9” e: 111⁰ 51’ 43.0” 835 4. jeli village, karangrejo district, tulung agung regency, east java 0 2009 s: 07⁰ 58’ 47.7” e: 111⁰ 55’ 03.9” 105 5. padas village, dagangan district, madiun regency, east java 0 2009 s: 07⁰ 44’ 09.2” e: 111⁰ 36’ 11.8” 315 6. klepu hamlet, parang village, banyakan district, kediri regency, east java 0 2010 s: 07⁰ 48’ 10.50” e: 111⁰ 53’ 44.52” 585 7. goliman hamlet, parang village, banyakan district, kediri regency, east java 0 2010 s: 07⁰ 48’ 06.46” e: 111⁰ 53’ 50.82” 500 8. goliman hamlet, parang village, banyakan district, kediri regency, east java 0 2010 s: 07⁰ 48’ 14.94” e: 111⁰ 53’ 43.80” 900 9. ngebek lake, wangir lor village, ngebel district, ponorogo regency, east java 0 2010 s: 07⁰ 47’ 49.91” e: 111⁰ 37’ 12.02” 753 10. wangir lor village, ngebel district, ponorogo regency, east java 0 2010 s: 07⁰ 48’ 36.72” e: 111⁰ 37’ 5.41” 800 11. pasar kandangan, kediri regency, east java 0 2011 s: 07⁰ 45’ 41” e: 112⁰ 16’ 38” 349 2014] 33 yuzammi et al. : conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus in jawa table 1. fieldwork localities to assess a. discophorus population surrounding mount wilis in east java (continued) 12. ngudikan village, wilangan district, nganjuk regency, east java 0 2011 s: 07⁰ 33’ 744” e: 111⁰ 50’ 224” 76 13. mancon village, wilangan district, nganjuk regency, east java 0 2011 s: 07⁰ 33’ 719” e: 111⁰ 49’ 274” 81 14. sudimoro harjo village, wilangan district, nganjuk regency, east java 0 2011 s: 07⁰ 40’ 106” e: 111⁰ 47’ 002” 311 15. krajan hamlet, siwalan village, sawahan district, nganjuk regency, east java 0 2011 s: 07⁰ 41’ 924” e: 111⁰ 47’ 541” 394 16. kebun agung village, sawahan district, nganjuk regency, east java 0 2011 s: 07⁰ 41’ 428” e: 111⁰ 48’ 586” 317 17. kebun agung village, sawahan district, nganjuk regency, east java 0 2011 s: 07⁰ 41’ 450” e: 111⁰ 48’ 740” 296 18. kuncir hamlet, kuncir village, ngetos district, nganjuk regency, east java 0 2011 s: 07⁰ 41’ 655” e: 111⁰ 50’ 666” 176 19. sumberbendo village, saradan district, madiun regency, east java 0 2013 s: 07⁰ 28’ 50” e: 111⁰ 46’ 31” 305 20. klangan village, saradan district, madiun regency, east java 0 2013 s: 07⁰ 31’ 07” e: 111⁰ 45’ 04” 376 21. padas village, dagangan district, madiun regency, east java 0 2013 s: 07⁰ 59’ 51” e: 111⁰ 28’ 05” 318 instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be 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[phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. 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(araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 392-565-1-sm belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 reinwardtia_13_1_291209 today reinwardtia vol 13, part 1, pp: 15 − 20 15 three new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from kalimantan, indonesia received february 26, 2009; accepted june 16, 2009 ary prihardhyanto keim herbarium bogoriense, research centre for biology lipi. jl. raya jakarta bogor km 46, bogor 16911, indonesia. abstract keim, a.p. 2009. three new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from kalimantan, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(1): 15 –20. ⎯ three new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from kalimantan (indonesian borneo) are firstly described in this paper namely f. kartawinatae a.p. keim, f. runcingensis a. p. keim, and f. subracemosa a.p. keim. keywords: borneo, freycinetia, kalimantan, pandanaceae. abstrak keim, a.p. 2009. tiga jenis baru freycinetia (pandanaceae) dari kalimantan, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(1): 15–20. ⎯ tiga jenis baru freycinetia yaitu f. kartawinatae a. p. keim, f. runcingensis a. p. keim, dan f. subracemosa a. p. keim dari kalimantan dipertelakan untuk pertamakalinya dalam tulisan ini. kata kunci: borneo, freycinetia, kalimantan, pandanaceae. introduction the indonesian borneo or kalimantan constitutes the largest part of borneo, which is approximately 2/3 part of the island. despite this fact, the pandan flora of kalimantan, particularly for the genus freycinetia, is still largely unknown. prior to this study, the most recent systematic study on the genus in borneo was done by stone (1970); however, the information provided mainly concerns the malaysian part (i.e. sabah and sarawak), whereas the data for kalimantan was only briefly mentioned or appeared in the list of specimens examined. this paper describes the presence of three new species previously unknown to science, namely f. kartawinatae a. p. keim, f. runcingensis a. p. keim, and f. subracemosa a. p. keim. freycinetia kartawinatae a. p. keim spec. nov. — figs. 1–3. robustus scandens; caulis 30 mill. crasus; folia lineari−lanceolata, 43½ –44 cent. longa, 3 cent. lata; bractea auriantica, 22½–3 cent. longa; infructescentia terminalis, terna vel quaterna, pedicellis glabrous; syncarpia cylindricus, 9 cent. longi; stigmata 4 vel 5, plerumque 4. — typus: indonesia, west kalimantan, ka tingan hulu, waringin timur, on logging road, 2 may 2006, a. p. keim 770 (holotypus–bo!). robust climbing pandan, climbing up to 50 m high. stem ca. 9.5 cm circle (ca. 3 cm diameter). leaves spirally arranged in 3 ranks (tristichous); each lanceolate–elongate, ca. 43.5–44 cm long, ca. 3 cm wide, acuminate apex, margin with spines up to 1/3 distally; adaxial surface green, glabrous; abaxial surface pale green, glabrous; auricle tapered, margin integer, brownish yellow to creamy brown; leafsheath yellowish green. infructescence terminal, ca. 14 cm long, consists of 3 (ternate) to 4 (quaternate) spirally arranged cephalia; pedicel yellow to pale yellowish orange, glabrous; bracts distinctively bright orange, thick, hard, fleshy, glabrous, acuminate apex, margin with spines, each boat shaped, ca. 22.5–23 cm long, caducous. cephalium cylindrical−elongate, ca. 9 cm long, ca. 3 cm wide, pale green to dull greyish green; stigma 4–5, mostly 4. distribution. known only from the type locality. habitat and ecology. lowland tropical rainforest at about 300 m altitude. etymology. after kuswata kartawinata, an indonesian ecologist and keeper of the herbarium bogoriense (bo) 1981–1984. vernacular names. kajak rajak, mèrajak (dayak, belaban dialect). uses. although not used by local people, orang utans and gibbons are said to consume the bracts. reinwardtia 16 [vol.13 notes. in general appearances, f. kartawinatae is very similar to f. insignis, but different in two morphological characters (table 1). table 1. morphological differences between f. kartawinatae and f. insignis. regarding the more than three number of cephalia per infructescence thus indicates the section polystachya, borneo possesses at least one member, f. kinabaluana. however f. kartawinatae differs from f. kinabaluana in several morphological characters (table 2). table 2. morphological differences between f. kartawinatae and f. kinabaluana. freycinetia kuchenensis from borneo known to have a lateral infructescence, reddish orange bracts, and 3 – 4 stigmas; however the two species differ on certain morphological characters (table 3). table 3. morphological differences between f. kartawinatae and f. kuchenensis. characters f. kartawinatae f. insignis colour of the bracts orange purplish white number of cephalia per infructescence 3 to 4 3 characters f. kartawinatae f. kinabaluana position of infructescence terminal lateral number of cephalia per infructescence 3 to 4 5 to 6 shape of cephalium 9x3 cm 5 – 6x3.5–5 cm characters f. kartawinatae f. kuchenensis leaf dimension 43.5–44xca. 3 cm 20–22x0.7−1 cm shape of cephalium cylindrical− elongate (9 × 3 cm) globose (3–3.5 x 2 cm) number of cephalia per infructescence 3 to 4 2 to 3, according to martelli (1910) although possessing approximately similar length of leaf (40 – 60 cm) and 3 to 4 number of stigmas f. sarawakensis differs from f. kartawinatae in several characters (table 4). table 4. morphological differences between f. kartawinatae and f. sarawakensis. a taxon from sarawak has many similarities with f. kartawinatae especially regarding the possession of orange bracts, terminal infructescences, and 3 to 4 cephalia per infructescence. this taxon was named f. andersoniana by stone (1967), but invalidly published. fig. 1. freycinetia kartawinatae a.p. keim. a terminal infructescence with 4 spirally arranged cephalia and very distinctive bright orange bracts. photo: a.p. keim, rugayah & h. rustiami. characters f. kartawinatae f. sarawakensis width of leaf 3 cm 0.5 to 0.7 cm number of cephalia per infructescence 3 to 4 1 to 2, according to martelli (1910) position of infructescence terminal lateral pedicel glabrous scabrid keim : three new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from kalimantan, indonesia 2009] 17 fig. 2. freycinetia kartawinatae a.p. keim. a terminal infructescence with 3 spirally arranged cylindrical−elongate cephalia with yellow glabrous pedicels. the bracts have already fallen. photo: a.p. keim, rugayah & h. rustiami. fig 3. freycinetia kartawinatae a.p. keim (a. leaves, b. terminal infructescence with 4 spirally arranged cephalia). drawn from the holotype (a.p. keim 770–bo) by wahyudi santoso. 3cm reinwardtia 18 [vol.13 characters freycinetia angustifolia f. runcingensis size of a cephalium 18 – 24 × 6 – 8 mm, according to protologue (blume 1835; see also warburg 1900) 7 – 9 × 4 – 6 mm number of stigmas 3 to 4, mostly 3 2 to 3, mostly 3 (never found more than 3) pedicel surface glabrous scabrous, densely covered with red−brown tomentose freycinetia runcingensis a.p. keim spec. nov. — fig. 4. gracilis scandens; auricula integra; in male inflorescentia bractea luteus clarus; pedicellus scabrous; stigmata 2 – 3, plerumque 3. — typus: indonesia, east kalimantan, pt kem area, gunung runcing, 0° 20’ s 115° 55’ e, 23 march 1997, kessler et al. pk 2245 (holotypus– bo!; isotypus–l). slender climbing pandan, climbing up to 5 m high. leaf ca. 20 cm long, ca. 0.5 cm wide, acuminate apex, integer margin except in lower most part and apex with minute spines; adaxial and abaxial surface glabrous; auricle tapered, smooth, integer margin. male inflorescence with yellow bracts. infructescence terminal, ternate, ca. 3.5 cm long; pedicel obviously scabrous, densely covered with red−brown tomentose, 1.6 – 1.7 cm long. cephalium globose, 7 – 9 mm long, 4 – 6 mm wide, with numerous berries. berry small, 1 – 1.5 mm long; stigmas 2 – 3, mostly 3. notes. the differences between f. runcingensis and f. angustifolia blume are listed in table 5. freycinetia runcingensis has exceptionally smaller size of cephalium compared to f. angustifolia. the decisive difference between the two species is actually in the surface of the pedicel. f. runcingensis has conspicuously scabrous pedicel, while in f. angustifolia it is shiny glabrous. table 5. comparison of freycinetia angustifolia and frecynetia runcingensis. distribution. only known from type locality. habitat and ecology. lowland tropical rainforest and found along logging road at about 180 m altitude. etymology. after gunung (mount) runcing, where the type was collected. conservation status. probably vulnerable (vu) due to limited area of distribution and the fact that the species has not been recollected. freycinetia subracemosa a.p. keim sp. nov. — fig. 5. gracilis scandens; inflorescentia masculis terminalis, spadicis quaterni, sub racemosus dispositus qui 3 spadicis spiralis dispositus dum 1 prominens infimus pedunculus; bracteis luteus ad aurantiacus. — typus: indonesia, central kalimantan, km 23, nyaru menteng arboretum, 113° 46.709’ e 02° 02.127’ s, 30 oct. 1996, kessler et al. pk 1575 (holotypus–bo!; isotypus–l). slender climbing pandan, climbing up to 6 m high. stem ca. 0.5 cm diameter. leaf lanceolate−elongate, 23 – 25 cm long, ca. 0.8 cm wide, glabrous, acuminate apex, margin with minute spines; auricle present, lobed, apex pointed, papery, imbricate, integer margin, 1.5 – 2 cm long. male inflorescence terminal, ca. 4.5 cm long, fragrant that resembles cananga odorata; pedicel short, ca. 0.5 cm long; bracts yellow−orange, 3 – 5 cm long, 0.4 – 1 cm wide, each support a pedicel, the lower most being the largest; rachis 1.6 – 1.9 cm long; consists of 4 flowering branches, 3 arranged spirally while 1 raises from the lower part of peduncle, thus giving a subracemose appearance. field character. climber, ca. 6 m tall, bracts yellow−orange, flowers with very sweet smell like cananga odorata. distribution. only known from type locality. habitat & ecology. swamp forest along the arboretum trail at about 35 m altitude. etymology. named for the subracemose appearance of the male inflorescence. conservation status. probably vulnerable (vu) due to limited area of distribution and the fact that the species has not been recollected. notes. although describing a new species of freycinetia based on a staminate collection only is not common; however, this taxon (kessler et al. pk 1575) possesses a unique structure of male inflorescence. the male inflorescence consists of 4 flowering branches, in which 3 are spirally arranged and 1 appears from the lower part of peduncle, thus giving a subracemose appearance. the subracemose arrangement of flowering branches in a male inflorescence is also observed in the philippine species of f. jagori warb. (warburg, 1900); however, the two species instantaneously differ in several characters a species that also exists in sarawak (stone, 1970) keim : three new species of freycinetia (pandanaceae) from kalimantan, indonesia 2009] 19 fig. 4. freycinetia runcingensis a.p. keim (a. habit, b. globose cephalium. drawn from the holotype (kessler et al. pk 2245–bo) by iskak syamsudin. a 3 cm b 1 cm reinwardtia 20 [vol.13 and kalimantan (keim et al., 2006). there are two other species in the section that share the slender habit with f. subracemosa, which are f. lucida martelli and f. vidalii hemsley, but none has the distinctive sub racemose inflorescence table 6. comparison of f. jagori and f. subracemosa fig. 5. freycinetia subracemosa a.p. keim (a. habit 1x, b. male inflorescence enlarged 2 1/2x showing the subracemose arrangement of male inflorescences). drawn from the holotype (kessler et al. pk 1575–bo) by iskak syamsudin. acknowledgements the author would like to express his deepest gratitude to dr. rugayah and ms. himmah rustiami (bo) for valuable discussions and information on freycinetia of kalimantan as part of the ongoing revision of pandanaceae of kalimantan. sincere appreciations are sent to dr. wayne takeuchi (a) and prof. fukuoka (jica) for worthy discussions and suggestions to the manuscript. appreciation is sent to dr. teguh triono (bo) for never ending in supporting the author. references keim, a. p., rugayah & rustiami, h. 2006. keanekaragaman pandanaceae di taman nasional bukit baka bukit raya dan sekitarnya di propinsi kalimantan barat. in arief, a.j.; walujo, e.b.; mulyadi & julistiono, h. (eds.). 2006. laporan teknik pusat penelitian biologi – lipi 2006. bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi− lipi, bogor: 125–140. martelli, u. 1910. enumerazione delle pandanaceae. part 1: freycinetia. webbia 3: 307–327. stone, b.c. 1967. materials for a monograph of freycinetia (pandanaceae) i. gard. bull. sing. 22 (2): 129−152. stone, b. c. 1970. materials for a monograph of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae). vi. species of borneo. gardens’ bulletin singapore 25 (2): 209– 233. warburg, o. 1900. pandanaceae. in engler, a (ed.). 1898−1923. das pflanzenreich 4. part 9 ser. 3: 1–100. characters f. jagori f. subracemosa leaf dimension 18x1.5 cm 23–25x0.8 cm number of male flowering branches per inflorescence 5; 4 flowering branches subraemosely arranged in 2 pairs, while 1 raises from the lower part of peduncle 4; 3 flowering branches spirally arranged, while 1 raises from the lower part of peduncle, thus giving a subracemose appearance auricle tapered lobed length of male flowering branch 2.5 cm 1.6–1.9 cm instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philippine journal of science 8: 163– 179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american journal of botany 90: 321–329. proceedings : temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional. pp. 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t., inoue, t., kohyama, t., osaki, m., simbolon, h., tachibana, h., takahashi, h., tanaka, n. & yabe, k. (eds.). proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. (eds.). genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: a n a ustronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, national research and innovation agency (brin) address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong, bogor email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id errata scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. reinwardtia vol. 21. no. 1. 2022 contents yulizah, joeni setijo rahajoe, agusdin dharma fefirenta & agung adi nugroho. the population and distribution of agarwood producing tree (a quilaria malaccensis) in riau province ........................................................…………………………………………………………………...……....... 1 ridha mahyuni, tatik chikmawati, nunik sri ariyanti & anne kusumawaty. a new variety of canthiumera glabra (rubiaceae: vanguerieae) ……………………………………………………………………... 13 hernawati, robi satria & ch’ien c. lee. nepenthes harauensis, a new species of nepenthaceae from west sumatra ……………………………….……………………………………………………………………...…………. 19 agung sedayu, rahadian ajeng saraswati & yuli puji astuti. light preferences in two landscape managements and ontogenic light requirements of terrestrial ferns in kebun raya baturraden, central java …………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………......….... 25 mentari putri pratami, tatik chikmawati & rugayah. a new species of mukia (cucurbitaceae) from sumba island, indonesia ..………………………………………………………………………………….……... 35 reinwardtia is an accredited journal (158/e/kpt/2021) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense national research and innovation agency, cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong, bogor indonesia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(3): 221 — 3 1 5 , april 11, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedydarnaedi (indonesia) tuktrin partomihardjo (indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (indonesia) teguhtriono (indonesia) marlinaardiyani (indonesia) eizi suzuki (japan) jun wen (united state of america) managing editor himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirathidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaiy reviewers bryan simon (australia), eve j. lucas (united kingdom), j.f.veldkamp (netherlands), laurence skog (usa), pieter baas (netherlands), ruth kiew (malaysia), robert j. soreng (usa), helena duistermaat (netherlands), lyn a. craven (australia), rugayah (indonesia), mark hughes (united kingdom), martin callmander (usa), peter c. van welzen (netherlands), wayne takeuchi (usa), nobuyuki fukuoka (japan). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 3, pp: 235 − 240 235 young floral buds, persistent and conspicuous bracteoles, and a seed coat which adheres to the pericarp in eugenia. recent molecular evidence supports a scenario in which these two genera are in fact independent lineages (biffin, 2005; widodo, 2010). direct observation and comparison of all type specimens cited below, as well as of extensive material of eugenia from the new world, allows the following nomenclatural transfers to be made with confidence. syzygium gaertn. syzygium gaertn., fruct. sem. pl. 1(1788) 166, t. 33, f. 1, nom. cons. –eusyzygium miq., fl. ned. ind. 1, 1(1855) 447, nom. inval. – lectotype: syzygium caryophyllaeum gaertn. (typ. cons.), ceylon, designated by mcvaugh (1956). [= syzygium caryophyllatum (l.) alston, pro specim. ceylon. eugenia auct. non l. (1753); m.r. hend., gard. bull. singapore 12 (1949)16; kochummen, tree fl. malaya 3 (1978)172. jambosa adans., fam. pl. 2 (1763) 88, 564, orth. cons. (‖jambos‖, orth. rej.); rumph. ex dc., prodr. 3 (1828) 286, isonym. – eugenia l. subgen. jambosa (adans.) benth. in benth. & hook. f., gen. pl. 1(1865) 718. – eugenia l. sect. jambosa (adans.) f. muell., fragm. phytogr. austral. 5 (1865), nom. inval.; boerlage, handl. fl. ned. indië 1, 2 (1890) 497. – eugenia l. sect. eujambosa nied. in engl. & prantl., nat. pflanzenfam. 3, 7 (1893)83, nom. inval. – type: jambosa vulgaris dc., introduction syzygium is an entirely old world genus. in indonesia and its surrounding areas, many syzygium species were originally described in eugenia l. or jambosa adans. the generic circumscriptions of eugenia, jambosa, syzygium and some minor satellite genera has had a troubled history with authors frequently transferring species between genera. alston (1931) reduced jambosa adans. (1763) to the synonymy of syzygium and the former name is now treated as a nomen rejiciendum. the generic concepts of niedenzu (1893) and diels (1922) were largely followed by merrill and perry (1939) and ashton (1981) who included in syzygium not only those old world species with calyptrate petals (syzygium s.s.) but also most of the other old world species with free petals (jambosa). generally, this concept has been adopted by the majority of subsequent taxonomists, with the exception of henderson (1949), and kochummen (1978), who treated all species as eugenia s.l., creating significant taxonomic uncertainty. taxonomic confusion in eugenia and syzygium resulted from the considerable overlap of macroand micro-morphological characters. currently it is clear that these genera are significantly different. detailed analysis by schmid (1972) showed the differences between eugenia and syzygium included the evident pubescence of the new nomenclature in syzygium (myrtaceae) from indonesia and its vicinities received september 29, 2010; accepted august 01, 2011 pudji widodo departemen biologi, institut pertanian bogor, bogor, indonesia. permanent address: fakultas biologi, universitas jenderal soedirman, jl. dr. soeparno 63, purwokerto 53122, indonesia. email: pwidodo@unsoed.ac.id abstract widodo, p. 2012. new nomenclature in syzygium (myrtaceae) from indonesia and its vicinities. reinwardtia 13(3): 235−240. ― current generic concepts in myrtaceae suggest that nearly all old world taxa originally described in eugenia l. and jambosa adans. should be accommodated within syzygium p. br. ex gaertn. six new combinations and a new name in syzygium are proposed. complete synonymy and typifications are given. keywords: eugenia s.l., jambosa, myrtaceae, new combinations, syzygium, taxonomy. abstrak widodo, p. 2012. tatanama baru pada syzygium (myrtaceae) dari indonesia dan kawasan sekitarnya. reinwardtia 13 (3): 235−240. ― konsep generik pada jambu-jambuan (myrtaceae) saat ini menunjukkan bahwa hampir semua taksa dari dunia lama yang semula dipertelakan dalam eugenia l. dan jambosa adans. harus dimasukkan ke dalam syzygium p. br. ex gaertn. enam kombinasi baru dan satu nama baru dalam syzygium diusulkan. sinonimi dan tipifikasi lengkap disajikan. kata kunci: eugenia s.l., jambosa, myrtaceae, kombinasi baru, syzygium, taksonomi. reinwardtia 236 [vol.13 nom. superfl. [= jambosa jambos (l.) millsp. (typ. cons.). = syzygium jambos (l.) alston] 1. syzygium biniflorum (ridl.) widodo comb. nov. basionym: eugenia biniflora ridl., bull. misc. inform. kew (1925) 80. – type: sumatra, lubok tandai, 0 m asl. cybrootes 7103 (holotype: k!). small tree, glabrous. twigs terete and compressed, canaliculated. leaves elliptic lanceolate, acuminate cuspidate, 12.5–15 cm long, 4.5–5 cm wide; greenish brown above and yellowish brown beneath when dry; leaf base long attenuate or cuneate, subcoriaceous, apex shortly acuminate; venation horizontally paralleled, 30 pairs of veins; petiole slender, 1.5–2 cm long, dark brown to black when dry; midrib depressed, elevated beneath; 12.5–15 cm long, 4.5–5 cm wide; petiole 1 cm long; intramarginal vein 1 mm from margin. inflorescence a few flowered cyme, usually two per leaf axis and subterminal; peduncle ca. 2 cm long, terete and compressed, canaliculate, dark brown when dry; bracts ovate to acute, persistent, patent, 2 mm long; 1 or 2 flowers per cyme; pseudostipe very short or none; calyxes obconic, 4 mm long; lobes short rounded-ovate; petals calyptrate; stamens up to 20. notes. this is a small tree in undergrowth of mature forests. it is remarkable for the numerous parallel nerves, and the very few flowers (one or two) in each axillary inflorescence. 2. syzygium celebicum (blume) widodo comb. nov. ― fig. 1. basionym: jambosa celebica blume, mus. bot. 1 (1850) 107. – eugenia celebica (blume) merr., interpr. herb. amboin. (1917) 397. – type: celebes, tondano herb. lugd. bat. sheet no 898.203317 & 318 (holotype: l!). a tree, height unknown. twigs terete and compressed below nodes, drying yellowish. leaves opposite, elliptic-oblong, 10–19 cm long, 3.8–8.25 cm wide; dark purplish brown above and paler below when dry; petiole slender, 0.5–10 mm long, canaliculate above, convex beneath, black when dry; leaf base cuneate, apex acuminate; major lateral veins 6–9 pairs, nerves confluent curved in the intramarginal vein; coriaceous without glandular dots; intramarginal vein 2–5 mm from margin. inflorescence axillary; peduncle terete, short, drying yellowish; few flowered, subsessile; pseudostipe very short or none; calyx tube subcampanulate, the limb disk-shaped or circular, short, 4-lobes, subequal; corolla subincurved. stamen numerous, filament filiform. ovary 2-locules, multiovule. 3. syzygium horsfieldii (miq.) widodo comb. nov. basionym: jambosa horsfieldii miq., fl. ned. ind. 1(1) (1855)420. – eugenia horsfieldii k. et v. – type: java, surakarta, horsfield t no 6 (holotype: k!). ― fig. 2. a tree, size unknown. twigs slightly 4-angled, and compressed below nodes, pale brown or grayish when dry. leaves subopposite, elliptic or ellipticoblong, acuminate, 10–15.2 long, 4.5–7 cm wide; drying brown above and pale brown below; petiole slender, 4–7 mm long, black when dry, subtereted when young, canaliculated when young, leaf base acute; elliptic or elliptic-oblong; base obtuse– rounded, apex acuminate, glandular dotted, punctuate; midrib pale brown when dry; major lateral veins 6–10 pairs; intramarginal veins 3–5 mm from margin. inflorescence terminal, few flowered (or solitary?); pedicel short (ca. 25 mm long); pseudostipe very short or none; calyxes short, calyx tube campanulate, base short, conspicuously constricted to peduncle junction; lobe 4, inequal. 4. syzygium korthalsii widodo, nom. nov. [non s. lanceolatum (lam.) wight & arn., 1834]. ― fig. 3. basionym: jambosa lanceolata korth. ex miq., fl. ned. ind. 1(1) (1855) 426; ned. kruidk. arch. 1 (1846) 199. – jambosa korthalsii blume, mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 1 (1849)101, nom. superfl. – lectotype: sumatra, gunung malintang, korthals s.n. (holotype: l, sh. no. 898.203346 designated here). a tree, height and diameter not seen. all parts glabrous. twigs usually 4-angled to winged, with smooth and whitish pale brown bark. leaves opposite, relatively very long compared to width, lanceolate-linear, 30–45 cm by 2.5–5 cm, brown above and milky brown below when dry; leaf base cordate; leaf apex acute-very acute; petiole ca. 3 mm long, swollen and corky, drying pale brown; midrib furrowed on upper surface, and raised on lower surface, pale brown when dry; major lateral veins ca. 25 pairs, 1–1.5 cm apart, at an angle of 60°–70°, sometimes curved near the midrib and straight near intramarginal veins; minor lateral veins absent or present, oil dots between 2 major lateral veins a few or less than 20 per cm 2 ; intramarginal vein 1 or 2, faint, 1–3 mm from margin. inflorescence not seen; flower with a pseudostipe 5 –7 mm long; hypanthial cup funnel-shaped; sepals triangular, 5–6 mm long, 5 mm wide; petals not seen; style 35 mm long. fruits not seen. notes. s. korthalsii is distinctive from the other sumatran species in its leaf shape which is linear, 2012] 237 widodo: new nomenclature in syzygium (myrtaceae) from indonesia and its vicinities reaching approximately 45 cm long, and only around 3.5 cm wide in average. korthals (1846) described jambosa lanceolata based on his collection from the forests of mt. malintang (―melintang‖), w. sumatra, indonesia. blume (1850) incorrectly concluded that this was a mixed collections, and proposed the names j. confusa blume for material from java: blume s.n. (holo: l! sheet no 898.203-342), j. insignis blume for that from borneo: korthals s.n. holo: l! (sheet no 898.203-347), and j. korthalsii blume for the original collections from mt. malintang: korthals s.n. (holo l! sheet no 898.203-346). an additional specimen examined is teijsmann 840 hb (bo!). he also suggested that korthals‘s name was superfluous, as there was already a j. lanceolaria, based on eugenia lanceolaria roxb. (1832). actually, blume made it himself right here under j. korthalsii. these epithets are similar, but do not mean the same thing [lanceolarius = small (tip of a) spear; lanceolatus = lancet-shaped], and are not confusable under the icbn. contrary to blume‘s opinion, jambosa korthalsii therefore is a superfluous name and it is jambosa lanceolata that stands as the correct name that now requires transferral to syzygium. currently in syzygium the combination s. lanceolatum (korth.) is taken by s. lanceolatum (lam.) wight & arn. (1834). i therefore here propose a new name using blume‘s illegitimate epithet as is allowed under art. 58.1 of the icbn (mcneill et al., 2006). 5. syzygium suave (ridl.) widodo comb. nov. basionym: eugenia suavis ridl., j. fed. malay statesmus. 5 (1915)160. – type: ne malay peninsula, hills of kol samui, may 1913, h.c. robinson s.n. (holotype: k!). big tree to 25 m tall, ca. 40 cm diameter. bark grayish brown, peeling off in irregular strips 3–5 mm thick, 3–10 cm broad, 15–25 cm long. sapwood light brown, heartwood dark brown. leaves oblong, 9–15 cm long, 2.5–4 cm wide; upper surface dark green, light green beneath; leaf drying grayish above and pale brown below; petiole slender, 10–15 mm long, canaliculate above, pale to dark brown when dry; base acuminate or obtuse, apex acuminate. major lateral veins 9–14 pairs. intramarginal vein 1–2 mm from margin. flowers accented whitish. peduncle branches and pedicel sharply 4-angled, pale brown when dry; hypanthial cup narrowly to broadly funnel-shaped; pseudostipe short or none. calyxes yellowish white, especially the latter red tinged. corolla white, stamen white, anthers yellow. 6. syzygium sumatranum (miq.) widodo comb. nov. ― fig. 4. basionym: jambosa sumatrana miq., fl. ned. ind. 1(1) (1855) 419. – type: sumatra, upper angkola, junghuhn s.n., herb. lugd. bat no 898.203374 & 376 (holotype: l!). a tree, size unknown. twigs subterete, and slightly 4-angled-compressed below nodes, pale brown when dry. petioles canaliculate, slender 4–6 mm long, yellowish brown when dry. leaves opposite sometimes subopposite; elliptic or oblong sub abrupt acuminate, 7.5–13 cm long, 3.5–5.8 cm wide; drying dark brown above and reddish brown below; leaf base obtuse, without glandular dots; midrib sulcate above, paler beneath (brown when dry); major lateral veins 6–9 pairs; intramarginal vein 2–4 mm from margin. inflorescence terminal, rarely axillary; peduncle terete, yellowish when dry. flowers usually sessile; calyxes turbinate-clavate 2 – 4 mm long, subequal, when young. 7. syzygium valetonianum (king) widodo comb. nov. basionym: eugenia valetoniana king, j. asiat. soc. benno characters j. korthalsii j. confusa j. insignis 1 twigs 4-angled to 4-winged, with smooth and whitish pale brown bark. terete and slighty compressed near the nodes. 4-angled. 2 leaf form and size lanceolate-linear, 30 – 45 cm by 2.5 – 5 cm oblong-lanceolate, tapered gradually from below the middle to apex, 20 – 44 cm by 3 – 5 cm ovate-oblong or lanceolate, long acuminate, 4 – 10 cm by 1 – 2.75 cm 3 leaf base cordate broadly obtuse or rounded rounded or subcordate 4 locality sumatra, mount malintang java borneo, martapura table 1. morphological differences between j. korthalsii, j. confusa, and j. insignis reinwardtia 238 [vol.13 gal, pt. 2, nat. hist. 70 (1901)112. – type: malay peninsula, perak larut 300 – 500 m alt. king s.n. (holotype: k!). a tree, 20–25 m tall. young branches thicker than a crow-quill, terete, the bark pale brown, flaky. leaves elliptic–oblong, 7–10 cm long, 3–4 cm wide; both surfaces dark purple to blackish when dry; base cuneate-obtuse, apex acuminate or obtuse; petiole slender 10–15 mm long, canaliculate above, brown when dry; major lateral veins 8–12 pairs; intramarginal vein 1–2 mm from margin. inflorescence terminal or axillary, paniculate, shorter than the leaves, with very short, terete, few flowered cymose branches, or in a small pedunculate cymes; peduncle terete, blackish when dry. flowers sessile, calyxes ca. 7.5 mm long, hypanthial cup clavate-campanulate, constricted into a short pseudostipe; the wide mouth truncate, or with 4-deciduous, short, rounded lobes. petals small, orbicular, deciduous. fruits when unripe pyriform, when ripe globular, crowned by the wide calyx-limb, ca. 12 mm long. notes. a species close to e. griffithii, and also close to e. clarkeana, and e. koordersiana, but with much smaller panicles and fruit at first pyriform. acknowledgements i have been supported by a grant from the directorate general of higher education, the republic of indonesia. i would like to thank prof. dr. alex hartana, prof. dr. mien a. rifai, and dr. tatik chikmawati for advice. herbarium bogoriense (bo), national herbarium of netherlands (l) and herbarium kewense (k) are thanked for permission to study the collections deposited in these institutions. my special thanks to prof. peter van welzen (l) for assistance and for critically reviewing some papers. i would like to express my gratitude to dr. jan-frits veldkamp (l) for assistance and advice. to lyn a. craven (canb) and prof. john parnell (tcd) for advice and references. references alston, a. g. h. 1931. myrtaceae. in: supplement to the handbook to the flora of ceylon 6: 109–121. dulau, london. ashton, p. s. 1981. myrtaceae. in m.d. dassanayake, a revised handbook to the flora of ceylon 2: 403– 473. smithsonian institution & national science foundation, washington (dc). biffin, e. 2005. sorting out the confusion: phylogenetics of large genera and the lessons from syzygium (myrtaceae). austral. biol. resources study. biologue 30. csiro plant industry, canberra. internet publication: http://www.environment.gov.au/ biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/biologue / 3 0 / index.html#syzygium blume, c. l. 1850. jambosa korthalsii blume mus. bot. 1: 107. diels, l. 1922. die myrtaceen von papuasien. b o t a n i s c h e j a h r b ü c h e r f ü r s y s t e m a t i k , pflanzengeschichte und pflanzengeographie. 57: 356 –426. henderson, m. r. 1949. the genus eugenia (myrtaceae) in malaya. gardens’ bulletin singapore 12: 1–293. kochummen, k. m. 1978. eugenia. in f.s.p. ng, tree flora of malaya 3: 172–247. longman, london. korthals, p. w. 1846. jambosa lanceolata korth. ned. kruidk. arch. 1:199. mcneill, j., barrie, f. r., burdet, h. m., demoulin, v., hawksworth, d. l., marhold, k., nicolson, d. h., prado, j., silva, p. c., skog, j. e., wiersema, j. h. & turland, n. j. 2006. international code of botanical nomenclature (vienna code). (regnum vegetabile 146). gantner, ruggell, liechtenstein, xviii + 568 p. url: http:// ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.html merrill, e. d. & perry, l. m. 1939. the myrtaceous genus syzygium gaertner in borneo. mem. amer. acad. arts 18 (3): 135–202. reprinted in mem. gray herb. harvard univ. 4. niedenzu, f. 1893. myrtaceae. in a. engler and k. prantl, die natürlichen pflanzenfamilien 3, 7: 78–86. engelmann, leipzig. schmid, r. 1972. a resolution of the eugeniasyzygium controversy (myrtaceae). american journal of botany 59 (4): 423–436. widodo, p. 2010. enumeration of sumatran syzygium (myrtaceae). unpublished dissertation. institut pertanian bogor. bogor. 2012] widodo: new nomenclature in syzygium (myrtaceae) from indonesia and its vicinities 239 fig. 1. syzygium celebicum. photo: p. widodo. fig. 2. syzygium horsfieldii. photo: p. widodo. 240 reinwardtia [vol.13 fig. 3. syzygium korthalsii photo: p. widodo. fig. 4. syzygium sumatranum. photo: p. widodo. 314 reinwardtia [vol.13 erratum reinwardtia vol. 13, part 2, 2010 1. please change the existing word in p. 213, line 7 on abstrak (written in bahasa indonesia version) with the following: keberadaan dua jenis terakhir melampaui distribusi yang sebelumnya hanya diketahui di barat garis wallace. 2. please change the existing epithet name in p, 214, column 1, line 40 on key to the species of marantaceae in sulawesi number 5.a. after phrynium: longispicum instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by authors name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, authors name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 3. 2012 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia: additions and corrections, including a new species and a new variety 221 deden girmansyah. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from bukit tiga-puluh national park, riau, sumatra 229 pudji widodo. new nomenclature in syzygium (myrtaceae) from indonesia and its vicinities 235 alex sumadijaya & jan frits veldkamp. non-bambusoid grasses (gramineae) from raja ampat archipelago, papua barat province, indonesia 241 ary prihardyanto keim. new variety, records & discoveries of some species of pandanus (pandanaceae) in sumatra and kalimantan, indonesia 255 harry wiriadinata. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sagea lagoon, weda bay, halmahera island, north moluccas, indonesia 263 ary prihardyanto keim. the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley, papua-indonesia 271 jan frits veldkamp. koordersiochloa merr. (gramineae), the correct name for streblochaete hochst. expilg. 299 sri endarti rahayu, kuswata kartawinata, tatiek chikmawati & alex hartana. leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java 305 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biologylipi cibinong, indonesia dpn 444-651-2-pb blkng 451-665-3-pb.pdf dpn 451-665-2-pb_page_3 blkng a journal on tax0n0m1c botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors mien a. rifai kuswata kartawinata n. wulijarni-s0etj1pt0 published by herbarium bggoriense lembaga biologi nasional —. lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 9, part 4, 377 — 479 31 march 1980 10 issn 00-34 — s66x r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 429 — 447 (1980) a note on a kerangas (heath) forest at sebulu, east kalimantan*) kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor, indonesia abstract kerangas (heath) forest, that forms islands within the lowland dipterocarp forest, occurred at sebulu, east kalimantan. part of the two of the islands and the transition area between them were investigated. phytosociologically three communities could be identified, i.e. the cratoxylum glaucum-dactylocladus stenostachys, eugenia palembanica-ilex hypoglauca, and shorea ovalis-eugenia acuminatissima communities. they occurred on sandstone flat, sandstone slope and swampy depression respectively. only cratoxylum glaucum-dactylocladus stenostachys community can be considered kerangas forest proper, whereas the eugenia palembanica-ilex hypoglauca community the transition and the shorea ovalis-eugenia acuminatissima community a variant of the lowland dipterocarp forest. the soils under these communities were peaty, very acid and low in nutrient contents. the economic value of kerangas forest in terms of timber is very low, hence, it would be better to preserve all kerangas forest as conservation areas and utilize them for research, educational and recreational purposes. abstrak hutan kerangas, yang membentuk pulau-pulau di antara hutan dipterocarpaceae tanah rendah, terdapat di sebulu, kalimantan timur. sebagian dari dua pulau dan hutan di antaranya telah diteliti. secara fitososiologi dapat dikenal tiga buah komunitas, yaitu komunitas cratoxylum glaucum-dactylocladus stenostachys, komunitas eugenia palembanica-ilex hypoglauca dan komunitas shorea ovalis-eugenia acuminatissima, yang secara berturut terdapat pada dataran batuan pasir, lereng dan cekungan berawa. hanya komunitas cratoxylum glaucum-dactylo*) the study was conducted while the author was attached to seameo regional center for tropical biology (biotrop), bogor. an indonesian summary of this paper was presented in the seminar biologi iv at yogyakarta in july 1975. — 429 — 430 r e i n w a r d t 1 a [vol. 9 cladua stenostachys dapat dianggap sebagai hutan kerangas sejati, sedangkan komunitas eugenia palcmbanica-ilex hypoglauca merupakan komunitas transisi dan komunitas shorea ovalis-eugenia acuminatissima merupakan sebuah varian hutan dipterocarpaceae tanah rendah. tanah dalam komunitas-komunitas tersebut agak bergambut, sangat asam dan mempunyai kandungan hara yang rendah. nilai ekonomi hutan kerangas, bila diukur dengan produksi kayunya, sangat rendah, sehingga semua hutan kerangas lebih baik dijadikan kawasan pelestarian dan pemanfaatarmya diarahkan pada segi-segi penelitian, pendidikan dan rekreasi. introduction the dipterocarp forest in kalimantan forms the main vegetation cover and generally occurs on yellow podsolic soils from the lowland to the mountainous region. within this forest there exist islands of heath forests or known also as kerangas forests or packing forests, whose structures and compositions are totally different from the surrounding dipterocarp forests. they occur on tropical podsol overlying white sandstone formation. the kerangas forest has been long known to occur in kalimantan and sumatra, beccari (1904), winkler (1914), endert (1927), steenis (1932), and polak (1933) gave short descriptions of kerangas forests occurring in kalimantan; henderson (1932) described that occurring on the anambas islands; and teysmann (1876) mentioned its occurrence on the belitung island, karimata islands, and at landak on the west coast of kalimantan. wirakusumah (1973) noted also that kerangas forest occurred on the nunukan island in the northern part of east kalimantan. the padang luwai nature reserve on the upper mahakam river is reported to be covered by a kerangas forest (posthumus 1937; posthumus & witkamp 1932; sutisna 1976). i have seen also a rather extensive coverage of secondary kerangas forest near banjarmasin, south kalimantan, and along the road near semboja, east of balikpapan, east kalimantan. the occurrence of this forest in other parts of indonesia has been reviewed by kartawinata (1976). the kerangas forest in the malaysian part of borneo has been intensively investigated (e.g. richards 1936; browne 1952; gilliland 1959, 1960; brunig 1965, 1968, 1969a, 1969b, 1970, 1971; ashton 1971), while in indonesia the studies of kerangas forests have been restricted to floristic recording made during various botanical and soil explorations. the present study is concerned with an objective description of a kerangas forest at sebulu, east kalimantan, and was made during a five-day visit in january 1974. 1980] kartawinata: kerangas forest in east kalimantan 431 study area the kerangas forest investigated occurs within the forest concession area of the p.t. kutei timber indonesia, and is located about 18 km from the village of sebulu (lower mahakam), at an altitude of approximately 150 m above sea level. on aerial photographs this forest appears to be very uniform and lower in structure than the surrounding dipterocarp forest. it is often interpreted as a secondary forest. it forms distinct islands with rather sharp boundaries within the matrix of dipterocarp forest (fig. 1). these islands occur on flatland with peaty soils overlying white sandstone formation. the area between two of the nearest islands, a and b, forms a gentle slope and rather swampy depression and is covered with tall forest. the terrain of the surrounding dipterocarp forest is hilly. the area is located within the everwet climatic type (kartawinata 1975) or rainfall type a with the ratio of the number of wet months over the number of dry months (q) of 13.4 (schmidt & ferguson 1951). the rainfall recorded for two years at the logging camp at sebulu shows that the monthly rainfall ranges from 46 mm in february to 716 mm in september with the total of 3295 mm. the monthly temperature ranges from 30.20°c in july to 34.40°c in march (tinal & palinewen 1974). the climate diagram of the nearest rainfall station at tenggarong is given in fig. 2. method in this study only a small portion of the two nearest islands, a and b, and the tall forest between them were investigated. the point centered quarter method (curtis and cottam 1962) was used. a line running and crossing the area between the islands a and b was drawn from north to south, and five transects, each of 150 m long, and perpendicular to the main line, were established (fig. 1). the location of the first transect was selected subjectively on island a about 150 m from the edge. the second transect was placed 200 m from the first one, the third 100 m from the second, the fourth 100 m from the third, and the fifth 300 m from the fourth. transects no. 1, 4 and 5 were located on the level land, no. 2 on the slope, and no. 3 on the bottom of a depression. in each transect, 10 sampling points were established at 15 m intervals. four trees (diameter greater than 10 cm) and four saplings (diameter of 2—10 cm) at each sampling point were identified and their diameters were measured. herbs and seedlings were sampled in each point with a 1 x 1 m plot and the coverage of each species was 432 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 1980] kartawinata: kerangas forest in east kalimantan 433 fig. 1. a man showing the locations of the kerangas forest forming islands ( a e ) within the lowland dipterocarp forest matrix at sebulu, bast kalimantan the iluves (v-5) show the sample numbers and the sampling sites the map was reproduced from an aerial photograph supplied by the directorate of forest planning, directorate-general 'of forestry, bogor. estimated. surface soil samples to a depth of 10 cm was collected from each point and the composite sample for each transect was analysed by the soil research institute, bogor. voucher specimens are deposited at the herbarium bogoriense, bogor. results eighty four species of trees, shrubs and herbs were recorded in the samples, and together with specimens collected from outside the samples the number of species was 136. these do not include the epiphytes which were common in the area, such as hydnophytum spp., myrmecodia spp., dischidia spp., and dendrophtoe spp. floristically the forest investigated may be differentiated into three communities, i.e. cratoxylum glaucum dactylocladus stenostachys, eugenia palembaniea-ilex hypoglauca, and shorea ovalis-eugenia acuminatissimct communities. they are named after the species having the highest importance values. the importance value is the sum of relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance (curtis and gottam 1962). the dominant species in the cratoxylum-dactylocladus communitiy were cratoxylum glaucum and dactylocladus stenostachys, whose importance values were 81.04 and 50.01, respectively. other prominent tree species were cornbretocarpus rotundatus, tristania obovata, ilex hypoglauca and tetractomia obovata; each of them had the importance value greater than 10. in table 1 the species group 2 represents species that were restricted to this community. it can be seen also that trees with diameters greater than 10 cm are only 12 species. the sapling group consists of saplings, treelets and shrubs; these were dacrydium elatum, tetractomia obovata, antidesma puncticulosa and baccaurea brdcteata. it is interesting to note that dacrydium elatum occurred in the island b as small trees and so far was not seen in the island a. in the sapling group cratoxylum glaucum was still the prevalent species, followed by tristania obovata, but dactylocladus stenostachys was here less important. as a whole cratoxylum glaucum and dactylocladus stenostachys were the most widely distributed species with high value of dominance. tristania obovata occurred less frequently in the middle of the community, but it became dominant and often formed a pure concentric stand at the edge of the community next to the tall dipterocarp forest, and this occurred also on the island c. trees and shrubs occurring in this community are dwarf and have sclerophyllous leaves. the largest diameter was less than 30 cm (table 2), r e i n w a r d t i a tenggarong (0 m) [vol. s 1980] kartawinata: kerangas forest in east kalimantan 435 1862 mm 3 0 0 fig. 2. the climate diagram of the nearest rainfall station at tenggarong, located at sea level, along the mahakam river, north-west of samarinda. the mean annual rainfall is 1862 mm. the rainfall data were taken from berlage (1949) and the temperature data were obtained by extrapolation. and the maximum height was 14 m. trees with diameters greater than 20 cm were scattered and formed the emergents, such as shorea balangeran and cratoxylum glaucum. the tree crowns were thin and the canopy was discontinuous (fig. 3). the density of trees was 549 trees/ ha and the average basal area was 10.73 sq.m/ha. the density of saplings and shrubs was 1900 plants/ha with the basal area of 4.1 sq. m/ha. the population structure (table 2) shows that all the important species were well represented in the sapling stage (diameter class 2—9.9 cm), but less so in the higher diameter classes. these species may be included under the category of "frequent producers" (knight 1975). however, in the seedling stage they were poorly represented (table 5). only tristania obovata and cratoxylum glaucum were present, but with m >•'" ^m app low frequency and coverage, while dactylocladus stenostachys and combretocarpus rolundatus were absent. this situation could be attributed to the inadequacy of sampling. tricostularia undulata was the dominant and the most frequent species (table 5) in the herb and seedling layer. it occurred on exposed sandstone and peaty substrate, particularly in unshaded places. other common species (frequency greater than 30%) were nepenthes gracilis, n. rafflesiana, antidesnia puncticulatum and aporusa microsphaera. the seedling of tristania tvhiteana was common also, although it occurred only occasionally in the tree layer and was not recorded in the transects. outside the plots it was also observed the occasional occurrence of burmannia disticha, calamus sp., dendrotrophe varians and nepenthes reinwardtiana. the ground under the cratoxylum-dactylocladus community was peaty soils overlying white sandstone and in many places it was bare and exposed sandstone. the peaty soil was covered by litter of 1—2 cm thick. the humus layer, whose thickness ranged from 5 to 15 cm, was soft, spongy, moist, and brownish black in colour, and was strewn by the mass of living, fine roots. underlying this was a 5-—15 cm thick black to grey layer of moist silty sand, intergrading with the white compacted sand beneath. occasionally at the depth of 10—15 cm, charcoal was noted, indicating the occurrence of fire in the community in the past. during rainy seasons the soil was extremely wet to swampy, discharging black to dark brown water. stagnant water filled up depressions and in such places pneumatophores often developed (fig. 4). this indicates that water remained stagnant in such places for some time. the soil was very acid and low in nutrient content (table 6). the eugenia-ilex community is represented by sample no. 2 located on the slope. it is a transition between the cratoxylum-dactylocladus and the shorea-eugenia communities. eugenia palembanica and ilex hypoglauca, whose importance values were 92.77 and 58.62 respectively, were the dominant trees in this community. other prominent trees were cotylelobium malayanum, eugenia cymosa, intsia palembanica, dactylocladus stenostachys, tristania obovata and calophyllum soulattri. the latter four species and ilex hypoglauca were also important components of the cratoxylum-dactylocladus community (table 1, species group 3). in the sapling group the dominant trees were not represented or less important, and calophyllum soulattri, barringtonia sumatrana, pygeum parviflorum, and shorea teysmanniana were prominent (table 3) and appear to be reproducing well. 436 r e i n w a k d t i a [vol. s 1880] kartawinata: kerangas forest in east kalimantan 437 pig. 3. a view of the cratoxyliim-dactyloeladus community. the trees are cratoxylum glaucum, dactylocladus stenostachys and combretocarpus rottmdatus. on the foreground are young plants of t'etractomia obovata and behind them are " tricostularia undulata covering the ground. fig. 4. stagnant water in a depression in the cratoxylunu-dactylocladus community, with pneumatophores in the center and ground cover around it consisting of tricostularia undulata, nepenthes gracilis and seedlings of tetractomia obovata 438 r e i n w a e d t i a [vol. 9 table 1. the average importance values of trees and saplings (including treelets and shrubs) in cratoxylum-dactylocladus (cd), eugenia-ilex (el), and shorea-eugenia (se) communities species species group 1 syzyffium claviflorum horsfieldia subglobosa cratoxylum formosum sterculia sp. species group 2 combretocarpus rotundatus litsea crassifolia shorea balangeran myrsyne hasseltii eugenia cerina tetractomia obovata daorydium elatum antidesma puncticulatum species group 3cratoxylum glaucum dactyloeladus stenostaehys tristania obovata calophyllum soulattri palaquium ridleyi ilex hypoglauca baccaurea bracteata species group 4 eugenia cymosa intsia palembanica cotylelobium malayanum shorea teysmanniana eugenia jamboloides garcinia rostrata garcinia bancana timonius flavescens eugenia cuprea species group 5 eugenia palembanica litsea sp. calophyllum pulcherimum pygeum parviflorum barringtonia sumatrana baccaurea puberula ixora steno-ahulla cd trees 15.19 — — — 45.31 7.59 3.28 2.33 10.67 — — — 81.04 50.01 36.69 9.0-3 2.22 re.oo — — — — — . — • — — — — — — . — — — sapling 5.80 4:0-2 11.76 2.29 16.43 12.50 4.73 6.56 — 35.36 16.23 7.56 48.73 13.3-6 47.36 26,13 — 37.47 9.36 — — — — — .— —. — — —• — • — ' — : — trees 3.58 — — — — — — — — — — — 5.29 11.3'910.48 10.67 7.14 58.62 7.45 17.15 12.30' 31.71 — — — — — — 92.77 — — — — — e l sapling — 4.37 — — — — — — — — — -— — — — 61.07 — 9.12 17.18 — — — 27.83 8.63 8.36 7.45' 6,65 6.30 8.10 8.0'2 6.30 39.14 55.20 10.53 10.01 trees — 6.74 12.64 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 23.80' 6.34 12.96 — — •— se sapling i 67.06 — 12.81 5.97 — — — — — — — — — — — — 30.96 1 22.30 1 5.97 i 12,46-; i 1980] kartawinata: kerangas forest in east kalimantan 439 table 1. (continued) species group 6 shorea ovalis eugenia acuminatissima rhodamnia cinerea xylopia altissima eugenia sp. xanthophyllum sp. pternandra galeata laplacea ovalis parinari sp. mastixia rostrata vatica umbonata polyalthia sp. lithocarpus datystachyus polyalthia lateriflora sindora gadelupa endiandra sp. lithocarpus sundaicus baccaurea sp. memecylon edule aporosa microsphaera fordia coriacea aporosa nitida strombosia javanica dialium indum cryptocanja densiflora sterculia macropoda knema laurina table 2. density (plants/ha) of tree species in cratoxylum-dactylocladiis community according to diameter classes 37.42 21.27 15.50 15.22 14.32 11.92 11.72 11.37 10.44 8.35 8.19 7.16 6,14 5.65 5.65 5.58 6.35 6.15 5.73 — — — — — — __ — _ _ — — — — — — — 6.68 5.63 8.69 6.49 33.06 23.67 6.84 6.66 6.49 6.16 5.93 5.59 species cratoxylum glaucum tristania obovata combretocarpus rotundatus dactyloeladus stenostaehys tetractomia obovata ilex hypoglauca others 2 — 9.9 538 511 161 108 484 323 1103 diameter class (cm) 10 — 19.9 146 64 23 151 5 5 . 67 20—29.9 9 27 5 14 440 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 trees were bigger and taller than those in the cratoxylum-dactylocladus community. the largest tree with diameter more than 40 cm was represented by cotylelobium makiyanum (table 3). the density trees was 722 trees/ha with the total basal area of 24.43 sq. m/ha, and the density of sapling group was 2890 plants/ha with the basal area of 4.23 sq. m/ha. the tree crowns were thick and the canopy was continuous. table 3. density (plants/ha) of tree species in eugenia-ilex community according to diameter classes. species diameter class (cm) 2-9.9 10-19.9 20-29.9 30-39.9 40-49.9 eugenia palembanica ilex hypoglauca cotylelobium malayanum tristania obovata eugenia cymosa cratoxylum glaucum daetylocladus stenostachys baccaurea bracteata calophyllum soulattri intsia palembanica barringtonia sumatrana pygeum parviflorum shorea teysmanniana others — 91 — — — — — 181 785 91 543 453 364 1024 54 199 18 91 18 — — 18 18 18 — — — 271 126 18 — • 36 18 18 36 — — — • — — — 54 i s — 18 18 — — — — — — — — — — 18 in the herb and seedling layer, ixora stenophylla and eugenia cuprea were the dominant and the most common species while others were present with low cover and frequency (table 5). in general the ground cover was sparse. the soil under this community comprised of litter layer of 1—2 cm thick, beneath which was the humus layer of 3—8 cm thick, ramified by abundant living fine roots. underlying the humus layer was black to grey, friable sandy soil with thickness of 14—25 cm. the white, hard, compacted sand occurred as the parent material underneath. the surface soil to the depth of 10 cm was very sandy and acid and was very low in nutrient contents (table 6). the shorea-eugenia community occurred on the depression between kerangas forest on the islands a and b and is represented by sample no. 3 (fig. 1). shorea ovalis and eugenia acuminatissima are here designated as the dominant species as they have the highest importance values. 1980] kaetawinata : kerangas forest in east kalimantan 441 other important species, which respectively has importance value greater than 10, were eugenia palembanica, calophyllum pulcherimum and species listed in species group 6 (table 1). this community intergrades with both the cratoxylum-dactyllocladus and eugenia-ilex communities. in the sapling and shrub layer, the important species were aporusa microsphaera, pygeum parviflorum and barringtonia sumatrana. tables 1 and 4 show also that the dominant and other important trees were not represented in the sapling stage. shorea ovalis, in fact, occurred in the sample only as seedlings and trees with diameters greater than 50 cm (tables 4 and 5). this community is more complex than the cratoxylum-dactylocladus and eugenia-ilex communities. it resembles more the surrounding normal dipterocarp forest than the kerangas forest. outside the sample, tall and big dipterocarp species, such as shorea lamellata, s. teysmanniana s. bracteolata, s. laevis and s. leprosula, were present. the biggest tree recorded was shorea ovalis, whose diameter reached 110 cm and height of more than 30 m. table 4 shows the size class distribution of trees and it appears that syzygium claviflorum, litsea sp., endiandra sp., lithocarpus sundaicus memecylon edide and diospyros puncticulosa were "frequent producers". table 4. density (plants/ha) of tree species in shorea-eugenia community according to diameter classes species syzygium claviflorum litsea sp. endiandra sp. lithocarpus sundaicus memecylon edule diospyros puncticulosa eugenia palembanica eugenia acuminatissima rhodamnia cinerea xylopia altissima xanthophyllum sp. baccaurea bracteata shorea ovalis others 2-9.9 578 .217 72 72 72: 145 i '— 72 — 2395 10 19 11 11 23 23 11 23 11 46 23 23 , -— ,240 diameter class (cm) .9 20-29.9 30-39.9 40 -50' —i 23 — 11 — — 11 — — — 1 1 -r11, 11 — — 1 1 > — •. ' 33' 44 22 > 5 0 11 11 442 reinwardtia [vol. 9 in the seedling layer the important trees were poorly represented. here the seedling and herb layer consisted mainly of seedlings of other tree species, except for shorea ovalis and very few herbs (table 5). the ground cover in this community was very sparse. table 5. average percentage of cover (c) and frequency (f) of seedlings and herbs in cratoxylum-dactylocladus (cd), eugenia-ilex (el) and shorea-eugenia (se) communities. cd e l se species p tricostularia undulata antidesma puncticulatum tristania whiteana nepenthes gradlis aporusa viicrosphaera nepenthes rafflesiana eugenia sp. tristania obovata bromhaedia finlaysoniana tetractomia obovata trichospermum canaliculatum myrsine hasseltii xavnthophyllivm sp. calophyllum soulattri baccaurea bracteata xyris borneensis timonius flavescens ilex hypoglauca diospyros puncticulosa gomphaea serrata bulbophyllum sp. pygeum parviflorum cryptocarya sp. dacrydium datum sterculia sp. cratoxylum glaucum lauraceae ixora stenophylla eugenia cuprea urophyllum glabrum calophyllum pulcherimum , garcinia bancana shorea teysmannianq. 36.67 7.17 5.57 2.63 5.304.07 8.90 2.40 1.10 3.00 1.70 0.27 0.37 0.70 1.00 0.07 1.13 2.67 0.03 0.03 0.13 0.03> 0.03 0.83 0.17 0.1.7 0.07 66.67 46.67 46.67 40.00 30.00 30.00 26.70 23.30 20.00 20.00 13.33 ro.oo 10.00 10.00 10.00 6.67 6.67 6.67 3.33 3.33' 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 — — •— — — — — — — — — 0.50 0.10 — — — 2.50 — — • — — 0.50 — — — — — 10.4 16.8 10.00 3.00 3.00 1.00 -— — — — — — — — — — — 10.00 10.00 — — — 10. oo — — — — ro.oo — — — — — 90.00 80.00 20.00' 20.00 20,00 20.00 6.0 40.00 1s80] kartawinata: kerangas forest in east kalimantan 443 table 5. (continued). gaertnera vaginans medinilla cuspidata pternandra galeata barringtonia sumatrana oxymitra grandifolia pandanus sp. syzygium claviflorum baccaurea sumatrana sohima wallichii erycibe borneensis pentace polyantha shorea bracteolata shorea ovalis sindora gadelupa boea macrophylla 1.00 22.50 0.50 0.50 0.10 .— — — — — 20.00 ro.oo 10.00 10.00 10,00 — — — — — __ — — — — — 8.50 1.60 2.60 2.50 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 o'.io — — — — 40.00 30.00 40.00 10.00 10,00 10.00 10.00 1o.00 10.00 10.00 the shorea-eugenia community occurred on a somewhat swampy soil, with litter layer of about 1 cm thick, overlying brownish black humus layer of about 5 cm thick. living fine roots were abundant in this humus layer. beneath this was the layer of dark grey sandy clay silt, whose thickness was about 8 cm, overlying light grey compacted sandy clay silt. the surface soil to the depth of 10 cm was very acid and low in nutrient contents, although the nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium contents were higher than those in soils of the cratoxylum-dactylocladus and eugenia-ilex communities (table 6). table 6. chemical and physical properties of soils to the depth of 10 cm. sand (%) silt (%) clay (%) ph (in h2o) c (mg/100 g) n (mg/loo g) c/n p 2 0 5 (mg/100 g) • k2o (mg/100 g) lime requirement at ph 6.5 (g caco3 per 100 g soil) cratoxylumdactylocladus 40'.7 54.7 44.6 3.4 8.19 0.40 23 19.5 8 2 . 1 8 community eugenia-ilex 64 33 3 3.6 6.52 0.28 23 30 9/ 1.52 shorea-eugenia 15 60 16 3.6 7.16 0.51 14 46 19 1.52 444 r e i n w a r d t i a discussion [vol. 9 the kerangas forest does not occur exclusively in borneo. kartawinata (1976) in his review shows that it is found also in sumatra, celebes, and irian jaya (west new guinea) at the altitude up to 2400 m, but it is absent in java and nusa tenggara (lesser sunda islands). he notes that previous studies of kerangas forest are mainly concerned with floristic records based on visual observations during botanical and soil explorations. the present studies gives a descriptive account based on objective assessment, although i have to admit that the inadequacy of sampling produces results that may not reflect the true picture of the forest investigated. nevertheless, the present data will be of value in providing a brief and objective description of the structure and composition of the kerangas forest, hitherto little known in indonesia. further detailed studies are, therefore, needed to understand better, not only the structure and composition but also the functioning of this type of forest ecosystem. among the three communities identified in the present study, only the cratoxylum-dactylocladus community can be considered the true kerangas forest. the shorea-eugenia community, on the other hand, is more appropriate to be considered a variant of the lowland dipterocarp forest occurring on swampy habitat, on account of its structure, species composition and soil, in particular the textural properties. the eugeniailex community may be regarded as a transition between the two. the cratoxylum-dactylocladus community is a type of kerangas forest occurring on other "islands" (c, d and e) in sebulu area, although they may be somewhat different in floristic composition. in the "island" c, for instance, tristania obovata and calophyllum soulattri were observed to be the most prominent tree species. other kerangas forests found elsewhere in indonesia, so far recorded (kartawinata 1976), and many of those occurring in sarawak (brunig 1965) are similar in habitat, structure and to a certain extent in floristic composition to the cratoxylum-dactylocladus community. this community is also similar floristically to the forest occurring on white sand island, recorded by dilmy (1965) to occur in the middle of the peat swamp forest, in particular in the presence of such species as tristania obovata, dacrydium elatum, shorea balangeran, dactylocladus stenostachys and cratoxylum glaucum. the presence of charcoal in the soil at the depth of 15 cm indicates the occurrence of fire in the past. however, there was no indication of recent burning in the area. it is difficult to say that the kerangas forest 1980] kartawinata: kerangas forest in east kalimantan 445 at sebulu is of secondary origin. typical species of secondary kerangas forest, such as ploiarium alternifolium, dillenia suffruticosa, dicranopteris linearis, fagraea fragrans, rhodomyrtus tomentosa and vitex pubescens (browne. 1952; whitmore 1975), were absent. the soil in the cratoxylum-dactylocladus and eugenia-ilex communities is very acid, and is poorer in nutrient contents compared to that in the shorea-eugenia community. it is also different from the soil under dipterocarp forest occurring at beloro (tinal & palinewen 1974), about 10 km west of the study area, which is comparable to the soil under the dipterocarp forest surrounding the cratoxylum-dactylocladus community. the properties of soil under this community is also comparable to those of kerangas soils at bangka, padang luwai (hardon 1937) and sarawak (richards 1965). these soils are considered the poorest in terms of nutrient contents compared to latosols and other soils (hardon 1937; mohr and baren 1954; richards 1965). considering that the timber volume in the kerangas forest is comparatively very much smaller than that in the lowland dipterocarp forest, the kerangas forest is at present of no commercial value, except for the local supply of timber, poles and fuel. should this forest be exploited, ecological considerations have to be taken into account in its exploitation, otherwise it will be a disaster. kerangas forest is easily degraded by felling and burning and the rate of secondary succession is very slow (whitmore 1975). the possibility of replanting such degraded sites to re-establish productive forest is slight (mitchell 1963). it is reported, however, that it might be still possible to re-establish clear-felled and burnt kerangas with casuarina nobilis (whitmore 1975), agathis spp., araucaria cunninghamii, dryobalanops fusca and shorea albida (brunig 1969). in view of the above account and the facts that the need for land outside java and bali is not critical to the effect that it is necessary to utilize unproductive land, such as kerangas forest, it is deemed more rational to keep all kerangas forests in their natural state. utilization can be directed towards such aspects as education, research and recreation. i have suggested (kartawinata 1975b) that all kerangas forests should be converted into conservation areas. acknowledgements i wish to express my sincere thanks to mr. rustam effendi, president of p.t. kutai timber indonesia, for allowing me to work in his concession area and for providing facilities during the field work. i am 446 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 also grateful to messrs. sudarsono riswan and simon taka nuhamara for their help in the field, mr. nedi for his assistance in plant identification, and to the directorate of forest planning, directorate-general of forestry for allowing me to make use of the aerial photographs. references ashton, p.s. (1974). the plants and vegetation of bako national park. in malay. nat. j. 24: 151-162. beccari, 0. (1904). wanderings in the great forests of borneo. london. browne, p.g. (1952). the kerangas land of sarawak. in malay. for 15: 61-73. brunig, e.f. (1965). a guide and introduction to the vegetation of the kerangas forests and the padangs on the bako national park. in symposium on ecological research in humid tropics vegetation, kuching, sarawak, 1963. unesco, south east asia science cooperation office, p. 289 318. brunig, e.f. (1968). some observations on the status of heath forests in sarawak and brunei. in proceedings of the symposium on recent advances in tropical ecology. varanasi. vol. 2, p. 451 457. brunig, e.f. (1969a). forestry on tropical podzols and related soils. in trop. ecol. 10: 45-58. brunig, e.f. (1969b). on the seasonality of drought in the lowlands of sarawak (borneo). in erdkunde 23: 127 133'. brunig, e.f. (1970). stand structure, physiognomy and environmental factors in some lowland forests in sarawak. in trop. ecol. 11: 26-43. brunig, e.f. (1971). on the ecological significance of drought in the equatorial wet evergreen (rain) forests of sarawak (borneo). in j.r. flenley (ed.): the water relations of malesian forests. department of geography, university of hull. curtis, j.t. & cottam, g. (1962). plant ecology workbook. minneapolis. dilmy, a. (1965). ecological data from the sampit area (central kalimantan). in symposium on ecological research in humid tropics vegetation. kuching, sarawak. unesco, south east asia science cooperation office, p. 217 224. endert, f.h. (1927). midden-oost borneo expeditie, 1925. p. 232-233. gilliland, h.b. (1959). an evocative habitat. in trans. bot. soc. edinb. 38: 56-63. gilliland, h.b. (1960). a coniferous forest in borneo. in malay. for. 23: 217-221. hardon, h.j. (1937). padang soils and example of podzol in the tropical lowlands. in verhand. ned. akad. wet. amsterdam 40: 530-538. henderson, m.r. (1932). the "padang" flora of jemaja in the anambas islands, n . e . i . in gardens bull. str. settl. 5: .234 240. kartawinata, k. (1975a). geographic and climatic analysis of the nature reserve system in indonesia. in biolndonesia 1: 9-15. 1980] kartawinata: kerangas forest in east kalimantan 44t kartawinata, k. (1975b). the exploitation of natural forests and natttral area development. in biolndonesia 1: 17-23. kartawinata, k. (1976). hutan kerangas di indonesia. in r.s. suparto (ed.): bunga rampai sains kehutanan. publikasi khusus, fakultas kehutanan, i.p.b. dalam rangka home coming day iii/1976, p. 8-23. knight, d.h. (1975). a phytosociological analysis of species-rich tropical forest on barro colorado island, panama. in ecol. monogr. 45: 259-284. mitcheix, b.a. (1963). forestry and tanah beris. in malay. for. 26: 160-170. mohr, e.c.j. & van baren, f.a. (1660). tropical soils. brussels. polak, b. (1933). een tocht in het zandsteengebiet bij mandor. in trop. natuur 2: 23 28. posthumus, o. (1937). some remarks on the vegetation of the sandy soil of the padang loewai (e. koetei, e. borneo). in verhand. kon. ned. akad. wet. amsterdam 40: 505-512. posthumus, o. & witkamp, h. (1932). padang loewai. in ned.-indie ver. natuurbesch.,verslag 1929-1931, p. 78-82. richards, p.w. (1936). ecological observations on the rainforest of mount dulit, sarawak. i, ii. in j. ecol. 24: 1-37, 340-360. richards. p.w. (1965). soil conditions in some bornean lowland plant communities. in symposium on ecological research in humid tropics vegetation. kuching, sarawak. unesco, south east asia science cooperation office, p. 198 205. schmidt, f.h. & ferguson, j.h.a. (1951). rainfall types based on wet and dry period ratios for indonesia with western new guinea. kementerian perhubungan, jawatan meteorologi dan geofisika, verhandelingen no. 42. stebnis, c.g.g.j. van (1932). botanical results of a trip to the anambas and natoena islands. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. 12: 152-211. sutisna, m. (1976). ekspedisi anggrek kersik luwai dan tempat-tempat lain di kalimantan timur. in frontir 5: 19-25. teysmann, j.e. (1'876). bekort verslag eener dienstreis naar biliton, de karimata eilanden en landak ter westkust van borneo. in natuurk. tijdschr. ned. indie 36: 210-295. tinal, uk & palinewen^ j. (1974). a study of mechanical logging damage after selective cutting in the lowland dipterocarp forest of beloro, east kalimantan. biotrop/tfrs/74/11. whitmore, t.c. (1975). tropical rain forest of the far east. oxford. wlnklek, h. (1914). die pflanzendecke sud-ost borneo. beitrage zur kentnnis der flora und pflanzengeographie von borneo, iv. in bot. jahrb. 25: 188-208. wlrakusumah, r.s. (1973). beberapa pemikiran dalam konversi hutan pulau nunukan. lapan universitas mulawarman, samarinda, laporan no. 018. contents page hsu an keng. a new interpretation of the compound strobilar structures of cordaites and conifers , 377 soejatmi dransfield. three new malesian species of gramineae 385 v. n. naik. coelachne ghatica naik, sp. nov 393 thomas j. delendick. the correct name for the acer of malesia 395 m i e n a. r i f a i . the identity of ustuago amadelpha var. glabhuscula 399 v. n. naik & b. w. patunkar. novelties in panicum (poaceae) from india . 403 n. p. balakrishnan. a new species of ophiorrhiza (rubiaceae) from great nicobar island, india 411 ronald h. petersen. type studies in the clavarioid fungi. v. the taxa described by caspar van overeem 415 a. w. subhebar & v. g. rao. an undescribed species of calothyriop<sis on apple 421 gregori g. hambali. a new species of balanophora from the malay peninsula, 425 kuswata kartawinata. a note on a kerangas (heath) forest at sebulu, east kalimantan 429 rusdy e. nasution & r. n. lester. a chemotaxonomic study of some species of zingiber subsection zerumbet 449 johanis p. mogea. the flabellate-leaved species of salacca (palmae) • printed by aechipel, bogor, java cov rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_29 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_30 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_31 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_32 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_33 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_34 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_35 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_36 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_37 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_38 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_55 reinwardtia_13_1_291209 today reinwardtia 24 [vol.13 reinwardtia vol 13, part 1, pp: 25 − 30 25 two new species of daemonorops from sulawesi received june 8, 2009; accepted june 16, 2009 himmah rustiami herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology–lipi, jl. raya jakarta bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail: himmah@hotmail.com. abstract rustiami, h. 2009. two new species of daemonorops from sulawesi. reinwardtia 13(1): 25–30. — daemonorops mogeana rustiami and daemonorops takanensis rustiami are described and illustrated for the first time based on specimens collected from central sulawesi and south sulawesi respectively. an identification key of daemonorops in sulawesi is constructed in order to differentiate between those two species and other species of daemonorops in sulawesi. key words: daemonorops takanensis, daemonorops mogeana, central sulawesi, south sulawesi. abstrak rustiami, h. 2009. dua jenis baru daemonorops dari sulawesi. reinwardtia 13(1): 25–30. — daemonorops mogeana rustiami dan daemonorops takanensis rustiami dipertelakan dan digambarkan berdasarkan spesimen yang dikoleksi berturut-turut dari sulawesi tengah dan sulawesi selatan. kunci identifikasi marga daemonorops di sulawesi disusun untuk memperjelas perbedaan kedua jenis baru tersebut dengan jenis-jenis lain yang ada di sulawesi. kata kunci: daemonorops takanensis, daemonorops mogeana, sulawesi tengah, sulawesi selatan. introduction in the course of preparing a revision of the rattans of sulawesi, which so far consist of five species (beccari 1911), i came across two peculiar unidentified rattans belonging to daemonorops. these two species as other five species from sulawesi, display all the key characteristics of the section piptospatha, namely the pendulous inflorescence, the prophyll not enclosing whole inflorescence and subsequent bracts falling at anthesis. herein, i name, describe and illustrate these species, d. mogeana rustiami and d. takanensis rustiami. d. mogeana is relatively similar to d. macroptera. in this paper i construct an identification key for whole species of daemonorops in sulawesi. key to the species in sulawesi 1. a. leaf sheath covered with rusty – brown coloured indumentum and armed with short, up to 10 mm long, easily detached spines ...............d. takanensis b. leaf sheath without indumentum and armed with long, more than 15 mm long, strongly attached spines........................................................ 2 2. a. leaf sheath armed with brittle, unequal solitary spines ..................................…................................3 b. leaf sheath armed strongly with large, irregularly seriate spines...........................................................5 3. a. leaf sheath armed with solitary, black, brittle spines; ochrea present .....................d. lamprolepis b. leaf sheath armed with solitary or in groups of black spines; ochrea absent .......…........................4 4. a. leaf sheath armed with very densely long, solitary, hair-like spines................................d. sarasinorum b. leaf sheath armed with short, scattered, seriate, needle like spines ........................... ...d. riedeliana 5. a. leaf sheath armed with jointed bases, oblique spines; fruit spherical, endosperm deeply ruminate ................................................d. robusta b. leaf sheath armed with solitary to jointed bases, upright spines; fruit subglobose to ellipsoid, endosperm slightly to deeply ruminate ................6 6. a. leaf sheath densely armed with solitary, furfuraceous spines; fruit ellipsoid, endosperm deeply ruminate ...............................d. macroptera b. leaf sheath densely armed with groups of 3’s – 5’s, greyish spines; fruit subglobose, endosperm slightly ruminate .................................d. mogeana daemonorops mogeana rustiami spec. nov. ― fig. 1 & fig. 2. daemonorops macroptera affinis sed vaginis foliorum spinas robustas giganteas ferentibus et fructo acuto non ellipsoideo differt. ― type: indonesia, central sulawesi, kab. poso, district kulawi, dusun moa, mt. malemo, 1000 m alt., 21 october 1977, jp mogea 1356, fruiting specimen (bo-holo). very large, robust, clustering rattan, climbing to 15 m. sheathed stem 4 cm in diam., stem without reinwardtia 26 [vol.13 sheaths 2 cm in diam.; internodes 20 cm long. leaf sheaths woody, creamy-yellow, densely armed with numerous broad spines, often with conspicuous bulbous bases, and arranged in groups of 3’s–5’s, flat, greyish, irregularly seriate, 1–7 cm long, 5 mm wide, intermixed with smaller and ascendant spines. leaves very large up to 6 m long including petiole and cirrus; petiole very robust, 1 m long, 2 cm wide and 1 cm thick at base, rounded adaxially and abaxially, densely armed with, seriate or irregularly, erect, triangular, 1–3 cm long and up to 1 cm wide spines; rachis up to 3 m long, with similar triangular spines; leaflets large, 30 pairs on each side of rachis, regularly arranged, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, armed with small bristles, 5 mm long along the mid nerve on both surfaces and the apex; transverse veinlets conspicuous; middle leaflets 40 cm long; 2 cm broad, papyraceous, green and concolorous; apical leaflets to 20 long, 1.5 cm broad; cirrus to 2 m long, armed with 4–5-hooked grapnels arranged 3 cm apart. staminate and pistillate inflorescences not known. infructescence ascending, to about 70 cm long, with 6 erect, very slender, cupressiform, partial infructescences, 5 cm apart; the main axis cylindrical, 20 cm long, armed with dense, glaucous, seriate spines, about 1–5 cm long, with bulbous bases, and covered with blackish brown indumentums; partial infructescence about 15 cm long bearing up to 10 unequal rachillae. fruit sub globose, covered with 14 vertical rows of glossy yellowish scale, 8 mm long and 4 mm broad. seed one, globose. endosperm slightly ruminate. habitat and ecology. this species is common in agathis forest, beside streams on the slopes of g. malemo, 1000 m alt. distribution. this species only known from the type locality. uses. young shoot is edible and good. vernacular name. uwi manis (umbut manis) etymology. i would like to dedicate this new species to the eminent palm expert from indonesia prof. dr. johanis palar mogea who collected this species during his field work in sulawesi. notes. this species has been identified as daemonorops macroptera by maturbongs (2001) because it is similar to this species morphologically. however after thorough study and careful examination this new species differs from d. macroptera by leaf-sheath armature where it has very robust, gigantic spines, fruit subglobose and slightly ruminate endosperm, whereas the latter has gigantic, fragile, easily broken spines, and ellipsoidal fruit and deeply ruminate endosperm like common daemonorops species from sulawesi. specimen examined. indonesia: central sulawesi, kab. poso, district kulawi, dusun moa, mt. malemo, 1000 m alt., 21 october 1977, jp mogea 1356, fruiting specimen (bo). daemonorops takanensis rustiami spec. nov. ― fig. 3. neo species of daemonorops ad sectionem piptospatham recognitus ab takane-kane collis pertinens sed in spinis vaginae foliorum disposita differt. – type: indonesia, south sulawesi, kab. mamuju, district kaluku, dusun roa, rantai village, kaluak, bukit takane-kane, 200 m alt., 06 february 1993, padmi kramadibrata 028, fruiting specimen (bo-holo). slender, clustering rattan, climbing to 20 m. sheathed stem 2 cm. in diam., without sheaths 1.5 cm in diam., internodes 20–30 cm long; leaf sheath dark green, covered with conspicuously rusty– brown coloured indumentum and armed with numerous very brittle, thin laminar, unequal, up to 1 cm long or even shorter, solitary, scattered, easily to detached, brown spines, with small bulbous bases; leaf sheath mouth densely armed with similar spines; knee present and conspicuous, 10 mm long, 20 mm wide, moderately armed. leaves 3.5 m long including petiole and cirrus; petiole to 20 cm long, 10 mm wide and 8 mm thick at base, flat adaxially, rounded abaxially, with acute edges, covered slightly with rusty–brown indumentum, as on sheath, armed with numerous short triangular spines; rachis up to 1.8 m long, armed with very short, erect, slender, triangular claws, that become ternate near the apex and 5–nate and half whorled on the cirrus; cirrus to 150 cm long; leaflets numerous, 55 pairs on each side of rachis, regularly arranged, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, armed with bristles to 5 mm long along the midrib of both surfaces; transverse veinlets minute; basal leaflets 34 cm long and 8 mm broad, middle leaflets 35 cm long and 1 cm broad, apical leaflets to 20 cm long and 8 mm broad. staminate and pistillate inflorescences not known. infructescence pendulous, up to 50 cm long, consisting of 4 partial infructescence, 5 cm apart; peduncle 10 cm long; partial infructescence to 8 cm long bearing to 10 rachillae. fruit ellipsoid with a short conical beaked, pale, covered with 15 vertical rows of scale, 15 mm long and 10 mm broad. seed one, ellipsoid. endospermae deeply ruminate. rustiami : two new species of daemonorops from sulawesi 2009] 27 fig. 1. daemonorops mogeana rustiami. a. portion of cane x ½; b. mid portion of leaf, abaxial view x ½; c. leaf tip and cirrus x ½; d. portion of infructescence x ½; e. fruit x 1; f. seed x ½; g. seed in longitudinal section x ½. after j.p. mogea 1356, drawn by iskak samsudin. c a e f g b d c reinwardtia 28 [vol.13 fig. 2. daemonorops mogeana rustiami. a. leaf sheath armature. after j.p. mogea 1356, drawn by iskak samsudin and wahyudi santoso a rustiami : two new species of daemonorops from sulawesi 2009] 29 fig. 3. daemonorops takanensis rustiami. a. portion of leafsheat x ½; b. mid portion of leaf, abaxial view x ½; c. basal portion of leaf x ½; d. leaf tip and cirrus x ½; e. portion of infructescence x ½; f. fruit x 1; g. seed x 1; h. seed in longitudinal section x 1. after padmi kramadibrata 028, drawn by subari. d e a g f b c h reinwardtia 30 [vol.13 distribution. known from the type locality only. habitat and ecology. disturbed primary forest on hill slope. uses. not recorded. vernacular name. rotan api. etymology. the epithet name is after the locality takane-kane where the plant was collected. notes. this new species can be recognized easily by its leaf sheath dark green, covered with conspicuously rusty – brown coloured indumentum and armed with numerous very brittle, thin laminar, unequal, up to 1 cm long or even shorter, solitary, scattered, easily to detached, brown spines, with small bulbous bases. so far this species is only known from the type locality, bukit takane-kane. specimens examined. indonesia, south sulawesi, kab. mamuju, district kaluku, dusun roa, rantai village, kaluak, bukit takane-kane, 200 m alt., 06 february 1993, padmi kramadibrata 028, fruiting specimen (bo). acknowledgements i would like to thank the storma ipb for part sponsorship of my study. i would also like to thank dr john dransfield and dr johanis palar mogea for their wise guidance during preparation of the manuscript and the revision of daemonorops in sulawesi. i should like to thank prof. dr. mien a. rifai for reading the first draft. mr. iskak samsudin, mr. sobari and mr wahyudi santoso, of herbarium bogoriense prepared the figures. references beccari, o. 1911. asiatic palms – lepidocaryeae part ii. the species of daemonorops. ann. roy. bot. gard. (calcutta) 12:1−241. a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(3): 221 — 3 1 5 , april 11, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedydarnaedi (indonesia) tuktrin partomihardjo (indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (indonesia) teguhtriono (indonesia) marlinaardiyani (indonesia) eizi suzuki (japan) jun wen (united state of america) managing editor himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirathidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaiy reviewers bryan simon (australia), eve j. lucas (united kingdom), j.f.veldkamp (netherlands), laurence skog (usa), pieter baas (netherlands), ruth kiew (malaysia), robert j. soreng (usa), helena duistermaat (netherlands), lyn a. craven (australia), rugayah (indonesia), mark hughes (united kingdom), martin callmander (usa), peter c. van welzen (netherlands), wayne takeuchi (usa), nobuyuki fukuoka (japan). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 3, pp: 305 − 313 305 leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java received august 25, 2011; accepted december 27, 2011 sri endarti rahayu biology department, national university, jl. sawo manila 61, pejaten – pasar minggu , jakarta selatan, indonesia. email: endarti 2004@yahoo.com kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya bogor−jakarta km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. botany department, field museum , chicago, illionis, usa tatiek chikmawati biology department, bogor agricultural institute, jl. raya dramaga, bogor, indonesia. alex hartana biology department, bogor agricultural institute, jl. raya dramaga, bogor, indonesia. abstract rahayu, s. e., kartawinata, k., chikmawati, t., hartana, a. 2012. leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java. reinwardtia 13(3): 305−313. –– the leaf epidermis and mesophyll of fifteen species of pandanus from java were investigated to assess the value of anatomical features in species identification and classification. characters of diagnostic importance are epidermal cell shape, differentiation of the abaxial epidermis into costa and intercosta, adaxial anticlinal cell wall outline, occurrence of raphides in the mesophyll, distribution of cubical crystals, pallisade cell shape, papillae on epidermal cells, and the stomatal complex. leaf epidermal anatomy was found to be useful in the identification at species level. keywords: anatomy, pandanus, pandanaceae, java. abstrak rahayu, s. e., kartawinata, k., chikmawati, t., hartana, a. 2012. anatomi daun pandanus (pandanaceae) dari jawa. reinwardtia 13(3): 305−313. –– studi tentang epidermis daun dari 15 jenis pandanus di jawa dilakukan untuk menentukan kegunaan dari karakter-karakter anatomi ini dan untuk menetapkan nilai manfatnya di dalam identifikasi jenis dan klasifikasi. karakter-karakter diagnostik yang penting di dalam klasifikasi pandanus di jawa adalah bentuk sel epidermis, demarkasi atau diferensiasi epidermis abaksial menjadi kosta dan interkosta, dinding antiklinal sel adaksial, adanya raphid pada potongan melintang, penyebaran kristal berbentuk kubus, bentuk jaringan palisade, adanya papila pada sel epidermis, kompleksitas stomata. hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa anatomi dari epidermis daun berguna secara taksonomi dalam identifikasi pandanus pada tingkat jenis. kata kunci: anatomi, pandanus, pandanaceae, jawa. introduction pandanus parkinson is characterized by a number of very obvious features, forming a unique combination of characters. these distinctive characters are generally an erect stem (sometimes sprawling), basally supported by many long stilt and prop roots, branching more or less dichotomously, usually rather prickly because of short, blunt or pointed specialized adventitious roots; leaves in 3 regular, close-set spirals, on the rounded or slightly 3-angled trunks, leaves entire, long, narrow, deeply channelled along the midrib and pleated once on each side, the tip, margin, midrib (below) and the pleats (above, sometimes) set with stout or fine prickles (stone, 1965). pandanus, with three other genera, freycinetia gaud., sararanga hemsl., and martellidendron callm. & chassot consititute the family pandanaceae. pandanus contains more than 600 species which are distributed throughout the tropics of the old world and this large genus is very diverse (kam, 1971). the last revisions of the pandanaceae from java were made by backer & bakhuizen van den brink (1968) and stone (1972). they recognized 16 species and suggested alternative classifications, using morphological characters of the pistillate flowers and fruits as diagnostic features. it is, therefore virtually impossible to identify sterile or staminate plants reinwardtia 306 [vol.13 (kam, 1971). edeoga and ikem (2001) showed that leaf epidermal features are as useful in systematic botany as for instance dna sequences or chemical compounds. the taxonomic value of leaf anatomy features was considered in some detail by stace (1965). examining the shape of epidermal, guard and subsidiary cells of stomata may prove useful for the identification of selected plant species (jakubska, 2007). stone (1976) constantly reaffirmed that the variation in the epidermal tissue (including stomata) is of great value in systematic botany. tomlinson (1965) proposed a classification of stomatal types based on progressive complexity, and this system was used by kam (1971) to demonstrate that there is a correlation between stomatal characters and the sectional delimitation within pandanus. the aims of the present study are to describe the epidermal variation in 15 javanese species of pandanus and to evaluate the usefulness of the characters for identification and classification purposes. materials and method the survey was based on fresh material collected from the field, from plants cultivated at the bogor botanical garden and from herbarium material supplied by the herbarium bogoriense, bogor. dried leaves were boiled in water for a few minutes to soften the leaf until they became unfolded and were ready for epidermal scrapping. fresh leaves were fixed in 70% faa. leaf samples were prepared according to the modified method of johansen (1940). the fresh or dried leaves were placed in a tube with 10% nitric acid and kept in boiling water for about 10-15 minutes. nitric acid softens the leaf tissue and facilitates peeling of the epidermis. both epidermal layers were stripped off gently by brushing away unwanted tissue with the help of a pointed needle and forceps, after which the epidermis was stained with safranin. an excess of safranin was washed off and the epidermis was temporarely mounted in an aqueous glycerol solution. embedded leaf segments were used for sectioning with a rotary microtome to prepare 15-20 µm thick sections. the ribbons were placed on clean slides smeared with a thin film of haupt’s albumen and allowed to dry, after which a drop of water was added prior to mounting. the slides were placed on a hot plate at 40 o c for a few minutes to let the ribbons expand and they were stored overnight. the next day the slides were immersed for 2-5 minutes in a solution of xylene and absolute alcohol (1:1 ratio v/v). the slides were then transferred to another solution of xylene and alcohol in the ratio 1:3 (v/v) for a few minutes, after which they were washed in a series of 95%, 90%, 70% and 50% alcohol. the slides were stained with a few drops of fast green and counterstained with safranin for two minutes, then dehydrated in a series of 50%, 70%, 80%, 90% xylene/alcohol solution and mounted in canada balsam. the slides were dried on a hot plate at 30 o c (johansen, 1940), and examined and photographed with a nikon eclipse 80i digital microscope. the voucher specimens are deposited in jhun herbarium. results leaf anatomy the structure of the leaf as seen in transverse sections of all species are very uniform. all leaves have the same basic construction, i.e., the leaf is isolateral (fig.1a). in some species, e.g. p. labyrinthicus, p. pseudolais and p. scabrifolius, the leaf is truly isolateral: adaxially the palisade tissue is much more developed than abaxially, while in some others, e.g. p. multifurcatus and p. tectorius cv. sanderi, the leaf is somewhat dorsiventral which abaxially the palisade tissue is not so developed. this result agrees with earlier conclusion of tomlinson (1965) and kam (1971) that the structure of pandanus leaf was dorsiventral. epidermis pandanus labyrinthicus kurz has a thick cuticle (5 μm), while the remaining species have a thin cuticle (less than 2 μm). the adaxial epidermis is never differentiated into costal and intercostal regions. the shape of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis cells is similar in p. amaryllifolius roxb., p. multifurcatus fagerl., p. nitidus kurz, p. tectorius var. littoralis and p. tectorius cv. sanderi, whereas the adaxial epidermal cells have a very different shape than the abaxial cells in p. bantamensis koord., p. dubius spreng., p. kurzii merr., p. labyrinthicus kurz, p. odoratissimus l.f., p. polycephalus lam., p. pseudolais warb., p. scabrifolius martelli, p. spurius miq. cv. putat and p. utilis bory. six types of epidermal cells could be distinguished adaxially. each species always shows only a single type. the five types of the epidermal cells of the adaxial surfaces are: (1) rectangular in p. dubius and p. kurzii (2) squarish in p. bantamensis (fig. 1b), p. pseudolais, p. scabrifolius and p. spurius cv. putat, (3) elongated in p. amaryllifolius. (5) long cells elongated in p. nitidus, p. multifurcatus, p. odoratissimus and p. tectorius cv. sanderi. and (6) long cells rectangular were rahayu et al.: leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java 2012] 307 recorded in p. labyrinthicus, p. polycephalus, p. tectorius var. littoralis and p. utilis. the anticlinal walls of the adaxial epidermal cells are straight or undulate. the type of anticlinal walls is constant at the species level. pandanus kurzii shows adaxially undulate anticlinal walls (fig. 1c), while the remaining species have straight anticlinal walls. the distribution of cubical crystals in the fifteen species is variable. cubical crystals are absent in p. amaryllifolius, p. dubius, p. kurzii, p. labyrinthicus, p. tectorius var. littoralis, and p. bantamensis (fig. 1d); present in both epidermides in p. multifurcatus and p. nitidus; only abaxially present in p. odoratissimus, p. polycephalus, p. pseudolais, p. scabrifolius, p. spurius cv. putat, and p. tectorius cv. sanderi; and finally, only adaxially present in p. utilis. stomata occur in the adaxial and abaxial epidermis, but the stomata are always more abundant in the abaxial than in the adaxial epidermis, and the polar subsidiary cells of the latter are slightly larger than those of the abaxial stomata. all species have the tetracytic type of stomata. there are four subsidiary cells adjacent to the guard cells: two terminal (or polar) subsidiary cells, situated at the ends of the guard cell pairs and smaller in size than the other two, lateral subsidiary cells. in most species studied the adaxial epidermis has stomata without papillae, but p. utilis has stomata with lobed papillae situated on the subsidiary and guard cells (fig. 1e). stomatal complex sunk with one ring of papillae over the guard cells and one ring of larger lobes extending from the neighbouring cells above the stomata complex. for a classification of the stomatal complex in pandanus into 5 classes, see below. the abaxial epidermis is variable throughout the species studied. it may or may not be differentiated into costal and intercostal regions. the demarcation into zones is very clear-cut in p. amaryllifolius (fig. 1f), p. dubius, p. kurzii, p. multifurcatus, p. nitidus, p. odoratissimus, p. polycephalus, p. spurius cv. putat, p. tectorius var. littoralis, p. tectorius cv. sanderi, and p. utilis. however, in p. labyrinthicus the demarcation is not so clear, and in p. bantamensis, p. pseudolais and p. scabrifolius the figure 1. light micrographs of leaves: (a) transverse leaf section of p. multifurcatus fagerl.; (b) squarish abaxial epidermal cells of p. bantamensis koord.; (c) undulate adaxial anticlinal cell walls of p. kurzii merr.; (d) adaxial epidermis cells with cubical crystals of p. bantamensis koord.; (e) adaxial stomata with lobed papillae of p. utilis bory; (f) costal zone in the abaxial epidermis of p. amaryllifolius roxb. scale bar for a & f = 100 µm.; scale bar for b, c and d = 50 µm; scale bar for e = 20 µml. a b c d e f reinwardtia 308 [vol.13 abaxial epidermis shows no differentiation into costal and intercostal regions. the shape of the abaxial epidermal cells can only be divided into three classes, i.e. (1) long cells elongated in p. amaryllifolius, p. bantamensis, p. dubius (fig. 2a), p. multifurcatus, p. nitidus, p. pseudolais, and p. tectorius cv. sanderi, (2) long cells rectangular in, p. labyrinthicus, p. kurzii, p. odoratissimus, p. scabrifolius, p. spurius cv. putat, p. tectorius var. littoralis and p. utilis; and (3) polygonal in p. polycephalus in most of species, the abaxial epidermis is frequently associated with papillae. the distribution, size and shape of the papillae is highly variable throughout all species studied and can be used with caution for diagnostic purposes. papillae, when present may occur on all normal epidermal cells or only on certain cells. lateral and terminal subsidiary cells of the stomatal apparatus often are papillate. papillae which occur in lateral subsidiary cells are always arranged in a linear row of three to four as found in p. tectorius var. littoralis (fig. 2b), and four to five in p. amaryllifolius, p. scabrifolius and p. spurius cv. putat. the papillae vary from simple, globose to elaborately lobed ones, while those present in terminal subsidiary cells vary from simple, or forked to dendritic. the number of papillae per epidermal cell varies from one to several. one to three globose papillae are found on each epidermal cell of p. spurius cv. putat (fig. 2c). in p. labyrinthicus, p. tectorius var. littoralis and p. utilis only one papilla is found on each epidermal cell, but the papillae are elaborately lobed at the distal end. p. kurzii and p. polycephalus have dendritic papillae on the abaxial epidermal cells, while in p. scabrifolius and p. dubius papillae are absent on the abaxial epidermis. hypodermis one or more cell layers immediately beneath the epidermis are developed as a colourless hypodermis. a hypodermis is most conspicuous in species in which the hypodermis of the lamina is multiseriate, e.g. p. amaryllifolius, p. multifurcatus, p. pseudolais and p. tectorius cv. sanderi consists of at least two layers of colourless cells, three layers of colourless cells are usually present in p. labyrinthicus (fig. 2d). the adaxial hypodermis is more uniform than the abaxial hypodermis, because it is not interrupted by many stomatal chambers. the adaxial hypodermal layers are usually somewhat thicker than the abaxial ones. the outermost hypodermal layers are sclerotic, while the inner cells are larger and isodiametric and remain thin-walled. hypodermal cell rows do not coincide with the epidermal rows. the number of epidermal cells above one of the outermost hypodermal cells in transverse direction can be used as a diagnostic feature for certain species. for example, in p. labyrinthicus the cells of the first hypoderrmal layer are long and correspond to 4 or 5 epidermal cells, 5 or 6 cells in p. amaryllifolius, and 7 or 8 epidermal cells in p. tectorius cv. sanderi. crystalliferous cells with rhombic crystals are found in some of the species studied, viz. p. amaryllifolius, p. bidur, p. labyrinthicus, p. multifurcatus, p. pseudolais, p. tectorius var. littoralis and p. tectorius cv. sanderi. crystal cells are generally found in the outermost hypodermis. the crystal cells are distributed uniformly, either solitary or in pairs. in p. amaryllifolius and p. pseudolais the large rhombic crystals occurs in the outermost layer of the hypodermis (fig. 2e). while the inner cells are larger and isodiametric and thinwalled. hypodermal cell rows do not coincide with the epidermal rows. the number of epidermal cells above one of the outermost hypodermal cells in transverse direction can be used as a diagnostic feature for certain species. for example, in p. labyrinthicus the cells of the first hypoderrmal layer are long and correspond to 4 or 5 epidermal cells, 5 or 6 cells in p. amaryllifolius, and 7 or 8 epidermal cells in p. tectorius cv. sanderi. mesophyll the leaves of all species are isolateral (i.e. in ts the adaxial side is similar to the abaxial side) to weakly bilateral (adaxial part contains more chlorenchyma and the cells are more palisade like than the abaxial mesophyll). the mesophyll comprises parallel veins separated by large colourless cells, which desintegrate in mature leaves, resulting in the formation of air cavities. in mature leaves there is a wide air cavity between each adjacent pair of veins. the adaxial chlorenchyma may be a two-layered palisade as in p. pseudolais or even four-layered palisade in p. amaryllifolius; abaxially the palisade is always 1 (or 2) layered. the shape of the palisade cells is variable. most species show columnar and compactly arranged palisade cells (p. multifurcatus, p. pseudolais and p. tectorius cv. sanderi); the only exception is p. amaryllifolius with isodiametric palisade cells (fig. 2f). sclerenchyma strands are variable, and occur solitarily or in groups of 2 or 3 cells. the sclerenchyma fibres are hexagonal, rectangular or triangular in transverse section and are present near the adaxial and abaxial epidermis. they are sometimes found within the hypodermis and even within the palisade tissue in p. amaryllifolius; in the spongy tissue in p. tectorius cv. sanderi (fig. rahayu et al.: leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java 2012] 309 3a), or in the palisade and spongy tissue as in p. labyrinthicus. the fibre cells are characterized by concentric wall layering with narrow, circular to oval lumina and in some of the cells also have coneshaped silica bodies that project into the lumina. raphides calcium oxalate usually occurs in the form of raphide clusters in distinct raphide sacs. raphids are bundles of narrow, elongated needle-shape crystals usually of similar orientation, with pointed ends at maturity. they are usually found in crystals idioblast in parenchymatous tissues (tomlinson, 1961; prychid & rudall, 1999). raphids are known to occur in at least 49 monocotyledons and 27 dicotyledon family worldwide (dahlgreen & clifford, 1982). these includes bananas (musaceae), cordyline (laxmannia) and pandanus (pandanaceae) (osuji & ndukuwu, 2005). idioblastic raphide sacs are present in the palisade e.g. in p. amaryllifolius (fig. 3b), p. multifurcatus and p. pseudolais; in the spongy tissue, e.g. in p. tectorius cv. sanderi or in the palisade and spongy tissue, e.g. in p. labyrinthicus. the individual raphides are as pencil-shaped, i.e. flat at one end and pointed at the other. stomata tomlinson (1965) recorded a considerable range in stomatal structures found in 30 pandanus species, and he provided a general description of the figure 2. light micrographs of leaves: (a) abaxial epidermal cells of p. dubius spreng.; (b) abaxial papillae in lateral subsidiary cells of p. tectorius var. littoralis; (c) abaxial papillae on epidermal cells of p. spurius miq. cv. putat; (d) hypodermis of p. labyrinthicus kurz; (e) crystal cells in outermost hypodermis of p. pseudolais warb.; (f) isodiametric palisade cells of p. amaryllifolius roxb. scale bar for a, d, e. & f = 50 µm.; scale bar for b & c = 20 µm a b c d e f reinwardtia 310 [vol.13 a stomatal apparatus. the variation in the stomatal structure depends on the number of papillae that develop on the subsidiary and neighbouring cells. tomlinson (1965) and kam (1971) considered stomata without associated papillae to represent the unspecialized condition, and they grouped such stomata into class 1. a series of stomatal types, which become increasingly more papillate, can be recognized, whereby the most complex class of stomata has guard cells that are completely obscured by overarching papillae. tomlinson (1965) and kam (1971) recognized five arbitrary classes, which are applied in this study. class 1. unspecialized stomata. each guard cell is more or less symmetric in transverse view. the lateral subsidiary cell are thin-walled, and conspicously different from normal epidermal cells. terminal subsidiary cells are short, but otherwise less distinct from normal epidermal cells. the subsidiary and neighbouring cells lack papillae. b c d e f g figure 3. light micrographs of leaves: (a) sclerenchyma in spongy tissue of p. tectorius parkinson cv. sanderi, (b)raphide sacs in internal palisade of p. amaryllifolius roxb.; (c)unspecialized abaxial stomata of p. tectorius parkinson cv. sanderi; (d) abaxial papillose lateral subsidiary cells of p. odoratissimus l.f; (e) abaxial papillose terminal and lateral subsidiary cells of p. scabrifolius martelli; (f) abaxial papillose neighbouring and subsidiary cells of p. kurzii merr; (g) abaxial, overarching, lobed or dendritic papillae of p. utilis bory. scale bar for a & b = 100 µm; scale bar for c, d, e, f & g = 20 µm. rahayu et al.: leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java 2012] 311 this type of stomata is found in p. dubius, p. multifurcatus, p. nitidus, p. pseudolais, and p. tectorius cv. sanderi (fig. 3c). class 2. papillose lateral subsidiary cells. the structure of the guard cells and subsidiary cells is similar to that of class 1 except for the addition of a row of four to six papillae on the outer surface of each lateral subsidiary cell. there is no other stomatal outgrowth, except for a tendency for the terminal subsidiary cells to overarch the lateral subsidiary and guard cells to a greater extent than in class 1. class 2 stomata are observed together with intermediate stomata, in which papillae occur on one of the two lateral subsidiary cells belonging to a single stoma. at least one full row of papillae is always developed. class 2 stomata have been observed in p. bantamensis, p. odoratissimus (fig. 3d) and p. spurius cv. putat. class 3. papillose terminal and lateral subsidiary cells. the slight tendency in class 2 stomata for the terminal subsidiary cells to protrude over the lateral subsidiary cells is much more pronounced in class 3. each of the terminal subsidiary cells has prominent papillae, which overarch the stomatal pore. frequently, the papillae from opposite poles meet and overlap, their ends only mutually overlap or the papillae may even fork to produce short interdigitating branches. such forking papillae are usually closely adpressed to the stomatal pore, in between the opposite rows of papillae on the lateral subsidiary cells. a species in this category is p. scabrifolius (fig. 3e). class 4. papillose neighbouring and subsidiary cells. one step further than class 3 is the development of papillae, which protrude from neighbouring epidermal cells. the external stomatal cavity is larger than in class 3, because the complete stomatal apparatus is sunken into the epidermis. class 4 stomata are very diverse, because the size and frequency of the papillae varies considerably. in the less papillate types the papillae are not large, so that the outer chamber is shallow, but in more papillate types the papillae are very tall and form a distinct wall surrounding a very deep outer chamber. tall papillae further show a marked tendency to overarch and hide the outer chamber. the papillae themselves are also diverse. they may be the result of protrusions of the whole outer wall of the epidermal cell, or they may only be formed by a part of the outer wall. finally, some papillae surrounding the stomata show a tendency to become lobed or shortly branched. usually this is first noticeable in the terminal subsidiary cells, as in p. utilis. this is a transition to class 5. in p. labyrinthicus the papillae are very low but often distinctly lobed. the following species included in class 4 are p. amaryllifolius, p. kurzii (fig. 3f), p. labyrinthicus, and p. tectorius var. littoralis. class 5. overarching papillae lobed or dendritic. this class includes the most specialized forms. the sinking of the stomata is pronounced, and the deep outer stomatal chamber so formed, is partly or wholly covered by branched papillae of the terminal subsidiary and neighbouring cells. in the least dendritic members the papillae are short and lobed. increased branching can be seen in a number of species studied, whereby the papillae become taller, distally more elaboratedly lobed, and the lobes tend to interdigitate and form an incomplete “canopy” above the outer stomatal chamber. the ultimate and the most complex stomatal type in javanese pandanus was observed in p. utilis in which stomatal complex sunk with one ring of papillae over the guard cells and one ring of larger lobes extending from the neighbouring cells above the stomata complex. species in this category include p. polycephalus and p. utilis (fig. 3g). discussion the purpose of this leaf anatomical study of fifteen javanese species of pandanus is to investigate the possibility to identify species using anatomical characters. the information gathered in the present study can only give a rough indication of the anatomical characters, which may prove to be of value taxonomically. several anatomical characters that can be used for this purpose (see also key below and results above) are the shape of the epidermal cells, costalintercostal zones in the abaxial epidermis, the outline of the anticlinal walls of the epidermal cells, the distribution of rhomboidal crystals in the epidermis and hypodermis and the stomatal structure, especially the presence of papillae. kam & stone (1970) and kam (1971) reported that stomata structure, epidermal zonation, silicabody presence and arrangement, and epidermal papillosity may have value for delimiting sections. by contrast, in this study six species of javanese pandanus, all belonging to section rykia, did not have the same features. zonation is very clear cut in p. multifurcatus and p. nitidus, but indistinct in p. labyrinthicus, and zonation is absent in p. bantamensis, p. pseudolais and p. scabrifolius. thus, for the javanese species, zonation can only be used for the identification of species, not sections. kam (1971) reported that the abaxial epidermis is very variable in the species studied. however, if we consider the types of epidermal cell shapes that we found, then we cannot confirm the variability reported by kam. we found that the adaxial epidermal cells are more variable than the abaxial cells, but the variation only consists of five different reinwardtia 312 [vol.13 shapes for the adaxial epidermal cells, and three shapes for the abaxial cells. kam (1971) also stated that the transverse length of first layer of hypodermis corresponds to the space accupied by 10 to 12 rows of epidermal cells, but our materials only showed an equivalence of 4-8 cells. in general, the stomatal structure of the fifteen javanese pandanus species studied agrees with the earlier conclusions of tomlinson (1965) and kam (1971) except for p. utilis. p. utilis in tomlinson (1965) sample has elaborate stomata of abaxial epidermis that classified as class 4 (papillose neighbouring and subsidiary cells), but in the present study (p. utilis from java) elaborate stomata in p. utilis should be classified as class 5 (papillae overarching and lobed or dendritic). so the shape of elaborate stomata in p, utilis could be different if the sample source is different. in javanese pandanus anatomical characters appear to provide reliable characters for the identification of species as was already pointed out by stone (1978). the key underneath can only tentative because their constancy of the features within species was tested on very few specimen only. key to the species of javanese pandanus 1. costal zonation distinct in abaxial epidermis 2. cuticle thick (5µm ) ..................... p. labyrinthicus 2. cuticle thin (< 2 µm ) 3. adaxial epidermal anticlinal cell walls undulate ................................................................ p. kurzii 3. adaxial epidermal anticlinal cell walls straight 4. adaxial stomata elaborate .................. p. utilis 4. adaxial stomata simple 5. cells of adaxial and abaxial epidermis with similar shape 6. rhomboidal crystals on both surfaces ....... .................................................. p. nitidus 6. rhomboidal crystals on adaxial surface or absent 7. raphides in spongy tissue .................... ........................ p. tectorius cv. sanderi 7. raphides in internal palisade 8. palisade cells circular......................... ............................. p. amaryllifolius 8. palisade cells columnar ..................... .............................. p. multifurcatus 5. cells of adaxial and abaxial epidermis different in shape 9. adaxial epidermal cell shape are elongated or rectangular 10. stomata with papillae on neighbouring epidermal and subsidiary cells ............ ................... p . tectorius var. littoralis 10. stomata with papillae on lateral subsidiary cells .........p. odoratissimus 9. adaxial epidermal cell shape are polygonal 11. stomata without papillae .... p. dubius 11. stomata with papillae 12. papillae on lateral subsidiary cell ... ....................... p. spurius cv. putat 12. papillae lobed or dendritic on neighbouring and subsidiary cell .............................. p. polycephalus 1. costal zonation absent in abaxial epidermis 13. papillae on stomata absent ............... p. pseudolais 13. papillae abundant 14. long cells of abaxial epidermis is elongated ..... ................................................. p. bantamensis 14. long cells of abaxial epidermis is rectangular .. .…….....……………………….… p. scabrifolius acknowledgement the authors deeply thank prof. dr. peter c. van welzen for improving the manuscript, the directors and curators of the following herbaria: bo, l and kew. prof. dr.mien a rifai for providing valuable suggestion. we wish to thank dr. sunaryo, eka fatmawati tihurua, widoyanti and ujang hapid of herbarium bogoriense for helping during laboratory and photographic work. this work was funded by the directorate general of higher education of indonesia through fundamental research grant number 109/sp2h/pp/dp2m/iii/2008. references backer, c. a. & r. c. bakhuizen van den brink f, 1968. flora of java 3. noordhoff, groningen. dahlgren, r. m. t. & clifford, h. t. 1982. the monocotyledons. a comparatice study. academic press. london. edeoga, h. o. & ikem, c. i. 2001. comparative morphology of leaf epidermis in three species of boerhevia l. j. econ.tax. bot. 19: 197-205. jakubska, a. 2007. the analysis of morphological differentiation of the epidermis of selected species of the genus epipactis zinn, 1757 (orchidaceae: neottieae). wroclaw 15(2): 41-45. johansen, d. a. 1940. plant microtechnique. mcgraw-hill, book company, inc. new york. kam, y. k. & stone, b. c. 1970. morphological studies in pandanaceae iv. stomata structure in some mascarene and madagascar pandanus and its meaning for infrageneric taxonomy. adansonia 10 (2): 219-246. kam, y. k. 1971. comparative systematic foliar anatomy of malayan pandanus. bot. j. linn. soc. 64: 315-353. mbagwu, f. n., nwachukwu, c. u. & okoro, o. o. 2007. comparative leaf epidermal studies on solanum mascrocarpon and solanum nigrum. nature and science 5(3): 1-4. osuji, j. o. & ndukuwu, b. c. 2005. probable functions and remobilisation of calcium oxalates in musa l. african journal of biotechnology 4: 11391141. rahayu et al.: leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java 2012] 313 prychid, c. j. & rudall, p. a. 1999. calcium oxalate crystals in monocotyledons: a review of their structure and systematics. annals of botany 84: 725739. stace, c. a. 1965. cuticular studies as an aid to plant taxonomy. bull. brit. mus.(nat.hist) bot. 4: 1 78. stone, b. c. 1965. pandanus stickman in the malayan peninsula, singapore and lower thailand. malay. nat. j . 19(4): 203-213. stone, b. c. 1972. a review of javanese pandanaceae with notes on plants cultivated in hortus bogoriensis. reinwardtia 8: 309-318. stone b. c. 1976. the morphology and systematics of pandanus today (pandanaceae). gardens’ bulletin singapore 29: 137-142. stone, b. c. 1978. studies in malesian pandanaceae xvii on the taxonomy of “pandan wangi” a pandanus cultivar with scented leaves. economic botany 32: 285-293. tomlinson, p. b. 1961. anatomy of the monocotyledons ii palmae. clarendon press. oxford. tomlinson, p. b. 1965. a study of stomatal structure in pandanaceae. pacific science 19(1): 3854. 314 reinwardtia [vol.13 erratum reinwardtia vol. 13, part 2, 2010 1. please change the existing word in p. 213, line 7 on abstrak (written in bahasa indonesia version) with the following: keberadaan dua jenis terakhir melampaui distribusi yang sebelumnya hanya diketahui di barat garis wallace. 2. please change the existing epithet name in p, 214, column 1, line 40 on key to the species of marantaceae in sulawesi number 5.a. after phrynium: longispicum instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by authors name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, authors name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 3. 2012 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia: additions and corrections, including a new species and a new variety 221 deden girmansyah. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from bukit tiga-puluh national park, riau, sumatra 229 pudji widodo. new nomenclature in syzygium (myrtaceae) from indonesia and its vicinities 235 alex sumadijaya & jan frits veldkamp. non-bambusoid grasses (gramineae) from raja ampat archipelago, papua barat province, indonesia 241 ary prihardyanto keim. new variety, records & discoveries of some species of pandanus (pandanaceae) in sumatra and kalimantan, indonesia 255 harry wiriadinata. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sagea lagoon, weda bay, halmahera island, north moluccas, indonesia 263 ary prihardyanto keim. the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley, papua-indonesia 271 jan frits veldkamp. koordersiochloa merr. (gramineae), the correct name for streblochaete hochst. expilg. 299 sri endarti rahayu, kuswata kartawinata, tatiek chikmawati & alex hartana. leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java 305 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biologylipi cibinong, indonesia dpn 449-661-2-pb blkng 0. front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia 20(2) 29 december 2021_new reinwardtia 2021 20 (2) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 158/e/kpt/2021 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 20 (2): 43–75, december 29, 2021 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) eka fatmawati tihurua (morphologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) layout andri agus rahman illustrators wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: etlingera comosa ardiyani & ardi spec. nov. from m. ardiyani et al. 1004. photos by marlina ardiyani & wisnu h. ardi. the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 20(2): cheng wei chen. keelung, taiwan. eve k. lucas, royal botanic gardens kew, richmond, surrey, united kingdom. jana leong-skornickova, singapore botanic gardens, singapore. michael sundue, pringle herbarium, the university of vermont, burlington, usa. mien a. rifai, indonesia academy of sciences (aipi), jakarta, indonesia. ong poh teck, forest research insitute malaysia, kepong, malaysia. timothy treuer, gund institute for ecological economics, university of vermont, usa. a journal on taxonomic botany plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors soedarsono riswan mien a rifai elizabeth a. widjaja published by herbarium bogoriense balai penelitian dan pengembangan botani pusat penelitian dan pengembangan biologi — lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, 1 55 5 february 1992 io issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 11, part 1, pp. 1 11 (1992) seed banks in a subtropical rain forest rochadi abdulhadi "herbarium bogoriense", puslitbang biologi, bogor abstract the seasonal populations and vertical distribution of seed banks in a subtropical rain forest were assessed,. no seasonal variations were indicated in either the species composition or the size of seed bank over a year period. the numbers of seeds were 550 — 603 m -2 , and mostly composed of secondary species. this population decreased with increasing soil depths. abstrak populasi bank biji di tanah hutan subtropika basah ditelaah, meliputi variasi musim dan persebarannya secara vertikal populasi bank biji tidak memperlihatkan adanya variasi musiman selama satu tahun baik komposisi maupun jumlah bijinya. jumlah biji tercatat sebanyak 550 — 603 m-2, dan sebagian besar merupakan jenis-jenis sekunder, populasi bank biji ini menurun sejalan dengan kedalaman tanah yang semakin bertambah. introduction the seed bank is defined as the number of viable seed stored in or on the soil. the occurence of seed bank beneath the rain forest communities was likely firstly demonstrated by symington (1933), although he ignored whether those seeds were long term members of a dormant pool or had only recently arrived. more recently many other scientists such as keay (1960), guevara and gomez-pompa (1972), liew (1973), checke et al. (1979), hall and swaine (1980), hopkins and graham (1983), knight (1985) and graham (1988) have attempted to elucidate the size and composition of seed banks in rain forests in the tropics. the conclusion emerging from this work has been that the viable seed bank is dominated by pioneers or secondary species. however, no similar studies have been carried out in sub-tropical rain forests. the present study was designed to assess the seasonal size, composition and the vertical distribution of the viable seed bank in an undisturbed subtropical rain forest. reinwardtia [vol. 11 study area and methods study was carried out in the vicinity of o'reilly's guest house, the lamington national park (28° 14' s and 153° 7' e), queensland (figure 1). the topography is dominated by a series plateaux and intervening valleys (lamb, 1980) and lies at 900 m above sea level. the soil is a kraznozem derived form tertiary basalt (stevens, 1977). rainfall in the area is annually about 1,880 mm. it is seasonal and dry conditions are likely to exist during the winter (july-october). the wettest months are recorded for the summer between november and april. vegetation in the study area is subtropical rain forest, which is classified as complex notophyll vine forest (webb, 1968). it is close to the young regrowth forest and pasture area. soil samples were collected over a 12 month period, at three times (august 1985, january 1986 and july 1986). on each occasion, ten soil samples of 50 x 25 x 5 cm were collected from 5 transects. successive soil samples of 50 x 25 cm in area with a depth of 5 cm were also collected to a total depth of 25 cm in february 1986. five replications were collected, one sample from each' transect. to avoid any possibility of contamination from adjacent soil, the point sample was trenched beforehand. soil samples were taken to the glass house immediately. on the following day of each sampling time, every soil sample was mixed and all live vegetative material was carefully removed. each sample was then spread over vermiculite in two germination trays (each being 34 x 28 cm) in the glass house. six control trays containing steam sterilized soil were placed among the samples to monitor contamination. the soil samples were kept moist by daily watering in the early morning and late afternoon. additionally, to help promote the germination of buried seed, the soil was subsequently carefully disturbed twice i.e., on week 15 and week 30. seedling emergence was monitored weekly for 40 weeks. each seedling emerging was marked by a coloured toothpick coded to show the date. samples of all seedling types were transplanted to pots of 15 cm diameter, and allowed to mature until they could be identified. herbarium specimens were made of representative samples of each species. results during the observation period in the glass house two species cardamine hirsuta and portulaca oleracea were found in the control trays. both species are common weeds and grow nearby outside the glass house. these seedlings, therefore, have been removed from the records discussed below. 1992] rochadi abdulhadi : seed banks in a subtropical forest size and composition of seed bank the size of the viable seed bank is expressed on a per m2 basis and is the mean of the germination recorded for the 10 soil samples at each site over 40 weeks. the variation of the seed bank over a year is given in table 1. the number of seeds slightly decreased from 603 per m2 in august 1985 to 545 per m2 in july 1986. however, results of an analysis of variance of the data obtained from the three sampling times indicated no significance differences between the sampling times (p>0.1). a similar result was also found for each life form. table 1. seasonal variation in number of seed in seed bank according to their life forms (means of 10 replicates). primary trees secondary trees vines herbs shrubs other number of august '8 5 56.8 175.2 191.2 131.2 3 7 . 6 12.2 seeds per m2 january '86 53.6 210.4 288:6 89.6 264. 17.6 july '86 64.8 208.8 135.2 96.0 31.2 14.4 significance level ns ns ns ns ns ns total 603.2 583.2 550.4 ns ns. not significantly different (p>0.05) the species richness of soil seed banks in undisturbed forest was similar in the dry season and the wet season (table 2). the numbers of species present in august 1985, januari 1986 and july 1986 were 58, 56 and 52 species respectively. additionally, a similar number of species was also recorded for each life form. the floristic similarity in the wet season (february 86) and two dry seasons using sorensen index was 74 — 78%. the floristic similarity in the two dry seasons was 70%. reinwardtia [vol. 11 south pacific surfers paradice ocean burteigh heads 30km figure 1. map showing the location of the lamington national park and o'reilly's guest house in south-east queensland. 1992] r o c h a d i abdulhadi : seed banks in a subtropical forest table 2. seasonal variation of number of species according to their life forms (totals of 10 replicates). primary trees secondary trees vines herbs shrubs other total august 5 12 13 19 6 3 58 number of species per 1 1985 january 1986 5 9 12 20 7 3 56 .25 m2 july 1986 5 12 11 16 6 2 52 table 3. the numbers of seeds germinating (per m2) from various soil depths and the correlation between these numbers (means of 5 replicates) and soil depths. depth (cm) primary trees secondary trees shrubs vines herbs grass unknown total * =p<0.05 ** = p<0.01 number 0 5 54.4 152.0 38.4 193,6 97.6 3.2 6.4 555.2 of seed 5—10 0 27.2 12.8 32.0 38.4 0 0 99.2 per square 10—15 0 12.8 16.0 11.2 17.6 0 0 57.6 metre 15—20 0 4.8 8.0 9.6 6.4 0 0 28.8 20—25 0 3.2 3.2 1,6 1.6 0 0 9.6 correlation coefficient — 0.7990* — 0.8746** 0.7906* — 0.9047** — — — 0.8021* vertical distribution of seed banks the numbers of seed and the numbers of species both drastically decreased with increasing soil depth. however, number of species, especially herbs, were proportionally found at depths of more than 10 cm (figure 2). of 50 species recorded in the all level of depths, one secondary tree species, two vines, three shrubs and three herbs were distributed to at least 20 cm deep (figure 3). these were dendrocnide excelsa, (the only tree), cler e i n w a r d t i a [ v o l . 1 1 table 4. a comparison of soil seed banks in rain forest communities. authors keay(1960) guevara & gomex pompa (1972) cheke et al. (1979) hall & swaine (1980) uhl & clark (1983) hopkins & graham (1983) putz & apannah (1987) present study location nigeria mexico thailand ghana venezuela north queensland malaysia south-east queensland vegetation type lrf lrf, site 1 lrf, site 2 lrf sdf e f lrf (mixed forest) l r f (caatinga) cmvf, site 1 nmvf, site 2 mmvf, site 3 cmvf, site 4 lrf cmvf sample area (cm"2) 5200 640 (x8 repeats) 640 (x 8 repeats) 10000 10000 10000 5200 12000 15000 15000 15000 15000 4241 12500 (x3 repeats) number of species 4 2 13 26 27 30 & 43 17 & 22 13 14 64 64 79 60 30 52 — 58 number of seeds (m-2) 233 175 — 689 344 — 862 182 633 & 696 45 & 163 180 200 588 516 1069 593 131 . 550 — 603 lrf. lowland rain forest sdf. semideciduous forest ef. evergreen forest cmvf. complex mesophyll vine forest nmvf. nothophyll-mesophyll vine forest mmvf. mixed mesophyll vine forest matis glycinoides, rubus rosifolius, conyza sp., hydrocotyle pedicellosa, urtica incisa, solarium aviculare, and solanum inaquilaterum. three of these species occurred at 25 cm deep. all these species had seeds smaller than two mm in size. no primary species occurred below five cm deep. the number of seeds germinating, are given in table 3. for several life form groups these numbers were negatively correlated with soil depth. reinwardtia [vol. 11 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 2 0 2 5 0 5 10 1 5 2 0 2 5 soil depths (cm) figure 3. number of individuals of the common species germinated from soil samples taken from different deptha 1992] rochadi abdulhadi : seed banks in a subtropical forest d i s c u s s i o n it was anticipated that the germination technique used in this study should indicate both the density and diversity of seeds in the soil seed bank. but the technique may underestimate the numbers of seeds of certain species, particularly those species which are slow to germinate (roberts, 1981). the present study sought to minimize these problems by extending the period of observation to 40 weeks and periodically disturbing the soil. compared with other studies of seed banks in other rain forest soils, the number of species and seed densities found in the undisturbed forests in this study were comparable (table 4). however, this number is lower than those in the secondary forest nearby (abdulhadi & lamb, 1987), even is so small compared with seed banks in australian savannah woodland and dry sclerophyll forest and in other forests in temperate regions. for example, carrol and ashton (1965) and clifford and mott (1986) found 2,772 — 25,589 seeds per m2 in both queensland and victoria. likewise, in conifer forests in u.s.a., livingston & allesio (1968) found 1289—5178 seeds per m2. from their review, clifford & mott (he. cit.) concluded that tropical soil have fewer germinable seeds in seed banks than temperate soils. the species and seed densities did not vary significantly in different seasons. the species composition was almost similar, with the sorensen similarity values reaching up to of 78 %. likewise, the similarity of the seed bank density at the different sampling times was comparatively high. seasonal changes have been found in other forests, and guevara and gomez pompa (1972) attributed these to seed production by different species at different times of the year. pulses in seed rain do occur in this forest (abdulhadi, 1989). despite such pulses the long lived and large soil seed pool of secondary trees, shrubs, herbs and vines apparently provide a buffer against such change and provide a high degree of constancy for the soil seed store. in the case of primary forest species these were only present in small numbers in the undisturbed forest soils. on the other hand, seed of primary forest species were common in the seed rain in this forest (abdulhadi, 1989). this suggests the seed of these species is only present for a short period in the soil seed banks. the implication is that regeneration of these species under the forest canopy or in gaps is primarily recruited from recent seed rain rather than from the soil seed bank. the numbers of seeds in soil were significantly negatively correlated with the soil depths and only 25 percent of seeds were found below five centimetre soil depth. similar observations have been reported elsewhere (major & pyott, 1966; howard & ashton, 1967 and kellman, 1970). it has been suggested that seeds become burried by several mechanisms 10 reinwardtia [vol. 11 such as being washed down through coarse-textured soil, or through worm and ant activities (carrol & ashton, 1965; mcrill & sagar, 1973 and hopkins & graham, 1983). these mechanisms were probably important in burying seeds in this undisturbed forest. in fact, most of the more common species found below 10 cm depth had small seeds. by contrast, shade tolerant species which tend to have larger seeds such as understorey shrubs and primary forest tree species, were restricted to the top 5 cm of soil. the extent to which small seeds enter the soil and move down the profile is probably determined in part by soil texture. hopkins and graham (1983) noted a higher proportion of seeds below 5 cm depth in a coarsetextured soil than in a fine-textured soil and attributed the difference to the ease with which seed could ebter the profiles. in most situations seed stored at the lower depth are ecologically unimportant in that they are unlikely to be responsived to the usual dormancvbreaking environmental cues and are too deep for any seedling to emerge above ground. about the only situation in which such seed can become part of the plant community is when trees are uprooted and soil from the lower depth containing the seed is brought to the surface (putz, 1983). however, graham (pers. com.) found in north queensland that a late secondary tree species, aleurites moluccana, which has a large (up to 3 cm in maximum dimension) seed with a hard coat was able to germinate from seed stores below 15 cm in granitic, coarse-textured soil following a gap opening. seed of this size must have been burried by surface soil movement and were presumably only able to germinate and reach the soil surface because of the large endosperm and food reserves and the coarse textures of the soil. in conclusion it seems that 1) the species richness and density of the soil seed bank in undisturbed sub-tropical rain forest were comparable to that found in many tropical rain forest soils. 2) the seed bank in undisturbed forest was relatively stable due to seed pools of large number of long lived, secondary species of grass, herbs, trees and vines, 3) the size of seed banks decreased with increasing soil depth. a k n o w l e d g m b n t s this study was financed by grants from the university of queensland and the australian international assistance bureau. i would like to thank prof. h.t. clifford and dr. d. lamb for help with identifications and for their helpful criticisms. 1992] rochadi abdulhadi : seed banks in a subtropical forest 11 references abdulhadi, r. 1989. sub-tropical rain forest seed dynamics. ph.d thesis, university of queensland. abdulhadi, r. & lamb, d. 1937. soil seed stores in a rainforest succession. in kitching, r. (ed.) the ecology of australia's wet tropics, pp 81—87. carrol, e.j. & ashton, d. h. 1965. seed storage in soils of several victorian plant communities. viet. nat. 82, 102—110. cheke, a. s., nanakaron, w. & yankoses, c. 1979. dormancy and dispersal of seeds of secondarv forest species under canopy of a primary tropical rain forest in northern thailand. biotropica 11, 88—95. clifford, h. t. & mott, j. j. 1986. regenerative process. in clifford, h.t. and r.l. specht (eds.) tropical plant communities pp. 68—77. department of botany, university of queensland. enright, n. 1985. existence of a soil seed bank under rain forest in new guinea. aust j. ecol. 10, 67—71. graham, a. w. 1987. the buried viable seed bank of unlogged rain forest types in north queensland m.sc. thesis, university of queensland. guevara, s. & gomez—pompa, a. 1972. seeds from surface soils in tropical region of vera cruz, mexico. j. arn. arbor. 53, 312—335. hall, j.b. & swaine, m. d. 1980. seed stocks in ghanaian forest soils. biotropica 12 (supl.), 8—15. hopkins, m.s. & graham, a.w. 1983. the species composition of soil seed banks beneath lowland tropical rain forests in north queensland, australia. biotropica 15 (2), 9 0 99. howard, t. & ashton, d.h. 1967. studies of soil seed in snow gum woodland. viet. nat 84, 331—335. keay, r.w.j. 1960. seeds in forest soils. niger. for. inf. bull. 4, 1—12. kellman, m.c. 1970. the viable seed content of some forest soils. j. appl. ecol. 11, 669—677. lamb, d. 1980. soil nitrogen mineralization in a secondary rain forest succession. oecologia 47, 257—263. liew, t. c. 1973. occurence of seeds in virgin forest top soil in sabah. malay. for. 36 (3), 185-193. livingston, r.b. & allessio, m. l. 1968. buried viable seed in successional field and forest stands, harvard massachusetts. bull. tor. bot. club 95, 58—69. major, j. & pyott, w.t. 1968. buried viable seed in two california bunchgrass sites and their bearing on the definition of the flora. vegetatio 13, 253—282. mcrill, m.c. & s agar.g.r. 1973. earthworms and seeds. nature 243, 482. putz, f. e. 1983. treefall pits and mounds, buried seeds, and the importance of soil disturbance to pioneer trees on barro colorado island, panama. ecology 64, 1069—1074. roberts, h. a. 1981. seed banks in soils. adv. appl. biol. 6, 1—55. stevens, n. c. 1977. geology and landforms. in monroe, r and stevens, n.c. (eds.) border rangers, a land use conflict in regional perspective, pp. 1— 6. royal soc. of queensland, brisbane. symington, c. f. 1933. the study of secondary growth on rain forest sites in malaya. malay. for. 2, 107—117. contents page rochadi abdulhadi seed banks in a sub-tropical rain forest 1 rochadi abdulhadi floristic changes in a sub-tropical rain forest succession 13 a.j.g.h. kostermans two remarkable lindera species (lauraceae) probably representing an undescribed genus 23 a.j.g.h. kostermans a new species of diplodiscus turcz. (tiliaceae) related to brownlowia roxb 27 n. sasidharan & k. swarupanandan a new species of cassine (celastraceae) from india , 29 a.j.g.h. kostermans reinstatement of pterocarpus echinata pers. (leguminosae — papilionaceae) ., 33 jumaat h adam & gc. wllcock. a new natural hybrid of nepenthes from mt. kinabalu (sabah) 35 a.j.g.h. kostermans durio macrantha kosterm. species nova (bombacaceae) from north sumatra 41 a.j.g.h. kostermans salacia acuminatissima kosterm., spec. nov. (celastraceae) from sri lanka 53 a.j.g.h. kostermans identity of dracontomelum petelotii tardleu -blot (anacard.) 55 printed by c v. bina karya cover rein.vol 11,part 1, 1-55 11 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_01 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_02a rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_02b rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_03a rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_03b rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_04a rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_04b rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_05a rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_05b rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_06a rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_06b rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_29 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 85 − 99 85 the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java indonesia received december 31, 2013; accepted june 6, 2014 dian rosleine school of life sciences and technology itb, jln. ganesha no. 10 bandung 40132, west java, indonesia. e-mail: dianr@sith.itb.ac.id eizi suzuki graduate school of science and engineering, kagoshima university, 1-21-35 korimoto kagoshima 890-0065, japan. atih sundawiati & wardi septiana gunung halimun salak national park, jln. raya cipanas kec. kabandungan sukabumi 43368, west java, indonesia. desy ekawati center for forest productivity improvement r&d, forestry research and development agency (forda), ministry of forestry. jln. raya gunung batu no. 5 bogor 16610, west java, indonesia. abstract rosleine, d., suzuki, e., sundawiati, a., septiana, w. & ekawati, d. 2014. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java indonesia. reinwardtia 14(1): 85 – 99. ― corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park was degraded and fragmented by human activities. however, little is known about recovery process in tropical degraded forest under different land use history. to clarify vegetation structure and forest recovery related to land use history we placed 22 plots (11 of 10 × 10 m 2 in abandoned plantation and 11 of 20 × 20 m 2 in secondary forest, respectively). dca (detrended correspondence analysis) discriminated the plots into three community groups. swietenia macrophylla – agathis dammara community in abandoned plantation where had a land use history of clear felling. maesopsis eminii – cyathea spp. community had a history of severe human disturbance. fagaceae – schima wallichii was in less disturbed forest. below the plantation canopy, light tolerant species, weeds, grasses and fern of dicranopteris linearis were dominant. some exotic plants spread to the disturbed forest. the less disturbed forest in distant area from village remained in good condition as indicated by dominancy of old forest species. for the forest rehabilitation in severely degraded area, human intervention by planting native species can be suggested to avoid invasive species occupancy as well as accelerate forest recovery. key words: gunung halimun salak national park, land use, tropical forest rehabilitation. abstrak rosleine, d., suzuki, e., sundawiati, a., septiana, w. & ekawati, d. 2014. pengaruh pemanfaatan lahan pada masa lalu terhadap rehabilitasi hutan alam di koridor taman nasional gunung halimun salak, jawa barat indonesia. reinwardtia 14(1): 85 – 99. ― koridor taman nasional gunung halimun salak mengalami degradasi dan fragmentasi habitat yang cukup serius akibat aktivitas manusia. sebanyak 22 plot (11 plot berukuran 10 × 10 m 2 di bekas hutan tanaman dan 11 plot berukuran 20 × 20 m 2 di hutan sekunder) disebar untuk menganalisa struktur vegetasi dan melihat proses pemulihan lahan hutan yang dihubungkan dengan sejarah penggunaan lahan yang berbeda-beda di kawasan ini. dca (detrended correspondence analysis) mengelompokkan tiga tipe komunitas yang ditemui di kawasan koridor, yaitu komunitas swietenia macrophylla – agathis dammara di lahan bekas hutan tanaman, maesopsis eminii – cyathea spp. di hutan yang sangat terganggu, dan fagaceae – schima wallichii di hutan sekunder yang mengalami sedikit gangguan. jenis-jenis tumbuhan yang toleran terhadap cahaya, gulma, rumput dan paku dicranopteris linearis mendominasi lantai hutan tanaman yang telah ditinggalkan, namun beberapa tumbuhan eksotis yang dapat mengancam keanekaragaman hayati ditemukan di hutan sekunder yang terganggu. sisa hutan alami berada di lokasi yang jauh dengan pemukiman penduduk dan masih didominasi oleh tumbuhan asli hutan pegunungan. berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, rehabilitasi hutan di kawasan yang sangat rusak sebaiknya dibantu oleh manusia dengan menanam jenis-jenis tumbuhan asli untuk menghindari masuknya tumbuhan invasif, sehingga mampu mempercepat proses pemulihan hutan. kata kunci: taman nasional gunung halimun salak, pemanfaatan lahan, rehabilitasi hutan tropis. reinwardtia 86 [vol.14 introduction deforestation in indonesia is high due to illegal logging, forest fire, forest conversion and agriculture as the consequences of economic development (nawir et al., 2007; fao, 2010; fao, 2011). considering the negative impacts of forest loss to human life and environment, government and local people implemented rehabilitation program by reforestation to restore the forest function (nawir et al., 2007; setiawan & sulistyawati, 2008; fao, 2010). high population number in java island forced forest clearance especially in lowland area. the remaining natural forests are distributed mostly in remote mountain areas with less human activity (thiollay & meyburg, 1988; smiet, 1992; galudra, 2003). the protected forests and national parks are essential to reduce deforestation. however, the fact showed that increasing demand of food and timber aligning with high population threats the conservation area including gunung halimun salak national park (ghsnp) as the largest natural montane forest in java. ghsnp is susceptible to human disturbance because of the history of community settlement since colonial era (galudra et al., 2005). besides protecting water catchment area for several big cities near the national park, it is also important to conserve endangered animals such as javan gibbon (hylobates moloch), javan leopard (panthera pardus melas) and javan eagle (spizaetus bartelsii) (galudra, 2003; galudra et al., 2005; takahashi, 2006; ario, 2007; dewi et al., 2007; rinaldi et al., 2008; yumarni et al., 2011). therefore, the indonesian government, by the ministry of forestry decree no.l75/kpts-11/2003 increased the protected area mount halimun national park (40.000 ha) to be merged with mount salak reservation area as gunung halimun salak national park (hsnp) with total area 113.357 ha to reduce forest loss (galudra, 2003; takahashi, 2006; ario, 2007; dewi et al., 2007; rinaldi et al., 2008; yumarni et al., 2011). this large areas cover not only forest but also villages, tea plantation, agriculture and scrubland, which reflects the land use history in the past (rinaldi et al., 2008; ghsnpmp-jica, 2009). unfortunately, these degraded areas are mainly located in corridor between gunung halimun and salak area. halimun and salak corridor about 7.17 km long and 1.99 km width is essential area for animal conservation because genetic exchange is allowed and the endangered animals use this place for their habitat, breeding, movement and foraging area (sugardjito et al., 1997; cahyadi, 2003; rinaldi et al., 2008). moreover, corridor has rivers that are important for water supply to sukabumi and bogor district (rinaldi et al., 2008; ghsnpmp-jica, 2009; yumarni et al., 2011). nevertheless, natural forest in corridor decreased from 667 ha to 319 ha within 11 years from 1990 to 2001(cahyadi, 2003). based on ikonos satellite image in 2004, corridor areas was covered by natural forest, secondary forest, bush, cultivation area, calliandra calothyrsus, schima wallichii and tea plantation. the area of secondary forest, primary forest and plantation in corridor were 759.06 ha, 268.56 ha, and 42.05 ha respectively (cahyadi, 2003; rinaldi et al., 2008; ghsnpmp-jica, 2009). some studies on javan gibbon population in corridor reported that decreasing tree canopy significantly affected the population number because this arboreal animal needs canopy for their movement and foraging (rinaldi et al., 2008; yumarni et al., 2011). therefore, rehabilitation of degraded area in corridor is necessary to restore its function. integrated information including ecology, social and economics study is needed to design forest rehabilitation management system. study on spatial analysis for forest structure and function at corridor area of ghsnp has been conducted by cahyadi (2003). species check list of flora and fauna (rinaldi et al., 2008; ghsnpmp-jica, 2009), analysis of the effect forest degradation on javan leopard (ario, 2007), javan gibbon (dewi et al., 2007; yumarni et al., 2011) have been conducted to support conservation of endangered animals at corridor area of ghsnp. however, there are only few studies on community structure and successional pattern in abandoned lands after human activities. thus the purpose of this study is to clarify the present vegetation composition in corridor area from plot survey and discuss the effect of previous land use history on the vegetation. this analysis will give scientific information to restore the natural vegetation in corridor area in the future. information of natural forest including vegetation (simbolon & mirmanto, 1997; suzuki et al., 1997; 1998; alhamd & polosakan, 2011) and flora (suzuki, 2002; polosakan, 2011; priyadi et al., 2010) were available. this scientific information is essential as reference condition to confirm the successful of rehabilitation process. study site and methods study site corridor area of mount halimun salak national park geographically located at 06°44's to 06°45's and 106°35'e to106°38'e. the remaining forest in 2014] 87 rosleine et al. : the effect of land use history corridor area approximately 318.985 ha (cahyadi, 2003; rinaldi et al., 2008; ghsnpmp-jica, 2009; yumarni et al., 2011). administratively it located within two boundaries of sukabumi and bogor district, west java, indonesia (fig. 1). the altitude of our study area ranges from 850 m to 1100 m above sea level, which classified as submontane forest zone (simbolon & mirmanto, 1997). topography of corridor area varies from flat to the very steep, where corridor at salak area is more flat than halimun area. as described by rinaldi et al. (2008), soil at corridor area dominated by association of reddish-brown latosol and brown latosol. history of gunung halimun salak national park galudra et al. (2005) identified that the deforestation in halimun-salak area occurred since 1700s under the colonial era to establish coffee plantation. however, this plantation failed due to plant disease and it initiated the degradation of natural forest. the natural forests in ghsnp about 22.000 ha (25%) were reduced seriously because of land use conversion and timber harvesting during 1998-2001 (prasetyo et al., 2006). by the decree of ministry of agriculture no. 40/kpts/um/1/1979 about 40.000 ha halimun area fig. 1. location of gunung halimun salak national park within three boundaries of bogor, sukabumi and lebak district, west java, indonesia. the broken line was the old border and stright black line is new border of national park. vegetation survey was conducted at the plots of abandoned plantation (a1-11), disturbed forest (df1-7) and less disturbed forest (ldf1-4) in corridor area within area inside the box. reinwardtia 88 [vol.14 was declared as nature reserve for conservation and then altered to national park in 1992. the remaining forest areas (73.357 ha) were declared as production and protected forest. as an effort to reduce forest loss, indonesian government increased conservation area by merging halimun national park and salak reservation area (113.357 ha) in 2003 including production forest that previously managed by perhutani. the social conflicts related to land ownership, intensive land use and ongoing timber exploitation by rural community are major problems for the management of this national park (smiet, 1990; galudra et al., 2005; rinaldi et al., 2008; ghsnpmp-jica, 2009). the corridor of gunung halimun salak national park the corridor area was relatively covered by natural forest during 1983-1989. however, corridor fragmentation was started in 1990 due to forest clearance about 35 ha for timber production. the deforestation spots increased especially in south part of corridor. it was recorded that more than 100 ha of forest disappeared up to end of 1900s. the fragmentation and degradation disrupt the function of corridor as connector for endangered animals within two ecosystems. recently, the remaining old forest in corridor located in high altitude and steep area (prasetyo et al., 2006). the corridor area was managed by stated owned company perhutani as production forest before it declared as part of national park since 2003 (galudra et al., 2005; rinaldi et al., 2008; ghsnpmp-jica, 2009). the mahogany (switenia macrophylla) as the most favored plantation tree in tropical forest (richardson, 1998; otsamo, 2001), agathis damara and altingia excelsa were planted in corridor for timber production (cahyadi, 2003). the pressure from community on land extension for those purposes decreased forest covers seriously at corridor. the corridor area is defined as wet climate type b based on schmidt and ferguson climatic classification. the average of annual rainfall varied from moderate (4000 – 4500 mm) to high (4500 – 5000 mm). rain season occurred in october to april and dry season started from july to september. humidity at corridor reached 80% (cahyadi, 2003). mean daily temperature at cianten (924 m alt.) varied from 24.7 to 26.5 °c, maximum and minimum temperature ranged from 31-34.8 °c and 18.3-23.4 °c, respectively (djuwansah, 1997). corridor area can be classified into four groups of plant communities from west to east: halimun area dominated by castanopsis acuminatissima – schima wallichii, western patch dominantly covered by s. wallichii – maesopsis eminii, eastern patch covered by quercus gemmeliflora – s. wallichii, and salak area dominated by euodia latifolia (syn. melicope latifolia) – s. wallichii (rinaldi et al., 2008). the vegetation composition in each part of corridor reflected disturbance intensity in this area. the old forest was dominated by engelhardia serrata, castanopsis spp., quercus sp., lithocarpus spp., litsea spp., and member of myrtaceae. the degraded parts in corridor area are mostly covered by pioneer and secondary vegetation such as macaranga spp., homalanthus populneus, mallotus sp., ficus sinuata, f. hirta and f. padana. the most degraded area occupied by grass imperata cylindrica and shrubs (cahyadi, 2003; harada, 2003; rinaldi et al., 2008). sampling methods vegetation survey was conducted in june and october 2011 at 22 sites, covering abandoned plantation (a1-a11), secondary forest (d1-d7 and ld1-ld4) to represent community types in corridor area (fig. 1). we defined three layers of vegetation as tree, seedling and herb layer. at abandoned plantation, diameter at breast height (dbh, cm) and height (h, m) of tree as woody species taller than 130 cm were recorded within 11 plots of 10 × 10 m for every species. however, in the secondary forest areas, 11 plots were enlarged into 20 × 20 m to record tree bigger than 4.8 cm in dbh. as a reference area for vegetation development at corridor due to natural succession, we recorded tree of two 1ha permanent plots (p2 and p3) in old forest halimun area (suzuki et al., 1998). in each plot of 10 × 10 m, 9 sub-quadrates (each 2 × 2 m) were set to measure height and basal diameter (d20) at 20 cm aboveground for every stem of seedling, which is defined as woody species lower than 130 cm. for herb species, we recorded coverage (% of plot area) within the same area of seedling. data analysis relative dominance (rdo, %) of tree, shrub, sapling and herb species were calculated. the aboveground biomass was estimated using allometric correlation method (yamakura et al., 1986). for tree and shrub, rdo was defined as crosssectional area of the tree at a point 130 cm divided by total basal area (ba, m 2 ha -1 ). however, we used cross-sectional at a point 20 cm (d20) as basal area for seedling. the rdo of herb determined as the percentage of vegetation coverage divided by total coverage. the detrended correspondence analysis (dca) method of hill & gauch (1980) was used to analyze community types and successional pattern 2014] 89 rosleine et al. : the effect of land use history among corridor plots based on relative dominance of all species. we also calculated two tree biodiversity indices: the shannon-wiener index (h’, krebs, 1989) and fisher’s alpha (α, fisher, 1943). the componens combined in shannon-wiener index are number of species (s) and proportion of total sample belonging to ith species (pi) as followed (krebs, 1989). h’ = the number of species (s) and the number of individual (n) are required to calculate fisher’s alpha index as defined by the following formula (fisher, 1943): results the detrended correspondence analysis (dca) our study recorded 364 species (scientifically unidentified species were distinguished with local name) within 22 plots from various life forms such as tree (161 sp.), shrub (88 sp.), and herb (115 sp.). the relative dominance data of all species among plots were combined to analyze the community similarity and disturbance intensity through successional process in corridor and halimun area. the first and second scores of dca are displayed on fig. 2. the eigenvalues from dca1 to dca 4 are 0.78, 0.54, 0.41, and 0.3, respectively. the abandoned plantations were distinguished from disturbed and less disturbed forests by the value of dca1. within abandoned plantations, dca 1 value reflects the disturbance intensity. severe degradation areas were grouped in high dca1 value and less-degraded areas were placed in low dca1 value. within abandoned plantation there were two plots (a7 and a10) separated from the others. plot a7 was located in area with active cultivation and dominated by plantation tree, crops and weeds, while a10 was the longest abandoned plantation, which adjacent to disturbed natural forest. dca1 values for two plots in natural forest around cikaniki (p2 and p3), 11 secondary forests, and a10 were less than 0. the dca2 values of disturbed forests were less than 0 while the less disturbed forest were more than 0. then we separated the secondary forest plots into two types. they are seven plots (df1 to df7) as disturbed forest plots and four plots as less disturbed forest s = α ln (1+n/α) (ld1 to ld4). the sampling area for degraded forest located at central part of corridor area, while the less disturbed forests were sampled randomly at the slope and less accessible forests. fig. 3 shows the species score of dca 1 and 2. the plantation trees, a. dammara and s. macrophylla had high value of dca1. the pioneer trees (homalanthus populneus, macaranga tanarius and m. triloba), some invasive (cinchona pubescens, m. eminii and c. calothyrsus) and high-climbing bamboo (dinochloa scandens) had negative value both in dca1 and dca2, while climax species such as quecrus, castanopsis and platea had negative value of dca1 and positive value of dca2. base on these values, the study areas were composed by three communities as s. macrophylla – a. dammara community in abandoned plantation (plots of a1 to a11), m. eminii – cyathea sp. at disturbed forest (plots of d1 to d7) and c. acuminatissima – s. wallichii in less disturbed forest (plots of ld1 to ld4) as shown in table 1. the areas adjacent with local people settlements and accessible forest were severely degraded due to agriculture, fuel wood collecting and illegal logging. however, good condition of forest remaining at the steep places and/or far from local community. abandoned plantation (abp) this area had been the production forest and abandoned after declared as part of national park. the abandonment periods were varied among 11 plots from 1 to 30 years and it depends on the intensity of agriculture activity. local people had been allowed to cultivate at some parts of production forest (galudra et al., 2005). therefore, the cultivation areas still existed and difficult to be reduced because local community rely on agriculture to support their live. as reported by cahyadi (2003), cultivation area within 11 years increased about 8.8% from 1.356 ha in 1990 to 1.476 ha in 2001. the uniqueness of intensive cultivation (plot a7) can be shown in dca graph (fig. 2), that a7 was separated from fallowed plantation by the dominancy of crops (capsicum frutescens, coffea arabica, solanum nigrum and s. torvum) and weeds (ageratum conyzoides, clidemia hirta, crassocephalum crepidioides, synedrella nodiflora and wedelia trilobata). in the area without agriculture and less disturbance, abandoned plantation recovered naturally to support wild life conservation. the abandoned plantation has low tree species richness as implied by low tree diversity indices (fisher’s α and shannon-wiener index), but recruitment of woody species relatively high in this ∑ pi ln pi i=1 s reinwardtia 90 [vol.14 fig. 2. the ordination of plots in corridor area based on dca1 and dca2 value. the abandoned plantations are marked as a (1-11); the disturbed forests are df (1-7), less degraded forests are ld (1-4), and permanent plots (p2 and p3). the intensive cultivation led to severe degradation at plot a7. the longest abandonment period (a10) has similarity to less disturbed forest due to natural succession. fig. 3. the ordination of common species in each forest type based on dca1 and dca2 value. the vegetation composition reflects disturbance intensity in corridor area. the open area species has high dca1 value while forest species grouped by lower dca1 value. the abbreviation of sites and common species were displayed on graph; abandoned plantation (abp), disturbed forest (df), less disturbed forest (ldf), agathis dammara (aga), ageratum conyzoides (age), altingia excelsa (alt) , bellucia pentamera (bell), calliandra calothyrsus (cal), capsicum frutescens (cap), castanopsis acuminatissima (cas ac), chinchona pubescens (chi), clibadium surinamense (cli), coffea arabica (cof), cyathea contaminans (cya c), cyathea sp. (cya l), dinochloa scandens (din), eupatorium inulifolium (eup), eurya acuminate (eur), imperata cylindrica (imp), macaranga tanarius (mac ta), macaranga triloba (mac tr), maesopsis eminii (mae), melastoma malabathricum (mel), musa accuminata (mus), platea excelsa (pla), pternandra azurea (paz), podocarpus neriifolius (pod), quercus lineata (que li), quercus oidocarpa (que oi), saccharum spontaneum (sac), schima wallichii (sch), solanum nigrum (sol n), swietenia macrophylla (swi), synedrella nodiflora (syn), weinmannia blumei (wei), wedelia trilobata (wed). 2014] 91 rosleine et al. : the effect of land use history area (table 1). tree layer was dominated by mahogany (s. macrophylla, rdo = 33.4%) and damar (a. dammara, rdo = 21.1%) as main plantation tree (table 1). the exotic fast growing species such as bellucia pentamera (rdo = 10.6%) and m. eminii (rdo = 6.9%) seem successfully to establish in this area (table 2). table 2 shows that sufficient amount of light on forest floor led to the dominancy of light-tolerant species clibadium surinamense (rdo = 17.3%), eupatorium inulifolium (rdo = 13.7%) and melastoma malabthricum (rdo = 6.3%). the availability of seedling eurya acuminata (rdo = 15.3%) indicated that forest species has possibility to establish inside this area. e. inulifolium is native to south america, introduced to java in the 19 th and now widely spread from abandoned coffee plantation to degraded forest (smiet, 1992). coffee (c. arabica, rdo = 7.7%) and red pepper (c. frutescens, rdo = 4.8%) as high economic value crops were abundant in this area. grasses (paspalum conjugatum, rdo = 8.7%, i. cylindrica, rdo = 7.1%, and panicum notatum, rdo = 6.8%), ferns (selaginella plana, rdo = 17.2% and dicranopteris linearis, rdo = 6.4%) and weedy herbs (a. conyzoides rdo = 4.8%, w. trilobata rdo = 4.5% and c. hirta rdo = 5.5%) formed dense thicket below the plantation tree (table 2). among the study areas, abandoned plantation contained higher number of herb species than disturbed and less disturbed forest; 71, 52 and 43 species respectively (table 1). it was clear that high light intensity below plantation canopy could promote the establishment of herbaceous vegetation. the disturbed forest (df) the human threats including timber and fuel wood exploitation, infrastructure establishment and invasion of exotic species degraded halimun salak corridor area seriously, thus forest species number decreased as indicated by low dominancy in this area (table 2). as reported by rinaldi et al. (2008), forest species dominated corridor approximately 27% due to occupancy of shrub, pioneer and invasive species. this type of forest was derived from degraded old forest as indicated that forest species component such as quercus oidocarpa remained as the biggest tree in this area, reached 49.6 cm in dbh and 28 m in height. the emergent tree at this site disappeared (table 2) and now dominated by m. eminii (rdo = 26.26%) to replace forest species such as schima wallichii (rdo = 5.58%), and melicope accedens, (rdo = 5.50%). furthermore, invasion of other exotic species calliandra calothyrsus (rdo = 6.49%) and quinine tree (chinchona pubescens, rdo = 5.41%) may harm forest composition in the future (table 2). new recruitment of forest and pioneer species was low in degraded area (table 2). seedling of exotic species such as c. pubescens (rdo = 8.30%) and c. hirta (rdo = 6.08%), now dominated this area after tree fern cyathea sp. (rdo = 62.27%). the herbaceous vegetation at degraded forest was characterized by fern (cyathea sp., rdo = 8.70%, d. linearis, rdo = 9.46%, and s. plana, rdo = 7.55%), freycinetia sp. (rdo = 8.78%), etlingera coccinea (rdo = 8.68%), and bamboo (dinochloa scandens, rdo = 4.30%) which are relatively tolerant to low light intensity (table 2). site characteristics abandoned plantation (abp1-11) disturbed forest (df1 -7) less disturbed forest (ldf 1-4) halimun (p2) halimun (p3) basal area (m 2 ha -1 ) 15.51 17.47 41.27 40.31 39.66 biomass (ton ha -1 ) 58.96 71.85 314.94 369.26 291.06 species richness (/0.11ha) (/0.28ha) (/0.16ha) (/ha) (/ha) tree* 23 54 47 112 98 seedling 41 39 47 na na herb 71 52 43 na na species diversity fisher’s α 7.19 20.98 18.46 31.32 23.38 shannon-wiener index (h') 3.44 4.45 4.04 5.77 4.61 table 1. the characteristics of abandoned plantation (abp), disturbed forest (df), less disturbed forest (ldf) at halimun salak corridor area, and reference sites at halimun (p2 and p3) based on basal area (m 2 ha -1 ), biomass (ton ha -1 ), species number of tree (t), seedling (s), and herb (h), fisher’s α, and shannon-wiener index (h’). reinwardtia 92 [vol.14 seedling mora artocarpus altilis 2.05 na na aral arthrophyllum diversifolium 1.27 na na mela bellucia pentamera 4.23 na na faba calliandra calothyrsus 7.30 5.40 na na sola capsicum frutescens 4.78 na na species relative dominance (%) abp df ldf p2 p3 tree laur (huru beunyer) 1.00 (huru sereh) 3.51 (k10738) 1.58 (pasang jambe) 4.32 arau agathis dammara 21.05 3.61 laur alseodaphne (k10807) 2.70 hama altingia excelsa 2.79 5.73 31.22 5.80 mela bellucia pentamera 10.55 faba calliandra calothyrsus 2.47 6.49 4.35 faga castanopsis acuminatissima 40.57 34.00 faga castanopsis cf. tungurrut 5.14 faga castanopsis javanica 1.09 5.68 rubi chinchona pubescens 5.41 rubi coffea arabica 3.25 cyat cyathea contaminans 2.81 cyat cyathea sp. 7.91 thea eurya acuminata 1.41 clus garcinia rostrata 1.65 rhiz gynotroches axillaris 2.11 myri horsfieldia glabra 2.71 euph macaranga triloba 2.53 rham maesopsis eminii 6.87 26.26 ruta melicope accedens 5.50 icac platea latifolia 2.66 meli pternandra azurea 1.61 1.83 faga quercus (k10944) 2.65 faga quercus lineata 7.69 2.76 faga quercus oidocarpa 4.36 6.56 thea schima wallichii 8.50 5.88 27.82 10.59 23.31 meli swietenia macrophylla 33.38 myrt syzygium (k10958)[kisirum/jeret] 1.60 myrt syzygium lineatum 2.93 cuno weinmannia blumei 2.94 table 2. ten dominance species from each sampling site are displayed to describe the vegetation structure of abandoned plantation (abp), disturbed forest (df), less disturbed forest (ldf) and permanent plot (p2 and p3) in corridor and halimun area. family name is written as four characters before species name. 2014] 93 rosleine et al. : the effect of land use history seedling faga castanopsis acuminatissima 0.92 na na faga chinchona pubescens 8.30 na na aste clibadium surinamense 17.26 na na mela clidemia hirta 5.06 6.08 na na rubi coffea arabica 7.70 na na cyat cyathea sp. 62.27 58.10 na na cyat cyathea sp.2 18.06 na na gesn cyrtandra sandei 5.99 na na aste eupatorium inulifolium 13.70 na na thea eurya acuminata 15.27 na na euph macaranga triloba 2.19 na na mela melastoma malabathricum 6.28 na na arec pinanga coronata 3.42 na na rubi psychotria varidiflora 1.25 0.84 na na faga quercus oidocarpa 0.82 na na thea schima wallichii 1.06 na na symp symplocos fasciculata 1.85 2.72 na na myrt syzygium lineatum 0.79 na na rubi urophyllum glabrum 2.38 na na rubi urophyllum macrophyllum 1.37 na na table 2. ten dominance species from each sampling site are displayed to describe the vegetation structure of abandoned plantation (abp), disturbed forest (df), less disturbed forest (ldf) and permanent plot (p2 and p3) in corridor and halimun area. family name is written as four characters before species name (continued). herb aste ageratum conyzoides 4.71 na na zing alpinia sp. 11.48 na na aspl asplenium nidus 3.54 na na arec calamus sp. 4.52 4.55 na na mela clidemia hirta 5.53 na na cyat cyathea sp. 8.70 na na glei dicranopteris linearis 6.37 9.46 na na arec dinochloa scandens 4.30 na na polyp diplazium sorzogonense 4.05 na na polyp diplazium sp. 1 5.72 na na zing etlingera coccinea 8.68 na na pand freycinetia 8.78 na na rubi hedyothis sp. 5.24 na na poac imperata cylindrica 7.05 na na neph nephrolepis davallioides 4.79 9.16 na na olean oleandra pistilaris 10.57 na na poac panicum notatum 6.75 na na poac paspalum conjugatum 8.67 na na arec pinanga coronata 3.34 na na reinwardtia 94 [vol.14 less disturbed forest (ldf) the community structure as well as permanent plots in halimun area, c. acuminatissima (rdo = 40.6%) and s. wallichii (27.8%) took a role as important species in less disturbed forest (table 2). the disturbance in this area indicated by invasion of fast growing tree c. calothyrsus (rdo = 4.4%) (table 2). even though this forest has low number of tree species, basal area of less disturbed forest was higher than degraded forest and abandoned plantation, i.e. 41.27 m 2 ha -1 , 17.47 m 2 ha -1 and 15.51 m 2 ha -1 , respectively (table 1). tree fern of cyathea sp. (rdo = 58.1%) and cyathea sp. 2 (rdo = 18.1%) were abundant in seedling layer. smiet (1992) reported that these species can survive in more shaded place. however, the exotic species of c. calothyrsus (rdo = 3.4%) can survive in any forest condition as indicated by its high recruitment at disturbed and less disturbed area (table 2). shade tolerant species dominated herb layer such as fern (nephrolepis davallioides, s. plana and diplazium sorzogonense), oleandra pistillaris and alpinia sp. (table 2). permanent plot (p2 and p3) the communities of both permanent plots were dominated by fagaceae, theaceae and hamamelidaceae (table 1). p2 had the highest tree species number (113 species) and basal area (40.31 m 2 ha -1 ) (table 1). the emergent tree (height > 30 m) at p2 was quercus lineata reached 109 cm in dbh, while in p3 was s. wallichii of 82 cm in dbh. the dominant species in p2 permanent plot were altingia excelsa (rdo = 31.2%) and s. wallichii (rdo = 10.6%), while p3 dominated by c. acuminatissima (rdo = 34%) and s. wallichii (rdo = 23.3%). the species compositions in the permanent plots and less disturbed forest plots were relatively similar, thus they classified as less disturbed forest on dca analysis (fig. 2). discussion forest succession in corridor area the successional stage in this area can be determined by species composition in each study area. the early successional stages observed in seriously degraded site, particularly in agriculture area. in the area without weeding activity, weed species such as a. conyzoides, synedrella nodiflora, crassocephalum crepidioides established below tree plantation. this pattern was similar to the early succession on abandoned cropland in sabah, where weedy species become dominant soon after abandonment table 2. ten dominance species from each sampling site are displayed to describe the vegetation structure of abandoned plantation (abp), disturbed forest (df), less disturbed forest (ldf) and permanent plot (p2 and p3) in corridor and halimun area. family name is written as four characters before species name (continued). table 3. the diameter class of tree (dbh>4.8 cm) at corridor and permanent plots. small number of big tree (dbh>30 cm) at abandoned plantation (abp) indicates high intensity of disturbance. the remaining big trees (dbh>30 cm) contribute to high biomass at less disturbed forest (ldf). site diameter class (cm) <10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 >50 abp 82 70 13 1 3 0 df 138 87 21 4 3 1 ldf 126 44 14 13 18 2 p2 652 232 74 45 24 61 p3 764 474 145 65 39 35 *the species name for unidentified specimens follows the system in herbarium of kagoshima university arec plectocomia 4.10 na na sela saccharum spontaneum 4.94 na na thely selaginella plana 17.15 7.55 15.28 na na acan sphaerostephanos cf. heterocarpus 6.62 na na acan strobilanthes sp. 4.55 na na aste wedelia biflora 4.46 na na species relative dominance (%) abp df ldf p2 p3 2014] 95 rosleine et al. : the effect of land use history (ohtsuka, 1999). in some areas, understory layer is covered by perennial grass imperata cylindrica and saccharum spontaneum. it is suggested that agriculture activity can slow down the forest recovery process because weeding activity prevents colonization of pioneer wood species (lugo, 1992). the occupancy of weed was replaced by shrub pioneer species such as c. surinamense, e. inulifolium and m. malabathricum after one or more year abandonment. however, during the process of succession d. linearis often invades open area and covers the ground by its dense thicket. at the old abandoned plantation, species richness of pioneer and forest specie is low because of strong competition by the exotic species (b. pentamera, m. eminii and c. calothyrsus). the succession in disturbed areas refers to forest respond after gaps due to illegal logging. at the degraded forest, pioneer tree and some exotic species well established because they can compete in harsh condition. however, natural tree vegetation has possibility to grow naturally because forest species (melicope accedens, weinmannia blumei, schima wallichii, rhodamnia cinerea and prunus arborea) still remain as seed resource for forest rehabilitation. the less disturbed forests represent mature community in gunung halimun salak national park. c. acuminatissima, platea excelsa, neolitse triplinervia, sterculia oblongata and castanopsis javanica were well conserved in the area with less anthropogenic activity. the availability of forest species at corridor area takes an important role in natural successional process because they are the source of natural vegetation. the aboveground biomass indicated the respond of vegetation to the anthropogenic disturbance. biomass in abandoned plantation was produced mainly from tree plantation, but native and invasive species contribute most to biomass in degraded forest (fig. 4). though invasive species produced high biomass in degraded area, it does not mean that they are suitable to be planted for forest rehabilitation in corridor because their existence can modify community structure and may threaten the native species. in less disturbed forest where native species were well conserved, they produced high biomass approximately 373.34 ton ha -1 (fig. 4). forest rehabilitation and its threats human disturbance such as cultivation, development of infrastructure, settlement, illegal logging and fuel wood exploration are thought to be major factors of forest degradation at corridor of ghsnp. the road inside corridor to connect villages facilitated local community to pass through this area and increased alternative access to reach forest. this degraded and fragmented area cannot provide proper habitat especially for endangered species, therefore rehabilitation is required to restore the function of corridor. plantation at corridor area may not facilitate forest species establishment as indicated by low dominancy of natural forest vegetation. this was a different result with the other studies (lugo, 1992; parrotta et al., 1997; boley et al., 2009) that plantation tree might help the establishment of pioneer woody species to accelerate natural succession. the modification of both physical and biological site condition might increase the possibility for seed to be transported from the adjacent remnant forest to germinate at plantation area. in addition, proper plantation must be considered to attract seed dispersers such as bird and bat, thus they can disperse seed from remnant forest to the degraded area. cusack & montagnini (2004) reported that plantation could promote forest succession of woody species in understory layer by shading out the grasses, increasing soil nutrient and facilitating shade tolerant species. sometimes, the exotic plants are needed to convert harsh condition to be suitable one for the establishment of indigenous species (lovejoy, 1985). due to poor understanding of silviculture system in the tropics, some planted exotic species caused major problem to natural ecosystem (lugo, 1992; richardson, 2008; binggeli, 2001). these species could shift the life-form dominance, reduce structural diversity, increase biomass and change nutrient cycle as reviewed from study case in southern hemisphere (richardson, 2008). in java island, c. calothyrsus was planted for fuel, fodder and conservation of critical land because it can survive in poor soil condition (galudra, 2003; rinaldi et al., 2008). but now this species spread tremendously in corridor area. study by fukuda (2010) clarified that c. calothyrsus inhibited the establishment of native species and delay the forest rehabilitation process. human interference and ecological barrier following combination of competition with invasive species, low seed or root stock availability, risk of seed and seedling predation, lack of sustainable microhabitat for seed germiantion and seedling establishment, seasonal drought, soil nutrient limitation, root competition with grases and fern, and periodic fire can suppress successional process (lugo, 1992; parrotta et al. 1997). invasion of exotic species (m. eminii and c. calothyrsus) which can grow in low light intensity, fern (d. linearis) and grass (i. cylindrica) in corridor area must be considered seriously because they can delay the rehabilitation process. shono et al. (2006) reported reinwardtia 96 [vol.14 fig. 4. biomass (ton ha –1 ) distribution among native, invasive, planted, and pioneer species at abandoned plantation (abp), disturbed forest (df), and less disturbed forest (ldf) in halimun salak corridor area. 2014] 97 rosleine et al. : the effect of land use history that regeneration of native vegetation on degraded land in singapore was blocked by invasion of fern d. linearis. this species in peninsular malaysia can survive under shading area, forms dense thickets aggressively, expands the rhizomes and excretes the allelopathic compound thereby could prevent the establishment of tree regeneration (shono et al., 2006; nishimura, 2011). this fern combined with i. cylindrica which has a high efficiency nutrient uptake slow the decomposition rate of litters. this drought tolerant and fire resistant species can survive in unfavorable condition, thus inhibit succession and tree establishment in disturbed areas (nishimura, 2011). m. emenii as a fast growing tree now invades natural forest widely, especially in tropical areas. binggeli & hamilton (1993); binggeli (2003) and rinaldi et al. (2008) reported that this species has strategies as follow: first, its seeds are easily distributed by bird, as hornbill in tanzania; second, seeds and seedlings can survive in longer period and they grow rapidly when light increase due to the establishment of gap; third, germination of seed is triggered by water thus the seed can easily germinate. the invasion of quinine tree c. pubescens which categorized as 100 of the world worst invasive species (richardson, 2008; lowe et al., 2000) and small shrub c. hirta at this corridor area seems not serious, however monitoring to these species is needed to control the invasion rate. though it invaded in limited area of corridor area, the existence of c. pubescens increased the risk of forest degradation because local people harvested the bark by cutting its stand for commercial use (cahyadi, 2003). tree species in halimun salak national park have potential as building material, fuel wood, board manufacture, edible fruit/vegetable, furniture and medical plants (cahyadi, 2003; gunawan et al., 2007; polosakan, 2011). though access to the remnant forest is difficult, local people enter the less degraded forest to explore timber trees such as s. wallichii, a. excelsa, myrtaceae and fagaceae due to economics needs (polosakan 2011). therefore, collaboration between local people and the manager of national park is required to conserve the corridor area. ecological value of corridor area rehabilitation of degraded forest becomes major concern in the corridor area, considering its functions to provide movement and foraging sites for endangered species, maintain water balance, support biodiversity and prevent soil and land slide (gunawan et al., 2007; rinaldi et al., 2008; ghsnpmp-jica, 2009). degradation and fragmentation at corridor affected population number of endangered animals (van ballen et al., 1999; cahyadi, 2003; dewi et al., 2007; rinaldi et al., 2008; yumarni et al., 2011). the javan gibbon needs forest canopy for their movement, but lack of emergent tree decreased their population within degraded area (dewi et al., 2007; yumarni et al., 2011). ario (2007) reported that javan leopard can live close to human habitation, but they need broader habitat for foraging activity. thus, the fragmentation will impact the leopard population. however, during the study, we only found leopard’s footprints at less degraded area between mt. halimun and mt. salak. the importance of corridor is not only for conservation but also substantial for human because the rivers from this area can support some areas surrounding national park and prevent land slide during rainy season (rinaldi et al., 2008; ghsnpmp-jica, 2009). therefore rehabilitation on degraded land is crucial to recover the function of corridor ghsnp. management strategy for forest rehabilitation local people living adjacent to national park seem not clearly understand about the function of corridor, thus exploitation was ongoing severely in this area. moreover, low economic level of rural community lead to high utilization of forest area for agriculture, timber, fuel wood and medical treatment (galudra, 2003; rinaldi et al., 2008; polosakan, 2011). even though resource exploitation by human intervention is prohibited in national park area, it is hard to eliminate because they settled before the establishment of national park. the proper strategy on forest rehabilitation must be well designated for better management in the future. the community based-conservation management system which considering local knowledge and sharing benefit related to conservation and utilization initiatives are thought to be the best way to maintain conservation area (harada, 2003; gunawan et al., 2007; perbatakusuma et al., 2010). in addition, environmental education must be disseminated to local people thereby local people can contribute on this conservation program in same vision. due to local people settlement, rehabilitation program must consider the alternative livelihood for them, which can reduce their dependence on forest. the utilization zone can be established for economic purpose of local community (galudra, 2003). the abandoned plantation and secondary forest are susceptible to invasive species. therefore, selection of proper native species is essential for planting enrichment to minimize the spread of the reinwardtia 98 [vol.14 invasive species (richardson, 2008; binggeli, 2001; binggeli, 2003; fukuda, 2010). acknowledgements this study was funded by the global environment research fund (d-1005), the ministry of the environment, japan. we wish to thank mr. istanto, the previous head of ghsnp, staffs of ghsnp, mr. mus our local guide and the staff of herbarium bogoriense (mr. ismail rachman and mr. wardi) for supporting our plant identification. references alhamd, l. & polosakan, r. 2011. species composition and vegetation stucture in gunung halimun salak forest-sukabumi. berkala hayati 5a: 1–4. 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[phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. 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(araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 399-577-1-sm belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 reinwardtia vol. 21. no. 2. pp: 55‒62 doi: 10.55981/reinwardtia.v21i2.4391 55 nutrient concentrations in three nepenthes species (nepenthaceae) from north sumatra received august 15, 2022; accepted august 26, 2022 muhammad mansur department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, universitas indonesia. kampus ui gedung e, level 2, jln. lingkar kampus raya, pondok cina, beji, depok 16424, indonesia. research center for ecology and ethnobiology, national research and innovation agency (brin), jln. raya jakartabogor km. 46, cibinong, bogor 16911, indonesia. email: mansurhalik@yahoo.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0372-4699. andi salamah department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, universitas indonesia. kampus ui gedung e level 2, jln. lingkar kampus raya, pondok cina, beji, depok 16424, indonesia. email: salamah@sci.ui.ac.id. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-8342. edi mirmanto research center for ecology and ethnobiology, national research and innovation agency (brin), jln. raya jakartabogor km. 46, cibinong, bogor 16911, indonesia. email: emirmanto@yahoo.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7121-9980. francis q. brearley department of natural science, manchester metropolitan university, chester street, manchester, m1 5gd, uk. email: f.q.brearley@mmu.ac.uk. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5053-5693. abstract mansur, m., salamah, a., mirmanto, e. & brearley, f. q. 2022. nutrient concentrations in three nepenthes species (nepenthaceae) from north sumatra. reinwardtia 21(2): 55‒62. — nepenthes is a genus of carnivorous plants that are unique ornamental plants, but their nutrient concentration relationships have not been studied much, especially in endemic species on the island of sumatra. so far, the analysis of the nutrient concentration in nepenthes is mostly limited to leaves. there are few reports of nutrient concentrations in the pitcher fluid and the soil around where it grows. leaves, pitcher fluid, and soil around the growth sites of each species i.e., nepenthes sumatrana, n. spectabilis, and n. tobaica, from north sumatra province were collected for nutrient analyses (n, p, k, ca, mg, and na). the results showed that the nutrient concentrations in the leaves and pitcher fluid in the three nepenthes species were generally low with those in the leaves greater than in the pitcher fluid. the concentration of nutrients in the leaves of n. sumatrana (lowland species) was least (except for n and na) when compared to n. spectabilis and n. tobaica (highland species), likely reflecting the poorly fertile soil. in contrast, the nutrient concentration in the pitcher fluid of n. sumatrana was greater than n. spectabilis and n. tobaica. when compared across an extensive data set, we show that leaf n does not change with elevation, whereas p declines and the n:p ratio increases with elevation, suggesting that nepenthes plants are obtaining sufficient n from prey at higher elevations. key words: nepenthes, north sumatra, nutrient concentration. abstrak mansur, m., salamah, a., mirmanto, e. & brearley, f. q. 2022. konsentrasi nutrien pada tiga jenis nepenthes (nepenthaceae) dari sumatra utara. reinwardtia 21(2): 55‒62. — nepenthes digolongkan ke dalam tumbuhan karnivora yang saat ini berfungsi sebagai tanaman hias unik, namun hubungan konsentrasi nutriennya belum banyak dipelajari khususnya pada jenis-jenis endemik pulau sumatra. sejauh ini, konsentrasi nutrien yang dianalisis baru terbatas pada daun, belum ada yang melaporkan konsentrasi nutrien yang ada di cairan kantong dan tanah tempat tumbuhnya. sampel daun, cairan kantong, dan tanah di sekitar tempat tumbuh tiga jenis tanaman yaitu nepenthes sumatrana, n. spectabilis, dan n. tobaica, dikoleksi dari provinsi sumatra utara untuk dipelajari kandungan unsur haranya. hasil menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi unsur hara pada daun dan cairan kantong pada ketiga jenis nepenthes yang diteliti pada umumnya adalah rendah. konsentrasi unsur hara pada daun n. sumatrana (jenis dataran rendah) adalah lebih rendah (kecuali unsur nitrogen dan natrium) jika dibandingkan dengan n. spectabilis dan n. tobaica (jenis dataran tinggi). sebaliknya konsentrasi unsur hara pada cairan kantong n. sumatrana lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan n. spectabilis dan n. tobaica. untuk sampel daun, jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh kumpulan data yang luas, n daun tidak berubah dengan elevasi, sedangkan p menurun dan rasio n:p meningkat dengan elevasi, menunjukkan bahwa tumbuhan nepenthes memperoleh n yang cukup dari mangsa di elevasi yang lebih tinggi. kata kunci: konsentr asi unsur har a, nepenthes, su matr a utar a. https://dx.doi.org/10.55981/reinwardtia.v21i2.4391 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0372-4699 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-8342 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7121-9980 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5053-5693 reinwardtia 56 [vol.21 introduction nepenthes (nepenthaceae) is a genus of dioecious climbing plants with the unusual yet fascinating habit of being carnivorous; they also function as a unique ornamental plant (mansur, 2006). the indonesian archipelago has the greatest number of nepenthes species with diversity concentrated on the islands of borneo (kalimantan) and sumatra. the bukit barisan mountains, which stretch from south sumatra to aceh, are the largest contributor to the high biodiversity in sumatra (malik et al., 2020), including of nepenthes species (lee et al., 2006). until now, 22 species of nepenthes have been reported from north sumatra province with 16 of them endemic to sumatra (mansur et al., in press.). nepenthes often grow in marginal soils that are poor in nutrients, especially nitrogen (clarke, 1997; clarke, 2001; moran & clarke, 2010). nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium often (co-) limit the growth of carnivorous plants (ellison, 2006). for example, brearley & mansur (2012) reported that the foliar nitrogen concentrations of n. ampullaria, n. gracilis, n. rafflesiana, and n. x hookeriana were low in peat swamp forest (sebangau national park, central kalimantan). nepenthes species occupy a broad elevation range from sea level to over 3,000 m elevation (n. lamii in new guinea is the species found at the highest elevation) and so we might expect changes in foliar nutrient concentrations along such a broad gradient as has been seen in other tropical plant taxa (tanner et al., 1998; bauters et al., 2017). in addition to macronutrient elements, nepenthes plants are also able to absorb metallic elements such as lead, as found in n. macfarlanei which grows in the montane forests of the genting highlands in malaysia (brearley, 2021). the function of the pitchers of nepenthes is to passively capture prey (phillipps & lamb, 1996), via nectar secreted by glands under the lid (kurata & kurata, 2009), through a slippery peristome (bauer et al., 2009) and through the aroma released (clarke & lee, 2004). these can all attract the prey that falls into the pitcher fluid (bonhomme et al., 2011) that may be highly viscoelastic (gaume & forterre, 2007). once the prey is trapped, it will be broken down by the broad range of enzymes found in the pitcher fluid (takeuchi et al., 2011; rottloff et al., 2016), and the nutrients are absorbed through glands in the absorption zone in the pitcher walls (clarke & lee, 2004; moran et al., 2010). the relationship between the nutrient concentrations in the genus of nepenthes and its habitat has not been studied much, especially in species from sumatra. the objective of this study was to determine nutrient concentrations in n. sumatrana (lowland species), n. spectabilis, and n. tobaica (both highland species) (fig. 1) that are protected by indonesia’s law (permen lhk no. 20 of 2018). based on the red list issued by the iucn, the conservation status of n. sumatrana is critically endangered (cr) and n. spectabilis is vulnerable (vu), whereas n. tobaica is of least concern (lc). with this paper we hope to contri bute to our understanding of nutrient relationships in nepenthes and make a comparison between lowland and highland species using data from sumatra as well as an extensive data comparison across the geographical range of nepenthes species. materials and methods study site sampling was carried out in november 2019 in aek nabobar village, sidikalang, central tapanuli regency (n: 01'35'41; e: 098'53'43; altitude 75 m asl) for n. sumatrana and in lae pondom protected forest, gunung sibuatan, karo regency (n: 02'53'38; e: 098'29'27; altitude 1,750 m asl) for n. spectabilis and n. tobaica, both in north sumatra province. in aek nabobar village, n. sumatrana grows in the lowlands at an altitude between 20 to 75 m above sea level (asl) in open areas with shrubby habitats. in general, the habitat of n. sumatrana has high air temperature, soil ph, and light intensity, but low air humidity and soil moisture. on the other hand, the habitat of n. spectabilis and n. tobaica is in the lae pondom protected forest, gunung sibuatan, karo regency at an altitude of around 1,750 m asl that has lower air temperature, light intensity and soil ph, but higher air humidity and soil moisture. nutrient analysis was carried out at the research center for ecology and ethnobiology, national research and innovation agency (brin), indonesia. sampling design following the approach of brearley & mansur (2012), brearley (2021), and mansur et al. (2021), three plant samples from each species of nepenthes (n. sumatrana, n. spectabilis, and n. tobaica) were collected for their leaves, namely the second leaf from the tip of the stem (estimated to be six months old), pitcher fluid (10 to 40 ml depending on the pitcher sampled) and the soil (ca. 100 g from 10 to 20 cm depth) from the rooting zone where they grew. morphological parameters of each plant sampled were also recorded (e.g. stem, leaf, and pitcher length and width) along with leaf chlorophyll concentration on the leaf sampled for nutrient concentrations using a konica mansur et al.: nutrient concentration of nepenthes from north sumatra 2022] 57 fig. 1. a. nepenthes sumatrana (miq.) beck ex tamin & m.hotta. b. nepenthes spectabilis danser. c. nepenthes tobaica danser; from north sumatra province, indonesia. photos by m. mansur . minolta spad-502 meter with the value used being the mean of three measurements per leaf. experimental procedures leaf and soil samples were dried at 50 o c for 5 days, then ground. the nutrient concentrations of soil and leaf nitrogen (n) were analyzed using a yanako jm1000cn macro corder with a jma 1000 autosampler. for other nutrients, leaves and soil were digested in a mixture of acids (h2so4, hclo4, and hno3) for 24 hours at 170 o c, the concentrations of potassium (k), calcium (ca), magnesium (mg), and sodium (na) were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (shimadzu aa-6200) while the concentration of phosphorus (p) used a spectrophotometer (shimadzu uv mini-1240) with the vanadomolybdate colorimetric method. pitcher liquid was filtered and analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (as above) or with the nessler and vanadomolybdate colorimetric methods for n and p, respectively. data comparison across an extensive elevational dataset data of the nutrient concentration of three species of nepenthes were compared between leaves, pitcher fluid, and soils using one-way anovas with post-hoc duncan tests. leaf nutrient concentration data were compiled from the literature (see mansur et al., 2021), to which were added additional data on leaf n and p from other studies (moran & moran, 1998; clarke et al., 2009; moran et al., 2001, 2003; graefe et al., 2011; bazile et al., 2012). the elevation of each location was sourced from the appropriate paper, and linear regressions were calculated between elevation and the relevant leaf nutrient or the n:p ratio. results morphology the morphology of the three species studied differed, n. sumatrana growing in the lowlands and open areas, had shorter stems, but greater stem diameter, pitcher size and tendril length than n. spectabilis and n. tobaica. the pitcher of n. sumatrana is trumpet-shaped, while those of n. spectabilis and n. tobaica are cylindrical (fig. 1). the leaf chlorophyll concentration (spad meter readings) of n. sumatrana was greater than n. spectabilis, but lower than n. tobaica (table 1). soil nutrient concentrations soil is not only a place for plants to grow but also a source of nutrients for the plants themselves (turner, 2001). the concentration of nutrients contained in it determines its fertility and therefore populations of plants. the concentrations of n, p, ca, and na in the soil in the habitat of n. sumatrana (lowland) were lower and significantly different (table 2) when compared to those in the habitat of n. spectabilis and n. tobaica (highland); in contrast the concentrations of k and mg in the n. sumatrana habitat were greater than of n. spectabilis and n. tobaica and statistically significantly different (table 2). a b c reinwardtia 58 [vol.21 leaf nutrient concentrations leaves, apart from being a place for photosynthesis to occur, are also a store of nutrients (turner, 2001). results showed that the leaves of n. sumatrana contained the greatest concentration of n and significantly more than n. spectabilis, but not significantly different to n. tobaica (table 2). on the other hand, the concentration of p in the leaves of n. sumatrana was lower and significantly less than n. spectabilis, but not significantly different from n. tobaica, while the concentration of k in the leaves of n. sumatrana was lower and different from n. spectabilis and n. tobaica (table 2). calcium and mg in n. sumatrana leaves were lower and significantly different when compared to n. spectablis and n. tobaica, whereas on the other hand the concentration of na in the leaves of n. sumatrana was greater than in the leaves of n. spectabilis, but not significantly different from n. tobaica (table 2). pitcher fluid concentrations the function of fluid in the pitcher of nepenthes is as a nutrient solvent (moran & moran, 1998; clarke, 2001), which helps in the process of breaking down trapped insects (clarke et al., 2009) and is carried out by enzymes secreted in the pitcher (wang, 2009; takeuchi et al., 2011), so that the presence of this fluid is very important for the fulfillment of nepenthes plant nutrition. nutrient concentrations were lower in the pitcher fluid compared to the leaves or soil (when all data were considered as percentages). potassium was the most abundant nutrient in the pitcher fluid followed by na and then ca; other nutrients were at low concentrations. concentrations of n, p, and k in the pitcher fluid of n. sumatrana were greater (although not always significantly) than in the pitcher fluid of n. spectabilis and n. tobaica. likewise, n. sumatrana contained concentrations of micronutrients mg, ca, and na in the pitcher fluid that were greater than n. spectabilis and n. tobaica (table 2). foliar nutrients in an extensive elevational dataset foliar n concentrations across our extensive elevational dataset were very variable (0.21 to 1.75 % n) but we found that there was no change in nepenthes foliar n concentrations with elevation (r 2 = 0.04, p = 0.23). phosphorus concentrations were less variable (0.06 to 0.26 % p) and showed a significant decline with elevation (r 2 = 0.17, p = 0.023); consequently there was an increase in the n:p ratio with elevation (r 2 = 0.23, p = 0.007) (fig. 2). parameter nepenthes sumatrana spectabilis tobaica stem length (cm) 136 ± 41 215 ± 28 207 ± 23 diameter (mm) 10.4 ± 1.2 5.3 ± 0.3 3.3 ± 0.3 internode length (cm) 3.3 ± 0.8 5.3 ± 0.9 5.2 ± 1.0 leaves length (cm) 33.7 ± 2.1 21.4 ± 1.6 11.9 ± 0.2 width (cm) 6.0 ± 0.7 4.0 ± 0.4 2.0 ± 0.1 thickness (mm) 0.45 ± 0.01 0.60 ± 0.03 0.41 ± 0.00 chlorophyll (spad meter units) 46.8 ± 2.1 37.6 ± 2.6 51.3 ± 3.5 pitchers length (cm) 18.0 ± 1.6 18.5 ± 1.9 10.3 ± 0.2 bottom girth (cm) 12.5 ± 1.0 6.6 ± 0.8 8.6 ± 0.1 top girth (cm) 15.9 ± 0.1 7.4 ± 0.8 6.6 ± 0.1 tendril length (cm) 38.0 ± 8.2 23.1 ± 4.2 12.2 ± 0.2 table 1. morphology of three nepenthes species as measured from three samples in their natural habitat in north sumatra province, indonesia. values are mean ± standard error. mansur et al.: nutrient concentration of nepenthes from north sumatra 2022] 59 discussion nepenthes sumatrana grows in lowland areas (20 to 75 m asl) in open habitats with limestone soil and is often found overgrown with shrubs and ferns – at the study site, the vegetation and soil was quite degraded and prone to fire (mansur et al., in press.). in contrast, n. spectabilis and n. tobaica grow in a different habitat in highland secondary forests (1,750 m asl) with a mineral soil type overlain by an organic humus layer and under large trees that provide shaded canopy cover. the two habitats have different microclimates and soil properties, in particular, the organic carbon content of the soils differed markedly and was around 25% in the highland forest but less than 0.5% in the lowland location (m.m., unpublished data). the concentration of soil nutrients in the n. spectabilis and n. tobaica habitat is generally greater than the soil where n. sumatrana grows (n, p, na, and ca), although the concentration of k and mg in n. sumatrana habitat is greater than in the habitat of n. spectabilis and n. tobaica. however, this broad pattern was not reflected in the foliar nutrient concentrations as, in general, it was found that the nutrient concentration in the leaves and pitcher fluid in n. sumatrana had a higher concentration than the other two species indicating that soil nutrients are not always good predictors of foliar nutrients and that neither of them may be related to pitcher fluid nutrient concentrations. however, a measure of available soil nutrients would be more appropriate in future studies rather than the total nutrient concentrations as measured here. broadly, the foliar nutrient concentrations in all three species were typical for nepenthes as they were found in the centre of a pca diagram presented by mansur et al. (2021). we know remarkably little about the determinants of pitcher fluid composition but this is imtable 2. concentrations of nutrients (% dry weight for leaves and soil, mg l -1 for pitcher fluid) in three species of nepenthes at the study site, north sumatra province, indonesia. values are mean ± standard error with letters indicating differences with a duncan’s test. bdl = below detection limits. species nutrient n p n:p k ca mg na leaves sumatrana 0.87 ± 0.10 (b) 0.10 ± 0.001 (a) 8.43 ± 1.12 (b) 1.67 ± 0.01 (a) 0.12 ± <0.01 (a) 0.07 ± <0.01 (a) 0.42 ± 0.01 (b) spectabilis 0.21 ± 0.06 (a) 0.11 ± 0.001 (b) 1.90 ± 0.54 (a) 1.75 ± 0.01 (b) 0.29 ± <0.01 (c) 0.11 ± <0.01 (c) 0.33 ± 0.01 (a) tobaica 0.58 ± 0.10 (ab) 0.11 ± 0.001 (ab) 5.37 ± 0.90 (ab) 1.77 ± 0.01 (b) 0.23 ± <0.01 (b) 0.11 ± <0.01 (b) 0.40 ± 0.01 (b) fluid sumatrana 2.08 ± 0.13 (b) 8.30 ± 0.29 (b) 0.25 ± 0.01 (b) 1740 ± 49 (a) 396 ± 15 (b) 12.0 ± 1.18 (b) 1056 ± 42 (b) spectabilis 1.51 ± 0.14 (ab) 6.30 ± 0.29 (a) 0.24 ± 0.01 (b) 1640 ± 45 (a) 293 ± 14 (a) 5.5 ± 0.78 (a) 765 ± 42 (a) tobaica 1.13 ± 0.13 (a) 7.26 ± 0.34 (ab) 0.15 ± 0.01 (a) 1590 ± 30 (a) 304 ± 15 (a) 6.4 ± 1.15 (a) 873 ± 42 (a) soil sumatrana bdl 0.019 ± 0.001 (a) na 1.74 ± 0.01 (b) 1.02 ± <0.01 (a) 1.09 ± <0.01 (c) 0.47 ± 0.02 (a) spectabilis 1.17 ± 0.17 (b) 0.025 ± 0.001 (b) 46.9 ± 5.16 (a) 1.67 ± 0.01 (a) 1.30 ± 0.01 (b) 0.50 ± <0.01 (a) 0.63 ± 0.02 (b) tobaica 1.17 ± 0.17 (b) 0.024 ± 0.001 (b) 48.0 ± 5.36 (a) 1.68 ± 0.01 (a) 1.55 ± 0.01 (c) 0.76 ± <0.01 (b) 0.59 ± 0.02 (b) reinwardtia 60 [vol.21 portant due to the role of the pitcher fluid in influencing the microbial composition therein (gilbert et al., 2020) and its role in aiding in prey digestion through the production of a range of enzymes. similar to other studies, k and na were the dominant ions in the pitcher fluid (buch et al., 2013; mansur et al., 2021). buch et al. (2013) found that n and p were at very low concentrations in the pitcher fluid they studied but these were under artificial experimental conditions so, in natural habitats, we would expect the pitcher fluid nutrient concentrations to be greater due to the addition of insect carcasses and other organic debris. the pitcher of nepenthes has an important role in supplying nutrients that are not available in the soil and the greater concentrations of nutrients in the pitcher fluid of n. sumatrana may be because it has a larger pitcher size and is thus able to catch more insects than n. spectabilis and n. tobaica. this statement is also supported by the results of a study by moran & moran (1998) who reported that n. rafflesiana which lacks n (from prey sources) in its leaves can lead to decreased photosynthetic activity and reduced number of pitchers of smaller sizes than control plants. it is not known if pitcher fluid has greater nutrient concentrations in species in more nutrient-rich habitats or if faster -growing species have lower nutrient concentrations due to more rapid uptake from the pitchers but this could be the focus of future research. additionally, it would be informative to relate the pitcher and leaf nutrient concentrations to the composition and biomass of insects and other organic material collected in pitchers over a given time frame. across our extensive elevational dataset, we found that there was no change in foliar n with elevation – this suggests that nepenthes species may obtain sufficient n from their prey with changing environmental conditions, or that there may be alterations to the stoichiometric ratio of their prey (i.e. changes in the n:p ratio) as elevation increases. as insects become less abundant at higher elevation, the importance of animal faeces may increase (chin et al., 2010) or nepenthes may be able to increase soil n uptake via roots or even through recently-described underground pitchers to trap soil animals (dančák fig. 2. relationship between the concentration of foliar nitrogen (n), phosphorus (p), and the n:p ratio in a range of nepenthes species across their geographical range. each point represents the mean of each species sampled at each location. mansur et al.: nutrient concentration of nepenthes from north sumatra 2022] 61 et al., 2022). in contrast, foliar p concentrations did decrease with elevation and the n:p ratio increased indicating increasing phosphorus limitation of nepenthes pitcher plants with elevation. this might more reasonably be considered to be a reduction in n limitation as the n:p ratios were very low overall with a median of 8.1 across our dataset. declining p with elevation could be due to the presence of ultramafic sites at higher elevations in the dataset although this is unlikely as we would also expect declining k and ca and increasing mg (proctor, 2003) which we did not see – additional data on nutrient concentrations of nepenthes growing in ultramafic substrates would also help test this further. conclusion nutrient concentrations in leaves and pitcher fluid in the three nepenthes species studied (n. sumatrana, n. spectabilis, and n. tobaica) were generally low. the concentration of soil nutrients in the habitat of n. sumatrana in the lowland were generally lower than in the habitat of n. spectabilis and n. tobaica in the highland but nutrient concentrations in the leaves and pitcher fluid of n. sumatrana (lowland species) were often greater than n. spectabilis and n. tobaica (highland species). further consideration of environmental controls over foliar nutrient concentrations and their linkages with pitcher fluid nutrients and how this is important for nutrient uptake processes are strongly warranted in additional nepenthes species. acknowledgements this research was funded by a grant from the mohamed bin zayed (mbz) species conservation fund, abu dhabi, on 28 april 2019 with project number 192521032. thanks to nicolas heard, the head of fund management at mbz species conservation, and dr. johanna rode-margono for help and support of this research. special thanks to heru hartantri, fauzi rachmat, yusran e. ritonga and mhd. rafi’i m. tarigan for assistance during the fieldwork. this paper is a part of the ph.d. dissertation of the first author. references bauer, u., bohn, h. f. & federle, w. 2009. biomechanics and ecology of prey capture in nepenthes pitcher plants. in: lee, c. c. & clarke, c. 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(eds.). proceedings of the 2007 sarawak nepenthes summit. sarawak forestry corporation, kuching, sarawak, malaysia. pp. 40 ̶ 46. reinwardtia vol. 22. no. 1. pp: 27‒30 doi: 10.55981/reinwardtia.2023.4423 27 a new record of euphorbiaceae weeds for peninsular malaysia received september 30, 2022; accepted may 9, 2023 rafidah abdul rahman forest research institute malaysia (frim), kepong 52109, selangor, malaysia. email: rafidahar@frim.gov.my https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1055-4894. nik faizu nik hassan forest research institute malaysia (frim), kepong 52109, selangor, malaysia. email: nikfaizu@frim.gov.my https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3377-3942. abstract rafidah, a. r. & nik faizu, n. h. 2023. a new record of euphorbiaceae weeds for peninsular malaysia. reinwardtia 22(1): 27‒30. — caperonia a.st.-hil. is a new genus record for peninsular malaysia, with the species of caperonia palustris (l.) a.st.-hil. this paper will provide a description, distribution, habitat, and colour plates of the species. key words: flora, naturalized species, peninsular malaysia, taxonomy. abstrak rafidah, a. r. & nik faizu, n. h. 2023. rekaman baru gulma euphorbiaceae untuk semenanjung malaysia. reinwardtia 22(1): 27‒30. — caperonia a.st.-hil. merupakan rekaman marga baru di semenanjung malaysia, dengan jenis caperonia palustris (l.) a.st.-hil. deskripsi, sebaran, habitat dan foto berwarna jenis ini disertakan. kata kunci: flor a, jenis ter natur alisasi, semenanjung malaysia, taksonomi. introduction weeds are often overlooked, ignored or misidentified. as weeds become established and later reproduced, they are considered naturalized and become part of the flora. some weeds are widespread and they grow aggressively and later become noxious weeds (kiew, 2009). the majority of the most common and widespread weed species we know have become as a consequence of crop domestication, planting and cultivation (dekker, 2016). caperonia a.st.-hil. (euphorbiaceae) is a new genus record for malaysia. caperonia palustris (l.) a.st.-hil., is native to central and south america and was first reported as a new record in java, indonesia in 2019 (anshori et al., 2020) where it grew as a weed along rice fields. according to anshori et al. (2020), the species may have been accidentally introduced into java as a soil contaminant, but the time and vector of introduction are uncertain. in peninsular malaysia, caperonia palustris was encountered recently in rice fields in perak and selangor. at first, the species might be confused with croton species, but after further examination and detailed study of the morphology, it was confirmed that the collected species is caperonia palustris. the species was not recorded in moody (1989), turner (1997), or in the weed diversity of sebarang perak, malaysia (hakim et al., 2013). hence, it is reported here as an additional new record for the flora of peninsular malaysia. caperonia palustris has been described as an invasive alien species of rice fields in southern united states since 2007 where it is called as texas weed (miller et al., 2010; godara et al., 2011) and is one of the most troublesome weeds in the texas and louisiana rice growing areas (godara et al., 2012). the seeds are dispersed by water and both koger et al. (2004) and godara et al. (2012) showed that the seeds have a capability to survive under flooded conditions. permanent flood establishment is an important cultural practice for weed management in rice crops (bouman et al., 2007). however, in malaysia, the method of rice establishment changed to direct seeding in the 1980’s that provides aerobic conditions for weeds because they are not flooded during the initial growth stages of the crop (karim et al., 2004). flooding can affect both weed emergence and growth (godara et al., 2011). therefore, more adapted weeds can compete to grow for light, water and nutrients, which may cause losses in rice yields. the composition of weed species assemblages in rice fields is rapidly changing due to factors such as the increasing use of herbicides, changes in ploughing and fertilizer practices, cropping systems, and also environmental change by the creation of well-drained rice fields (kosaka et al., 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v19i1.3850 10.55981/reinwardtia.v22i1.4423 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1055-4894 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3377-3942 https://dx.doi.org/10.55981/reinwardtia.v22i1.4423 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1055-4894 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3377-3942 reinwardtia 28 [vol.22 fig. 1. caperonia palustris. a-b. habit. c. staminate flowers (lowest position of inflorescence), young buds (centre) and pistillate flowers (at the top). d. top view of fruits (left) and pistillate flowers with white se pals (right). e. side view of fruits with the green persistent sepals. f. persistent sepals of pistillate flowers (left and centre) and top view of fruit (right). scale: 5 mm for c, d, e, f. 5 mm a b c d e f rafidah & nik faizu: a new record of euphorbiacaea for peninsular malaysia 2023] 29 euphorbiaceae is one of the largest, most complex and diverse families of angiosperms and are distributed mainly in the tropics, in various vegetation types and habitats. the family comprises 225 genera and more than 6,300 species in the world (challen, 2015). euphorbiaceae consists of 81 genera in the flora malesiana region (van welzen, 2020). now that caperonia palustris is an addition to the flora of peninsular malaysia, the description, distribution and habitat are provided in detail here. materials and methods field survey was carried out in 2019 and 2021. flowering and fruiting specimens were collected, examined and preserved using the standard herbarium technique of bridson & foreman (1998) and deposited in the kep herbarium of forest research institute malaysia (frim). the morpholo gical descriptions of this species was based on the examination of the fresh plants. taxonomic treatment caperonia palustris (l.) a.st.-hil., hist. pl. remarq. bresil 3/4: 245. 1825; anshori et al., j. trop. biol. conserv. 17: 273. 2020. basionym: croton palustris l., sp. pl. 2: 1004. 1753 (‘palustre’). herb to sub-shrub, woody at base, monoecious, erect, to 50–60 cm in height, with milky latex. stems green, erect, cylindrical, ridged, hollow, with or without glandular hairs. stipules triangular to lanceolate or subulate, 2–5 × ca. 1 mm, caducous. leaves simple, alternate; petioles green, slender, up to 15 mm long, glandular hairs present; lamina ovate, elliptic to oblong, 4–10 × 2–5 cm, base rounded to acute, margin serrate, with glands on leaf teeth, apex acute or acuminate; midrib prominent beneath, sparsely hairy, secondary venation 8–12 pairs, pinnate, trinerved at base; tertiary venation conspicuous. inflorescences racemose thyrse, axillary, up to 1 cm long; flowers unisexual, 1–4 proximal pistillate flowers, several distal staminate flowers; peduncles 2–4 cm long, hispid; bracteoles ovate, ca. 1 mm long. staminate flowers: ca. 1.5 mm diameter; pedicel ca. 1 mm long; sepals green, 5, united at base, ovate-elliptic, ca. 1.5 × 0.4 mm; petals white, 5, free, obovateoblong, ca. 3.5–2 × 1.5–2 mm long, clawed, disc absent; stamens 10, filament length unequal, whitish cream, united near the base into a column, free distally, filiform, anthers yellowish, oblong; pistillode present, minute, cylindrical. pistillate flowers: 1.5–2 mm diameter, sub-sessile to sessile; sepals 5, united at base, ovate, unequal, in two rows, 3 inner larger, 3–5 × ca. 1 mm, 3 outer smaller, 1.5–2 × ca. 1 mm, persistent in fruit; petals 5, white, free, oblong-lanceolate; staminodes and disc absent; ovary green, superior, trilocular with 1 ovule per locule, glandular hairs present, style short, stigma white, greenish at base, bifurcate. fruits subsessile, a trilocular capsule, deltoid at shape, 4–6 mm diameter, pilate glandular; persistent sepals 5–6, ovate to deltoid, ca. 5 × 3 mm. seeds 3, brown, globose, ca. 2 mm diameter, ecarunculate. distribution. native to centr al and south america. the species is present in tropical and subtropical america, and in the south of the usa (texas, arkansas, and mississippi). it is common in tropical africa, south africa and madagascar. in malesia, it is reported as naturalized from bogor (west java) and rembang (central java) (anshori et al., 2020). in peninsular malaysia, it is recorded in perak and selangor. habitat and ecology. the species can be found in ditches, rice fields along the canals and roadsides. in bogor and rembang, the species grows as a weed along rice fields and according to anshori et al. (2020), the seeds are dispersed by water. a previous study showed that the seeds have a capability to survive under flooded conditions (koger et al., 2004). specimens examined. peninsular malaysia: perak, hilir perak, chenderong balai, 14 july 2019, rafidah & nik faizu fri 93110 (kep); peninsular malaysia: perak, kg changkat budiman, 15 october 2021, rafidah & nik faizu fri 97360 (kep); peninsular malaysia: selangor, sg. besar, pasar jerami, 14 october 2021, rafidah & nik faizu fri 97361 (kep). acknowledgements the study was carried out as part of the flora of peninsular malaysia project funded by the ministry of natural resources, environment and climate change under the 12 th malaysian plans (sppii no. p230851000210003). the authors would like to thank dr. ruth kiew and dr. richard chung for their constructive comments on this manuscript. references anshori, z. a., irsyam, a. s. d., hariri, m. r. & rina, r. i. 2020. the occurrence of croton bonplandianus in java and a new record of caperonia palustris for malesia region. journal of tropical biology and conservation 17: 273–283. bouman, b. a. m., lampayan, r. m. & tuong, t. p. 2007. water management in reinwardtia 30 [vol.22 irrigated rice: coping with water scarcity. los banos (philippines): international rice research institute. pp. 54–55. bridson, d. & forman, l. 1998. the herbarium handbook. kew royal botanic gardens. united kingdom. challen, g. 2015. euphorbiaceae sensu stricto. in: utteridge, t., bramley, g. (eds.). the kew tropical plant families identification handbook 2nd edition. royal botanic gardens, kew: kew publishing. dekker, j. 2016. evolutionary ecology of weeds. 2 nd ed. pp 552. godara, r. k., williams, b. j. & webster, e. p. 2011. texas weed (caperonia palustris) can survive and reproduce in 30-cm flood. w eed technology 25: 667–673. godara, r. k., williams, b. j. & geaghan, j. p. 2012. effect of shade on texasweed (caperonia palustris) emergence, growth and reproduction. w eed science 60(4): 593–599. hakim, m. a., juraimi, m. s., razi ismail, m., hanifi, m. m. & selamat, a. 2013. a survey and weed diversity in coastal rice fields of sebarang perak in peninsular malaysia. the journal of animal and plant sciences 23(2): 534–42. karim, r. s. m., azmi, m. & ismail, s. 2004. weed problems and their management in rice field of malaysia: an overview. w eed biology and management 4: 177–186. kiew, r. 2009. additions to the weed flora of peninsular malaysia. malayan nature journal 61(2): 133–142. koger, c. h., reddy, k. n. & poston, d. h. 2004. factors affecting seed germination, seedling emergence, and survival of texas weed (caperonia palustris). weed science 52(6): 989–995. kosaka, y., takeda, s., sithirajvongsa, s. & xaydala, k. 2006. plant diversity in paddy fields in relation to agricultural practices in savannakhet province, laos. economic botany 60(1): 49–61. miller, j. h., chambliss, e. b. & loewenstein, n. j. 2010. a field guide for the identification of invasive plants in southern forests. usda for. serv., gen. tech. rep. srs-119. asheville, nc: southern research station. moody, k. 1989. weeds reported in rice in south and south east asia. international rice research institute. philippines. pp 552. turner, i. m. (1997 [‘1995’]). a catalogue of the vascular plants of malaya. the gardens’ bulletin singapore 47: 1–57. van welzen, p. c. 2020. flora malesiana euphorbiaceae. naturalis biodiversity center. http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/euphorbs/. (accessed on september 2022). a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(3): 221 — 3 1 5 , april 11, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedydarnaedi (indonesia) tuktrin partomihardjo (indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (indonesia) teguhtriono (indonesia) marlinaardiyani (indonesia) eizi suzuki (japan) jun wen (united state of america) managing editor himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirathidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaiy reviewers bryan simon (australia), eve j. lucas (united kingdom), j.f.veldkamp (netherlands), laurence skog (usa), pieter baas (netherlands), ruth kiew (malaysia), robert j. soreng (usa), helena duistermaat (netherlands), lyn a. craven (australia), rugayah (indonesia), mark hughes (united kingdom), martin callmander (usa), peter c. van welzen (netherlands), wayne takeuchi (usa), nobuyuki fukuoka (japan). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 3, pp: 221 − 228 221 entire, erroneously seen as such in the following rather deficient male flowering collections of sumbing san 116679, sumbing san 110399, and jaheri 1570. the plant in the collection of c. hose 751 is somewhat stouter as hitherto known, with the leaf blade ca. 20 by 17.5 cm and the male peduncle ca. 15 cm long. female flowers of this species are still not known. (2) re-description of trichosanthes celebica cogn. when conceiving t. celebica cogn. (1881: 385) for the revision of trichosanthes (rugayah, 1999; de wilde & duyfjes, 2010), it was assumed that the following four collections from e. sulawesi: beccari 51 (type, consisting of a male specimen and one fruit), kjellberg 1212 (male, bo, s, not seen by de wilde at the time, though recently we could examine and identify the s-duplicate as t. tricuspidata lour.), de vogel 6136 (fruit), and de wilde & duyfjes 21903 (sterile), and one from buru: nooteboom 5275 (sterile) all belonged to that species. with recent molecular sequencing of the collection of de vogel 6136, as part of a larger molecular analysis of the whole genus trichosanthes (hugo de boer, uppsala, in introduction since the overall revision of trichosanthes in malesia (rugayah & de wilde, 1999; rugayah, 1999; de wilde & duyfjes, 2010) some novelties have emerged and are described below. it concerns (1) a correction of the description of the male sepals of t. obscura rugayah (borneo), (2) the redescription of t. celebica cogn. (sulawesi), (3) the description of a new species, t. pedicellata w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (sulawesi), (4) the description of a new variety of t. edulis rugayah: var. punctata w.j. de wilde & duyfjes (philippines), and (5) some notes on incomplete material of an undescribed, unidentified species of trichosanthes (new guinea). (1) the sepals of the male flowers of trichosanthes obscura rugayah (reinwardtia 11 (1999) 269). through an old collection (c. hose 751 (k)), sarawak, erroneously annotated as collected in north sulawesi which had at the time escaped from our attention it now became evident that the male sepals of t. obscura are distinctly narrowly lobed (fig. 1). they were previously described (rugayah & de wilde, 1999; de wilde & duyfjes, 2010) as trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia: additions and corrections, including a new species and a new variety received september 7, 2010; accepted june 14, 2011 w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes netherlands centre for biodiversity naturalis (section nhn), leiden university p.o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: duyfjes@nhn.leidenuniv.nl abstract de wilde, w.j.j.o. & duyfjes, b.e.e. 2012. trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia: additions and corrections, including a new species and a new variety. reinwardtia 13(3): 221–228. recent discoveries in trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae): including the re-description of t. celebica, t. pedicellata spec. nov., and t. edulis var. punctata var. nov. are presented. keywords: cucurbitaceae, trichosanthes, south east asia, sulawesi, philippines, new guinea. abstrak de wilde, w.j.j.o. & duyfjes, b.e.e. 2012. trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) di malesia: tambahan dan koreksi, termasuk pertelaan satu jenis baru dan satu varietas baru. reinwardtia 13(3): 221–228. rekaman baru dalam trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae): termasuk pertelaan kembali jenis t. celebica, t. pedicellata spec. nov., dan t. edulis var. punctata var. nov. dipaparkan. kata kunci: cucurbitaceae, trichosanthes, asia tenggara, sulawesi, filipina, niugini. reinwardtia 222 [vol.13 preparation), this plant came located in the provisional cladograms wide apart from those of the group to which t. celebica and close relatives like t. elmeri merr., t. wawrae cogn., and t. papuana f.m. bailey belong. de vogel 6136 appeared to link up with species from new guinea, at present grouped in section edulis rugayah. this prompted us to re-examine the specimen morphologically and also to see the type of t. celebica (fi) again. we concluded that the collection of de vogel 6136 is quite different in many details, e.g. in its leaf blade glands and seeds and further on it is described as the new species t. pedicellata. most likely here also belongs nooteboom 5275 from buru. fig. 1. trichosanthes obscura rugayah. a. node with male inflorescence; b. male bract; c. immature male flower showing lobed sepals (corolla invisible, petals still small, coherent and not yet expanded) (all: c. hose 751, k). drawn by jan van os (l). 2012] 223 de wilde & duyfjes: trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia the description of the new species implies that the hitherto accepted description of t. celebica (rugayah, 1999; de wilde & duyfjes, 2010) should be amended, excluding de vogel 6136, nooteboom 5275, and kjellberg 1212. trichosanthes celebica cogn. (1881) 385; rugayah & de wilde (1999) 251, p.p.; rugayah (1999) 99, p.p., pl. 5a; de wilde & duyfjes (2010) 260, p.p. — type: beccari 51 (holo fi), se sulawesi, near kendari, lepo-lepo. ―fig. 2c, d. climber to 10 m long, early glabrescent, at first with sparse minute hairs, leafy stem 1.5–3 mm diam.; monoecious or dioecious. probract finehairy, ovate, 3–6 by 3–4 mm, glands present. tendrils unbranched (or 2-branched). leaves petiole 2–4 cm long; petiolules 0.3–0.8 cm long; blade green on drying, chartaceous or membranous, simple and unlobed or 3-foliolate; unlobed blade in outline ovate-oblong or subhastate, 10–18 by 5–8.5 cm, foliolate blade in outline circular, 15–20 cm diam., middle leaflet 10–15 by 3–5(–7) cm, base cuneate, faintly scabrous above, with dense inconspicuous cystoliths, glands (several or) numerous, scattered, 0.5(–1) mm diam., margin entire or sparsely minutely dentate; unlobed blades with 3(–5) curved basal veins, leaflets pinniveined. male raceme minutely rust-hairy; peduncle 2.5–4 cm long, ca. 3 mm thick; rachis somewhat thickened, with bract-scars, 5–11 cm long, 8–15flowered; bracts subpersistent, oblong-lanceolate, 15–25 mm long, fine-hairy, base attenuate, 3–5nerved, apex deeply incised, with glands. male flowers (from buds): pedicel 1–2(–3) mm long; buds fine-hairy; sepals narrowly triangular, 6–7 mm long, entire. female flowers not known. fruit ripening red (possibly no paler striped), ovoid, ca. 9 by 6 cm (see note 1); fruiting pedicel possibly ca. 2 cm long, ca. 3 mm thick. seeds pale or dark brown, obliquely (narrowly) ovate or elliptic, much compressed, 12–13 by 6–7 by 2–2.5 mm, smooth, margin absent, edge entire. distribution. se sulawesi (kendari). habitat & ecology. open areas in secondary forest or disturbed primary forest, at low altitudes; male flowering and fruiting in july. specimens seen. beccari 51 (♂ fl., fr.); de wilde & duyfjes 21903, 21909 (both sterile). notes. 1. the type material (fi), consists of two sheets. one sheet bears a leafy stem with simple tendrils and male inflorescences (flowers in bud) and, on the same stem possibly a ca. 2 cm long fruiting pedicel, but the fruit itself is lacking, however described by cogniaux, l.c., as red, longitudinally striped, 9 by 6 cm, muricate, with the seeds embedded in green-black pulp. the other sheet bears a leafy twig with male inflorescences and an envelope with seeds. we do not believe that the fruit was muricate. we found only unbranched tendrils in the material. 2. trichosanthes celebica is obviously close to t. wawrae and t. elmeri, both species differing from the first in broader seeds. 3. trichosanthes celebica as here circumscribed differs from the description in rugayah & de wilde (1999), rugayah (1999), and de wilde & duyfjes (2010) in the exclusion of the specimens kjellberg 1212, de vogel 6136 and nooteboom 5275, of which the latter two collections belong to a new species (see below). (3) a new species in trichosanthes from sulawesi trichosanthes pedicellata w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, spec. nov. trichosanthes celebica auct. non cogn.: rugayah (1999) 99, p.p., pl. 5a. a trichosanthidi celebicae fructibus minoribus ca. 6.5 cm longis, pedicello in fructu longiore 5.5–7 cm longo, seminibus minoribus 9–10 mm longis differt. — typus: de vogel 6136 (holo l; iso l), sulawesi, lake matano. fig. 2a, b. climber 5–8 m long, early glabrescent, at first with minute hairs especially at the nodes and apex of petioles, leafy stem 2–3 mm diam.; dioecious. probract not obvious. tendrils unbranched. leaves petiole 2.5–3.5 cm long; blade green on drying, subchartaceous or membranous, simple, unlobed or shallowly or irregularly few-lobed at base; blade in outline ovate-oblong or subhastate, 10–20 by 7– 10.5 cm, base widely cordate, faintly scabrous with very numerous flat concolorous cystoliths above, blade glands absent or 1–3 at base, 0.5(–1) mm diam., margin entire or sparsely minutely dentate; basal veins 3(–5) curved towards apex. male raceme and female flowers not known. fruit solitary, ripening red (possibly not paler striped), ovoid, 6.5 by 4.5 cm, apex ca. 2 mm beaked; exocarp thick-leathery, smooth; dry pericarp ca. 5 mm thick; pulp not recorded but possibly greenish black; fruiting pedicel 5.5–7 cm long, 3–4 mm reinwardtia 224 [vol.13 fig. 2. trichosanthes pedicellata w.j. de wilde & duyfjes. a. fruiting branch; b. seed. c–d: trichosanthes celebica cogn. c. simple leaf blade, showing numerous scattered dots on lower surface; d. seed (a, b: de vogel 6136; type (l); c: de wilde & duyfjes 21903 (l); d: beccari 51 (fi)). drawn by jan van os (l). 2012] 225 de wilde & duyfjes: trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia thick. seeds blackish, compressed, elliptic, 9–10 by 4–4.5 by 2–3 mm, margin absent, edge entire. distribution. sulawesi: lake matano area, and possibly moluccas (nw buru, nooteboom 5275, sterile). habitat & ecology. solitary climber in disturbed primary forest on alluvial flat, deep hard red clayey soil derived from conglomerate bedrock; 400 m altitude. fruiting in july. notes. 1. trichosanthes pedicellata differs from t. celebica in the aspect of its leaves with very crowded numerous cystoliths on the upper surface and without or with only few glands at the base, and in its smaller fruit with smaller and thicker seeds and with a longer fruiting pedicel. in t. celebica the cystoliths are fewer and barely visible, the blade glands numerous and scattered all over the blade, the fruit larger with larger much flattened seeds, and the fruiting pedicel is shorter (see fig. 2). 2. according to molecular studies by de boer (mentioned above), t. pedicellata rather belongs to the new guinean section edulis, but the seed in that section is different: more angular in shape, more flattened and often truncate or emarginate at one end. (4) a new variety in trichosanthes edulis, the type species of trichosanthes section edulis rugayah to date it was assumed that trichosanthes sect. edulis, with 8 species, was confined to new guinea (rugayah, 1999; de wilde & duyfjes, 2010). however, a recent accession from the philippines, luzon, barbon, romero & fuentes ppi 13044, clearly belongs to this section. it consists of a leafy twig-portion with an unusual long-peduncled immature male inflorescence, obviously most closely resembling t. edulis. the discovery of ppi 13044 means a large range extension of the species t. edulis, as well as a remarkable one of the section edulis, now also known as occurring in the philippines. the specimen may represent a new species, but for assessing this more complete material is necessary. as for the present, however, the species is sufficiently resembling t. edulis (with 3 varieties in new guinea) to describe it as a new fourth variety. trichosanthes edulis rugayah var. punctata w.j. de wilde & duyfjes, var. nov. ― fig. 3. a trichosantidis edulis varietatibus omnibus foliis abaxialiter glandulis punctatis atrobrunneis minutis, pedunculo masculo longo ca. 25 cm longo differt. — typus: barbon, romero & fuentes ppi 13044, 05 july 1994 (holo l; iso pnh, not seen), philippines, luzon. plant subglabrous, except finely hairy male peduncle and woolly hairy male bracts. probract narrowly ovate, ca. 7 mm long, acute. tendrils 2branched. leaves petiole 4.5–6 cm long; blade drying brown-greenish, simple, 3-lobed to nearly halfway, ca. 20 by 17 cm, abaxially coarsely reticulately veined and with numerous dark brown dots (gland hairs?), blade glands absent or a single one at very blade-base, ca. 1 mm diam., margin entire. male inflorescence: peduncle ca. 25 cm long, male bracts broadly elliptic or ovate, ca. 20 by 20 mm, densely brown woolly hairy, hairs ca. 1 mm long, margin shallowly dentate-crenulate in lower half, apex subacute or bluntish. male and female flowers and fruit not known. distribution. philippines: luzon, isabela province, where only known from the type. habitat & ecology. in secondary disturbed forest on loam, at 200 m altitude. flowering (buds): july. (5) unidentified specimens the section edulis seems one of the best defined sections of trichosanthes, however, far from completely known, as testified by two unnamed collections obviously representing new species in this section but waiting for additional material to be described formally. it concerns: (1) eyma 5123, from west papua, wissel lakes (at the base of boebeiro and enarotali, at 1750 m altitude), previously (rugayah & de wilde, 1999; rugayah, 1999) discussed under t. densiflora rugayah. fig. 4a. (2) johns & hidayat 10385, from west papua, above freeport, collected at 2780 m, cannot be matched with any of the species described for the section but likely belongs here because of its general leaf shape and distribution. the collection bears immature fruit with an unusual long fruiting pedicel, 5–6 cm long, a character which it shares with t. pedicellata (from sulawesi, see above), and also the leaf shape of both species is resembling, but the seed of t. pedicellata does not fit into those of section edulis (fig. 4b). acknowledgements the curators of bo, fi, l, and s are acknowledged for allowing us to study material of trichosanthes. jan van os (l) made the beautiful drawings, ben kieft (l) scanned the drawings, and jan frits veldkamp (l) translated the diagnoses of the new taxa into latin. reinwardtia 226 [vol.13 fig. 3. trichosanthes edulis rugayah var. punctata w.j. de wilde & duyfjes. a. node with male inflorescences; b. detail of lower leaf blade surface, showing punctation (all: borbon, romero & fuentes ppi 13044 (l)). drawn by jan van os (l). 2012] 227 de wilde & duyfjes: trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia fig. 4. leaves of an unidentified high-altitude trichosanthes, from new guinea, possibly belonging in sect. edulis. a. eyma 5123 (l); b. johns rj 10385 (l). drawn by jan van os (l). reinwardtia 228 [vol.13 rugayah. 1999. trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia. thesis: 239 pp. program pasca sarjana institut pertanian bogor. rugayah & de wilde, w. j. j. o. 1999. conspectus of trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia. reinwardtia 11 (4): 227–280. references cogniaux, c. a. 1881. cucurbitaceae. in a. de candolle & c. de candolle. monographiae phanerogamarum prodromi 3: 325–951. de wilde, w. j. j. o. & duyfjes, b. e. e. 2010. flora malesiana. series 1. spermatophyta 19: 260. 314 reinwardtia [vol.13 erratum reinwardtia vol. 13, part 2, 2010 1. please change the existing word in p. 213, line 7 on abstrak (written in bahasa indonesia version) with the following: keberadaan dua jenis terakhir melampaui distribusi yang sebelumnya hanya diketahui di barat garis wallace. 2. please change the existing epithet name in p, 214, column 1, line 40 on key to the species of marantaceae in sulawesi number 5.a. after phrynium: longispicum instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by authors name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, authors name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 3. 2012 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia: additions and corrections, including a new species and a new variety 221 deden girmansyah. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from bukit tiga-puluh national park, riau, sumatra 229 pudji widodo. new nomenclature in syzygium (myrtaceae) from indonesia and its vicinities 235 alex sumadijaya & jan frits veldkamp. non-bambusoid grasses (gramineae) from raja ampat archipelago, papua barat province, indonesia 241 ary prihardyanto keim. new variety, records & discoveries of some species of pandanus (pandanaceae) in sumatra and kalimantan, indonesia 255 harry wiriadinata. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sagea lagoon, weda bay, halmahera island, north moluccas, indonesia 263 ary prihardyanto keim. the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley, papua-indonesia 271 jan frits veldkamp. koordersiochloa merr. (gramineae), the correct name for streblochaete hochst. expilg. 299 sri endarti rahayu, kuswata kartawinata, tatiek chikmawati & alex hartana. leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java 305 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biologylipi cibinong, indonesia dpn 444-651-2-pb blkng reinwardtia 2018 17 (1) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 17 (1): 1 – 85, june 29, 2018 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary ruslan bukhori layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: psydrax undulatifolius k.m.wong & mahyuni spec.nov., a. habit; b. flower; c. stigma; d. flower bud; e. young fruit; f. corolla cut open to reveal inside; g. anther; h. stipule. a, e, h from h.n. ridley 6475 (sing); b, c, d, f, g from d.b. arnot 30665 (kep), drawing by anne kusumawaty (bo). the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 17(1): sylvain razafimandimbison swedish museum of natural history, swedia wong khoon meng herbarium singapore, singapore botanic gardens, 1 cluny road, singapore mien a. rifai akademi ilmu pengetahuan indonesia (aipi), jakarta, indonesia harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia joan pereira sandakan herbarium forest research centre sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia johan iskandar universitas padjadjaran, bandung, indonesia andrew powling -university of portsmouth, portsmouth, united kingdom reinwardtia 34 [vol.17 reinwardtia vol. 17. no. 1. pp: 35–37 35 dinochloa malayana s.dransf. (poaceae: bambusoideae), a new record for indonesia received october 31, 2017; accepted april 23, 2018 i putu gede p. damayanto herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology ‒ lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong, 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: parlida.damayanto.tab@gmail.com abstract damayanto, i p. g. p. 2018. dinochloa malayana s.dransf. (poaceae: bambusoideae), a new record for indonesia. reinwardtia 17(1): 35‒37. ‒‒ dinochloa malayana was previously only known from peninsular malaysia and southern thailand. however, recently, this bamboo was also found at karimun anak island and batam island, indonesia. a description, notes and photographs of this species are presented. an identification key to sumatran dinochloa is also provided. key words: dinochloa malayana, new record, karimun anak island, batam island. abstrak damayanto, i p. g. p. 2018. dinochloa malayana s.dransf. (poaceae: bambusoideae), rekaman baru untuk indonesia. reinwardtia 17(1): 35‒37. ‒‒ persebaran dinochloa malayana sebelumnya hanya diketahui di semenanjung malaysia dan thailand bagian selatan. namun, baru-baru ini, bambu ini ditemukan juga di pulau karimun anak dan p. batam, indonesia. deskripsi, catatan dan foto jenis ini disajikan. kunci identifikasi dinochloa sumatera juga disajikan. kata kunci: dinochloa malayana, pulau batam, pulau karimun anak, rekaman baru. introduction dinochloa malayana s.dransf. was first described by soejatmi dransfield in 1996 with ridley 3112 as the type specimen, augmented with a description of the culm leaves based on dransfield sd915a. before dransfield (1996a), holttum (1958) had recognized two different taxa of dinochloa in peninsular malaysia; he enumerated these as d. scandens (blume) kuntze (represented by ridley 3112) and an unidentified dinochloa species. subsequently, dransfield (1991) has clarified that the dinochloa found in peninsular malaysia had been wrongly identified as d. scandens (which she stated was found only in java, indonesia). dransfield & widjaja (1995) also mentioned that d. scandens is only found in west java, and that the record of its occurrence in other parts of south east asia are erroneous. the specimens cited by holttum (1958) as "dinochloa scandens" have been re-diagnosed as a distinct species, named d. malayana by dransfield (1996a). according to dransfield (1996a; 1996b), turner (1995-1996), chua et al. (2005), neamsuvan & tanthien (2015) and vorontsova et al. (2016), the distribution of d. malayana only included peninsular malaysia and southern thailand. however, during a 2017 expedition conducted by the research center for biology – lipi, this species was found at karimun anak island in the administration area of kepulauan riau province, indonesia. additionally, this species has also been found on batam island (in the administration area of kepulauan riau province), with the collection widjaja 4099 (bo) on 20 march 1991. widjaja (1991) had identified the w idjaja 4099 as d. scandens and later soejatmi dransfield annotated this collection as d. aff. malayana in 1998. the specimens seem incomplete (without culm sheath blade), so its precise identity had been uncertain. the similarities to d. malayana include the young shoot covered by white wax, solid and small-diameter culms (less than 2 cm), culm-sheaths up to 8.4 × 3.6 cm, inconspicuous and glabrous culm-sheath auricles, entire and glabrous culm-sheath ligule, small leaf-sheath auricles (less than 1 mm long) with bristles, and entire and glabrous leaf-sheath ligule. although flowers are absent, dinochloa species can be differentiated by vegetative characters (dransfield, 1996a). widjaja (2017, pers. comm.) was the one who informed me that d. malayana exists in batam island. better material has been collected, including complete culm-sheath with blades (fig. 1.), it is possible to verify the identification as dinochloa malayana, here formally newly recorded for indonesia. an identification key to the two known sumatran dinochloa species is also presented, as the kepulauan riau province belongs to the sumatra area. these two species are d. glabrescens widjaja (widjaja, 1997) from reinwardtia 36 [vol.17 lampung and d. malayana from karimun anak island and batam island. taxonomic treatment dinochloa malayana s.dransf. ‒ kew bull. 51(1), 1996: 110. type: peninsular malaysia, ridley 3112 (holo k!; iso sing). sympodial bamboo, climbing or twining on other plants up to 6 m high. shoots green with purple or maroon culm-sheath, covered with white hairs and white wax, rough but becoming smooth when mature. culms zig-zag, green, diameter 1–2 cm, internode 10–15 cm long, solid or with a small lumen; nodes frequently producing roots when in contact with or near to the ground. branch complement with one dominant branch surrounded by several smaller higher-order branches; dominant branch up to 3 m long or more. culm-sheath 7.8–8.4 × 3–3.6 cm, caducous, purplish, auricles inconspicuous and glabrous; ligule entire, up to 1 mm high and glabrous; blades early caducous, purplish green, lanceolate, 5–6.5 × 0.5–1 cm, erect at first then deflexed. leaves 15.1– 25 × 2–4 cm, leaf-sheath auricles small, less than 1 mm high with bristles 0.5–0.7 mm long; ligule entire, less than 1 mm high and glabrous. inflorescence not seen. 1 a. culm-sheath ligule entire, up to 1 mm high only; blade 5–6.5 × 0.5−1 cm and erect at first, then deflexed. leaf-sheath auricles with bristles 0.5–0.7 mm long ....................................d. malayana b. culm-sheath ligule entire, 1.5 cm high; blade 8–9.3 × 1.7–2 cm and deflexed. leaf-sheath auricles glabrous ......................................................................................................d. glabrescens identification key to the sumatran species of dinochloa fig. 1. dinochloa malayana s.dransf. a. young shoot; b. culm-sheath on young shoot; c. culm-sheath on mature culm; d. leafy branches. photos: i putu gede p. damayanto based on damayanto 349 (bo) at karimun anak island. a b c d damayanto: dinochloa malayana s.dransf. (poaceae: bambusoideae), a new record 2018] 37 distribution. peninsular malaysia, souther n thailand and indonesia (karimun anak island and batam island, kepulauan riau province). this species has been planted in the bogor botanic garden and batam botanic garden. ecology. this species gr ows wild in distur bed primary forest on karimun anak island at an altitude of 60 to 105 m, and along the main road, near a small stream on batam island. as this bamboo is not abundant at karimun anak island, it could be vulnerable to logging disturbance. specimens examined. malaysia: malay peninsula, lumut, perak, 10 december 1892, ridley 3112 (photos specimen of k, barcode: k000290650 and k000290649; photos specimen of w, barcode: 1916-0012209). indonesia: prov. kepulauan riau, karimun anak island, kec. tebing, 25 april 2017, n 01°09.117' e 103° 23.896', damayanto 345 (bo); damayanto 346 (bo); damayanto 347 (bo), 25 april 2017, n 01° 09.030' e 103°23.863', damayanto 348 (bo); damayanto 349 (bo). batam island, ds. tiban iii, kec. batam barat, 20 march 1991, w idjaja 4099 (bo). notes. no ver nacular names of d. m alayana have been recorded. this bamboo is not utilized by the local people at karimun anak island. based on neamsuvan & tanthien (2015), d. malayana was used to heal menstrual dysfunction in thailand by drinking a decoction of the leaves. acknowledgements i would like to thank the head of the research center for biology – lipi and the head of the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for opportunity to join the expedition to karimun island and karimun anak island, as well as for providing facilities for my studies. the head of bogor botanic garden is gratefully thanked for expedition funding. thanks also go to mrs. dewi susan (bo) for her hospitality during the expedition. the forestry ministry kindly granted permits for plant collection. many thanks are due to prof. dr. elizabeth a. widjaja for critically reading the manuscript. references chua, l. s. l., kamarudin, s., markandan, m. & hamidah, m. 2005. a preliminary checklist of vascular plants at the machinchang range, pulau langkawi, peninsular malaysia. malayan nature journal 57(2): 155–172. dransfield, s. 1991. bamboo resources in thailand: how much do we know? in: nair, c. t. s., jensen, a., muraille, b., jongkol, p. & saengduangdee, p. (eds.). bamboo in asia and the pacific. proceedings, 4th international bamboo workshop: 1−4. dransfield, s. 1996a. new species of dinochloa (gramineae-bambusoideae) in malesia and notes on the genus. kew bull. 51 (1): 103−117. dransfield, s. 1996b. report on the fieldtrip to southern thailand 2 to 29 april 1996. thai for. bull. (bot.) 24: 66–71. dransfield, s. & widjaja, e. a. (eds.). 1995. plant resources of south-east asia no. 7 bamboos. backhuys publishers, leiden. pp. 150. holttum, r. e. 1958. the bamboos of the malay peninsula. gardens’ bulletin singapore 16: 81–85. neamsuvan, o. & tanthien, s. 2015. medicinal plants used for women’s healthcare from khao phanom bencha national park, krabi province. burapha science journal 20(1): 118−132. turner, i. m. 1995-1996. a catalogue of the vascular plants of malaya. gardens’ bulletin singapore 47(1&2): 1–757. vorontsova, m., clark, l. g., dransfield, j., govaerts, r. & baker, w. j. 2016. world checklist of bamboo and rattans. inbar technical report 37: 1‒454. widjaja, e. a. 1991. exploring bamboo germplasm in sumatra, indonesia. in: nair, c. t. s., jensen, a., muraille, b., jongkol, p. & saengduangdee, p. (eds.). bamboo in asia and the pacific. proceedings, 4th international bamboo workshop: 7−14. widjaja, e. a. 1997. new taxa in indonesian bamboos. reinwardtia 11(2): 57−152. reinwardtia 36 [vol.17 lampung and d. malayana from karimun anak island and batam island. taxonomic treatment dinochloa malayana s.dransf. ‒ kew bull. 51(1), 1996: 110. type: peninsular malaysia, ridley 3112 (holo k!; iso sing). sympodial bamboo, climbing or twining on other plants up to 6 m high. shoots green with purple or maroon culm-sheath, covered with white hairs and white wax, rough but becoming smooth when mature. culms zig-zag, green, diameter 1–2 cm, internode 10–15 cm long, solid or with a small lumen; nodes frequently producing roots when in contact with or near to the ground. branch complement with one dominant branch surrounded by several smaller higher-order branches; dominant branch up to 3 m long or more. culm-sheath 7.8–8.4 × 3–3.6 cm, caducous, purplish, auricles inconspicuous and glabrous; ligule entire, up to 1 mm high and glabrous; blades early caducous, purplish green, lanceolate, 5–6.5 × 0.5–1 cm, erect at first then deflexed. leaves 15.1– 25 × 2–4 cm, leaf-sheath auricles small, less than 1 mm high with bristles 0.5–0.7 mm long; ligule entire, less than 1 mm high and glabrous. inflorescence not seen. 1 a. culm-sheath ligule entire, up to 1 mm high only; blade 5–6.5 × 0.5−1 cm and erect at first, then deflexed. leaf-sheath auricles with bristles 0.5–0.7 mm long ....................................d. malayana b. culm-sheath ligule entire, 1.5 cm high; blade 8–9.3 × 1.7–2 cm and deflexed. leaf-sheath auricles glabrous ......................................................................................................d. glabrescens identification key to the sumatran species of dinochloa fig. 1. dinochloa malayana s.dransf. a. young shoot; b. culm-sheath on young shoot; c. culm-sheath on mature culm; d. leafy branches. photos: i putu gede p. damayanto based on damayanto 349 (bo) at karimun anak island. a b c d reinwardtia 38 [vol.17 instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. a merican j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings : temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t. et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 email: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol. 17. no. 1. 2018 contents page j. f. veldkamp. a revision of isachne in malesia 2: sect. albentes (gramineae, isachneae) …………..……….. 1 i putu gede p. damayanto. dinochloa malayana s. dransf. (poaceae: bambusoideae), a new record for indonesia .……………………...………………………………………………………….……………………...…… 35 edy nasriadi sambas, cecep kusmana, lilik budi prasetyo & tukirin partomihardjo. vegetation analysis and population structure of plants at mount endut forested area, gunung halimun salak national park, banten, java, indonesia …………………………………………………………………………………….……. 39 ian m. turner. a new combination in pseuderanthemum (acanthaceae) .……………………………………… 55 yeni rahayu, tatik chikmawati & elizabeth a. widjaja. nomenclatural study of tetrastigma leucostaphylum and tetrastigma rafflesiae (vitaceae): two common hosts of rafflesia in sumatra ………………... 59 wawan sujarwo. bamboo resources, cultural values, and ex-situ conservation in bali, indonesia …....………. 67 khoon meng wong & ridha mahyuni. flora of singapore precursors, 2. a new species and two new combinations in psydrax (rubiaceae: vanguerieae) for west malesia .………………….………………………………… 77 erratum reinwardtia vol. 16(2), 2017 .………………….…………………………………………………… 85 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia 0. front cover, cover dalam, reviewer reinwardtia 17(1) reinwardtia 17_email 4_2-2 reinwardtia 17_email 4_37-37 reinwardtia 17_email 4_38-38 reinwardtia 17_email 4_39-39 reinwardtia 17_email 4_40-40 9. daftar isi reinwardtia 17(1) ok a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(1) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(1): 1-128.22 july 2002 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 1, pp: 117– 119 a new species of dalbergia (leguminosae) from malay peninsula bambang sunarno herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, puslit biologi-lipi, indonesia & hiroshi ohashi biological institute, graduate school of science, tohoku university, sendai, japan abstract sunarno, bambang & ohashi, hiroshi. 2002. a new species of dalbergia (leguminosae) from malay peninsula. reinwardtia 12(1): 117–119. ⎯ a new species, dalbergia johoriensis from the malay peninsula is described. it is close to d. rostrata and d. havilandii but readily distinguished by the grooved midrib beneath, flowers with narrower standard and wings and style hairy in the lower part. keywords: dalbergia, leguminosae, malay peninsula. abstrak sunarno, bambang & ohashi, hiroshi. 2002. jenis baru dalbergia (leguminosae) dari semenanjung malaya. reinwardtia 12(1): 117–119. ⎯ dipertelakan suatu jenis baru dalbergia johorensis dari semenanjung malaya. jenis ini dekat dengan d. rostrata dan d. havilandii namun dapat dibedakan dari permukaan bawah tulang daun yang beralur, bunga dengan bendera dan sayap yang lebih menyempit serta bagian bawah tangkai putiknya berbulu. kata kunci: dalbergia, leguminosae, semenanjung malaya for a revision of the genus dalbergia in malesia we have published some new species from sulawesi and borneo (sunarno & ohashi, 1996; 1997). this paper is merely a continuation of the previous work for the malesian dalbergia. during our examination to the specimens in herbarium bogoriense (bo) indonesia and rijksherbarium (l) the netherlands, we identified about 11 species are occurred in the peninsular malaysia, one of which is unknown to science. similar specimen as found from borneo was referred to as dalbergia sp. due to its incompleteness (sunarno & ohashi, 1997). the finding of complete specimen from johore lead us to consider it to be a new species. the species is similar to d. rostrata hassk., a species widely distributed in malesia except new guinea, and to d. havilandii prain, a bornean species (prain 1904) but they differ in leaves, stipules and flowers (table 1). in this paper the new species is described and illustrated. dalbergia johorensis sunarno et ohashi, sp. nov. – fig. 1. dalbergia foliolis rostratis sed differt floris vexillae et alae angustiora (ca. 1.5 mm longa), stylus sparsus pubescentibus infra parte, infra costa sulco in longitudinem. – typus: malay peninsula, johore, namheng estate, kota tinggi, fl. febr., 1930. (teruya 1192 bo–holo; sing– iso). liana. branchlets stoutish, terete, sparsely or rather densely brown puberulent, striated downwards, lenticels gradually inconspicuous. stipules very early caducous, ovate, ca. 2 x 1 mm, densely puberulent. leaves 2.0–4.5 cm long; petioles 1.5– 2.5 cm long, densely brown puberulent; rachis 0.5–2 cm long, densely rusty puberulent. leaflets 1–3, oblong or ovate, rounded or slightly cordate base, obtue, apiculate and acutely acuminate towards the very apex, 5–7 x 3–4 cm, firmly coriaceous, light brown and glabrous above, finely reticulate, densely adpressed short brown puberulent below; the midrib distinctly grooved above and prominently so beneath, sparsely to rather densely brown puberulent; secondary nerves 7–9 pairs; margin slightly prominently revolute; petioles 0.4–0.5 cm long, densely puberulent but gradually sparsely so downwards; bracts caducous, ovate, 2–3 x 1–2 mm, outer surface densely rusty puberulent. inflorescences axillary, panicles of raceme, up to 20 cm long, peduncles up to 9 cm long, sparsely puberulent; 117 118 reinwardtia [vol. 12 table 1. comparison of d. havilandii, d. johoriensis and d. rostrata morphological characters d. havilandii d. johoriensis d. rostrata stipules subpersistent, ovatelanceolate, 6.5—7 mm long caducous, ovate, ca. 2 mm long caducous, broadly ovate, ca. 1 mm long leaflets number size base apex surface midrib beneath of lateral nerves 1—3 5⎯7.5 x 2.5⎯4 cm obtuse to truncate obtuse or acute densely hairy on both surfaces not grooved 4—5 pairs 1—3 5⎯7 x 3⎯4 cm rounded or slightly cordate rostrate, apiculate sparsely hairy on both surfaces grooved 7—9 pairs 1—5 4⎯5 x 2⎯9 cm cuneate, rounded or obtuse rostrate, slightly cuspidate glabrous upper surface, sparsely hairy beneath not grooved 7—9 pairs inflorescence short clustered raceme, many flowers panicle of racemes few flowers panicle of raceme or compound panicle, many flowers bracteoles subpersistent narrowly ovate or linear, ca. 1 mm long persistent, narrowly ovate or linear, ca. 1 mm long caducous, narrowly ovate or linear, ca. 1 mm long flowers size unknown 6—7(-8) mm long 6—7 mm long calyx 3—3.5 mm long ca. 4 mm long 3.5—4.5 mm long standard orbicular, apex rounded, emarginate broadly obovate, apex rounded, entire suborbicular, apex rounded, emarginated pistil style glabrous style sparsely hairy at lower point style glabrous rachis ca. 10 cm long, sparsely puberulent but gradually sparsely so downwards; bracts caducous, ovate, 2–3 x 1–2 mm, outer surface densely rusty puberulent, bracteoles persistent, linear or narrowly ovate, ca. 1 mm long, densely rusty puberulent. flowers 6–7 (–8) mm long, pedicels stoutish, 1–2 mm long, densely brown puberulent. calyx bell-shaped, densely rusty pubescent, tube ca. 3 mm long; lobes subequal, the lowest longer than others, ca. 1 mm long. standards reflexed, blades broadly obovate, 2.5–3 x ca. 2.5 mm, atenuate to base, rounded, entire at apex, finely reticulated; claw 2.5–3 mm long. wing blades oblong, ca. 2.5 x ca. 1.5 mm; base acute or obtuse one side, rounded on the other; apex obtuse to rounded; claw ca. 3 mm long. keel blades boatshaped, ca. 2.5 x 1.5 mm; base obtuse on one side, rounded on the other, united in the upper side; claw ca. 3 mm long. stamens 9, monadelphous, the united filaments 3.5–4 mm long, the upper free one 1–1.5(–2) mm long. pistil 5,5–6.0 mm long, ovary densely hairy; stipe ca. 2 mm long, glabrous; style ca. 1.5 mm long, sparsely rusty puberulent in the lower part; ovules 1–2. pods unknown. distribution. malay peninsula (johore) and borneo (sarawak; kuching). 4 mm fig.1. dalbergia johorensis sunarno et h. ohashi. a. branch with unifoliate and trifoliate leaves. b. inflorescences. c. part of leaflet showing a groove along the midrib beneath. d. flowers. e. petals. f. calyx (opened). g. stamens. h. pistil (from teruya 1192). 2002] sunarno & ohashi: new species of dalbergia 119 habitat and ecology. roadsides in thickets. flowering in february and september. notes. the number of the leaflets is close to d. rostrata and d. havilandii, however, comparison to those species (table 1) indicates that the current species is different. specimens examined. malay peninsula, johore, namheng estate, kota tinggi, fl. febr. 1930. teruya 1192. (bo–holo.). acknowledgements the first author would like to express his gratitude to the british council and flora malesiana foundation for financial support during his studies in royal botanical gardens, kew, and rijksherbarium, leiden. he is grateful to drs. r.m. polhill and b. verdcourt of kew, drs. p. baas, the late c. kalkman, the late r. geesink for their support and encouragement for the study. we wish to thank drs. nemoto of biological institute of tohoku university and h. wiriadinata of herbarium bogoriense for their advice and help. this work was accomplished as a part of doctoral dissertation submitted by the first author to tohoku university, sendai, with financial supports to us from japan society for the promotion of science (jsps) in 1995–1996. references prain, d. 1904. the species of dalbergia of southeastern asia. ann. roy. bot. gard. calc. 10: 1–114, pls. 1–91. sunarno, b. & ohashi, h. 1996. dalbergia (leguminosae) of sulawesi, indonesia. journ. jap. bot. 71 (5): 241–248. sunarno, b. & ohashi, h. 1997. dalbergia (leguminosae) of borneo. journ. jap. bot. 72 (4): 198–220. instruction to authors taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 1.2002 contents page y. purwanto. gestion de la biodiversite: relations aux plantes et dynamiques vegetales chez les dani de la vallee de la baliem en irian jaya, indonesie 1 tri mulyaningsih & colin ernest ridsdale. the bornean genus hypobathrum (rubiaceae): an investigation of its characters and taxonomic status 95 bambang sunarno & hiroshi ohashi. a new species of dalbergia (leguminosae) from malay peninsula 117 bambang sunarno. new species of labisia (myrsinaceae) from sumatra 121 sri s. tjitrosoedirdjo. four new taxa of asteraceae in sumatra 125 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia dpn 91-184-1-sm bambang sunarno abstract abstrak bkgn a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(3): 221 — 3 1 5 , april 11, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedydarnaedi (indonesia) tuktrin partomihardjo (indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (indonesia) teguhtriono (indonesia) marlinaardiyani (indonesia) eizi suzuki (japan) jun wen (united state of america) managing editor himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirathidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaiy reviewers bryan simon (australia), eve j. lucas (united kingdom), j.f.veldkamp (netherlands), laurence skog (usa), pieter baas (netherlands), ruth kiew (malaysia), robert j. soreng (usa), helena duistermaat (netherlands), lyn a. craven (australia), rugayah (indonesia), mark hughes (united kingdom), martin callmander (usa), peter c. van welzen (netherlands), wayne takeuchi (usa), nobuyuki fukuoka (japan). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 3, pp: 263 − 270 263 introduction indonesia has many species of begonia especially in mountain forests of java, sumatra, sulawesi and papua. begonia can also be found in many small islands such as wawonii island, east of kendari (the capital of south east sulawesi), biak, japen and raya ampat islands of papua. celebes itself has many species of begonia (hughes, 2006; thomas & hughes, 2008; thomas et al., 2009 a, 2009 b); the total named that has been recorded is 36 species (hughes, 2008). contrary to celebes, in halmahera island, province of north moluccas, which located close to menado, especially regarding endemic species of begonia are poorly known. according to hughes, province of moluccas has only 5 species of begonia (hughes, 2008). after a decade, recent begonia exploration conducted by herbarium bogoriense staff of the indonesian institute of sciences (lipi) in 2007 and found only one species, begonia holosericea (teijsm. & binn.) teijsm. & binn. from ternate. in june 2010 this species was also found in aketajawe lolobata national park, halmahera. so far no other addition of begonia collection from halmahera (girmansyah & sunarti, 2011). in august 2010 on a young karstic rock of south slope mt. sohra ecoregion, close to sagea lagoon on south halmahera a small population of an attractive hirsute red hairs on young leaves of herbaceous begonia was found. the male inflorescence has equitant bracts, the male flower has long pedicels and 2 tepals; the female flower erect and the fruit has 3 equal wings but all the tepals had been dropped out, so i could not know how many tepals of that female flower. i collected the plant and cultivated it in my garden at bogor. after one year in cultivation, the plant produced male and female flowers. the female flower has 5 white unequal tepals. the further study on that living plant found that this begonia is new to science and it is proposed here as a new species named begonia sageaensis wiriadinata sp. nov. it is a rhizomatous herb, with ovate leaf blades with adpressed hirsute red hairs on the both surface, permanent equitant bracts on the male inflorescence, white flowers; female flower with 5 tepals and the male with 2 tepals. the fruits has 3 a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sagea lagoon, weda bay, halmahera island, north moluccas indonesia received july 24, 2011; accepted december 27, 2011 harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya bogor−jakarta km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: harry_wiria@yahoo.com; herbogor@indo.net.id abstract wiriadinata, h. 2012. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sagea lagoon, weda bay, halmahera island, north moluccas, indonesia. reinwardtia 13 (3): 263–270. –– a new species of begonia sageaensis wiriadinata (begoniaceae) from south of mt. sohra ecoregion, sagea lagoon, weda bay, halmahera, north moluccas, indonesia is described and illustrated. this species close to b. holosericea teijsm. & binn. in small herb habit but it differ in red hirsute hairs on both leaf surface and on its petiole, persistence equitant bracts, longer pedicels of male flowers and fruit has three equal wings with both flat ends. keywords: begonia sageaensis, begoniaceae, halmahera, indonesia, taxonomy. abstrak wiriadinata, h. 2012. satu jenis baru begonia (begoniaceae) dari laguna sagea, teluk weda, pulau halmahera, maluku utara, indonesia. reinwardtia 13 (3): 263–270. –– satu jenis baru begonia sageaensis wiriadinata (begoniaceae) dari daerah ekosistem perkapuran selatangunung sohra, laguna sagea, teluk weda, halmahera, maluku, indonesia di pertelakan disertai beberapa gambar. jenis ini berbeda dengan b. holosericea teijsm. & binn. yang habitusnya terna oleh adanya bulu halus pada ke dua permukaan daun, adanya daun pelindung perbungaan jantan yang persisten dan tumpang tindih, gantilan bunga jantan yang sangat panjang serta kedua ujung sayap buah yang mendatar. kata kunci: begonia sageaensis, begoniaceae, halmahera, indonesia, taksonomi. reinwardtia 264 [vol.13 equal wings, three-locular with axil, bilamellate placentae and it belongs to begonia section petermannia (klotzsch, 1855, dorenboos et al., 1998). the method for begonia description pattern followed description made by kiew (kiew, 2005). begonia sageaensis wiriadinata sp. nov. –– figs. 1–8. begonia holosericea (teijsm. & binn.) teijsm. & binn. affinis sed begonia sageaensis lamina hirta rubra, pedicelus masculis longioris patentis equitante bracteis, ovariae alae differt. –– type indonesia, north moluccas, halmahera island, weda bay, young karstic of mt. sohra ecoregion foot, sagu forest edge close to sagea lagoon, 0º 47' 07" n. 127º 21' 26" e. 50 m asl. 14 aug 2010. harry wiriadinata, hw13860 (holotype: bo). this species differs from b. holosericea (table 1) due to adpressed red hirsute hairs on leaf surface, young leaf slightly fringed on its margin, male inflorescence with persistant equitant bracts and male flowers have long pedicels, ovary with 3 equal wings which flat at both ends, while in b. holosericea the upper surface of leaf glabrous, the bracts of male inflorescence not equitant and male flowers with short pedicels, wings of ovary with acute base. herbaceous plant. stem rhizomatous, succulent, nodes not swollen, slender, green, than 4.5 cm long, ca. 8-10 mm thick. stipules triangular, ca. 16– 25 mm × 6 mm, margin and out side midrib with white long hairs, especially near the apex. leaves at internodes ca. 1.5–4.5 cm apart, young leaf with dense hirsute red hairs; petiole 11–20 cm long, 6–10 mm thick, green, long white hairs with violet or red base; blade ovate, slightly asymmetric, 10–14 × 1118 cm; both surface adpressed hirsute red hairs, margin not toothed but conspicuously fringed by hairs, apex blunt; venation distinct, raised beneath, palmate-pinnate, 3-4 pairs of veins at the base, 2-3 times branching along the mid rib; slightly leathery when dried. female flowers erect, single or in pairs; bracts triangular, boat shaped, midrib with white hairs, apex acuminate, margin entire, ca. 3 × 1 cm; pedicel ca. 6 cm long, pinkish white, not hair; tepals 5, white, unequal size, inner one smallest, elliptic, white, 10–13 × 5–6 mm, the largest ones obovate, 12–14 × 10–12 mm; ovary white, oblong, capsule 10 × 3 mm, with sparse adpressed red hairs, locules 3, placenta bifid; style three, one branches, stigma in a spiraled band; wings 3, equal, rounded or flat at both ends, 10 × 5 mm. male inflorescence in an erect raceme with persistant equitant bracts. male flowers bracts triangular, greenish white, glabrous; peduncles erect ca. 1.5 cm long, pinkish white; pedicels ca. 4-5 cm long, glabrous, pinkish; tepals 2, glabrous, white, orbicular-reniform, ca. 13 × 15 mm; androecium spherical, on ca. 1 mm column; stamens many, anthers yellow, obovate. fruit erect, whitish green, 1 cm long, equal winged; wings 5 mm wide, rounded at both ends, 3 locules, placenta bifid. fig. 1. morphology of living begonia sageaensis wiriadinata. photo: h. wiriadinata. 2012] 265 wiriadinata : a new species of begonia from halmahera island, north moluccas indonesia fig 2. begonia sageaensis in cultivation. photo: h. wiriadinata fig.3. short pedicels of female flower (left), long pedicels of male flowers (middle) and persistent white colored equitant bracts (right). photo: h. wiriadinata. reinwardtia 266 [vol.13 fig. 4. male flower. photo: h. wiriadinata. fig. 5. female flower (open) and male flower (in bud). photo: h. wiriadinata. 2012] 267 wiriadinata : a new species of begonia from halmahera island, north moluccas indonesia fig. 7. female flower with 3 locules and dichotomous placenta. photo: h. wiriadinata. fig. 6. female flower. photo: h. wiriadinata. reinwardtia 268 [vol.13 fig. 8. herbarium specimen. photo: h. wiriadinata. 2012] 269 wiriadinata : a new species of begonia from halmahera island, north moluccas indonesia distribution. endemic to halmahera island habitat. in forest margin, on a small rocks of young karstic of mt. sohra ecoregion close to sagea lagoon at about 50 m asl. acknowledgements the author would like to thank to the reviewers for their comments and critical read the manuscript. the author appreciate the assistance of prof. dr. gono semiadi, zoology division, research center for biology who accompanied him looking the specimen and to pt weda bay nickel for the permit to undertake field work in halmahera. references doorenbos j., sosef, m. s. m. & de wilde, j. j. f. e. 1998. the sections of begonia. studies in begoniaceae vi. agric. univ. wageningen papers 98 -2: 1-266 girmansyah, d. & sunarti, s. 2011. explorasi tumbuhan di pulau moti, ternate, maluku utara in maryanto i & sutrisno h (editor) ekologi ternate. pusat penelitian biologi-lipi. pp. 267-282. hughes, m. 2006. four new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sulawesi. edinburgh journal of botany 63: 191-199. hughes, m. 2008. an annotated checklist of southeast asian begonia. royal botanic garden edinburgh. 164 pp. klotzch j. f. 1855. begoniaceen-gattungen und arten. abhandlungen der koniglichen akademie der wissenchaften zu berlin. 1854:121-255. thomas, d. c. & hughes, m. 2008. begonia varipeltata (begoniaceae): a new peltate species from sulawesi, indonesia. edinburgh journal of botany 65 (3):369-374. thomas, d. c., ardi, w. h., hartutiningsih, m. s. & hughes, m. 2009a. two species of begonia (begoniaceae) from central sulawesi indonesia. edinburgh journal of botany 66 (1):1-10. characters begonia sageaensis begonia helosericea leaf peduncle green, hirsute 11-20 cm long pinkish green, densely hirsute 10-11 cm long blade ovate ovate basal leaf overlapped not or shortly overlapped upper surface appressed red hairs glabrous female flower single, erect single, erect tepals 5, unequal 5, unequal ovary finely white hairs densely erect red hirsute male inlorescences peduncle glabrous, 1 cm long hairy, 2.5-3 cm long bracts equitant, long persistant not equitant, short persistant pedicels 4.5-5 cm long, glabrous, pinkish 1.5-2 cm long glabrescens, pinkish white tepals 2, white, outside glabrous ca. 14 x 15 mm 2, white, outside poorly addpressed red hairs ca.13 x 15 mm fruit wings equal equal placenta bifid bifid table 1. comparative characters between begonia sageaensis and begonia holosericea reinwardtia 270 [vol.13 thomas, d. c, ardi, w. h. & hughes, m. 2009b. two species of begonia (begoniaceae) from central sulawesi indonesia. edinburgh journal of botany 66 (1):103-114. kiew, r. 2005. begonias of peninsular malaysia. national histoy publication and singapore botanic gardens national parks broad. singapore. pp. 1-28. 314 reinwardtia [vol.13 erratum reinwardtia vol. 13, part 2, 2010 1. please change the existing word in p. 213, line 7 on abstrak (written in bahasa indonesia version) with the following: keberadaan dua jenis terakhir melampaui distribusi yang sebelumnya hanya diketahui di barat garis wallace. 2. please change the existing epithet name in p, 214, column 1, line 40 on key to the species of marantaceae in sulawesi number 5.a. after phrynium: longispicum instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by authors name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, authors name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 3. 2012 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia: additions and corrections, including a new species and a new variety 221 deden girmansyah. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from bukit tiga-puluh national park, riau, sumatra 229 pudji widodo. new nomenclature in syzygium (myrtaceae) from indonesia and its vicinities 235 alex sumadijaya & jan frits veldkamp. non-bambusoid grasses (gramineae) from raja ampat archipelago, papua barat province, indonesia 241 ary prihardyanto keim. new variety, records & discoveries of some species of pandanus (pandanaceae) in sumatra and kalimantan, indonesia 255 harry wiriadinata. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sagea lagoon, weda bay, halmahera island, north moluccas, indonesia 263 ary prihardyanto keim. the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley, papua-indonesia 271 jan frits veldkamp. koordersiochloa merr. (gramineae), the correct name for streblochaete hochst. expilg. 299 sri endarti rahayu, kuswata kartawinata, tatiek chikmawati & alex hartana. leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java 305 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biologylipi cibinong, indonesia dpn 447-657-2-pb blkng a journal on tax0n0m1c botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors mien a. rifai kuswata kartawinata n. wulijarni-s0etj1pt0 published by herbarium bggoriense lembaga biologi nasional —. lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 9, part 4, 377 — 479 31 march 1980 10 issn 00-34 — s66x 414 e e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 6.5—7.5 mm long; stigma 2-lobed; lobes ± 1 mm long, densely woolly. fruit strongly laterally compressed, transversely oblong-elliptic, 9—10 mm wide, 4—5 mm high, 2—3 mm thick, pubescent, strongly nerved, with persistent calyx, lobes, dehiscing by transverse slit on top; seeds numerous, subglobose, angular, strongly ridged, ± 0.5 mm diam., brownish red. this species differs from 0. trichoca/rpos bl. in bracts being conspicuous, linear-lanceolate, up to 4 mm long, persistent; calyx lobes linearlanceolate up to 5 mm long; anthers longer, up to 3 mm long; style longer, up to 7.5 m long. the presence of dimorphous stamens and heterostyly is unusual in the genus. a review of different floras indicate that this has not been reported so far in ophiorrhiza, even though certain other genera in rubiaceae exhibit this feature. great nicobar island: 17 km from campbell bay to alexandra river, ca. 75 m. above m.s.l., 21 aug. 1975, balakrishnan 3027 a-b (cal), ibid, 3027 c-f (pbl); ibid. 3027 g-h (l); ibid. 3027 1 (bo). r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 415 — 420 (1980) type studies in the clavarioid fungi. v. the taxa described by caspar van overeem ronald h. petersen department of botany, university of tennessee, knoxville, tn, usa 37916 a b s t r a c t i type specimens of javanese clavarias described by van overeem — i.e. clavaria depokensis. clavaria luteo-tenerrima, clavaria sanguineo-acuta and clavulinopsis sulcata — are extant and well preserved in herbarium bogoriense. these are reexamined and reassigned to their respective genera and infrageneric complexes. abstrak spesimen tipe jenis-jenis clavariaceae yang dipertelakan van overeem dari jawa —• yaitu clavaria depokensis, clavaria luteo-tenerrima, clavaria sanguineo-acuta dan clavulinopsis sulcata — masih ada dan disimpan di herbarium bogoriense. spesimen ini diperiksa kembali dan ditunjukkan marga dan bagian marga yang layak menampungnya. although not many, the taxa proposed and illustrated by van overeem (1923a, b, c) have been important to an understanding of tropical clavarioid fungal relationships. in the only modern works to deal with these taxa (corner 1950, 1970), they were disposed of equivocally for the types had not been examined, although van overeem's descriptions and plates were extremely accurate for their day. a recent very brief visit to the herbarium bogoriense allowed me to examine the type specimens concerned and therefore to assign them accurately to genera and to infrageneric complexes. it is to that end that this paper offered. the following items of reliquiae support these specimens: 1) all specimens include fruit bodies fixed in liquid and in excellent condition for analysis; 2) an empty, accessioned packet usually accompanies the specimens in liquid, often bearing collection data not included on the fixed specimen; 3) in one instance dried fruit bodies are in a packet separate from the material in liquid; 4) published illustrations (van overeem 1923b, c) of fruit bodies and microscopic characters were apparently consistently made from type specimens; and 5) the original — 4 1 5 — 416 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 aquarelles of the published illustrations (or close facsimiles, cf. c. luteotenerrima) are extant at bo (and a virtually complete transparency record of the clavarioid fungi at tenn). together, these materials offer an excellent opportunity for accurate analysis of the taxa. in almost every instance, the type collection is the sole representative of the taxon, so a breadth of variation cannot be reported. nevertheless, van overeem's aquarelles were very painstaking and accurate, so a good concept of color and stature may be gained. although several of the paintings of fungi were executed by his technician mr. hamzah, none of the specimens herein discussed are included in that situation. a rather complete life-sketch of van overeem (danser 1927) has been presented, emphasizing his involvement in mycology and especially his belief that in the tropics, descriptions and illustrations had to substitute for herbaria. but he was wrong, for his specimens are in good condition. clavaria depokensis van overeem clavaria depokensis van overeem in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 5: 271. 1923. clavulinopsis depokensis (van overeem) corner in ann. bot. mem. 1: 364. 1950. type (holotype): bp — java, nat'l. monument depok, iv.22, ± 93 m alt., leg. c. & d. van overeem-de haas, "rottende bladeren en takjes," herb. hort. bot. bogor, no. 748. the specimen is fixed in liquid, and an empty packet bears the same collection data. the fixed specimen was illustrated by van overeem (19l23c), and, interestingly, there are no other specimens listed under this name in the accession book at bo. the illustration shows macroscopic characters, of which the basal pad of mycelium must be emphasized. the following microscopic characters may also be furnished. tramal hyphae 3.5—12 p,m diam, clamped at primary septa, parallel; secondary septa common, unconstricted, without clamp connections; gloeoplerous hyphae absent. basidia clavate, clamped, refringent under phase contrast; contents golden yellow. spores 5.3—6.4 x 3.5—4.3 p,m, ellipsoid to somewhat narrowly ovate, smooth, pale yellow under bright field; apiculus up to 2 y.m long, very prominent, conical; contents often uniguttulate. another packet at bo bears the same accession number, but the contents include only some leaves with white mycelium. apparently corner (1970) examined only this packet, drawing the conclusion that the illustration by van overeem must serve as an iconotype. the original aquarelle in reliquiae van overeem at bo is numbered 129, the second number also on packet no. 748 with sterile white mycelium on leaves. 1980] petersen: van overeem's clavariod types 417 so in spite of the misnumbering, the illustrated specimen still exists (fixed in liquid), and must serve as the implicit holotype, with the original aquarelle and published illustration as excellent supporting material. the specimen represents a clavulinopsis, very closely related to c. laeticolor in the general shape of the spores and very prominent apiculus. van overeem astutely compared the two, but had no information on the spores of berkeley's species. clavulinopsis laeticolor, however, has slightly larger spores and bright golden orange coloration, not deep orange-red. moreover, both show a basal pad of mycelium on the fruit body, and so consistently differ from others of the same complex (c. fusiformis, c. corniculata, etc.), the fruit bodies of which seem to arise below the surface of the substrate and then from a minute primordium with rounded base, not an appressed mycelial pad. van overeem illustrated amorphous crystalline material, but i found copious needle-shaped or very slender awl-shaped crystals. concommitantly, i found only very few measurable spores, so the spore dimensions above may be somewhat inaccurate. corner (1950), while correctly retaining the taxon as discrete in clavulinopsis, indicated his equivocation of placement, and later (corner 1970), concluded that no type existed. clavaria luteo-tenerrima van overeem clavaria luteo-tenerrima van overeem in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill 5(4): 269. 1923. clavulinopsis luteo-tenerrima (van overeem) corner in ann. bot. mem. 1: 377. 1950. type (holotype, implicit): bo java, naturschutzgebiet depok, ± 93 m alt., iv. 1921, leg. c. & d. van overeem-de haas, herb. hort. bot. bogor. no. 747. the specimen is fixed in liquid, and probably is the same as that illustrated by van overeem (1923c). it is the only specimen matching the necessary data furnished by van overeem, and therefore is an implicit holotype. the published illustration is a variation of an original in reliquiae van overeem at bo. both show seven fruit bodies in identical postures, but the three left-most fruit bodies in the publication appear at the far right of the original aquarelle at bo. nevertheless, the details are identical, so the two are not mirror images produced during publication. coloration is very close, but the shading is more extensive and subtle on the bo aquarelle and not quite so green. the original aquarelle at bo also shows a figure of tramal tissue, including what i suspect is a gloeoplerous hyphal tip. to the macroscopic characters in the illustrations may be added the following microscopic features. 418 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 1980] peteksen: van overeem's clavariod types 419 tramal hyphae up to 15 pan diam., parallel, clamped; gloeoplerous hyphae up to 3.5 sxm diam., abundant, not inflated. subhymenial tissue very thick, pseudoparenchymatous through crushing. basidia clavate, clamped, about 50 ^m long. spores 5.3—6.7 x 3.9—4.6 pun, ellipsoid to broadly ovate, thinwalled, smooth; contents now aguttulate; apiculus up to 1 ^m long, conical, not prominent. the species belongs in clavulinopsis, but its closer affinities are somewhat enigmatic. i think it is most closely related to c. gracillima and others with elongate spores and apiculus length between the extremes of the genus. copious crystals are present on the fruit bodies. they are blunty fusiform and often congregate in cruciform pairs. fruit bodies are on soil, and arise just below the soil surface, just as others in this complex. corner (1950) first associated the taxon with strongly-apiculate spored members of clavulinopsis, but later (corner 1970) withdrew from that position to one less valid by declaring at the same time that c. luteo-tenerrima was (in his view) indistinguishable from c. flavella, but that no type for c. luteo-tenerrima existed at bo. solution of the second misconception would have resolved the first. clavaria flavella (by examination of its type specimen) belongs in multiclavula (cf. petersen 1967b), a very different group of fungi from clavulinopsis. clavaria sanguineo-acuta van overeem clavaria sanguineo-acuta van overeem in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 5: 273. 1923. type (holotype, implicit): bo java, hortus bogoriensis, vi. 1921, herb. hort. bot. bogor. no. 488. the specimen is represented by fixed material in liquid, dried fruit bodies in a separate packet, an empty packet with identical collection data, and a published illustration of the type fruit bodies (van overeem 1923c). to the macroscopic characters supplied by the illustration, the following microscopic characters may be added. tramal hyphae hyaline, clamped, parallel, of two widths: a) 4.5—12 \t,va diam., uninflated, thinto slightly thick-walled (wall up to 0.3 [im thick), and b) 1.5—2.5 jxm diam., uninflated, thin-walled. basidia 34—45 x 6—8 jj.m, clavate, clamped, often with amorphous crystalline material within; sterigmata 4, erect, not divergent, up to 7 \>m long. spores 5.6—-6.7 jmi diam., spherical, smooth, thin-walled; contents usually amorphous, refringent under phase contrast; apiculus small, papillate. ' as expected, the specimen represents a clavulinopsis. van overeem's observations included much of the above data. i find an amorphous crystalline crust on the hymenium of the fixed material. the fruit bodies in liquid are quite young, the basidia too immature to bear sterigmata or spores, and these details have been furnished from the accompanying dried fruit bodies. the species was compared by van overeem to clavaria cardinalis boud. & pat. and a description of the type specimen of that taxon has already been offered (petersen 1967a). the two names seem synonymous. clavaria phoenicea zoll. & mor. was also compared, but i have not seen type or authentic material of that taxon and so i reserve judgement. the name clavaria sanguineo-acuta was placed in synonymy under clavulinopsis miniata var. sanguinea corner (1950) with no evidence that the type had been seen. later (corner 1970) the specimen was reported, but with no description. this synonymy must be questioned further, for c. miniata var. sanguinea is yet without a type specimen (although it might be assumed that the name was gained from van overeem's taxon). when one has been declared, then final taxonomy can be accomplished. clavulinopsis sulcata van overeem clavulinopsis sulcata van overeem, in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 5: 279. 1923. type (holotype, implicit): bo java, bogor, hortus bogoriensis, on soil, 11. 1920, coll. & det. c. van overeem, herb. hort. bot. bogor. no. 185. isotype: tenn. the specimen is represented by fixed material in liquid, of which a small portion is at tenn, an empty packet under the same number with additional collection data, and a published illustration of the type fruit bodies (van overeem 1923b). a description of the fixed material was furnished previously (petersen 1967a) and is paraphrased here for completeness. fruit bodies simple, fasciculate in clusters of 6—8, 1—4 cm x 5—7 mm, somewhat compressed laterally, longitudinally channeled or ridged, tips bluntly to broadly obtuse, stem portions not markedly attenuate, 3—4 mm thick. tramal hyphae generally parallel, hyaline, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled especially toward the fruit body base, clamped, not inflated, of two different widths; a) 4—7 ,u.m diam., b) 2—3 \>,m diam. subhymenial hyphae tortuous, 1.5—3 (jun diam., clamped. basidia 35—65 x 4—7 {jun, hyaline, clamped, elongate-clavate to clavate, 1—4-sterigmate; sterigmata of various lengths and dispositions. spores 4.5—7.5 pirn diam., globose to subglobose, uniguttulate, smooth, thin-walled; apiculus small, abrupt, papillate. 420 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 as mentioned previously (petersen 1967a) i agree with corner (1950) on the synonymy of c. sulcata with clavaria (clavulinopsis) miniata, but i can find no evidence that corner has seen the type of c. sulcata. in fact (personal communication with dr. mien a. rifai), there is some evidence to the contrary. corner (1950) pointed out that clavaria miniata purton had priority over c. miniata berk., and that c. phoenicea zoll. & mor. might be the name of choice for "purists." i have not seen type or authentic material of c. phoenicea and no transfer of that name clavulinopsis has been proposed, so i have chosen to retain clavulinopsis sulcata as both the taxonomic and nomenclatural type of the genus (cf. petersen 1967a). the small-apiculate spored members of clavulinopsis present a bewildering reticulum of color characters. i have little faith in the primacy of pigment location (hymenium and subhymenium versus trama and subhymenium). at the same time, carotene pigments are confusing in their biochemical expression, as in cantharellus subg. leptocantharellus, so i have tried to adhere to corner's (1950) scheme on taxonomic disposition of color forms, but with little success (cf. petersen 1971). the fault is not in the scheme, but my inability to correctly interpret it. one concept is obvious, however: clavulinopsis sulcata is the red-orange pole of the complex. literature cited corner, e.j.h. (1950). a monograph of clavaria and allied genera. in ann. bot. mem. 1: 1-740. • . (1970). an addendum to: "a monograph of clavaria and allied genera." in beih. nova hedwigia 33: 1-299. danser, b.h. (1927). in memoriam caspar van overeem. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. iii, 9: 1-7. [with portrait; a translation in english may be obtained from rhp]. overeem, c. van (1923a). ueber javanische clavariaceae. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 5: 254-280. . (1923b). clavariaceae. icones fung. malayensium 2: 1-2. . (1923c). clavariaceae. icones fung. malayensium 3: 1-4. petersen, r.h. (1967). type studies in the clavariaceae. in sydowia 21: 105-122. — . (1967). notes on clavarioid fungi. vii. redefinition of the clavaria vcrnalisc. wucida complex. in amer. midi. nat. 77: 205-221. . (1968). the genus clavulinopsis in north america. in mycologia mem. 2: 1-39. •. (1971). notes on clavarioid fungi. ix. addendum to clavulinopsis in north america. in persoonia g: 219-229. -. (1976). the correct name for the type species of clavulinopsis. in taxon 25: 515. ' , . keinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 421 — 424 (1980) an undescribed species of calothyriopsis on apple a.w. subhedar & v.g. rao department of mycology and plant pathology, m.a.c.s. research institute poona-411 004, india abstract the new species calothyriopsis mali subhedar & v.g. rao (fam.: microthyriaceae), collected for the first time on apple fruits from india, is described and illustrated. abstrak jenis baru calothyriopsis mali subhedar & v.g. rao (microthyriaceae) yang dikumpulkan pertama kali pada buah apel di india dipertelakan dan digambar. during our survey for post-harvest diseases of fruits and vegetables, an unusual blemish disease was observed on several stored fruits of apple (mains pumila l.) in the poona market (india). the infection was particularly detected on varieties like 'maharaja', 'simla' and to some extent on 'golden delicious', and found to be restricted to the fruit coat only, never reaching deep into the pulp. critical examination of these blemish areas revealed the presence of numerous black thyrothecia of a species of calothyriopsis (microthyriaceae) hitherto unreported on apples'. these fructifications were gregarious, dark, superficial and typically arranged in concentric rings (fig. 1). with such severe infection, the fruits lose their normal glistening light-pink colour, and thus lowering their market value. the infection areas remain firm and do not show any symptoms of decay. no conidial state was found to be associated with this ascomycetous fungus. as for its diagnosis and identity, a critical search of literature revealed no report of any species of calothyriopsis on apple. besides, the present fungus was also compared with other species viz. c. conferta (theiss.) hohn. and c. roupalae (syd.) von arx (muller & von arx 1962) and found to be quite distinct in its morphology in possessing smaller thyrothecia, asci and ascospores. hence, it is described here as a new species. 421 — contents page hsu an keng. a new interpretation of the compound strobilar structures of cordaites and conifers , 377 soejatmi dransfield. three new malesian species of gramineae 385 v. n. naik. coelachne ghatica naik, sp. nov 393 thomas j. delendick. the correct name for the acer of malesia 395 m i e n a. r i f a i . the identity of ustuago amadelpha var. glabhuscula 399 v. n. naik & b. w. patunkar. novelties in panicum (poaceae) from india . 403 n. p. balakrishnan. a new species of ophiorrhiza (rubiaceae) from great nicobar island, india 411 ronald h. petersen. type studies in the clavarioid fungi. v. the taxa described by caspar van overeem 415 a. w. subhebar & v. g. rao. an undescribed species of calothyriop<sis on apple 421 gregori g. hambali. a new species of balanophora from the malay peninsula, 425 kuswata kartawinata. a note on a kerangas (heath) forest at sebulu, east kalimantan 429 rusdy e. nasution & r. n. lester. a chemotaxonomic study of some species of zingiber subsection zerumbet 449 johanis p. mogea. the flabellate-leaved species of salacca (palmae) • printed by aechipel, bogor, java cov rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_22 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_23 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_24 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_25 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_55 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 219 − 221 219 flora of bali: a provisional checklist received february 7, 2014; accepted october 15, 2014 max m. j. van balgooy national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: mmjvanbalgooy@gmail.com. elizabeth anita widjaja herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: ewidjaja@indo.net.id. abstract van balgooy, m. & widjaja, e. a. 2014. flora of bali: a provisional checklist. reinwardtia 14(1): 219 – 221. — compared to java the flora of bali is poorly known. a checklist has been prepared based on literature and collections. the focus is on indigenous species, but the distinction between indigenous and naturalized species is not always clear. this checklist is therefore very provisional. the flora of the much smaller island state singapore is much richer, probably mainly due to undercollecting of bali. key words: bali, checklist, flora, indigenous species. abstrak van balgooy, m. & widjaja, e. a. 2014. flora bali: daftar jenis sementara. reinwardtia 14(1): 219 – 221. — dibandingkan dengan flora jawa, informasi mengenai flora bali masih sangat sedikit diketahui. daftar jenis telah dipersiapkan berdasarkan pustaka dan koleksi herbarium. daftar jenis ini difokuskan pada jenis-jenis yang asli, tetapi perbedaan antara jenis yang asli dengan jenis yang telah ternaturalisasi tidak selalu jelas. daftar jenis ini masih bersifat sementara. flora pulau yang lebih kecil seperti singapura lebih banyak, hal ini kemungkinan besar karena masih sedikitnya flora bali yang sudah dikoleksi . kata kunci: bali, daftar jenis, flora, jenis asli. introduction despite it’s fame as a tourist destination, botanically bali is less known and explored than its neighbouring larger island, java. there are very few notable comprehensive reports on the botany of the island such as by rensch (1930), de voogd (1937a, 1937b & 1940), and kalkman (1955). more recent literature deals with birds and cultivated plants. after years of neglect the importance of properly documenting the flora of bali gained a new momentum early 2012 following the national priority programs in saving and protecting small and outer islands set up by the indonesian government and the outcome of 9 th symposium of flora malesiana held in bogor in 2013, in which bo has set up the lesser sunda islands –including bali– as priority areas understudy. the present checklist is the outcome of a joint effort of the staff of herbarium bogoriense, eka karya botanical garden and rijksherbarium (now naturalis) leiden. it is based on literature, mainly flora malesiana and revisions in various journals, and herbarium collections housed in these institutes. short history of botanical collecting in bali information on botanical collecting in malesia is found in van steenis (1950, 1974). the first exploration was made and reported by horsfield in 1806 (see horsfield, 1852), but no specimens were made. it was subsequently followed by teysmann in 1854 (see teysmann, 1856) and two visits made by zollinger in 1846 (see zollinger, 1854) & 1857; both with specimens made. a period of inactivity lasting more than half a century ensued. in the next century the explorations were continued by van der paardt (1915 to 1918). unfortunately his specimens were lost during shipment to java. maier collected in bali in 1918 accompanied by sarip, a technician (“mantri”) from bo. in 1920 becking conducted an exploration to the island and brought more specimens to bo. van der paardt returned to the island in 1926 and this time his collections safely arrived in bogor. demandt and van dillewijn made collections in 1929. one of the most prolific collectors of bali plants is de voogd who lived on the island for three years (1933-1935) and published reports in de tropische natuur (de voogd 1937a and b, 1940).van steenis laid the significant foundation to the comprehen reinwardtia 220 [vol.14 sive study on the flora of the island following his extensive collecting activities throughout 1936 (see van steenis, 1950). the ferns of bali were collected noticeably by posthumus during his two visits to the island in 1933 and 1937. some collections, mainly of trees were made by the boschbouw proefstation (forestry institute). after world war ii and subsequently followed by the independence of indonesia the explorations were continued mostly by indonesian botanists such as kostermans in 1958 accompanied by his students: kartawinata, reksodihardjo, and soepadmo. only few foreign botanists had the opportunity to carry out botanical explorations in bali such as meyer – accompanied by two technicians from bo: noerta and mochtar – in 1974 and 1975. the other was mc donald –also accompanied by a technician from bo, ismail– in 1994. important collectiosn were also made by staff of herbarium bogoriense and of eka karya botanic garden, established in 1959. important collections are also made by staffs from the eka karya botanical garden since its establishment in 1959. unfortunately their specimens have not been widely distributed yet. some have been sent to bo though. according to the cyclopedia, by 1950, 3350 herbarium numbers had been collected in bali against 7400 in singapore. result & discussion the list contains indigenous (naturally occurring), naturalized (introduced intentionally or unintentionally maintaining themselves without the help of man) and cultivated (introduced and only maintaining themselves with the help of man) species. they are arranged alphabetically according to families and each species is accompanied by literature and herbarium specimen cited (when available). in this list such information is regarded unnecessary for abundant and well known species like cocos nucifera (arecaceae), morinda citrifolia (rubiaceae), and terminalia catappa (combretaceae). naturalized species are indicated by (nat.) behind their scientific name. examples of this are azadirachta indica (meliaceae) (nat.), leucaena leucocephala (fabaceae) (nat.), and muntingia calabura (tiliaceae) (nat.). cultivated plants as defined above, are indicated by (cult.). examples of this are carica papaya (caricaceae), nerium oleander (apocynaceae), and plumeria rubra (apocynaceae). some truly indigenous species are also cultivated such as arenga pinnata (arecaceae), ficus benjamina (moraceae), and terminalia catappa (combretaceae). some alien species are so much part of the bali scenery and have been cultivated for so long that the balinese find it hard to believe that these are actually introduced species. examples are artocarpus heterophyllus (moraceae), durio zibethinus (bombacaceae) and tectona grandis (verbenaceae). no attempt has been made to completely record all naturalized and cultivated species. they are not included in the following statistics (table 1). it is interesting to compare the figures for bali with that of another island in malesia, singapore. for bali 1338 spermatophyte species are recorded against 2007 for singapore chong et al. (2009), low yee wen (pers. com.). bali is richer in poaceae and singapore richer in orchidaceae. eu number of family number of genera number of species spermatophytes 152 748 1338 5 largest families: poaceae 71 162 orchidaceae 45 113 fabaceae 43 80 rubiaceae 22 30 euphorbiaceae 21 38 pteridophyte 82 165 bryophyte and hepatics 54 71 fungi 38 75 table 1. number of family, genera and species of bali 2014] 221 van balgooy & widjaja: flora of bali phorbiaceae are better represented in bali and apocynaceae better in singapore (table 2). bali (5770 sq km) is ten times the size of singapore (570 sq km) and is much more elevated. one would expect it to be richer than singapore. one of the reasons could be that singapore is adjacent to a very rich source area, the malay peninsula, whereas bali is near a much poorer one, java. the most plausible explanation, however is that the singapore flora is much better documented. many species known from java and the lesser sunda islands (lombok eastwards) are not recorded for bali. this suggests that bali is undercollected. more exploration of bali may yield many new records and perhaps even new species. conclusion the current checklist of bali is provisional. for a comprehensive flora of bali it is essential to start with more exploration and study of specimens still hidden in various herbaria. the island may prove much richer than the present checklist suggests. references chong, k. y., tan, h. t. w. & corlett, r. t. 2009. a checklist of the total vascular flora of singapore. (unpublished). de voogd, c. n. a. 1937a. bali zooals de tourist het niet ziet. de tropische natuur 26: 1–9, 37–40. de voogd, c. n. a. 1937b. een tocht naar noesa penida. de tropische natuur 26: 161–165. de voogd, c. n. a. 1940. de batoer op bali. de tropische natuur 29: 37–53. honig, p. & verdoorn, f. (eds.). 1945. science and scientists in the netherlands indies. board for the netherlands indies, surinam & curaçao, new york. horsfield, t. 1852. plantae javanicae rariores: descriptae, iconobusque, illustratae, quas in insula java, annis 1802-1818, legit et investigavit. richard taylor, london. kalkman, c. 1955. a plant-geographical analysis of the lesser sunda islands. acta bot. neerl. 4: 200 –225. rensch, b. 1930. eine biologische reise nach den kleinen sunda-inseln. gebrüder borntraeger, berlin. teysmann, j. e. 1856. uittreksel uit het dagverhaal eener reis door oost-java, karimon java en bali boleling. nat. tijdschr. n.i. 11: 111–206. van steenis-kruseman, m. j. 1950. in: van steenis, c. g. g. j. 1974. cyclopedia of collectors, flora malesiana 1: 3–606; supplement flora malesiana i 8: 1–115. zollinger, h. 1854. systematisches verzeichniss, pflanzen der indischen archipel in den jahren 1842 1848 gesammelten sowie der aus japan empfangenen pflanzen. e. kiesling, zurich. number of family number of genera number of species spermatophytes 154 742 2007 5 largest families: orchidaceae 78 rubiaceae 45 poaceae 36 apocynaceae 31 fabaceae 30 table 2. number of family, genera and species of singapore reinwardtia 222 [vol.14 instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 418-603-1-sm belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 237 − 247 237 grow in rainforests worldwide (dransfield, 1978). in australia, approximately 60% of palm species occur in rainforest habitats (dowe, 2010). arenga australasica (h. wendl. & drude) s. t. blake ex introduction palms are an important component of many tropical rainforests. approximately 75% of palm species a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana and licuala ramsayi received january 13, 2013; accepted october 23, 2014 dian latifah center for plant conservation-botanic gardens, indonesian institute of sciences (lipi) jln. ir. h.juanda no. 13, bogor, indonesia 16122. e-mail: latifah2311@yahoo.com robert a. congdon college of marine & environmental sciences, james cook university, james cook drv, townsville, queensland, australia 4811. e-mail: robert.congdon@jcu.edu.au joseph a. holtum college of marine & environmental sciences, james cook university, james cook drv, townsville, queensland, australia 4811. e-mail: joseph.holtum@jcu.edu.au abstract latifah, d., congdon, r. a. & holtum, j. a. 2014. physiological approach of four palm species conservation: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana and licuala ramsayi. reinwardtia 14(1): 237 – 247. ― palms (arecaceae) are an important component of many tropical rainforests. many have also been cultivated widely for agricultural commodities with high economic value. they are also important components in rehabilitation of disturbed or marginal lands. knowledge and application of germination strategies are essential in the cultivation of palms. many species have seeds that do not germinate readily, even when light conditions are favourable. this research determined the effects of seed coats, light and temperature on germination of arenga australasica (h. wendl. & drude) s. t. blake ex h. e. moore, calamus australis mart., hydriastele wendlandiana (f. muell.) h. wendl. & drude and licuala ramsayi var. tuckeri barford & dowe. we examined physical treatments to promote germination or break dormancy, as well as different light and temperature conditions. the results showed that the hard seed coats of the four species slowed imbibition. scarified seeds germinated best for a. australasica, c. australis and l. ramsayi. the germination of all seeds was inhibited by far red light. the red light requirement suggests that these species prefer to colonise open areas. this implies that dispersal agents, canopy gaps and forest margins may play important roles in promoting regeneration as well as conservation of these palm species. key words: arenga australasica, calamus australis, germination, hydriastele wendlandiana, licuala ramsayi, palms. abstrak latifah, d., congdon, r. a. & holtum, j. a. 2014. pendekatan fisiologi pada konservasi empat jenis palem: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana dan licuala ramsayi. reinwardtia 14(1): 237 – 247. ― palem (arecaceae) adalah komponen penting di hutan hujan tropis. banyak jenis yang dibudidaya secara luas untuk komoditi pertanian dengan nilai ekonomi yang tinggi. selain itu palem juga penting untuk merehabilitasi lahan-lahan marginal atau terganggu. pengetahuan serta aplikasi strategi perkecambahan sangat penting dalam pembudidayaan palem. banyak jenis yang mempunyai biji yang tidak langsung berkecambah walaupun dalam kondisi cahaya yang sesuai. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pelindung biji, cahaya dan suhu pada perkecambahan arenga australasica (h. wendl. & drude) s. t. blake ex h.e. moore, calamus australis mart., hydriastele wendlandiana (f. muell.) h. wendl. & drude dan licuala ramsayi var. tuckeri barford & dowe. karakter fisik telah diamati untuk merangsang perkecambahan atau memecah dormansi demikian juga dengan perbedaan cahaya dan kondisi suhu. hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelindung biji yang keras menunjukkan imbibisi. perkecambahan biji terbaik pada a. australasica, c. australis dan l. ramsayi. perkecambahan kesemua jenis palem tersebut banyak dipengaruhi oleh cahaya merah. kebutuhan akan cahaya merah menunjukkan bahwa kesemua jenis tersebut lebih menyukai daerah terbuka. hal ini berimplikasi pada agen penyebar, perbedaan kanopi serta perbatasan hutan yang kemungkinan mempengaruhi daya regenerasi dari jenis palem tersebut. kata kunci: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana, licuala ramsayi, palem, perkecambahan. reinwardtia 238 [vol.14 h. e. moore, calamus australis mart., hydriastele wendlandiana (f. muell.) h. wendl. & drude and licuala ramsayi var. tuckeri (f. muell.) domin have not been assessed for the iucn red list (iucn, 2014). the conservation status of a. australasica is vulnerable (epa, 2007), whereas, the other study species are not currently threatened (dowe, 2010). furthermore, a. australasica is endemic to north-eastern queensland and the adjacent islands (dowe, 2010); c. australis is endemic to queensland (hyland et al., 2003); h. wendlandiana is endemic to queensland and the northern territory (dowe, 2010; hyland et al., 2003); and licuala ramsayi var. tuckeri is restricted to north and north eastern queensland (barfod & dowe, 2005; dowe, 2010). therefore, the conservation of these species is an important issue. studies have shown that canopy gaps play an important role in stimulating recruitment in most plant communities (bullock, 2000; fenner & thompson, 2005; 1977). this may be caused by reduced competition for resources, such as light, nutrients and water. bullock (2000) differentiated three stages of seedling development that may be influenced by canopy gaps: ‘germination’, ‘emergence’ and ‘establishment’. detecting early germination stages in the field can be difficult, but ‘emergence’ can be readily seen. hence, most studies of germination responses to canopy gaps require the use of artificial shading in laboratories or glasshouses to compare to “full light” responses (bullock, 2000). this study used laboratory trials on seed germination to determine the effects that changed light conditions are likely to have on palm regeneration following natural disturbance. many palms have seeds that do not germinate readily, even when light conditions are favourable. this seed dormancy is commonly caused by the hard seed coat that restricts the exchange of water and gases (dessai & salunkhe, 1997). it is also well known that palm seed dormancy is caused by a combination of immature embryos and the failure of developing embryos to rupture covering structures (pérez, 2009; pinheiro, 2001; pritchard et al., 2004). dormancy is the suspension of growth by active endogenous inhibition (jann & amen, 1977), or “a state in which a viable seed will not germinate when placed in conditions normally considered to be adequate for germination, that is, when provided moisture and oxygen” (tran & cavanagh, 1984), and with suitable temperature. however, some conflicts in defining seed dormancy have arisen. fenner & thompson (2005) reviewed the conflicting views of ecologists and physiologists on seed dormancy. they suggested integrating the conflicting views by following vleeshouwers et al. (1995) who have argued that “(1) dormancy should not be identified with the absence of germination, and (2) dormancy is a characteristic of the seed (and not the environment) and defines the conditions necessary for germination”. three types of dormancy are recognised: (1) innate, (2) induced and (3) enforced (harper, 1977). other researchers, adkins and bellairs (2000) divide dormancy mechanisms into two types: (1) “coat-imposed dormancy”, and (2) “embryo dormancy”. the dormancy of some palm seeds may be classified as ‘hard seed coat-imposed dormancy’. this type of dormancy presents in the seeds of cyrtostachys lakka and roystonea elata (soedjono & suskandari, 1996). dormancy in these two palm species was broken by mechanically scarifying seeds by filing. embryo dormancy may also present in some palm seeds. dormancy in butia spp. appears to be caused by an immature embryo (sento, 1986). the embryo immaturity, combined with the failure of developing embryos to release a covering structure, i.e. operculum, led to ‘morpho-physiological’ dormancy in pritchardia remota seeds (pérez, 2009; pérez et al., 2008). there are two methods of breaking dormancy: either through natural breakdown or artificial treatments (koch & dixon, 2000). previous observations on the study species are presented in table 1. the literature reveals few detailed studies of germination in these species. no information could be found on dormancy characteristics and the observations on germination of h. wendlandiana are inconsistent. this research used laboratory trials to determine the effects that changed environmental conditions are likely to have on regeneration of palms following cyclonic disturbance. these experiments investigated the effects of seed coat, light and temperature on germination, with the following hypotheses: (i) germination will vary between species under three treatments: (1) no treatment; (2) moist heat at 50ºc; and (3) scarification. this will imply that seed germination is affected by hard seed coats that inhibit water absorption. (ii) germination will vary between species under three treatments: (1) 20ºc and continuous white light; (2) 30ºc and continuous white light; and (3) alternating light at 30°c and dark at 20°c. treatments were chosen to reflect the effect of conditions under a forest canopy and in canopy gaps or diurnal/diel changes of light and temperature on germination. (iii) germination will vary between species under five treatments: (1) continuous white light; (2) darkness; (3) continuous red light; (4) continuous far red light; and (5) a combination of red and far red light. 2014] 239 latifah et al.: a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species the results will indicate whether germination is affected by the quality of light passing through the canopy (far red/shorter red light, 730 nm spectrum, atwell et al., 1999), in canopy gaps (red light, 660 nm spectrum, atwell et al., 1999), or the proportion of red to far red light. material & methods seeds of a. australasica and h. wendlandiana were obtained from mature specimens in the townsville palmetum, c. australis from tam o’shanter national park at mission beach, h. wendlandiana from kurrimine beach national park, and l. ramsayi from the anderson park botanic garden, townsville. longitudinal sections of the seeds demonstrate the nature of the seed coats (fig. 1) and seed dimensions are given in table 2. the seeds were fully imbibed to activate the seed metabolism for germination (ista, 1985). after the treatments, thiram fungicide (active constituent: 800g/kg thiram) was applied and all seeds were placed in a 20 or 30ºc controlled-temperature room under the relevant light conditions depending on theexperiment (table 3). the source of continuous white light was a fluorescent lamp (36w/840 cool white philips lifemax). a few containers full of water were placed in various positions in the rooms to maintain humidity. a completely randomized research design was applied to address the hypotheses (gasperz, 1991). the dormancy breaking experiment used artificial techniques to simulate natural conditions that tend to take a long time. therefore, for example, seeds were scarified by filing the seed coat deep enough a b c d table 1. summary of previous observations on germination of the five palm species examined in this study. (n.a. denotes information is not available). fig. 1. longitudinal sections of seeds of a. a. australasica, b. c. australis, c. h. wendlandiana, d. l. ramsayi showing a = apical end, b = testa/seed coat or sarcotesta in c. australis (swartz, 1971; uhl & dransfield, 1987), c = endosperm, d = embryo, e = fibrous sheath (essig & hernandez, 2002), f = endocarp. scale is in mm. species germination type information on germination a. australasica (h. wendl. & drude) s. t. blake ex h.e. moore remote non ligular (latifah, 2011) 90% of the seeds germinate within 19 days at 30°c; details of germination methods were not explained1 (ista, 2006); dormancy occurred in the related species a. microcarpa (latifah, 2004). c. australis mart. adjacent ligular in calamus genera (dowe, 2010) the germination capability of other calamus spp varies: c. peregrinus showed 91% germination within 12-35 days with sarcotesta removed (vangkualong, 1984); heat treatment at 40 ºc for 48 hours in c. latifolius increased germination (mohd et al., 1994); c. mannan and c. caesius germinate within 2-3 weeks after sowing in nursery beds consisting of a sand:soil mix (1:4 or 1:3) and sown seeds were covered by 3 cm of sawdust (ahmad & hamzah, 1984); dormancy: n.a. c. moti f.m. bailey h. wendlandiana (f. muell.) h. wendl. & drude n.a the seeds need scarification to germinate after 365 days (lawie, 2007). fresh seeds can also germinate within 3-6 months (cronin, 1989); dormancy: n.a. l. ramsayi var. tuckeri barford & dowe remoteligular in licuala genera uhl & dransfield (1987) the fresh seeds of l. ramsayi germinate after 6 months on various rich, welldrained soil types (cronin, 1989); dormancy: n.a. reinwardtia 240 [vol.14 table 2. seed dimensions of study species. l = length (mm), w = width (mm) and d = diameter (mm), for seeds that are round in cross-section. table 3. overview of the germination experiments in four palm species including the details of each experiment and treatment. the table also presents the number of replicates and seeds used in each experimental unit; r= number of replicates; s= number of seeds in each replicate; n.a.=seeds were not available. there were insufficient seeds of h. wendlandiana which restricted the number of light treatments used. no seeds of c. moti were available for these experiments. species n weight (g) dimension (mm) mean range mean range a. australasica 127 0.75±0.02 0.20-1.15 l=12.92±0.31 w=10.33±0.21 l=8.73-17.31 w=7.79-12.79 c. australis 25 0.62±0.03 0.43-0.68 l= 10.05±0.22 d=10.33±0.17 l= 8.73-10.89 d= 9.31-10.86 h. wendlandiana 55 0.07±0.004 0.04-0.08 l=6.63±0.22 d=4.50±0.13 l=5.52-7.71 d=3.73-5.06 l. ramsayi var. tuckeri 50 0.27±0.02 0.13-0.34 d=7.04±0.17 d=5.66-7.58 experiments a. australasica c. australis h. wendlandiana l. ramsayi experiment 1: effect of dormancy breaking treatments on imbibition (1) no treatment n = 4r x 10s n = 4r x 10s n = 3r x 7s n = 5r x 13s (2) scarification n = 4r x 10s n = 4r x 10s n = 3r x 7s n = 5r x 13s (3) moist heat 50°c n = 4r x 10s n = 4r x 10s n = 3r x 7s n = 5r x 13s experiment 2: effect of dormancy breaking techniques on germination (1) no treatment n = 4r x 10s n = 4r x 10s n = 3r x 7s n = 5r x 13s (2) scarification n = 4r x 10s n = 4r x 10s n = 3r x 7s n = 5r x 13s (3) moist heat 50°c n = 4r x 10s n = 4r x 10s n = 3r x 7s n = 5r x 13s experiment 3: diel fluctuation of light and temperature (1) continuous white light and 20°c n = 5r x 13s n = 4r x 9s n.a. n = 4r x 9s (2) continuous white light and 30ºc n = 5r x 13s n = 4r x 9s n.a. n = 4r x 9s (3) alternating between light and temperature n = 5r x 13s n = 4r x 9s n = 3r x 7s n = 4r x 9s experiment 4: light treatments (1) continuous white light n = 4r x 13s n = 4r x 8 n = 3r x 7s n = 4r x 13s (2) darkness n = 4r x 13s n = 4r x 8 n = 3r x 7s n = 4r x 13s (3) continuous red light n = 4r x 13s n = 4r x 8 n = 3r x 7s n = 4r x 13s (4) continuous far red light n = 4r x 13s n = 4r x 8 n = 3r x 7s n = 4r x 13s (5) combination of red and far red light n = 4r x 13s n = 4r x 8 n.a. n = 4r x 13s 2014] 241 latifah et al.: a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species to allow water absorption, because in nature the germination of seeds with a hard seed coat that is impermeable to water is stimulated when the seed coats are cracked or softened gradually by abrasion against soil and rocks (bewley & black, 1994). the general design of the experiments is presented in table 3, including the number of replicates and seeds used in each experimental unit, which varied according to the number of seeds available. species were not analysed as treatments as the experiments on each species were not conducted at the same time due to differences in seed availability; however, general comparisons between species were possible. the fully-imbibed seeds were sown between two water-saturated 9 cm-filter papers in petri dishes (ista, 1985). all treated seeds were then placed in the temperature-controlled room. as scarification could help water intrusion, based on previous work on palm seed imbibition (latifah, 2004), all seeds were scarified in experiments 3 and 4, and germination was monitored. variables observed were: water mass and time to full imbibition the amount (g) of water imbibed was determined per 10 seeds, because the mass of one seed was too small (table 2). water mass is the quantitative variable in the imbibition process and is described as the amount of water imbibed across the dormancy breaking treatments during the imbibition period. the imbibition period was determined as the time when there was no further change in the amount of water absorbed. germination the quantitative variable in the seed germination experiments is ‘germination’ expressed as a percentage. the formula is as follows: germination = n/n x 100% (n = number of seeds that germinated, n = total seeds per experimental unit) germination was defined by the appearance and elongation of the cotyledonary tubule in a. australasica and l. ramsayi var. tuckeri. in c. australis and h. wendlandiana, germination was defined as the appearance and elongation of the plumule. the number of seeds germinated was recorded regularly and then they were removed. after seeds ceased germinating, the viability of ungerminated seeds was tested using tetrazolium. the presence of viable ungerminated seeds indicated seed dormancy. viability was calculated as: viability= (n1+n2)/n x 100% (n1= number of seeds that germinated, n2= number of seeds that were viable according to the tetrazolium test, n = total seeds per experimental unit). viability was used to help interpret the germination results. the viability of the seeds was based on the staining pattern in embryos and endosperms (bhodthipuks et al., 1996; ista, 1985). since no information is available on palm seeds, this determination was based on viability tests done on oraniopsis appendiculata and arenga microcarpa (latifah, 2004). as palm seeds have a hard endosperm and seed coat, the palm seed is determined as viable when the embryo is red and endosperm is red or more than 50% red. time to first germination and final germination the rate of germination can be determined by several measures such as time to first germination, time to final germination, t50, coefficient rate of germination or coefficient rate of germination simultaneity (bewley & black, 1994; ista, 1985). however, as the palm seeds germinated slowly, time to first germination and time to final germination were used to assess the germination rate. time to first germination was the time (days after sowing) when the first seed germinated in each replicate. time to final germination was time to the last signs of seed germination. the differences in the amount of water imbibed across the treatments over time and the differences of the time effect were analysed by repeated measures anova. germination and time to final germination were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (anova) to determine if there were significant treatment effects. when the data were not normally distributed, the kruskal wallis non parametric test was applied using spss version 17.0 package was used for all the analyses. results & discussion arenga australasica belongs to the sub family arecoideae, and all members of this group have a very thick seed coat (uhl & dransfield, 1987) (fig. 1). the seed coats of a. australasica seeds slowed their imbibition (fig. 2a; table 4). the fullyimbibed scarified or heated seeds tended to have higher germination (82-88%) within 185-200 days (began to germinate after 40-42 days) than untreated seeds (68%) within 167 days (began to germinate after 39 days). hence fewer untreated seeds germinated, but they germinated faster. this reinwardtia 242 [vol.14 fig.2. amount of water absorbed per 10 seeds (mean ± sem) and time for imbibition of a). a. australasica, b). c. australis, c). h. wendlandiana and d). l. ramsayi in response to different dormancy breaking techniques: no treatment (□), scarification (δ), moist heat 50°c (○). samples with the same upper (treatment effect) or lower case letters (time) are not significantly different (p > 0.05); rate*time=interaction. fig. 3. germination and times to first and final germination (mean ± sem) of (a-c) a. australasica, (d-f) c. australis and (g-i) l. ramsayi in response to different dormancy breaking techniques: no treatment ( ), scarification ( ) and moist heat 50 ºc ( ). secondary histograms ( ) for l. ramsayi show seed viability (%) after adding the viable ungerminated seeds to the number of germinated seeds. f(2,9)=3.26,p=0.09), log transformed a arenga australasica b arenga australasica c 2014] 243 latifah et al.: a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species is a high total germination compared to that found in previous studies of arenga species. in one study, seeds of a. pinnata and a. wightii yielded only 27% and 4% germination and germinated after 27 and 3 days respectively, without any treatments (rees in koebernik, 1971). dormancy of a. pinnata seeds was broken by acid or mechanical scarification (using a file) treatments after 30-365 days; a few samples germinated after 730 days (mujahidin et al., 2003). a. microcarpa seeds gave 74-86% germination after warm stratification for 2-6 weeks at 27-40°c (odetola, 1987). a. engleri, a. microcarpa, a. obtusifolia, a. pinnata, a. tremula, a. undulatifolia and a. wightii broke dormancy after 83-626 days without any treatments (koebernik, 1971). in another study, scarified seeds of a. microcarpa had 70% germination after 63-308 days (latifah, 2004). on the other hand, the seeds of a. australasica had 90% germination within 19 days (ista, 2006); there is no information about the treatment, the source and the age of the seeds used in this study. the varying results above suggests that arenga spp., including a. australasica, may have secondary dormancy (baskin & baskin, 2001; fenner & thompson, 2005; vleeshouwers et al., 1995), which refers to seeds that are able to germinate after shedding from their parent trees when conditions are suitable for germination and seedling establishment; but the seeds can also lie dormant during seasons that are unfavourable for germination and establishment. imbibition of c. australis seeds was also slowed by the seed coat (fig. 2b; table 4). the properties of the sarcotesta may cause water impermeability according to bass (1979). no previous research on c. australis could be found; however, the literature contains some information for other calamus species. in the current study, 78% of untreated seeds (sarcotesta removed (fig. 1) germinated after 10 days (but within 37 days) (fig. 3.d-f). in comparison, c. peregrinus showed 91% germination within 12-35 days with the sarcotesta removed (vangkualong, 1984). in the current study, 70% of c. australis seeds, which had been scarified or heated, germinated after 10-13 days (within 64-71 days); but, this was not significantly different to untreated seeds. mohd et al. (1994) found increased germination of c. latifolius after heating at 40°c for 48 hours. the current study and the previous research by the other authors did not examine germination without removal of the sarcotesta. similarly, the seed coat of h. wendlandiana slowed imbibition (fig. 2c; table 4). as in a. australasica, h. wendlandiana also belongs to sub family arecoideae whose members have a very thick seed coat (uhl & dransfield, 1987) covered by a fibrous sheath (essig & hernandez, 2002) (fig. 1). untreated seeds (the fibrous sheath was not removed) of h. wendlandiana gave 43% germination after 102 days. the scarified and heated seeds did not germinate. lawie (2007) found that scarified seeds of h. wendlandiana took 365 days for the first germination, but does not describe the percentage that germinated. another worker found that fresh seeds without any treatment germinated within 90-180 days (cronin, 1989). in the present study, scarification and moist heat did not promote germination. the seeds may require certain light conditions for germination (fig. 6; table 4). imbibition was slowed by the seed coat of l. ramsayi (fig. 2d; table 4), as in the other three species. l. ramsayi belongs to sub family coryphoideae in which many members have very thick seed coats (uhl & dransfield, 1987). the seeds of this species also absorbed more water (0.08 mg/ seed) when fully imbibed after 48 hours than the other study species despite the seed weight being lighter than a. australasica and c. australis. in the current study, scarification gave 78% germination after 101 days (within 216 days), which was higher than untreated (60%, after 133 days, within 211 days) and heated seeds (58%, after 109 days, within 199 days). moreover, some of the ungerminated seeds were still viable, resulting in 71% (no treatment), 80% (scarification) and 77% (moist heat) viability. a previous study found that l. ramsayi var. ramsayi germinated slowly and erratically in the nursery as well as in rainforests. in the nursery, the germination of l. ramsayi var. tuckeri seeds took a year (diy pers. comm., january 7th 2009). previous research on other species of licuala found l. elegans, l. gracilis, l. lauterbachii, l. muelleri, l. peltata and l. spinosa took 53-475 days to germinate without any treatments (koebernik, 1971). these results suggest that seed coat-imposed dormancy is present and the endocarp that covers the seed coat may inhibit imbibition and germinationin l. ramsayi seeds. a. australasica seed germination was inhibited by far red light (fig. 5a; table 4). this suggests that canopy gaps created by cyclonic disturbances may induce seed germination in this species since: (1) this result was not significantly different from that in white light and (2) the far red and red-far red combination resulted in lower germination, 14% (72 days first germination) and 38% (130 days first germination). reinwardtia 244 [vol.14 all of the c. australis seeds germinated under all light treatments (table 4). this indicates that canopy gaps were also favourable for germination of c. australis. the germination of this species was not affected significantly by light condition. no previous research of this nature has been done on c. australis. no hydriastele wendlandiana seeds germinated under far red light, while most germinated under darkness or red light (fig. 6a; table 4). under white light only 43% untreated seeds germinated after 102 days (experiment 2: dormancy breaking treatments). the seed germination was inhibited by far red light. no previous research on effects of light on germination of this species could be found in the literature. however, these results suggest that untreated seeds germinated slowly under continuous white light and scarified seeds under white light did not germinate; although the scarified seeds germinated under darkness or red light. similarly, most seeds of l. ramsayi germinated under red and white light and were inhibited by far red light (fig. 5f; table 4). this suggests that germination of l. ramsayi seeds may be favoured by canopy gaps. no similar studies could be found for l. ramsayi in the literature. seed germination of the four palm species also occurred in darkness (fig. 5-6; table 4). the phytochrome system is involved in seed germination in darkness, the seeds may have sufficient pfr which is an active form that can promote germination in darkness (bewley & black, 1994b). no research in this area has been done in a. australasica. however, in another arenga species, a. microcarpa, darkness resulted in low germination when the seeds were placed inside 500 gauge polyethylene bags and exposed to continuous fig. 4. germination and times to first and final germination (mean ± sem) of (a-c) a. australasica, (d-f) c. australis and (g-i) l. ramsayi in response to different temperature treatments and diel fluctuation of light and temperature: 20 ºc full light ( ), 30 ºc full light ( ) and 20/30 ºc dark/light ( ). samples with the same lower case letters are not significantly different (p=0.05). secondary histograms ( ) for l. ramsayi show seed viability (%) after adding the viable ungerminated seeds to the number of germinated seeds. 2014] 245 latifah et al.: a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species white light or continuous darkness (odetola, 1987). the germination of the palms studied varied in response to different temperatures (20 and 30°c) and diel light and temperature fluctuations. the germination of a. australasica, c. australis and l. ramsayi was lower at 20°c, compared to 30°c. the effects of diel fluctuations were not significant in a. australasica and c. australis compared to l. ramsayi, which germinated best under the fluctuating treatment. in contrast, diel fluctuations inhibited the germination of h. wendlandiana seeds. a review of the literature found no similar research on palms. a non-palm and invasive tropical plant, mikania micrantha, germinated rapidly in 25, 30 15/30 °c (night/day) and an ambient temperature (24-32°c) suggesting it is widely adapted to a range of natural conditions (yang et al., 2005). temperature and light fluctuations did not significantly increase the r:fr (red:far red light) ratios and the transformation of prto pfr is influenced by temperature (pr is a physiologically inactive form of phytochrome activated by red light and transformed into pfr, an active form, that canbreak seed dormancy (atwell et al., 1999)). conclusion the hard seed coats of a. australasica, c. australis, h. wendlandiana and l. ramsayi slowed imbibition. scarified seeds germinated best in a. australasica, c. australis and l. ramsayi. the germination of all seeds was inhibited by far red light. the red light requirement suggests that canopy gaps created by cyclonic disturbances could promote their germination. this implies that in disturbed rainforests, the dispersal agents may play important roles in promoting germination of some palms by scarifying through the frugivore gut passage and specific placement in canopy gaps. acknowledgements i acknowledge dr. john dowe, a/prof. betsy jackes, a/prof. ross coventry, christopher gardiner and dr. fig. 5. germination and times to first and final germination (mean ± sem) of (a-c) a. australasica, (d-e) c. australis and (f-h) l. ramsayi in response to different light treatments: continuous white light ( ), darkness ( ), continuous red light ( ), continuous far red light ( ). samples with the same lower case letters are not significantly different (p=0.05). secondary histograms ( ) for l. ramsayi show seed viability (%) after adding the viable ungerminated seeds to the number of germinated seeds. reinwardtia 246 [vol.14 leone bielig for their intellectual support. the college of marine & environmental sciences, james cook university, australia, and ausaid provided a research grant and scholarship. i would also thank tropical vegetation dynamics research group and plant physiology research group at james cook university for providing research facilities. references adkins, s. w. & bellairs, s. m. 2000. seed dormancy mechanisms: australian native species. in: asher, c. j. & bell, l. c. 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(ed.). seed physiology: germination and reserve mobilization . academic press, sydney. uhl, n. w. & dransfield, j. 1987. genera palmarum: a classification of palms based on the work of harold e. moore, jr. first edition. allen press, lawrence. vangkualong, i. 1984. a preliminary study of the germination and some ecological aspects of calamus peregrinus in thailand. in: wong, k. m. m. proceedings of the rattan seminar, 2-4 october 1984. rattan information center, kepong. vleeshouwers, l. m., bouwmeester, h. j. & karssen, c. m. 1995. redefining seed dormancy: an attempt to integrate physiology and ecology. journal of ecology 83: 1031−1037. yang, q-h., ye, w-h., deng, x., cao, h-l., zhang, y. & xu, k-y. 2005. seed germination eco-physiology of mikania micrantha h. b. k. bot. bull. acad. sin. 46: 293−299. http://www.seedtest.org/upload/cms/user/presentationoftheforesttreeandshrubseedcommittee.pdf http://www.seedtest.org/upload/cms/user/presentationoftheforesttreeandshrubseedcommittee.pdf http://www.iucnredlist.org http://www.iucnredlist.org reinwardtia 248 [vol.14 instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. 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(araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 421-609-2-pb belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 reinwardtia 2022 21 (2) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 158/e/kpt/2021 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 21 (2): 43–82, december 23, 2022 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) eka fatmawati tihurua (morphologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) layout andri agus rahman illustrators wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, national research and innovation agency cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong, bogor 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@brin.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: top left: cyrtandra pendula blume. top middle: c. rosea ridl. top right: c. rubriflora p.e.sm. & h.j.atkins. below left: cyrtandra sp. below right: c. pauciflora ridl. photos by s. barber (c. pendula blume, c. rosea ridl., c. pauciflora ridl.), p. wilkie (c. rubriflora p.e.sm. & h.j.atkins), m. hughes (cyrtandra sp.). http://blog.sivitas.lipi.go.id/ekaf001/ the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 21(2): daniele cicuzza, university brunei darussalam, brunei darussalam. cheng wei chen, academia sinica, national taiwan normal university, taipei, taiwan. peter boyce, university of florence, italy. maria melanie p. medecilo-guiang, central mindanao university, philippines. andrew powling, university of portsmouth, portsmouth, uk. ian m. turner, singapore botanic garden, singapore. michael möller, royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, uk. rugayah, national research and innovation agency, indonesia. reinwardtia vol. 22. no. 1. pp: 55‒67 doi: 10.55981/reinwardtia.v22i1.4578 55 modelling the potential distributions of sawo kecik (manilkara kauki (l.)) dubard using maxent to support conservations of historical and cultural vegetations in daerah istimewa yogyakarta province received april 29, 2023; accepted june 6, 2023 andri wibowo department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, universitas indonesia. kampus ui gedung e level 2, jln. lingkar kampus raya, pondok cina, beji, depok 16424, indonesia. email: awbio2021c@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7787-5735. atus syahbudin faculty of forestry, universitas gadjah mada. jln. agro, bulaksumur, sleman, 55281, yogyakarta, indonesia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8614-1925. adi basukriadi department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, universitas indonesia. kampus ui gedung e level 2, jln. lingkar kampus raya, pondok cina, beji, depok 16424, indonesia. erwin nurdin department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, universitas indonesia. kampus ui gedung e level 2, jln. lingkar kampus raya, pondok cina, beji, depok 16424, indonesia. abstract wibowo, a., syahbudin, a., basukriadi, a. & nurdin, e. 2023. modelling the potential distributions of sawo kecik (manilkara kauki (l.)) dubard using maxent to support conservations of historical and cultural vegetations in daerah istimewa yogyakarta province. reinwardtia 22(1): 55‒67. — sawo kecik or manilkara kauki (l.) dubard, of the sapotaceae family as it is formally known, is one of the species with significant cultural values in yogyakarta province (diy) culture because it symbolizes social righteousness. in connection with this, yogyakarta's municipal and district governments have been encouraged to plant sawo kecik. despite these efforts, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the possible range of this species, and this knowledge is essential to promoting the conservation of m. kauki in diy. with the help of isothermality, precipitation of driest month, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of driest quarter, and precipitation of warmest quarter data, this study tries to simulate the probable distributions of m. kauki throughout cities and districts in diy. the model estimated 1,275 km 2 of diy areas was suitable for m. kauki that concentrated in the central parts, spanning from the west to the east of diy. yogyakarta city followed by sleman district has the largest areas categorized from high to very high suitable for m. kauki. while, gunung kidul followed by kulonprogo districts have the largest areas categorized as low suitable. to conclude, m. kauki can adapt areas with moderate precipitation as low as 20 mm during driest month and as low as 100 mm during driest quarter. during warmest quarter, m. kauki requires precipitation with value of 700 mm. the conservation effort and m. kauki planting should then concentrate on yogyakarta city and sleman district since such locations are thought to have high appropriateness for the species. key words: distr ibutions, m anilk ara k auk i, maxent, yogyakarta. abstrak wibowo, a., syahbudin, a., basukriadi, a. & nurdin, e. 2023. pemodelan potensi distribusi sawo kecik (manilkara kauki (l.)) dubard dengan maxent untuk konservasi vegetasi bernilai sejarah dan budaya di provinsi daerah istimewa yogyakarta. reinwardtia 22(1): 55‒67. — sawo kecik, atau secara ilmiah dikenal sebagai manilkara kauki (l.) dubard, suku sapotaceae merupakan salah satu spesies yang memiliki nilai budaya penting dalam kebudayaan provinsi daerah istimewa yogyakarta (diy) karena mewakili kebaikan di tengah masyarakat. terkait hal tersebut, pemerintah provinsi telah mendorong kota dan kabupaten di yogyakarta untuk menanam sawo kecik. meski demikian, informasi tentang potensi sebaran jenis ini masih terbatas dan informasi ini sangat penting untuk mendukung konservasi m. kauki di diy. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memodelkan sebaran potensial m. kauki di kota dan kabupaten di diy dengan menggunakan metode maximum entropy (maxent) sebagai kebaruan dengan menggunakan isotermalitas, presipitasi bulan terkering, presipitasi musiman, presipitasi kuartal terkering, dan presipitasi kuartal terhangat variabel. model memperkirakan wilayah diy seluas 1.275 km 2 cocok untuk m. kauki yang terkonsentrasi di bagian tengah, membentang dari barat hingga timur diy. kota yogyakarta diikuti kabupaten sleman memiliki wilayah terluas dengan kategori potensi sebaran tinggi hingga sangat tinggi yang cocok untuk m. kauki. sedangkan kabupaten gunung kidul yang diikuti kabupaten kulonprogo memiliki wilayah terluas dengan kategori potensi sebaran rendah. disimpulkan bahwa m. kauki dapat beradaptasi di daerah dengan curah hujan sedang serendah 20 mm selama bulan terkering dan serendah 100 mm selama kuartal terkering. pada kuarter terhangat, m. kauki membutuhkan presipitasi dengan nilai 700 mm. kemudian untuk mencapai hasil yang optimal, upaya konservasi dan penamailto:afri.irawan31@gmail.com https://dx.doi.org/10.55981/reinwardtia.v22i1.4578 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7787-5735 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8614-1925 reinwardtia 56 [vol.22 introduction manilkara kauki (dubard, 1915) or local name is known as sawo kecik belongs to the sapotaceae family and is native from the malay peninsula to the pacific. manilkara kauki was introduced into the west indies many years ago, they are rarely seen today (govaerts, 2017). m. kauki grows on beaches in open forest, monsoon forest, vine thickets, and rain forest. this species has at least 11 synonyms. in indonesia, m. kauki is distributed from java, bali, and the papua islands. besides that, this species is also observed on the southern coast of banyuwangi, the jakarta coast, the karimun jawa islands, bali, sulawesi, kagean, weh island, and in nusa tenggara with elevation limits of 300 m (alrasyid, 1971). research by sudrajat and megawati (2010) has reported m. kauki presences in benoa, mokmer, kaliurang, lembar, and alas purwo within elevation ranges of 1–332 m. this species is adapted to rainfall rate ranges of 1,500–4,488 mm. recent research has indicated potential distribution of m. kauki. regarding this, several methods have been developed to model species distribution at spatial scale. one approach that has been used widely to model the potential spatial distributions of a species is known as maximum entropy (maxent) modelling. this model has been used widely to estimate potential distributions of animal (stephenson et al., 2022), including ticks (sanchez et al., 2023), vegetation (dong et al., 2023), and crops. in indonesia, potential distribution modelling studies using maxent has been developed for x anthomonas campestris (saputra et al., 2023) and indigofera tinctoria along citarum watershed (usmadi et al., 2021). besides maxent, there are a growing variety of methods for estimating habitat appropriateness, including geographical based methods (bioclim, domain, biomapper), statistical based methods (generalized additive model/gam, glm), machine learning based methods (maxent, random forest, support vector machine/svm), and deep learning based methods (artificial neuron network/ann). each tool is unique, with its own set of pros and downsides. according to marcer et al. (2013), among other things, maxent is one of the most often used habitat suitability modeling tools. the need for only species presence data, the ability to run with a little amount of data, the high accuracy of prediction findings, the high reproducibility, and the ability to predict the most discriminating environmental parameters are all advantages of maxent (fois et al., 2018). di yogyakarta (diy) is one of the provinces in indonesia that has promoted the cultivation and planting of m. kauki. according to governor of diy circular no. 194/kep/2015, entitled designation of wanadesa locations in diy year of 2015, it has been ordered to plant m. kauki across 11 villages in kulonprogo, bantul, sleman, and gunung kidul districts. in bantul district, m. kauki has been assigned as flag species as stated in mayor of bantul circular no. 567/b/kep/bt/1998. in diy, m. kauki is among the trees that are selected to be planted inside kraton (widayatsari, 2002) because it has important philosophical and cultural values, especially for the sultanate of yogyakarta. manilkara kauki is representing sarwo bercik value or social righteousness (wastuty, 2007). despite this progress, there is still limited information on where the potential distribution of m. kauki is located, mainly in diy. this information is required in advance to guarantee and sustain m. kauki plantings. here, this research aims to determine the potential distribution areas for m. kauki in diy. the novelty of this research is the use of maxent modeling to achieve accuracy in potential distributions. the results of this study will benefit the success of conservation of historical and cultural vegetation in diy. materials and methods the research was conducted on diy province. the study methodology followed methods developed by semu et al. (2021), including species occurrence, environmental variables, and model evaluation. the method to estimate and model the potential distributions of m. kauki was comprises several steps (fig. 1). it is started with the species occurrence recording and multicollinearity test to select relevant environmental variables. study sites this research was conducted in one city (kodya yogyakarta) and four districts (kab. sleman, kulonprogo, bantul, gunung kidul) of diy province (fig. 2). the geo-coordinates of diy were 110.0°– 110.9° east longitude (e) and 7.2°–8.3° south latitude (s). diy is bordered by highlands in the north, hilly areas in the east and west, and sea and coastal areas in the south. the southern parts of diy were karst areas characterized by limited surface water and experiencing dryness (putra & nurnaman m. kauki sebaiknya difokuskan di kota yogyakarta dan kabupaten sleman karena daerah tersebut dianggap memiliki tingkat potensi sebaran yang tinggi. kata kunci: m anilk ara k auk i, maxent, sebar an, yogyakar ta. wibowo et al.: modelling the potential distribution of manilkara kauki (l.) dubard. 2023] 57 jani, 2021). the annual rainfall ranges of diy are 718.0–2,992.3 mm/year. high rainfalls were observed in the northern parts of sleman district. while low rainfalls were observed in the southern parts of gunungkidul and bantul districts, sleman district has recorded rainfall rates up to 2,992.3 mm/year. while the lowest rainfalls with values of 197.6 mm/year were observed in the southern parts of gunung kidul district. according to hakim & yuliah (2018), diy is known for having a high diversity of vegetation. it was recorded that diy has at least 805 plant species representing 110 families inhabiting terrestrial ecosystems, 12 families residing in aquatic ecosystems, and 4 families under protection. among those species, at least 33 plant species are categorized as very rare, and m. kauki is included in that list. m. kauki is protected under mayor of bantul circular no. 567/b/kep/bt/1998. among those species, there are 7 species that have cultural values, including m. kauki, which represents sarwo becik cultural values symbolizing social righteousness. manilkara kauki occurrence surveys and recordings explorations or field surveys combined with literature and database reviews were conducted to survey and record the presence of m. kauki in diy from january to march 2023 covering yogyakarta city, kulonprogo, sleman, bantul, and gunung kidul districts. the presence of m. kauki was recorded using direct visual observation or also known as visual encounter survey (ves) and a database (tabel 1) provided and gathered from literature reviews sourced from journal articles and reports provided by government agencies, including the agency for agriculture and forestry at the indonesian ministry of environment and forestry. ves was implemented purposefully by visiting parks, household yards, and roadside areas where m. kauki may be planted. the sample size covered all trees planted. the geographical coordinates of m. kauki presences in the field were recorded using the garmin etrex 30 type global positioning system (gps). the data were convertfig. 1. a flowchart of the suitability analysis and geographical distribution modeling. fig. 2. location map of the study sites in five districts within diy province, indonesia reinwardtia 58 [vol.22 ed to microsoft excel and saved in csv format for use in maxent habitat suitability modelling. the tree species identification guideline to determine m. kauki was based on identification keys (backer & van den brink, 1963; partomihardjo et al., 2014). manilkara kauki environmental variables this study included various environmental variables (table 2) following dong et al. (2023) and arshad et al. (2022). for the recent time, bioclimatic variables (bio 1–bio 19) from the global climate database wordclim (www.worldclim.org, the new version 2.0) (hijmans et al., 2005) have been employed extensively in habitat suitability modeling (khanum et al., 2013) and are widely used in the asian region (rana et al., 2017). those environmental variables were chosen based on selection and utilization of environmental elements having a significant influence in order to obtain an accurate and informative habitat suitability model. jackknife analysis was used to evaluate the contribution of each environmental variable to the resulting model. some environmental variables resulted from jackknife analysis were not used due to the lack of contribution to the model making (percent contribution = 0). those environmental variables were variables with a small average contribution (< 6%) or permutation importance (< 6%) (wei et al., 2018). the contribution percentage and permutation are two important factors for understanding and measuring the environmental variable’s contribution as well as importance to the maxent model. multicollinearity test to establish a model that has better performance with fewer variables and to avoid collinearity between the variable, a multicollinearity test was performed using pearson’s correlation tests (preau et al., 2018) on 19 environmental variables (bio 1–bio 19) (table 2). the variables that have highly cross-correlated variables (r 2 > 0.8) were excluded and variables having r 2 < 0.8 were kept for further analysis for geographical distribution modeling. if multicollinearity occurs, then a variable is strongly correlated with other variables in the model, and its predictive power is unreliable and unstable (as’ary et al., 2023). based on the multicollinearity test, the selected environmental variables to be used were bio 3, 14, 15, 17, and 18. manilkara kauki suitability analysis this study employed maxent analysis using maxent packages within r platform version 3.6.3 (mao et al., 2022) to generate predicted suitability maps of m. kauki across diy. several r packages required to develop the suitability maps include library ("sp"), library ("dismo") (khan et al., 2022), library ("maptools"), library ("rgdal") (bivand et al., 2022), and library ("raster") (lemenkova et al., 2020). the inputs for maxent included 19 environmental variables (bio 1–bio 19).within the model, the contribution and impact of each environmental variable on the m. kauki habitat suitability model were determined using a jackknife test (promnikorn et al., 2019), and the receiving operating curve (auc) area was used to evaluate the performance model. auc values range from 0 (least suitability) to 1, with a value less than 0.5 suggesting that the resulting model is no better than random and uninformative data and a value more than 1.0 showing that the resulting model is highly good and informative. the prediction map resulting from maxent models was imported into gis for presentation and additional study (hijmans et al., 2012). according to wei et al. (2018), habitat suitability levels on the maxent model map can be classified into five suitability level included 0: unsuitable, 1: low suitability, 2: medium suitability, 3: high suitability, 4: very high suitability. city/districts title authors year bantul laporan kinerja pengelolaan lingkungan hidup daerah kabupaten bantul dinas lingkungan hidup daerah kabupaten bantul 2016 yogyakarta alternatif pohon buah untuk penghijauan permukiman perkotaan berdasarkan pendugaan tingkat keindahan dan pendapat masyarakat di kelurahan rejowinangun, yogyakarta annisa, n. s., irwan, r., s. n. kurniasih, b. & ambarwati, e. 2018 kulonprogo, gunung kidul exploration and characterization of sapodilla (manilkara zapota (l.) van royen) in daerah istimewa yogyakarta rozika, murti, r. h. & purwanti, s. 2013 sleman kebun raya botani di kabupaten sleman jhonson 2019 table 1. literature review source materials of m. kauki in indonesian. wibowo et al.: modelling the potential distribution of manilkara kauki (l.) dubard. 2023] 59 manilkara kauki model evaluation and validation this study's model evaluation follows reddy et al. (2015) and song et al. (2023). area under the curve analysis (auc) was used to examine the model. the maxent model calculated the percentage contribution of each factor to the species distribution. the percentage contribution represents the value of each factor's contribution to the distributions of the species. the size of the receiver operating characteristic curve (roc) and the area under the curve (auc) were used to assess model prediction accuracy. the higher the auc value, the greater the accuracy of the model's prediction outcomes, and the parameters of the maxent model were selected in accordance with zhao et al. (2018). auc is an effective and efficient independent threshold index with the capacity of assessing the model’s capacity to distinguish the presence and absence. auc values are categorized in to five different classes based on performance. the performance classes are failing (0.5 to 0.6), bad (0.6 to 0.7), reasonable (0.7 to 0.8), good (0.8 to 0.9) and great (0.9 to 1). models with values less than 0.5 indicates that the occurrence in the reallife scenario is rare or can be considered as a guesstimate (shcheglovitova & anderson, 2013). jackknife was executed to systematically exclude each variable or evaluate the leading bioclimatic or topographic variables. jackknife evaluates the leading variables in determining the potential distribution of species. the relationship between the selected environmental factors from 19 environmental variables and the potential habitat for the species is determined from the created response curve from the model (vila et al., 2012). the relative contributions in percentage of the each environmental variable to the maxent model were calculated. results manilkara kauki observed morphology m. kauki common morphology was observed based on m. kauki occurrence surveys across diy. the observed m. kauki has tree height ranges of 10–25 m. manilkara kauki occurrences manilkara kauki is mainly present (fig. 2) between 110.2°–110.5° e and 7.68°–7.84° s in the central parts of diy, with hilly areas in the east variables sources format unit annual mean temperature (bio 1) www.worldclim.org image data in raster °c mean diurnal range (bio 2) (mean of monthly (max temp min temp)) www.worldclim.org image data in raster °c isothermality (bio 3)* www.worldclim.org image data in raster % temperature seasonality (bio 4) www.worldclim.org image data in raster °c max temperature of warmest month (bio 5) www.worldclim.org image data in raster °c min temperature of coldest month (bio 6) www.worldclim.org image data in raster °c temperature annual range (bio 7) www.worldclim.org image data in raster °c mean temperature of wettest quarter (bio 8) www.worldclim.org image data in raster °c mean temperature of driest quarter (bio 9) www.worldclim.org image data in raster °c mean temperature of warmest quarter (bio 10) www.worldclim.org image data in raster °c mean temperature of coldest quarter (bio 11) www.worldclim.org image data in raster °c annual precipitation (bio 12) www.worldclim.org image data in raster mm precipitation of wettest month (bio 13) www.worldclim.org image data in raster mm precipitation of driest month (bio 14) * www.worldclim.org image data in raster mm precipitation seasonality (bio 15) * www.worldclim.org image data in raster dimensionless precipitation of wettest quarter (bio 16) www.worldclim.org image data in raster mm precipitation of driest quarter (bio 17) * www.worldclim.org image data in raster mm precipitation of warmest quarter (bio 18) * www.worldclim.org image data in raster mm precipitation of coldest quarter (bio 19) www.worldclim.org image data in raster mm tabel 2. variables used in this study *: selected variables based on multicollinearity test reinwardtia 60 [vol.22 fig. 3. current presence records of manilkara kauki across one city and four districts within diy province. fig 4. response curves of suitability predicted values of manilkara kauki with bio 3: isothermality, bio 14: precipitation of driest month, bio 15: precipitation seasonality, bio 17: precipitation of driest quarter, and bio 18: precipitation of warmest quarter. wibowo et al.: modelling the potential distribution of manilkara kauki (l.) dubard. 2023] 61 fig. 5. distributions of manilkara kauki current presence records related to environmental variables including bio 3: isothermality (%), bio 14: precipitation of driest month (mm), bio 15: precipitation seasonality (dimensionless), bio 17: precipitation of driest quarter (mm), and bio 18: precipitation of warmest quarter (mm) across one city and four districts within diy province, indonesia. fig. 6. the receiver operating characteristic (roc) curve result of the maxent modelling. reinwardtia 62 [vol.22 and west according to the collected occurrence data and survey. in total, there were nineteen occurrences of m. kauki (fig. 3), with 84.21% of occurrences dominating the central parts. only one record near the coastal areas. manilkara kauki occurs mostly in hilly areas and lowlands with altitude ranges of 33–176 m in diy. manilkara kauki was absent in near-coastal areas with an altitude less than 30 m. manilkara kauki response curves fig. 4 shows response curves of suitability predicted values of m. kauki potential distributions with bio 3: isothermality, bio 14: precipitation of driest month, bio 15: precipitation seasonality, bio 17: precipitation of driest quarter, and bio 18: precipitation of warmest quarter. among those environmental variables, significant responses were observed for isothermality, precipitation of driest month, and precipitation of driest quarter variables. manilkara kauki responds immediately toward slight increases of those variables. this condition differs as can be seen for annual precipitation of warmest quarter. manilkara kauki responds gradually toward this variable. manilkara kauki environmental variables environmental variable spatial distributions related to the presence of m. kauki across diy are available in fig. 5. those variables include isothermality, precipitation of driest month: precipitation seasonality, precipitation of driest quarter, and precipitation of warmest quarter. retrieved from the wordclim database. all variables were observed limit the distribution of m. kauki current presence. coastal areas with low precipitation of warmest quarter < 700 mm has limited m. kauki distributions in here. while high isothermality with values of > 70% and low precipitation seasonality with values of < 60 has limited m. kauki distributions in hilly areas. manilkara kauki can adapt areas with moderate precipitation as low as 20 mm during driest month and as low as 100 mm during driest quarter. during warmest quarter, m. kauki requires precipitation with value of 700 mm. manilkara kauki was observed clustered near areas with high isothermality with values of > 76% covering north of kulonprogo and sleman districts. maxent model evaluation and validation model evaluation and validation guarantees the reliability of the model and the reliability is expressed by the area under receiver-operating characteristic (roc) curve (auc) obtained by the accuracy test of the roc curve analysis method. the auc values were between 0 and 1 and divided into several value classes. when the auc value was lower than 0.5, the model executed was considered poor than contingency. the maxent model is more precise and descriptive when the auc test value is closer to 1, indicating better discrimination. in this study, the auc value showed that the maxent model performed well with auc value of 0.902 under the model at the current time (fig. 6).this indicates that maxent model has an accurate prediction on the potential distribution region of m. kauki in diy. manilkara kauki maxent model the maxent species occurrence probability output raster for m. kauki was classified, mapped, and evaluated for land area calculation for each city and district considered suitable (fig. 7). in total, there were estimated 1,275 km 2 of areas in diy that considered suitable for m. kauki and falls into four suitability levels. the maxent model classified the suitability levels into levels that vary in size among cities and districts. the most suitable habitats for m. kauki in diy were estimated to be concentrated in the central parts, spanning from the west to the east of diy province. kulonprogo, bantul, sleman districts and yogyakarta city were observed as regions that have level 3 and level 4 suitabilities or are categorized as having high and very high suitabilities (fig. 8). level 1 and level 2 suitabilities, categorized as low and medium suitabilities, were observed in gunung kidul, followed by kulonprogo, bantul, and sleman districts. each district and city across diy has a different composition of potential suitable areas for m. kauki (fig. 9). areas of yogyakarta city were dominated by high suitability, with similar compositions equaling 50% of total yogyakarta city areas. in sleman, 10% of its areas were considered very suitable for m. kauki, and 20% were considered suitable. almost all the areas in gunung kidul were considered to have low suitability for m. kauki, followed by kulonprogo and bantul districts. discussion this is the first study, especially in indonesia, to analyze the range expansions of m. kauki based on the maxent species distribution model. to ensure the model's accuracy, the occurrence data and environmental variables have been carefully selected and validated. model parameter optimization and evaluation for m. kauki were made using the auc, and the auc values indicated the high prediction accuracy of the maxent model. currently, in indonesia, most studies of m. kauki were mostly focused and limited on taxonomy and morphological studies (sofiyanti & iriani, 2023) and m. kauki for absorbing co2 (anggara & rahmawati, 2021). here, this study has expanded by estimating potential distributions of m. kauki at province scale. wibowo et al.: modelling the potential distribution of manilkara kauki (l.) dubard. 2023] 63 manilkara kauki distributions on diy were shown to be limited by coastal areas as can be seen in gunung kidul and kulonprogo areas. this finding is quite contradicted with reports confirming potential distribution of m. kauki that also include coastal areas. the potential absences of m. kauki in coastal areas in gunung kidul and kulonprogo areas can be related to the internal and external factor or environmental variables. as an internal variable the presences of m. kauki were determined by seed production during the first year and reproductive event during the second (cruz-rodríguez et al., 2009). as an external factor, soil fertility is one of the factors. while soils in kulonprogo are classified as inceptisol soils. this kind of soil has n, p, and k nutrient deficits (ciptaningrum, 2022) that limits the suitability of soils for m. kauki. the k deficit will limit the availability of soil ph, k total, k available nutrient, and led to k uptake by the plant (abdillah et al., 2011). while according (chakradhari et al., 2019), leaves, seed kernel, and seed coat of manilkara genus do have high level of k and this indicates the importance of k to determine the suitable habitats for m. kauki that in fact k was limited in the kulonprogo areas and explain the low suitability of this area. besides k deficient, kulonprogo is a coastal area where most of the soils comprise sandy soils (sutardi, 2017). according to hani et al. (2016), the sandy dominated soils in kulonprogo were having deficient in npk contents, c organic and also has low ph with ranges of 4.51–5.38. according to falasca et al. (2016), species belong to sapotaceae family require neutral soils with ph ranging from 6.5 to 7.5. based on the model, the hill central parts in bantul, sleman districts, and yogyakarta city are considered as the most suitable. the elevation and precipitation of those areas were fulfilling the requirement for m. kauki to grow. the growth of m. kauki will reach its optimum results at the elevation ranges from 600 to 2,100 m above sea level (pohlan et al., 2000). while manilkara genus belongs to sapotaceae can tolerate dry climate, it requires from moderate to high rainfall with ranges of 1,000 to 4,000 mm. these suitable rainfalls can be observed in the bantul, sleman districts, and yogyakarta city. in those areas the m. kauki can adapt areas with moderate precipitation as low as 20 mm during driest month and as low as 100 mm during driest quarter and those areas were considered suitable for m. kauki (falasca et al., 2016). another variables that limit the distribution m. kauki is precipitation seasonality and isothermality. precipitation seasonality (souza et al., 2016 ) affects the soil moisture and potential distributions of m. kauki (ayanlade et al., 2021). m. kauki was occurred near areas with high isothermality. according to (huang et al., 2021), wide-range plant groups tended to occur in areas with higher temfig.7. distribution of potential suitable areas for manilkara kauki across one city and four districts within diy province, indonesia (suitability level 0: unsuitable, 1: low suitability, 2: medium suitability, 3: high suitability, 4: very high suitability). reinwardtia 64 [vol.22 perature variability and isothermality. conclusion diy has considerably suitable areas for m. kauki sizing 1,275 km 2 of diy areas. the suitable areas were increasing toward central parts of diy and spanning from the west to the east of diy. yogyakarta city followed by sleman district has the largest areas categorized from high to very high suitable for m. kauki. while, gunung kidul followed by kulonprogo districts have the largest areas categorized as low suitable. to conclude, m. kauki can adapt areas with moderate precipitation as low as 20 mm during driest month and as low as 100 mm during driest quarter. during warmest quarter, m. kauki requires precipitation with value of 700 mm, then for achieving optimum results, the conservation effort and planting of m. kauki should focus on yogyakarta city and sleman disfig.8. distribution of potential suitable areas in km 2 for manilkara kauki across one city and four districts within diy province, indonesia related to district areas (suitability level 1: low suitability, 2: medium suitability, 3: high suitability, 4: very high suitability). fig.9. percentages of potential suitable areasfor manilkara kauki across one city and four districts within diy province, indonesia (suitability level 1: low suitability, 2: medium suitability, 3: high suitability, 4: very high suitability). wibowo et al.: modelling 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interpretation of the compound strobilar structures of cordaites and conifers h s u a n k e n g department of botany, university, of singapore, singapore abstract the compound strobili of cordaites and conifers (e.g. amentotaxiis) is interpreted by the application, of the telome theory. homologies of' organization among the strdbilar structures and. the pinnate phylloclade' of phylloeladus are also suggested. \ buah runjung majemuk cordaites dan tumbuhan berunjung (misalnya. amentotaxus) ditafsirkan berdasarkan penerapan teori telom. homologi organisasi antara susunan buah runjung dan filokladium bersirip daripada phylloeladus ditunjukkan pula. introduction in examining the structure of a pinnate phylloclade of phylloeladus (figs. 18, 19), a curious conifer found in malesia, new zealand and tasmania, the writer was perplexed by its extraordinary complexity (keng 1974). the whole structure appears to be a product of several repeated processes of a stem within the axil of a leaf (figs. 18, 19). this is further complicated by the fact that its terminal bud can eventually give rise to a new crop of pinnate phylloclades. it is therefore suggested to abandon the classical leaf-stem concept which was formulated from the study of angiosperms, and to refer back to the most primitive land plants such as rhynia, horneophyton and allied plants which are com-, posed of • dichotomously forking branch systems, in which there is no clear distinction between stem and leaf. the ultimate terminal-portion of the dichotomizing axis, either fertile or sterile, was aptly termed a telome by zimmermann. it is postulated that several processes are involved in further modifications of the dichotomizing branch systems, these include: planation (branching restricted to a plane), overtopping (unequal dichotomy), syngenesis (or webbing, lateral union between forked divisions) and reduction (zimmermann 1930, 1952). following this telome theory, the organization of the pinnate phyhoclade of phyllocladus can be fully explained (keng 1974). . 378 r e i n w a e d t i a [vol. 9 in this paper it is attempted to apply the same theory to demonstrate that starting from the dichotomizing branch systems, through essentially the same procedure, the compound strobili of both the palaeozoic cordaites and the living conifer, amentotaxus, can be constructed. should the homologies of organization be established among these structures, then it could probably assist us in stabilizing the nomenclature of the reproductive organs of these taxa, which at present, is in a state of confusion. on the spicate compound strobili of cordaites the genus cordaitanthus (or cordctianthus) has been commonly applied to both ovulate and pollen bearing organs of cordaites by the palaeobotanists. it was precisely a century ago, in 1877, when grand' eury first described cordaitean shoots with leaves and axillary compound strobili attached (fig. 1). later it was found that the ovulate compound strobilus of the cordaites has essentially the same organization as the staminate one although they were borne on separate branches (florin 1951). a compound strobilus (fig. 2) may reach a length of 30 cm and it bears two rows of strobili each in the axil of an awl-shaped bract. each strobilus* consists of a number of scale-like bracts spirally arranged on the axis (figs. 3, 4 & 5). usually only the upper few scale-like bracts bear an ultimate unit of fertile shoot (either ovulate or staminate) each on their axils, while the others remain sterile**. the less rigid term strobilus is preferable to others such as: 'flower' (florin 1951), 'fertile branch unit' (wilde 1944), 'dwarf shoot' (andrews 1961), 'bud' (banks 1970), etc. the interpretation of the strobilar structure of cordaitanthus presented here is in agreement with that of renault (1879) and is rather different from that of florin (1951). according to florin, such strobilus is homologous to an angiospermous flower —— with sterile sporophylls below and fertile ones above. because of this conviction, florin (1951, p. 303) questioned renault's interpretation of the staminate strobili of cordaitanthus penjoni that these ultimate units of fertile shoots (called 'sporophylls' by florin) were placed in the axils of bracts. paradoxically, florin (1951, p. 308) did not seem to challenge the earlier interpretation that in the ovulate strobili of c. pseudofluitans, the ultimate units of fertile shoots (called 'megasporophylls' by florin) were being placed axillary to bracts. i am inclined to agree with florin (1951, p. 307) in this particular aspect that c. pseudofluitans probably represented the most primitive type of the ovulate strobili of cordaitanthus. i also tend to suggest that c. penjoni probably represents the most primitive type of staminate strobili. in both cases their ultimate units of fertile shoots were likely to be inserted in the axils of bracts. while in most of the other known species of cordaitanthus, these bracteate structures were obsolete. it is probably significant to note the presence of the seemingly homologous bracteate structures in austrotaxus and pseudotaxus, but not in amentotaxus and taxus as going to be discussed below. a more or less similar view was expressed by meeuse (1963,-p. 161). 1980] keng: strobilar structures of conifers 379 the ovulate compound strobili of cordaites (figs. 3 & 4) are especially of phylogenetic significance. from this florin (1938-45, summarized in 1951) has constructed an evolutionary series, through the strobilar structures of such fossil plants as lebachia, ernestiodendron (fig. 6), pseudovoltrda and voltzia, to the ovulate strobili of the modern conifers (for details see wilde, 1944, esp. her fig. 8). essentially, it involves a reduction of an ovulate strobilus of cordaitanthus into an ovuliferous scale of pinus, and the entire spicate compound strobilus of the former into a seemingly simple ovulate strobilus of the latter. this interpretation thus satisfactorily solved the mystery of what schleiden once called 'folium in axilla folii' (coulter & chamberlain 1917, p. 245), namely the insertion of an ovuliferous scale in the axil of a bract. on the spicate staminate strobilus of amentotaxus one of the most curious living conifers is amentotaxus (taxaceae) from eastern asia (keng 1969). its compound staminate strobili are produced within a large winter bud which is borne on the top of the" previous year's branchlets. they are short-stalked, usually four together, subtended by four rows of imbricate bud-scales (figs. 7 & 8). each compound staminate strobilus is spike-like, when fully expanded it can reach a length of 2.5-3 cm long. it consists of 20-30 staminate strobili, growing along the main axis in four rows (fig. 9). the globular or ovoid staminate strobilus is composed of 9-12 closely compacted peltate 'microsporangiophores' with four or five microsporangia hanging underneath in a semi-circle and with a short stalk near the centre (figs. 10 & 11). although no trace of the bracts subtending the microsporangiophores was found at the base of the stalk in amentotaxus, prominent bracts subtending the peltate microsporangiophores, however, were reported from austrotaxus (saxton 1934, wilde 1975) (fig. 12) and pseudotaxus (= nothotaxus, florin 1948, wilde 1975) (fig. 13). because of the homology of the sporangiophores of these taxad genera, it was postulated that in ancestral form, each peltate sporangiophore of taxus (saxton 1934, p. 422) and amentotaxus (keng 1969, p. 44) is likely subtended by a leafy bract. discussion and conclusion florin (1951), in his excellent essay on evolution in cordaites and conifers, included a special chapter to discuss on the application of the telome theory to explain the reproductive structures. but somehow, he r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 • 13 f i g s , 1-13. 1. foliage branch of cordaites bearing many spicate, compound strobili. — 2. p a r t of a compound strobilus of fig. 1, showing a number of strobili arranged in two rows. •— 3, ovulate strobilus of cordaitanthus pseudofluitans. — 4. longitudinal 19&0] k e n g : strobilar structures of conifers 381 devoted most part of his treatise in elucidating the telome theory per se, rather than its application to explain the reproductive structures of cordaites and conifers. in a previous paper, as mentioned earlier, the present writer applied the telome theory to explain the complicated structure of the pinnate phylloclade of phyllocladus (keng 1974). the hypothesis can be briefly reiterated as follows (figs. 14-17). through the processes of overtopping and syngenesis (or webbing), the lower half of the dichotomous branch system organizes into a leafy structure which is labelled as primary laminar appendage in fig. 17, the upper half retains its ability for further dichotomizing, and from which the primary branch is eventually formed. it is by the same procedure, that part of the remaining dichotomous systems, again through overtopping and syngenesis, organizes into a leafy structure, and part maintains its ability for further dichotomizing. consequently, laminar appendages and branches (fertile, sterile or fertile/sterile) of secondary and tertiary (or even quaternary and so forth) degrees can be constructed in succession. it is conceivable that the compound strobilar structures of cordaites and conifers probably can also be constituted by the same procedure as hypothesized above. adhering to this reasoning, the following plausible homologies can thus be established (figs. 18-28). (1) it is suggested that the so-called foliage leaves of phyllocladus and of cordaites, and the bud-scales of amentotaxus are probably homologous to the primary laminar appendages and that the pinnate phylloclade is probably homologous to the primary sterile branch, the compound strobiji of cordaites and amentotaxus, and the primary fertile branches respectively (figs. 18, 20 & 25). (2) it is also suggested that the segment of a pinnate phylloclade of phyllocladus, the ovulate and staminate strobili of cordaitanthus, and section of a young ovulate strobilus of c. pseudofluitans. — 5. longitudinal section of a staminate strobilus of c. penjoni. — 6. two ovulate strobili (from the median of a compound strobilus) of walchistrobus (ernestiodcndron) sp. — 7. external view of an unfolded winter bud of amentotaxus formosana, showing a cluster of four (one is not seen) compound staminate strobili. — 8. the same, with half of the bud scales and two of the compound staminate strobili removed. — 9. compound staminate strobilus showing a member of ovoid to globular staminate strobili arranged on an axis. — 10. staminate strobilus (taken from the median of fig. 9), enlarged. — 11. sporangiophore. — 12. staminate strobilus of austrotaxus spicata, showing each sporangiophore subtended by a bract. — 13. staminate strobilus of pseudotaxus (nothotaxus) chienii, showing each of the sporangiophore subtended by a prominent bract. (fig. 1, originally by grand'eury, redrawn from arnold 1947; fig. 2, originally by fry, from banks 1970; fig. 3, from florin 1951; figs. 4 & 5, from wilde 1944; fig. 6, from florin 1951; figs. 7-11, from keng 1969, fig. 12, from saxton 1934; fig. 13, from florin 1948). -'382 k e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 . branch tert. laminar appendage prim, laminar appendage 17 -•secondary axis -sec. laminar appendage -primary axis prim, laminar appendage 14 figs. 14-17. diagrammatic representation of the hypothetical steps from an open dichotomous system (fig. 14), through overtopping and webbing (fig. 15), to the formation of laminar appendages and branches (figs-. 16 & 17) (based on keng 1969). 1880] keng: strobilar structures; of conifers 383 -a segment (sec. sterile branch) /axil. dichotomous veins / {tert. sterile branch) "side vein ( t e r t . laminar appendage) bract (sec. laminar appendage) 19 ,--foliage leaf (prim, laminar appendage) phyllocladus *-strobilus ;(sec. f e r t . br.) u ..bract ( s e c . lam. a p p . ) 3 c •h u /unit of f e r t . sh. +> g f ( t e r t . f e r t . b r . ) « j; ''bract g, . ( t e r t . lam. app.) e e foliage leaf (prim. lam. app.) 25 't,stam. strobilus ', (sec. fert. br. ) -bract (sec. lam. app.) .sporangiophore (tert. fert. br.) bract ( t e r t . lam. app.) bud s c a l e (prim. lam. app.) cordaitts amcntotaxus figs. 18-28. comparison of a pinnate phylloclade of phyllocladus with (1) compound strobili (both ovulate and staminate) of cordaitanthus and (2) compound staminate strobilus of amentotaxus. (all highly diagrammatic). 384 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 the staminate strobilus of amentotaxus (figs. 19, 21 & 26) are probably homologous to the secondary branches (of which the first one is sterile, and the others, fertile), and that these structures are subtended a bract which is homologous to a secondary laminar appendage. (3) it is further suggested that the open dichotomous vein-systems in the axils of side veins in a segment of phylhcladus, the ultimate units of fertile shoot of cordaitwnthus*, and the sporangiophores of amentotaxus (figs. 19, 22, 23, 24, 27 & 28), are probably homologous to the tertiary branches, fertile and sterile, which again are subtended by the tertiary laminar appendages, known as bracts or the like. literature cited andrews, h. n. (19611). studies in paleobotany. j. wiley, new york. arnold, c. a. (1947). an introduction to paleobotany. mcgraw-hill, new york. banks, h. p. (1970). evolution and plants of the past. wadsworth, belmont. coulter, j m. & chamberlain, c. j. (191.7). morphology of gymnosperms. unir. chicago press, chicago. florin, r. (1948). on nothotaxus, a new genus of the taxaceae from eastern china. in acta horti berg. 14: 385-395. florin, e. (1951). evolution in cordaites and conifers. in acta horti berg. 15: 285-388. keng, h. (19g9). aspects of morphology of amentotaxus formosana with a note on the taxonomic position of the genus. in j. arnold arb. 50: 432-446. keng, h. (1974). the phylloclade of phyllocladus and its possible bearing on the branch systems of progymnosperms. in ann. bot. n.s. 38: 754-764. meeuse, a. d. j. (1963). from ovule to ovary: a contribution to the phylogeny of the megasporangium. in acta biotheoret. 16: 127-182. renault, b. (1879). structure comparee de quelques tiges de la flore carbonifere. in nouv. arch. mus. hist. nat. ser 2, 2: 213-348 (original not seen, cited in florin 1951). saxton, w. t. (1934). notes on conifers. viii. the morphology of austrotaxus spicata. in ann. bot. 48: 412-427. wilde, m. h. (1944). a new interpretation of coniferous cones. i. podocarpaceae (podocarpus). in ann. bot. n.s. 8: 1-14. wilde, m. h. (1975). a new interpretation of microsporangiate cones in cephalotaxaceae and taxaceae. in phytomorphology 25: 434-450. zimmermann, w. (1930). die phylogenic dor pflanzen. erster teil, g. fischer, jena. zimmermann, w. (1s52). main results of the telome theory. in palaeobotanist 1: 456-470. . . it must be stressed here that in the case of an ovulate strobilus, the terminal structure on the ultimate'units of fertile shoots (figs. 3, 4 & 23) are ovules, not sporangia. a. succinct discussion on the telomic concept and the nature of the integument by andrews (1961, pp. 372-375)'should be consulted. r e i n w a e d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 386 — 392 (1980) three new malesian species of gramineae soejatmi dransfield herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor, indonesia *) abstract illustrated descriptions of three new malesian species (racemobambos ceramica s. dransfield, nastus schmutzii s. dransfield and cymbopogon minutiflorus s. dransfield) are presented. r. ceramica is compared with r. schultzei (pilger) holttum, and n. schmutzii with n. reholttumianus s. soenarko. n. reholttumianus, so far found only in the island of sumba, is recorded also as occurring in flores. c. minutiflorus is the first representative of the genus in sulawesi. abstrak pertelaan bergambar tiga buah jenis baru suku rumput-rumputan dari malesia disajikan. jenis-jenis tersebut ialah racemobambos ceramica s. dransfield, nastus schmutzii s. dransfield dan cymbopogon minutiflorus s. dransfield. r. ceramica dibandingkan dengan r. schultzei (pilger) holttum, sedang n. schmutzii dengan n. reholttumianus s. soenarko. n. reholttumianus yang dilaporkan terdapat di sumba, ditemukan pula di flores. c. minutiflorus merupakan jenis pertama daripada marga cymbopogon di sulawesi. r a c e m o b a m b o s holttum in the island of seram, rutten collected a bamboo characterized by its panicle with multiflorus spikelets and climbing culms. it belongs to racemobambos and can be distinguished from the recognized species of the genus by its long, open and spreading panicle and hairy inflorescence axis. the species, here regarded as new, is very closely related to r. schultzei (pilger) holttum, which occurs in japen isl. (holttum 1967). it differs from r. schultzei in several respects, compared below spikelet lemma lodicules main axis and branches of inflorescence schultzei more or less sessile, with swollen base 10 mm long minutely puberulous glabrous ceramica pedicellate, pedicel 4.5 long, base not swollen 7 — 8.5 mm long glabrous puberulous mm present address: c/o the herbarium, royal botanic gardens, kew, england. _ 385 — contents page hsu an keng. a new interpretation of the compound strobilar structures of cordaites and conifers , 377 soejatmi dransfield. three new malesian species of gramineae 385 v. n. naik. coelachne ghatica naik, sp. nov 393 thomas j. delendick. the correct name for the acer of malesia 395 m i e n a. r i f a i . the identity of ustuago amadelpha var. glabhuscula 399 v. n. naik & b. w. patunkar. novelties in panicum (poaceae) from india . 403 n. p. balakrishnan. a new species of ophiorrhiza (rubiaceae) from great nicobar island, india 411 ronald h. petersen. type studies in the clavarioid fungi. v. the taxa described by caspar van overeem 415 a. w. subhebar & v. g. rao. an undescribed species of calothyriop<sis on apple 421 gregori g. hambali. a new species of balanophora from the malay peninsula, 425 kuswata kartawinata. a note on a kerangas (heath) forest at sebulu, east kalimantan 429 rusdy e. nasution & r. n. lester. a chemotaxonomic study of some species of zingiber subsection zerumbet 449 johanis p. mogea. the flabellate-leaved species of salacca (palmae) • printed by aechipel, bogor, java cov rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_02 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_03 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_04 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_05 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_06 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_07 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_55 a journal on tax0n0m1c botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors mien a. rifai kuswata kartawinata n. wulijarni-s0etj1pt0 published by herbarium bggoriense lembaga biologi nasional —. lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 9, part 4, 377 — 479 31 march 1980 10 issn 00-34 — s66x r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 449 — 459 (1980) a chemotaxonomic study of some species of zingiber subsection zerumbet rusdy e. nasution kebun raya bogor — lbn, bogor, indonesia & richard n. lester department of plant biology, birmingham university, england abstract zingiber zerumbet (l.) j.e. smith, z. amaricans bl, z. aromaticum val., and z. littorale val., which backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink treated as a single species named z. zerumbet, have been found to be chemically and palynologically distinct. this vindicates the species formulation made by valeton, in which they were distinguished as four separate species. abstrak zingiber zerumbet (l.) j.e. smith, z. amaricans bl., z. aromaticum val., dan z. littorale val., yang oleh backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink disatukan dalam satu jenis, secara kimia dan palinologi ternyata berbeda. hal ini mendukung formulasi jenis yang diajukan valeton. introduction ginger and other members of zingiber boehm. are ultilized in a variety of ways, mainly for spicing, medicine, and culinary purposes. it is mainly cultivated in the tropics, from sea level to 1500 m alt. according to vavilov (1951) ginger originated in the indo-malayan centre, an area covering india, sri lanka, burma and s.e. asia. at present its taxonomic problems are baffling for botanists. in 1916 valeton concluded that z. zerumbet (l.) j.e. smith, z. amaricans bl., z. aromaticum val., and z. littorale val., were sufficiently distinct from one another to be treated as different species. yet 50 years later backer & bakhuizen v.d. brink (1968) considered that these four species were so closely related that they should be treated as one species, z. zerumbet (l.) j.e. smith. the purpose of this study is to explore and to clarify the similarities as well as the differences between the four species, in order to evaluate — 449 450 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 their taxonomic validity, using a wide range of data such as morphology, chemotaxonomy and palynology. z. officinale roxb. is also included in this study since this species belongs to the same group lampuzia although placed in a different subsection. material and methods living plants as well as herbarium specimens were used in this study. sixteen accessions of living plants, i.e. four accessions each of z. zerumbet, z. amt&ricans and z. officinale, three of z. aromaticum, and one of z. littorcde, and ten herbarium specimens were employed (nasution 1978). morphological observations a total of 47 characters of the rhizomes, stems, leaves and inflorescences, were evaluated. the oldest shoot of each stool was chosen for observation, and maximum values1 of lengths and breadths were used. since the living plants did not flower satisfactorily, inflorescence characters were taken from herbarium specimens. the morphological data were analyzed by numerical taxonomy, using euclidean distance squared and ward's method, to produce dendrograms. the chemical data were analyzed using jaccard's coefficient and the group average clustering method. chertiotaxonomic investigations electrophoresis of proteins electrophoresis of proteins was conducted in polyacrylamide gel rods following the method of davis (1964), using a shandon universal disc-electrophoresis apparatus. about 10 gm of good fresh rhizomes of more or less similar physiological maturity were sampled from each accessions. after washing with tap water the rhizomes were placed in a mortar into which 5—10 cm3 tris-glycine buffer of ph 8.3 was added, crushed with a pestle at room temperature, centrifuged for about 5 minutes at 2,000 g and the supernatant decanted and frozen. samples of 0.01—0.02 cm3 of protein were analyzed, and after electrophoresis the gels were stained with naphthalene black. clfiromatography of phenolic compounds chromatographic analyses were conducted by ascending two-dimensional paper chromatography, using a shandon universal rack and tank. fully expanded leaves, generally the fifth and the sixth youngest, were 1980] nasution & lester: zingiber chemotaxonomy 451 collected from plants. portions of lamina free of midribs were dried in a forced-air oven at 45°c for about 48 hours. samples of 0.5 g were ground to a powder and extracted with 4 cm3 of 0.5% v/v hydrochloric acid in methanoi overnight in darkness. 0.02 cms of leaf extracts were applied to whatman no. 1 filter paper. after chromatography in the first solvent (butan-1-01 : ethanoic acid : water = 3:1:1) for about 2—3 hours, the papers were dried then run in the second solvent (ethanoic acid : water = 15% v/v) for 3 hours. after drying, the papers were examined under u.v. light and u.v. light with ammonia fumes. chromatography of essential oils chromatography of essential oils was conducted using thin-layer chromatography, with a shandon tlc apparatus. samples of 20 to 25 gm of good fresh rhizomes of more or less similar physiological maturity were used from each species. they were grated and subjected to steam distillation to obtain 100 cms distillates. 10 cm3 of diethyl ether was added to the distillate, shaken, and the supernatant collected. the silica gel (kieselgel g type 60, merck) was spread on glass plates. samples of about 0.02 cm3 were separated by chromatography in benzene and ethyl ethanoate (95 : 5) for almost 3 hours, then sprayed with vanillin-sulphate (0.17 g vanillin, 33 cm3 ethyl alcohol, 1.0 cm3 concentrated sulphuric acid), heated in an oven at 100°c for about 12 mins, and then examined immediately. pollen observations out of five species studied, only four species had pollen, namely z. officinale, z. zerumbet, z. amaricans and z. aromaticum. examination was conducted under a scanning electron microscope at magnifications between x 800 and x 1600. results and discussion morphological studies evidence from morphological characters recorded from living plants comprising rhizomes, stems and leaves indicated two main groups among the species studied; the first group consisting of z. zerumbet and z. aromaticum and the second comprising z. amaricans and z. littorale however, the dendrogram constructed from morphological characters of the inflorescence was slightly different from the dendrogram constructed from data from the vegetative parts. it showed that the inflorescence of z. littorale is completely different from the other species, 452 reinwardtia [vol. 9 while that of z. zerumbet is almost identical to z. amaricans and z. aromaticum. this is in agreement with valeton's observation when he reported that the spike of z. aromaticum resembled that of z. amaricans, whereas the shape of its labellum and its staminodes showed strong resemblance to z. zerumbet. morphological characters of z. officinale recorded both from living and herbarium specimens proved it to be distinct from the other species mentioned above. chemotaxonomic studies proteins of rhizomes the results obtained indicate that eight bands are the maximum number recorded from any one species. bands nos. 5, 7, 10, 12 and 15 can be considered characteristic for z. zerumbet, band no. 17 for z. amaricans and band no. 16 for z. aromaticum. it was noticed that band no. 9 reflects the close affinities between z. amaricans, z. aromaticum and z. littorale (fig. 1). from the dendrogram constructed it appeared that z. zerumbet and z. littorale can be distinguished, but the close similarity between z. aromaticum and z. amaricans agrees with the similarities of inflorescence morphology of these two species. the protein extracts of z. officinale produced 11 bands in a different pattern. phenolic compounds of leaves data obtained indicate that five spots, namely nos. 2, 3, 4, 6 and 9 were found in all species. however, nos. 1, 7, 10 and 12 were only found in z. zerumbet and hence may be considered characteristic for that species. the same is true for spots no. 17 and 20 for z. amaricans, spots nos. 23, 24, 25 and 26 for z. aromaticum, and spot no. 27 for z. littorale. the presence of spots nos. 28, 29 and 30, which appeared purple under u.v. light and then turned into purplish yellow under u.v. light with ammonia fumes, may perhaps characterize z. officinale (fig. 2). furthermore., the dendrogram constructed indicated that the low level of relationship between z. officinale and z. zerumbet suggested by protein constituents was also borne out by the phenolic compounds. essential oils of rhizomes ' in general the distributions of spots among the species are nearly identical. however, spot no. 5 appeared only in z. zerumbet and z. aro1980] nasution & lester: zingiber chemotaxonomy 453 5 6 7 8 9 10 n 12 13 14 15 16 17 16 a fig. 1. diagram representing protein bands after disc-electrophoresis. g = z. officinale, a = z. zerumbet, b = z. amaricans, c = z. aromaticum, d = z. littorale. maticum, while spot no. 6 was only found in z. amaricans and z. littorale. from this, it seems that, as far as essential oils are concerned, z. zerumbet is closer to z. aromaticum, and z. amaricans to z. littorale. in z. officinale 13 spots have been recorded (fig. 3). pollen observations examination of pollen indicates that there are distinguishing features which offer some additional evidence in classifying these species. in general, the size and shape of the pollen grains are similar, but their surface structures are distinctive. two main points can be noticed, viz. the presence of branching supra-tegillar processes on z. aromaticum which differentiates it from the other species, and the absence of pores on tegillar processes of z. officinale, which is characteristic for this species (fig. 4 5 ) . 454 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 b u t a n o l o h e t h a i o i c i c i d . w a t e r = 3 : 1 1 fig , 2. master chromatogram of phenolic spots after paper chromatography. 1980] sudharmono, s.h. nasution & lester: zingiber chemotaxonomy 455 pig. 3. chromatogram representing the distribution of spots of essential oils after tlc. g = z. officinale, a = z, zerumbet, b = z. amaricans, c = z. aromaticum, d = z. littorale. 456 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 pig. 4. pollen grain of zingiber officinale. a: general outlook, b: detailed. pollen grain of zingiber zerumbet. c: general outlook, d: detailed. 1980] nasution & lester: zingiber ckemotaxono*my 457 plg. 5. pollen grain of zingiber aromabicum. a: general mitlnnt n. j frain of zingiber amaricans. c: generfl otulk,^ d^'d^tafled? 458 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 — b 1—c g pig. 6. dendrogram representingrelationships between species based on combined morphological characters, protein contents, phenolic compounds and essential oils, g = z. officinale, a = z. zerumbet, h — z. amaricans, c. = aromaticum, d = z. littorale. conclusions the total range of results obtained from various sources comprising morphology, proteins, phenolic compounds and essential oils, produced a combination of 108 characters (excluding pollen) which were employed to produce an overall dendrogram (fig. 6). the results accumulated in the present work indicate that, although such data as anatomy, cytology and crossability should not be ignored, the suggestion put forward by backer and bakhuizen v.d. brink jr. to merge the four species, namely z. zerumbet, z. amaricans, z. aromaticum and z. littorale, into a single species, z. zerumbet, cannot be defended because it is possible to distinguish them morphologically, chemically and palynologically. although the dendrogram constructed from the overall evidence indicated that z. amaricans and z. aromaticum are very close, the pollen of z. aromaticum is so distinctive that it must be considered a distinct species. furthermore, it is also clearly noticed that z. officinale is not closely related to the other four species. it is morphologically, chemically and ,. palynologically distinct. . 1980] nasution & lester: zingiber chemotaxonomy 459 acknowledgement this paper represents an adaptation of an m.sc. thesis submitted by one of us (r.e.n.) to the university of birmingham. we are very grateful to prof. j.g. hawkes for the research facility in the department of plant biology, the university of birmingham, where the research was performed. we also would like to thank dr. b. ford-lloyd for his valuable assitance in computing the data, the director of national biological institute bogor for the specimens and to dr. mien a. rifai for suggesting the problem. this research was carried out during the tenure of a scholarship from the british council (the colombo plan technical assistance cooperation scheme) to which an acknowledgement is also made. references backer, c.a. & bakhuizen van den brink jr., r.c. (1968). flora of java. 3. woltersnoordhoff, groningen. davis, b.j. (1964). disc electrophoresis ii. methods and application to human serum. in ann. n.y. acad. sci. 121: 404-407. nasution, r.e. (1978). a taxonomic study of some species of zingiber subsection zerumbet and zingiber officinale boxb. m.sc. thesis, birmingham university. valeton, t. (1916). new notes of the zingiberaceae of java and malaya. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ii, 27: 1-1671. vavilov, n.i. (1951). the origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants. the ronald press co., new york. contents page hsu an keng. a new interpretation of the compound strobilar structures of cordaites and conifers , 377 soejatmi dransfield. three new malesian species of gramineae 385 v. n. naik. coelachne ghatica naik, sp. nov 393 thomas j. delendick. the correct name for the acer of malesia 395 m i e n a. r i f a i . the identity of ustuago amadelpha var. glabhuscula 399 v. n. naik & b. w. patunkar. novelties in panicum (poaceae) from india . 403 n. p. balakrishnan. a new species of ophiorrhiza (rubiaceae) from great nicobar island, india 411 ronald h. petersen. type studies in the clavarioid fungi. v. the taxa described by caspar van overeem 415 a. w. subhebar & v. g. rao. an undescribed species of calothyriop<sis on apple 421 gregori g. hambali. a new species of balanophora from the malay peninsula, 425 kuswata kartawinata. a note on a kerangas (heath) forest at sebulu, east kalimantan 429 rusdy e. nasution & r. n. lester. a chemotaxonomic study of some species of zingiber subsection zerumbet 449 johanis p. mogea. the flabellate-leaved species of salacca (palmae) • printed by aechipel, bogor, java cov rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_39 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_40 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_41 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_42 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_43 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_44 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_55 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 133 − 135 133 new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoriae from indonesia received september 16, 2013; accepted july 16, 2014 muhammad efendi biology department, faculty of science and engineering, islamic university of sunan gunung djati bandung, indonesia; department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, bogor agricultural university, indonesia. e-mail: muhammadefendi05@gmail.com. tatik chikmawati biology department, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, bogor agricultural university, indonesia. e-mail: tchikmawati@yahoo.com. dedy darnaedi herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: ddarnaedi@gmail.com. abstract efendi, m., chikmawati, t. & darnaedi, d. 2014. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoriae from indonesia. reinwardtia 14(1): 133 – 135. ― new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoriae and one cytotype of var. ensiformis are recorded from indonesia: var. victoriae with 2n=58 (sexual diploid) from gorontalo, north sulawesi, and 2n=87 (triploid) from lombok island and bogor, west java; and var. ensiformis with 2n=116 (sexual tetraploid). the diploid is smaller than the triploid in plant size. results indicate a cytological variation in var. victoriae, like in var. ensiformis. key words: chromosome numbers, cytotypes, pteris ensiformis var. victoriae. abstrak efendi, m., chikmawati, t. & darnaedi, d. 2014. sitotipe baru pteris ensiformis var. victoriae dari indonesia. reinwardtia 14(1): 133 – 135. ― sitotipe baru pteris ensiformis var. victoriae dan satu sitotipe var. ensiformis tercatat dari indonesia: var. victoriae dengan jumlah kromosom 2n=58 (diploid seksual) dari gorontalo, sulawesi utara, dan 2n=87 (triploid) dari pulau lombok dan bogor, jawa barat; dan var. ensiformis dengan 2n=116 (tetraploid seksual). tumbuhan diploid lebih kecil ukurannya bila dibandingkan dengan tumbuhan triploid. hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa variasi sitologi pada var. victoriae, sama dengan variasi pada var. ensiformis. kata kunci: jumlah kromosom, sitotipe, pteris ensiformis var. victoriae. introduction pteris ensiformis burmann is a terrestrial fern growing in more or less in shady places, in crevices, or on old wet walls. it is distributed from ceylon to india, nepal, china, japan, taiwan, throughout south east asia to northern australia and polynesia (holttum, 1966). p. ensiformis comprises three varieties, i.e. var. ensiformis burmann, var. victoriae backer and var. rheophila m. kato, d. darnaedi et k. iwatsuki. p. ensiformis var. ensiformis has fully green leaves, while var. victoriae has variegated leaves (holttum, 1966). p. ensiformis var. rheophila has flexible leaf axes and dentate pinnae margine (kato et al., 1991). the cytological variation of p. ensiformis with base chromosome number x=29 in asia has been reviewed by chao et al. (2012). p. ensiformis var. ensiformis consists of a sexual diploid, apogamous triploid, sexual tetraploid, apogamous tetraploid, and apogamous pentaploid and a sexual tetraploid was added from bogor by praptosuwiryo and darnaedi (2008). sexual tetraploid p. ensiformis var. victoriae (2n=116) was reported from java by walker (1962). p. ensiformis var. victoriae in india reported to be aneuploid 2n=84 and 2n=164 (kuriachan & ninan, 1976 in chao et al., 2012). intraspesific variation of p. ensiformis and their relationship is unknown, especially in indonesia. therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the intra spesific variation of p. ensiformis in indonesia. morphology, cytology and reproductive mode, as well as ecology, were intensively explored. reinwardtia 134 [vol.14 materials and methods in total 60 plants were collected from various place in java, sulawesi and lombok (table 1). living materials were planted in the green house of herbarium bogoriense (bo), using mixture media (compost: burning husk: fern root = 3: 1: 1). vouchers are deposited in herbarium bogoriense (bo). herbarium specimens of p. ensiformis deposited in bo were also examined morphologically. cytological investigation was carried out for somatic chromosomes in the root tip cells by using squash method of manton (1950) modified by darnaedi (1991). root tips were pretreated with 0.002 m 8-hydroxyquinoline for 24 hours at 20 o c and then fixed with 45% acetic acid for 10 minutes. the fixed root tips were macerated with a mixture of 45% acetic acid and 1 n hcl (1:3) for 3 -4 minutes at 60 o c and then stained with 2% aceto -orcein solution. chromosome numbers were counted under a microscope (olympus cx31) and photographed with a nikon camera. reproductive modes were suggested by counting spores produced in each sporangium. five to 10 sporangia were collected from each of 60 individuals. plants with 64 normal spores per sporangium were regarded as sexual, while those with 32 spores were regarded as apogamous (walker, 1962). results and discussion ecology and habitat pteris ensiformis is a weedy fern growing in various habitats in lowland and at medium altitudes. it can be found in open places, less or more shaded places, and different substrates including soil, clade and chalk and sometimes on river bank. pteris ensiformis var. ensiformis grows at 150‒800 m asl (above sea level) in mt. slamet, at 100‒650 m asl in mt. salak, and at 0‒11 m asl in pelabuhan ratu. the species occurs at the temperature of 23‒ 32 o c and at the humidity of 62‒89%. pteris ensiformis var. victoriae is often cultivated as ornamental. however, a wild type of this variety was recently found in gorontalo, in rock crevices on steep slopes and on slightly shaded riverbank at 250 m asl. this is a new cytological and ecological discovery for var. victoriae in indonesia. cytology and reproductive modes of 23 individuals examined, 13 individuals of var. ensiformis had 2n=116 (sexual tetraploid). three individuals of var. victoriae had 2n=87 (triploid) and seven individuals of var. victoriae showed 2n=58 (sexual diploid) (fig. 1). the base chromosome number of both var. ensiformis and var. victoriae was x=29. the 64 spores produced in each sporangium were regular and the plants with those spores were regarded as sexual. however, the sporangia of three individuals of triploid var. victoriae were empty or produced irregularly-sized spores. its reproduction types may be apogamous or sterile. morphologically, diploid var. victoriae is smaller than triploid; the diploid was up to 20 cm tall, whereas the triploid was up to 75 cm tall. we found sexual diploids (2n=58) and triploids (2n=87) in p. ensiformis var. victoriae. taking the reported sexual tetraploid into account, it is possible that the apogamous or sterile triploid was derived by hybridization of the diploid and tetraploid, pending further analysis. the different base chromosome number (x=28), as seen in var. victoriae from india (kuriachan & ninan, 1976 in chao et al., 2012), was not found in this study. a possible variation in base number in p. ensiformis should be examined by further analysis with materials from a wide range of distribution. acknowledgements the authors deeply thanks to dr. lynn clayton of sms nantu, gorontalo for her support in collecting these plant specimens. we wish to thank dr. sunaryo, ujang hapid, eka fatmawati tihurua and widoyanti of herbarium bogoriense for helping during laboratory and photograph work. references holttum, r. e. 1966. a revised flora of malaya. volume ii. singapore, government printing office. pp. 393–412. chao, y. s., liu, h. y., chiang, y. c., & chiou, w. l. 2012. polyploidy and speciation in pteris (pteridaceae). j. bot 2012:1–7. darnaedi, d. 1991. informasi kromosom: pelatihan sitogenetika tumbuhan. bogor, herbarium bogoriense. pp. 1–8. kato, m., darnedi, d. & iwatsuki, k. 1991. fern rheophytes of borneo. j. fac. sci. univ. tokyo iii : 37–56. manton, i. 1950. problems cytology and evolution in the pteridophyta. new york, cambridge univ pr. pp. 158–208. praptosuwiryo, t. n. & darnaedi, d. 2008. cytological observation on fern genus pteris in bogor botanic garden. bul. kebun raya 11: 15–24. walker, t. g. 1962. cytology and evolution in the fern genus pteris l. evolution 16: 27–43. 2014] 135 efendi et al.: new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoriae from indonesia table 1. data of chromosomes and inferred reproductive modes of p. ensiformis from eight localities in indonesia. no specimen voucher chromosome number (2n) ploidy level reproductive mode location pteris ensiformis var. ensiformis sl. 1.1 116 tetraploid sexual mt. slamet, central java, 209 m asl sl. 1.2 116 tetraploid sexual mt. slamet, central java, 350 m asl sl. 1.3 116 tetraploid sexual mt. slamet, central java, 690 m asl ctr. 1 116 tetraploid sexual city forest of subang, west java, 250 m asl bjr. 1 116 tetraploid sexual serayu river, banjarnegara, central java, 200 m asl skb. 1 116 tetraploid sexual pelabuhan ratu, sukabumi, west java, 11 m asl bgr. 1 116 tetraploid sexual research forest bogor agricultural university, west java, 201 m asl bgr. 2 116 tetraploid sexual bogor, west java, 300 m asl bgr. 4 116 tetraploid sexual bogor, west java, 350 m asl slk. 1 116 tetraploid sexual mt. salak, west java, 259 m asl slk. 2 116 tetraploid sexual mt. salak, west java, 400 m asl slk. 3 116 tetraploid sexual curug nangka, mt. salak, west java, 650 m asl wn. 1.1 116 tetraploid sexual wonogiri, central java, 300 m asl pteris ensiformis var. victoriae dd 21 58 diploid sexual nantu, gorontalo, sulawesi, 250 m asl dd 22 58 diploid sexual nantu, gorontalo, sulawesi, 250 m asl dd 23 58 diploid sexual nantu, gorontalo, sulawesi, 250 m asl dd 24 58 diploid sexual nantu, gorontalo, sulawesi, 250 m asl dd 27 58 diploid sexual nantu, gorontalo, sulawesi, 250 m asl dd 44 58 diploid sexual nantu, gorontalo, sulawesi, 250 m asl dd 46 58 diploid sexual nantu, gorontalo, sulawesi, 250 m asl lmb. 1 87 triploid mataram, lombok island, 11 m asl lmb. 2 87 triploid mataram, lombok island, 11 m asl bgr. 3 87 triploid dramaga, bogor, west java, 210 m asl a b c fig. 1. somatic chromosomes at metaphase in root tip cells of pteris ensiformis. a. var. ensiformis, 2n=116 (tetraploid); b. var. victoriae, 2n=58 (diploid); c. var. victoriae, 2n=87 (triploid). bar=5 µm. reinwardtia 136 [vol.14 instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 404-583-1-sm belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 reinwardtia 2018 17 (2) issn 0034 – 365 x | e-issn 2337 − 8824 | accredited 792/au3/p2mi-lipi/04/2016 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 17 (2): 87 – 154, december 18, 2018 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) barry j. conn (taxonomist, school of life and environmental sciences, the university of sydney, australia) david g. frodin (taxonomist, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom) graham eagleton (wagstaffe, nsw, australia) secretary ruslan bukhori layout liana astuti illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta – bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia cover images: canthiumera robusta k.m.wong & x.y.ng, spec. nov. top left: leafy branch with inflorescences; note also keeled stipules. top right: flower with tufts of pale moniliform hairs visible opposite corolla lobes. below left: fruits. below right: pyrenes. photos: ang wee foong (top left) and x.y. ng (remaining images). the editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 17(2): andrew powling, school of biological sciences, university of portsmouth, portsmouth, united kingdom george argent, royal botanic garden edinburgh, edinburgh, united kingdom joan pereira, forest research centre, sandakan, sabah, malaysia jun yokoyama, dept. of biology, faculty of science,yamagata university, yamagata, japan khoon meng wong, singapore botanic gardens, singapore kongkanda chayamarit, queen sirikit botanic garden, p.o. box 7, mae rim, chiang mai, thailand reinwardtia vol. 17. no. 2. pp: 125‒132 125 an assessment of present plant diversity on the natewa peninsula, vanua levu, fiji received july 18, 2018; accepted september 27, 2018 andrew powling school of biological sciences, university of portsmouth, king henry i street, portsmouth, po1 2dy, uk. email: andrew.powling@port.ac.uk; apowling01@btinternet.com abstract powling, a. 2018. an assessment of present plant diversity on the natewa peninsula, vanua levu, fiji. reinwardtia 17(2): 125‒132. ‒‒ the natewa peninsula, part of the fijian island of vanua levu, is naturally afforested but the forests have been extensively logged in the last 50 years. it is now planned to protect some of the forests from further logging by incorporating them into a national park. a survey of plant species in the regenerating forests and surrounding land on the peninsula was performed to assess the taxonomic and ecological diversity of the trees and shrubs, including figs and palms, and also the orchids presently to be found on the peninsula. the degree of invasion by introduced plant species was also assessed. of 67 tree and shrub species it was found that 17 were endemic to the fijian islands, 40 others were indigenous and ten were introduced. the normal habitats of these species included dense, open and secondary forest, showing that trees with a range of ecological characteristics were still present. endemic and indigenous species of both figs and palms were found, and also terrestrial and epiphytic orchids. no severe infestations of introduced species were observed. it is concluded that the forests of the peninsula are of sufficient conservation value to justify national park status. key words: conservation, trees, fiji, figs, orchids, palms. abstrak powling, a. 2018. penilaian keanekaragaman tumbuhan saat ini di semenanjung natewa, vanua levu, fiji. reinwardtia 17(2): 125‒132. ‒‒ semenanjung natewa, bagian dari pulau vanua levu di fiji, secara alami sudah dihutankan namun demikian hutan telah ditebangi secara ekstensif dalam 50 tahun terakhir. untuk melindungi beberapa hutan dari penebangan lebih lanjut diusulkan untuk memasukkan hutan-hutan tersebut ke dalam taman nasional. sebuah survei jenis tumbuhan di hutan regenerasi dan tanah sekitarnya di semenanjung dilakukan untuk menilai keragaman taksonomi dan ekologi pohon dan semak, termasuk pohon ara dan pohon palem, dan juga anggrek yang saat ini dapat ditemukan di semenanjung. tingkat invasi oleh jenis tumbuhan pendatang juga dinilai. dari 67 jenis pohon dan semak ditemukan 17 jenis endemik di kepulauan fiji, 40 lainnya adalah jenis asli dan sepuluh jenis lainnya adalah jenis pendatang. habitat normal jenis ini adalah hutan lebat, terbuka dan sekunder, yang menunjukkan bahwa pohon-pohon dengan berbagai karakteristik ekologi masih ada. jenis endemik dan asli dari buah ara dan palem ditemukan, dan juga anggrek terestrial dan epifit. tidak ada infestasi berat dari jenis pendatang yang diamati. disimpulkan bahwa hutan semenanjung mempunyai nilai konservasi yang cukup untuk diusulkan statusnya menjadi taman nasional. kata kunci: anggrek, buah ara, fiji, konservasi, palem, pohon. introduction the fijian archipelago in the tropical south-west pacific consists of about 320 islands, of which the two largest are viti levu and vanua levu. the natewa peninsula makes up the south-easterly part of vanua levu. the peninsula is 60 km long and is linked at its south-westerly end to the rest of vanua levu by an isthmus 2 km wide (geological survey of fiji, 1965). to the north-west the peninsula is separated from the bulk of vanua levu by natewa bay. the villages of natewa, vusaratu and dawa lie on the north-west coast of the peninsula, overlooking natewa bay. the oldest rocks in fiji are volcanics of late eocene age (about 40−35 million years ago) and it is thought that plate tectonic activity has resulted in a series of more or less short-lived volcanic islands being formed in the area since then (neall & trewick, 2008). it is thought that the fijian flora was able to establish and survive on these volcanic islands (heads, 2006). many plant species which are endemic to the fijian archipelago have evolved and persist but estimates of the numbers and proportions of endemic species have varied. for instance, ash (1992) states that ‘about 25%’ of the native vascular plant species are endemic whilst smith (vol. 6, 1996) gives figures of 1318 indigenous flowering plant species of which 812 (61.6%) are endemic. these figures differ in part because there are debates about how many species should be recognised and which ones should be defined as indigenous (heads, 2006). the landscape of the natewa peninsula is rugged, with a maximum altitude of approximately 800 m. the rocks consist of volcanic andesites of mailto:andrew.powling@port.ac.uk mailto:apowling01@btinternet.com reinwardtia 126 [vol.17 miocene and pliocene age, with epiclastic deposits derived from them (geological survey of fiji, 1965). a large proportion of the forests on the peninsula were extensively logged from 1969 through to about the year 2000 (t. raicoi, pers. comm). some areas were logged two or three times. a condition placed on the logging companies was that no logging should take place within 30 m of a water course, but it seems that this condition was often not observed. little effort appears to have been made to re-plant the forests, so natural regeneration has taken place. partly as a response to the destruction caused by the logging, there are now plans for the part of the peninsula in the region of natewa village to be declared a national park to save the forest from further logging. however, the question arises of how much the vegetation in the area has suffered as a result of the logging and whether sufficient diversity of the flora remains to justify the creation of a national park. the survey of the vegetation to be described, although limited in time and geographical scope, attempted to assess the remaining floral diversity. materials and methods the survey of the flora of the peninsula was performed with the permission and help of the villagers of natewa, vusaratu and dawa, for whom the land is part of their communally owned property, their ‘mataqali’. the survey was conducted in the months of june and july 2017. the main area in which forest vegetation was surveyed was a tract of land covering approximately 6 km 2 and centred on a position with coordinates of 16° 37.9’ s; 179° 45.1’ e. all parts of the area were at least 3 km from the sea. the altitude of the terrain in this area varied from 240 to 420 m, with annual rainfall between 2800 and 3200 mm (gale, 1991). identifications of beach and coastal flora were made near tuicau point on the north coast of the peninsula, 3.5 km south west of natewa village. plant specimens (approximately 150 in total) were collected in forests and at forest edges, including beside roads and tracks passing through the forests, and in neighbouring scrub and grasslands. many specimens were taken whilst measuring trees in forest quadrats in order to calculate tree volumes and carbon content of the forests, the results of which will be reported elsewhere. plant species were identified using floras by smith (1979−1996) and keppel & ghazanfar (2011). photographs were taken of the specimens and some species were later identified or confirmed by comparison of photographs with named specimens in the herbarium at the royal botanic gardens, kew, uk. results and discussion the survey concentrated on forest trees and shrubs, which are reported on first, but other plants were also identified. the fig (ficus), palm and orchid species that were found are dealt with separately, since fig species are very important for the wider ecology of the forest and some endemic palm and orchid species are of great conservation interest. introduced species are likewise treated separately because of their relevance to the conservation status of the peninsula. forest trees and shrubs table 1 lists 67 tree and shrub species (excluding ficus species and palms) identified in the survey area, that were found outside cultivation in natural habitats where they appeared not to have been planted. they are arranged in alphabetical order of the 33 families to which they belong. fifty -seven of the species occur naturally on fiji, 17 being endemic to the fijian islands and 40 being indigenous but also occurring elsewhere. ten species have been introduced to fiji, all of them existing naturally in the area, outside cultivation. the table shows the known habitats of the species as listed in smith (1979−1996), and keppel & ghazanfar (2011). observations of habitat made during the present study are shown in parentheses. most of the forest in the study area was secondary, being in the process of regeneration following the earlier logging. however, some parts were more developed than others so a variety of habitats were present: dense forest on hillsides, ridge tops and river valleys, along with open forest, grasslands and roadsides including old logging roads running through the forest. this allowed species with a variety of habitat requirements to exist in the area. apparently, many species managed to survive the destruction of the logging. explanations for this species diversity can be offered: not all species were taken by the loggers, the poor timber species being left (t. raicoi, pers comm), while small individuals of good timber species would not have been taken either. it is probable that seeds of at least some species would have survived in the soil and other species might have naturally recolonised from outside the area following seed dispersal by birds, bats and wind. the natewa peninsula was presumably the home of much plant diversity before logging took place, since it has high rainfall and diverse topography. there is no list of plant species which grew in the survey area before the logging, so no assessment of plant diversity loss due to logging can be made; but statements about present diversity are now possible. table 1 shows 41 native species which grow in areas away from the powling : a n assessment of present plant diversity on the natewa peninsula 2018] 127 table 1. trees and shrubs identified on the natewa peninsula, arranged alphabetically by family. species family forest type status dracontomelon vitiense engl. anacardiaceae coastal indigenous rhus simarubifolia a.gray anacardiaceae open indigenous cananga odorata (lam.) hook. f. & thoms. annonaceae coastal introduced alstonia costata (g.forst.) r.br. apocynaceae secondary indigenous alstonia macrophylla wall. ex g.don apocynaceae (secondary) introduced alstonia vitiensis seem. apocynaceae open, dense endemic cerbera manghas l apocynaceae open, dense indigenous agathis macrophylla (lindl.) mast. araucariaceae secondary, dense indigenous spathodea campanulata beauv. bignoniaceae secondary, open, dense introduced cordia subcordata lam. boraginaceae coastal indigenous casuarina equisetifolia j.r. & g.forst. casuarinaceae coastal indigenous gymnostoma vitiense l.a.s.johnson casuarinaceae open, dense endemic atuna racemosa raf. chrysobalanaceae open, dense indigenous parinari insularum a.gray chrysobalanaceae open, dense indigenous terminalia litoralis seem. combretaceae coastal indigenous geissois ternata a.gray cunoniaceae open, dense indigenous cyathea lunulata (g.forst.) copel. cyatheaceae (open, dense) indigenous endospermum robbieanum a.c.sm. euphorbiaceae open endemic macaranga harveyana (müll.arg.) müll.arg. euphorbiaceae secondary, open, dense indigenous macaranga magna turrill euphorbiaceae open, dense indigenous macaranga seemannii (müll.arg.) müll.arg. euphorbiaceae open, dense indigenous fagraea gracilipes a.gray gentianaceae open, dense endemic scaevola sericea vahl goodeniaceae coastal indigenous calophyllum cerasiferum vesque guttiferae secondary, dense endemic calophyllum inophyllum l. guttiferae coastal indigenous calophyllum vitiense turrill guttiferae open, dense endemic hernandia nymphiifolia (j.presl) kubitzki hernandiaceae coastal indigenous gmelina vitiensis (seem.) a.c.sm. labiatae dense endemic cinnamomum verum j.presl lauraceae (dense) introduced barringtonia asiatica (l.) kurz lecythidaceae coastal indigenous barringtonia edulis seem. lecythidaceae open, dense indigenous inocarpus fagifer (parkinson) fosberg leguminosae coastal indigenous intsia bijuga (colebr.) kuntze leguminosae coastal indigenous maniltoa grandiflora (a.gray) scheffer leguminosae open, dense indigenous reinwardtia 128 [vol.17 species family forest type status millettia pinnata (l.) panigrahi leguminosae coastal indigenous serianthes melanesica fosberg leguminosae dense endemic grewia crenata (j.r. & g.forst.) schinz & guillaumin malvaceae secondary, open, dense indigenous hibiscus tiliaceus l. malvaceae coastal indigenous kleinhovia hospita l. malvaceae coastal indigenous thespesia populnea (l.) solander ex correa malvaceae coastal indigenous dysoxylum lenticellare gillespie meliaceae secondary, open, dense endemic swietenia macrophylla king meliaceae (secondary, open) introduced swietenia mahogani (l.) jacq. meliaceae (secondary, open) introduced myristica grandifolia a.dc. myristicaceae secondary, dense endemic decaspermum vitiense (a.gray) niedenzu myrtaceae open endemic metrosideros collina a.c.sm. var. collina myrtaceae dense indigenous syzygium malaccense (l.) merr. & perry myrtaceae open, dense introduced syzygium neurocalyx (a.gray) christophersen myrtaceae dense indigenous syzygium wolfii (gillespie) merr. & perry myrtaceae secondary, open, dense endemic bischofia javanica blume phyllanthaceae open, dense indigenous glochidion cf. amentuligerum (müll. arg.) croizat phyllanthaceae open, dense endemic glochidion seemannii müll. arg. phyllanthaceae secondary, open, dense endemic pinus caribaea morelet pinaceae (secondary) introduced piper aduncum l. piperaceae secondary introduced dacrydium nidulum de laubenfels podocarpaceae open, dense indigenous podocarpus neriifolius d.don podocarpaceae open, dense indigenous retrophyllum vitiense (seem.) c.n.page podocarpaceae dense indigenous columbrina asiatica (l.) brongn. rhamnaceae coastal indigenous guettarda speciosa l. rubiaceae coastal indigenous morinda citrifolia l. rubiaceae coastal introduced mussaenda raiateensis j.w.moore rubiaceae secondary, open, dense indigenous neonauclea forsteri (seem. ex havil.) merr. rubiaceae open, dense indigenous pometia pinnata j.r. & g.forst. sapindaceae open indigenous burckella fijiensis (hemsl.) a.c.sm. & s.darwin sapotaceae open, dense endemic palaquium hornei (hartog ex baker) dubard sapotaceae dense endemic palaquium porphryeum a.c.sm. & s.darwin sapotaceae dense endemic dendrocnide harveyi (seem.) chew urticaceae dense indigenous note: information on family, forest type and status taken from smith (1979−1996), keppel & ghazanfar (2011) and mabberley (2008). forest types in parentheses are the result of observations made during the present study. table 1. (continued) powling : a n assessment of present plant diversity on the natewa peninsula 2018] 129 coast, of which 17 (41.5%) are endemic to fiji. of the 100 rainforest tree species described by keppel & ghazanfar (2011), 38 were found in the survey (a total that includes two ficus species listed in table 2). a further 24 indigenous and endemic species not fully described by keppel & ghazanfar (2011) were also found. these figures show that the area proposed for the national park still hosts a considerable diversity of woody plants, including many endemic species that should be conserved. table 1 includes 18 species, listed with the forest type ‘coastal’, which grew in forest immediately behind the beach at tuicau point, within the proposed national park. most of these species belong to the coastal strand-line vegetation, specifically the barringtonia formation (whitten et al., 2002). this vegetation consists of species which are common on coastlines throughout the indo-pacific region, due to their ability to disperse from island to island by fruits and seeds that can float and survive in seawater. as a result, none of these species is endemic to fiji. fig (ficus) species in total eight species of ficus (figs), family moraceae, were found in forests, roadsides and riversides (table 2). two species are introduced (f. benjamina and f. elastica), whilst the other six are native (smith, 1979−1996). it is quite possible that other ficus species exist on the peninsula but were not found during the survey. the table also shows the subgenera and sections to which the species belong (van noort & rasplus, 2018). ficus proved to be the most species-rich genus of native plants found on the natewa peninsula. harrison (2005) has previously observed that ficus is usually among the most species-rich genera in tropical lowland forests. he suggested it is because fig species have been able to diversify into a wide range of ecological niches. they have effective long-distance seed dispersal due to birds and bats eating the ‘fruits’ (syconia), then excreting the intact seeds. fig plants also have a very specific pollination system involving species of fig wasps which are specific to particular fig species and can transfer pollen long distances from fig to fig (cook & rasplus, 2003). the result is that fig species have been able to colonise new habitats, then evolve and form new species adapted to small and rare niches, but are still able to cross-pollinate despite individuals being few and far between (harrison, 2005). another consequence of the ficus pollination system involving fig wasps is that within a forest the individual fig plants making up a population must produce ripe syconia asynchronously, so that at all times there are figs ready to receive fig wasps. this allows the fig wasps to complete their life cycle and maintain their local population. as a result, ripe figs are always present in the forest and supply food for animal species. indeed, ficus species have been described as ‘keystone’ species in tropical forests (kinniard et al., 1999), since they provide a reliable, year-round, food supply to many forest animals. birds and fruit bats are among the species particularly reliant on them (ryan, 2000). a requirement for the maintenance of fig species in a forest is that the conserved area should be large enough to hold viable populations of the species and their pollinating fig wasps. this should be considered when setting the boundaries of a future national park. ficus species are used as ‘framework’ species in efforts to regenerate tropical rainforests, since some of them can be planted in open situations and will then attract foraging birds and fruit bats to the area (elliott et al., 2013). the incoming frugivores will bring seeds of other tree species in species subgenus section status ficus benjamina l. urostigma conosycea introduced ficus elastica roxb. ex hornem. urostigma conosycea introduced ficus fulvo-pilosa summerhayes sycidium sycidium endemic ficus greenwoodii summerhayes sycidium sycidium endemic ficus masonii horne ex baker sycidium sycidium endemic ficus obliqua g.forst. urostigma malvanthera indigenous ficus smithii horne ex baker pharmacosycea oreosycea indigenous var. robusta corner ficus vitiensis seem. sycomorus adenosperma endemic table 2. species of genus ficus (moraceae) found on the natewa peninsula. note: information on subgenus and section taken from van noort & rasplus (2018). information on status from smith (1979−1996). reinwardtia 130 [vol.17 their guts and deposit them at the site of the regenerating forest. the presence of naturally occurring ficus species in the natewa peninsula must aid the regeneration of the forest after logging. an interesting aspect of table 2 is that it shows the presence of three ficus species in the subgenus sycidium, section sycidium: f. fulvo-pilosa, f. greenwoodii and f. masonii. four other ficus species in the same subgenus and section are known in fiji: f. bambusifolia seem., f. barclayana (miq.) summerhayes, f. scabra g.forst. and f. storckii seem. (smith, 1979−1996). all except two of these seven species are endemic to fiji; the two exceptions being f. scabra and f. storckii which also occur on other islands in the south west pacific. therefore, it appears that there has been an adaptive radiation on fiji of ficus species in subgenus sycidium, section sycidium. such a radiation would imply a corresponding radiation of pollinating fig wasp species (cook & rasplus, 2003). palms (palmae) four endemic species of palms were found during the survey (table 3). of these, balaka seemannii is only known from vanua levu and the neighbouring island of taveuni but is widespread on these islands (hodel, 2010). the other species of balaka, b. macrocarpa, is only known from three sites on vanua levu, which include the natewa peninsula (hodel, 2010). it is classified as endangered by the iucn (2017). the species was found to be common in secondary forests in the survey area, with many individuals bearing developing fruit, but the general rarity of the species is one of the prime reasons for conserving vegetation on the natewa peninsula. a further species, v eitchia filifera, was found in, and on the edges of, forest and is one of the commonest forest tree species. it is endemic to vanua levu and taveuni (watling, 2005). its congeneric relative, v . joannis, was found in forest near the coast but not in the main survey area. other palm species were found in cultivation or were escaping from cultivation (table 3). notable in this regard was elaeis guineensis, the oil palm. some large specimens were found on open ground near a road; they were the remnants of a failed trial to see if the species could be grown commercially (t. raicoi, pers. comm.). interestingly, young individuals were found in the nearby secondary forest, so maybe the species will become naturalised in the area. orchids (orchidaceae) a list of orchid species found is presented in table 4. these species were identified from photographs by andre schuiteman of the royal botanic gardens, kew. by far the most common species was spathoglottis pacifica, a terrestrial orchid able to grow in high light intensities and in apparently poor and nutrient deficient soils. it was found in forest clearings but more often at roadsides and other open places with disturbed and bare ground. a terrestrial orchid which was only found in forests in low light intensities was calanthe hololeuca, which flowered in the month of june. a further terrestrial orchid of the forest was peristylus maculifer. five species of epiphytic orchid were found. one species, liparis elegans, grew in closed and dark forest; the remaining four species were capable of growth on trees in more open situations. the existence of terrestrial and epiphytic orchids in the forest is encouraging. it suggests that destruction of the forest by loggers was not species habitat status areca catechu l. cultivation introduced balaka macrocarpa burret forest endemic to vanua levu balaka seemannii (h.wendl.) becc. forest endemic to vanua levu & taveuni cocos nucifera l. cultivation, coastal introduced, naturalising elaeis guineensis jacq. cultivation, forest introduced, naturalising pritchardia pacifica seem. & h.wendl. cultivation introduced veitchia filifera (h.wendl.) h.e.moore forest endemic to vanua levu & taveuni veitchia joannis h.wendl. forest (coastal) endemic to fijian islands table 3. species of palm (palmae) found on the natewa peninsula. note: information on habitat from the present study. information on status from smith (1979−1996), watling (2005) and hodel (2010). powling : a n assessment of present plant diversity on the natewa peninsula 2018] 131 complete since the various species of orchid have either survived the logging or have found the regenerating forest suitable for their re establishment. introduced species the list of trees and shrubs (table 1) includes ten introduced species. of these, only two, spathodea campanulata and syzygium malaccense, appear to be extensively naturalised in the forest. fortunately, the former species does not occur as frequently on the natewa peninsula as it does in northern vanua levu. the other eight species persist mostly at roadsides and on forest edges. swietenia macrophylla has been established in plantations in some places and it remains to be seen how far it can spread naturally. unfortunately, the tannin-rich leaves and the ground water that runs from s. macrophylla plantations suppress the growth of other trees, so these plantations hinder the natural regeneration of surrounding forests (t. raicoi, pers. comm; cernansky, 2018). disturbed forest and forest edges are often extensively overgrown by the indigenous scrambler merremia peltata (l.) merr. (convolvulaceae), which must retard successional processes in many places. a species that can dominate in open situations in the tropics is the scrambler mikania micrantha kunth (compositae); this has been introduced to fiji and is often a problem due to its rampant growth, but on the natewa peninsula it appears to be only a minor part of the vegetation in disturbed places. another introduced species which is a problem elsewhere due to rapid growth and bird dispersal is lantana camara l. (verbenaceae). this is present on the natewa peninsula but does not appear to be common, growing on waste ground near human habitation. two non-native species found near forest edges and showing some penetration into disturbed forest are piper aduncum l. (piperaceae) and clidemia hirta (l.) d.don (melastomataceae). indigenous species usually dominate in forest clearings, with the fern dicranopteris linearis (burm. f.) underw. (gleicheniaceae) and the clubmoss lycopodium cernuum l. (lycopodiaceae) often being prominent ground-layer plants. three grass species (graminae) are very common beside roads and tracks. two of these are native: imperata conferta (j.presl) ohwi and miscanthus floridulus (labill.) warb., but the other is the introduced a rundo donax l. the arundo has been widely planted to stabilise road verges and now is common and spreading along roadsides. conclusions the forested area studied has been severely disturbed by logging in the recent past but is now regenerating. table 1 shows that species of secondary forests occur in the area but that many species of mature forest, both open and dense, are present as well. the species show taxonomic diversity as well as habitat diversity, and many endemic species, which have high conservation value, grow in the regenerating forest. at least six native ficus species are present and the figs they produce attract birds and fruit bats which bring with them the seeds of other forest trees. the forest still contains rare endemic palm species, together with terrestrial and epiphytic orchids, further adding to its conservation value. these observations suggest that the forest is, at present, worth conserving and should increase in conservation value if it is protected from further logging by incorporation into a national park. species habitat status calanthe hololeuca rchb. f. terrestrial indigenous dendrobium cf. spathulatum l.o.williams epiphytic endemic dendrobium cf. tokai rchb. f. epiphytic indigenous dendrobium catillare rchb. f. epiphytic indigenous liparis elegans lindl. epiphytic indigenous oberonia heliophila rchb. f. epiphytic indigenous peristylus maculifer (c.schweinf.) renz & vodonaivalu terrestrial indigenous spathoglottis pacifica rchb. f. terrestrial indigenous table 4. species of orchid (orchidaceae) found on the natewa peninsula. note: information on habitat and status from smith (1979−1996). note that d. catillare is called d. purpureum in the flora vitiensis nova (smith, 1979−1996), while what is called d. catillare there is another species, d. taveuniense (a. schuiteman, pers. comm). reinwardtia 132 [vol.17 acknowledgements i am indebted to the villagers of natewa, vusaratu and dawa for their hospitality and particularly to tevita raicoi of dawa village for guidance in the forest and for local information. i am also indebted to andre schuiteman of the royal botanic gardens, kew, for identifying the orchid species. the survey described was part of a programme of research in fiji organised by operation wallacea and i thank tim coles for the invitation to take part. thanks also to david blakesley and eric clement for reading and commenting on a draft of this paper; and to an anonymous reviewer for constructive comments. eric clement helpfully lent his copy of smith’s flora. references ash, j. 1992. vegetation ecology of fiji: past, present and future perspectives. pacific science 46: 111–127. cernansky, r. 2018. how to rebuild a forest. nature 560: 542–544. cook, j. m. & rasplus, j. y. 2003. mutualists with attitude: coevolving fig wasps and figs. trends in ecology and evolution 18: 241–248. elliott, s. d., blakesley, d. & hardwick, k. 2013. restoring tropical rainforests: a practical guide. royal botanic gardens, kew. gale, i. n. 1991. hydrogeological maps of v iti levu and vanua levu. mineral resources department, suva. maps reproduced in watling, 2005. geological survey of fiji. 1965. geological map of fiji, suva, fiji. harrison, r. d. 2005. figs and the diversity of tropical rainforests. bioscience 55: 1053–1064. heads, m. 2006. seed plants of fiji: an ecological analysis. biol. j. linn. soc. 89: 407– 431. hodel, d. r. 2010. a synopsis of the genus balaka. palms 54: 161–188. iucn (international union for conservation of nature) 2017. url: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ details/summary/38434/0 (accessed on 24/09/18). keppel, g. & ghazanfar, s. a. 2011. trees of fiji: a guide to 100 rainforest trees. 3 rd ed. secretariat to the pacific community & deutsche gesellschaft für internationale zusammenarbeit, suva, fiji. kinniard, m. f., o’brien, t. g. & suryadi, s. 1999. the importance of figs to sulawesi’s imperilled wildlife. tropical biodiversity 6: 5–18. mabberley, d. j. 2008. mabberley’s plantbook. 3 rd ed. cambridge university press, cambridge. uk. neall, v. e. & trewick, s. a. 2008. the age and origin of the pacific islands: a geological overview. phil. trans. r. soc. b. 363: 3293– 3308. ryan, p. 2000. fiji’s natural heritage. 2 nd ed. exisle publishing, auckland. smith, a. c. 1979−1996. flora vitiensis nova. a new flora of fiji (spermatophytes only). volumes 1−6. national tropical botanic garden, lawai, kauai, hawaii. van noort, s. & rasplus, j. y. 2018. figweb: figs and fig wasps of the world. url: www.figweb.org (accessed on 04/07/18). watling, d. 2005. palms of the fiji islands. environmental consultants, suva, fiji. whitten, t., mustafa, m. & henderson, g. s. 2002. the ecology of sulawesi. periplus editions (hk) ltd., hong kong. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/summary/38434/0 http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/summary/38434/0 http://www.figweb.org instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through reinwardtia online journal system and <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new 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landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. a merican j. bot. 90: 321–329. proceedings : temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional: 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t., inoue, t., kohyama, t., osaki, m., simbolon, h., tachibana, h., takahashi, h., tanaka, n., yabe, k. (eds.). proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp.179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis] . website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. 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13 22 (1992) floristic changes in a sub—tropical rain forest succession rochadi abdulhadi "herbarium bogoriense", puslitbang biologi, bogor abstract floristic changes in a subtropical rain forest succession were assessed. three regrowth forests aged 20 years, 50 years and 60 years and an undisturbed forest were sampled. the series of sites show floristic changes that would be expected in a successional sequence. the regrowth forests were dominated by the secondary species but the primary species occur from the early stage. the oldest regrowth (60 year-old site) was still well short of regaining its original condition. abstrak perubahan flora pada suatu suksesi hutan subtropika basah ditelaah. tiga lokasi hutan sekunder berumur 20, 50 dan 60 tahun serta satu hutan yang tidak terganggu dicuplik. pada sederetan lokasi ini memperlihatkan adanya perubahan flora sebagaimana dalam suatu rangkaian suksesi. hutanhutan sekunder muda didominasi oleh jenis-jenis sekunder, tetapi jenisjenis hutan primer sudah hadir sejak awal suksesi. hutan sekunder tertua (60 tahun) rupanya masih memerlukan waktu yang panjang untuk mencapai keadaan flora seperti sebelum terganggu. introduction many studies have been concerned with describing the composition and structure of rain forests. these have usually emphasized trees with the diameter at breast height (dbh) of 10 cm or more. such studies have shown a considerable variation in species composition among individual stands of rain forest, associated with environmental gradients (richards 1952, baur 1964 and whitmore 1975). however, comparatively few of such studies have examined along the successional sequences. the floristic composition of several sub-tropical rain forests assumed to form a successional sequence is examined. this examines of how secondary species are replaced by primary forest species and how long the establishment of the primary forest species will take place. 13 14 reinwardtia [vol. 11 study area and methods the study area was in the vicinity of o'reilly's guest house in the lamington national park (28°14's, 153°7'e) queensland. rainfall in the area is about 1 880 mm per year mostly falling in the summer months between november—april. there are no temperature measurements available for the area but the environment is probably similar to the nearby tamborine mountain where the temperature range varies from a mean daily minimum of 8.3 °c in july to a mean daily maximum of 26.8° c in january. the vegetation in the area has been mapped and described by mcdonald & whiteman (1979) as a tall closed forest alliance dominated, above 800 m, by a caldcluvia paniculosa — cryptocarya erythroxylon — dysoxylum fraseranum association. according to webb's classification (webb 1968) this can be described as a cool sub-tropical rain forest or complex notophyll vine forest. a number of study sites were chosen in regrowth forests of different ages (figure 1) : site 1. twenty year-old regrowth which has developed on abandoned farmland. the original forest was probably burnt or partially burnt at the time of clearing. the site is about 40 ha in area and 500 m wide at the narrowest point. it is surrounded on three sides by intact forest and on fourth by pasture. the elevation is about 860 m. site 2. fifty-year-old regrowth which has developed after an attempt; to clear the original forest failed. the forest was cleared and partiallyburnt but weeds colonized and regrowth prevented pasture establishment. the area covers about 16 ha and is 400 m wide at its narrowest point. the site is bounded on two sites by intact forest and by pasture and disturbed forest on the other two sides. the elevation is 800 m. site 3. sixty-year-old regrowth forest which has developed after the original forest was cleared, burnt and converted to pasture for several years before being abandoned. the area is about 16 ha and about 300 m wide at its narrowest point. it is surrounded on three sides by intact forest and bounded on fourth by road and repeatedly disturbed forest dominated by acacia melanoxylon. the elevation is 900 m. site 4. undisturbed forest close to site 1). the elevation is 860 m. five strip plots each 10 x 100 m were established in an undisturbed forest as well as in the 20, 50 and 60 year-old regrowth forests (i.e. sites 4, 1, 2 and 3). each strip plot was then divided into 10 plots 10 x 10 m. thus 50 plots, with a total area of 0.5 ha, were established at each site. trees with a dbh greater than 10 cm in each plot were recorded. the diameter was measured using a diameter tape, about 1.3 m above the ground or 20 cm above buttress. specimens were collected for identification purpose and voucher specimens were prepared. 1992] rochadi abdulhadi : floristic changes in a subtropical forest 15 results compositional changes the number of species, genera and families of trees all tended to increase with an increase in forest age (table 1). the total number of species in each 0.5 ha sample area ranged from 37 in the 20 year-old regrowth (site 1) to 66 in the intact forest (site 4). similarly the number of families increased from 19 to 25 respectively. in general the changes of species composition led to increase in species diversity and equitability, thus the shannon diversity index increased from 2.45 in site 1 to 3.46 in site 4, and the equitability from 0.68 to 0.83. sorensen's similarity index, based on the species presence or absence, and motyka's similarity index, based on the individual number of plants of each species in each site, both indicate similar trends (table 2). the degree of similarity between the various sites was low. however, both indices also showed that with time the regrowth forest tended to become more similar to the undisturbed forest. thus site 1 (20 year-old site) and site 4 (undisturbed forest) had a sorensen index of 33.01 while site 3 (60 year-old regrowth) and site 4 had a sorensen index of 49.60. not surprisingly the highest similarity index was between 50 and 60 year eld regrowth forests (sites 2 & 3). in regard of the species functional group, most individual trees in the youngest regrowth forest (site 1) were early secondary species (91,9) %, i.e., species that are short-lived, fast growing, intolerant of shade and regularly produce large numbers of effectively dispersed seeds (hopkins et al, 1977 & shugart et al, 1980). the proportion of these declined dramatically throughout succession. as figure 2 shows, this decreased to 66 % and 11 % in older regrowth forest (site 3) and undisturbed forest (site 4) respectively. in contrast, the proportion of trees belonging to primary species (i.e. slow growing and long-lived trees which are capable of germinating and establishing in shade, and irregularly produced seeds that are usually less effectively dispersed) increased from 6 % at the site 1 to 84 % at site 4. the late secondary trees which are intermediate in most characteristics between early and primary species, shows a different trend. the proportion increased from 4 % at site 1 to 22 % at site 3, but then declined to 9 % in undisturbed forest. although tne proportion of individuals belonging to primary forest species in the young regrowth forest was very low, the proportion of primary forest species was similar to that of early secondary species i.e., 35 % and 45 % (figure 2. b). the proportion of primary species increased slightly to 48 % in the 60 year-old regrowth, and then increased sharply to 71 % in the undisturbed forest (site 4). the proportion of early secondary species, how 1 6 reinwardtia [vol. ii table 1. number of species, genera and families of trees in a series of regrowth and undisturbed forests (based on 5 strip plots per site each of 10 x 100 m each). site age (years) number of species number of genera number of families shannon diversity indices shannon equitability indices table 2. matrix of sorensen site age (years) 1 (20 years) 2 (50 years) 3 (60 years) 4 (uf) 1 20 37 32 19 2.45 0.68 and motyka' s 2 50 58 46 23 3.09 0.76 similarity indices sorensen's similarity 1 20 20.71 34.54 10.83 2 50 44.21 47.41 14.27. 3 60 55 46 23 2.98 0.74 3 60 50.00 60.18 16.65 4 uf 66 49 25 3.46 0.83 4 uf 33.01 48.16 49.59 motyka's similarity ever, declined to 29 % in the 60 year-old, then 11 % in the undisturbed forest. the proportion of late secondary species at each site was intermediate between these two groups, increasing to a maximum of 30 % in the 60 year-old regrowth forest and then declining to 20 % in the undisturbed forest. these same trends are evident if one considers the identity of species having the highest importance value at each site. as table 3 shows, all the species with importance value greater than 10 in the 20 and 50 year-old regrowth forests were early secondary species. in a 60 year-old forest, of the eight species with importance values greater than 10, five were early secondary species two were late secondary species (decaspermum humile and dysoxylum fraseranum) and one was primary species (elattostachys nervosa). conversely, all of those important species in the undisturbed forest were primary species except for dendrocnide excelsa. 1992] rochadi abdulhadi : floristic changes in a subtropical forest 17 table 3, rank of the most important species which have importance value greater than 10.0 forest age (years) rank 20 40 50 uf 1 acacia melanoxylon alphitonia excelsa acronychia oblongargyrodendron triifolia foliolatum* 2 euodia micrococca polyscias elegans alphitonia excelsa pseudoweinmania lachnocarpa * 2 polyscias elegans acronychia oblongpolyscias elegans streblus pendulinus i folia 4 dendrocnide excelsa pentaceras australe euodia micrococca dendrocnide excelsa 5 duboisia myoporoides rhodomyrtus psirhodomyrtus psipseudocarpa nitidula* dioides dioides 6 alphitonia excelsa acacia melanoxydecaspermum hudiospyrospentamera* ion mile** 7 acronychia oblongeuodia micrococca dysoxylum frase— ifolia ranum** — 8 elattostachys nervosa* site * ** _ uf primary species late secondary species i.v less than 10.0 undisturbed forest population changes of particular species the number of important early secondary species such as acacia melanoxylon, alphitonia excelsa, dendrocnide excelsa, duboisia myoporoides, euodia micrococca and polyscias elegans increased sharply in the first 20 years following the disturbance (figure 3). thereafter, some of these such as acacia melanoxylon, duboisia myoporoides and euodia micrococca decreased. however, populations of acronychia oblongifolia, alphitonia excelsa, pentaceras australe, polyscias elegans and rhodomyrtus psidioides reached the highest density in 50 and 60 year-old forest. in general, the early secondary species appeared to dominate the regrowth for up to about 60 years. late secondary species follow a similar pattern to these early secondary species. but these species tend to establish and become more prevalent later. their populations were small in the 20 year-old forest. 18 reinwardtia [vol. 11 the number of individuals of primary species in regrowth forests was very small but increased sharply in the mature forest. only one primary forest species, elattostachys nervosa, was numerous in 60 year-old regrowth forest. discussion as might be expected in a series of forests differing mainly in age, the number of species, genera and families present increased with time since disturbance. likewise, diversity also increased with forest age. 3y 60 years, the regrowth forest had not acquired the species richness or diversity of the undisturbed forest. on the other the two similarity indices showed that the regrowth forests were becoming increasingly like the undisturbed forest as time passed by. early secondary species dominated the 20 year-old regrowth site (figure 2). the abundance of these species may be associated with the fact that their seeds are widely dispersed or that they can be stored, remaining dormant in the soil seed bank. secondary trees often require at least 75% of full sunlight for establishment (unesco, 1978). forest clearing, therefore, allows those species to become established. the length of time for which the secondary species persist at a site seems to depend on their life spans. as figure 2 shows, the population of the more important secondary species increased then decreased with increasing forest age. species such as acacia melanoxylon, duboisia myoporoides and euodia micrococca probably had a life span no longer than about 60 years since their number had decreased sharply by this age. others such as alphitonia excelsa, pentaceras australe and polyscias elegans lived longer but their population densities began to decline after 50 or 60 years. acronychia and rhodomyrtus psidioides all had their highest population number in the 60 year-old forest but were virtually absent from the undisturbed forest. according to shugart et al. (1980) these have a life span in the order of 100 years, but rhodomyrtus only about 55 years. these data support the earlier conclusion by hopkins et al. (1977) that the life span of many secondary tree species in these subtropical rain forest is less than 60 years. likewise riswan et al. (1987) noted a. similar longevity for many secondary tropical species. interestingly king & chapman (1983) found secondary species disappeared from logged forest in new south wales within 30 years. presumably this is because only the shorter lived secondary species had been able to invade the gaps left by logging. the well known secondary species dendrocnide excelsa, differed from the other species since the population increased in undisturbed forest after decreasing in older regrowth. as this species is an early secondary species, it is thought to be intolerant of shade conditions under canopy. it is believed 1992] rochadi abdulhadi : floristic changes in a subtropical forest 19 that this abundance is due to dendrocnide invading gaps in the mature forest, since it is very common in soil seed banks (abdulhadi, 1989). despite sites is being colonized by the early secondary species, many of the species characteristic of late and primary species also became established soon after abandonment. it is well known that seeds of these species are often of limited viability (budowski, 1970; shugart et al., 1980 and whitmore, 1984). hence the occurence of these species in the youngest regrowth forest may have been due to seed rain from nearby parent trees in the undisturbed forest or to resprouting of suckers from persistant roots (webb et al, 1972 and stacker, 1981). although the primary species were present in the young regrowth forest, their individual numbers were small. in time however, populations of primary species increased. the early occurence of primary species has also been reported from regrowth forest elsewhere. riswan et al. (1987) found high numbers of these species (60% of all species) in 0.8 ha plot of 35 yearold tropical rain forest regenerating on an area used for some yearsas a pepper plantation. this plot was close to an area of undisturbed primary forest. assuming a uniform rate of change, an estimate of how long it takes the number of primary species in this successional process to be established or reach an equilibrium can be made by calculating the rate of influx of these species (riswan et al, 1987). since the number of primary species in the 20 and 50 year-old forests were 13 and 22 respectively, the rate of influx of these species over the 30 years would be nine (i.e., 22 — 13) species. to achieved 47 species (as found in undisturbed forest), would require an additional 25 (i.e., 47—22) species. thus the period ro reach 47 species would be 25 x 30/9 + 50 = 133 years. another way of estimating the time needed to reach maturity is to assess the rate of change in the proportion of primary species. the proportion of primary species in the 20, 50 year-old and undisturbed forests was 35, 38 and 71% respectively (figure 2). thus, the period to reach the 71% in the mature phase would be (71-38) x [(50—20)/(38-35)] + 50 = 380 years." these estimates are necessarily approximation. they make no allowance for the different histories and areas of each site. they also assumed that the rate at which primary species arrived and become established at a site remain constant over time. however they are of the same order as other estimates of the time required for recovery of primary forest. thus knight (1975) concluded that after 120 — 150 years, one of his sites in barro colorado island was still not a climax. the similar estimation has also been noted by riswan et al. (1987). they suggested that for successful reestablishment of a mixed dipterocarp forest be time required would be between 150 and 500 years. 2 6 reinwardtia [ v o l . 1 1 a c k n o w l e d g m e n t this study has been funded by the university of queensland and australian international development bureau. i am gratefully indebted to dr. david lamb for supervising this study as well as for his criticism and advise. references abdulhadi, r. 1989. sub-tropical rain forest seed dynamics. phd. thesis, univ. of queensland. baur, g.n. 1964. the ecological basis of rainforest management. forest commission of nsw., sydney. budowski, g. 1970. the distinction between old secondary and climax species in tropical central american lowland forests. trop. ecol. 11 (1) : 44—48. hopkins, ms., kikkawa, j., graham, aw., tracey, j.g. & webb, l.j. 1977. an ecological basis for the management of rain forest. in monroe, r. & stevens, n.c. (eds.) the border ranges, land use conflict in regional perspective, pp. 58 66. king, c.g. & chapman, w.s. 1983. floristic composition and structure of a rainforest area 25 yr after logging. aust. j. ecol. 8 : 415—423. knight, d.h. 1976. a phytosociological analysis of species rich tropical rain forest oh barro colorado island, panama, ecol. monogr. 45 : 259—284. mcdonald, w.j.f. & whiteman, w.g. 1979. moreton region vegetation map series : explanatory booklet for murwilumbah sheet. botany branch, queensland dept. of primary industries, brisbane. mueller-dombois, d. & ellenberg, h. 1974. aims and methods of vegetation ecology. john willey & sons, new york. richards, p.w. 1952. the tropical rain forest. university press, cambridge. riswan, s., kenworthy, j.b. & kartawinata, k. 1987. the estimation of temporal processes in tropical rain forest : a study of primary mixed dipterocarp forest in indonesia. j. trop. ecol. 1 : 171-182. shugart, h.h. jr., hopkins, ms., burgess, lp. &mortlock, a.t. 1980. the development of successional model of subtropical rainforest and its application to assess the effects of timber harvest at wiangare state forest, new south wales. j. env. marag. 11 : 243—265. stocker, g.c. 1981. regeneration of north queensland rain forest following clearing and burning. bio trop ica 13 (2) : 85—92. unesco 1978. tropical forest ecosystem. nat. resources research xiv. webb, l.j. 1968. general classification australian rainforest. a istralian plants. 9 : 349— 363. webb, l.j., tracey, j.g. & williams, w.t. 1972. regeneration and pattern in the subtropical rainforest. j. ecol. 60 : 675—695. whitmore, t.c. 1984. tropical rain forest of the far east. clarendron press, oxford. 1992] rochadi abdulhadi : floristic changes in a subtropical forest 2 1 figure 1. map showing the situation of the study area and location of the study sites. 22 reinwardtia [vol. 11 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 figure 2. 90 bo 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (b). 60 mature years 60 mature years the percentages of individual trees (a) and actual species (b) classed as early species ( • ) , late secondary species (o) and primary species (•) in a regrowtn forest series. 13010070403020100 figure 3. (c). 60 mature years 60 mature years individual numbers of important species of early secondary species (a), late secondary species (b) and primary species (c) per 0.5 ha in a regrowth forest series. (a) : am. a. melanoxylon, de. d. excelsa, dm. d. myoporoides, em. e. micrococca, pe. p. elegans, ae. a. excelsa, ao. a. oblongifolia, pa. p. australe., rp. r. psidioides; (b) : dh. d. humile, df. d. fraseranum; (c) : at. a. trifoliolatum, dp. d. pentamera, en. e. nervosa, pl p. lachnocarpa and sb. s. pendulinus. contents page rochadi abdulhadi seed banks in a sub-tropical rain forest 1 rochadi abdulhadi floristic changes in a sub-tropical rain forest succession 13 a.j.g.h. kostermans two remarkable lindera species (lauraceae) probably representing an undescribed genus 23 a.j.g.h. kostermans a new species of diplodiscus turcz. (tiliaceae) related to brownlowia roxb 27 n. sasidharan & k. swarupanandan a new species of cassine (celastraceae) from india , 29 a.j.g.h. kostermans reinstatement of pterocarpus echinata pers. (leguminosae — papilionaceae) ., 33 jumaat h adam & gc. wllcock. a new natural hybrid of nepenthes from mt. kinabalu (sabah) 35 a.j.g.h. kostermans durio macrantha kosterm. species nova (bombacaceae) from north sumatra 41 a.j.g.h. kostermans salacia acuminatissima kosterm., spec. nov. (celastraceae) from sri lanka 53 a.j.g.h. kostermans identity of dracontomelum petelotii tardleu -blot (anacard.) 55 printed by c v. bina karya cover rein.vol 11,part 1, 1-55 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_07 rein. vol.11, part 1, 1-55_page_29 untitled reinwardtia vol 13, no 5, pp: 421−432 421 asymmetrical leaf blade and capsular fruits. rhynchoglossum has alternate to nearly distichous leaf arrangement while loxonia and stauranthera have opposite leaves in unequal pairs. different from other genera in the tribe is monophyllea that bears a single large leaf developed from the macrocotyledon (weber, 2004a). originally rhynchoglossum was distributed in tropical asia from india, sri lanka, china, taiwan and indochina to new guinea (weber, 2004b) but burtt (1962) included klugia schltdl. in synonymy of rhynchoglossum thereby extending its distribution to central and south america from mexico to peru. the inclusion of klugia as a synonym makes the distribution of rhynchoglossum wider and disjunct and raises questions about its history. burtt (1998) suggested that rhynchoglossum reached america from asia via africa from where it has since completely disappeared (or at least where no species are known). weber (2004a; 2004b) assumed that the genus spread from asia to america recently, probably via transpacific trips or migrations of early polynesians. this is also suggested by the current localities that are usually near former population centers of ancient dwellers along the pacific coast. brown (1839) proposed a new genus antonia, an introduction the genus rhynchoglossum was established by blume (1826) with one species, rynchoglossum obliquum. the epithet rhynchoglossum comes from the greek rhynchos meaning beak and glossa meaning tongue. the second part of the name clearly alludes to the broad, tongue-like lower lip of the corolla, the first part perhaps to the narrow corolla tube or to the pointed petal tips (weber, 2004a). rhynchoglossum species are fleshy herbs with anisophyllous, decussate or alternate leaves with asymmetrical leaf blades and unilateral inflorescence. the genus is of little economic value but several botanic gardens and private gardens grow the plant as an ornamental (skog, 1985). its preferred habitat is on wet and shady (especially limestone) rocks, in forest or in open vegetation or shady places, usually in the lowlands (weber, 2004a). rhynchoglossum is included in the so-called epithematoid gesneriaceae or in the tribe epithemateae along with whytockia w.w. sm., gyrogyne w.t. wang, epithema blume, monophyllaea r. br., loxonia jack, and stauranthera benth. (weber, 2004a). generally these genera share unequal cotyledons, unequal leaf arrangement at one node, an a revision of rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) in malesia received june 26, 2012; accepted october 10, 2013 abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: mykwini@gmail.com abstract kartonegoro, a. 2013. a revision of rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) in malesia. reinwardtia 13(5): 421–432. ― the genus rhynchoglossum in malesia has been revised. five species are included: r. borneense, r. capsulare, r. klugioides, r. obliquum and r. spumosum. rhynchoglossum obliquum is a widespread and common species while the other four are endemic to malesia. morphological descriptions, nomenclature, distribution, ecological information and notes are provided for all species. an identification key and a list of examined specimens are included. key words: endemic, epithemateae, synonym nova, widespread. abstrak kartonegoro, a. 2013. revisi rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) di malesia. reinwardtia 13(5): 421–432. ― marga rhynchoglossum di malesia telah direvisi. lima jenis telah diketahui termasuk: r. borneense, r. capsulare, r. klugioides, r. obliquum dan r. spumosum. rhynchoglossum obliquum merupakan jenis yang tersebar luas dan umum ditemukan sedangkan empat jenis lainnya endemik untuk wilayah malesia. deskripsi morfologi, tatanama, distribusi, informasi ekologi dan catatan ditampilkan untuk semua jenis. kunci identifikasi dan daftar spesimen yang digunakan juga disertakan. kata kunci: endemik, epithemateae, sinonim baru, tersebar. reinwardtia 422 [vol.13 invalid name, with a single species a. obliqua (wall.) r. br., a combination based on wulfenia obliqua wall. (wallich 1832; weber 2004a). later he moved the species into the genus loxotis r. br. ex benth. and made the combination l. obliqua (wall.) r. br. (brown, 1839). this name was taken up by miquel (1855). later clarke (1883) placed antonia and loxotis in synonymy of rhynchoglossum. recently burtt (1962) also included klugia (including glossanthus klein) in synonymy. a phylogenetic analysis of rhynchoglossum using dna sequence data has been conducted together with other members of the tribe epithemateae (mayer et al., 2003). the phylogenetic tree showed that rhynchoglossum was sister to the remaining epithemateae. this separation is in accordance with many and strong morphological differences (e.g., alternate leaf arrangement, strongly asymmetrical leaves, terminal inflorescences in the form of unilateral racemes, enlarged lower lip of corolla). with limited sampling, r. notonianum (wall.) b. l. burtt (india) plus the neotropical r. azureum (schltdl.) b. l. burtt was sister to r. obliquum blume (east asia and malesia). the separation better reflects the morphological characters than the geography, suggesting that r. azureum is indeed a recent introduction to the neotropics rather than an ancient relict. the groups can be roughly classified in two: (1) perennials with large flowers and four stamens (the former genus klugia) and (2) annuals with small flowers and two stamens (mayer et al., 2003). materials and methods this study is based on the study of 233 herbarium specimens (including spirit collections) of rhynchoglossum from bo and sing. a number of photographs of herbarium specimens from a, bm, e, k, l, ny and us were also studied. the materials were studied for morphological characters using a 10 x 40 binocular microscope and a stereomicroscope. the description of inflorescences and infructescences is based on rehydrated specimens. results five species of rhynchoglossum are recorded for malesia. the five species are r. borneense merr., r. capsulare ohwi ex karton., r. klugioides c. b. clarke, r. obliquum, and r. spumosum elmer. no infraspecific taxa are proposed in this revision. of the five species in the malesian region four are endemic to the region. rhynchoglossum obliquum is a widespread and very common species distributed throughout southeast asia to new guinea. rhynchoglossum klugioides was previously only known from the philippines but is now also known from seram island, moluccas. the other three species are more locally endemic. rhynchoglossum spumosum is from negros and mindanao islands in the philippines, r. capsulare is endemic to sulawesi, and r. borneense is endemic to eastern borneo. general morphology of rhynchoglossum in malesia habit rhynchoglossum species are erect and creeping fleshy-succulent herbs 5–150 cm tall, rhizomatous or non-rhizomatous. the roots are adventitious. the only rhizomatous species is r. spumosum with a creeping habit and low stems about 5–8 cm tall. the stems are usually terete and wrinkled when dried. they have a variable indument, the hairs being absent or simply puberulous to pubescent. most species are glabrous and have smooth stems and swollen nodes. leaves the leaves are alternate and ex-stipulate. the leaf blade of all rhynchoglossum species is oblique and asymmetrical between the two sides, the two sides attached at an equal length along the petiole or one side attached higher, up to 2.5 cm higher in r. borneense. leaf shape varies from ovate to oblong. rhynchoglossum capsulare is the only species that has an oblong leaf while those of the other species vary from ovate to elliptic. the leaf bases are unequal with one side being cuneate to acute and the other rounded to cordate. the leaf margins are mostly entire, more rarely serrate. the leaf blade texture is mostly membranous, but subcoriaceous in r. klugioides. most species have a glabrous and smooth leaf surface although some are pubescent or puberulous when juvenile. inflorescences the inflorescence in rhynchoglossum is a terminal or axillary raceme. the axillary inflorescences are usually opposite the leaves. the number of flowers in an inflorescence varies from less than 3 in r. spumosum to 50 in r. obliquum. the flowers in an inflorescence are unilateral due to the reduction of the flowers on the opposite side or are arranged in two rows. the bracts are usually absent in r. spumosum or are linear in r. obliquum. sometimes inflorescences have bracts that do not support a flower, known as sterile bracts. bracteoles are mostly linear and arise from the base of the pedicel 2013] 423 kartonegoro : a revision of rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) in malesia in r. klugioides and r. spumosum; and from the middle of the pedicel in the other species. flowers the flowers are zygomorphic, tubular and vary from less than 1 cm long to more than 3 cm long. the calyx tubes are infundibuliform with a campanulate shape in most species or urceolate in r. klugioides. the calyx is adnate in the lower half and sometimes winged along the lines of fusion; white to green. the calyx lobes are triangular and entire, glabrous, 5–merous. the corolla consists of a tube and limb. the tube is glabrous to puberulent. the limb is two–lipped. the adaxial lip is usually smaller with two lobes and the abaxial lip is larger and 3lobed or undivided, rounded elongate or tonguelike. the petals are usually bluish to dark purple, rarely white. rhynchoglossum borneense and r. klugioides have a yellow pilose dot in the throat of the abaxial limb. rhynchoglossum species in malesia have 2 or 4 stamens. rhynchoglossum obliquum, r. klugioides, r. capsulare and r. spumosum have 2 stamens. rhynchoglossum borneense has 4 stamens. the stamens are coherent in pairs. the two stamens are adnate to the corolla tube adaxially and in species with four stamens the additional two stamens are adnate abaxially. the anthers are basifixed, the thecae are parallel and dehisce longitudinally. the filaments are usually flat. the ovaries in most rhynchoglossum are ovoid and unilocular. the stigma is capitate or undivided and the style is usually glabrous and persistent in fruit. fruits the fruits in all rhynchoglossum species are unilocular capsules. fruit shape varies from ovoid to elongate with prominent calyx remnants. the calyx remnants half enclose the fruit in r. capsulare and fully enclose the fruit in the other species. the fruits dehisce loculicidally to the base in two valves and are not twisted. the seeds are cuneate and without appendages. taxonomic treatment rhynchoglossum blume rhynchoglossum blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. 14 (1826) 741 [’rhinchoglossum’]; dc., prodr. 9 (1845) 275; benth. in benth. & hook. f., gen. pl. 2 (1876) 1019; c. b. clarke in a. dc & c. dc., monogr. phan. 5 (1883) 161; boerl., handl. fl. ned. ind. 2 (1891) 571; fritsch in engl. & prantl, natürl. pflanzenfam. 4, 3b (1895) 156; koord., exkursionfl. java 3 (1912) 195; merr., enum. philipp. pl. 3 (1923) 454; schltr., bot. jahrb. syst. 58 (1923) 298; ridl., fl. mal. pen. 2 (1923) 539; b. l. burtt, notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 24 (1962) 168; bakh. f. in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 2 (1965) 525; a. weber in kubitzki & j. w. kadereit, fam. gen. vasc. pl. 7 (2004) 128. ― type: rhynchoglossum obliquum blume. antonia r. br. in wall., pl. as. rar. 3 (1832) 65, auct. non pohl. nom. inval. ― type: antonia obliqua (wall.) r. br. [= rhynchoglossum obliquum blume]. klugia schltdl., linnaea 8 (1833) 248; dc., prodr. 9 (1845) 275; benth. in benth. & hook. f., gen. pl. 2 (1876) 1019; c. b. clarke in a. dc & c. dc., monogr. phan. 5 (1883) 158; in hook. f., fl. brit. ind. 4 (1885) 366; fritsch in engl. & prantl, natürl. pflanzenfam. 4, 3b (1895) 155. ― type: klugia azurea schltdl. [= rhynchoglossum azureum (schltdl.) b. l. burtt]. loxotis r. br. ex benth., scroph. ind. (1835) 57; r. br. in benn., pl. jav. rar. (1838) 102; miq., fl. ned. ind. 2 (1858) 731. ― type: loxotis obliqua (wall.) r. br. ex benth. [=rhynchoglossum obliquum blume]. glossanthus klein ex benth., scroph. ind. (1835) 57. ― type: glossanthus malabaricus klein ex benth. [= rhynchoglossum azureum (schltdl.) b. l. burtt]. erect to creeping fleshy-succulent herbs, perennial (outside malesia) or annual, terrestrial, rhizomatous or not rhizomatous, 5–150 cm tall. stem terete, branched or simple, glabrous or with a sparse indumentum, puberulous to pubescent; young stem usually pubescent. leaves alternate, nearly distichous, exstipulate, petiolate; lamina membranous or subcoriaceous, ovate to lanceolate, oblique, pale green to green; base strongly unequal, cuneate to cordate; apex acute to acuminate; margin entire to serrate; lamina surface glabrous to puberulent; venation penninerved. inflorescences racemose, slender, lax and later appearing scorpioid, terminal and/ or axillary, few–to many–flowered cymes; unilateral, in 2–rows; bract present or absent, subtended the flower or free, single if present; bracteole single, linear, arising from the base or the middle of pedicel. calyx 5–merous, tube infundibuliform, campanulate or urceolate, actinomorphic, connate at lower half, sometimes winged at line fusion; white, pale green to dark green, semi translucent; calyx lobes triangular to acute, entire, segments equal. corolla zygomorphic, inside glabrous or sparsely yellow dotted with puberulent or medussoid pilose hairs near mouth; white, bluish to dark purple or azure; tube tubular to cylindric, not swollen, slightly longer than limb; limb 2–lipped; adaxial lip 2–lobed, shorter and smaller; abaxial lip 3–lobed, seldom undivided, lobes, equal or subequal, apex rounded, emarginate or elongate to obtuse, longer and larger than adaxial. stamens 2 or 4; filament flat or terete, adnate to corolla tube near middle on abaxial side (if 2 stamens) and adaxial side (other 2 stamens if 4 reinwardtia 424 [vol.13 stamens); anthers basifixed, coherent in pairs, thecae nearly parallel or divaricate, dehiscing longicidally. ovary ovoid, 1–loculed, placentas 2, parietal; stigma 1, terminal, subglobose, undivided. fruit a capsule, stalked, globose or ovoid to elongate, smaller (fully enclosed) or larger (half enclosed) than calyx remnant, dehiscing loculicidally to base; 2–valvate, straight, not twisted. seeds minute, cuneate, unappendaged. distribution. about 10 species occurring from india, sri lanka, south china, taiwan, indochina to malesia; one species in southern america (mexico to peru). key to species rhynchoglossum in malesia 1a. stamens 4 ………………….... 1. r. borneense b. stamens 2 ……………………….………….. 2 2a. creeping herb, less than 8 cm tall; rhizomatous …………………. 5. r. spumosum b. erect herb, more than 10 cm tall; not rhizomatous ............................................. 3 3a. leaf blade sub-coriaceous; flower more than 2 cm long; calyx tube urceolate .. 3. r. klugioides b. leaf blade membranous; flowers less than 2 cm long; calyx tube campanulate………….. …… 4 4a. leaf blade oblong; fruits half enclosed by calyx remnant ……….......................... 2. r. capsulare b. leaf blade ovate to elliptic; fruits fully enclosed by calyx remnant ………….….. 4. r. obliquum 1. rhynchoglossum borneense merr. ― fig. 1; map 1 rhynchoglossum borneense merr, univ. calif. publ. bot. 15 (1929) 269; b.l. burtt, notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 24 (1962) 168. ― lectotype: borneo, elphinstone province, tawau. elmer 21467 (bo; iso a, l, pnh, sing, designated here). rhynchoglossum medusothrix b.l. burtt, notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 24 (1962) 169. ― type: borneo, berouw, flatland at base of mt. ilas mapulu. kostermans 13994 (l; iso a, bm, bo, canb, e, l, p, sing) syn. nov. herb, annual, not rhizomatous, 40–100 cm tall. stem glabrous, up to 5 mm diameter. leaves lamina membranous, ovate to elliptic, oblique, 6.5–20 by 2.5–10 cm; base unequal, one side cuneate to acute, other side rounded to cordate; apex acuminate with a 0.5–1 cm tip; margin entire or minutely scabrous; glabrous on both surfaces, pale green; petiole glabrous, terete, 0.5–3 cm long. inflorescences terminal and axillary, opposite the leaves when axillary, 7–25 cm long when terminal, up to 8 cm long when axillary, with 10–15 flowers; main axis glabrous, 1– 1.5 cm long; bracts absent; pedicels glabrous, 0.5–1 cm long; bracteoles linear, in the middle of pedicels, 1–3 mm long. flowers 1.8–3.5 cm long. calyx tube campanulate, white to pale green, semi-translucent, connate ca. 4 mm, glabrous, 6–9 mm long and 1–2 mm wide; calyx lobes triangular, entire, glabrous, acuminate, 1–2 mm long. corolla personate, glabrous, smooth, velvety, bluish to blue-lavender, 10– 25 mm long, with yellow dot on throat; sometimes throat with medusoid pilose hairs; tube tubular 10– 15 mm long; limb 8–10 mm long; adaxial lip 2– lobed, 3–5 mm long; abaxial lip 1–lobed, tonguelike, obtuse, 5–10 mm long. stamens 4, coherent in pairs; 2 shorter, anthers ovoid, glabrous, 0.5–1.5 mm long, filaments flattened, erect, 3 mm long; 2 longer, anthers oblongish, glabrous, 1 mm long, filaments flattened, 2 mm long, twisted. ovary elliptic to ovoid, glabrous, 1–2 mm long; style glabrous, terete, 6 mm long; stigma capitate, swollen 1 –2 mm. fruit ovoid, glabrous, fully enclosed by calyx remnant, 3–10 mm long by 3 mm wide; calyx remnant up to 6–8 mm long; stalk glabrous, 0.5–1.4 cm; style remnant 10–15 mm; seeds minute, ellipsoid, testa tessellate, 0.3-0.5 mm long. distribution. borneo (sabah & e kalimantan). ecological habitat. primary forest and coral limestone rocks in moist cracks and on limestone cliffs at 40-300 m. local name. jambangan jaja (tidong kalabakan). notes. rhynchoglossum borneense is endemic to borneo and is unique among malesian species in having 4 stamens. burtt (1962) suggested this species was intermediate between the species formerly placed in klugia (r. notonianum (wall.) b.l. burtt, r. gardneri theobald & grupe and r. azureum (schltdl.) b.l. burtt) and the rest of rhynchoglossum (s.s.). when this species was described for the first time by merrill (1929), he did not note that the number of stamens should have allied it with klugia rather than rhynchoglossum. specimens examined. borneo. sabah, tawau, elphinstone province. elmer 21467 (bo, l, sing, type); saint lucia fd. kadir a2086 (bo, sing); kinabatangan district, tabin wildlife reserve. poulsen & banggilon 1672 (e, sing); ibid. poulsen & abdilla 1685 (e, sing); lahad datu, tabin. kiew 5122 (sing); kalimantan. berau, mt. ilas mapulu. kostermans 13994 (l, bo, e, sing, type of r. medusothrix b.l. burtt). east kutei, g. 2013] 425 kartonegoro : a revision of rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) in malesia tepian lobang on menubar river kostermans 5347 (bo, sing); ibid. kostermans 5414 (bo); sangkulirang, babi jolong aet 649 (bo); west kutai, kombeng. endert 5225 (bo, sing); gunong mendam, north of tabang murata, iwatsuki, kato & mogea b-2389 (bo); pujungan district, kayan mentarang reserve. mcdonald & ismail 3614 (bo). inflorescences terminal and axillary, terminal up to 9 cm long, axillary up to 8 cm long, up to 11– flowered; main axes terete, glabrous; peduncles 2–5 cm long; bracts absent; pedicels puberulous, 0.5–1 mm long; bracteoles linear, glabrous, ca. 0.5 mm long, in the middle of pedicels. flowers 10–14 mm long. calyx tube campanulate, glabrous to puberulous, 3–5 mm long by 1–2 mm wide, connate at lower half base 1.5–3 mm long; calyx lobes triangufig. 1. rhynchoglossum borneense merr., elmer 21467 from tawau, malaysian borneo (lectotype bo). 2. rhynchoglossum capsulare ohwi ex karton. ― fig. 2; map 1 rhynchoglossum capsulare ohwi ex karton., edinburgh j. bot. 69 (2012) 358. ―type: celebes, resident menado, oa poso, maraowa. eyma 1572. (holo bo!; iso a, k, l). herb, annuals, not rhizomatous, 19–40 cm tall. stem glabrous 2–5 mm diameter. leaves lamina membranous, oblong 3.5–11 cm long by 1.5–3 cm wide; base unequal, one side rounded, other side cuneate; apex acuminate, tip 0.5 cm long; margin entire; glabrous on adaxial, puberulous on abaxial, pale green; petiole glabrous, terete, 0.5–2 cm long. fig. 2. rhynchoglossum capsulare ohwi ex karton., eyma 1572 from maraowa, sulawesi (holotype bo). lar, acute, 1.5–2 mm long. corolla glabrous, 1–1.8 cm long, whitish blue to dark violet; tube tubular, 8 mm long; limb 8–10 mm long; adaxial 2–lobed, 2– 4 mm long, abaxial lip slightly 3–lobed, tonguelike, rounded, 8–10 mm long. stamens 2, coherent in a pair, glabrous; anthers ovoid, 2–thecae parallel, opening by longitudinal slits, basifixed, 0.5 mm diameter, filaments terete, 2–4 mm long. ovary oblong, glabrous, 1–3 mm long; style terete, glabrous, 1–1.2 cm long; stigma capitate, swollen 1 mm. fruit capsule–like, elongate, 4–10 mm long by 2–3 mm wide, glabrous; stalk puberulous, 2–3 mm long, half enclosed by calyx remnant; calyx remnant 3–7 mm long; style remnant up to 5–6 mm long. seeds reinwardtia 426 [vol.13 minute, ellipsoid, testa tessellate, 0.3–0.4 mm long. distribution. sulawesi. ecological habitat. in open areas in mountain forest at 1200-1400 m. notes. rhynchoglossum capsulare is the only species of the genus in malesia that has a fruit which is not fully enclosed within the calyx remnant. it is similar to r. obliquum in habit and the shape of the flowers but differs in the shape of the leaves, oblong in r. capsulare and ovate-elliptic in r. obliquum. the species is endemic to central sulawesi island. specimens examined. sulawesi. porema kjellberg 2663 (bo); east of poso district, maraowa. eyma 1572 (bo, type). 3. rhynchoglossum klugioides c. b. clarke ― fig. 3; map 1 rhynchoglossum klugioides c.b. clarke in a. dc & c. dc., monogr. phan. 5 (1883) 163; merr., enum. philipp. pl. 3 (1923) 454; elmer, leafl. philipp. bot. 3 (1910) 948; b.l. burtt, notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 24 (1962) 169. ― lectotype: philippines, luzon, province of tayabas. cuming 824 (k; iso bm, k, designated by burtt, 1962). herb, annuals, non rhizomatous, ca. 35 cm tall. stem glabrous to glabrescent, 3–4 mm diameter; branching nodes not swollen. leaves lamina subcoriaceous, dark green and dark brown when dry, ovate to elliptic, 10–16 cm long by 5.5–10 cm wide; base unequal, one side cordate, other side cuneate to subrounded; apex acute, tip 1 cm long; margin entire, serrate in young leaf; reticulate; glabrous or subvelvety on adaxial, glabrescent to puberulous on abaxial; young leaf brown pubescent; petiole terete, glabrous, 1.5–4 cm long. inflorescences axillar, up to 40 cm long, sometimes pendulous, up to 20 flowers, arising opposite the leaf; main axes terete, glabrous; peduncles 3–5 cm long; bracts minute or linear, glabrous 4 mm long; pedicels terete, glabrous, 7 mm long; bracteoles linear, glabrous, single, 1–5 mm long, at the base or middle of pedicel. flower 2–2.5 cm long. calyx tube urceolate, glabrous, pale green to white, 10–12 mm long by 4– 5 mm wide, connate at lower half base 4-6 mm long; calyx lobes hastate, acute, 4–8 mm long, margin entire, glabrous. corolla white to dark blue or whitish blue, glabrous, 2–2.5 cm long by 0.5-1 cm wide; tube tubular 1.4–1.7 cm long; limb 1-1.5 cm long; adaxial emarginate or 2-lobed, 5 mm long by 4–5 mm wide; abaxial lip 1–3–lobed, tongue–like or lobate, rounded, with whitish blotch, 10–15 mm long and 7–10 mm wide. stamens 2, coherent in a pair; filaments flat, 5–8 mm long; anthers ovoid, glabrous, 2 thecae parallel, 0.5–1 mm diameter. ovary ovoid to oblong, glabrous, 1 mm long by 1 mm wide; style glabrous, 20 mm long, terete; stigma capitate, swollen 0.5 mm diameter. fruit ovoid, glabrous, fully enclosed by elongate calyx remnant, 2–valvate, 5 mm long by 3 mm wide; stalk 8–10 mm long, glabrous; style remnant about 10–15 mm long; calyx remnant up to 1 cm long and 0.5 cm wide. seeds minute, cuneate, ellipsoid, testa tessellate, 0.4–0.5 mm long. distribution. philippines (luzon, catanduanes, mindoro, samar, biliran, leyte, mindanao. fide merrill (1923)), moluccas (ceram). local name. cabeddaya (bagobo), pampangod (philippine). ecological habitat. moist humus covered soil of dense forest and damp forested ravines at 500–2000 m. notes. rhynchoglossum klugioides was previously only known from the philippines. it is now known in ceram island, moluccas. the species has large flowers with a broader corolla limb than the other species of rhynchoglossum and an urceolate calyx tube and 2 fertile stamens. also, it has a subcoriaceous leaf blade and an elongate fruit shape. it is rather similar to r. notonianum from india which, fig. 3. rhynchoglossum klugioides c.b.clarke, cuming 824 from tayabas, luzon (lectotype k). 2013] 427 kartonegoro : a revision of rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) in malesia however, has 4 stamens. specimen examined. moluccas. ceram. hatumetepas. kornassi 622 (bo); ibid. eyma 2382 (bo). philippines. luzon. camarines sur. edano bs76399 (bo); mount maquiling. servinas bs16888 (bo); baguio. elmer 8822 (bo); mt. alzapan. ramos & edano bs45715 (bo); mt. masingit. ramos & edano bs37560 (bo); irosin (mt. bulusan). elmer 15369 (bo); ibid. elmer 14615 (bo); los baños (mt. maquiling). elmer 17941 (bo); tayabas. cuming 824 (bm, k, lectotype); catanduanes. ramos bs30209 (bo). mindanao. todaya (mt. apo). elmer 11570 (bo). 4. rhynchoglossum obliquum blume ― fig. 4; map 2 rhynchoglossum obliquum blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. 14 (1826) 741; c. b.clarke in a. dc & c. dc., monogr. phan. 5 (1883) 161; elmer, leafl. philipp. bot. 2 (1908) 564; koord., exkursion fl. java 3 (1912) 195; merr., enum. philipp. pl. 3 (1923) 454; ridl., fl. mal. pen. 2 (1923) 539; b. l. burtt, notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 24 (1962) 170; bakh. f. in backer & bakh. f., fl. java 2 (1965) 525. ― rhynchoglossum blumei dc., prodr. 9 (1845) 274. ― lectotype: java. blume 52 (l 909.127-80, designated here). wulfenia obliqua wall., tent. fl. nepal (1826) t.35. ― loxotis obliqua (wall.) benth., scroph. ind. (1835) 57; r. br. in benn., pl. jav. rar. (1838) 102, t.24; miq., fl. ned. ind. 2 (1858) 731, t.35. ― rhynchoglossum obliquum (wall.) dc. auct. non blume, prodr. 9 (1845) 275. ― rhynchoglossum obliquum blume var. parviflorum c. b. clarke, in a. dc. & c. dc., monogr. phan. 5 (1883) 162 ― type: nepal. wallich 407 (bm; iso e!). loxotis intermedia benth., scroph. ind. (1835) 57. ― rhynchoglossum obliquum (wall.) dc. var. intermedium (benth.) dc., prodr. 9 (1845) 275. ― type: nepal. wallich 408 (bm). rhynchoglossum rheedei dc., prodr. 9 (1845) 274. ― type: rheede hort. mal., 9, t.80. rhynchoglossum zeylanicum hook., bot. mag. (1845) t.4198. ― type: ceylon. gardner s.n. (bm). rhynchoglossum hologlossum hayata, icon. pl. formos. 5 (1915) 131. ― rhynchoglossum obliquum blume var. hologlossum (hayata) w. t. wang, bull. bot. res., harbin 4 (1984) 31. ― type: formosa, rinkiho. viii.1911. inaba s.n. (ti). rhynchoglossum papuae schltr., bot. jahrb. 58 (1923) 299; b.l. burtt, notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 24 (1962) 171. ― lectotype: new guinea, kaiser wilhelmsland, bei der kaulo-ettappe. schlechter 17524 (bo, designated here) syn. nov. herb, annual, not rhizomatous, about 5–150 cm tall. stem with swollen nodes to 4 mm diameter, internodes terete, 1.5–3 mm diameter, wrinkled or angular when dried, glabrous to puberulous; young stem pubescent. leaves lamina membranous, pale green, ovate to elliptic, 2.5–14 cm long by 1.5–9 cm wide, base unequal, one side rounded to cordate, other side attenuate to cuneate; apex acuminate, tip 0.5–1 cm long; margin entire or nearly serrate; tertiary venation reticulate, midrib puberulous; glabrous or sparsely hairy on adaxial with gland dots, glabrous on abaxial; young leaf brown pubescent; petiole terete, sparsely puberulous to glabrescent, 5– 30 mm long. inflorescences terminal up to 40 cm long and axillary up to 8 cm long, sometimes pendulous, up to 50 flowers; axillary inflorescences arising opposite leaf; main axes terete, puberulous; peduncles 1–4 cm long; bracts linear or minute, puberulous, 2–10 mm long, single; pedicels terete, densely puberulous 1–3 mm long; bracteoles linear, glabrous to puberulous, single, 3–10 mm long, in the middle of pedicel. flowers 8–12 mm long. calyx tube campanulate, glabrous to glabrescent, pale green to white, 3–5.5 mm long by 1.5–3 mm wide, connate at lower half base 1.5–4 mm long; calyx lobes triangular, acute or acuminate, 5-merous, 1–2 mm long, white to transparent, margin entire to nearly serrate, puberulous. corolla glabrous, white, blue to dark purple or whitish blue, yellow pubescent dot at throat, 0.8–1.6 cm long by 0.4 cm wide, nerve reticulate; tube tubular or cylindric 8–10 mm long; limb 6 mm long, adaxial lip emarginate or 2– lobed, 1–3 mm long; abaxial lip undivided, tongue -like or lobate, rounded to nearly trilobed, 3-6 mm long. stamens 2; filaments terete or flat, 1–5 mm map 1. distribution of rhynchoglossum borneense merr.(●), r. capsulare ohwi ex karton. (■), r. klugioides c. b. clarke (▲), and r. spumosum elmer (o). reinwardtia 428 [vol.13 long; anthers ovoid to oblong, glabrous, 2 thecae parallel, 0.5–1 mm diameter, basifixed. ovary ovoid to oblong, glabrous, 1.5–3 mm long by 1 mm wide; style glabrous, 5–10 mm long, terete; stigma capitate, swollen 1 mm diameter. fruit ovoid, glabrous, fully enclosed by calyx remnant, 2–valvate, 3–5 mm long by 2–3 mm wide; calyx remnant 5–8 mm long; stalk 1–1.5 cm long, glabrous to puberulous; style remnant about 5–8 mm long. seeds minute, 0.5 mm long, cuneate, ellipsoid, testa tessellate, without appendaged. distribution. india to south china, throughout malesia to new guinea. local name. simar hae-hae (batak), raongapae (celebes), katoi toimbi (buton), anggrek rendeu (sunda), kejian (java), pulungan (java), kuping macan (java), penceng (java), weci-weci (java), handulumog (negros). ecological habitat. edge of road, open area near small stream, lowland secondary forest, creeping on rocks, limestone massif with primary forest, remnant forest at 20-1400 m. notes. rhynchoglossum obliquum is the most common and widespread species in the genus. in malesia it is found in all regions from the malay peninsula to new guinea, including philippines but rather less so in borneo. the species is the type for the genus. it has long and crowded inflorescences and smaller flowers (only 8–12 mm long) than the other species. it most resembles r. capsulare but is differs in leaf and fruit. rhynchoglossum obliquum has an ovate to elliptic lamina and the fruit is fully enclosed while r. capsulare has an oblong to lanceolate lamina and a half enclosed fruit. the colour of the corolla tube varies from pure white to dark blue or purple. rhynchoglossum papuae from new guinea is placed under synonymy due to the similarity in all characters to the type of r. obliquum, extending the distribution of the species to new guinea. specimens examined. malay peninsula. kelantan, kuala betis. kiew 5259 (sing); kelantan, dabong. kiew 5265 (sing); pulau tioman. kiew 5207 (sing). sumatra. mt. leuser. sumadijaya 335 (bo); ibid. de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 18043 (bo); ibid de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 19239 (bo); ibid. de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 12254 (bo); ibid. de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 12609 (bo); ibid. de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 19848 (bo); ibid. iwatsuki, murata, dransfield & saerudin s582 (bo); gayoluas. pringgoatmodjo 107 (bo); deli. lorzing 14980 (bo); simalungun. keers 58 (bo); sibolangit. md. nur sn7437 (bo, sing); ibid. lorzing 3865 (bo); ibid. lorzing 3865 (bo); ibid. alston 14451 (bo); anai valley. kleinhoonte 595 (bo); padang, panti-culadak bünnemeijer 25 (bo); mt. singgalang. teijsmann 1175hb (bo); pajingahan. ruttner 67 (bo): mukomuko, maninjau lake. hotta & okada 1682 (bo); batang palupuh. hotta 25029 (bo); panti nature reserve. van borssum-walkees 1762 (bo); antokan river near pari panjang. alston 13763 (bo); sugi waras. de voogd 1137 (bo); ranau lake, mt. pakiwang. van steenis 3491 (bo); kepahiang. kasik 97 (bo); mt. rante berenong. iboet 170 (bo). java. tagogapu. lorzing 1104 (bo); mt. burangrang. backer 14132 (bo); cibeber, cidadap. backer 22462 (bo); ibid. bakhuizen 1790 (bo); ibid. bakhuizen 2957 (bo); ibid. bakhuizen 2158 (bo); ibid. bakhuizen 1760 (bo); mt. malabar. backer 26239 (bo); kiara payung. backer 23706 (bo); pelabuan ratu. koorders 34320 (bo); jampang kulon. van balgooy 5149 (bo); dago waterfall. van steenis 1700 (bo); lembang. backer12914 (bo); mt. guntur. danser 6701 (bo); telaga remis, mandiranceng. vermeulen 12 (bo); ciampea. hallier s.n. (bo); ibid. hallier s.n. (bo); ibid. burck & de monchy s.n. (bo); ibid. backer 22097 (bo); g. hanjarung. backer 6064 (bo); mt. salak. lam 252 (bo); mount karang. boedijn 1296 (bo); ibid. holstvoogd 420 (bo); blume 52 (l, lectotype). ungaran-garung. docters van leeuwen-reijnvaan s.n. (bo); mt. telomoyo. koorders 28056 (bo); ibid. koorders 35821 (bo); kedung jati. koorders 27214 (bo); salatiga. docters van leeuwen s.n. (bo); selokaton. loogen 5 (bo); mt. sindoro. lorzing 107 (bo); kemadang and jepitu. backer 2758 (bo); wonosari. backer 2697 (bo); kaliurang. brinkman 403 (bo); doro to petung kriono. backer 15764 (bo); ibid. backer 15922 (bo); josorejo. backer 16112 (bo); tegal. beumee 5148 (bo); ibid. de monchy 3 (bo); pasir salam near majenang. backer 18799 (bo); mt. muriah. kern 8506 (bo); baderan near sumber malang. backer 13379 (bo); tegalombo-slahung. backer 3402 (bo); mt. wilis. lorzing 911 (bo); ngebel. rant s.n. (bo); ibid. koorders 29880 (bo); ibid. koorders 23227 (bo); medoro kandangan. koorders 29245 (bo); berbek, sawahan. grutterink 3198 (bo); ibid. beumee a20 (bo); zollinger s.n. (bo); mt. kelud. clason-laarman 165 (bo); ibid. docters van leeuwen 413 (bo); mt. semeru. backer 3578 (bo); ibid. backer 3588 (bo); ranu bedali near klakah. van slooten 2388 (bo); mt. arjuno. bremekamp s.n. (bo); umbulan. backer s.n. (bo); mt. jayanti. koorders 34316 2013] 429 kartonegoro : a revision of rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) in malesia (bo); prigen. rant s.n. (bo); gondang legi. backer 30535 (bo); pujon. rant s.n. (bo); ringgit near curah udang. clason-laarman 10 (bo); mt. abang near kepuh. backer 8283 (bo); tawang rejeni. backer & posthumus s.n. (bo); lawang. mousset 60 (bo); tengger. ramuer lako 92 (bo); nongkojajar. docters van leeuwen-reijnvaan 4615 (bo); yang plateau. van steenis 11077 (bo); ibid. backer 12106 (bo); mt. ijen. backer 30701 (bo); ibid. koorders 15416 (bo); ibid. ottolander 285 (bo); ibid. koorders 28555 (bo); g. kemiri songo near mumbul. backer 30622 (bo); puger. buwalda 7226 (bo); blitar. leg.ign. s.n. (bo); mt. lawu. jacobson s.n. (bo); ibid. backer 6731 (bo); sarangan. schrooter & coert s.n. (bo); suci near gresik. rant s.n. (bo); ibid. bremekamp s.n. (bo); ibid. dorgelo s.n. (bo); mt. welirang. dorgelo 3081 (bo); madura, kwanyar. backer 19231 (bo); kangean islands, batu putih. backer 28562 (bo); kangean islands, terrain pandeman. backer 30002 (bo). lesser sunda islands. bali. git-git. van steenis 7786 (bo); lombok. mt. rinjani. elbert 712 (bo); ibid. rensch 138 (bo); ibid. elbert 485 (bo); ibid. tokuoka, murakami, kanaya, utami & fig. 4. rhynchoglossum obliquum blume, blume 52 from java (lectotype l). reinwardtia 430 [vol.13 wiriadinata t-0302 (bo); sumbawa, mt. tana tumpang, batulante. hoover, hunter, wiriadinata, girmansyah & ruskandi 263 (bo); ibid. hoover, hunter, wiriadinata, girmansyah & ruskandi 291 (bo); batu dulang-punik village. hoover, hunter, wiriadinata, girmansyah & ruskandi 214 (bo); semangkat. rensch 543 (bo); ibid. wiriadinata, hoover, hunter & girmansyah hw11371 (bo); mt. batulanteh. kostermans 18180 (bo); soemba. kaora. iboet 338 (bo); timor. nasimetan. bloembergen 3462 (bo); ibid. bloembergen 3495 (bo); wetar. hugeldes tihusees. elbert 4593 (bo); flores. mt. ndeki. kostermans & wirawan 286 (bo); rawa mese. rensch 1211 (bo); larantuka, ile mandiri. afriastini 1532 (bo); ruteng. schmutz 1452 (bo). borneo. batu babi and limowi. hubert winkler 2811 (bo); meratus mts. de vogel 1714 (bo). sulawesi. bantimurung. van steenis 10428 (bo); ibid. rant 42 (bo); mt. wawonseru. hennipman 6080 (bo); pasui-rante lemo, enrekang. eyma 419 (bo); ibid. kjellberg 1410 (bo); ibid. kartonegoro & santoso 542 (bo); malili. kjellberg 2522 (bo); bontorihu. noerkas 284 (bo); ne of makassar. meijer 10951 (bo); ibid. meijer 9139 (bo); malino. bünnemeijer 10891 (bo); ibid. bünnemeijer 10854 (bo); bonte lerong near lombasang. bünnemeijer 11776 (bo); ibid. bünnemeijer 10995 (bo); ibid. bünnemeijer11310 (bo); pangkajene. teijsmann 12858 hb (bo); maros. monod de froideville 267 (bo); lemo-lemo. rijkebüsch 20 (bo); east luwuk. eyma 3904 (bo); gorontalo. between pinogu and tulabolu. mendum, atkins, newman, hendrian & sofyan 112 (bo); mt. watuwila. kartonegoro 238 (bo); buton, bau-bau. widjaja 561 (bo); tomohon. alston 15773 (bo); tounan, near rumoong atas. alston 16483 (bo); tondano. kruijff 13 (bo). moluccas. ambon. robinson 1729 (bo); benteng. rant 545 (bo); g. nona, boerlage 122 (bo); leg.ign s.n.; seram. japutih-pileana. eyma 1803 (bo); wai botti. rutten 420 (bo); manusela. rutten 2185 (bo); gah. kornassi 963 (bo); seti and konussi. rutten 405 (bo). new guinea. papua new guinea, morobe district rawlinson range. van royen ngf16114 (bo); camp bulolo. streimann & kairo ngf26010 (bo); kaiser wilhelmsland. hellwig 271 (bo, syntype of r. papuae schltr.); raulo-etoppe. schlechter 17524 (bo, lectotype of r. papuae schltr.). philippines. luzon. rizal. ahern’s collector fb3310 (bo); ibid. ahern’s collector fb3369 (bo); mt.angilog. lopez bs42030 (bo); mt. umingan. ramos & edano bs26266 (bo); san andales. edano bs48790 (bo); montalban. merrill 6236 (bo); negros. dumaguete (cuernos mts.). elmer 9664 (bo); palawan. mendum et.al. 25372 map 2. distribution of rhynchoglossum obliquum blume (●). 2013] 431 kartonegoro : a revision of rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) in malesia (bo); philippine islands. loher 6678 (bo). 5. rhynchoglossum spumosum elmer ― fig. 5; map 1 rhynchoglossum spumosum elmer, leafl. philipp. bot. 2 (1908) 564; merr., enum. philipp. pl. 3 (1923) 455; b. l. burtt, notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 24 (1962) 171. ― lectotype: philippine islands, negros, province of negros oriental, dumaguete (cuernos mts.). elmer 9929 (bo; iso a, e, l, ny, pnh, us, designated here). rhynchoglosum merrilliae kraenzl., philipp. journ. sc., bot. 8 (1913) 168; merr., enum. philipp. pl. 3 (1923) 454; b. l. burtt, notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 24 (1962) 169. ― lectotype: philippine islands, mindanao, distr. zamboanga, sax river. merrill 8187 (b†; lecto k, designated here) syn. nov. creeping herb, flaccid, annuals, rhizomatous, 5– 8 cm tall. stem 2 mm diameter, smooth, glabrescent to puberulous, nodes rather swollen. leaves lamina membranous, ovate to elliptic, flat, 2.5–5 cm long by 1–2 cm wide; base unequal, one side rounded, other side cuneate; apex acute, tip 0.5 cm; margin entire; tertiary venation reticulate, secondary veins 9 to 11 pairs, midrib distinct, puberulous; glabrescent or velvety on adaxial, glabrescent to puberulous on abaxial; petiole terete, glabrescent, 0.5–1.5 cm long. inflorescences axillary, in axil of leaf or opposite to leaf, up to 4–flowered, 3–4 cm long; main axes terete, glabrescent; peduncles 2 cm long; bracts absent; pedicels slender, glabrescent, 3–7 mm long; bracteoles linear, glabrescent, 6 mm long, at base of pedicel. flower 1–1.5 cm long. calyx tube campanulate, 6–7 mm long by 2–3 mm wide, glabrous, connate at lower half base 2–3 mm long; calyx lobes triangular, acuminate, entire, glabrous 5 mm long. corolla delicate, glabrous, whitish toward base, blue at the apex, 10 mm long; tube tubular 5–7 mm long, limb 3 mm long; adaxial lip 2–lobed, 1 mm long; abaxial lip obscurely 3–lobed, lateral pair smaller, terminal tongue-like, obtuse or acute, with an orange-red blotch between its base and top of lateral membranous folds (fide elmer), 3 mm long. stamens 2; filament flattened, 1 mm long, curved; anthers divaricate, glabrous, 2 thecae parallel, 0.7 mm long and 1.25 mm diameter. ovary oblong, glabrous, 2 mm long; style glabrous 6 mm long, terete, curved oppositely to the filaments; stigma capitate, swollen 1 mm diameter. fruit ellipsoid, glabrous, fully enclosed by calyx remnant, 2–valvate, 5 mm long by 2.5 mm wide; calyx remnant 5–6 mm long; stalk 1 cm long, glabrous; style remnant 5–7 mm long. seeds minute, cuneate, ellipsoid, ending in a very short stipitate base, unappendaged, 0.5 mm long. distribution. philippine (mindanao, negros) ecological habitat. on damp cliffs, especially in the spray of waterfalls, and on rocks in damp shaded ravines at 1000 m. notes. rhynchoglossum spumosum is the only species that has a creeping habit and rhizomatous roots. it is similar to r. klugioides in having 2 stamens and bracteoles that arise from the base of flowers. this fig. 5. rhynchoglossum spumosum elmer, elmer 9929 from cuernos mts., negros (lectotype bo). reinwardtia 432 [vol.13 species is known only from the phillipines. merrill (1923) said it is found on luzon and panay islands. rhynchoglossum merrilliae, which was previously known from mindanao, is now placed in synonymy because it is very similar to r. spumosum in the small leaf blades, few flowers in the inflorescence, and the two fertile stamens. specimens examined. philippines. negros. dumaguete (cuernos mts.). elmer 9929 (bo, e, l, ny, us, type ); mindanao, distr. zamboanga, sax river. merrill 8187 (k, type of r. merrilliae kraenzl.). acknowledgements i am grateful to david middleton (e) and ruth kiew (kep) for critically review and advice the manuscript and to jef veldkamp (l) for valuable discussion about nomenclature. i thank to the curator and director of the herbaria cited in the text for permitting using the specimens. i would like also to thank to lim chung lu (kep) and gerard thijsse (l) for sending the images of the type specimens from bm, k and l. references bakhuizen van den brink jr., r. c. 1965. gesneriaceae. in: backer, c. a. & bakhuizen van den brink jr., r. c. flora of java 2. nvp noordhoff, groningen. 518–534. bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. 990–1025. blume, c. l. 1826. bijdragen tot de flora van nederlandsch indie 14. lands drukkeij, batavia. boerlage, j. g. 1891. handleiding tot de kennis der flora van nederlandsch indie 2. ej. brill, leiden. brown, r. 1839. loxotis obliqua. in: bennett, j.j. & brown, r. plantae javanicae rariores 1. gul. h. allen et socios, london. 102–104. burtt, b. l. 1962. studies in the gesneriaceae of the old world xxiii. rhynchoglossum and klugia. notes roy. bot. gard. edinburgh 24: 167–171. burtt, b. l. 1998. climatic accommodation and phytogeography of the gesneriaceae of the old world. in: mathew, p. & sivadasan, m. diversity and taxonomy of tropical flowering plants. mentor books, calcutta. candolle, a. p. de. 1845. prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 9. treuttel et würtz, paris. clarke, c. b. 1883. cyrtandreae. in: candolle, a. de & candolle, c. de. monographie phanerogamarum 5. g. masson, paris. 1–303. elmer, a. d. e. 1908. gesneriaceae from the cuernos mts.. leafl. philipp. bot. 2: 553–567. elmer, a. d. e. 1910. new and interesting gesneriaceae. leafl. philipp. bot. 3: 947–970. fritsch, k. 1895. gesneriaceae. in: engler, a. & prantl, k. die natürlichen pflanzenfamilien 4 (3b). wilhelm engelmann, leipzig. 133–185. kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163–179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321–329. merrill, e. d. 1923. an enumeration of philippine flowering plants 3. bureau of printing, manila. merrill, e. d. 1929. gesneriaceae. in: merrill, e.d. plantae elmerianae borneenses. univ. calif. publ. bot. 15: 269–272. miquel, f. a. w. 1858. flora van nederlandsch indië 2. cg van der post, amsterdam. ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. schlechter, f. r. r. 1923. gesneriaceae papuanae. in: lauterbach, c. beiträge zur flora von papuasien x. bot. jahrb. syst. 58: 255–379. skog, l. e. 1985. proposal to conserve the spelling rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae). taxon 34: 319– 320. wallich, n. 1832. plantae asiaticae rariores 3. treuttel & würtz, london. weber, a. 2004a. gesneriaceae. in: kubitzki, k. & kadereit, j.w. the families and genera of vascular plants. vol. 7. flowering plants, dicotyledons: lamiales (except acanthaceae including avicenniaceae). springer-verlag, berlin. 63–158. reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 53 − 66 53 species are placed in persea (ca. 80 species), apollonias consists of one species in the canary islands and one in india, while the remaining genera range from pakistan to japan and south to new guinea. machilus (ca. 100 species) and phoebe (100 species fide li et al., 2008, but ca. 50 species fide kochummen, 1989) have their centers of diversity in southern china. alseodaphne (50 sp. or more), nothaphoebe (40 sp.) and dehaasia (35 sp.) are most common in tropical asia with only few species in southern china. modern treatments for asian members of these introduction the persea group as currently accepted consists of seven genera, alseodaphne nees, apollonias nees, dehaasia blume, machilus nees, nothaphoebe blume, persea mill. and phoebe nees and includes 400–450 species (li et al., 2011). the group is well represented in subtropical and tropical america, is absent from africa and madagascar and has a large number of species in subtropical and tropical asia. no members of this group are known from australia nor the pacific area. all neotropical do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe & dehaasia as distinct genera? received january 17, 2014; accepted may 21, 2014 sachiko nishida nagoya university museum, nagoya university, furo-cho, chikusa, nagoya, 464-8601, japan. e-mail: nishida@num.nagoya-u.ac.jp henk van der werff missouri botanical garden, 4344 shaw blvd., st. louis, mo 63110, u.s.a. e-mail: henk.vanderwerff@mobot.org abstract nishida, s. & van der werff, h. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? reinwardtia 14(1): 53 – 66. ― the asian members of the persea group are divided among the genera alseodaphne, apollonias, dehaasia, machilus, nothaphoebe and phoebe. a recent phylogenetic analysis has shown that machilus and phoebe are supported as monophyletic genera but evidence that the closely related genera alseodaphne, dehaasia and nothaphoebe are monophyletic or not was equivocal. in this study we analyzed cuticle characters of 95 collections belonging to the asian members except for apollonias. we anticipated two possible outcomes. if the genera were not monophyletic, we expected that the groups based on cuticle characters would consist of species belonging to different genera. if the genera were monophyletic, we expected that the groups based on cuticle characters would consist of species belonging to the same genus. we found 16 groups based on cuticles. of these, 12 consisted of species of a single genus (one group included a single species and thus a single genus). the four mixed groups included mostly species of one genus with 1 or 2 species of a different genus. our results support the recognition of alseodaphne, dehaasia, machilus, nothaphoebe and phoebe as distinct genera. key words: alseodaphne, cuticle, dehaasia, lauraceae, machilus, nothaphoebe. abstrak nishida, s. & van der werff, h. apakah karakter kutikula mendukung pengenalan alseodaphne, nothaphoebe dan dehaasia sebagai marga yang berbeda? reinwardtia 14(1): 53 – 66. ― kelompok persea dari asia dibedakan menjadi beberapa marga yaitu alseodaphne, apollonias, dehaasia, machilus, nothaphoebe dan phoebe. hasil analisis kekerabatan menunjukkan bahwa machilus dan phoebe adalah marga yang monofili, namun tidak demikian halnya dengan tiga marga yang berkerabat dekat yaitu alseodaphne, dehaasia dan nothaphoebe. pada studi ini telah dianalisis karakter kutikula dari 95 koleksi yang termasuk dalam kelompok asia kecuali apollonias dengan dugaan dua hasil yang telah diantisipasi. pertama, jika marga-marga tersebut tidak monofili, maka pengelompokan yang didasarkan pada karakter kutikula pada jenis-jenis tersebut berasal dari marga yang berbeda. kedua, jika marga-marga tersebut monofili maka pengelompokan yang didasarkan pada karakter kutikula jenis-jenis tersebut berasal dari marga yang sama. dari hasil studi ditemukan 16 kelompok berdasarkan karakter kutikulanya. dua belas kelompok terdiri atas jenis-jenis yang berasal dari satu marga (satu kelompok terdiri atas satu jenis yang berarti satu marga juga). sedangkan empat kelompok yang bercampur termasuk jenis-jenis yang berasal dari satu marga dengan satu atau dua jenis dengan marga yang berbeda. hasil studi ini mendukung pengenalan alseodaphne, dehaasia, machilus, nothaphoebe dan phoebe sebagai marga yang berbeda. kata kunci: alseodaphne, kutikula, dehaasia, lauraceae, machilus, nothaphoebe. reinwardtia 54 [vol.14 genera are few or lacking. regional treatments of machilus and phoebe are published in the flora of china (li et al., 2008), covering the majority of the species of these genera. kostermans published synopses of alseodaphne (1973a) in which he recognized 50 species and of dehaasia (1973b) with 35 species. these synopses consist of descriptions of new species, listing of accepted species with citation of specimens, but do not include keys to species. there is no recent treatment of nothaphoebe (ca. 40 sp.). morphologically, the asian genera of the persea group are poorly defined. no floral differences have been reported between machilus and phoebe; the sole difference is found in the condition of the persistent tepals in fruit and the shape of the fruit: spreading to recurved tepals and round fruits in machilus vs. erect, clasping tepals and ovoid fruits in phoebe. a few species, such as m. calcicola qi or m. glabrophylla zuo, have round fruits and deciduous tepals. a few species placed in phoebe are described as having globose fruits and loose, lax or slightly clasping tepals in fruit (p. chinensis chun, p. microphylla h.w. li, p. faberi (hemsley) chun; see li et al., 2008). assigning flowering specimens to either machilus or phoebe remains problematic. the majority or possibly all species of machilus and phoebe have perulate vegetative buds, leaving clusters of scars at the base of the seasonal shoots; alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia do not have perulate buds (pers. obs.). there is no consensus on differences between alseodaphne and nothaphoebe. during the last sixty years a variety of opinions have been published. kostermans (1957) placed alseodaphne and nothaphoebe in persea, but later (kostermans, 1973a) reconsidered and accepted both as good genera without indicating how they could be separated. in an unpublished treatment of the lauraceae in thailand (a copy owned by one of the authors, hvdw) kostermans separated alseodaphne from nothaphoebe based on the fruiting pedicels: thick and fleshy in alseodaphne, cylindrical and not fleshy in nothaphoebe. this manuscript was probably written in the early 1970’s. kostermans also identified many collections in l; he placed nearly all specimens with unequal tepals in nothaphoebe and those with equal or subequal tepals in alseodaphne (pers. obs.). kochummen (1989) treated species with unequal tepals in nothaphoebe and species with subequal tepals in alseodaphne. rohwer (1993) separated the two by the size of the staminodes of whorl four: alseodaphne was said to have well-developed, heartshaped staminodes and nothaphoebe small staminodes. van der werff (2001) included nothaphoebe in alseodaphne. most recently, julia et al. (2009) studied alseodaphne and nothaphoebe for the tree flora of sabah and sarawak; they separated the two genera on a variety of characters (petioles canaliculate vs. rounded, few-flowered vs. many-flowered inflorescences, distinct vs. very short or absent filaments of the fertile stamens and fleshy vs. woody fruiting pedicels). dehaasia is generally considered to be closely related to alseodaphne and nothaphoebe, differing only in the number of pollen sacs per anther, alseodaphne and nothaphoebe being 4-locular and dehaasia 2-locular (kostermans, 1973b; rohwer, 1993; van der werff, 2001). fruiting specimens therefore cannot be identified to genus with any confidence and kochummen (1989) already deplored the description of new species based solely on fruiting specimens. the lack of recent revisions with keys to species makes even identification of flowering specimens difficult and this lack of reliable identifications poses large problems for studies of relationships in this group. two recent studies have presented phylogenetic analyses of the persea group (rohwer et al., 2009; li et al., 2011). the phylogenies found in these studies are not identical, however, these studies share a number of conclusions. the main ones referring to asian members are the following: machilus is a monophyletic group and separate from persea; persea is not monophyletic and consists of a large group (mostly of subg. eriodaphne) and a small group (mainly subg. persea), plus (sometimes) a few species currently placed in alseodaphne; phoebe is not monophyletic in rohwer et al. (2009), but monophyletic in li et al. (2011); alseodaphne is not monophyletic, but consists of two groups; dehaasia is nested in one of the alseodaphne groups and nothaphoebe was only represented by one species which was part of the alseodaphne/dehaasia group. in our study we focused on characters of the cuticles found in the asian persea group. cuticular characters are features of the cutinized epidermal cells or stomatal complex. they have been long used in identifying fossil leaves (e.g. upchurch, 1984a, 1984b; carpenter et al., 2010) and investigating relationships among extant taxa (baranova, 1972, 1987, 1992; stace, 1984; yang & lin, 2005). observation of cuticles requires relatively simple methodology. one can use fresh or dried specimens for cuticle studies, including material that is not suitable for molecular analyses. sterile specimens might also provide useful information for classification, which cannot be expected for conventional lauraceae systematics that usually requires some reproductive characters. we analyzed cuticle characters of 95 collections 2014] 55 nishida et al. : cuticular characters of the asian persea group belonging to the asian members except for apollonias. we anticipated two possible outcomes. if the genera were not monophyletic, we expected that the groups based on cuticle characters would consist of species belonging to different genera. if the genera were monophyletic, we expected that the groups based on cuticle characters would consist of species belonging to the same genus. materials and methods cuticles of 95 leaf samples of persea complex were examined (appendix 1). all were from asian countries (cambodia, china, malaysia, indonesia, philippines, thailand and vietnam), and included species of alseodaphne, dehaasia, machilus, notaphoebe, and phoebe (one species of persea, which should belong to machilus was also included). leaves were collected from herbarium specimens at mo and l, using one leaf sample per species. identities (genus names, species names, localities or collector’s names) of the plant samples were not known to the first author who examined the cuticles before her grouping them by the cuticular characters. the examination procedure basically followed that of christophel et al. (1996), nishida and christophel (1999), and nishida and van der werff (2007). a 1 cm square sample was taken from left basal part of the leaf (with the adaxial surface up) for each species. the leaf samples were soaked in 90% ethanol overnight then placed in a test tube with ca. 2 ml 30% h2o2 and ca. 1 ml 90% ethanol. the test tubes were heated around 100°c in a heated dry block bath for about 3 hr. when the samples turned soft and yellow, they were placed in a petri dish with tap water, tenderly cleaned with a fine artist’s brush to remove the cellular contents or leaf veins, then placed in bottles with 90% ethanol for more than one night. each sample was then rinsed in 2% ammonia (to adjust the ph), transferred to a petri dish with tap water to clean with a fine artist’s brush once more. the cuticles were stained in 0.1% crystal violet for ca. 1 min., then mounted in phenol glycerin jelly on a slide, covered with an 18 mm square cover glass and observed under an optical microscope. feature descriptions follow christophel et al. (1996), nishida and christophel (1999), or nishida and van der werff (2007, 2011). all the cuticles (except for three species, dehaasia sp. 1, machilus sp. 10, and phoebe formosana, whose cuticles were fragile and broke apart during the preparation) were also examined using an sem. sample preparation was the same as described above. samples were dehydrated in a tbutanol series (90% ethanol : t-butanol = 3:1; 1:3; 100% t-butanol twice), freeze-dried using a jfd310 (jeol, tokyo, japan) at -5°c, then coated with platinum, and observed under a jsm-6060b microscope (15 kv; jeol). without being informed about the identity (the genus or species names, the locality, or the reproductive characters), one of the authors (nishida) observed cuticles firstly only under optical microscope and grouped samples by their overall similarity of the cuticles. sem was not available at the time. we later reexamined cuticles with sem, and reconsidered the groups if the characters under sem were largely different from the previous impression we had under optical microscope. because generic concepts have varied from author to author, we give below the generic characters we have used. machilus and phoebe are separated on their fruit characters, machilus with reflexed or spreading tepals and round fruits, phoebe with clasping tepals and ovoid fruits; dehaasia is characterized by its 2-locular stamens fig. 1. optical micrographs of the abaxial cuticles (a1, b1, c1, d1, e1) and sems of the stomatal complex (a2, b2, c2, d2, e2). a. alseodaphne sp. 7; b. alseodaphne sp. 10; c. alseodaphne sp. 15; d. alseodaphne rhododendropsis; e. phoebe lucida. scale bars = 50 µm. reinwardtia 56 [vol.14 and alseodaphne and nothaphoebe are separated on their tepals; unequal tepals in nothaphoebe and equal tepals in alseodaphne. results among the 95 samples, two samples (alseodaphne peduncularis and a. sp. 16) were excluded from the results because cuticles were not well removed from leaf tissue and unobservable. cuticular features were different between the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces; stomata were observed only on the abaxial leaf surfaces. features consistent within each of the samples but varied among the species were observed mainly on the abaxial leaf surfaces. they are listed in table 1, and samples with the representative features are shown in figs. 1-4. drawings of the cuticle parts or features we refer to (and may be difficult to understand from the sample pictures) are shown in figs. 5-7. the following are brief descriptions of the features. in many species, periclinal walls of epidermal cells or stomatal complex (fig. 5) were smooth (figs. 2b2, 2c2, 2d2, 3b2, 3c2), or granular (e.g. figs. 1a2, 1b2, 1d2, 2a2, 3d2, 3e2, 4a2). the structures mentioned here as “granular” may be remains of epicuticular waxes, but we used the term because the appearance of them under microscope resembled the ones referred to as granular by christophel & rowett (1996). epidermal cells were sometimes papillose or strongly protruding upward (figs. 1d2, 1e2, 2e2, 3a2), although surface of the papillae or the protruding cells themselves could be smooth (figs. 1e2, 2e2) or granulous (fig. 1d2, 3a2). peritable 1. cuticle character states recognized for the asian persea genera. * characters used for the grouping. part of cuticle characters character states epidermal anticlinal walls straightness of walls straight to slightly curved / with loose u-shaped curves / with tight u-shaped curves epidermal periclinal walls surface texture* smooth / weakly granulous / granulous surface appearance* flat / each cell protruding upward / papillose stomatal complex overall shape* narrowly rectangular / elliptic / broadly elliptic / (hidden under papillae or protrusion of epidermal cells) stainability of subsidiary cells stained as much as epidermal cells / darkly stained / inner part scarcely stained but outer part darkly stained lower ledges* lip-shaped / butterfly-shaped surface appearance* almost flat / irregularly protruding / circular and protruding / reniform and protruding / lip-shaped and protruding / dome-shaped and protruding / (hidden among protrusion or papillae of epidermal cells) surface texture* smooth /granulous 2014] 57 nishida et al. : cuticular characters of the asian persea group clinal walls were usually homogeneous within each sample, but in some species they were different between the cells surrounding stomata and the other part of the epidermal cells (fig.1b2): the former had granulous periclinal walls, whereas the other part had smooth ones. a few species had only their subsidiary cells with granulous periclinal walls (fig. 1c2). anticlinal walls of epidermal cells were usually straight to slightly curved, and sinuous anticlinal walls were rarely seen. straightness of anticlinal walls of subsidiary cells made the stomatal overall shape (fig. 6) different: usually the walls were curved outward and the stomatal complexes look elliptic to broadly elliptic (fig. 6a; e.g. fig. 2b1), but in a few cases they were straight and the stomatal complexes look narrowly rectangular (fig. 6b; figs.1a1, 1b1, 4a1). stomatal ledges (the most inside part of the stomatal complex and along the stomatal opening slit; fig. 5) are usually stained only weakly (e.g. “sl” of figs. 2b1 and 2d1), but other part of the complex, which mainly consists of subsidiary cells, may have their periclinal walls stained by crystal violet. if the entire periclinal walls are stained only weakly (e.g., “su” of fig. 2c1), darkly (e.g. “su” of fig. 2d1), or only outer edge of the walls stained darkly (e.g. “su” of fig. 2b1) is observable under the microscope, and we listed the states as dyed patterns of the subsidiary cells (table 1). surface appearance of the stomata recognized under sem had some variation: almost flat and inconspicuous (fig. 7a; figs.1a2, 1b2, 3d2, 3e2), irregularly protruding (fig. 7b; fig. 4a2), circular and protruding (figs. 1c2, 3a2, 3b2, 3c2), reniform and protruding (fig. 7c; fig. 2a2), lip-shaped and protruding (fig. 7d; fig. 2b2), dome-shaped and protruding (fig. 7e; figs. 2c2, 2d2, 2e2). in the fig. 2. optical micrographs of the abaxial cuticles (a1, b1, c1, d1, e1) and sems of the stomatal complex (a2, b2, c2, d2, e2). a. alseodaphne insignis; b. nothaphoebe sarawacensis; c. phoebe neurantha; d. alseodaphne andersonii (#poilane 19847); e. nothaphoebe cavalieriei. sl = stomatal ledges. su = subsidiary cells. scale bars = 50 µm. fig. 3. optical microgaphs of the abaxial cuticles (a1, b1, c1, d1, e1) and sems of the stomatal complex (a2, b2, c2, d2, e2). a. machilus kurzii. b. alseodaphne sp. 8. c. dehaasia sp. 4. d. dehaasia cairocan. e. dehaasia sp. 3. scale bars = 50 µm. reinwardtia 58 [vol.14 cuticle of circular and protruding stomatal surface, circles may appear perfect (fig. 7f; fig. 3b2) or broken at both ends of the stomatal slit (fig. 7g; fig. 3a2, 3c2). differences among circular surface, lip-shaped surface and dome-shaped surface were relative width of the complex (length of the complex crossing the stomatal slit perpendicularly) and shape of the part near the stomatal slit: the width was usually as long as or longer than the slit in the circular shaped surface or dome shaped surface but shorter than the slit in the lip shaped surface; the part near the stomatal slit was slightly depressed in the circular shaped surface or lip shaped surface whereas it was protruding in the dome shaped surface. in some species, stomatal complexes were hidden under the papillae of the epidermal cells or protruding surface of the surrounding epidermal cells (figs. 1d2, 1e2). as we mentioned in the description of the periclinal walls, some species had only the stomatal complex with granulous periclinal fig. 4. optical micrographs of the abaxial cuticles (a1) and sems of the stomatal complex (a2). a. alseodaphne sp. 12. scale bars = 50 µm. fig. 5. diagram of a typical stomatal complex of the asian persea group. fig.6. overall shape of the stomatal complex in the asian persea group. a. elliptic to broadly elliptic. b. narrowly rectangular. fig. 7. stomatal surface appearance patterns of the asian persea group. a. almost flat. b. irregularly protruding. c. reniform and protruding. d. lip-shaped and protruding. e. domeshaped and protruding. f. circular and protruding, with the circle perfect. g. circular and protruding, with the circle broken at both ends of the stomatal slit. 2014] 59 nishida et al. : cuticular characters of the asian persea group walls (fig. 1c2) or stomatal complex and epidermal cells surrounding the stomata with granulous walls (fig. 1b2). discussion we found 16 groups based on cuticles (table 2, 3). if groups share the same number (eg. 1a and 1b) this indicates that their cuticles appear more similar to each other than to the other groups. names of species that have exceptional features and are only tentatively placed in one of the groups are placed in parentheses in the table. these species must be further investigated to examine their attribution. as we mentioned in materials and methods, we firstly observed the cuticles under optical microscope and grouped the species, then later reexamined with sem and reconsidered the groups if the characters observed under sem were largely different from the previous impression we had with optical microscope. this way, seven of our 93 samples (#hyland 14931 of alseodaphne andersonii, a. glaucina, a. sp. 14, dehaasia sp. 3, phoebe neurantha and p. formosana, p. tavoyana) were moved to a different group. the cuticular characteristics used for the grouping mainly belong to the stomatal complex, but the features of the periclinal walls were also used. as mentioned earlier (nishida and van der werff 2011), features of the stomatal complex might be better correlated with molecular phylogeny than features of epidermal cells, and we also considered the former ones more important. in the key to the groups (table 3), however, we used features of the epidermal cells more often, because they are more easily recognized. dyed patterns of the stomatal complex (whether subsidiary cells are stained darkly or not) might be a new character recognized for cuticular studies of lauraceae. twelve of the 16 groups consist of species of a single genus (including one group with just a single species). the four mixed groups included mostly species of one genus with 1 or 2 species of a different genus. because the taxonomy of the genera is poorly known, it is very well possible that the mixed groups are a consequence of misidentifications. for example, the species identified as nothaphoebe cavaleriei is a species of phoebe and the specimen identified as alseodaphne sp. 13 has unequal tepals and is thus a species of nothaphoebe. our results, therefore, support the recognition of alseodaphne, dehaasia, machilus, nothaphoebe and phoebe as distinct genera. most of the species were grouped by the first author without their generic or distributional information, which indicates the groupings were not biased by such information. this suggests that the cuticular characters might be useful to recognize some natural taxa, if we use the characters carefully. we, of course, still have a problem to rely on the cuticles. for instance, the groupings were based on the overall similarity of the features and without any quantification. it was hard to quantify features like the appearance of the stomatal complex, but we need some systems of the cuticular characters that are more accessible and easier to recognize even for non-specialists. more objective ways of evaluation of the features, including more comparison with the other morphologies or molecular phylogeny, are also needed. acknowledgements we gratefully acknowledge leiden herbarium (l) and the herbarium of missouri botanical garden (mo) for allowing us to sample leaves from the specimens. we also thank the kyoto university museum for use of the scanning electron microscope and dr. h. nagamasu for his guidance on the procedure. references baranova, m. 1972. systematic anatomy of the leaf epidermis in the magnoliaceae and some related families. taxon 21: 447–469. baranova, m. 1987. historical development of the present classification of morphological types of stomata. botanical review (lancaster) 53: 53–79. baranova, m. 1992. principles of comparative stomatographic studies of flowering plants. botanical review (lancaster) 58: 1–99. carpenter, r. j., truswell, e. m. & harris, w. k. 2010. lauraceae fossils from a volcanic palaeocene oceanic island, ninetyeast ridge, indian ocean: ancient longdistance dispersal? journal of biogeography 37: 1202–1213. christophel. d. c. & rowett, a. i. 1996. leaf and cuticle atlas of australian leaf lauraceae. flora of australian supplementary series number 6, australian biological resources study, canberra. christophel, d. c., kerrigan, r. & rowett, a. i. 1996. the use of cuticular features in the taxonomy of the lauraceae. annals of the missouri botanical garden 83: 419–432. julia, s., soepadmo, e. & yahud, w. 2009. problem in the generic delimitation between alseodaphne, dehaasia and nothaphoebe (lauraceae) in borneo. blumea 192: 192–197. kochummen, k. m. 1989. lauraceae. in: ng, f. s. p. (ed.), tree flora of malaya: a manual for foresters 4. kuala lumpur: longman. p. 98–178. kostermans, a. j. g. h. 1957. lauraceae. pengumuman balai besar penjelidikan kehutanan indonesia 57: 1–64. reinwardtia 60 [vol.14 348–357. rohwer, j. g. 1993. lauraceae. in: kubitzki, k., rohwer, j. g. & bittrich, v. (eds.) the families and genera of vascular plants. flowering plants dicotyledons, vol. 2. berlin: springer-verlag. p. 366–391. rohwer, j. g., li, j., rudolph, b., schmidt, s. a., van der werff, h. & li, h. -w. 2009. is persea (lauraceae) monophyletic? evidence from nuclear ribosomal its sequences. taxon 58: 1153– 1167. stace, c. 1984. the taxonomic importance of the leaf surface. in: heywood, v. & moore, d. (eds.), current concepts in plant taxonomy vol. 25. london: academic press. pp. 67–94. upchurch, g. 1984a. cuticle evolution in early cretaceous angiosperms from the potomac group of virginia and maryland. annals of the missouri botanical garden 71: 192–202. upchurch, g. 1984b. cuticular anatomy of angiosperms leaves from the lower cretaceous potomac group i. zone i leaves. american journal of botany 71: 192–202. van der werff, h. 2001. an annotated key to the genera of lauraceae in the flora malesiana region. blumea 46: 125–140. yang, z. r. & lin, q. 2005. comparative morphology of the leaf epidermis in schisandra (schisandraceae). botanical journal of the linnean society 148: 39–56. kostermans, a. j. g. h. 1973a. a synopsis of alseodaphne nees (lauraceae). candollea 28: 93–136. kostermans, a. j. g. h. 1973b. a synopsis of the genus dehaasia bl. (lauraceae). botanische jahrbücher für systematik, pflanzengeschichte und pflanzengeographie 93: 424–480. li, h.-w., li, j., huang, p.-h., wei, f.-n., cui, h.b. & van der werff, h. 2008. lauraceae. in: wu, z.-y., raven, p. h., & hong, d.-y. (eds.) flora of china volume 7. beijing and st louis: science press and missouri botanical garden press. p. 102–254. li, l., li, j., rohwer, j. g., van der werff, h., wang, z.-h. & li, h.-w. 2011. molecular phylogenetic analysis of the persea group (lauraceae) and its biogeographic implications on the evolution of tropical and subtropical amphipacific disjunctions. american journal of botany 98: 1520–1536. nishida, s. & christophel, d. c. 1999. leaf anatomy of beilschmiedia (lauraceae) in the neotropics. nature and human activities 4: 9–43. nishida, s. & van der werff, h. 2007. are cuticular characters useful in solving generic relationships of problematic species of lauraceae? taxon 56: 1229–1237. nishida, s. & van der werff, h. 2011. an evaluation of classification by cuticular characters of the lauraceae: a comparison to molecular phylogeny. annals of the missouri botanical garden 98: 2014] 61 nishida et al. : cuticular characters of the asian persea group g ro u p s p e c ie s n a m e s u rf a c e a p p e a ra n c e a n d te x tu re o f a b a x ia l le a f e p id e rm is a n d s to m a ta o v e ra ll s h a p e o f st o m a ta s ta in a b il it y o f su b si d ia ry c e ll s l o w e r st o m a ta l le d g e s s u rf a c e a p p e a ra n c e o f st o m a ta 1 a a ls e o d a p h n e e lo n g a ta , a . sp . 6 , a . sp . 7 , a . sp . 9 g ra n u lo u s n a rr o w ly r e c ta n g u la r d a rk ly s ta in e d li p -s h a p e d a lm o st f la t 1 b (a ls e o d a p h n e h a in a n e n si s) , a . g la u c in a , a . sp . 1 0 , a . sp . 1 4 . c e ll s a ro u n d s to m a g ra n u lo u s, o th e r c e ll s sm o o th n a rr o w ly r e c ta n g u la r d a rk ly s ta in e d li p -s h a p e d a lm o st f la t 2 (a ls e o d a p h n e o b o v a ta ), a . sp . 5 , a . sp . 1 5 . su b si d ia ry c e ll s g ra n u lo u s, o th e r c e ll s sm o o th b ro a d ly e ll ip ti c d a rk ly s ta in e d li p -s h a p e d c ir c u la r a n d s li g h tl y p ro tr u d in g 3 a ls e o d a p h n e r h o d o d e n d ro p si s, a . sp . 1 , a . sp . 2 . g ra n u lo u s, e a c h c e ll p ro tr u d in g u p w a rd h id d e n u n d e r e p id e rm is sc a rc e ly s ta in e d li p -s h a p e d h id d e n u n d e r e p id e rm is 4 p h o e b e l u c id a , p . m a c ro p h y ll a , p . sp . 1 , p . sp . 2 . p a p il lo se ( p a p il la s u rfa c e s m o o th ) h id d e n u n d e r p a p il la e sc a rc e ly s ta in e d li p -s h a p e d h id d e n u n d e r e p id e rm is 5 a ls e o d a p h n e i n si g n is , a . o b la n c e o la ta sl ig h tl y g ra n u lo u s b ro a d ly e ll ip ti c d a rk ly s ta in e d b u tt e rf ly sh a p e d re n if o rm a n d p ro tr u d in g 6 n o ta p h o e b e c u n e a ta , n . sa ra w a c e n si s, n . sp . 1 , n . sp . 2 , a ls e o d a p h n e s p . 1 3 * 1 sm o o th b ro a d ly e ll ip ti c o n ly o u te r p a rt d a rk ly s ta in e d li p -s h a p e d li p -s h a p e d a n d p ro tr u d in g 7 a (p h o e b e n e u ra n th a ), p . fo rm o sa n a , p . la n c e o la ta , (m a c h il u s sp . 1 ) sm o o th b ro a d ly e ll ip ti c w e a k ly s ta in e d li p -s h a p e d d o m e -s h a p e d a n d p ro tr u d in g 7 b a ls e o d a p h n e a n d e rs o n ii , a . sp . 3 a lm o st s m o o th b ro a d ly e ll ip ti c d a rk ly s ta in e d li p -s h a p e d d o m e -s h a p e d a n d p ro tr u d in g 8 n o th a p h o e b e c a v a li e ri * 2 , p h o e b e b o u rn e ri , p . c a th ia , p . c h e k ia n g e n si s, p . fo rr e st ii , p . h u n a n e n si s, p . sh e a re ri , p . ta v o y a n a , p . sp . 4 e a c h c e ll p a p il lo se o r st ro n g ly p ro tr u d in g u p w a rd ( p a p il la e s u rfa c e s m o o th ) b ro a d ly e ll ip ti c w e a k ly s ta in e d li p -s h a p e d d o m e -s h a p e d a n d p ro tr u d in g t a b le 2 . g ro u p in g s o f sp e c ie s o f th e a si a n p e rs e a g ro u p b y c u ti c u la r c h a ra c te rs . r e in w a r d t ia 6 2 [v o l .1 4 species temporally placed in the group in parentheses. *1 alseodaphne sp. 13 should belong to nothaphoebe based on floral morphology (van der werff, unpublished). *2 nothaphoebe cavalerieri should belong to phoebe based on its-based phylogeny (rohwer et al., 2009) and general morphology (van der werff, p. 200 in li et al, 2008). *3 the two samples, which were named as alseodaphne sp. 8 and a. sp. 11, came from the same tree, one collection with flowers, the other with fruits. *4 this species should belong to machilus based on floral morphology (van der werff, unpublished). table 2. groupings of species of the asian persea group by cuticular characters (continued). 9 alseodaphne sp. 4., machilus bombycina, m. breviflora, m. calcicola, m. chekiangensis, m. decursinervis, m. gamblei, m. glabrophylla, m. grandibracteata, m. grijsii, m. kurzii, (m. minutiloba), m. nakao, m. odoratissima, m. oreophila, m. parabreviflora, (m. phoenics), m. platycarpa, m. pomifera, m. velutina, m. sp. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, persea rimosa, (phoebe sp. 3) granulous, each cell usually protruding upward broadly elliptic scarcely stained lip-shaped circular and protruding, circles broken at the both ends of the stomatal slit 10a alseodaphne sp. 8, 11 *3 smooth elliptic darkly stained lip-shaped circular and protruding, circles perfect 10b dehaasia turfosa, d. sp. 1, 2, 4, (6), (persea chatacea) *4 smooth elliptic scarcely stained lip-shaped circular and slightly protruding, circles almost perfect 11 (alseodaphne semecarpifolia), dehaasia annamensis, d. cairocan, (d. suborbicularis) granulous broadly elliptic only outer part darkly stained lip-shaped flat to slightly irregularly protruding 12 (dehaasia tomentosa), d. sp. 3, 5. granulous broadly elliptic scarcely stained lip-shaped almost flat 13 alseodaphne sp 12. slightly granulous narrowly rectangular scarcely stained lip-shaped irregularly protruding 2014] 63 nishida et al. : cuticular characters of the asian persea group table 3. key to the cuticular groupings. 1a. all or a part of abaxial leaf epidermis (including stomatal complex) with granulous walls, whether the cells protruding upward or not ...................................................................................................... 2 b. all of abaxial epidermis with smooth periclinal walls or papillose (pallila surface smooth) ........... 10 2a. only abaxial epidermal cells surrounding stoma with granulous periclinal walls .............................. 3 b. all the abaxial epidermal cells with granulous walls ......................................................................... 4 3a. subsidiary cells and epidermal cells surrounding the subsidiary cells with granulous periclinal walls; stomatal surface almost flat .................................................................................................. group 1b b. only subsidiary cells with granulous periclinal walls; stomatal surface circular and slightly protruding (fig. 7g) ........................................................................................................................... group 2 4a. stomatal surface reniform (fig. 7c) and protruding; stomatal ledges butterfly-shaped ......... group 5 b. stomatal surface almost flat to slightly protruding, but not reniform; stomatal ledges lip-shaped .... 5 5a. stomatal surface circular and protruding ................................................................................ group 9 b. stomatal surface almost flat, irregularly protruding or hidden under epidermis ............................... 6 6a. epidermal cells protruding conspicuously upward, with stomatal surface (subsidiary cell surface) hidden under the epidermal cells ................................................................................................. group 3 b. epidermal cells flat or only slightly protruding, with stomatal surface (subsidiary cell surface) visible, whether it is flat or protruding ..................................................................................................... 7 7a. subsidiary cells narrowly rectangular, with the outer anticlinal walls almost straight (fig. 6b) ...... 8 b. subsidiary cells broadly elliptic, with the outer anticlinal walls curved outward (fig. 6a) ............... 9 8a. stomatal surface almost flat ................................................................................................... group 1a b. stomatal surface irregularly protruding ................................................................................ group 13 9a. outer part of subsidiary cells darkly stained, making a contrast with the inner part of the subsidiary cells that are scarcely stained............................................................................................... group 11 b. outer part of subsidiary cells stained only weakly as the inner part ..................................... group 12 10a. stomatal surface (subsidiary cell surface) hidden under papilla ........................................... group 4 b. stomatal surface protruding ............................................................................................................ 11 11a. stomatal surface lip-shaped and protruding (fig. 7d), with width of the protrusion usually shorter than the stomatal slit ............................................................................................................. group 6 b. stomatal surface circular or dome-shaped and protruding, with width of protrusion usually as long as or longer than the stomatal slit ................................................................................................... 12 12a. stomatal surface dome shaped and protruding, with the part near stomatal slit also protruding .... 13 b. stomatal surface circular and protruding, with the part near stomatal slit slightly depressed ........ 15 13a. epidermal cells papillose or strongly protruding upward ..................................................... group 8 b. epidermal cells scarcely or only weakly protruding ....................................................................... 14 14a. outer part of subsidiary cells only weakly stained .............................................................. group 7a b. outer part of subsidiary cells stained darkly ....................................................................... group 7b 15a. rim of the circular stomatal surface darkly stained and conspicuous under optical microscope ....... ........................................................................................................................................... group 10a b. rim of the circular stomatal surface scarcely stained and inconspicuous under optical microscope .......................................................................................................................................... group 10b reinwardtia 64 [vol.14 species specimen no. locality alseodaphne andersonii (king) kosterm. poilane 19847 vietnam alseodaphne andersonii (king) kosterm. hyland 14931 china alseodaphne elongate (blume) kosterm. de wilde 18784 indonesia alseodaphne glaucina (a.chev.) kosterm. chevalier 38873 vietnam alseodaphne hainanensis merr. yu 103147 china alseodaphne insignisgamble mohtar s 54836 sarawak alseodaphne oblanceolata (merr.) kosterm. san 35191 indonesia alseodaphne obovata kosterm. ashton 5823 indonesia alseodaphne peduncularis hook.f. rahmat 2980 indonesia alseodaphne rhododendropsis kosterm. poilane 3566 vietnam alseodaphne semecarpifolia nees bernardi 15385 ceylon alseodaphne sp. 1 van der werff 23932 vietnam alseodaphne sp. 2 van der werff 23889 vietnam alseodaphne sp. 3 van der werff 23855 vietnam alseodaphne sp. 4 van der werff 17084 vietnam alseodaphne sp. 5 lee s 45516 sarawak alseodaphne sp. 6 mohtar s 59461 sarawak alseodaphne sp. 7 jamree s 73282 sarawak alseodaphne sp. 8 maxwell 07-702 thailand alseodaphne sp. 9 garcia 15942 philippines alseodaphne sp. 10 gaerlan 26377 philippines alseodaphne sp. 11 maxwell 06-515 thailand alseodaphne sp. 12 julaihi s 83465 sarawak alseodaphne sp. 13 julaihi s 83482 sarawak alseodaphne sp. 14 wu wp 409 vietnam alseodaphne sp. 15 enjah s 81836 sarawak alseodaphne sp. 16 de wilde 20304 indonesia dehaasia annamensis kosterm. poilane 2786 vietnam dehaasia cairocan (s.vidal) c.k.allen curran 10392 philippines dehaasia suborbicularis (lecomte) kosterm. poilane s.n. vietnam dehaasia tomentosa (blume) kosterm. kostermans 4896 indonesia dehaasia turfosa kosterm. sar 9268 indonesia dehaasia sp. 1 arifiani 37 indonesia dehaasia sp. 2 de wilde 15572 indonesia dehaasia sp. 3 kessler 2130 indonesia dehaasia sp. 4 de wilde 14420 indonesia dehaasia sp. 5 adriansyah aa 2476 indonesia dehaasia sp. 6 kessler 303 indonesia appendix 1. list of the samples examined. specimens are deposited in mo or l. 2014] 65 nishida et al. : cuticular characters of the asian persea group species specimen no. locality machilus bombycina king maxwell 02-155 thailand machilus breviflora hemsl. wang 37282 china machilus calcicola s.lee & c.j.qi guo 80136 china machilus chekiangensis s.k.lee cheng 170507 china machilus decursinervis chun chen 14184 china machilus gamblei king wang 39173 china machilus glabrophylla j.f.zuo china germany t 618 china machilus grandibracteata s.k.lee & f.n.wei zhou 10355 china machilus grijsii hance huang 161402 china machilus kurzii king maxwell 13971 thailand machilus minutiloba s.k.lee zhang 5346 china machilus nakaoi s.k.lee hou 72073 china machilus odoratissima nees middleton 643 cambodia machilus oreophila hance chen 23180 china machilus parabreviflora h.t.chang tsang 23803 china machilus phoenicis dunn he 15100 china machilus platycarpa chun wang 38678 china machilus pomifera (kosterm.) s.k.lee wang 34302 china machilus velutina champ. guangdong 73 t 2980 china machilus sp. 1 harder 4179 vietnam machilus sp. 2 harder 4775 vietnam machilus sp. 3 van der werff 14068 vietnam machilus sp. 4 van der werff 14104 vietnam machilus sp. 5 van der werff 14255 vietnam machilus sp. 6 vh 5117 vietnam machilus sp. 7 hal 111 vietnam machilus sp. 8 lowry 4918 vietnam machilus sp. 9 lowry 4921 vietnam machilus sp. 10 van beusekom 4078 thailand machilus sp. 11 van beusekom 4793 thailand machilus sp. 12 poilane 24913 vietnam machilus sp. 13 poilane 19114 vietnam machilus sp. 14 chevalier 38790 vietnam machilus sp. 15 poilane 23288 cambodia machilus sp. 16 gao 50232 china nothaphoebe cavalieriei (h.lév.) yang xu 527 china nothaphoebe cuneata blume kostermans 7103 indonesia nothaphoebe sarawacensis gamble chai s 35449 sarawak nothaphoebe sp. 1 james s 34453 sarawak nothaphoebe sp. 2 lam 3564 indonesia persea chartacea kosterm. maxwell 00-44 thailand phoebe bournei (hemsl.) yang he 4270 china appendix 1. list of the samples examined. specimens are deposited in mo or l (continued). reinwardtia 66 [vol.14 species specimen no. locality phoebe cathia (d.don) kosterm. maxwell 98-664 thailand phoebe chekiangensis p.t.li ho 30223 china phoebe formosana hayata liu 305 taiwan phoebe forrestii w.w.sm. hyland 14912 china phoebe hunanensis hand.-mazz. zuo 859 china phoebe lanceolata (nees) nees maxwell 05-387 thailand phoebe lucida blume beaman 9598 sabah phoebe macrophylla (nees) blume jacobs 4572 indonesia phoebe neurantha gamble xu 1995119 china phoebe sheareri gamble tan 58303 china phoebe tavoyana hook.f. hou 70523 china phoebe sp. 1 de vogel 3625 indonesia phoebe sp. 2 julaihi s 81357 sarawak phoebe sp. 3 gaoligong sbs 23334 china phoebe sp. 4 gaoligong sbs 22844 china appendix 1. list of the samples examined. specimens are deposited in mo or l (continued). instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 395-569-2-pb belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 reinwardtia vol. 20. no. 1. pp: 17‒26 doi: 10.14203/reinwardtia.v20i1.3932 17 a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) and its natural hybrids from aceh, sumatra, indonesia received december 22, 2020; accepted june 22, 2021 malcolm victoriano indonesian carnivorous plant society. jln. manggis 52, jakasetia, bekasi city, 17147, indonesia. email: malcolm.victoriano@gmail.com abstract victoriano, m. 2021. a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) and its natural hybrids from aceh, sumatra, indonesia. reinwardtia 20(1): 17–26. — a new species of nepenthes (nepenthaceae) from aceh province, indonesia, nepenthes longiptera victoriano is herein described and illustrated. the species is unique among all other nepenthes in sumatra by the presence of wings on its upper pitchers. comprehensive description, photographs, geographical distribution and preliminary iucn conservation assessment are provided for the new species. hybrids of this new taxon with other species are also reported in this paper. key words: aceh, carnivorous plant, nepenthes, new species, sumatra. abstrak victoriano, m. 2021. satu jenis baru nepenthes (nepenthaceae) dan silangan-silangan alaminya dari aceh, sumatra, indonesia. reinwardtia 21(1): 17–26. — satu jenis baru nepenthes (nepenthaceae) dari provinsi aceh, indonesia, nepenthes longiptera victoriano telah dipertelakan dan digambarkan. jenis ini berbeda dari semua jenis nepenthes lainnya di sumatra dengan adanya sayap di kantong atasnya. pertelaan lengkap, wilayah persebaran dan taksiran awal status konservasi iucn telah disajikan untuk jenis baru ini. silangan-silangan alami jenis baru ini dengan jenis lain juga dilaporkan dalam makalah ini. kata kunci: aceh, jenis baru, nepenthes, sumatra, tumbuhan karnivora. introduction nepenthes l. is a carnivorous plant genus from the old world and is classified as the only existing genus of the family nepenthaceae dumort. the genus consists of 168 accepted species (powo, 2021) and the number is increasing as almost every year, several new taxa have been described. for example, robinson et al. (2019) described a new species n. dactylifera a.s.rob., golos, s.mcpherson & barer from borneo which was mentioned earlier as nepenthes sp. bagong in a paper which also provides the revision of n. zakriana (j.h.adam & wilcock) j.h.adam & hafiza, n. fusca danser. later, golos et al. (2020), described a new species of nepenthes of indonesian borneo named as n. fractiflexa golos, a.s.rob. & barer. sumatra island is the second largest diversity centre of nepenthes species number recorded, compared with the next richest island: borneo. several nepenthes experts have claimed that sumatra is a hotspot of nepenthes evolution and the number of endemic species from sumatra is higher than borneo (wistuba et al., 2007). with such high diversity, sumatra island is believed to still have several undiscovered taxa (wistuba et al., 2007). the taxonomy of sumatran nepenthes, however, has never been systematically revised and is poorly known. species delimitation and nomenclature of several species have been controversial, such as n. junghuhnii macfarl. ex ridl. in 2019, the author had an opportunity to record the diversity of nepenthes spp. in their natural habitat during a fieldwork in nagan raya regency, aceh province. the author successfully recorded several nepenthes species and its hybrids. after we visited several locations in central aceh and nagan raya regency, the author discovered an unusual nepenthes species that appeared to be new, then it was labelled as nepenthes sp. aceh. this taxon is very distinct from any other nepenthes species known from sumatra. for several years before, the local orchid hunters were gathering these plants from the jungle and sold them to local people as nepenthes sp. ‘dairi’ for decoration purpose. they consider that name because it resembles to an unidentified nepenthes taxon from dairi regency in north sumatra province, although the plants were not exported from dairi regency. further information will be explained in the discussion below. the new species described in this paper was collected from roadside near copper mine and coffee (coffea canephora l.) plantations in nagan raya regency, aceh province, indonesia. since there are massive land clearings happened in su reinwardtia 18 [vol.20 matra, a lot of plant species from the inaccessible forest are discovered. this event gives the opportunity to the explorers to discover the diversity in the forest of aceh, but unfortunately this is also considered as a threat to the natural habitat in that area. this situation gives an opportunity to local people to collect the plants for medicine and decorative purposes. materials and methods to get the data, the author examines the material from type locality. during six days of exploration, the author was able to locate several well-known nepenthes species in aceh. in the habitat, the author examined this taxon by taking the measurements, elevation, ecology and population for assessing the conservation status. the data was then compared with other species of nepenthes both in natural habitat and cultivation for comparative study of the new species morphology. results and discussion several known species of nepenthes have been discovered during this survey. there are at least eight species of nepenthes that can be discovered in aceh, it includes n. lavicola wistuba & rischer (wistuba & rischer, 1996), n. ampullaria jack, n. densiflora danser, n. diatas jebb & cheek, n. mikei b.r.salmon & maulder, n. mirabilis (lour.) rafarin, n. spectabilis danser and n. tobaica danser (jebb & cheek, 1997). according to mcpherson (2009) there are no natural hybrid has been recorded in aceh highland before, most of nepenthes species in aceh grow in separate area and rarely encounter to each other, thus natural hybridisation is rarely known. during the survey to the new locations, the author successfully located five nepenthes species and their natural hybrids, including a new species that also hybridised with other species. a hybrid with multiple parent species is also recorded. nepenthes that are found during the survey are n. lavicola, n. mikei, n. reinwardtiana and n. tobaica (see table 1 and fig. 1). all these species at least have been hybridised with one species. but some related species such as n. mikei, n. reinwardtiana and n. tobaica are found to grow separately to each other. nepenthes in aceh mostly grow in highland swamp forests or swamps with sphagnum sp., in this type of habitat the population is very dense, more than in other type of habitat, such as in lowland rainforests, sedimentary rocks formation, river banks, grasslands or field. the examined materials consist of an undescribed nepenthes and its putative hybrids for morphological study collected during a field survey in aceh, sumatra, indonesia. this taxon was labelled as nepenthes sp. aceh, and about 102 specimens were seen in the habitat. type materials of the new species are deposited in herbarium bogoriense (bo). nepenthes longiptera victoriano spec. nov. figs. 3 & 4. — type: indonesia, sumatra, aceh province, nagan raya regency, beutong. at elevation ca. 780 m, 13 february 2019, victori 001. holotype bo (climbing plant with 2 upper pitchers and 1 species altitude (m) habitat n. lavicola 800–2,200 this species grows widely in aceh highlands as terrestrial at river banks, cliffs, swamps, pine forests, grassland and even on the roadside. it occasionally grows as an epiphyte in mossy forest n. mikei 750–2,200 mostly found in open area growing on sedimentary or lava rocks and highland swamps n. reinwardtiana 200–800 although it is a common species, it is rarely found in higher altitude in this area. only known in open area near the copper mining n. tobaica 1,200–1,600 this species favours wet habitat such as swamps, river banks and sewerage. they are growing sympatrically with other species mentioned above except n. mikei n. sp. aceh 750–1,600 the type is known from nagan raya regency, it is growing as terrestrial in humus with the colony of ferns or in grassland near the roadside table 1. nepenthes that are found in aceh tengah and nagan raya regency during the trip. victoriano: new species of nepenthes from aceh 2021] 19 male inflorescence, incl. an allotype: 1 infructescence); isotype bo (stem with lower pitchers). nepenthes longiptera is similar to n. tobaica but differs in having larger habit, with well developed upper pitcher wings (n. tobaica: reduced to ribs); rhomboid stem in cross-section (n. tobaica: obtusely triangular); and the presence of an appendage under the lid (n. tobaica: absent). a climbing, terrestrial plant with 1–5 basal shoots, up to 13 m long, the whole plant mostly pubescent. stem rhomboid in transection with diameter of 12 × 9 mm, internodes in vining plant 3–11 cm long, occasionally bearing an elongated dormant bud on each leaf axillary. young shoots covered in thin brown caducous bristles so plants appear to be glabrous when mature. leaves coriaceous, oblong or lanceolate; contracted into linear at the base, 27 –33 cm long and 4.4–6 cm wide, leaves sessile in the immature plant, leaf attachment amplexicaulate, auriculate at the base; clasping ⅔ of the stem, leaf apex variable even in the same plant; mostly obtuse, acute with retuse, subpeltate or uneven tip, the surface of the leaf blade become glabrous but the base of midrib still pubescent with indistinct pinnate veins on either side of the midrib, slightly undulate. leaves of the rosettes and climbing stems similar. lower pitchers pubescent, narrowly infundibular at the basal part, cylindrical at the upper part, 40 cm long, 7–8 cm in diameter, a pair of fringed wings runs down the pitcher's ventral surface, 10–12 mm wide, pitcher’s opening ovate, narrower than the upper pitchers, 8 × 4 cm, the waxy zone inside can be white or speckled, sometimes bearing two eye spots. operculum narrowly ovate, slightly cordate at the base, 6 × 5 cm, the upper part slightly jutted on its 2 pinnate veins, the whole surface pubescent at the top; glabrous at the bottom but pubescent at the bottom apex. appendage present on the underside of the lid near the base, 3 mm long, covered with circular glands, less than 1 mm in diameter. spur occasionally branched or filiform, 1–2.6 cm long. tendril ¾ long of the pitcher, inserted on the left or right side of the pitcher. the colour varies from red, to pinkish or orange with red speckles. upper pitchers pubescent, slender, urceolate in its basal half; becoming cylindrical above and slightly infundibular towards the peristome, reaching up to 45 cm in height and 7 cm wide, a pair of fringed wings always present in the upper pitcher, 10–12 mm wide, with 6–12 mm long bristle, the base of the bristle triangular. pitcher opening widely obovate, 8 cm long; 5.5 cm wide. peristome flattened, up to 6 mm wide, and has a distinct raised section at the front, often with red notches. operculum ovate to orbiculate, 6 × 6.5 cm, slightly domed, the whole surface pubescent at the top; glabrous at the bottom but pubescent at the apex. appendage present on underside lid near the base, 4 mm wide, the appendage covered with less than 1 mm circular nectar glands. spur unbranched, 1–2.5 cm long, slightly flattened, being inserted 12 mm away under the lid base. tendril slightly longer than the pitcher, some as long as the pitcher, coiled, with diameter of 1.5–3 mm, usually pure green when fully mature. male fig. 1. nepenthes spp. occurred in aceh tengah regency and nagan raya regency. a. n. lavicola. b. n. mikei. c. n. reinwardtiana. d. n. tobaica. the specimens were photographed only. photos by malcolm victoriano. reinwardtia 20 [vol.20 inflorescence up to 1 m long, with ca. 240 flowers, peduncle 40 cm, bract linear, 2 mm long, partial peduncle two-flowered 4–6 mm long, pedicles 11– 15 mm, less than 1 mm in diameter at the base, staminal column 5–6 mm long, anther head 1.5 mm in diameter, tepals elliptic, 4 × 2 mm, green or yellowish and turns into pink at the margin during anthesis. female inflorescence up to 60 cm long, with ca. 80 flowers, peduncle 36 cm long, bract not prominent, partial peduncle two-flowered 8–12 mm long, less than 1.5 mm diameter at the base, pedicles 3–9 mm, tepals elliptic, 5 × 2 mm, ovary unknown. fruits valves 4, narrowly linearelliptic, 34–40 mm long, 4 mm in diameter, bearing 50-90 winged seeds. seed fusiform with 2 filiform wings 15–20 mm long from tip to tip. distribution. this species is only found in its type locality, in intermediate to highland rainforest of nagan raya regency and nearby area in aceh province, sumatra, indonesia. habitat and ecology. terrestrial in the rainforest, mostly associated with a colony of fern dicranopteris linearis (burm.f.) underw., in open area or under shade in humus or clay-based medium, at altitude 750–1,600 m above sea level. usually growing in open area with high exposure of sunlight. plants that grow under shade or dense vegetation tend to be smaller and elongated. proposed conservation status. following the red list criteria of the iucn standards and petitions subcommittee (2019), the author assessed nepenthes longiptera as endangered (en) c2ab(i). nepenthes longiptera only known from restricted area less than 30 km² with ca. 200 observed mature individuals. this area is not protected and the habitat is threatened by the activity of gold/copper mining and coffee plantation. etymology. from latin longus means long and latinised greek pteron means wing; referring to the presence of a relatively long pair of wings of the upper pitchers, it runs down from below the peristome to the apex of the tendril. it is resembling the fins of long-finned prickleback fish, xenolumpenus longipterus shinohara & yabe. hybrids. nepenthes longiptera is recorded to grow sympatrically with some sumatran species, mostly with n. tobaica then n. lavicola, rarely with n. mikei and n. reinwardtiana. this makes natural hybrid possible and the author recorded four putative natural hybrids in habitat (see table 3 & fig. 5). a putative hybrid of n. longiptera with n. reinwardtiana also occurred. the record is based on a photograph from a hobbyist in aceh. these natural hybrids occurrence is rather rare compared to their parent species, even though the phenology is occurring at the same time. the population of the parent species are abundant and grow sympatrically. this situation makes the fig. 2. distribution of nepenthes longiptera in aceh, indonesia. red dots: location where the plants are observed and collected. victoriano: new species of nepenthes from aceh 2021] 21 fig. 3. nepenthes longiptera victoriano, spec. nov. a. habitus. b. stem transection with leaf attachment. c. axillary dormant bud. d. leaf with an upper pitcher. e. lower pitchers. f. peristome transection, the inner side is on the left side. g. lid (underside). h. lid of aerial pitcher with a simple spur. i. lid of basal pitcher with a forked spur. j. bristles underside the lid. k. appendage with glands. l. male inflorescence. m. male flowers. n. infructescence. from victori 001, drawn by marchelino michelin gunawan. reinwardtia 22 [vol.20 fig. 4. nepenthes longiptera victoriano spec. nov., a. lower pitcher, mostly bright in colour, ranging from red to orange, or red with speckles. b. intermediate pitcher, the transition from lower to upper pitcher, usually still retains the colouration of lower pitchers. c. upper pitcher, with its unique characteristic that still has wings which mostly reduced to ribs in other species, the colour is pure green when mature. d. vining plant with upper pitcher in locus classicus. e. typical habitat of n. longiptera in the colony of fern dicranopteris linearis and small trees. photos by malcolm victoriano. victoriano: new species of nepenthes from aceh 2021] 23 table 2. the morphological characters used to distinguish nepenthes longiptera, n. tobaica, n. mikei and n. reinwardtiana (similar sympatric species). characters n. longiptera n. tobaica n. mikei n. reinwardtiana upper wings present and well developed reduced to ribs reduced to ribs reduced to ribs shape of upper pitcher slender, urceolate in its basal half; becoming cylindrical above and slightly infundibular towards the peristome somewhat infundibular in the lowermost part, becoming narrowly ovoid in the lower third, and finally cylindrical and slightly narrower above ovate in their basal ⅓ to ⅕, becoming cylindrical above and infundibular towards the peristome urceolate in its ⅓ to ½ basal part, triangular, becoming slightly infundibular in the upper part shape of lower pitcher the basal part is narrowly infundibular, upper part is cylindrical ovoid in the lower portion and cylindrical above ovate in its ⅓ to ¼ basal part, cylindrical and infundibular towards the pitcher mouth ovate in its ⅓ to ½ basal part, cylindrical above upper pitcher lid ovate–orbicular with cordate base, slightly domed with appendage on lower surface ovate to suborbicular and has a somewhat cordate base, lack of appendage ovate and has a cordate base, lack of appendage elliptic, flat, lack of appendage lower pitcher lid elliptic with cordate base, flat with appendage ovate to suborbicular and has a somewhat cordate base, lack of appendage. similar to the lid of the upper pitchers. similar to the lid of the upper pitchers stem rhomboid cylindrical to obtusely triangular cylindrical to angular triangular to obtusely triangular leaf shape oblong, subpetiolate oblong to spathulate linear lanceolate to subspathulate leaf attachment amplexicaul, auriculate, clasping ⅔ of the stem sessile to subpetiolate, clasping ½ of stem (clarke, 2001) sessile, clasping ½ of the stem. (salmon & maulder, 1995) sessile to decurrent (mcpherson, 2009) reinwardtia 24 [vol.20 parentage altitude (m) habitat n. lavicola × n. longiptera ~1,380 only known from single location in a highland swamp with sphagnum moss n. lavicola × n. mikei 1,600–1,720 growing in open area where both parents grow sympatrically in swamp forest with stunted trees n. lavicola × n. tobaica 1,400–1,600 growing on understory of swamp forest, this hybrid is rarely occurred, even hundreds of both parents species colonies are mixed well in same area n. longiptera × n. tobaica ~1,420 this hybrid grows on lavarock in open area near the mining area table 3. putative hybrids of nepenthes that are encountered in aceh tengah and nagan raya regency. fig. 5. putative natural hybrids of nepenthes that probably only occur in aceh. a–b. n. lavicola × n. longiptera. a. lower. b. upper. c–d. n. lavicola × n. tobaica. c. lower. d. upper. e–f. n. lavicola × n. mikei. e. lower. f. upper. g–h. n. tobaica × n. longiptera. g. lower. h. upper. photos by malcolm victoriano. victoriano: new species of nepenthes from aceh 2021] 25 hybridisation possible, but according to the observation in the habitat, the result of cross pollination are very low compared to same species pollination. from a hundreds of mature individuals of different species in a small area, there is usually only one hybrid which shared the characteristics from both species. this can be spotted as a result of cross pollination, which is a strong evidence of this putative hybrid, because a single specimen can not sustain its population to reproduce, thus this is not a pure species. they are usually spotted not far from their female specimens. there is also a new record of hybrid between n. lavicola and n. tobaica in aceh, but interestingly hybrid plants such as n. mikei × n. tobaica, n. mikei × n. reinwardtiana and n. tobaica × n. reinwardtiana are possibly non existent because these species grow separately in aceh, and probably their habitat is not overlapping. notes. nepenthes longiptera is previously known as an unidentified nepenthes sp. with a trade name n. sp. ‘aceh’ in carnivorous plants community. this species was thought to be conspecific with another unknown nepenthes under the trade name ‘dairi’ (named after the locality where it was collected) which already exist in cultivation since 2007. however, the author can not conclude whether it is the same or not as further examination on the materials from dairi is necessary. the specimens from dairi tend to be smaller than those from aceh, the leaves more linear, and the upper pitchers are rarely seen, their lower pitchers are sometimes green, these characteristics are unusual for n. longiptera. conclusion nepenthes longiptera is a new species from aceh, sumatra, indonesia. it is similar to n. tobaica but differs in having larger habit, with well developed wings on upper pitcher (n. tobaica: reduced to ribs); rhomboid stem in cross-section (n. tobaica: obtusely triangular); and the presence of an appendage under the lid (n. tobaica: absent). this new species is probably endemic to aceh province and only known from nagan raya and central aceh regency. it has several putative natural hybrids with other sumatran species which are never been recorded in aceh before. some acehense species such as n. lavicola, n. mikei and n. tobaica are abundant in highland forests but these species had been recorded with no hybrid with other species in this area (mcpherson, 2009). acknowledgements the author is indebted to wewin tjiasmanto for his intellectual and financial support for making this research possible. the author also would like to thanks marchelino michelin gunawan for drawing the botanical illustration, rohman, alfajar, wibowo aji and team for accompanying the author during the field trip, mark arcebal kling naive and frankie handoyo for his assistance. references clarke, c. m. 2001. nepenthes of sumatra and peninsular malaysia. natural history publications (borneo), kota kinabalu. golos, m. r., robinson, a. s., barer, m., dančák, m., de witte, j., limberg, a., sapawi, n. b. m. & tjiasmanto, w. 2020. nepenthes fractiflexa (nepenthaceae), a new bornean pitcher plant exhibiting concaulescent metatopy and high degree of axillary bud activation. phytotaxa 432(2): 125‒143. iucn standards and petitions subcommittee 2019. guidelines for using the iucn red list categories and criteria. version 14. available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/ redlistguidelines.pdf. (accessed 1 october 2020). jebb, m. h. p. & cheek, m. r. 1997. a skeletal revision of nepenthes (nepenthaceae). blumea 42(1): 1–106. mcpherson, s. r. 2009. pitcher plants of the old world. 2 volumes. redfern natural history productions, poole. powo. 2021. plants of the world online. facilitated by the royal botanic gardens, kew. published on the internet; http:// www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (retrieved 06 07 2021). robinson, a. s., golos, m. r., bare, m., sano, y., forgie, j. j., garrido, d., gorman, c. n., luick, a. o., nick, w. r., mcintosh, n. w. r., mcpherson, s. r., palena, g. j., pančo, i., quinn, b. d. & shea, j. 2019. revisions in nepenthes following explorations of the kemul massif and the surrounding region in north-central kalimantan, borneo. phytotaxa 392(2): 97−126. salmon, b. r. & maulder, r. g. 1995. two new species of nepenthes from north sumatra, indonesia. carnivorous plant newsletter 24(3): 77–85. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlistguidelines.pdf http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlistguidelines.pdf reinwardtia 26 [vol.20 wistuba, a., nerz, j. & fleischmann, a. 2007. nepenthes flava, a new species of nepenthaceae from the northern part of sumatra. blumea 52(1): 159–163. wistuba, a. & rischer, h. 1996. nepenthes lavicola, a new species of nepenthaceae from the aceh province in the north of sumatra. international carnivorous plant society 25(4): 106‒111. a journal on tax0n0m1c botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors mien a. rifai kuswata kartawinata n. wulijarni-s0etj1pt0 published by herbarium bggoriense lembaga biologi nasional —. lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 9, part 4, 377 — 479 31 march 1980 10 issn 00-34 — s66x 420 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 as mentioned previously (petersen 1967a) i agree with corner (1950) on the synonymy of c. sulcata with clavaria (clavulinopsis) miniata, but i can find no evidence that corner has seen the type of c. sulcata. in fact (personal communication with dr. mien a. rifai), there is some evidence to the contrary. corner (1950) pointed out that clavaria miniata purton had priority over c. miniata berk., and that c. phoenicea zoll. & mor. might be the name of choice for "purists." i have not seen type or authentic material of c. phoenicea and no transfer of that name clavulinopsis has been proposed, so i have chosen to retain clavulinopsis sulcata as both the taxonomic and nomenclatural type of the genus (cf. petersen 1967a). the small-apiculate spored members of clavulinopsis present a bewildering reticulum of color characters. i have little faith in the primacy of pigment location (hymenium and subhymenium versus trama and subhymenium). at the same time, carotene pigments are confusing in their biochemical expression, as in cantharellus subg. leptocantharellus, so i have tried to adhere to corner's (1950) scheme on taxonomic disposition of color forms, but with little success (cf. petersen 1971). the fault is not in the scheme, but my inability to correctly interpret it. one concept is obvious, however: clavulinopsis sulcata is the red-orange pole of the complex. literature cited corner, e.j.h. (1950). a monograph of clavaria and allied genera. in ann. bot. mem. 1: 1-740. • . (1970). an addendum to: "a monograph of clavaria and allied genera." in beih. nova hedwigia 33: 1-299. danser, b.h. (1927). in memoriam caspar van overeem. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. iii, 9: 1-7. [with portrait; a translation in english may be obtained from rhp]. overeem, c. van (1923a). ueber javanische clavariaceae. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ill, 5: 254-280. . (1923b). clavariaceae. icones fung. malayensium 2: 1-2. . (1923c). clavariaceae. icones fung. malayensium 3: 1-4. petersen, r.h. (1967). type studies in the clavariaceae. in sydowia 21: 105-122. — . (1967). notes on clavarioid fungi. vii. redefinition of the clavaria vcrnalisc. wucida complex. in amer. midi. nat. 77: 205-221. . (1968). the genus clavulinopsis in north america. in mycologia mem. 2: 1-39. •. (1971). notes on clavarioid fungi. ix. addendum to clavulinopsis in north america. in persoonia g: 219-229. -. (1976). the correct name for the type species of clavulinopsis. in taxon 25: 515. ' , . keinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 421 — 424 (1980) an undescribed species of calothyriopsis on apple a.w. subhedar & v.g. rao department of mycology and plant pathology, m.a.c.s. research institute poona-411 004, india abstract the new species calothyriopsis mali subhedar & v.g. rao (fam.: microthyriaceae), collected for the first time on apple fruits from india, is described and illustrated. abstrak jenis baru calothyriopsis mali subhedar & v.g. rao (microthyriaceae) yang dikumpulkan pertama kali pada buah apel di india dipertelakan dan digambar. during our survey for post-harvest diseases of fruits and vegetables, an unusual blemish disease was observed on several stored fruits of apple (mains pumila l.) in the poona market (india). the infection was particularly detected on varieties like 'maharaja', 'simla' and to some extent on 'golden delicious', and found to be restricted to the fruit coat only, never reaching deep into the pulp. critical examination of these blemish areas revealed the presence of numerous black thyrothecia of a species of calothyriopsis (microthyriaceae) hitherto unreported on apples'. these fructifications were gregarious, dark, superficial and typically arranged in concentric rings (fig. 1). with such severe infection, the fruits lose their normal glistening light-pink colour, and thus lowering their market value. the infection areas remain firm and do not show any symptoms of decay. no conidial state was found to be associated with this ascomycetous fungus. as for its diagnosis and identity, a critical search of literature revealed no report of any species of calothyriopsis on apple. besides, the present fungus was also compared with other species viz. c. conferta (theiss.) hohn. and c. roupalae (syd.) von arx (muller & von arx 1962) and found to be quite distinct in its morphology in possessing smaller thyrothecia, asci and ascospores. hence, it is described here as a new species. 421 — 422 reinwardtia [vol. 9 1980] subhedar & rao: new calothyriopsis 423 fig. 1. an infected fruit of apple showing fungal colonies. calothyriopsis mali sp. nov. — fig. 2. thyrothecia ovoidea superficialia, brunnea, gregaria, 100—260 x 28—48 nm; mycelia superficialia, brunnea; hypopodia nulleae, haustoria simplicia intro hospes epidermidis. asci clavati vel ellipsoidea bitunicati, distichae, 25—32.5 x 7—10 y,m. ascosporae ellipsoidae, hyalinae, uniseptatae, magnit; 14.5—20 x 6—9 \>.m. type: on fruits of malus pumila l. at poona, india, 9 september 1975, legit. m.n.k. and a.w.s. (no. a.m.h. 3148). thyrothecia ovoid, superficial, brown, arranged in concentric rings, rough, measure 100—260 x 28—48 f/.m. mycelium superticial, brown, hypopodia absent, haustoria simple, entering the epidermal tissue of the host. asci clavate to ellipsoid, bitunicate, distichous, 25—32.5 x 7—10 \>.m. ascospores ellipsoid, hyaline, uniseptate, 14.5—20 x 6—9 ^m. we are grateful to professor m.n. kamat, chief of the division of mycology and plant pathology for his keen interest, to dr, g.b. deodikar, & • • . . . ' • • • 100)11. fig. 2, calothyriopsis mali. a. thyrothecium, b. v.s. of hyrothecium, c ascus d, ascospores, ' 424 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 the director, m.a.c.s. poona-4 for laboratory facilities and to the ministry of education, government of india for the award of s.rt * o n e of us (a.w.s.). this paper represents contribution no. 582 irom depart ment of mycology and plant pathology. references mulleb, e. & von aex, j.a. (1962). die gattungen der didymosporen pyrenomyceten. in beitr. kryptogamenfl. sehweiz 11(2): 1-922. r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 425 — 427 (1980) a new species of balanophora from the malay peninsula gregori g. hambali herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor, indonesia abstract an illustrated description of balanophora hansenii hambali, spec, nov. is presented. the species belongs to sect. dibalaniella. abstrak pertelaan bergambar jenis baru balanophora hansenii hambali disajikan. jenis ini tergolong seksi dibalaniella. in his monograph on the genus balanophora j.r. & g. foster (dansk bot. arkiv 28: 1-189. 1972) dr. bertel hansen recognized 15 species. however, as a by product of a recent mistletoe-hunting trip with drs. john and soejatmi dransfield in malaya, one more species is to be included in this genus. balanophora hansenii hambali, spec. nov. — fig. 1. a ceteris speciebus sectionis dibalaniellae tuberibus inflorescentias ferentibus cylindricis, inflorescentia foliis aggregatis occulata differt. holotypus: hambali s.n. (bo). dioecious plants, dirty to bright coral red, with a pale yellow inflorescence. tubers branched, elongate, those bearing inflorescences distinctly cylindrical, 4—6 cm by 1.5 cm with apical part ca. 1 cm wide, surface fine granular, minutely puberulous, with scattered white stellate warts. leaves 1.5—3.8 cm by 1.1—1.9 cm, appearing verticillate on a very short stem of 1 cm long, 3-merous, in 3—4 whorls, slightly cucullate, appressed to and completely concealing the inflorescence, forming a compact oval head, during anthesis rather loosely arranged; longitudinal nerves 5—8, visible only in wet translucent material, median nerves occasionally branched at the middle. male inflorescence ca. 2 cm by 1.8 cm; flower — bearing bracts 2.5 mm by 4—5.5 mm, truncate, non flower — bearing bracts 3—4 mm by 3—4 mm, spathulate to acute. flower 19—20, (3-), 4-, (5-) merous, zygomorphic, dimensions of basal flowers larger than those of the apical; pedicels ca. 2—7 mm; lateral _ 4 2 5 — contents page hsu an keng. a new interpretation of the compound strobilar structures of cordaites and conifers , 377 soejatmi dransfield. three new malesian species of gramineae 385 v. n. naik. coelachne ghatica naik, sp. nov 393 thomas j. delendick. the correct name for the acer of malesia 395 m i e n a. r i f a i . the identity of ustuago amadelpha var. glabhuscula 399 v. n. naik & b. w. patunkar. novelties in panicum (poaceae) from india . 403 n. p. balakrishnan. a new species of ophiorrhiza (rubiaceae) from great nicobar island, india 411 ronald h. petersen. type studies in the clavarioid fungi. v. the taxa described by caspar van overeem 415 a. w. subhebar & v. g. rao. an undescribed species of calothyriop<sis on apple 421 gregori g. hambali. a new species of balanophora from the malay peninsula, 425 kuswata kartawinata. a note on a kerangas (heath) forest at sebulu, east kalimantan 429 rusdy e. nasution & r. n. lester. a chemotaxonomic study of some species of zingiber subsection zerumbet 449 johanis p. mogea. the flabellate-leaved species of salacca (palmae) • printed by aechipel, bogor, java cov rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_25 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_26 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_27 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_55 instruction to authors scope. r einwardtia is a scientific r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in june and december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name, mailing address, and orcid id in one-paragraphed. abstract. english abstr act followed by indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. keywor ds should be given below each abstract and sorted alphabetically. manuscript. manuscr ipt is or iginal paper and r epr esent an ar ticle which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 36 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through our online journal system <https://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/index> and our email <reinwardtia@brin.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be pr epar ed using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. str ict adher ence to the inter national code of nomenclatur e is obser ved, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the har var d system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philippine journal of science 8: 163– 179. mayer, v., moller, m., perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american journal of botany 90: 321–329. proceedings : temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat “djoka dju” pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). prosiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lipi & perpustakaan nasional. pp. 263–268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma, t., inoue, t., kohyama, t., osaki, m., simbolon, h., tachibana, h., takahashi, h., tanaka, n. & yabe, k. (eds.). proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179 ‒ 190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. (eds.). genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990–1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of kéo: a n a ustronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.html. (accessed 15 february 2012). http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/kostermansajgh.htm reinwardtia author agreement form title of article : name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that:  my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work.  it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication.  i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia.  we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date ___________________________________________________________________________________________ name reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, national research and innovation agency (brin) address: jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong, bogor 16911, indonesia email: reinwardtia@brin.go.id reinwardtia vol. 21. no. 2. 2022 contents wita wardani, bayu adjie, kusumadewi sri yulita & andi salamah. two new records of a thyrium for bali …….………………………………………………………………………………………………..........… 43 ni putu sri asih & dewi lestari. update on a locasia cuprea k.koch distribution in north kalimantan …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 49 muhammad mansur, andi salamah, edi mirmanto & francis q. brearley. nutrient concentrations in three nepenthes species (nepenthaceae) from north sumatra .……..……………………………...…………. 55 qing wen wang, gemma l. c. bramley, hannah j. atkins & abdulrokhman kartonegoro. annotated checklist of cyrtandra (gesneriaceae) of sumatra, indonesia ……………………………………..........… 63 ian m. turner. correcting a minor error: a new name for a marantaceae species from new guinea ……………. 81 reinwardtia is an accredited journal (158/e/kpt/2021) http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia herbarium bogoriense national research and innovation agency, cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta − bogor, km 46 cibinong, bogor 16911 indonesia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(3): 221 — 3 1 5 , april 11, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedydarnaedi (indonesia) tuktrin partomihardjo (indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (indonesia) teguhtriono (indonesia) marlinaardiyani (indonesia) eizi suzuki (japan) jun wen (united state of america) managing editor himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirathidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaiy reviewers bryan simon (australia), eve j. lucas (united kingdom), j.f.veldkamp (netherlands), laurence skog (usa), pieter baas (netherlands), ruth kiew (malaysia), robert j. soreng (usa), helena duistermaat (netherlands), lyn a. craven (australia), rugayah (indonesia), mark hughes (united kingdom), martin callmander (usa), peter c. van welzen (netherlands), wayne takeuchi (usa), nobuyuki fukuoka (japan). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol l3,no 3,pp:299 3 0 4 koordersiochloa merr. (gramineae), the correct name for streblochaete hochst ex pilg. received july 11, 2011; accepted december 27, 2011 jan frits veldkamp netherlands centre for biodiversity, naturalis (section nhn), leiden university, po box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl abstract veldkamp, j. f. 2012. koordersiochloa merr. (gramineae), the correct name for streblochaete hochst. ex pilg. reinwardtia 13 (3): 299-304. — streblochaete hochst. ex pilg. (gramineae) was not validly published in 1906, but in 1927. koordersiochloa merr. (1917) is therefore the correct name. two new combinations are made. key words: africa, gramineae, india, koordersiochloa, malesia, meliceae, combination, streblochaete. abstrak veldkamp, j. f. 2012. koordersiochloa merr. (gramineae), nama yang benar untuk streblochaete hochst. ex pilg. reinwardtia 13 (3): 299-304 — streblochaete hochst. ex pilg. (gramineae) tidak di terbitkan secara syah tahun 1906, tetapi baru pada tahun 1927. maka koordersiochloa merr. (1927) adalah nama yang benar. tulisan ini mengetengahkan dua kombinasi baru. kata kunci: afrika, gramineae, india, koordersiochloa, malesia, meliceae, kombinasi, streblochaete. introduction streblochaete hochst. ex pilg. (gramineae) is a very curious genus in mountainous areas of the palaeotropics, currently with two species. curious because of its distribution: one species in africa [cameroon, ethiopia, kenya, malawi, tanzania, uganda, s africa (natal), and zimbabwe], reunion, and then "suddenly" in malesia (e java, lombok, luzon). recently a second species was described from the nilgiris, tamil nadu, s india, s. sanjappae (kabeer & nair, 2006). with such a disjunction it is no wonder that three generic names have been published for it: koordersiochloa merr. (malesia), pseudostreptogyne a camus (reunion), and streblochaete hochst. ex pilg. (africa). curious also because of the diaspore that consists of gyros copically intertwining awns whereby the spikelets fall as a single unit, a so-call tangle-head, that adheres to fur or may be distributed by the wind. chippendall (1955) commented that the awns and the sharp, bearded calli cause intense discomfort and irritation. the name streblochaete first appeared on the labels of exsiccatae collected by schimper in ethiopia in 1840 and 1842 and distributed by hochstetter. the first collection was labeled as s. koestlinii (hochstetter 412; l!) (hochstetter, 1841) and the later one as s. nutans (hochstetter ii, 683; l!). there are no descriptive notes on the labels. the first one was described by richard (1851) as danthonia koestlinii (ckostlini) with streblochaete kostlini in the synonymy, the second collection as trisetum longiaristum, with streblochaete nutans as a synonym. richard did not realize that the bromus trichopodus a rich, he described simultaneously was the same species. the validation of the generic name is generally attributed to pilger (1906). he wrote (my translation from the german): "with reason stapf in his identification of the gramineae in the flora capensis has distinguished several genera from the real danthonias... several real danthonias occur in abyssinia, however, 2 forms have here been united with the genus to which they do not belong...to be excluded is the form which has been distributed by hochstetter as streblochaete nutans, which however richard already mentions under danthonia. here the glumes are much shorter than the spikelets, narrow, the lower 3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved; the callus of the lemma is 2 mm long, shortly stiffly white hairy, distinct from the equally long lower part of the rachilla joint, the lemma is narrow, strongly 7-nerved, and which that is by itself definitive, [his emphasis] from the back awned from below bom short points; the awn is very long, becoming upwards very weak, enmeshed with the awns of the other lemmas; the palea is 2-keeled .300 reinwardtia [vol.13 near the middle, in between infolded; the flower is bisexual. nothing to do with streblochaete nutans is a species, which hochstetter first indicated as streblochaete kostlinii, later as danthonia kostlinii. this species is according to the nervature and awning a real danthonia. the question is what exactly pilger is describing here: a specimen, a species, a genus? granted, the characters obtained from the collection of streblochaete nutans are apparently generic ones (except for the callus being 2 mm long) and are intended to show that this is not a danthonia. he calls it a form and implicitly a species. he apparently accepts hochstetter's danthonia kostlinii as a true danthonia, but what is the generic placement of s. nutansl there is no explicit statement that we have the (new) genus streblochaete here and therefore he cannot be regarded to have established the generic name. just the word 'gattung' (genus) would have been so useful. the provisions of the international code of botanical nomenclature cited below are those of the vienna code (mcneill et al., 2006). the exact wording of the code of melbourne (2011) was not yet available during the writing. it was not expected that there would be significant changes. it can be argued that he did intend to have streblochaete as the name of a (new) genus. this is enforced by the note on schimper ii. 683, where hochstetter wrote 'n. g. e. tribu. avenacearum danthoniae affine ejusdem generis etiam danthonia kostlini hochst. in prima sectione nr. 412, quae nunc mihi streblochaete kostlinf. ('new genus related to the tribe danthonia of the a venaceae danthonia kostlini hochst in the first section nr. 412 is also of the same genus, which now is my streblochaete kostlinf). good intentions, however, are insufficient. article 34. l(d) (see ex. 1 for a case similar to but not identical with the present one) states 'a name is not validly published ... (d) by the mere mention of the subordinate taxa included in the taxon concerned'. therefore streblochaete nutans is invalid here (art. 43.1). obviously art. 42.1 (descriptio genericospecifica) does not apply, as streblochaete nutans does not refer to a new species, as the name was already cited as a synonym of trisetum longiaristum by richard (1851). if one remains convinced that pilger validly described streblochaete in 1906 the combination s. nutans is superfluous. one obvious slip of the pen is that richard would have placed it in danthonia. he included it in trisetum. it was engler (1892) who regarded it as a danthonia. another is that hochstetter first (label of schimper 412) called the collection danthonia koestlinii and later (label of schimper ii 683) streblochaeta koestlinii, and not the other way around. incidentally, this is not a danthonia at all, but phaenanthoecium koestlinii (hochst. ex a rich.) c.e. hubb., a monotypic genus. in 1927 pilger validated streblochaeta with s. longiaristum as the only species, and said (my translation) "for the characters of the genus see pilger ... 1906". before 1935 a description was not required to be in latin (art. 36.1), so there seems to be nothing wrong with this. pilger does not give any intervening publication where the name (inadvertently) might have been validated, and i have found none. c.e. hubbard (1936) concurred, stating 'in 1906 pilger ... supplied a short generic description'. apparently because of these statements streblochaete (1906) was entered in publications and databases like ipni. unfortunately, between 1906 and 1927 koordersiochloa had been published by merrill (1917) and thus this is the correct name for the genus. it is tempting to propose to conserve the "well-known" name streblochaete over the "obscure" name koordersiochloa. this seems ill-fated, as the two species are so very rare and of little importance in ecology, conservation, or general use. i am not sure who was the first to discover that koordersiochloa javanica merr. and streblochaete longiarista were identical. possibly it was hubbard (1936). koordersiochloa merr. koordersiochloa merr., philipp. j. sci. 12 (1917) 67. — type: koordersiochloa javanica merr. [= k. longiarista (a rich.) veldk]. streblochaete hochst. [ex a rich., tent. fl. abyss. 2 (1851) 417, nom. nud., in nota sub trisetum longiaristum:, ex pilg., bot. jahrb. syst. 37, beibl. 85 (1906) 61, non rite publ.] ex pilg., notizbl. bot. gart. berlin 9 (1927) 516. — type: streblochaete longiarista (a. rich.) pilg. [=k. longiarista (a. rich.) veldk.]. pseudostreptogyne a camus, bull. soc. bot. france 77 (1930) 476, t. 1-13. — type: pseudostreptogyne richardii a camus [= k. longiarista (a rich.) veldk]. perennial. culms hollow. ligule membranous. spikelets solitary or paired in a panicle, laterally compressed, with 3-5 bisexual florets, the uppermost 1 or 2 male or sterile, breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret. glumes persistent, similar, shorter than the spikelet, membranous; lower glume 3-nerved; upper glume 5 -nerved. lemmas lanceolate, chartaceous, 7or 92012] veldkamp : koordersiochloa merr., the correct name for streblochaete hochst. ex pilg. 301 nerved, apex entire to shortly 2-lobed, awn dorsal below the apex or sinus, coiled, entangling among themselves and the spikelets drop off together. lodicules 2, free, cuneate, fleshy, truncate. anthers 3. ovary glabrous. caryopsis with an adnate pericarp, dorsally furrowed, embryo ca. 0.1 the length of caryopsis, hilum punctiform (f+ff in reeder's classification, 1957; fide tateoka, 1965). distribution. 2 species in tropical africa and s africa, reunion, india (tamil nadu, nilgiris), malesia (java, lombok, philippines). notes. over time streblochaeta has been placed in various pooid groups (tateoka, 1965). corrected for current nomenclature these are brachypodieae harz, bromeae dumort., danthonieae zotov, and, usually, poeae (which before the rule of autonyms often was called festuceae dumort.). tateoka (1965, 1969) based on morphological, anatomical, and cytological data regarded it to belong to the meliceae rchb. which is presently generally accepted (clayton & renvoize, 1968; watson & dallwitz, 1996). perhaps because of this, mejiasaules & bisby (2000) included it in a phenetic analysis of the meliceae and found it either nested within melica l. and next to the n. american / siberian schizachne purpurascens (torr.) swallen, or basal to the tribe. a d n a sequence comparison using tml was promised, but i have not found it. the free lodicules and punctiform hilum are aberrant for the tribe. a molecular analysis in a broad context would be illuminating. prompted by a query of a reviewer i here add some notes on the caryopsis and its parts. unfortunately, i have not seen any of k. longarista and their description has been taken from various sources. whenever they were mentioned the authors agreed that the embryo and hilum are small. the dorsal furrow is therefore not the hilum. for illustrations see camus (1930), jacques-felix (1962, 'hilum ... peu visible', hilum hardly visible). clayton (1970) and launert (1971) used the same plate, but cited different sources for the caryopsis. especially tateoka (1965: t. 2, 3) was quite specific and illustrated sections of the embryo ('very small relative to the endosperm ... embryo and hilum are very small'). kabeer & nair (2006) depicted s. sanjappae, but did not describe details of the fruit. the description of k. longarista is based on malesian material because i am writing an account for this area and it was beyond the scope of this essentially nomenclatural note to make a revision of the genus. the few african specimens seen did not appear to differ significantly. i have not seen any material of k. sanjappae. key to the species la. stolons absent. spikelets solitary. upper glume 0.8-1 times as long as the adjacent lemma. fertile lemmas apical teem 1-2 mm long. caryopsis 5 6 mm long k. longiarista lb. stolons present. spikelets usually paired. upper glume ca. 1.2 times as long as the adjacent lemma. fertile lemmas apical teeth 3 4 mm long. caryopsis ca. 3.4 mm long k. sanjappae 1. koordersiochloa longiarista (a. rich.) veldk., comb. nov. -fig. 1. trisetum longiaristum a rich., tent. fl. abyss. 2 (1851) 417. — danthonia streblochaete steud, syn. pi. glumac. 1 (1854) 245, nom. superfl. — danthonia longiarista engler, hochgebirgsfl. trop. afr. (1892) = abh. preuss. akad. wiss. 1891 (1892) 130 ("longearistata77). -streblochaete nutans hochst. [ex a rich., tent. fl. abyss. 2 (1851) 417, in syn.] ex pilg., bot. jahrb. syst. 37, beibl. 85 (1906) 61, nom. superfl. — streblochaete longiarista pilg., notizbl. bot. gart. berlin 9 (1927) 516 ("longiaristum77). — type: schimper 11-683 (p, holo, sh. 00440070; b, k, l, p, sh. 00440071, 00440072), designated here. bromus trichopodus a. rich., tent. fl. abyss. 2 (1851) 437. — type: quartin dillon & petit s.n. (p, holo, sh. 02609750; p, sh. 02609749), designated here. koordersiochloa javanica merr., philip. j. sci. 12 (1917) 67, t; backer, handb. fl. java 2 (1928) 216. -lectotype: koorders 40846 (bo holo, sh. 1307788; l, sh. 924.18219; p, sh. 03221648; us, sh. 00081964), designated here. pseudostreptogyne richardii a camus, bull. soc. bot. france 77 (1930) 476, t. 1-13. lectotype: richard 522 (p, holo, sh. 00541679; p, sh. 00541680 "richard 334"), designated here. culms caespitose, decumbent, 0.3-1 m long, stolons absent. leaf-sheaths smooth or scabrous. ligules 2 1 2 mm long. blades linear, 7 2 7 cm by 4 1 2 mm, scabrid, apex attenuate. panicle contracted, linear, nodding, 8-25 cm long. primary branches simple, the lowermost 5-10 cm long, scabrid. spikelets solitary, erect, oblong to lanceolate, 16 3 0 mm long, rachilla internodes 1.8-3 mm long, densely white pilose, callus elongated, 2-3 mm long, bearded; pungent. lower glume 6 1 2 mm long, 0.6-0.8 times as long as the upper glume, apex acute; upper glume 10-13 mm long, 0.8-1 times as long as the adjacent lemma, acute. fertile lemmas 3 5 , lanceolate, 10-17 mm long, 7-nerved, .302 reinwardtia [vol.13 teem 1—2 mm long, awns erect, filiform, from the upper 0.7-0.8 th of the lemma, 20-43 mm long. apical sterile florets 2 4 mm long, awned. anthers 1.25-3 mm long. caryopsis 5 6 mm long. 2n = 20 (tateoka, 1969). distribution. remarkably disjunct. africa, reunion, and then malesia: java (cerimai, hyiang, ijen, merapi, tengger, welirang), lesser sunda isl. (lombok), philippines (luzon). habitat. casuarina forest, grass wildernesses, always in light shade, locally common, 1600-2500 m alt. leaf anatomy. a description and illustrations of the leaf epidermis is given by palmer and tucker (1983). notes. merrill [philip. j. sci. 30 (1926) 390] reported the occurrence in luzon. from his words it is obvious that there was no type material in pnh. 2. koordersiochloa sanjappae (kabeer & v.j. nair) veldk., comb. nov. streblochaete sanjappae kabeer & v.j. nair, bull. bot. surv. india 47 ('2005', 2006) 137. type: kabeer 114021 (mh, holo; cal). after the original description. culms caespitose, decumbent, up to 0.65 m long, stolons present. leaf-sheaths scabrous. ligules 3 5 mm long. blades drooping, linear, 8-15 cm by 4 6 mm, apex acuminate. panicle contracted, linear, nodding, ca. 11 cm long. spikelets usually paired, oblong to lanceolate, 15-20 mm long, rachilla internodes ca. 2 mm long, callus elongated, ca. 2 mm long, pubescent; pungent. glumes apex acuminate to shortly aristate; lower glume ca. 9.5 mm long; upper glume ca. 12.5 mm long, ca. 1.2 times as long as the lemma. fertile lemmas 2 4 , lanceolate, ca. 10.5 mm long, 7or 9-nerved, teeth 3 4 mm long, awns 2 9 3 5 mm long. anthers 1-2 mm long. caryopsis ca. 3.4 mm long. distribution. india (tamil nadu, nilgiris). habitat. forest floor along the margins of evergreen forests, ca. 1240 m alt. acknowledgements the anonymous reviewer of this paper is thanked for his/ her critical remarks. the board of editors of the philippine journal of science kindly allowed the use of the illustration by merrill (1917). references backer, c. a. 1928. handboek voor de flora van java 2: 216. ruygrok & co., batavia. camus, a. 1930. pseudostreptogyne, genre nouveau de grammees. bull soc. bot. france 77: 476-479, t. 1-13. chippendall, l. k. a. 1955. the grasses and pastures of south africa. 1. a guide to the identification of grasses in south africa: 82-83, t. 53. central news agency. clayton, w. d. 1970. flora of tropical east africa, gramineae 1: 75, t. 25. crown agents for oversea governments and administrations, london, etc. clayton, w. d. & renvoize, s. a. 1968. genera graminum. kew bull. add series 13: 115. engler, a. 1892. uber die hochgebirgsflora des tropischen afrika = abh. preuss. akad wiss. 1891: 130. hochstetter, c. f. 1841. erste lieferung der vom reiseverein ausgegebenen durch wilhelm schimper gesammelten abyssinischen pflanzen. flora 24, intellbl. 1 , 2 : 2 0 . hubbard, c. e. 1936. a new genus from north east africa. bull misc. inf. 1936: 330. hubbard, c. e. 1937. flora of tropical africa 10, 1: 101-103. reeve & co., ashford. jacques-felix, h. 1962. les grammees d' afnque tropicale 1. institut de recherches agronomiques tropicale bulletin scientifique 8: 172, t. 95. kabeer, k. a. a. & nair, v. j. 2006 ("2005"). streblochaete hochst. ex pilger (poaceae): a new genus record for india with a new species s. sanjappae k a a kabeer & nair, v j. bull bot surv. india 47: 133-138. launert, e. 1971. gramineae, flora zambesiaca 10, 1: 66-67, t. 19. crown agents for oversea governments and administrations, london. mcneill, j., barrie, f. r, burdet, h. m., demoulin, v., hawksworth, d. l, marhold, k, nicolson, d. h., prado, j., silva, p. c, skog, j. e., wiersema, j. h. & turland, n. j. 2006. international code of botanical nomenclature (vienna code). (regnum vegetabile 146). gantner, ruggell, liechtenstein, xviii + 568 p. url: http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.html. mejia-saules, m. t. & bisby, f. a. 2000. preliminary views on the tribe meliceae (gramineae: pooideae), in s. w l. jacobs & j. everett, grasses: systematics and evolution: 83-88. csiro publishing, collingwood. merrill, e. d. 1917. koordersiochloa javanica merrill, a new genus and species of gramineae from java. philipp. j. sci c bot. 12: 67-69, t. 1. merrill, e. d. 1926. additions to our knowledge of the philippine flora, iii. philip. j. sci. 30: 390. palmer, p. g. & tucker, a. e. 1983. a scanning electron microscope survey of the epidermis of west african grasses, ii. smithsonian contr. bot 53: 9-10, t. 27, 28. 2012] veldkamp : koordersiochloamerr, the correct name for streblochaete hochst. expilg. 303 pilger, r. 1906. lamprorhyrsus, eine neue gattung amer.j.bot 44:756. der graser und ihre verwandten. bot. jahrb. syst. 37, richard, a. 1851. tentamen florae abyssinicae 2: beibl. 85: 61-62. 417, 421, 437. bertrand, pans. pilger, r 1927. gramineae i, in e. rob & t.c.e. steudel, e. g. 1854. synopsis plantarum fries, beitrage zur kenntnis der flora des kenia, mt. glumacearum 1: 245. metzler, stuttgart. aberdare und mt. elgon. viii. notizbl. bot. gart. tateoka, t. 1965. notes on some grasses xviii. berlin-dahlem 9: 516. affinities of the genus streblochaete. bot. mag. reeder, j. 1957. the embryo in grass systematics. (tokyo) 78: 289-293. reinwardtia [vol.13 fig. 1. koordersiochloa longiarista (a. rich.) veldk. a. habit. b. inflorescence. c. spikelet. d. lemma and floret. e. stamen. f. pollen. g. pistil. h. fruiting lemma. j. lemma. k. palea. l. caryopsis. m. apex of caryopsis. n. starch grains. koorders 40846 [merr., philipp. j. sci. c. bot. 12 (1917) t. 1]. with the kind permission of the philippine journal of science. 314 reinwardtia [vol.13 erratum reinwardtia vol. 13, part 2, 2010 1. please change the existing word in p. 213, line 7 on abstrak (written in bahasa indonesia version) with the following: keberadaan dua jenis terakhir melampaui distribusi yang sebelumnya hanya diketahui di barat garis wallace. 2. please change the existing epithet name in p, 214, column 1, line 40 on key to the species of marantaceae in sulawesi number 5.a. after phrynium: longispicum instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by authors name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, authors name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 3. 2012 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia: additions and corrections, including a new species and a new variety 221 deden girmansyah. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from bukit tiga-puluh national park, riau, sumatra 229 pudji widodo. new nomenclature in syzygium (myrtaceae) from indonesia and its vicinities 235 alex sumadijaya & jan frits veldkamp. non-bambusoid grasses (gramineae) from raja ampat archipelago, papua barat province, indonesia 241 ary prihardyanto keim. new variety, records & discoveries of some species of pandanus (pandanaceae) in sumatra and kalimantan, indonesia 255 harry wiriadinata. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sagea lagoon, weda bay, halmahera island, north moluccas, indonesia 263 ary prihardyanto keim. the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley, papua-indonesia 271 jan frits veldkamp. koordersiochloa merr. (gramineae), the correct name for streblochaete hochst. expilg. 299 sri endarti rahayu, kuswata kartawinata, tatiek chikmawati & alex hartana. leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java 305 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biologylipi cibinong, indonesia dpn 452-667-2-pb_page_4 blkng departemen kehutanan reinwardtia vol 12, part 5, pp: 391 – 404 391 floristic composition and structure of subalpine summit habitats on mt. gede-pangrango complex, cibodas biosphere reserve, west java, indonesia received december 1, 2008; accepted december 3, 2008 a. sadili herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology – lipi, jl. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia k. kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology – lipi, jl. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia; unesco, jakarta office, jakarta, indonesia. e-mail: kkjak@indo.net.id (author for correspondence) a. kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology – lipi, jl. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia h. soedjito herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology – lipi, jl. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia; indonesian national mab committee, lipi, jakarta, indonesia a. sumadijaya herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology – lipi, jl. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia abstract sadili, a., kartawinata, k., kartonegoro, a., soedjito, h. & sumadijaya, a. 2009. structure and composition of subalpine summit habitats on mt. gede-pangrango complex, cibodas biosphere reserve, west java, indonesia. reinwardtia 12 (5): 391–404. — we undertook a phytosociological analysis of the subalpine herbaceous and shrubby vegetation at the mandalawangi and suryakencana meadows and the scrub at the crater side at the tops of mt. gede and mt. pangrango in the cibodas biosphere reserve. we recorded 30 species of 18 families of saplings, shrubs, seedlings and herbs in 78 quadrats with a total area of 7,800 m2. anaphalis javanica, a woody tall herb and long-lived pioneer was the dominant species in the sapling and shrub stratum, while isachne pangerangensis, tripogon exiguus and carex verticillata were prevalent in the seedling and herb stratum at mandalawangi and suryakencana. stunted shrub is vaccinium varingaeifolium, dominant in the crater side scrub. based on the importance values, the mandalawangi meadow may be designated as the anaphalis javanica-isachne pangerangensis community type, the suryakencana meadow as anaphalis javanica-tripogon exiguus community type and the crater side scrub as vaccinium varingiaefolium-seliguea feei community type. the similarity indices between mandalawangi and suryakencana community types were very high (>75 %) while those between the crater side and mandalawangi and the crater side and suryakencana were very low (<10 %). poor soil conditions and fire seem responsible for the perpetual existence of a. javanica. keywords: structure and composition, subalpine meadows, anaphalis javanica, top of mt gede-pangrango abstrak sadili, a., kartawinata, k., kartonegoro, a., soedjito, h. & sumadijaya, a. 2009. struktur dan komposisi habitat subalpin di puncak g. gede-pangrango, cagar biosfer cibodas, jawa barat, indonesia. reinwardtia 12 (5): 391–404. — analisis fitososiologi telah dilakukan pada vegetasi terna di alun-alun mandalawangi dan suryakencana dan semak di tepi kawah daerah puncak g. gede dan g. pangrango di cagar biosfer cibodas. tercatat sebanyak 30 spesies dari 18 suku belta, perdu, semai, dan terna dalam 78 petak cuplikan dengan luas total 7.800 m2. anaphalis javanica, terna tinggi mengayu dan pionir berumur panjang, adalah spesies dominan pada stratum belta dan perdu , sedangkan isachne pangerangensis, tripogon exiguus dan carex verticillata adalah jenis utama pada stratum semai dan terna di alun-alun mandalawangi dan suryakencana. perdu kerdil vaccinium varingaeifolium adalah jenis dominan dalam komunitas semak tepi kawah. berdasarkan nilai pentingnya vegetasi di alun-alun mandalawangi dapat disebut sebagai tipe komunitas anaphalis javanica-isachne pangerangensis, di alun-alun suryakencana tipe komunitas anaphalis javanica-tripogon exiguous dan semak tepi kawah tipe komunitas vaccinium varingiaefolium-seliguea feei. indeks kesamaan antara tipe komunitas di mailto:kkjak@indo.net.id reinwardtia [vol.12 392 mandalawangi dan di suryakencana sangat tinggi (>75 %), sementara antara tipe komunitas tepi kawah dan mandalawangi serta antara tipe komunitas tepi kawah dan suryakencana sangat rendah (<10 %). kondisi tanah miskin dan juga kebakaran tampaknya merupakan faktor yang mempertahankan kelanggengan a. javanica. kata kunci: struktur dan komposisi, alun subalpin, anaphalis javanica, puncak g. gede-pangrango introduction the cibodas biosphere reserve comprises natural ecosystems contained within the gunung gede-pangrango national park and man-made ecosystems surrounding the park bordered by the encircling highway connecting ciawi-sukabumicianjur-puncak-ciawi (figure 1). the cibodas biosphere reserve is listed as a member of the world network of biosphere reserves (rustiami, 2004). it is an important conservation and biological research site that has a long history in indonesia. the natural ecosystems within the park have a high plant species richness, where to date 823 species of flowering plants have been recorded (sunarno & rugayah, 1992) and the number have increased with additions from recent inventory and ecological studies. the site has attracted a large number of scientists to explore and study the tropical biology and ecology of plants and animals in these ecosystems since the establishment of the botanic gardens in bogor in 1817. the brief history of scientific research in the area is included in the mountain flora of java by van steenis et al. (1972, 2006), while earlier van steenis & van steenis-kruseman (1953) listed botanists and their publications based on research in mt. gede-pangrango up to 1952. all of them were the results of qualitative observations. some of the noted earlier botanists and plant ecologists were blume (1825), docters van leeuwen (1933), junghuhn (1845), hasskarl (1840), koorders (1918–1923), korthals (1848), kramer (1926, 1933), reinwardt (1819), seifriz, (1923), teysmann (1842), and went (1940). after the 2nd world war research in the area has been undertaken by abdulhadi et al. (1998), meijer (1959), unesco et al. (1975), srijanto (1987), sunarno & rugayah (1992), yamada, (1975, 1976, 1977), and several undergraduate and graduate students from various universities. quantitative ecological studies in the natural ecosystems of the cibodas biosphere reserve have been concentrated on the montane and subalpine forests (abdulhadi et al., 1998; srijanto, 1987; unesco et al., 1975; yamada, 1975, 1976, 1977); and none has been conducted on subalpine herbaceous and shrubby communities. the following account reports the results of a quantitative phytosociological study in the alun-alun (open herbaceous and shrubby meadows) mandalawangi and suryakencana and the crater side scrub at the tops of mt. gede and mt. pangrango, complementing the qualitative records of vegetation made earlier by various botanists, particularly docters van leeuwen (1933) and van steenis et al. (1972, 2006). study site the cibodas biosphere reserve comprises natural ecosystems contained within the gunung gede–pangrango national park (ggpnp) and man-made ecosystems surrounding the park, bordered by the intercity highway connecting ciawi-sukabumi-cianjur–puncak–ciawi, with the total area of 108,000 hectares. it is located within bogor, cianjur and sukabumi districts, west java (figure 1). the ggpnp comprises an area of 21,975 hectares and was established initially in 1980 through the decrees of the minister of agriculture in 1980 and was extended in 2003 through the decree of minister of forestry in 2003 (balai tnggp, 2007). the park area starts at an elevation of 700 m (helmi et al., in preparation) and extends upwards to the areas of twin mountains, mt. gede (2,962 m alt.) and mt pangrango (3,019 m alt.), connected by a sadle at 2,400 m alt. at kandang badak. it covers upper lowland forests, montane forests, subalpine forests, subalpine scrubs, subalpine grasslands, subalpine herbaceous communities and subalpine swamps (for detailed descriptions see docters van leeuwen, 1933; van steenis et al., 1972, 2006 a & b; yamada, 1975, 1976, 1977). on the tops of mt. gede-pangrango, the subalpine vegetation dominates the landscape and consists of open herbaceous and shrubby meadows locally known as the alun-alun dominated by anaphalis javanica, scrubs dominated by vaccinium varingiaefolium and low forests dominated by leptospermum flavescens or albizia lophanta. the climate diagram (figure 1) shows the mean monthly rainfalls and temperature at the top of mount pangrango. the mean annual rainfall at the top of pangrango is 3369 m and at kandang badak is 3818 mm (lmg, 1969). in the schmidt & ferguson (1951) scheme, the rainfall in the 2009] sadili et al.: floristic and structure of subalpine summit on mt. gede pangrango 393 . sukaraja sukabumi selabintana cimungkat nagrak bodogol cimande tapos cisarua gunung mas puncak bogor ciawi cisaat karang tengah gadog cimacan cipanas gn. putri sarongge gedeh gekbrong cisarua mt..pangrango situgunung cibodas study site n mt..gede cianjur cicurug indonesia cibodas biosphere reserve (108.000 ha.): cibadak core zone (15,196 ha.): conservation area covering montane forest, subalpine forest, and subalpine scrub and herbaceous vegetation. buffer zone (12,700 ha) : it comprises cibodas botanical garden, safari garden, tea plantation, and planted forests. transition zone (80,104 ha): development area comprising, rice fields, home gardens, dry land crop gardens, settlements, industries, recreation areas, etc. figure 1. the cibodas biosphere reserve bordered by the intercity highway connecting ciawi, cianjur and sukabumi (redrawn after tngp cited by rustiami, 2004). the climate diagram shows the mean monthly rainfall and temperature at the top of mount pangrango (3019 m alt.) (data from lmg 1969 & docters van leeuwen, 1933). mt . p angrango elevat ion : 3019 m ann. t emp .: 17.8o c ann. rainf.: 3369 mm 0 10 20 30 40 j f m a m j j a s o n d j temp. (0c) 0 20 40 60 80 rainfall (x 5 mm) mean t emp . mean rainf. reinwardtia [vol.12 394 entire park, including the area of the tops of mt. gede–pangrango, belongs to the type a, which is very wet. the rainfall is not uniformly distributed throughout the year, but there is a 2 month dry period in july and august, with the mean monthly rainfall of 80 and 85 mm, respectively. data on the mean number of rain days shows that the dry season has little effects; during the driest month in july and august, where the number of rain days was 16.4 and 14.7, respectively (lmg, 1969) implying that rain falls every two days with a significant measurable amount. the monthly mean of daily air temperature at the top of pangrango ranges from 8.4°c to 9.7°c with the annual mean of 9.0°c, the highest mean daily temperature varies from 11.3°c to 11.9°c between 10 am. and 2 pm. (docters van leeuwen, 1933). in the gede–pangrango mountain top area, in addition to rainfall, precipitation from the fog that develops almost every day and forms dew on leaves and mosses in the forest is significant also, but to date no data are available (van steenis et al., 1972, 2006) the soils in the top area consist mainly of stones and gravels deriving from lava and volcanic ash which may be designated as grey regosols and lithosols, while on the forested slopes all belong to the mixture of andosol and latosol or latosol and regosol (fao, 1978) the study sites were located in the alun-alun mandalawangi and alun-alun suryakencana and a site of open low woody vegetation near the crater of mt. gede, which for short will be called mandalawangi, suryakencana and the crater side, respectively. herbaceous vegetation covers the alun-alun and always looks dry, especially grasses and anaphalis javanica. the alun-aluns are surrounded by subalpine forests, dominated jointly by vaccinium varingiaefolium and leptospermum flavescens or in places by albizia lophanta. hikers have frequently visited the sites and in places left disturbances, although as a whole the areas are still in natural state. the severe disturbance was attributed to fire, which apparently has frequently occurred in the surrounding forests. docters van leeuwen (1933) reported fire occurred on the western side of mt. gede and in the present observation it affected the forests on the northern side of a smaller mountain, mt. gumuruh. in 2006, fire spread from an abandoned campfire and burnt part of the anaphalis javanica stand in the western section of suryakencana. the alun-alun mandalawangi (figure 7) is located at 2,978 m alt. at 06° 46.403‘ e and 106° 58.042’ s, about 100 m north-east from the top of mt pangrango at 06° 46.225’ e and 106° 57.913’ s. the alun-alun is a meadow located on a basin derived from the inactive crater and now forms an open and roundish field with diameter of about 250 m, making a total area of about five hectare. the central section of the field is somewhat flat, consisting of sand and gravel, while the outer section towards the edge is sloping and covered by a. javanica, where the soil layer is of 3–5 cm thick. in the middle, a small river is running from east to west. the field is surrounded by forest, loaded with usnea sp. and other mosses, with soil of about 10 cm thick. during the study on august 2007, the weather was dry with temperature measurements averaging 4°c at 6 am., 18°c at noon, and 12°c at 9 pm. fog descended every day between 4 and 8 pm. the alun-alun suryakencana (figure 8) is a sickle-shaped meadow, developed from the extinct volcanic crater of about 2 km long and about 200 m wide, stretching from north-east to south-west, making up a total area of 49.72 hectares. it is located about 200 m below the top of mt. gede on the narrow gap separating mt. gede on the north side and smaller mountain mt. gumuruh on the south side at 06° 46.200’ e and 106° 57.821’ s at an altitude of 2,719 m. on the west side the land is sloping toward the center where a relatively big stream is running, with smaller streams coming from the gentle slopes around it. during the rainy season the river is overflowing (van steenis et al., 1972, 2006), but during the dry season such as during the present study the river is dry. on the east side the slope is more gentle, especially from the middle section toward the eastern edge of the field. the soil in the central section of the field is yellow, thin and mixed with sand and gravel, while at the edge next to the forest the dark yellow soil is about 5–10 cm thick, mixed with gravels and small boulders or tallus, where stunted a, javanica grows and the entire soil surface in between a, javanica is covered by lichen stereocaulon graminosum and mosses, especially rhacomitrium lanuginosum. the air temperature measured during the study was 5°c (at 6 am.), 22°c (at noon) and 2°c (at 9 pm.). the crater side (figure 9) is an area of about two hectares, which is located at 2,514 m altitude near two craters (kawah lanang and kawah wadon), at 06° 468.68’ e and 106° 58.863’ s. the site is sloping towards the east, ending at the edge of a very steep ravine, and the slope varies up to 40%. the substrate mainly consists of boulders of varying sizes up to 2 m in diameter. the vegetation is a sparse scrub, composed mainly of dwarf trees of vaccinium varingiaefolium, albizia lophanta and leptospermum flavescens, as 2009] sadili et al.: floristic and structure of subalpine summit on mt. gede pangrango 395 well as tall herb anaphalis javanica, growing between boulders. the area is very dry where beard-moss usnea and other species of mosses can hardly grow. method the quadrat method was used to sample the mandalawangi and suryakencana meadows and the scrub on the crater side. since there were no trees, the vegetation was stratified into two strata only: (1) sapling and shrub stratum, where a sapling or shrub is defined as a woody plant with dbh (diameter at breast height) ≤10 cm with height of ≥ 50 cm; tall herb is included here also, and (2) seedling and herb stratum, where a seedling or a herb is defined as a plant with height of ≤50 cm. twenty three (10 x 10 m) quadrats with the total area of 2,300 m2 were established and distributed systematically with intervals of 20 m in mandalawangi, 50 quadrats with the total areas of 5,000 m2 in suryakencana, and five quadrats with a total area of 500 m2 in the crater side. each quadrat was divided into four (5 x 5 m) plots for recording saplings and shrubs and a 1 x 1 m subplot for seedlings and herbs, which was nested within one of the four plots within each quadrat. different life forms were identified to the species level, their heights were measured and the percentage of cover of each species was estimated. the number of individuals of each species within the quadrats, plots and subplots were counted. additional information on soil and substrate as well as other habitat conditions for each quadrat were noted and flowering status of species were recorded. data were analyzed using the vegetation parameters of dominance (as expressed by the percentage of cover), density and frequency of each species, whose relative values were summed up and presented as the importance values, expressed in percentages (mueller–dombois & ellenberg, 1974). voucher specimens were collected and identified at the herbarium bogoriense in cibinong. the species nomenclature follows flora of cibodas (sunarno & rugayah, 1992) and flora of java (backer & bakhuizen van den brink jr., 1963-1968). results and discussion a total of 30 species of 18 families of saplings, shrubs, seedlings and herbs were recorded in 78 quadrats in the study sites. in the sapling and shrub stratum only 18 species were recorded in the vegetation sampled in manda lawangi (13 spp.), suryakencana (14 spp.) and the crater side (10 spp.). of the total of 18 species of saplings, shrubs, and woody herbs, seven species were common to the three sites, four species in mandalawangi and suryakencana, and one species in suryakencana and the crater side, while species with restricted distribution were only two in mandalawangi, suryakencana and the crater side, respectively (annex 1). in the sapling, shrub and woody herb stratum, the shannon diversity indices of sapling, shrub and woody herb communities in the three sites are low, i.e. 1.69 for mandalawangi, 1.67 for suryakencana and 1.16 for the crater side. the species area curve (figure 3) shows that the number of species increases rapidly up to 1,500 m2 and from this point onwards the increase is slight, confirming further the low species diversity. it may be implied also that the minimum area for this sapling community is 1,500 m2. in this stratum, it can be noted further that anaphalis javanica was dominant, as indicated by its high importance value and relative dominance in mandalawangi and suryakencana, but its presence in the crater side was insignificant. (figure 2, annex 1) the next important species were vaccinium varingiaefolium, rhododendron retusum and gaultheria punctata, which were dominant and co-dominant species in the crater side. they were less significant in mandalawangi and suryakencana, and even rhododendron retusum was absent. albizia lophantha and leptospermum flavescens were the prominent tree species in these sites, but they were mostly crooked and low in stature, hence constituted only the component of the sapling and shrub stratum. they grew well at the edges of the alun-alun, merging with surrounding forests dominated by l. flavescens, which could reach the height of more than three meters. this is apparently the poorly developed variant of the subalpine forest occurring in the summit area described quantitatively by yamada (1977) and earlier qualitatively by docters van leeuwen (1933) and van steenis et al. (1972, 2006), where a. lophanta, l. flavescens and v. varingiaefolium were the leading species. a. javanica was widespread throughout, but formed dense stands at the edge of mandalawangi and suryakencana. in contrast, it did not develop well and was sparsely distributed in the crater side, where it grew only on firm and hard soils between boulders. outside the quadrats it could be found also growing in the valleys of dead and active craters as well as on poor, sandy and stony soils. a. javanica groves developed densely on the reinwardtia [vol.12 396 slope and formed a tall scrub with height up to 1.5 m. the soils were covered by mosses with various herbaceous species growing in between. quantitatively there was no consistent correlation between percentage of cover and habitat (slope, soil depth and soil ph), but qualitatively it could be observed that a. javanica grew in roups on open and flat lands or gentle slopes with poor sandy or stony soils as well as volcanic rocks. our observations confirm the earlier work by docters van leeuwen (1933) and van steenis et al. (1972, 2006), who noted also that from time to time a. javanica groves died because of frosts that took place quite frequently at night. docters van leeuwen (1933) noted that various aspects of alun-alun had not changed since they were described by junghuhn (1845) and later by korthals (1848). a. javanica occurred also in the alun-alun at the top of mt. papandayan, west java (van steenis, 1932), and less abundantly at mt. ceremai, west java (lam, 1925), mt. sumbing and mt. sindoro in central java (docters van leeuwen, 1930). the occurrence of apple trees, malus domestica, in mandalawangi and suryakencana is interesting. they were the survivor of a variety of temperate fruit and vegetable species planted in an experimental garden at kandangbadak by teysmann in 1839, to cater the need of the governor general for european vegetables and fruits (van steenis et al,. 1972, 2006). sapling & shrub 0 50 100 150 200 250 scheflera lucescens rhododendron retusum albizia lophanta dichrochepala chrysantemifolia rubus sp. hypericum leschenaultii vaccinium laurifolium eurya glabra rubus lineatus malus domestica photinia integrifolia lonicera javanica symplocos cochinchinensis rapanea avenis gaultheria punctata vaccinium varingiaefolium leptospermum flavescens anaphalis javanica importance value (%) mandalawangi suryakencana crater side figure 2. importance values of saplings and shrubs at mandalawangi, suryakencana and crater side on the tops of mt. gede and mt. pangrango, cibodas biosphere reserve. 2009] sadili et al.: floristic and structure of subalpine summit on mt. gede pangrango 397 in the seedling and herb stratum altogether 21 species were recorded, of which 11 species occurred in mandalawangi, 16 species in suryakencana and five species in the crater side (figure 4, annex 2). the shannon diversity indices for the three communities in this stratum are also low, i.e., 1.82 for mandalawangi, 2.17 for suryakencana and 0.56 for the crater side. the species-area curve (figure 5) shows that the number of species of seedlings and herbs increases rapidly up to 20 m2 and from this point onwards the increase is slight, confirming further the low species diversity. it suggests that the minimum area for this seedling and herb community is 20 m2. figure 3. species-area curves of saplings, shrubs and woody herbs at mandalawangi, suryakencana and crater side on the tops mt. gede and mt pangrango, cibodas biosphere reserve. seedling & herb 0 50 100 150 200 250 selliguiea feei rhododendron retusum photinia integrifolia thelymitra javanica leptospermum flavescens imperata cylindrica vaccinium varingiaefolium gleichenia vulcanica gaultheria punctata agrostis infirma rapanea avenis rubus lineatus potentilla indica hypericum leschenaultii laurembergia coccinea anaphalis javanica lycopodium sp. gaultheria nummulariodes. carex verticillata isachne pangerangensis tripogon exiguus importance value (%) mandalawangi suryakencana crater side figure 4. importance values of herbs and seedlings at mandalawangi, suryakencana and crater side. reinwardtia [vol.12 398 figure. 5. species-area curves of seedlings and herbs at mandalawangi, suryakencana and the crater side on the tops mt. gede and mt. pangrango, cibodas biosphere reserve. it can be noted from annex 2 that only one species, gaultheria nummularioides, occurred throughout the three sites, six species in mandalawangi and suryakencana and three species in suryakencana and the crater side, while species with restricted distribution were four only in mandalawangi, six only in suryakencana and two only in the crater side. note that in mandalawangi and suryakencana, two species of poaceae (isachne pangerangensis and tripogon exiguus) and cyperaceae (carex verticillata) were prevalent in this stratum, while in the crater side a species of fern, selliguiea feei, was dominant (figure 4). the association of isachne pangerangensis and tripogon exiguous is positively correlated in mandalawangi (r = 0.597) but the correlation is negative in suryakencana (r = – 0.610), which might be attributed to different habitat conditions. outside the plots we recorded five additional grass species (agrostis infirma, deyeuxia australis, vulpia bromoides, isachne globosa and poa annua). van steenis et al. (1972, 2006), however, recorded only five species in the mt,. gede-pangrango area. vulpia bromoides is a new record as previously it did not occur in this area (sumadijaya & veldkamp, 2009; sunarno & rugayah, 1992; van steenis et al., 1972, 2006). in mandalawangi, toward the edge, the community was richer, where grasses agrostis infirma and deyeuxia australis formed small patches together with big bunches of sedges. on the southwest side the middle part was covered by a thick carpet of isachne pangerangensis and under this carpet water was dripping. on the eastern side water was oozing from the soil and during the rainy season it became swampy where grasses and sedges were prevalent and very frequently the moss sphagnum was dominant and constituted the main contributor in the peat forma tion (van steenis et al., 1972, 2006). as indicated in the method above the communities can be stratified only into two strata, i.e. sapling and shrub stratum and seedling and herb stratum. beside the stratification, density is the only vegetation parameter that can be best used to indicate the structure of the community. table 1 shows the density of plants in two strata. in the first stratum the highest densities occurred in the crater side, consisting of woody species a. lophanta, g. punctata, l. flavescens and v. varingiaefolium and the densities of these species were low in the seedling and herb layer, where the fern selliguiea feei was prevalent (figure 4, annex 2). the average height of a. javanica was 109 cm in mandalawangi and 77 cm in suryakencana. in the crater side, however, it reached up to 143 cm, growing well singly and scattered in fine substrates between volcanic rubbles and boulders, apparently experiencing no competttion from other plants. seedlings of a. javanica had low density, dominance and importance values in both mandalawangi and suryakencana, occupying the 6th rank and 8th rank, respectively (annex 2). we recorded that the seedling density was 1,304/ha in mandalawangi, and 15,800/ha in suryakencana (table 1). it is implied that a. javanica was hardly regenerating under its own shade indicating the pioneer status of the species. van steenis et al. (1972, 2006) noted that a. javanica seedlings grew very slowly on volcanic ash deposits and other substrates around craters. the species was said to be a long-live pioneer and was also capable to invade burned subalpine forests, but later disappeared as the burned forest recovered. this has been shown by the dense lower subalpine forest. on the western slope of the mt. gumuruh that was burned in 1914; the burned forest was later invaded by a. javanica and slowly 2009] sadili et al.: floristic and structure of subalpine summit on mt. gede pangrango 399 reverting to a dense forest (docters van leeuwen, 1933). van steenis et al. (1972, 2006) stated that the slow growth of a. javanica was attributed to poor soil conditions and apparently the weathering and soil formation from volcanic materials were progressing very slowly, while at the same time high rainfall and high porosity of the materials facilitated leaching. such situations were not favorable for forest regeneration but allowing the growth of a. javanica, which did not require good soils to grow. fire apparently has been recurrent in the alunalun and more frequently in recent years in view of the frequent visits of hikers, who camped out conveniently there and often negligently left the campfire burning when they left. fire seems to be a factor, along with poor soil conditions, that maintain the existence of the a. javanica dominated community in the alun-alun. there is a slight indication of tree species aggressively invading the community. this is indicated by low relative density of saplings and seedlings of the tree species in the community such as albizia lophanta, leptospermum flavescens, rapanea avenis, symplocos cochinchinensis, and vaccinium varingiaefolium (annexes 1 & 2). tabel 1. density (individuals/hectare) of saplings, shrubs, seedlings and herbs within two strata of the communities at mandalawangi and suryakencana, where a. javanica was the dominant species in the sapling and shrub stratum. density (individuals/ha) stratum life form and species mandalawangi suryakencana crater side 1 sapling and shrub: (a) all species (b) a. javanica 2,461 1,596 2,960 1,976 5,060 400 2 seedling and herb: (a) all species (b) a. javanica 2,830,435 1,304 2,721,780 15,800 776,000 0 a. mandalawangi 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 quadrat % c o v e r carex verticillata isachne pangerangensis tripogon exiggius b. suryakencana 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 quadrat % c o v e r tripogon exiguus isachne pangerangensis carex verticillata figure 6. percentage of cover of carex verticillata, isachne pangerangensis and tripogon exiguus in quadrats at mandalawangi (a) and suryakencana (b). reinwardtia [vol.12 400 based on the importance values of saplingshrub stratum and those on seedling-herb stratum, the mandalawangi meadow may be designated as the anaphalis javanica-isachne pangerangensis community type (figure 7), the suryakencana meadow as anaphalis javanica-tripogon exiguus community type (figure 8) and the crater side scrub as vaccinium varingiaefolium-seliguea feei community type (figure 9) using jaccard’s formula (mueller-dombois & ellenberg, 1974) and the importance values, the index of similarity (is) of community types at mandalawangi and surayakencana was 95.82% for the sapling stratum and 75.23% for seedling stratum, respectively. the similarities between the crater side community type and the community types at mandalawangi and suryakencana at the sapling stratum are high, with is of 69.60% and 78.93%, respectively, while at the seedling stratum was very low, with is of 2.11% and 9.72%, respectively. these community types are similar to those at the alun-alun in mt. papandayan (van steenis, 1930, 1932), and mt. ceremai (lam, 1925), west java and mt. sumbing and mt. sindoro (docters van leeuwen, 1932) central java, although a. javanica occurred less abundantly. floristically at generic level and structurally these community types are comparable to those in the subalpine regions in various mountains in indonesia, such as in papua (hope, 1976; johns et al., 2007), while community type dominated by vaccinium varingiaefolium is common as pioneer vegetation in the volcanic mountains elsewhere, particularly in java, e.g. in mt. guntur (van der pijl, 1938), mt. ceremai, (lam, 1925), papandayan (van steenis, 1930, 1932, 1935; van steenis et al., 1972, 2006; docters van leeuwen, 1932) and mt. tangkuban perahu (wiljes-hissink, 1953). another important and widespread species was carex verticillata (figure 6 & annex 2), whose cover tends to increase and it takes over the dominance when i. pangerangensis or tripogon exiguus was low in cover or absent in the community (r cover of –0.31 and 0.19, respectively, in mandalawangi and –0.24 and – 0.19, respectively, in suryakencana) as indicated also in figure 4. in suryakencana, agrostis infirma and gleichenia vulcanica may become important also in places. the presence of such correlations reflects the pattern in vegetation and is usually related to habitat factors, yet to be investigated thoroughly. the results of the present investigation show that the meadows in mandalawangi and suryakencana were similar, but they were relatively poor in species, confirming the earlier records. it has been assumed that poor soils and fires have maintained the perpetual existence of a. javanica in the meadows. fire, while benefitting a. javanica, has also paved the way for the entry of aggressive exotic grass species, which were previously not present in the meadows, and are now threatening the purity of the native subalpine herbaceous vegetation on the tops of mt. gedepangrango. there was slight indication of invasion by leading tree species into the meadows that might lead to the formation of forests. these phenomena, however, need further detailed elucidatory ecological resesearch and long-term dynamic studies to monitor changes and to clarify the pattern of species distribution and dominance. acknowledgement we are grateful to unesco jakarta office for granting a financial support through the indonesian national mab committee to undertake the study. our gratitude also goes to the mt. gede-pangrango national park authority for providing facilities that enabled us to complete the field work. we thank dr. h. simbolon, and dr. scott hoover, who went through the draft manuscript and provided constructive criticism and suggestions. references abdulhadi, r., srijanto, a. & kartawinata, k. 1998. composition, structure, and changes in a montane rain forest at the cibodas biosphere reserve, west java, indonesia. :601612. in dallmeier, f. & comiskey, j.a. (eds.). forest biodiversity research, monitoring and modeling. conceptual background and old world case studies. man and the biosphere series, vol. 20. the parthenon publishing group, new york. backer, c.a. & bakhuizen van den brink, jr., r.c. 1963–1968. flora of java. woltersnoordhoff, groningen. balai tnggp. 2007. laporan kegiatan pemantauan potensi dan dinamika bunga edelweis di taman nasional gunung gede pangrango cibodascianjur. balai taman nasional gunung gedepangrango, cibodas, cianjur. blume, c.l. 1825. over de gesteldheid van het gebergte gede. verh. bat. gen. k. w. 10: 57 (in docters van leeuwen, w.m., 1933) docters van leeuwen, w.m. 1930a. beitrage zur kenntnis der gipfelvegetation der in miitteljava gelegen vulkane sumbing und sindoro. bull. jard. bot. btzg. iii, 11: 28–56. docters van leeuwen, w.m. 1930b. de kráter tegal primula van den goenoeng ipis (bij de papandajan). trop. nat. 19: 121–123. 2009] sadili et al.: floristic and structure of subalpine summit on mt. gede pangrango 401 docters van leeuwen, w.m. 1933. biology of plants and animals occuring in the higher parts of mount pangrango-gedeh in west-java. verh. kon. ak. wet. a’dam. (ned.) (sec. 2) 31: 1–288. fao, 1978. proposed gn. gede-pangrango national park, management plan, 1979-1983. field report of undp/ fao. nature conservation and wildlife management project, ins/73/013. food and agriculture organization of the united nations, bogor. hasskarl, j.k. 1840. uitbarsting van den berg gedeh, geduurende de maanden november en december 1840. tijdschr. ned. ind. 4: 241 (in docters van leeuwen, w.m., 1933) helmi, n., kartawinata, k. & samsoedin, i. (in preparation). struktur dan komposisi hutan pamah di bodogol, taman nasional gunung gedepangrango (cagar biosfer cibodas), jawa barat (structure and species composition of a lowland forest at bodogol, mount gede-pangrango national park (cibodas biosphere reserve), west java). hope, g.s. 1976. vegetation. :112–172. in hope, g.s., peterson, j.a., allison, i. & radok, u. (eds.). the equatorial glaciers of new guinea. balkema, rotterdam. johns, r.j., shea, g.a. & puradyatmika, p. 2007. subalpine and alpine vegetation of papua. :1024-1053. in marshall, a.j. & beehler b.m. (eds). the ecology of papua part two. periplus, hongkong. junghuhn, f.w. 1845. topographische und naturwissenschaftliche reisen durch java (in van steenis et al. , 1972, 2006) koorders, s.h. 1918-1923. flora von tjibodas, 3 vols. batavia korthals, p.w.1848. warnemingen aangaarde den berg gede op java. ned. kruidk. archief 1: 1848: 117 (in docters van leeuwen, w.m. 1933). kramer, f. 1926. onderzoek naar de natuurlijke verjonging in den uitkap in preanger gebergtebosch. med. proefst. bos. 14: 1–182 kramer, f. 1933. de natuurlijke verjongingin het goenoeng gedeh complex. tectona 26: 156–185. lam, h.j. 1925. een bestijging van den g. tjareme. trop. nat. 14: 2–10. lmg (lembaga meteorologi dan geofisika), 1969. tjurah hudjan rata2 di djawa dan madura (mean rainfall in java and madura), periode 1931–1960. meteorological note no. 8 part 1. lembaga meteorologi dan geofisika, djakarta. meijer, w. 1959. plant sociological analysis of montane rain forest near tjibodas, west java. act. bot. neerl. 8: 277–291. mueller-dombois, d. & ellenberg, h. 1972. aims and methods of vegetation ecology. john wiley & sons, new york. reinwardt, c. g. c. c. 1823. over de hoogte en verdere natuurlijke gesteldheid eenige bergen in de preanger egentschappen. verh. bat. gen. 9: 3. (in docters van leeuwen, w.m. 1933) rustiami, h. 2004. cagar biosfer cibodas. :11–34. in h. soedjito (ed.). panduan cagar biosfer di indonesia. panitia nasional mab indonesia, lembaga ilmu pengetahuan indonesia, jakarta. schmidt, f.h. & ferguson, j.h. 1951. rainfall types based on wet and dry period ratios for indonesia with western new guinea. verhandelingen djawatan meteorologi dan geofisika, djakarta 42. seifriz, w. 1923. the altitudinal distribution of plants on mt. gedeh, west java. bull. tor. bot. cl. 50: 283–306. srijanto, a. 1987. pengaruh rumpang terhadap permudaan alam dan struktur tegakan di hutan hujan tropika pegunungan. m.sc. thesis, fakultas pasca sarjana, ipb, bogor. sumadijaya, a. & veldkamp, j. f. 2009. vulpia (gramineae) in malesia. reinwardtia 12(5): 343–345. sunarno, b & rugayah, 1992. flora taman nasional gede pangrango. herbarium bogoriense, puslitbang biologi – lipi, bogor. teysmann, j.e. 1842. kritische aantekeningen op de bijdragen van doctor junghuhn, tot de geschiedenis der vulkaanen in den ned. archipel. tijdschr. ned. ind. 5: 487 (in docters van leeuwen, w.m.,1933). unesco, mab indonesia & lbn. 1975. regional postgraduate training course on methods in tropical vegetation analysis, bogor, indonesia, 1–30 september 1975. unesco regional office for science and technology for southeast asia, indonesian national committee for mab programme and lembaga biologi nasional-lipi, bogor. van der pijl, i. 1938. the re-establishment of vegetation on mt. goentoer (java). ann. jard. bot. btzg. 48: 129–152. van steenis, c.g.g.j. 1930. eeenige belangrijke plantengeographische vondsten op den papandayan. trop. nat. 19: 73–91. van steenis, c.g.g.j.. 1932. eeenige belangrijke plantengeographische vondsten op den papandayan. ii. trop. nat. 21: 101–108. van.steenis, c.g.g.j. 1935. eeenige biologische waarnemingen op den papandajan. trop. nat. 24: 141–147. van steenis, c.g.g.j., hamzah, a. & toha, m. 1972. the mountain flora of java. e.j. brill, leiden. van steenis, c.g.g.j., hamzah, a. & toha, m. 2006. flora pegunungan jawa. pusat penelitian biologi – lipi, bogor. van steenis, c.g.g.j. & van steeniskruseman, m,j. 1953. a brief sketch of the tjibodas mountain garden. fl. mal. bull. 10: 312–351 went, f. w. 1940. soziologie der epiphyrten eines tropischen urwaldes. ann. jard. bot. http://c.g.g.j.van.1972.the/ http://c.g.g.j.van.1972.the/ http://c.g.g.j.van.1972.the/ http://c.g.g.j.van.1972.the/ http://c.g.g.j.van.1972.the/ http://c.g.g.j.van.1972.the/ http://c.g.g.j.van.1972.the/ http://c.g.g.j.van.1972.the/ http://c.g.g.j.van.1972.the/ http://c.g.g.j.van.1972.the/ http://c.g.g.j.van.1972.the/ http://c.g.g.j.van.1972.the/ http://c.g.g.j.van.1972.the/ reinwardtia [vol.12 402 btzg. 50: 1–17. wiljes-hissink, e.a. 1953. twee excursies naar de tangkuban prahu. trop. nat. 32:115–119. yamada, 1. 1975. forest ecological studies of the montane forest of mt. pangrango, west java. i. stratification and floristic composition of the montane rain forest near cibodas. the southeast asian studies 13: 402–426. yamada, i. 1976a. forest ecological studies of the montane forest of mt. pangrango, west java. ii. stratification and floristic composition of the forest vegetation of the higher part of mt. pangrango. the southeast asian studies 13: 513–534. yamada, l. 1976b. forest ecological studies of the montane forest of mt. pangrango, west java. iii. litter fall of the tropical montane forest near cibodas. the southeast asian studies 14: 194– 229. yamada, i. 1977. forest ecological studies of the montane forest of mt. pangrango, west java. iv. floristic along the altitude. the southeast asian studies 15: 226–254. annex 1. list of species of saplings, shrubs and woody herbs with their values on relative dominance (rdo), relative density (rd), relative frequency (rf) and importance value (iv) at the mandalawangi, suryakencana and the crater side at the tops of mt. gede-pangrango, cibodas biosphere reserve. mandalawangi suryakencana crater side no. species family rdo rd rf iv rdo rd rf iv rdo rd rf iv 1 anaphalis javanica asteraceae 69.0 70.0 48.0 187.0 82.8 66.8 44.8 194.3 1.0 1.0 6.6 8.5 2 vaccinium varingiaefolium ericaceae 6.3 2.5 8.1 16.8 4.7 7.6 13.3 25.6 72.0 78.9 32.8 183.7 3 leptospermum flavescens myrtaceae 5.0 11.1 10.4 26.5 1.8 3.6 8.1 13.5 1.0 0.2 1.6 2.9 4 gaultheria punctata ericaceae 0.8 1.1 4.1 6.0 7.6 15.9 19.5 43.0 8.6 5.0 16.4 30.0 5 symplocos cochinchinensis symplocaceae 3.4 0.8 5.2 9.4 0.4 1.1 2.6 4.1 0.9 0.2 1.6 2.8 6 rubus lineatus rosaceae 0.4 2.1 2.9 5.4 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.1 0.7 0.2 1.6 2.6 7 eurya glabra theaceae 2.9 0.3 1.7 4.9 0.2 0.2 0.7 1.1 0.6 1.0 4.9 6.5 8 lonicera javanica caprifoliaaceae 2.1 1.4 4.6 8.1 0.8 1.8 3.3 5.9 9 photinia integrifolia rosaceae 0.8 1.3 5.2 7.4 1.1 1.8 3.8 6.6 10 rapanea avenis myrsinaceae 1.7 8.0 3.5 13.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 11 vaccinium laurifolium ericaceae 1.3 0.7 2.9 4.9 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.6 12 rubus sp. rosaceae 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 13 dicrochepala chrysantemifolia asteraceae 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.1 14 albizia lophanta fabaceae 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.7 3.1 1.4 6.6 11.3 15 rhododenron retusum ericaceae 11.7 11.3 24.6 47.7 16 scheflera lucescens araliaceae 0.6 0.7 3.3 4.6 17 malus domestica rosaceae 5.4 0.1 0.6 6.1 18 hypericum leschenaultii ericaceae 0.8 0.8 2.9 4.6 total 100 100 100 300 100 100 100 300 100 100 100 300 2009] sadili et al.: floristic and structure of subalpine summit on mt. gede pangrango 403 annex 2. list of species of seedlings and herbs with percentages of their relative dominance (rdo), relative density (rd), relative frequency (rf) and importance value (iv) at mandalawangi, suryakencana and the crater side at the top of mt. gedepangrango no species family mandalawangi suryakencana crater side rdo rd rf iv rdo rd rf iv rdo rd rf iv 1 gaultheria nummulariodes. ericaceae 0.4 0.5 16.53 7.43 0.79 0.63 5.88 7.30 0.2 0.3 7.69 8.2 2 hypericum leschenaultii hypericaceac 0.1 0.2 0.83 1.13 3 laurembergia coccinea haloragaceae 1.7 0.1 4.96 6.76 4 rubus lineatus rosaceae 0.4 0.2 0.83 1.43 5 rapanea avenis myrsinaceae 0.2 0.4 0.83 1.43 6 tripogon exiguus poaceae 38.5 28 18.18 84.68 54.7 34.69 12.25 101.60 7 isachne pangerangensis poaceae 30.3 48 19.01 97.31 7.05 30.13 12.25 49.43 8 carex verticillata cyperaceae 18.7 19 18.18 5.88 18.3 24.51 12.25 55.08 9 anaphalis javanica asteraceae 2.6 1.9 11.6 6.07 1.53 0.58 8.09 10.20 10 potentilla indica rosaceae 0.2 0.5 0.83 1.53 1.17 0.2 3.68 5.05 11 lycopodium sp. lycopodiaceae 7 1.2 8.26 16.46 0.93 1.74 9.80 12.47 12 thelymitra javanica orchidaceae 0.47 0.02 0.25 0.74 13 gleichenia vulcanica gleicheniaceae 2.4 2.12 7.35 11.87 14 imperata cylindrica poaceae 0.74 0.11 2.94 3.79 15 leptospermum flavescens myrtaceae 0.35 0.04 0.49 0.88 16 agrostis infirma poaceae 5.92 4.08 12.25 22.25 17 photinia integrifolia rosaceae 0.47 0.01 0.25 0.73 18 vaccinium varingiaefolium ericaceae 2.56 0.13 3.43 6.12 17.4 9 23.08 49.5 19 gaultheria punctata ericaceae 2.6 1 8.58 12.18 1.1 0.3 7.69 9.1 20 rhododendron retusum ericaceae 0.04 0.01 0.25 0.30 2.5 0.8 23.08 26.4 21 selliguiea feei polypodiaceae 78.7 89.7 8.46 206.9 total 100 100 100 300 100 100 100 300 100 100 100 300 figure 7. the subalpine anaphalis javanica-isachne pangerangensis community type in alun-alun mandalawangi at the mt. pangrango summit, surounded by subalpine leptospermum flavescens forest. reinwardtia [vol.12 404 figure 8. an overview of the subalpine anaphalis javanica-tripogon exiguous community type at alun-alun suryakencana in the mt. gedeh summit, complex, surrounded by subalpine forest dominated by vaccinium varingiaefolium and leptospermum flavescens or in places by albizia lophanta figure 9. the subalpine vaccinium varingiaefolium-seliguea feei community type, surrounded by subalpine albizia lophanta forest at the crater side in the mt. gede summit complex. reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 163−170 163 comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value received december 11, 2013; accepted august 11, 2014 yessi santika herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: santikaye@gmail.com. eka fatmawati tihurua herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. teguh triono tanri abeng university, jln. swadarma raya 58, ulujami, jakarta selatan. abstract santika, y., tihurua, e. f. & triono t. 2014. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value. reinwardtia 14(1): 163 – 170. — study in leaves anatomy of twenty nine samples of the species classified under pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga of pandanaceae had been undertaken to unravel generic relationship among of these taxa with a view to provide a set of diagnostic characters for taxonomic identification. the fourth genus of pandanaceae, benstonea is not included in this analysis since there are no representative samples. four anatomical diagnostic characters had been identified at the generic level such as present and absent of papillae, stomatal arrangement types, present and absent of bundle sheath extension and hypodermal thickness and its shape. pandanus has papillae, amphistomatous stomata, bundle sheath extension present and hypodermis thin and rectangular; freycinetia lacked of papillae, stomata hypostomatous or amphistomatous, bundle sheath extension absent and hypodermis thick and hexagonal or rounded; meanwhile sararanga has no papillae, stomata amphistomatous, bundle sheath extension absent and hypodermis thin and flatten. an identification key to those genera based on anatomical diagnostic characters is provided. key words: freycinetia, leaf anatomy, pandanaceae, pandanus, sararanga. abstrak santika, y., tihurua, e. f. & triono t. 2014. perbandingan anatomi daun pandanus, freycinetia dan sararanga (pandanaceae) serta nilai diagnostiknya. reinwardtia 14(1): 163 – 170. — studi anatomi daun pada dua puluh sembilan sampel jenis yang diklasifikasikan ke dalam marga pandanus, freycinetia dan sararanga dari suku pandanaceae telah dilakukan untuk mengungkap hubungan antar marga dengan tujuan menyediakan satu set karakter diagnostik bagi identifikasi taksonomi. marga keempat dari pandanaceae, benstonea tidak termasuk dalam kajian kali ini karena ketiadaan sampel. empat karakter diagnostik telah diidentifikasi pada tingkatan marga yaitu ada tidaknya papila, tipe susunan stomata, ada tidaknya perluasan seludang berkas pengangkut dan ketebalan serta bentuk hipodermis. pandanus memiliki ciri adanya papila, stomata amphistomatous, adanya perluasan seludang berkas pengangkut serta hipodermis tipis berbentuk persegi; freycinetia tidak memiliki papila, stomata hypostomatous atau amphistomatous, seludang berkas pengangkut tidak mengalami perluasan dan hipodermis tebal serta berbentuk heksagonal atau bundar; sementara sararanga tidak memiliki papila, stomata amphistomatous, seludang berkas pengangkut tidak meluas, hipodermis tipis dan memipih. disediakan kunci identifikasi marga berdasarkan karakter anatomi diagnostik. kata kunci: anatomi daun, freycinetia, pandanaceae, pandanus, sararanga. introduction understanding on plant anatomy is a fundamental information to study plant systematic and classification (evert, 2006). angiosperm leaves in which display a lot morphological and anatomical diversity have been used in classification and identification of various plant families (rudall, 2007). sonibare et al. (2006) had used leaf anatomy characters to differentiate ficus species and concluded that leaf anatomy could provide useful character for taxonomic classification. leaf anatomical structure of three genera (freycinetia, pandanus and sararanga) of pandanaceae has been under taken by several authors. tomlinson in 1965, has proposed five classes of stomata structure using papillae development and distribution on subsidiary or neighbouring cells and epidermis surface. however, no specific character could distinguish those three genera. five years later, north & willis (1970) reinwardtia 164 [vol.14 discovered stomata and epidermis as useful characters in classifying species under the genus of freycinetia in solomon island. similar study also conducted by lim & stone (1971), they mentioned that stomata, epidermis and hypodermis cells provide additional characters for the sectional classification of freycinetia. pasaribu (2010) also concluded that stomata structure could be used for freycinetia infrageneric classification. kam (1971) carried out an anatomical comparison among malayan pandanus species. he found epidermal and stomatal characters as a support data that able to distinguished a considerable value at the generic and infrageneric classification of pandanus. another pandanus examination was conducted by rahayu et al. (2011) but only stricted to species in java. meanwhile, north & willis (1971) have studied the smallest genus sararanga that comprises two species, namely sararanga philippinensis and s. sinuosa. according to their study, they found stellate trichomes as the identity characters of this genus. this was the major separating characters to identify other two genera freycinetia and pandanus. those information above indicated that, leaf anatomy only provided partial diagnostic characters for each genus within the family. however, there was no general diagnostic character that is meaningful for genera delimitation within pandanaceae. therefore, this study was conducted to review the leaf anatomical characters used by previous authors and provide a set of diagnostic characters for generic identification of freycinetia, pandanus and sararanga in a format of an identification key. materials and methods twenty nine samples from indonesia representing 6 species of pandanus, 16 species of freycinetia and 1 species of sararanga sensu stone (1968) were used. the fourth genus of pandanaceae, benstonea (callmander et al., 2013) is not included in this analysis since there are no representative samples. the characters observed were based from previous studies of tomlinson (1965), north & willis (1970; 1971), kam (1971) and lim & stone (1971). those observed characters were (1) stomata, (2) epidermis, (3) the presence of costal and inter-costal zone, (4) hypodermis and (4) vascular bundles. the specimens used for this study were collected from fieldwork conducted at java, sumatra, kalimantan, sulawesi and papua. the collection of fresh leaf samples were preserved in 70% alcohol and only median portion of 7 × 7 mm2 was used for slide material. meanwhile voucher specimens were kept as dry specimen and deposited in general bo collection. two slide preparation methods were employed in the study. the semi-permanent method using hno3 combined with heating was used for observing the leaf surfaces (cutler, 1978). the permanent slide preparation method using paraffin embedding and safranin-fast green staining was employed to observe leaf structure of transversal section (sass, 1951). the previous method was applied with free hand section (using new and sharp razor blade), while the latter method sectioning was applied with microtome. examination of slides was done in 100× and 400× magnifications using light microscopy nikon eclipse 80i equipped with digital camera and lcd viewer. all permanent slides and voucher specimens are deposited in bo. anatomical description follows lim and stone (1971). results and discussion leaf anatomy of freycinetia, pandanus and sararanga described below. pandanus the epidermis cell shapes of the genus, usually square, pentagonal, hexagonal, polygonal and rectangular, sometimes irregular such as in p. yvanii; anticlinal cell wall straight or slightly undulate, papillae present or absent with some variation of shape (simple, forked or dendritic) and position (fig. 1). stomata sunken or even to epidermis cells, tetracytic, amphistomatous, scattered on adaxial. in abaxial part, it is found only at inter costal or sometimes scattered thin hypodermis, consist of 13 layers of rectangular cells on adaxial and abaxial part as well. there is no sclerenchyma cell found in all species observed, since all samples of this study are different species to rahayu et al. (2011). dorsiventral leaf (fig. 2a), palisade 1-3 layers in adaxial sometimes up to 4 layers, absent or a layer in abaxial, the beneath cells are oval, unordered. the parenchyma tissues with or without intercellular air spaces between vascular bundle. raphida caco3 crystal present (fig. 2c), found at mesophyll, prismatic caco3 crystal present or absent. vascular bundles lay within the mesophyll, enclosed by sclerenchyma and parenchyma tissues. 1-2 xylems tissue located in the middle part, phloem tissue spread out at abaxial part of yessi et al.: comparative leaves anatomy of pandanaceae 2014] 165 a b c fig. 1. upper leaf surface in pandanus yvanii (a), lower leaf surface with papillae (arrow) on p. helicopus (b) and p. yvanii (c), but some of p. yvanii without papillae. e: epidermis, s: sponge. bar 100 µm (a) and 50 µm (b & c). a b c fig. 2. transverse leaf section of pandanus yvanii (a) with vascular bundle extension (b) and raphida caco3 crystal in the p. helicopus (c). c: chlorenchyma, e: epidermis, h: hypodermis, p: palisade, v: vascular bundle, vbe: vascular bundle extention. bar 100 µm (a & b) and 50 µm (c). reinwardtia 166 [vol.14 sclerenchyma sheath. the sclerenchyma or parenchyma tissues on pandanus connecting the bundles with hypodermis. this connection makes chlorenchyma concentrate only between 2 vascular bundles in pandanus. parenchyma tissues found in outer part of the bundles, with bundles sheath extension (fig. 2b) and can be seen only on mature leaves. specimen examined. pandanus aristatus (ary p. keim 776); p. discostigma (ary p. keim 765); p. pachypilus (ary p. keim 767); p. yvanii (ary p. keim 777, ary p. keim 779, ina erlinawati 58, ina erlinawati 136, ina erlinawati 102); pandanus sp. (ina erlinawati 31); p. helicopus (ina erlinawati 140). freycinetia epidermis cell shape rectangular, square to polygonal, anticlinal cell wall straight or undulate or sinuous; prismatic crystal present or absent; papillae present or absent on epidermis; neighbouring (subsidiary) cell, lateral cell or absent (fig. 3). stomata parallel to epidermis or sunken, tetracytic with 4 subsidiary cells in lateral and terminal part, hypostomatous or amphistomatous, concentrate only at intercostal or scattered on abaxial (fig. 4). multilayer hypodermis on adaxial cell is bigger and thicker than abaxial once, hexagonal to rounded, hypodermis wall thickened or not, sclerenchyma near to epidermis (strand) in group or lined. mesophyll differentiated as palisade, dorsiventral, 1-4 layers above and 1-2 below. unordered parenchyma cells, ovate, with or without intercellular air spaces, between vascular bundles. a b fig. 3. leaf surface of freycinetia graminifolia with sinuous anticlinal wall, prismatic crystal but without papillae (a). leaf of f. insignis with straight anticlinal wall and papillae (b). bar 50 µm. a b fig. 4. leaf surface with costal and intercostal zone of freycinetia graminifolia (a) and without zone of f. kartawinatae (b). e: epidermis, s: sponge. bar 200 µm (a) and 100 µm (b). yessi et al.: comparative leaves anatomy of pandanaceae 2014] 167 fig. 5. transverse leaf section of f. javanica. c: raphide caco3 crystal inside the idioblast, e: epidermis, h: hypodermis, p: palisade, s: sponge, st: stoma and v: vascular bundle. bar 200 µm. raphide and sclerenchyma often found at chlorenchyma (fig. 5). vascular bundle is enclosed by sclerenchyma and parenchyma tissues. 1-2 xylems tissue in the middle, phloem tissue spread out at abaxial part of sclerenchyma sheath, without bundle sheath extension. specimen examined. f. sumatrana (ary p. keim 764); f. insignis (abdulrokhman kartonegoro 190); f. sarawakensis (ary p. keim 757); f. graminifolia (dirman sn. ); freycinetia sp. (rugayah 1543); freycinetia cf. imbricata (tika dewi atikah 3); f. scandens (abdulrokhman kartonegoro 14); freycinetia cf. undulata (alex sumadijaya 295); f. minahassae (purwaningsih 127); freycinetia sp. (rugayah 1538); freycinetia cf. rigidifolia (ina erlinawati 52, ary p. keim 813); f. angustifolia (rulyana susanti sn.); f. kartawinatae (ary p. keim 770); f. javanica (ina erlinawati 43, ary p. keim 814); f. kostermansii (dirman 22); f. funicularis (yessi santika 263). sararanga epidermis cell shape square, pentagonal, hexagonal or rectangular; anticlinal cell wall straight; prismatic crystal present; papillae absent (fig. 6a). stomata parallel to epidermis; tetracytic, 2 lateral cells and 2 terminal cells; amphistomatous, on abaxial it found only at intercostal zone and scattered on adaxial (fig. 6b). hypodermis thin, multilayer, consist of 2-3 layers of flatten cells, sclerenchyma absent. mesophyll undifferentiated as palisade and sponge tissue. the parenchyma tissues without intercellular air spaces take place in the middle of two vascular bundle. raphide crystals are founded at mesophyll (fig. 7). vascular bundles lay in the mesophyll. it is enclosed by sclerenchyma and parenchyma tissues. 1-2 xylems in the middle, phloem spread at abaxial part of sclerenchyma sheath. parenchyma tissues on outer part of the bundles, without bundles sheath extension. specimen examined. sararanga sinuosa (yessi santika 321). hypodermis on those three genera always present with 2-3 row cells beneath the epidermis. hypodermis layer in the three genera is always thicker on the adaxial surface than abaxial once. pandanus hypodermis shape is rectangular, sometimes with thickened wall. in contrary, freycinetia hypodermis shape is hexagonal to rounded and sclerenchyma strands distributed within this tissue. an exception occurs in sararanga of which hypodermis cell is flattened and thin. compared with two other genera, sararanga has thicker mesophyll while pandanus has dorsiventral mesophyll. mesophyll in pandanus is only a thin layer of palisade and unordered sponge. meanwhile, in several freycinetia species, the shape of parenchyma cell in mesophyll is star-like because of its large intercellular air spaces (stellate parenchyma). the vascular bundles structure for the three genera are almost similar. vascular bundles in all the genera comprises 1-2 xylems in the middle part, phloem that is spread at abaxial, two sheath encircles of the vascular channel with sclerenchymatous tissue found in inner sheath and parenchymatous tissues in outer part of the bundles. the reinwardtia 168 [vol.14 a b fig. 6. upper (a) and lower (b) leaf surface of sararanga sinuosa with straight anticlinal wall that showed no papillae on both surfaces. bar 100 µm. fig. 7. transverse leaf sections of sararanga sinuosa. c: raphide caco3 crystal, e: epidermis, h: hypodermis with flatten shape, p: prismatic caco3 crystal, s: chlorenchyma without differentiation (sponge tissue), v: vascular bundle without sheath extension. bar 200 µm. tabel 1. the comparative leaf anatomical diagnostic characters of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae). characters pandanus freycinetia sararanga papilla generally present generally absent absent stomata amphistomatous hypostomatous, amphistomatous amphistomatous zone in abaxial surface present or absent present or absent present bundle-sheat extension present (sclerenchyma or parenchyma) absent absent shape of hypodermis rectangular hexagonal to orbicular flatten yessi et al.: comparative leaves anatomy of pandanaceae 2014] 169 difference structure is the present or absent of bundle sheath extention. bundle sheath extension is parenchymatous or sclerenchymatous tissues which connected the bundle sheath with epidermis tissues. it only present on pandanus (fig. 2b) and absent on the other two genera. the important character of leaf anatomical structure in the recent study indicated that, epidermal characters especially the presence of papilla and the stomata distribution, can be used to differentiate pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (see table 1). this is in according with tomlinson’s work (1968) on pandanus of which and gave satisfactory classification at genus level (tomlinson, 1968). it is also in line with kam’s work (kam, 1971) on pandanus that support sectional classification sensu stone (1968) and also in line to lim & stone (1971) on freycinetia. however, the latter taxonomic treatment only partially agreed to stone (1968) sectional classification. this partial agreement is due to the nature of freycinetia epidermal tissue in which always homogen. from this study, papillae usually absent in most of freycinetia epidermal tissue, except in f. sumatrana and f. insignis. these two species have simple papillae with no variation shape. in contrary, it is very common and vary on pandanus. in sararanga however, no papillae found in this genus. in general, the three genera have stomata on both sides of epidermis, except in some freycinetia species. another character from this study is arrangement of abaxial stomata. sararanga and some species of pandanus and freycinetia has stomata only on its intercostal zone. the epidermis with stomata is barried with un-stomata area. another species has stomata spread on abaxial epidermis (zonation absent). based on the diagnostic character in table 1 and the discussion above, a dichotomous identification key to differentiate pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga of pandanaceae is provided. this key is also useful to identify leaf fragment of pandanaceae using light microscope. key to the genera based on leaf anatomical stucture 1.a. papilla present, complex, dominate on the leaf surface; bundle sheath extension present ……………………………………...pandanus b. papilla absent, or present with simple shape; bundle sheath extension absent 2.a. hypodermis hexagonal to round, thick ………….………….....…………..freycinetia b. hypodermis flatten, thin ………….sararanga conclusions some previous studies only indicated anatomy structure could be used at infrageneric level. epidermal tissue with some different papillae shape and distribution as the main character (tomlinson, 1968; kam, 1971; lim & stone, 1971; pasaribu, 2010; rahayu et al., 2011). this present study shows that pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga could distinguish by leaf anatomy structure. four important anatomical diagnostic characters had been identified at the generic level i.e. the present and absent of papillae, stomata arrangement type, presence and absence of bundle sheath extension and hypodermal shape. acknowledgements we thank colleagues at bo with whom we have discussed this topic, especially ary p. keim, leader of pandanaceae research group, herbarium bogoriense, bogor, for his support and willingness to discuss these issues. references callmander, m. w., booth, t. j., beentje, h. & buerki, s. 2013. update on the systematics of benstonea (pandanaceae): when a visionary taxonomist foresees phylogenetic relationships. phytotaxa 112(2): 57–60. cutler, d. f. 1978. applied plant anatomy. longman. london and new york. evert, k. a. 2006. esau’s plant anatomy, meristems, cells, and tissues of the 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(n. s.) 21: 3–16. tomlinson, p. b., 1965. a study of stomatal structure in pandanaceae. pacif. sci. 19 (1): 38–54. instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 412-591-2-pb belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(3): 221 — 3 1 5 , april 11, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedydarnaedi (indonesia) tuktrin partomihardjo (indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (indonesia) teguhtriono (indonesia) marlinaardiyani (indonesia) eizi suzuki (japan) jun wen (united state of america) managing editor himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirathidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaiy reviewers bryan simon (australia), eve j. lucas (united kingdom), j.f.veldkamp (netherlands), laurence skog (usa), pieter baas (netherlands), ruth kiew (malaysia), robert j. soreng (usa), helena duistermaat (netherlands), lyn a. craven (australia), rugayah (indonesia), mark hughes (united kingdom), martin callmander (usa), peter c. van welzen (netherlands), wayne takeuchi (usa), nobuyuki fukuoka (japan). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 3, pp: 255 − 262 255 new variety, records & discoveries of some species of pandanus (pandanaceae) in sumatra & kalimantan, indonesia received may 14, 2010; accepted december 27, 2011 ary prihardhyanto keim herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya bogor−jakarta km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: arypkeim@yahoo.com. abstract keim, a.p. 2012. new variety, records & discoveries of some species of pandanus (pandanaceae) in sumatra & kalimantan, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(3): 255−262. — this current study shows the presence of a new variety of pandanus korthalsii solms from bengkulu, p. korthalsii solms var. bengkuluensis a.p. keim and records the presence of three species from pandanus previously unknown to sumatra and borneo, particularly kalimantan: pandanus irregularis ridl., p. labyrinthicus kurz, and p. stelliger ridl. the result of this study also indicates that in sumatra the coastal-inhabitant p. labyrinthicus can also be found further inland from its previously known habitat. keywords: borneo, kalimantan, pandanaceae, pandanus, sumatra. abstrak keim, a.p. 2012. varietas baru, catatan dan penemuan beberapa jenis pandanus (pandanaceae) di sumatera & kalimantan, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(3): 255−262. — hasil kajian terbaru ini mencatat satu varietas baru dari pandanus korthalsii solms. asal bengkulu, p. korthalsii solms var. bengkuluensis a.p. keim dan juga merekam kehadiran tiga pandanus yang sebelumnya tidak diketahui di sumatera dan kalimantan: pandanus irregularis ridl., p. labyrinthicus kurz, dan p. stelliger ridl. hasil kajian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa di sumatera p. labyrinthicus merupakan jenis yang hidup di pesisir pantai juga dapat ditemukan jauh di pedalaman. kata kunci: borneo, kalimantan, pandanaceae, pandanus, sumatera. introduction sumatra, despite being the second most explored island in the malay archipelago after java, the pandan flora in this island is still vaguely known. the situation is worsened by the fact that practically there has been no detailed publication on the pandan flora of sumatra since “unumerazione delle pandanaceae” (martelli, 1910, 1913, 1914), where several new species were described. on the contrary, the pandan flora of borneo is better known at least through two special publications by stone (1970 for freycinetia; 1993 for pandanus). although fine publications, most of the species described were from sarawak and sabah. little was known then from the indonesian part of borneo (i.e. kalimantan). after the last work by stone, the study on the pandan flora of sumatra and kalimantan has been resumed by keim et al. (2006), keim and mahendra (2008) and keim (2009), in which several new species of freycinetia, new records and rediscovery of the illusive p. aristatus were published. the current study is based on herbarium specimens available at herbarium bogoriense (bo) and the result adds new information to the pandan flora of sumatra and kalimantan including the presence of a new variety of pandanus korthalsii solms from bengkulu in southern sumatra, namely p. korthalsii solms var. bengkuluensis a.p. keim and the records the presence of three species from the genus pandanus previously unknown to sumatra and borneo, particularly kalimantan: p. irregularis ridl., p. labyrinthicus kurz, and p. stelliger ridl. the result of this study also indicates that in sumatra the coastal-inhabitant p. labyrinthicus can also be found further inland from its previously known habitat. taxonomic enumeration 1. pandanus irregularis ridl. –– fig. 1. notes. prior to this current study p. irregularis was known only from the limestone area of batu bausungai ketah, kelantan (ridley, 1925) and gua tipus (tikus?), pahang in the malay peninsula (st. john, 1963). the discovery of the same species in sijunjung, sumatra is thus a new record. p. irregularis is well known as a species that prefers reinwardtia 256 [vol.13 fig. 1. pandanus irregularis ridl. from j. dransfield 3968 (bo!) showing an infructescence consists of four cephalia, in which each cephalium is composed of several knobbly phalanges. each phalange is observed with two stigmas arranged in a single straight of row. photo: a.p. keim. 2012] 257 keim: discoveries of pandanus in sumatra & kalimantan, indonesia a limestone-based soil habitat. st. john (1963) even described this species as the common pandan on the limestone. sijunjung is also well known for the distinctive limestone-based soil (laumonier 1997) as featured by the striking string of astonishing karst hills that characterize the central part of west sumatra province, which stretched from payakumbuh to sijunjung. gunung putih is one of the hills in mountainous sijunjung and the name itself means white mountain in indonesian, which clearly indicates the dominant type of soil there, chalk or limestone. in other word, sijunjung shares the same habitat with both the type locality of p. irregularis and collection locality of specimen mentioned by st. john (1963). the identification of a specimen collected from sijunjung, j. dransfield 3968 (figure 1) as p. irregularis is based on the observation and field note that indicate this specimen as having an infructescence consisting of four dark green cephalia, in which each cephalium is composed of several rather knobbly phalanges. each phalange is observed with two stigmas arranged in a single straight of row, thus evidently shows that it is a member of the subgenus rykia. however, p. irregularis straightforwardly differs from the other more famous member of the sub genus, the gigantic and beach-dweller p. dubius, in which p. dubius possesses an infructescence with only a single, massive and globose cephalium. specimen examined. indonesia, sumatra, west sumatra, sijunjung, gunung putih, muaro kulampi, 27 feb. 1974, j. dransfield 3968 (bo!). 2. pandanus korthalsii solms var. bengkuluensis a.p. keim var. nov. –– fig. 2. pandanus korthalsii solms similis sed cephalium ellipsoideus et longioribus (4.5–6.5 cm); stigmata conspicue rostrata et longioribus (50–60 mm). –– typus: j. dransfield 3575 (bo!), indonesia, sumatra, bengkulu, km 12, on the road from kepahiang to bengkulu, 25 aug. 1973. slender, shrubby pandan, apparently clustered, 5 m tall. stem slender, sparsely branched, diameter ca. 2 cm, pale brown, spiny. leaves in a rosette, spirally arranged in three ranks (tristichous), ca. 75 cm long, ca. 2 cm wide, spines throughout margin, apex acumminate; adaxial surface green, adaxial ventral pleats minute; abaxial surface green, recurved spines absent. infructescence terminal, interfoliar, 30–35 cm long, spicate, consisting of 3– 4 cephalia; peduncle 25.5–26 cm long, densely covered with red-brown tomentose; peduncular bracts caducous. cephalia not uniform in sizes, the most basal part being the largest; each cephalium elongated ellipsoidal, 4.5–6.5 cm long, 2.8–3 cm wide, glaucous. drupe elongated ellipsoidal, 1–1.2 cm long, ca. 0.5 cm wide; stigmatic remain sharp, obviously beaked, brown, 0.5–0.6 cm long. etymology. after bengkulu an indonesian province in southern part of sumatra, where the type was collected. distribution. known only from the type locality. habitat. lowland tropical rainforest on ridge top, hill of dipterocarps forests at about 700 m altitude. notes. the differences between this newly proposed variety and p. korthalsii solms var. korthalsii are mainly in the shapes and dimensions of cephalia and drupes (table 1). apart from these four morphological characters, the two taxa are exceedingly similar. however, as the shape and dimension of cephalia in p. korthalsii var. korthalsii from borneo (including the anambas islands) and sumatra (north sumatra) are surprisingly quite uniform, which are fairly globose (table 1), the taxon from bengkulu (figure 2) are regarded here as a distinct from the widely distributed p. korthalsii var. korthalsii. nonetheless, the differences are regarded insufficient to place the taxon from bengkulu as a distinct species. thus, table 1. morphological differences between p. korthalsii var. korthalsii and p. korthalsii var. bengkuluensis. species shape of cephalium size of cephalium size of drupe length of stigma pandanus korthalsii var. korthalsii fairly globose 3.5–4 by 2.5 cm 0.8 by 0.4 cm 0.1–0.2 cm pandanus korthalsii var. bengkuluensis elongatedellipsoidal 4.5–6.5 by 2.8– 3 cm 1–1.2 by 0.5 cm 0.5–0.6 cm reinwardtia 258 [vol.13 fig. 2. pandanus korthalsii solms var. bengkuluensis a.p. keim from j. dransfield 3575 (holo. bo!) showing the elongated ellipsoidal cephalia and obvious beaked stigmatic remains. photo: a.p. keim. 2012] 259 keim: discoveries of pandanus in sumatra & kalimantan, indonesia fig. 3. pandanus labyrinthicus kurz from w. meijer 2567 (bo!) collected from tarakan island, east kalimantan, showing the slender habit, a spike infructescence composed of rounded-rather depressed and crowdedly arranged drupes. each drupe has ascending forked stigmatic remains. photo: a.p. keim. reinwardtia 260 [vol.13 fig. 4. pandanus labyrinthicus kurz from j. dransfield 3964 (bo!) collected from gunung putih, sijunjung, west sumatra, showing slender habit, a spike infructescence composed of rounded-fairly depressed and crowdedly arranged drupes. each drupe has ascending forked stigmatic remains. photo: a.p. keim. 2012] 261 keim: discoveries of pandanus in sumatra & kalimantan, indonesia fig. 5. pandanus stelliger ridl. from g. shea 28015 (bo!), showing a spike infructescence. each drupe is with blunt and rather ascending star-shaped stigmatic remains. photo: a.p. keim. reinwardtia 262 [vol.13 until the data from molecular analysis becomes available in this current study the taxon from bengkulu is regarded as a new variety of p. korthalsii, p. korthalsii solms var. bengkuluensis. specimen examined. indonesia, sumatra, bengkulu, km 12, on the road from kepahiang to bengkulu, 25 aug. 1973, j. dransfield 3575 (holo. bo!; iso. l). 3. pandanus labyrinthicus kurz –– figs. 3 & 4. notes. pandanus labyrinthicus was previously reported only from the type locality, which was in the west coast of sumatra (see warburg, 1900). the presence of this species outside sumatra was briefly mentioned by keim (2009). this study confirms its presence in borneo, particularly on tarakan island (figure 3). pandanus labyrinthicus was previously known as a coastal species. it is interesting to underline that the specimen collected from the gunung putih, sijunjung, west sumatra (j. dransfield 3964; figure 4) grows further inland. pandanus labyrinthicus is characterized by its slender habit, its spicate infructescence, in which each composed of rounded-rather depressed and compactly (i.e. crowdedly) arranged drupes. each drupe has ascending forked stigmatic remains. this morphological character allows to clearly distinct the eastern malesian p. labyrinthicus from another coastal slender clustered pandan, the western malesian p. polycephalus, in which possesses blunt stigmatic remains. as previously discussed, the soil type in sijunjung is predominantly limestonebased. this raises a question whether sijunjung and vicinity used to be a coastal area. in other word, the presence of the coastal p. labyrinthicus might have been the reminiscence of sijunjung geological past. a further study is essential. specimens examined. indonesia, sumatra, west sumatra, sijunjung, gunung putih, muaro kulampi, 27 feb. 1974, j. dransfield 3964 (bo!); borneo, east kalimantan, tarakan island, 16 dec. 1953, w. meijer 2567 (bo!). 4. pandanus stelliger ridl. –– fig. 5. notes. pandanus stelliger was previously known only from the malay peninsula (ridley, 1904; st. john, 1963). in the field p. stelliger is easily identified through the possession of a spike infructescence with each cephalium consists of drupes with blunt and fairly ascending star-shaped stigmatic remains. a specimen collected from kalimantan, g. shea 28015 (figure 5) possesses morphological characters that match with p. stelliger and it is identified here as belonging to that species; thus, a new record of p. stelliger in borneo. specimen examined. indonesia, borneo, west kalimantan, pontianak, bentiang, kampung semakong, gunung sengkayu, 10 nov. 1980, g. shea 28015 (bo!). references keim, a.p. 2009. three new species of feycinetia (pandanaceae) from kalimantan, indonesia. reinwardtia 13 (1): 15-20. keim, a.p; rugayah; rustiami, h; santika, y; asmarayani, r; nurdin & amir, m. 2006. keanekaragaman pandanaceae di taman nasional bukit baka bukit raya dan sekitarnya di propinsi kalimantan barat. laporan teknik pusat penelitian biologilipi: 125-140. keim, a.p. & mahendra, t. 2008. flora pandan (pandanaceae) taman nasional bukit barisan selatan (tnbbs) wilayah propinsi lampung: taksonomi dan etnobotani. laporan teknik pusat penelitian biologi-lipi: 1124-1148. kurz, s. 1866. ann. mus. bot. lugd. batav. 2: 53. laumonier, y. 1997. the vegetation & physiography of sumatra. geobotany no. 22. kluwer academic publ., dordrecht. martelli, u. 1910. unumerazione delle pandanaceae. i: freycinetia. webbia 3: 307-327. martelli, u. 1913. enumerazione delle pandanaceae ii. pandanus. webbia 4: 5-105. martelli, u. 1914. le specie e varietà nuove di pandanus menzionate nella „enumerazione delle pandanaceae‟. webbia 4: 399-435, t. 1-43. ridley, h.n. 1904. pandanaceae. j. straits branch roy. asiat. soc. 41: 49-50. ridley, h.n. 1925. the flora of the malay peninsula. vol. 5: monocotyledones, gymnospermae & general indices. l. reeve & co., london. solms, h. 1878. monographia pandanacearum. linnaea 42: 1-110. st. john, h. 1963. revision of the genus pandanus stickman: part 15, malayan species described by h.n. ridley. pacific science 17 (3): 329-360. stone, b.c. 1970. materials for a monograph of freycinetia gaud. (pandanaceae). vi. species of borneo. gardens’ bulletin singapore 25 (2): 209233. stone, b.c. 1993. studies in malesian pandanaceae 21: the genus pandanus in borneo. sandakania 2: 35 -84. warburg, o. 1900. (21 dec.). pandanaceae. in a. engler (ed.). pflanzenr. 4, 9 (3): 1-100. engelmann, berlin. 314 reinwardtia [vol.13 erratum reinwardtia vol. 13, part 2, 2010 1. please change the existing word in p. 213, line 7 on abstrak (written in bahasa indonesia version) with the following: keberadaan dua jenis terakhir melampaui distribusi yang sebelumnya hanya diketahui di barat garis wallace. 2. please change the existing epithet name in p, 214, column 1, line 40 on key to the species of marantaceae in sulawesi number 5.a. after phrynium: longispicum instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by authors name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, authors name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 3. 2012 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia: additions and corrections, including a new species and a new variety 221 deden girmansyah. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from bukit tiga-puluh national park, riau, sumatra 229 pudji widodo. new nomenclature in syzygium (myrtaceae) from indonesia and its vicinities 235 alex sumadijaya & jan frits veldkamp. non-bambusoid grasses (gramineae) from raja ampat archipelago, papua barat province, indonesia 241 ary prihardyanto keim. new variety, records & discoveries of some species of pandanus (pandanaceae) in sumatra and kalimantan, indonesia 255 harry wiriadinata. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sagea lagoon, weda bay, halmahera island, north moluccas, indonesia 263 ary prihardyanto keim. the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley, papua-indonesia 271 jan frits veldkamp. koordersiochloa merr. (gramineae), the correct name for streblochaete hochst. expilg. 299 sri endarti rahayu, kuswata kartawinata, tatiek chikmawati & alex hartana. leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java 305 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biologylipi cibinong, indonesia dpn 446-655-1-sm blkng a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(4): 317 — 3 8 9 , december 20, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) teguh triono (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) eizi suzuki (kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami lay out editor deden sumirat hidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers ed de vogel (netherlands), henk van der werff (usa), irawati (indonesia), jan f. veldkamp (netherlands), jens g. rohwer (denmark), lauren m. gardiner (uk), masahiro kato (japan), marshall d. sunberg (usa), martin callmander (usa), rugayah (indonesia), paul forster (australia), peter hovenkamp (netherlands), ulrich meve (germany). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 4, pp: 3 1 7 3 3 0 morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae: a case study in the javanese species received october 30, 2011; accepted july 7, 2012 sri endarti rahayu biology department, national university, jl. sawo manila 61, pejaten pasar minggu, jakarta selatan, indonesia. e-mail: endarti 2004@yahoo.com tatik chikmawati biology department, faculty of mathematics and natural science, bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: tchikmawati@yahoo. com kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences, bogor, indonesia; botany department, field museum, chicago, illionis, usa. alex hartana biology department, faculty of mathematics and natural science, bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia. abstract rahayu, s. e., chikmawati, t., kartawinata, k. & hartana, a. 2012. morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae: a case study in the javanese species. reinwardtia 13(4): 317-330. — since a large number of characters are now known for freycinetia gaudich. and pandanus parkinson species, it appears useful to consider their use in identifying plants from java. fieldwork carried out for this study has provided stronger foundation for understanding morphological variation within the species. this study was undertaken to have a better understanding on the morphology of the family in order to make a better species delimitation. characters of habit, stem, leaves, auricles, bracts, peduncle and pedicel, inflorescence, staminate flowers (male), pistillate flowers (female), cephalia and berries were found useful in delimitation and identification of javanese freycinetia, while characters of habit, stem, prop root, marginal spine, leaves, bracts, inflorescentia, peduncle, staminate flowers (male), pistillate flowers (female), cephalia, drupes were found to be useful for distinguishing among species of javanese pandanus. key words: freycinetia, morphology, pandanus, taxonomy, java. abstrak rahayu, s. e., chikmawati, t., kartawinata, k. & hartana, a. 2012. morfologi vs. taksonomi pada family pandanaceae: studi kasus jenis dari jawa. reinwardtia 13(4): 317-330. — saat ini telah diketahui adanya sejumlah karakter yang dimiliki oleh freycinetia gaudich. dan pandanus parkinson, karena itu akan sangat berguna untuk mempertimbangkan manfaat karakter-karakter tersebut untuk identifikasi tumbuhan yang berasal dari jawa. studi lapangan yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini memberikan dasar yang lebih kuat untuk dapat memahami variasi morfologi yang terdapat di dalam spesies. tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami dengan lebih baik tentang morfologi di dalam suku sehingga dapat membuat batasan spesies yang lebih baik. karakter-karakter seperti perawakan, batang, daun, aurikel, braktea, gagang dan gantilan bunga, perbungaan, bunga jantan dan bunga betina, sefalia dan buah berguna di dalam pembatasan dan identifikasi freycinetia yang berasal dari jawa, sedangkan karakter-karakter seperti perawakan, batang, akar tunjang, duri pinggir daun, daun, braktea, perbungaan, gagang bunga, bunga jantan, bunga betina dan buah terbukti berguna untuk pengenalan jenis-jenis pandanus di jawa. kata kunci: freycinetia, morfologi, pandanus, taksonomi, jawa. introduction by stone (1972), no further exploration of the pandan flora of the island has been made, thus the the last attempt at a comprehensive treatment of pandan flora remains largely unknown. pandanaceae of java was backer and bakhuizen since a large number of characters are now van den brink (1968) in their "flora of java" in known for freycinetia and pandanus species, it which they recognized seven species of freycinetia appears useful to consider their use in identifying gaudich. and fifteen species of pandanus plants from java and to distangle the taxonomy of parkinson. since a short visit to hortus bogorienses these species on the island. the species are 317 318 reinwardtia [vol.13 invariably classified by the feature of the staminate plant for several reasons (kam, 1971; stone, 1983). as flowering is seasonal in most pandans, while fruit development is a lengthy process, there is much higher probability of finding pistillate trees with partly developed fruits, than there is of finding staminate flowers at anthesis, because the staminate flowers are very short-lived. generally they bloom and decay within 2 or 3 days. the fruit offers a greater number of useful diagnostic features. fieldwork carried out for this study has provided a stronger foundation for understanding morphological variation within the genus. characters of leaf shape, leaf apex, morphology of leaf auricles and type of pistillate inflorescence were found useful in delimitation and identification of javanese freycinetia, while characters of habit, surface of stem, presence or absence of prop root, surface of prop root, leaf shape, leaf apex, armature of leaf margins and midrib, colour of leaf margin and midrib teeth, distinctness or indistinctness of tertiary cross vein, present or absent of apical ventral pleats, phalange shapes, position of infructescence, position of seed chamber and stigma shape are proved useful for distinguishing among species of javanese pandanus. this study was undertaken to have a better understanding of the morphology of the family in order to make a better species delimitation, particularly for species found in java. materials and methods a morphological study of javanese species of pandanaceae was conducted. this study was based mainly on available herbarium specimens at the bo, k and l and specimens obtained from field work in different location in java. in addition, five species grown in bogor botanical garden viz. pandanus kurzii merr., p. labyrinthicus kurz ex miq., p. multifurcatus fagerl., p. polycephalus lam. and p. spinistigmaticus fagerl. were also studied. the process of undertaking in this study followed the methods described by rifai (1976) and vogel (1987). basic morphological characters such as habit, stem, leaves, inflorescence, staminate flower, pistillate flower, fruit and their details were used to describe and recognize taxa; all morphological data was used for producing the description of each taxon, while the key to species was constructed from the diagnostic characters only. the morphological species concept was applied as a framework to define taxa, in which distinction is based on perceived discontinuities in morphological variation (davis & heywood, 1963). results morphology of javanese freycinetia habit all species of freycinetia found in java are climber with different sizes. three species of freycinetia (f. imbricata blume, f. javanica blume and f. scandens gaudich.) are smaller to medium climbers, while f. insignis blume and f. sumatrana hemsl. are medium climbers, and the smaller climber is found in f. angustifolia blume. the stems are found hanging on trees and are highly branch, e.g. f. angustifolia and f. javanica fig. 1. habit of freycinetia spp.: a. f. javanica, scale bar = 1 5 cm. b. f. sumatrana, scale bar = 2 m. 2012] rahayu et al.: morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae 319 (fig. 1 a); while in f. imbricata the main stem remain adherent to tree trunk, and in some cases makes a complete cover which makes the trunk of the host tree invisible, e.g. f. insignis and f. sumatrana (fig. 1 b). stem stems of javanese freycinetia vary in size, nodes and colour. in terms of size, f. angustifolia, f. imbricata, f. javanica and f. scandens are classified as slender species, while f. funicularis, f. insignis and f. sumatrana are classified as robust species. variation is observed in stem shape. this study showed that f. angustifolia, f. imbricata, f. insignis, f. scandens, and f. sumatrana had terete stems, whereas f. javanica had a subterete to terete stem. variation is also observed in internode shape. this study showed that f. angustifolia, f. imbricata, f. insignis, f. javanica, and f. sumatrana had terete internodes, whereas f. scandens had a subterete to terete internode. the surface of the stem can be sulcate or sulcate to canaliculate. the colour also varies from yellowish, greenish brown to reddish brown . f. angustifolia had yellowish green stem, f. insignis had greyish green stem, f. javanica had greenish brown, reddish brown to dark reddish brown, whereas f. scandens had yellowish green to green stem. leaves the leaves of freycinetia are usually green to dark green coloured on the upper surface, but paler green on the lower surface. in java f. angustifolia possesses the smallest (10.5-64 * 0.3-1.7 cm) and most slender leaves, whereas f. sumatrana has the most robust leaves. the leaves arrangement in species of freycinetia found in java is alternate and imbricate. four species of freycinetia (f. angustifolia, f. funicularis, f. javanica and f. scandens) have alternate leaves, and the other three species (f. imbricata, f. insignis and f. sumatrana) have imbricate leaves. leaves are simple blade and usually linearlanceolate in outline, but variation does exist in some species. f. scandens has variation in leaf shape, from elliptic, oblanceolate to lanceolate. leaf apex can be abruptly attenuate below the apex to gradually attenuate toward the subulate apex, in f. sumatrana it is long and tapering to a slender subulate tip, whereas the lamina of f. javanica is gradually attenuate toward the base. the margin usually was armed in basal part, apical part and upper midrib of its leaves with serrate prickles. the basal part of f. insignis and f. scandens are denticulate, and basal part of f. sumatrana is dentate. the colour of the prickles may be wholly straw coloured or with brown tips as in f. angustifolia. the laminar part can be chartaceous, subcoriaceous to coriaceous. auricles the auricle is an organ of flange-like extensions found on the leaf-sheath, and can be easily seen on the young leaf. auricles are usually membranous (fig. 2 a), coriaceous (fig. 2 b), transparent (fig. 2c), or fragile (2d). auricles can be regarded as a good identification character of freycinetia in the field, because in herbarium specimen they are rarely seen in good condition. the shape, size, texture, nature of margin, nerves and colour of auricle varies between species. freycinetia angustifolia possess the smallest auricle, while f. sumatrana possess the biggest auricle. colour of auricles also varies from pale green in f. insignis to brownish green brownish yellow in f. javanica. in freycinetia, they vary from tapered or rounded to the apex or adnate to the apex. the margin is entire or denticulate to spinulose at apex (f. insignis), or armed almost to the base (f. imbricata). the lamina is usually membranous in f. javanica (fig. 2 a) or coriaceous in f. insignis (fig. 2 b), some of them fragmenting transversally in f. sumatrana or fragmenting transversally, in f. scandens, with 4 widely spaced nerved in f. insignis or 1-2 septate in f. javanica. bracts bracts are persistence or caducous, located on the peduncle. bracts vary in shapes and sizes. bracts are usually ovate, cymbiform to lanceolate, with entire margin to slightly armed with prickles. the sizes of bracts are concurrent with their habits. slender species like f. angustifolia, f. imbricata and f. javanica possess minute bracts, while robust species such as f. insignis and f. sumatrana also have robust bracts. their apexes have various shapes, varying according to the species from acute to acuminate in f. imbricata, acute to cuspidate in f. javanica, mucronate to aristate in f. angustifolia, and aristate with aculeate prickles in f. sumatrana. peduncle and pedicel the peduncle usually is straight and short. the peduncle may be slender or robust, densely or sparsely pubescent or rarely glabrous, only in f. insignis does the peduncle have a bract scar. usually the pedicel is longer than the peduncle. the 320 reinwardtia [vol.13 fig. 2. auricles type of freycinetia spp.: a. membranous {f. javanica). b. coriaceous (f. insignis). c. transparent (f. angustifolia). d. fragmenting transversally (f. sumatrana). auricles was shown with arrow. scale bar = 2 cm. pedicel shape usually is subterete, slender (f. scandens), usually as thick as peduncle, or only somewhat stouter than the peduncle with 0.2-1.5 cm in diameter (f. insignis). the surface of pedicels can be glabrous or covered with indumentum. f. angutifolia, f. javanica and f. scandens had glabrous pedicel, while f. imbricata and f. insignis had puberolous to hirsute pedicel. inflorescence the inflorescence in most of freycinetia found in java are usually located on terminal part of the stems (i.e. terminal inflorescence). lateral inflorescence are less often seen. this study showed that there is one species that possesses such a feature, viz. f. funicularis. in lateral inflorescences, not only a bract is present, but also prophyll, that is located in the upper part of bracts. freycinetia is mostly dioecious, which means that male and female flowers are formed on different plants. staminate inflorescences are invariably terminal on a normal leafy shoot, usually a raceme of spikes, each of the three or four spikes. the staminate material is poorly represented in herbaria and in collection, in this study we only found two staminate inflorescence of f. angustifolia and f. javanica. both species had the same type of staminate inflorescence, i.e. a raceme of three or four spikes. staminate inflorescences are more rarely seen than pistillate inflorescences, because anthesis in staminate inflorescence is short (one to three days), often when it dries up (stone, 1983). similar to other genera of pandanaceae, freycinetia identification is therefore mainly based on the structure of female inflorescence and infructescence. in freycinetia, the spikes (both male and female) tend to be closely adjacent and often ternate, so that the open ripe inflorescence seems to 2012] rahayu et al.: morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae be an umbel like in f. javanica (fig. 3 a) or pseudoumbel. in f. angustifolia, the inflorescence is racemiform (fig. 3 b), whereas in f. funicularis, the inflorescence is lateral (fig. 3 c). staminate flowers (male) f. angustifolia and f. javanica had the same type of staminate flower. the stamens are simple, without branched filaments, and each terminate is in a small rather short anther or sessile stamens. pistillate flowers (female) the pistil consists of multiovulate carpels with carpels separated to the base or united. each carpel is tipped by a stigma, and the stigma is sessile. the stigmas vary in number and shape, from 2 to 5 in number, and from ovate (f. javanica), depressed ovate-suborbicular (f. angustifolia, f. imbricata, and f. insignis), pentagonal-suborbicular (f. scandens) or protude (f. funicularis) in shape. the position of the stigma varies from horizontal to sunken in position. cephalia cephalium (plural: cephalia) is the complex fruit in pandanaceae. some of the important morphological characters in freycinetia are found in the cephalia. in the javanese species of freycinetia, cephalia vary in shape, size and colour. four species (f. funicularis, f. insignis, f. javanica, and f. sumatrana) have cylindric cephalia. f. angustifolia have cylindric to oblanceolate cephalia, f. scandens have cylindric to oblong cephalia, and f. imbricata have narrowly elliptic to broadly oblong cephalia. the number of cephalia per inflorescence is usually two, three or four. berries berries are the simple fleshy fruit of freycinetia. in freycinetia a cephalium consisted of an fig. 3. inflorescence type of freycinetia spp.: a. umbel {f. javanica). b. racemiform (f. angustifolia). c. lateral (f. funicularis). d. remain stigma of f. imbricata. scale bar for a, b and c = 1 cm; scale bar for d = 25 mm. 322 reinwardtia [vol.13 fig. 4. berries type of freycinetia spp.: a. obconic (i7. angustifolia). b. lageniform (i7. insignis). c. subpyramidal (i7, sumatrana). d. pentagonal (i7. scandens), scale bar = 25 mm. numerous berries. a berry contain many fused ovules, thus is a multiovulate fruit, while in pandanus the simple fruit is always uniovulate. in these circumstances a cephalium can be regarded as a complex fruit. the shape of berries varies from obconic like in f. angustifolia (fig. 4 a), obovate (f. funicularis), oblong (f. javanica) and subpyramidal such as in f. sumatrana. three species, viz. f. imbricata, f. insignis (fig. 4 b) and f. scandens are the species observed with various shapes of berry from pentagonal to lageniform, pentagonal, lageniform to oblong, and pentagonal, lageniform, ovate to oblong respectively. the apical part of a berry is usually harder and stiffer, while the basal part is usually fleshy. fig. 5. habit of pandanus spp.: a. shrub (p. amaryllifolius), scale bar = 10 cm. b. tree (p. odoratissimus), scale bar = l m. 2012] rahayu et al.: morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae 323 morphology of javanese pandanus habit unlike freycinetia, which has a climbing habit, the habit of pandanus species found in java varies from shrubs to trees. shrub species are p. amaryllifolius roxb. (fig. 5 a), p. kurzii merr., p. nitidus (miq.) kurz. and p. polycephalus lam. tree species include p. bantamensis koord., p. bidur jungh., p. dubius spreng, p. faviger backer, p. labyrinthicus kurz. ex miq., p. leram var. andamanensium (kurz.) stone, p. multifurcatus fagerl., p. odoratissimus l.f. (fig. 5 b), p. pseudolais warb., p. scabrifolius martelli ex koord., p. spinistigmaticus fagerl., p. spurius miq. cv. putat, p. tectorius parkinson and p. utilis bory. stems stems of javanese pandanus vary in size, colour and branch. slender stems are found in p. amaryllifolius or short stems in p. kurzii. erect stem and unbranched are found in p. bantamensis, p. dubius and p. pseudolais, while p. polycephalus has erect stem and branched. p. labyrinthicus, p. multifurcatus, p. nitidus, p. odoratissimus and p. spinistigmaticus has spreading branches, whereas p. faviger, p. tectorius var. littoralis and p. utilis had dichotomous branching. the surface of stem can be smooth like p. kurzii, sulcate in p. amaryllifolius, abundant rootlet to thorny in p. bidur, p. dubius, p. labyrinthicus, p. multifurcatus, p. nitidus, p. odoratissimus, p. spinistigmaticus, and p. tectorius var. littoralis or ringed by leaf scars in p. polycephalus and p. utilis. the colour of the stem also varies from grey to green or brownish. prop root a prop root is a root formed from the stem, usually close to the ground which helps hold the fig. 6. prop root type of pandanus spp.: a. slender (p. spurius cv. putat). b. stout (p. odoratissimus). c. no prop root (p. kurzii). d. muricate in longitudinal line (p. utilis). scale bar for a = 75 cm. scale bar for b, c and d = 5 cm. 324 reinwardtia [vol.13 stem erect and anchor the plant. there are variations in prop root size number and surface. prop roots can be small and few as in p. amaryllifolius, small and abundant as in p. labyrinthicus, p. odoratissimus and p. tectorius var. samak, slender as in p. spurius cv. putat (fig. 6 a), some arise from lateral branches as in p. nitidus and p. spurius cv. putat, long and stout as in p. bidur, p. dubius, p. faviger, p. leram var. andamanensium, p. multifurcatus, p. odoratissimus (fig. 6 b) and p. spinistigmaticus or absent as in p. kurzii (fig. 6 c). the surface of the prop root can be smooth as in p. scabrifolius, muricate in the longitudinal line such as in p. utilis (fig. 6 d), p. tectorius var. littoralis, p. pseudolais, and p. nitidus or armed with prickles or spine in p. spinistigmaticus, p. polycephalus and p. multifurcatus. marginal spine leaves usually set with prickles along its length or part of it. the prickles decrease in size nearing the leaf apex (p. utilis, p. bantamensis, p. pseudolais, p. tectorius var. littoralis, and p. nitidus), always antrorse (ascending) but those near leaf base sometimes retrorse, or absent. their margin are usually prickly, occasionally entire (p. spurius cv. putat), or prickly very near and at apex only (p. amaryllifolius), or occasionally smaller at leaf base, larger at midsection and decreasing in size nearing the leaf apex (p. bidur, p. dubius, p. odoratissimus, and p. scabrifolius). twin lateral pleats are often well distinguished, smooth (p. bantamensis, p. nitidus, p. pseudolais, and p. scabrifolius), or in some species prickly serrate or absent (p. odoratissimus, p. spinistigmaticus, p. spurius cv. putat, and p. tectorius var. littoralis). some species have white spines as in p. tectorius var. littoralis (fig. 7 a), green prickles with brown tipped (p. bantamensis, p. pseudolais, and p. scabrifolius) or yellowish green (p. dubius) or red prickles in p. utilis (fig. 7 b). leaves the leaves of pandanus are usually dark green coloured, glossy and glaucous on upper (adaxial) surface, but paler green on the lower surface, whereas in p. tectorius cv. sanderi there are longitudinal white to pale yellow bands from across the width of the leaf midrib to leaf margin. compared with the other members of pandanaceae, the size of the leaf in pandanus is noticeably longer and bigger. in java p. amaryllifolius has the smallest and the most slender leaves, whereas p. pseudolais possesses the longest leaves (299-574.5 cm long). the leaf arrangement in all species of pandanus found in java is spiral. the leaves are simple and usually ensiform to linear in shape. however variation in leaf shape does exist in some species, such as ligulate as in p. labyrinthicus, p. multifurcatus, p. odoratissimus and p. spurius cv. putat. the apical part can abruptly terminate in a point to gradually long tapering to subulate apex. caudate apices are observed only in one species, p. dubius. the margin can be entire as in p. spurius cv. putat or noticeably armed with spines throughout the length, except in p. amaryllifolius that possesses prickles only in the apical part of its leaves. the laminar part can be chartaceous, thin coriaceous, coriaceous to thick coriaceous. longitudinal lines are more prominent abaxially, with tertiary cross veins on both surfaces. in p. amaryllifolius, p. bantamensis, p. bidur, p. dubius, fig. 7. prickles type of pandanus leaves: a. white prickles (p. tectorius var. littoralis). b. red prickles (p. utilis). scale bar = 1 cm. 2012] rahayu et al.: morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae 325 p. kurzii, p. pseudolais, and p. scabrifolius, tertiary cross veins form a network of meshes, oblong or rhombic meshes, whereas in p. leram var. andamanensium tertiary cross vein gives a tesselate appearance. the basal part of leaves of/1, kurzii, p. polycephalus and p. scabrifolius are whitish, reddish in p. utilis, or reddish brown in p. bantamensis and p. pseudolais. bracts bracts cover inflorescences and are usually formed by the three levels of trichiously arranged bracts. the interior bract covers the inflorescence, while the other two, the exterior and middle bracts, protect the interior bract and the inflorescence inside. bracts vary in shapes and sizes. bracts are usually lanceolate in shape, with margins armed with prickles to spines. the sizes of bracts are concurrent with their habits. robust species such as p. bantamensis, p. pseudolais and p. scabrifolius have robust bracts, while slender species like p. nitidus possess slender and minute bracts. the exterior bracts are leaf-like in form, except in p. kurzii, where the exterior bracts are cymbiform in shape. the inner bracts are shorter and lighter in colour. the colour of bracts also varies. the colour of exterior and interior bracts can be different. the differences can be seen within the same bract. the colour of the apical part, middle and basal parts may not be uniform such as in p. odoratissimus, and in few species the colour of bracts are uniform such as in p'.polycephalus (white) and p, utilis (green). the apex of bracts are observed abruptly acute in p. utilis, gradually tapering to a subulate tip in p. labyrinthicus, p. odoratissimus and p. tectorius. inflorescences pandanus are dioecious, which means that male and female flowers are produced on separate plants. the inflorescence in all species of pandanus in java is found on the apical part of the stem (i.e. terminal inflorescence). staminate inflorescences are fragrant and usually pendent, except in p. labyrinthicus,where the staminate inflorescence is erect (fig. 8 a). staminate inflorescences also vary in size. in p. odoratissimus, the raceme bear 9-18 lateral racemes, the size of each spike is 21.3-33 cm long, whereas in p. utilis, the raceme bear 20 lateral racemes, the size of each spike is 41-43 cm long (fig. 8 b). staminate inflorescences are more rarely seen than that pistillate inflorescences, therefore pandanus identification is mainly based on the structure of female inflorescences and infructescence. pistillate inflorescences may be represented by a single cephalium (head) as in p. odoratissimus (fig. 8 c) or by a spike of several cephalia. in p. faviger, the pistillate inflorescences are observed as a spike of three cephalia, whereas in p. polycephalus the pistillate inflorescence is a raceme of spikes (fig. 8 d). peduncle the peduncle is generally straight, stout and glabrous, but can be as in p. bantamensis, p. tectorius var. littoralis, and p. utilis, a bit curved at the end; while in p. pseudolais it is curved at the end. their shape is usually 3-sided, whereas in p. polycephalus it is obtusely trigonous. their size is larger at the apex and decreases towards the base. their colour varies according to the species from whitish green (p. bantamensis) to green (p. pseudolais and p. utilis). staminate flower (male) the stamens are borne in small or large clusters on short or long axes (p. labyrinthicus, p. odoratissimus, p. spurius cv. putat, p. tectorius var. littoralis, and p. utilis). most of the male flowers are sessile (fig. 9 a), whereas in p. utilis it is filantherous (fig. 9 b). pistillate flower (female) pistillate flowers consist of a single uniovulate carpel with a single stigma or many. the stigma may be sessile as in p. bidur, p. dubius. p. odoratissimus, p. polycephalus, p. tectorius var. littoralis, and p. utilis (fig. 10 a) or borne on the style in p. bantamensis, p. kurzii, p. nitidus, p. pseudolais, and p. scabrifolius (fig. 10 b). the stigmas have various shapes, varying according to the species from linear (p. kurzii) or rounded (p. polycephalus), cordate, elliptic, lanceolate, lip-like (p. bidur) or forked (p. bantamensiis, and p. scabrifolius). the position of stigmas are adaxial. cephalia some of the important morphological characters for species identification in pandanus are in their cephalia (number, shape, etc.). in the javanese species of pandanus, cephalia vary in shape, size and colour. five species (p. kurzii, p. odoratissimus, p. scabrifolius, p. tectorius var. littoralis and p. utilis) have subglobose cephalia, while the other species such as in p. bantamensis, p. nitidus, p. polycephalus and p. pseudolais possess ellipsoid to oblong cephalia. the number of cephalia per infructescence is usually one, other numbers such as three, five or six are also present but less common in java. 326 reinwardtia [vol.13 fig. 8. inflorescence type of pandanus spp.: a. staminate inflorescence erect (p. labyrinthicus). b. long staminate inflorencence (p. utilis). c. pistillate inflorescence in spike (p. odoratissimus). d. raceme of spikes (p. polycephalus). scale bar for a and b = 10 cm. scale bar for c and d = 2 cm. b fig. 9. stamen types of pandanus spp.: a. sessile (p. tectorius var. littoralis). b. filantherous (p. utilis), scale bar = 2 cm. 2012] rahayu et al.: morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae 327 in pandanus, a cephalium can consists of numerous monocarpellate drupes or numerous pluricarpellate drupes or phalanges. monocarpellate drupes are composed of free, a single carpel while pluricarpellate drupes (polydrupes) are carpels that are permanently fused into a compound structure. drupes are of great importance in pandanus, classification. the result of this study showed that seven species (p. bantamensis (fig. 11 a and b), p. faviger, p. kurzii. p. nitidus, p. polycephalus, p. pseudolais and p. scabrifolius) have cephalium with numerous monocarpellate drupes, while the other species such as in p. bidur, p. dubius, p. leram var. andamanensium, p. odoratissimus, p. tectorius var. littoralis and p. utilis (fig. 11 c and d) have cephalia with numerous pluricarpellate drupes. monocarpellate drupe varies in shape from conical, cuneate to oblanceolate, while pluricarpellate drupes vary from clavate, cuneate, obovate to oblong. monocarpellate drupes usually have one stigma while pluricarpellate drupes (polydrupes) have more than one stigma. some species have sessile stigma, while in other species the stigma is on the style. the surfaces of cephalium can be smooth, such as in p. utilis or covered by flat scales like in p. kurzii (fig. 11 e), while the surface of the apical of pluricarpellate drupes of pandanus usually have no cracks on centre apical sinuses, except in pandanus tectorius var. littoralis, where there are cracks on the centre of apical sinuses on its the surface apical of the pluricarpellate drupe (fig. 1 if). the apical part of monocarpellate or pluricarpellate drupe is usually harder, and the basal part is usually fibrous and fleshy. discussion the taxonomy of the javanese species of pandanaceae is presently in a unsatisfactory state. since flora of java in 1986, a number of species have been described which have never been compared. some of their status is still more or less in question. morphological data are regarded as the most appropriate and the most rapid mean for identification and for constructing map of diversity of plant (davis & heywood, 1963), and morphological characters have the great advantage over other characters that we can see the plant variability easier. since a large number of characters is now known for freycinetia and pandanus species, it appears useful to consider their use in identifying plants from java, and the use of a large number of characters may give more accurate identification. moreover, the current study clearly defines the species status among the members of each genus through morphological observation of a good number of specimen of each species. pandanus furcatus is the most heterogenous and complex species in pandanus. backer and bakhuizen van den brink (1968) classified p. bantamensis, p. oviger, p. pseudolais and p. fig. 10. stigma type of pandanus spp.: a. sessile (p. utilis). b. on style (p. scabrifolius). scale bar = 1 cm 328 reinwardtia [vol.13 fig. 11. cephalia type of pandanus spp. a. cephalia with numerous monocarpellate drupes (p. bantamensis). b. monocarpellate drupe (p. bantamensis). c. cephalia with numerous pluricarpellate drupes (p. utilis). d. pluricarpellate drupes (p. utilis). e. cephalia with numerous monocarpellate drupes covered by flat scales (p. kurzii). f. pluricarpellate drupe with cracks on the centre of apical sinuses ( p . tectorius var. littoralis). scale bar for a and c = 20 cm.; scale for b, d, e and f = 1 cm. 2012] rahayu et al.: morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae scabrifolius as one species, p. furcatus, because of the presence of bifid styles. stone (1972) on the other hand, treated these plants as four different species based on cephalia characters as stated by kam (1971) that fruit offered great number of useful diagnostic characters. in the current analysis, taxonomical status of the three of four species mentioned above, viz. p. bantamensis, p. pseudolais and p, scabrifolius. this study agrees with stone (1972) classification and observation of p. bantamensis, p. pseudolais and p. scabrifolius as three different species, and not as one species of p. furcatus as suggested by backer and bakhuizen van den brink (1968). if one compares the specimens of the tree species, they would not fail to observe the discrimination between these taxa in leaf base colour, peduncle shape, cephalia shape and style shape (rahayu et al, 2011). the newly information (character) we found in this study for freycinetia, i.e. stem shape, leafes arrangement, and surface of pedicels, whereas for pandanus, i.e. branching of stem, prop root size, prop root surface and leaf marginal spine colour. pandanaceae species in java were classified by the feature of female for several reasons. first, the fig. 12. summary of contrasting characters of pandanus bantamensis, p. pseudolais & p. scabrifolius in java. character p. bantamensis p. pseudolais p. scabrifolius reddish brown reddish brown leaf base colour yellowish white bit curved at the end curved at the end straight fruit shape cylindric-suboblong oblong-ellipsoid subglobose bifurcate nearly halfway style shape bifurcate almost at the end 330 reinwardtia [vol.13 male flowers are very short lived, generally they bloom and decay within 2 or 3 days. as flowering is seasonal in most pandans, whole fruit development is a lengthy process; there is much higher probability of finding pistillate trees with probably developed fruits, than there is finding staminate specimen with fresh flower at anthesis. the duration of a staminate inflorescence is usually only one to three days, while the flowering season may only be a week or two. in contrast, fruit development may take several months. second, the staminate material is poorly represented in herbarium and in collection, so corellated staminate and pistillate materials proven by the collection to represent the sexes of a single species are rare. thirdly, isolated staminate collection in themselves are useful, but may be unidentifiable. however, since the whole taxonomic system is based upon characters of the pistillate plants, such species are often fascinating but frustating until the female are discovered. the fruits provide preservable characters, readily observable and greater number of useful features for identification. acknowledgement the authors deeply thank the directors and curators of the following herbaria: bo, l and kew. prof. dr. mien a rifai, dr. gillian dean and the reviewers for providing valuable suggestion. we wish to thank dr. rugayah from herbarium bogoriense for allowing the first author to be involved in herbarium bogoriense fieldwork to mt. simpang and jampang kulon, sukabumi, and prof. dr. elizabeth a. widjaja for giving freycinetia specimen from ciwidey. this work was funded by the directorate general of higher education of indonesia through fundamental research grant number 109/sp2h/pp/dp2m/ iii/2008. references backer, c. a. & bakhuizen van den brink jr., r. c. 1968. flora of java 3. noordhoff, groningen. davis, p. h. & heywood, v. h. 1963. principles oj angiosperm taxonomy. oliver & boyd. edinburgh. kam, y. k. 1971. comparative systematic foliar anatomy of malayan pandanus. bot. j. linn. soc, 64: 315353 rahayu, s. e., hartana, a., chikmawati, t. & kartawinata, k. 2011. a taxonomic study of pandanus furcatus and p. tectorius complexes (pandanaceae) in java. in wong, k.m., leongskornickova, j., lee, s. & low, y.w. (eds.). proceedings of the 8th flora malesiana symposium. singapore, 23-27 august 2010. the garden's bulletin singapore 63 (1&2): 63-70. rifai, m. a. 1976. sendi-sendi botani sistematika. herbarium bogoriense., lipi. bogor. stone, b. c. 1972. a review of javanese pandanaceae with notes on plants cultivated in hortus bogoriensis. reinwardtia 8: 309-318. stone, b. c. 1983. a guide to collecting pandanaceae (pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga). ann. missouri. bot. gard. 70: 137-145. vogel, e. f. de. 1987. guidelines for the preparations of revisions. in vogel ef de (ed.) manual of herbarium taxonomy theory and practice. unesco. jakarta. 76 pp. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 4. 2012 contents page sri endarti rahayu, tatik chikmawati, kuswata kartawinata & alex hartana. morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae: a case study in the javanese species 317 sri rahayu. hoya (apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae) diversity in gunung gede pangrango national park, west java, indonesia 331 deby arifiani, adi basukriadi & tatik chikmawati. newly described species of endiandra (lauraceae) from new guinea 341 alex sumadijaya. six years experience on plant identification services: case study in herbarium bogoriense 347 bayu adjie, agung kurniawan, norio sahashi & yasuyuki watano. dicksonia timorense (diksoniaceae), a hemi-epiphytic new species of tree fern endemic on timor island, indonesia ... 3 5 7 ian m. turner. nomenclatural notes relevant to the flora of indonesia 363 wita wardani, arief hidayat & dedy darnaedi. the new pteridophyte classification and sequence employed in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for malesian ferns 367 diah sulistiartni. the orchids genus dilochia in indonesia 379 dedy darnaedi. book review 389 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology lipi cibinong, indonesia depan img576_page_3_page_1 img576_page_3_page_2 435-635-1-sm_page_09 belakang a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(4): 317 — 3 8 9 , december 20, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) teguh triono (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) eizi suzuki (kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami lay out editor deden sumirat hidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers ed de vogel (netherlands), henk van der werff (usa), irawati (indonesia), jan f. veldkamp (netherlands), jens g. rohwer (denmark), lauren m. gardiner (uk), masahiro kato (japan), marshall d. sunberg (usa), martin callmander (usa), rugayah (indonesia), paul forster (australia), peter hovenkamp (netherlands), ulrich meve (germany). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 4, pp: 379 387 the orchid genus dilochia in indonesia received july 11, 2011; accepted october 25, 2012 diah sulistiarini herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya jakarta -bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, indonesia. e-mail: dsulistiarini@yahoo.com abstract sulistiarini, d. 2012. the orchids genus dilochia in indonesia. reinwardtia 13(4): 379-387. — five species of dilochia (d. cantleyi, d. longilabris, d. parviflora, d. rigida and d. wallichii) have been recognized in indonesia. one species from sumatra is proposed as new species. descriptions and identification key to all species based on morphological characters are presented. keywords: orchid, dilochia, indonesia, new species. abstrak sulistiarini, d. 2012. anggrek marga dilochia di indonesia. reinwardtia 13(4): 379-387. — marga dilochia di indonesia diwakili oleh lima jenis (d. cantleyi, d. longilabris, d. parviflora, d. rigida dan d. walichii). satu jenis baru dari sumatera diusulkan. pertelaan, kunci identifikasi jenis berdasarkan ciri-ciri morfologinya serta daftar spesimen herbarium yang diperiksa disertakan. kata kunci: anggrek, dilochia, indonesia, jenis baru. introduction orchid is one of flowering plants which have high species diversity. according to o'byrne (1994) there are about 17.000 to 35.000 orchid species belong to 750 to 850 genera listed in the world. approximately 6.000 species are expected to occur in indonesia (vogel, 1988). dilochia lindl. is a small genus in the orchidaceae, included one of the terrestrial or epiphyte orchid which is grown in monopodial type, stem vigorous, green colored, unpseudobulb, leaves ovate, enlarge and stiff. the genus was established by lindley (1830) based on wallich catalogue number 1952 from singapore. according to some available references, at least 7 species of dilochia were distributed in southeast asia region (comber, 1990; 2001; seidenfaden & wood, 1992; wood et al., 1993). the kew world checklist of selected families reported 8 species of dilochia of which 7 species are from southeast asia and one from myanmar. in indonesia the genus dilochia was known from several island. comber (1999, 2000) recognizes one species in java (d. wallichii) and 2 species in sumatra (d. cantleyi and d. wallichii). whereas wood et al. (1993) reported 4 species present in borneo (d. cantleyi, d. parviflora, d. rigida and d. wallichii). formerly this genus was grouped into the genus arundina, two of those species d. cantleyi and d. wallichii were named as a. cantleyi and a. wallichii by hooker (1890). however thomas (1992) distinguished these two genera based on the fruits. dilochia has globosely fruits and arundina has elongate fruits. recent study, based on herbarium specimens (bo) indicated that the two genera have similar lip but differ in number of keel. arundina has 3 keels where as dilochia has 5 keels. so far a detailed study on the genus dilochia is still limited, therefore the study is conducted to understand how many species of this orchid occur in indonesia. materials and methods the materials for examination were the orchid herbarium specimens stored in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for both dried and wet collection. for this research, the methods adopted de vogel (1987). firstly, all available specimens are performed as unidentified species, then the specimens were grouping according to the taxonomic similarity; each group was then provided with an analytical description using the strongest characteristic for a diagnostic of the group. in order to understand their taxon status, the characteristic of each group was compared to earlier available description of dilochia. some information such as distribution, ecology, habitat, altitude and collector's notes from each specimen were recorded. based on those data, the identification key to the species and the descriptions can be provided. 379 380 reinwardtia [vol.13 taxonomic treatment dilochia lindl. dilochia lindl., gen. et sp. orch.: 38. 1830; ridley, orch. & apost. mai. pen.: 332. 1896; j. j. smith, orch. jav.: 231. 1905; c. a. backer, bekn. fl. jav. orch. i: 151. 1952; c. a. backer, fl. jav.: 292. 1968; j. b. comber, orch. jav.: 88. 1990; g. seidenfaden & j. j. wood, orch. mai. pen. & sing.: 148. 1992. — type: dilochia wallichii lindl. ex wall, (holo sing). plants terrestrial or epiphytes, glabrous, except in some species the bracts inside hairy. stems erect, terete, covered with leaf sheaths, lowers ones without a developed blade. leaves alternate, herbaceous or papyraceous; leaf sheath not swollen, tubular around the stem. leaf blade articulate with the sheath; base petiole-like, clasping the stem, broadly sessile; curvinerved or nerves parallel, all fine, rarely indistinct. raceme few-branched or panicle, terminal. peduncle often enclosed by sterile bracts. rachis erect, straight. floral bracts patent, boatshaped; inside with or without hair-like processes. flowers resupinate, distichous, rather closed, in most species opening simultans. pedicel twisted, in section triangular. sepals free, the median slightly different from the sepals, all nerves equal. lip boatshaped, about parallel to the column, with lateral lobes, 3-lobes, in side with keels. hypochilium broadly sessile. epichilium recurved, broadly attached to the hypochilium; margin undulates. column slender, in front view club shape, widened or slightly widened at the top, front margin fleshy or wing-like; column foot absent or present. anther heart-shaped. polinia 8 in 2 groups. distribution. south-east asia from thailand, peninsular malaysia through indonesia to the philippines and new guinea. so far there are 6 species of dilochia in indonesia one of them is expected as new species. identification key to the six species recorded in this study as follows: 1 a. leaves linear-elliptic, less than 1 cm wide. flowers 5 or less, in a short condensed inflorescence b. leaves narrowly ovate to ovate, more than 2 cm wide. flowers more than 7, in an elongated inflorescence 2 a. column foot distinctly developed. epichilium 1.5-3 mm long b. column foot not present. epichilium more than 5 mm long 3 a. column laterally with fleshy, somewhat swollen margins. keels in the back of the hypochilium ca. 2 mm high, in the front part of the hypochilium descending to ca. 1 mm high b. column laterally with thin, wing-like margins, especially to the top. keels in the back of the hypochilium less than 1.5 m high, in the front part of the hypochilium descending to less than or up to 0.5 mm high 4 a. epichilium about rectangular, 9-12 mm long, about as long as or longer than the hypochilium b. epichilium about rhomboid, up to 7 mm long, shorter than the hypochilium 5 a. b. d. rigida 2 d. parviflora 3 d. carnosa d. longilabris floral bracts about two times as long as wide when flattened, 19-25 by 6-10 mm. top acuminate. keels in the back of the hypochilium high plate-like, with about straight or undulating margin, but never irregularly floral bracts about as wide as long, flattened, 5-17 by 8-14 mm, top acute. keels in the back of the hypochilium about as wide or wider than high with irregular warty margin d. wallichii d. cantleyi 2012] sulistiarini: the genus dilochia in indonesia 1. dilochia cantleyi (hook, f.) ridl, journ. linn. soc. xxxii (1896):332; j. j. sm., enum. orch. sumatra (1933): 186; carr., gard. bull. sing. (1938) 8:237; hender., mai. wild. fl. (1954):54; holtt., fl. malaya (1964): 190. arundina cantleyi hook, f., fl. brit. ind. (1890) 5: 858. type: malay peninsula perak, g. bubu, alt. 4500-5400 ft., cantley, wray. (n.v.) plant over 60 cm long. leafsheath appressed, free part 0.7-1.5 cm long, rather smooth, laterally with few raised nerves. leafblade narrowly ovate to ovate, 2.7-14 by 1-2.6 cm; petiole-like base, ca. 0.5 mm long; top acute to acuminate. panicle 1-4 branched, 7-20 flowered, 7-14 cm long; branches 3 -7 flowered. peduncle consisting of 1-2 internodes, ca. 1 cm long, enclosed by 1-2 sterile, at the base tubular, acute to acuminate bracts. rachis ca. 7.5 cm long, ca. 3 mm diam.; internodes 9-20 mm long. sterile bracts at the base of the branches ca. patent, deeply boat-shaped; in natural position seen from the side narrowly ovate, 13-34 by 8-26 mm when folded flat; top acuminate, the lowermost bract sometimes drawn out into a leaf blade-like tip. floral bracts elliptic, 5-17 by 8-14 mm when flattened; top acute. pedicel ca. 10 by 1 mm. ovary ca. 3 by 2 mm. median sepal narrowly elliptic to oblong, 10-24 by 4-8 mm; top acute; nerves 8. lateral sepals obliquely narrowly oblong to ovate oblong, 11-23 by 4-8 mm; base broadly attached, oblique; top acute; nerves 8. petals thinner than sepals, narrowly obovate-oblong to obovate-lanceolate, 1 1 20 by 2-6 mm; base broadly attached, slightly swollen; top obtuse-acute; nerves 7. lip 11-20 by 6-12 mm over the lateral lobes when flattened. hypochilium 6-15 mm long, lateral lobes erect projecting forwards with rounded top, ca. 2 by 1 mm; nerves many, fine; keels over the entire length of the hypochilium, in the back about as wide or wider than high, in the front part of the hypochilium descending to ca. 0.5 mm, with irregular warty margin. epichilium ca. rhomboid with rounded corners, 5-7 by 4-8 mm; top obtuse to truncate; keels 5, with warty margin, the central 3 continuation of those on the hypochilium and lateral ones continuing somewhat on the hypochilium. column ca. 15 by 2 mm, margin narrowly wing-like, ca. 1 mm wide; top irregular, stelidia not hardly developed. rostellum ca. 1.5 by 1.5 mm. anther 2 by 2 mm. fruit beaked, the perianth and column long persistent; body ellipsoid, with 3 grooves which wide near the top, margin of grooves somewhat swollen valves, smooth, midrib faint, 22-25 by 10-14 mm. distribution. west malesia, in indonesia can be found in sumatra and west papua (fig. 1). ecology. forested ridge. altitude 1000 to 2100 m. collector notes. epiphyte, solitary or sometimes somewhat gregarious along wood-border on stony soil, rather common. ascending, hardly branched. stem carmine brownish. leave above some what dark green below a little lighter. flower cream, white or yellow to yellowish green, lip purple. specimens examined. sumatra, aceh, fl. december 1927, van stenis 9165 (bo); bengkulu, s.d:. wynling 54 (bo); pangkulubahu eastern toba: fl. september 1914, lorzing 17101 (bo). papua: mt. watjetoni, kebar valley: fl. 24 november 1960, alt. 1000 m, chr. versteegh bw 10344 (bo). 2. dilochia longilabris j. j. sm., bull. jard. bot. iii. (1931) xi: 3. type: east kalimantan, west kutai, g. kemul, primary forest, alt. 1200 m, fl. 26-27 september 1925, endert 3597 (bo!, l). plant over 91 cm long. leafsheath longitudinal ribbed, free part 2-5 cm long; lower ones widened at the top, higher ones enclosing the stem tightly over the entire length. leafblade narrowly ovate to ovate, 12-16 by 3.5-7 cm; petiole-like base, ca. 0.5 cm long; top cuspidate. panicle 2branched, 16flowered, ca. 11 cm long; branched 4 -8 flowered. peduncle consisting of 3 internode, ca. 2 cm long, enclosed by 3 sterile, acuminate bracts. rachis 9 cm long, 1-2 mm diam.; internodes 5-15 mm long. sterile bracts at the peduncle, in natural position seen from the side narrowly ovate, 2-3.3 by 0.5-0.7 cm; top of the lowermost drawn out into a leaf-like tip. floral bracts in natural position seen from the side narrowly ovate, 10-20 by 5-10 mm; top acuminate. flowers opening few at the same time. pedicel ca. 10 by 1 mm. ovary ca. 7 by 2 mm. median sepal narrowly triangular, 20-25 by 5-6 mm; top acute, developed into a wing, ca. 0.5 mm wide; nerves 13. lateral sepals in front view narrowly ovate, 21-24 by 5 mm; oblique; top cuspidate, developed into a wing 1-3 mm; nerves 5, not prominent. petals narrowly ovate to oblong, 20-23 by 7 mm; oblique; top acute; nerves 11. lip 18-20 by 7 mm. hypochilium 8-10 mm long, broadly sessile; lateral lobes ca. erect, projecting forwards with rounded top, ca. 2 by 1 mm; nerves prominent; keels 3, over the entire length of the hypochilium, in 382 reinwardtia [vol.13 the front part of hypochilium descending to ca. 0.1 mm, relatively wide apart at the base starting, ca. 0.5 mm high, laterally at the place of attachment, toward the top all slightly undulating. epichilium about rectangular, 9-12 by ca. 5 mm; top obtuse to truncate; keels 5, with undulating margin, the central 3 continuation of those on the hypochilium, the lateral ones continuing somewhat on the hyopochilium. column 12-18 by 3-4 mm; margin narrowly wing-like, ca. 1 mm wide; top irregular, stelidia hardly developed; column foot not present. rostellum ca. 4 by 3 mm. anther ca. 2 by 2 mm. distribution. borneo including kalimantan (fig.l). ecology. mountains primary forest at altitude 1200 m. collectors note. large epiphyte, herb. flower out side with reddish violet markings (dots and dashes) inside whitish. lip with longitudinal reddish violet markings. notes. the species very close to d. wallichii but they have some differences on leaf sheath, epichilium and wing on the column. wood et al. (1993) did not mention about this species. they mentioned only 4 species of dilochia in borneo, there are d. cantleyi, d. parviflora, d. rigida and d. wallichii. specimen examined. only type specimen is available. east kalimantan, west kutai, g. kemul, primary forest, alt. 1200 m, fl. 26-27 september 1925, endert 3597 (bo!, l). 3. dilochia parviflora j. j. sm., bull. jard. bot. buit. 1931. iii. xi: 112; carr., gard. bull. sing. (1938) 8:238. type: east kalimantan, west kutei, g. kemul, primary forest, alt. 1800 m, fl. october 1925, endert 4262 (bo!). plant over 40 cm long. leafsheath appressed, free part 2-2.5 cm long, rather smooth, laterally with few raised nerves. leajblade narrowly ovate, 5.5-7 by 1.5-2.4 cm; petiole-like base, ca. 3 mm long; top acuminate. panicle, 10 flowered, 7branched, ca. 1.2 cm long. peduncle consisting of one internode, ca. 1.8-2.5 cm long, sterile bract not seen. rachis 10 cm long, 2 mm diam.; internode 10 -13 mm long. sterile bracts at the base of the branches ca. patent, boat-shaped; in natural position seen from the side narrowly ovate, 12-20 by 4-6 mm; top acuminate; in the lowermost bract drawn out into a leafblade-like tip. floral bract elliptic, 9 by 2 mm when flattened; top acute. pedicel ca. 5 by 0.2 mm. ovary ca. 3 by 1.8 mm. median sepal obovate to oblong, 10-12 by 5 mm; top obtuse; nerves 9. lateral sepals obliquely oblong to ovate-oblong, 9-11 by 5 mm; base broadly attached, oblique; top acuminate; nerves 8. petals narrowly ovate-oblong, 8-9 by 3 mm; base broadly attached; top acute to acuminate; nerves 7. lip ca 7.5 by 3-5 mm over the lateral lobes when flattened. hypochilium 4.5-5 mm long; lateral lobes erect, projecting forwards, with rounded top, ca. 1 by 1 mm; nerves not seen; keels 5 over the entire length of the hypochilium, broadest at the base, narrowing and converging to the top, consisting of rather coarse warts. epichilium rhomboid with rounded corners, ca. 3 by 2 mm; top obtuse to truncate; keels 3, continuing from those on the hypochilium. column slightly widened at the top, ca. 9 by 2 mm; margin narrowly winglike, ca. 1 mm wide; top irregular; column foot well developed, erect forward, 1.3 mm long, 1.3 mm thick, make rounded area with column; stelidia well developed, triangular, obtuse at the top, recurved. rostellum 1.5 by 1 mm. anther 1.5 by 1.2 mm. distribution: borneo, kalimantan (fig.l) ecology. mountain forest at altitude 1800 m. collector notes, epiphyte, herb, flower red violet spot, column white. specimen examined. only from the type collection, east kalimantan, west kutei, g. kemul, primary forest, alt. 1800 m, fl. october 1925, endert 4262 (bo!). 4. dilochia rigida (ridl.) j. j. wood, r. s. beaman & j. h. beaman, pi. kinabalu (1993) 2: 206. bromheadia rigida ridl. ex stapf, trans. linn. soc. bot. (1894) 4:239. type: borneo, mount kinabalu, alt. 1800 m, haviland 1251 (k). arundina gracilis ames & c. schweinf, orch. 6: 96 (1920). dilochia gracilis (ames & c. schweinf.) carr., in gard. bull. straits settlements (1935) viil91. type: borneo, marai parai spur, clemens 370 (ames, bm). plant over 21 cm long. leafsheath faintly longitudinally ribbed apprised, free part 0.4-0.6 cm long. leajblade linear elliptic to linear ovate, 3.56.5 by 0,6-0,7 cm; base broadly sessile, slightly narrowed; top acute; nerves indistinct, the midrib above sunken, below prominent. raceme, 2-4 flowered, ca. 1 cm long. peduncle minute, ca. 0.4 cm 2012] sulistiarini: the genus dilochia in indonesia 383 long, with one sterile bract. rachis ca. 0.6 cm long, ca. 1 mm diam.; internodes ca. 3 mm long. sterile bract in outline from the side narrowly ovate, 14 by 2 mm, like the fertile ones. floral bract in natural position seen from the side narrowly ovate, ca. 10 by 3 mm; top acuminate; midrib to the top developed into the wing. pedicel ca. 2 by 1 mm. ovary ca. 3 by 2 mm. median sepal narrowly ovate, ca. 19 by 5 mm; top acuminate; nerves 5, midrib slightly swollen; at the top developed into a wing-like structure. lateral sepals narrowly ovate, 15-19 by 5 mm; base broadly attached; top acute, at the top developed into a wing-like structure; nerves 7. petals narrowly ovate, ca. 17 by 3mm; base broadly attached; top acute; nerves 7. lip ca. 17 by 9 mm when flattened. hypochilium ca. 9 mm long; lateral lobes erect projecting forwards, with rounded top, ca. 5 by 3 mm; nerves many, fine; keels 3 over the entire length of the hypochilium, toward the top slightly undulating. epichilium rhomboid, with rounded corners, ca. 8 by 6 mm; top obtuse to truncate; keels 3 with undulating margin, continuation from those on the hypochilium, the central one longer. column ca. 15 by 3 mm; margin narrowly wing-like, ca. 1 mm wide; top irregular, with irregular triangular lobes, stelidia well developed; column foot not present. rostellum ca. 1 by 2 mm. anther ca. 2 by 1.5 mm. distribution. borneo, kalimantan (fig.2). ecology. this species can be found in deeply mossy floor of the summit. altitude: 1700-1900 m. collectors note. flowers cream green, striped on petals and lip with purple, buds cream, the flowers persistent on the seed. notes. the species have quite different leaves with other species in this genus and also with very small inflorescence. however based on flowers examination it still shows general characteristic of dilochia. specimens examined. east kalimantan, g. buduk rakik: kato et al. b 11070 (bo); west kutei, strl. 17 november 1925, alt. 1800 m, f.h. endert 4264 (bo!, l). 5. dilochia wallichii lindl. ex wall, cat. n. 1952, nom. nud.; lindl., gen. & spec. orch. (1830): 38; blume, fl. jav. orch. (1858) 11,1: 22, t. 8, 5 a.; j. j. sm.., orch. jav. (1905) vi: 231; j. j. sm., enum. orch. sumatra (1933): 186; carr., gard. bull. sing. (1938) 8:237; back., bekn. fl. java. orch. (1952) 1:151; hender., mai. wild. fl. (1954):54; seidenf. & smitin., orch. thail. (1959) 1:184; holtt., fl. malaya (1964):190.; back. & bakh. f, fl. java (1968) iii: 293. type: singapore: wallich 1952 (n.v.). arundina wallichii rchb. f xenia orch. (1890) ii: t. 105; hook, f, fl. br. ind. v: 858. plant over 65 cm long. leafsheath longitudinal ribbed free part 3-5 cm long; lower ones widened at the top, higher ones from halfway upwards. leafblade narrowly ovate, 6.8-17 by 2-4.8 cm; petiole-like base, 3-10 mm long; top cuspidate. raceme 1-2 branched or panicle, 7-8 flowered, 8.2 -20 cm long; branches 4-8 flowered. peduncle consisting of 2-4 internode, 1-3.5 cm long, enclosed by 2-4 sterile, not articulated, at the base tubular, acuminate bracts. rachis 5.2-18 cm long, 1-4 mm diam.; internodes 8-22 mm long. sterile bracts at the peduncle in natural position seen from the side narrowly ovate, 16-35 by 5-6 mm. floral bracts in natural position seen from the side narrowly ovate, 19-25 by 3-5 mm; top acuminate. pedicel 6-20 by 1 mm. ovary 3-6 by 1-2 mm. median sepal narrowly triangular to narrowly elliptic, 18-21 by 3-8 mm; top cuspidate; nerves 11. lateral sepals narrowly ovate, 17-23 by 3-6 mm; base broadly attached; obliquely; top cuspidate, developed into a wing, ca. 1.5 mm; nerves 13. petals with similar consistency as the sepals, narrowly obovate to narrowly ovate, 18-23 by 3-6 mm; base broadly attached, slightly swollen; top acute to acuminate, nerves 9. lip 18-25 by 7-15 mm over the lateral lobes when flattened. hypochilium 12-14 mm long; lateral lobes erect, projecting forwards, with rounded top, ca. 1 by 3 mm, nerves many, fine; keels 3 over the entire length of the hypochilium, at the base highest plate-like, in the front part of the hypochilium descending to ca. 0.5 mm and there on either side flanked with a short or without additional keel, straight or undulating margin. epichilium rhomboid with rounded corners, ca. 6 by 5-8 mm; top obtuse to truncate; keels 5, with undulating margin, the central 3 a continuation of those on the hypochilium, the lateral ones continuing somewhat on the hypochilium, top as long as central keel or lower ca. 3 mm from the top. column 12-15 by 2-5 mm, margin narrowly wing-like ca. 1 mm wide; top irregular, stelidia hardly developed; column foot not present. rostellum ca. by 2 mm. anther ca. 2 by 2 mm. fruit beaked, the perianth and column long persistent; body ellipsoid, with 3 grooves which wides near the top, margin of grooves somewhat swollen; valves smooth, midrib faint, 15 20 by ca. 10 mm. 384 reinwardtia [vol.13 distribution. thailand, malesia (kalimantan, sumatra, java to new guinea). (fig. 2). ecology. primary forest or rather open forest, often near the ground. granitic sand. sandstone. dry low woody vegetation in solfatare area, rather common. altitude 30 to 1500 m. collectors note. epiphyte rather exposed, rare. leaves dark purplich. flowers not fully open. petals purplish outside, dull yellow inside. sepals yellowish, lateral ones somewhat oblique, inside light yellowish green, baselly with a semicircular purplish spot consisting of small spots. lip purple strips yellow. pollinia 8, flat, obovate, bright yellow. specimens examined. kalimantan, grayauselimbau: strl. 9 may 1983 alt. 200 m, primary forest, j.j.afriastini 1138a (bo); west pontianak, mandor: fl. 1929, schuitemaker 178 (bo). sumatra, north sumatra, aik na uli near pematang siantar: alston 15279 (bo); bandarbaru near sibayak: fl. 3 september 1914, lorzing 7260 (bo); sibolangit: fl. 2 november 1919, lorzing 5377 (bo); fl. november 1920, lorzing 12592 (bo); tapanuli, toba: fl. 28 march 1926, ruttner 199 (bo), fl. november 1895, ouwehand 391 (bo); sipirok: fl. 16 may 1993, alt. 1300 m, j.j.afriastini 2312 (bo); bangka, g. maros: kostermans 1368 (bo); bengkulu: rappard 68 (bo). java, west java, halimun, cikaniki: fl. 30 march 2002, alt. 1000 m, cultivated, asep sadili 1070 (bo); ditto, citorek, cikelat, cibeber: fir. 28 june 1997, secondary forest, uway & asep sadili 27 (bo). 6. dilochia carnosa sulistiarini sp. nov. dilochia carnosa is related to d. cantleyi. this new species differs by having straight margin keel, fleshy and swollen margin lateral column, without wing and fine developed stelidia. — type: indonesia, sumatra, tanjung gadang, s.d. theunissen & jacobson 2262 (holotype bo!). plant over 60 cm long. leafsheath longitudinal ribbed free part 4.5-5 cm long. leafblade narrowly ovate to ovate, 12-17 by 3.5-5 cm; petiolelike base, ca. 1.5 cm long; top acute to acuminate. panicle 3-branched, 18 flowered, ca. 20 cm long; branches 6-7 flowered. peduncle without internode, ca. 1 cm long. rachis ca. 19 cm long, 5 mm diam.; internodes 1.2-1.5 cm long. sterile bracts at the base of the branches patent, boat-shape; in natural position seen from the side oblong, 25-28 by 22-26 mm; top acuminate, the lowermost bract sometimes drawn out into a leafblade-like tip. floral bracts ovate, 16-18 by 12-15 mm when flattened; top acute. pedicel ca. 15 by 2 mm. ovary ca. 5 by 4 mm. median sepal oblong, 24-26 by 8 mm; top acute; nerves 11. lateral sepals obliquely narrowly oblong, 22-25 by 7-10 mm; base broadly attached; top acute, developed into a wings; nerves 11. petals ovate oblong to ovate lanceolate, 23-26 by 6-11 mm; base broadly attached, slightly swollen; top obtuse-acute; nerves 8. lip 19-22 by 12 mm over the lateral lobes when flattened. hypochilium 1516 mm long, broadly sessile; lateral lobes erect projecting forwards with round top, ca. 1 by 3 mm; nerves many, fine; keels 3 over the entire length of the hypochilium, in the back plate-like, ca. 2 mm high, in the front of the hypochilium descending to ca. 1 mm high. epichilium ca. rhomboid with rounded corner, 4-6 by 10 mm; top obtuse to truncate; keels 5 with warty margin, the central 3 continuation of those on the hypochilium and lateral ones continuing somewhat on the hypochilium. column ca. 19 by 6 mm; laterally with a fleshy, somewhat swollen margin; top irregular, stelidia fine developed; column foot not present. rostellum ca. 4 by 3 mm. anther ca. 3 by 3,5 mm. distribution. sumatra (fig. 1). ecology. mountainous forest at altitude 900 m, known only from one collection. etymology. the epithet name refers to fleshy lateral column of d. carnosa compared with d. cantleyi which has thin lateral column. notes. according to smith (1933) the specimen collected by theunissen & e. jacobson 2262 was dilochia cantleyi. i disagree with his specimen, because its lateral column is fleshy and without wing; keels on the back of hypochilium plate-like and higher than in the d. cantleyi, and its margin is straight. d. cantleyi is supposed to have wing in the column and keels and the back of the hypochilium is warty. therefore it seems wise to separate this new species from the rest of dilochia (fig. 3 & 4). specimen examined. sumatra, tanjung gadang, fl. s.d. theunissen & jacobson 2262 (bo). acknowledgement i thank dr. e. f. de vogel from rijksherbarium leiden (the national herbarium nederland) for critical 2012] sulistiarini: the genus dilochia in indonesia correction especially for the descriptions; miss. tati hadijati , djenderal soedirman university, purwokertofor discussion during preparation of the manuscript; mr. suhardjono prawiroatmodjo for preparing mapping of distributions, wahyudi santoso and anne kusumawaty, from herbarium bogoriense for excellent drawing. thanks to anonymous reviewers for much help. references comber, j. b. 1990. orchid of java. bentham-moxon trust. royal botanic gardens, kew. 88-9 pp. comber, j. b. 2001. orchid of sumatra. singapore botanic gardens. singapore. 303-305 pp. hooker, j. d. 1890. the flora british india v. l. reeve & co. 5, henrietta street, covent garden. london. 858 pp. lindley, j. 1830. genera and species of orchidaceous plants. ridways, piccadily, london, p. 38. o'byrne, p. 1994. lowland orchid of papua new guinea. national parks board singapore botanic gardens. 8 pp. seidenfaden, g. & wood, j. j. 1992. the orchids of peninsular malaysia and singapore. the royal botanic gardens, kew & botanic gardens, singapore. 148 pp. smith, j. j. 1933. enumeration of the orchidaceae of sumatra and neighbouring island. repert. spec. nov. regni veg. 32: 129-386. thomas, s. 1992. a new combination in dilochia {orchidaceae). kew bulletin 48 (2): 401-403. thomas, s. & schuiteman, a. 2002. orchids of sulawesi and maluku: a preliminary catalogue. lindleyana 17 (1): 1-72. vogel, e. f. de. 1987. guidelines for the preparations of revisions. in vogel ef de (ed.) manual of herbarium taxonomy theory and practice. unesco. jakarta. 76 pp. vogel, e. f. de. 1988. south-east asia wild orchids present knowledge future nuclei of attention. paper presented at the seminar of the 7th asean orchid congress. jakarta, november 5-7. wood, j. j., beaman r. s. & j. h. beaman. 1993. the plants of mount kinabalu 2. orchids. royal botanic gardens, kew. p. 205-208. fig.l. distribution ofdilochia cantleyi (•), dilochia carnosa. ( a ) , d. longilabris (*) and d. parviflora ( • ) . fig. 2. distribution of dilochia rigida (*) and d. wallichii (•). 386 reinwardtia [vol.13 1 cm b 1 cm d 1 cm 1 cm 1 cm fig. 3. flower dissection of dilochia carnosa sulistiarini. a. median sepal, b. lateral sepals, c. petals, d. lip, e. column. (based on theunissen & jacobson 2262, bo). drawn by wahyudi santoso (bo). 2 0 1 2 ] s u l i s t i a r i n i : the genus dilochia in indonesia 387 1 c m fig. 4. inflorescense and flower of dilochia carnosa sulistiarini. (based on theunissen & jacobson 2262, bo). drawn by anne kusumawaty (bo). instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 4. 2012 contents page sri endarti rahayu, tatik chikmawati, kuswata kartawinata & alex hartana. morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae: a case study in the javanese species 317 sri rahayu. hoya (apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae) diversity in gunung gede pangrango national park, west java, indonesia 331 deby arifiani, adi basukriadi & tatik chikmawati. newly described species of endiandra (lauraceae) from new guinea 341 alex sumadijaya. six years experience on plant identification services: case study in herbarium bogoriense 347 bayu adjie, agung kurniawan, norio sahashi & yasuyuki watano. dicksonia timorense (diksoniaceae), a hemi-epiphytic new species of tree fern endemic on timor island, indonesia ... 3 5 7 ian m. turner. nomenclatural notes relevant to the flora of indonesia 363 wita wardani, arief hidayat & dedy darnaedi. the new pteridophyte classification and sequence employed in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for malesian ferns 367 diah sulistiartni. the orchids genus dilochia in indonesia 379 dedy darnaedi. book review 389 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology lipi cibinong, indonesia depan img576_page_3_page_1 img576_page_3_page_2 442-647-1-sm_page_11 belakang a journal on taxonomic botany, plant -sociology and ecology reinwardtia . editors mien a. kijs wat a kartawinata n. wulijarni-soetjipto 1 published by ' herbarium bogoriense lembaga bio-logi nasional — lipi bo.sor, indonesia eeinwardtia vol. 9, part 1, 1 —182 31 december 1974 10issn 0(f34-365x reinwardtia published by herbarium boguriensc — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 1, pp. 71 — 75 (1«74) orchidaceae novae vel minus cognitae h. g. jones p.o. box 111, bridgetown, barbados [ abstract and critical cirrho-petabtm pu crispilabia and e pecies cymbidium intermedium from india is described, orphological and nomentlatural notes on the asiatic putidmn as well as the american hoff-mannseggella clia fragrana are presented. abstrak pertains kali. disajlkan puja catatan-catatan pentmg tcntanjg mortologi anggerik amerika haffmarmaeggella criepilabia dan encyclia fragrans. the following paper contains notes on four interesting species of the family orchidaceae, one of which is described as new to science. the two asiatic species turned up among a small collection of indian orchids, which were imported from that country by the author in 1960, and subsequently flowered under cultivation in barbados. the notes on the two tropical american species have resulted from preliminary studies undertaken for the purpose of preparing taxonomic revisions of the two genera to which these species belong. cymbidium intermedium h. g. jones, spec. nov. epiphyticum robustum, eroctum vel suberectum, usque ad 95 cm altum; radicibus brunneo-albidus, flexuosis glabris, rugulosis; pseudobulbis illis cymbidium simulans similibus sed paulo minoribus, vagina foliifera arete amplectentibus; foliis erecto-patentibus vel subereetis, anguste linearibus, coriaceis, rigidulis, apice obtusis vel subacutis, leviter bilobis, usque ad 95 cm longis, medio ca 4 cm lato. inflorescentia pendula, quam folio paulo breviore, racemosa, laxe multiflora, ca 90 cm longa, vagina floriifera minuta, inter floribus ca 2.5 cm distantibus. floribus expansi ca 4 cm diametribus, color flaveo-purpureis, illis cymbidium finlaysonianum similibus sed paulo minoribus: sepalis angust* oblongis, obtusis, ca 2 cm longis, medio ca 5 mm lato; petalis quam sepalia aequimagnis vix paulo brevioribus; labello trilobo, ca 1.9 cm longo, inter loborum lateraliam expansi ca 1 cm lato; lobi lateral! breviore, erecti, apici aeuti, ca 1.5 cm longi; lobo mediano longiore, obtuso vel subacuto, apice reinwardtia [vol. 9 distinete recurvo; lamellis inter lohi laterali 2, continues, non interrupts; columna glabra, distincta curvata, ca 9 mm longa; anthera obtusa, apicc leviter biloba; ovario cum pcdicello cylindraceo, glahro, ca 2.5 cm ion go. material examined: (1> india, bombay state, flowered under cultivation in barbados, 1961. herb. jones. misc. c/85 — type. (2) cultivated specimen from tlie island of trinidad (origin unknown), 1967. herb. jones. misc. c/280. when i first examined the living flowers of this plant, i was completely baffled as to itw identity; for they posessed the size and colouring of c. simulanx rolfe, but the form of the keels on ihe labtllum was that of c. finlaysonianum lindl. i first decided to use the latter name for the plant (jones 1962), as most recent authors appear to agree in considering the form of the keels to be the decisive factor in separating these two concepts. however, c. intermedium posesses the combined characters of c. simmlans and c. finlaysoniannm to such an extent that were these three plants at any time found growing together, i should not hesitate to declare c. intermedium to be a natural hybrid; but according to santapau & kapadia (1962), the only other species of cymbldium known to occur in the bombay state of india is c. aloifolmm sw. the flowers of c. intermedium are of a pale greenish-yellow colour, with purple markings on the petals and the labellum; the leaves are somewhat longer than those of c. simulans and c. finlaysonianum, but are of a softer, less leathery texture. the unidentified cymbidium (gt 3580), which was published by seidenfaden & smitinand (19591965), is probably a large-flowered variety of this new species. clrrhopetalum putidum t e i j . & b i n n . cirrhapctalum putidum tvjj. & binn. in tjjds. ned. i ml. t\: 311. 18c2, bulbapkyuum putidum(tejj. & binn.) j.j. sin. in bull. .lard. hot. baiteti!!. ii, 8: 27. 1913. drrkapetalum appendiculatuvi, holfe in kcw. bull. 25: 148. 1901. — bulbophyllum appendimtlatum (rolfe) j.j. sm. in bull. jard. bot. buitenz. ii, s: 22. 1912. cirrhopetahtm fascinator rolfe in kew. bull. 32: 69. 1b08. — bulbnphyllum fuacitiatar (rolfe) rolfe in bot. majr. 134: 8199. ih08. this little plant also proved rather puzzling at first: shortly after it arrived in barbados, it produced one flower-spike with a single flower, closely resembling c. fascinator, but much smaller; therefore my specimen was presumed to be the small-flowered c. putidum. later, however, when the plant had become better-established, it produced more robust flower-spikes, with 2—3 larger flowers, of the size of c. fascinator. 1974] jones : new & critical nrchids seidenfaden (1972) has pointed out that the two concepts known as c. putidum and c. fascinator are "exactly alike in all details of the flowers, except for size"; but now that it is known that both large and small flowers can be borne on the same plant, there appears to be no justification for maintaining c. fascinator as a distinct species. the unidentified cirrkopetalum which was illustrated in colour in a recent russian publication (paddubnaya-amol'di & selezneva 1957) also belongs here. regardless of what specific name they have adopted, the majority of recent taxonomists who have dealt with this concept — known variously as c. putidum, cappendicitlatum and c. fascinator — have listed it under the generic name b-idbopkyllum. however, i am in agreement with the view expressed by hunt & summerhayes (1966), that the genus cirrhopetalwn should be reinstated, rather than merged in bulbophyllwm. rolfe's c. appendiculatum was based upon a specimen, which had been published by king & pantling (1898) as c. ornatissimum — but which differed from the true c. ornatissimum rchb. f. the latter concept is closely related to c. piitidum, but is easily distinguished by its broader leaves, shorter flower-scapes, bearing 5—6 flowers, and the broader floral segments. a good illustration of c. ornatissimum has been published by latif (1960). hoffmannseggella ceispilabia (a. rich.) h. g. jones laetia criepilabia a. rich, ex rehb. f.r xcn. orch. 2: 61. 1863. hefftniatnleggeltn criepilabia (a. rich.) h. g. jones in bradea 1: 266. 1972. bmitt crispilabiu rchb. f., xen. orch. 2: 61. 1863. there appears to be some doubt as to the correct citation of the author's name for the plant formerly known as laelia crispilabia. this name was originally given to a specimen in the herbarium of louis claude and achille richard (museum national d'histoire naturelle, paris) by the latter botanist; but the species remained unpublished at the time of the author's death in 1852. reichenbach subsequently published a description of the plant under the name bletia crispilabia, but he also cited the original name and its author in his diagnosis. in 1875, warner took up the name laelia crispilabia a. rich, in the second volume of his select orchidaceous plants, and all subsequent authors who have dealt with the species have cited the authority for the name as ,,a. rich, ex warn." from recent correspondence with the royal botanic gardens, kew, i gather that there is some doubt there as to whether the correct citation [vol. a 1974] for the name laelia crispiloma should be "(rchb. f.) warn." or "(rchb. f.) a. rich, ex warn." however, in view of the fact that reichenbaeh did publish the name laelia crispilabia, with a. richard as its author, in 1863, and since warner's publication did not appear until some twelve years later, i have decided to use the citation, "a. rich, ex rchb. f." for this name. judging from the correspondence dated july 1911, between rolfe and gagnepain, preserved at the royal botanic gardens, kew, rolfe seems to have suspected that some of the later examples which found their way into the paris herbarium under the name l. crispilabia arich, were, in fact, examples of l. flava t.indl. this may well be so, but i think there can be no doubt that h. crispilabia (a. rich.) h. g. jones is amply distinct from h. flava (lindi.) h. g. jones: the holotype specimen of the former concept is rather fragmentary; but this may be supplemented by more recent collections — notably the one illustrated in colour by hoehne (1949). the genus hoffmannseggella was established by the present writer (jones 1968b) to accommodate the species formerly assigned to the section cyrtolaelia schltr. of the genus laelia lindl. encyclia fragrans (sw.) lemee epidendrtivi fragrant: sw., prodr.: 123. 1788. encyclia fragrant (sw.) lemee, fl guy. fran. 1: 418. 1855. epidendmm lineatum salisb., frodr.: id. 1796. epidendrum bulbosum veil., flor. flum. 9: 11. 1827. . epidendrum cordatam veil., flor. flum. 9: 38. 1827. epidendrum papilio veil., flor. flum. 9: 28. 1k27. epidendrum vespa veil., flor. flum. 9: 27. 1827. epidendrum aemulum lindl., bat. reg. 22: 1898. 1838. epidendrum vaffinatnm sesse & mocifio, fl. me*. 2: 201. 1894. ewsyclia fragrant ssp. acmula dressier in phytoiogia 21: 440. 1971. in my paper on trinidad orchids (jones 1968a) i gave the original place of publication for the name encyeua fragrans as "dressier, brittonia 13: 264. 1961", where this name was, indeed, presented as a "new combination"; but dressier had, apparently, overlooked the fact that the same name had already been published by lemee, some six years before. in my paper referred to, i followed traditional usage and included the names epidendmm aemulum lindl. and e. lambada linden in the synonymy of e. fragrans, in spite of the fact that i was not too happy about e. lambada. however, this reduction had previously been made by a number of other taxonomista, who bad at their disposal vast herbaria, with many more specimens than were available to me; therefore i believed that they were in a better position to make this decision. since the publication of my article, two more papers have been published by dressier (1971a, 1971b) in which e. aemulum and e. lambada were once again separated from e. fragrans, as a subspecies and a species respectively. in the light of information contained in these two studies i have had another look at the e. fragrans complex, as a result of which i have decided to accept dressler's view in regard to e. lambada. however, i have seen so many examples of e. fragrans in which the characters of that concept and of e. aemula, as illustrated by dressier, appear to be hopelessly mixed up, that i am still not convinced that the latter can be separated as a variety, much less a distinct subspecies. i have, therefore, included dressler's latest new combination in the synonymy of e. fragrans. references dkessi.kb, k. l. 1961. a reconsideration of encyelia (orchiriaceae). in brittonia 13: 253-286. dbesslee, r. l. 1971 a. nomenclature] notes on the orchidsceae. iv. in phytoiogia 21: 440-443. dhessler, r. l. 1971b. el comple.jo dc encyelia fragrant en los paisea andinos. in or<|uideolosia 6: 195-203. hoehne, f. c. 1949. icorografia de orchidaceas do brazil. sccretaria de agricultura sao paulo ' hunt, p. f. & summebhayes, v. s. 1966. notes on asiatic orchids. iv. in kcw bull. 20: 51-61. • i jones, h.g. 1962. the culture of orchid species in the west indies. xi. la orchid rev. 70: 146'-147. jones, h. g. 1968a. notes on a collection of orchids from the west indian island of trinidad. in candollea 23: 295-299. jones, h. g. 1968b. studies in neotropical orchidology. in act. bot. acad. so. hung. 14: 63-70. jones, h.g. 1972. orchidaeeae austroamericanae. in bradba 1: 263-266. king, g. & pantlino, r. 1898. the orchids of the sikkim-himmalaya. bengal secretariat press, calcutta. latik, s. m. 1960. bunga anggerik permata belantttra indonesia. n.v. mrj vorkink van hocve, bandung. j poddl-bkaya aenol'ih, v. a. & selezneva, v. a. 1957. orchidei i ich kuvtura. izdatel'stvo akademii naut, moscow. i santapad, h. & kapadia, z, 1962. critical notes on the orchidaccae of bombay state. ix. 7.( j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 59: 382-404. seidenfadek, g. 1972. contributions to the orchid flora of thailand. iv. in bot. tids. b7: 76-127. seidenfaden, g. & smitinand, t. 1959 —1965. the orchids of thailand. the siam society, bangkok. i c o n t e n t s p a g e h a t t i n k , t. a. a revision of malesian caesalpinia, i n c l u d i n g , mezoneuroji ( l e g u m m o s a e c a e s a l p i n i a c e a e ) 1 • j o n e s , h . g < orchidaceae n a v a e vel m i n u s cogtlitae . . . . . . . 7 1 k e n g , h. rediscovery of cheilotheca malayana a n d t h e i d e n t i t y of . cheilotheca, audresia and mo.notropastmm (ericaceae. m o n o t r o p o i d e a e ) 7 7 k o s t e r m a n s , a . j . g . h . a m o n o g r a p h o f t h e genusn.eoanna•momum l i o u h o 8 5 m a t e r i a l s f o r a r e v i s i o n o f l a u r a c e a e i v . . . . . 9 7 r? a new bornean species .of mammea , . 117 triadodapkne, a. new jauraceous genua from borneo . 119 — a monograph of caryodaphnopsis a. shaw . ., . . . 123 larsen, k. & laksen, s. k. a new amorphophallus from thailand ' 139 nayak, m. p. a revision of phtkiandra (melastomataceae) . . 143 rao, a. n. £ leong, f. l. pollen morphology of certain tropical , • plants . . . . . . . . • 153 skvortzov, b. v. on some colourless flagellates from java and brasil 177 distributor bibliotheca bogoriensis, jalan raya juanda 20, eogok, indonesia by archipel rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_01 71-75 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_37 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_38 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_39 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_95 a journal on tax0n0m1c botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia editors mien a. rifai kuswata kartawinata n. wulijarni-s0etj1pt0 published by herbarium bggoriense lembaga biologi nasional —. lipi bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol. 9, part 4, 377 — 479 31 march 1980 10 issn 00-34 — s66x r e i n w a r d t i a published by herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor vol. 9, part 4, pp. 461 — 479 (1980) the flabellate-leaved species of salacca (palmae) johanis p. mogea herbarium bogoriense — lbn, bogor, indonesia abstract salacca dransfieldiana mogea, s. magnifica mogea and s. sarawakensis mogea are proposed as new species of flabellate-leaved salacca. a key to the four recognized species, descriptions and illustrations are presented. abstrak salacca dransfieldiana mogea, s. magnifica mogea dan s. sarawakensis mogea diusulkan sebagai jenis baru salak berdaun kipas. kunci identifikasi untuk empat jenis yang diakui, pertelaan dan perbandingan di antara masing-masing jenis salak yang berdaun kipas disajikan. acknowledgement the present study is part of a revision of the genus salacca prepared between june 1974 and july 1975 in the rijksherbarium, leiden. this study has been supported by a grant from nuffic (the netherlands universities foundation for international cooperation) and from the flora malesiana foundation for which i wish to express my thanks. i am greatly indebted to dr. m. jacobs for his generous supervision and helps in many ways during my stay in holland, and also to dr. j. dransfield (kew) for assisting with the latin descriptions, his stimulation for studying this genus, and for the correction of the manuscript. thanks are also due to the keepers of the following herbaria: bh, bo, k, kep, l, sar, and sing for permission to work in their herbaria and for loan of material introduction the genus salacca has been long known as a dioecious genus of palms belonging to lepidocaryeae; the fruits are covered in reflexed scales. there are some superficial similarities with the rattans which probably accounted for the earliest description of salacca species as a species of calamus. most species of salacca are stemless undergrowth 462 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 1980] mogea: flabellate-leaved salacca 463 palms of lowland and upland tropical rain forest, distributed from lower burma, thailand, malay peninsula, sumatra, java, borneo and the southern part of the philippines. leaves in salacca may be pinnate or flabellate; hitherto s. flabellata from malaya was the only species known with flabellate leaves. s. clemensiana, however, has both pinnate and flabellate leaves as well as the intermediate state; this last is pinnate at the base, and from the middle to the apex is flabellate and bifid. flabellate leaves in salacca are bifid, as are the juvenile leaves in all seedlings examined (s. edulis, s. affinis and apparently all the species of this genus) and the leaves of the suckers from the apex of the staminate inflorescences of s. flabellata and s. wallichiana. in the juvenile state, the two halves of the leaves diverge more than those of the adult flabellate leaves. recently collected specimens of flabellate-leaved salacca spp. do not fit known species and represent three new taxa. s. magnifica from sarawak has large blades to 4 m long, while s. dransfieldiana from kalimantan selatan, borneo, like malayan s. flabellata has a small blade of 70—100 cm long. s. saraivakensis from western sarawak has a leaf blade intermediate in size, about 2.4 m long. in all the flabellate-leaved species the upper leaf surface is smooth, glabrous and glossy; in s. dransfieldiana and s. flabellata the lower surface bears a greywhite indumentum. in s. magnifica and s. sarawakensis, however, both surfaces are glabrous. like all known species of salacca, the three new species bear inflorescences which emerge through a split in abaxial surface of the leafsheath. reproductive features of the flabellate-leaved species vary rather widely. s. flabellata has a long flagelliform staminate inflorescence; similar inflorescences may be found in s. wallichiana which bears pinnate leaves. s. dransfieldiana, superficially very similar to s. flabellata differs in having minute erect staminate inflorescence instead of flagelliform staminate inflorescences creeping along the ground. s. magnifica has a very different habit with its huge undivided leaves and erect, curved, highly branch but compact staminate inflorescences. the staminate inflorescence of s. sarawakensis is unknown, but this species has an erect pistillate inflorescence about 20 cm long, at its top curved with a few slightly tapering rachillae. all these flabellate-leaved species are easy to recognize but they all have very restricted distributions. only s. flabellata and s. magnifica have both staminate and pistillate inflorescence, whereas s. sarawakensis is known only from its pistillate inflorescence, and s. dransfieldiana only from its staminate inflorescence. in the last species, out of total population of about 30 plants, only four fertile specimens have been collected. as normally all species of salacca propagate vegetatively by suckers, it seems likely that such a small population as that of s. dransfieldiana may have developed by vegetative reproduction alone following the germination of the original seed. unfortunately no field notes concerning population of s. sarawakensis and s. magnifica are available, but the populations may have an origin similar to that suggested for s. dransfieldiana. s. flabellata with its flagelliform staminate inflorescences rooting at the tip may develop populations similarly. key to the flabellate-leaved species op salacca 1. blades ca 4 m long 3. s. magnifica 1. blades less than 2.5 m long 2. blades on both surface glossy green 4. s. sarawakensis 2. blades glossy green above, whitish below. 3. staminate inflorescences 1—2 m long, flagelliform lying on the ground, sometimes producing a new leafy shoot at the apex 2. s. flabellata 3. staminate inflorescences erect, up to 20 cm long, not flagelliform i1. s. dransfieldiana 1. salacca dransfieldiana mogea, sp. nov. — fig. 1 and 2 ceteris speciebus flabellata salacca combinatio foliorum parvorum discolorium, et inflorentiae masculae parvae erectae nonflagelliformis, differt. typus: dransfield 2957 (l, holo!; bo!; k!). differs from other flabellate salacca species in the combination of small discolorous leaves and small erect non flagellate staminate inflorescence. plant ca 1.5 m tall, with very short stem, ca 3 cm in diameter. leaves all flabellate, ca 1.3 m long; leafsheath estimated 20 cm long, above the base gradually channelled; basal part broadly triangular, in longitudinal section more or less-shaped, in cross section weakly crescent-shaped, ca 4 cm long, 5 cm in diameter, the very base attached all around the axis, the furrow near the base ca 3 cm deep, on the lower surface wrinkled, at the median line spiny, petiole estimated 0.4 m long, about the middle in cross section somewhat circular, ca 1 cm in diameter, gradually flattened on the lower side towards the top, below prominent and spiny, the lower surface often scurfy. blade flabellate, obtriangular, deeply bifid, 68—75 cm long, widest at the top 24—28 cm broad, the base (obliquely) narrowly wedgeshaped; above glossy green, below whitish; lobes in the upper third part of the blade ca 13—15 on either side, each at the top corresponding to a main longitudinal vein, 7—25 mm long, 3—10 mm broad, acute, each main longitudinal vein ending in 464 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 fig. 1. habit of salaoca dransfieldiana. — after vran&field 2957. 1980] mogea: flabellate-leaved salaec 465 pig. 2, staminate inflorescence of salaeca dransfieldiana. — after dransfield 2957. 466 k e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 one lobe, at an angle of ca 15—20° from the rachis or midrib, about the middle at distance of 0.5—2 cm, with ca 4 longitudinal thin veins in between; transverse veins 2—4 mm apart. spines patent, flat, triangular, up to 3.5 cm long, at its base 0.5 mm broad, 0.3 mm thick, sparse on the leaf-sheath with one single spine often with two other ones together, on the rachis with the single spines, at distances of ca 7 cm. staminate inflorescences erect, somewhat curved, 20 cm long, near the base including the bract, 1 cm broad; bract boat-shaped, split on the upper side, linearlanceolate, ca 4—6 cm long, 0.5—1 cm broad, papery. rachillae (before and at anthesis) one in an inflorescence, exserted, cylindrical, 7 cm long, ca 10 mm in diameter, curved, outside glabrous; peduncle 1 cm long, ca 2 mm in diameter, covered by a bract; bracteoles: primary one connate, 4 mm long, covering all pairs of flowers, ringlike along the rachis at distances of ca 2 mm; secondary bracteole between two flowers: flat, more or less elliptic, 3 mm long, ca 1 mm broad, membranous, primary prophyll divided in two, thin, threadlike, at the base broad, 3 mm long; hairs along the margin and on the outside of bracteoles and prophyll (but the primary bracteoles glabrous), very thin, up to 2 mm long, septate and at the top branched. flowers many in each rachilla, exserted almost completely from their primary bracteoles, calyx bellshaped, 3.5 mm long, split almost completely, lobes acute, papery, membranous ; corolla pitcher-shaped, petals more or less spathulate, ca 4 mm long, 0.5 mm broad. pistillode obscure. pistillate inflorescences unkown. distribution: endemic to borneo. note: field notes: in one population, estimated to consist of 30 plants, clustering, very short-stemmed. leaves to 1 m tall. petiole to 50 cm with sparse yellow spines. young leaves pinkish. lamina dark green above, with white indumentum below, staminate inflorescence bursting through leafsheath, to 10 cm only by 5 mm through, staminate flowers cream tinged pink. borneo. s. kalimantan, datar alai, meratus mts., foot of g. besar, valley bottom lowland dipterocarp forest on alluvial flat, 350 m alt., staminate fl., 25.x.1972, dransfield 2957 (bo!; k!; l!); ecotype, staminate fl. 5.vii.1976, mogea 7u9 (bo!). 2. salacca flabellata furtado salacca flabellata furtado in gard. bull. 12: 387, fig. 2. 1949; corner, nat. hist. palms: 107, pi. 7 lower right. 1973 — type: sf 30525 corner (sing, holo!; bh!; bo ! l!). plant acaulescent, erect, very small; stem including the leafsheath 5 cm in diameter. leaves all flabellata, 1—2.3 m long; leafsheath channelled suddenly above the base 27.5—34 cm long, the basal part 2.5—4 cm long-, the channelled part 25—50 cm long; basal part very broadly triangular, in longitudinal section more or less j-shaped, in 1980] mogea: flabellate-leaved salacca 467 cross section crescent-shaped, with the furrow near the very base 0.3 cm deep; on the lower surface smoothly wrinkled and on the median spiny; the channelled part when young with papery brown thin wings along the margin, about halfway up 1 cm broad, on the lower side spiny. petiole 20—100 cm long, at the base on cross section broadly ovate, often rather narrow on the upper side, 3—7 mm in diameter, the lower side spiny. rachis 40—75 cm long, at the base 6—7 mm in diameter, on cross section like the petiole, below prominents, spiny or not, glabrous. blade flabellate, obovate, deeply bifid, 80—100 cm long, widest at the top 40—45 cm broad, at the top of the rachis 20—40 cm broad, the base obliquely cuneate; lobes 5—8 on either side, at the top corresponding to each longitudinal vein, (7) 15—23 (31) mm long, (2) 4—10 mm broad, weadly sigmoid acute, along the margin setose, surface above green, below whitish. veins: main longitudinal ones 10—15 on either side, at an angle ca 15—30° from the midrib, parallel, about the middle ca. 1—1.5 cm apart closer towards the top with 1—2 thin ones in between; transverse veins 2—3 mm apart. spines ascending or patent, flat, narrow-triangular, usually fewer high up and larger up the middle then smaller again towards the top, yellowish pale brown; on the basal part the leafsheath arranged in one length wise row, in pairs, 4—10 mm apart, 0.5—1.5 cm long, at the base 0.4 cm broad and 0.1 cm thick; on the channelled part, in three longitudinal row, one on the lower side and the other two near the upper side, 0.5 cm distant, patent, more or less regular but towards the top at increasing distances of 2.5—5 cm, with sometimes the two small ones together in a small comb along the lower side; on petiole and rachis like in the channelled part, or only one row single spines, mostly towards the top at increasing distances of 3.5—8.5 cm. staminate inflorescences lying on the ground whiplike, slender, unbranched, 1—2 m long, sometimes producing a new plant leafy shoot at the apex; rachis 3—4 mm in diameter, internodes 5—10 cm long, bracts boatshaped, linear-lanceolate (3) 6—10 (—12) mm wide enveloping the rachilla, acute, (3) 4—5 (6) mm in diameter, when old lacerated, papery and fibrous; rachilla 2—4 (see note 3) in one inflorescence, cylindrical 1.5—3 cm long, 10—12 mm in diameter, outside glabrous, peduncle 4—5 cm long, 1 mm in diameter. pistillate inflorescences like the staminate one, except not producing a new leafy shoot; length unknown. rachilla cylindrical 2 cm long, 10—12 mm in diameter, outside glabrous, the peduncle covered by the tubular part of bracts. bracteoles, prophylls and hairs as in the staminate. pistillate flowers: 15—20 on each rachilla, accompanied by the neuter one, the pair covered partly by the bracteoles and prophylls, size unknown. neuter flowers, size unknown. fruit: (only known young), globose, ± 0.7 cm in diameter, covered by upturned brown scales up to 0.3 cm long. distribution: endemic to malaya. ecology: in swamp by stream, also rocky valley bottoms in dense lowland forest. .. vernacular name: salak cabang (malaya). 468 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 1980] mogea: flabellate-leaved salacca 469 n o t e : 1. compilation of field notes. "stemless", young fronds grey-pink. leaves grey or silvery below. spreading by stolons which develop special leafy shoots and bear lateral (old dead) flower heads, to 90 cm long running through litter, leaf stalk 1.05 m. 2. furtado, corner, and whitmore all mentioned the production of young plants at the ends of the inflorescences (s. ivallichiana is the other species doing so). furtado was dealing with a male plant; it is not recorded how the female plants behave. 3. although furtado (1949) said, rachilla ('spike') one in the axil of each bract ('spathe'), this is not so; i have seen at least 5—15 bracts in one inflorescence but many of them, especially near the base and the top do not subtend rachillae. 4. sf 40457 sinclair & kiah and heaslett s.n. both from malaya, (which might belong here) are dealt with under 'incomplete specimens' below. malaya. trengganu: kemaman, sungai nipah, low alt., staminate 21.xi. 1935, sf 30525 corner (bh!; bo!; l!; sing!); fri 8917 whitmore (kep!); fri 20193 whitmore (kep!). 3. salacca magnifica mogea, sp. nov. — fig. 3, 4 and 5. ceteris speciebus flabellatis salacca foliis concoloribus maximis inflorescentia mascula 2—3 ordinibus ramorum et 4—9 rachillis differt. typus: s. 19777 ashton (l, holo!; k!; sar!). differs from the other flabellate salacca species in the very large concolorous leaves and the staminate inflorescence with 2—3 orders of branching and 4—9 rachillae. plant acaulescent, erect, ca 6.3 m tall. leaves all flabellate ca 6 m long; leaf sheath estimated ca 1.3 m long, gradually channelled above the base. basal part very broadly triangular, in longitudinal section more or less j-shapped, in cross section crescent-shaped or v-shaped, ca 7.5 cm long, 12—14 cm in diameter with the very base attached all around the axis, the furrow near the base ca 6 cm deep, on the lower surface scurfy wrinkled, on the median line spiny; channelled part below the middle in cross section crescent-shaped, 3 cm in diameter, spiny. petiole estimated 0.7 m long, about the middle in cross section somewhat circular, 2.5 cm in diameter, the lower side rather flat spiny. rachis ca 3.5 m long, the base 1.2—1.7 cm in diameter, in cross section somewhat circular, gradually flattened on the lower side toward the top, the lower surface at the very top scurfy. blade flabellate, obtriangular, deeply bifid, ca. 4 cm long, widest at the top 70 cm broad, at the top of the rachis 38 cm broad, the base (obliquely) narrow wedge-shaped; lobes ca 10—16 (from habit photo) on either side, each at the top corresponding to a longitudinal vein, 33—65 mm long, 15—30 mm broad, acute, along the fig. 3. staminate inflorescence of salacca dransfieldiana: part of rachilla near the base (a), primary bracteole (b), pair of flowers with its secondary bracteole and primary prophyll, after its primary bracteole has been removed (c), primary prophyll with secondary bracteole inserted (d), staminate flower (e), anthera (f), (b), (c) and (d) are of the same scale. — after mogea 7a0. 470 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 a ! fig. 4. type specimen of salacca magnifica: leaf sheath, petiole and part of blade. 1980] mogea: flabellate-leaved salacca 471 •» • ••* •* . •. •( . . •> ' ' • • •: h * . fig. 5. type specimen of salacca magnifica: staminate inflorescence and nart of blade. 472 r e i n w a k d t i a [vol. 9 margin and its midrib above setose with blackish small spines; glossy green on both surfaces, the underneath with pale brownish dots. main longitudinal veins numerous (material not complete), near the top 10 on either side, at an angle of ca 15° from the rachis or midrib, parallel, near the top at (0.9—) 1.2—2.5 cm distant with (2—) 4—6 (—7) thin ones in between, transverse veins, 3—5.5 mm apart. spines upwardspointing of patent, very rarely downward-pointing dull blackish brown; spines on the leaf sheath along the lower side partly arranged in small combs of 3—7, at distances of 1.5—6 cm, the others scattered, in pairs or solitary, up to 6.7 cm long, at the base 1 cm broad and 0.2 cm thick; on the petiole spines as on the leaf sheath, but fewer; at distances of ca (0.4—) 0.5—6.5 cm, on the rachis some spines often with two small ones in between, size and colour as on the petiole and leaf sheath. staminate inflorescences erect or somewhat curved, compact, branching of first to third orders, 45 cm long, 9.5 cm broad, rachis and internodes covered by bracts; bracts boat-shaped, linear-lanceolate, ca 15 cm long by 2 cm broad, part of them lacerated ca 15—25 cm long, papery and fibrous. rachillae 4—9 in an inflorescence, exserted, cylindrical, 11—15 cm long, (11—) 12—13 (—18) mm in diameter, outside glabrous, peduncle 7—10 cm long, 0.4 cm in diameter, sometimes covered by bracts; primary bracteoles when young connate, 6 mm long, covering all pairs of flowers, ring-shaped along the rachis, at distances of ca 2 mm; secondary bracteole between two flowers, keeled, ca 4 mm long, 0.5 mm broad, papery, primary prophyll devided in two, keeled, ca 4 mm long, 2 mm broad, papery; hairs along the margin and on the outside of bracteoles and prophylls (but the primary bracteoles glabrous), very thin, 2—4 mm long, septate and branched at the tips. flowers many in each rachilla, 6 mm long, 3 mm broad; calyx bell-shaped 4 mm long, often splitting completely; between two of the lobes; lobes acute; corolla bulging, 5 mm long, 1.5 mm broad. pistillate inflorescences erect, more or less cylindrical, 30 cm long, 7 cm broad; bract slightly boat-shaped, 27 cm long, 7 cm broad at the base tubular, above lacerated, papery, fibrous. rachillae one in each inflorescence, 11.5 cm long, 35 mm in diameter, outside glabrous; peduncle 8 cm long, 1.5 cm in diameter, enclosed within the bracts; primary bracteoles young connate and ring-shaped, at maturity split and covering partly the pairs of flowers, 15—17 mm long, 20—24 mm broad, at distances of ca 1 cm; secondary bracteole between two flowers, 11—12 mm long, 3 mm broad, hairy; primary prophyll divided in two, keeled, 11—12 mm long, 3 mm broad, either one at the very base adnate to secondary bracteole, hairy. hairs as in the staminate inflorescence. pistillate flowers ca 100 in each rachilla, each accompanied by a neuter flower, pistillate flower with calyx bell-shaped, 13—15 mm long, between two of the lobes often splitting completely; corolla pitchershaped, 16—18 mm long, 8—12 mm broad, with petals ovate staminodes 6, and ovary strigose, 15 mm long, with very thin scales, upcurved ca 5 mm long. neuter flower swollen (in bud) : calyx swollen, 14 mm long, lobe either one often splitting completely, corolla swollen 16 mm long by 6 mm broad. fruit: unknown. 1980] mogea: flabellate-leaved salacca 473 distribution: endemic to borneo, sarawak. ecology : springs at the base of rhyodocite screes, altitude: 900 m. vernacular name: lium (iban); baroh (kelabit). note: 1. compilation of field notes. lamina entire, ca 6 mm long (in this case probably means the leaves) — see fig. 4. inflorescences brown. fruit deep pink. roots outside white, inside black and very hard. locally common but only one of the party had seen it before, on the tan abo range at about the same altitude. 2. from a photograph by dr. p.s. ashton in sarawak, hose mountains, tan abo range, we have the impression that the leafsheath plus petioles is up to ca 1.60 m long, the blade 4 m long, 1 m wide. borneo. sarawak, house mountains, ulu temalad, mujong, ca 90o m. pistillate fl. (l, holo!; k!; sar!) and staminate fl., 27.111.1964, s. 19777 ashton (k!; l!; sar!). 4. salacca sarawakensis mogea, sp. nov. — fig. 6 and 7. ceteris speciebus flabellatis salacca magnitudine mediocre, foliis concoloribus, curvus brevis inflorescentiae femineus et 1—2 brevis rachillae differt. typus: s. 27306 anderson & whitmore (sar, holo!). differs from all other flabellate-leaved salacca species in the moderate size and the concolorous leaves, pistillate inflorescences curved and short, having 1—2 short rachillae. leaves flabellate; basal part of leaf sheath unknown; the channelled part with length estimated at 40 cm, about the middle part in cross section elliptic crescent-shaped, 20 mm by 12 mm in diameter, the hollow 1.3 cm deep, deep brown; the lower surface very faintly ribbed dull brownish, spiny. petiole about 87 cm long, near the base in cross section circular, 22 mm in diameter, the lower side spiny. rachis 72.5 cm long, the base 10 mm in diameter, below prominent, not spiny; in cross section circular, above narrower towards the tip, glabrous. blade flabellate, obovate, deeply bifid, 120 cm long, widest at the tip, 66 cm broad, at the top of the rachis 49 cm broad; base obliquely cuneate; lobes along the upper third part, ca 40 on either side, each at the top corresponding to a longitudinal vein, estimated 32—57 mm long, 9—18 mm broad, weakly sigmoid. along the margin glabrous, surfaces on both sides green. main longitudinal veins ca 15 on either side, at an angle of 15° from the midrib, more or less parallel, about the middle at 1.4—2.7 cm distance, closer towards the top with (1—) 3—5 (—6) thin ones in between; transverse veins 4—6 mm apart. spines patent, rather stout, not flattened, pale yellowish; in the channelled part placed in three longitudinal rows, one on the lower side and the other two 474 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 fig. 6. salacca magnified: pistillate inflorescence and part of blade. — after s. 19777 ashton. 1980] mogea: flabellate-leaved salacca 475 5 mm fig. 7. salacca magnifica: pistillate flower (a), ovary (b), primary prophyll and secondary bracteole inserted from a pistillate rachilla (c), stan'inate flower (d), neuter flower (e). —> after ashton s. 19777. near the upper side, more or less regular but towards the tip increasing distances of 2.5—4.5 cm, the lower side bearing the bigger ones 0.6—1.8 cm long, its base 0.4—0.5 cm broad, 0.2—0.3 cm thick; on the petiole only on the lower side, length unknown, at the base 0.5 cm broad, 0.3 cm thick, more or less regular but towards the top at decreasing distance of 7—9.5 cm, not spiny near the top. rachis not spiny. staminate inflorescences unknown. pistillate inflorescence curved in first order branching pattern, 17—20 cm long, about the middle the rachis with bracts 0.8 cm in diameter; bracts 2.5—6.5 cm long, empty bracts 2—3, covering the internodes, papery, the tubular ones near the rachilla; the other ones tubular in the basal part and keeled to halfway up; the keeled part one 476 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 19-80] mogea: flabellate-leaved salacca 4t7 f i g . 8. type specimen of salacca sarawakensns: pistillate inflorescence and p a r t of leaf. > • • . : • • ' > . type * fig. 9. type specimen of salacca sarawakensns: blade. 478 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. 9 ovate ca 3.5 cm long by 1.5 cm broad, entire. rachillae 1—2 in an inflorescence, cylindrical slightly tapering to the top ca 2.5 cm long by ca 12 mm in diameter, outside, glabrous, peduncle 13—24 mm long, covered entirely by the bracts; primary bracteoles partly covering every pair of flowers, concave, broadly rhomboid, adnate, ca 5 mm long, ringshaped; the secondary bracteole between two flowers, keeled, 3.5 mm long by 1—1.5 mm broad; primary prophyll covering half part of the pair flowers, two keeled, 3.5 mm long, at the base 6 mm broad. hairs along the margin and near the top on the outside of the bracteoles and prophyll, (but primary bracteoles glabrous), very thin ca 2 mm long, septate and at the top irregularly branched. flowers ca 40 in each rachilla, in pairs, each pistillate flower accompanied by a neuter flowers; pistillate flower with calyx split halfway, bell-shaped, 5.5 mm long, membranous; lobes obtuse; corolla swollen or pitcher-shaped, petals ovate, 8 mm by 4 mm with tip keeled, acute; staminodes 6; ovary (past anthesis) 55 mm long, 4 mm in diameter, covered with scales 0.6—1.6 mm long, their margin in the upper half serrate, style including stigma 1.5—2 mm long. neuter flower somewhat crescent-shaped; calyx split halfway up, membranous; lobes obtuse, 4—5 mm long; corolla swollen or pitcher-shaped, with petals ovate, 65 mm by 30 mm, lobes acute, staminodes 6. fruit unknown. distribution: endemic to borneo. note: field notes: stemless palm, leaves 2.4 m long, leaf sheath including petiole 1.2 m long ('leaf stalk') distantly spiny, yellowish green, simple or a little broadly lobed, sometimes very weakly glaucous. borneo: sarawak, sempadi f.r., margin of bau-lundu road, kerangas forest on hill side, pistillate fl. 16.1.1972, s. 27306 anderson & whitmore (sar!). incomplete specimens some specimens though clearly belonging to the genus salacca are problematic because of their being incomplete and i have hesitated to assign specific names to these specimens. they are: 1. heaslett s.n. (sing!) st. 14.11.1966 from malaya, johore, upper reaches, s. selai, was distributed as s. flabellata. this specimen differs slightly from s. flabellata as follows: leaf (probably young) with a very narrow blade (19 cm broad) compared with s. flabellata. the surface underneath is densely covered with minute scales which on the nerves are brown and in between whitish. the transverse veins are (3.5) 4—5 (—11) mm apart. 1980] mogea: fhabellate-leaved salacca 470 2. sfn a0a57 sinclair & kiah (sing!) st. 13. xi. 1954 from malaya, kuala trengganu, besut road, path leading to kampung bukit. this specimen differs slightly from s. flabellata as follows: the blade is flabellate but obtriangular, deeply bifid, 106—123 cm long, at the top 14.5—20.5 cm broad, at the top of the rachis 13.5—17 cm broad. it is hoped that these two populations can be revisited and fertile material found so that specific identities can be assigned. contents page hsu an keng. a new interpretation of the compound strobilar structures of cordaites and conifers , 377 soejatmi dransfield. three new malesian species of gramineae 385 v. n. naik. coelachne ghatica naik, sp. nov 393 thomas j. delendick. the correct name for the acer of malesia 395 m i e n a. r i f a i . the identity of ustuago amadelpha var. glabhuscula 399 v. n. naik & b. w. patunkar. novelties in panicum (poaceae) from india . 403 n. p. balakrishnan. a new species of ophiorrhiza (rubiaceae) from great nicobar island, india 411 ronald h. petersen. type studies in the clavarioid fungi. v. the taxa described by caspar van overeem 415 a. w. subhebar & v. g. rao. an undescribed species of calothyriop<sis on apple 421 gregori g. hambali. a new species of balanophora from the malay peninsula, 425 kuswata kartawinata. a note on a kerangas (heath) forest at sebulu, east kalimantan 429 rusdy e. nasution & r. n. lester. a chemotaxonomic study of some species of zingiber subsection zerumbet 449 johanis p. mogea. the flabellate-leaved species of salacca (palmae) • printed by aechipel, bogor, java cov rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_45 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_46 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_47 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_48 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_49 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_50 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_51 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_52 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_53 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_54 rein.vol.9,part 4, 377-479_page_55 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 193 − 210 193 floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia received december 09, 2013; accepted september 25, 2014 yusi rosalina program studi biologi program pascasarjana, fmipa ui, depok 16424, indonesia & pt sampoerna agr tbk., jln. basuki rahmat 788, palembang, 30127, indonesia. e-mail: yusi.rosalina@sampoernaagro.com. kuswata kartawinata integrative research center. field museum, 1400 s. lake shore drive, chicago, illionis, 60605-2496, u.s.a. & herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: kkjak@indo.net.id nisyawati program studi biologi program pascasarjana, fmipa ui, depok 16424, indonesia. erwin nurdin program studi biologi program pascasarjana, fmipa ui, depok 16424, indonesia. jatna supriatna program studi biologi program pascasarjana, fmipa ui, depok 16424, indonesia. abstract rosalina, y., kartawinata, k., nisyawati, nurdin, e. & supriatna, j. 2014. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia, reinwardtia 14(1): 193 – 210. ― we studied the floristic composition and structure of the logged-over peat swamp forest in the pt national sago prima of pt sampoerna agro tbk. group for future management of the conservation area that has been set aside by the company. in january february 2012, 25 quadrats of 20 m × 20 m were laid out systematically along a transect, thus covering a sampled area of 1-ha. the results showed that the study site was a regenerating and developing secondary peat swamp forests having high plant species richness. the total number of species recorded was 73 species of 38 families, consisting of 49 species (30 families) of trees (dbh≥ 10 cm ), 42 species (24 families) of saplings (h > 1.5 m and dbh < 10 cm) and 41 species (27 families) of seedlings and undergrowth. tree density was 550 individuals/ha and total tree basal area was 18.32 m 2 . the shannon-wiener’s diversity index for trees was high (3.05) two tree species with the highest importance values (iv) were pandanus atrocarpus (iv = 45.86 %) and blumeodendron subrotundifolium (22.46%). the tree families with the highest iv were pandanaceae (45.86), myrtaceae (40.37) and dipterocarpaceae (39.20). forest structure dominated by trees with a diameter below 20 cm amounting to 408 trees/ha (74.05%). d and e strata with height of less than 20 m, and density of 431 trees/ha (78.36%). jaccard similarity index among species, showed strong association between pandanus atrocarpus and blumeodendron subrotundifolium and based on this association combined with high ivs, the two parameters of species characterized the forest, hence the forest could be designated as the pandanus atrocarpus–blumeodendron subrotundifolium association. primary forest species with high economic values were still present in the forest. eleven species can be included in the iucn red list, of which shorea rugosa is in the category of critically endangered, shorea teysmanniana endangered and gonystylus bancanus vulnerable, hence they should be protected. key words: high species richness, pandanus atrocarpus, peat swamp forest, riau. abstrak rosalina, y., kartawinata, k., nisyawati, nurdin, e. & supriatna, j. 2014. komposisi dan struktur flora hutan rawa gambut di kawasan konservasi pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia, reinwardtia 14(1): 193 – 210. ― kami mempelajari komposisi dan struktur hutan rawa gambut bekas tebangan di pt national sago prima milik pt sampoerna agro tbk. group untuk manajemen kedepan pada kawasan konservasi yang telah disiapkan oleh perusahaan. pada januari februari 2012, 25 kuadrat dari 20 m × 20 m dibuat secara sistematik sepanjang transek, yang menutupi kawasan contoh sebesar 1-ha. hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kawasan yang diteliti merupakan hutan rawa gambut dengan tingkat kekayaan jenis yang tinggi. jumlah jenis yang tercatat sebanyak 73 jenis dari 38 suku, terdiri atas 49 jenis (30 suku) pohon (dbh≥ 10 cm ), 42 jenis anakan (24 suku) (h > 1.5 m dan dbh < 10 cm) dan 41 jenis (27 suku) bibit dan semak. kerapatan pohon 550 individu/ha, dan jumlah area basal pohon seluas 18.32 m 2. indeks keragaman shannon-wiener untuk pohon cukup tinggi (3.05). dua jenis pohon dengan nilai kepentingan (nk) tertinggi adalah pandanus atrocarpus (nk = 45.86%) dan blumeodendron subrotundifolium (22.46%). pohon dengan mailto:yusi.rosalina@sampoernaagro.com reinwardtia 194 [vol.14 nk tertinggi adalah pandanaceae (45.86), myrtaceae (40.37), dan dipterocarpaceae (39.20). struktur hutan didominasi oleh pohon dengan diameter dibawah 20 cm sebanyak 408 pohon/ha (74.05%), strata d dan e dengan tinggi kurang dari 20 m dan kerapatan 431 pohon/ha (78.36%). indeks kesamaan jaccard diantara jenis, menunjukkan adanya asosiasi yang kuat antara pandanus atrocarpus dan blumeodendron subrotundifolium dan berdasarkan asosiasi yang dikombinasi dengan nk yang tinggi. oleh karena itu kedua parameter tersebut dapat digunakan untuk mengkarakterisasi hutan tersebut, maka hutan tersebut dapat dilihat sebagai asosiasi antara pandanus atrocarpusblumeodendron subrotundifolium. jenis-jenis yang tumbuh di hutan primer dan mempunyai nilai ekonomi yang tinggi masih ditemukan. sebelas jenis dapat digolongkan masuk kedalam iucn red list, dimana shorea rugosa berada dalam kategori terancam punah, shorea teysmanniana dalam kategori terancam dan gonystylus bancanus dalam kategori rentan, sehingga jenis-jenis tersebut perlu dilindungi. kata kunci: hutan rawa gambut, kekayaan jenis yang tinggi, pandanus atrocarpus, riau. introduction the peat swamp forest in indonesia covers a total area of 20.6 million hectares or 10.8% of the total land area of the country. in the riau province it is the most important and main ecosystem, covering about 7.2 million hectares or 45% of the total land area of the province (wahyunto et al., 2005). the national sago prima company (pt nsp), a sago plantation company located in the kepulauan meranti regency in the riau province, within its concession area, has set aside a conservation area covering a total area of 2,088 hectares of forest. it consists of logged-over peat swamp forest and was initially part of the production forest concession area of the pt. national timber and forest product (pt. ntfp). this conservation area is considered important for sustainable use of peat land as sago plantation. it could contribute to the preservation, maintenance and improvement of biodiversity of the peat swamp forest in the region. to date there has been no ecological studies in the secondary swamp forest developed after logging, which is very important and interesting (kartawinata, 2005). earlier vegetation studies on peat swamp forests in sumatra were undertaken by anderson (1976), sambas et al. (1994), purwaningsih & yusuf (1999), mogea & mansur (1999), istomo (2002), siregar (2002), saharjo & nurhayati (2007), partomihardjo et al. (2011), and purwaningsih (2011). for the purpose of developing a management scheme of the conservation area, the company needs to secure field biodiverity data. in this respect a study on the floristic composition and structure of the peat swamp forest in the conservation area was initiated and reported in this paper. such data are important for measuring the suitability and the priority of conservation (keel et al., 1993) and are also important to maintain the carbon balance and other environmental functions (istomo et al., 2009). methods the study was undertaken from january to february 2012 at one of the peat swamp forest strips dividing the sago plantation of the pt. national sago prima (pt nsp), a subsidiary of the pt sampoerna agro tbk. the strips have been designated as the conservation area. the plantation is located at selat panjang, the tebing tinggi district, kepulauan meranti regency, riau province at 0°31 s 1°08’ n and 101°43’ 103°08’ e, with the altitude of 0-50 m asl. the study site (fig. 1) is part of the peat swamp forest that forms a corridor of 300 m wide extending for 40 km from south-east to north-west along the northern border of pt nsp. it was a forest concession selectively logged during the periods of 1974–1994 and 1995–2003 by the pt national timber and forest product (pt ntfp). it was further converted into the industrial timber estate and then into the sago industrial forest plantation. the area was also illegally logged by local community in 2000-2005. the topography is more or less flat with the slope of 0-8 %. in the schmidt dan ferguson (1951) scheme, the rainfall at the site belongs to the rainfall type b with the ratio of the number of dry months over the nunber of wet months, q = 33.3%. the annual rainfall is 1966 mm. the total rainfall on the year 2008 at kota selat panjang, the capital of the kepulauan meranti regency was 1409 mm with the total rain days of 65 (rku nsp 2010), meanwhile the normal rainfall data of 28 years was 2395 mm (berlage, 1949) (fig. 2). in the usda (1975) classification, the soils of the area belong to tropohemists and troposaprists (peat soil), and tropaquents (pt national sagu prima, 2010). the study site was sampled with 25 quadrats of 20 × 20 m each, making the total area sampled of 1-ha. the quadrats were systematically laid out at 30 m intervals along a transect extending from south-east to north-west at the above-mentioned 2014] 195 rosalina et al.: floristic composition & structure of peat swamp forest in riau fig. 1. a map showing the study site in a logged-over peat swamp forest at selat panjang, riau. fig. 2. the monthly rainfall kota selat panjang on the year 1913–1941 and 2008 (source: berlage, 1949 and rku nsp, 2010). reinwardtia 196 [vol.14 forest corridor on the northern border of the pt nst plantation. the first quadrat was established at the coordinate of 00°48'53.5" n and 102° 53'44.3" e with the mean altitude of 16 m. the 20 × 20 m quadrats were used to record trees with dbh (diameter at breast height) ≥ 10 cm. saplings, defined as trees with height (h) > 1.5 m and dbh < 10 cm, were enumerated in 5 × 5 m plots nested in the quadrats. all trees and saplings were indentified, their circumferences were measured at breast height (1.5 m above ground) and the numbers of stems of trees and saplings were counted. the diameter was calculated by converting the circumference using the formula di = circumference/3.14. the basal area (ba) of each tree and each sapling was calculated by the formula ba = 3.14 di 2 /4. seedlings (defined as woody plants with more than two leaves and height of < 1.5 m) and other undergrowth species were sampled with 2 × 2 m subplots nested in the 5 × 5 m plots. the vegetation parameters of seedlings measured were number of individuals, cover, and species identity. voucher specimens for all species were collected and identified at the herbarium bogoriense of the research center of biology at cibinong, bogor. data analysis include the calculation of d (density), rd (relative density), do (dominance) expressed as basal area, dor (relative dominance), f (frequency), fr (relative frequency) and iv ( importance value = fr + dr + dor) for each species of trees, saplings, seedlings and undergrowth (cox 1967; muellerdombois & ellenberg, 1974). shannon-wiener’s diversity index was calculated using the formula h’ = -σ pi ln pi, where pi = number of individuals of the species (muller-dombois & ellenberg, 1974). diversity can also be defined as richness of species and can be expressed as alpha diversity, i.e. diversity in individual sample units and beta diversity, i.e. diversity in a collection of sample units (whittaker, 1972). on the basis of jaccard’s similarity between tree species composition of quadrats a dendrogram of quadrats was constructed using multivariate statistical package (mvsp). ordination of the quadrats was performed with principle component analysis (pca) based on dominance data using biodiversity professional (bdpro) software. results and discussion floristic composition in the sampled area we registered 73 species and 38 families of trees, saplings and seedlings. for the trees we recorded 49 species and 30 families represented by 550/ha stems and a total basal area of 18.321 m 2 /ha (table 1 and appendix 1). meanwhile, in the sapling stage 42 species and 24 families were recorded with the total number of individuals of 6128/ha and basal area of 6.07 m 2 / ha in the seedling stage and undergrowth, we recorded 41 species of 27 families with a density 8576 individuals per hectare. the tree stand characteristics are summarized in table 1. the curve shows that the number of species increases steadily with the increase of cumulative area of the quadrats until it reaches the area of about 0.9 ha. thereafter it levels off, indicating roughly the minimum area of 1 hectare and also the low species richness. this is due to the fact that the forest is a selectively logged-over forest, composed of the mixture of residual and regenerating primary forest species and invading secondary forest species filling up the gaps resulted from the logging. it is comparable to the species-area curve of the dryland secondary forest in east kalimantan (riswan, 1982). it differs, however, from the species-area curve of a dryland primary forest, where at 1-ha the species still increases sharply without any indication of declining (kartawinata, 2005). the present study in 25 quadrats with a total area of 1-ha can be considered sufficient to represent the floristic richness of the selectively logged peat swamp forest in the area. table 2 shows that the data of other studies in both primary and secondary forests elsewhere (mirmanto et al., 1993; purwaningsih & yusuf, 1999; sambas et al., 1994) are relatively comparable to our data. earlier investigation in the vicinity of the present study area (wibowo, stand characteristics dipterocarps non-dipterocarp total number of tree species 2 (4.08 %) 47 (95.92 %) 49 tree density (stems/ha) 32 518 550 mean tree density per quadrat 1.24 20.72 22 tree basal area (m 2 /ha) 4.67 (25.5%) 13.65 (74.5 %) 18.32 mean basal area per tree (m 2 /ha) 0.15 0.26 0.33 table 1. stand characteristics of a 1-ha plot in a logged-over peat swamp forest at selat panjang, riau. 2014] 197 rosalina et al.: floristic composition & structure of peat swamp forest in riau 1995) recorded much poorer species, ranging from 34 to 41 species in 2.5 hectare. in the present study, about 38 years after logging, the forest has been regenerating and developing into a structurally more complex forest dominated by primary forest species and only a few secondary forest species were recorded, i.e. archidendron borneense, ficus sundaica, macaranga caladifolia, m. triloba, pandanus atrocarpus, pimeleodendron griffithianum and timonius flavescens. canopy gaps created by fallen and uprooted trees were common. we recorded 251 uprooted trees in the entire 1 ha sampled quadrats. furthermore, the above situation could be attributed also to the fact that at present the study site was more open than before, due to the disturbance resulted from illegal logging activities by local communities. these conditions led to the decrease of the density and dominance of trees as well as making the site more vulnerable to invasion by secondary forest species originally not present in the unlogged primary forest. the difference in the species richness could also be due to different degrees of disturbance in different primary and secondary peat swamp forests studied by various authors. the basal area of 18.321 m 2 /ha in the present study was lower than those in other peat swamp forests, ranging from 19.53 – 44.43 m2/ha. but the density did not differ much, where elsewhere the range was 459-806 trees/ha (table 2). the range of alpha diversity of the tree stage was 6-14 and the beta diversity was 49. the shannon-wiener diversity index (h’) of the community at the tree stage was 3.05, at sapling stage 2.09, and at seedling and undergrowth level 1.97. the index at the tree stage was high while those at sapling, seedling and undergrowth levels were lower. the pattern of declining diversity from upper to lower strata of a community is normal in a natural community. it may be inferred that the protected peat swamp forest of the pt nsp had a high plant species diversity value. therefore, it should be maintained and managed properly and allowed to develop further following natural successions, which in time will lead to the diversity condition similar to that of an undisturbed community. the species with highest iv, resulted from highest density, basal area and frequency, was pandanus atrocarpus. it was a robust, big, tall and woody monocot with dbh > 10 cm, hence treated as a tree in the present study. our observation showed that it occurred abundantly in the selectively logged and secondary forests near the study site. it thrives well and is dominant and common in primary peat swamp forests in sumatra and kalimantan (ary keim, pers. comm., 2013). other species with high ivs included blumeodendron subrotundifolium euodia aromatica and syzygium lineatum. they are common species occurring in peatswamp forests elsewhere (anderson, 1963; 1976; siregar & sambas, 1999; simbolon & mirmanto, 1999; purwaningsih & yusuf, 1999; sambas & suharjono, 1994; withmore, 1986). fig. 3. species –area curve for tree species in a total 1-ha sampled logged-over peat swamp forest at selat panjang, riau. reinwardtia 198 [vol.14 locality plot size (ha) dbh (cm) number of species density (tree/ha) basal area (m 2 /ha) references riau, kepulauan meranti , selectively logged forest 1 > 10 50 550 18.32 present study riau, giam siak kecil-bukit batu biosphere reserve, makmur, primary forest 1 >10 64 578 30.15 partomihardjo et al. (2011) riau, giam siak kecil-bukit batu biosphere reserve, humus, primary forest 1 >10 48 556 29.75 partomihardjo et al. (2011) south aceh, gunung leuser national par, suaq belimbing, primary and secondary forest 1.6 > 10 44 806 44.43 purwaningsih & yusuf (1999) central kalimantan vernoniamacaranga community, secondary forest 1.6 > 10 76 520 30.15 mirmanto et al. (1993) central kalimantan cratoxylum-elaeocarpus community, secondary forest 1.6 > 10 51 485 29.18 mirmanto et al. (1993) central kalimantan, shorea – palaquium community, primary forest 1.6 > 10 25 485 22.65 mirmanto et al. (1993) sanggau, west kalimantan, primary forest 1 > 10 60 513 17.67 sambas et.al. (1994) west kalimantan, sambas, primary forest 1.05 > 10 86 698 24.29 siregar & sambas (1999) tabel 2. comparison of the present study with those in peat swamp forests of riau, aceh and kalimantan by various authors tabel 3. ten species at tree level having highest importance values (iv) with the associated values of basal area (ba), density (d) and frequency (f) in a 1-ha plot of logged-over peat swamp forest at selat panjang, riau no spesies ba (m2/ ha) d (trees/ha) f (%) iv (%) 1 pandanus atrocarpus 3.79 101 0.76 45.86 2 blumeodendron subrotundifolium 0.84 59 0.80 22.46 3 shorea teysmanniana 2.98 14 0.32 21.69 4 euodia aromatica 0.82 41 0.72 18.36 5 syzygium lineatum 0.80 41 0.68 17.93 6 shorea rugosa 1.69 18 0.56 17.51 7 diospyros javanica 0.30 23 0.72 12.26 8 syzygium densiflorum 0.60 25 0.48 12.11 9 tetramerista glabra 0.79 12 0.40 10.06 10 knema laterifolia 0.41 18 0.44 9.45 2014] 199 rosalina et al.: floristic composition & structure of peat swamp forest in riau it is interesting to note that dipterocarp species did not constitute the dominant and only two species occurred here, shorea teysmanniana and shorea rugosa, which jointly had iv = 39.21%, thus trailing second after pandanus atrocarpus. table 3 shows that the two species of dipterocarps present in the sample constituted only 4% of the total number of species. in term of basal area, however they constituted 25.5% of the total basal area, due to the large size of the tree trunk with diameter range of 10-141 cm and the mean of 31.29 cm. myrtaceae was the richest, followed by euphorbiaceae, rutaceae and sapotaceae, the rests had 2 or 1 species (table 4; appendix i). in terms of the importance value pandanaceae had the highest, followed by myrtaceae, dipterocarpaceae, euphorbiaceae, rutaceae, sapotaceae etc. (table 5). dipterocarpaceae was not the most important family in the community, occupying only the fifth in the list and was represented by shorea rugosa and s. teysmanniana. in primary swamp forests in sumatra and borneo, dipterocarpaceae is in general prevalent if not dominant in the community (anderson, 1963, 1976; ashton, 1982; simbolon & mirmanto, 1999; whitmore, 1986). anderson (1963) stated that shorea albida, s. platycarpa., s. rugosa var. uliginosa, s. scabrida and s. tesymanniana were generally common and even dominant. jaccard’s similarity indices among the 25 quadrats based on tree density were calculated using multivariate statistical package (mvsp) to observe the degree of species compositional similarities as expressed in a dendrogram of quadrats (fig. 4). the similarities among quadrats were mostly small, where 98.0 % of them were less than 0.5 as indicated in the dendrogram. it indicated that the forest under investigation was heterogeneous in term of floristic composition. species diversity was relatively high, as indicated above that the shannon-wiener diversity index (h’) was high (i.e. 3.05) and the range of alpha diversity was 6-14 and the beta diversity was 50. the dendrogram shows the clustering of the plots at different degree of similarities (a, b, c, d & e). this situation could be attributed to different habitat conditions of the quadrats, particularly the degrees and extent of past logging resulted in the formation of gaps of different sizes, since the habitat factors did not vary much. in each quadrat we measured that soil ph varied from 3.7 to 5.0, depth to water table from 0.8 to 2.0 m, organic carbon from 34.8 to 58.3% and nitrogen from 0.76 to 1.20%. jaccard’s similarity index for distribution of species with frequency of greater than 50 % is presented in fig. 5. pandanus atrocarpus and blumeodendron subrotundifolium had the highest degree of similarity of distribution in the quadrats (jaccard index of 0.64). other species with relatively high similarities of distribution (jaccard’s index of 0.50) were euodia aromatica, diospyros javanica, syzygium lineatum and shorea rugosa. pandanaus atrocarpus is also a species with highest importance value (45.86%) followed by blumeodendron subrotundifolium (22.46%). table 4. ten families with highest importance values (iv) in a 1-ha plot of logged-over peat swamp forest at selat panjang, riau. no family number of species iv (%) 1 myrtaceae 7 40.37 2 euphorbiaceae 4 36.79 3 rutaceae 4 23.57 4 sapotaceae 4 12.21 5 dipterocarpaceae 2 39.21 6 ebenaceae 2 14.67 7 myristicacea 2 14.05 8 pandanaceae 1 45.86 9 theaceae 1 10.06 10 hypericaceae 1 8.39 reinwardtia 200 [vol.14 based on the similarity of distribution and high importance values the two species could be used as character species for naming the community as pandanus atrocarpus-blumeodendron subrotundifolium association. the decreasing number of species, density, basal area and frequency was definitely atributed to the selective logging activities in the early years followed by illegal logging in the later years. dipterocarp species were the prime targets for selective logging operations as they were the most valuable trees economically. in selective logging practices trees with dbh ≥ 50 cm were extracted and later often times re-logging and illegal logging took place harvesting any residual trees of different sizes thought to have commercial values. thus, the existing population of dipterocarp species in the present study were residual trees that have been growing since the time of last logging in 1974-1975 and 1984-1985 (wibowo, 1995). we observed the difference in species dominance in the primary and in logged-over forests in the same locality of the present study area compared to the conditions reported 17 years ago. wibowo (1995) recorded that the prevalent species in the primary forest included calophyllum inophyllum, cratoxylum arborescens, shorea fig. 4. dendrogram of the 25 quadrats. constructed using jaccard’s similarity indices based on the species density in a 1-ha plot of logged-over peat swamp forest at selat panjang, riau. fig. 5. dendrogram of 10 tree species (f > 0.5), constructed based on jaccard’s similarity using tree density data in a 1-ha plot of logged-over peat swamp forest at selat panjang, riau. 2014] 201 rosalina et al.: floristic composition & structure of peat swamp forest in riau table 5. habitat data at the research site of a 1-ha plot of logged-over peat swamp forest at selat panjang, riau. air temperature 23.8 – 30.6 ºc ca 0.43 – 2.85 ppm air humidity 66 – 98 % mg 3.61 – 5.04 ppm light intensity 54 – 9200 lux k 0.20 – 0.33 ppm soil moisture 60 –86 % na 1.12 – 2.43 ppm depth to the water surface 0.8 – 2 m cec 41.3 – 82.9 cmol(+)/kg depth of peat 5 m – 6 m al 0.09 – 0.23 ppm soil ph 3.3 – 4.1 h 0.95 – 2.73 ppm organic c 34.1 – 58.3 % mn 10.1 – 28 ppm total n 0.76 – 1.53 % zn 2.51 – 11.5 ppm c/n 36.7 – 45.4 % cu 1.68 – 4.99 ppm available p 10.5 – 29.8 mg/kg fe 170 – 410 ppm parvifolia and shorea uliginosa, while in the logged-over forest were calophyllum inophyllum, campnosperma macrophyllia, cratoxylum arborescens, koompassia malaccensis, palaquium burckii, shorea parvifolia and s. uliginosa. today only s. rugosa var. uliginosa still remained. other species could have been completely removed during the logging operations and illegal logging activities and were unable to regenerate in the large open gaps created by logging. in the present study site we still observed economically valuable tree species with high importance values, such as shorea teysmaniana and s. rugosa, gonystylus bancanus, calophyllum canum, campnosperma coriaceum, cratoxylum glaucum, dialium indum, archidendron borneense, palaquium ridleyi, p. gutta, p. walsurifolium and tetramerista glabra. using the iucn (internasional union for the conservation of nature) redlist, we identifed conservation status of 11 species present in the study area (table 6). the above table shows that three species are classified as vulnerable (gonystylus bancanus), critically endangered (shorea rugosa) and endangered (shorea tesymanniana). therefore, their conservation needs special attention in view of the fact that they belong to the group of most important commercial timber species, hence vulnerable to excessive exploitation. at present they occurred naturally in the unlogged and logged-over peat swamp forests, in the study area and elsewhere (anderson, 1976). the structure we described the forest structure in terms of horizontal distribution, diameter class distribution tabel 6. the conservation status of tree, sapling and herb species according to categories in iucn red list (ver. 2.3) in a 1-ha plot of logged-over peat swamp forest at selat panjang, riau. no species iucn category 1 acronychia porteri lower risk/conservation dependent 2 aglaia macrocarpa lower risk/near threatened 3 brackenridgea palustris lower risk/near threatened 4 gonystylus bancanus vulnerable a1cd 5 hanguana malayana lower risk/least concern 6 horsfieldia crassifolia lower risk/near threatened 7 maranthes corymbosa lower risk/least concern 8 nepenthes ampullaria lower risk/least concern 9 shorea rugosa critically endangered a1cd, c2a 10 shorea. tesymanniana endangered a1cd 11 vatica rassak lower risk/least concern reinwardtia 202 [vol.14 and vertical distribution. the 550 trees recorded in the quadrats were classified according to diameter classes (fig. 6). it reveals that the majority of the trees (74.05%) were in the 10–19.9 cm diameter class and the rests were in the diameter class range of 20–99.9 cm. it indicates a condition of a developing and regenerating heavily disturbed forest. we recorded 8 (1.45%) trees with diameters of 50–79.9 cm, which were aparently the remnants of the unlogged primary forest trees. vertically the forest in the quadrat studied was dominated by trees with heights of less than 20 m totalling 431 trees (78.36%) (fig. 7). they were dominated by pandanus atrocarpus, blumeodendron subrotundifolium, euodia aromatica and syzygium lineatum. trees with the height of 20– 49.9 m accounted for only 91 trees (16.55%) and were dominated by shorea rugosa, cratoxylum glaucum, tetramerista glabra and palaquium ridleyi, while those with diameters of 50–79.9 m were only 28 trees (5.09%) with shorea teysmanniana, shorea rugosa, campnosperma coriaceum and gonystylus bancanus as the dominant species. the tallest tree recorded in the study site was shorea teysmanniana with the height of about 76 m. this is in line with observation of anderson (1963) in sarawak and brunei, who indicated that the upper storey vegetation is dominated by species of dipterocarpaceae. fig. 8 shows the actual forest profile in the study site. the carbon storage in the aboveground biomass and in the soil was also investigated in the study site and the result was reported elsewhere (rosalina et al., 2013). the total aboveground biomass and carbon storage in the research site indicate that the conservation area is a secondary peat swamp forest, with the biomass of 149.18 ton/ha and carbon stock of 70.12 ton c/ha. the aboveground biomass and carbon consisted of biomass and carbon of tree (83.97 ton/ha containing 39.47 ton c/ha, respectively), saplings (20.69 ton/ha containing 9.72 ton c/ha) and seedlings and undergrowth plants (0.03 ton/ha containing 0.01 ton c/ha), wood necromass (24.06 ton/ha containing 11.31 ton c/ha) and littter (20.44 ton/ha containing 9.61 ton c/ha). an allometric equation was developed for pandanus atrocarpus providing an estimated total biomass and carbon of 5.16 ton/ha containing 2.42 ton c/ ha. the underground c with the mean peat depth of 5.5 m, mean bulk density of 0.18 g/cm 3 , and the mean organic c of 46.6 % was 464,895.94 ton c/ha. in the entire conservation forest area of 541 ha the total aboveground biomass and carbon fig. 6. diameter class distribution of trees in 1-ha plot. 2014] 203 rosalina et al.: floristic composition & structure of peat swamp forest in riau fig. 7. height class distribution of trees in a 1-ha plot of logged-over peat swamp forest at selat panjang, riau. fig. 8. the profile of current logged-over peat swamp forest at the research site at selat panjang, riau. reinwardtia 204 [vol.14 storage was estimated to be 80,708.64 ton and 37,934.00 ton c, while the total underground carbon was 238.96 million mtc. regeneration we investigated the understorey stratum comprising the sapling community and the tree seedling and undergrowth community in relation to regeneration. population structure, dominance and distribution of tree species at the sapling and seedling levels may indicate the state of regeneration of the community. table 7 presents the ten species with highest iv in the sapling community, species with the highest iv (38.21%) was syzygium lineatum, which was greater than that in the tree community (17.63%). three other species with the same pattern were diospyros javanica, knema laterifolia and syzygium densiflorum. dipterocarps were represented by shorea teysmanniana and vatica rassak with iv=0.94% and 1.88% respectively, indicating poor regeneration. considering the dominance of species and families as the regeneration indicator in the sapling community, it is predicted that in the future the protected area will be dominated by myrtaceae (family iv = 98.46) and ebenaceae (family iv = 48.32). this is comparable to the situation in the peat swamp forest of west kalimantan ( sambas & suhardjono, 1994; sambas et al., 1994). in the seedling and undergrowth community we recorded 42 species of seedlings consisting of 34 species of tree seedlings and 8 herb and fern species. the herb and fern species were: hanguana malayana, medinilla crassifolia, micrechites serpyllifolius, nepenthes ampullaria, nephrolepis hirsutula, psychotria sarmentosoides, stenochlaena palustris and tinomiscium phytocreniodes. the seedling and undergrowth stratum in the quadrats were dominated by a fern species nephrolepis hirsutula with iv of 76.27% (table 8; fig. 10a). the dominant occurrence of this fern species was related to the substantial presence of fallen trees, left from the previous selective logging activites some 39 years ago. they are at present lying on the forest floor at different states of decomposition (fig. 11). on the average each quadrat contained 10.6 fallen trees, with the smallest number (2) was recorded in quadrat no. 3 and the highest (43) in the quadrat no. 22. the fallen trees created large gaps, allowing light entering the forest floor, stimulating light demanding species to thrive well and abundantly, such as nephrolepis hirsutula. this is in agreement with richards (1996) who stated that in tropical forests, herbs occur abundantly only in natural or man-made open areas, but are sparse and even absent under the shade. another herbaceous species common in peat swamp forest floors is nepenthes ampullaria. it grows as a creeper on very poor soils and occurred in the quadrats with. somewhat high iv (11.54%). it occurs in the peat swamp forest of west kalimantan (mogea & mansur, 1999) and it climbs over trees in open peat swamp forests (anderson, 1963). no species family iv (%) 1 nephrolepis hirsutula davalliaceae 76.27 2 calophyllum canum clusiaceae 11.72 3 nepenthes ampullaria nepenthaceae 11.54 4 syzygium lineatum myrtaceae 11.35 5 syzygium acuminatissimum myrtaceae 6.44 6 psychotria sarmentosoides rubiaceae 5.68 7 ilex pleiobrachinata aquifoliaceae 5.30 8 archidendron microcarpum fabaceae 4.70 9 diospyros sp. ebenaceae 4.52 10 tristaniopsis obovata myrtaceae 4.35 table 8. one undergrowth and nine tree seedling species with highest importance values (iv) in a 1-ha plot of logged-over peat swamp forest at selat panjang, riau. table 7. ten sapling species with highest importance values (iv) in a 1-ha plot of logged-over peat swamp forest at selat panjang, riau. no species family iv (%) 1 syzygium lineatum myrtaceae 38.22 2 diospyros javanica ebenaceae 32.70 3 ilex pleiobrachinata aquifoliaceae 28.45 4 timonius flavescens rubiaceae 21.22 5 knema laterifolia myristicacea 16.64 6 syzygium densiflorum myrtaceae 15.18 7 syzygium acuminatissimum myrtaceae 15.11 8 elaeocarpus ovalis elaeocarpaceae 14.72 9 tristaniopsis obovata myrtaceae 13.24 10 diospyros siamang ebenaceae 10.43 2014] 205 rosalina et al.: floristic composition & structure of peat swamp forest in riau table 9 shows the species with good regeneration, which will remain in the community and three of them were just beginning to invade the comunity, i.e. archidendron microcarpum, diospyros sp. and ilex pleichiobrachiata. species having most abundant regeneration at seedling stage were calophyllum canum and syzygium lineatum (table 9). in all the quadrats we recorded the following 14 tree species with poor regeneration at sapling and seedling stages i.e. aglaia macrocarpa, beilschmiedia maingayi, dillenia excelsa, gonystylus bancanus, horsfieldia crassifolia, ilex wallichii, macaranga triloba, palaquium walsurifolium, pimelodendron griffithianum, polyalthia glauca, shorea rugosa, syzygium attenuatum, tetractomia holttumii and tetramerista glabra. they were all likely on the way out leaving the community. six woody species present at the seedling stage but absent at the sapling and tree stages were archidendron microcarpum, chassalia curviflora, medinilla crassifolia, sloetia elongata, stemonurus secundiflorus and sterculia coccinea. they were just invading the community and would eventually establish themselves as members of the community provided there were no severe disturbances. meanwhile, six species that were recorded in the sapling stage but absent in the tree and seedling stages included chaetocarpus castanocarpus , diospyros table 9. tree species with highest regeneration in a 1-ha plot of logged-over peat swamp forest at selat panjang, riau. no species family seedlings per ha saplings per ha trees/ha) d = 1019.9 cm d = 2029.9 cm d = 3039.9 cm 1 syzygium lineatum myrtaceae 320 992 35 4 2 2 calophyllum canum clusiaceae 352 16 1 4 3 syzygium densiflorum myrtaceae 16 336 20 3 2 4 knema laterifolia myristicacea 16 256 15 3 5 eugenia clariflora myrtaceae 16 256 9 2 6 blumeodendron subrotundifolium euphorbiaceae 144 58 1 7 diospyros javanica ebenaceae 64 576 22 1 8 elaeocarpus ovalis elaeocarpaceae 32 576 3 9 timonius flavescens rubiaceae 16 608 1 10 diospyros siamang ebenaceae 32 224 4 11 syzygium acuminatissimum myrtaceae 144 256 2 12 ilex pleiobrachiata aquifoliaceae 128 576 13 archidendron microcarpum fabaceae 240 14 diospyros sp. ebenaceae 224 maritima, horsfieldia glabra, syzygium fastigatum, tristaniopsis whiteana and vatica rassak. they would definitely be unable to maintain themselves in the community. the number of individuals in each species at tree, sapling and seedling stages are indicators of the ability of a forest to reproduce itself and to maintan its survival, stability and sustainability. a stable forest ecosystem would have optimum density and the individuals of each species are normally well spread along diameter classes. tree density is categorized optimum if growth factor and space availability is optimally used and the diameter distribution form an inverted j-shape. allowing a disturbed forest to grow naturally without disturbance will promote natural succession gradually leading to a forest similar to its original conditions. natural succession, however, requires a very long time. it requires many years for soil organic matter to return to predisturbance condition. the rate of succession depends on the degree, intensity and frequency of disturbances, climate, habitat and availability of propagules surounding the disturbed community. the restoration method by means of exploiting and using as much natural processes and natural plant resources as possible to assist natural successions to proceed faster, is one of the most effective, efficient and fastest to revert the degraded forests to conditions similar to original forests. reinwardtia 206 [vol.14 fig. 10. the undergrowth communities in the study site within the logged-over peat swamp forest were often dominated by nephrolepis hirsutula (a) or nepenthes ampullaria (b) . fig. 11. slowly decomposing fallen trees (a) and sawn timber (b) left after selective logging were encountered in the quadrats in the peat swamp forest and often invaded by herbs, particularly nephrolepis hirsutula. a b a b 2014] 207 rosalina et al.: floristic composition & structure of peat swamp forest in riau conclusion the study area was a developing and regenerating logged-over swamp forest with a high richness of primary and secondary forest species. this is further confirmed by the horizontal and vertical forest structures which were dominated by trees with diameter of less than 20 cm and height of less than 20 m. a few dipterocarp species typicaly dominating primary peat swamp forests were still present but were not dominant. the dominant species was a tree monocot pandanus atrocarpus along with a woody tree blumeodendron subrotundifolium. the two species showed a strong association and had highest importance values, justifying to designate them as character species for naming the forest as the pandanus atrocarpus – blumeodendron subrotundifolium association. based on families at the tree stage and regeneration it is predicted that in the future the peat swamp forest in the study area will be dominated by species of myrtaceae and ebenaceae. the forest succession should be allowed to proceed leading to a forest similar to the original one without any disturbance. it could be assisted and enhanced by ecological restoration program through planting trees typical to peat swamp forest, particularly rare and endemic species as well as those having high conservation values, such as the ones listed in the iucn red list. the protected peat swamp forest of the pt nsp had a high plant species diversity value. therefore, it should be maintained and managed properly and allowed to develop further following natural succession which in time will lead to the diversity condition similar to undisturbed community. acknowledgements the study constitutes a part of the m. sc. thesis of the first author (yr) at the university of indonesia. the authors wish to thank the management of the pt sampoerna agro tbk for funding the study. the first author also expresses her gratitude to ipn (indonesian peatland network), a collaborative program of the indonesian climate change centre (iccc) and the centre for international forestry research (cifor), for providing her a grant under the financial support for publication initiative. references anderson, j. a. r. 1963. the flora of the peat swamp forests of sarawak and brunei, including a catalogue of all recorded species of flowering plants, ferns and fern allies. gardens’ bulletin singapore 20: 131–228. anderson, j. a. r. 1976. observation on the ecology of five peat swamps in sumatra and kalimantan. in: proceedings of a seminar on peat and podsolic soils and their 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(disertasi; in indonesian). iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012.2. (www.iucnredlist.org). (accessed on 07 december 2012). kartawinata, k. 2005. six decades of natural vegetation studies in indonesia. in: soemodihardjo, s. & sastrapradja, s. d. (eds.), six decades of science and scientists in indonesia, naturindo, bogor. pp. 95–140. keel, s., gentry, a. h. & spinzi, l. 1993. using vegetation analysis to facilitate the selection of conservation sites in eastern paraguay. conservation biology 7(1):66–75. mirmanto, e., suhardjono, susiarti, s. 1993. struktur dan komposisi pohon hutan gambut di kalimantan barat. in: prosiding seminar hasil litbang sdh 14 juni 1993, bogor. 273–285. mogea, p. & mansur, m. 1999. plant diversity of peat swamp forest in riau province, sumatra. in: iwakuma, t., inoue, t., kohyama, t., osaki, m., simbolon, h., tachibana, h., takahashi, h., tanaka, n. & yabe, k. (eds.). proceedings of the international symposium on tropical peat land, 22-23 november 1999. bogor. pp. 191−203. mueller-dombois, d. & ellenberg, h. 1974. aims and method of vegetation ecology. john wiley & son, new york. pp. 547. p a r t o m i h a r d j o , t , s ad i li , a . & purwanto, y. 2011. preliminary studies on structure and floristic diversity of two permanent plots in peat swamp forest biosphere reserve giam siak kecil and bulkit batu, bengkalis, riau. in: purwanto, y. & mizuno, k. (eds.), proceedings of the international workshop on sustainable management of bioresources in tropical peat swamp forest, 19 july 2011, cibinong science center, unesco jakarta office & the indonesian mab national committee-lipi, jakarta. pp. 47– 57. http://www.iucnredlist.org reinwardtia 208 [vol.14 purwaningsih. 2011. regeneration analysis of plant species in peat swamp forest suaq belimbing, gunung leuser national park, south aceh. in: purwanto, y. & mizuno, k. 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(skripsi). whitmore, t. c. 1986. tropical rain forests of the far east. oxford university press, oxford. pp. 352. 2014] 209 rosalina et al.: floristic composition & structure of peat swamp forest in riau appendix 1. density (d=tree/ha), frequency (f), basal area (ba=m 2 ), and importance value (iv) of tree species and family in a 1-ha plot of logged-over peat swamp forest at selat panjang, riau. family & species d f (%) ba (m 2 ) iv (%) 1. anacardiaceae 0.22 2.81 (1) campnosperma coriaceum 3 0.12 0.22 2.81 2. annonaceae 0.01 0.60 (2) polyalthia glauca 1 0.04 0.01 0.60 3. aquifoliaceae 0.05 1.33 (3) ilex wallichii 2 0.08 0.05 1.33 4. arecaceae 0.01 1.15 (4) cyrtostachys lakka 2 0.08 0.01 1.15 5. burseraceae 0.03 0.87 (5) dacryodes macrocarpa 2 0.04 0.03 0.87 6. chrysobalanaceae 0.20 4.72 (6) maranthes corymbosa 8 0.24 0.20 4.72 7. clusiaceae 0.45 4.79 (7) calophyllum canum 5 0.16 0.45 4.79 8. daphniphyllaceae 0.29 6.80 (8) daphniphyllum griffithianum 15 0.28 0.29 6.80 9. dilleniaceae 0.10 3.23 (9) dillenia excelsa 7 0.16 0.10 3.23 10. dipterocarpaceae 4.67 39.21 (10) shorea teysmanniana 14 0.32 2.98 21.69 (11) shorea rugosa 18 0.56 1.69 17.51 11. ebenaceae 0.34 14.67 (12) diospyros javanica 23 0.72 0.30 12.26 (13) diospyros siamang 4 0.16 0.05 2.41 12. elaeocarpaceae 0.03 1.44 (14) elaeocarpus ovalis 3 0.08 0.03 1.44 13. euphorbiaceae 1.38 36.79 (15) blumeodendron subrotundifolium 59 0.80 0.84 22.46 (16) macaranga caladiifolia 19 0.32 0.23 7.55 (17) macaranga triloba 1 0.04 0.11 1.17 (18) pimelodendron griffithianum 15 0.20 0.20 5.61 14. fabaceae 0.22 3.36 (19) archidendron borneense 3 0.08 0.07 1.63 (20) dialium indum 1 0.08 0.15 1.73 15. hypericaceae 0.41 8.39 (21) cratoxylum glaucum 16 0.36 0.41 8.39 16. icacinaceae 0.16 3.19 (22) stemonurus scorpioides 5 0.16 0.16 3.19 17. ixonanthaceae 0.01 0.59 (23) ixonanthes petiolaris 1 0.04 0.01 0.59 18. lauraceae 0.29 6.63 (24) beilschmiedia maingayi 1 0.04 0.04 0.78 (25) cryptocarya crassinervia miq . 9 0.32 0.25 5.85 reinwardtia 210 [vol.14 appendix 1. density (d=tree/ha), frequency (f), basal area (ba=m 2 ), and importance value (iv) of tree species and family in a 1-ha plot of logged-over peat swamp foreswt at selat panjang, riau (continued). family & species d f (%) ba (m 2 ) iv (%) 20. moraceae 0.17 3.29 (28) ficus sundaica 5 0.16 0.17 3.29 21. myristicaceae 0.66 14.05 (29) horsfieldia crassifolia 8 0.20 0.25 4.60 (30) knema laterifolia . 18 0.44 0.41 9.45 22. myrtaceae 1.81 40.37 (31) eugenia claviflora 11 0.20 0.23 5.03 (32) syzygium acuminatissimum 2 0.08 0.02 1.17 (33) syzygium attenuatum 3 0.12 0.11 2.22 (34) syzygium densiflorum 25 0.48 0.60 12.11 (35) syzygium inopillum 1 0.04 0.01 0.58 (36) syzygium lineatum 41 0.68 0.80 17.93 (37) tristaniopsis obovata 2 0.08 0.04 1.32 23. ochnaceae 0.01 0.59 (38) brackenridgea palustris 1 0.04 0.01 0.59 24. pandanaceae 3.79 45.86 (39) pandanus atrocarpus 101 0.76 3.79 45.86 25. rubiaceae 0.01 0.59 (40) timonius flavescens 1 0.04 0.01 0.59 26. rutaceae 0.89 20.92 (41) euodia aromatica 41 0.72 0.82 18.36 (42) acronychia porteri 4 0.16 0.07 2.56 27. sapotaceae 0.52 12.21 (43) palaquium gutta 6 0.20 0.14 3.64 (44) palaquium ridleyi 12 0.24 0.25 5.69 (45) palaquium walsurifolium 1 0.08 0.10 1.42 (46) payena leerii 3 0.08 0.04 1.46 28. sterculiaceae 0.10 2.00 (47) sterculia gilva 4 0.08 0.10 2.00 29. theaceae 0.79 10.06 (48) tetramerista glabra 12 0.40 0.79 10.06 30. thymelaeaceae 0.49 5.56 (49) gonystylus bancanus . 6 0.20 0.49 5.56 total 550 11.16 18.32 300.0 instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript 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(ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. 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(araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 416-599-2-pb belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 untitled r e in w a r d ti a 13 (5) issn 0034 – 365 x a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(5): 391–455, december 20, 2013 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers david middleton (royal botanic gardens edinburgh, uk), eko baroto walujo (lipi, indonesia), ferry slik (xishuangbanna tropical botanical garden, china), henk beentje (royal botanic gardens kew, uk), hidetoshi nagamasu (kyoto university, japan), kuswata kartawinata (lipi, indonesia), mark hughes (royal botanic gardens edinburgh, uk), martin callmander (missouri botanic gardens, usa), michele rodda (singapore botanic gardens, singapore), mien a rifai (aipi, indonesia), rugayah (lipi, indonesia), ruth kiew (forest research institute of malaysia, malaysia). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology– lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id cover images: begonia hooveriana wiriad. spec. nov. reinwardtia vol 13, no 5, pp: 391− 404 391 botanist to have undertaken exploration of east sumbawa from mar. 20-23, 1821. subsequently, heinrich zollinger collected in east sumbawa in 1847, including mts. tambora, hoeroe, soenkar, padjo, gempo and aroehasa (zollinger, 1848; 1850; 1854). zollinger has likely explored more mountains in indonesia than any other single botanist (hoover, et al., 2004; 2009). odoardo beccari visited east sumbawa in oct. 1874, wenzel svoboda on 30 febr. 1886, max wilhelm carl weber in 1889, anna antoinettenweber-van bosse in april 1899 and otto warburg in nov. 1888, the introduction sumbawa is situated between lombok to the west and flores to the east. botanical exploratory efforts on sumbawa are summarized from van steenis-kruseman‘s (1950), cyclopedia of botanical exploration in malaysia. the earliest botanical exploratory efforts in sumbawa were based out of bima, in the eastern part of the island. brief descriptions of the explorers and the geographic areas they explored are as follows: caspar george carl reinwardt may be the first floristic study of west sumbawa, indonesia received august 12, 2011; accepted october 09, 2013 harry wiriadinata herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: harry_wiria@yahoo.com deden girmansyah herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: deden@yahoo.com james m. hunter new england tropical conservatory, bennington, vermont, usa. e-mail: jmhunter@adelphia.net w. scott hoover new england tropical conservatory, bennington, vermont, usa; department of botany, smithsonian institution, washington, dc, usa. e-mail: scoothoover@netrop.org kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya jakarta−bogor km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia.; botany department, field museum, chicago, illinois, usa. email: kkjak@indo.net.id abstract wiriadinata, h., girmansyah, d., hunter, j. m., hoover, w. s. & kartawinata, k. 2013. floristic study of west sumbawa, indonesia. reinwardtia 13 (5): 391−404. — a floristic survey was undertaken in mountains forest of west sumbawa and some surrounding lower forests, an area of indonesia receiving limited biological study. three hundred sixteen species of angiosperms and ferns were collected from this area in 2004 and 2005. the collection represents 101 families and 234 genera. key words: botanical exploration, mountains, west sumbawa. abstrak wiriadinata, h., girmansyah, d., hunter, j. m., hoover, w. s. & kartawinata, k. 2013. studi flora sumbawa barat, indonesia. reinwardtia 13 (5): 391−404. ― survei flora di kawasan hutan pegunungan sumbawa barat dan hutan daerah rendah disekitarnya telah dilakukan, merupakan lokasi di indonesia yang kurang dipelajari biologinya. tiga ratus enambelas jenis dari kelompok angiospermae dan paku-pakuan telah dikoleksi dari wilayah ini pada tahun 2004 dan tahun 2005. koleksi yang didapat terdiri atas 101 suku dan 234 marga. kata kunci: eksplorasi botani, pegunungan, sumbawa barat. reinwardtia 392 [vol.13 latter undertaking exploration around mts. donggo and sambori. from 1909-10 johannes elbert lead a sunda island expedition which placed him in bima in nov. 1909 (elbert, 1911-12). the expedition resulted in the collection of about 16,300 herbarium specimens representing 4284 numbers, but no record of numbers of collections for sumbawa were indicated. a second trip by elbert to sumbawa resulted in collecting another 707 numbers. much of the earlier collection from the time of odoardo beccari in 1874, were not deposited at the bogor herbarium, even though the herbarium was founded in 1857. several other botanists visited and made collections in east sumbawa in the early 20 th century: alfred ernst on mar. 13, 14, 1906, van harreveld collected in g. tambora and tanjung pasumba in oct. 1920, victor emiie van straelen in 1929, oene posthumus in 1932, otto jaag on april 24, 1938, siebe bloembergen in 1939, leendert van der pijl june 28, 1941, and foresters of the forest research institute (e.g. atang, daroesman, panggabean, soewondo, de voogd, etc.) in 19231934 collected 224 numbers (under the bb. series). mrs. ilse maier-rensch accompanied her husband zoologist, bernard rensch, head, division of mollusks, zoological museum, berlin university, on an expedition to the lesser sunda islands in 1927 as a botanical collector. from late april to early june she undertook botanical collecting in west sumbawa on mts. batu dulang and batu lante (rensch 1931); the former is a target site for exploration in the present paper. she may have been the first botanist to explore these mountains in west sumbawa. cornelis nicolaas abraham de voogd made two separate trips to west sumbawa; the first trip in 1933 (oct. 28-nov. 1) and a second trip in 1936 (june 7-11), collecting around the east and west parts of the island. a phytosociological and silvicultural analysis was undertaken by meijer-drees (1938, 1951) for e. sumbawa. van steenis (1957) identified vegetation types throughout indonesia and whitmore (1984) further studied vegetation throughout malesia. however, no further botanical exploration of west sumbawa was conducted until 34 years after the rensch expedition of 1927, when in 1961 kostermans and his team (including a. fedorov of the ussr academy of sciences) (kostermans & kartawinata, 1961) revisited the area. a survey report by kostermans (1965) followed up on the expedition, describing mostly tree families and genera with a few herbs and shrubs mentioned. this paper has tabulated kostermans (1965) survey. recent botanical explorations in march 2004 and july 2005 conducted by herbarium bogoriense (rcb-lipi) sponsored by new england tropical conservatory, usa just preliminary survey by collecting herbarium specimen from west sumbawa within six study sites (between sumbawa besar to batu dulang, batu dulang complex, mount pasak complex, mount ngengas complex, tepals complex and jaran pusang complex) hoping that the data can be used for a compliment a check list flora of sumbawa. study sites fig. 1 shows the location of the 2004 and 2005 expeditions. the interior of west sumbawa is dominated by the following mountains: batu pasak (1700 m), batu linting ―lante‖ (1650 m), batu dulang (1700 m) and puncak ngengas (1700 m.). all mountains were ascended and explored and are described in the present study. rugged lower mountains, ridges, hills, and small valleys comprise most of the remaining, interior landscape, with a narrow coastal plain forming a fringe vegetation zone adjacent to the indian ocean to the south and bali sea to the north. access to these mountains, and the collection sites around them, was by a grueling road out of the city of sumbawa besar and hiking from the road. methods the present study was undertaken in march 2004 and july 2005 as a botanical exploratory effort, as little previous biological survey work has been done in west sumbawa. expedition base camps were established near brangbosang bridge, foot of mt batu pasak (08º 37 729 s, 117º 15 476 e at 1400 m asl.) and in the forest at foot of mt. ngengas upper village of tepal, (08º 35 654 s, 117º 08 860 e at 1278 m asl). all the base camps themselves were framed from trees with a tarp covering the frames. standard botanical techniques for herbarium specimen acquisition were employed. herbarium especially fertile specimen were collected along the trails from several vegetation types from lowland to top of mountains and sterile specimen herbarium were collected within 2 plots (each plot 0.1. ha) at the slope of mt. ngengas and at the foot of mt. pasak. first set of herbarium specimen stored in herbarium bogoriense (rcblipi), cibinong and second set sent to smithsonian institute, washington as duplicate. results as a result of these botanical explorations species collected from the expedition is presented in table 1. 2013] 393 wiriadinata et al. : floristic study of west sumbawa, indonesia flora between sumbawa besar and batu dulang (146–327 m asl) vegetation along the road from sumbawa besar to batu dulang is typical monsoon forest or savanna with some big trees such as borassus flabelifer (very common), cassia siamea, schleicera oleosa, alstonia scholaris, lagerstroemia speciosa and tamarindus indica grow here and there. several trees that can be found along the road are: albizia saponaria, parkia timoriana, buchanania arborescens, dracontomelon dao, dysoxylum nutans, elaeocarpus petiolatus, freziera calophylla, ficus racemosa, f. septica, grewia multiflora, homalium tomentosum, knema cinerea, tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa, litsea glutinosa and microcos paniculata. among the big trees there are small trees and shrubs compose of antidesma montanum, cordia mixa, leea angulata and melastoma malabatricum. among climbers that occur along the way can be mentioned here are asparagus racemosus, caesalpinia sappan, cayratia geniculata, cissampelos pereira, cissus javana, clematis smilacifolia, ipomoea pes-caprae and among grasses there are some herbs such as asystasia nemorum, corcorus olitorius, crotalaria pallida, desmodium cephalotes, d. gangeticum, hyptis suaveolens and indigofera zollingeriana. ferns very rare, among the collections there are adiantum philippense, vittaria elongata and lycopodium flexuosum. flora of batu dulang complex area (800–1000 m asl) batu dulang can be reached on foot from semongkat atas village by car, but from batu dulang to brangbosang bridge many landslides cause no car can pass the road. natural vegetation of the area between batu dulang and brangbosang camp already converted into coffee plantation with erythrina subumbrans and ceiba pentandra planted as shade trees. following a trail road from batu dulang to brangbosang there is secondary forest dominated by dipterocarpus hasseltii, a rare species as representative of dipterocarpaceae for lesser sunda island (sli). there are several interesting plants e.g. pandanus which is also endemic species of lsi, cyathea sp. a tree fern which grows here and there in a rather wet area and sometime found abundance locally, exocarpus pullei a root parasitic plant with long leaf and red fruit grows in open area, among grasses, cyrtandra nemorosa of gesneriaceae a common small shrub with yellow flower and sausage fruit. around the brangbosang bridge (ca. 1000 m asl.) the vegetation compose of small trees, shrubs such as saurauia bracteata, adinandra sorosanthera, lasianthus capitatus, villebrunea rubescens; common herbs such as centella asiatica, kylingia sp., pillea melastomoides, strobilanthes blumei, rubus rosaefolius and some alien herbs which already fig. 1. one of expedition locations at mountain batu pasak (1700 m asl). reinwardtia 394 [vol.13 naturalised in this area such as ageratum conyzoides, stachytarpheta jamaicensis, spermacoce laevis, piper sarmentosum, centella asiatica and urena lobata. climbers are very rare, among them are frecynetia elongata and tetrastigma papilosum; ferns are also rare, several species that can be mentioned here are cyathea sp., nephrolepis sp., asplenium caudatum, lycopodiella cernua, selaginella plana and gramitis obliqua. flora of mts pasak complex area (1000–1700 m asl) mountains pasak complex compose of several mountains with the highest elevation belong to mt. batu pasak peak (1700 m asl.) and second high elevation mt. batu linting ―batu lante‖ (1600 m asl). vegetation on the foot of those mountains is still good. the tall trees belong to dacrycarpus neriifolius. other tall trees composes of this mountain forest are calophyllum soulatri, memecylon myrsinoides, adinandra sarosanthera, chionanthus polygamus, elaeocarpus punctatus, polyalthia subcordata, polyscias javanica, neolitsea triplinervia, gomphandra javanica and weinmannia blumei. secondary canopy composes of eonymus javanicum, saurauia bracteosa, villebrunea rubescens, lasianthus capitatus, medinella speciosa, cyrtandra nemorosa, homalanthus populneus, evodia latifolia, cinnamomum sp., strobilanthes blumei and the forest floor composes of herbs such as selaginella wildenowii, elatostema sp. and polygonum sp. on the top of mountains vegetation compose of cletra sumbawaensis, adinandra sarosanthera, weinmannia blumei, homalanthus populneus, ficus spp. and schefflera elliptica. flora of mts ngengas complex area (1250–1700 m asl) some of forest areas already converted to coffee plantation with erythrina subumbrans as shade trees. the forest already disturbed indicated by the present of laportea stimulans and homalanthus populneus which occur abundant in the forest. floristic composition of mountain ngengas forest are gomphandra javanica, aglaia sylvestris, aglaia odoratissima, aglaia teijsmaniana, neolitsea diversifolia, dacrycarpus imbricatus, nauclea excelsa, drypetes longifolia, ficus septica, ficus subulata. second canopy composes of hypobathrum frutescens, pittosporum moluccanum, villebrunea rubescens, glochidion rubrum, ardisia myristicaefolia. the forest floor covered by phlagacanthus celebicus, elatostema rostratum, mycetia cauliflora, adathoda vesica, sida acuta, hypoetes rosea, and ardisia japonica. orchids are rare; some terrestrial species of orchids occurs in this forest are calanthe susanne and macodes patola since the epiphytic orchids are dendrobium sp., bulbophyllum sp. and eria sp. all are sterile. flora of tepal village complex (1000 – 1400 m asl) tepal village can be reached by car from sumbawa besar through semongkat atas and poenik village. some of natural vegetation already converted to coffee plantations. around tepal complex there are many bamboos such as gigantochloa apus and schizostachyum blumei. among coffee plantation there are some trees occurs such as ficus spp., alstonia scholaris, breynia racemosa, homalanthus populneus and glochidion rubrum. forest in the upper part of the village rather disturbed, there are many laportea stimulans which dominated the vegetation. among trees collected from this forest are gomphandra javanica, pittosporum moluccanum, adinandra javanica, aglaia sylvestris, pipturus argenteus, memecylon bakerianum and casearia coriacea. the floor of the forest composes of small trees, shrub such as saurauia nudiflora, debregeasia longifolia, clerodendrum buchanani and c. confusum, andrographis laxiflora, ardisia javanica, begonia spp., belosynopsis ciliata capitata, forrestia mollissima, hypoetes polythyrsa, mycetia cauliflora, ophiorrhiza neglecta and ferns such as asplenium caudatum, a. normale, selaginella plana, cardamine africana and ctenopteris obliquata. flora of jaran pusang (0–1000 m asl) jaran pusang lies in eastern part of sumbawa besar and can be reach by car. vegetation of the foot of jaran pusang dominated by ziziphus mauritiana, ziziphus jujuba and bambusa spinosa. among the forest trees occurs in this area are: aglaia sylvestris, syzygium javanicum, allophyllus cobbe, diospyros cauliflora, gyrinops versteegii, elattostachys verrucosa and euodia latifolia. some small trees and shrubs composes of zanthoxylum avicenae, ardisia javanica, a. lanceolata, bridelia insulana, acronychia trifoliata, ixora paludosa, lasianthus attenuatus, memecylon myrsinoides, homalanthus populneus, glycosmis cochinchinensis, phaleria octandra, randia reinwardtiana, suregada glomerulata and lepionurus sylvestris. on the forest floor there are several species of herbs such as amomum aculeatum, asystasia nemorum, cyrtandra insignis, c. nemorosa and heliotropium indicum. climbers very rare and among the species collected from this area are capparis sepiaria var. fischeri, 2013] 395 wiriadinata et al. : floristic study of west sumbawa, indonesia pseudouvaria rugosa and tetracera scandens. discussion the low elevation of sumbawa besar to the south west are mostly savanna with typical trees such as borassus flabellifer, schleicera oleosa, lagerstroemia speciosa, cassia siamea and tamarindus indica grow here and there among ence of these forest patches especially interesting. dipterocarpus hasseltii, is a rare and an endemic species of java and lsi. this species that occurs in batu dulang as representative of dipterocarpaceae for lesser sunda island (sli). it grows in small population. pandanus which is also endemic species of lsi, can be found at batu dulang complex, usually grows in the forest under canopy, wet area and along the small river. exocarpus pullei grasses. in low and higher elevation some area of the vegetations especially near the villages of semongkat atas, batu dulang, phonik and ngengas are already converted into coffee plantation, even though in the rest forest still rich of plant species. among the coffee plantation many trees such as erythrina subumbrans and gliricidia maculata are planted as shade trees. the secondary forest dominated by laportea stimulans, homalanthus macrophyllus and h. populneus, as secondary species. tree ferns (cyathea) are observed abundantly at 600-800 m at two forest ―patches‖ before phonik and batu dulang. cyathea abundance and density is so great in these two patches that they may be considered to be highly unusual for such a low elevation. these two forest patches may have considerable scientific interest for sumbawa, as characteristics of both lowland forest and upper elevation forest are represented. these forest patches may represent an upper limit of lowland evergreen forest, based on initial observations of tall, canopy, evergreen trees, some with large buttressing and upper elevation forests indicated by the presence and abundance of cyathea. the observation of, what appears to be, lowland wet evergreen forest on a ―dry island‖ like sumbawa, further makes the exista root parasitic plant with long leaf and red fruit grows in open area, among grasses. it has very hard wood, usually use for stick. vernacular name in semongkat atas village is ‗kayu sulaeman‘ and it use as ritual for protecting the house from thief. cyrtandra nemorosa of gesneriaceae a common small shrub with yellow flower and sausage fruit. this species rather common along the trail from batu dulang to brangbosang bridge, this plant usually grows in wet area and shade area even in open area. flora around brangbosang bridge on the foot of mountain pasak complex mostly dominated by shrubs due the area is expose to sunlight, such as lasianthus capitatus, cyrtandra nemorosa, villebrunea rubescens, strobilanthes blumei, spermacoce laevis and rubus rosaefolius. on the river bank and moist area some ferns such as nephrolepis sp., asplenium caudatum, lycopodiella cernua, selaginella plana and gramitis obliqua can be found. there are many exotic and naturalised species grow in this area such as ageratum conyzoides, stachytarpheta jamaicensis, and centella asiatica. flora of mts ngengas complex area. like many other area which lies close to village in the last decade the forest of mount ngengas converted to fig. 2. habitat and habit of begonia sp. reinwardtia 396 [vol.13 coffee plantation with erythrina subumbrans as shade trees. beside the pioneer species such as omalanthus populneus, the laportea stimulans becomes abundant in the forest edges. the mount ngengas seem has good forest since there are still many trees such as gomphandra javanica, aglaia sylvestris, aglaia odoratissima, aglaia teijsmaniana, neolitsea diversifolia, nauclea excelsa, drypetes longifolia, ficus septica, f. subulata, hypobathrum frutescens, pittosporum moluccanum, villebrunea rubescens, glochidion rubrum and ardisia myristicaefolia, phlagacanthus celebicus, elatostema rostratum, mycetia cauliflora, adathoda vesica, sida acuta, hypoetes rosea, ardisia japonica, calanthe susanne and some orchids such as macodes patola, dendrobium sp., bulbophyllum sp. and eria sp. are also can be found here. interesting issue found from the top of this mountain because there are few novelties of begonias beside begonia multangula and b. isoptera eg. begonia sp 1 (fig. 2). which has red coloured under leaf. these begonias usually grow at the high elevation, near small rivers, in the virgin forest under the canopy and do not like direct sunlight. the forest in mountains pasak complex, mountain batu linting ‗batu lante‘ complex are still good, there are many big trees with height more than 20 m and more than 50 cm in diameter. the emergent tree such as dacrycarpus neriifolius has diameter around up to 90 cm dbh, and height 20-25 m, compare to java this species is very rare in this area. the first canopy layer consists of trees such as elaeocarpus punctatus, gomphandra javanica, memecylon myrsinoides, neolitsea triplinervia, adinandra sarosanthera, chionanthus polygamus and polyalthia subcordata. calophyllum soulatri mostly occur in the slope facing south. polyscias javanica, weinmannia blumei and villebrunea rubescens usually found at forest edge, are found between shrub in the open area. secondary canopy layer composes of trees of 10-15 m height such as evodia latifolia, eonymus javanicum, saurauia bracteosa and lasianthus capitatus. the secondary species such as homalanthus gigantea, h. populneus and laportea stimulans grow in open area at disturbed forest edges. the forest floor composes of herbs such as medinella speciosa, cyrtandra nemorosa, strobilanthes blumei, selaginella wildenowii, elatostema sp. and polygonum sp. on the top of mountains vegetation compose of cletra sumbawaensis which is endemic to the island, and other plants such as adinandra sarosanthera, weinmannia blumei, homalanthus populneus, ficus spp. and schefflera elliptica since these species can grow in open area and they have been known as demanding light species. jaran pusang complex lies in south east of sumbawa besar and can be reach by car. in this complex area there is a dam for reservoir. around the lake the vegetation dominated by ziziphus rotundifolia and z. oenophlia, the torny shrub with many branches. bambusa spinosa dominated the foot of jaran pusang, it seem that this species is invasive. interesting rare species found in this complex is gyrinops versteegii. this species is included in cites appendix 2. many people cut the wood for insence due it has very high economic value. population of this species in the wild decrease rapidly and it status becomes vulnerable. acknowledgements the authors appreciate the assistance of lipi for our permits to undertake field work in sumbawa together with the on-going participation of prof. dr. eko baroto walujo, keeper of botany division, research center for biology at the time. financial assistance for this work was provided by the new england tropical conservatory and the american begonia society, to whom we extend much gratitude. references elbert, j. 1911-12. ―die sunda-expedition des vereins f. geogr. und statistik zu frankfurt a. m.‖ (in festschr. z. feier d. 75-jahrigen bestehens d. ver., 2 vols., w. maps with marked routes). hoover, w. s., wiriadinata, h., girmansyah, d. & hunter, j. m. 2004. notes on the geography of south-east asian begonia and species diversity in montane forests. telopea 10(3): 749-764. hoover, w. s., girmansyah, d., wiriadinata, h. & hunter. j. m. 2009. high elevation liana colonies on mt. slamet, central java, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(2): 45-67. kostermans, a. & kartawinata, k. 1961. explorasi singkat ekspedisi botani sumbawa. berita mipi 6: 9-12. kostermans 1965. notes on the vegetation of w. sumbawa (indonesia). in: symposium on ecological research in humid tropics vegetation, kuching, sarawak, june 1963. eds. a.j. g. h. kostermans and f. r. fosberg. unesco science cooperation office for se asia, jakarta. meijer-drees, e. 1938. plantensociologie, boschbouw en houtteelt. tectona 31: 166-205. meijer-drees, e. 1951. distribution, ecology and silvicultural possibilities of the trees and shrubs from the savanna-forest region in eastern sumbawa and timor (lesser sunda islands). communication of the forest research institute, bogor, no. 33. rensch, b. 1931. die vogelwelt von lombok, sumbawa and flores. mitt. zool. mus. berlin 17: 451-637. van steenis, c.g.g.j. 1957. outline of vegetation 2013] 397 wiriadinata et al. : floristic study of west sumbawa, indonesia types in indonesia and some adjacent regions. proc. pacif. sci. congr. 8(4): 61-97. van steenis-kruseman, m.j. 1950. flora malesiana: malaysian plant collectors and collections being a cyclopedia of botanical exploration in malaysia. noordhoff-kolff n. v., djakarta. whitmore, t.c. 1984. tropical rain forests of the far east, 2nd ed., oxford university press, oxford. zollinger, h. 1848. a visit to the mountaineers, dodongo, in the country of bima. journ. ind. arch. & est. asia 2: 687-694. zollinger, h. 1850. verslag van eene reis naar bima en soembawa en naar eenige plaatsen op celebes, saleuijer en floris, 1847. verh. bat. gen k. & w. 23: 1–224. zollinger, h. 1854. beschreibung der insel sumbawa. zeitschr. allg. erdk. berlin 3: 1–501. reinwardtia 398 [vol.13 table 1. list of species collected from sumbawa no species family location i ii iii iv v vi 1 achyrospermum densiflorum blume lamiaceae × × 3 acronychia trifoliata zoll. et merr. rutaceae × × 4 adhatoda vasica nees acanthaceae × 5 adiantum philippense l. adianthaceae × 7 adinandra javanica choisy. theaceae × × 8 adinandra sarosanthera miq. theaceae × 9 agalmyla elongata (blume) b.l. burtt. gesneriaceae × 10 aglaia odoratissima blume meliaceae × 11 aglaia rubiginosa (hiern) pannell meliaceae × 13 aglaia silvestris (m. roem) merr. meliaceae × × × × 14 aglaia teysamanniana (miq.) miq. meliaceae × 15 albizia lebbeck (l.) benth. leguminosae × 16 albizia saponaria (lour) miq. leguminosae × × 17 albizia splendens miq. leguminosae × 19 albizia tomentella miq. leguminosae × 20 allophylus cobbe (l.) raeusch. sapindaceae × 21 alpinia sp. zingiberaceae × 22 alstonia scholaris (l.) r. br. apocynaceae × 23 alstonia spectabilis r. br. apocynaceae × 24 amischotolype mollissima (blume) hassk. commelinaceae × 25 amomum aculeatum roxb. zingiberaceae × 26 anaphalis longifolia (blume) blume ex. dc. compositae × × 27 andrographis laxiflora (blume) lindau acanthaceae × × 28 antidesma montanum blume phyllanthaceae × × 29 antrophyum semirostratum blume vittariaceae × 30 apidopterys elliptica (blume) juss. malphigiaceae × 31 ardisia diversifolia koord. et valeton primulaceae × 32 ardisia japonica (thumb.) blume primulaceae × × × 33 ardisia javanica a. dc. primulaceae × × × × 34 ardisia purpurea reinw. ex blume primulaceae × 35 ardisia myristicifolia blume ex scheff. primulaceae × × × 36 arthropteris obliterata (r. br.) j.sm. nephrolepidaceae × 37 asclepias curassavica l. asclepiadaceae × × 38 asparagus racemosus willd. asparagaceae × 39 asplenium caudatum g. forst. aspleniaceae × × 40 asplenium normale d. don. aspleniaceae × 41 asplenium salignum blume aspleniaceae × 42 asplenium unilaterale lam. aspleniaceae × 43 astronia spectabilis blume melastomataceae × × 44 asystasia nemorum nees acanthaceae × × × 45 bauhinia fulva (korth.) blume leguminosae × 46 bauhinia integrifolia roxb. leguminosae × × 47 begonia cf. isopteran begoniaceae × × 48 begonia cf. multangula begoniaceae × 49 begonia cf. robusta begoniaceae × 50 begonia sp1 begoniaceae × × × 51 begonia sp2 begoniaceae × × 52 begonia sp3 begoniaceae × × 53 begonia sp4 begoniaceae × 54 belosynopsis ciliata (blume) r.s. rao commelinaceae × 55 blumea chinensis (l.) dc. compositae × 56 blumea balsamifera (l.) dc. compositae × 57 boeninghausenia albiflora (hook.) reichb. ex. meisn. rutaceae × × 2013] 399 wiriadinata et al. : floristic study of west sumbawa, indonesia no species family location i ii iii iv v vi 58 breynia virgata (blume) muell. arg. phyllanthaceae × 59 bridelia insulana hence phyllanthaceae × 60 bryophyllum pinnatum (lam.) oken crassulaceae × 61 buchanania arborescens blume (blume) anacardiaceae × 62 buddleja asiatica lour. scrophulariaceae × 63 caesalpinia sappan l. leguminosae × 64 callicarpa longifolia lam. lamiaceae × × 65 calophyllum soulatri burm. f. calophyllaceae × × 66 canthium conferta (korth.) merr. rubiaceae × 67 capparis cantoniensis lour. capparidaceae × 68 capparis sepiaria var. fischeri (pax) dewolf capparidaceae × 69 cardamine africana l. brassicaceaee × × 70 casearia coriaceae vent. salicaceae × × × 71 cayratia geniculata (blume) gagnep. vitaceae × × 72 centella asiatica (l.) urb. apiaceae × 73 chionanthus polygamus (roxb.) kiew oleaceae × 74 cippadessa baccifera miq. meliaceae × 75 cissampelos pareira l. menispermaceae × 76 cissus javana dc. vitaceae × 77 cissus repens lam. vitaceae × 78 clausena excavata burm. f. rutaceae × 79 cleidion spiciferum merr. euphorbiaceae × × 80 clematis smilacifolia wall. ranunculaceae × 81 clerodendrum buchanani (roxb.) walp. lamiaceae × × 82 clerodendrum confusum hall.f. lamiaceae × 83 clethra sumbawaensis sleumer clethraceae × × 84 coniogramme fraxinea (d.don) fee ex diels adianthaceae × 85 corchorus olitorius l. malvaceae × 86 cordia myxa l. boraginaceae × 87 crotalaria pallida aiton leguminosae × 88 croton cf. polot burm. f. euphorbiaceae × 89 croton tiglium l. euphorbiaceae × 90 crypteronia paniculata blume crypteroniaceae × 91 cucumis javanicus (miq.) ghebret. & thulin cucurbitaceae × 92 cyrtandra insignis c.b. clarke gesneriaceae × 93 cyrtandra nemorosa blume gesneriaceae × × × 94 debregeasia longifolia wedd. var. affinis j.j.s. urticaceae × × × 95 decaspermum triflorum a.j scott myrtaceae × 96 desmodium cephalotes (roxb.) benth. leguminosae × 97 desmodium gangeticum dc. leguminosae × 98 desmodium laxiflorum dc. leguminosae × 99 diospyros cauliflora blume ebenaceae × 100 dipterocarpus hasseltii blume dipterocarpaceae × × 101 dischidia longifolia becc. apocynaceae × 102 dischidia punctata (blume) dc. apocynaceae × 103 disporum cantoniense (lour.) merr. asparagaceae × 104 dracontomelon dao (blanco) merr. & rolfe anacardiaceae × 105 drymaria cordata (l.) willd. ex schult. caryophyllaceae × 106 dryopteris sparsa (d. don.) kuntze dryopteridaceae × 107 drypetes longifolia (blume) pax & k. hoffm. putranjivaceae × 108 dysoxylum arborescens (blume) miq. meliaceae × 109 dysoxylum nutans (blume) miq. meliaceae × 110 elaeocarpus petiolatus (jacq) wall. elaeocarpaceae × table 1. list of species collected from sumbawa (continued) http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2606863 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2606863 reinwardtia 400 [vol.13 table 1. list of species collected from sumbawa (continued) no species family location i ii iii iv v vi 111 elaeocarpus punctatus (wall.) ex mast. elaeocarpaceae × 112 elattostachys verrucosa (blume) radlk. sapindaceae × × 113 elatostema rostratum (blume) hassk. urticaceae × 114 elsholtzia pubescens benth. lamiaceae × 115 embelia javanica a. dc. primulaceae × 116 etlingera sp. zingiberaceae × 117 euonymus indicus b. heyne ex wall. celastraceae × 118 eurya acuminata dc. pentaphylacaceae × 119 exocarpos pullei pilg. santalaceae × 120 fagara rhetsa dc. rutaceae × 121 fatoua pilosa gaudich moraceae × 122 ficus fistulosa reinw. ex blume moraceae × 123 ficus nervosa subsp. pubinervis (blume) c.c. berg. moraceae × 124 ficus racemosa l. moraceae × 125 ficus ribes reinw. ex blume moraceae × × 126 ficus septica burm. moraceae × × 127 ficus subulata blume moraceae × 128 freycinetia insignis blume pandanaceae × × 129 freziera calophylla triana & planch. pentaphylacaceae × 130 geniostoma rupestre j.r. forst & g. forst. loganiaceae × 131 globba sp. zingiberaceae × 132 glochidion glomerulatum (miq.) boerl. phyllanthaceae × 133 glochidion philippicum (cav.) c.b. rob. phyllanthaceae × 134 glochidion zeylanicum var arborescens (blume) chakrab. & m. gangop. phyllanthaceae × 135 glycosmis cochinchinensis (lour.) pierre ex engl. rutaceae × 136 gomphandra javanica (blume) valeton stemonuraceae × × × 137 goniophlebium persicifolium (desv.) bedd. polygonaceae × × 138 gramitis obliquata (blume) hassk. gramitidaceae × × 139 grewia multiflora juss. malvaceae × × 140 gynura procumbens (lour.) merr. compositae × 141 gyrinops versteegii (gilg.) domke thymelaeaceae × 142 helicia serrata (r.br.) blume proteaceae × 143 heliotropium indicum l. boraginaceae × 144 homalanthus giganteus z. & m. euphorbiaceae × 145 homalanthus populneus (geisel) pax euphorbiaceae × × 146 homalium tomentosum benth. salicaceae × 147 hoya diversifolia blume apocynaceae × 148 humata repens (l.f.) diels. davalliaceae × 149 huperzia serrata (thunb.) trevis. lycopodiaceae × 150 hypobathrum frutescens blume rubiaceae × 151 hypoestes polythyrsa miq. acanthaceae × 152 hypoestes rosea nees acanthaceae × × × 153 hyptis suaveolens (l.) poit. lamiaceae × 154 impatiens platypetala lindl. balsaminaceae × × 155 indigofera zollingeriana miq. leguminosae × http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-26609543 2013] 401 wiriadinata et al. : floristic study of west sumbawa, indonesia no species family location i ii iii iv v vi 156 ipomoea grandifolia (dammer) o‘donell convolvulaceae × × 157 ipomoea indica (burm.) merr. convolvulaceae × 158 ipomoea pes-caprae (l.) r. br. convolvulaceae × 159 ipomoea pesti-gridis l. convolvulaceae × 160 itea macrophylla wall. iteaceae × × 161 ixora paludosa (blume) kurz rubiaceae × 162 jasminum elongatum (p.j. bergius) willd. oleaceae × 163 josephinia imperatricis vent. pedaliaceae × 164 justicia japonica thunb. acanthaceae × × 165 kleinhovia hospita l. malvaceae × 166 knema cinerea (poir.) warb. myristicaceae × 167 knema glauca (blume) warb. myristicaceae × 168 lagerstroemia speciosa (l.) presl. lythraceae × 169 lantana camara l. verbenaceae × 170 lasianthus attenuatus jack rubiaceae × 171 lasianthus capitatus blume rubiaceae × × 172 leea angulata korth. ex miq. vitaceae × 173 leea indica (burm. f.) merr. vitaceae × × 174 lepionurus sylvestris blume opiliaceae × 175 leucas decemdentata var. decemdentata lamiaceae × 176 lindernia crustacea (l.) f. muell. scrophulariaceae × 177 litsea diversifolia blume lauraceae × × 178 litsea glutinosa (lour) c.b.rob lauraceae × 179 litsea noronhae blume lauraceae × 180 litsea timoriana span lauraceae × 181 litsea tomentosa nees lauraceae × 182 lycianthes biflora (lour) bitt. solanaceae × 183 lycopodiella cernua (l.) pic. serm. lycopodiaceae × 184 lygodium flexuosum (l.) sw. schizaeaceae × 185 maesa perlarius (lour.) merr. primulaceae × × × 186 mallotus dispar m.a. euphorbiaceae × 187 mallotus philippinensis (blume) mull. arg. euphorbiaceae × 188 mallotus mollicimus (geiseler) airy shaw euphorbiaceae × × 189 medinilla speciosa blume melastomataceae × × 190 melastoma malabathricum l. melastomataceae × × × × 191 melastoma setigerum blume melastomataceae × 192 melicope latifolia dc. rutaceae × × 193 memecylon bakerianum cogn. melastomataceae × 194 memecylon edule roxb. melastomataceae × 195 memecylon myrsinoides blume melastomataceae × 196 microcos paniculata l. malvaceae × 197 micromelum minutum wight. & arn. rutaceae × × 198 mucuna macrophylla miq. leguminosae × × 199 mycetia cauliflora reinw. rubiaceae × × 200 myristica fatua houtt myristicaceae × 201 myristica fatua houtt var. sphanoghena myristicaceae × 202 myristica gualtheriifolia a. dc. myristicaceae × 203 neolitsea cassiaefolia (blume) merr. lauraceae × 204 neolitsea latifolia blume lauraceae × 205 neolitsea triplinervia (blume) s. moore lauraceae × × table 1. list of species collected from sumbawa (continued) reinwardtia 402 [vol.13 table 1. list of species collected from sumbawa (continued) no species family location i ii iii iv v vi 206 neonauclea excelsa (blume) merr. rubiaceae × × 207 oldenlandia elmeri merr. rubiaceae × × 208 onychium siliculosus (desv.) c. chr. adianthaceae × 209 ophiorrhiza canescens blume rubiaceae × 210 ophiorrhiza neglecta blume ex dc. rubiaceae × × 211 ophiorrhiza sumbawana val. rubiaceae × 212 ortosiphon aristatus (blume) miq. lamiaceae × 213 pachyrhizus erosus (l.) urb. leguminosae × × 214 paederia foetida l. rubiaceae × 215 pararuellia napifera (zoll.) bremek. & nann.-bremek. acanthaceae × 216 peperomia laevifolia (blume) miq. piperaceae × × 217 peperomia pellucida (k.) kunth. piperaceae × × 218 peperomia tetraphylla hook. & arn. piperaceae × 219 persicaria chinense (l.) h. gross polygonaceae 220 perycamphyllus glaucus (lmk.) merr. menispermaceae × × × × 221 phaeanthus sumatrana miq. annonaceae × 222 phaleria octandra (l.) baill. thymelaeaceae × 223 phlogacanthus celebicus backer ex bremek. acanthaceae × 224 photinia integrifolia var. integrifolia rosaceae × × × 225 phyllanthus emblica l. phyllanthaceae × × 226 piper opizianum fuernr. piperaceae × 227 piper bantamense blume piperaceae × 228 piper caninum blume piperaceae × 229 piper majusculum blume piperaceae × 230 piper miniatum (miq.) blume piperaceae × 231 piper retropractum vahl. piperaceae × × × × 232 piper umbellatum l. piperaceae × 233 pipturus argenteus (g. forst.) wedd. urticaceae × × × 234 pittosporum moluccanum (lamk.) miq. pittosporaceae × × × × × 235 pityrogramma calomelanos (l.) link adianthaceae × × 236 planchonella firma (miq.) dubard sapotaceae × 237 platea excelsa blume var borneensis (harms.) sl. icacinaceae × 238 plectranthus amboinicus (lour.) spreng. lamiaceae × 239 plumbago zeylanica l. plumbaginaceae × 240 pogostemon heyneanus benth. lamiaceae × × × 241 polyalthia subcordata blume annonaceae × 242 polyosma integrifolia blume escalloniaceae × 243 polyscias javanica koord. et valeton. araliaceae × × × 244 porana volubilis burm. f. convolvulaceae × 245 procris pedunculata (j.r. & g. forst.) wedd. urticaceae × 246 pseudarthria viscida (l.) wight et arn. leguminosae × × 247 pseuderanthemum diversifolium radlk. acanthaceae × 248 pseudovaria rugosa (blume) merr. annonaceae × 249 psilotum nudum (l.) p. beauv. psilotaceae × 250 psychotria malayana jacq. rubiaceae × 251 psychotria leptothyrsa miq. rubiaceae × 252 psychotria montana blume rubiaceae × × × 2013] 403 wiriadinata et al. : floristic study of west sumbawa, indonesia table 1. list of species collected from sumbawa (continued) no species family location i ii iii iv v vi 253 psychotria sarmentosa blume × 254 randia reinwardtiana (blume) backer × 255 rapanea avenis (blume) mez. primulaceae × × 256 rauvolfia sumatrana jack apocynaceae × × 257 remusatia vivipara (roxb.) schott araceae × 258 rhynchoglossum obliquum blume gesneriaceae × × 259 rubus lineatus reinw. ex blume rosaceae × 260 rubus moluccanus l. rosaceae × × 261 rubus rosifolius sm. ex baker rosaceae × × 262 ryssopterys tiliaefolia (vent.) juss. malphigiaceae × × 263 sambucus javanica reinw. ex blume adoxaceae × × 264 sarcolobus globbosus wall. apocynaceae × 265 saurauia bracteosa dc. actinidiaceae × 266 saurauia nudiflora dc. actinidiaceae × 267 sauropus androgynus (l.) merr. phyllanthaceae × 268 schefflera elliptica (blume) harms araliaceae × 269 schefflera lucida (blume) frodin araliaceae × 270 schoutenia ovata korth. malvaceae × × 271 scoparia dulcis l. scrophulariaceae × 272 scutellaria orientalis subsp. bicolor (hochst) j.r. edm. lamiaceae × 273 scutellaria discolor colebr. lamiaceae × 274 selaginella plana hieron. sellaginellaceae × 275 selaginella willdenowii (desv. ex poir) bak. sellaginellaceae × 276 senna timorensis dc. leguminosae × 277 senna tora l. leguminosae × 278 smithia conferta sm. leguminosae × 279 solanum rudepannum dunal. solanaceae × 280 spermacoce laevis lam. rubiaceae × 281 stachytarpheta jamaiensis (l.) vahl. verbenaceae × 282 stephania capitata (blume) spreng. menispermaceae × 283 strobilanthes blumei bremek. apocynaceae × 284 strophanthus caudatus (l.) kurz. apocynaceae × 285 suregada glomerulata (blume) baill. euphorbiaceae × 286 syzygium cumini (l.) skeels. myrtaceae × 287 syzygium formosum (wall.) masam. myrtaceae × 288 syzygium nervosum a. cunn. ex dc. myrtaceae × 289 syzygium racemosum (blume) dc. myrtaceae × × 290 tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa blume apocynaceae × × 291 tephrosia pumila (lmk.) presl. leguminosae × 292 tephrosia purpurea (l.) presl. leguminosae × 293 tetracera scandens (l.) merr. dilleniaceae × × 294 tetrastigma laevigatum (blume) gagnep vitaceae × 295 tetrastigma lanceolarium (roxb.) planch vitaceae × × 296 thespesia lampas (cav.) dalz. & gibs. malvaceae × 297 thunbergia javanica c.f.gaertn. acanthaceae × 298 torenia cardifolia roxb. scrophulariaceae × 299 toxocarpus villosus decne. apocynaceae × 300 trema orientalis (l.) blume ulmaceae × × 301 triumfetta indica (l.) backer malvaceae × 302 vaccinium laurifolium miq. ericaceae × 303 vernonia arborea buch. ham compositae × 304 viburnum lutescens blume caprifoliaceae × 305 viburnum sambucinum blume caprifoliaceae × × × 306 vigna radiata var. sublobata (roxb.) verdc. leguminosae × 307 villebrunea rubescens blume urticaceae × × 308 vittaria elongata sw. vittariaceae × reinwardtia 404 [vol.13 notes i. between sumbawa besar to batu dulang ( 146-327 m asl) ii. batu dulang complex area ( 800-975 m asl) iii. mount pasak complex area ( 1000-1650m asl) iv. mount ngengas complex area ( 1260 1650 m asl) v. tepals complex area(1000-1370 m asl) vi. jaran pusang complex area (0-1000 m asl) table 1. list of species collected from sumbawa (continued) no species family location i ii iii iv v vi 309 wendlandia glabrata dc. rubiaceae × 310 zanthoxylum avicenae (lamk.) dc. rutaceae × 311 ziziphus oenophlia (l.)mill. rhamnaceae × 312 ziziphus rotundifolia lamk. rhamnaceae × instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new romance letter type submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id> for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author‘s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed. english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english or latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author‘s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 5. 2013 contents page harry wiriadinata, harry wiriadinata, deden girmansyah, james m. hunter, w. scott hoover & kuswata kartawinata. floristic study of west sumbawa, indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 391 nurhaidah iriani sinaga, ary prihardhyanto keim & pratita puradyatmika. the unique characters and habitat of freycinetia (pandanaceae) with seven new species in timika, west papua, indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………405 abdulrokhman kartonegoro. a revision of rhynchoglossum (gesneriaceae) in malesia …...421 siti susiarti, tutie djarwaningsih & ary prihardhyanto keim. pandan (pandanaceae) in flores island, east nusa tenggara, indonesia: an ethnobotanical study ….……………………………..431 ary prihardhyanto keim. a new species of freycinetia gaudich. (pandanaceae; freycinetoideae) from tidore island, moluccas, indonesia ………………………………………………………………… 441 harry wiriadinata. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from south sulawesi, indonesia …445 vera b. l. sihotang. the dynamics of pandanus illustrations from a historical perspective ………..449 lina s. juswara. book review …………………………………………………………………..….....455 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology – lipi cibinong, indonesia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(3): 221 — 3 1 5 , april 11, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedydarnaedi (indonesia) tuktrin partomihardjo (indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (indonesia) teguhtriono (indonesia) marlinaardiyani (indonesia) eizi suzuki (japan) jun wen (united state of america) managing editor himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirathidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaiy reviewers bryan simon (australia), eve j. lucas (united kingdom), j.f.veldkamp (netherlands), laurence skog (usa), pieter baas (netherlands), ruth kiew (malaysia), robert j. soreng (usa), helena duistermaat (netherlands), lyn a. craven (australia), rugayah (indonesia), mark hughes (united kingdom), martin callmander (usa), peter c. van welzen (netherlands), wayne takeuchi (usa), nobuyuki fukuoka (japan). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 3, pp: 229 − 233 229 bukit tigapuluh national park, 31-07-2006, deden 800 (holo bo). creeping herb 5–10 cm tall. stem repent with upright portions, rooting at the nodes, reddish brown, succulent, unbranched, slender, densely covered by red hair, internodes 2–3 cm apart; without a tuber. stipule greenish, with scattered hair on the veins, not keeled, ovate to narrowly triangular, 5–8 × 3–4 mm, margin fringed with glandular hairs, tip pointed, persistent. leaves distant; petiole reddish brown, hairy, 1–3 cm long; lamina slightly oblique, 3.5–8 × 1.5-3.5 cm, dark green above, yellowish green beneath with red hairs along veins, base rounded on the broader side, acute on the other side, margin sparsely minutely toothed, tip acute; venation palmate pinnate, 1 pair of veins at the base and 2–3 alternate veins along the midrib. inflorescences terminal, monochasial cyme, peduncles brownish green, hairy, erect, shorter than the leaves; few flowered, male flowers 1–2, female flowers 2, protogynous. bracts in pairs, sparsely hairy, margin fringed with short glandular hairs, pale green, oblong, 11–12 × 4–6 mm, persistent. male flowers with a white pedicel 1–1.2 cm long; tepals 3, white with a pink margin toward the tip, glabrous, margin slightly serrate with thinly teeth each tipped by hair, tip rounded, outer two rotundate, 1.2–1.3 × 1.1 cm, inner one narrowly elliptic, 0.9 × 0.4 cm; androecium an obovoid cluster, ca. 4 mm across; stamens ca. 28; filaments introduction the species-rich genus begonia is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world; currently 19 sections and approximately 521 species of begonia are recognized from southeast asia (doorenbos et al., 1998; hughes, 2008). the extensive montane forests of sumatra harbour 52 known species representing 7 sections of the genus (tebbitt, 2005; hughes, 2008; hughes et al., 2009) with many taxa still to be described (sands, 2001). most of the montane forest habitat suitable for begonia in sumatra is found at the barisan mountain range which forms the spine of the island, running behind the southeastern coast. there is also an isolated complex of rather steep ridges and valleys in the otherwise quite flat jambi province, reaching up to 830 m above sea level, known as bukit tigapuluh (‗thirty hills‘). this area has been declared as national park and is of vital conservation importance regarding the large mammals of sumatra, such as tiger, elephant and orangutan (widyatmoko & zich, 1998). the two plant species we described here are endemic to this park, thus highlighted its conservation importance in botanical terms. begonia triginticollium girm., sp. nov. – fig.1 a begonia verecunda tepalorum marginibus serratis, floribus masculis 3(non 4-) tepalis et petiolis longioribus differt. – typus: sumatra, riau province, two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from bukit tiga puluh national park, riau, sumatra received september 16, 2010; accepted june 14, 2011 deden girmansyah herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya bogor−jakarta km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. email: deden_bo@yahoo.com abstract girmansyah, d. 2012. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from bukit tigapuluh national park, sumatra, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(3): 229–233. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from bukit tigapuluh national park, sumatra, indonesia are described. those are begonia triginticollium girm. belongs to begonia section bracteibegonia and begonia dolichocarpa girm. belongs to begonia section petermannia. key words: begonia, bukit tigapuluh, sumatra. abstrak girmansyah, d. 2012. dua jenis baru begonia (begoniaceae) dari taman nasional bukit tigapuluh, sumatera, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(3): 229–233. telah dipertelakan dua jenis baru begonia (begoniaceae) dari taman nasional bukit tigapuluh, sumatera, indonesia. kedua jenis tersebut adalah begonia triginticollium girm. termasuk ke dalam seksi bracteibegonia dan begonia dolichocarpa girm. termasuk ke dalam seksi petermannia. kata kunci: begonia, bukit tigapuluh, sumatera. reinwardtia 230 [vol.13 fig. 1. begonia triginticollium girm. a. habit; b. male flower; c. stamens; d. female flower; e. style; f. fruit; g. fruit in cross-section; h. seeds. (based on type specimen, deden 800). drawn by wahyudi santoso (bo). 0.2 cm 1 cm 3 cm 0.2 cm 1 cm 0.5 cm 0.25 cm 0.02 cm a b c d e f g h 2012] 231 girmansyah: two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumatra, indonesia free, 1–2 mm; anthers golden yellow, narrowly obovate, ca. 1 mm long, tip slightly notched, opening by slits as long as the length of the anther, on one face of the anther. female flowers with a reddish pedicel ca. 3 mm long; ovary reddish green, hairy, 1.3–0.7 × 0.5–0.9 cm, wings 3, equal, ca. 3 mm wide, locules 3, placentas 2 per locule; tepals 5, white with pink along the margin, with hairs, margin serrate toward the tip, tip pointed, outermost 10–9 × 4–5 mm, innermost narrowly elliptic, slightly smaller ca. 9 × 3 mm; styles 3, styles and stigmas pale yellow, ca. 0.4 cm long, y-shaped, stigmas spiral. fruit with a reddish-green hairy pedicel, 0.4–0.5 cm long, capsule obconical, 1.1– 1.2 × 0.5–1 cm, sparsely hairy, locules 3, wings 3 equal, thinly fibrous, 2–3 mm wide, splitting between the locules and wings. seeds barrel-shaped, 0.3–0.32 × 0.2–0.25 mm long, collar cells a quarter of the seed length. distribution. bukit tigapuluh national park, rengat, riau province, sumatra. habitat & ecology. lowland rain forest at ca. 100 m altitude. terrestrial along the banks of streams, in wet and shaded areas. etymology. the epithet is derived from the latin for ‗thirty hills‘, which is the meaning of the indonesian name ‗bukit tigapuluh‘. notes. known only from the type locality, it is a rare and obviously endemic begonia being known from a scattered small population along a river bank. it mostly resembles begonia verecunda but it is different in having creeping stems, tepals with toothed margins and three male flower tepals, and oblong fruits. this species has very attractive female flowers with a light red colour along the margin of tepals. it has ornamental potential, especially for indoor use. specimens examined. sumatra, west of talanglakat on rengat to jambi road, bukit karampal area, 04-101988, j.s. burley et al. 1146. begonia dolichocarpa girm., sp.nov. – fig.2 a begonia padangensis omnino glaberrima et fructibus axillaribus solitariis magis elongatis recedit – typus: sumatra, riau province, bukit tigapuluh national park, 30-07-2006, deden 793 (holo bo; iso e, anda). erect herb to ca. 100 cm tall. stem erect, rhizomatous at the base, reddish brown and pale green at the nodes, succulent, little branched, terete, glabrous, internodes in the erect stem 2–15 cm apart, without a tuber. stipules reddish green, ovate to narrowly triangular, glabrous, ca. 1.4 × 0.3 cm, tip pointed, caducous. leaves distant; petiole reddish brown to dark red, 1–2 cm long; lamina elliptic to oblong, dark green above, pale green to dark red beneath, base rounded on the broader side, acute on the other side, margin sparsely minutely toothed, apex acuminate, 5–11 × 11–15 cm; venation palmate pinnate, 1 pair of veins at the base and 2–3 pairs along the midrib. inflorescences of male and female axillary, male inflorescence cymose, erect, shorter than the leaves, peduncles reddish, glabrous, male flowers many, female flower solitary, axillary, ovary and tepal unknown. male flowers with a white pedicel 0.5–0.7 cm long; tepals 2, white, greenish near the apex, glabrous, margin serrate, tip acute to acuminate, 0.8–0.9 × 0.4–0.5 cm; androecium with 20 stamens, cluster connate, yellow, filaments 0.1–0.3 cm; anthers golden yellow, broadly triangular to narrowly obovate, 0.3– 0.4 mm long, tip slightly notched, opening by slits the full length of the anther, slits unifacial. female flowers unknown. fruit with pedicel 1.5 cm long, capsular, green when young, becoming brown when ripe, conical, ca. 4 × 0.5 cm locular part without wings and the total fruit ca. 4 × 2 cm including the wings. seeds barrel-shaped, 0.3–0.32 × 0.2–0.25 mm long, collar cells a quarter of the seed length. distribution. bukit tigapuluh national park, rengat, riau province, sumatra. habitat and ecology. growing in wet areas along small stream margins and river banks 100–1300 m altitude. found only from the type locality. etymology. from the greek dolicho, meaning long; referring to the long fruit. notes. this is a very distinct lowland forest begonia species bearing single large fruits. the fruits are similar in size to those of begonia atricha but differ in the shape of capsule and length of the pedicel; b. atricha has longer pedicel and pendant bell-shaped fruit, whilst b. dolichocarpa has a more straight-sided fruit with a shorter, stouter pedicel. in habit, this species resembles begonia isoptera in java and b. padangensis in sumatra, and can be distinguished from both by its larger solitary fruits up to 5 cm long. this species is also endemic to bukit tigapuluh national park. it is very local begonia being known from scattered individuals along the small stream margin and river bank. the female flowers remain unknown. reinwardtia 232 [vol.13 fig. 2. begonia dolichocarpa girm. a. habit; b. stipule; c. male flower; d. stamen; e. fruit; f. fruit in cross-section; g. seed. (based on type specimen, deden 793). drawn by anne kusumawaty (bo). e a g f b c d 1 cm 1 cm 0.02 cm 0.5 cm 0.5 cm 0.2 cm 2012] 233 girmansyah: two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sumatra, indonesia specimen examined. sumatra, west of talanglakat on rengat to jambi road, bukit karampal area, 02-121988, j.s. burley et al. 1796. acnowledgments i am grateful to the director of herbarium bogoriense for making available the specimens studied, dr. axel dalberg poulsen who encouraged me to collect begonia during his 2004 ginger expedition to sumatra sponsored by the carlsberg foundation (ans-0596/20), dr. mark hughes at the royal botanic garden edinburgh and dr. laurence skog at smithsonian institution‘s national museum of natural history for their comments to an earlier version of the manuscript and for providing the latin diagnose. i also thank the director of bukit tigapuluh national park and all of the staff for helping during the field trip and forestry department for the research permit to work in bukit tigapuluh national park. i would like to thank wahyudi santoso and anne kusumawaty for their excellent line drawings. references doorenbos, j., sosef, m. s. m., & de wilde j. j. f. e. 1998. the sections of begonia including descriptions, keys and species lists (studies in begoniaceae vi). wageningen agricultural university papers 98 (2): 1-266. hughes, m. 2008. an annotated checklist of southeast asian begonia. royal botanic garden edinburgh, uk. hughes, m., girmansyah, d., ardi, w. h. & nurainas. 2009. seven new species of begonia from sumatra. gardens’ bulletin singapore 61 (1): 29-44. sands, m. j. s. 2001. begoniaceae in the flora malesiana region. in saw, l.g., chua, l.s.l. & khoo, k. c. eds, taxonomy: the cornerstone of biodiversity. proceedings of the fourth international flora malesiana symposium 1998. forest research institute malaysia, kuala lumpur. pp. 161-168. tebbitt, m. c. 2005. a new species of fleshy-fruited begonia (begoniaceae) from sumatra. blumea 50 (1): 153-156. widyatmoko, d. & zich, f. 1998. the flora of bukit tigapuluh national park, kerumutan sanctuary and mahato protective reserve, riau, indonesia. indonesian botanic gardens & yayasan sosial chevron dan texaco, indonesia. reinwardtia 234 [vol.13 314 reinwardtia [vol.13 erratum reinwardtia vol. 13, part 2, 2010 1. please change the existing word in p. 213, line 7 on abstrak (written in bahasa indonesia version) with the following: keberadaan dua jenis terakhir melampaui distribusi yang sebelumnya hanya diketahui di barat garis wallace. 2. please change the existing epithet name in p, 214, column 1, line 40 on key to the species of marantaceae in sulawesi number 5.a. after phrynium: longispicum instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by authors name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, authors name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 3. 2012 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia: additions and corrections, including a new species and a new variety 221 deden girmansyah. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from bukit tiga-puluh national park, riau, sumatra 229 pudji widodo. new nomenclature in syzygium (myrtaceae) from indonesia and its vicinities 235 alex sumadijaya & jan frits veldkamp. non-bambusoid grasses (gramineae) from raja ampat archipelago, papua barat province, indonesia 241 ary prihardyanto keim. new variety, records & discoveries of some species of pandanus (pandanaceae) in sumatra and kalimantan, indonesia 255 harry wiriadinata. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sagea lagoon, weda bay, halmahera island, north moluccas, indonesia 263 ary prihardyanto keim. the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley, papua-indonesia 271 jan frits veldkamp. koordersiochloa merr. (gramineae), the correct name for streblochaete hochst. expilg. 299 sri endarti rahayu, kuswata kartawinata, tatiek chikmawati & alex hartana. leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java 305 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biologylipi cibinong, indonesia dpn 444-651-2-pb blkng reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 67 − 71 67 nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei darussalam received december 9, 2013; accepted may 27, 2014 nurul amal latiff environmental and life sciences programme, faculty of science, universiti brunei darussalam, jln. tungku link, gadong, be 1410, brunei darussalam. e-mail: amal.latiff@gmail.com rahayu sukmaria sukri environmental and life sciences programme, faculty of science, universiti brunei darussalam, jln. tungku link, gadong, be 1410, brunei darussalam. e-mail: rahayu.sukri@ubd.edu.bn faizah metali environmental and life sciences programme, faculty of science, universiti brunei darussalam, jln. tungku link, gadong, be 1410, brunei darussalam. abstract latiff, n. a., sukri, r. s., & metali, f. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei darussalam. reinwardtia 14(1): 67 – 71. ― the genus nepenthes is known to be diverse in bornean forests and has been recorded in brunei darussalam in various forest types. we aim to investigate variation in nepenthes species richness and abundance at five forest types throughout brunei darussalam: open secondary, heath, peat swamp, white sand and mixed dipterocarp forests. a total of thirty-nine 5 × 5 m 2 plots were set up in these forest types. within each plot, nepenthes species abundance was quantified, with nepenthes voucher specimens collected and identified to determine species richness. no significant differences were detected either for nepenthes species richness or abundance between the five forest types, despite records of nepenthes in brunei showing preferences for particular habitat types. we suggest that average species richness and abundance remained constant regardless of forest types in this study, but that these results would likely change if sampling intensity is increased in future studies. keywords: borneo, pitcher plants, habitat, tropical forest. abstrak latiff, n. a., sukri, r. s., & metali, f. keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan nepenthes di lima habitat di brunei darussalam. reinwardtia 14(1): 67 – 71. ― marga nepenthes dikenal beragam di hutan borneo dan dilaporkan terdapat di brunei darussalam pada berbagai tipe hutan. tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui variasi kelimpahan dan kekayaan jenis nepenthes pada lima tipe hutan di brunei darussalam: hutan sekunder terbuka, kerangas, rawa gambut, pasir putih serta hutan campuran dipterokarpa. sebanyak 39 plot berukuran 5 × 5 m 2 digunakan pada tiap tipe hutan. pada tiap plot dihitung kelimpahan jenis nepenthes, serta koleksi contohnya diidentifikasi untuk menentukan kelimpahan jenisnya. tidak ada perbedaan nyata antara kelimpahan dan kekayaan jenis nepenthes diantara kelima tipe hutan tersebut, kecuali catatan bahwa nepenthes di brunei menunjukkan ketertarikan pada tipe habitat tertentu. hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata kelimpahan dan kekayaan jenis tetap tidak memandang tipe hutannya. namun demikian hasil studi ini akan berubah jika intensitas pencuplikan lebih ditingkatkan. kata kunci: borneo, tumbuhan pemangsa, habitat, hutan tropis. introduction nepenthes (family nepenthaceae) is the largest genus of pitcher plants with a distribution ranging from northern australia throughout south-east asia to southern china (clarke, 2006). nepenthes are carnivorous plants that have evolved leaf extensions into jug shaped structures which contain a pool of digestive enzymes to attract, trap and digest animals for its nutritional values (clarke, 2006). moran (2010) listed more than 100 recognised species of nepenthes, with the vast majority occurring in the indonesian archipelago, philippines, borneo and sumatra. at present, there are 24 nepenthes species which are endemic to borneo (clarke, 2006). thirteen nepenthes species have been recorded in the checklist of flowering plants and gymnosperms of brunei darussalam (coode & dransfield, 1996): n. albomarginata, n. ampullaria, n. bicalcarata, n. fusca, n. gracilis, n. hirsuta, n. lowii, n. mirabilis, n. rafflesiana, n. reinwardtiana, n. stenophylla, n. tentaculata, mailto:amal.latiff@gmail.com mailto:amal.latiff@gmail.com reinwardtia 68 [vol.14 n. veitchii and nepenthes sp. (unidentified species). nepenthes is often characterized as to be able to colonize habitat which lack nutrient (juniper et al., 1989; ellison & gotelli, 2001). nepenthes can be found in six major habitat types: tropical lowland evergreen rain forest, heath forest, peat swamp forest, montane forest and limestone forest (clarke, 2006). lowland mixed dipterocarp forests are typically not very favourable as a habitat for nepenthes although epiphytic species of nepenthes (n. reinwardtiana and n. veitchii) have been recorded (clarke, 2006). in contrast, heath forest or kerangas forest has generally siliceous and acidic soil, higher temperature and lower humidity, all of which are preferred by nepenthes. the main aim of this study is to investigate the species diversity, richness and abundance of nepenthes in five forest types throughout brunei darussalam. methodology a total of nineteen locations within the five forest types (open secondary forest, heath forest, peat swamp forest, white sand and mixed dipterocarp forest) were chosen as study sites throughout brunei darussalam (fig. 1). at each site, two 5 × 5 m2 plots were set up with the exception of the mixed dipterocarp forest site where three plots were set up, giving a total of 39 (table 1). to ensure the presence of nepenthes, sites were surveyed and selected in localities with nepenthes presence, but plots were set up randomly at these selected localities. nepenthes plants were counted as one individual plant if the stems or runners grew from the same root (clarke, 2006). in this study, only terrestrial nepenthes species were recorded but not epiphytic nepenthes species due to limited access. voucher specimens of all nepenthes species, including possible hybrids, were collected and prepared as herbarium specimens following the guidelines of clarke & moran (2011). representative samples of the intact pitcher of each species collected was also preserved in ethanol and high quality photographs were taken of the upper and lower pitchers to record details of pitcher geometry for identification purposes (clarke & moran, 2011). all specimens were taken to the brunei forestry department herbarium (brun) at sungai liang for identification with the assistance of brun staff. between plot differences in nepenthes species richness and abundance from the five forest types was determined by using one-way anova. species richness and abundance were expressed as the number of nepenthes species, and the number of individuals, respectively within a plot. assumptions of normality and equal variances were fig. 1. the map of brunei darussalam showing 19 locations of the study sites. the size of the circle in the map is proportional to the number of plots at that location. a total of 39 plots were located, each of size 5 × 5 m. 2014] 69 latiff et al. : nepenthes diversity in brunei darussalam checked during one-way anova and were not violated. nepenthes species diversity for each plot was calculated using shannon’s index of diversity. all statistical analyses were conducted in r 2.15.2 (r development core team, 2012). results a total of five nepenthes species were recorded within the 39 plots: n. ampullaria, n. bicalcarata, n. gracilis, n. mirabilis and n. rafflesiana. in addition, there were two unidentified hybrids (hybrid sp.1 and sp.2) recorded. the most abundant species was n. gracilis (n = 3067) while the two hybrid species were the least abundant (hybrid 1 = 2; hybrid 2 = 5) (table 2). n. gracilis and n. ampullaria were recorded in all five forest types. however, some nepenthes species were restricted to certain forest types: n. bicalcarata was only found in the peat swamp forest, n. rafflesiana was found in all forest types except in the heath forests and both hybrids were only found in the open secondary forests (table 2). an individual of n. hemsleyana was also recorded in close proximity to one of the peat swamp forest plots in badas, but was not censused as it was found outside the plots. the highest mean nepenthes species richness was recorded in the white sands plots (2.2 ± 0.2 species, table 3), while the highest mean abundance was recorded in the peat swamp forest plots (135.5 ± 58.4 individuals, table 3). however, these differences were not significant when tested using one-way anova (table 3). the highest species richness of 4 species was recorded in plot 30, located in open secondary forest. the plot with the highest abundance was the plot located in the peat swamp forest (n = 273), and the plot with the least abundance was the plot located in open secondary forest (n = 17). discussions the present study recorded highest mean species richness of nepenthes in the white sands plots but the highest mean species abundance was recorded in the peat swamp forest plots. despite this, species richness and abundance of nepenthes were not significantly different between the five forest types. a possible reason for the lack of significant difference may be inadequate and unequal sample sizes in terms of replication of the plots for each forest type. attempt to record as many sites as possible was done but there was an obstacle of limited access to the different forest types especially high altitude forest. our study also focussed only on terrestrial species, thus there may be an underestimate of species richness due to the omission of epiphytic species. nepenthes gracilis showed the highest abundance and was found in almost all of the plots especially in open secondary forest plots. n. gracilis is known to be the most common nepenthes species in borneo regardless of soil forest types sites number of plots altitudinal range (asl m) open secondary forest beribi, putat, lumapas, katok, jerudong, tasek lama, bukit sulang/kg.menengah, bukit bendera, lumut, bukit lumut, labi, amo 24 15 70 heath forest sawat 2 29 39 peat swamp forest anduki, badas 4 11 31 white sand telisai satellite, pasir putih, telisai-lumut 6 21 32 mixed dipterocarp forest bukit teraja 3 296 312 table 1. the sites or localities, number of plots and altitudinal ranges of the five forest types sampled. reinwardtia 70 [vol.14 types, light, water content and can be found in almost all vegetation types (clarke, 2006). n. rafflesiana was found in open secondary forest, lowland mdf and white sands plots, but not in the heath forest and only one individual was found in the peat swamp forest plot. adam (2011) found that n. rafflesiana grew in acidic soil with high clay content and water retention, such as the clay soils of the lowland mdf. he further stated that n. rafflesiana is commonly found in cleared areas such as the open secondary forest plots and white sands area. however, clarke (2006) stated that lowland mdf is not very favourable as a habitat for nepenthes due to its very poor soil where the nutrients are recycled in the detritus layer on top of the soil – only epiphytic types of nepenthes (n. reinwardtiana and n. veitchii) have been recorded in such habitat. in this study, three nepenthes species (n. rafflesiana, n. ampullaria and n. gracilis) were found at the ridge of the mdf. as reported by clarke (2006) that certain lithophytic nepenthes species such as n. hirsuta has been recorded growing near vegetation boundaries of mdf. nepenthes ampullaria was found in all of the forest types except in the open secondary forest. adam (2011) noted that n. ampullaria can grow in acidic soils with high clay content. almost all of the nepenthes species recorded in this study were found in the open secondary forest except for n. bicalcarata which was exclusive to the peat swamp forest plots. one of the distinctive characteristics of the peat swamp forest is its forest floor which is waterlogged and permanently wet compared to other forest types. it is possible that n. bicalcarata is specialised to the waterlogged and highly acidic condition of the peat swamp forest (clarke, 2006). anderson (1963) also recorded the presence of n. bicalcarata in open canopy areas of peat swamp forests. moreover, n. bicalcarata has evolved mutualistic relationship with the ant camponotus schmitzi which are only found in peat swamp forests (moran & clarke, 2010; bonhomme et al., 2011). it is therefore possible that this mutualistic association further contributes to the specialisation of n. bicalcarata to peat swamp forests, by encouraging coevolution between the ants and n. bicalcarata. hence, these combine characteristics of peat swamp forests seem to be the most favourable for n. bicalcarata to grow. conclusion our study has detected no significant difference in nepenthes species richness and abundance between the five habitat types in brunei darussalam. we argue that this was likely due to limited replication of plots representing the different forest types and that a higher sample size and replication would enable a significant difference to be detected. one interesting finding from our study was the presence of nepenthes species at the lowland mdf site in teraja. we suggest that future studies should quantify both edaphic and environmental variables that may be influential upon nepenthes species diversity and abundance in brunei darussalam. nepenthes species forest type a b c d e total nepenthes species abundance per species n. ampullaria 9 23 37 20 68 157 n. bicalcarata 0 0 23 0 0 23 n. gracilis 2238 89 481 226 33 3067 n. mirabilis 60 0 0 0 0 60 n. rafflesiana 321 0 1 89 17 428 hybrid sp.1 2 0 0 0 0 2 hybrid sp.2 5 0 0 0 0 5 total nepenthes species abundance per forest types 2635 112 542 335 118 table 2. the nepenthes species abundance for each nepenthes species recorded and five forest types (a – open secondary forest, b – heath forest, c – peat swamp forest, d – white sands forest, e – mixed dipterocarp forest). 2014] 71 latiff et al. : nepenthes diversity in brunei darussalam acknowledgements this study was conducted as part of an honours dissertation at universiti brunei darussalam. we would like to thank the brunei forestry department for permission to conduct research and sample nepenthes in the plots. we are grateful to botany staff of the brunei national herbarium (brun), particularly awg. joffre hj ali ahmad (head of brun) and awg. muhammad ariffin kalat, awg. watu awok and awg. azlan pandai for their assistance with identification of nepenthes specimens. dr martin dancak (palacky university, the czech republic) kindly verified the identification of nepenthes, both in the field and by examining voucher specimens. we also thank the technical staff of the environmental and life sciences programme, faculty of science, ubd for assistance with laboratory work. references adam, j. h., hamid, h. a., juhairi, m. a. a, ahmad, s. n. & idris w. m. r. 2011. species composition and dispersion pattern of pitcher plants recorded from rantau abang in marang district, terrenganu state of malaysia. international journal of botany, 7(2): 162–169. anderson, j. a. r. 1963. the flora of the peat swamp forests of sarawak and brunei, including a catalogue of all recorded species of flowering plants, ferns and fern allies. gardens’ bulletin singapore 20: 131– 228. bonhomme, v., pelloux-prayer, h., jousselin, e., forterre, y., labat, j. & gaume, l. 2011. slippery or sticky? functional diversity in the trapping strategy of nepenthes carnivorous plants. new phytologist 191: 545–554. clarke, c. 2006. nepenthes of borneo. kota kinabalu, malaysia: natural history publications (borneo). clarke, c. & moran, j. a. 2011. incorporating ecological context: a revised protocol for the preservation of nepenthes pitcher plant specimens (nepenthaceae). blumea 56, 2011: 225–228. coode, m. j. e., dransfield, j., forman, l. l., kirkup, d. w. & said, i. m. 1996. a checklist of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of brunei darussalam. ministry of industry and primary resources, brunei. ellison, a. m. & gotelli, n. j. 2001. evolutionary ecology of carnivorous plants. trends in ecology & evolution 16: 623–629. juniper, b. e., robins, r. j. & joel, d. 1989. the carnivorous plants. london, uk: academic press. moran, j. a., & clarke, c. 2010. the carnivorous syndrome in nepenthes pitcher plant. plant signalling & behaviour 5: 644–648. r development core team. 2012. r: a language and environment for statistical computing. r foundation for statistical computing. vienna, austria: isbn 3-900051-07-0. http://www.rproject.org species diversity measures forest type a b c d e p value species richness 1.79 ± 0.15 1 † 1.5 ± 0.28 2.16 ± 0.16 1.66 ± 0.33 0.300 species abundance 109.8 ± 12.6 56 ± 33.0 135.5 ± 58.4 55.8 ± 10.7 39.3 ± 7.8 0.100 shannon's index 0.46 ± 0.08 0 † 0.35 ± 0.20 0.77 ± 0.07 0.69 0.070 table 3. the mean values (± se) of species richness, species abundance and shannon’s index (species diversity) of nepenthes recorded in each forest type: a = open secondary, b= heath, c= peat swamp, d= white sand, e= mixed dipterocarp. level of significance of the differences between these values was statistically quantified at p < 0.05 using one-way anova. † only one nepenthes species was recorded in heath forest plots, giving no variation and no value for shannon’s index. http://www.r-project.org http://www.r-project.org reinwardtia 72 [vol.14 instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 396-571-1-sm belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 reinwardtia vol. 21. no. 1. pp: 25‒33 doi: 10.55981/reinwardtia.v21i1.4265 25 light preferences in two landscape managements and ontogenic light requirements of terrestrial ferns in kebun raya baturraden, central java received november 23, 2021; accepted may 21, 2022 agung sedayu program studi biologi, fmipa, universitas negeri jakarta, gd. hasjim asjarie lt. 6., jln. rawamangun muka, east jakarta 13220, indonesia. email: asedayu@unj. ac.id rahadian ajeng saraswati program studi biologi, fmipa, universitas negeri jakarta, gd. hasjim asjarie lt. 6., jln. rawamangun muka, east jakarta 13220, indonesia. email: rahadianajeng20@gmail.com yuli puji astuti balai kebun raya baturraden, jln. pancuran tujuh-wanawisata baturraden, kabupaten banyumas 53151, central java, indonesia. email: pujiastutiyuli123@gmail.com abstract sedayu, a., saraswati, r. a. & astuti, y. p. 2022. light preferences in two landscape managements and ontogenic light requirements of terrestrial ferns in kebun raya baturraden, central java. reinwardtia 21(1): 25–33. — human management on landscapes influences environmental requirements including solar irradiation, which may affect fern establishment in different age classes. two contrasting terrestrial fern communities were inspected in kebun raya baturraden, central java; the first thrives among the garden (collection) area, representing the well managed area, and the latter living on the less managed area closest to a natural forest remnant. we found 78.7% species living exclusively in either landscape type; only 21% were shared on both, indicating a light preference among ferns and lycophytes. the four most common species (out of 32 fern and lycophyte species), cyclosorus heterocarpus, selaginella ornata, nephrolepis biserrata, and sphaerostephanos arbuscula in three different age classes and under gradient canopy openness were surveyed. statistical test on the canopy openness of individuals of s. ornata and n. biserrata showed that three age categories used significantly different canopy openness, which is not the case for c. heterocarpus and s. arbuscula. it showed that some ferns and lycophytes ontogenically have gradual requirements on light exposure, while others are able to live in wide range of light exposure. this implies that in terms of wild species management, including ferns, the baturraden gardens landscape management must be directed toward the ecological understanding of species of interest for botanical gardens and conservation. key words: canopy openness, density, garden, less managed area, lycophytes. abstrak sedayu, a., saraswati, r. a. & astuti, y. p. 2022. preferensi cahaya dalam dua pengelolaan lanskap dan kebutuhan cahaya ontogenik dari paku-pakuan terestrial di kebun raya baturraden, jawa tengah. reinwardtia 21(1): 25–33. — pengelolaan oleh manusia pada lanskap mempengaruhi banyak persyaratan lingkungan paku-pakuan termasuk penyinaran matahari, yang dapat mempengaruhi kemampuan hidup paku-pakuan di kelas umur yang berbeda. dua komunitas paku dan likofita yang kontras di kebun raya baturraden telah diobservasi; yang pertama tumbuh di antara areal taman (koleksi), mewakili areal yang dikelola dengan baik, dan yang kedua hidup di areal yang kurang terkelola yang paling dekat dengan sisa-sisa hutan alam. kami menemukan 78,7% jenis yang hidup secara eksklusif di kedua tipe lanskap; sementara hanya 21% yang berbagi pada keduanya, menandakan preferensi cahaya pada paku-pakuan dan likofita. empat jenis yang paling umum (dari total 33 jenis paku dan likofita terestrial), cyclosorus heterocarpus, selaginella ornata, nephrolepis biserrata, dan sphaerostephanos arbuscula di tiga kelas umur yang berbeda dan di bawah gradien keterbukaan kanopi telah disurvei. uji anova dan post-hoc terhadap bukaan tajuk individu s. ornata dan n. biserrata menunjukkan bahwa ketiga kategori umur menggunakan bukaan tajuk yang berbeda nyata, tidak demikian untuk c. heterocarpus dan s. arbuscula. hal ini menunjukkan bahwa beberapa paku-pakuan dan lycophytes secara ontogenik memiliki persyaratan paparan cahaya yang bertahap, sementara yang lain mampu hidup dalam rentang paparan cahaya yang luas. hal ini menyiratkan bahwa dalam hal pengelolaan jenis liar termasuk paku-pakuan, pengelolaan landskap kebun baturraden harus diarahkan pada pemahaman ekologis jenis yang diminati dan penting bagi kebun raya dan konservasi. kata kunci: bukaan kanopi, densitas, kawasan yang kurang dikelola, likofita, taman. mailto:yulizah.rhiezha@gmail.com reinwardtia 26 [vol.21 introduction terrestrial ferns and lycophytes are major components in both natural and man-made landscapes, especially in tropical regions as indonesia. due to airborne dispersal of lightweight spore, fern and lycophyte species are easily exchanged across different landscapes. fern spores are capable to travel long distances by wind and colonize disjunct areas only from a single grain of spore (de groot et al., 2012). if long distance dispersal is common in ferns, seasonal or continuous short distance travel from two adjacent type of landscapes should be relatively easy (hock et al., 2006). spore interchange between two adjacent landscapes means that a generalist species will be able to be found in two adjacent landscapes, while specialist species should be confined to one type of landscape. one major habitat differentiation in natural and man-made landscape is light environment as a consequence of landscape management. in general, as also in indonesia, a more natural landscape will be characterized by a more forested, thus higher canopy coverage which filters light on the undergrowth vegetation including ferns and lycophytes. the man-made landscape is abundance of light exposure in a more open landscape. species of terrestrial ferns and lycophytes colonizing the two light environments may be distinct as classically expressed as sun ferns in the open and shade ferns in the more forested area (holttum, 1966). the kr (kebun raya = botanic garden) baturraden was designed as gardens adjoining the remnant forest on the slope of mt. slamet (3,428 m) in central java, providing suitable locations to study the ferns and lycophytes inhabiting two light environments, shaded on the less managedforested area and open on the garden-well managed area. researches on the light environments of ferns and lycophytes have been conducted mostly in natural forest landscapes (saldaña et al., 2005; sedayu, 2006; saldaña et al., 2007); however, as the growing population demand, and more land converted into man-made landscape, including gardens, it is important to understand the biology and ecology of species that reside in the garden. with the position of kr baturraden adjoining the natural remnant forest, it is possible that certain parts of the garden may act as refugia for forest fern and lycophyte species, as also studied in the spermatophytes (tadesse et al., 2014; atha et al., 2016). thus, understanding the light preference of ferns living in the garden (those excluding the collections) may also contribute to the conservation of javan mountain forest ferns and lycophytes. during their ontogenic course of development, plants, including ferns and lycophytes are constantly adjusting their energy requirements with the energy available (lusk et al., 2008). it is known that a seedling may require less light during their development, and larger saplings or trees require larger amount of light exposure for photosynthesis as they approach their generative cycle/maturity (kenzo et al., 2006), while the morphology, physiology and biochemistry of the plants are adjusting accordingly. we expect to understand this pattern in the fern and lycophyte assemblages within the kr baturraden during their different ontogenic development (age classes). this study may contribute to understanding the life of forest, and perhaps, protected species, as well as open garden, and perhaps, potential weed species. in general, this study will broaden our understanding upon the less studied ferns and lycophytes in comparison to the studies largely for spermatophytes. materials and methods study site the kr baturraden is a 143.5 hectares garden located right in the center of java (fig. 1, inset), with elevation between 702‒1,076 m above sea level, and terrain inclination between 20‒70%. the annual temperature ranged between 20‒30°c, while humidity between 85‒98% and precipitation between 5,000‒6,174 mm, classified as a f (tropical rain forest) in koppen-geiger classification (peel et al., 2007). the gardens were laid in various landscape management, from reserve forest with natural-semi natural forest vegetation at the slope of mt. slamet, low utilization zone, on which, mid utilization zone, on which and intensive utilization zone where well managed gardens, amenities and public services are located. total of 135, 1 × 1 m, quadrats were purposely laid down to exemplify two contrasting environments. sixty-eight quadrats were laid at the boundary between forest and gardens (fig. 1, a), representing the less managed area of the gardens, while 67 we laid on the more managed areas or coincided with the intensive utilization zone (fig.1, right). these 67 quadrats are 12 on flora of java gardens i, 10 flora of java gardens ii, 15 on liana gardens, 15 white latex gardens and 15 on fern gardens, respectively (fig. 1, b1‒b5). the quadrats in b1‒b5 coincide with the intensive utilization zone (fig. 1, right). sedayu et al.: light preferences of terrestrial ferns in kebun raya baturraden 2022] 27 fig. 1. study site: approximate location of quadrats (left); map of land utilization in kr baturraden (right, departemen pekerjaan umum, 2005); inset: location of kr. baturraden in central java. quadrat sampling and hierarchical clustering within a single quadrat, the presence and absence of species of terrestrial ferns and lycophytes were noted and arranged in a presentabsent matrix. only native taxa were noted in this study, with omitting cultivated species. in gardens (especially the fern gardens), extremely careful consideration was made to justify whether an individual sighted is regarded as wild (at least escapee) or as cultivated. some native species, e.g. alsophila junghuhniana might start as wild sporeling and kept as a decorative landscape adornment. the matrix is converted into a distance matrix using binary method and subsequently reconstructed using hierarchical clustering (hclust) into a fan-shaped dendrogram using as.phylo plotting method. herarchical clustering was done in r studio version 3.6.1 (r studio team, 2020). identification was done using flora malesiana series 2 pteridophytes vol. 1‒4 (1959‒2012). fern and lycophyte density as the number of every fern and lycophyte within all quadrats are noted, we were able to count the density of the species for the whole sampling area. the density of a species is denoted as the number of individual/the total of quadrat area. we then assigned four species of the highest density for the following study. the canopy openness effect on different fern/ lycophyte age classes we used four species with the highest densities to further study the effect of light exposure on different fern and lycophyte age classes. every individual of these species (i.e. cyclosorus heterocarpus, selaginella ornata, nephrolepis biserrata, and sphaerostephanos arbuscula; see table 1) were assigned to one of three age classes: (1) sporelings, i.e., individuals with few fronds and/or with primordial frond still visible; (2) juveniles, i.e., individuals with larger fronds, however non spore-producing; and (3) adults, i.e., individuals with sori-producing fronds. we used canopy openness to exemplify the environmental solar exposure. canopy openness was measured using glama (tichý, 2016) on realme c2 mobile phone, right above the crown of each individual. the difference of canopy openness among age classes was calculated using one way anova and was done in r studio. when significant, tukey’s post-hoc test was applied on the pairs. results clustering hierarchical clustering showed that the terrestrial fern and lycophyte communities within the study area are clustered distinctively based on land management. fig. 2 shows that the quadrats reinwardtia 28 [vol.21 laid on the forest-forest edge (a) are clustered into 3 major clusters (aa, ab and ac; highlighted in grey) with some b quadrats, squeezed in among a, for instance b3_6 and b5_11 within cluster aa and b5_7 in cluster ab. cluster ac consist of 40 quadrats, with 39 (78%) belong to a group, with 9 quadrats belong to b group. the other part conversely composed of largely b quadrats (highlighted in pink) included only 9 quadrats belong to a group (6 in a red ellipse mark and 3 with the star mark); however, since the part collapsed in the base. species assemblage and the four highest density terrestrial ferns and lycophyte we found 32 species of ferns and lycophytes, consisted of 27 species of ferns and five species of lycophytes, all of which from the genus selaginella (table 1). twelve species were found exclusively in the forested-less manage quadrats (a), as opposed to 13 species found only in garden-well managed quadrats (b). only seven species overlapped in both landscapes. the vegetation analysis reckoned four species with the highest density subsequently chosen for light environment study. light environment of four chosen ferns and lycophyte in in three age classes table 1 showed that cyclosorus heterocarpus and sphaerostephanos arbuscula did not indicate any distinction in light enviroments across three different age classes as showed by the nonsignificant anova test. on the contrary, fig. 2. dendrogram of terrestrial ferns and lycophytes communities. cluster a represents quadrats in forested-less managed area; cluster b represents quadrats in gardens-well managed area. sedayu et al.: light preferences of terrestrial ferns in kebun raya baturraden 2022] 29 table 1. density of the terrestrial ferns and lycophytes within two differently managed area in the kr baturraden; boldface denotes species with highest density; a: forest-less managed area; b: gardens-well managed area; a+b: present in both a and b; 1: present; 0: absent; taxonomy follows ppg i (ppg i, 2016). no family species density (indvidu/m 2 ) a b a+b 1 athyriaceae deparia confluens (kunze) m.kato 0.0963 0 1 0 2 athyriaceae deparia petersenii (kunze) m.kato 0.02222 0 1 0 3 athyriaceae diplazium bantamense blume 0.2 1 0 0 4 athyriaceae diplazium pallidum (blume) t.moore 0.18519 1 0 0 5 athyriaceae diplazium subserratum (blume) t.moore 0.4444 1 1 1 6 blechnaceae blechnum orientale l. 0.03704 0 1 0 7 cyatheaceae alsophila junghuhniana kunze 0.02222 1 1 1 8 cyatheaceae sphaeropteris glauca (blume) r.m.tryon 0.04444 0 1 0 9 cyatheaceae sphaeropteris squamulata (blume) r.m.tryon 0,02963 1 0 0 10 dennstaedtiaceae histiopteris incisa (thunb.) j.sm. 0.04444 1 0 0 11 didymochlaenaceae didymochlaena truncatula (sw.) j.sm. 0.00741 0 1 0 12 dryopteridaceae dryopteris sparsa (d.don) kuntze 0.03704 1 1 1 13 gleichenicaeae dicranopteris linearis (burm.f.) underw. 0.00741 1 0 0 14 lindsaeaceae lindsaea lobata poir. 0.02222 1 0 0 15 lindsaeaceae nesolindsaea caudata (hook.) lehtonen & christenh 0.01481 1 0 0 16 nephrolepidaceae nephrolepis biserrata (sw.) schott (3) 0.85926 1 1 1 17 pteridaceae pityrogramma calomelanos (l.) link 0.04444 1 1 1 18 selaginellaceae selaginella doederleinii hieron 0.35556 0 1 0 19 selaginellaceae selaginella ornata (hook. & grev. ) spring. (2) 1.05185 1 1 1 20 selaginellaceae selaginella plana (desv. ex poir.) hieron 0.16296 0 1 0 21 selaginellaceae selaginella sp.1 0.02222 1 0 0 22 selaginellaceae selaginella willdenowii (desv. ex poir.) baker 0.01481 1 0 0 23 tectariaceae tectaria sp.1 0.05185 0 1 0 24 thelypteridaceae christella dentata (forssk.) brownsey & jermy 0.05926 0 1 0 25 thelypteridaceae christella sp.1 0.02222 0 1 0 26 thelypteridaceae cyclosorus heterocarpus (blume) ching (1) 1.08148 1 1 1 27 thelypteridaceae cyclosorus repandus (fée) b.k.nayar & s.kaur 0.05185 0 1 0 28 thelypteridaceae amblovenatum terminans (wall. ex hook.) j.p.roux 0.01481 1 0 0 29 thelypteridaceae pneumatopteris sp.1 0.17037 0 1 0 30 thelypteridaceae sphaerostephanos arbuscula (willd.) holttum (4) 0.77778 0 1 0 31 thelypteridaceae thelypteridaceae sp.1 0.00741 1 0 0 32 thelypteridaceae thelypteridaceae sp.2 0.00741 1 0 0 19 20 total (12+7) (13+7) 7 reinwardtia 30 [vol.21 nephrolepis biserrata showed significant difference in adult age class while selaginella ornata in all three age classes with slightly different trend. discussion fern and lycophyte communities in two contrasting landscapes the results of clustering analysis (fig. 1) can be considered as a clear grouping of terrestrial fern and lycophyte communities in the study area, with the more forest-less managed area (a) forming into clear clusters but b did not form apparent clusters. since the clusters was made of the present-absent data of ferns and lycophytes species, this implied that species living in the more forested-less managed area are composed of different species compared to more open gardenswell managed area. the tendency of fern and lycophyte to occupy different light exposure in the forest had been studies (sedayu, 2006), however light exposure effects on the ferns in man-made landscape as gardens are not well documented. the clear clustering of the as separated from the bs can be explained in the high number of species living exclusively in only one type of landscape management. out of 19 species found in as, 12 species found exclusively in the a, while the opposite, out of 20 species found in b, another different 13 species found living there. both (12 in a and 13 in b) made up 25 species or 78.1% of overall species in the study area living solely in one type of landscape management. this clearly shows that species established in forest-less managed area differ from those in gardens-well managed area. one of the most important determinants for species diversity is land cover (čepelová & münzbergová, 2012). our finding at kebun raya baturraden confirmed this, as there is high number of species living in only in forest-less managed area, absent in the gardens-well managed area. in forest-less managed area, the land cover is denser due to its proximity to the forest, while sparser on gardens-well managed areas. ecologically, ferns and lycophytes are traditionally grouped into sun fern with the tendency of living in the open area and shade fern living under the cover of trees (holttum, 1938; 1966). our finding might have reflected this as species found in the forest-less managed area are mostly known shade/forest fern. one exception is dicranopteris linearis, which is largely considered as sun fern (yang et al., 2020), found in this study only in forest-less managed area. d. linearis is infamously noxious, that they are always weeded out in their early life stages in gardens-well managed area. many species living in the gardens-well managed area are indeed sun ferns. one notable species is christella dentata, a well-known sunloving ferns, sometimes considered as weed (yañez et al., 2020) found only in gardens-well managed area. others, like sphaeropteris glauca, blechnum orientale and selaginella plana are also known for their resilience for high solar exposure on their crown (holttum, 1966). only seven species of ferns and lycophytes are found on both a and b (diplazium subserratum, alsophila junghuhniana, dryopteris sparsa, nephrolepis biserrata, pityrogramma calomelanos, selaginella ornate, and cyclosorus heterocarpus; table 1). this means that the two landscape management types shared only 21.8% of their fern and lycophyte species, not with standing the adjacent position of the two landscape managements. out of seven species found on both forest-less managed and gardens-well managed area (diplazium subserratum, cyathea junghuhniana, table 2. canopy openness above terrestrial fern and lycophyte individuals in three age classes and its anova test; mean in percent followed by same letter on the same line does not differ significantly (0.05) according the tukey’s post hoc test; species sequence sorted from largest density; boldface denotes p-value < 0.05. no species sporeling juvenile adult f p-value mean ± se mean ± se mean ± se 1 cyclosorus heterocarpus 12.43 1.1 16.24 0.85 15.08 1.29 2.865 0.06 2 nephrolepis biserrata 15.33 a 1.34 16.23 a 1.15 32.99 b 0.87 5.364 0.006 3 selaginella ornata 14.7 ab 1.1 17.39 b 1.13 11.07 a 0.77 5.809 0.004 4 sphaerostephanos arbuscula 23.65 1.26 27.58 1.79 3.403 0.069 sedayu et al.: light preferences of terrestrial ferns in kebun raya baturraden 2022] 31 dryopteris expansa, selaginella ornata, nephrolepis biserrata, pityrogramma calomelanos, and cyclosorus heterocarpus), first four were forest species, while the latter three are known to thrive prolifically in wide range of habitats, even in cities. it is not surprising that all three latter species are included in the list of species with highest density (table 1) in the study area. the occurrence of two tree fern species, sphaeropteris glauca and alsophila junghuhniana, in the gardens-well managed area must be noted particularly. these two native forest species found in gardens-well managed area are evidences that gardens-well managed area may serve as refugium of wild species from forest (vojík et al., 2020). in our study this role is highlighted as s. glauca and a . junghuhniana are among those regulated by cites appendix ii, and coincidentally showing decorative appearance as garden adornment. the gardeners of kr baturraden might inadvertently keep the attractive tree ferns within the garden proper though they are adventive plants (spontaneous recruits). by letting those two species thrive in the garden, the keeper not only accommodate the refuge of forest species in the garden, but also conserves two species listed in cites appendix ii. as ferns mostly are dispersed by airborne spores, gardens-well managed area may receive ‘spore rain’ from the forest, as well as other place, thus serve as refugium for forest species. when adequately directed on forest species conservation priority, garden managements, operators and possibly visitors may have important role in the conservation of forest (and protected) species. light exposure on three age classes of the common fern species to further understand the role of solar irradiation in the life stages of common ferns and lycophytes, we chose the four species with highest density within our study site and measured the canopy openness above the plots. it turns out that two species, selaginella ornata and nephrolepis biserrata, prefer significantly different degrees of canopy openness among the three age classes (table 2). conversely, two species of thelypteridaceae, cyclosorus heterocarpus, and sphaerostephanos arbuscula, did not show any preference for a certain canopy openness regime. they tend to occupy similar light exposures at all stages; however, sphaerostephanos arbuscula is found only in two age classes in the study area. the adult individual of this species is quite robust and might be spotted and weeded out by the garden keepers. in nephrolepis biserrata and s. ornata the significant inclination toward canopy openness in different age classes signifies that each age class in both species thrive in different light exposure. in n. biserrata, difference between adults and sporeling-juvenile was significant by the post-hoc test (p-value = 0.006, table 3). this might be an indication that during the age class of spore germination (sporeling) through the establishment of the sporophytes (juvenile), n. biserrata may thrive in less light exposed area; while as adult, during the spore producing age class, with larger energy demand in spore production, n. biserrata are found more in the open canopy area. this means that during the establishment through the adult stage, many individuals of n. biserrata were singled out in the less exposed area. those living in the more exposed area would thrive better and reaching the adult, spore producing stage, more than those in closed area. it is almost similar case in s. ornata, regardless the difference the data may look. it looks that the juvenile age class occupies higher light exposure area compared to the sporeling age class, while the adults occupied in the area with lowest light exposure. is it because that the adult, spore producing s. ornata requires less solar energy for photosynthesis? we believe this is unlikely the case, since the trend of s. ornata light requirement in sporeling age class is significantly (p-value = 0.004) increasing in the juvenile age class, and supposedly even higher in adult age class. the significant drop of light exposure in the adult age class individuals may not reflect the physiological demand of s. ornata, but instead the garden management. many selaginella grow into untidy bush-like clumps, and may be seen as potential weed by gardeners. we think this is exactly the reason why more individuals of adult age class of s. ornata found in low canopy openness area, closest to the forest-less manages area, for those living in the open, garden-well managed area are weeded out by the gardeners. the result is many sporeling and many more juvenile individuals in garden-well managed area. these results in general show that different species of ferns and lycophytes may perform differently under the same light exposure at different age classes. thelypteridaceae species like cyclosorus heterocarpus and sphaerostephanos arbuscula may not demand light exposure differently during their different age classes; however, species like n. biserrata and s. ornata may require different light environment during their life stages. the case of n. biserrata and s. ornata may be comparable to several bornean tropical rain forest dipterocarps reinwardtia 32 [vol.21 (dipterocarpus globosus, dryobalanops aromatica, shorea acuta, s. beccariana, and s. macroptera), which not only exhibit different light requirement during the growth of the stem, but also different morphological and ecophysiological traits during different life stages (kenzo et al., 2006). reflecting to this study in dipterocarps, it is implied that there should be further study in ferns and lycophytes in terms of morphology and physiology and biochemical properties during different life stages, affected by light environment as comparisons to the widely studied spermatophytes. our findings suggest that while fulfilling its task as education and scientific center in providing ex situ specimens of living plants, kebun raya baturraden has a great potential to fulfill another task as in situ conservation and refugium area for species from the neighboring forest. this may be accomplished by adjusting its management according to protected species, like sphaeropteris glauca and alsophila junghuhniana. furthermore, kebun raya baturraden may participate in the conservation of forest ferns and lycophytes of java by adjusting its management according to the ecophysiology, including ontogenetic light requirements, of ferns and lycophytes living in garden-well managed area as well as forest-less managed area. acknowledgements we would like to thank reni indrayanti of unj who provided administration assistance in jakarta. we thank yb gatot hadiyanto of kebun raya baturraden who provided facilities during the fieldwork. lana maulana of pascasarjana ipb is thanked for field pre-identification. esti komariah, m. isnin noer and okta latifa of unj are thanked for their assessment on glama, ecological and statistical data. we thank alex sumadijaya of the university of oxford, uk and national research and innovation agency, indonesia for his comments on earlier manuscript. references atha, d. e., forrest, t., naczi, r. f. c., pace, m. c., rubin, m., schuler, j. a. & nee, m. 2016. the historic and extant spontaneous vascular flora of the new york botanical garden. brittonia 68(3): 245–277. čepelová, b. & münzbergová, z. 2012. factors determining the plant species diversity and species composition in a suburban landscape. landscape and urban planning 106(4): 336–346. departemen pekerjaan umum ri. 2005. laporan pembuatan masterplan dan studi kawasan kebun raya indonesia baturraden jawa tengah. project report (in indonesian). de groot, g. a., during, h. j., ansell, s. w., schneider, h., bremer, p., wubs, e. r. j., maas, j. w., korpelainen, h. & erkens, r. h. j. 2012. diverse spore rains and limited local exchange shape fern genetic diversity in a recently created habitat colonized by long-distance dispersal. a nnals of botany 109(5): 965–978. hock, z., szövényi, p. & tóth, z. 2006. seasonal variation in the spore bank of ferns in grasslands on dolomite rock. plant ecology 187 (2): 289–296. holttum, r. e. 1938. the ecology of tropical pteridophytes. in: verdoorn, f., alston, a. h. g., andersson-kottö, i., atkinson, l. r., burgedd, h., du buy, h. g., christensen, c., dopp, w., docters van leeuwen, w. m., gams, h., gregor, m. j. f., hirmer, m., holttum, r. e., kräusel, r., nuerbergk, e. l., schoute, j. c., walton, j. wetzel, k., williams, s., winkler, h. & zimmermann, w. 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(eds.). proceedings of the center for tropical forest science-arnold arboretum international field biology course 2006. ctfs-arnold arboretum asia program, university of peradeniya & forest department sri lanka, peradeniya. pp. 95–97. tadesse, g., zavaleta, e. s. & shennan, c. 2014. coffee landscapes as refugia for native woody biodiversity as forest loss continues in southwest ethiopia. biological conservation 169: 384–391. tichý, l. 2016. field test of canopy cover estimation by hemispherical photographs taken with a smartphone. journal of v egetation science 27(2): 427–435. vojík, m., sádlo, j., petřík, p., pyšek, p., man, m. & pergl, j. 2020. two faces of parks: sources of invasion and habitat for threatened native plants. preslia 92(4): 353– 373. yañez, a., gutiérrez, d. g. & ponce, m. m. 2020. weedy ferns (polypodiopsida) in argentina: diversity, distribution and impact on human activities and ecosystems. a nais da academia brasileira de ciências 92(1): 1–36. yang, l., huang, y., lima, l. v., sun, z., liu, m., wang, j., liu, n. & ren, h. 2020. rethinking the ecosystem functions of dicranopteris, a widespread genus of ferns. frontiers in plant science 11: 1–10 (article 581513). reinwardtia 34 [vol.21 reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 14(1): 1 2 4 8 , december 23, 2014 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (mycologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (ecologist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) topik hidayat (taxonomist, indonesia university of education, indonesia) eizi suzuki (ecologist, kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (taxonomist, smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) lulut dwi sulistyaningsih (taxonomist, herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami layout editor deden sumirat hidayat medi sutiyatno illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biologyindonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center, jln. raya jakarta bogor km 46, cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia phone (+62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 cover images: 1. begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (begoniaceae; ardi et al.); 2. abaxial cuticles of alseodaphne rhododendropsis (lauraceae; nishida & van der werff); 3. dipodium puspitae, dipodium purpureum (orchidaceae; o'byrne); 4. agalmyla exannulata, cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, codonoboea kjellbergii (gesneriaceae; kartonegoro & potter). the editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): abdulrokhman kartonegoro herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia altafhusain b. nadaf university of pune, pune, india amy y. rossman systematic mycology & microbiology laboratory usda-ars, beltsville, usa andre schuiteman royal botanic gardens, kew, uk ary p. keim herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia barry conn royal botanic gardens national herbarium of new south wales, sydney, australia dato' abdul latiff mohamad universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor, malaysia daniel potter department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa deby arifiani herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ferry j. w. slik university of brunei darussalam, brunei henti h. rachmat conservation and rehabilitation research and development center, bogor, indonesia ian m. turner royal botanic gardens, kew, uk iskandar z. siregar bogor agricultural university, bogor, indonesia jay h. bernstein kingsborough community college, brooklyn, new york, usa jens g. rohwer university of hamburg, hamburg, germany joan pereira san herbarium, sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia kuswata kartawinata herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia lars h. schmidt university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark mark hughes royal botanic gardens, edinburgh, uk masahiro kato kyoto university, kyoto, japan nuril hidayati herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ong poh teck forest research institute malaysia, kepong, malaysia peter c. van welzen national herbarium netherlands, leiden university branch, leiden, netherlands reuben nilus sabah forestry department, sabah, malaysia rugayah herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia ruth kiew forest research institute of malaysia, kepong, malaysia uwe braun institut fur biologie bereich geobotanik und botanischer garten, halle (saale), germany yasuaki sato osaka-sangyo university, osaka, japan reinwardtia vol 14, no 1, pp: 101 − 121 101 medicine as world health organism, who, reported that 80% of the world population is using medicinal herbs for treating diseases as well as healthcare. there are several cases whereby useful plants to communities in sabah were preserved and also cultivated for their survival. for example, ‘parai’ (in dusun tambunan language) or oryza sativa (poaceae) is a staple food for the dusun people in tambunan, sabah, malaysia. they believed that the plant has special spirit called ‘bambarayon’ (dusun tambunan). they cultivate this plant every year and at the end of harvesting period, they will celebrate to give thanks to god the creator (‘kinorohingan’ in dusun tambunan language) for the abundant harvest and they call it ‘tadau kaamatan’ festival or harvest festival. a powerful medicinal plant called ‘komburongoh’ (in introduction ethnobotany means the study of the people who are native to an area and how they used plants as resources (martin, 1995). plants have been very important to human survival from ancient time. plants provide food to human and animals as well but most importantly produce oxygen. nowadays, ethnobotany is getting more popular when more and more scientific investigations are done in order to satisfy the curiosity and the desire to understand the plants in their surroundings. in countries where modern medicines are very expensive and difficult to get, plants are their source as primary healthcare. there are several reasons on why people still depend on plants for survival, one of them is because they are easy to get and cheaper (ahmad & raji, 1991). besides, plants are main source of the ethnobotany of dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia received december 16, 2013; accepted june 9, 2014 julius kulip institute for tropical biology and conservation, locked bag no. 2073, universiti malaysia sabah, 88999 kota kinabalu, sabah, malaysia. e-mail: julkulip@ums.edu.my abstract kulip, j. 2014. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia. reinwardtia 14 (1): 101 – 121. ― the ethnobotanical studies of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia were conducted from july 25 th to 30 th , 2011 and from march 9 th to 10 th , 2012. the result shows that there were 160 species in 62 families of plants used. among them, there were 83 species (in 36 families) of edible plants, 75 species (in 44 families) were medicines, 12 species (in nine families) were used for constructions and handicraft and eight species (in six families) were used for musical instruments and animal traps. there were 24 species of plants that have two or more uses. of the total, 87 species or 54% were native or collected from the natural forest nearby and 73 species or 45% of these plants were exotic (introduced plants). the most commonly used of plant families were poaceae (gramineae) with 14 species, followed by moraceae and zingiberaceae, with eight species each and arecaceae (palmae), cucurbitaceae, euphorbiaceae, rutaceae and solanaceae, with seven species each. keywords: dusun people, ethnobotany, sabah, malaysia, tambunan, tikolod. abstrak kulip, j. 2014. studi etnobotani masyarakat dusun di desa tikolod, distrik tambunan, sabah, malaysia. reinwardtia 14 (1): 101 – 121. ― studi etnobotani masyarakat dusun di desa tikolod, distrik tambunan, sabah, malaysia dilakukan dari tanggal 25 30 juli 2011 dan pada tanggal 9 10 maret 2012. hasil studi menunjukkan terdapat 160 jenis tumbuhan dari 62 suku yang digunakan oleh masyarakat dusun. terdapat 83 jenis tumbuhan (dari 36 suku) yang dapat dimakan, 75 jenis (dari 44 suku) digunakan sebagai tumbuhan obat, 12 jenis (dari sembilan suku) untuk bahan bangunan dan kerajinan tangan serta delapan jenis (dari enam suku) yang digunakan sebagai alat musik dan perangkap binatang. terdapat 24 jenis tumbuhan yang mempunyai dua atau lebih kegunaan. dari total tumbuhan yang didata, sebanyak 87 jenis atau 54% adalah tumbuhan asli atau yang dikumpulkan dari hutan alam yang terdapat di sekitar tempat tinggal masyrakat dusun serta terdapat 73 jenis atau 45% dari tumbuhan yang dikumpulkan adalah tumbuhan eksotik atau introduksi. tumbuhan yang paling banyak dimanfaatkan adalah dari suku poaceae (gramineae) dengan 14 jenis, diikuti moraceae dan zingiberaceae, dengan masing-masing delapan jenis dan arecaceae (palmae), cucurbitaceae, euphorbiaceae, rutaceae dan solanaceae, masing-masing sebanyak tujuh jenis. kata kunci: etnobotani, masyarakat dusun, malaysia, sabah, tambunan, tikolod. mailto:julkulip@ums.edu.my reinwardtia 102 [vol.14 dusun tambunan language) or acorus calamus (araceae) is highly regarded as ‘rusap tagayo’ among the dusuns people in tambunan. when modern medicines had not reached tambunan in early days, they cultivated this plant and used it to cure sick persons in the village. they even make it as necklace and wear them every day to protect from falling sick and bad spirits. malaysia is one of the 12 mega-diversity countries of the world that together make up about 60% of the world’s known species (latiff, 2005). out of 500.000 identified plants found in the world, more than 20.000 plant species are found in the wild in the roughly 19.12 million hectares of rainforest covering 58.1% of malaysia’s total land area (md. bakri, 2005). the biodiversity of malaysia’s rainforest is very rich because the forest is a unique natural which has been evolving for over 130 million years. sabah, 28.417 sq mi (73.600 sq km), is a state in the easternmost part of malaysia and the northernmost part of borneo island, ca. 287.000 sq mi (743.330 sq km), largest of the malay archipelago and third largest island in the world, south west of the philippines and north of java. being the second largest state in the federation of malaysia after sarawak, sabah has a total land area of about 7.4 million hectares whereby more than half of the land or 4.7 million hectares are forested area that is rich in biodiversity (kulip, 2004). a total of 3.21 million of people was found in sabah as the result of census 2010 by department of statistics, malaysia. sabah has 36 groups of native people. out of these 36 groups, dusun and kadazan are the largest groups comprising 555.647 people or 24.7%, and are followed by bajau and murut with 436.672 people or 19.4% and 100.631 people or 5.3%, respectively (dept. statistics, 2010). with the presence of various indigenous people and the large area of forest in sabah, the interaction of human beings and plants definitely occurs as humans always rely on the environment for survival. it also means that there will be lots of traditional knowledge which is possessed by them. the trees and herbaceous plants have been contributing immensely to the livelihood of the native people in sabah and always have a connection with the different cultures of the people. plants are used as food, clothing, shelter materials, flavor and fragrance, health care preparations, musical instruments, handicraft, spiritual ceremony and so on. in sabah only, about 1.300 medicinal plants have been recorded (kulip, 2004). tambunan district tambunan is located in the interior district of sabah, malaysian borneo. it is about 90 km from kota kinabalu city by road towards east of sabah. geographically, it is a valley. it is surrounded by mountain ranges i.e. crocker ranges on the western side and trus madi ranges on the eastern side. the distance from kota kinabalu city to tambunan township is about 90 km by road to the east of sabah (fig. 1). the elevation of tambunan is between 500-700 meter above sea level. most of the vegetations can be described as either upper mix dipterocarps forest or lower montane forest. there are several published reports on ethnobotanical studies which were conducted in fig. 1. map of sabah showing tambunan district. (source: map land and survey kota kinabalu). fig. 2. map of tambunan district showing locality of study in tikolod village (in red circle). 2014] 103 kulip: the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, sabah, malaysia tambunan district previously namely, kulip & matunjau (1992) on bamboos utilizations, kulip et. al. (2005) on the medicinal plants in kaingaran village and kulip (1996) on medicinal plants and other useful plants in tambunan. the objectives of this study were to document all traditional useful plants that are or have been used by the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan and to name them scientifically. material and methods locality of study the studies were conducted in tikolod village which is in the district of tambunan, sabah, malaysia. it is about 10 km towards southern part of tambunan town ship. the name, tambunan, is a combination of two different group of people who arrived tambunan plain early, namely gombunan and tamadon after gombunan group won over tosundung group which killed gombunan’s leader with the help of tamadon group people. the ‘tam’ is taken from tamadon and ‘bunan’ from gombunan to form ‘tambunan’ (laman web rasmi pejabat daerah tambunan). according to a census carried out in 2010 by malaysia department statistics, tambunan population was about 30,529 people, of which the tambunan dusun tribe is the majority. there were seven sub-tribes, namely tuwawon, tagahas, tibabar, bunduh, gunnah, palupuh and kohub, in the early 20th century but only three sub-tribes, tuwawon, tagahas and tibabar, are left now (low, 2006). they cultivate mostly wet padi rice on the plain and some hill padi rice on hilly and mountainous areas. the people of tambunan have used a lot of bamboo resources especially ‘poring’ bamboo or gigantochloa levis, in their daily lives since the 1800s. this can be seen by the fact that most of the old houses that are still exist are constructed by bamboo materials and the western part of tambunan valley is mostly covered by ‘poring’ bamboo vegetation, which is the largest area of ‘poring’ bamboos plantation in sabah. tikolod village (study site) tikolod village is located in the southern part of tambunan district, at 05°46’30”n; 116°21’02”e and is about 500 meters above sea level (fig. 2). tikolod village is almost entirely inhabited by dusun people. the majority of them are christians (catholic) but some of the elders are pagan. according to the chairman of the village security and development (jkkk), mr. waidi siwil, the number of inhabitants was about 600 in 2012. there were about 83 households in the village and the average size of the households was 5-8 persons. people first arrived in the village of tikolod in the 1500s (waidi, pers. comm., 2012). they were mainly from kionob, a village in the penampang district. their reason for moving to tikolod then was to seek a better livelihood by settling in an area closer to a market, which is about 10 km from the village and with access to more land and better infrastructure (the main asphalt road linking tambunan town ship to keningau town ship), which was just three kilometers from the village. there are two explainations for the origin of the name of this village. firstly from a tree named ‘tikalod’ in dusun or a tree species of lithocarpus sp. (fagaceae). this tree produced nuts which were eaten by wild boars at that time. the villagers hunt the wild boars for their meat. secondly from a situation whereby one day the village was affected by a long dry season and the river was dried out. there was only one source of water left and the villagers were grabbing or ‘mogisosolod’ with each other to get the water. both stories lead to the name of this village as tikolod. tikolod village (fig. 3) stretches about 4km along a narrow valley and is surrounded by rather large areas of secondary and primary forests and fig. 3. view of tikolod village. cultivated land with padi, banana and other vegetables. far behind is secondary forest and newly opened land for planting hill padi (photo by julius kulip 2013). fig. 4. semi-structured interview with the plant informant (mr. paulus dandan) in the field (photo by julius kulip 2013). reinwardtia 104 [vol.14 scattered cultivated fields. some households have official native titles to their lands but most have applied for them and yet to receive them. the villagers rely mainly on subsistence farming for their livelihood and most grow wet paddy rice combined with some cash crop production like vegetables and ginger. the villagers also practice shifting cultivation on slopes to plant hill padi rice around the village where forested areas have been cut, burned and cultivated for a few years. there is an official state’s jungle trekking trail named as ‘salt trail’ started from this village to inobong, penampang. the trail is about 35 km and will take about 3-day and 2-night journey. this trail was established around 1930s where by the villagers in tambunan walked to inobong to get salt in exchange of their forests’ products from tambunan. fallow periods are usually between february and june. the forest around the village is characterized by many different stages of succession. near the village, most forests are secondary, but farther away the forests are less disturbed and some have reached a climax stage akin to that of a primary forest. the northern most part of the village is located within the crocker range national park (crnp). most of the households are situated within 60-minute walking distance from the crnp. data and specimen collections a prior inform consent (pic) letter was firstly sent to the village head of tikolod via people development officer of tambunan before entering the village, asking for permission and agreement of this study to be conducted in tikolod. surveys were conducted to investigate the diversity of resources being used. there were 13 plant informants interviewed during this survey or about 15% from the total head of household but only two persons who are still actively using the plants, there are namely mr. paulus bin dandan (76 years), who is a ‘bobolian’ or a dusun medicine man and mr. thadius bin yongut (66 years), who is producer of ‘sompoton’ or a bamboo mouth organ. for each informant, a semi-structured interview (see appendix i) at their house compound was conducted in bahasa malaysia (malaysian language) and sometimes was translated into dusun language, followed by a forest walk and interview. the forest walks provided information on forest products used by the villagers as well as their gathering sites. during the forest walks, locally used plants pointed out by the informant but not known or unidentified were collected, pictured and made into voucher specimen. common and easily identified plants on the field were recorded but not collected. for each specimen, its local name, locality (gps reading), use and application were recorded. the plant specimens were identified by the author and some by referring to herbarium specimens at the sandakan herbarium (san), forest research centre, sepilok, sabah forestry department, sandakan. the specimens are now kept at the institute for tropical biology and conservation, borneensis herbarium (borh), universiti malaysia sabah. results the result shows that there were 160 species in 62 families of plants used by the dusun in tikolod in their everyday life activities. among them, there were 83 species of edible plants in 36 families (table 1), 75 species were medicines in 44 families (table 2) with 37 types of illness documented (table 3), 12 species in 9 families were used for constructions and handicraft (table 4), and eight species in six families were used for musical instruments and animal traps (table 5). there were 24 species of plants which have two or more uses. about 87 species or 54% of them were natives or found from the natural forests nearby and 73 species or 45% of these plants were exotics (introduced plants). the most commonly used plant families were from the poaceae (gramineae) family with a total of fourteen species followed by moraceae and zingiberaceae with eight species each and arecaceae (palmae), cucurbitaceae, euphorbiaceae, rutaceae and solanaceae with seven species each. photographs of some of the plants are shown in appendix ii. discussion the dusun in tikolod recognized 83 species in 36 families of edible plants (table 1). the term ‘edible plants’ used here refers to any plant that is consumed whether as vegetables or fruits. but sometimes there is no clear botanical distinction between vegetables and fruits when a fruit is also consumed as vegetables eg. unripe fruit of ‘timadang’ or artocarpus odoratissimus (moraceae) traditionally cooked with chicken and served during dinner or it is consumed as vegetable, but eaten as fruit when it is ripe. the most commonly consumed families were from the cucurbitaceae family followed by zingiberaceae, rutaceae, poaceae, solanaceae, moraceae, araceae, leguminosae and anacardiaceae. the main categories consumed were fruits, leaves, tendrils and piths. there were 25 species found in the forest whereby 16 species of them were domesticated. there were 75 species of medicinal plants in 44 2014] 105 kulip: the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, sabah, malaysia families (table 2), among the common plants that were commonly used to treat illnesses were justicia gendarrussa, blumea balsamifera, cymbopogon citratus, etlingera elatior, eupathorium odoratum, ageratum conyzoides, psidium guajava and piper betle. most of them were exotics. there were 37 types of illnesses cured by plants in tikolod (table 3). common illnesses were flatulence, cuts and stomachache. there were two species planted in large scale, namely curcuma domestica or ‘kunyit’ and zingiber officinale or ‘layo’, which were high in economic value. this village is famous for producing top quality of these plants for domestic use as well as for export. roots and stems were the most plant parts used. shrubs and herbs were the two common habit of plants which were used for medicines. a question was asked to the shaman (mr. paulus bin dandan) on how the dusun people know that a plant is medicinal. according to him, it was ‘trial and error’ method. according to mr. paulus bin dandan, usually a plant that is containing medicinal properties will shows some of these features, for example, the plant is rare (or found in deep far forest), possess an aromatic or bad smell, with a unique morphological feature and showing a bright color. usually domestic animals such as dog, cat or chicken will be used to try the plant first. if the animal is not dead, this means that the plant is safe and with medicinal value. twelve species in nine families were used for handicraft & construction (table 5). the most used species was ‘tuai’ or calamus levis (arecaceae) and ‘poring’ or gigantochloa levis’ (poaceae). frequent plant’s parts used were stem, bark and leaves. table 2 shows a list of plants used for making musical instruments and animal traps. there were eight species of plants used frequently when making a musical instruments in this village. whereby the most frequently used plant is ‘poring’ or gigantochloa levis (bambusoideae). tikolod village is famous of being the producer of ‘sompoton’ musical instrument in sabah. it is solely made and tuned by mr. thaedius bin yungot. to make a ‘sompoton’, it took five species of plants. four of which were forest plants. this means that if the forest is cleared or gone, the ‘sompoton’ will also be gone as well! according to mr. thaedius yungot, it was hard to make a ‘sompoton’ nowadays because the plant resources were getting rare and the forests were getting further away. conclusion the ethnobotanical studies of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, shows that there were 160 species in 62 families of plants used. among them, there were 83 species (in 36 families) of edible plants, 75 species (in 44 families) were medicines, 12 species (in eight families) were used for constructions and handicraft and eight species (in six families) were used for musical instruments and animal traps. there were 24 species of plants that have two or more uses. of the total, 87 species or 54% were native or collected from the natural forest nearby and 73 species or 45% of these plants were exotic (introduced plants). the most commonly used of plant families were poaceae (gramineae) with 14 species, followed by moraceae and zingiberaceae, with eight species each, and arecaceae (palmae), cucurbitaceae, euphorbiaceae, rutaceae and solanaceae, with seven species each. acknowledgements first and foremost i would like to acknowledge the institute for tropical borneo and conservation, universiti malaysia sabah, kota kinabalu, for granted permission and budget to conduct this study. to lab assistants mr. johnny gisil and boni jaumin, and to students hafizah bt. sunning, nor ezani ahmad, nur afifah bt. mohd. nasir and farah nadiah bt. omar who helped in field works. this documentation would not be successful without the help of villagers in tikolod especially to mr. waidi siwil. i appreciate your contributions. thank you very much. references ahmad, f. & raji, h. 1992. penggunaan ubatan tradisional oleh suku kaum di sabah. in: khozirah, s., azizol, a. k. & razak, m. a. (eds.). proceeding of the conference on medicinal products from tropical rain forest. forest research institute malaysia: 82–88. department of statistics, malaysia. 2010. population distribution and basic demographic characteristics. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/ d o w n l o a d _ p o p u l a t i o n / f i l e s / c e n s u s 2 0 1 0 / t a b u r a n _ p e n d u d u k _ d a n _ c i r i ciri_asas_demografi.pdf. (accessed on 5th october 2012). hoare, a. l. 2002. cooking the wild: the role of the lundayeh of the ulu padas (sabah, malaysia) in managing forest foods and shaping the landscape. university of kent at canterbury canterbury. (dissertation). hoare, a. l. 2000. food resources and changing patterns of resource use among the the lundayeh of the ulu padas, sabah. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/. (accessed on 5th october 2012). kulip, j. 2004. medicinal plants in sabah: how much do we know? a paper presented in seminar on medicinal plants and the herbal industry: opportunities and challenges. jointly organized by frim, ums and bhcs. august 23rd. universiti malaysia sabah, kota reinwardtia 106 [vol.14 kinabalu. kulip, j. 1996. a survey on medicinal plants and other useful plants used by the dusun/kadazan people in tambunan district, sabah, malaysia. a paper presented at the 4 th biennial international conference of borneo research council, university of brunei darussalam, brunei. kulip, j., indu peter, j. & mison r. 2005. ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in the village of kaingaran in sabah, malaysia. journal of tropical biology conservation 1:71–77. kulip, j. & matunjau, c. a. 1992. the utilization of bamboos in tambunan, sabah, east malaysia. national bamboo seminar 1, proceedings of the seminar, 2-4 nov. frim, kepong. pp. 26–45. laman web rasmi pejabat daerah tambunan. http://www.sabah.gov.my/pd.tbn/v2 latiff, a. 2005. valuing the biodiversity of medicinal plant species in malaysia. in: azhar muda, mohd. hamami sahri, ahmad said sajap, faridah qamaruz-zaman, nor aini ab. shukor, jalil md. som & i. faridahhanum. (eds). proceedings of the international conference on medicinal plants. universiti putra malaysia dan jabatan perhutanan semenanjung malaysia, kuala lumpur. pp. 3–16. low, k. o. 2006. reading symbols and mythical landscape in the “tambunan dusun origin myth” of north borneo. ijaps 2 (2): 29–50. martin, g. j. 1995. ethnobotany: a methods manual. chapman and hall, london and new york. md bakri, h. 2005. felda’s experience in the commercialization of herbal products. in: azhar muda, mohd. hamami sahri, ahmad said sajap, faridah qamaruz-zaman, nor aini ab. shukor, jalil md. som & i. faridahhanum. (eds). proceedings of the international conference on medicinal plants. universiti putra no. species family dusun name uses 1. artocarpus dadah moraceae buruni handicraft 2. artocarpus odoratissimus moraceae timadang handicraft & construction 3. calamus javensis arecaceae tuai handicraft 4. calamus levis arecaceae tuai handicraft 5. gigantochloa levis poaceae poring handicraft & construction 6. gleichenia linearis euphorbiaceae na handicraft 7. glochidion sp. euphorbiaceae na construction 8. metroxylon sagu arecaceae sagu handicraft & construction 9. morinda citrifolia rubiaceae na handicraft 10. spatholobus sp. leguminosae bingol handicraft 11. symplocos sp. sympocaceae na construction 12. trema orientalis verbenaceae ludai handicraft no. dusun name botanical name musical product animal trap 1. polod arenga undulatifolia sompoton bungkau 2. tuai (wakau) calamus laevis sompoton tongkungon bubu tambong kasip sopuk tuil 3. tambirog alstonia angustiloba sundatang kulintangan tuil 4. tou lagenaria siceraria sompoton 5. loputung gleichenia lineris sompoton 6. lias donax canniformis lias 7. poring gigantochloa levis tokubong togungak tongkungon kulintangan bubu tambong kasip sopuk 8. lampaki schizostachyum pilosum sompoton turali bungkau tuil table 5. list of plants for making musical instrument and animal’s trap. table 4. list of plants species used to make handicraft & constructions. 2014] 107 kulip: the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, sabah, malaysia no. type of illness (malay/dusun) type of illness (english) 1. ampus asthma 2. batuk cough 3. bernanah boils 4. biri-biri beri-beri 5. buang angin dalam badan flatulence 6. buang kurias anti-dandruff 7. cirit-birit diarrhea 8. deman fever 9. dugal gastritis 10. gatal di badan itchy on body 11. ibu selepas bersalin new mother after gave birth 12. kanak-kanak tidak dapat tidur difficult to sleep (child) 13. kegagalan buah pinggang kidney failure 14. kekejangan otot muscle cramp 15. kurangkan padas badan reducing heat inside body 16. kurap ring worm 17. luka wound 18. melancarkan peredaran darah smooth blood flows 19. memulihkan tenaga bagi ibu yang baru bersalin to recover energy after gave birth. 20. mengurangkan lemak reducing fat 21. merangsang penggeluaran peluh induce sweating 22. penawar racun antidote 23. penstabil rahim ibu selepas melahirkan anak womb stabilizer for new mother after gave birth. 24. penyakit kuning jaundice 25. radang inflammation 26. sakit gigi toothache 27. sakit kepala headache 28. sakit mata eyesore 29. sakit perut stomachache 30. sakit tulang bone illness 31. sakit tulang belakang back bone illness 32. selesma influenza 33. sariawan mulut sprue/thrush 34. tekanan darah tinggi high blood pressure table 3. list of symptoms of illness cured by medicinal plants from tikolod village. r e in w a r d t ia 1 0 8 [v o l .1 4 no scientific name dusun name edible part(s) preparation habit voucher specimen no. (borh) family species 1. amaranthaceae amaranthus gangeticus l. sansam leaves and young stem boil to make soup or stir fry herb 1958 2. amaranthaceae amaranthus sessils (l.) r.br. ex dc lalambi young shoot boil to make soup or stir fry herb 1959 3. amaryllidaceae allium tuberosum rottler ex spreng. losun tuber, leaves and stem boil to make soup or stir fry herb 1960 4. anacardiaceae mangifera foetida lour. pahu fruits unripe fruit cook as vegetables while ripen fruit eaten raw. large tree 1961 5. anacardiaceae mangifera indica l. mangga fruits eaten ripe large tree 1962 6. anacardiaceae mangifera odorata griff. wani fruits eaten ripe large tree 1963 7. anacardiaceae mangifera pajang kosterm. bambangan fruits unripe fruit use to make pickles while ripe fruit eaten raw. tree 1964 8. annonaceae annona muricata l. lampun belanda fruits unripe fruit cooked as vegetables while ripe fruit eaten raw. mediumtree 1965 9. annonaceae rollinia deliciosa saff. fruits eaten ripe medium tree 1966 10. apiaceae apium graveolens l. leaves and stem added in soup as flavour herb 1967 11. apiaceae eryngium foetidum l. rumput tabug leaves near root boil and eat with chili or stir fry herb 1968 12. araceae alocasia esculenta (l.) schott. guol petiole, pith and tuber boil or stir fry herb 1969 13. araceae alocacia odara k. koch. dar tendril boil or stir fry herb 1971 14. araceae homalomena sp. buntui stem and petiole boil or stir fry herb 1972 table 1. list of edible plants in tikolod village, tambunan, sabah, malaysia. 2 0 1 4 ] 1 0 9 k u l ip : t h e e th n o b o ta n y o f th e d u su n p e o p le in t ik o lo d v illa g e , s a b a h , m a la y sia 15. araceae schismatoglottis ahmadii a. hay dukaruk stem and petiole boil or stir fry herb 1973 16. arecaceae areca catechu l. lugus fruits slice into smaller pieces and wrap with piper (daing) leaves. palm tree 1974 17. arecaceae cocos nucifera l. piasau fruits, pith and flower buds. pith is boil, water inside the fruit can be drink as well as the water in flower bud can be use to make coconut wine or ‘tuak’ palm tree 1975 18. asteraceae cosmos caudatus kunth. leaves eaten raw with chili mixture (sambal). herb 1976 19. asteraceae crassosephalum crepidioides (benth.) s. moore. koyundou young shoot eaten raw with chili mixture (sambal) or stir fry. herb 1977 20. basellaceae basella rubra l. gemputa leaves eaten raw with chili mixture (sambal) or stir fry. herb 1978 21. blechnaceae stenochlaena palustris (burm. f.) bedd. lembiding young shoot boil to make soup or stir fry herb 1979 22. bombacaceae durio zibenthinus murray ratu fruits eaten ripe. large tree 1980 23. brasicaceae brasica juncea l. czern. sayur pahit leaves, stem & flower boil to make soup or stir fry herb 1981 24. brasicaceae nasturtium officinale r.br. sayur hongkong stem and leaves boil to make soup or stir fry herb 1982 25. bromeliaceae ananas comosus l. merr. puntibangai fruits unripe fruit is cooked as vegetables while ripe fruit is eaten raw. herb 1983 26. butomaceae limnocharis flava (l.) buchenau tayaan sandakan petiole, stem, young leaves and inflorescence boil and eat with chili mixture or stir fry herb 1984 table 1. list of edible plants in tikolod village, tambunan, sabah, malaysia (continued). r e in w a r d t ia 1 1 0 [v o l .1 4 27. caricaceae carica papaya l. tapayas fruits and leaves leaves cook as vegetables while ripe is fruit eaten raw. shrub 1985 28. convolvulaceae ipomoea aquatica forssk. kangkung leaves and stem boil to make soup or stir fry herb 1986 29. convolvulaceae ipomoea batatas l. lam. kasou tuber and leaves tuber is boiled while leaves can be cook as vegetables. herb 1987 30. cucurbitaceae benincasa hispida thunb. tonsomon leaves and fruits boil as soup or stir fry herb 1988 31. cucurbitaceae cucurbita maxima duch. tawadak leaves, fruits and young stem unripe fruits cook as vegetables and also use to make cake while leaves and young stem cook as vegetables climber 1989 32. cucurbitaceae lagenaria siceraria (molina) standl. tou fruits boil or fry climber 1990 33. cucurbitaceae cucumis sativus l. sangop fruits and leaves boil or stir fry climber 1991 34. cucurbitaceae luffa cylindrical m. roem kosula fruits boil or stir fry climber 1992 35. cucurbitaceae momordica charantia l. kuinsung fruits and leaves boil or stir fry climber 1993 36. cucurbitaceae sechium edule (jacq.) sw. sangop jepun fruits, young leaves and shoot boil or stir fry climber 1994 37. dracaenaceae dracaena sp. lempayau var. green leaves stem boil or stir fry shrub 1995 38. drypteridaceae diplazium esculantum (retz. sw.) pakis leaves and stem boil or stir fry fern 1996 39. euphorbiaceae manihot esculanta crantz. mundok leaves and tubers leaves are boil and eat as salad while tubers are boil and eaten directly. shrub 1997 40. euphorbiaceae sauropus androgynus merr. sayur manis leaves and stem boil or stir fry herb 1998 table 1. list of edible plants in tikolod village, tambunan, sabah, malaysia (continued). 2 0 1 4 ] 1 1 1 k u l ip : t h e e th n o b o ta n y o f th e d u su n p e o p le in t ik o lo d v illa g e , s a b a h , m a la y sia 41. fabaceae arachis hypogaea l. kasang legume fry with sand to get rid of soil on its outer part and eaten directly 42. fabaceae phaseolus vulgaris l. kasang pindik fruits fry or cook with other dishes 43. fabaceae psophocarpus tetragonolobus dc. nambaril fruits eaten raw with chili mixture 44. fabaceae vigna sesquipedalis (l.) fruw. balatung fruits and leaves boil or fry 45. lamiaceae ocimum basilicum l. siwot leaves cook together with meat 46. lauraceae cinnamomum iners reinw. ex. blume keningau bark food flavour 47. lauraceae persea americana mill. buah lemak fruits eaten ripe 48. liliaceae allium ampeloprassum l. ding bawang shoots, bulb and stem boil or stir fry 49. meliaceae lansium domesticum correa lansat fruits eaten raw when come to its season 50. moraceae artocarpus elasticus reinw. ex blume togop fruits unripe fruits cooked as vegetables while ripe one eaten raw 51. moraceae artocarpus heterophyllus lam. nangko fruits unripe fruits cooked as vegetables while ripen one eaten raw 52. moraceae artocarpus integer spreng. pulutan fruits unripe fruits cooked as vegetables while ripe one eaten raw 53. moraceae artocarpus odoratissimus blanco. timadang fruits unripe fruits cooked as vegetables while ripe one eaten raw 54. musaceae musa sp. puntiruk fruits, pith, unopened inflorescence unripe fruits cooked as vegetables while ripen one eaten raw. unopened inflorescence also cooked with chili mixture. pith is boiled as soup. table 1. list of edible plants in tikolod village, tambunan, sabah, malaysia (continued). r e in w a r d t ia 1 1 2 [v o l .1 4 55. myrtaceae psidium guajava l. kaliabas fruits eaten ripe tree 2015 56. oxalidaceae averrhoa bilimbi l. burilan fruits eaten ripe or used to make chili mixture. tree 2016 57. piperaceae piper betle l. daing leaves wrap the betle nut. climber 2017 58. piperaceae piper umbellatum l. kuyoh leaves cook with fish or wrap the fish then roast climber 2018 59. poaceae bambusa vulgaris schrad. ex. j.c. wendl. sokoh pith slice and boil or add with salted fish or others shrub 2019 60. poaceae cymbopogon citratus stapf. segumau stem slice or mash the basal stem and then added in dishes as flavor. herb 2020 61. poaceae oryza sativa l. parai fruits fruits are dried until the outer part open by itself herb 2021 62. poaceae saccharum officinarum l. tobu stem get rid of its outer skin and the juice of the inner stem is drink raw. shrub 2022 63. poaceae zea mays l. loang / tawaran fruits boiled and eaten, make cake and the young one cook as vegetables. shrub 2023 64. polygonaceae polygonum odoratum lour. daun kesum leaves added in dishes as flavor. herb 2024 65. pontederiaceae eichhornia crassipes (mart.) solms tayaan stem and flower boil or fry. herb 2025 66. rutaceae citrus aurantifolia (christm.) swingle kolopis fruits flavour tree 2026 67. rutaceae citrus limon (l.) osbeck lemon fruits squeeze in dishes or chili mixture. tree 2027 68. rutaceae citrus limon var. ponderosa limau bubudan fruits squeeze in dishes or chili mixture. tree 2028 69. rutaceae citrus maxima (burm.) merr. worung fruits eaten ripe tree 2029 table 1. list of edible plants in tikolod village, tambunan, sabah, malaysia (continued). 2 0 1 4 ] 1 1 3 k u l ip : t h e e th n o b o ta n y o f th e d u su n p e o p le in t ik o lo d v illa g e , s a b a h , m a la y sia 70. rutaceae citrus reticulata blanco. limau manis fruits squeeze in dishes or chili mixture. tree 2031 71. rutaceae citrus microcarpa bunge. limau manis fruits eaten ripe tree 2032 72. sapindaceae nephelium lappaceum l. rangalau fruits eaten ripe when come to its season tree 2033 73. solanaceae capsicum sp. lalangangon fruits mixed with other dishes shrub 2034 74. solanaceae capsicum annuum l. penderoi fruits mixed with other dishes shrub 2035 75. solanaceae lycopersicon esculentum mill. tambatus fruits boil, stir fry or added with other dishes shrub 2036 76. solanaceae solanum melongena l. binterung fruits boil or stir fry shrub 2037 77. solanaceae solanum nigrum l. tutan leaves and stem boil or stir fry shrub 2038 78. zingiberaceae alpinia galanga willd. lengkuas rhizome added in dishes shrub 2039 79. zingiberaceae etlingera coccinea (blume.) s.sakai & ngam. tuhau pith slice / crunch, mix with chili & eaten raw as salad. shrub 2040 80. zingiberaceae etlingera elatior (jack.) r.m. smith. topu flower and fruits flower is boiled to make soup while fruit used to make chili mixture. shrub 2041 81. zingiberaceae hornstedtia scyphifera steud. tolidus fruits eaten raw shrub 2042 82. zingiberaceae zingiber officinale roscoe layo rhizome mix with other dishes herb 2043 83. zingiberaceae zingiber officinale var. rubrum theilade layo aragang rhizome mix with other dishes herb 2044 table 1. list of edible plants in tikolod village, tambunan, sabah, malaysia (continued). http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2698415 r e in w a r d t ia 1 1 4 [v o l .1 4 no. scientific name dusun name symptoms of illness part used preparation voucher specimens no. (borh) family species 1. acanthaceae justicia gendarussa burm.f. tembiau taragang flatulence leaves boil 2 branches of leaves and mix with ‘tawawoh’, ‘kaliabas’, ‘limau’, ‘kebong’, ‘segumau’ and use for bath twice a day 1828 2. acanthaceae/ labiate orthosiphon aristatus (blume) miq. misai kucing reduce fats and kidney failure leaves boil to make tea. 20g or 7 leaves (under 1 year old) or 2025 leaves (1 year and above old) 1829 3. actinidiaceae saurauia sp. longugan taragang new swell ulcer stem scrap and crush to get the sap and apply 1830 4. actinidiaceae saurauia sp. kebong biribiri entire plant 2 plants per boil and use for bath 2x a day 1831 5. anacardiaceae pegia sarmentosa (lecomte) hand.-mazz. ampan cuts shoot crush 4 shoots and mix with ‘daing’ and apply 1861 6. annonaceae uvaria sp. kalawit cough stem sap from stem is mixed with ‘lipoi’, ‘babas’ and ‘lias’ then drink 1832 7. apocynaceae alstonia spathulata blume tembirog cuts (human or animal) stem cut the stem and apply the latex until cover the cut 1833 8. araliaceae schefflera nervosa (king) r.vig. miang palat paralyze (baby) young leaves boil 7 branches of young leaves and mix with ‘sileu’ and ‘pako dita’ then use for bath 23x a day 1834 9. arecaceae/ palmae calamus sp. lamba cooling body (children) root crush and apply on body once a day 1835 10. arecaceae/ palmae caryota mitis lour. botu post partum pith boil 200g to make porridge and eat twice a day or boil with ‘segumau’ and ‘tembiau taragang’ then use for bath twice a day 1836 table 2. list of medicinal plants in tikolod village, tambunan, sabah, malaysia. 2 0 1 4 ] 1 1 5 k u l ip : t h e e th n o b o ta n y o f th e d u su n p e o p le in t ik o lo d v illa g e , s a b a h , m a la y sia 11. asteraceae/ compositae blumea balsamifera (l.) dc. tawawoh cooling body (mother after childbirth) and flatulence (awingkat) root boil 200g and mix with ‘wallng’, salinatat, talinting, pako dita and dalai then use for bath twice a day. 1837 12. asteraceae/ compositae elephantopus mollis kunth saraman diarrhea (1 year above) toothache root inner stem boil to make tea, 1 spoon twice a day heat and apply 1838 13. asteraceae / composite chromolaena odorata (l.) r.m.king & h.rob. rumput malaysia cuts and old wounds young stem crush and apply as decoction 1839 14. blechnaceae blechnum orientale l. dudugau ulcer shoot crush and apply as decoction 1840 15. caricaceae carica papaya l. tapayas flatulence (awingkat) root mix 2 roots with ‘gapas’ and ‘tawadak’ then crush and boil to make tea 1841 16. connaraceae cnetis sp. lingem cough & stomachache stem drink 1-2 spoons the sap from stem that mix with tambar twice a day 1956 17. convovulaceae merremia peltata (l.) merr. babas stomachache and flatulence (awingkat) stem sap from stem mix with ‘lipoi’ then drink 1842 18. costaceae cheilocostus speciosus (j.koenig) c.d.specht tongkurongkur stabilizing uterus after childbirth flower crush and low heat then apply on abdomen 3x a day 1843 19. cucurbitaceae cucurbita pepo l. tawadak (labu) flatulence (awingkat) root mix with ‘tapayas’ and ‘gapas’ then crush and boil to make tea 1844 20. cyperaceae cyperus sp. wallang jaundice (3 month child) root boil and mix with tong gilupang and use for bath twice a day 1845 21. dilleniaceae tetracera scandens (l.) merr. tambar cough stem drink the sap from stem 1846 22. euphorbiaceae homalanthus populneus (geiseler) pax dayang mato muscle cramp (karas) root boil 200g to make tea 1847 23. euphorbiaceae jatropha curcas l. jarak cuts young leaves and latex from bark crush and apply and rub the latex on the cuts 1848 24. euphorbiaceae mallotus paniculatus (lam.) müll.arg. dauk cuts and scabies young leaves crush and apply 1849 25. euphorbiaceae phyllanthus urinaria l. piasau-piasau high blood pressure and no energy entire plant boil 5 plants to make tea. drink 24 spoons (adult) or 1 spoon (child), 3x a day 1850 table 2. list of medicinal plants in tikolod village, tambunan, sabah, malaysia. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-24352 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-24352 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-8501747 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-343835 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-343835 r e in w a r d t ia 1 1 6 [v o l .1 4 26. flacourtiaceae bischofia javanica blume tungo blood circulation stomachache and diarrhea bark shoot boil to make tea or use for bath adult: crush and eat child: crush, filter and drink 1852 27. gleicheniaceae gleichenia truncate (willd.) spreng. laputong eyesore stem break to get the sap and apply on morning and evening, 4 stem per use 1853 28. hypoxidaceae molineria latifolia (dryand. ex w.t.aiton) herb. ex kurz. tambaka cough root boil 100g to make tea and drink twice a day 1854 29. lamiaceae ageratum conyzoides (l.) l. kambing kambing cuts leaves crushed 100g and apply 1855 30. lauraceae litsea sp.1 lamou-lamou cuts and scabies stem scrap the stem and apply 1856 31. lauraceae litsea sp.2 sileu flatulence (awingkat) shoot boil 4 shoots and mix with ‘segumau’, ‘tawawoh’ and ‘limau’ and use for bath twice a day 1857 32. lauraceae litsea sp.3 sesulang kupes new boils shoot crush & apply 1957 33. leguminosae senna alexandrina mill. gombirong ringworm young leaves crush 100g and apply only on evening 1858 34. leguminosae dismodium sp. rupe-rupet flu young leaves crush 4-7 leaves (child) or 7-10 leaves (adult), filter and drink 3x a day 1859 35. leguminosae spatholobus sp. belohu cough and diarrhea stem mix the sap with ‘kalawit’ then drink 1860 36. leguminosae urena lobata l. tong gilupang jaundice (3 month child) root boil and mix with wallang and use for bath twice a day 1862 37. leguminosae vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. balatong (kacang panjang) fever (child) and headache (adult) shoot crush 2g and apply twice a day 1863 38. liliaceae dianella ensifolia (l.) dc. lepi-lepi headache younf leaves crush 6-12 leaves and apply 2-3 a day 1875 39. loganiaceae fagraea cuspidate blume todopon puwok fever root crush 500g and boil then use for bath twice a day 1864 40. marantaceae donax canniformis (g.forst.) k.schum. lias cough stem drink the sap from stem that mix with tambar and drink 10 ml or 1 spoon 2-3x a day 1865 41. malvaceae gossypium sp. gapas flatulence (awingkat) root mix with ‘tapayas’ and ‘tawadak’ then crush and boil to make tea 1866 table 2. list of medicinal plants in tikolod village, tambunan, sabah, malaysia. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-281372 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-281372 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-281372 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-1115 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-3589 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-3589 2 0 1 4 ] 1 1 7 k u l ip : t h e e th n o b o ta n y o f th e d u su n p e o p le in t ik o lo d v illa g e , s a b a h , m a la y sia 42. menispermaceae fibraurea tinctoria lour. tapa buawang fever and headache stem crush 5g and boil with ‘wallang’, ‘kalipapa’ and ‘dauk’ and use for bath 1867 43. moraceae ficus sp. togungkorup cuts stem crush and apply with the stem sap 1868 44. moraceae ficus septica burm.f. lintotobou taragang stomachache (gastric), flatulence (awingkat) and no energy root boil to make tea. drink 4 spoon (minimum) or 1 bottle/ 100g (maximum) 1869 45. myrsinaceae embelia sp. sowolikan stomachache young leaves adult: crush and eat child: crush, filter and drink 1870 46. myrsinaceae maesa sp. sumpingsumping headache young leaves crush 6-12 leaves and apply 2-3 a day 1894 47. myrtaceae psidium guajava l. kaliabas diarrhea diarrhea and stomachache root young leaves boil 100g to make tea crush 2-3 leaves, filter and drink 1871 48. phyllanthaceae sauropus androgynous (l.) merr. totopus teropuk cuts (bleeding) young leaves crush and apply on the cut. 1851 49. piperaceae piper umbellatum l. kuyoh boils inside ear fruit break the fruit to produce the latex and apply twice a day for 4 days 1872 50. piperaceae piper betle l. daing (sirih) stomachache and bones pain (knee) leaves crush and mix with ‘layo taporak’ and apply once a day 1873 51. pittosporaceae pittosporum ferrugenium w.t.aiton mensaipang bones pain and back pain root boil 200g and use for bath twice a day 1874 52. poaceae cymbopogon citratus (dc.) stapf segumau flatulence (awingkat) and fever root and stem boil the plant about 20g. inhale the vapour (“bertangas”) until sweating once a day 1876 53. poaceae dinochloa sublaevigata s. dransf. wadan stomachache and flatulence (awingkat) stem drink 1 spoon sap from the stem twice a day 1877 54. poaceae imperata cylindrical (l.) raeusch. paka (lalang) mouth thrush (kabangan) for 10 year above rhizomes crush and drink 2 small spoons. 1878 55. poaceae paspalum conjugatum p. j. bergius talinting bones pain root boil 50g and mix with ‘kalipapa’ and ‘tangilagot’ then used for bath 2-3 a day 1879 table 2. list of medicinal plants in tikolod village, tambunan, sabah, malaysia. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2571246 r e in w a r d t ia 1 1 8 [v o l .1 4 56. poaceae thysanolaena latifolia (roxb. ex hornem.) honda togiung flu (tobat logoun) stem eat 4 stems 3x a day before or after eat 1880 57. polygalaceae polygala paniculata l. bunga tali-tali flatulence (awingkat) entire plant boil and use for bath twice a day 1881 58. poaceae m i s c a n t h u s f l o r i d u l u s (labill.) warb. ex k. schum. & lauterb. bidau cooling body and flatulence (awingkat) root boil 100g and use for bath twice a day 1882 59. rubiaceae neonauclea gigantean (valeton) merr. mahitap diarrhea and stomachache mouth thrush bark young leaves crush 400g and add water and drink eat the gum 1883 60. rutaceae citrus limon (l.) osbeck limau cannot give out sweat leaves boil 2 branches and mix with ‘segumau’, ‘tawawoh’, ‘kebong’ and ‘kalipapa’ and use for bath 2-3 a day 1884 61. rutaceae micromelum sp. paw flatulence root boil 2-4 plant roots and mix with ‘tawawoh’, ‘gasing’ and ‘wallang’ 1885 62. scorphulariaceae scrophularia sp. mata-mata asthma entire plant boil the plant 2-4 plants. inhale the vapour (“bertangas”) until sweating twice a day 1886 63. simaroubaceae eurycoma longifolia jack timuh gastric root boil to make tree. drink 1 spoon 3x a day 1887 64. smilaceae smilax sp. tunda waist or back pains young shoot boil and eat as vegetable 3x a day 1888 65. solanaceae capsicum annuum l. lado burns and hot water shoot crush and mix with water then apply 1889 66. solanaceae solanum nigrum l. tutan anorexia for child root boil 1 inch or 50g to make tea and drink twice a day 1890 67. solanaceae solanum torvum sw. bintorung talun fever root boil 100g and mix with ‘tawawoh’ and use for bath2-3 a day 1891 68. urticaceae urtica sp. mandahasi cough stem drink 1 spoon (10 ml) of the sap 2-3 a day 1892 69. verbenaceae alphitonia sp. pako dita itchy young leaves stem boil 4 leaves and mix with ‘sileu’ and use for bath scrap the bark and apply 1893 table 2. list of medicinal plants in tikolod village, tambunan, sabah, malaysia. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2698415 2 0 1 4 ] 1 1 9 k u l ip : t h e e th n o b o ta n y o f th e d u su n p e o p le in t ik o lo d v illa g e , s a b a h , m a la y sia 70. verbenaceae stachytarpheta jamaicensis (l.) vahl sugandap antidote entire plant crush to make tea and drink 2 spoons once a day 1895 71. verbenaceae vitex pinnata l. kalipapa bloody diarrhea root boil 300g to make tea and drink 3x a day after eat 1896 72. vitaceae tetrastigma sp. torumun-dakon toothache anti dandruff and boils on head young stem crush and apply on teeth crush and apply on head 1897 73. zingiberaceae curcuma longa l. kunyit jaundice stem rhizomes boil 200g and use for bath apply on head 1898 74. zingiberaceae etlingera brevilabrum (valeton) r. m. sm. sibu cuts (bleeding) root crush and apply 1899 75. zingiberaceae etlingera elatior (jack) r. m. sm. topu (bunga kantan) flatulence young leaves boil 2-4 leaves and mix with ‘tawawoh’, ‘kaliabas’, ‘limau’, ‘kebong’, ‘segumau’ and ‘tembiau taragang’ use for bath twice a day 1954 76. zingiberaceae zingiber officianale roscoe layo taporak (halia putih) cooling body and post partum rhizomes boil 100g and mix with chicken and drink twice a day 1955 table 2. list of medicinal plants in tikolod village, tambunan, sabah, malaysia. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-213709 reinwardtia 120 [vol.14 appendix 1. some photographs of the ethnobotanical plants in tikolod village. 1. medicinal plants 2. edible plants (a). raw materials eg. leaves of (a) topu or etlingera elatior, (b) kaliabas or psidium guava, (c) segumau or cymbopogon citratus, (d) kebong or saurauia sp., (e) limau or citrus aurintifolia, (f) tawaweh or blumea balsamifera and (g) tembiau taragang or justicia gendarussa. (b) extracted eg. tea prepared (a) “tubat onginan” for flatulence and fever (for bathing), (b) “tubat dayang mato” for muscle cramp (for drinking), (c) “tubat tawak” for back pain (for drinking), (d) “tubat totud” for knee (for plastering), (e) “tubat kupes” for boils (for plastering) and (f) “tubat owingkat” for newly mothers (for drinking). (a). forest vegetables/greens (a) mangga or mangifera indica, (b) toonsomon or cucurbitaceae, (c) tayaan or limnocharis flava, (d) polod or arenga undulatifolia, (e) kangkung or ipomea aquatica, (f) lemiding or stenochalena palustris, (g) sokoh tombotuon or schizostachyum lima and (h) wongian or macaranga sp. (this is not a vegetable but is used to warp cooked rice). (b) forest fruit eg. takob or garcinia sp. (guttiferae) 2014] 121 kulip: the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, sabah, malaysia 3. musical instruments and traps various type of traps and local musical instruments. (a) “bubu” or fish trap; (b) “sodik” or small mammals trap; (c) “tongkungon” or bamboo guitar; (d) “tongkubong” or bamboo xylophone; (e) “turali” or nose flute; (f & (h) “suling” or mouth flute; (g) “bungkau” ; (i) “babanggu”, (j) “sompoton or mouth organ; (k) “togunggak”. (b) a ‘sompoton’ musical instrument play by mr. thaedius yungot. 4. constructions a bamboo house. 4. handycraft “sirung” or hat and “wakid” or backpack made by rattan and bamboos. reinwardtia 122 [vol.14 malaysia dan jabatan perhutanan semenanjung malaysia, kuala lumpur. pp. 40–48. instruction to authors scope. reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in december. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english. titles. titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in oneparagraphed. abstract. english abstract followed by indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. manuscript. manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. the manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using times new roman 11, ms word for windows of a4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through <reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id>. new paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. identification key. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. nomenclature. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map/line drawing illustration/photograph. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. references. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system as the following examples. journal : kraenzlin, f. 1913. cyrtandraceae novae philippinenses i. philipp. j. sci. 8: 163-179. mayer, v., moller, ml, perret, m. & weber, a. 2003. phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of epithemateae (gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid dna sequence data. american j. bot. 90: 321-329. proceedings :temu, s. t. 1995. peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "djoka dju" pada suku lio, ende, flores, nusa tenggara timur. in: nasution, e. (ed.). presiding seminar dan lokakarya nasional etnobotani ii. lip1 & perpustakaan nasional: 263-268. (in indonesian). simbolon, h. & mirmanto, e. 2000. checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of central kalimantan, indonesia. in: iwakuma et al. (eds.) proceedings of the international symposium on: tropical peatlands. pp. 179-190. book : ridley, h. n. 1923. flora of the malay peninsula 2. l. reeve & co. ltd, london. part of book : bentham, g. 1876. gesneriaceae. in: bentham, g. & hooker, j. d. genera plantarum 2. lovell reeve & co., london. pp. 990-1025. thesis : baird, l. 2002. a grammar of keo: an austronesian language of east nusantara. australian national university, canberra. [phd. thesis]. website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/kostermans ajgh.htm). accessed 15 february 2012. reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology, indonesian institute of sciences address: jin. raya jakarta-bogor km. 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; fax (+62) 21 8765062 e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia author agreement form title of article name of author(s) : i/we hereby declare that: • my/our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • it was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • i/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by reinwardtia. • we have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. author signature (s) date name muhammad effendi, tatik chikmawati & dedy darnaedi. new cytotypes of pteris ensiformis var. victoria from indonesia 133 suzana sabran, reuben nilus, joan t. pereira & john baptist sugau. contribution of the heart of borneo (hob) initiative towards botanical exploration in sabah, malaysia 137 wenni setyo lestari, bayu adjie, tassanai jaruwatanaphan, yasuyuki watano & made pharmawati. molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus adiantum (pteridaceae) from lesser sunda islands, indonesia based on rbcl and trnl-f 143 elizabeth a. widjaja & daniel potter. floristic study of mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of the mekongga national park 157 yessi santika, eka fatmawati tihurua & teguh triono. comparative leaves anatomy of pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga (pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 suhardjono prawiroatmodjo & kuswata kartawinata. floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raj a ampat, west papua, indonesia 171 ian m. turner. a new combination in orophea (annonaceae) for uvaria nitida roxb. ex g. don 181 ivan s avinov. taxonomic revision of asian genus glyptopetalum thwaites (celastraceae r. br.) 183 yusi rosalina, nisyawatl erwin nurdin, jatna supriatna & kuswata kartawinata. floristic composition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the pt national sago prima, selat panjang, riau, indonesia 193 iman hid ay at & jamjan meeboon. cercospora brunfelsiicola (fungi, mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical cercosporoid fungus on brunfelsia uniflora 211 max van balgooy & elizabeth a. widjaja. flora of bali: a provisional checklist 219 eka fatmawati tihurua & ina erlinawati. leaf anatomy of pandanus spp. (pandanceae) from sebangau and bukit baka-bukit raya national park, kalimantan, indonesia 223 julia sang & ruth kiew. diversity of begonia (begoniaceae) in borneo how many species are there? 23 3 dian latifah, robert a. congdon & joseph a. holtum. a physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: arenga australasica, calamus australis, hydriastele wendlandiana saalicuala ramsayi 237 reinwardtia vol. 14. no. 1.2014 contents page abdulrokhman kartonegoro & daniel potter. the gesneriaceae of sulawesi vi: the species from mekongga mts. with a new species of cyrtandra described 1 lim chung lu & ruth kiew. codonoboea (gesneriaceae) sections in peninsular malaysia 13 wisnu h. ardi, yayan w. c. kusuma, carl e. lewis, rosniati a. risna, harry wiriadinata, melissa e. abdo & daniel c. thomas. studies on begonia (begoniaceae) of the molucca islands i: two new species from halmahera, indonesia, and an updated description of begonia holosericea 19 yuzammi, joko r. witono & wilbert l. a. hetterscheid. conservation status of amorphophallus discophorus backer & alderw. (araceae) in java, indonesia 27 mohammad f. royyani & joeni s. rahajoe. behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainability 35 fifi gus dwiyanti, koichi kamiya & ko harada. phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, dryobalanops aromatica gaertn. f. (dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 sachiko nishida & henk van der werff. do cuticle characters support the recognition of alseodaphne, nothaphoebe and dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 nurul amal latiff, rahayu sukmaria sukri & faizah metali. nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in brunei damssalam 67 nurul hazlina zatni & rahayu sukmaria sukri. the diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest in brunei darussalam 73 muhammad amirul aiman ahmad juhari, noratni talip, che nurul atni che amri & mohamad ruzi abdul rahman. trichomes morphology of petals in some species of acanthaceae 79 dian rosleine, eizi suzuki, atih sundawiati, wardi septiana & desy ekawati. the effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of gunung halimun salak national park, west java, indonesia 85 julius kulip. the ethnobotany of the dusun people in tikolod village, tambunan district, sabah, malaysia 101 peter o'byrne. on the evolution of dipodium r. br 123 reinwardtia is a lipi accredited journal (517/au2/p2mi-lipi/04/2013) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology indonesian institute of sciences cibinong science center jln. raya jakarta bogor, km 46 cibinong 16911, p.o. box 25 cibinong indonesia barudepan 400-579-2-pb belakangbaru img577_page_1 img577_page_2 img577_page_3 img577_page_4 lipi a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(4) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(4): 261 337, 31 march 2008 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondece on the reinwardtia journal and subscriptions should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia the phylogenetic position of the papuasian genus sarcochilus r.br. (orchidaceae: aeridinae): evidence from molecular data received august 8, 2007; accepted october 28, 2007. topik hidayat department of biology education, faculty of mathematic and natural science education, indonesia university of education (upi), bandung, indonesia. topikhidayat@upi.edu motomi ito department of general systems sciences, graduate school of arts and sciences, the university of tokyo, tokyo, japan tomohisa yukawa tsukuba botanical garden, national science museum, tsukuba, japan abstract hidayat, t.; ito, m.; yukawa, t. 2008. the phylogenetic position of the papuasian genus sarcochilus r.br. (orchidaceae: aeridinae): evidence from molecular data. reinwardtia 12(4). 281 – 284. –– the taxonomic status of the papuasian orchid genus sarcochilus r.br. remains unresolved. represented by sarcochilus chrysanthus schltr., a phylogenetic analysis to evaluate relationships between the papuasian species and those from australia was conducted using molecular characters. parsimony analysis using dna sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (its) region showed that this papuasian species, is in a distant position from the so-called the true sarcochilus sensu stricto. these results provide additional evidence for the establishment of a new genus monantochilus. keywords: its region, orchidaceae, papua new guinea, phylogenetic relationships, sarcochilus chrysanthus abstrak hidayat, t.; ito, m.; yukawa, t. 2008. posisi filogenetika anggrek papua marga sarcochilus (orchidaceae: aeridinae): bukti dari data molekuler. reinwardtia 12(4): 281 – 284. –– status taksonomi marga anggrek sarcochilus yang berasal dari papua masih belum terselesaikan. dengan menggunakan sarcochilus chrysanthus schltr., analisis filogenetik untuk mengevaluasi hubungan antara jenis yang berasal dari papua. dengan jenis yang berasal dari australia telah dilakukan menggunakan ciri molekul. analisis parsimoni dengan menggunakan urutan dna dari daerah internal transcribed spacer (its) menunjukkan bahwa jenis yang berasal dari papua ini sangat berbeda dengan jenis sarcochilus yang sebenarnya. hasil ini menyediakan bukti tambahan bagi pembentukan marga baru, yaitu monantochilus. kata kunci: daerah its, hubungan filogenetik, orchidaceae, papua, sarcochilus chrysanthus introduction the orchid genus sarcochilus r. br., belongs to the vandaceous subtribe aeridinae pfitzer, which contains numerous poorly delimited genera providing many taxonomic and phylogenetic problems. sarcochilus is primarily distributed in australia, with only a few species occurring in neighbouring papua new guinea. the relationship between the papuasian species of sarcochilus and those of sarcochilus sensu stricto from mainland australia has long remained unanswered. rice (2004) separated the papuasian members of sarcochilus from the sarcochilus sensu stricto, placing them into a new genus monantochilus (schltr.) r. rice. this separation was based upon habit, flower number, labellum mobility, and the existence of a callus in the spur. however, these characters vary greatly throughout the species. given the shortcomings of these characters, data obtained from nucleotide substitutions of appropriate molecules are preferable in clarifying the phylogenetic relationships of this group (e.g., moritz and hillis 1996). reinwardtia vol 12, part 4, pp: 281 284 281 this study aims to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships between papuasian sarcochilus and sarcochilus sensu stricto at molecular level using dna sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (its) region. the its region has been widely used by plant systematists because of its small size, highly conserved flanks, high copy number, and rapid concerted evolution (baldwin et al. 1995). recently, the its region has been used in the phylogenetic analysis in many groups of orchidaceae and has provided resolutions for previously obscure relationships. materials and methods six species of sarcochilus, viz. the papuasian s. chrysanthus and five from australia, were examined in this study. rhinerrhiza was used as an outgroup, since this genus is recognized as the sister group to sarcochilus based upon morphological and macromolecular characters (topik et al. 2005). specimens were primarily collected from various regions of australia, and another obtained from tsukuba botanical garden, japan. detailed information about plant materials is provided in table 1. table 1. plant materials examined in this study notes: au : specimens were collected in australia tbg : specimens were collected tsukuba botanical garden-japan (tbg). na : not available the total dna was extracted from fresh material or silica-gel dried plant tissue with a qiagen dneasy mini plant kit following the manufacturer ’s instructions. amplification, purification, and sequencing of its region were carried out as described in topik et al. (2005) using a primer pair, 17se and 26se (fig.1; sun et al. 1994). nuclear ribosomal dna 17se= acgaattcatggtccggtgaagtgttcg 26se= gaattccccggttcgctcgccgttac fig. 1. sequence of its region with location of primers used in this study. information on the primers is also provided. the dna sequence obtained from the its region was aligned with clustal x and was then adjusted manually following the guidelines described in kelchner (2000). phylogenetic analysis based on the maximum parsimony criterion was performed using paup* version 4.0b10 (swofford 1998). insertions and deletions were treated as missing data. all characters were equally weighted and unordered (fitch 1971). data were analyzed by the heuristic search method with tree bisectionreconnection (tbr) branch swapping and the multrees option on, ten replications of random addition sequences with the stepwise addition option, and all most parsimonious trees (mpts) were saved. evaluation of internal support of clades was conducted by the bootstrap analysis (felsenstein 1985) utilizing 1,000 replicates with tbr branch swapping and the multrees option off. number of steps, consistency indices (ci) and retention indices (ri) were calculated on one of the mpts in each analysis with the tree scores command in paup*. results the aligned its region comprised 662 characters. of these, 547 (83%) were constant and 32 (4.8%) were potentially informative. the analysis resulted in one mpt with the length of 153 steps, ci (excluding autapomorphies) of 0.876 and ri of 0.548. the strict consensus tree (fig. 2) showed that papuasian sarcochilus, in this study represented by s. chrysanthus, is separated from sarcochilus sensu stricto. moreover, monophyly of sarcochilus from australia is clearly defined, although bootstrap 282 reinwardtia [vol.12 taxon source voucher rhinerrhiza divitiflora (benth.) rupp sarcochilus hartmannii f. mueller sarcochilus hirticalcar (dockrill) m.a. clem. & b.j. wallace sarcochilus moorei schltr. sarcochilus spathulatus r.s. rogers sarcochilus chrysanthus schltr. sarcochilus weinthalii f.m. bailey au tbg au au au tbg au na tbg145793 na na na tbg145831 na its region 17se 26 se nts ets 18s its-1 5-8s its-2 26s fig. 2. strict consensus tree derived from the parsimony analysis of the its region of nrdna. bootstrap percentages of > 50 are shown above each branch. discussion from global phylogenetic analyses on aeridinae regarding the phylogenetic position of the genus sarcochilus, a recent global phylogenetic analysis of subtribe aeridinae based on dna (its and matk sequences) contributes some information (topik et al. 2005). in that analysis, sarcochilus is represented by s.chrysanthus and s. hartmannii. on this limited basis, sarcochilus appears to be nonmonophyletic. the former makes up thrixspermum alliance with thrixspermum, dimorphorchis, abdominea, microsaccus, and cleisomeria, whereas the latter makes monophyletic with rhinerrhiza and bogoria. using much greater taxon sampling of sarcochilus more robust phylogenetic hypotheses for the genus at molecular level could be established, as can be seen in this study generic circumscription as mentioned above that, at the molecular level, papuasian sarcochilus is different from sarcochilus sensu stricto. in this case, the consequences were whether to align the papuasian species into the australian ones, or to split the former into a new genus. the latter option seemed to be the most practical choice, to avoid sarcochilus in becoming non-monophyletic. schlechter (1913) defined sarcochilus rather broadly subdividing it into three sections based mainly upon stem length, the number of flowers on the sessile inflorescences, and lip lobe number; schlechter ’s sections are monantochilus, eusarcochilus, and ascochilus. rice (2004), however, circumscribed sarcochilus in a narrower sense, including only species with a short leafy stem and many-flowered inflorescences. these two morphological characters are synapomorphic for the genus (fig. 2). the result of this analysis demonstrates wide phylogenetic separation between s. chrysanthus and the australian species of sarcochilus. in comparison with australian sarcochilus (section eu-sarcochilus), the papuasian s. chrysanthus has more elongated stems and spurs, and a single-flowered inflorescence. in addition, the presence of a rectangular, flattened callus in a distinct spur, and the absence of a column-foot are distinctive. the raising of section monantochilus to a generic rank by rice (2004) is supported b y this study at the molecular level. two additional papuasian species, s. iboensis and s. unifloris, have been transferred to monantochilus by rice (2004). biogeographic overview in the past, papua. was connected with australia before finally it was separated as today (white 1990). due to its strategic position, papua since long time has been acting as a corridor for many groups of plant to migrate from asia to australia, and vice versa. such pattern of migration has been suggested for nothofagus (setoguchi et al. 1997), araucaria (setoguchi et al. 1999), amaryllidaceae (ito et al. 1999), dendrobium (yukawa et al. 2000), and aeridinae (topik, 2005). we assumed that several members of sarcochilus have separated at the time of the separation of papua from australia. consequently, those papuan species gradually have to shift their morphological features to fit with new conditions. it is natural that migration to a new region may be accompanied by several morphological changes to adapt to new environmental conditions before subsequently they diverge (white 1990). acknowledgments the authors gratefully acknowledge peter h. weston, rod rice and mike harrison for providing most of the materials used in this study. this study was partly supported by a grant-in-aid for scientific research from jsps (mi). jeffrey wood of the royal botanic gardens, kew and kunio iwatsuki of the university of the air, japan kindly read through the manuscript and also mien a. rifai who kindly did correction of the language. s. hartmannii s. spathulatus s. hirticalcar s. moorei s. weinthalii s. chrysanthus rhinerrhiza divitiflora genus sarcochilus 2008] hidayat et al:: the phylogenetic position of sarcochilus 283 66 99 99 percentages are relatively low (only 66). 284 reinwardtia [vol.12 references baldwin, b.g., sanderson, m.j., porter, j.m., wojciechowski, m.f., campbell, c.s, donoghue, m.j. 1995. the its region of nuclear ribosomal dna: a valuable source of evidence on angiosperm phylogeny. ann. missouri bot. gard. 82:247-277. felsenstein, j. 1985. confidence limit on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. evolution 39:783-791. fitch, w.m. 1971. toward defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specific tree topology. syst. zool. 20:406-416. ito m., kawamoto a, kita y., yukawa t, kurita s. 1999. phylogenetic relationship of amaryllidaceae based on matk sequences data. j. plant res. 112:207-216. kelchner, s.a. 2000. the evolution of noncoding chloroplast dna and its application in plant systematics. ann. missouri bot. gard. 87:482-498. moritz, c., hillis, d.m. 1996. molecular systematics: context and controversies. in: hillis dm, moritz c, mable bk [eds.] molecular systematics, 2 nd edition, sinauer associate, sunderland, ma, usa, pp 1-13. rice, r. 2004. a new vandoid genus for the papuasian orchidaceae. oasis the journal 3 (supplement): 2-3. schlechter, r. 1913. die orchidaceen von deutschnew-guinea: sarcanthinae. fedde rep. beih. 1:953-1039. setoguchi, h., ono, m., doi, h., tsuda, m. 1997. phylogeny and biogeography of nothofagus based on the sequences of atpb-rbcl intergenic spacer. j. plant res. 110:469-482. setoguchi, h., osawa, t.a., pintaud, j.c., jaffre t, veillon, j.m. 1998. phylogenetic relationships within araucariaceae based on rbcl gene sequences. am. j. bot. 85:1507-1516. sun y., skinner, d.z., liang, g..h., hulbert, s.h. 1994. phylogenetic analysis of sorghum and related taxa using internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal dna. theor. appl. gen. 89:2632. swofford, d.l. 1998. paup*4.0b10. phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). version 4. sinauer associates, sunderland, massachussets, usa. topik, h., yukawa., t, ito, m. 2005. molecular phylogenetics of subtribe aeridinae (orchidaceae): insights from plastid matk and nuclear ribosomal its sequences. j. plant. res. 118:271-284. topik, h. 2005. systematic study of subtribe aeridinae (orchidaceae). ph.d. thesis. the university of tokyo, japan. white, m.e. 1990. the flowering of gondwana. princeton univ. press, princeton. yukawa, t., kita, k., handa, t. 2000. dna phylogeny and morphological diversification of australian dendrobium (orchidaceae). in: wilson kl, morrison da [eds.] monocots: systematic and evolution, csiro publishing, melbourne, australia, pp 465-471. instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles wich have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processes further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author (s) attestingto its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation autohrs should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for paper in french or german) of not more than 250 words.keywords should be given below each abstract, on a peparated paper author(s) sholud the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanica monenclatural is observed, so that taxonamix and nomenclatural novelties sholud be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illistration sholud be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free og charge, any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 4. 2008 contents page j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for the tetrastigma (vitaceae) host of rafflesia (rqfflesiaeeae) in malesia and a (not so) new species ... 261 wj.j.ode wilde &b.e.e. duyfes. miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news 267 m.a. rifai. endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai,spec. nov (hyphomycetes) 275 m.a. rifai. another note on podoconismegaspemiaboedijn(hyphomycetes) 277 topik hid a w ; m. ito; t. yukawa. the phylogenetic position of the papuasian genus sarcochilus r.br. (orchidaceae: aeridinae): evidence frommolecular data 281 c.e. ridsdale. notes on maiesiznneonaucleea 285 c.e. ridsdale. thorny problems in the rubiaceae: benkara, fagerlindia andoxyceros 289 kuswatakartawinaia, purwaningsih, t. partomihardjo, r. yusuf, r. abdulhadi, s. riswan. floristics and structure of a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, east kalimantan, indonesia 301 rugaiah & s. sunarti. two new wild species of averrhoa (oxalidaceae) from indonesia 325 atikretnowati. anew javanese species of marasmius (trichlomataceae ) 334 reinwardtia is a lepi acredited journal (80/akred-lipi/p2mbi/5/2007) herbarium bogoriense bidang botani , pus at penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia depannnn 55-114-1-sm blkngg a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(4): 317 — 3 8 9 , december 20, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) teguh triono (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) eizi suzuki (kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami lay out editor deden sumirat hidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers ed de vogel (netherlands), henk van der werff (usa), irawati (indonesia), jan f. veldkamp (netherlands), jens g. rohwer (denmark), lauren m. gardiner (uk), masahiro kato (japan), marshall d. sunberg (usa), martin callmander (usa), rugayah (indonesia), paul forster (australia), peter hovenkamp (netherlands), ulrich meve (germany). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 4, pp: 3 3 1 3 3 9 hoya (apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae) diversity in gunung gede pangrango national park, west java, indonesia received december 1, 2011; accepted september 3, 2012 sri rahayu centre for plant conservation bogor botanical gardens, indonesian institute of sciences jl. ir. h. juanda 13, bogor, indonesia. tel./fax. 62-0251-8322187. e-mail: srirahayukrb@yahoo.com abstract rahayu, s. 2012. hoya (apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae) diversity in gunung gede pangrango national park, west java, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(4): 331-339. — a survey on the diversity of hoya {apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae) species was conducted in gunung gede pangrango national park at different altitudes in four locations (cibodas, bodogol, situgunung, and selabintana). ten hoya species were found at elevations between 650 and 1500 m asl. of these, two species were only found at elevations above 1000 m asl, while the other eight grow well below 1000 m asl. the inventory encountered hoya imperialis lindley and h. micrantha wight ex hook.f. as new records for java. the highest diversity was found at the bodogol research station. it shows that the genus is most diverse at relatively low altitudes. keywords: hoya, apocynaceae, species diversity, new record, gunung gede pangrango national park. abstrak rahayu, s. 2012. keanekaragaman hoya {apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae) di taman nasional gunung gede pangrango, jawa barat, indonesia. reinwardtia 13(4): 331-339. — pencacahan keanekaragaman jenis hoya {apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae) telah dilakukan di taman nasional gunung gede pangrango pada berbagai ketinggian di empat lokasi (cibodas, bodogol, situgunung, dan selabintana). sepuluh jenis hoya ditemukan pada ketinggian 650 hingga 1500 m, dua jenis diantaranya hanya ditemukan pada ketinggian di atas 1000 m dpi. hasil pencacahan menunjukkan hoya imperialis lindley dan h. micrantha wight ex hook.f. merupakan rekaman baru untuk jawa. keanekaragaman jenis tertinggi ditemukan di bodogol. hal ini menunjukkan bahwa hoya lebih banyak terdapat di dataran rendah. kata kunci: hoya, apocynaceae, keanekaragaman jenis, rekaman baru, taman nasional gunung gede pangrango. introduction the genus hoya is widespread in mainland asia, much of malesia, northern australia and some islands of the western pacific. they are mainly epiphytic, shrubby or climbing plants, often with attractively marked foliage and brightly coloured flowers. their general ease of cultivation has resulted in hoyas (hoya spp.: apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae) being popular as ornamental plants in europe, usa and australia (wanntorp et at, 2006; hodgkiss, 2007). hoyas are also used as a source of medicines by indigenous people who live near the forest (zachos, 1998). many hoyas are threatened by destruction of the habitat due to land clearing, and this together with an increase in uses by humans has, or will soon result in a decrease of the occurrence of many of the species in nature. indonesia has been predicted to have the highest hoya species diversity in the world (goyder, 2008; kleijn & van donkelaar, 2001); however, baseline inventories of the species throughout the indonesian archipelago is still limited with most based on dated, limited data (miquel, 1856: indonesia (netherland indie), koorders (1898: minahasanorth sulawesi, backer & brink jr. (1965: java island). a recent preliminary inventory on indonesian hoya (rahayu, 1999) based on the results of botanical exploration of the bogor botanical gardens, has been expanded for sumatera (rahayu, 2001) and bukit batikap, central kalimantan (rahayu, 2006). reinventory for the island of java is critically needed. one of the important localities to be surveyed is gunung gede pangrango national park in west java. gunung gede pangrango national park is a biosphere reserve (indonesian national committee for mab unesco program, 2010) and the area has been extended recently to lowland areas below 1000 m above sea level (asl). as such, this large national park encompasses a range of rainforest habitats and presents a significant remnant of the biological diversity of java. previously only two hoya species were recorded from the national 331 332 reinwardtia [vol.13 park (sunaryo & rugayah, 1992) at elevations above 1000 m asl. hoya species diversity has been assumed to be higher at low elevation (rintz, 1980; schlechter, 1914), so the current inventory was focused especially on the new extended area of lowland forest in the national park. materials and methods the occurrence of hoya species in gunung gede pangrango national park was undertaken by vertical belt transects (cox, 2002) at different elevations, from 650 to 2000 m asl. the sampling was done at four different sites (research stations) as follows: (i) cibodas (1400 m asl); (ii) bodogol (650 m asl); (hi) situ gunung (1000 m asl); and cugenang/gede ( 9 0 0 1500m asl). hoya species were recorded and collected as herbarium specimens and for the living collection were planted at the bogor botanical gardens. the specimens were identified by using published descriptions, comparison with type specimens at bo and/or consultation with hoya experts. results and discussion taxonomy of hoya hoya r.br., prodr. fl. nov. holland. 1810. hook, f, fl. brit. india 4 (1885): 52. — type: hoya carnosa r.br. in prodr. fl. nov. holland. (1810) 460. plants epiphytic, epilithic, rarely rooting in the ground, creeping, climbing, pendent, left-twining, rarely shrubby, latex white, rarely clear. roots fibrous. stems terete, sparsely branched, glabrous to pubescent. leaves decussate, alternate at seeding stage, rarely imbricate, petiolate; lamina lanceolate to obcordate, entire, leathery, fleshy to succulent. inflorescence racemose, occasionally with part inflorescence, lateral or rarely terminal, 1to many flowered, globose, flat or concave, rarely with a peduncle > 10 cm long. flowers 5 merous, actinomorphic. pedicels uniform and straight or length variable within an inflorescence and bent. corolla waxy fleshy, star shaped and spreading, campanulate or urceolate, outside glabrous, inside rarely glabrous, lobes revolute, recurved or reflexed. staminal corona 5 merous, fleshy and waxy, horizontal or not, sometimes bicoloured. pollinaria 5 pairs, each comprising a pair of pollinia on a corpusculum; pollinia elliptic to oblong. fruits a follicle, terete, acuminate, smooth. seeds comose, ovate or linear oblong; coma 1-3 cm long, white or fawnwhite. note. according to forster (1991), the first published name for hoya carnosa (l.) r. br. as type species for the genus was in prodr. fl. nov. holland (brown, 1810), not in mem. wern. soc. (brown, 1811) which incorrectly cited in 1809. hoya species found in the gunung gede pangrango national park key to ten species of hoya in gede pangrango national park (gpnp) 1. a. stem twining 2 b. stem not twining 8. h. multiflora 2. a. leaves thin and chartaceous 3 b. leaves thick or fleshy 4 3. a. upper surface of leaves glossy; corolla star shaped 2.h. coriacea b. upper surface of leaves dull; corolla campanulate \.h. campanulata 4. a. leaves hard, pubescens at below 3. h. imperialis b. leaves fleshy, glabrous 5 5. a. leaves narrow (1-3 cm width); corolla lobes revolute 6 b. leaves wide (3-10 cm width); corolla star shaped, lobes spreading 8 6. a. leaf margin revolute; pedicels 0.2-5 cm long l.h. micrantha b. leaf margin entire or ridged; pedicels 0.5-2 cm long 7 7. a. leaf venation invisible; corolla dark light brown 4. h. kuhlii b. leaf venation visible; corolla creamy white .... 5.h. lacunosa 8. a. leaves oblong with prominent reticulate venation 10. h vitellinoides b. leaves almost cordate with prominent palmate venation 9 9. a. inflorescence multipeduncled, corolla 0.8 cm in diam 6. h latifolia b. inflorescence single peduncled, corolla 1.5 cm in diam 9. h purpureofusca species descriptions 1. hoya campanulata blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. 16:1064. 1826. syn: physostelma campanulatum (blume) decne., dc. prod. viii, 633. — type: java, blume sn. (l!) . — fig. 1a. stem glabrous with floriferous branches, ca. 30 cm long. leaves thin and chartaceous; lamina elliptical, up to 12 cm long by 6 cm wide, upper surface dull (not glossy). peduncle reflexed, rigid, 1-6 cm long. umbel convex, 1-30 flowered, open 8 days. pedicels flexuous, uniform, 4-5 cm long. corolla campanulate, nearly glabrous inside, up to 2.5 cm 2012] rahayu: hoya diversity in gunung gede pangrango national park 333 diameter by 1.5 cm deep, creamy white. corona white or cream, occasionally with a deep red stripe at the base. follicles ca. 16 cm long by 7 mm diam.; dark green striped. locality. bodogol research station. distribution. india, malay peninsula, sumatra, java, borneo. habitat and ecology. along riverside at 650 m asl. notes. hoya campanulata is characterized by the thin leaves and campanulate corollas. 2. hoya coriacea blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. 16 (1926):1061.— type: not seen. —fig. ib. stem glabrous. leaves coriaceous; lamina elliptical, up to 12 cm long by 6 cm wide, glossy on upper surface. peduncle reflexed, rigid, up to 8 cm long. umbel convex, 1-40 flowered, open 4 days. pedicels uniform, 4-5 cm long. corolla lobes densely tomentose with long yellow hairs inside, star shaped, ca. 1.5 cm diam. corona lobes acute at apex, red or purple at the base otherwise white. follicles ca. 12 cm long by 1.5 cm diam. locality. bodogol research station. distribution. malay peninsula, borneo, java, thailand, india. habitat and ecology. slopes, open areas, below 1000 m. notes. easily confused with h. campanulata vegetatively, but more robust and without short, floriferous branches. hoya coriacea is characterized by the thick, not fleshy, coriaceous leaves. 3. hoya imperialis lindley, bot. reg. 32t. 68 (1846). —type: borneo, blume sn. (k!). —fig. 1c. stems very thick and smooth, ca. 8 mm diam. fig. 1. a. h. campanulata blume; b. h. coriacea blume; c. h. imperialis lindley; d. h. kuhlii blume. (bar length = 1 cm) 334 reinwardtia [vol.13 leaves thick, lamina oblong with obtuse or shallowly cordate bases, up to 16 cm long by 5-6 cm wide. peduncle pendant, 10-12 cm long. umbel convex, 1 -10 flowered. pedicels flexuous, uniform, ca. 8 cm long. corolla lobes spreading, fleshy, campanulate shaped, very finely pubescent inside, 3-5 cm diam., deep red. corona lobes massive with blunt tips and conical process at the base; entirely yellow or creamy. corpusculum wide, clavate. follicles ca. 23 cm long by 2.5 cm diam. locality. bodogol research station. distribution. sumatra, malay peninsula, borneo, philippines. habitat and ecology. slopes, semi open areas. notes. hoya imperialis is characterized by its large flowers (3-5 cm diam.). this species is new record for java. 4. hoya kuhlii (blume) korders, exkurs. fl. java 3 (1912) 103. basionym: acanthostemma kuhlii blume, rumphia 4 (1848) 29. — type: java, blume s.n. (l!). —fig. id. leaves fleshy; lamina elliptical with long attenuate bases and rigid margins up to 8 cm long by 4 cm wide. peduncle reflexed, rigid, 5-10 cm long. umbel concave with 1-25 flowers. pedicels rigid and curved, 530 mm long. corolla lobes revolute outward, pubescent inside ca. 8 mm diam., pale or dark brown. corona lobes upcurved, red at center. locality. cibodas. distribution. java. habitat and ecology. mountain forest, above 1000 m. notes. hoya kuhlii is characterized by the small size and brownish revolute corollas. 5. hoya lacunosa blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. 16 (1926) 1063. — type: java, blume sn. (l!). — fig. 2a. stems thin. leaves fleshy; lamina of two forms, one form ovate, thick, up to 3 cm long by 2.5 cm wide the other form oblanceolate up to 7 cm long by 3 cm wide, margin ridged. peduncle reflexed, rigid, up to 5 cm long. umbel concave, 1-30 flowered, open 4 days. pedicels rigid and curved, 5-25 mm long. corolla lobes revolute outward, pubescent inside with long thick hairs, ca. 8 mm diam., white. corona base upcurved, solid, entirely white. follicles 5-6 cm long by 5 mm diam. locality. gedeh cugenang, bodogol research station. distribution. sumatra, malay peninsula, borneo, thailand, java. habitat and ecology. common in lowland and hill forest especially along rivers. notes. hoya lacunosa is characterized by the small leaves and small white revolute flowers. 6. hoya latifolia g. don, gen. hist. pi. iv (1838) 127. — type: not seen. — fig. if. syn: h. macrophylla wight, contr. 38 (1834); h. polystachya blume, mus. bot. lugd. bat.i (1849) 45,t.9. fig. 2b. stem deep red when young. leaves fleshy; lamina ovate, bases cordate with a pair of veins parallel to the midrib; up to 25 cm long by 15 cm wide; upper surface glossy green, lower surface pale green or red. inflorescences multipedunculate. peduncle produced successively on paired racemes, 3-6 cm long. umbel convex, 1-40 flowered. pedicels rigid, uniform, ca. 2 cm long. corolla lobes spreading, star shaped, finely pubescent inside, ca. 8 mm diam., pale pink or brown outside, creamy inside. corona lobes acute at apex, white with pink at centre. locality. gedeh cugenang, bodogol research station. distribution. sumatra, malay peninsula, borneo, java, s thailand. habitat and ecology. twining on large tree especially along the river. notes. hoya latifolia is characterized by the multipeduncled inflorecences. 7. hoya micrantha wight ex hooker fil. * fl. brit. ind 4 (1889): 55. — type: malaysia, malacca, maingay 1127 (k!). — fig. 2c. stem twining, terete, thin, glabrous. leaves fleshy; petiole ca. 4 mm long; lamina elliptic, 8 x 4 cm, glabrous, acuminate, base acuminate, margin strongly revolute. peduncle up to 10 cm long, pendent. umbel 1-30 flowered, concave. pedicels 0.2 -5 cm, strongly bent. corolla lobes strong revolute outward, button (round) shaped, 5 mm diam., pale 2012] rahayu: hoya diversity in gunung gede pangrango national park 335 pink, inside finely weakly pubescent. corona lobes elliptic, ascending, base acuminate, tips bifid, white or pale pink with pink at centre. locality. bodogol research station. distribution. s burma to thailand, malay peninsula. habitat and ecology. slopes, semi open area. notes. hoya micrantha is characterized by the small and orange revolute corollas. this species is new record for java. 8. hoya multiflora blume, cat. gew. buitenzorg 49 (1823) — type: java, blume s.n. (l!). — fig.2d. stem non twining with branches only at the base, up to 2 m long. leaves chartaceous, elliptical, apically cuspidate, up to 18 cm long by 3-7 cm wide. peduncle reflexed, rigid, up to 5 cm long. umbel convex, 1-40 flowered, open 5-7 days. pedicels flexuous, uniform, 4-7 cm long. corolla star shaped, lobes finely pubescent inside, strongly reflexed, ca. 2 cm diam., white with pale orange tips and occasionally with scattered pale purple spots. corona stalked, with long reflexed lobes, both lobes white. follicles ca. 20 cm long by 6 mm diam. locality. bodogol research station. distribution. sumatra, malay peninsula, borneo, phillipine. habitat and ecology. common but not abundant, many encountered on ridges between 700-900 m asl. fig. 2. a. h. lacunosa blume; b. h. latifolia g. don.; c. h. micrantha wight; d. h. multiflora blume. (bar length = 1 cm) 336 reinwardtia [vol.13 fig. 3. a. h. purpureofusca hook.f. b. h. vitellinoides bakh.f. (bar length = 1 cm). notes. hoya multiflora is characterized by the arrowhead shaped flowers. there was morphological variation according to various habitat types in bodogol (rahayu et ah, 2010a). 9. hoya purpureo-fusca hooker, companion bot.mog. 76 (1850): t. 4520. —type: java. lobb s.n. (k!). —fig. 3a. stems terete, glabrous. leaves fleshy; petiole ca. 15 mm long, very thick, brownish; lamina ovate, 10 -12.5 x 7.5-10 cm, acute to acuminate, base rounded. peduncle up to 8 cm long, pendent. umbel many flowered, semi globose (covex). pedicels thin and uniform, ca. 2 cm long. corolla star shaped, ca. 1.5 cm diam., dark pink to dark purple, inside glabrous or pubescent to villose, margin slightly involute. corona flat, lobes ovate, acute, dark pink to strongly purple-brown, upper surface keeled and depressed in the middle, lower face convex. locality. cibodas, situgunung. distribution. sumatra, malay peninsula, borneo, phillipine. habitat and ecology. wet and shaded area. notes. hoya purpureo-fusca is characterized by the purple color of the corolla and corona. 10. hoya vitellinoides bakh.f, blumea 6 (1950): 381. —type: java, west, ciampea, mt. tjiputih, alt. 800 m, bakhuizen van den brink 4181 (holotype: l, isotype: bo!). —fig. 3b. stem terete, glabrous. leaves thick and fleshy; lamina broadly oblong up to 16 cm long by 6.5 cm wide, venation reticulate darker than the background at the upper surface. peduncle horizontal, rigid, 2-5 cm long. umbel convex, 1-20 flowers. pedicel uniform, ca. 2 cm long. corolla spreading, finely and sparsley pubescent inside and out, ca. 1 cm diam., pale green or yellow. corona entirely white. locality. bodogol research station. distribution. java (rare), sumatra at high elevation. habitat and ecology. river bank, humid and shaded area. notes. hoya vitellinoides is characterized by the darker venation at the upper surface of leaves. altitudinal distribution and habitat diversity rintz (1980) and schlechter (1914) considered that most hoya species occur on lower altitudes and this is also reflected here. out of the ten species from this study are found below 1000 m. only two species, i.e. hoya purpureo-fusca hook. f. and h. kuhlii blume were found at elevations of above 1000 m (table 1). beside altitudinal distribution, the occurrence of the species depends on specific habitat types and is especially influenced by areas of high humidity such as along rives banks, steep slopes, or hill tops (table 1). 2012] rahayu: hoya diversity in gunung gede pangrango national park 337 discussion ten species of hoya were found in the gunung gede pangrango national park. two of them were new records for java (backer & brink jr., 1965), i.e. hoya imperialis lindley and h. micrantha hook. f. hoya imperialis was formerly known in sumatra, borneo, malay peninsula and the philippines (rintz, 1978). this is an interesting species with large red flowers. hoya micrantha was formerly known from burma, thailand and malay peninsula (rintz, 1978; thaitong, 1996). according to specimen observation in bo shows that this species is also found in sumatra. there are several reasons that can be argued for these new records. the species may have dispersed from sumatra by seed dispersal. hoya species have plumed parachute like seeds and mainly dispersed by wind or anemochory (armstrong, 1999) and ants (rahayu & sutrisno, 2007). rahayu et al. (2010b) concluded that there are two main modes for the seed dispersal in hoya multiflora in gede pangrango national park, i.e. long distance and short distance dispersal. in long distance dispersal (more than 10 km) the seeds are transported over long distances via wind dispersal and establish new populations, as part of a greater metapopulation. in short distance dispersal means the seeds are transported only a small distance from their mother plant and within the same population. this kind of dispersal is via wind and ants. the increased number of species to be found in java was not unexpected. most of the new findings were from the newly extended area of conservation areas, i.e. at bodogol resort at elevations of 650-800 m. the bodogol resort is the only area of the gunung gede pangrango national park which is situated at low elevation (below 1000 m). the distribution of epiphytes depends on dispersal model and available habitats (lobel & rydin, 2009). there was separation in species distribution according to elevation. two species, h. purpureofusca and h. kuhlii were only found at elevation of above 1000 m in cibodas, situgunung and gunung putri. this may be the result of plant adaptation to the temperature zone as mentioned by van steenis (2006) in his thermo-ecology schematic concept. in this concept, plants were divided into three groups i.e. megatherm, mesotherm and microtherm. megatherm plants are adapted to warm tropical conditions and are concentrated at the equator line/zone at low elevations (below 1000 m; colline zone). mesotherm plants are adapted to cool tropical conditions and are concentrated at higher altitudes (1000-2400 m; submontane and montane zones) in mountainous areas. microtherm plants occur at high elevations (above 2400 m; subalpine and alpine zones) in the tropics where they may adaptive to cold temperatures, even snow. habitat heterogeneity presumably influences the distribution of epiphytes, whether it is seedling germination percentage or recruitment success (winkler et al., 2005). the major factors which limit epiphytic distribution and thus may become stressors are light, water and mineral nutrition (benzing, 2008; luttge, 2008). in general hoya species occur in areas of high humidity, but often in niches that are quite dry for extended periods. according to zotz & heitz (2001) water is the main factor affecting growth of epiphytes. h. campanulata, h. lacunosa, h. latifolia, h. forbesii, h kuhlii and h. purpureofusca are invariably found in the most humid places while h. coriacea, h. imperialis table 1. hoya species distribution at gunung gede pangrango national park at different altitude and habitat no. 1. 2 j 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 species h campanulata blume h. coriacea blume h. imperialis lindle h. kuhlii blume h. lacunosa blume h. latifolia g. don h. micrantha wight ex hook.f. h. multiflora blume h. purpureo-fusca hook.f. h. vitellinoides bakh.f. alt 1< 1000 m asl riverbank + + + + + slope + + + + + + + + tophill + + + + alt 1000-1500 m asl riverbank + + slope + + tophill + + 338 reinwardtia [vol.13 and h. micrantha are found in more open and semi open areas. acknowledgement this research was partly supported by pkpp dikti-lipi (2009-2011). my thanks go to dr. joeni setijo rahajoe & dr. laode alhamd and team of bo, dr. rika raffiudin (ipb), the head and management team of gunung gede pangrango national park and the head of herbarium bogoriense-lipi. my sincere thanks are also for prof. dr. rochadi abdulhadi (bo) for his advices, the field work team rosniati a. risna, yayan w. c. kusuma, dr. sudarmono, kartika ning tyas, syamsul hidayat, ikar supriatna (bbg), supian (cibodas), ae (bodogol), hasan (selabintana) & andi (situ gunung). references armstrong, w. p. 1999. blowing in the wind: seed & fruit dispersal by wind. wayne's word noteworthy plants, www. waynesword.palomar. edn/ plfeb99.html. backer c. a. & brink vd. b. r. c. 1965. flora of java. vol. ii. walters-noordhoff, groningen. benzing, d. h. 2008. vascular epiphytes. cambridge univ. press, cambridge. blume, c. l. 1826. bijdragen flora nederlands indie: 1064. netherland. brink, vd b. r. c. & backer, c. a. 1950. notes on the flora of java. vi. asclepiadaceae. blumea 6: 368 -382. brown, r. 1810. prodromus florae novae hollandiae et lnsule van diemen. j. cramer, new york. brown, r. 1811. on the asclepiadaceae, a natural order of plants separated from the apocinae of jussieu. mem. wern. nat. hist. soc. 1: 15-58. cox, g. w. 2002. general ecology laboratory manual. macgraw hill, new york. don, g. 1838. a general history of the dichlamydeous plantsiv. l. reeve & co., ltd london. forster, p. i. 1991. the correct publication dates for some genera and species of asclepiadaceae described by robert brown. asklepios 52: 78-79. goyder, d. 2008. hoya multiflora blume (asclepiadaceae). curtis's bot. magazine 7: 3-6. hodgkiss, j. 2007. the hoya society international. www.graylab.ac.uk/ usr/hodgkiss/ hoyal.html. accessed 27 june 2007. hooker, j. d. 1885. flora of british india vol. iv l. reeve & co., ltd. london. hooker, j. d. 1850. companion to the botanical magazine. vol.76, t.4520. london. 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(photo: theo lasut) designed by deden s. hidayat instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 4. 2012 contents page sri endarti rahayu, tatik chikmawati, kuswata kartawinata & alex hartana. morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae: a case study in the javanese species 317 sri rahayu. hoya (apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae) diversity in gunung gede pangrango national park, west java, indonesia 331 deby arifiani, adi basukriadi & tatik chikmawati. newly described species of endiandra (lauraceae) from new guinea 341 alex sumadijaya. six years experience on plant identification services: case study in herbarium bogoriense 347 bayu adjie, agung kurniawan, norio sahashi & yasuyuki watano. dicksonia timorense (diksoniaceae), a hemi-epiphytic new species of tree fern endemic on timor island, indonesia ... 3 5 7 ian m. turner. nomenclatural notes relevant to the flora of indonesia 363 wita wardani, arief hidayat & dedy darnaedi. the new pteridophyte classification and sequence employed in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for malesian ferns 367 diah sulistiartni. the orchids genus dilochia in indonesia 379 dedy darnaedi. book review 389 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology lipi cibinong, indonesia depan img576_page_3_page_1 img576_page_3_page_2 436-637-1-sm_page_03 belakang reinwardtia vol. 22. no. 1. pp: 1‒25 doi: 10.55981/reinwardtia.2023.4399 1 variation in the composition and structure of natural lowland forests at bodogol, gunung gede pangrango national park, west java, indonesia received september 1, 2022; accepted january 3, 2023 asep sadili department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, universitas indonesia. kampus ui gedung e level 2, jln. lingkar kampus raya, pondok cina, beji, depok 16424, indonesia. research center for ecology and ethnobiology, national research and innovation agency (brin), jln. raya jakartabogor km. 46, cibinong, bogor 16911, indonesia. email: asep016@brin.go.id. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9019-8094. andi salamah department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, universitas indonesia. kampus ui gedung e level 2, jln. lingkar kampus raya, pondok cina, beji, depok 16424, indonesia. email: salamah@sci.ui.ac.id. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-8342. edi mirmanto research center for ecology and ethnobiology, national research and innovation agency (brin), jln. raya jakartabogor km. 46, cibinong, bogor 16911, indonesia. email: emirmanto@yahoo.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7121-9980. kuswata kartawinata integrative research center, the field museum, 1400 lake share drive, chicago, il, 60605, usa. email: kkartawinata@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9656-8095. abstract sadili, a., salamah, a., mirmanto, e. & kartawinata, k. 2023. variation in the composition and structure of natural lowland forests at bodogol, gunung gede pangrango national park, west java, indonesia. reinwardtia 22(1): 1‒25. — an analysis of the composition and structure of lowland natural forests was carried out in bodogol, gunung gede pangrango national park (ggpnp). the two study plots (p1cs and p2cs) were located on cisuren and one plot (p3cp) on cipadaranten hill. we recorded 107 species and 48 families with an average basal area of 19.73 m 2 /ha, and an average density of 348 trees/ha. the species richness was poorer than those of the typical lowland rainforests of kalimantan and sumatra but comparable to those of the montane forests of java. the iucnred listed species were castanopsis argentea and castanopsis tungurrut (critical) and saurauia bracteosa (vulnerable). based on the two dominant species, the forests can be designated as the maesopsis eminiisyzygium acuminatissimum association and syzygium acuminatissimum-lithocarpus korthalsii association. maesopsis eminii was dominant in p1cs (iv= 56.46%) and p3cp (iv=55.94%), while syzygium acuminatissimum in p2cs (iv= 43.67%). maesopsis eminii was a strongly aggressive and invasive species, that endangered the purity of the natural forest ggpnp, therefore, it must be eradicated. vertically, p2cs and p3cp consisted of four strata, while p1cs had three strata. this one-hectare study can be considered as a minimal area to reflect the floristic representation of lowland forest and submontane forest. key words: association, forest structure, gunung gede pangrango national park, lowland forests, minimal area, species composition, species richness. abstrak sadili, a., salamah, a., mirmanto, e. & kartawinata, k. 2023. variasi komposisi dan struktur hutan pamah alami di bodogol, taman nasional gunung gede pangrango, jawa barat, indonesia. reinwardtia 22(1): 1‒ 25. — analisis komposisi dan struktur hutan pamah alami dilakukan di bodogol, taman nasional gunung gede pangrango (tnggp). kajian dilakukan di dua petak (p1cs dan p2cs) di bukit cisuren, dan satu petak (p3cp) di bukit cipadaranten. dalam tiga petak tersebut tercatat 107 jenis dan 48 suku, dengan luas area dasar rata-rata 19,73 m 2 /ha dan kerapatan rata-rata 348 pohon/ha. kekayaan jenis di lokasi penelitian ini lebih rendah daripada di hutan hujan pamah kalimantan dan sumatra, tetapi sebanding dengan di hutan pegunungan jawa. berdasarkan iucn red list castanopsis argentea dan castanopsis tungurrut tercatat sebagai jenis kritis dan saurauia bracteosa sebagai jenis rentan. berdasarkan dua jenis dominan hutan di petak penelitian dapat disebut sebagai asosiasi maesopsis eminiisyzygium acuminatissimum dan asosiasi syzygium acuminatissimum-lithocarpus korthalsii. maesopsis eminii dominan di p1cs (iv=56,46%) dan p3cp (iv=55,94%), sementara syzygium acuminatissimum dominan di p2cs (iv=43,67%). maesopsis eminii adalah jenis invasif yang sangat agresif sehingga membahayakan kemurnian hutan pegunungan alami tnggp, oleh karena itu harus diberantas. secara vertikal, struktur p2cs dan p3cp terdiri dari empat strata, sementara p1cs tiga strata. hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa luas satu hektar dapat dianggap sebagai area minimum yang dapat mencerminkan representasi floristik hutan pamah bagian atas dan hutan pegunungan. kata kunci: asosiasi, area minimum, bodogol, hutan pamah, kekayaan jenis, komposisi jenis, struktur hutan, taman nasional gunung gede pangrango. https://dx.doi.org/10.55981/reinwardtia.v22i1.4399 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9019-8094 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-8342 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7121-9980 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9656-8095 reinwardtia 2 [vol.22 introduction studies of flora, composition, and structure of forests and other vegetation of ggpnp (gunung gede pangrango national park) have been undertaken since the early 19th century (steenis et al., 1972, 2006). the ggpnp has been a key for research on flora, vegetation, and fauna (karta winata & sudarmonowati, 2022; rozak et al., 2016; steenis et al., 1972, 2006). the first botani cal exploration and investigation in indonesia were carried out in 1777 in the gede pangrango twin mountains (now within the ggpnp) by carl pehr thunberg, a swedish naturalist and student of carollus linnaeus, the father of taxonomy. he was the first european naturalist who explored the area. he published the species he collected in florula javanica in 1825 (kartawinata, 2010; kartawinata & sudarmonowati, 2022; steenis et al., 1972, 2006). the cibodas botanical garden, established on the slopes of mt. gede, in 1852 was the research station for studies of mountain flora and fauna in indonesia. it is part of the ggpnp region stretching from the lower montane forest at 1,400 m asl (above sea level) to subalpine vegetation on the top of mt. pangrango at 3,019 m asl. earlier investigators, who undertook vegetation studies, included junghuhn (1845, 1853-1854), seifriz (1923, 1924), and docters van leeuwen (1933). steenis-kruseman (1953) made a complete biblio graphy of the studies in mt. gede-pangrango and bogor botanical garden. after the 2 nd world war, vegetation studies were carried out by many investigators, including abdulhadi et al. (1998), arrijani (2008), arrijani et al. (2008), meijer (1959), rollet et al. (1976), rozak et al. (2016), sadili & alhamd (2012), sadili et al. (2009), sriyanto (1987), yamada (1975; 1976a, 1976b, 1977), and zuhri & mutaqien (2013). the ggpnp was divided into several resorts (regions), including the bodogol resort (br) for management purposes. br covers planted forests, natural upper lowland forests with an elevation of < 1,000 m asl, and montane forests with an elevation > 1,000 m asl (sadili et al., 2008; sadili & alhamd, 2012; sadili, 2014; junaedi et al., 2020). we know very little about the structure and composition of the lowland forests in ggpnp and to date only helmi et al. (2009), who had investigated a one-hectare plot of the upper lowland forest at bodogol. therefore, more studies in the lowland forests are necessary to complement the montane and subalpine forest data for better scientifically based management of the ggpnp (brearley et al., 2019). species of dipterocarpaceae can be found in the bodogol lowland forest, including a nisoptera costata, vatica sp., dipetrocarpus hasseltii, d. retusus, d. gracilis (ismail et al., 2000; helmi et al., 2009; junaedi et al., 2020). these species are listed as vulnerable by the iucn (iucn, 2013). data on the structural characteristics and species composition of the ggpnp’s lowland forest are limited to a one-hectare plot near the research station at bodogol (helmy et al., 2009). here we study the composition and structure of the lowland forests at cisuren and cipadaranten hill ranges in bodogol resort to support data-driven park mana gement, including ecological restoration of disturb ed forests and degraded lands within the ggpnp domain. materials and methods study site the ggpnp is located in the bogor, cianjur, and sukabumi regencies (kabupaten), west java, at 6°10’‒6°51’ south and 106°51’‒107°02’ east. the study was carried out in may 2022 in bodogol resort, in the administrative region of the benda village, cicurug district, sukabumi regency, west java (fig. 1). the bodogol resort covered natural forest areas on the cisuren and cipada ranten hill ranges, extending from the lowland area on the western side of the ggpnp towards the top of mt. pangrango. it also included tree plantations of rasamala (liquidambar excelsa), damar (agathis dammara), and pinus (pinus merkusii). we select ed subjectively the study sites in the lowland natural forest with slight disturbances at the cisuren and cipadaranten mountain ridges. three study plots of one hectare (100 m × 100 m) were established on the partially flat sections of the ridges, with steep to very steep slopes (55%‒75%) on the sides, at elevations of < 1,000 m asl. plot 1 (designated as p1cs) and plot 2 (p2cs) were located in the cisuren hill range, while plot 3 (p3cp) was in the cipadaranten hill range. the terrain on the sides of the three plots was steep slopes leading to river valleys. the cisuren river was located in the northern and tangkil river on the southern sides of the p1cs and p2cs. the upper stream of the cisuren river lies on the western side of the p3cp and the cipadaranten river is on the eastern side of the p3cp. table 1 summarizes the data on the three plots, including global positioning system (gps) position, eleva tion, the thickness of litter, air humidity, soil acidity (ph), and disturbances in the three plots at bodogol, ggpnp. each one-hectare plot was divided into 10 m × 10 m subplots to measure trees with diameters at breast height (dbh) ≥ 10 cm. the diameters of all trees were measured at 1.3 m above the ground. the total height of each tree was estimated by eye. the position of each tree was mapped out using the x and y coordinates. each tree was identified in the field and voucher specimens were collected for identification at the herbarium bogoriense, brin (national research and innovation agency) in cibinong bogor. the measurements of density, dominance (basal area), and frequency followed sadili et al.: variation composition and structure of natural lowland forest 2023] 3 fig. 1. map of the gunung gede pangrango national park showing the study site at bodogol resort (redrawn and modified from the map of bbtnggp 2020). cox (1967) and mueller-dombois & ellenberg (1974, 2016). the construction of the species-area curve followed sadili et al. (2018), which was based on species data from 100 subplots nested within the plot, i.e. 100 m 2 (10 m × 10 m), 400 m 2 (20 m × 20 m), 900 m 2 (30 m × 30 m),..... 10,000 m 2 (100 m × 100 m). results general habitat conditions around the study plot the study plots were located in slightly disturbed natural forests. natural disturbances, such as landslides were absent in p1cs and p2cs. the canopy cover in p1cs and p2cs varied from 40% to 75%. many subplots with open canopies were found in p1cs (fig. 7) and p2cs (fig. 8). the gaps were filled up with shrubs, climbers, and herbs, including bambusa sp., calamus sp., dinochloa scandens, dendrocnide stimulans, melicope latifolia, ficus sp., pinanga sp., and piper aduncum. in p3cp gaps in the subplots (fig. 9) and those resulting from fallen trees were present, in which shrubs and herbs grew, including cyathea sp., calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus, etlingera sp., piper aduncum, and selaginella willdenowii. species composition a total of 107 tree species with dbh ≥ 10 cm and 37 families (appendix 1), with an average basal area of 19.73 m 2 /ha, and an average density of 348 trees/ha, were recorded in the lowland forests of ggpnp as represented by the three study plots. table 2 shows the summary of the lowland forest vegetation data as recorded in the three study plots. maesopsis eminii in p1cs and p3cp had the highest density (d= 69 trees/ha), ba sal area (ba= 2.68 m 2 /ha) and absolute frequ ency (f= 12.61%), while in p2cs syzygium acuminatissimum had the highest density (61 trees/ ha), ba (3.81 m 2 /ha), and absolute frequency (f= 12.46%). based on iv analysis, the dominant species in p1cs and p3cp were maesopsis eminii with iv= 56.46% (p1cs) and iv= 55.93% (p3 cp), while in p2cs was syzygium acuminatissimum (iv= 43.67%) (table 3 and table 4). ten species with the highest density (d) and highest basal area (ba) (table 3), highest absolute frequency (f), and highest importance value (iv) (table 4) in each plot varied. among them, however, three species were always recorded as the highest in three plots, i.e., lithocarpus korthalsii, syzygium acuminatissimum, and lithocarpus pseudomoluccus. species present in the p1cs, p2cs, and p3cp but with low values of reinwardtia 4 [vol.22 d, f, ba, and iv were listed in group 1 in appendix 1, while other species present in one or two plots were listed in groups 2‒7 in appendix 1. the relationship between the number of species and ba varied (fig. 2). the highest number of species occurred in the ba class of 0.01‒0.09 cm 2 and the highest appeared in p1cs (71 species). species with ba of 0.40‒0.49 m 2 appeared only in p3cp (2 species), while ba > 0.50 occurred in p2cs (2 species) and p3cp (4 species). the relationship between the number of trees and stem diameters also varied (fig. 3). the highest number of trees appeared in the 10‒19.99 cm diameter class and the highest was in p2cs (223 trees). trees with a diameter class of 80‒89.9 cm occurred only in p2cs and p3cp (2 trees, respectively). the species-area curves in the three plots differed as can be seen in fig. 4. the curves appeared to begin flattening at 6,400 m 2 (0.64 ha) in p1cs, and 10,000 m 2 (1 ha) in p2cs and p3cp. at the points of inflection, the number of species ranged between 50 and 70. based on density, the species composition of p1cs, p2cs, and p3cp were slightly similar, where the index of similarity between p1cs, and p2cs was 57% and between p3cp and combined p1cs, p2cs was 54%. of the total 107 species (appendix 1), we recorded nine exotic species (8.41%), which were maesopsis eminii and cecropia peltata occurring in all the plots, calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus, bellucia pentamera, and swietenia mahagoni in p3cp, and indonesian species but not native to ggnpp (dracaena angustifolia, falcataria falcata, pinus merkusii, and artocarpus heterophyllus) were slightly similar, where the index of similarity between p1cs, and p2cs was 57% and between p3cp and combined p1cs, p2cs was 54%. table 5 shows that six families contained five or more species in each plot. lauraceae, fagaceae, and euphorbiaceae occurred in all plots, while moraceae in two plots (p2cs and p3cp), and meliaceae in one plot (p3cp). lauraceae (11 species) in p1cs was the largest family and other families contained less than five species, each (appendix 1). table 1. gps position, elevation, litter thickness, air humidity, soil acidity (ph), and disturbances in the three plots at bodogol ggpnp. plot gps position elevation (m) litter mean air humidity (%) mean ph disturbance latitude (s) longitude (e) p1cs -06 o 46'52.6" 106 o 51.09.4" 713 thick 90 7 none p2cs -06 o 46'53.1" 106 o 51.23.1" 767 thick 89 7 none p3cp -06 o 46'40.2" 106 o 51.41.1" 843 thin 87 6.8 slight (human activities along forest trails) no plot species family d (ha) ba (ha) index diversity (h’) evennes (e) 1 p1cs 59 25 283 13.79 3.33 0.82 2 p2cs 64 27 385 24.83 3.52 0.85 3 p3cp 74 29 376 20.57 3.61 0.83 mean 66 27 348 19.73 3.49 0.83 table 2. summarized data show the number of species, the number of families, density (d), basal area (ba index (h’), and evenness index (e) in three plots at the lowland natural forest bodogol, ggpnp. sadili et al.: variation composition and structure of natural lowland forest 2023] 5 table 3. ten species with the highest density (d) and basal area (ba) in three plots at the lowland natural forests in bodogol, ggpnp. no species density (trees/ha) basal area (m 2 /ha) p1cs p2cs p3cp p1cs p2cs p3cp 1 syzygium acuminatissimum 19 61 21 1.20 3.81 1.46 2 maesopsis eminii 69 7 51 2.68 0.69 6.54 3 lithocarpus pseudomoluccus 16 22 13 1.41 1.85 0.49 4 schima wallichii 6 11 20 0.64 2.74 1.43 5 lithocarpus korthalsii 11 25 16 1.55 2.32 0.78 6 macaranga denticulata 9 12 12 0.17 0.27 0.23 7 castanopsis tungurrut 12 4 11 0.59 0.26 0.34 8 neoscortechinia kingii 10 17 4 0.27 0.72 0.10 9 sandoricum koetjape 1 12 8 0.36 0.36 0.47 10 pometia pinnata 7 8 7 0.34 0.21 0.41 11 nephelium juglandifolium 6 25 4 0.29 1.53 0.22 12 ficus padana 7 1 1 0.15 0.02 0.10 13 aglaia elliptica 2 2 5 0.09 0.22 0.54 14 castanopsis argentea 1 4 2 0.02 0.15 0.42 15 beilschmiedia madang 7 6 0.31 0.22 16 neonauclea lanceolata 7 0.32 17 donella lanceolata 1 0.37 18 syzygium antisepticum 13 31 0.37 1.24 19 didymocheton nutans 14 7 0.79 0.42 20 symplocos acuminata 8 9 0.18 0.12 21 chisocheton ceramicus 2 3 0.97 0.07 22 elaeocarpus angustifolius 2 2 0.71 0.06 23 spondias pinnata 3 0.98 24 calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus 28 0.33 reinwardtia 6 [vol.22 forest structure forest profile diagrams (fig. 6) for all plots were constructed following the method of kartawinata et al. (2004) as applied by rahma et al. (2016). the profile diagrams show the tree heights that jointly form the vertical stratification (a stratum to d stratum), which varied from one plot to another. the ten main tree species with the highest density composing a stratum to c stra tum are presented in table 6. fig. 5 shows the relationship between the diameters and heights of trees within the three plots revealing that most trees were concentrated in the 10‒20 cm diameter class with heights of < 20 m (c stratum). in p1cs no trees were forming the emergent a stratum (height > 34 m). in p2cs, five trees of five species constituted the a stratum and in p3cp there was only one tree formed the emergent a stratum (fig. 5 and fig. 6). the distribution of the exotic species, maesopsis eminii, in each plot was scattered (figs. 7‒9, in red). the density of maesopsis eminii in p1cp (69 trees/ha) was higher than that in p2cs (7 trees/ha) and p3cp (51 trees/ha) (table 3). observations during the field study revealed that the fruits of maesopsis eminii were consumed daily by owa jawa (hylobates moloch), lutung jawa (trachypithecus auratus), surili (presbytis comata) and tupai (tupaia sp.). discussion species composition of the total 107 species recorded in the three plots (appendix 1), 48 species (44.86%) were not registered in the gunung gede pangrango flora (sunarno & rugayah, 1992), and in helmi et al. (2009), whose study site was located in the same forest area. they are here considered as the lowland forest species which were confirmed table 4. ten species with the highest absolute frequency (af) and the highest importance value (iv) in three plots at the lowland natural forests in bodogol, ggpnp. no species absolute frequency (f= %) importance value (iv= %) p1sc p2cs p3cp p1sc p2cs p3cp 1 maesopsis eminii 12.61 1.87 10.58 56.46 6.48 55.93 2 syzygium acuminatissimum 7.66 12.46 4.49 23.10 43.67 17.15 3 lithocarpus korthalsii 3.60 6.85 4.81 18.74 22.68 12.84 4 lithocarpus pseudomoluccus 5.41 6.23 3.53 21.32 19.40 9.34 5 neoscortechinia kingii 4.05 4.05 1.28 9.55 11.38 2.81 6 schima wallichii 2.25 2.49 4.49 9.03 16.38 16.77 7 castanopsis tungurrut 4.95 1.25 2.88 13.50 3.33 7.46 8 macaranga denticulata 3.15 2.80 2.56 7.56 7.01 6.88 9 nephelium juglandifolium 2.70 5.92 0.96 6.90 18.58 3.07 10 pometia pinnata 3.15 2.49 2.24 8.09 5.40 6.09 11 cecropia peltata 1.35 0.31 5.13 2.65 1.53 5.44 12 sandoricum koetjape 0.45 3.43 2.24 3.42 8.01 6.68 13 syzygium antisepticum 2.80 5.77 7.67 20.05 14 didymocheton nutans 3.12 1.92 9.94 5.83 15 neonauclea lanceolata 3.15 7.98 16 calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus 5.13 14.18 sadili et al.: variation composition and structure of natural lowland forest 2023] 7 through comparison with backer & bakhuizen van den brink (1963-1968), djarwaningsih et al. (2010), ismail et al. (2000), kartawinata (1977), rozak et al. (2016), and yusuf (2004). they contributed to the increase of the current ggnpp floristic diversity of 1,103 species (kartawinata & sudarmonowati, 2022), which should now total 1,151 species. the present study, along with helmy et al. (2009) and sadili (2014), has described the transitional forest area between the lowland and montane forests with tree species diversity that was not known when ggpnp was established in 1980. it is interesting to note that species of dipterocarpaceae were reported to occur spa ringly in bodogol (ismail et al., 2000; helmi et al., 2009; junaedi et al., 2020) but they were not found in the present study plots, possibly because of unsuitable microclimate and located far away from the seed producing mature trees (purwaningsih, 2004). ten species with the highest density (d), basal area (ba) (table 3), absolute frequency (f), and important value (iv) (table 4) varied. based on the dominance as reflected by the highest iv analysis the forest in p1cs and p3cp, on the one hand, may be called maesopsis eminii-syzygium acuminatissimum association, with the character species that were confined to the two plots as listed in group 3 in appendix 1. the forest in fig. 2. the relationship between the number of species and ba classes in three plots at the lowland natural forests in bodogol, ggpnp. fig. 3. the relationship between density (d) and diameter class in three plots at the lowland forest in bodogol, ggpnp. reinwardtia 8 [vol.22 fig. 4. species-area curves in three plots of one hectare each in the lowland natural forests in bodogol, ggpnp. table 5. the number of families having five or more species in the three plots at the lowland natural forests bodogol, ggpnp. no family number of species p1cs p2cs p3cp 1 lauraceae 11 6 7 2 fagaceae 6 7 6 3 euphorbiaceae 5 6 8 4 moraceae 6 6 5 meliaceae 6 fig. 5. scattered diagram of diameter classes and tree heights in the three plots at the lowland natural forests at bodogol, ggpnp. sadili et al.: variation composition and structure of natural lowland forest 2023] 9 fig. 6. profile diagrams of the forest on the plots constructed by plotting the height of each tree and sequential tree position from tree no. 1 in the 1st subplot up to the last tree in the 100 th subplot in all plots in the lowland natural forests at bodogol, ggpnp, using the method of kartawinata et al. (2004). tree height (m) tree height (m) tree height (m) reinwardtia 10 [vol.22 table 6. the number of species, number of trees, and ten species with the highest density in the a, b, and c strata in the three plots in the lowland natural forests at bodogol, as graphically presented in fig. 9. plot stratum number ten species with the highest density (trees/ha) species tree a (height > 30 m) p1cs b (height: 20‒30 m) 23 50 maesopsis eminii (8), syzygium acuminatissimum (7), lithocarpus korthalsii (7), lithocarpus pseudomoluccus (5), schima wallichii (2), neoscortechinia kingii (2), castanopsis tungurrut (2), neonauclea lanceolata (2), adina trichotoma (1), liquidambar excelsa (1) c (height: 4‒19.9 m) 55 233 maesopsis eminii (61), syzygium acuminatissimum (2), lithocarpus pseudomoluccus (12), castanopsis tungurrut (10), neoscortechinia kingii (10), macaranga deltoidea (8), beilschmiedia madang (7), ficus padana (7), nephelium junglandifolium (6), pometia pinnata (6) p2cs a (height: > 30 m) 5 5 chisocheton ceramicus (1), lithocarpus korthalsii (1), lithocarpus pallidus (1), schima wallichii (1), dalrympelea sphaerocarpa (1) b (height: 20‒30 m) 33 107 maesopsis eminii (8), syzygium acuminatissimum (7), lithocarpus korthalsii (7), lithocarpus pseudomoluccus (5), schima wallichii (2), neoscortechinia kingii (2), castanopsis tungurrut (2), neonauclea lanceolata (2), adina trichotoma (1), liquidambar excelsa (1) c (height: 4‒19.9 m) 55 273 calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus (31), syzygium antisepticum (27), maesopsis eminii (22), syzygium acuminatissimum (13), schima wallichii (13), lithocarpus korthalsii (12), macaranga deltoidea (12), castanopsis tungurrut (11), symplocos acuminata (10), lithocarpus pseudomoluccus (9) p3cp a (height: > 30 m) 1 1 maesopsis eminii (1) b (height: 20‒30 m) 24 76 syzygium acuminatissimum (25), lithocarpus korthalsii (14), nephelium junglandifolium (9), lithocarpus pseudomoluccus (8) schima wallichii (7), neoscortechinia kingii (4), beilschmiedia madang (3), didymocheton nutans (3), sandoricum koetjape (3), spondias pinnata (3) c (height: 4‒19.9 m) 69 299 syzygium acuminatissimum (36), nephelium juglandifolium (16) lithocarpus pseudomoluccus (13), macaranga deltoidea (12), neoscortechinia kingii (12), didymocheton nutans (11), lithocarpus korthalsii (11), syzygium antisepticum (10), dendrocnide stimulans (9), myristica sp. (9) sadili et al.: variation composition and structure of natural lowland forest 2023] 11 p2cs, on the other hand, may be designated as syzygium acuminatissimum-lithocarpus korthalsii association, characterized by species that were confined to p2cs, as listed in group 6 in appendix 1. before the maesopsis eminii invasion, the syzygium acuminatissimum-lithocarpus kor thalsii association could have been prevalent in the lowland forests at bodogol. in these associations, the following species were registered in the iucn red list (effendi et al., 2022; wihermanto, 2007) as critical (castanopsis argen tea and c. tungurrut) and vulnerable category (saurauia bracteosa). the number of species along the basal area classes (fig. 2) and diameter classes (fig. 3) showed that the highest number of species occurred in the lowest ba class (0.01‒0.09 m 2 ) and diameter class (10.0‒19.9 cm). it follows that the number of species decreased as the ba and diameter increased. the ba is related to the diameter. the above reverse-j pattern is typical for the tropical rainforest and indicated that the forest regenerated well and was in a dynamic state (ogawa et al., 1965; richards, 1996; mirmanto, 2014). the species richness and tree density in our plots were comparable to those obtained from various studies in the montane forests of mount gede-pangrango and mount halimun in west java, foja mountains in the upper montane forest of papua, but lower than those of the studies in sumatra (table 7). from table 7 it is evident that the montane forests, even the pristine forest un touched by human activities in the foja mountains in papua (sadili et al., 2018), and the transitional lowland-montane forests at bodogol had a low species diversity of 59‒70 species in one hectare, compared to very species-rich undisturbed lowland forests at kalimantan (sheil et al., 2010), and su matra (kartawinata et al., 2004), where the number of species per hectare was 205 and 182, respec tively. studies in sulawesi by brambach et al. (2017) in several plots with a total area of 3.1 ha in the lore lindu national park at 700–2,400 m asl and by trethowan et al. (2019) in several plots with a total area of 2.5 ha in lowland forest areas at morowali, wawonii and bualemo, show the mean species richness of 9/ha and 113/ha, respectively, which are comparable to the result of the present study. it may be implied that it is a norm for any montane forest to have low species diversity. the richness of a plot may be due to disturbance by facilitating species dependent on disturbance to associate very closely with late-successional speci es (connell, 1978; sheil & burslem, 2003; slik et al., 2008). the occurrence of low species richness is reflected also in a species-area curve. the speciesarea relationship is essential to ecology (plotkin et al., 2000) and it can also be used to approximate species extinction resulting from habitat loss (may et al., 1995; pimm & raven, 2000) and to assess patterns of species diversity in different forest types (ashton, 1965; mueller-dombois & ellen berg, 1974, 2016). the curve was constructed to indicate species diversity in relation to the increas ing size of the area (mueller-dombois & ellen berg, 1974, 2016) within the plot. fig. 4 shows the species-area curves in three plots with an area of one hectare each. the species-area curves in the three plots differed. the curves began to flatten at 6,400 m (0.64 ha) in p1cs and at 10,000 m (1 ha) in p2cs and p3cp, which indicated that at the points of inflection, the number of species ranged between 50 and 70. it is in contrast to the speciesarea curves of undisturbed lowland forests in kalimantan and sumatra. in kalimantan, kartawi nata et al. (2008) showed that the curve still steadi ly rose to indicate no sign of leveling at the area of 10.5 ha with a number of species of 552 and in sumatra. kartawinata et al. (2004) noted the same pattern with no indication of flattening of the curve at one hectare and 182 species. table 2 shows the diversity index (di) with a mean value of h’= 3.49 may be considered high, comparable to h’= 3.39 at higher elevations (1,000 m asl) of the ggnp forest (zuhri & mutaqien, 2011) but higher than the diversity index at the montane forest at the mt. ceremai national park with h’= 2.66‒2.77 (purwaningsih & yusuf, 2008). the diversity index is considered high if h’ > 3 and h’ in the tropical forests is 1.5–3.5 and rarely h’ > 4 (greig-smith, 1983). the evenness index (e) is used as the indicator of prevalence in the forest community. in the present study plots e values were high (0.82‒0.85), which were indi cating that all the species were even relatively (ludwig & reynold, 1988; oosting, 1956). exotic species, other than maesopsis eminii, (i.e. bellucia pentamera, calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus, cecropia peltata, and swietenia mahagoni) and malesian species but not native to ggpnp (i.e., artocarpus heterophyllus, dracaena angustifolia, falcataria falcata, and pinus merkusii) were contaminating but not aggressively invading the natural tree communities, as indicated by their very low densities and basal areas (appendix 1). they should be, however, monitored and prevented from spreading more widely and even eradicated. maesopsis eminii, which was introduced to indonesia for the first time in 1920, should receive special attention because this species aggressively and rapidly invaded submontane rain forests and became the dominant species in eastern tanzania (schabel & latiff, 1997). in bodogol it dominated the lowland forest, as indicated in the study plots (appendix 1, figs. 7‒9, and table 4), it reached the highest iv in p1cs (56.46%) and p3cp (55.93%), while in p2cs it was one of the 11 main reinwardtia 12 [vol.22 fig. 7 the scattered and dispersed tree distribution of trees with dbh ≥ 10 in the p1cs at the lowland natural forest bodogol, ggpnp. fig. 8. the scattered and dispersed tree distribution of trees with dbh ≥ 10 in the p2cs at the lowland natural forest bodogol, ggpnp. sadili et al.: variation composition and structure of natural lowland forest 2023] 13 species with iv= 6.48%. naturally, the species occurred in africa from lowland tropical rain forests to savannas, extending to montane forests at the altitude of 1,800 m asl and dispersed by birds (especially hornbills), rodents, and monkeys (schabel & latiff, 1997). it is a fast-growing species with a growth rate of 1.5‒5.5 cm per year in diameter and 1‒3 m per year in height (schabel & latiff, 1997) and could grow well at the altitudes of 100‒900 m asl within full sunshine. it was planted in community forests and plantations in west java in 1960 by the forestry department (samsoedin et al., 2016). informants (pers. comm., 2022) stated that it was planted in the community forests in bodogol village in the 1970s. in bodogol, many primate species (owa jawahylobates moloch, lutung jawa-trachypithecus auratus, and surili-presbytis comata) and rodents (tupaia sp.) living in the ggpnp vigorously consumed the fruits of m. eminii (helmi et al., 2009) and later dispersed seeds germinated and developed into large trees elsewhere in the interior of natural forests as indicated in the results of the present study as far as 1,000 m from the natural forest edges. in africa, it is an amazingly longlived pioneer species that could live up to 150 years (schabel & latiff, 1997). considering the above growth and behavioral characteristics of the species and the current dominating existence in bodogol inland natural forests it would be not surprising that m. eminii will become a dominant species in the upper montane forests and even in the subalpine forests of ggpnp. a drastic action to eradicate m. eminii from the natural forest of ggpnp and the adjacent areas of ggpnp should be seriously undertaken without delay to save the continuing existence of natural forests in ggpnp. falcataria falcata and pinus merkusii are native to indonesia and were present in the study plots but at low density (appendix 1), hence not aggressive invaders. they were planted by the forest department in the vicinity of the ggpnp and those in bodogol have been incorporated into the ggpnp. the presence of a rtocarpus hetero phyllus and dracaena angustifolia could have been due to human activities that inadvertently carry the propagules into the natural forests (an dila & warseno, 2019; samsoedin et al., 2016). species having high commercial value is liquidambar excelsa (sutomo & sari, 2019). it is native to bhutan, assam, myanmar, peninsular malaysia, sumatra, and java. growing at the ele vation of 550‒1,700 m asl (vink, 1957). in p1cs it had d= 3/ha, ba= 0.07 m 2 and iv= 2.89% (ap pendix 1). in bodogol, it was recorded by ismail et al. (2000), helmi et al. (2009), gunawan et al. (2011), sadili & alhamd (2012), and sadili (2014). in cibodas, grew on the submontane to montane forests (meijer, 1959; yamada, 1975; abdulhadi et al., 1998; arrijani et al., 2006; rozak et al., 2016). local people informed us that seedlings and saplings of a . excelsa were hard to find in the natural forests at bodogol. similarly, the planted forest of a . excelsa in bodogol, which according to informants in the village (pers. comm., 2022) was planted in 1918. sadili (2014) fig. 9. the scattered and dispersed tree distribution of trees with dbh ≥ 10 in the p3cp at the lowland natural forest bodogol. a relatively large gap (dark green colour) resulting from fallen trees was present. reinwardtia 14 [vol.22 table 7. comparison of the number of species and number of trees in one-hectare plots in montane forests of java and papua and the lowland forests of sumatra and kalimantan. elevation (m) plot size (ha) density (trees/ha) number of species source locality west java gunung gede pangrango national park bodogol p1cs 713 1 283 59 present study p2cs 767 1 385 64 present study p3cp 843 1 376 74 present study mean 713-843 1 348 66 present study bodogol 806 1 352 70 helmi et al. (2009) cibodas 1600 1 427 57 yamada (1975) gunung halimun salak national park gunung kendeng 1000 1 406 64 suryanti (2006) gunung malang 1000 1 421 69 suryanti (2006) gunung panenjoan 1000 1 405 69 suryanti (2006) purabakti 900 1 441 69 yusuf (2004) kalimantan malinau 200 1 759 205 sheil et al. (2010) sumatra batang gadis national park 660 1 583 182 kartawinata et al. (2004) bukit lawang 297 1 453 216 polosakan (2001) papua foja mountains 1710 1 693 59 sadili et al. (2018) sadili et al.: variation composition and structure of natural lowland forest 2023] 15 found only two saplings (diameter= 8.62 cm and 9.39 cm), indicating that the species had a poor regenerating capability. an officer of the halimunsalak national park (pers. comm., 2022) informed that seedlings and saplings of a . excelsa could be found only in secondary growth on small landslides near mature trees. qualitative observation revealed that the absence of regeneration in the old a . excelsa planted in bodogol could be related to the unsuitable elevation of less than 1,000 m asl for growth and reproduction. it could be inferred that planted a . excelsa had a low ability to sustain itself with the implication that the species may not be a good candidate to be used in ecological restoration but acceptable for rehabilitation of degraded lands. native tree species that are potentially good for ecological restoration is s. wallichii. it is a variable species, consisting of nine subspecies and five varieties (bloembergen, 1952), including s. walli chii subsp. noronhae. in java, it is spreading from 300 m to 2,600 m asl, which comprised two varieties (backer & bakhuizen van den brink, 1963). many pioneer species inhabiting the low land to montane forests are amazingly long-lived (whitmore, 1986) and s. wallichii could be placed in this category, as can be seen, it lived in the primary montane forest of ggpnp (kartawinata & sudarmonowati, 2022; yamada, 1974, 1976). in the present study, it occurred in all plots (table 3, table 4, and appendix 1). vertically (table 6) filled up the b stratum (height 20‒30 m) and c stratum (height 4‒20 m). gunawan et al. (2011) noted that its distribution was clustered and based on high iv it was predicted that s. wallichii could become dominant in the a gathis dammara planta tion. in the kawah ratu (halimun-salak national park), hilwan & rahman (2021) reported good regenerations of s. wallichii. rozak et al. (2016) in ggpnp, s. wallichii occurred from the submon tane to the subalpine forests. lauraceae, fagaceae, and euphorbiaceae are common families in the submontane forests (steenis et al., 2006; purwaningsih & polosakan, 2016), hence, the forest is often designated as lauro-fagaceous forest (steenis & shipperslammertse, 1965; steenis et al., 2006). in the present study, families in the submontane forest with a high number of species (> 5) were laurace ae, fagaceae, and euphorbiaceae (table 5). eu phorbiaceae contained the highest number of species (eight species) in p3cp, which was related to high adaptability to the environment (kartawi nata, 1977; riswan, 1987). based on the number of species, in malesia, euphorbiaceae is listed as one of the four big family groups (whitmore, 1995). the existence of euphorbiaceae in three plots could be implied that the habitat was once disturbed, such as fallen trees creating gaps, which in turn stimulated seeds to germinate. structure species distribution in each plot varied (appendix 1). the number recorded in three plots accounted for 29 species (27.10%), in two plots 31 species (28.97%), and only in one plot 47 species (43.93%). it is implied that each species had different characteristics in its regeneration and sur vival. the species that had the widest distribution were tolerant to the varied environment of dif ferent forests (group 1 in appendix 1). magnolia montana (iv= 0.62%) and neesia altissimo (iv= 0.62%) were species with the lowest iv and occur red only in p3cp, which could be due to the presence of the highest number of exotic species in the plot. it needs further research to clarify the phenomenon. forest profile showing the vertical structures (figs. 5 and 6), containing ten species with varied highest diversity in each stratum of each plot (table 6). the a stratum (height > 30 m) occurred in p2cs (5 trees/ha) and p3cp (1 tree/ha). further more, the correlation between diameter class and tree height of < 20 m (c stratum), and in general diameters are correlated with tree height, implying that the bigger the diameters the taller the trees, hence the forest canopy. fig. 5, illustrating the profile of the p2cs, revealed the presence of trees with small diameters but with very tall trunks, implying that the trees optimally utilized the light along with the others. this phenomenon could be observed in lithocarpus korthalsii. figs. 7–9 show the uneven distribution of all trees in the plots. the distribution of maesopsis eminii was concentrated on the more or less flat ridges of the hills and decreased towards the sloping sides. it should be pointed out that in some subplots with open canopies and in such openings, many species of young trees, shrubs and lianas grew profusely, including bambusa sp., calamus sp., dendrocnide stimulans, dinochloa scandens, melicope latifolia, ficus sp., pinanga sp., and piper aduncum. forest structure in bodogol is comparable to those at 1,600 m asl (kartawinata & sudarmonowati, 2022; yamada, 1975). successional status of the forest we checked the species listed in appendix 1 to identify the successional status of species using the following references, kramer (1926, 1933), backer & bakhuizen van den brink, jr. (1963‒ 1968), steenis et al. (1972), riswan (1984), whitmore (1986), sriyanto (1987), sunarno & rugayah (1992), keβler et al. (2000), and kartawinata & sudarmonowati (2022). appendix 1 recorded the following 32 secondary forest spe cies in the plots i.e. liquidambar excelsa, artocarpus elastica, bellucia pentamera, blumeodendron tokbrai, glochidion rubrum var. rubrum, calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus, castanopsis argentea, c. tungurrut, cecropia pel reinwardtia 16 [vol.22 tata, decaspermum fruticosum, dendrocnide stimulans, melicope latifolia, ficus tinctoria subsp. gibbosa, ficus fistulosa, ficus padana, ficus variegata, polyspora excelsa, knema laurina, litsea noronhae, maesopsis eminii, mallotus paniculatus, neonauclea lanceolata, homalanthus populneus, falcataria falcata, pinus merkusii, podocarpus neriifolius, pometia pinata, schima wallichii, sterculia chrysodasys, swietenia mahagoni, strobocalyx arborea and oreocnide rubescens. the fact that they constituted 29.9% of the total species recorded in the three plots, combined with many open subplots and the presence of gaps in the three plots (figs. 7‒9), pointed to the somewhat secondary nature of the lowland forests of bodogol. it was resulted from human disturbances and natural disruptions such as landslides and thunderstorms, which occasion ally took place in the area. structural charac teristics showing low forest heights (fig. 5 and table 6) support this contention. it can be inferred that the forests in the plots were regenerating after disturbances in the past. conclusion the forests investigated contained a total of 107 species recorded in three one-hectare plots. lowland species were prevalent, thus forming the transition between lowland and lower montane forests, with relatively poor species richness. it was much poorer than the typical lowland rain forest of kalimantan and sumatra but comparable to those of the montane forests of java. based on two dominant species, the forest could be designated as the maesopsis eminii-syzygium acuminatissimum association and syzygium acuminatissimum-lithocarpus korthalsii association. before m. eminii invasion the syzygium acuminatissimum-lithocarpus korthalsii association could have been prevalent in lowland forests at bodogol. the trees native to mt. gede-pangrango recorded in the present studies are the potential species for ecological restoration undertaken around the ggpnp. this study strongly confirmed that the onehectare area could be considered a minimal area to reflect the representativeness of the floristic composition. the dominance of m. eminii, point ed to a strong aggressive, and invasive species, which in no time will frighteningly take over the dominance of the lowland to subalpine forests of ggpnp. it, therefore, is very urgent to totally eradicate it at all costs from the natural forests, the plantations, and community forests adjacent to the ggpnp. structurally and floristically the fo rest represented a developing and regenerating disturbed forest, and very low frequency and density in the majority of the species reflected species heterogenity. investigations, similar to the present study, should be extended to other un described natural lowland forests of other resorts for better management, including ecological restoration. acknowledgements we are grateful to the head of the research center for ecology and ethnobiology, national research and innovation (brin) for the research permission. we also thank the head of the ggpnp, the head of the bodogol resort of ggpnp, director of scientific collection mana gement – brin, and other staff members of the ggpnp for the provision of various facilities. our special gratitudes go to pak ae and pak syarif for their remarkable assistance in the field. references abdulhadi, r., srijanto, a. & kartawinata, k. 1998. composition, structure, and changes in a montane rain forest at the cibodas biosphere reserve, west java, indonesia. in: dallmeier, f. & comiskey, j. a. 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(2009): no species family p1cs p2cs p3cp note d (ha) ba (m2/ ha) iv (%) d (ha) ba (m2/ ha) iv (%) d (ha) ba (m2/ ha) iv (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 group 1 1 maesopsis eminii engl. rham. 69 2.68 56.46 7 0.69 6.48 51 6.54 55.93 l.m.a.n h 2 syzygium acuminatissimum (blume) dc. myrt. 19 1.20 23.10 61 3.81 43.67 21 1.46 17.15 m.nh 3 lithocarpus pseudomoluccus (blume) rehder fag. 16 1.41 21.32 22 1.85 19.40 13 0.49 9.34 m.nh 4 lithocarpus korthalsii (endl.) soepadmo fag. 11 1.55 18.74 25 2.32 22.68 16 0.78 1.84 m.nh 5 castanopsis tungurut (blume) a.dc. fag. 12 0.59 13.50 4 0.26 3.33 11 0.34 7.46 m.nh 6 neoscortechinia kingii (hook.f.) pax & k.hoffm euph. 10 0.27 9.55 17 0.72 11.38 4 0.10 2.81 m.nsr.n h 7 schima wallichii (dc.) korth. thea. 6 0.64 9.03 11 2.72 16.38 20 1.43 16.77 l.m.nh 8 pometia pinnata j.r.forst. & g.forst. sapin. 7 0.34 8.09 8 0.22 5.40 7 0.41 6.09 l.m.nsr. nh 9 macaranga denticulata (blume) müll.arg. euph. 9 0.17 7.56 12 0.27 7.01 12 0.23 6.88 m.nsr.n h 10 nephelium juglandifolium blume sapin. 6 0.29 6.90 25 1.53 18.58 4 0.22 3.07 m.nsr.n h. 11 ficus padana burm.f. mor. 7 0.15 6.25 1 0.02 0.66 1 0.10 1.07 l.m.nsr. nh 12 strobocalyx arborea (buch.ham.) sch.bip. astera. 3 0.24 4.17 1 0.01 0.61 2 0.04 1.39 m.nh 13 knema cinerea (poir.) warb. myrist. 4 0.08 3.80 2 0.21 1.93 6 0.33 5.13 l.m.nsr. nh 14 melicope latifolia (dc.) t.g.hartley rut. 4 0.05 3.60 3 0.18 2.44 4 0.25 3.55 m.nsr sadili et al.: variation composition and structure of natural lowland forest 2023] 21 15 sandoricum koetjape (burm.f.) merr. melia. 1 0.36 3.42 12 0.36 8.01 8 0.47 6.68 l.m.nsr. nh 16 gynotroches axillaris blume rhiz. 3 0.10 3.17 7 0.35 5.08 4 0.09 2.80 m 17 persea venosa nees & mart. laur. 2 0.15 2.68 1 0.03 0.70 1 0.12 1.16 m.nh 18 cecropia pachystachya trécul urt. 3 0.03 2.65 4 0.04 1.53 1 0.01 5.44 l.a.nh 19 dalrympelea sphaerocarpa (hassk.) norezzaw. staph 3 0.08 2.57 8 0.45 6.08 1 0.01 0.64 m 20 myristica sp. myrist. 2 0.12 2.48 9 0.16 5.78 1 0.02 0.66 m.nh 21 aglaia elliptica (c.dc.) blume melia. 2 0.09 2.25 2 0.22 2.02 5 0.54 5.56 m.nsr.n h 22 litsea resinosa blume laur. 2 0.04 1.87 7 0.24 4.98 6 0.11 4.05 m.nh 23 mallotus paniculatus (lam.) müll.arg. euph. 2 0.03 1.85 1 0.04 0.75 3 0.14 2.45 m.nsr 24 symplocos acuminata (blume) miq. sympl. 2 0.02 1.77 2 0.12 1.61 6 0.08 3.28 m.nh 25 dendrocnide stimulans (l.f.) chew urt. 2 0.02 1.30 9 0.17 5.82 5 0.05 3.17 m.nh 26 quercus gemelliflora blume fag. 1 0.06 1.25 1 0.03 0.70 1 0.01 0.66 m.nsr.n h 27 antidesma velutinosum blume euph. 1 0.02 0.97 1 0.09 0.93 1 0.01 0.64 l.ngpf 28 castanopsis argentea (blume) a.dc. fag. 1 0.02 0.96 4 0.15 2.27 2 0.42 3.22 m.nh 29 oreocnide rubescens (blume) miq. urt. 1 0.01 0.88 9 0.13 4.73 7 0.12 4.06 l.m group 2 30 beilschmiedia madang (blume) blume laur. 7 0.31 7.42 6 0.22 4.33 m.nsr 31 syzygium koghianum petitm. & bonati myrt. 6 0.21 6.35 4 0.13 2.81 m.nh 32 astronia macrophylla blume melast. 3 0.19 3.81 1 0.07 0.87 m.nsr 33 lithocarpus pallidus (blume) rehder fag. 2 0.10 2.35 5 0.69 5.32 m.nh reinwardtia 22 [vol.22 34 glochidion rubrum blume var. rubrum euph. 2 0.05 1.96 3 0.04 1.89 m.nsr.n h 35 unidentified unident. 2 0.04 1.90 2 0.02 0.63 m.nh 36 litsea ligustrina (nees) fern.-vill. laur. 1 0.08 1.40 1 0.16 1.20 m.nh 37 ficus ribes reinw. ex blume mor. 1 0.01 0.87 3 0.03 1.82 l.m 38 urophyllum arboreum (reinw. ex blume) korth. rub. 1 0.01 0.87 3 0.03 1.84 m.nsr group 3 39 prasoxylon alliaceum (blume) m. roem. melia. 6 0.25 6.60 1 0.02 0.66 m.nh 40 polyspora excelsa (blume) orel, peter g. wilson, curry & luu thea. 3 0.06 2.83 2 0.03 1.30 m 41 barringtonia racemosa (l.) spreng lecyth. 3 0.04 2.27 1 0.03 0.71 m.nsr.n h 42 machilus rimosa blume euph. 2 0.05 1.98 3 0.05 2.01 m.nh 43 lannea coromandelica (houtt.) merr. anac. 1 0.13 1.75 3 0.12 2.36 m.nsr.n h 44 cinnamomum sp. laur. 1 0.11 1.57 2 0.03 1.00 m.nh 45 litsea noronhae blume laur. 1 0.02 0.97 1 0.08 0.97 m.nh group 4 46 chisocheton ceramicus miq. melia. 2 0.97 5.05 3 0.07 1.80 m.nsr.n h 47 didymocheton nutans blume melia. 14 0.79 9.94 7 0.42 5.83 m 48 syzygium antisepticum (blume) merr. & l.m.perry myrt. 13 0.37 7.67 31 1.24 20.05 m. nh 49 symplocos acuminata (blume) miq. sympl. 8 0.18 5.29 9 0.12 5.23 m.nsr.n h 50 myrsine hasseltii blume ex. scheff. myrs. 7 0.11 4.44 1 0.11 1.13 m.nh 51 elaeocarpus angustifolius blume elaeoc. 2 0.71 4.00 2 0.06 1.48 m.nsr.n h sadili et al.: variation composition and structure of natural lowland forest 2023] 23 52 lithocarpus korthalsii (endl.) soepadmo fag. 3 0.52 3.82 1 0.02 0.70 m.nh 53 knema laurina (blume) warb. myrist. 3 0.23 2.35 1 0.03 0.72 l.nsr.n h 54 nauclea subdita (korth.) steud. rub. 3 0.14 2.28 3 0.30 3.20 m.nsr.n h 55 cinnamomum parthenoxylon (jack) meisn. laur. 3 0.11 2.15 2 0.19 2.08 m.nsr.n h 56 ostodes paniculata blume euph. 1 0.08 0.89 1 0.06 0.87 m.nh 57 ficus tinctoria subsp. gibbosa (blume) corner mor. 1 0.04 0.73 3 0.03 1.57 m.nsr.n h 58 ficus fistulosa reinw. ex blume mor. 1 0.03 0.70 3 0.03 1.93 l.m 59 mangifera laurina blume anac. 1 0.01 0.61 1 0.06 0.90 m.nsr.n h 60 mangifera sp. anac. 1 0.01 0.61 1 0.17 1.40 m.nh group 5 61 neonauclea lanceolata (blume) merr. rub. 7 0.32 7.98 m 62 myrsine affinis a.dc. myrs. 5 0.11 4.39 m 63 donella lanceolata (blume) aubrév sapot. 1 0.37 3.50 m.nsr.n h 64 litsea brachystachya (blumea) fern.vill. laur. 3 0.10 3.16 m.nsr.n h 65 liquidambar excelsa (noronha) oken ham. 3 0.07 2.89 m 66 actinodaphne glomerata (blume) nees laur. 2 0.07 2.10 m.nsr.n h 67 semecarpus heterophylla blume anac. 2 0.07 1.87 l.nsr.n h 68 adina trichotoma (zoll. & moritzi) benth. & hook.f. ex b.d.jacks rub. 1 0.04 1.52 l.nsr.n h 69 litsea glutinosa (lour.) c.b.rob. laur. 1 0.04 1.11 m.nsr.n h 70 litsea sp. laur. 1 0.04 0.90 m.nh 71 gironniera subaequalis planch. cann. 1 0.04 0.89 m.nsr.n h reinwardtia 24 [vol.22 72 saurauia bracteosa dc. acthin. 1 0.03 0.89 m.nh 73 symplocos fasciculata zoll. sympl. 1 0.01 0.88 m 74 ficus grossularioides burm.f. mor. 1 0.01 0.87 m.nh group 6 75 spondias pinnata (l.f.) kurz anac. 3 0.98 5.65 m.nsr.n h 76 flacourtia sp. flacour . 5 0.13 3.38 m.nh 77 ficus glandulifera (miq.) wall. ex king mor. 2 0.32 2.45 m.nsr.n h 78 sterculia chrysodasys miq. ster. 2 0.03 1.26 m.nsr.n h 79 diospyros frutescens blume ebena. 1 0.09 0.94 l.ngpf 80 artocarpus elasticus reinw. ex blume mor. 1 0.05 0.94 l.m.nsr. nh 81 podocarpus neriifolius d.don pod. 1 0.05 0.76 m.nh 82 magnolia macklottii (korth.) dandy mag. 1 0.04 0.73 m.nsr.n h 83 litsea sphaerocarpa blume laur. 1 0.02 0.66 m.nsr 84 leptospermum polygalifolium salisb. laur. 1 0.02 0.64 m.nsr.n h group 7 85 calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus (meisn.) barneby leg. 28 0.33 14.18 l.a.nh 86 decaspermum fruticosum j.r.forst. & g.forst. myrt. 3 0.40 3.72 m.nh 87 swietenia mahagoni (l.) jacq. melia. 4 0.31 3.55 l.a.nh sadili et al.: variation composition and structure of natural lowland forest 2023] 25 88 falcataria falcata (l.) greuter & r.rankin leg. 3 0.35 3.45 l.a.nh 89 pinus merkusii jungh. & de vriese pin. 4 0.11 2.90 l.a.nh 90 ficus variegata blume mor. 4 0.08 2.39 l.n.h 91 cryptocarya ferrea blume laur. 3 0.08 2.14 l.n.h 92 bellucia pentamera naudin melast. 3 0.05 1.99 m.a.nh 93 quercus lineata blume fag. 2 0.13 1.80 m.nsr.n h 94 artocarpus heterophyllus lam. mor. 2 0.09 1.62 l.a.nh 95 garcinia cambogioides (murray) headland var. cambogioides clusia. 2 0.06 1.45 m.nsr.n h 96 syzygium sp. myrt. 1 0.15 1.32 m.nh 97 blumeodendron t okbrai (blume) kurz euph. 1 0.05 0.82 l.m.nsr. nh 98 dracaena angustifolia (medik.) roxb. aspar. 1 0.04 0.79 l.a.nh 99 ficus virens aiton var. virens mor. 1 0.04 0.78 m.nsr.n h 100 magnolia sumatrana var. gl auca (blume) figlar & noot. mag. 1 0.03 0.72 m.nh 101 aporosa spaeridophora merr. euph. 1 0.02 0.71 m.nsr.n h 102 pavetta montana reinw. ex blume rub. 1 0.01 0.65 m.nsr.n h 103 homalanthus populneus (geisel er) kuntze euph. 1 0.01 0.64 l.m.nh 104 elaeocarpus angustifolius blu me elaeoc. 1 0.01 0.63 m.nh 105 sterculia sp. ster. 1 0.01 0.63 m.nh 106 magnolia montana (blume) figlar mag. 1 0.01 0.62 l.m.nh 107 neesia altissima (blume) blume bomb. 1 0.01 0.62 m.nsr reinwardtia 26 [vol.22 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(3): 221 — 3 1 5 , april 11, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata editors dedydarnaedi (indonesia) tuktrin partomihardjo (indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (indonesia) teguhtriono (indonesia) marlinaardiyani (indonesia) eizi suzuki (japan) jun wen (united state of america) managing editor himmah rustiami secretary endang tri utami lay out deden sumirathidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaiy reviewers bryan simon (australia), eve j. lucas (united kingdom), j.f.veldkamp (netherlands), laurence skog (usa), pieter baas (netherlands), ruth kiew (malaysia), robert j. soreng (usa), helena duistermaat (netherlands), lyn a. craven (australia), rugayah (indonesia), mark hughes (united kingdom), martin callmander (usa), peter c. van welzen (netherlands), wayne takeuchi (usa), nobuyuki fukuoka (japan). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 3, pp: 271 − 297 271 the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley, papua-indonesia received may 14, 2010; accepted december 27, 2011 ary prihardhyanto keim herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong science center, jl. raya bogor−jakarta km. 46, cibinong 16911, bogor, indonesia. e-mail: arypkeim@yahoo.com. abstract keim, a. p. 2012. the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley, papua–indonesia. reinwardtia 13 (3): 271–297. –– seven species of pandanus and seven species of freycinetia are observed in kwerba and adjacent areas within the foja-mamberamo game reserve, papua-indonesia. two species are proposed as new: freycinetia kwerbaensis a.p. keim and pandanus korwae a.p. keim. this recent study also acknowledges a new record for f. mariannensis and a possibly new record for f. vidalii. the rest are extension of distribution areas in mainland new guinea. the discovery of a long searched almost mythical wild type of widely cultivated p. conoideus is also accomplished. a new species from baliem valley nearby wamena in the jayawijaya mountains, papuaindonesia namely f. wamenaensis a.p. keim is described keywords: foja, freycinetia, jayawijaya, mamberamo, new guinea, pandanaceae, pandanus, papua, wamena. abstrak keim, a. p. 2012. flora pandan di suaka margasatwa foja-mamberamo dan lembah baliem, papua-indonesia dengan jenis dan rekaman baru serta penemuan hidupan liar dari pandanus conoideus lam. reinwardtia 13 (3): 271–297. –– tujuh jenis marga pandanus dan tujuh jenis freycinetia teramati di kawasan kwerba dan sekitarnya di wilayah suaka margasatwa foja-mamberamo, papua-indonesia. dua jenis dipertelakan di sini sebagai jenis baru: freycinetia kwerbaensis a.p. keim dan pandanus korwae a.p. keim. penelitian ini juga mencatat rekaman baru freycinetia mariannensis dan kemungkinan rekaman baru f. vidalii. selebihnya adalah perluasan persebaran di daratan new guinea. tumbuhan liar p. conoideus yang lama dicari dan hampir melegenda juga berhasil ditemukan dalam penelitian ini. satu jenis baru dari wilayah lembah baliem dekat dengan wamena di pegunungan jayawijaya, papua-indonesia, yaitu f. wamenaensis a.p. keim, juga dipertelakan sebagai jenis baru. kata kunci: foja, freycinetia, jayawijaya, mamberamo, new guinea, pandanaceae, pandanus, papua, wamena. introduction mamberamo basin the mamberamo river basin (i.e. mamberamo basin) is a large area nurtured by the mighty river mamberamo located in the northern-central indonesian province of papua. the area covers both foja (then gauttier, anonymous, 1938) and van rees mountains, in which foja being the largest part of the basin. the foja mountains is located north of the mamberamo river basin and covers an area of 9,712 km2, in which more than 3,000 km2 are composed of lavish tropical rainforests. the highest point is mount foja (hence the name of the mountains) with altitude of approximately 2,193 meters and located at latitude of 3°5’49‖s and longitude of 138° 44’16‖ e. the combination of difficult accessibility and low density of human population make the forests in the foja mountains are relatively untouched, and thus make them as the largest undisturbed tropical rainforest in the asia pacific region. based on this exceptional nature circumstance on october 21st 1982 (anonymous, 2004) the indonesian government established the mountains and the neighbouring mamberamo basin as a protected area in the form of game reserve formally the fojamamberamo game reserve. prior to this current study, the only information on the pandan flora of the mamberamo basin was by brass based on collections made through the 3rd archbold expedition to new guinea (merrill & perry, 1939; 1940). however, this expedition did not penetrate further north into the fojamamberamo area. this current study was carried out in the kwerba vicinity, which is within the foja-mamberamo area. the main location was bringnyawa (ca. 1200 m altitude) and surrounding areas from that altitude down to approximately 800 m. bringnyawa was a village for the kwerba people prior to the reinwardtia 272 [vol.13 indonesia administration (untea administration, ca. 1969). since then the kwerbas had moved down to the present location, kwerba (2°38’32.2‖s, 138°24’38.2‖e) at much lower altitude (90 to 100 m) and bringnyawa was deserted, but it is still regarded a sacred place though. the result of this current study indicates that seven species of pandanus and eight species of freycinetia are observed in kwerba and adjacent areas within the foja-mamberamo game reserve. three species are proposed as new: freycinetia kwerbaensis a.p. keim, f. wamenaensis, and pandanus korwae a.p. keim. this recent study also acknowledges a new record for f. mariannensis and a possibly new record for f. vidalii. the rest are extension of distribution areas in mainland new guinea. the discovery of a long searched almost mythical wild type of widely cultivated p. conoideus is also attained. baliem valley south of the mamberamo river basin stand the mighty jayawijaya mountains with the great baliem valley rest within. wamena, located at 1600 to 1700 meter altitude, is the most important city in the valley and being the centre of administration, wamena is the capital of the mountainous district of jayawijaya, and cultural activities it is undoubtedly the most populated area in the valley. prior to this current study the pandan flora of the baliem valley was studied by brass (merrill & perry 1940), but the area understudy was restricted to around lake habema. keim (keim et al. 2006) incorporated wider areas covering wamena up to trans kurulu-pass valley, excluding lake habema. interestingly there has been no report of any species of freycinetia in the two publications. the result of this current study reveals both the first record of freycinetia in the valley and the existence of a species new to science from the wamena biological garden namely f. wamenaensis. wamena biological garden is a 150 hectares garden located in the gunung susu area about 8 km northwest of wamena. the garden was established by the indonesian institute of sciences (lipi) on 12 june 1995. it aim is to serve as an ex-situ conservation area for the indigenous biota of the central highlands of papua and adjacent areas including the lorentz national park. there are two creeks of importance flow in the garden, the gur and dupuk. these creeks serve as the source of running water and are of biologically most diverse areas in the garden. freycinetia wamenaensis was firstly found along the banks of dupuk creek in 2009. it has never been so far spotted in gur. descriptions of species 1. freycinetia kwerbaensis a.p. keim, sp. nov. –– figs. 1 & 2. gracilis fruticosa, non scandens; infructescentiae ternate vel quaternatae; cephalium ellipsoideus; stigmata 2 vel 3, plerumque 3. –– type: a.p. keim 1165 (bo!), indonesia, papua, mamberamo raya, kwerba, tacewaram, kuikarawar, 21 nov. 2008. slender non climbing pandan, up to 1 m high. stem 0.5–0.6 cm diameter; internodes 0.8 cm. leaf oblanceolate (spathoideous), 20–28 cm long, 3.5–5 cm wide, acuminate apex, spines on terminal and basal parts only; adaxial surface green, glabrous; abaxial surface light green, glabrous; auricle tapered, glabrous, brown. infructescence terminal, consists of 3 or 4 cephalia (ternate or quaternate – in quaternate infructescence one cephalia undeveloped), each 4–6 cm long; peduncle 1–1.5 cm long; pedicel 1.5– 1.8 cm long, bright yellowish green, glabrous. cephalium ellipsoidal, 2.5–3.5 cm long, 1–1.5 cm circumference, green when young turns to orange when mature. berry 0.2 cm long, 0.1 cm wide; number of stigmatic remains 2–3, mostly 3, deep brown. etymology. after the village kwerba, where the type was collected. distribution. known only from type locality. habitat. lowland, hill slope, commonly found close to a path at about 75 m altitude. vernacular name. not recorded. uses. cephalium said to be consumed by birds. notes. despite sharing the possession of oblanceolate or spathoideous leaves, f. kwerbaensis differs from f. oblanceolata in 3 morphological characters (table 1). although the minute advantageous (i.e. climbing) roots are observed in f. kwerbaensis, this species has never been observed to undertake the climbing habit. prior to this current study f. arborea is the only species in the genus known to posses a non climbing (i.e. arboreous) habit. the number of stigmatic remains in f. kwerbaensis is almost always 3. berries with the number of stigmatic remains 2 are rarely seen and they are only observed in the undeveloped cephalium in the quaternate infructescence. specimen collected. only known from the type. 2012] 273 keim: the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley table 1. morphological comparison on habit, number of stigmatic remains, and the length of berries between freycinetia kwerbaensis and f. oblanceolata. species habit number of stigmatic remains length of a berry freycinetia kwerbaensis non climber, small fairly erect bush but never climber 2 to 3, mostly 3 and never less than 2 2 mm f. oblanceolata climber 1 to 2, never more than 2 7 mm (according to beccari, 1910) fig. 1. freycinetia kwerbaensis a.p. keim (from the type, a.p. keim 1165) showing the slender habit, the oblanceolate (spathoideous) leaves that exceedingly similar to f. oblanceolata and the infructescence consist of 4 unequal cephalia (quaternate). photo: a.p. keim. reinwardtia 274 [vol.13 2. freycinetia laeta merr. & l.m. perry. –– type: l. j. brass 7031 (a; iso. bo!), papua new guinea, palmer river, 2 miles below black river section, june 1936. distribution. mainland new guinea habitat. lowland tropical rainforest at about 100 m altitude. in kwerba it is found at about 85 m altitude. although abundantly found, mostly were not in flowering or fruiting. vernacular name. not recorded. uses. not recorded. notes. prior to this study f. laeta was only known from papua new guinea, thus the result of this study extends the species distribution into the mamberamo basin. freycinetia laeta can be easily recognised in the field by its robust habit, the obvious reddish orange colouration on bracts and basal part of leaf, the tapered auricle, the non needle -like berries with 3 to 4 stigmas. in the field f. laeta looks exceedingly similar to f. marginata; however, the two species differ mainly in three morphological characters (table 2). even if the individuals are sterile, f. laeta can still be distinguished from f. marginata through the colour of the terminal leaves. the terminal leaves in f. laeta are green with bright orange tints. in f. marginata the terminal leaves are green with reddish orange to red tints on terminal parts. specimen collected. indonesia, papua, mamberamo raya, mamberamo tengah, kwerba, tacewaram, kwerep, 02 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1078 (bo!). 3. freycinetia marginata blume. –– type: zippelius 219-a (l), indonesia, papua, triton bay, kaimana, dobo, june-july 1828. –– fig. 3. freycinetia reineckei warb. (1898) 578. –– syntypes: reinecke 255 (b†), reinecke 255a (b†), reinecke 255b (b†), reinecke 353a (b†), reinecke 362 (b†; isosyntype table 2. morphological comparison on the colours of bracts and anthers, and the shapes of berries between freycinetia laeta and f. marginata. species colour of bracts colour of anthers shape of berries freycinetia laeta orange orange to deep red prismatic f. marginata white or white with reddish orange to bright red tints on apical parts pink to deep pink needle-like (filiform) bo!), samoa, savaii, nw of savaii, le pacga, november 1894, syn. nov. freycinetia minahassae koord. (1898) 267. –– type: s.h. koorders 18465β (bo!), indonesia, north sulawesi, minahassa, upper tondano lake, 12 march 1895, syn. nov. freycinetia australiensis warb. (1900) 32. –– type: peutzke s.n. (b†), australia,queensland, daintrie river. freycinetia latispina warb. (1900) 33. –– type: sarasin 669 (b†), indonesia, north sulawesi, minahassa, 1893-1894, syn. nov. freycinetia maxima merr. (1908) 310. –– syntypes: curran fb 10754 (pnh†), philippines, luzon, tayabas, 22 july 1908; curran fb 12381 (pnh†), albay, sorsogon, adumoy hills, june 1908, syn. nov. freycinetia mariannensis merr. (1914) 48. –– type: costenoble s.n. (us), usa, marianas islands, guam island, 1914, syn. nov. freycinetia ponapensis martelli in kaneh. (1934) 129. –– type: lederman 13245 (b†), micronesia, ponape, patapat, november 1913, syn. nov. freycinetia carolinensis kanehira (1935) 185, f. 17. –– type: r. kanehira 2359 (ti), micronesia, palau, aimiriik, 01 aug. 1933, syn. nov. freycinetia mariannensis var. microsyncarpia hosok. (1937) 191. –– type: koidzumi s.n. (ti), micronesia, ponape, july 1915, syn. nov. freycinetia tesselata merr. & perry (1939) 149. –– type: brass 3384 (a), solomon, ysabel, maruto, 25 december 1932, syn. nov. freycinetia parviaculeata b.c. stone (1970) 220. –– type: dan bin haji bakar sar4502 (sar), malaysia, sarawak, miri district, sungei dalam, june 1961, syn. nov. freycinetia carolana f. v. muell. (1887) 126, nom. nud. freycinetia insignis bailey non blume (1902) 1691, nom. nud. distribution. borneo (sarawak), sulawesi (including wowoni island), the philippines (luzon island), the moluccas (morotai island), micronesia (the islands of palau and ponape), the marianas (the islands of guam, rota, and saipan), new guinea (including the islands of batanta, waigeo, and yapen), solomon islands, the island of savaii in samoa, and northern part of mainland australia 2012] 275 keim: the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley fig. 2. freycinetia kwerbaensis a.p. keim (from the type, a.p. keim 1165) showing the infructescence consists of 3 ellipsoidal cephalia (ternate) and glabrous pedicel. photo: a.p. keim. reinwardtia 276 [vol.13 (queensland). habitat. lowland tropical rainforest. in kwerba it is found from 75 to 125 m altitude, but it is abundantly seen occupying hill slope at about 85 m altitude. vernacular name. érorit (kwerba). uses. local people mentioned that cephalium is eaten by birds. notes. freycinetia marginata can be easily recognised in the field by the possession of robust habit, conspicuous white inner bracts, white with reddish orange to red tints on apical parts on the much larger and more persistent outer bracts, pink to deep pink numerous anthers (thus giving the colour to the whole male inflorescence), ternate to quaternate infructescence, elongate-ellipsoidal cephalium, and the distinctive needle-like (filiform) berries. even when sterile, the habit and colouration of bracts and terminal leaves are sufficient for identification. blume (1835) did not mention the exact location of the type; however, zippelius was known to visit and collect botanical specimens at dobo in triton bay, kaimana on june to july 1828 (van steenis, 1950). thus it is assumed here that the type was collected in that area and around that time. the presence of f. marginata in mamberamo basin extends the species distribution in mainland new guinea. the result of this current study regards the species listed above as synonyms of f. marginata. apart from the slight differences in the surface of pedicels and sizes of cephalia (table 3), there is no distinctive morphological character that can be used to distinguish any of those species from f. marginata. in fact all the species share one obvious morphological character that is considered unique in the genus, the needle-like (i.e. filiform) berries. stone (1968) based on the common possession of this character grouped twelve species into a section of their own, filiformicarpae, but with a note that the section is noticeably homogenous and the species included were rather poorly defined. among the species listed above possess glabrous pedicels except three species, f. parviaculeata, f. ponapensis, and f. tesselata (table 3). this raises a question concerning the inclusion of the three species into the synonyms of f. marginata. yet, despite having scabrous pedicels in this present study the three species are treated as a synonym of f. marginata based on the fact that scabrous and glabrous pedicels can be found in the same individual as can be seen in the then f. minahassae, where the fairly scabrous and glabrous pedicels can be found in different infructescences but of the same individual (keim & wahjuningsih, in prep.). thus, the result of this current study indicates that at least in the section filiformicarpae the scabrous or glabrous pedicels are considered less important in defining a species. consequently, f. parviaculeata, f. ponapensis, and f. tesselata perish into synonymy. this result is not in accordance with stone (1967a) that regarded the pedicel covering (scabrous versus glabrous) as an important character and was employed as the most distinctive character to differ f. mariannensis from f. ponapensis despite thought that f. ponapensis was morphologically very similar to f. mariannensis. as in this study the pedicel surface has been regarded as less important in determining a species the boundary between f. mariannensis and f. ponapensis subsequently disappears. the two species thus are placed here as synonyms of f. marginata. indeed, apart from the differences in the surface of the pedicels, there is no distinctive morphological character that can be used to set any of the two species apart from f. marginata. apparently stone failed to spot the presence of both scabrous and glabrous pedicels in the same species as in the case of f. minahassae. nevertheless, it is assumed here that by the time stone studied the section filiformicarpae there was not enough material of f. minahassae in his disposal. indeed then f. minahassae was known only from the type kept at bo; thus there was insufficient variations within the species could be observed. the situation was worsened by the fact that stone was never known to conduct any collecting activities in sulawesi. it is not surprise to know that f. minahassae was neither mention nor included in the first publication of the section filiformicarpae (stone, 1968). nonetheless the result of this current study is in accordance with stone (1967a) that placed f. mariannensis var. microsyncarpia as the synonym of f. ponapensis based on the possession of scabrous pedicels. however, as the pedicel coverings has been regarded as less important character for species determination, both f. ponapensis and f. mariannensis var. microsyncarpia have been reduced here into synonymies. merrill & perry (1939) mentioned that f. tesselata was very closely related to f. ponapensis; thus suggesting morphological similarities. freycinetia tesselata was separated from f. ponapensis based on the broader and somewhat abruptly acuminate leaf-tips and scabrous 2012] 277 keim: the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley species name colour of outer bracts colour of inner bracts surface of pedicel size of cephalium colour of cephalium length of a berry number of stigmatic remains freycinetia carolinensis no data white glabrous 9.5 by 5 cm orange to red 15 mm 2–3, rarely 3 f. marginata reddish orange or white with reddish orange tints on apical parts white glabrous 8–13 by 1.5–3 cm (stone 1982) red 5–8 mm 2–3, mostly 2 f. marianennsis salmon to orange creamy white (stone 1967b) glabrous 8–9 by 5 cm orange to red 10–15 mm 2–3, mostly 2 f. marianennsis var. microsyncarpia yellow with scarlet tints on apical part ( stone 1967a) creamy white sparsely scabrous 6 by 1 cm (stone 1967a) orange to red 10–15 mm 2–3, mostly 2 f. minahassae orange or reddish orange white to milky white (koorders in the field note attached onto the type) glabrous or sparsely scabrous 8–20 by 1.8–5 cm orange to red 5–18 mm 2–3, mostly 2 f. parviaculeata no data no data scabrous 7 by 3 cm bright red 13–15 mm 2–3, rarely 3 f. ponapensis orange (yellow with orange tints on apical part; stone 1967a) no data sparsely scabrous 5–5.5 (6– 7 ; stone 1967) by 1 –1.2 cm orange to red no data 2–3 f. reineckei yellow with orange tints on apical part to orange creamy white (stone 1967b) glabrous 6–7 by 2.5 –3 cm (7–9 by 2.5–3 cm ; martelli 1934) orange to reddish orange 10 mm (13 mm; martelli 1934) 2–3, mostly 2 f. tesselata orange white scabrous (at least on apical part; merrill & perry 1939) 10 by 3– 3.5 cm red 7–8 mm 2–4, mostly 2 table 3. morphological comparison between f. carolinensis, f. marginata, f. marianensis, f. mariannensis var. microsyncarpia, f. minahassae, f. ponapensis, f. reineckei, and f. tesselata. reinwardtia 278 [vol.13 fig. 3. freycinetia marginata blume. a. conspicuous white outer bracts enclosing young male inflorescence; b. young terminal staminate inflorescence consists of 3 flowering parts (ternate) enclosed by layers of bright white thickfleshy inner bracts, in which each flowering part consists of numerous pink to deep pink anthers. photos: a.p. keim. a b pedicels (peduncles of syncarps, according to merrill & perry, 1939). in this current study the differences are regarded less significant. in freycinetia the leaves can be greatly varies including shapes and the forms of apical parts as can be seen in f. marginata (particularly the then f. minahassae) or f. scandens. the same is also for the pedicel covering as can be seen in f. minahassae. therefore, f. tesselata follows f. ponapensis into the world of synonymies. despite mentioned f. carolinensis that was published previously by kanehira (1935), merrill & perry (1939) regarded f. carolinensis as a synonym of f. ponapensis; thus disregarding kanehira that mentioned f. carolinensis as morphologically near to f. mariannensis and distinguished by the possession of prominently tessellate leaves (kanehira, 1935; merrill & perry cited the publication year of kanehira’s protologue of f. carolinensis as 1937). in this current study it is assumed that merrill & perry (1939) failed to spot the tessellate leaves and glabrous pedicels possessed by f. carolinensis. as the consequence they placed the glabrous pedicels possessing f. carolinensis as the synonym of the scabrous f. ponapensis. furthermore, the tessellate leaves, which is the prominent distinctive character of f. carolinensis (kanehira, 1935) was used as the important character to distinct their proposed new species f. tesselata from f. ponapensis (merrill & perry, 1939). the reason for this sloppy work was unknown. although there is a difference in the sizes of berries (table 3), it is continuous; thus cannot be used as a strong distinctive character to define f. minahassae. in other word, in this current study f. minahassae is regarded as the synonym of f. marginata. the placement of the eastern malesian widespread species of f. minahassae and f. parviaculeata, the only member of the section filiformicarpae occurs in western malesia have a consequence that f. marginata is now recognised as the most widely distributed species in the genus, extending from borneo in the west to samoa in the east (encompassing both western and eastern malesia and beyond), and surpassing the previously known f. scandens. freycinetia reineckei has smaller cephalia but fairly larger berries than f. marginata (table 3). however, these differences are regarded in this current study as less important compared to more obvious similarities between the two species, such as the colour of both bracts and the shape of berries. thus, f. reineckei is lowered to the rank of synonym. indeed, so far f. reineckei is the only member of the section filiformicarpae known to possess the tendency of bisexuality or towards monoecy (cox, 1981, 1982, 1990; cox et al., 1984; poppendieck, 1987); however, this tendency is also possessed by other species from various morphologically different sections such as f. cumingiana (§ polystachyae), f. funicularis (§ blumeella), f. imbricata (§ sarawakenses), f. negrosensis (§ pristophyllae), and f. scandens (§ oligostigma; see poppendieck, 1987; cox, 1990). in other word, the tendency is wide spread within the genus. on the contrary, the needle-like (filiform) berries are exclusively possessed by the members of the section filiformicarpae, in which f. reineckei and f. marginata are grouped (stone, 1968). therefore, if we put too much emphasis on the tendency of bisexuality we might disregard a more important morphological character for phylogeny of the section understudy, the possession of filifom 2012] 279 keim: the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley berries. specimens collected. indonesia, papua, mamberamo raya, mamberamo tengah, kwerba, tacewaram, kwerep, 03 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1100 (bo!); itanem, karenepu hill, 19 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1159 (bo!); kuikarawar, 21 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1166 (bo!). 4. freycinetia oblanceolata martelli. — syntypes: beccari 545 (fi), indonesia, papua barat, manokwari, andai, 19 july 1872; beccari s.n. (fi); de albertis s.n. (fi); dorei, j.e. teijsmann 6762 (bo!). distribution. sulawesi (keim & rustiami, 2007) and mainland new guinea (including the raja ampat islands, keim et al., 2007). habitat. lowland tropical rainforest. in kwerba it is commonly found from 85 to 250 m altitude. although it was found abundant during exploration most were found without flowers or fruits. apparently both the flowering and fruiting times were over by the time the research proceeded. vernacular names. daidoté (papasena), kakacir (kwerba). uses. not recorded. notes. the presence of f. oblanceolata in the mamberamo basin extends the species distribution area in the mainland new guinea. in the field f. oblanceolata looks exceedingly similar with f. kwerbaensis; however the two species differ in three morphological characters described in table 1 (see above). specimens collected. indonesia, papua, mamberamo raya, kwerba, tacewaram, 02 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1084 (bo!); hehetem, pumpunom hill, close to lake hehetem, 12 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1127 (bo!). table 4. morphological comparison on leaf and cephalium dimensions, shape of auricle, number of cephalia per infructescence, and number of stigma between f. angustissima, f. forbesii, f. oblanceolata, f. scandens, f. sumbawaensis, and f. wamenaensis. species leaf dimension shape of auricle number of cephalia per infructescence cephalium dimension number of stigma freycinetia angustissima 5–6 by 0.6 cm tapered 1 to 2 1.26–1.3 by 1.26–1.3 cm 2 or 3 (current study), but 1 or 2 (stone, 1967) f. forbesii 10–15 by 1.9 –2 cm tapered 3 to 4 1.9–2 by 1.9–2 cm 1 or 2, rarely 2 f. oblanceolata 15–21 by 3–4 cm tapered 3 to 4 2.5 by 2 cm 1 or 2 f. scandens 8–10 by 1– 2.7 cm tapered 1 to 4 3–6 by 2.5–3 cm 2 to 4, usually 2 & rarely 4s f. sumbawaensis 10 by 1.5 cm tapered 2 to 3 2.5 by 1.5 cm 1 f. wamenaensis 11–12 by 2.5 –3.5 cm lobed 3, rarely 4 4.5–5 by 2–2.5 cm 1, rarely 2 reinwardtia 280 [vol.13 fig. 4. habit of freycinetia wamenaensis a.p. keim with mature infructescence as can be seen in the bank of dupuk creek in wamena biological garden. in appearance f. wamenaensis is exceedingly similar to f. scandens. photo: a.p. keim. 2012] 281 keim: the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley fig. 5. freycinetia wamenaensis a.p. keim (× 2.5) showing the evidence of the distinctive lobed auricle (arrow). photo: a.p. keim. reinwardtia 282 [vol.13 fig. 6. the ternate infructescence of freycinetia wamenaensis a.p. keim showing the elongate-ellipsoidal cephalia (× 1.5) with number of stigma almost always one, very rarely two. photo: a.p. keim. 2012] 283 keim: the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley fig. 7. a. lanceolate-elongate immature cephalium of f. wamenaensis a.p. keim (× 2) clearly showing the number of stigma almost always one. b. the number persists through maturity (× 1.5). photo: a.p. keim. a b reinwardtia 284 [vol.13 5. freycinetia scandens gaudich. — type: gaudichaud s.n. ―crescit in insula timor‖ (p), indonesia, nusa tenggara timur (eastern lesser sunda islands), timor (presumably from west timor). freycinetia gaudichaudii r. br. & benn. in horsfield (1838) 31, t. 9. – type: horsfield s.n. (bm), indonesia, java, west java. freycinetia muelleri martelli (1910) 311, 313. – type: mueller s.n. (possibly at bm or k), australia, queensland. freycinetia propinqua domin (1915) 150. – type: domin s.n. (possibly at pr). freycinetia gonocarpa moore in gibbs (1917) 309 – type: gibbs 6348 (bm), australia, queensland. distribution. sumatra, java, borneo, sulawesi (including the sangir and talaud islands), timor, new guinea (including the islands of waigeo and yapen), and northern part of mainland australia (queensland). habitat. lowland tropical rainforest to lower montane forests from coastal to about 1000 m altitude. in kwerba it is found growing close to a creek from 75 to 250 m altitude. vernacular names. not recorded. uses. not recorded. notes. freycinetia scandens has previously never been reported from mamberamo basin, thus the species distribution extends further into the interior of new guinea. following the placement of several species into the synonyms of f. marginata (see above) that increases the distribution area of f. marginata, in this current study f. scandens is regarded as the second most widely distributed species in the genus. as in f. marginata, such a wide distribution reflects also in the vast morphological variations. several other species found in new guinea, such as f. beccarii solms, f. ellipsoidalis merr. & l.m. perry, f. elliptica merr. & l.m. perry, f. globiceps warb., f. nervosa merr. & l.m. perry, and f. streptopifolia warb. are suggested in this study would eventually fall into synonymies. further study is being proceeded. specimen collected. indonesia, papua, fig. 8. the fairly scabrous pedicels (× 6) in the mature infructescence. although regarded in this present study as a less distinctive morphological character compared to the lobed auricle, nevertheless it differs f. wamenaensis from f. forbesii and f. sumbawaensis, two species that f. wamenaensis shares most of its noticeable morphological characters (table 4). photo: a.p. keim. 2012] 285 keim: the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley mamberamo raya, kwerba, tacewaram, 04 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1110 (bo!); hehetem, 09 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1117 (bo!); 12 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1139 (bo!); kwerba, close to airstrip, 17 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1148 (bo!); maner, 18 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1153 (bo!). 6. freycinetia wamenaensis a.p. keim, sp. nov. –– figs. 4–8. mediocris scandens, auricula lobatus. infructescencia terminalis, ternate. cephalium elongatus-ellipsoideus, stigmata plerumque una, rariore duo. –– typus: a.p. keim 1280 (bo!), indonesia, papua, jayawijaya, wamena, gunung susu, wamena biological garden, 8 km nw of wamena, 03 aug. 2010. medium size climbing pandan, climbing up to 15 m high. stem green, glabrous, 0.5–0.7 cm diameter, internodes 1–1.5 cm. leaf elongate-oblong to spathoideous, 11–12 cm long, 2.5–3.5 cm wide, acute to acuminate apex, minute spines on apical part, rest of leaf margin glabrous; adaxial surface green, glabrous; abaxial surface light green, slightly glaucous; auricle lobed, persistent already disintegrated into fibres, light brown. male inflorescence ternate, persistent, already dried, ca. 5 cm long; pedicel ca. 2 cm long, scabrous, flowering part 2 cm long. female inflorescence not observed but it seems in a different branch with male inflorescence. infructescence terminal, ternate or rarely quaternate, 6.5–8 cm long; peduncle short, 1– 1.5 cm long; pedicel 1–1.5 cm long, light green, fairly scabrous; bracts persistent, ca. 9 cm long, ca. 15 cm wide, already disintegrated. cephalium elongate-ellipsoidal, 4.5–5 cm long, ca. 2–3cm wide, green when young turns to reddish orange to deep red when mature; number of stigmatic remains almost always one, very rarely two, deep blackish brown. etymology. after wamena, the city where the type was collected. distribution. known only from type locality. habitat. montane forest at about 1700 to 1750 m altitude. freycinetia wamenaensis is also reported to inhabit the banks of the neighbouring holima creek about 1 km west of the dupuk. however, there is no collection has been made so far to confirm this report. vernacular name. wuluhélé (wamena). uses. local people mentioned that cephalium is consumed by cuscus (spilocuscus maculatus). stem is used for strings. notes. the result of this present study indicates that now there are five species of the genus freycinetia known to possess a berry with single stigmatic remain: f. angustissima, f. forbesii, f. oblanceolata, f. sumbawaensis, and f. wamenaensis (table 4). nevertheless, f. wamenaensis can be easily distinguished by its distinctive lobed auricle. in fact f. wamenaensis is the only species bearing lobed auricles and berries with single stigmatic remain, thus it is proposed here as a new species. prior to this present study ridley (1886) suggested f. forbesii and f. scandens as closely ally. keim & rahayu (2010) expanded the alliance with the inclusion of f. sumbawaensis. the result of this current study increases the number of species in the alliance with the addition of f. wamenaensis. specimens collected. indonesia, papua, jayawijaya, wamena, gunung susu, wamena biological garden, 8 km nw of wamena, 13 july 2009, a.p. keim 1231 (bo! dna material only); 25 july 2009, a.p. keim 1233 (bo!); 03 aug. 2010, a.p. keim 1280 (holotype bo!); 30 june 2011, a.p. keim 1342 (bo!), a.p. keim 1343 (bo!), a.p. keim 1344 (bo! sterile collection). 7. freycinetia cf. angustissima ridl. distribution. new guinea. habitat. lowland tropical rainforests. vernacular name. not recorded. uses. not recorded. notes. the specimen a.p. keim 1149 is sterile, thus identification is based on the vegetative character, especially lanceolate-elongate leaf (9 × 1.2 cm). thus, this taxon is regarded here a possibly belonging to f. angustissima. specimen collected. indonesia, papua, mamberamo raya, mamberamo tengah, kwerba, 17 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1149 (bo!). 8. freycinetia aff. vidalii hemsl. distribution. prior to this publication f. vidalii was known only from the philippines. it is strongly suggested here that the distribution area may expands to new guinea. habitat. lowland tropical rainforest. reinwardtia 286 [vol.13 vernacular names. araripaja (papasena), kamahakurau (kwerba). uses. not recorded. notes. this taxon is also identified based on sterile collection. nevertheless the possession of lobed auricle indicates that this taxon belongs to the section auriculifoliae (stone, 1968). except f. vidalii (a species previously known as endemic to the philippines), all members of this section are robust climbers; thus the result of this current study suggests that this taxon (a.p. keim 1128) possibly belonging to f. vidalii. the strong floristic link between the philippines and eastern malesia is not something new as it has been suggested previously by lam (1945a; 1945b). it seems that the result of this study supports the existence of such link. specimen collected. indonesia, papua, mamberamo raya, mamberamo tengah, kwerba, hehetem, 12 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1128 (bo!). 9. pandanus atropurpureus merr. & l.m. — type: brass 13648 (a; iso. bo!), indonesia, papua, 4 km sw of bernhard camp, idenburg (now taritatu) river, march 1939. pandanus columbiformis b.c. stone (1974) 8. – type: b.c. stone 10131 (lae), papua new guinea, central, vailala. distribution. mainland new guinea. habitat. lowland and swampy forests at 200 to 800 m altitude. in kwerba it is found in the lowland or hill slope rather open area at altitude 80 to 90 m. not a common species, very rarely seen. vernacular name. tatacir (kwerba). uses. local people report that the cephalium and drupes are eaten by birds. notes. prior to this recent study p. atropurpureus was known only from the type locality (merrill & perry, 1940; stone, 1982; jebb, 1992). thus, the result of this study extends the species distribution further north in the mamberamo basin. the result of this study also suggests that p. columbiformis fall b a d c 2012] 287 keim: the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley fig. 9. pandanus conoideus lam. a. cephalium from the cultivated form at kwerba, b. the yellow variety, c. the cephalium being prepared showing the much longer size, d. cephalium of the wild form showing the shorter and smaller size compare to the cultivated one, e & f. cephalia collected from wild individuals showing colour variation from orange to red. photos: hari sutrisno & suparno (mzb, used here with permission). fig. 10. pandanus conoideus lam. lateral section (l-s) of a cephalium showing the massive insect invasion (arrows) into pedicel through the pericarps, where the vegetable fat is produced and usually extracted. the invasion is mainly at the basal parts. the invasive insect is still not yet identified. the correct identification of this invasive insect is essential to protect the highly valued cultivated forms (cultivars) from possibly imminent danger. photo: suparno (mzb, used here with permission). f e reinwardtia 288 [vol.13 into synonymy with p. atropurpureus. apart from the small difference in the shape of drupe, there is no significant morphological difference between the two species. pandanus columbiformis is characterised by the shape of its drupes that are like ―small pigeons” (hence the name, see stone, 1974), but some other drupes have approximately the same shape, size and colours than p. atropurpureus. furthermore, some drupes of p. atropurpureus collected in this current study also bear small pigeons shape. a molecular phylogeny will hopefully solve this question. until the data from molecular study became available p. columbiformis is considered here as a synonym of p. atropurpureus. specimen collected. indonesia, papua, mamberamo raya, kwerba, tacewaram, karenepu hill, itanem, 19 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1158 (bo!). 10. pandanus conoideus lam. –– figs. 9–10. pandanus ceramicus rumph. (1743) 149, t. 79, nom. inval. – pandanus ceramicus kunth (1841) 98, nom. superfl. – type: rumph., herb. amboin. 4: t. 79. 1743. bryantia butyrophora webb ex gaudich. (1843) t. 20, f. 1–15. – pandanus butyrophorus (webb) kurz (1869) 150. – lectotype: the plate, designated here. pandanus subumbellatus becc. ex solms (1883) 96. – type: beccari s.n. (fi), indonesia, moluccas, aru archipelago, wokam island, giabulenga (jabulenga). pandanus macgregorii f. muell. ex solms (1889) 511. – type: mac gregor s.n. (b†), papua new guinea, d’ entrecasteaux islands, fergusson island, nom. prov., inval.(―beschreibe ich vorläufig‖). pandanus cominsii hemsl. in hook. (1900) t. 2654. – type: comins 363 (k), papua new guinea, solomon islands, florida group, siota island, rev. pandanus hollrungii warb. (1900-a) 161, nom. nud.; (1900-b) 71. – type: hollrung s.n. (b†), papua new guinea, northern part of mainland papua new guinea (then kaiserwilhelmsland). pandanus hollrungii warb. forma caroliniana martelli (1912) 66. – type: kraemer s.n. (b†), micronesia, caroline islands, truck island, tol uman. pandanus englerianus martelli (1912) 65. – syntypes: penloup 5 (fi), papua new guinea, new ireland (then neu mecklenburg), 1908; peekel 91 (b†); naumann s.n. (b†). pandanus magnificus martelli (1912) 65. – type: kraemer s.n. (b†), papua new guinea, admiralty islands, manus island. pandanus ruber st. john (1961) 579. – type: brass 5463 (bri, iso. ny), papua new guinea, table 5. morphological and ecological comparison on habitat preferences, stem height, dimensions of leaf and drupe between pandanus carrii and p. korwae. species name habitat preferences stem height leaf dimension drupe dimension pandanus carrii savanna grassland 5 m 120 by 3 cm 60 by 15 mm p. korwae lowland tropical rainforest 1.5 m 300–450 by 10 cm 55–60 by 8 mm fig. 11. pandanus korwae a.p. keim showing the shape and size of cephalium with long peduncle. photo: h. sutrisno (mzb, used here with permission). 2012] 289 keim: the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley fig. 12. pandanus korwae a.p. keim. a. ellipsoidal drupe, long-elongated conical pileus. b. blunt-flattened stigmatic remain (arrow) indicates that this species is a member of the subgenus lophostigma and section karuka. photos: a.p. keim. b a reinwardtia 290 [vol.13 fig. 13. pandanus korwae a.p. keim. a. the presence of minute adaxial ventral pleats (arrow). b. the absence of recurved spines. photos: a.p. keim. b a 2012] 291 keim: the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley central, bella vista. pandanus cominsii hemsl. var. micronesicus b.c. stone (1965) 5. – type: b.c. stone 5340 (ph), micronesia, caroline islands, truk islands, tol, 7° 25’ n 151° 47’ e, cultivation, 30 jan. 1965. pandanus latericius b.c. stone (1965) 2. – type: b.c. stone 2637 (bish), papua new guinea, new ireland, kavieng. pandanus minusculus b.c. stone (1965) 3. – type: b.c. stone 2627 (bish), papua new guinea, new ireland, kavieng. pandanus erythros st. john (1968) 515. – type: carr 15922 (bm, l), papua new guinea, central, isuarava. pandanus plicatus st. john (1968) 517. – type: carr 12590 (bm), papua new guinea, central, koitaki. pandanus rubrispicatus st. john (1968) 519. – type: not designated. nom. nud, anglice, ―northeast new guinea‖. pandanus cominsii hemsl. var. augustus b.c. stone (1972) 109. – type: b.c. stone 2570 (fem.) (bish), solomon islands, santa isabel isl., vulavu to thathaje trail, along south-west coast, 17 october 1957. distribution. moluccas, new guinea and adjacent islands, bismarck archipelago, solomon islands and the islands of micronesia (i.e. caroline islands). habitat. mostly cultivated from sea level up to 2000 m altitude. in kwerba village three cultivars are observed; the individuals with red, yellow, and brown long-trigonal (triangular) shaped cephalium with the red cultivar being the most widely planted. in hehetem-kwerba the wild individuals are mostly found growing close to a creek at about 200 m altitude. vernacular names. kutéri péri, péri (papasena), éhéna (kwerba, for the yellow cultivar), piri (kwerba, for the red and brown cultivars). uses. leaves are used for mats and cigarette papers. vegetable fat extracted from the pericarp is used as sauce, medicine, and tonic. the use of vegetable fat is only recorded from the cultivated individuals. notes. both the people of kwerba and papasena recognised the wild individuals as belonging to the same taxon with the red cultivar indicated by the use of the same vernacular name, ―piri‖ or ―péri‖. the addition of the word ―kutéri‖ in the ―kutéri péri‖ is to identify that it is a wild kind (―kutéri‖ means wild, bush or a kind of forest in papasena language). the taxonomical study of this species has been done by keim (2009; see also 2006a). prior to this current study, p. conoideus was known only as cultivated plants (stone 1982; french 1986; jebb 1992; walter & sam 2002). although large efforts had been done to find the wild form of this species –including by the author of this paper in the neighbouring wamena area (i.e. baliem valley, see keim, 2006b), the wild form had never been successfully found. therefore, the result of this study is significant for the study of this highly praised (both culturally and economically) and widely cultivated species of pandanus in new guinea. cephalium of the wild form is observed greenish orange then turns to orange and finally deep red and it is noticeably smaller than the cultivated ones (figure 9). the difference in the size as seen in the cultivated forms is apparently related with the domestication effect. the morphological features observed in the wild form of p. conoideus, most particularly the size and colour of cephalia, support the placement of several closely related species mentioned above into synonymies proposed by keim (2009). unlike the cultivated form (i.e. cultivar), the cephalia of the wild form of p. conoideus are almost always found being invested by insect (figure 10). this is presumably due to high concentration of vegetable fat as source of nutrition for the insect pupa. interestingly, the case of insect invasion to the cephalium of the cultivated form (cultivar) has never been reported. study is being done by entomologists from the museum zoologicum bogoriense (mzb) at cibinong, west java. specimens collected. indonesia, papua, mamberamo raya, mamberamo tengah, kwerba, hehetem, 09 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1116 (bo!); 14 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1141 (bo!); kwerba village, 17 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1146 (bo!); a.p. keim 1147 (bo!); 22 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1167 (bo!). 11. pandanus korwae a.p. keim, sp. nov. –– figs. 11–13. fruticosus, circa 1.5 m altus; pileus elongatus, conicus; stigma obtusus, complanatus. –– typus: a.p. keim 1144 (bo!), indonesia, new guinea, papua, mamberamo raya, mamberamo tengah, kwerba, tacewaram, mancin, kuwamuk creek, 17 nov. 2008. solitary short stemmed or shrubby pandan, 1.5 m tall. prop roots short, 50 cm tall, deep brown with sharp nodules. stem very short, less than 50 cm long with sharp nodules, unbranched. leaves in a reinwardtia 292 [vol.13 fig. 14. pandanus pseudosyncarpus kanehira. a. mature cephalium. it looks like the cephalium is a compound fruit constructed of numerous single compactly arranged simple fruits (drupes), thus a syncarp. b. lateral section of cephalium, which clearly explaining the structure of the cephalium that it is actually constructed of complex fruits (phalanges); thus the cephalium look as if it is a syncarp hence the epithet ―pseudosyncarpus‖. photos: suparno (mzb, used here with permission). rosette, tristichously arranged; each 300–450 cm long, 10 cm wide, spines throughout length; adaxial surface deep green, glabrous, adaxial ventral pleats present; abaxial surface light green, glabrous, recurved spines absent. infructescence terminal, solitary, pendulous, 90 cm long, massive, heavy; peduncle 51 cm long, light green, glabrous. cephalium globose-slightly elongate, 39 cm long, 62 cm circumference, deep green, consisting of numerous drupes. drupe ellipsoidal, 5.5–6 cm long, 0.8 cm wide; pileus 4.2–4.5 cm long, orange to reddish orange; style elongate, conical, deep purplish green, 1.3–1.5 cm long; stigmatic remains blunt, flattened, deep brown. etymology. after michael korwa, a member of the team involved in this rap 2 and community developer for the conservation international stationed at kwerba. distribution. known only from type locality. habitat. lowland tropical rainforest growing close to a creek. vernacular name. técéni (kwerba). uses. cephalium is said to be consumed by cassowaries. notes. the ellipsoidal drupe, long-elongated conical pileus, and blunt-flattened stigma (figure 12) indicate that this taxon is a member of the subgenus lophostigma and section karuka. the section karuka includes three edible and economically important highland species of new guinea: pandanus brosimos merrill & perry (1940), p. iwen b.c. stone (1984), and p. jiulianettii martelli (1912; 1913). prior to this current study the members of the section karuka are massive tree pandans with stems height more than 10 m. the only member of this section to have stem height less than 10 m was the imperfectly known p. carrii st. john (1968). however, p. carrii is known to have a stem of 5 m tall and grows in savanna grassland at much lower altitude that is about 450 m altitude. furthermore, p. korwae differs from p. carrii in two other morphological characters: the dimensions of leaves and drupes (table 5). specimen collected. only known from the type. 12. pandanus krauelianus k. schum. — type: hollrung 164 (b†), papua new guinea (then german new guinea), morobe (then kaiserwilhelmsland), kollua near finschhafen. pandanus silvestris rumph. (1743) 145, t. 77 (―keker wassi‖), nom. inval. – pandanus rumphii warb. (1900-b) 84, non gaudich., 1846. – pandanus ceramicus kunth (var.) sylvestris kunth (1841) 98. – type: rumph., herb. amboin. 4: t. 77. 1743. warburg (1900-b) erroneously used ―montanus‖ as the name for this plate. rumphius had two ―species‖, ―silvestris‖ and ―montanus‖. the plate is of ―silvestris‖, rumphius wrote. – epitype: indonesia, moluccas, amboina, lateri, sept. 9, 1913, robinson pl. rumph. amboin. 31 (us; iso: b a 2012] 293 keim: the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley a, bm, bo!, f, k, l!, mo, nsw, ny), designated here. pandanus montanus rumph. (1743) 145 (―keker ewan‖), nom. inval. – pandanus montanus miq. (1855) 161, non bory, 1804. – pandanus terrestris warb. (1900-b) 84.– type: not indicated. – merrill (1917) erroneously identified the rumphian plate with this. pandanus amboinensis warb. (1900-b) 83. – type: de vriese s.n. (l), indonesia, moluccas, ambon. pandanus flabellistigma martelli (1905) 366. – type: kurz s.n. (cal), cult. in hort. bot.buitenzorg. pandanus tabbersianus rendle ex gibbs (1917) 198. – type: gibbs 6213 (bm), indonesia, papua barat, manokwari track to ambani (amban), jan. 1914. pandanus kivi martelli (1929) 140. – type: brass 1557 (a), territory of papua, eastern div., lower mori river, 28 may 1926. pandanus microdontus merr. & l.m. perry (1939) 177, t. 1, f. 18. – type: brass 7695 (a; iso. l), papua new guinea, western, lake daviumbu, middle fly river, sept. 1936. pandanus xanthocarpus merr. & l.m. perry (1939) 179, t. 1, f. 17. – type: brass 8487 (a; iso. l), papua new guinea, western, wassi kussa river, tumbuke, december 1936. pandanus cernuifolius merr. & perry (1939) 180. t. 1, f. 20. – type: brass 3916 (a; iso. bri, ny), papua new guinea, central, ononge road, dieni, 1 may 1953. pandanus zea st. john (1960) 239, t. 8. – type: brass 19293 (bri; iso. l), australia, queensland, cape york peninsula, iron range, 22 june 1948. pandanus flavicarpus b.c. stone (1965) 2. – type: b.c. stone 2478 (holotype lae), papua new guinea, solomon islands, santa ysabel. pandanus nakanaiensis b.c. stone (1965) 2. – type: ngf 6440 (floyd) (lae), papua new guinea, new britain. pandanus roseus b.c. stone (1965) 2. – type: b.c. stone 2559 (lae), papua new guinea, solomon islands, rendova island. pandanus rubellus b.c. stone (1965) 2. – type: b.c. stone 2565 (lae), papua new guinea, bougainville island. pandanus spodiophyllus b.c. stone (1965) 2. – type: b.c. stone 2617 (holotype lae), papua new guinea, new britain. pandanus biciliatus st. john (1973) 64, t. 311. – type: brass 28746 (k, iso. l, us), papua new guinea, woodlark island, kulumadau rain forest, 14 november 1956. pandanus biformatus st. john (1973) 67, t. 312. – type: brass 23765 (k; iso. a, l, lae), papua new guinea, milne bay, gwariu river, biniguni camp, 2 august 1953. pandanus luteus st. john (1973) 77, t. 318, 319. – type: brass 24732 (k, iso lae), papua new guinea, goodenough island, eastern slope, mossy oak forest, 8–15 october 1953. pandanus croceus b.c. stone (1974) 23, t. 9– 11. – type: b.c. stone 10290 = lae 53590 (stone & streimann) (lae; iso. a, bish, bri, canb, k, l, us), papua new guinea, admiralty islands, manus island, hills above lorengau, 18 june 1971. pandanus auritus st. john ex huynh (1976) 93, gallice, nom. nud. – voucher: brass 27272 (l, incl. carpol. 13298), papua new guinea, fergusson isl., agamoia, 22 june1956. pandanus bidrupaceus st. john ex huynh (1976) 93, gallice, nom. nud. – voucher: brass 28120 (l), papua new guinea, sudest isl., rambuto, 16 september 1956. pandanus cernuus st. john ex huynh (1976) 92, gallice, nom. nud. – voucher: bw 6582 (koster) (l), indonesia, papua barat, kebar, sanopi, 17 february 1958. pandanus flexibilis st. john ex huynh (1976) 93, gallice, nom. nud. – voucher: brass 32315 (lae), papua new guinea, morobe. pandanus imbrialis st. john ex huynh (1976) 93, gallice, nom. nud. – voucher: brass 5655 (fi), papua new guinea. pandanus maneauensis st. john ex huynh (1976) 93, gallice, nom. nud. – voucher: brass 23461 (lae), papua new guinea, milne bay. pandanus reconditus st. john ex huynh (1976) 93, gallice, nom. nud. – voucher: brass 29252 (lae), papua new guinea, morobe. pandanus wauensis st. john ex huynh (1976) 93, gallice, nom. nud. – voucher: ngf 24963 (womersley) (l), papua new guinea, morobe. pandanus kosteri b.c. stone (1987) 435, t. 5. – type: bw 6852 (koster) (holotype l), indonesia, papua barat, kebar, sanopi, 17 february 1958. pandanus beccarii auct. non solms: k. schum. (1887) 192. distribution. moluccas, new guinea and adjacent islands including yapen island, raja ampat archipelago, bismarck archipelago, d’ entrecasteaux islands, solomon islands and northern part of australia (queensland). habitat. mangrove, lowland swampy up to sub montane forests from 0 up to around 1600 m altitude. in kwerba it is commonly found in lowland secondary forest at 90 to 95 m altitude. reinwardtia 294 [vol.13 vernacular name. kacir (kwerba). uses. neither leaf nor cephalium is used by the people of kwerba and papasena. this is a rather surprising finding as other people in new guinea widely use the leaves and cephalia of this species, such as people from yapen island (keim et al., 2006; keim, 2009), where the cephalium is eaten with the usage and method of preparing the fatty substrate extracted from the pericarp similar to that of p. conoideus lam. indeed, in the other areas in new guinea, p. krauelianus is used as a substitute to p. conoideus (stone, 1992). notes. the taxonomical study has been previously done by keim (2009). pandanus krauelianus is a widespread species in mainland new guinea. the presence of this species in mamberamo basin is new information on the species distribution. specimen collected. indonesia, papua, mamberamo raya, kwerba, tacewaram, 03 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1092 (bo!). 13. pandanus lauterbachii k. schum. & warb. – type: lauterbach 863 (b†), papua new guinea, northern part of mainland papua new guinea (then kaizerwilhelmsland). distribution. moluccas (keim et al. 2008) and new guinea including the adjacent islands. habitat. swamp and lowland tropical rainforests, along riverbanks from coastal to 100 m altitude. in kwerba found in lowland and close to a creek (riverbank) close to plantation at about 75 m altitude. rare. vernacular name. hamicah (kwerba). uses. leaves used for mats. cephalium is said to be consumed by birds. notes. pandanus lauterbachii is a widespread species. this species is easily recognised in the field by the presence of panicle infructescence consists of 12 to 18 cephalia and the lack of prop roots. specimen collected. indonesia, papua, mamberamo raya, kwerba, tacewaram, aruh creek, 19 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1157 (bo!). 14. pandanus pseudosyncarpus kanehira. — type: inokumae 636 (fu), indonesia, papua, nabire, 1940. –– fig. 14. distribution. new guinea, including the island of yapen (keim 2009). habitat. lowland tropical rainforest. in kwerba it is found at 75 to 80 m altitude. vernacular name. kawani (kwerba). uses. leaf used for mats, young leaf for cigarette paper. cephalium is not consumed. notes. the taxonomical study of this species has been published by keim (2009). prior to this present study the presence of this species in mainland new guinea was known only from the type locality, thus its occurrence in mamberamo basin extends its distribution area. specimen collected. indonesia, papua, mamberamo raya, kwerba, tacewaram, kwerep, 01 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1074 (bo!). 15. pandanus stenocarpus solms. — type: beccari s.n. (fi), indonesia, papua barat, manokwari, arfak mountain, july 1875. pandanus danckelmannianus k. schum. in k. schum. & hollr. (1889)18. – type: hollrung 280 (b †), papua new guinea, morobe, finschhafen. pandanus erinaceus b.c. stone (1965) 1. – type: b.c. stone 2578 (bish), papua new guinea, northern solomons, bougainville, buka. pandanus lictor b.c. stone (1965) 2. – type: b.c. stone 2614 (bish), papua new guinea, new britain, east new britain, gazelle peninsula, warangoi. pandanus nigridens b.c. stone (1966) 1. – type: b.c. stone 2304 (bish), solomon islands, malaita island, malaita. pandanus arcuatus st. john (1973) 47. – type: brass 24045 (a; iso. k)papua new guinea, milne bay, kwagira river. pandanus verruculosus c. backer ex b.c. stone (1978) 55. – type: beguin 1816 (bo; iso. l, k, pnh †), indonesia, moluccas, north moluccas, halmahera, poeloe rao, galeo, 12 oct. 1921. pandanus jacobsii b.c. stone (1983) 210. – type: m. jacobs 9281 (l), papua new guinea, southern highlands, limestone country near waro airstrip 20 km ssw of kutubu, 6° 31’s, 143° 10’e, 15 oct. 1973. pandanus assurgens st. john, nom. nud. – voucher: st. john 26132 (lae), indonesia, papua, warossor. pandanus batavus st. john, nom. nud. – voucher: brass 8873 (lae), indonesia, papua, 2012] 295 keim: the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley jayapura. pandanus eramosus st. john, nom. nud. – voucher: brass 23512 (lae), papua new guinea, mt. dayman. pandanus hentyi st. john, nom. nud. – voucher: henty ngf 11581 (lae), papua new guinea, morobe, oomsis. pandanus hohi st. john, nom. nud. – voucher: st. john 26134 (lae), indonesia, papua barat, manokwari, andei (andai). pandanus kalip st. john, nom. nud. – voucher: st. john 26102 (lae), indonesia, papua barat, sorong, sele strait. pandanus major st. john, nom. nud. – voucher: st. john 26120 (lae), indonesia, papua barat, manokwari, amban. pandanus missimaensis st. john, nom. nud. – voucher: brass 27401 (lae), papua new guinea, milne bay, louisiade islands, missima island. pandanus rugulosus st. john, nom. nud. – voucher: st. john 26188 (lae), papua new guinea, east sepik, angoram. pandanus echinatus st. john, nom. nud. pandanus noviberiensis st. john, nom. nud. pandanus rererivalis st. john, nom. nud. pandanus rudis st. john, nom. nud. distribution. moluccas, new guinea and adjacent islands including raja ampat, bismarck, and solomon islands. habitat. this species is reported to be found from coastal up to 1300 m altitude (stone, 1982; jebb, 1992). in kwerba it is found in humid lowland tropical forest below 100 m altitude (about 65 to 90 m). vernacular name. kamani (kwerba) uses. leaf is used for mats, young leaf for cigarette paper. cephalium has never been eaten. notes. pandanus stenocarpus is a wide spread species in new guinea. this current study places p. danckelmannianus k. schum. (schumann & hollrung, 1889) as synonym for p. stenocarpus. based on the study of the protologues, there has been no significant difference between the two species. both species lack visible prop roots possess long and similar beaked styles. this current study also places the moluccan (halmahera island precisely) species p. verruculosus c. backer & b.c. stone into synonymy. apart from slight difference in the size of cephalia and dotted surface of the pileus, there has been no decisive character that can be used to distinguish p. verruculosus from p. stenocarpus. on the other hand, there are several important morphological features that support the placement of p. verruculosus into synonymy, such as the lack of visible prop roots, drupe with long and beaked style, and the distinctive colour of the mature drupe, which is bright red. the same argument can also be implemented when placing p. jacobsii b.c. stone (1983) into synonymy. further study for a proper paper regarding this matter is still being undertaken. specimen collected. indonesia, papua, mamberamo raya, kwerba, tacewaram, kwerep, 02 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1077 (bo!); a.p. keim 1089 (bo!); mancin, 17 nov. 2008, a.p. keim 1152 (bo!). acknowledgements the author would like to express his deepest gratitude to the conservation international, papua for their generosity. this present study is a part of the 2nd rapid assessment project (rap) funded by the conservation international indonesia in the form of a join research incorporating scientists from the research center for biologylipi, conservation international indonesia & the smithsonian institution, usa proceeded in the fojamamberamo game reserve in 2008. sincere appreciations are also sent to dr. wayne takeuchi (lae) and prof. nobuyuki fukuoka (jica) for precious discussions and suggestions to the manuscript. genuine thanks are also sent to drs. kuswata kartawinata and rugayah for encouraging the author to publish the beautiful taxon of freycinetia from wamena biological garden as a new species. sincere appreciations are also sent to wiharja and our local papuan gardeners for whom it has been my privilege to share the long peaceful working days in the amazing mountainous garden of the mighty jayawijaya. references anonymous. 1938. atlas van tropisch nederland. uitg.kon.ned. aardrijkskundig genootschap i.s.m. den topografische dienst in nederlandsch-indië, batavia. (djakarta). anonymous. 2004. data & informasi kehutanan propinsi irian jaya. pusat inventarisasi & statistik kehutanan, badan planologi kehutanan, departemen kehutanan, jakarta. bailey, f. m. 1902. queensland flora. a. j. cumming, government printer, brisbane. blume, c. l. 1835. rumphia: commentationes botanicae imprimis de plantis indiae orientalis. vol. 1. cox, p. a. 1981. bisexuality in the pandanaceae: new findings in the genus freycinetia. biotropica 13 (3): 195-198. cox, p. a. 1982. vertebrate pollination and the maintenance of diocism in freycinetia. amer. nat. 120 (1): 65-80. cox, p. a. 1990. pollination and the evolution of breed reinwardtia 296 [vol.13 ing system in pandanaceae. ann. miss. bot. gard. 77 (4): 816-840. cox, p. a., wallace, b. & baker, i. 1984. monoecism in the genus freycinetia (pandanaceae). biotropica 16 (4): 313-314. domin, k. 1915. beiträge zur flora und pflanzengeographie australien. bibliotheca botanica 85: 150. gaudichaud-beaupré, c. 1843. voyage autour du monde la bonite. botanique: t. 13, f.1-8; t. 20, f. 1-15. t. 22, f. 17; t. 25, f. 1-7. gibbs, l. s. 1917. dutch north west new guinea: a contribution to the phytography and flora of the arfak mountains. tayor & francis, london. hooker, j. d. 1894. the flora of british india. 6: 487. l. reeve & co., london. huynh, k-l. 1976. la morphologie microscopique de la feuille et la taxonomie du genre pandanus i: aperçu général sur les charactères micromorphologiques de la feuille du genre pandanus et leur valeur taxonomique. bot. jahrb. syst. 97: 92-93. jebb, m. 1992. a field guide to pandanus in new guinea, the bismarck archipelago & the solomon islands. christensen research institute, madang. kanehira, r. 1935. new or noteworthy trees from micronesia xi. bot. mag. 49: 185-195. kanehira, r. 1940. a summary of our knowledge of papuan pandanus. bot. mag. 54: 258. keim, a. p. 2009. pandanaceae of the island of yapen, papua (west new guinea), indonesia, with their nomenclature and notes on the rediscovery of sararanga sinuosa, and several new species and records. blumea 54: 255-266. keim, a. p., purwanto, y. & rovihandono, r. 2006. beberapa rekaman baru (new records) dan kemungkinan jenis baru dari suku pandanaceae di pulau yapen, papua:1-37. herbarium bogoriense, bogor [mimeograph]. keim, a. p, komara, d., latupapua, h., sulistyo, j. & subandi, a. 2006. flora pandan wamena & sebagian lembah baliem berdasarkan eksplorasi di kabupaten wamena, papua 15-21 maret 2006. herbarium bogoriense, bogor. [mimeograph]. keim, a. p. & rustiami, h. 2007. keanekaragaman suku pandanaceae di pegunungan sekitar desa sedoa, kawasan taman nasional lore lindu kabupaten poso-propinsi sulawesi tengah. berita biologi 8 (5): 375-389. keim, a. p., purwanto, y. & darnaedi, d. 2007. keanekaragaman flora pandan (pandanaceae) di pulau waigeo, kepulauan raja ampat propinsi papua barat. herbarium bogoriense, bogor. [mimeograph]. keim, a. p., susiarti, s. & amir, m. 2008. taksonomi pandanaceae pulau seram. laporan teknik pusat penelitian biologi-lipi: 1281-1326. keim, a. p. & rahayu, m. 2010. pandanaceae of sumbawa, west nusa tenggara, indonesia. reinwardtia 13 (2): 151-158. kunth, c. s. 1841. enumeratio plantarum 3: 98. collae, stuttgart, tübingen. kurz, s. 1869. revision of the indian screwpines & their allies. j. asiat. soc. bengal 38, 2: 148, 150. lamarck, j. b. 1785. encyclopédie méthodique botanique. vol. 1. panckocke, paris. martelli, u. 1905. pandanus, nuova specie descritte. webbia 1: 363, 366. martelli, u. 1910. enumerazione delle pandanaceae i. freycinetia. webbia 3: 307-327. martelli, u. 1912. neu pandanaceae papuasiens. in c. lauterbach (ed.). 1912. beiträge zur flora von papuasien i. bot. jahrb. syst. 49: 65. martelli, u. 1913. enumerazione delle pandanaceae ii. pandanus. webbia 4: 5-105. martelli, u. 1929. the pandanaceae collected for the arnold arboretum by l.j. brass in new guinea. j. arnold arb. 10: 139-140. martelli, u. 1934. new or noteworthy trees from micronesia v. bot. mag. 48 (566): 116-130. merrill, e. d. & perry, l. m. 1939. on the brass collections of pandanaceae from new guinea. j. arnold. arbor. 20: 139-186. merrill, e. d. & perry, l. m. 1940. plantae papuanae archboldianae, ii. j. arnold. arbor. 21: 163-175. merrill, e. d. 1941. micronesian pandanaceae. philipp. j. sci. 9: 48. mueller, f. v. 1887. australian plants. austral. j. pharm. 2: 126. poppendieck, h. h. 1987. monoecy and sex changes in freycinetia (pandanaceae). ann. miss. bot. gard. 74 (2): 314-320. ridley, h. 1886. on the monocotyledoneous plants of new guinea. journal of botany 24: 859. rumphius, g. e. 1743. herbarium amboinense 4: 143151, t. 76, 79, 80. franciscus changuion, amsterdam, etc. schumann, k. 1887. die flora des deutschen ostasiatischen schutzgebietes. bot. jahrb. syst. 9: 192. schumann, k. & hollrung, m. 1889. die flora von kaiser wilhelmsland: 17. asher & co., berlin. solms, h. 1883. über die von beccari auf seiner reise nach celebes und neu guinea gesammelten pandanaceae. ann. jard. bot. buitenzorg 3: 93-94, 96, 100. solms, h. 1889. pandanus mac gregorii f. von müller. bot. zeitung (berlin) 47: 511. st. john, h. 1960. revision of the genus pandanus: i. key to the sections. pacific sci. 14: 231, 239, t. 1 a-g, 2-5, 8. st. john, h. 1961. revision of the genus pandanus. part 7. new species from borneo. papua, and the solomon islands. pacific sci. 15: 579. st. john, h. 1968. revision of the genus pandanus. part 29. new papuan species in the sectionmicrostigma collected by c.e. carr. pacific sci. 22: 515-519. st. john, h. 1973. revision of the genus pandanus stickman. part 35. additional pandanus species from new guinea. pacific sci. 27: 64, 67, t. 311, 312, 318, 319. stone, b. c. 1965. melanesian plant studies i. with 2012] 297 keim: the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley micronesian supplement. university of malaya, kuala lumpur. stone, b. c. 1966. pandanus stickm. in the malayan peninsula, singapore, and lower thailand. malay. nat. j. 19 (5): 291-301. stone, b. c. 1967a. materials for a monograph of freycinetia (pandanaceae) i. gard. bull. sing. 22: 129-152. stone, b. c. 1967b. the master key to freycinetia. herbarium bogoriense, bogor [mimeograph]. stone, b. c. 1968. materials for a monograph of freycinetia gaud. iv. subdivision of the genus with fifteen new sections. blumea 16 (2): 361-372. stone, b. c. 1972. the genus pandanus in the solomon islands with notes on adjacent regions. part 1. malaysian j. sci. 1 (a): 109. stone, b. c. 1974. studies in malesian pandanaceae xiii. new & noteworthy pandanaceae from papuasia. contr. herb. austr. 4: 7-40. stone, b. c. 1974. towards an improved infrageneric classification in pandanus (pandanaceae). bot. jahrb. syst. 94: 459-540. stone, b. c. 1978. studies on malesian pandanaceae: a revision of acrostigma. fed. mus. j. 23: 1-74. stone, b. c. 1982. new guinea pandanaceae: first approach to ecology and biogeography. in gressitt, j. l. (ed.). 1982. biogeography and ecology of new guinea. vol. 1. monographiae biologicae 42. dr. w. junk publ., the hague. stone, b. c. 1983. a guide to collecting pandanaceae (pandanus, freycinetia and sararanga). ann. missouri bot. gard. 70: 137-145. stone, b. c. 1984. pandanus from ok tedi region, papua new guinea, collected by debra donoghue. economic botany 38: 304-313. stone, b. c. 1987. new taxa of pandanus (pandanaceae) from malesia and papuasia. blumea 32: 435, f. 5. 1987. stone, b. c. 1992. the new guinea species of pandanus section maysops st. john (pandanaceae). blumea 37: 31-61. van steenis, c. g. g. j. 1950. flora malesiana. vol. 1. ser. 1: spermatophyta. noordhoffkolff, jakarta. walter, a. & sam, c. 2002. fruits of oceania. austral. centre intern. agric. res. (aciar) monogr. 85: canberra. warburg, o. 1900-a. ( 1 oct.) pandanaceae, in k. schumann & k. lauterbach, fl. schutzgeb. südsee: 159, 161. gebrüder borntraeger, leipzig. warburg, o. 1900-b. (21 dec.). pandanaceae, in engl. pflanzenr. iv, 9: 30, 49, 71, 83, 84. engelmann, berlin. 314 reinwardtia [vol.13 erratum reinwardtia vol. 13, part 2, 2010 1. please change the existing word in p. 213, line 7 on abstrak (written in bahasa indonesia version) with the following: keberadaan dua jenis terakhir melampaui distribusi yang sebelumnya hanya diketahui di barat garis wallace. 2. please change the existing epithet name in p, 214, column 1, line 40 on key to the species of marantaceae in sulawesi number 5.a. after phrynium: longispicum instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by authors name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, authors name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 3. 2012 contents page w.j.j.o. de wilde & brigitta e.e. duyfjes. trichosanthes (cucurbitaceae) in malesia: additions and corrections, including a new species and a new variety 221 deden girmansyah. two new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from bukit tiga-puluh national park, riau, sumatra 229 pudji widodo. new nomenclature in syzygium (myrtaceae) from indonesia and its vicinities 235 alex sumadijaya & jan frits veldkamp. non-bambusoid grasses (gramineae) from raja ampat archipelago, papua barat province, indonesia 241 ary prihardyanto keim. new variety, records & discoveries of some species of pandanus (pandanaceae) in sumatra and kalimantan, indonesia 255 harry wiriadinata. a new species of begonia (begoniaceae) from sagea lagoon, weda bay, halmahera island, north moluccas, indonesia 263 ary prihardyanto keim. the pandan flora of foja-mamberamo game reserve and baliem valley, papua-indonesia 271 jan frits veldkamp. koordersiochloa merr. (gramineae), the correct name for streblochaete hochst. expilg. 299 sri endarti rahayu, kuswata kartawinata, tatiek chikmawati & alex hartana. leaf anatomy of pandanus species (pandanaceae) from java 305 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biologylipi cibinong, indonesia dpn 448-659-2-pb blkng a journal on taxonomic botany, plant -sociology and ecology reinwardtia . editors mien a. kijs wat a kartawinata n. wulijarni-soetjipto 1 published by ' herbarium bogoriense lembaga bio-logi nasional — lipi bo.sor, indonesia eeinwardtia vol. 9, part 1, 1 —182 31 december 1974 10issn 0(f34-365x reinwardtia published by herbarium bogorlense — lbn, host vol. 9, part 1, pp. 77 — 83 (1974) rediscovery of cheilotheca malayana and the identity of cheilotheca, andresia and monotropastrum (ericaceae-monotropotdeae) hsuan keng depavlrnvni of botany univgrsiti/ of s7 abstract andreeia, monotropastri my of ckeilotheca. four spe a new combination, ckeitothe species, chtiilothtfcti si? apore, singapore a ted; andr nd wirtge-nia are reduced to the are accepted, keyed out ami enum en huiailie (d. don) h. keng, and a new h. rene, are proposed. abstkak notropastrum dan wirtgenia diperialmkan sebairai ainonim ckeilotkeea. dalam marga ini diterima adanya empat jenis yang dapat dibeda-bedatan berdasarkan suatu kunci detepminaai. satu kombinasi baru cheiloiheea humilis (d. don) h. kene dan aatu jenis baru cheilotheaa aleumertima h. keng telah diusulkan. in late october 1972, my colleagues, drs. c. j. goh, k. h. chow and i, together with the honours students of the botany department, university of singapore, went on a week-long field trip to maxwell hill, taiping, perak, w. malaysia. one day", on october 24th, we went along a small foot path off the 5*/> milestone of the main road. this led us into a thick wood in the belt of the upper dipterocarp forest. the altitude is around 2900 ft. or 870 m. on the dark, damp forest floor, among other things, we collected ft small, creamy white-coloured plant whose black, fibrous roots were extensively growing on rotting leaf litter (figs. a, b and c). we were somewhat puzzled by the showy, yellow, terminal, 3-merous flowers. only after we returned to singapore was it identified by professor r. e. holttum as cheilotheca malaya.no, scort. ex hook. f. the genus cheilotheca. was first established by j. d. hooker in 1876 based on a species collected by himself from khasi hills of eastern india. the malayan species is the second species of the genus, it was discovered and described (in manuscript) by father b. scortechini (and later also collected by h. kunstler) from larut, perak, in the 1880s. these collections are presently preserved at kew. this plant has never been collected afrain since and was not even included in burkill and henderson's local flora of taiping {in gard. bull. str. settlem. 3, 1925). —77 — reinwardtia [vol, 9 1974] keng: ckeilothi rede fined this curious malayan plant, cheilotheca malayana, was later segregated into a monotypic genus wirtgenia by h. andres (1914) which is unfortunately a later homonym of at least 3 entirely different genera, among them the earliest one appears to be wirtgenia sch. bip. (1842), a genus now known as aapilia, thou. (compositae). for this reason, h. sletimer, in his treatment of ericaceae for the flora malesiana (1967), renamed it as andresia. dr. sleumer who was handicapped by lack of suitable preserved material, therefore tentatively accepted andres' view and. pointed out that the malayan plant cannot be congeneric with gheilotlieca on the grounds tabulated below. cheilotiwea (indian) 1. sepaloid scales 3 4 only; 2. petala flat; 3. anthers of parallel cells with contractions or swellings at jntervals; each cell opening hy an irregular longitudinal slit; 4. stigmas in the form of a pileus or reversed cup; 5. placentas laterally expanded and bear few ovule? only. andreda (malayan) !. sepaloid scales 5; 2. petals concave; 8. anthers linear, basifixod, hippocrepiforra; cells 2, smooth, confluent at apex, dehiscing by marginal pores which gradually extent into slits; 4. stigmas obscurely 4-lobed or 8-lobed; 5. pla 6, parietal, on promi slightly i merous plate 1 cheiuhkecz • " * • » " " • : hook. f. (divisions in 1 mm). a and b. d.t-eruiting plant. e. fruit seen from above. these five points of distinctions are briefly discussed as follows: (1) the sepaloid scales are transitional between petals (or petaloid seales) and scale-leaves (figs. f, h and i). from the malayan material studied, their numbers are mostly 3, rarely 2 (fig-. i), but never 5 as stated by ridley (1923). (2) the petals of the malayan plant are clearly concave. no khasian material is available for this study. but hooker's original description stated (p. 607) that "petala . . . non saccata, imbricata". as they are imbricate and their number being 3, it is thus rather unlikely that they are flat. (3) this distinction more or less stands (for details, see key below). (4) from the malayan material studied, the stigma is hemispheric, but shallowly depressed in the centre, and very obscurely 6-lobed (pies. g and h ) ; in the fruiting stage, however, it becomes cup-shaped (fike ) . this is generally in agreement with the description of the khasian plant. reinwardtia [voi. 1074] keng: cheilotheca redefined (5) serial microtome sections of the ovary of the malayan specimen show different configurations at different levels. in the sections around the middle portion, the placentas are less expanded and bear numerous ovules; whereas in the sections near the base, the placentas are strongly centripetally expanded and bear fewer ovules. hooker in his original description of the khasian plants stated that "ovula in loculis numerosissima". therefore the only remainingsubstantial difference between the indian and malayan plants is the external morphology of their anthers, as clearly pointed out by hooker earlier (1887). it appears reasonable therefore to retain the malayan plant within the genus cheilotheca. in reviewing the literature on this subject, my attention was drawn to another closely related genus, monotropastrum, which was also created by h. andres (1935). originally there were three species described under this genus, namely, m. macrocarpum andres (from s.w. china and b. india), m. ampullac&us andres (s.w. china) and m. arixanarum. andres (formosa). of these three, i have only a faint recollection of the last species which i observed and collected many years ago. professor h. hara (1941, 1961, 1965) has made a series of studies of this genus. he examined both the fresh and herbarium materials of the himalayan and the japanese plants (the latter was excellently illustrated in t. nakai, icon. pi. asia. orient. 4 ( 1 ) : 324. 1941), and finally came to the conclusion (1965, 1972) that there is only one polymorphic species, namely, monotropastrum humile (d. don) hara, in the genus. he also compared this genus with monotr&pa (especially m. nviflora l.) and concluded that monotropastrum differs from the latter in the following characters: (1) smooth unilocular ovary with 6—13 parietal placentas, (2) anther opening by an elliptic lid, (3) generally bluish stigmas, (4) indehiscent berry and (5) oval seeds without appendages. the fruit of the khasian plant was at first unknown, but later hooker (1887) was informed by c. b. clarke that it was a subglobose berry. the material we recently collected from maxwell hill, perak also included a leathery berry (figs. d and e) with oval seeds devoid of appendages. the tangible difference between cheilotheca and monotropastrum, like the difference between cheilotheca and andre&ia, lies solely on their androecial characters. i therefore suggest to reinstate the malayan species to cheilotheca and to reduce monotropastrum andres to a synonym of cheilotheca. also based on the descriptions and illustration provided by sleumer (1967) and on phytogoographieal ground, i would like to consider the sumatran 1..., scort. ex hook. f. (divisions in 1 cm) p dissection ring (1) andro-gynoecium (centre), (2) 3 peta'loid scales, (4) an uppermost leafy 3 c b ] e . g. androgvnnedun, of p (different from f> with the s stamens showing (1) andro-gynoesium, (4) an uppermost leafy scale, nlarged. 2 sepaloid stales, am andro-gynoecium of i, 7<i; f fl. m 61, 68 1915; 1935 h a r a «<&): b 1. f •it. i pen. 1h, n sc in har in j. j 870, f. ml. 2; en h . , <la p . 82 reinwardtia [vol. 9 plant which was identified by dr. sleumer as monotropastntm k'amile as representing a distinct species. a simple key to these four species, essentially based on the external morphology of the anthers and on their plausible mode of dehiscence, together with brief citations of literature follows. c h e i l o t h e c a hook, f. cheilotheca hook. i. in benth. & hook, f., (jen. pi. 2: 607. j* 3: 477. 1882; prain in j. as. soc. bung. 73: 205. 1904; eiiil. 222, f. 93. 1923. wirtgenia andres in verh. bot. ver. brandenb. 56: 58, 59, tent. 1914. domin in sitz. ber. boehm. ges. wiss. m.-n. kl. 104 bip. 1842. monotrovastmitt andres in notizbl berl -dahl 1269(3 f 8 mazz. symb. sin. 7: 166, f. 23. 1936: bot. jahrb. 7fi: 103. 1953; bot, 3fl: 78, f. 2. 1961; ibid. 40: 100. 1966; sleumer ™ fl mill. i 1967. a«dresi« sleumer in fl. mai. i, 6(5): 66b, f, 54. 1967. small mycorrhiaic, sa-prophytic herbs. stems erect, simple or branched. scale-leaves succulent, imbricate. flowers terminal, solitary. sepaloid scales 2—4. petals (or petaloid perianth-lobes) usually 3, rarely 4—5, linear-oblong to oblong, the apex obtuse or rounded, the base slightly saccate or not. stamens usually 6, in 2 series; anthers reniform, oblong or linear-oblong, paralled or divergent, basifixed or versatile, glabrous or papillose. ovary fusiform, 1-loculate, with simple or 2-forked parietal placentas; ovules numerous; style short, cylindric; stigmas globose or conical. glandular disk prominent or inconspicuous, entire or lobed. fruit a leathery berry, globose or sub-globose, crowned with s, cup-shaped stigma. distribution: species 4, himalayas (sikkim), e. india, s.w. china, japan and formosa to w. malesia (malay peninsula, sumatra). key to the species (based on the outer or abaxial surface view of the anthers) a. anther-locules (thecae) parallel. b. anther-loeules linear-oblong, dehiscing on the sides by longitudinal slits. 1. ch. khasiana b. anther-locules reniform or rounded. c. anther-locules papillose, basifixed, dehiscing from the centre by an elliptic lid. 3. ch. humihs c. anther-loculea glabrous, versatile < 7 dehiscing by slits). a. anther-locules (theeae) divergent down to the base, the tip + united; opening by longitudinal slits. 2. ch. malayana 1371] k e n g : cheilothvca redefi 1. cheilotheca khasiana hook. f. cheilvtheca khaniana hook. f. in benth, & hook. l, gen. pi. 2; cos. 1s7s; fl. brit. ind. 3: 477. 1882; icon. pi. t. 1564. 1887, in adnot. known only from khasi hills: mushai, near river oongkot, alt. 1050 m, assam, e, india. 2. cheilotheca malayama scortechini ex hook. £'. ckeilotheca malayana scorteehini ex hook, f., icon. pi. t. 1e64. 1887; prain in j. as. soc. beng, 73: 205. 1904; ridl., fl. mai. pen. 2: 222, f. 93. 1923. wirtgenia malayana (scort.) andres in verh. bot. ver. brandenb. 56: 58, b9, 61, 68, f. 1 h, in text. 1914. andrew malaytina (scort.) sleumer in fl. mai. i, 6 ( 5 ) : 669, f. 54. 1967. collected from larut district (no precise locality), alt. 1050 m, perak, malaya, and from maxwell hill, alt. 870 m, perak. 3. cheilolheca humilis (u. don) h. keng, comb. nov. monotropa kinrtilis d, don, prodr. fl. nepal. 151. 1825. — mtmotropastrum kumite (d. don) hara in j. jap. bot. 36: 78, f. 2. 1961; ibid. 40: 100. 1965; non sleuraer in fl. mai. i, 6 (5) 670, f. 55. 1967. from himalayas (sikkim), s.w. china, formosa to japan (for full citation of synonyms, see hara 1961, 1965). 4. cheilotheca sleumeriana h. keng, spec. nov. monotropastrum hit mile sensu sleumer hi fl. mai. i, 6 ( 5 | : 670, f. 55. 1967; non hara 1961. affinis cheilotheca kumilis a qua antherae glabrae 2-loculares, loculis parallel is, versatilis differt. once collected near lae pondora, alt. 1500 m, e. of sidikalang, n. sumatra. a ck n ow lei] gem en t5 i should like to thank professor c. g. g. j. van steenis for going through the manuscript, dr. ding hou and dr. aya nitta for supplying xerox copies of the necessary literatures, and mr. d. teow for preparing the photographs. i c o n t e n t s p a g e h a t t i n k , t. a. a revision of malesian caesalpinia, i n c l u d i n g , mezoneuroji ( l e g u m m o s a e c a e s a l p i n i a c e a e ) 1 • j o n e s , h . g < orchidaceae n a v a e vel m i n u s cogtlitae . . . . . . . 7 1 k e n g , h. rediscovery of cheilotheca malayana a n d t h e i d e n t i t y of . cheilotheca, audresia and mo.notropastmm (ericaceae. m o n o t r o p o i d e a e ) 7 7 k o s t e r m a n s , a . j . g . h . a m o n o g r a p h o f t h e genusn.eoanna•momum l i o u h o 8 5 m a t e r i a l s f o r a r e v i s i o n o f l a u r a c e a e i v . . . . . 9 7 r? a new bornean species .of mammea , . 117 triadodapkne, a. new jauraceous genua from borneo . 119 — a monograph of caryodaphnopsis a. shaw . ., . . . 123 larsen, k. & laksen, s. k. a new amorphophallus from thailand ' 139 nayak, m. p. a revision of phtkiandra (melastomataceae) . . 143 rao, a. n. £ leong, f. l. pollen morphology of certain tropical , • plants . . . . . . . . • 153 skvortzov, b. v. on some colourless flagellates from java and brasil 177 distributor bibliotheca bogoriensis, jalan raya juanda 20, eogok, indonesia by archipel rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_01 77-83 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_40 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_41 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_42 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_43 rein.vol.9,part 1, 1-182_page_95 reinwardtia vol. 22. no. 1. pp: 37‒53 doi: 10.55981/reinwardtia.2023.4565 37 floristic composition and structure of vegetation in gunung salak geothermal power plant, west java, indonesia received march 28, 2023; accepted may 25, 2023 afri irawan pt aksioma amerta bumi, jln. seruni no. 25, loji, bogor 16117, indonesia. email: afri.irawan31@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1013-0613. peniwidiyanti research center for ecology and ethnobiology, national research and innovation agency (brin), jln. raya jakartabogor km. 46, cibinong, bogor 16911, indonesia. email: niwidiyan@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4019-165x. ainurrofiah yayasan botani tropika indonesia, jl. seruni no. 25, loji, bogor 16117, indonesia. email: a.ainurrofiah@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4561-5504. heri destrianto yayasan botani tropika indonesia, jl. seruni no. 25, loji, bogor 16117, indonesia. email: heri.des3@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3858-1957. mulyadi kusumah pt pln indonesia power unit pltp gunung salak, pamijahan, bogor 16810, indonesia. email: mulyadi.kusumah@plnindonesiapower.co.id. vicky apriandana pt pln indonesia power unit pltp gunung salak, pamijahan, bogor 16810, indonesia. email: vicky.apriandana@plnindonesiapower.co.id. abstract irawan, a., peniwidiyanti, ainurrofiah, destrianto, h., kusumah, m. & apriandana, v. 2023. floristic composition and structure of vegetation in gunung salak geothermal power plant, west java, indonesia. reinwardtia 22(1): 37‒53. — this research had been conducted in the forest area around the gunung salak geothermal power plant of pt. pln indonesia power. plant diversity data in the geothermal power plant area had yet to be fully available. this study aimed to analyze the composition and structure of vegetation in the conservation forest area around the gunung salak geothermal power plant unit. this study used a quadrat plot with a purposive sampling method. we sampled 873 individuals from 56 families of 110 species, consisting of native and introduced species. some introduced flora species that have the potential to become invasive include calliandra houstoniana, asystasia gangetica, bellucia pentamera, miconia crenata, maesopsis eminii, and solanum torvum. the families with the highest number of species at each growth level were fagaceae (tree), fagaceae (pole), arecaceae and moraceae (sapling), also acanthaceae, arecaceae, melastomataceae, and poaceae in the understory. several species of plant at the site are listed as endangered (en) based on the iucn red list, including a lpinia scabra, castanopsis argentea, and dipterocarpus hasseltii. these endangered plants are expected to become priority for conservation strategies and action plans. the important value index (ivi) analysis shows different values at each growth stage. the highest ivi at the seedling and herb was selaginella plana (29.74), the sapling was macaranga triloba (20.59), the pole was ficus fistulosa (43.27), and the tree was schima wallichii (54.90). the value of the shannon-wiener (h') diversity index was 3.784, which indicates that the level of diversity is high. key words: conservation, dipterocarpus hasseltii, endangered, halimun-salak, importance value index. abstrak irawan, a., peniwidiyanti, ainurrofiah, destrianto, h., kusumah, m. & apriandana, v. 2023. komposisi dan struktur vegetasi di pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi gunung salak, jawa barat, indonesia. reinwardtia 22(1): 37‒53. — penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan di kawasan hutan di sekitar pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi (pltp) gunung salak, pt. pln indonesia power. data keanekaragaman tumbuhan di daerah pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi belum sepenuhnya tersedia. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis komposisi dan struktur vegetasi kawasan hutan konservasi di sekitar unit pltp gunung salak. penelitian ini menggunakan kuadrat plot dengan metode purposive sampling. sampel individu tumbuhan terkumpul sebanyak 873 yang termasuk ke dalam 56 suku dari 110 jenis. jenis flora tersebut terdiri dari jenis asli dan jenis asing. beberapa jenis tumbuhan asing yang berpotensi menjadi invasif adalah calliandra houstoniana, a systasia gangetica, bellucia pentamera, miconia crenata, maesopsis eminii, dan solanum torvum. suku tumbuhan dengan jumlah jenis terbanyak pada tiap tingkat pertumbuhan yaitu; fagaceae (pohon), fagaceae (tiang), arecaceae dan moraceae (pancang), serta acanthaceae, arecaceae, melastomataceae, dan poaceae pada tumbuhan bawah. beberapa jenis tumbuhan di lokasi tersebut berstatus endanmailto:afri.irawan31@gmail.com mailto:niwidiyan@gmail.com mailto:a.ainurrofiah@gmail.com mailto:niwidiyan@gmail.com mailto:vicky.apriandana@plnindonesiapower.co.id https://dx.doi.org/10.55981/reinwardtia.v22i1.4565 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1013-0613 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4019-165x https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4561-5504 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3858-1957 reinwardtia 38 [vol.22 introduction gunung halimun salak national park (ghsnp) is the largest tropical mountain rainforest conservation area on java island, with more than 700 species of plants that can be found (prasetio et al., 2022). it is divided into several zone classifications, including utilization zones within conservation areas with natural potential that can be utilized for tourism purposes and utilization of other environmental services (ministry of forestry regulation no. 56 of 2006). now, one of the geothermal potentials around mount salak has been utilized and managed by pt pln indonesia power since 1994 under the geothermal environmental services management permit (izin pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan panas bumi (ipjlpb)) that has been issued. various conservation activities, such as planting and maintaining conservation areas and monitoring biodiversity have been carried out for corporate social responsibility for the sustainability of forest ecosystems around the geothermal power plant unit (peniwi diyanti et al., 2021). the condition of the mountain rainforest ecosystem around the gunung salak geothermal power plant unit must be managed to remain the best and most sustainable. basic studies regarding the condition of the cover area around geothermal in indonesia are generally carried out as a preliminary study before exploring the source location of the power plant. the methods commonly used are based on remote sensings, such as enhanced vegetation index (evi) using landsat 8 imagery in the ungaran mount geothermal area (nugroho & domiri, 2015) or identifying using the normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) method in lampung (immanuel et al., 2019). whereas in the gunung salak geothermal power plant unit, the biodiversity studies that have been published include the diversity of bird species and herpetofauna particularly (husodo et al., 2020; megantara et al., 2022). studies on detailed plant diversity for the forest area around the geothermal area have yet to be available and published in indonesia. whereas research on the diversity of the composition and structure of plants around geothermal areas is very important as basic information for evaluating conservation area management and as an indicator of the health of mountain rainforest ecosystems. so, this research needs to collect information about the diversity of plant species around the geothermal area. this study aimed to analyze the composition and structure of the vegetation in the conservation forest area around the gunung salak geothermal power plant unit. materials and methods study area the research was conducted from april to may 2022 in the gunung salak geothermal plant conservation forest at pt. pln indonesia power. the coordinates position 6 o 44'25.6” s and 106 o 38'35.6” e (fig. 1). pt. pln indonesia power has generation units and services in kamojang and gunung salak. the gunung salak power plant unit is inside the conservation area of the gunung halimun salak national park (ghsnp). observations were made at 960–1,028 m asl with an air temperature of 23–32°c, humidity of 23–32%, and soil ph 6.2– 7.5. the topography of the research site is slightly flat and uphill, covering an area that are slightly open to densely covered by vegetation. the research was conducted on the eastern and western sides of the geothermal unit (fig. 1). the whole forest area can originally be defined as a primary forest. however, the forested area was affected by the geothermal power plant development. the eastern and western forests have slightly different contours and are separated mostly by infrastructure, such as office buildings, roads, brid ges, power plants, cooling towers, and steam pipelines. a rocky stream crosses the eastern forest. the contours of the eastern forest are ridges, valleys, and cliffs. the western forest has a larger area than the eastern side and is bordered by rivers. in this forest, the land condition at some points is low slopes, ridges, and valleys with cliffs at some points that are difficult to access. the company introduced a replanting program in several cleared areas to maintain the forested area, as shown in fig. 1. the replanting program was conducted from 2017 to 2021; every planted individual was labeled (peniwidiyanti et al., 2021) and monitored. thus, planted individuals and naturally regenerated individuals can be easily distinguished. the species used for replanting were schima walgered (en) berdasarkan iucn redlist, antara lain alpinia scabra, castanopsis argentea, dan dipterocarpus hasseltii. tumbuhan yang terancam punah ini diharapkan menjadi jenis tumbuhan prioritas untuk strategi dan rencana aksi konservasi. analisis indeks nilai penting (inp) menunjukkan nilai yang berbeda pada setiap tahap pertumbuhan. nilai inp tertinggi pada semai dan herba yaitu selaginella plana (29,74), pancang yaitu macaranga triloba (20,59), tiang yaitu ficus fistulosa (43,27), dan pohon yaitu schima wallichii (54,90). nilai indeks keanekaragaman shannonwiener (h') sebesar 3,784, yang menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keanekaragamannya tinggi. kata kunci: dipterocarpus hasseltii, genting, halimun-salak, indeks nilai penting, konservasi. irawan et al.: floristic composition and structure of vegetation in geothermal power plant, west java. 2023] 39 lichii, liquidambar excelsa, litsea spp., syzygium lineatum, and castanopsis argentea. data collection vegetation data were collected using a quadratic plot method (mueller-dombois & ellenberg, 1974). fifteen (15) plots were made, 11 on the western and four on the eastern side. three (3) of the western side plots were located in the replanting areas. the coordinate of all plot’s location was then recorded. the observation plot size was 20 m × 20 m and located by using purposive sampling methods. each plot was divided into four sub-plots to measure vegetation based on growth stages. observation plot measuring 20 m × 20 m for tree, 10 m × 10 m for pole, 5 m × 5 m for sapling and shrub, and 2 m × 2 m for understory as seedling and herb. each plant in the plot was recorded for the species name, the number of individuals, and stem diameter at breast height (dbh) using a diameter tape, then as a sapling or tree. for identification purposes, we collected leaves, twigs, fruit, and flower of the plant in the plots, photographed each directly in the field for each specimen and made some herbarium. species identification is needed to know the scientific names of plant species. the following references were used in the species identification process referring to the mountain flora of java (van steenis, 1971), a picture guide of forest trees in gunung gede pangrango national park, indonesia (toyama et al., 2018), flora of java (backer & van den brink jr, 1963; backer & van den brink jr, 1965; backer & van den brink jr, 1968), and plant of southeast asia (slik, 2009). validation of scientific species names and distribution refers to plant of the world online (powo, 2022). distribution status is categorized as either native or introduced species. native plant species occur naturally in a specific region without human intervention or other region’s introduction. introduced plant species, also known as non-native plant species, are intentionally or unintentionally brought into a region or ecosystem from another region. determination of native or introduced plant species refers to plant of the world online (powo, 2022), global invasive species database (gisd, 2023), and central for agricultural and bioscience international (cabi, 2022). the plant species that have been identified are also known for their conservation status. the conservation status was analyzed based on data from the the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) red list, regulation of the minister of fig. 1. study area on gunung salak geothermal plant at pt. pln indonesia power. reinwardtia 40 [vol.22 environment and forestry no.106/2018 regulation, and the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites). data analysis importance value index (ivi) the ecological parameters were analyzed by the importance value index (ivi). the ivi helped to know about significance of species in the community structure. the importance value index can be calculated using the following formula (phillips, 1959; mueller-dombois & ellenberg, 1974): density (d) = number of individual species a/ sample plot area relative density (rd) = (number of individual species a/number of all individual species) × 100% frequency (f) = number of the plot with species a/total number of all plot relative frequency (rf) = (frequency of species a/total frequency of all species) × 100% dominance (do) = basal area of species a/ sample plot area relative dominance (rdo) = (dominance of species a/total dominance of all species) × 100% sapling and understory calculation is ivi=rd+fr, while calculated for pole and tree is ivi=rd+rf+rdo. species diversity, richness, evenness, and dominance the diversity of plant was determined using the shannon-wiener diversity index (michael, 1984; magurran, 1988) as the following formula: where where, pi is the proportion of individuals found in the i th species, ni is the number of individuals of the i species, and n is the total number of individuals of all species. the diversity index shows the amount of species diversity in a habitat study. the value scale of this index is h' < 1.5, indicating that the diversity obtained is low, the value of h' 1.5–3.5 indicates that the diversity obtained is moderate, and the value of h' > 3.5 indicates that the diversity is high (wilhm & dorris, 1968). species richness was calculate using the margallef index (magurran, 1988) as the following formula: dmg = (s-1)/ln n where, dmg is the richness index of community a, s is the total number of species, and ln n is a natural logatithmic value of the total number of individuals. species richness index is classified as high (dmg > 5), moderate (3.5 ≤ dmg ≤5), and low (dmg < 3.5). species evenness measures the relative abundance of the different species in an area. species evenness was calculated using the following formula (ludwig & reynolds, 1988): where, e is the evenness index of community a, h’ is the shannon-wiener diversity index, and ln s is a natural logarithmic value of the total number of species. the last quantitative analysis is the dominance index using the following formula (odum, 1971): where, c is the dominance index, ni is the number of individuals of the i species, and n is the total number of individuals of all species. results floristic composition in this study, plant species in the gunung salak power plant unit recorded 873 individuals from 110 species in 56 families (table 1), of which 58 species of them are trees, 15 shrubs, 17 herbs, five lianas, six palms, and nine fern species. the tree species that can be found were puspa (schima wallichii), rasamala (liquidambar excelsa), pasang (lithocarpus spp.), saninten (castanopsis argentea), and ki hujan (engelhardia spicata). pa lahlar/keruing (dipterocarpus hasseltii) had very few populations in this forest. the vegetation composition of gunung salak geothermal power plant areas mostly consisted of native plant species. however, there were few introduced plant species (table 1). introduced species found in this research means plant species imported from other areas into a native plant community and can cause environmental damage due to their increasing population (tjitrosoedirdjo et al., 2016). these plants include calliandra houstoniana, asystasia gangetica, bellucia pentamera, miconia crenata, maesopsis eminii, and solanum torvum. among those species, the most abundant populations at the study site were c. houstoniana and m. eminii. irawan et al.: floristic composition and structure of vegetation in geothermal power plant, west java. 2023] 41 no species local name habitus distribution status acanthaceae 1 asystasia gangetica (l.) t.anderson jukut israel herb introduced 2 barleria cristata l. landep shrub native 3 strobilanthes filiformis blume bubukuan shrub native actinidiaceae 4 saurauia pendula blume ki leho tree native altingiaceae 5 liquidambar excelsa (noronha) oken rasamala tree native anacardiaceae 6 mangifera cf. laurina blume limus piit tree native annonaceae 7 huberantha rumphii (blume ex hensch.) chaowasku wihu tree native 8 goniothalamus macrophyllus (blume) zoll. empalis tree native 9 monoon lateriflorum (blume) miq. jalatrung tree native araceae 10 apoballis rupestris (zoll. & moritzi) s.y.wong & p.c.boyce taleus herb native 11 arisaema filiforme (reinw.) blume ki acung herb native araliaceae 12 macropanax concinnus miq. (2) pangpung tree native arecaceae 13 calamus javensis blume rotan palm native 14 calamus reinwardtii mart. rotan palm native 15 caryota mitis lour. sarai palm native 16 pinanga coronata (blume ex mart.) blume bingbin palm native 17 pinanga javana blume hanyawar palm native 18 plectocomia elongata mart. ex blume rotan badak palm native asparagaceae 19 dracaena sp. ki beusi shrub native aspleniaceae 20 asplenium nidus l. paku sarang burung fern native asteraceae 21 strobocalyx arborea (buch.-ham.) sch.bip. merambung tree native begoniaceae 22 begonia isoptera dryand. ex sm. begonia herb native 23 begonia muricata blume begonia herb native cyatheaceae 24 sphaeropteris glauca (blume) r.m.tryon (*) paku tiang fern native cyperaceae 25 scleria ciliaris nees jukut ilat herb native table 1. plant diversity in gunung salak geothermal power plant unit reinwardtia 42 [vol.22 dilleniaceae 26 dillenia obovata (blume) hoogland ki sempur tree native dipterocarpaceae 27 dipterocarpus hasseltii blume (1) palahlar/keruing tree native elaeocarpaceae 28 elaeocarpus petiolatus (jack) wall. ganitri gunung tree native 29 sloanea sigun (blume) k.schum. beleketebe tree native euphorbiaceae 30 homalanthus populneus (geiseler) pax kareumbi tree native 31 macaranga denticulata (blume) müll.arg. mara tree native 32 macaranga tanarius (l.) müll.arg. mara tree native 33 macaranga triloba (thunb.) müll.arg. mara tree native 34 mallotus paniculatus (lam.) müll.arg. calik angin tree native fabaceae 35 abrus precatorius l. saga rambat liana introduced 36 calliandra houstoniana (mill.) standl. kaliandra beureum tree introduced fagaceae 37 castanopsis argentea (blume) a.dc. (1)(a) saninten tree native 38 castanopsis javanica (blume) a.dc. ki hiur tree native 39 lithocarpus elegans (blume) hatus. ex soepadmo pasang tree native 40 lithocarpus indutus (blume) rehder (2) pasang tree native 41 lithocarpus sundaicus (blume) rehder pasang tree native 42 quercus lineata blume pasang tree native gesneriaceae 43 cyrtandra grandis blume reungdeu herb native 44 cyrtandra picta blume ramokuya herb native hydrangeaceae 45 hydrangea febrifuga (lour.) y.de smet & granados kaciput shrub native hypoxidaceae 46 curculigo capitulata (lour.) kuntze congkok/marasi herb native juglandaceae 47 engelhardia spicata lechen ex blume ki hujan tree native lauraceae 48 beilschmiedia madang (blume) blume huru madang tree native 49 cinnamomum parthenoxylon (jack) meisn. selasihan tree native 50 litsea diversifolia blume madang tree native 51 machilus rimosa blume ki puket tree native 52 neolitsea javanica (blume) backer huru batu tree native magnoliaceae 53 magnolia sumatrana (miq.) figlar & noot. manglid tree native malvaceae 54 commersonia bartramia (l.) merr. andilau tree native 55 sterculia oblongata r.br. hantap tree native irawan et al.: floristic composition and structure of vegetation in geothermal power plant, west java. 2023] 43 marantaceae 56 phrynium sp. habana herb native melastomataceae 57 bellucia pentamera naudin tangkalak tree introduced 58 dissochaeta gracilis blume harendong areuy liana native 59 melastoma malabathricum l. harendong jawa shrub native 60 memecylon oleifolium blume ki beusi tree native 61 miconia crenata (vahl) michelang. harendong bulu shrub introduced 62 pternandra azurea (blume) burkill tree native meliaceae 63 epicharis densiflora blume ki panongo tree native moraceae 64 artocarpus elasticus reinw. ex blume teureup tree native 65 ficus fistulosa reinw. ex blume kondang tree native 66 ficus glaberrima blume ara tree native 67 ficus padana burm.f. hamerang badag tree native 68 ficus tricolor miq. hemerang tree native 69 ficus variegata blume kondang tree native myristicaceae 70 knema cinerea (poir.) warb. darah-darah tree native myrtaceae 71 syzygium antisepticum (blume) merr. & l.m.perry ki tambaga tree native 72 syzygium cerasiforme (blume) merr. & l.m.perry ki sireum tree native nephrolepidaceae 73 nephrolepis biserrata (sw.) schott paku pedang fern native oleaceae 74 chionanthus ramiflorus roxb. ki bokol tree native orchidaceae 75 appendicula sp. anggrek herb native 76 calanthe speciosa (blume) lindl. anggrek herb native pandanaceae 77 freycinetia sp. pandan areuy liana native pentaphylacaceae 78 eurya acuminata dc. ki menir tree native phyllanthaceae 79 antidesma montanum blume ki huut tree native 80 glochidion zeylanicum (gaertn.) a.juss. semutan tree native poaceae 81 dinochloa scandens (blume ex nees) kuntze awi cangkoreh shrub native 82 oplismenus burmanni (retz.) p.beauv. jukut bulu herb native 83 setaria latifolia (scribn.) r.a.w.herrm. jukut kerpe herb introduced polypodiaceae 84 microsorum sp. paku fern native reinwardtia 44 [vol.22 85 polypodium sp. paku daun fern introduced pteridaceae 86 hemionitis sp. paku fern native 87 pteris sp. paku fern native rhamnaceae 88 maesopsis eminii engl. kayu afrika tree introduced rosaceae 89 rubus moluccanus l. arben shrub native rubiaceae 90 chassalia curviflora (wall.) thwaites ki kopi shrub native 91 eumachia montana (blume) i.m.turner soka gunung shrub native 92 lasianthus stipularis blume kokopian shrub native 93 pavetta montana reinw. ex blume angsoka shrub native 94 psychotria divergens blume soka gunung shrub native rutaceae 95 melicope latifolia (dc.) t.g.hartley ki sampang tree native 96 melicope lunu-ankenda (gaertn.) t.g.hartley ki sampang tree native salicaceae 97 flacourtia rukam zoll. & moritzi rukem tree native selaginellaceae 98 selaginella plana (desv.) hieron. paku rane fern native smilacaceae 99 smilax zeylanica l. bungkus tree native solanaceae 100 solanum torvum sw. takokak shrub introduced staphyleaceae 101 dalrympelea sphaerocarpa (hassk.) nor-ezzaw. ki bancet tree native tectariaceae 102 tectaria sp. paku takta fern native theaceae 103 schima wallichii (dc.) korth. puspa tree native urticaceae 104 dendrocnide stimulans (l.f.) chew pulus tree native 105 elatostema strigosum hassk. katilapro herb native 106 oreocnide rubescens (blume) miq. nangsi tree native 107 poikilospermum suaveolens (blume) merr. mentawan liana native vitaceae 108 leea indica (burm.f.) merr. girang shrub native zingiberaceae 109 alpinia scabra (blume) náves (1) bangle herb native 110 etlingera coccinea (blume) s.sakai & nagam. tepus herb native notes: (1) endangered (en-iucn); (2) vulnerable (vu-iucn); (a) protected (p.106/2018); (*) appendix ii (cites). irawan et al.: floristic composition and structure of vegetation in geothermal power plant, west java. 2023] 45 the families with the highest number of species were arecaceae, fagaceae, melastomataceae, and moraceae, each consisting of six species (fig. 2). in contrast, the lowest number of species was only one species in the following families: actinidiaceae, altingiaceae, anacardiaceae, araliaceae, asparagaceae, aspleniaceae, asteraceae, cyathea ceae, cyperaceae, dilleniaceae, dipterocarpaceae, hydrangeaceae, hypoxidaceae, juglandaceae, magnoliaceae, marantaceae, meliaceae, myristicaceae, nephrolepidaceae, oleaceae, pandanaceae, pentaphylacaceae, rhamnaceae, rosaceae, salicaceae, selaginellaceae, smilacaceae, solanaceae, staphyleaceae, tectariaceae, theaceae, and vitaceae. the number of families and species compared at each growth level. the growth stages are tree, pole, sapling, and understory (seedling and herb). the data shows that at each growth stage, there are differences in the number of families and species (fig. 3). the highest were understory plants (36 families and 53 species) and the lowest number of families and species were in pole stage (22 families and 32 species). fagaceae dominated plant species at the tree level and consist of five species. fagaceae dominated the pole level and consists of four species. the sapling level was dominated by arecaceae and moraceae, each consisting of four species. in contrast, the understory was dominated by acanthaceae, arecaceae, melastomataceae, and poaceae, each consisting of three species. rare and endangered species were explained based on their conservation status (table 1). six species are included in the criteria for rare and endangered species that grow around the gunung salak geothermal power plant unit. these species in the endangered category (en-iucn) were alpinia scabra (bangle), castanopsis argentea (saninten), and dipterocarpus hasseltii (palahlar/ keruing). castanopsis argentea is also a protected species by the government of indonesia through regulations from the ministry of environment and forestry. one fern species in the cites appendix is sphaeropteris glauca (app ii). fig. 4 shows palahlar, one of the endangered tree species. structure of vegetation the vegetation structure at gunung salak geothermal power plant is shown in fig. 5. the graph of individual density at each growth stage and the number of individuals in several diameter classes show an inverted j-shaped curve. the inverted j curve shows that the forest condition around the power plant is still balanced, and the regeneration process runs well at all growth stages. some species dominate the number of the individual at each growth stage. schima wallichii (puspa) has the highest number of individuals with 23 individuals, followed by ficus padana (hamerang badag) with 14 individuals. schima wallichii is common in the java mountains (van steenis, 1971). at the pole stage, the species with the highest number of individuals were ficus fistulosa (beunying) with 15 individuals, and eurya acuminata (ki menir) with 11 individuals. the species most commonly recorded at sapling were calliandra houstoniana (kaliandra beureum) with 12 individuals and macaranga triloba (mara) with eight individuals. the understory was sela ginella plana (paku rane) with 115 individuals and barleria cristata (landep) with 70 individuals. selaginella plana, has a habitus as ferns with a wide distribution, in the lowlands and mountain forests (rahmad & akomolafe, 2018; setyawan et al., 2018; coritico & amoroso, 2020). trees with a more than 75 cm diameter around the gunung salak geothermal power plant unit recorded as many as six individuals (fig. 5b) of four species. the trees with the three largest diameters were the schima wallichii (116 cm), followed by magnolia sumatrana (97 cm) and s. wallichii (92 cm). importance value index (ivi) and diversity index plants with the highest important value index (ivi) showed that these species have the most significant influence on a forest ecosystem and can control them through the dominance of their density and abundance. table 2 shows the five plant species with the highest ivi at each growth stage. based on the ivi analysis, seedling and herb were dominated by s. plana (29.74) and miconia crenata (20.84). at the sapling, the dominant species were macaranga triloba (20.59) and calliandra houstoniana (17.18). at the pole, the high ivi were ficus fistulosa (43.27), eurya acuminata (36.91), and s. wallichii (33.35). at the tree, the high ivi was s. wallichii (54.90), maesopsis eminii (30.27), and ficus padana (22.04). analysis of shannon-wiener diversity index, species richness index, evenness index, and dominance index value calculated by total data. analysis of the shannon-wiener diversity index (h') is 3.784. based on the index value category h', the diversity of flora around gunung salak geothermal power plant is classified as high diversity. the species richness index is 16.391, which indicates that the species are in the high category. the species evenness index is 0.802, and the dominance index value is low as 0.042. discussion the forest ecosystem around the power plant can be considered the lower mountain forest of java due to its plant diversity characteristics. the forest ecosystem is overgrown by natural trees typical of the flora of the java mountains. castanopsis argentea, schima wallichii, sloanea sigun, lithocarpus spp., quercus lineata, and reinwardtia 46 [vol.22 fig. 2. floristic composition of the study area. fig. 3. number of families and species at each growth stage. fig. 4. palahlar/keruing (dipterocarpus hasseltii). photos by afri irawan irawan et al.: floristic composition and structure of vegetation in geothermal power plant, west java. 2023] 47 engelhardia spicata are common species found in the mountainous regions of java (backer & van den brink jr, 1963; backer & van den brink jr, 1965; backer & van den brink jr, 1968; van steenis, 1971; toyama et al., 2018). some introduced plant species can become invasive alien plant species (iaps). if not handled properly, iaps can defeat the native flora (tjitro soedirdjo et al., 2016). introduced plant species that were found and had potential as iaps include calliandra houstoniana, asystasia gangetica, bellucia pentamera, miconia crenata, maesopsis eminii, and solanum torvum. invasive alien plant species found in abundant populations at the study site were c. houstoniana and m. eminii. calliandra houstoniana native to central america. despite the ability of this species to fixing nitrogen (izerimana & hirwa, 2019) that was important for the forest community, calliandra has been reported to have a rapid growth rate and high densities that will increase its invasiveness (yudaputra, 2020). while, m. eminii, an african exotic species, has been reported as fast-growing species and disturbed forest indicator in bodogol forest, gunung gede pangrango national park (helmi et al., 2009). maesopsis eminii seeds are dispersed by birds and primates, thus accelerating their distribution (sambas et al., 2018). based on conservation status analysis, some plant species are categorized as rare, threatened, and endangered (rte) species. these species listed in the endangered category (en-iucn) were a lpinia scabra (bangle), castanopsis argen tea (saninten), and dipterocarpus hasseltii (palahlar/keruing). castanopsis argentea is also a protected species based on the minister of environment and forestry regulation no. 106 of 2018. castanopsis argentea is a species listed in the 2019-2029 national priority tree conservation strategy (hamidi et al., 2019). other species in the vulnerable category (vu-iucn) were lithocarpus indutus (pasang) and macropanax concinnus (pangpung). the species is not protected, but is included in the appendix 2 category of cites, sphaeropteris glauca (paku tiang) from the cyatheaceae. sphaeropteris glauca trades as an ornamental plant. without regulation in its exploitation, this species will become extinct. all important plants species are native to java and the western part of malesia. castanopsis argentea, dipterocarpus hasseltii, lithocarpus indutus, and macropanax concinnus are rare tree species according to the iucn red list. castanopsis argentea was found in only four stands in the study plots. castanopsis argentea can grow on arable land and dry, and rocky soils, but its population will decrease at higher elevations (hilwan & irfani, 2018). these stands grow in sloping areas. dipterocarpus hasseltii and l. indutus grew in the forest on the west side of the power plant. dipterocarpus hasseltii is found naturally in lowland areas in sumatra and kalimantan (ashton, 1982) but rarely in the java mountains. apart from mount salak, d. hasseltii remains on mount halimun (uji, 2002; yusuf, 2004). dipterocarpus hasseltii was also located in the situ gunung, gunung gede pangrango national park, but in subsequent studies, it was not found anymore at that location (kalima & wardani, 2013). in lowland forest at west java, d. hasseltii is found in leuweung sancang nature reserve, garut (sidiyasa et al., 1985; wardani et al., 1988; kalima et al., 1988; usmadi, 2015) and yanlapa nature reserve, bogor (wardani, 2011). in relatively large numbers, macropanax concinnus was found in the power plant forest area in relatively large number (± 20 ind/ha). this tree species is a high-density species in the mountain forests of java (kartawinata & sudarmonowati, 2022). a conservation strategy for rare and endangered plant species needs to be developed. practical conservation occurs in natural habitats. forests are habitats for rte species that need to protect from the threat of land clearing. the reduction of forests due to land conversion is a real threat to the existence of vulnerable species of flora and fauna (banks-leite et al., 2020). sites designated as conservation areas should not be used for infra structure development for power plants. in additi on, other efforts to protect the rte species include monitoring the regeneration of these speci es, such as with intensive care and monitoring. mapping each rte species location needs to be done for more accurate monitoring. in that study, biodiversity monitoring should be carried out by qualified consultants. the conservation strategy and action plan lists the conservation action strategy as prioritizing tree species within a certain period (hamidi et al., 2019). our study is expected to help add the encounter point of rare, threatened, and endangered species so that it can be used as a source of germplasm for alternatives in the propagation program of rare plant species. schima wallichii is one of the plant species that dominates mountainous forest areas in ghs np, so it is common to find it growing in clumps and dominating an area (mirmanto, 2014; hilman & rahman, 2021). seedlings of s. wallichii are of ten found around the parent tree, so the individual resulting from natural regeneration and replanting can be distinguished. meanwhile, magnolia sumatrana is a native java plant that can grow in mountainous areas with a few individuals (cahyanto et al., 2020; tihurua & sulistyawati, 2019). other species with the next largest diameter were m. eminii with a diameter of 84 cm and 77 cm, then dalrympelea sphaerocarpa with a diameter of 77 cm. the presence of m. eminii with its large size and ability to produce many fruits and seeds will threaten ecosystem sustainability because this reinwardtia 48 [vol.22 species is one of the invasive alien plant species (cabi, 2022). not only in the forest around the gunung salak geothermal power plant unit, but the presence of m. eminii has also become a concern for conservation area managers because of its good adaptability in relatively large numbers, in open areas, high growth speed, many fruits, and wide distribution, causing it to grow a lot and be invasive in the salak-halimun corridor (rosleine et al., 2014). the condition of the forest around the power plant shows that it is still in its growth stage, especially for pioneer and introduced species with a high growth rate. meanwhile, the native species, including rte species, have a slower growth rate. open areas also cause forests around the power plants to take longer to climax. the mixed forest around the power plant was formed during early construction because some forest areas had to be cleared. the pioneer plant species initially outside the power plant area spread into the area due to human activity and seed dispersal assisted by wind and animals. several areas are still open, especially those around roads and buildings. the production activities also increase the chances of the scattering of pioneer and alien plants into the power plant area, so the forest process towards climax will run more slowly. the importance value index (ivi) showed that the species could influence and control the forest ecosystem through the dominance of their density and abundance. each growth shows a different importance value index. sellaginella plana and miconia crenata dominate the understory, which can grow and adapt in dense forest areas. the families and species with the highest composition were the seedlings and herbs, meaning that the understory in this forest ecosystem is still overgrown. understory growth is supported by litter from the tree around there. the litter that decomposes quickly will provide sufficient nutrients for its growth (ainiyah et al., 2017). in addition, sunlight that can penetrate to understory also affects the diversity of undergrowth (setyawan et al., 2006; dossa et al., 2013). sellaginella plana had a high ivi because the research location is still shaded; this follows the living habitat of this species which likes shaded places and low light intensity (krisnawati et al., 2021; suryani et al., 2023). miconia crenata, a potentially invasive introduced species, also has a growing habitat in shaded areas (de oliveira et al., 2023). locations with sufficient light intensity tend to have higher species diversity (destarani et al., 2017). macaranga triloba as pioneer species dominated the sapling stage. it indicates that other sides of the forest around the geothermal area have opened, and the seed distribution has reached the study area. macaranga triloba, at the seedling and sapling stage, is one of the dominant pioneer plant species associated with schima walichii and liquidambar excelsa in the ghsnp area, especially at an altitude of 1,000–1,400 m asl (fauziah et al., 2018; denny et al., 2021). macaranga triloba in the secondary forest has a reasonably high ability to absorb co2, so it can reduce emissions in the air and has the highest transpiration rate compared to other pioneer plant species around ghsnp (mansur, 2011). the introduced species, c. houstoniana, which is relatively common at the sapling stage, also needs to be a concern for the geothermal management area. this species has a high invasive ability, and although the population density will decrease from seedling to pole, some activities are needed to reduce the population because the dispersal of seeds in large numbers and quickly will increase the population of seedlings and saplings in a short time (yudaputra, 2020). ficus fistulosa and s. wallichii dominated the pole and tree stages. other species, such as eurya acuminata, m. eminii, and f. padana, were also found in large numbers. the mountain of java is habitat for s. wallichii, and this species dominates (van steenis, 1971). the pole and tree stages are fig. 5. floristic structure. density at each growth stage (a) and diameter class at the saplings and trees (b). a b irawan et al.: floristic composition and structure of vegetation in geothermal power plant, west java. 2023] 49 commonly used as animal feed, such as m. eminii, f. fistulosa, and f. padana (supartono et al., 2018; nakabayashi, 2020; priyono et al., 2020). ficus fistulosa and f. padana were found to have high density and frequency, even though they have a small diameter. ficus fistulosa had a diameter range of 11–29 cm, and f. padana had a diameter range of 14–35 cm. their high fruiting ability supports these two species’ high density and frequency levels. they can even bear fruit throughout the year, and several animals like their syconium, so the dispersal of these two species becomes widespread. ficus fistulosa and f. padana are also foraging sources for the javan gibbon (hylobates moloch), which has a home range around geothermal areas. generally, the javan gibbon consumes the leaves and fruits of f. fistulosa and f. padana (jang et al., 2021; zulfa et al., 2021). schima wallichii has a good process of regeneration (shrestha & devkota, 2019). it relatively dominated the growth rate of saplings, poles, and trees, indicating that this species has relatively fast regeneration power and no disturbance from humans or animals around the power plant. the natural rejuvenation potential of s. wallichii in mount merapi national park is recorded at up to 15,000 individuals/ha. in areas disturbed by this species, as many as 500 individuals/ha can be found (baramantya et al., 2016). analysis of the shannon-wiener diversity index (h') was 3.784. based on the index value category h', the plant diversity around the gunung salak geothermal power plant unit was classified as high diversity. the stability of the ecosystem of a no family species local name rd rf rdo ivi seedling and herb 1 selaginellaceae selaginella plana paku rane 21.78 7.96 29.74 2 melastomataceae miconia crenata harendong bulu 10.23 10.62 20.85 3 acanthaceae barleria cristata landep 13.26 3.54 16.80 4 nephrolepidaceae nephrolepis biserrata paku pedang 7.01 6.19 13.20 5 acanthaceae strobilanthes filiformis bubukuan 5.87 2.65 8.53 sapling 1 euphorbiaceae macaranga triloba mara 9.30 11.29 20.59 2 fabaceae calliandra houstoniana kaliandra beureum 13.95 3.23 17.18 3 moraceae ficus fistulosa kondang 8.14 8.06 16.20 4 theaceae schima wallichii puspa 8.14 6.45 14.59 5 actinidiaceae saurauia pendula ki leho 4.65 6.45 11.10 pole 1 moraceae ficus fistulosa kondang 18.07 8.20 17.00 43.27 2 pentaphylacaceae eurya acuminata ki menir 13.25 8.20 15.46 36.91 3 theaceae schima wallichii puspa 12.05 11.48 9.83 33.35 4 moraceae ficus padana hamerang badag 4.82 6.56 6.56 17.93 5 magnoliaceae magnolia sumatrana maglid 4.82 3.28 4.93 13.03 tree 1 theaceae schima wallichii puspa 18.55 13.83 22.56 54.90 2 rhamnaceae maesopsis eminii kayu afrika 8.06 5.32 16.89 30.27 3 moraceae ficus padana hamerang badag 11.29 6.38 4.37 22.04 4 rutaceae melicope lunu-ankenda ki sampang 5.65 5.32 4.59 15.59 5 altingiaceae liquidambar excelsa rasamala 4.03 5.32 3.74 13.09 tabel 2. importance value index each growth stage note: rd: relative density; rf: relative frequency; rdo: relative dominance; ivi: importance value index. reinwardtia 50 [vol.22 place will increase along with the high value of the flora diversity index at that location (michael, 1984). the species richness index of 16.391, indicates that the gunung salak geothermal power plant unit species are in the high category. the number of species affects the value of the species richness index in a study area (ismaini et al., 2015). the species evenness index was 0.802, and the dominance index value was low as 0.042. all diversity indices show that several species have the potential to be found growing evenly but have a very low population size, so they are not able to dominate in the study area. based on the results and discussion, the forest ecosystem in the gunung salak geothermal power plant area is in a good category for the composition of flora and diversity index. however, invasive plant species' presence requires regular maintenance control. regular monitoring is necessary for areas overgrown with invasive species. the mature rare, threatened, and endangered trees must be conserved to for growing well and become parent tree for plant conservation in that location. the presence of pioneer species also increases the diversity of plant species around the geothermal area, especially in preserving several plant species used as wild animal feed found at the study site. conclusion in conclusion, the floristic composition and structure of vegetation on the gunung salak geothermal power plant unit indicate good ecosystem conditions. floristic composition is recorded in as many as 56 families of 110 species. the plants are found as native and introduced species. in addition, other native species were found, including puspa (schima wallichii) and rasamala (liquidambar excelsa). introduced species around the study site include maesopsis eminii and calliandra houstoniana. both introduced species have the potential to become invasive plants, so the spread of these species needs to be continuously monitored so that they do not become a threat to rare plants found in these locations, such as a lpinia scabra (en), castanopsis argentea (en), dipterocarpus hasseltii (en), lithocarpus indutus (vu), and macropanax concinnus (vu). the vegetation structure around the study site also shows the good condition of forest regeneration, as indicated by the inverted j-curve shape for the growth stage and class diameter. the results of the ivi analysis showed that pioneer plants generally dominated the undergrowth and sapling stage. in contrast, mountain rainforest plants, such as s. wallichii, ficus padana, and l. excelsa, dominated the pole and tree stages. acknowledgements the authors would like to thank to fikri aziz maulana for helping us to collect data. also, thanks to muhammad rifqi hariri, zakaria al anshori, arief hamidi, and muslim for helping us in identifying plants. thank you to the reviewers who have provided corrections, suggestions, and input so that the information in this manuscript can be appropriately conveyed. also, thank to reyna ashari, nizza nadya rachmani, and muhammad rifqi hariri for helping us proofread our manuscript. references ainiyah, r., fathurraman, a., wibisono, m., aji, f. r., & yusuf, d. 2017. pengaruh jenis tegakan terhadap komposisi dan keanekaragaman tumbuhan bawah di hutan sapen kecamatan prigen kabupaten pasuruan. agromix 8(1): 50–63. doi: 10.35891/ agx.v8i1.564. ashton, p.s. 1982. dipterocarpaceae. flora malesiana. series i, spermatophyta, flowering plants 9(2): 237–552. backer c. a., van den brink b. r. c. jr. 1963. flora of java. vol 1. groningen (ned): volters-noordhoff n.v. pp. 3–647. backer c. a., van den brink b. r. c. jr. 1965. flora of java. vol 2. groningen (ned): volters-noordhoff n.v. pp. 1–640. backer c. a., van den brink b. r. c. jr. 1968. flora of java. vol 3. groningen (ned): volters-noordhoff n.v. pp. 1–660. banks-leite, c., ewers, r. m., folkardtapp, h. & fraser, a. 2020. countering the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation through habitat restoration. one earth 3: 672–676. doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020. 11.016. baramantya, b., indrioko, s., faida, l., r. w. & hadiyan, y. 2016. genetic diversity and natural regeneration of schima wallichii (dc.) korth. in gunung merapi national park post merapi eruption 2010. jurnal pemuliaan tanaman hutan 10(2): 111–121. cahyanto, t., efendi, m. & ramdan, d. m. 2020. structure and composition of trees in mount tilu nature reserve, west java, indonesia. biodiversitas 21(6): 2674–2680. doi: 10.130567/biodiv/d210640. centre for agriculture and bioscience international (cabi). 2022. invasive species compendium: maesopsis eminii (umbrella tree). https://www.cabi.org/isc/data sheet/32199. 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correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lip1, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 3, pp: 215 – 217 stachylidium pallidum dewi sp. nov. from java n. dewi herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, bogor, indonesia abstract dewi, n. 2006. stachylidium pallidum sp. nov. from java. reinwardtia 12(3): 215–217. –– stachylidium pallidum dewi sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a specimen collected from dead leaf of dendrocalamus giganteus cultivated in bogor botanical garden, west java, indonesia. key words: dendrocalamus giganteus, hyphomycetes, stachylidium abstrak dewi, n. 2006. stachylidium pallidum sp. nov. dari pulau jawa. reinwardtia 12(3): 215–217. –– stachylidium pallidum dewi sp. nov. dipertelakan dan digambarkan berdasarkan suatu spesimen yang dikoleksi dari daun bambu dendrocalamus giganteus mati yang ditanam di kebun raya bogor, jawa barat, indonesia. kata kunci: dendrocalamus giganteus, hyphomycetes, stachylidium introduction in making general collection of bambusicolous hyphomycetes in java, a species of stachylidium was found growing on dead leaf of dendrocalamus giganteus cultivated in bogor botanical garden. this species is characterized by the pale colour of the colonies, hyaline phialides and conidia, much branched conidiophores which has 4-6 whorls of lateral branches. the conidiophores are short (160-400 µm long), pale brown at the base and much paler toward to the apex. the phialides are cylindrical with conical apex, producing ellipsoid conidia, measuring 36 µm long and 2-3 µm in diametres. this bambusicolous species is different from stachylidium bicolor link, the type species of the genus, because the latter possesses brown or olivaceous brown colonies, with conidiophores up to 700 µm long, their phialides smooth or minutely verruculose, hyaline or pale olivaceous, 9-20 x 3-4 µm, producing conidia 48 x 2-3 µm. in addition, stachylidium bicolor grows on a great variety of herbaceous and woody substrata (hughes 1951a, ellis, ellis & ellis 1951, ellis 1971). in java this species has also been collected on musa paradisiaca, piper bettle, piper aduncum and zalacca magnifica. the bambusicolous species also differs from stachylidium bicolor var. caespitosum hol.jech. which has verrucose conidiophores arising singly or caespitose in tufts. its phialides are pale yellow-brown to olive-brown, verrucose to echinulate, producing conidia which are longer, 5-10 x 1.5-2.5 µm (holubová-jechová 1988). according to holubová-jechová (1988), there is another tuft forming or synnematous stachylidium species from cuba, stachylidium cubense mena et mercado which is similar to stachylidium bicolor var. caespitosum hol.jech., but its conidia are larger (10-15.5 x 3.5-5 µm) and their phialides are not regularly verticilately arranged on the conidiophores. since this new collection is congruent with the genus stachylidium which have an oval and wide phialides in contrast to the more or less subulate and narrow phialides of verticillium spp. (hughes 1951b), but because it cannot be matched with any described taxa, it is proposed here as a new species of stachylidium. stachylidium pallidum dewi, sp. nov. fig. 1c,d,e coloniae effusae, pilosae, cinerea vel pallide brunneae. mycelia plerumque immersa, hyalina. conidiophora singula recta, flexuosa, 160-400 µm longa, pallide brunnea, saepe apicem versus pallidiora vel hyalina, ramosa. phialides cylindriatae ad apicem conoidea levia, 13-18 x 2-3 µm. conidia hyalina, ellipsoidea, 4-4.5 µm longa, 2-3 µm crassa, levia. colonies effuse, hairy, grey to very pale brown. mycelium mostly embedded in the 215 216 reinwardtia [vol.12 . 50 µm a. c. 20 µm e.d.b. fig.1. stachylidium bicolor: a. habit and conidiophore; b. c nidia (based on bo22542); stachylidium pallidum: c. habit and conidiophore; d. conidia; e. phialides (based on bo22541). o 2006] dewi : stachylidium pallidum sp. nov. from java 217 substratum consist of hyaline hyphae. conidiophores erect, flexuous, pale brown at the base, much paler to hyaline toward the apex, 160-400 µm long, singly or in groups, 10-15 septate, with 4-6 whorls of lateral branches arising in the upper part. branches cylindrical, taper gradually to the apex, very pale brown to hyaline, 22.5-90 µm long, 2.25-4 µm diameter at base. lateral branches bearing singly, in pairs or in verticils of 3 to 4 secondary branches or phialides. phialides cylindrical, constricted at base, conoidal at the apex, with almost imperceptible minute collarette, hyaline to subhyaline, smooth, 13-18 µm long, 2-3 µm in diameters. conidia formed at the tips of phialides, 3-6 µm long, 2-3 µm in diameters, hyaline, ellipsoidal to subovoidal, smooth. teleomorph unknown. specimen examined. on dead leaf of dendrocalamus giganteus, indonesia, java, west java, bogor botanical garden, 15 february 2006, dewi 168 (bo22541, holotype). acknowledgement the author is grateful to prof. dr. mien a. rifai (bogor) for his supervision and to dr. kartini kramadibrata and ms. atik retnowati, m.sc (bogor) for their helpful comment on the draft of this paper. references ellis, m.b. ellis, e.a. & ellis, j.p. 1951. marsh and fen fungi i. trans. brit. mycol. soc. 34: 166-167. ellis, m.b. 1971. dematiaceous hyphomycetes. commonwealth mycological institute. kew. holubová-jechová, v. 1988. studies on hyphomycetes from cuba vii. seven new taxa of dematiaceous hyphomycetes. česká mycologie 42: 23-30. hughes, s.j. 1951a. stachylidium, gonytrichum, mesobotrys, chaetopsis and chaetopsella. trans. brit. mycol. soc. 34: 551-559. hughes, s.j. 1951b. studies on microfungi. xi. some hyphomycetes which produce phialides. mycological paper 45: 1-30. instruction to authors taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 3. 2006 contents page benito c. tan, boon-chuan ho, virgilio link, eka a.p. iskandar, ipah nurhasanah, lia damayanti, sri mulyati and ida haerida. mosses of gunung halimun national park, west java, indonesia ,.... 205 s. dewi. stachylidium pallidum dewi sp. nov. from java 215 w.j.j.o. de wilde, b.e.e. duyfjes and r.w.j.m. van der ham. anangia, a new monotypic genus of cucurbitaceae from east mollucas 219 topik hidayat, tomohisa yukawa and motomiito. evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology of subtnbe aeridinae (orchidaceae) 223 dolly priatna, kuswata kartawinata and rochadi abdulhadi. recovery of a lowland dipterocarp forest twenty two years after selective logging at sekundur, gunung leuser national park, north sumatra, indonesia 237 marthen t. lasut. a new species of ischaemum from sulawesi 257 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia haldepan 57-118-1-sm stachylidium pallidum dewi sp. nov. from java herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for b references halbel a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 13(4): 317 — 3 8 9 , december 20, 2012 chief editor kartini kramadibrata (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) editors dedy darnaedi (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) tukirin partomihardjo (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) joeni setijo rahajoe (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) teguh triono (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) marlina ardiyani (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) eizi suzuki (kagoshima university, japan) jun wen (smithsonian natural history museum, usa) managing editor himmah rustiami (herbarium bogoriense, indonesia) secretary endang tri utami lay out editor deden sumirat hidayat illustrators subari wahyudi santoso anne kusumawaty reviewers ed de vogel (netherlands), henk van der werff (usa), irawati (indonesia), jan f. veldkamp (netherlands), jens g. rohwer (denmark), lauren m. gardiner (uk), masahiro kato (japan), marshall d. sunberg (usa), martin callmander (usa), rugayah (indonesia), paul forster (australia), peter hovenkamp (netherlands), ulrich meve (germany). correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for reinwardtia should be addressed to: herbarium bogoriense, botany division, research center for biology-lipi, cibinong 16911, indonesia e-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id reinwardtia vol 13, no 4, pp: 363 366 nomenclatural notes relevant to the flora of indonesia received august 29, 2012; accepted september 19, 2012 ian m. turner research associate, royal botanic gardens kew, richmond, surrey, uk. e-mail: turnerl87@btinternet.com abstract turner, i. m. 2012. nomenclatural notes relevant to the flora of indonesia. reinwardtia 13(4): 363-366. — some species described by teij smarm and binnendijk were published slightly earlier than is sometimes believed because of duplicate publication in different journals. in a few cases this results in a change in priority between competing names. the case of rothmannia schoemannii (rubiaceae) having priority overi?. exaltata is highlighted. zollinger published a number of new combinations in annonaceae a few months before miquel, so a trio of accepted names, mitrephora polypyrena, orophea celebica and o. corymbosa, should be correctly attributed to him. keywords: annonaceae, binnendijk, miquel, mitrephora, orophea, priority, teijsmann, zollinger. abstrak turner, i. m. 2012. catatan tata nama berkaitan dengan flora indonesia. reinwardtia 13(4): 363-366. — beberapa jenis yang dipublikasikan terdahulu dan dipertelakan oleh teijsmann dan binnendijk terkadang dipercaya sebagai duplikasi terbitan dalam jurnal yang berbeda. beberapa kasus ini mengakibatkan perubahan pada prioritas nama-nama yang disandingkan. contoh kasus rothmannia schoemannii (rubiaceae) yang lebih diprioritaskan daripada r. exaltata dibahas dalam tulisan ini. zollinger menerbitkan beberapa kombinasi baru pada suku annonaceae beberapa bulan sebelum miquel, sehingga tiga nama yang diterima yaitu mitrephora polypyrena, orophea celebica dan o. corymbosa, haras dikaitkan dengan namanya. kata kunci: annonaceae, binnendijk, miquel, mitrephora, orophea, prioritas, teijsmann, zollinger. introduction an unavoidable feature of plant taxonomy is the voluminous literature. despite the dedicated work of many botanists and bibliographers, there remain unobserved or poorly reported matters of nomenclatural relevance ranging from the trivial to the profound. in this paper, i draw attention to a couple of cases related to the flora of indonesia. early publications by teijsmann and binnendijk johannes elias teijsmann (1809-1882) was the curator of the botanic gardens in bogor from 1831 to 1869. in 1850, simon binnendijk (1821-1883) was appointed assistant curator. teijsmann and binnendijk described many new species that were cultivated in the botanic gardens. a number of these were published by teijsmann and binnendijk in a paper that appeared in nederlandsch kruidkundig archief (teijsmann & binnendijk, 1855). these names are often cited as originally published in this paper, but all the names were actually validly published before in a series of papers in the natuurkundig tijdschrift voor nederlandsch-indie (teijsmann & binnendijk, 1851a; b; 1852; 1853; 1854). the species and their earliest place of publication are listed below: aglaia inaequalis teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 2 (1851) 305, 'inaequale'. -ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 409, 'inaequale'. [meliaceae] appendicula membranacea teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 491. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 399. [orchidaceae] arundina pulchella teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 492. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 400. [orchidaceae] barringtonia vriesei teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 2 (1851) 308. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 411. [lecythidaceae] beaumontia multiflora teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 4 (1853) 395. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 393. [apocynaceae] bulbophyllum biflorum teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 488, 'bolbophyllum'. -ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 397. [orchidaceae] bulbophyllum membranaceum teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 488, 'bolbophyllum'. -ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 397. [orchidaceae] calophyllum lanceolatum teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 4 (1853) 398, nom. 363 364 reinwardtia [vol.13 illegit, non c. lanceolatum blume (1825). ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 395. [guttiferae] casearia angustata teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 2 (1851) 305. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 409. [flacourtiaceae] casearia odorata teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 2 (1851) 304, nom. illegit., non c. odorata macfad. (1837). ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 408. [flacourtiaceae] cerasus javanica teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 2 (1851) 309. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 412. [rosaceae] cirrhopetalum carinatum teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 489. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 397. [orchidaceae] cleisostoma amabile teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 493. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 402. [orchidaceae] cleisostoma longifolia teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 494. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 402, 'longifola'. [orchidaceae] cocculus lucidus teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 4 (1853) 397, 'lucida'. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 394. [menispermaceae] coelogyne croockewitii teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 488. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 396. [orchidaceae] dendrobium carnosum teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 489, nom. illegit., non d. carnosum c.presl (1826). ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 398. [orchidaceae] dendrobium intermedium teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 490. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 399. [orchidaceae] dendrobium lobbii teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 491. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 399. [orchidaceae] dendrobium marginatum teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 490. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 398. [orchidaceae] dendrobium ochroleucum teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 490. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 398. [orchidaceae] dendrobium unguiculatum teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 491. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 399. [orchidaceae] diospyros aurea teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 3 (1852) 330. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 405. [ebenaceae] diospyros laxa teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 3 (1852) 330. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855)406. [ebenaceae] donacodes villosa teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 4 (1853) 394. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 392. [zingiberaceae] elettaria anthodioides teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 4 (1853) 393. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 392. [zingiberaceae] ficus asperrima teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 3 (1852) 326, nom. illegit. non f. asperrima roxb. (1832). -ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 402. [moraceae] gardenia curvata teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 3 (1852) 328. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 404. [rubiaceae] gardenia schoemannii teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 3 (1852): 327, 'schomannii'. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 403, 'schomannii'. [rubiaceae] hoya motoskei teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 4 (1853) 396. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 393. [asclepiadaceae] kaempferia undulata teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 4 (1853) 393. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 391. [zingiberaceae] lagerstroemia ovalifolia teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 2 (1851) 306. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 410. [lythraceae] linociera rostrata teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 3 (1852) 329. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 404. [oleaceae] nephelium altissimum teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 2 (1851) 306. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 410. [sapindaceae] pavetta subulata teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 3 (1852) 327. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 403. [rubiaceae] pholidota membranacea teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 488. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 396. [orchidaceae] plocoglottis fimbriata teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 493. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 401. [orchidaceae] pygeum parviflorum teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 2 (1851) 309. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 412. [rosaceae] rafflesia rochussenii teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 1 (1851) 427, 429, t. i-ii. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 413. [rafflesiaceae] rauvolfia reflexa teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 3 (1852) 329, 'rauwolfia'. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 405, 'rauwolfia'. [apocynaceae] sponia annulata teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 2 (1851) 303. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 408. [ulmaceae] sponia strychnifolia teijsm. & binn., natuurk. 2012] turner : nomenclatural notes relevant to the flora of indonesia 365 tijdschr. ned.-indie 4 (1853) 394, 'strijchnifolia'. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 392. [ulmaceae] syncarpia vertholenii teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 2 (1851) 307. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 411. [myrtaceae] tainia fimbriata teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 492. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 400, 'taenia'. [orchidaceae] ternstroemia gedehensis teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 3 (1852) 332. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 407. [theaceae] trichoglottis cirrhifera teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 493. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 401. [orchidaceae] trichotosia ciliata teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 492. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 400. [orchidaceae] uvaria acuta teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 4 (1853) 398. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 395. [annonaceae] uvaria concava teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 3 (1852) 331. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 406. [annonaceae] uvaria multiflora teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 4 (1853) 397. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 394. [annonaceae] vanda pusilla teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5 (1854) 493. ned. kruidk. arch. 3(1855)401. [orchidaceae] the specialist literature has picked up many of these, but there are exceptions and the few years difference in publication date may have relevance in the matter of priority. a case in point is uvaria concava (1852) which clearly has priority over u. lurida hook.f & thomson (1855) when its correct place of first publication is considered (turner, 2011). another example of competing priority is between gardenia schoemannii teijsm. & binn. and randia exaltata griff. as noted by backer & bakhuizen van den brink (1965), the former appears published after the latter if reference is made to the nederlandsch kruidkundig archief publication (cf. govaerts et al., 2012), but its first publication actually pre-dated griffith's name. this makes rothmannia schoemannii (teijsm. & binn.) tirveng. the correct name for what has been called rothmannia exaltata (griff.) bremek as listed below: rothmannia schoemannii (teijsm. & binn.) tirveng., nordic j. bot. 3 (1983) 469. gardenia schoemannii teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 3 (1852): 327, 'schomannii'. ned. kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 403. randia schoemannii (teijsm. & binn.) bakh.f, blumea 12 (1963) 63. randia exaltata griff, not. pl asiat. 4 (1854) 262. rothmannia exaltata (griff.) bremek., proc. kon. ned. akad. wetensch., c 60 (1957) 7. overlooked combinations in annonaceae by zollinger heinrich zollinger (1818-1859) was a swiss botanist who collected extensively in indonesia during several visits from 1842 onwards, and finally died in java. among his publications, there is a paper on the annonaceae of the east indies (zollinger 1858). zollinger described several new species, some in collaboration with heinrich gustav von reichenbach (1824-1889), and the new genus anomianthus in this paper. these are well-documented. however, zollinger also proposed a number of new combinations in the paper that seem to have been largely overlooked. one reason for this may be that many of the combinations have been attributed to friedrich antonwilhelm miquel (1811-1871) in his flora van nederlandsch indie. the annonaceae were presented in the first part of volume 1(2) of the flora (miquel, 1858) which was published on 23 december 1858 (stafleu & cowan 1981, p. 515). zollinger's paper appeared in band 29 heft 3 of linnaea, which was published in september 1858 (stafleu & cowan 1985, p. 198). therefore zollinger's combinations have priority over those of miquel by some three months. the new combinations are listed below: anomianthus heterocarpus (blume) zoll, linnaea 29 (1858) 324. basionym: uvaria heterocarpa blume, fl. javae anon. (1830) 41. goniothalamus macrophyllus (blume) zoll, linnaea 29 (1858) 313. basionym: unona macrophylla blume, bijdr. (1825) 17. [isonym of g macrophyllus (blume) hook.f. & thomson, fl. ind. (1855) 109] melodorum kentii (blume) zoll, linnaea 29 (1858) 318. basionym: unona kentii blume, bijdr. (1825) 16. [isonym of melodorum kentii (blume) hook.f. & thomson, fl. ind. (1855) 116] melodorum sphaerocarpum (blume) zoll, linnaea 29 (1858) 317. basionym: uvaria sphaerocarpa blume, bijdr. (1825) 12. mitrephora humilis (blume) zoll, linnaea 29 (1858) 315. basionym: unona humilis blume, bijdr. (1825) 17. 366 reinwardtia [vol.13 mitrephora polypyrena (blume) zoll., linnaea 29 (1858) 315. basionym: uvaria polypyrena blume, fl. javae anon. (1830) 35, tt. 12, 14. orophea celebica (blume) zoll., linnaea 29 (1858) 314. basionym: bocagea celebica blume, fl. javae anon. (1830) 88, t. 43. orophea corymbosa (blume) zoll., linnaea 29 (1858) 313. basionym: bocagea corymbosa blume, fl. javae anon. (1830) 85, t. 41. orophea latifolia (blume) zoll., linnaea 29 (1858) 314. basionym: bocagea latifolia blume, fl. jav. anon. (1830)89,1 44. oxymitra cuneiformis (blume) zoll., linnaea 29 (1858) 324. basionym: guatteria cuneiformis blume, bijdr. (1825) 19. unona acuta (teijsm. & binn.) zoll., linnaea 29 (1858) 320. basionym: uvaria acuta teijsm. & binn., natuurk. tijdschr. ned.indie 4 (1853) 398. despite extensive citation of flora indica (hooker & thomson, 1855) in the paper, zollinger effectively repeats several combinations already made by hooker and thomson, producing isonyms of no nomenclatural standing. perhaps zollinger felt that he had been using these names prior to the publication of flora indica, so should be credited with them. the other combinations are mostly considered synonyms currently, but three widely accepted names, mitrephora polypyrena (weerasooriya & saunders, 2010), orophea celebica and o. corymbosa (keβler, 1988), should all correctly have the author citation (blume) zoll. rather than (blume) miq. references backer, c. a. & bakhuizen van der brink, r. c. 1965. flora of java. volume ii n.v. p. noordhoff, groningen. govaerts, r., ruhsam, m, andersson, l., robbrecht, e., bridson, d., davis, a., schanzer, i. & sonke, b. 2012. world checklist of rubiaceae. facilitated by the royal botanic gardens, kew. published on the internet; http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ retrieved 2012-09-15. hooker, j. d. & thomson, t. 1855. flora indica. pamplin, london. keβler, p. j. a. 1988. revision der gattung orophea blume {annonaceae). blumea 33: 1-80. miquel, f. a. w. 1858. flora van nederlandsch indie. eerste deel, tweede afdeeling. c.g. van der post, amsterdam. stafleu, f. a. & cowan, r. s. 1981. taxonomic literature. volume in: ih-o. regnum vegetabile 105. bohn, scheltema & holkema, utrecht. stafleu, f. a. & cowan, r. s. 1985. taxonomic literature. volume v: sal-ste. regnum vegetabile 110. bohn, scheltema & holkema, utrecht/ antwerpen. teijsman [sic], j. e. & binnendijk, s. 1851a. over eene nieuwe soort van rafflesia. natuurk. tijdschr. ned-indie 1: 425-430. teijsmann, j. e. & binnendijk, s. 1851b. nieuwe plantensoorten in 's lands plantentuin te buitenzorg. natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 2:303-310. teijsmann, j. e. & binnendijk, s. 1852. nieuwe plantensoorten in 's lands plantentuin te buitenzorg. natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 3:326-332. teijsmann, j. e. & binnendijk, s. 1853. nieuwe plantensoorten in 's lands plantentuin te buitenzorg. natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 4:393-398. teijsmann, j. e. & binnendijk, s. 1854. nieuwe plantensoorten behoorende tot de orde der orchideen in 's lands plantentuin te buitenzorg. natuurk. tijdschr. ned.-indie 5:487-494. teijsmann, j. e. & binnendijk, s. 1855. plantae novae horti bogorensis in insula java. ned. kruidk arch. 3:391-413. turner, i. m. 2011. a catalogue of the annonaceae of borneo. phytotaxa 36: 1-120. weerasooriya, a. d. & saunders, r. m. k. 2010. monograph of mitrephora {annonaceae). syst. bot. monogr. 90:1-167. zollinger, h. 1858. ueber die anonaceen des ostindischen archipels. linnaea 29:297-325. instruction to authors reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. manuscript intended for a publication should be written in english represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer program using time new romance letter type and saved in rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address in one-paragraphed english abstract of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. english description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. reinwardtia vol. 13. no. 4. 2012 contents page sri endarti rahayu, tatik chikmawati, kuswata kartawinata & alex hartana. morphology vs. taxonomy in the family pandanaceae: a case study in the javanese species 317 sri rahayu. hoya (apocynaceae: asclepiadoideae) diversity in gunung gede pangrango national park, west java, indonesia 331 deby arifiani, adi basukriadi & tatik chikmawati. newly described species of endiandra (lauraceae) from new guinea 341 alex sumadijaya. six years experience on plant identification services: case study in herbarium bogoriense 347 bayu adjie, agung kurniawan, norio sahashi & yasuyuki watano. dicksonia timorense (diksoniaceae), a hemi-epiphytic new species of tree fern endemic on timor island, indonesia ... 3 5 7 ian m. turner. nomenclatural notes relevant to the flora of indonesia 363 wita wardani, arief hidayat & dedy darnaedi. the new pteridophyte classification and sequence employed in the herbarium bogoriense (bo) for malesian ferns 367 diah sulistiartni. the orchids genus dilochia in indonesia 379 dedy darnaedi. book review 389 reinwardtia is a lipi acredited journal (258/au 1/p2mbi/05/2010) herbarium bogoriense botany division research center for biology lipi cibinong, indonesia depan img576_page_3_page_1 img576_page_3_page_2 440-643-1-sm_page_3 belakang reinwardtia vol. 22. no. 1. pp: 31‒35 doi: 10.55981/reinwardtia.2023.4567 31 the typification of gigantochloa taluh widjaja & astuti (poaceae, bambusoideae) received march 30, 2023; accepted may 17, 2023 i putu gede p. damayanto plant biology graduate program, department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, ipb university. jln. raya dramaga, kampus ipb dramaga, bogor 16680, indonesia. herbarium bogoriense, research center for biosystematics and evolution, national research and innovation agency (brin). jln. raya jakarta-bogor km 46, cibinong, bogor 16911, indonesia. email: iput004@brin.go.id https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8740-0696. himmah rustiami herbarium bogoriense, research center for biosystematics and evolution, national research and innovation agency (brin). jln. raya jakarta-bogor km 46, cibinong, bogor 16911, indonesia. email: himmah.rustiami@brin.go.id https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2260-250x. miftahudin department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, ipb university. jln. raya dramaga, kampus ipb dramaga, bogor 16680, indonesia. email: miftahudin@apps.ipb.ac.id https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5641-1090. tatik chikmawati department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, ipb university. jln. raya dramaga, kampus ipb dramaga, bogor 16680, indonesia. email: tatikch@apps.ipb.ac.id https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9085-7590. abstract damayanto, i. p. g. p., rustiami, h., miftahudin & chikmawati, t. 2023. the typification of gigantochloa taluh widjaja & astuti (poaceae, bambusoideae). reinwardtia 22(1): 31‒35. — the name of gigantochloa taluh widjaja & astuti (poaceae, bambusoideae) was invalid because of failure to meet the requirements of the international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, that there was no herbarium location of type specimens was mentioned. a typification was provided here to address this issue. key words: bamboo, gigantochloa taluh, holotype, typification. abstrak damayanto, i. p. g. p., rustiami, h., miftahudin & chikmawati, t. 2023. tipifikasi gigantochloa taluh widjaja & astuti (poaceae, bambusoideae). reinwardtia 22(1): 31‒35. — nama gigantochloa taluh widjaja & astuti (poaceae, bambusoideae) dinyatakan tidak sah karena tidak memenuhi persyaratan kode tata nama internasional untuk alga, jamur, dan tumbuh-tumbuhan, yaitu tidak menyebutkan lokasi herbarium dari spesimen tipe. tipifikasi diberikan untuk mengatasi masalah ini. kata kunci: bambu, gigantochloa taluh, holotipe, tipifikasi. introduction gigantochloa taluh widjaja & astuti (2004: 203) was first described in reinwardtia volume 12(2) (widjaja et al., 2004). vorontsova et al. (2016) in their bamboo checklist assigned this taxon as having the status of “unplaced name”. after observing the specimen, scrutinizing the protologue, and reading relevant literature, we noticed that the name g. taluh was invalid due to it being contrary to article 37.6 of the international code of botanical nomenclature (icbn) (greuter et al., 2000), which was in force when the name was originally published. article 37.6 of icbn indicated that for the name of a new species or infraspecific taxon published on or after 1 january 1990 of which the type is a specimen or unpublished illustration, the single herbarium or collection or institution in which the type is conserved must be specified (greuter et al., 2000). the name g. taluh is unplaced or cannot be put into synonymy because no type material is indicated. therefore, it cannot be established to which species the name applies (powo, 2023). this circumstance also aligns with the latest version of the international code of nomenclature (icn) for algae, fungi, and plants, where g. taluh is contrary to article 40.7 (turland et al., 2018). widjaja et al. (2004), did not mention http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v19i1.3850 mailto:himmah.rustiami@brin.go.id mailto:miftahudin@apps.ipb.ac.id mailto:tatikch@apps.ipb.ac.id 10.55981/reinwardtia.v22i1.4567 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8740-0696 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2260-250x https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5641-1090 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9085-7590 https://dx.doi.org/10.55981/reinwardtia.v22i1.4567 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8740-0696 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2260-250x https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5641-1090 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9085-7590 reinwardtia 32 [vol.22 fig. 1. screen capture of tropicos (2023) database portal and specimen of inggit puji a stuti ea w ip 456 (bo) with zoom-in on bo number and specimen label. damayanto et al.: typification of gigantochloa taluh widjaja & astuti 2023] 33 the herbarium where the type specimen of g. taluh was deposited. the original citation of the type specimen was less accurate as the collector’s name of the type specimen was not mentioned (see article 9.2 icn of turland et al., 2018). here, we provide the typification of g. taluh. typification in plant taxonomy studies refers to the process of prescribing type (rao, 2017). a nomenclature type (typus) is that element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached (see article 7.2 of turland et al., 2018). typification helps determine the correct application of taxa names and establishes nomenclatural types (see turland et al., 2018). typification can be published independently with the aim of providing valid and accepted taxon names as soon as possible (see de oliveira et al., 2009; haevermans et al., 2013) or this is typically done during taxonomic revisions (see vorontsova et al., 2013; veldkamp, 2016), the preparation of synopsis (see essi et al., 2017), monographs (see snow et al., 2018), checklists (see kellogg et al., 2020), proposals for conserving the taxon name (see greuter and rodríguez, 2015), the resurrection or reinstatement of submerged taxa (see nobis et al., 2022), and the presentation of taxon name combinations (see banfi et al., 2017). in indonesian bamboos, several typifications have been carried out, such as widjaja’s (1987) revision of the genus gigantochloa in malesia, which also involved typification. widjaja and wong (2016) also performed typification when making a new combination in the genus chloothamnus in malesia, and widjaja (2020) conducted typification on the fimbribambusa soejatmiae widjaja & ervianti published by ervianti et al. (2019), which has two different collection numbers of type specimens. typification of g. taluh is required in this study to support the author’s ongoing bamboo taxonomic research in the lesser sunda islands. materials and methods herbarium specimens of gigantochloa taluh stored in herbarium bogoriense (bo) and herbarium hortus botanicus baliensis (thbb) were gathered for observation. in addition, a photograph of a type specimen of g. taluh in the protologue was also consulted for comparison. typification gigantochloa taluh widjaja & astuti, reinwardtia 12(2): 203. 2004. type: bali, baturiti, ekakarya botanical garden, inggit puji astuti eaw ip 456 (holotype bo!, code: bo-1606188; isotype perhaps k [not seen]). distribution. endemic to bangli, bali and cultivated in “eka karya” bali botanical garden in tabanan, bali. notes. our r esear ch r evealed some inter esting findings regarding the type specimens of g. taluh. we found a discrepancy in the g. taluh herbarium holotype code on the tropicos (2023) database portal, which should be bo-1606188, not bo1606183 (fig. 1a, red arrow and 1b, bo number zoomed-in). in addition, the information on the label of the inggit puji astuti’s specimen ea w ip 456 (fig. 1b, label zoomed-in) mentions that a duplicate was sent to k. however, this is not listed in the widjaja’s et al. protologue (2004). unfortunately, we were unable to find scanned images of the inggit puji astuti’s specimen ea w ip 456 in k through the gbif (2023), jstor (2023), and kew herbarium catalogue (2023) database portals. it should be noted that there may be duplicates of this specimen in k, yet this specimen in k may not be a current priority for scanning and online publication, or there was a typo in writing the label and it was never sent to k. in normal practice, when duplicates of specimens are distributed to other herbaria, the acronym(s) of recipient herbaria on the label is marked (checked or circled). however, on the label of inggit puji astuti’s specimen ea w ip 456 (fig. 1b, label zoomed-in), the herbarium acronym is not marked, raising doubts about the shipment of duplicate of this specimen to k. mrs. inggit puji astuti (pers. comm., 2023) stated that the specimen ea w ip 456 was collected during the beginning of her study of bamboo. unfortunately, she does not know if specimen ea w ip 456 was sent to k. this doubt is supported by information provided by ismail apandi (pers. comm., 2023), the loan officer of bo who responsible for sending and receiving specimens, that he does not have any data regarding the shipment of inggit puji astuti’s specimen eaw ip 456 to k or other herbaria. therefore, it is possible that inggit puji astuti’s specimen ea w ip 456 was never sent to k. nevertheless, in this article, we are constrained by limited evidence and inconclusive interpretation and decide to write that the isotype of inggit puji astuti’s specimen ea w ip 456 probably exists in k due to the information provided by the specimen label. in addition, the collection number of inggit puji astuti’s specimen ea w ip 456 is also interesting because the additional code “eaw” is attached, referring to the abbreviation of the name of a retired senior bamboo researcher at bo, prof. dr. elizabeth a. widjaja. in the widjaja et al. (2004), the previous label attached to the type specimen of g. taluh had ip as the sole collector. thus, we presume that the “eaw” was added later to a new label due to one reason or another and present to date. reinwardtia 34 [vol.22 acknowledgements we would like to express our sincere gratitude to the director of scientific collection management (herbarium bogoriense and herbarium hortus botanicus baliensis of “eka karya” bali botanical garden), national research and innovation agency for granting us access to the specimens of gigantochloa taluh. ipgpd want to thank gusti made sudirga (“eka karya” bali botanical garden) for his invaluable assistance, as well as, inggit puji astuti (bogor botanical garden) and ismail apandi (herbarium bogoriense) for the valuable information provided. we would like to express our sincere gratitude to the anonymous blind reviewers who provided their insightful comments and feedback. the author gratefully acknowledges liam a. trethowan (royal botanic gardens, kew) for helping the english matter. references banfi, e., galasso, g., foggi, b., kopecký, d., & ardenghi, n. m. g. 2017. from schedonorus and micropyropsis to lolium (poaceae: loliinae): new combinations and typifications. taxon 66(3): 708–717. de oliveira, r. p., longhi-wagner, h. m. & renvoize, s. a. 2009. some lectotypifications in the tribe olyreae (poaceae: bambusoideae). kew bulletin 64: 735–738. ervianti, d., widjaja, e. a. & sedayu, a. 2019. new species of climbing and scrambling bamboo from sulawesi, indonesia. reinwardtia 18(2): 115–132. essi, l., longhi-wagner, h. m. & chies, t. t. d. s. 2017. a synopsis of briza, brizochloa, and chascolytrum (poaceae, pooideae, poeae). a nnals of the missouri botanical garden 102(3): 466–519. gbif. 2023. gigantochloa taluh w idjaja & a stuti. https://www.gbif.org/species/4107556. (access ed 17 april 2023). greuter, w. & rodríguez, r. r. 2015. (2344) proposal to conserve the name bambusa vulgaris (gramineae) with a conserved type. taxon 64(1): 171–173. greuter, w., mcneill, j., barrie, f. r., burdet, h. m., demoulin, v., filgueiras, t. s., nicolson, silva, p. c., skog, j. e., trehane, p., turland, n. j. & hawksworth, d. l. (eds.). 2000. international code of botanical nomenclature (saint louis code) adopted by the sixteenth international botanical congress st louis, missouri, july-august 1999. regnum vegetabile 138. koeltz scientific books, königstein. jstor. 2023. gigantochloa taluh. https:// plants.jstor.org/search? filter=name&so=ps_group_by_genus_species+ asc&query=gigantochloa+taluh. (accessed 17 april 2023). haevermans, t., nguyen, b. l., gurgand, j., haevermans, a., dransfield, s. & diep, m. h. 2013. clearing up vietnamosasa (poaceae, bambusoideae): typification and nomenclature of a distinctive paleotropical bamboo genus. phytotaxa 137(1): 57– 60. kellogg, e., abbott, j. r., bawa, k., gandhi, k., kailash, b. r., ganeshaiah, k. n., shrestha, u. b. & raven, p. 2020. checklist of the grasses of india. phytokeys 163: 1–560. kew herbarium catalogue. 2023. the kew herbarium catalogue. http://apps.kew.org/ herbcat/gotohomepage.do. (accessed 17 april 2023). nobis, m., krzempek, m., nowak, a., gudkova, p. d. & klichowska, e. 2022. resurrection of stipa tremula and taxonomy of the high-alpine species from the stipa purpurea complex (poaceae, pooideae). phytokeys 196: 21–47. powo. 2023. plants of the w orld online. facilitated by the royal botanic gardens, kew. http:// www.plantsoftheworldonline.org. (accessed 23 march 2023). rao, m. k. v. 2017. type concept and its importance in plant nomenclature. journal of economic and taxonomic botany 41(3–4): 91–94. snow, n., peterson, p. m. romaschenko, k., simon, b. k. 2018. monograph of diplachne (poaceae, chloridoideae, cynodonteae). phytokeys 93: 1–102. tropicos. 2023. gigantochloa taluh w idjaja & astuti. https://www.tropicos.org/name/502723 86. (accessed 17 april 2023). turland, n. j., wiersema, j. h., barrie, f. r., greuter, w., hawksworth, d. l., herendeen, p. s., knapp, s., kusber, w. h., li, d. z., marhold, k., may, t. w., mcneill, j., monro, a. m., prado, j., price, m. j. & smith, g. f. (eds.). 2018. international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (shenzhen code) adopted by the nineteenth international botanical congress shenzhen, china, july 2017. regnum vegetabile 159. koeltz botanical books, glashütten. veldkamp, j. f. 2016. a revision of iseilema (gramineae) in malesia. reinwardtia 15(2): 123 –127. vorontsova, m. s., clark, l. g., dransfield, j., govaerts, r. h. a. & baker, damayanto et al.: typification of gigantochloa taluh widjaja & astuti 2023] 35 w. j. 2016. world checklist of bamboos and rattans. inba r technical reports 37: 1–454. vorontsova, m. s., ratovonirina, g. & randriamboavonjy, t. 2013. revision of a ndropogon and diectomis (poaceae: sacchareae) in madagascar and the new a ndropogon itremoensis from the itremo massif. kew bulletin 68: 193–207. widjaja, e. a. 1987. a revision of malesian gigantochloa (poaceae-bambusoideae). reinwardtia 10(3): 291–380. widjaja, e. a. & wong, k. m. 2016. new combinations in chloothamnus (poaceae: bambusoideae), a genus of malesian bamboos formerly confused with nastus. sandakania 22: 37–40. widjaja, e. a., astuti, i. p. & arinasa, i. b. k. 2004. new species of bamboos (poaceaebambusoideae) from bali. reinwardtia 12(2): 199–204. reinwardtia 36 [vol.22 a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(1) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(1): 1-128.22 july 2002 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondence and subscriptions of the journal should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 1, pp: 1 – 94 gestion de la biodiversite : relations aux plantes et dynamiques vegetales chez les dani de la vallee de la baliem en irian jaya, indonesie y. purwanto laboratoire d’ethnobotanique, centre pour la recherche en biologie, lipi, jl. ir. h. juanda 22 bogor 16122, indonésie resumé purwanto, y. 2002. gestion de la biodiversité: relations aux plantes et dynamiques vegetales chez les dani de la vallee de la baliem en irian jaya, indonesie. reinwardtia 12(1): 1–94. ⎯ cette étude a été effectuées selon deux approches: étude ethnobotanique et étude écologique. l’étude ethnobotanique comporte l’analyse des connaissances et des usages de l’environnement végétal, l’organisation de l’espace, le savoir botanique local et on traite également des activités agricoles des dani–baliem. l’étude écologique est consacrée à l’analyse de la diversité floristique des différents milieux existant dans la vallée de la baliem. cette analyse comporte l’analyse floristique de la forêt primaire à différentes altitudes, de la forêt secondaire (des jachères d’âges différents), des zones de transition (les lisières), des jardins de maison et de village, de lieux protegés et des lieux sacrés. les résultas de ces études montrent que la dégradation des milieux de la vallée de la baliem est principalement provoqué par deux activités qui sont les pratiques agricoles traditionnelles et l’exploitation des ressources naturelles. concernant la richesse floristique, les pratiques agricoles des dani–baliem provoquent une diminution de la diversité spécifique des plantes forestières. au contraire au niveau intraspécifique on observe que la génération d’une diversité génétique chez les plantes cultivées est favorisée par les pratiques agricoles des dani–baliem. les activités humaines enrichissent la diversité écologiques (la forêt secondaire, les zones des transition, les lieux protegés, les lieux d’habitation, les zones dégradées, etc.), c’est-à-dire ces activités créent des unités écosystèmes comportant chacune une flore specifique. mots clés: biodiversité, dynamique, végétale, activités humain, usages des plantes, système agricole traditionnel, organization de l’espace, dani–baliem, irian jaya, indonésie. abstract purwanto, y. 2002. biodiversity management: plant relation of the dani people and vegetation dynamic in the baliem valley of irian jaya, indonesia. reinwardtia 12(1): 1–94. ⎯ the study was conducted in two approaches, ethnobotanical approach and ecological approach. ethnobotanical approach consists of knowledge analization and plant nature environment uses which consists of spatial organization, botanical indigenous knowledge, traditional system on plant nomenclature, and treats the agriculture activities of the dani–baliem. whereas, the later approach we analyse the floristic diversity in different environment existence in the baliem valley. in this ecological approach contains of analyse floristic of the primary forest of different altitude, secondary forest (fallow system of different ages), transition zone (zone ecotone), home garden, villages, protection area and sacred sites. the result indicated that the degradation of environment in the baliem valley, principally caused by agricultural activity and exploitation of natural resources. the traditional agricultural activities of dani–baliem society influence on decreasing of genetic resources on wild plant (wild species). on the contrary, these activities in the intraspecific diversity level, increase the number of cultivated plants. further, dani–baliem people activities also influence the ecological diversity. this can be seen from different unit of environment existence like secondary forest, agricultural area, protection zone, sacred site, habitation areas etc.), where every unit have a specific use and a specific plant diversity. keywords: biodiversity, dynamic of vegetation, human activities, useful plants, traditional agricultural system, field organization, dani–baliem, irian jaya, indonesia ringkasan purwanto, y. 2002. pengelolaan keanekaragaman hayati : hubungan antara masyarakat dani dengan jenis tumbuhan dan dinamika vegetasi di lembah baliem, irian jaya, indonesia. reinwardtia 12(1): 1–94. ⎯ penelitian ini didasarkan pada dua pendekatan yaitu pendekatan etnobotani dan pendekatan ekologi. pendekatan etnobotani meliputi analisis sistem pengetahuan dan pemanfaatan lingkungan alam tumbuhan meliputi sistem tata ruang, pengetahuan lokal tentang botani dan sistem penamaan tumbuhan secara tradisional serta praktek kegiatan pertanian. sedangkan pendekatan ekologi terdiri atas analisis tentang keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan di berbagai bentuk satuan lingkungan berbeda di kawasan lembah baliem. analisis tersebut meliputi analisis floristik di hutan primer di berbagai ketinggian berbeda, hutan sekunder (lamanya pemberaan berbeda), mintakat peralihan, 1 2 reinwardtia [vol.12 pekarangan, perkampungan, kawasan yang dilindungi dan tempat-tempat yang dikeramatkan. dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan kualitas lingkungan di lembah baliem secara prinsip disebabkan oleh dua aktivitas masyarakat yaitu praktek kegiatan pertanian dan eksploitasi sumber daya alam. praktek kegiatan pertanian tradisional masyarakat dani–baliem menyebabkan penurunan keanekaragaman pada tingkat jenis tumbuhan hutan, sebaliknya pada tingkat intraspesifik mempunyai pengaruh pada peningkatan keanekaragaman genetik, khususnya pada jenis tanaman budidaya. aktivitas masyarakat dani–baliem seperti kegiatan pertanian dan eksploitasi sumber daya alam tersebut selain mempunyai pengaruh terhadap keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan juga terhadap keanekaragaman ekologi yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya berbagai bentuk satuan lingkungan (seperti hutan sekunder, lahan pertanian, tempat konservasi, tempat keramat, lingkungan tempat tinggal, dan lain-lain) yang masing-masing memiliki kekhasan tentang kegunaannya dan keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhannya. kata kunci: keanekaragaman, vegetasi dinamika, aktifitas manusia, tanaman berguna, sistem pertanian tradisional, organisasi lapangan, dani–baliem, irian jaya, indonesia. introduction comme de nombreux peuples indigènes qui vivent depuis de nombreuses générations dans des lieux très reculés au sein de grandes forêts, les dani–baliem connaissent et utilisent de nombreux produits végétaux comme nourriture, médicaments, bois de constructions, bois de chauffage, outils, plantes pour rituels et divers autres usages. les connaissances, la culture traditionnelle et l’utilisation des plantes par les peuples indigènes de forêts tropicales disparaissent rapidement, et de ce fait, les études ethnobotaniques dans des groupes tels que les dani–baliem sont urgentes. les études ethnobotaniques en relation avec l’utilisation traditionnelle des plantes peuvent avoir de nombreuses utilités. le savoir local peut indiquer des sources de nouveaux médicaments, pesticides et autres produits naturels. par ailleurs, la forêt tropicale humide est en régression rapide avec comme conséquences la réduction des ressources et la dégradation des écosystèmes. les plus grandes modifications des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux sont de loin celles qui sont provoquées par l’homme. les forêts sont dégradées par l’ouverture des routes, les exploitations agricoles, les plantations et l’implantation d’habitats humains de plus en plus nombreux. en outre, l’homme exploite la forêt pour le bois d’oeuvre et l’aménage de différentes manières pour assurer une régénération naturelle ou artificielle d’espèces commerciales. dans les cas extrêmes, il pratique une coupe rase des forêts. l’analyse de la gestion des ressources naturelles par les peuples indigènes aide à identifier et soutenir les efforts pour conserver une diversité d’espèces et d’habitats, et fournir des enseignements sur les relations entre les plantes et les hommes. de plus une meilleure connaissance de ces processus d’anthropisation du milieu permettrait d’éclairer les choix que l’on doit faire pour développer les productions agricoles en évitant les risques de dégradation des surfaces irriguées et des forêts protégées, par exemple en aménageant les modalités d’utilisation de la culture sur brûlis. objectifs et problematique de la recherche le but de cette étude était donc de mieux comprendre les relations que les dani–baliem entretiennent avec les écosystèmes qui les entourent et comment ils les transforment. l’objectif final est une confrontation entre deux points de vue sur le milieu écologique et la façon dont il est exploité ; celui des dani–baliem et celui de la science. il s’agit de comprendre la logique de dani–baliem et d’établir un dialogue entre le discours scientifique et le discours des acteurs locaux. pour cela ma recherche a comporté plusieurs aspects: (1). l’étude des caractéristiques floristique, pédologique et, d’une façon générale, écologique de l’environnement. (2). l’observation des techniques agricoles, des outils utilisés et des rituels associés. (3). l’étude du système d’utilisation des terres et de l’organisation de l’espace en relation d’une part avec le fonctionnement de la société, d’autre part avec la dynamique écologique induite par les pratiques sur l’environnement. (4). l’analyse des perceptions, représentations, pratiques et attitudes des dani–baliem par rapport à leur environnement de façon à mettre en évidence le système de valeurs qui guide leurs choix. d’une façon générale, pour comprendre les modalités des interactions société-environnement et afin de tenter d’expliquer les mécanismes du processus d’anthropisation du milieu, ”je me suis placé délibérément à l’intersection de plusieurs types de systèmes: écosystèmes et systèmes socioculturels” (friedberg, 1986). 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 3 l’agriculture traditionnelle et la connaissance de l’environnement ont donc fait l’objet d’une approche globale prenant en compte les aspects utilitaires, économiques et culturels influencent les modes de mise en valeur du milieu, les pratiques agricoles, l’aménagement de l’environnement, et l’utilisation des plantes. j’ai cherché à montrer comment l’imbrication entre ces différents facteurs a pu influencer les choix des différentes techniques d’exploitation du milieu par les dani–baliem. j’ai examiné également l’impact de ces techniques d’exploitation sur la dynamique des écosystèmes et de la biodiversité. plusieurs interrogations viennent alors enrichir cette problématique, la première étant de savoir si les dani–baliem ont maintenu jusqu'à aujourd'hui une mise en pratique de leurs savoir anciens ou s'ils se sont accoutumés à une utilisation des technologies nouvelles. ceci implique l'identification des connaissances des dani–baliem sur leur environnement naturel et de la façon dont ils exploitent les divers types de milieux. ainsi on peut se demander quelles sont les différences entre les pratiques agricoles appliquées dans la vallée, dans les zones inondables ou sur les pentes et quelles en sont les raisons. comment expliquer l'absence quasi totale dans la vallée de forêt primaire? et par contre l’existence de la formations arborées à espèces dominantes soit des casuarina oligodon soit praserianthes falcataria. cela renvoie alors à la question du rôle de l'activité humaine sur l'environnement. par exemple pourquoi existe-t-il des zones définitivement dégradées couvertes d’une végétation pauvre à faible diversité floristique. est-ce le résultat des activités humaines ou de facteurs naturels? on s'attend alors à trouver des réponses dans l’examen des modalités des interactions entre les dani–baliem et leur environnement. comment ils exploitent les richesses naturelles (diversité végétale)? quels changements dans le paysage, dans la richesse floristique sont induits par les dani–baliem à travers les pratiques de cueillette ou les activités agricoles, etc. certaines espèces sont-elles plus protégées ou plus exploitées que d’autres. quelle est la part respective, dans la couverture des besoins des dani–baliem, de la végétation cultivée et de la végétation spontanée et pour cette dernière des différents types de milieu: vallée, montagne, végétation primaire, secondaire etc. la problématique de cette recherche s'inscrit également dans une perspective de developpement durable. etant venu pour la première fois dans cette région pour participer à un programme de développement soucieux de respecter la culture des sociétés locales, il me paraissait important de rechercher les conditions d’application du concept de développement durable tel qu’il a été formalisé dans les années 1980 et popularisé par le rapport de la commission brundtland en 1988. ce concept implique la recherche d’un équilibre entre activités économiques consommatrices de ressources naturelles et rythme de renouvellement, équilibre qui permettrait aux générations actuelles et futures de jouir équitablement de ces ressources et de leur exploitation. cette recherche exige donc une bonne connaissance (1) des capacités du milieu naturel et des conséquences des processus d’anthropisation, (2) de la façon dont la population locale organise ses relations à ce milieu. l’objectif est d'envisager des mesures de développement adaptées aux besoins de cette population et aux problèmes auxquels elle est confrontée (risques de dégradation du milieu, insuffisances des productions agricoles pour les rendre concurrentes sur les marchés locaux, perte de biodiversité). deroulement de la recherche, choix du terrain et methodologie d’enquête il s’agissait de choisir un terrain d’enquête permettant le recueil des données susceptibles de répondre à plusieurs types d’interrogations sur la dynamique de la végétation dans le cadre d’une agriculture sur brûlis avec rotation des parcelles cultivées et de jachères plus ou moins longue. il fallait tenir compte à la fois des résultats des pratiques traditionnelles sur le long terme et des modifications actuelles. en particulier: (1) quelle est la conséquence de nouveaux types de cultures comme les rizières irriguées? (2) comment se fait la nouvelle répartition des jardins depuis la disparition des «champs de bataille» et de zones où il était dangereux de cultiver quand existait un état de guerre permanent? pour l’intérêt écologique de la recherche, il fallait trouver un groupe qui cultive à la fois des terres situées sur la plaine alluviale et d’autres situées sur les pentes des collines qui bordent cette plaine et dont les sommets sont couverts d’une forêt sur laquelle empiètent les défrichements agricoles. en outre, il fallait que dans ce groupe, malgré la christianisation qui est générale dans la vallée de la baliem, les rapports à la terre, aux être vivants et aux défunts continuent à être vécus dans le cadre traditionnel. notre choix s’est porté sur un groupe pratiquant le même dialecte de la langue dani situé entre 20 et 60 km de wamena, dans le district de kurulu et dont les membres sont 4 reinwardtia [vol.12 répartis entre quatre villages (desa) sur le plan administratif: jiwika, wosi, siba et watlanko (figure 1,2,3). . fig. 1. localisa on de l’étude ninistrative du district du kurulu ti fig. 2. carte admi fig.3. carte de la vallè de la baliem centrale et localisation des transects effectuè dans le district de kurulu (jiwika). ification scie tiques indi plantes par les sociétés trad ui consiste à suivre la vie locale et e temps on observe les pratiques réel de l’enquête je me suis efforcé tels qu’ils sont utilisés par mes études ont été effectuées selon deux approches: a. etude ethnobotanique j’ai utilisé des méthodes empruntées à l’ethnoscience, comme l’a proposé friedberg dans le cadre du programme esiop (etude des sociétés de l’indonésie orientale et périphérique). cette démarche a revêtu deux aspects : (1) un inventaire des espèces végétales utilisées, leur appellation vernaculaire, leur ident ntifique et les différents usages dont elles sont l’objet (y compris les usages rituels ou leur évocation dans les mythes). (2) l’étude des interrelations entre les sociétés et les écosystèmes dans lesquels elles vivent, c’està-dire le repérage des lieux d’articulation entre les faits biologiques et les faits sociaux, et la façon dont ces interrelations se manifestent à travers les pratiques et les représentations. conklin (1954) a défini l’ethnoscience comme une analyse des catégories séman gènes, afin d’étudier la connaissance qu’une société a de son environnement. davis (1991) cité par aumeeruddy (1993) a dit que l’ethnobotanique qui s’inscrit dans l’approche plus globale ethnoscientifique, a non seulement pour but de recueillir les usages des itionnelles, mais également d’apporter une meilleure compréhension de la matrice des connaissances d’une société particulière. j’ai utilisé comme méthode d’enquête sur le terrain une technique qui m’a paru être la plus juste et qui est largement pratiquée au laboratoire d’ethnobiologie du mnhn de paris. c’est la méthode participante propre à l ’approche anthropologique q à y participer de la façon la plus proche possible afin de l’aborder sous l’angle d’un participant. elle s’accompagne d’entretiens semidirectifs au cours desquels on interroge les acteurs sur leurs pratiques et sur leurs conceptions. en mêm les de façon à bien mesurer la différence entre les discours et les représentations des informateurs. ainsi, j’ai participé à tous les processus de la vie quotidienne des dani–baliem, chez lesquels j’habitais. j’ai principalement travaillé avec les informateurs ayant les connaissances les plus étendues ou les plus spécifiques dans leur propre culture. il s’est agit de trois types de chefs traditionnels: (1) ap metek kanekela = chef chargé des rituels traditionnels et de la gestion du territoire; (2) ap metek uwaela = chef des thérapeutiques traditionnelles; et (2) ap metek wimaela = chef de guerre. tout au long de recueillir les termes 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 5 les me de propriété foncière et de responsabilité dans les pratiques agraires. b. e, c’es s différents milieux étudiés sont: la forê de compren e jachères et de reconstituer leur histoire. ion correcte des écanismes, il est indispensable que les facteurs es considérés soient ien connus. or, l’un des problèmes le plus diff oupements d’in mpte. qui amena et kurulu, la température moyenne annuelle est de 19,5 °c à 1540 m d’altitude, à kurulu et de 20°c 26,5°c v la baliem e, la vallée rentre ca i n (1951) avec la valeur q = elon la division de koopen. informateurs non seulement pour les noms vernaculaires des plantes, mais aussi pour les catégories d’espaces ou les pratiques techniques et rituelles. dans cette étude, les relations avec l’organisation sociale traditionnelle sont essentielles. j’ai analysé ce qui dans l’organisation sociale des villages et dans les rituels a un rapport avec l’agriculture, le systè cependant, quand j’ai abordé ma recherche de terrain dans le district de kurulu, j’ai dû aussi étudier l’organisation sociale et le système de chefferie traditionnelle, qui est à la base ou le noyau de toutes les activités des dani–baliem. en effet, la situation m’est apparue rapidement différente de ce que les autres chercheurs avaient trouvé plus au sud. etude écologique il s’agissait ici d’étudier l’impact des différents types d’actions de l’homme sur l’environnement naturel. ces actions sont principalement: (1) l’essartage avec brûlis, soit dans la forêt primaire, soit dans la forêt secondair t-à-dire sur des lieux qui ont déjà été défrichés pour faire des jardins puis abandonnés; (2) l’entretien continu des pistes; et (3) l’établissement des habitats. pour mettre en évidence l’effet de ces actions, j’ai établi des transects sous forme de parcelles dans chacun des milieux selon des dimensions adaptées à la situation, c’est à dire suffisamment homogènes entre elles et permettant de suivre les variations structurales et floristiques de l’une à l’autre. le t primaire, les zones de transitions entre forêt et jardin ainsi que dans les jardins abandonnés à différents stades de régénération. j’ai effectué des transects dans la forêt primaire à différentes élévations (1520–1540 m, 1620– 1640 m, 1720–1740 m, 1820–1843 m, 1920–1940 m, 2040 m, 2140 m, et 2340 m sur la surface de la mer). tous sont situés sur des terrains en pente ou inclinés avec des inclinaisons entre 15° et 20°. dans le cas des jachères, la méthode d’étude synchronique (analyse de parcelles d’âges variés) a été utilisée, car elle permet, avec une durée d’investigation limitée dans le temps, dre la dynamique de la reconstitution de la végétation. des enquêtes préliminaires ont été menées auprès des collectivités locales ou des villageois. a la suite de nombreux recoupements, elles nous ont permis d’identifier et de dater un certain nombre d pour aboutir à une interprétat m historiques des différents sit b icile à résoudre est l’obtention de données concernant l’histoire des sites. en effet si les renseignements relatifs aux jachères de moins de 5 ans sont assez nombreux il est parfois difficile de définir avec précision l’âge d’une vieille jachère. il est donc indispensable de procéder à des enquêtes multiples avec des rec formations pour aboutir à une classification chronologique des différentes jachères. je reprends succinctement les principales méthodes que j’ai personnellement utilisées dans mes relevés. elles concernent à la fois les herbacées et les ligneux pour lesquels les aspects floristiques, structuraux et dynamiques ont été pris en co resultat et discussion a. milieu physique la région de la vallée de la baliem se situe dans la zone stratigraphique de l’irian centrale formée de chaînes de montagnes. ces montagnes résultent de phénomènes de soulèvements successifs dont le premier date de l’oligocène et se sont manifestés jusqu’à la fin du neogéne et au quarternaire (bemmelen, 1970). les observations de soepraptohardjo et al., (1971) et de l’équipe de geoteknologi – lipi (1991) montrent qu’il existe 9 types de sols dans la région de la vallée de la baliem qui sont l’organosol, le sol alluvial, le sol de glei humus, le sol hydromorphegris, le regosol, le sol podzolique rouge-jaune, le brun forestier, le sol renzina et le listosol. le climat de l’irian jaya est de type équatorial chaud et humide. pour le région de la vallée de la baliem, il est de type équatorial montagneux. d’après les données climatologiques de w à wamena. elle manque des écarts journaliers entre un minimum de 14,2 °c et un maximum de . en général, dans la région de la allée de il fait froid la nuit et chaud la journée. au niveau pluviométriqu ans la tégorie de type a selon la classification d de schm dt & ferguso 0 %, ou le type afa s la pluviométrie annuelle est d’environ 1.100– 3.500 mm, avec une pluviosité journalière quasiment constante presque toute l’année. la 6 reinwardtia [vol.12 saison humide est marquée par un fléchissement de la pluviosité en janvier, février et mars. la période humide couvre au maximum 8 mois consécutifs et la saison sèche seulement 3 mois maximum de juillet à septembre (figure 4). l’humidité relative est moderée, 70–90 %. elle varie sensiblement au cours de la journée. fig. flore et végétation 1. impact de l’homme dans la vallée de la baliem au cours du temps concernant la partie paléobotanique de la vallée de la baliem, les informations dérivent toutes des travaux de haberle, hope & de fretes (1991). elles donnent un aperçu de l’histoire de la végétation de cette région. cette histoire est fondée sur deux types d’analyse: une analyse polynologique et l’analyse de macrorestes (détritus d'arbres) et de charbon de bois dans les strates, corrélée à la vitesse de sédimentation de l’argile. ces analyses sont résumés dans les figures 5 et 6. l’analyse polynique indique donc que la végétation initiale de la vallée était caractérisée par un mélange d’espèces de forêt de montagne. cette forêt aurait été dominée par castanopsis et nothofagus (brass, 1941). les espèces herbacées et les espèces de forêts secondaires auraient été localisées strictement en bordure de rivière et sur les pentes. haberle et al. (1991) fournissent aussi quelauteur e 4. diagramme climatique de la vallée de la baliem (observation de 1976–1994, office de météorologie et géophysique de wamena) b. milieu biologique ques informations sur l’impact de l’homme dans la vallée de la baliem au cours du temps. ces s constatent que le premier impact d l’homme sur le paysage (feux de brousse) date de la période 28.000 ans b.p. cette estimation repose . 0 2 0 4 0 8 0 6 0 % nitrogen x 10 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 8 0 6 0 % phosphorus x 10 3 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 sirm am x 10 62 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 mag susceptibility m kg x 103 -1 -8 0 5 0 1 0 0 % loss on ignition 0 1 0 2 0 carbonised particle cm /cm2 3 t 1 0 8 0 : 8 0 b p 2 8 9 0 : 9 0 b p 4 4 4 0 : 9 0 b p 6 8 7 0 : 9 0 b p s u rf a c e r o o t m b ro w n p e a t b la c k c ru m b ly b a n d e d l in e p b ro w n c la y s g re y c la y s v e ry l o w s a n d a t p e a e a t y s il t 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 depth z o n e c b a fig.5. diagramme des pollens dans le marais kelela, district kurulu (d’après haberle et al., 1991). fig. 6. perte d’ignition, particules de carbon et analyses chimiques et magnétiques des minéraux (d’après haberle et al., 1991). 2 4 5 2 0 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 5 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 7 sur le résultat des analyses du charbon dans les dépôts issus de l’érosion des pentes. concernant les fluctuations de la température dans la région montagneuse centrale, walker & hope (1982) déclarent qu’elle aurait été durant le pléistocène de 2 °c à 3 °c inférieure à la température actuelle. cette constatation repose sur l’analyse du pollen. une dominante d’arbres forestiers dès 28.0 ette époque que ce sont con activité de chasses aux wallabies il y a 5000 ans .p. ils ajoutent que la diminution de la forêt dans aurait eu lieu dès 7000 ans b.p., mais ils ne précisent pas quel type de pratique est en cau gétation est devenue moins den de mar es dans la ime par l’appari 991) suggère l’apparition ces phénomènes résultent de la destruction de l une dégradation importante des pentes qui cernent la vallée. ssivement. 00 b.p. dans la vallée de la baliem suppose la persistance d’un climat nuageux ou d’aspect brumeux. hope (1982) déclare que l’absence de pollens des genres castanopsis et lithocarpus dans la région de marais supulah suggère que ces genres sont restés à basse altitude à cette époque à cause du climat froid. heberle et al. (1991) affirme que des glaciers étaient présents sur la montagne trikora aux sources de la baliem et que c’est probablement à c stitués les fonds alluviaux et marécageux de la vallée. hope & peterson (1976) cité par haberle et al. (1991) estiment que dans les régions situées à 2200 m d’altitude environ dominent de vastes prairies qui étaient « utilisées », sans préciser comment, autour de 10500 ans b.p. une deuxième remarque concernant l’impact de l’homme dans cette région a été faite par hope & hope (1976). ils ont montré qu’il existait une diminution rapide des pollens d’arbres au profit des pollens d’herbes, ce qui traduit une destruction brutale de la forêt dans la vallée. haberle et al. (1991) ont remarquer que les espèces de prairie et de végétation secondaire telles macaranga, sauraria et dodonaea deviennent dominantes en ces lieux. de 5200 à 2900 ans b.p., la destruction progressive de la forêt dans la vallée se traduit par une disparition graduelle des espèces forestières et l’augmentation du nombre d’espèces herbacées. on trouve aussi à cette époque les traces d’une agriculture itinérante avec jachères longu b la vallée (le marais kelela) dûe à l’impact de l’homme se: brûlis de chasse ou brûlis agricoles. rapellons que golson a décelé des traces defossés qu’il interprète comme une preuve de la présence d’agriculture dés 9.000 ans b.p. sur les hautes terres de papouasie nouvelle guinée. la végétation dans la vallée avant 7000 b.p. a été dominée par nothofagus et par quelques petites communautés végétales de prairie et de végétation secondaire. la vé se dans la forêt des marais, incluant des espèces de milieu ouvert comme syzygium et probablement castanopsis. ces dernières plantes ont fini par envahir la région. la période de 7000 à 5000 ans b.p. se caractérise par une interruption de l’accumulation des sédiments dans la vallée sans doute en raison d’une interruption des défrichements sur les pentes qui avait favorisé le ruisselement à l’origine de l’érosion entrainant l’accumulation des sédiments dans la vallée. dès 5200 b.p. se sont développés des carex et des herbes ais. l’analyse des pollens montre une de nouvelles techniques de préparation du sol, permettent d’utiliser la prairie pour l’activité agricole. l’apparition d’espèces de la famille des cyperaceae, dans le marais kelela indique qu’il y a beaucoup d’eau à cet endroit à cette époque, sans doute à cause d’une diminution des moyens d’évacuation de l’eau; ceci a entraîné une augmentation de la productivité du marais, et une sedimentation accelérée venant de la présence en quantité importante de nutriments dès 820 b.p. tous vallée et sur les pentes qui favorisent la formation de forêts secondaires et une régénération de plantes pionnières qui se fait de façon discontinue et inégale. après 2900 b.p., la forêt primaire connait une nouvelle perturbation et les espèces caractéristiques du phénomène de régénération deviennent dominantes. ce phénomène s’expr tion d’arbres plantés ou protégés par l’homme comme les espèces casuarina, pandanus, et de plantes pionnières, trema, celtis, et macaranga. a cela s’ajoute une diminution de la communauté des plantes herbacées venant du fait que la prairie se trouve employée à l’agriculture. golson (1977) cité par haberle et al. (1 a forêt dans la vallée et sur les pentes. les résultats issus de l’analyse du pollen sont très importants, car ils indiquent que dès 1100 b.p., il y a une apparition de plantes ayant une valeur économique comme casuarina et pandanus, ainsi que de plantes pionnières: celtis, et macaranga. le foisonnement de plantes pionnières peut être le fruit de l’aménagement d’un cycle de rotation jachères/cultures. la destruction de la végétation sur les pentes de montagnes, ces derniers siècles est le résultat d’activités humaines destinées à l’installation de jardins. aujourd’hui, on peut constater ces pentes nues subissent une érosion qui s’amplifie progre 8 reinwardtia [vol.12 2. f par illages. au da co gli sol calcaire ba vis fer lea de dro he spe cen arb lan do inatissima, kania eugenioides, et la présence d’es carya, schizomeria, d’espèces part de ces espèces pou e les aspects de l’or exogames (ukul-oak). sur le p l moitié. chaque i vill ak appartiennent bligatoirement à une moitié différente. en vanche les membres d’un même patrilignage, ppartenant donc à une même moitié, peuvent se trouver répartis dans plusieurs isa-eak et donc associés à des ukul oak différents appartenant à l’autre moitié. cette dispersion des ukul-oak qui correspond à des alliances matrimoniales en temps de guerre a souvent rendu les descriptions des anthropologues confuses. chaque isa-eak possède une triple structure de chefferie, l’une associée aux activités pratiques et rituelles ordinaires, en particulier celle qui sont liées à l’agriculture (ap metek kanekela); l’autre associée à la guerre (ap metek wimaela) et la troisième aux techniques thérapeutiques (ap metek uwaela). chacune de ses chefferies se dédouble à son tour entre les deux moitiés. es selon la de l’isa-eak. cette structure se matérialise par les ormations floristiques dans la vallée de la baliem dans la vallée de la baliem et à tous les étages, le milieu est le plus souvent occupé les cultures, la forêt secondaire, et les v quelques pans de forêts sont toutefois préservés sein du domaine cultivé, plus particulièrement ns les lieux sacrés, aux sommets de certaines llines, et dans les zones de pentes sujettes aux ssements de terrain, où domine un difficile à cultiver. la forêt secondaire dans la vallée de la liem est dominée par les espèces dodonea cosa, pittosporum ramiflorum, pittosporum rugineum, homalanthus papuanus, et grevil papuana. la forêt secondaire dans les zones pentes est constituée des espèces rhododenn macgregoriae, r. bayerinckianum, r. llvigii, vaccinium angustifolium, medinilla ciosa, melastoma malabarica, baeckea frutess, etc. on note aussi la présence de jeunes res nothofagus rubra, nothofagus sp., wenddia paniculata, gardenia lamingtonii, etc.. la forêt primaire située autour de la vallée est minée par les espèces castanopsis accum pèces sloanea, microcos, octamyrtus, nothofagus rubra, ilex spicata, ilex versteghii, elaeocarpus, crypto de la famille des cunoniaceae, et de gymnospermes comme podocarpus, dacrycarpus, phyllocladus, araucaria et libocedrus. les sous-bois sont occupés par les pandanus, schefflera, ardisia, eugenia, vaccinium, timonius, dimorpanthera, polygala, planchonella, etc.. dans la vallée, la végétation est entièrement représentée par des espèces anthropogéniques, par exemple: casuarina oligodon, acalypha amentacea, macaranga mappa, dodonaea viscosa, des médium herbacées (fimbristylis sp., eragrotis spp.), et des hautes herbacées (phragmites karka, et mischanthus floribundus). on trouve également des espèces plus ou moins dominantes comme casuarina oligodon, paraserianthes falcataria et araucaria cuninghamii. la plu ssent naturellement et sont ensuite entretenues par l’homme qui s’en sert pour les clôtures de jardins, ou comme bois de chauffage. c. organisation sociale et territoriale nous ne traiterons ici qu ganisation sociale qui permettent de comprendre la façon dont des dani–baliem gérent leur environnement. de ce point de vue on peut dire que la société dani–baliem est fondée sur: a. des unités résidentielles (sili et ouma). b. des unité territoriales isa-eak «génitriceenfant» à l’intérieur desquelles se distribuent les droits d’usage sur la terre et qui correspondent à un niveau d’organisation sur le plan des responsabilités rituelles. c. des patrilignages lan lignager la société dani–baliem est constituée d’un certain nombre d’ukul-oak qui appartiennent chacun à l’une ou l’autre moitié, ebe wita ou ebe waya. chaque ukul-oak porte un nom qui d’après certains informateurs serait e nom de l’ancêtre fondateur. l’ukul-oak est constitué par les descendants de cet ancêtre en filiation patrilinéaire. les moitiés étant exogames les enfants d’un homme appartiennent à son ukul-oak et donc à sa moitié tandis que ceux d’une femme appartenant à l’ukul-oak de son mari sont donc de l’autre sa-eak est formé de deux ukul-oak l’un appartenant chacun à une moitié différente. a l’intérieur de chaque isa-eak on trouve des ages «ouma» formés d’un ou plusieurs enclos d’habitations «sili». sur le plan de la structure sociale chaque isaeak est formé par deux patrilignages, ukul-oak « tête os » portant le nom de leur ancêtre fondateur. l’ensemble des ukul-oak de la vallée de la baliem sont partagé en deux moitiés exogames ou ebe «corps» l’une est appelée ebe wita et l’autre ebe waya. les deux patrilignages qui constituent un isa-e o re a ces trois chefferies sont organisé mê e structure associant les deux ukul-oakm 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 9 places occupées par ses différents acteurs dans le maître que les pilamo rdinaires. c’est là que l’on garde les objets sacrés k" qui signifie «homme débout». sa position est du côté de la porte qui donne vers la ’isa-eak quand il y a un problème à soudre ou un rituel à exécuter. fferie. d. traduisent par des divisions très strictes de l’environnement : ainsi, par exemple, les zones cultivées, les lieux sacrés, les zones protégées, les zones non cultivées, etc. chacune de ces divisions correspond à un certain type de gestion dans lequel la végétation est impliquée. nous allons donc examiner maintenant les différentes catégories d'espace en commençant par l'unité d'habitation en donnant un aperçu des espèces végétales que l’on rencontre dans chacune d’elles. 1. unité d’habitation des dani–baliem (sili) c’est le lieu résidentiel d’une à deux familles , construit en fonction de la topographie an aliem s’installent toujours sur l et protégés du vent. le cas un rôle essentiel dans le cho struction d’un village. en effet, cet arbre constitue un abri idéal pour les hab gion (la vallée) où les vents peu endroits où cette espèce est présente en quantité imp fortes probabilités d’y trou et devenue une espèce indicatrice de la présence humaine. s constructions. chaque ent de faço pilamo (la maison des hommes) du sili dont le de maison est pour son ukul-oak, titulaire de l’une des trois chefferies cidessus. ces pilamo sont de plus grande taille o qui confèrent au patrilignage qui les possède la fonction de chef. on trouvera dans la figure 8 les positions correspondant aux fonctions des différents membres qui composent la chefferie. ces fonctions sont héréditaires. le père choisit parmi ses enfants celui qu’il considère comme le plus capable. les titres correspondant à chaque fonction n’ont pas de sens dans la langue sauf pour le chef "ap mete cour intérieure du sili, silimo, où se réunissent les membres de l ré dans chaque isa-eak il y a pour chaque chefferie deux pilamo; dans l'une c'est un homme appartenant à la moitié waya qui est ap metek, dans l’autre l'ap metek appartient à la moitié wita. c’est l’ap metek qui dirige la discussion après consultation des autres partenaires de la chefferie qui siègent à l’intérieur du pilamo. les deux ap itikmo mete placés à l’arrière sont considérés comme jouant le rôle de pieds. l'un appartient à la moitié wita et l'autre est waya. les deux ap woghuk représentent les mains, ici aussi l'un est wita et l'autre waya. un autre titre est celui de sukam qui n'a pas de sens dans la langue et dont la fonction est d'aider (figure 7). note : 1,2,3,4,5,6 = la position des sukam fig. 7. les positions correspondantes aux fonctions des différents membres qui composent la che connaissance et usage de l’environnement vegetal dans cette partie nous allons essentiellement étudier le point de vue des dani–baliem sur leur environnement, leur connaissance et leurs concepts traditionnels sur l’organisation et la gestion de cet environnement. nous allons successsivement examiner les points suivants: (1) les plantes et l’organisation de l’espace; (2) le savoir botanique local; (3) le système de denomination traditionnelle des plantes; enfin (4) les usages des plantes. les plantes et l’organisation de l’espace la société dani–baliem est traditionnellement dépendante des ressources naturelles disponibles localement. cette dépendance est reflétée par les normes définies par leurs coutumes et leurs traditions. ces normes se nucléaires naturelle. les d i–b pdes lieux ats iuar na oligodon joue ix du lieu de con itations de cette ré vent parfois être violents. ainsi, dans les ortante, il y a de ver un village. elle est en eff le sili se compose de plusieur construction est bâtie individuellem n adaptée à sa fonction. l'ensemble est entouré par une clôture de bois, et il n’y a qu’une porte pour entrer et sortir du sili (figure 8). voici les différents éléments qui se trouvent à l’intérieur d’un sili: (a) des maisons rondes (honai): il existe deux types de honai selon leur 10 reinwardtia [vol.12 mode d’occupation: la maison des hommes (pilamo ou pilai) et la maison des femmes (ebeai ou umah); (b) la cuisine: hunila; (c) la porcherie (wamdabu, wamai); (d) le silimo: l’espace libre entre les différentes cosntructions (voir figure); (e) l’endroit sacré du wadloleget; (f) le jardin potager (ukutlu); (g) lieu d’enfouissement des résidus de la crémation des hommes (pilapolik ou ilaipolike) et des femmes (apolike); (h) lieu de culture de bananiers: hakioma. pour identifier la diversité floristique de cette unité de l’environnement, j’ai utilisé à la fois des inventaires simples, c’est-à-dire j’ai fait un relevé des espèces présentes dans les sili. ces inventaires ne nous fournissent aucune autre indication sur la fréquence ou la dimension des individus. j’ai relevé aussi la structure des jardins situés à l’intérieur du sili, l’organisation de l’espace dans ce jardin et l’origine des plantes qu’on y trouve. fig.8. sili des dani baliem légende : 1. pilamo 2. ebeai 3. hunila ou umah . wamdabu . silimo 6. wadloleget 7. mokarai 8. ukutulu 9. leget 10. haki (musa spp.) 11. yage (cordyline terminalis) 12. sait (pandanus conoideus) 13. wileh (casuarina oligodon) la floristique des sili est très variée et dominée par casuarina oligodon, musa spp. et . selon les relevés fait dans 54 all n 48 co ces mauvaises he ) des èces existan rd sont des plantes in o p marquer que le nombre d’espèces de plantes cultivées dans sili est faible, car la surface de ce j endroits sacrés (wadloleget, opolike, pilaipolike) où na, lyc 4 5 pandanus conoideus sili dans la v ée, j’ai noté un ombre total de espèces sans mpter les espè de rbes (tableau 1 . la majorité esp t dans les ja ins du sili troduites (envir ns 55 %). on eut re les jardins du ardin est très limitée, et qu’il existe plusieurs la culture est interdite. de plus, si les dani– baliem ont besoin de plantes utiles, par exemple médicinales, ils les trouvent facilement dans la forêt secondaire et la forêt primaire; les plantes alimentaires sont cultivées non loin du village. le nombre d’espèces de chaque jardin est très varié, entre 11 à 30 espèces. cette variation est influencée par plusieurs facteurs : la superficie du jardin, l’ancienneté du sili ou du village, l’intérêt des habitants pour essayer de cultiver plusieurs plantes alimentaires, notamment les plantes introduites par les transmigrants, les missionnaires et les fonctionnaires du gouvernement. j’ai trouvé plusieurs jardins de sili comportant plusieurs plantes alimentaires comme des légumes (momordica charantia, solanum melonge opersicon esculentum, etc.), notamment pour les sili dont les chefs de famille sont jeunes. les anciens villages présentent plus d’espèces que les jeunes villages, notamment pour les arbres. certains de ces arbres ont été plantés, d’autres ayant poussés spontanément ont été conservés parcequ’ils etaient utiles. 2. le village: ouma le village ouma est généralement composé de plusieurs sili (figure 9). mais il existe aussi des villages constitués par un seul sili, dans la région montagneuse, où les endroits plats sont très limités. riziere leget wen kulama rivière milima rivière milima w am la le ke n le g e t we la piste ou sentier leget w e n h i n hipere wen hipere p e re holakma lègende: wileh (casuarina oligodon) pinthe (cyanthea cooperii) 1 pilamo ou pilai 6 silimo sin (araucaria cunninghamii) yabe (cordyline terminalis) 2 ebeai 7 mokarai yuragap (podocarpus nerifolius) papaya (carica papaya) 3 hunila 8 ukutlu wiki (paraserianthes falcataria) haki (musa spp.) 4 wandabu 9 leget bangah (sloanea archboldiana) sait (pandanus conoideus) 5 wadloleget fig.9. schéma du village (ouma) de milima-usilimo la flore des villages présentée ici concerne les plantes poussant à l'extérieure des sili, c’est-à2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 11 dire toutes les plantes qui poussent dans les holakoma, les wam laleken et aux alentours des sili, mais à l’intérieur de la clôture collective. la floristique des villages dans la région de la vallée est très variée. j’ai noté 31 espèces d’arbres et 22 espèces d'herbacées dans les villages de la vallée (20 villages) et 17 espèces d’arbres et 12 espèces herb es existantes dans les jard s et les indigènes ont clôture. ils poussent pontanément à partir des graines ou d’autres rganes de propagation venant des individus de la nous a choisissent souvent pour établir leur illages les espèces où les wileh sont abondants. ces espèces arborées se trou ssi b ns l illa ne vallée. cependant la flore de e elle des premiers, en raison de la se roduite t parce q les d de milieu ne sont pas les mêmes. o quer que la part des introduites dans les jardins de sili. mais parfois il ne s’agit pas d’une culture an ainsi qu on ach une a ou un pim les grain sont e rdins de sili ce n’est que si elles germent que l’on va soigner la plante et c s mauvaises herbes qui pourraient p nus, le pandanus conoideus de ancienne et il existe plusieurs i alors que les autres pandanus juliai imos) nt en co s de dom pou peu s les années. en revanche, dans les villages on gran acées dans les villages situés dans la montagne, aux alentours de la vallée (20 villages), notamment dans la région de watlanko. la flore qui existe dans les jardins de sili et à l’intérieur de la clôture de village provient de la combinaison de deux éléments de base: (1) les plantes indigènes (natives), et (2) les plantes introduites. sur l’ensemble de plant ins, on peut remarquer que le nombre d’espèces de plantes introduites est plus élevé que celui des plantes indigènes. par contre, si on compte le nombre d’espèce de chaque jardin, on y trouve que les plantes indigènes sont toujours présentes. plusieurs de ces plantes peuvent être considérées comme un marqueur de l’existence d’un village. ces plantes sont wileh (casuarina oligodon), sait (pandanus conoideus), yabe (cordyline spp.), isoak, holim (lagenaria siceraria) et haki (musa spp.). d’une façon générale les plantes introduites sont cultivée poussé spontanement mais ont pu être protégées ensuite. c’est le cas en particulier des arbres suivants win (ficus drupacea), huleh (ficus adenosperma), sin (araucaria cunninghamii) et wileh (casuarina oligodon) pour les villages de montagnes et on ajoute le wiki (paraserianthes falcataria) pour les villages de la vallée. ces arbres dominent la canopée des jardins de sili. ils sont utilisées pour le bois de chauffage, le bois de construction et le bois de s o forêt primaire, ou des jardins situés à proximité. vons vu plus haut comment les dani– baliem v vent au que dans les ces derniers ien da villages de est plus es v ges de montag rich que c pré nce de plantes int s e ue con itions n peut remar plu plantes sont cultivées org isée et voulue. and ète pap ye, une orange ent es jeté s dans les ja et arra her le l’empêcher de pousser. our les panda est cult culture vars. ( nett i et pandanus bros so ur estication, car leurs présence en forêt est décroissante à cause d'une exploitation importante. des rejets de ces pandanus sont transplantés de la forêt au jardin du sili. le tableau 1 montre le nombre d’espèces existantes dans les jardins de sili (54 jardins de sili), des villages et l'usage qui en est fait. comme r les autres sociétés traditionnelles indonésiennes, j’ai pu constater également que les plantes cultivées dans les jardins de sili sont considérées comme une petite réserve alimentaire pour les besoins quotidiens en particulier comme légumes ou comme nourriture d’encas. ainsi, on t noter la présence de plusieurs plantes pour légumes, plantes médicinales, les plantes pour les outils, et pour d'autres usages. ce tableau montre que les légumes sont dominants dans les jardins de sili, mais ces dominances sont occasionnelles, car ces plantes annuelles ne sont parfois pas cultivées tou remarque une forte dominance des espèces fournissant le bois de construction, de chauffage et de clôture. il y a aussi une dominance des ds arbres forestiers qui ont été plantés ou qui ont poussé spontanément. tableau 1. le nombre d’espèces existantes dans les jardins de sili, des villages et leur mode usage no mode d’utilisation nombre d’espèces dans les jardin de sili nombre d'espèces dans les villages 1 légume 18 2 aliment complémentaire 9 3 fruit 5 3 4 plante médicinale 4 6 5 ustensile, vêtement 3 7 6 bois de construction 10 22 7 bois de chauffage 11 19 8 bois de clôture 11 20 9 rituels 5 3 10 ornementale 4 1 11 préparation de seni 2 12 liens 3 13 autres : boisson, cigarette 4 1 12 reinwardtia [vol.12 les inventaires floristiques dans les villages confirment que la végétation varie d’un village à l’autre. dans un village il n’y a parfois que deux à trois espèces d’arbres seulement, par exemple casuarina oligodon et paraserianthes falcataria et pandanus conoideus. par contre, au village de ela e noken, sali et yokal. ages en montagne. la tige de cette plante est utilisée pour la fabrication de bracelet qui aujourd’hui est devenu un objet . dans les villages de la vallée, on peut marquer que ce sont les espèces annuelles qui se rep pèces typiques de la form ites karka) ou de zone plate (imperata cyli ujourd’hui natu te ici paraserianthes falcataria, cas ardin ou u patates douces poussent bien cela signifie que leurs levage du porc donnera satisfaction et qu'ils seront en bonne santé. par contre il y a un manque d’h tion egaima (wosi), j’ai noté 18 espèces d’arbres. notons que la cordyline est toujours présente dans les jardins de sili. les dani–baliem divisent cette plante en deux categories: (a) yabe ap (cordyline terminalis) est considéré comme ayant un sexe masculin, et (b) yabe hai (cordyline terminalis) est considéré comme un yabe féminin. mais, il n'y a aucune différence d'utilisation entre les deux yabe. les dani–baliem les utilisent pour les rituels traditionnels. pour les différencier ils se basent sur la couleur des feuilles, de la tige et du tronc. le yabe ap est violet rougeâtre, alors que les feuilles, les tiges et le tronc du yabe hai sont d’une couleur entre le vert et le violet. j’ai remarqué que dans les villages situés dans la montagne ou sur les pentes, les ficus spp. sont fréquent. les fibres de ces plantes sont utilisées pour la fabrication d dans les villages de la montagne les herbacées que l’on trouve sont plusieurs fougères comme cyclosorus sp., cyathea cooperii et pteridium sp., utilisées comme légume lorsqu’il y a un rituel traditionnel. l’autre fougère est dicranopteris liniaris qu’on trouve partout sur les pentes ou dans les vill souvenir pour les touristes dans la vallée de la baliem re roduisent facilement comme erechtites paniculata, bidens biternata dont les graines sont facilement véhiculées par les hommes, les animaux (zoochorie) et/ou le vent (anemochorie); les espèces stolons qui résistent à la saison sèche, imperata cylindrica, cyperus sp., cyperus kyllingia, et paspalum conjugatum et même au feu pour imperata cylindrica. notons que les espèces arborées sont communes aux villages de la vallée et à ceux de la montagne. ce sont soit des es ation de la forêt primaire (sloanea archboldiana, lithocarpus ruffovillosus, flacourtia rukam, arthrophyllum macranthum, glochidion rubrum et g. vinkianum, microcos sp., octamyrtus pleiopetala, etc.); soit des espèces typiques de la formation de la lisière lorsque la transition est brutale (araucaria cunninghamii, sloanea archboldiana, castanopsis acuminatissima, flacourtia rukam, microcos sp., etc.). d’une façon générale remarquons que les plantes que l’on trouve dans les villages correspondent au milieu dans lequel ils sont implantés; plantes typiques de milieu inondé (imperata cylindrica, mischanthus floribundus, phragm ndrica, erechtites paniculata, melastoma spp., grevillea papuana, acalypha amentacea, casuarina oligodon) pour les villages de vallée; espèces caractéristiques des pentes pour les villages qui y sont installés (grevillea papuana, cyclosorus sp., dicranopteris liniaris, cyathea cooperii, imperata cylindrica, et leersia hexandra). on y trouve également les espèces introduites, calliandra callothyrsus (plante de reboisement) et une espèce exotique a ralisée et largement répandue en irian jaya, psidium guajava (fruitier). il me semble qu'un village (plantes du sili inclues) est un endroit où on trouve les espèces sauvages qui ont subi des tentatives de domestication, on no uarina oligodon, araucaria cunninghamii, pandanus spp.(p. julianettii, p. brosimos, p. pectianus, p. conoideus). 3. le jardin de patates douces: wen hipere leget le jardin de patate douce est appelé par les dani–baliem wen hipere leget: wen = un j n champ, hipere = la patate douce (ipomoea batatas), leget = la clôture. la culture de ce jardin est une des activités centrales et quotidiennes des dani–baliem. en effet, elle est en relation avec l’ensemble des activités sociales des dani-baliem. la patate douce constituant leur aliment de base, elle est considérée comme une source de vie: "sans hipere ils seraient morts, la vie sans hipere n’est pas possible". l’hipere est un symbole de fertilité, d'harmonie, et de santé pour eux. si les relations avec la nature et avec leurs ancêtres sont bonnes, que l’é si la production de patate douce est faible, à cause de maladies par exemple, alors armonie avec leur environnement. pour éviter une telle situation, les dani–baliem procèdent à un rituel appelé hiperekenla qui est un rituel de fertilité. ce rituel ne vise pas les seules producs de patate douce mais il est aussi destiné à maintenir la bonne santé des hommes et des porcs. 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 13 le jardin de patate douce peut être aussi considéré comme une réserve de nourriture. en effet chez les dani–baliem, les femmes ne déterrent pas les patates douces en une seule fois. elles en récoltent seulement pour un ou deux jours, en fonction de leurs besoins. en outre elles ne prennent que les gros tubercules, laissant en place les petits jusqu’à ce qu’ils grossissent. comme l’a dit une femme si on déterrait ces petits on ferait pleurer la patate douce. pour les dani–baliem l’hipere est comme la source de vie. traditionnellement, il existe une relation très étroite entre le jardin (wen), les porcs (wam) et l’homme dans la vie quotidienne. ces trois éléments (wen, wam, et les dani) sont fortement liés. les dani–baliem distinguent des types différents de jardins de patates douces selon l’emplacement et la technique de préparation: (1) wen olilu: c’est un petit jardin de caractère individuel, c’est-à-dire travaillé par un seul couple et situé à proximité du sili ou de l’ouma; (2) wen oakwen: désigne le jardin de patates douces dans la vallée ou dans un endroit plat; (3) wen tinak: c’est un rdin de patates douces construit sur pente, sur s flancs d’une montagne ou d’une colline. en se basant ani–baliem divisent les jardins de patate douce n trois autres types: (a) wen imah: quand un rdin est préparé dans un en oit à drainage loqué où l’eau est peu profonde, on creuse des ssés très profond (entre 1,5 m et 2 m environ); ) wen eken ou wen alobaga: quand le jardin est tabli dans un endroit plat et bien drainé; les ssés sont peu profonds, environ 0,5 à 0,75 m; ) wen yabula: les jardins n’ont pas de fossés sur pente d’une montagne ou d’une colline. es différentes étapes des travaux agricoles et les ituels associés . ouverture d'un nouveau jardin, rythme de otation des mises en cultures pour assurer leurs besoins vitaux les dani– aliem disposent de plusieurs jardins, énéralement trois ou quatre, qui se succèdent ans la production ainsi que l'illustre la figure 10. le jardin a est le plus ancien. il a été ouvert n forêt primaire ou secondaire. il commence à et pend lonne nous l' s plu grossir. etant donné qu'il faut nviron quatre mois pour préparer et planter un nou e la succession théo ulture et la récolte de p ja le sur la technique utilisée, les d e ja dr b fo s (b é fo (c la l r a r b g d e produire quatre mois environ après sa plantation ant environ huit mois. la récolte s'écheen fonction des cultivars; on ne prélève, avons vu, que les gros tubercules laissant s petits le e veau jardin, quand le jardin a commence à donner il faut préparer un nouveau jardin b. quand ce jardin b entame sa production au bout de huit mois (quatre mois de préparation + quatre mois de maturation) le jardin a est abandonné et l'on doit commencer à préparer un jardin c et ainsi de suite. cependant ce cycle se complique du fait qu'au bout de quatre mois d'abandon en jachère intercalaire on peut recultiver le jardin a et que l'on peut refaire ainsi sur la même parcelle deux à trois plantations successives de patates douces. mais ces plantations suivantes produisent moins longtemps ce qui perturb rique des jardins a, b, c, etc. décrite plus haut. notons que pour chaque plantation, les boutures de patate douce sont prélevées sur un jardin en état de production. fig.10. systém rotation de la plantation de patate douce dans la vallée de baliem (-----= transferts et circulation des cultivars locaux de patates douces dans les jardins des dani– baliem). dans l’organisation de la c atate douce ce sont les femmes qui jouent un rôle important. ce sont elles qui savent quand il faut commencer à replanter un jardin, en ouvrir un nouveau et commencer à récolter. une fois le brûlis et le travail de la terre effectués par les hommes, l’entretien relève de la responsabilité abandonné forêt primaire, forêt secondaire jardin abandonné jardin a jardin b jardin c abandonné abandonné jardin sulivant 14 reinwardtia [vol.12 des femmes. s’il y a une faute dans l’organisation de la succession des tâches, ce sont elles qui sont fautives et considérées comme incapables. en pendant plusieurs mois. qui, à l'intérieur de l'unité territoriale d'un traditionnellement l’ouverture ne peut se autorisation du chef ap metek a la charge de l’aménagement du terr kanekela et obtenir l’accord de tous les membres ayant déjà rdin. nisation des jardins et la es de plat et qui n’est jam tion du process 1934) cité par geiger (1959) ont effet, la conséquence d'une erreur entraînera des difficultés à fournir sa famille en nourriture de base en outre ce ne sont pas toujours les mêmes ménages isa-eak, s’associent pour ouvrir un nouveau jardin. a chaque ouverture d'un nouveau jardin les ménages peuvent se répartir différemment. la préparation d’un nouveau jardin dans la vallée de la baliem constitue un grand événement et un travail collectif de la part de l’ensemble des hommes dont les épouses vont se partager l’espace du jardin. il nécessite une importante main-d’oeuvre et s’accompagne de rituels. faire qu’avec l’ kanekela qui itoire. ce chef sera celui de la moitié waya ou de la moitié wita selon que le jardin dépend de l’un ou de l’autre chef comme nous l’avons vu dans la description de l’organisation sociale. tous les membres de l’isa-eak qui ont un droit d’usage sur cet emplacement sont avertis. ils peuvent appartenir aussi bien l’une qu’à l’autre moitié. s’il y a une ou plusieurs autres personnes qui veulent utiliser cette terre, il faut d’abord demander l’autorisation au chef un droit sur ce ja l’ouverture d’un nouveau jardin nécessite le choix du terrain, le partage (wen sutarek) et la superficie du jardin, le rituel (jage ekat matarek), abattage (jabo tagalarek), le brûlis, faire la clôture (jabo leget), l’orga préparation des plantations, la plantation, entretien (sarclage, ameublissement du sol et retournement des tiges, dépôt des limons sur les buttes de plantation, les maladies et les pestes), le rituel de ferilité (hiperekenla), et la récolte. b. l’organisation des jardins les dani–baliem adaptent leurs techniqu préparation du sol aux conditions environnementales. on distingue ainsi deux types de jardins de vallée selon la profondeur des fossés de drainage: wen imah dont les fossés sont profonds et wen alobaga dont les fossés sont moins profonds. enfin un troisième type wen yabula sont des jardins de pente qui ne nécessitent pas de fossés de drainage. nous allons examiner successivement comment se mettent en place ces différents types de jardin. les jardins de vallée: les fossés et les plates bandes la différence entre wen imah et wen alobaga est une implantation dans un type de milieu différent. pour l’un comme pour l’autre, l’organisation du réseau de fossés et la préparation des plates-bandes entre ces fossés sont les mêmes. cette organisation remarquable est caractéristique des jardins de la vallée de la baliem et c’est ce que l’on voit en premier quand on arrive par avion à wamena. a. wen imah le jardin wen imah est une technique de culture appliquée par les dani–baliem dans les zones marécageuses là où la nappe est superficielle et les risques d’inondation fréquents. le drainage est alors assuré par des fossés très profonds, entre 1,5 et 2 mètres, et de 1,5 à 3 mètres de largeur. ces fossés constituent des pièges pour le limon. maintenant les dani– baliem utilisent ces fossés comme un vivier pour des poissons qui ont été introduits. b. wen alobaga ce terme est utilisé pour désigner un jardin qui est construit dans un endroit ais inondé. ici le fossé est peu profond environ de 0,5 à 0,75 mètre de profondeur et de 0,50 à 1 mètre de largeur. dans toute la partie plate de la vallée, la culture exige un drainage de l’eau. pour le wen alobaga, le système est fermé, ce qui constitue une réserve d’humidité pour la saison sèche. par contre, pour le wen imah le système est ouvert de façon à ce que l’eau en surplus puisse s’évacuer. d’une façon générale les fossés profonds ont une fonction d’abaissement du niveau d’eau du sol. les deux types de fossé jouent un rôle important dans le cycle de transfert des nutriments. en effet les mauvaises herbes sont, lors du désherbage systématiquement jetées dans les fossés. ces fossés ont une fonction d’accéléra us de sédimentation des matériaux solides apportés par l’eau et également de diminution des fluctuations de température. dans le wen imah (jardin de patate douce dans une zone marécageuse), de la région siba, la surface de l’eau est à environ entre 45 à 90 cm de la surface du sol. la teneur en eau moyenne dans la plate-bande est d’environ 75 % à 78 %. ramdas & dravid ( constaté qu’une submersion par de l’eau stagnante peut diminuer la température du sol d’environ 5° à 15°c jusqu’à une profondeur 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 15 d’environ 10 cm. la température moyenne du sol dans la plate-bande à 5 cm de profondeur est d’environ 21,5°c, la fluctuation de température est de 3,3°c environ. selon hahn (1977), la température du sol optimale pour la patate douce est de 21° à 27°c. la parcelle cultivée par une famille nucléaire est entourée par un fossé appelé wen panla. le terme panla désigne les lieux considérés comme lieux de passage ou de repos des ancêtres. on s en forêt rimaire. dans le système de fossé, panla s’ap . les étant la tête appelée wen alua tué uniquement par les hommes avec le âton à fouir, sege. la v moins l’espace situé à l’ les ouve autour de village de st inondée. attaques des pop che d’humus est de p c. l peut en trouver partout y compri p plique aussi à l’intersection entre deux ou trois fossés. de part et d’autre de ces intersections on appelle cette partie du fossé antema, tandis que le centre se nomme wen olo ou wen tinakla. le fossé intérieur central s’appelle ikala, tandis que ses branches et diverticules se nomme hurokokla points terminaux des fossés dans les platesbandes s’appelle wen alekma. les fossés délimitent des plates-bandes qui ont aussi chacune un nom d’après leur forme. les plates-bandes délimitées par des hurokokla sont appelées wen mot quand elles sont très allongées ou wen ilakoba si elles sont plus courtes. l’ensemble de ces plates-bandes séparées par des branches de fossé est désigné par l’expression wen lampulikoba. les parties en l sont appelées wen hanin ou haninoba, celles en s wen nomok ou nomokoba ou wen kolobaga. wen fulukenoba a une forme de demi-cercle. dans le jardin, on trouve en outre au centre, une platebande nommée wen kekenbokbok que les utilisateurs considèrent avoir la forme d’un corps humain, la partie ronde kma kokma, tandis que la partie allongée, osinmo, serait le corps. ce type de plate-bande existe dans chaque jardin collectif. la configuration des jardins de patates douces, fossés et plates-bandes demeure quand le jardin est abandonné. chaque fois que le jardin est réutilisé on recreuse les fossés et on remet la terre ainsi enlevée sur les plates-bandes. ce travail comme les autres tâches agricoles doit être initié par le chef kanekela. ce travail pénible et difficile est effec b on imagine que l’ouverture d’un jardin dans allée, dans un endroit où il n’y en aurait jamais eu constituerait un travail énorme, mais cela ne se produit jamais. par contre suivant le nombre de familles participant à la réouverture d’un jardin on utilise plus ou intérieur de l’ancienne clôture. on peut ainsi considérer que ces jardins conservent réellement la trace des ancêtres des actuels utilisateurs et on comprend que les dani–baliem estiment que leurs ancêtres participent toujours de la préparation des jardins. jardins de montagne wen yabula ce sont des jardins de pente qui ne nécessitent pas de drainage. on les tr montagne comme wadlanko, mais aussi de vallée comme à siba où une partie des jardins est établi sur les pentes de façon à disposer de réserves en alimentation quand la vallée e les dani–baliem aiment cultiver les jardins de patate douce sur les pentes de la montagne, ceci pour plusieurs raisons. ce type de jardin nécessite moins de travail puisqu’il n’est pas nécessaire de creuser des fossés; la clôture est construite en pierres et il est beaucoup moins soumis aux dégâts provoqués par les porcs. en outre les dani–baliem disent que les patates douces y sont plus sucrées, plus agréables au goût, la chair de la patate douce étant plus compacte. le goût plus sucré s’expliquerait par une teneur en eau du sol plus faible que dans la vallée, ce qui peut influencer la quantité de sucre dans les tubercules et donc leur goût. enfin, il existait jadis une autre raison d’ordre stratégique: le jardin de montagne était davantage protégé des ulations ennemies. cependant les jardins de patates douces sur les pentes présentent des désavantages écologiques. en effet ils sont soumis à une érosion intense, d’autant plus qu’ils sont souvent plantés selon des sillons parallèles à la pente et les travaux destinés à retenir la terre. a chaque nouvel abandon du jardin la cou lus en plus minces et la végétation a du mal à se reconstituer. seules des fougères, des poacées et des cyperacées sont capables de s’installer petit à petit. es avantages de préparation des buttes la préparation du sol des plates-bandes avec le bâton à fouir ainsi que l’extraction des limons du fond des fossés sont les dernières tâches exécutées par les hommes. toutes les autres activités sont faites par les femmes. les hommes commencent par ameublir le sol (dagalin) puis ils préparent les buttes (mogot) dans lesquelles seront plantées les patates douces. la partie plates autour des buttes est appelée amik et c’est là que l’on met les plantes qui sont associées aux patates douces: maïs, taros, ignames, etc.. les buttes sont distantes de 100 cm à 120 cm (distance mesurée entre 2 sommets de butte). la 16 reinwardtia [vol.12 surface d’une butte de plantation est d’environ 10.5 t 45% nombre d’émissions de radiations de grandes ondes de la nut n des uchele, 1972) cité par rossenberg (1974) et oke (1978). sunarto (1987) a m q les –ba a construction de buttes puis l’enrichissement après l tion en limons provenant du fond des fossés font évoluer la structure du sol, l’aération d illeure et davantage d’oxygène est disponible pour le sy d cro-organismes. quantité insuffisante d me développement, provoque une diminution de la f ercul ar bea p de es fibreuses se forment. tate e est ntée d la butte, les feuilles de cette plante se dispersent en s de cet tte. de façon naturelle, les feuilles de la patate douce poussent parallèl ce du la p douc ntée dans une butte a des feuilles qui pousseront e ngle gra ec la ne h i em les feuilles de se recouvrir ent et permet une me i ayonnement solaire favorisant ainsi le bon développement du tubercule de la patate douce. les recherches de chapman & cow vrent pas a une production plus auvaises herb les sol des 00 cm² à 11.500 cm². la teneur en eau moyenne dans la butte est 38%–52%, la teneur en eau de la base de butte es à 52%, de la partie centrale 40% à 45% et de la partie supérieure est 27 % à 40%. la patate douce plantée dans une butte de terre trouve des conditions de développement optimale. la patate douce est une plante résistante à la sécheresse. cette plante a besoin d’une période sèche pendant la formation de tubercules (hahn, 1977). par contre, un environnement plus humide peut diminuer la production de tubercules (spence & humprise, 1972 cité par hahn, 1977). alors que oke (1978) a constaté que l’établissement de buttes de terre influence la capture de radiations de courtes ondes et diminue le terre. les effets de ce phénomène sont la température d’air autour de la buttes et une dimi variations (shaw & bio ontré que près de wam sol par ena liem, lue le travail du dani a planta u sol est me stème racinaire de la patate ouce et des mi selon hahn (1977), une ’oxygène, notam nt au début de la phase de ormation de tub es, c ucou racin quand la pa douc pla ans uivant la pente te bu ement à la surfa sol. atate e pla n faisant un a plus nd av lig orizontale. cec complètem pêche illeure nterception du r ling (1965) cité par sunarto (1987) ont montré que la patate douce qui grimpe et dont les feuilles ne se recou élevée de tubercules. le taux des nutriments dans le sol du jardin de patates douces n’est pas le même à l’intérieur des buttes et autour de ces dernières (tableau 2). ce tableau montre que les pratiques agricoles des dani–baliem peuvent améliorer la fertilité du sol. le taux de p et de k total dans les buttes est plus important. j’en déduis que ce phénomène est provoqué par un taux de matière organique plus élevé dans ces buttes. ceci est dû aux cendres des brûlis exécutés lors de l’essartage et à l'enfouissement des restes de plantes et de m es dans la terre pendant le travail de préparation du sol. les cendres provenant de ce brûlis fournissent en une très courte période des quantités importantes de nutriments qui assurent la fertilité du sol (cox & atkins, 1979). tableau 2. le taux des nutriments dans le jardin de la patate douce (alluvial) le éléments nutriments les limoneux platesbandes le sol des buttes ph (h2o) 5,45 6,55 6,63 c-organique (%) 6,19 4,35 4,88 n total (%) 0,19 0,15 0,20 p disponible (ppm) 88,9 18,9 82,9 k (hcl 25%) (mg/100 gram) 42,32 34,5 52,67 ca échang. (me/100 gram) 7,01 7,46 4,57 mg échang. (me/100 gram) 0,70 1,42 0,95 k échang. (me/100 gram 0,26 ) 1,28 0,15 na échang. (me/100 gram) 0,26 0,43 0,26 total (me/100 gram) 8,23 10,59 5,93 cec (me/100 gram) 16,40 13,6 26,8 la saturation de basse (%) 50,20 4,1 22,1 en outre l’enrichissement en limons provenant des fossés permet d’augmenter la teneur en éléments minéraux. les expérimentations de sunarto (1987) à wamena ont montré que le traitement par brûlis des herbes sèches provoque une légère augmentation du taux de k-total, et une diminution du taux de p. les observations de nye & greenland (1964) cité par cox & atkins (1979) rendent compte du fait que le brûlis de la végétation provoque une diminution du taux des matières organiques et du taux d’azo te mais, une augmentation possible du taux de k, ca (2 à 3 fois) et mg (1,5 fois). après 2 ans de plantation, les taux de k, mg reviennent à l’initial. 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 17 l’enfouissement des restes de plantes et des mauvaises herbes permet de ramener des matières organiques dans le sol. barber (1979) cité par stoskopf (1981) a montré que l’enfouissement des tiges et feuilles de maïs, fait chaque année, permet d’améliorer le taux de matières organiques traitement est doublé, le tau ement en limons utilisés nt que s’il n’ajoutent pas des limons, de nutriun pro ), sunarto (1987) à celle que j’ai faite 24 ans plus tard (purwanto, 1995), les cela montre que le syst autre de leur jardin qui est stade de production ou dans d’autres jard res femmes apportent aussi d’autres bou avoir une large gamme de cultivars dans un même jardin: (0,2%) après 6 ans. si le x de matière organique augmente jusqu’à environ 0,6%. après 11 ans, l’augmentation de matière organique est de 0,3% dans le premier cas et de 0,61% dans le second. pour vérifier les avantages des pratiques des dani–baliem, j’ai effectué une analyse du sol au niveau des buttes et autour, dans le reste de la plate-bande. les résultats montrent que ce traitement augmente la teneur en nutriments, en matière organique, en n et p et la cec (tableau 2). les limons de fossé se forment dans un milieu réducteur comme dans les rizières submergées de façon prolongée. les milieux réducteurs présentent des ph (6,5 à 7) très stables. la disponibilité en nutriments est alors plus élevée, l’ion nh4+ devient plus stable par rapport au nitrate, la décomposition se déroule avec un ratio c/n plus élevé (ponnamperuma, 1964 cité par kawaguchi, 1966; mohr et al., 1972). le creusement de fossés par les dani–baliem assure l’approvisionn comme engrais de la patate douce. les dani– baliem dise la production de patate douce est plus faible. le poids sec des limons ramenés est d’environ 170 tonnes par hectare, contenant 323 kg de n et 14,89 kg de p2o5 (p total) et 23 kg de k échangeable. il s’agit donc bien d’une fertilisation. les limons du fossé ont un taux ments plus élevé que le sol de la plate-bande, cela montre qu’au fond du fossé se déroule cessus d’enrichissement par sédimentation. ce résultat est similaire à ceux de sunarto (1987) dans la région de « aikima ». le sol de cette région est dominé par l’organosol et hydromorphe gris. cette région se situe à environ 24 km de mon site d’étude. johnson et al. (1984) a constaté qu’un fossé a une fonction de rassemblement et de capture des nutriments comme dans la région humide autour de la vallée et du lac. si l’on compare l’analyse du sol de soepraptohardjo et al., (1971 résultats changent très peu. ème du jardin de patates douces des dani– baliem wen hipere leget garantit la fertilité du sol. jusqu’à aujourd’hui les dani–baliem n’ajoutent pas d’autres engrais dans leurs jardins. d. pratiques culturales dès que l’ap metek kanekela a planté la première patate douce hupuk, les femmes peuvent commencer à préparer les boutures de patates douces, prélevées dans un au ins. les boutures sont prélevées sur les pieds de patates douces en place ; elles sont sectionnées à une longueur de 30 cm à 40 cm. la femme d’une famille invite les autres femmes du village à venir l’aider pour la plantation. elle a déjà préparé les boutures destinées à être plantées mais les aut tures. les transferts et la circulation des cultivars locaux sont présentés figure no 10. une famille dani–baliem a 2 à 3 jardins de patates douces. les cultivars sont les mêmes dans les 3 jardins, puisque les boutures sont prélevées dans l’un pour être replantées dans l’autre. parfois il y a des échanges de cultivars entre les femmes. cela permet d’ a. cultivars pour les rituels (hupuk, arogulek et helaleken) b. cultivars pour les bébés (sabolok, hupiye, wirelum, sogania, ponai, pilha, wosilolo, hupuk, musan et helaleke baru, etc.) c. cultivars pour les porcs (ogopen, niok ukut, namokera, intiban, puluk, mikmak, etc.) d. cultivars pour les malades (saboro, hulok, musan, sagania, werelum, hupuk, musaneken). je n’ai pas mentionné les cultivars destinés à l’alimentation de base, car tous les cultivars peuvent être utilisés. les cultivars pour les bébés et pour les malades présentent plusieurs caractéristiques comme : peu de fibres, une structure de tubercule meuble, plus de sucre etc. alors que les cultivars pour les porcs sont les plus fibreux, la structure de tubercule est plus massive et le goût moins agréable. les trois cultivars utilisés pour les rituels et exigés par la coutume ont le meilleur goût. 1. la diversité du cultivars on peut considérer l’irian jaya comme un centre secondaire de diversification génétique de la patate douce. en effet, cette région présente une importante diversité génétique. schneider et al., (1993) a montré que la région de jayawijaya où se trouve la vallée de la baliem est riche en cultivars locaux, il dénombre 224 cultivars. renwarin (1992) a constaté que la société ekagi dans la vallée de la kamu (paniai) cultive 136 cultivars de patate douce. 18 reinwardtia [vol.12 d’après mes observations, chaque jardin (de 2 ha à 5 ha) regroupe de 50 à 77 cultivars différents (tableau 3). dans les jardins de la région de siba, wosi et jiwika, il y a peu de différences entre les variétés cultivées d’un jardin à l’autre car les cultivars sont transférés d’un jardin à l’autre. la diversité des patates douces présente un aspect à la fois génétique et culturelle. la période d’observation fut trop courte (1 ans) pour analyser la dimension génétique. le classement des cultivars locaux s’est fait sur la base des critères phénotypiques (forme et couleur des feuilles) et ar les tionnaires du gouvernement qui viennent de régions comme paniai. les cultivars nommés assez uweal hetmeke. . la conn écifique des cultivars les connaissances des femmes sur les cultivars de patate douce sont plus étendues que celles des homm f connaissent caractéristiques de cultivars de patate douce. l d les i de l’appareil a en e n r e fo e ici a été récolté. s s capacités d’adaptation écologique, la durée de maturation, la couleur du tubercule et sa texture, la f données par les femmes. s c d e ceux es pentes sont différents. les cultivars ont des caractéristiques ente du point de vue de leur capacité adaptative, notamme t par ra port aux teneurs en eau du sol. les cultivars de la vallée sont les plus résistants aux fortes teneurs en eau, mais ces cultivars ne sont pas capables de s’ad e. l uelles, alimentaires, de p sur les critères de différenciation fournis p dani–baliem. 2. la distribution des cultivars dans les jardins et l’évolution de la diversité la distribution des cultivars de patate douce dans les jardins de la région étudiée est difficile à établir, car le nombre et le type de cultivars diffèrent d’un jardin à l’autre. j’ai remarqué que chaque jardin de plaine a environ 50 à 77 cultivars différents. mais dans les jardins de pente ou les jardins de montagne, le nombre des cultivars est d’environ 15 à 22 cultivars. en effet, le jardin sur pente ou de région montagneuse a besoin de cultivars spécifiques qui sont capables de pousser dans des conditions beaucoup plus marginales. chaque famille nucléaire cultive environ 20 à 50 cultivars de patate douce, avec une moyenne de 35 cultivars. le nombre des cultivars qui est cultivé par chaque famille diffère selon leurs besoins. il y a une indication de l’érosion génétique des patates douces dans la vallée de la baliem qui est provoquée par la plantation des cultivars préférés par les dani–baliem, notamment les nouveaux cultivars. plusieurs raisons à ce changement: l’introduction de nouveaux cultivars aux caractéristiques plus avantageuses, par exemple une maturité plus courte, un goût plus sucré, etc. ces nouveaux cultivars introduits sont apportés par les étudiants des séminaires catholiques et protestants qui viennent d’autres régions et par des fonc asli (ind.) ou «originels» sont désormais difficiles à trouver dans cette région, car ces cultivars ont une durée de maturité très longue d’environ 8 mois, par exemple suweal asli, hupuk asli, inin, etc. alors les dani–baliem, notamment les femmes, ne les transfèrent pas dans les nouveaux jardins. a l’inverse, les femmes cherchent les cultivars introduits à durée de maturité d’environ 4 mois. les cultivars introduits sont ilagake qui vient de la région d’ilaga, et mikmak qui vient des dani l’ouest. plusieurs cultivars de courte durée de maturité qui se dispersent dans toute la vallée portent le mot het c’est-à-dire nouveau en deuxième déterminant, par exemple helaleke hetmeke, s 3 aissance sp es. les emmes bien les elles es reconnaissent ’après caractér stiques is aussivégétatif dans les jardins, m xamina t le tube cule un is que c r le lu les information su la orme et la couleur des feuilles et des fleurs sont le ultivars e la vallé et d différ s n p apter aux faibles teneurs. a l’inverse, les cultivars de pente sont capables de s’adapter aux faibles teneurs en eau, et moins adaptables aux fortes concentrations. mais pour mieux comprendre, il faudrait mener une recherche de type agronomique. mais il existe aussi plusieurs cultivars qui sont capables de s’adapter aux conditions de la vallée et de la pente. ces cultivars sont: abukul, hompiye, hubuak, abilika, wamuok, nalik dogon, kampior, inin, sabolok, saganiah, nogiah, et tamue. es diférents usages de la patate douce dans le jardin de patates douces, les dani–baliem cultivent plusieurs cultivars, chaque culture est proportionnelle aux besoins. les dani–baliem savent quelle quantité il faut planter pour chacun des cultivars. généralement, les dani–baliem plantent les cultivars de patate douce destinés aux utilisations quotidiennes. dans un même jardin, on peut trouver les différents cultivars destinés aux multiples utilisations (rit harmacopée etc. le tableau 3 montre plu sieurs cultivars de patate douce et leurs utilisations. dans certaines conditions, il est possible d’utiliser toutes les variétés pour certaines fonctions. 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 19 tableau 3. les cultivars de patate douce et leur utilisation utilisation pour les bébés pour les porcs pour les malades pour les rituels pour l’alimentation arugulek ogopen saborok arugulek tous les cultivars hulok musan hulok helaleke helaleke niokukut musan humpuk humpuk namokera saganiah hompiye helaleke werelum asli helaleke tinta humpuk hetmeke pilha mikmak musaneken ponai fuluk saganiah duok sabolok inteban wirelum suweal hetmeke wosilolo pour les feuilles de patate douce utilisées comme légume, les dani–baliem préfèrent certains cultivars dont les feuilles ont meilleur goût. ces cultivars sont helaleke hetmeke, helaleke asli, helaleke molage, helaleke milige et abokul. f. techniques de plantation de la patate douce et connaissance des dani–baliem sur la croissance et le développement des patates douces toutes les familles de dani–baliem procèdent de la même façon, et l’on peut ici aisément généraliser. dans le jardin, les plantations débutent toujours par la patate douce. elle se fait avec le bâton à fouir sege avec lequel on creuse les buttes de plantation de 15 à 20 cm de profondeur. cm, sont alors enfoncées dans le sol meuble, apex tourné vers le haut. la coupe se fait à la toute la famille participe à la plantation (la art des enfants le plus de 10 ans n’étant pas n f les et ont un nouveau né (on note qu'après une à de s ticipent vail dans l u jardi al risen sance d e iv ( ai pa outure de patate d ête à êtr ipe t ipomoea batatas, ai palek qui signifie une bouture. comme (3). hipere pugun warek, la tige de la patate douce ommence à grimper, les feuilles se multiplient. n puisse prélever des boutures. (5). (2). hipere keraiyago, est une bouture qui nce à pousser. c (4). hipere ai falek, la patate douce est suffisante pour que l’o hipere iyalo, stade de floraison et de formation des tubercules. (6). hipere hole agama ou hipere iyasuok, les tubercules commencent à pouvoir être récolté. la connaissance des dani–baliem sur la croissance de la patate douce repose sur une description des étapes de croissance et de developpement de la patate douce (figure 11). hipere pugun ai palek hipere keraiyago oak hipere ai palek hipere pugun warek eka deux à trois boutures de patate douce, de 30 à 50 l’ main ou au coupe-coupe. pour les patates douces, les femmes recommandent de mélanger les ariétés dans la même butte. v p égligeable), sau malades les femmes qui ux emaines, ces femmes par au tra eur nouvea n). les dani–b douc iem caracté t la crois ante: e la patate 1). hipere de la façon su blek, est une ée. houce pr e cultiv re es eken hipere iyalo hipere ebe hipere hole agala ou hipere iyasuok fig. 11. la connaissance des dani–baliem sur la croissance et la développement des patates douces g. les plantes cultivées dans le jardin de patates douces le tableau 4 fournit un inventaire des plantes représentatifs des cultures dans la zone étudiée. ce tableau donne une indication sur la quantité de occupe la presque totalité de la surface cultivable des jardins (90% – 95%), le reste correspondant surfaces plantées en , num t, il faut insister sur le fait que les autres plantes présentes sont intercalaires. il est donc difficile d’évaluer la surface plantée avec cultivars. le nom e d pi s d pa e uc été tim de 0. 2. ds ar cta . toutes entre les buttes de patates douces, dans ce ue dani–baliem p n i cultivées dans plusieurs jardins considérés comme plantes cultivées pour chacun des cultivars. la patate douce, culture principale des dani–baliem hupak, sowa, wenyale, hom et en legumes (tableau 5). cependanha d’autres br e ed e tat do e a es é les autres plantes sont plantées ou sem 1 000 à 1 000 pie p he re ées q les ap elle t am k. 20 reinwardtia [vol.12 tableau 4. les espèces, variétés et clones cultiv lques e la (légende és dans que jardins de l’ethnie dani dans la vallée d baliem : lieux d’im 1 = siba 1; sb2 = siba 2; us1 = usilimo us2 usilimo ; jk jiwika jk jiwika 2; w1 = wadlanko 1; w2 = wadlanko 2; répartition des p nte ++ be coup; +1 = plusieurs; + le chiffre (1,2,3,4,6 de plantes relevées). réapparition des plantes plantation: sb 1; = 2 1 = 1; 2 = la s: = au = existe; ....) = le nombre dans plusieurs jardins nom scientifique ni nom français nombre de cultivar s s us1 u jk1 jk2 kr1 kr2 w1 nom da b1 b2 s2 w2 brassica oleracea var. botrytis ka kut mili chou 2 + + + + + + koleka : kole koleka + + + brassica oleracea var. capitata chou fleur 2 koleken : koleken mola koleken mili + + + + + + + + + zea mays a ak manis li maïs 4 ++ +1 hupak hupak arjun hup hupak as hupak kuning + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + dioscorea spp: lake be ung igname 5 pain pain kaliye pain sabu pain yele pain husa pain mun kut 5 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 4 2 2 3 2 1 3 3 4 3 1 6 4 1 1 setaria palmifolia ogola uma 5 +1 +1 +1 sowa : -sowa hulikno -sowa b -sowa hopok -sowa t -sowa wam + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + saccharum officinarum aragal canne à sucre 8 el : el isuet el pi ou mpi el kao el mangk el mola el folok el aboak el wosi + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + colocasia esculenta om ok lak taro 22 +1 +1 hom : -hom weakh -hom kurima mete -hom yuwait -hom wingkiaporoh -hom waksal ou wagalin ou waksagalek -hom wilehkagal -hom era -hom yibi -hom hogoet -hom lisani -hom put -hom nangke lamuk + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + 20 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 21 réapparition des plantes dans plusieurs jardins nom scientifique nom dani nom français nombre de cultivar sb1 sb2 us1 us2 jk1 jk2 kr1 kr2 w1 w2 -hom telon -hom obasiak musaneken okal -hom ponai -hom molagai -hom tugihom -hom yoli -hom musan -hom -hom yaberenik -hom n + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + nicotiana tabacum mpu i tabac 5 hanum : -hanum wereneh -hanum do -hanum yogik aganum -hanum siningk -hanum sabokha hale + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + psophocarpus tetragonolobus na amok t pois carré 5 wenyale : -wenyale pu -wenyale n -wenyale membu -wenyale hupu na -wenyale mewa + + + + + + musa spp. aple/sabe atau lak galek li atau g bananier 15 haki : -haki lolit -haki s -haki kilu -haki mugak muok -haki wago -haki ilakda -haki holakilu -haki toli -haki tuma -haki tuk -haki wanod -haki ambon -haki toma -haki kapok pisang goren -haki koloma + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + pandanus conoideus sait : -sait ugi -sait malet -sait hampit -sait wam 4 + + + + + + + manihot esculenta na -napireabo weak -n a /napireabo mili -napire abo mo oc 3 + + pireabo apireabo h noh mani la pand uk amo -tuke weren -tuke dim -tuke seret -tuke saloka 4 + + anus t julianettii e ou wer : + phaseolus vulgaris wenyale-wenyale haricot 1 + + + + 22 reinwardtia [vol.12 tableau 5. importance relative des différentes espèces jard pata douce ne icie d’environ 4,5 ha, situé à jiwika nom de cultivar estimation du nombre de plants estimation de la surface en m² % de la surface cultivée dans un superf in de tes s, d’u (ukul-oak ananias dabi) no 1 hipere (ipomoea batatas) 40.500 42.750 95 2 hupak (zea mays) 12.500 12.500 25 3 pain (dioscorea spp.) 25 25 0,1602 4 sowa (setaria palmifolia) 850 400 0,888 5 el (saccharum officinarum) 706 350 0,777 6 hom (colocasia esculenta) 1.000 500 1,111 7 hanum (nicotiana tabacum) 540 540 1,200 8 wenyale (psophocarpus tetragonolobus) 32 16 0,035 9 haki (musa paradisiaca) 16 8 0,017 10 sait (pandanus conoideus) 2 1 0,002 11 napire abo (manihot esculenta) 12 tuke ou weramo (pandanus julianettii) 13 wenyale-wenyale (phaseolus vulgaris) 320 15 0,033 14 koleka (brassica oleracea var. capitata) 540 27 0,060 15 koleken (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) 556 30 0,066 h. la production la récolte se fait durant environ 6 à 8 mois, car les femmes, chaque fois qu’elles vont au jardin s’arrangent pour ne récolter que les plus gros tubercules et en fonction des besoins quotidiens pendant les deux ou trois jours qui suivent. on laisse grossir les petits tubercules qui seront récoltés plus tard. le jardin de patates douces constitue donc une réserve de nourriture sur pied et peut être assimilé à un grenier vivrier.j’ai estimé entre 12,6 et 14,2 kg la quantité de tubercules récoltés par les femmes pour 1 famille avec 2 enfants. une telle famille a besoin de 4,6 à 5,1 tonnes de patates douces par an. dans la vallée de la baliem, la production est d’environ 12 à 15 tonnes par hectare et 8 à 10 tonnes, dans les jardins de versant. donc, pour répondre à ses besoins alimentaire, une famille n’a besoin que de 0,25 à 0,3 hectare dans la vallée, et d’environ 0,4 hectare sur les versants. i. la main-d’oeuvre chez les dani–baliem, la division du travail entre les hommes et les femmes est nette. cela a été montré dans la description du cycle de plantation. la figure 12. montre également la répartition des taches au sein d’une famille dans un jardin de patate douce. d i scu ssi on et p l an i f i cati on a batt age d e l a f or et cou p e d 'h er ber et n et toy age pr ep ar at i on d u br u l i s fabr i cat i on d 'u n e cl ot u r e t r avai l d u sol cr eu sem en t d es f osses pr epar ati on d es bu tt es d e p l an t ati on pr ep ar at i on d es bou tu r es pl an tati on sar el age ar r an gem en t d es f eu i l l es a p p or t d es l i m on s recol te com m er ce pr ep ar at i on d 'al i m en ts a l i m en t at i on d es p or cs le mari le mari et le f ils le mari , l a f emme et l es enf ants la f emme et les f ill es la f emme et les f ill e n ouveau jar din s la f emme et les f ill es la f emme et les f ill es la f emme et les f ill es la f emme et les f ill es la f emme et les f ill es le mari , l a f emme et l es enf ants le mari et le f ils le mari et le f ils le mari et le f ils le mari et le f ils le mari et le f ils act i vi t i es m a i n d'oeu vre culture de la patate douce, la mainà la s haut, la chaque fam la famille nucléaire qui organise la culture de la patate douce. fig. 12. répartition du travail effectué dans un jardin de patates douces pour la d’oeuvre est essentiellement familiale. dans d’autres jardins (wen het ou la nouvelle forme de jardins, comme les jardins de céréales, de légumes, de rizières, etc.), le travail ne fait pas l’objet d’une division sexuelle des tâches. dans les nouveaux systèmes agricoles, les hommes et les femmes travaillent ensembles de la plantation récolte. le tableau 6 montre la répartition de la maind’oeuvre pour le jardin de patates douces. ce tableau montre que la main-d’oeuvre est élevée pour la récolte, car elle nécessite un travail quotidien. on note que la quantité de travail fournie par les femmes est plus importante que celle fournie par les hommes. comme nous avons vu plu préparation des jardins de patates douces est collective. mais l’aménagement des parcelles de ille nucléaire est individuelle. c’est le calendrier du travail 22 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 23 c e e de plantation es pre à a nsa du m , famille. t e du temps de travail un e patates douces situé en va type de travail no e orr spondant à un cycl t pro ch que famille. il est sous la respo bilité ari c’est-à-dire du chef de abl au 6. répartition dans jardin d llée. no mbre d jours 1 abattage de la forêt (h) 52,1 2 coupe d'herbacées, nettoyage et brûlis (h) 22,4 3 fabrication de la clôture (h) 23,4 4 creusement des fossés (h) 32,5 5 travail du sol (h) 25,6 6 plantation (f) 14,2 7 entretien (f) 54,3 8 récolte (f) 88,4 total 312,9 pourtant si une famille est en difficulté, sug d’u s’y pp a culture traditionnelle dani–baliem fonctions et des rôles différents, héréditairem transmis à travers un processus de socialisation. l a suivan e quelque ons p o femm s. tableau 7. les fonc s aux ho s propres a baliem no fonctions mme d’autres personnes de la communauté peuvent venir l’aider à effectuer certains travaux, notamment la préparation de la terre, le creusement des fossés, etc. en retour, elle offre le repas. hormis ce cas, une famille travaille seule à son jardin. j’ai par ailleurs remarqué que toutes les familles avaient des calendriers de travaux différents. si la responsabilité revient au mari, la femme joue cependant un rôle important, par exemple en gérant quand il faut ouvrir un nouveau jardin, de quelle superficie, dans quel type de milieu (vallée ou versant) et l’époque de plantation. leur avis est important pour coordonner l’installation d’un nouveau jardin avec l’état de production des autres jardins. la réputation d’une femme dépend de sa capacité à fournir une alimentation continue à sa famille. parfois les estimations ne sont pas tout à fait exactes et la nourriture manque. la femme demande alors de récolter une partie du jardin ne famille ce qu’elle rendra l’année suivante. l’année suivante, la charge de travail sera donc beaucoup plus importante pour compenser cette forme d’emprunt. pour celle qui a prêté une partie de son jardin, la charge de travail est en revanche cette année-là plus légère, et la famille peut se consacrer à d’autre activités: réparer le sili, chasser, pêcher, etc. une telle erreur de planification de la part de la femme peut inciter le mari à rechercher une nouvelle épouse. la première épouse ne o ose pas forcément puisque la nouvelle femme représente une force de travail et aidera à l’ensemble des tâches. dans un couple polygame, la responsabilité de la planification de la culture d’un jardin est ainsi partagée entre les épouses. répartition des tâches entre hommes et femmes dans la société dani de la vallée de la baliem l distingue le rôle des hommes et des femmes dans la vie quotidienne. l’homme et la femme ont des ent e t bleau 7 t montr s foncti euvant être e attribuées aux h tions propre aux femmes dans l l’ho mmes et aux mmes et celle société dani– la femme 1 economiqu e s, creuser s ce, faire les n a). ameublir le sol, planter, sarcler, entretenir les la maison et vendre a). ouvrir de nouveaux jardins, construire les clôture les fossés, faire le plates bandes et préparer le sol, assurer la surveillan buttes de plantatio et surveiller les jardins. b). choisir les porcs à sacrifier et ceux à donner. jardins jusqu’à la récolte, récolter et transporter production à la au marché. b).s’occuper des élevages de porcs. 2 domestique collecter le bois de chauffage, construire la maison (honai, hunila, etc.), et la clôture de sili et de jardin. collecter le bois de chauffage, faire la cuisine, pour le mari et les enfants. 3 education des enfants r onseiller, et etre attentif aux fils, faire leur initiation, leu apporter des suggestions et les c punir les enfants. soigner les enfants, (pour les filles jusqu’à leur mariage, et pour les fils jus-qu’à l’initiation). 4 religieuse décider de l’époque d rituels, décider des in es vipa do in rit (pa de pré gu le tations, inviter les familles et les amis, prérer et effectuer les ri-tuels traditionnels, abat tre les porcs, diviser et nner la viande aux vitée. aider les hommes à la préparation des uels traditionnels, r exemple celui la patate douce : parer les lémes, apporter bois de chauffage, et faire les invitations). 5 funéraire cr préparer le corps des mo émation rts 6 la relation sociale b) la famille. c) re tres memconflit. trete tions avec les autres ethnies (les autres confédérations, anc a) seulement écouter les discussions quand elle y assiste et prendre la parole à la demande du chef. ciété. a) faire la guerre, et négocier la paix. assurer la sécurité du village et la protection de etre l’intermédiai avec les au bres de la société et organiser les discussions quand il y a b) entretenir des relations à l’intérieur de la sod) en nir des relasociétés ou les autres isa-eak, alli es) 24 reinwardtia [vol.12 table ition tâ tre les s d i–bali . les hommes les femmes au 8. répart actuelle des ches en femmes et les hommes de an em no les activités le temps des activités 1 ouvrir un nouveau jardin temps variable x 2 construire la clôture de jardin temps variable x 3 creuser les fossés temps variable x 4 cultiver le sol temps variable x 5 faire les buttes de plantation temps variable x 6 ameublir de sol temps variable x 7 soulever les limons temps variable x 8 planter la patate douce temps variable x 9 entretenir le jardin chaque jour x 10 récolter les tubercules chaque jour x 11 apporter les tubercules au foyer chaque jour x 12 récolter des légumes chaque jour x 13 s’occuper des élevages porcs chaque jour x 14 vendre les tubercules de patate douce et les légumes temps variable x 15 collecter le bois de chauffage temps variable x x 16 chercher l’eau chaque jour x x 17 chaque jour x cuisiner 18 chaque jour x x soigner les enfants 19 collecter bois de construction temps variable x 20 apporter les materitemps variable x x aux de construction pour le honai 21 construire sili (la maison) temps variable x 22 changer le matelas pour dormir dans le honai (yeleka, leersia hexandra) temps variable x x 23 réparer la maison temps variable x ce tableau montre l’équilibre dans la situation traditionnelle, entre les tâches des hommes et celles des femmes mais le pouvoir de décision revient aux hommes. les hommes assurent l’ouverture des jardins, la sécurité des villages et de leur famille, et font la guerre. les femmes elles, ont à leur charge de préparer les repas, d’effectuer les plantations et de garder les enfants. leurs tâches, parce qu’elles sont quotidiennes, sont donc plus lourdes que celles des hommes. mais les conditions de vie ont maintenant changé. cela se traduit par des changements aux niveaux politique, social, économique et culturel. la guerre est désormais interdite par la loi indonésienne et les hommes dani–baliem ont donc moins de difficulté à assurer la sécurité. cela se traduit par un déséquilibre dans la répartition des tâches entre hommes et femmes. pour les hommes, la guerre participait à leur reconnaissance sociale. c’était pour eux l’occasion de montrer leur force, leur virilité, leur bravoure. aujourd’hui l’interdiction de la guerre est mal vécue par eux. ils sont plus souvent inactifs et les règles coutumières leur interdisent de participer au travaux des champs qui incombent traditionnellement aux femmes. cela repose sur une croyance dani–baliem qui veut que la force de l’homme réside dans sa tête et ses épaules. si l’homme participait au travail d’une femme, par exemple s’il porte un noken, il risquerait de perdre sa force et d’attirer les malheurs sur sa famille. les fem rises de décision et l’entretien des bonnes relations entre les membres e de nouveaux jardins, et leur rôle dans la seu a possession de ressources naturelles et son l n et l’appropriation des ressources permettent d’illustrer la répartition des tâches e e s. le tab au sui nt (tableau 9 et 10) met en évidence le rôle de chacun dans la gestion des ressources naturelles. table ie quotidienne s femmes mes ne le demandent d’ailleurs pas, car c’est leur travail qui assure leur reconnaissance dans la société. par ailleurs, elles sont liées par les transactions entre leur famille et celle de leur mari qui ont eu lieu lors de leur mariage est qui ont été scellées par le versement de porcs. en contrepartie elles sont tenues d’assurer l’entretien quotidien de leur mari et leurs enfants. le tableau 8, montre que les femmes ont des fonctions multiples, par exemple une fonction de reproductivité, une fonction de production et une fonction sociale. en revanche, les hommes sont dominants dans les p de la société. leur rôle de production se résume à l’ouvertur reproductivité est très faible, puisqu’il est lement chargé de collecter le bois de chauffage et de soigner les enfants (mais là encore très peu, car il est interdit aux enfants d’entrer dans le pilamo). l contrôle ’utilisatio ntr hommes et femme le va au 9. prises de décisions de la v no décisions homme 1 jours de sacrifice des porcs x 2 jour du rituel x 3 réalisation du rituel x x 4 vente des porcs x 5 suivi des discussions dans le bur du village, dans le pilamo kanekela et à l’église eau x 6 e mendes lors de la e coutumes trad tablisement des a transgression d itionnelles s x 7 etablissement des re le autres membres de la société lations avec s x x 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 25 table les rôles des femm s e es m s dans ge possession utilisation aménagement au 10. e t d ho me des aména ment des ressources naturelles no m m e f em m e h o m m e f em m e h o m m e f em m e les ressources naturelles et leurs productions h o 1 le sol x x x x 2 tes ) la forêt primaire et la forêt seconddaire et leur production (bois, produits alimentaires, plan médicinales, etc. x x x x 3 le jardin : la patate douce et les légumes les produits de forte valeur ajoutée (le café, le riz, les palawija,etc.) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 4 les élevages de porcs x x x x 5 le sili (maison) x x x x 6 les infrastructures x x x x x le système de parenté est patrilinéaire, ainsi tout s lese richesses sont possédées par l’homme. ille du mari ou dans une de ses sili, une mère de famille, de société et d’ethnie. en espérant que s de votre mar prix de la patate douce est d’environ rp 400 tres plantes cultivées, par ette famille, dront s’inform les femmes n’ont pas le droit de recevoir un héritage. la jeune femme après s’être mariée habite dans la fam elle travaille dans les jardins de son mari. cette femme a un droit d’usage seulement, sans avoir de droits de propriété, de gestion, et de decision. les facteurs de division des tâches entre hommes et femmes la structure de parenté étant patrilinéaire, l’homme domine, il organise et décide dans beaucoup d’aspects de la vie quotidienne. dans le système de mariage, l’homme a le droit d’avoir une ou plusieurs femmes à condition de pouvoir verser à leur famille un nombre de porcs qui est négocié (entre 3 et 10) et dont le prix est élevé. ensuite la femme doit travailler pour son mari. son statut est inférieur. l’homme habite dans le pilamo. il a un mode de vie séparé de celui de la femme qui habite dans un ebeai. cette division conduit à une limitation de la communication entre l’homme, la femme et les enfants. les dani–baliem considèrent que la femme est dépositaire de la fertilité et de la prospérité. il existe un conseil pour toutes les femmes dani–baliem sur un symbole de fertilité. voici la traduction libre des espoirs de toutes les femmes dani–baliem «en espérant que vous deveniez une source de vie et de fertilité, en espérant que de votre main sortent des gouttes de graisses et la vie, en espérant que vous deveniez vous entriez dans les bras des ancêtre i. vous devez obéissance respect à votre mari, mais ne cédez pas, restez fermes vis à vis de vos principes» (asolokobal, 1991). cette conception de la femme sert les hommes qui par le travail des femmes obtiennent porcs et jardins. j. le rôle à venir de la patate douce aujourd’hui, la patate douce constitue une source de revenu, car s’il y a surplus de production, la patate douce est vendue sur le marché de wamena ou sur le petit marché traditionnel local dans certaines régions, par exemple le marché de wosi dans la région siba, wosi, watlanko; le marché kurulu, dans la région jiwika, kurulu, etc. le à rp 600 le kilogramme (en 1995). de petites quantités de patate douce sont vendues sur le marché dans cette région. les résultats d’analyse concernant les revenus agricoles montrent que le revenu moyen apporté par la patate douce dans la société dani–baliem est d’environ rp 201.540 par an. pour les rituels traditionnels, chaque famille nucléaire donne les meilleures patates douces, car cela reflète la valeur sociale. si une famille donne de mauvaises patates douces pendant un rituel traditionnel, cette famille va être jugée avare par les autres membres de la société et elle participera difficilement au prochain rituel traditionnel. si au contraire un membre de la société donne des patates douces de haute qualité, tous les membres de la société qui participent au rituel l’interrogent sur la méthode utilisée pour la produire. la présentation d’une patate douce dans un rituel traditionnel peut provoquer une transformation technologique du mode de culture. j’ai employé ce procédé pour introduire une nouvelle technologie d’exploitation d’au exemple le maïs, les légumes, le manioc, les légumineuses. j’ai d’abord fait appliquer cette nouvelle technique de culture par une famille respectable de la société. si la production est acceptée et est considérée avantageuse par c tous les membres de cette société vien er de la façon de faire. l’utilisation des feuilles pour le fourrage représente environ 10% à 12% de la production totale de patates douces de cette région. ces cultivars occupent un espace d’environ 10 à 12% dans les jardins de patates douces relevés. 26 reinwardtia [vol.12 la diversité de l’alimentation de base le programme d’autoproduction alimentaire, notamment concernant le riz, établi par le gouvernement indonésien ne peut plus avancer, car ce programme atteint le niveau maximum (levelling off). pour éviter les difficultés d’acquisition et de distribution de riz au niveau national, le gouvernement indonésien essaie d’appliquer un programme de diversification de la nourriture de base. ce programme est fait pour préserver les autres aliments de base, par exemple la patate dou nie dani–baliem, la valeur e prix au pa qui est de rp sub do fiées, ceci 1. 2. de traitement 3. patate douce n’oblige p vallée de la b e le riz se substitue à la patate douce. de riz dans la vallée de la baliem, le lipi essaie de la développer dans les secteurs où la pat ues elé do pat a. tion des tubercules en farine. la farine b. archande de la p élevage n’ont pas encore fleur, carotte, me la (l’ jay da ce dans la région montagneuse de l’irian jaya, le sagou à ambon et la région côtière de l’irian jaya, et le manioc dans l’archipel de kei et tanimbar, etc. ce programme veut en effet éviter que les populations qui ont une autre nourriture de base que le riz passent à une alimentation exclusive de riz. pour conserver la patate douce comme nourriture principale de la société dani–baliem, il faut d’abord valoriser économiquement la patate douce. comme je l’ai déjà expliqué la patate douce est une plante de subsistance pour la société dani–baliem. cette plante a une valeur économique très faible, mais une valeur sociale élevée. presque 100% de l’apport en carbohydrate et 80 % en protéines nécessaires viennent à l’origine de la patate douce. mais, le riz est pour la majorité du peuple indonésien un aliment essentiel. la valeur économique et sociale du riz est très élevée. pour l’eth économique du riz est très élevée, car l kilogramme atteint environ rp.1600 à rp. 2000, r rapport au prix de patate douce 400 à rp 600. les inquiétudes portant sur la stitution de l’aliment de base de la patate uce par le riz sont loin d’être justi pour plusieurs raisons: la patate douce a une valeur sociale. sa culture ne demande pas spécifique au contrairent au riz. la consommation de la as à manger des aliments complémentaires comme les légumes, le poisson, etc. 4. la culture de riz a besoin d’une technologie particulière dans la région de la aliem, surtout après la récolte. 5. les conditions environnementales semblent peu adaptées (altitude). la technologie particulière qu’on doit appliquer en altitude est l’utilisation des cultivars particuliers. pour ces raisons, il est peu probable qu bien qu’il y ait des facteurs limitants pour la culture ate douce n’est pas cultivée (zone inondée), ceci pour apporter d’autres débouchés économiq aux dani–baliem et améliorer le niveau de vie. vation de la valeur économique de la patate uce l’augmentation de la valeur économique de la ate douce peut s’envisager de deux façons: l’application d’une technologie pour la transforma de patate douce peut être vendue sur le marché à wamena et sa valeur est alors supérieure à celle de la patate douce à l’état frais. d’autre diversifications les produits issus de la patate douce: la bouillie de patate douce, la patate douce frite, le gâteau de farine de patate douce, etc. les relations entre les dani–baliem et leur environnement passent par: le jardin de la patate douce, l’élevage des porcs, la forêt primaire, la forêt secondaire. les porcs représentent une richesse économique bien qu’ils fassent rarement l’objet de transactions monétaires. leur valeur économique est en relation avec la tradition. la tradition ou la coutume empêche l’augmentation de la valeur m atate douce par l’intermédiaire du contrôle de l’élevage des porcs. cette situation empêche l’augmentation de la valeur économique de la patate douce. il suffirait en effet de comercialiser, on utilise pour le porc pour que la patate douce, en tant que fourrage, voit sa valeur commerciale augmenter. une meilleure valorisation de la patate douce permettrait une augmentation du niveau de vie des dani. cela suppose cependant une amélioration des techniques culturales (nouvelle technologie, introduction de plantes à valeur économique importante: café, riz, légume ou autres légumineuses, mais aussi pratique de nouveaux type d’élevage de boeuf, de poulet, de mouton, etc. les nouvelles pratiques d’ donné de résultats satisfaits. par contre, la culture des légumes (chou, chou pomme de terre, oignon, etc.) a permis d’augnter les revenus. chaque semaine, la vallée de baliem peut exporter 7 à 10 tonnes de légumes observation personnelle en 1991–1992 et ijdf awijaya, comm. pers.). les limites à l’augmentation des revenus des ni–baliem sont: 1. la petite surface du jardin de patate douce: la superficie du jardin de patate douce d’une famille est de 0,2 ha à 0,5 ha. elle ne permet 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 27 pas une augmentation du revenu, il faudrait une superficie de 2 ha pour répondre aux be2. 3. le limite nt naturels, compost, légumineuses, excréments de o s. cela conduirait à une tensification, et modifierait la pratique de culture itin fore son position flor ristique. seuls les nnelle et correspond à une période de réha soins quotidiens aujour-’hui, à wamena (l’estimation peronnelle). la main d’oeuvre: en effet, la superficie de la vallée est suffisante pour le jardin de patate douce ou les autres jardins, mais la disponibilité de la main d’oeuvre constitue le facteur limitant majeur. la tradition: les règles coutumières de division du travail limitent les possibilités d’extension de la superficie du jardin, les femmes ne pouvant pas assurer seules l’ensemble des tâches. la répartition foncière contrôlée par les chefs de l’ethnie constitue un autre obstacle à l’augmentation de la superficie des jardins. quant au travail du sol, la tradition par exemple après un décès, par le deuil instauré pour 40 jours, période durant la quelle, seule la récolte de patate douce pour l’alimentation quotidienne est permise. aujourd’hui, certains dérogent à cette dernière règle coutumière et maintiennent le deuil seulement 3 à 7 jours après le décès. l’agriculture traditionnelle gagnerait à l’adoption de nouvelles technologies, par exemple le drainage dans les zones inondées, l’amélioration de l’état du sol, l’apport d’engrais (notamme porcs) et l’utiisation de cultivars à haute production u résistants aux maladie in érante. les dégâts causés à la forêt seraient plus limités surtout sur les versants de la montagne qui n’auraient plus besoin d’être défrichés. 4. l’ancien jardin ou la forêt secondaire ou la jachère: wen kulama wen kulama désigne donc un jardin abandonné mis en jachère, qui va être envahi par les broussailles et la forêt secondaire. les dani-baliem divisent les wen kulama en deux types en se basant sur la durée d’abandon du jardin et sur le type de végétation qu’on y trouve: (a) wen kulama kitma désigne un jardin abandonné pendant environ 1 à 5 années. ce type est caractérisé par une végétation arbustive composée de plantes pionnières. les espèces dominantes dans cette végétation sont: yeleka (leersia hexandra), siluk (imperata cylindrica), anekuku (erechtites paniculata), musan (trachymene arfakensis), oai (crotalaria juncea), lukaka (paspalum conjugatum), weayuken (melastoma malabarica) et des plantules de pabi (dodonaea viscosa). dans le wen kulama kitma âgé d’environ 3 à 5 ans, on peut trouver des plantules et des petits arbres dont le diamètre varie de 1 à 3 cm et dont la hauteur atteint de 2 à 4 m environs. ces plantules et ces petites arbres appartiennent en particulier aux espèces suivantes: sugun (wendlandia paniculata), wib (grevillea papuana), duaga (vaccinium angulata), simo (homalanthus novoguinensis), popoli (pittosporum ferrugineum), monika (pittosporum ramiflorum); (b) wen kulama alekma: les dani–baliem classent les jardins abandonnés dans la catégorie alekma si ces jardins sont dominés par des espèces ligneuses. nous pouvons estimer, sur la base de sa composition floristique, que wen kulama alekma est un jardin abandonné âgé de plus de 5 ans. il est caractérisé par la présence essentiellement de petits arbres, d’arbres et de plantules d’espèces stières. le wen kulama alekma, âgé d’environ 5 ans à 7 ans, a une composition floristique encore dominée par les plantes pionnières, par exemple pabi (dodonaea viscosa) et wib (grevillea papuana). les plantes forestières sont également présentes, ce sont le sugun (wendlandia paniculata) et le duaga (vaccinium angulata). a partir de 10 ans, la composition floristique de “ wen kulama alekma ” est dominée par un mélange entre plantes pionnières et plantes forestières. les plantes pionnières sont représentées par le pabi (dodonaea viscosa) et le wib (grevillea papuana). et les plantes forestières sont représentées par le sugun (wendlandia paniculata), glochidion spp., etc. les autres plantes présentes t schefflera longifolia, polycias rumiana, ardisia spp., elaeocarpus spp., rhododendron spp., macaranga fimbriata, homalanthus spp., piper spp., et glochidion spp. au niveau herbacé, on peut trouver schyzostachyum sp., imperata cylindrica, cyperus spp., et des fougères (cyathea cooperi, pteridium sp., et dicranopteris liniaris). la limite exacte entre le wen kulama kitma et le wen kulama alekma n’est pas évidente, car il n y a pas d’indications claires, par exemple, sur la durée de jachère ou sur les espèces présentes. dans un endroit où le sol est moins fertile, la régénération n’est pas complète, et la com istique est dominée par les espèces appartenant aux strates herbacées. dans ce cas, il est difficile de reconnaître les types de wen kulama en se basant sur la composition flo dani le peuvent, car ils connaissent la durée de jachère. on peut estimer le type de jardin abandonné sur la base de leurs informations. le wen kulama représente un stade très important dans le cycle du système d’agriculture traditio bilitation de la fertilité du sol. 28 reinwardtia [vol.12 en outre dans cet espace les porcs se déplacent en toute liberté; ils contribuent à améliorer la structure du sol, car ils retournent la terre pour chercher des tubercules de patates douces aba pour la fabrication des plus faciles à abattre. wen kulama contribuent à préserver la stachère dan cultures pen compréhension des pro indicatrices des dis que le nombre d’espèces forestières augmente positivement avec l’augmentation de l’âge de la jachère dans les transects étudiés. la figure 13 montre un point de contact entre la courbe correspondant au nombre d’espèces forestières et celle du nombre d’espèces pionnières qui se situe au niveau de la jachère d’environ 20 ans. ndonnés et de plus procurent un engrais naturel. ces jardins constituent une ressource en bois de chauffage et en bois clôtures de jardin. on peut y trouver des plantes médicinales et diverses autres espèces utiles pour la vie quotidienne des dani–baliem. généralement les jardins abandonnés constituent les emplacement préférés pour ouvrir de nouveaux jardins, car les arbres étant moins gros ils sont le bilité de l’environnement mais la durée de ja s la vallée de la baliem tend à diminuer à cause de la croissance démographique, de la pression économique, et de l’intervention de cultures et de technologies importées par les migrants. a. la jachère et l’évolution de la végétation les systèmes culturaux traditionnels sont les produits d’une évolution dans laquelle les migrations humaines, les transferts de végétaux et les techniques culturales, les inventions locales et sélections empiriques ont joué un rôle important (barrau, 1990). dans ces systèmes traditionnels, la pratique de la jachère reste la seule technique de régulation et de stabilisation des milieux constamment perturbés par l’homme. la jachère est une pratique très ancienne dans beaucoup de régions indonésiennes, qui consiste à laisser en repos une parcelle exploitée par les dant plusieurs années consécutives. ce repos permet une reconstitution du potentiel physique, chimique et biologique des écosystèmes, a une durée empiriquement déterminée par le paysan. le temps varie généralement de 10 à 30 ans et plus, selon le climat, la nature du sol et les cultures pratiquées (zoungrana, 1993). les groupements végétaux des jachères sont considérés comme des systèmes structurés. l’étude de l’évolution de la végétation de la jachère est une étape capitale dans la cessus de reconstitution du potentiel biologique des milieux de la vallée de la baliem, wamena, de l’irian jaya, en indonésie, constamment soumis à de profondes perturbations anthropiques. elle permet de déterminer les espèces étapes de cette reconstitution en rapport à l’état général de fertilité du sol. ici, j’ai envisagé la jachère comme une interface entre un système écologique et un système agraire, et comme le lien privilégié pour l’étude de la diversité et de la stabilité des communautés végétales au cours de leur évolution. dans la jachère de moins d’1 an, on trouve des plantules d’arbres pionniers comme nogolilih (wendlandia sp.), yalebet (glochidion sp.) et pabi (dodonaea viscosa) qui ont une hauteur d’environ 6 à 60 cm. dans la jachère de 3 ans les plantes forestières comme nothofagus sp. commencent à pousser, bien que cette espèce ne dépasse generalement pas les 20 à 40 cm de hauteur. ce tableau indique également que l’augmentation d’âge de la jachère est suivie par l’augmentation du nombre des espèces d’arbres (espèces forestières) qui augmentent en nombre avec le vieillissement de la jachère. en revanche, les espèces herbacées et les espèces de plantes pionnières diminuent avec le vieillissement de la jachère, car les espèces forestières (forêt seconddaire) commencent à former une canopée recouvrant la jachère. la figure 13 montre la diminution du nombre d’espèces pionnières avec l’augmentation de l’âge de la jachère tan fig. 13. relation entre le nombre d’espèces pionnières at d’espèces forestières fig. 14. nombre d'espèces des transect dans la forêt secondaire (la jachère) 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 29 d’après la figure 14, le nombre d’individus de diamètre supérieur à 2 cm est fortement corrélé à s le nombre d’individu et le nombre d’es le nombre d’espèces pionnières est très b. le premier stade de reconstitution (stade nd aux jachères de moins d’une ann sentiel des espèces de ce stade est constitué de anth ndlandia paniculata), duaga (vaccinium angulata, v. varingiaefolium), s esp a ya (captanopsis sp.), duaga (vaccinium angulata). les autres plantes forestières lsa), pum (arthrophyllum macranthum), et min (ilex spicata), pogot milih (prunus grisea), wamporoh (ardisia sp.), kalolih (stagenthera sp.), yain (ficus sp.). les lianes prél’âge de la jachère. plus le temps de jachère est long et plu pèces augmente, tandis que l’on peut remarquer une légère régression du nombre d’espèces totales (trouvées). la densité des arbres dans la jachère jeune est très élevée, car, on la calcule à partir de plantules (transect <1 an à 5 ans). mais la quantité de ces plantules diminue rapidement quand la jachère atteint les 10 ans. la densité d’arbres de diamètres supérieur ou égal à 2 cm augment jusqu’à l’âge de 17⎯18 ans pour la jachère et diminue par la suite, notamment à partir de 22 ans. dans le transect de 22 ans, faible, car celles-ci sont remplacées par les espèces forestières. la dynamique de reconstitution de la végétation j’ai tout d’abord regroupé les jachères de même âge. ensuite, j’ai réalisé une analyse floristique à partir des données provenant des jachères d’âge croissant. ces données concernent les paramètres végétaux (la fréquence, la densité, la dominance, la valeur importante et l’indice de diversité). cette analyse me permet de proposer cinq stades successifs dans reconstitution de la végétation dans une jachère de la vallée de la baliem. chacun de ces stades est défini par des espèces caractéristiques qui dominent dans ces stades. herbacé): il correspo ée à 3 ans d’âge. il est caractérisé et dominé par les espèces herbacées yeleka (leersia hexandra), lukaka (paspalum conjugatum), et siluk (imperata cylindrica). les autres espèces présentes sont oai (crotalaria cf. juncea), yerili (rubus sp.), musan (trachymene arfakensis), anekuku (erechtites paniculata), ekenduga (centella asiatica). les plantules des espèces d’arbres pionniers présents sont pabi (dodonaea viscosa) et wib (grevillea papuana) à environ 50 cm de hauteur. ces formations sont désignées par le terme «wen kulama kitma». ce stade comporte un grand nombre d’espèces d'herbacées et le début du développement des plantes pionnières. le deuxième stade (stade herbacéligneux pionnières): il réunit les jachères de 5 ans à 8 ans. l’esplantes pionnières; les plantules, les arbustes et les petits arbres dont le diamètre varie de 1 cm à 5 cm et de hauteur 2 m à 6 m environ. ces plantes pionnières qui dominent sont: pabi (dodonaea viscosa) et wib (grevillea papuana). les autres plantes pionnières représentées sont: popoli (pittosporum ferrugineum), simo (homalanthus novoguinensis, ficus odoardi), wiki (paraseries falcataria) et les petits arbustes weayuken (melastoma malabarica, medinilla speciosa), lisani (acalypha amentacea) et potu (schefflera macrostachya). les herbacées des stades précédents y sont encore présentes mais en régression. les herbacées qui sont encore abondantes sont siluk (imperata cylindrica) et yeleka (leersia hexandra). les plantules des plantes forestières présentent sont sugun (we ki (nothofagus starkenborgii). la domination de èces herbacées est moins marquée à cause du recouvrement par la canopée et en raison de la présence des porcs. ces porcs recherchant leur nourriture, retournent la terre pour chercher les vers de terre et dérangent la pousse des herbacées. ce stade représente la phase sensible du passage de la «wen kulama kitma » à la « wen kulama alekma». il est caractérisé par la domination des espèces d’arbres pionniers et le début du développement des espèces forestières, tandis que les herbacées régressent. les autres espèces présentes sont les lianes; mulele (geitonoplesium cymosum), mogatheleh (cynandrum sp.), sagaiheleh (lycopodia sp.), etc.. le troisième stade (stade pionnier-forestier): il correspond aux jachères de 12 ans à 16 ns, il est dominé par les plantes pionnières et les plantes forestières. les plantes pionnières qui dominent sont: wib (grevillea papuana), monika (pittosporum ramiflorum), popoli (pittosporum ferrugineum), pabi (dodonaea viscosa) qui se retrouvent dans toutes les jachères. les autres plantes pionnières précédentes y sont encore présentes mais en régression, par exemple: pipit (mussaenda reinwardtiana). les plantes forestières sont beaucoup plus nombreuses par rapport au stade précédent. ces plantes forestières les plus fréquentes et les plus abondantes sont jual (glochidion vinkianum), sugun (wendlandia paniculata), he présentes sont kul (timonius montana), leh (alpinia exce 30 reinwardtia [vol.12 sen d kibit (leviera beccariana sont yiwi (no coriacea), senon (castanopsis accumin ra sp.), et les grands arbr tes sont mulele (geitonoplesium cymosum), helehkakap (clematis phanerophlebia), et sagai heleh (lycopodium sp.). les espèces des plantes de sous-bois sont représentées par yelika (pothomorphe sp.), pinthe (cyathea cooperi), yili (piper sp.), mileh (schefflera spp.). les herbacées comme siluk (imperata cylindrica), jagat (mischantus floribundus), sisika (cyclosorus sp.), et tikil (dicranopteris liniaris) y sont bien représentées également. le quatrième stade (sta e de recouvrement forestier): il regroupe toutes les jachères d’âgées de 18 ans à 20 ans. ce stade est caractérisé par la domination des espèces forestières alors que les espèces de pionnières diminuent quant à celles du premier stade, elles ont totalement disparues. les espèces qui dominent à ce stade sont sugun (wendlandia paniculata), min (ilex spicata), horap (chionanthus ramiflorus), ). les autres espèces forestières les plus abondantes et les plus fréquentes thofagus sp.), wamporoh (ardisia sp.), pogot milih (prunus grisea), milaga (glochidion rubrum), etc. les espèces pionnières qui sont encore présentes sont: monika (pittosporum ramiflorum) et popoli (pittosporum ferugineum). les plantes de sous-bois sont constituées par mileh (schefflera actinophylla, s. ischonoasia), asim (pandanus sp.), et par les plantules de sin (araucaria cunninghamii), bagah (sloanea archboldiana), hamud (bassia eugenioides), senon (castanopsis accuminatissima). le cinquième stade (stade forestier): il est représenté par toutes les jachères d’âge supérieur à 22 ans. toutes les espèces qui s’y retrouvent sont caractéristiques des forêts de la région de la vallée de la baliem. parmi elles, on trouve les arbres forestiers comme sugun (wendlandia paniculata), min (ilex spicata), wangken (embelia atissima), bagah (sloanea archboldiana), yain (ficus sp.), wamporoh (ardisia sp.), kalolih (eugenia sp. et steganthe es comme ki (nothofagus starkenborgii), vi (castanopsis sp.), etc.. les jachères d’âge supérieur à 22 ans sont très rares dans la vallée de la baliem. j’en ai trouvé dans un endroit à coté d’un lieu sacré (wusanma) dans la région yiwika, précisément à côté du village yantik. aucune des caractéristiques du stade ii et iii, ainsi que des stades pionniers y sont encore présentes sauf en cas d’ouverture de la canopée par un chablis naturel. pour mieux comprendre la reconstitution, je regarderai l’évolution de la végétation sur les endroits plats (figure 15). j’ai noté qu’à partir des premières années de jachères se développent des adventices de culture et des rudérales, plantes toutes héliophiles, principales caractéristiques du premier stade de l’évolution. leur maximum de développement est a. stade herbacé 1. leersia hexandra 2. paspalum conjugatum 3. imperata cylindrica 4. erechtites paniculata 5. centela asiatica b. stade herbacé-plantes pionnières 1. dodonaea viscosa 2. grevillea papuana 3. pittosporum ferrugineum 4. homalanthus novo-guinensis 5. melastoma malabarica 6. acalypha amentacea 7. imperata cylindrica 8. leersia hexandra c. stade pionnier-forestier 1. grevillea papuana 2. pittosporum ramiflorum 3. pittosporum ferrugineum 4. dodonaea viscosa 5. wendlandia paniculata 6. glochidion vinkianum 7. castanopsis sp. 8. vaccinium angulata 9. timonius montana 10. alphitonia incana d. stade de recouvrement forestier 1. wendlandia paniculata 2. glochidion vinkianum 3. ilex spicata 4. chionanthus ramiflorus 5. leviera beccariana 6. prunus grisea 7. nothofagus sp. 8. ardisia sp. 9. pittosporum ramiflorum 10. schefflera spp. e. stade forestier 1. wendlandia paniculata 2. ilex spicata 3. sloanea archboldiana 4. ficus sp. 5. ardisia sp. 6. eugenia sp. 7. stagenthera sp. 8. nothofagus starkenburgii 9. castanopsis sp. 10. glochidion sp. fig.15. l’évolution de la végétation de jachères d’âges différents dans la valléc baliem. 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 31 atteint à 3 ans puis elles régressent et sont finalement éliminées par l’installation du couvert ligneux des plantes pionnières de deuxième stade et des jeunes plantes forestières de troisième stade (espèces essences). les caractéristiques des deuxième et troisième stades apparaissent déjà dans les jeunes jachères mais ne peuvent s’épanouir que vers 4 à 6 ans pour le premier stade et 12 à 15 ans pour les autres après avoir surpassé de taille les espèces des stades précédents. les individus du deuxième stade sont fortement héliophiles et ne pouvant pas supporter le couvert forestier, sont à leur tour éliminés des stades ultérieurs. dans le stade suivant, les espèces sciaphiles évoluées semblent trouver les conditions favorables à leur app ent de nombreuses grai parelles de jachère de la vallée de la baliem montre n stennis sont en fait un ême stade. mais la strate arbustive et la strate arborée correspondent à deux stades de ition des rudérales et des 5. l leur vie. les dan t les membres trôle du gouvernement, la p arition et à leur développement. la succession des stades des jachères dans la vallée de la baliem ressort d’un phénomène de compétition entre espèces vis-à-vis de la lumière et de l’espace. ceci est conforme à ce qui est habituellement décrit : ainsi gomes-pompa & vazquez-yanes (1974) cité par zoungrana (1991) ont constaté que les premiers stades de constitution de la végétation sont riches en espèces au comportement pionnier: croissance rapide, durée de vie relativement courte, production abondante de semences de petite taille, système de dissémination efficace par le vent, les oiseaux et les petits mammifères. les espèces qui les constituent et qui les caractérisent peuvent être différentes de la végétation d’origine. en effet il est évident que les sols des forêts denses contienn nes d’espèces pionnières, en repos, dans l’attente de conditions d’éclairement et de température, favorables à leur germination. mais les semences peuvent aussi être apportées par des agents disséminateurs après le défrichement des forêts. dans les chablis, les graines d’espèces pionnières germent tout de suite, poussent et se développent rapidement car les conditions créées par ce chablis leur ont donné la possibilité de germer. j’ai remarqué que les sols dans la vallée de la baliem contiennent aussi des semences de plantes ligneuses caractéristiques des stades de reconstitution de la végétation. d’après van stennis (1958), il y a quatre phases de physionomie distincte: (1) phase herbacée; (2) phase sous-arbustive; (3) phase arbustive; et (4) phase arborée. l’analyse floristique des c que les 2 premières phases de va m composition spécifique distincte de la première phase représentée par l’appar adventices (ou herbacées) et la phase suivante par l’apparition des espèces ligneuses pionnières. celles-ci jouent un rôle important dans la successsion de la végétation des jachères. mais souvent pour les dernières phases, les particularités écologiques et biogéographiques locales jouent des rôles majeurs sur la composition floristique. a forêt primaire (okama) pour les dani–baliem, la forêt (okama) est un endroit où poussent des végétaux de type herbacés et d’autres de type ligneux. c’est un élément important de i–baliem ont parfaitement conscience que la forêt, avec ses richesses, donnent les matériaux indispensables à leur vie quotidienne. traditionnellement, l’exploitation de la forêt est organisée par un accord passé entre deux confédérations ethniques ou entre les chefs traditionnels d’une ethnie. en général, la société dani–baliem utilise la forêt comme source de bois de construction, de bois de chauffage, de bois pour les clôtures, comme source d’aliments et de plantes médicinales, comme lieu de chasse, et pour de nombreuses autres utilisations (lieu sacré etc.). l’état de la forêt sur les pentes de la vallée est perturbé, car l’intensité des coupes est très élevée, à cause des programmes de développement, tels que les projets de lotissements. en effet, dans ce caslà, les facteurs sociologiques sont dominants. dans la tradition des dani–baliem, pour réaliser des coupes dans la forêt, il faut qu’il y ait une delibération entre les chefs traditionnels e de la société. lors de cette discussion, il faut trouver un accord entre tous les membres de la société et les chefs. sont alors discutés: le but de l’abattage, son emplacement, les personnes qui vont l’effectuer, la période propice à l’abattage, etc. mais maintenant, ces règles ne sont plus suivies, sauf dans la région de watlangko. dans cette région les règles traditionnelles sont encore appliquées, en raison de son éloignement de wamena (à environ 40 km). mais la construction de la route entre wamena et jayapura et la facilité d’accès qu’elle va permettre risque de fortement perturber les traditions de cette région. les autres facteurs stimulant l’abattage en forêt sont le mauvais con ression économique, et l’arrivée de nouvelles cultures (avec les migrants). la pratique de cultures de plantes forestières ou celle du reboisement restent inconnues des dani–baliem. des efforts de reboisement ont été faits par le département des forêts. les résultats sont loin d’être négligeables. mais pendant la saison sèche, 32 reinwardtia [vol.12 les dani brûlent la forêt secondaire et les prairies pour avoir de la pluie. les dani pensent que lorsque la forêt brûle, l’abondante fumée qui se forme alors va devenir nuages, et que la pluie va arriver. cette croyance a provoqué l’échec du programme de reboisement. les dani–baliem ont une attitude ambivalente vis-à-vis de la forêt. d’une part la forêt est considérée comme la dernière demeure de leurs ancêtres, et d’autre part, la forêt est le lieu de résidence des mogat c’est-à-dire des esprits qui peuvent être dangereux. le premier point de vue a probablement des effets positifs sur la conserv auvais esprits, les dani– bal 40 mètres; c = 182 s les résultats des échantillonnages ven s (1976) a trouvé une communauté pure e castanopsis accuminatissima notamment sur des 500 à 2300 m d’altitude, sur le territoire de la nouvelle guinée. les autres esp rtia rukam. ces espèces sont souvent dom tableau 11. comparaison entre les transects des espèces dominantes de diamètre supérieur à 10 cm nom des espèces a a(b)c b a(b)c c a(b)c d a(b)c e a(b)c f a(b)c g a(b)c ation de la forêt, parce qu’il incite, en respectant l’esprit de leurs ancêtres, à garder la forêt comme un lieu sacré. a l’inverse, le deuxième point de vue peut provoquer la destruction de la forêt. les dani–baliem pensent que les mauvais esprits doivent être expulsés de la forêt. pour expulser les m iem coupent et brûlent les grands arbres de la forêt. mais plusieurs chefs de la société dani– baliem m’ont expliqué que ce deuxième point de vue a pour but d’effrayer les gens qui veulent entrer dans la forêt. mais les villageois en ont une interprétation différente. pour étudier la composition et la richesse floristique, nous avons établi sept transects dans la forêt primaire à différentes altitudes (a = 1620–1640 mètres; b = 1720–17 0–1843 mètres; d = 1920–1944 mètres; e = 2020–2044 mètres; f = 2140 mètres; g = 2330– 2340 mètres et (0,7 ha). d’aprè ant des 7 transects effectués en forêt primaire, à des altitudes différentes, nous avons noté respectivement 17, 22, 18, 18, 26, 28, et 20 espèces d’arbre de diamètre supérieur à 10 cm pour un total de 77 espèces sur 0,7 ha. mais le nombre d ’espèce augmente, si nous tenons compte des petits arbres et des autres espèces composant la forêt telles que les épiphytes, les lianes et les plantes de sous bois. le tableau 11 suivant met en évidence les espèces d’arbre de diamètre supérieur à 10 cm qui dominent dans chaque transect de la forêt primaire. la distribution de nothofagus starkenborgii, castanopsis accuminatissima, et bassia eugenioides est la plus étendue et la plus fréquente comparé aux autres espèces trouvées dans les transects étudiées. l’espèce castanopsis accuminatissima domine nettement dans les trois transects situés entre 1820–1843 m et 2140 m. alors que l’espèce de nothofagus starkenborgii est la plus fréquente face aux autres espèces. paijman d la crête de collines ou dans la montagne aux alentours èces présentes fréquemment sont sloanea archboldiana, schizomeria illicifolia, octamyrtus pleiopetala, ficus sp2, lithocarpus ruffovillosus et flacou inantes et leur distribution est large. grubb & stevens (1985) notent que ces espèces sont connues pour être les principales composantes des microcos sp. 70 (0,64)59,95 sloanea archboldiana 30 (0,07)23,29 80 (0,51)43,64 10 (0,03)4,88 bassia eugenioides 100 (0,90)59,41 130 (0,48)44,73 20 (0,20)9,46 150 (0,53)57,71 castanopsis accuminatissima 160 (1,61)90,08 180 (1,01)79,26 90 (0,23)78,11 170 (2,58)84,14 saphium sp. 90 (0,64)46,30 nothofagus starkenborgii 20 (0,17)13,44 90 (1,32)67,94 50 (0,25)20,39 30 (0,30)14,19 60 (0,77)43,00 flacourtia rukam 40 (0,10)27,25 100 (0,25)38,80 nothofagus rubra 30 (0,30)36,06 memecyclon sp. 90 (0,22)38,12 eugenia sp. 150 (0,53)39,59 note : a = nombre d’individus (arbres)/ha, b = surface terrière (m²/ha) et c = indice de valeur important (ivi) 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 33 communautés d’arbre de la forêt de basse d’altitude. 6. les endroits sacrés (wakunmo, wusama ou wesama) il en existe deux sortes: (1) les wakunmo (wakun = sacré, et mo = endroit); (2) wusanma ou wesama (wesa ou wusa = secret, et ma = mo = endroit). les wakunmo sont destinés à accueillir une sorte d’abri couvert helukone wadloleget dans lequel on place les sega jilik; c’est un petit sege (une petite lance) recouverte de siluk (imperata cylindrica) attaché avec un lien de mul (calamus prattianus) et un fruit de isoak (lagenaria siceraria). segajilik est le signe que quelqu’un est mort. on en fabrique un pour chaque mort tout de suite après sa crémation. les wusama sont des endroits sacrés et secrets utilisés pour cacher les apw aus ntre on ne transformer ces end in. ils ajou dans cet endroit, en particulier pour toutes les personnes u de relation avec ces endroits sacrés. si une ou plusieurs person ité spatiale correspondant à un ge, de bois de construction, de bois pou vé la sécurité et le calme qu’on en attendait. les dani–baliem arek à l’époque où l’état de guerre était permanent. ces endroits sont aussi utilisés par les ancêtres comme lieu de repos. ils servaient également de champ de bataille et ils peuvent si être attachés à une histoire ou à un événement important. par exemple, c’est l’endroit où un membre de la famille d’un chef ethnique a été assassiné (cet endroit est alors nommé hunasili). ainsi le hunasili de usilimo est considéré comme un endroit sacré, parce qu’à cet endroit un membre de la famille de dadih walela (grand chef traditionnel dans cette région) a été assassiné, et du sang a été répandu à cet endroit. aujourd’hui, pour les dani–baliem, il est difficile de distinguer le wakunmo du wusanma, parce que tous les deux sont des lieux sacrés et des règlements interdisent d’entrer dans ces endroits. des signes naturels peuvent aussi signaler ces lieux. par exemple, on y trouve des sources d’eau douce ou des sources d’eau salée; ces sources sont, d’après les dani–baliem, les sources de la vie. d’autres signes sont certains grands arbres, par exemple lay (papuacedrus sp.), win (ficus drupacea), sin (araucaria cunninghamii), etc. ces arbres sont considérés par les dani–baliem comme la demeure de leurs ancêtres; on y trouve aussi une grotte (la grotte de kontilola), etc. les coupes d’arbres sont interdites dans ces forêts. pour cette raison floristiquement, le wakunmo ou le wusanma est dominé par les grands arbres et la composition floristique de cet endroit est presque identique à celle de la forêt primaire. dans la région de siba, le wakunmo de siba est dominé par senon (castanopsis acuminatissima), kait (gardenia sp.), wumpak (gardenia lamingtonii), hamud (bassia eugenioides). pour le wakunmo de la région de yiwika, la composition floristique est dominée par min (ilex spicata), wamporoh (ardisia sp.), karolih (eugenia sp.), kami-kami (melastomataceae), et yain (ficus sp.). cependant les dani–baliem disent qu’abattre des arbres permet à la forêt de se renouveler. mais pour ce faire, il faut réaliser un rituel aux ancêtres qui gardent la forêt. les porcs peuvent pénétrer dans les lieux sacrés. par co roits en jardin de patates douces. j’ai visité plusieurs endroits utilisés comme lieux sacrés. lorsque je demandais aux dani–baliem pourquoi ils n’utilisaient pas cet endroit pour faire un jardin de patate douce ou d’autres plantes alimentaires, ils me répondaient que cet endroit est un lieu sacré et que, depuis l’époque de leurs ancêtres, cet endroit n’avait jamais été utilisé comme jard taient également qu’à cet endroit, il était interdit de faire des ouma (villages), de couper des arbres, des herbes, de cueillir des plantes alimentaires, des orchidées, des plantes médicinales, etc. et de chasser. il est également interdit d’entrer qui n’ont pas de droit sur ces lieux o nes entrent dans cet endroit volontairement, sans en avoir le droit, il faut payer une compensation en porcs. le nombre de porcs qu’il faut payer est décidé par les chefs de cette région. ces endroits ont aussi une fonction de marque territoriale; le wakunmo est utilisé comme signe d’occupation d’un territoire par une ethnie entière ou par des familles. lorsque qui on prend la décision de créer un wakunmo ou un wusama, il devient la propriété de l’isa-eak. 7. les village abandonné (olinmo) olinmo est une un village abandonné. on peut facilement reconnaître un olinmo car, à cet endroit, on peut trouver les restes de plantes caractéristiques des villages, à savoir: sait (pandanus conoideus), wileh (casuarina oligodon), haki (musa spp.), etc. le sol de ce village abandonné est assez fertile pour y faire un jardin de patates douces. en général les dani–baliem utilisent cet endroit pour faire plusieurs fois (3–4 fois) un jardin de patates douces. souvent, ils laissent pousser des arbres à cet endroit, dans le but d’obtenir une source de bois de chauffa r les clôtures, etc. les raisons pour déménager un village sont d’ordre sécuritaire: on n’y a pas trou 34 reinwardtia [vol.12 aiment construire leur village dans des lieux assez isolées, à cause des ennemis qui peuvent moins cilement les attaquer. mais au-jourd’hui, ces con nt pas sacrés ont dominés par les wiki ou l noplesium cymosum). le silo est plac h parce que ces deux espèces pionnières ont une croissance rapide et or les dani– aliem ont toujours besoin de bois pour faire les clôt , les wikioma et wile ondé ou marecageux. mais cet endroit est traditionnellement de terre y abondent et sont appréciés comme nourriture par les , yelesimo est utilisé pour faire des jard nt our les dani–baliem. ils connaissent les rizières dep exe i (brassica chinensis), helica, hece (capsicum annuum, capsicum frutescens), wortel phaseolus us spp.), slada (lectuca sativum), bawang mili (all (ma fa ditions vont changer, car les guerres ethniques sont interdites par le gouvernement indonésien. une autre raison pour déménager est l’éloignement de leur jardin. les villageois sont alors obligés de déménager dans un village plus proche de leur jardin. concernant son statut foncier, l’olinmo ou village abandonné est possédé par les villageois qui ont déjà habité dans cet endroit. 8. lieux protégés à espèce dominante (wikioma et wilehoma) wikioma est un endroit où poussent des arbres (o) wiki (paraserianthes falcataria). wilehoma est un endroit où poussent des wileh (casuarina oligodon). ces lieux ne so , mais sont protégés: tous les arbres qui poussent dans ces endroits sont protégés, notamment les wiki et les wileh. ces endroits sont seminaturels, parce que s’y trouvaient d’abord des jardins abandonnés. après leur abandon, si les arbres qui y ont poussé s es wileh, les propriétaires marquent cet endroit d’une interdiction de coupe. cette interdiction est signifiée par la présence d’un silo. le silo est une marque formée d’herbes sèches attachées par des bambous ou par mul (calamus prattianus) ou mulele (geito é sur une clôture ou sur un piquet. en effet, les dani–baliem apprécient particulièrement wiki et wile peuvent être coupées facilement. b ures de leurs jardins. dans un cas particulier, j’ai trouvé des wikioma et wilehoma où les arbres qui poussent naturellement étaient mélangés à des arbres plantés. parfois des individus constituent des wikioma et wilehoma de façon à avoir une réserve de bois personnelle. dans la vallée de la baliem homa sont dispersées et forment comme une mosaïque dans la vallée. 9. les zones inondées (yelesimo) yelesimo (yelesi = inondé, mo = milieu) est une unité de l’environnement qui est rarement utilisée, car cet endroit est toujours in utilisé pour lâcher les porcs. les vers porcs. les dani–baliem qui habitent près d’un yelesimo ont beaucoup de porcs. yelesimo est dominé par lokop (phragmites karka) et, dans les parties constamment inondées, il est dominé par echinochloa colona. pendant la saison sèche ins de patates douces, mais avec beaucoup de risques, car souvent ces jardins sont soumis à des inondations. ces jardins nécessitent un drainage très profond ce sont des wen imah. 10. les rizières (sawah ou wen nasi) c’est une nouvelle unité de l’environneme p uis 1974, quand un instituteur d’école primaire d’origine toraja a apporté du riz de la variété toraja. ce riz a été alors planté dans la région de honeilama. la construction de rizières n’a pas pour but de remplacer la culture de patates douces (l’aliment principal), mais d’utiliser les endroits où on ne peut pas faire de jardins de patates douces, par mple les yelesimo. l’idée directrice est d’augmenter le niveau de vie des dani–baliem. 11. les nouvelles formes de jardin (wen het) les dani–baliem appellent wen het un nouveau type de jardin complètement différent de celui de patates douces. dans ce nouveau type de jardin, sont cultivées des plantes introduites. les dani–baliem considèrent ce type de jardin comme une source de nouvelles connaissances. ce type de jardin a été introduit par des migrants et développé par le lipi et l’office de l’agriculture. les plantes cultivées dans ces jardins sont hupak (zea mays), wenyale eken (glycine max), wenyale agat (arachis hypogaea), wenyale mili (phaseolus lunatus), napire abo (manihot esculenta). on trouve aussi des légumes koleka (brassica oleracea var. botrytis), koleken (brassica oleracea var. capitata), kilu kera (sechium edule), kilu tomar (solanum lycopersicon), hobut (cucurbita moschata), petsai (brassica campestris), saw (daucus carota), wenyale-wenyale ( vulgaris), kibi (amaranth sp.), bawang mola (allium ium cepa) etc.; des arbres fruitiers sont aussi présents: papaya (carica papaya), apel (pyrus malus), lemon (citrus sinensis, c. aurifolius, c. maxima), apokat (persea americana), mangga ngifera indica), nanas (ananas comosus), 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 35 haki (musa spp.), giawas (psidium guajava), semangka (citrullus vulgaris). on peut, enfin, trouver des plantes économiques telles que coffea arabica. le savoir botanique local 1. types biologiques la société dani de la vallée de la baliem et plus particulièrement celle de kurulu distinguent les types biologiques suivants: appellation g végétaux est o ’arbre es lé «o», mais ce terme désigne aussi le boi arbre jeune est appelé o a signifie «jeune»), et l’arbre âgé appelé o» seulement. ainsi o oak désigne les arbres don ogiques de la région l’ énérale des aiyago. l t appe s. l’ ku (aku « t on utilise le bois et o eken "l'arbre fruitier", etc. la liane est appelée heleh, qui signifie aussi «ficelle» ou «corde» (tableau 12). tableau 12. les différentes formes de types biol terme dani terme français 1. o arbre, tronc ou bois 2. oka herbacée, épiphyte 3. oka weak parasite 4. heleh liane 5. iyakne touffe les herbes sont nommées oka. les parasites et les épiphytes entrent dans la catégorie oka. les plantes parasites sont appelées oka weak (weak = «mauvais»), car elles lèsent les plantes qu’elles arasitent. elles sont donc «mauvp aises». dans une catégorie spéciale, mais si leurs racines ont touché terre et s’ils ont un tronc, ces épiphytes entrent dans la catégorie « es pes biologiques son so nt utilisés com assificateur dans les es d’appellation pour les plantes, par exe tabl pour ce qui est des épiphytes, comme par exemple les figuiers étrangleurs, ils n’entrent pas o». l termes désignant ces ty t uve me cl term mple o wileh ou l’arbre de wileh (casuarina oligodon), heleh mulele ou liane de mulele (geitonoplesium cymosum), silukoka ou l’herbe de siluk (imperata cylindrica), etc. eau 13. catégories englobantes pour les végétaux inférieurs no terme dani terme française 1 suk champignons 2 isikake fougères 3 sip mousses les dani–baliem utilisent aussi souvent le terme iyakne «touffe» pour désigner les plantes qui se présentent sous cette forme; exemple hakiyakne = touffe de bananier, wimiyakne = touffe de bambous. concernant les champignons (suk), les dani– li sousé mestibilité: on ou ils sont . la deuxième désigne les troncs et l és oak parce qu’ils s’apparent e oak dog (dog = peau). les branches, les tiges ou les rameaux sont nommés o ikiok (figure 16). le tronc de bananier est nommé haki oak. les rejets des bananiers eak nog. le «tronc» des lianes est nommé heleh ebe, ce qui signifie «corps de liane». la terme heleh désigne aussi «les liens». les fibres de l’arbre win (o win, ficus drupacea) sont utilisées pour faire de la ficelle; cette ficelle est nommée heleh win. de même, pour les autres arbres que l’on utilise ba em divisent cette catégorie en deux at gories sur la base de leur coc tr ve ainsi des champignons comestibles (suk hanoh) et des champignons non comestibles (suk weak). les champignons comestibles (suk hanoh) sont nommés suk koli, suk naga, suk ubel, suk winkiampi, suk hunarago, suk nagkapilik, suk kibut, suk mulok, suk monekaruk, suk likuluk, suk entel, suk pilinsuk. les champignons non comestibles (suk weak) sont nommés suk yilimpir, uk apwarek, suk pogola, et suk nagagun. s vénéneux. 2. la morphologie des plantes la majorité des sociétés indonésiennes possède de bonnes connaissances sur la morphologie des plantes. il en est de même pour les dani–baliem qui sont encore très attachés à leur traditions et qui possèdent beaucoup de connaissance sur la morphologie des plantes. dans la morphologie des plantes les dani– baliem distinguent les éléments suivants: a. le tronc ou la tige d’après les dani–baliem, il existe deux catégories de tronc et de tiges selon leur utilité. la première désigne les troncs qui sont très utiles, ces troncs sont nommés o ebe, ce qui signifie «corps d’arbre» es tiges qui ne sont pas utilisés. après avoir abattu des arbres, pour faire un jardin par exemple, on les jette tout simplement. les dani– baliem les nomment oak ce qui signifie «os». ces troncs sont nomm ent, pour les dani–baliem, aux restes d’un repas: après avoir mangé de la viande, il reste des os que les dani–baliem vont jeter. par exemple, la tige d’hipere, est appelée hipere oak, parce que cette tige n’est pas utilité. après avoir été coupée, elle est jetée. les troncs déjà coupés et sciés sont nommés oak. l’écorce du tronc est nommé 36 reinwardtia [vol.12 pour faire des liens ces derniers sont appelés heleh suivi du nom de l’arbre. aligat edai eken suesi puali maleh eken inikiabut tempo suwe iyok nt mola; en ce huagaleh (scaevola oppot mili (rouge ou plus sombre) et la couleur de l’ feuille de simo (ho onoideus), koleka pour la f tance de la forme des feuilles dans le système de classification dani–baliem se maniste par l’abondante terminologie qui désigne de gure 17): walimoken fig. 16. parties de plantes les caractéristiques physiques des troncs jouent un rôle important dans les critères d’identification traditionnelle des espèces de plantes. par exemple, la couleur du bois, son odeur, la sève et les diverses sécrétions de l’arbre, et la direction des fibres du bois. d’une façon générale les dani–baliem ne dis-tinguent que deux couleurs: mili pour tout ce qui se voit clairement et mola ce qui est difficile à distinguer. ainsi le ciel est toujours considéré comme mili. le noir que l’on voit bien est mili tandis que le blanc est mola. les fleurs rouges ou les plumes d’oiseau colorées sont mili. les plantes en bonne santé sont mili, tandis qu’une plante desséchée sera mola. pour le bois, par exemple, la couleur du bois de inektamuk (rhododendron spp.) qui est de couleur violette est mola et la ouleur de son écorce est égalemec qui concerne l’espèce sitifolia), le bois es écorce est mola. b. la feuille (eka) la feuille est nommée eka. les caractéristiques des feuilles comme leur couleur, leur forme, leur taille et leur odeur ont un rôle important pour reconnaître les arbres dans la forêt. pour les feuilles également les dani–baliem distinguent deux couleurs mili qui s’applique aux feuilles vertes et rouges et mola, qui s’applique aux blanches ou blanchâtres. les dani–baliem reconnaissent les nervures apot, le pétiole alesu, et le bourgeon o ukum (figure 16). les dani–baliem différencient deux catégories de feuilles selon leur taille: grande taille et petite taille. deux autres catégories, associées aux précédentes, sont distinguées en fonction de l’épaisseur des feuilles: les feuilles épaisses sont nommées apumeak eka et les feuilles minces, apundek eka. par exemple, la malanthus novoguinensis), est petite et mince; la feuille de pah (lithocarpus ruffovillosus) est épaisse; la feuille de wiki (paraserianthes falcataria) est petite et mince, etc. lorsque les dani–baliem veulent désigner la feuille d’une espèce donnée, ils ajoutent le terme eka ou ka à la fin du nom de cette plante. par exemple hakieka pour la feuille de banane (musa spp.), wineka pour la feuille de figue (ficus drupacea), poroomeka pour la feuille de poroom (rhododendron macgregoriae), saiteka pour la feuille de sait (pandanus c euille de chou (brassica oleracea var. botrytis), yelikaka pour la feuille de yelika (piper gibbilimbum), wurigika pour la feuille de wurigi (davidsonia beccari), etc. l’impor fe manière précise chacune de ces formes (voir fi fig. 17. les formes de feuilles selon les dani–baliem t: ce terme désigne les feuilles simples eken: le aliga eda s feuilles cordées appartiennent à la ar cette expression i–baliem. sue i catégorie “edai eken” c désigne le coeur en dan si: les feuilles dont la forme rapelle celle de la plume de l’oiseau suesi sont nommées suesi. 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 37 puali: la forme des feuilles de ce type ressemble à celle d’une plume de l’oiseau puali. suwe iyok: désigne une feuille dont la forme rappelle celle d’un pied d’oiseau c’est-à-dire e mée eken hanoh ou ent, eken weak désigne la «fleur m ont ple, la fleur st nommé hupak eken ameh u hupak ameh le term aei désigne aussi la bouture; par exemp te douce ere ae la de mani ot esculenta) est ap lé abo aei, d. la omaken) omaken est la partie de la plante qui est dans la terre et dont la forme plusieurs inform ’ont expliqué que la racine est la e, disent les dani–baliem, est donc dérivée de omaken. le s’agir de plantes app lerianifolia trachymene arfakensis (umbelliferae); suagal désigne elaeocarpus nubigenus (elaeocarpaceae), saphium sp. (euphorbiaceae), sp. (ericaceae). selon les infor on donne le èces es appartena les s, parce q semblent et ur les mêm tableau 14, présente les espèces qui porournies par les dani–baliem. avec trois digitations. en effet, suwe signifie oiseau et iyok = pied. inikiabut: ce terme signifie “les doigts de la main. les feuilles ayant une forme digitée dont la forme imite celle des doigts de la main. tempo: désigne une forme de feuille qui rappelle un type de pointe de flèche. maleh eken: une feuille dont la forme évoque un autre type de pointe de flèche. walimoken: ce terme désigne les ornaments pectoraux que portent les hommes. une feuille qui a cette forme de pectoral est donc walimoken. c. fruit, fleur, grain (eken) le terme eken désigne les fruits, les fleurs, et les graines. eken c’est aussi le contenu, le produit. il n’y a pas chez les dani–baliem, de termes particuliers pour désigner chacun de ces éléments. un fruit en forme de gousse (comme un petit pois) est nommé eken sepalpal. les fleurs sont différenciées à partir de leur couleur, de leur forme et de leur odeur. la fleur qui a une belle couleur, une forme magnifique et une odeur agréable est nom «fleur bonne». inversem auvaise». en général, les fleurs ont une fonction ornementale, qui consiste à les disposer sur la tête. cet ornement est appelé inagahale. selon leur disposition les fleurs sont désignées de façon différentes. les fleurs axillaires sont nommées eken. ainsi, par exemple, la fleur de hipere (ipomoea batatas) est nommée hipere eken. les fleurs et inflorescences terminales s nommées eken ameh. ainsi, par exem de hupak (zea mays) e o , la fleur de haki (musa spp.), est nommé haki ameh, etc. les graines utilisée pour les semis sont nommées aei. ainsi, par exemple, hupak aei désigne les semences de maïs (zea mays), partie des plantes qui leur sert à manger et qui leur permet de pousser. le vers de terre qui a une forme longue est nommé omali. ce term e. tubercules (ebe) les tubercules sont nommés ebe. par exemple, le tubercule de patate douce est appelé hipere ebe. pour les dani–baliem, le tubercule constitue le corps de la patate douce. ce tubercule, une fois cuit, est nommé hipere eken car, pour les dani–baliem, ce tubercule est alors transformé en «produit» consommable. systeme de denomination traditionelle des plantes la nomenclature locale suit les règles habituelles des nomenclatures populaires où chaque type de plante est désigné par un terme de base accompagné ou non d’un ou plusieurs déterminants. d’après friedberg (1974, 1986, 1990), cette formule correspond parfois au système de nomenclature botanique, où chaque plante est désignée par un binôme: le nom de genre + le nom d’espèce. selon friedberg (1990), en principe chaque type de plante reconnu comme différent d’un autre porte un nom qui diffère également de tous les autres au moins par le déterminant. mais ceci n’est pas absolu, car par exemple chez les bunaq (timor, indonésie) quelques plantes reconnues par les informateurs comme différentes sont désignées par le même terme de base. cependant chez les dani–baliem, j'ai constaté qu'il est fréquent qu'une même terme de base désigne des plantes d’espèces différentes sans qu’elles soient distingués par un déterminant. par exemple, haningkukuh désigne plusieurs espèces d'herbacées mais qui sont de la même famille d’asteraceae, ce sont bidens biternata, emilia nonchifolia, erigeron linifolius. mais il peut aussi wenyale aei le psophocarpus tetragonolobus, etc. (asteraceae) et artenant à des espèces de familles différentes. par exemple: anekuku est utilisé pour désigner erechtites paniculata, erechtites va e le, la bouture de pata est appelée hip i, bouture oc (manih pe e napire etc. racine ( est très allongée. ateurs m gaultheria mateurs, même nom à des esp différent nt parfois à des famil u'elles se resdifférente poservent es usages. le tent un nom vernaculaire identique et les explications f 38 reinwardtia [vol.12 tableau 14. les espèces de plantes et leur nom vernaculaire ulaire ntifique ille explications no nom vernac nom scie fam 1 alengkah aspect semblable, même usage alengkah eugenia sp. xanthomyrtus sp. myrtaceae myrtaceae 2 u a a aspect semblable et même usages anekuku anekuku anekuk erechtites paniculat erechtites valerianifoli trachymene arfakensis asteraceae asteraceae umbelliferae (plante medicinale) 3 duaga duaga a ringiaefolium vaccinium angulat vaccinium va ericaceae ericaceae aspect semblable et même usage 4 digit digit astronia sp. boehmeria malabarica ceae melastomata urticaceae même usage 5 eken mokah mokah mokah eae eken eken centella asiatica limnanthemum sp. erechtites sp. umbelliferae gentiniac asteraceae même usage 6 haningkukuh gkukuh gkukuh s lia ius hanin hanin bidens biternatu emilia nonchifo erigeron linifol asteraceae asteraceae asteraceae même usage (plante médicinale) 7 helah helah abelmoschus manihot jatropa multifida malvaceae euphorbiaceae même usage 8 hili hili cyperus sp. bidens sp. cyperaceae e asteracea même usage (pour la ficelle) 9 hilikuah ah ala ae ae aspect semblable hiliku cyperus monocep cyperus kyllingia cyperace cyperace 10 hite hite mischantus floribundus nalis zingiber offici poaceae zingiberaceae aspect semblable 11 hok hok hok ficus ampelas ficus sp. streblus asper moraceae moraceae moraceae même usage (pour noken, sali yokal) et 12 holim-holim holim-holim pittosporum pullifolium nepenthes papuana pittosporaceae nepenthaceae aucune explication 13 hom hom hom hom colocasia esculenta a sp. ême usage plemaintaire) alocasia sp. xanthosom cyrtosperma sp. araceae araceae araceae araceae aspect semblable et m (comme aliment su 14 hubuh même usage (bois de construction) hubuh morus australis microcos sp. moraceae tiliaceae 15 huli lium alensis même usage (comme plante huli polygonum capathifo polygonum nep polygonaceae polygonaceae médicinale) 16 ata) aspect semblable huliah huliah bidens pilosa bidens sp. (cf. bitern asteraceae asteraceae 17 hunawerago werago p. huna medinilla sp. rhyticaryum s melastomataceae icacinaceae aucune explication 18 hupak hupak zea mays poaceae poaceae aspect semblable 19 ilak-ilak ilak-ilak alixia stellata alixia floribunda apocynaceae apocynaceae aspect sembable et même usage 20 ilkelik thalsii ilkelik glochidion philippicum rapanea kor euphorbiaceae myrsinaceae même usage 21 gkah gkah s même usage (comme ficelle) isibun isibun isibungkah embelia ribe hoya sp. randia ixoraeflora myrsinaceae asclepiadaceae rubiaceae 22 kait kait adinandra sp. gardenia sp. theaceae rubiaceae même usage (pour le bois de construction) 23 ble et même usage kalolih kalolih eugenia sp. steganthera sp. myrtaceae monimiaceae aspect sembla 24 kekantu kekantu rhamnus nepalensis segeretia theezans rhamnaceae rhamnaceae aspect semblable 25 kibi kibi kibi kibi kibi amaranthus cf. viridis eae e ceae a. spinosus a. tricolor a. caudatus a. hybridus amaranthac amaranthacea amaranthaceae amaranthaceae amarantha aspect semblable et même usage 26 kilu (telor) kilu (tomar) kilu (terong) ra) eae sage kilu (ke cypomandra amentacea lycopersicon esculentum solanum melongena sechium edule solanaceae solanaceae solanaceae cucurbitac les fruits de ces espèces sont considérés comme semblables et de même u 27 kubangko kubangko ianum e ardisia sp. rhododendron bayerink myrsinacea ericaceae aucune explication 28 na ica s e usage kul kul kul kul arthrophyllum sp. timonius monta fagraea ceylan amyema clavipe araliaceae rubiaceae loganiaceae loranthaceae les 4 espèces ont le mêm 38 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 39 no nom vernaculaire nom scientifique famille explications 29 lemon lemon citrus sinensis citrus spp. rutaceae rutaceae même aspect et même usage 30 mak-mak k ma orner des objets sacrés) mak-ma fimbristylis dichoto oleandra archboldii cyperaceae oleandraceae même usage (pour 31 maliep maliep rubus sp. rubus fraxinifolius rosaceae rosaceae même usage 32 mileh schefflera ischonoasia araliaceae e able (feuilles ont même e mileh mileh schefflera lucida symplocos sp. araliacea araliaceae aspect semb forme) et même usag 33 min min ilex spicata ilex cf. cymosa ceae ble et même usage aquifolia aquifoliaceae aspect sembla 34 mul mul calamus sp. calamus prattianus arecaceae arecaceae espect semblable et même usage (pour la ficelle) 35 achymene sp. (cf. arfakensis) musan musan oenanthe javanica tr umbelliferae umbelliferae aspect semblable 36 . deri aspect semblable (bois sont pagali pagali gonocaryum sp garcinia schra icacinaceae clusiaceae semblables) et même usage (pour wim sege) 37 pinthe e a rii n pinth phragmites kark cyathea coope poaceae cyatheaceae aucune explicatio 38 plueh-plueh eh-plueh oaceae plu non identifiée. dipteris sp. p polypodiaceae même usage 39 puali puali puali erbachii a ae is exalta ont le même usage (pour orner microsorium sp. neprolepis laut neprolepis exalt polypodiaceae oleandrace oleandraceae entre microsorium sp. et neprolep les objets sacrés). 40 sagalaleh h eae aucune explication sagalale vaccinium sp. combretac ericaceae 41 sagi même usage et leur bois est considéré comme de meilleur qualité sagi diospyros sp. nothofagus sp. ebenaceae fagaceae 42 sel sel freycinetia sp. pandanus sp. pandanaceae e pandanacea aspect semblable 43 si si phylocladis sp. euphorbia sp. euphorbiaceae n aucune explicatio 44 simo o uinensis i ble et même usage sim homalanthus novog ficus odoard euphorbiaceae moraceae aspect sembla 45 sop sop macaranga sp. ae prunus sp. euphorbiace rosaceae aucune explication 46 suagal suagal suagal elaeocarpus nubigenus ceae le et même usage saphium sp. gaultheria sp. elaeocarpa euphorbiaceae ericaceae aspect sembab 47 lona is même usage (pour plante médicinale) suer suer echinochloa co borreria laev poaceae rubiaceae 48 nticulifera aspect semblable sumunik sumunik dimorphanthera sp. dimorphanthera de ericaceae ericaceae 49 ul ul polyosma ilicifolia blumea sp. saxifragaceae asteraceae même usage 50 aspect sembable (bois) et même usage (bois de construction) walih walih-walih timonius sp. diospyros sp. rubiaceae ebenaceae 51 wamarengke e wamarengk eurya acuminata podocarpus neriifolius theaceae podocarpaceae même usage 52 wamatotok k eae wamatoto trychomanes sp. blumea lacera hymenophylac asteraceae aucune explication 53 wamporoh wamporoh ardisia sp3. pennisetum sp2. myrsinaceae poaceae aucune explication 54 wangken wangken embelia coriacea ae ae rapanea leucantha myrsinace myrsinace aspect semblable et même usage (pour wim sege) 55 ticulata ingiaefolium même usage (pour wim sege) wantagah wantagah wantagah dimorpanthera den ilex vertegii vaccinium var ericaceae araliaceae ericaceae 56 weayuken weayuken medinilla speciosa melastoma malabarica me usage melastomataceae melastomataceae même forme et mê 57 welaluk uk e ation welal dendrophthoe pentandra garcinia sp. loranthacea clusiaceae aucune explic 58 gkon même usage pour wim sege welan welangkon polygala sp. vaccinium sp. polygalaceae ericaceae 59 (agat) le (mili) eken) onolobus s aspect semblable et même usage e) wenyale wenyale wenyale wenya wenyale ( phaseolus sp. psophocarpus tetrag arachis hypogaea phaseolus lunatu glycine max fabaceae fabaceae fabaceae fabaceae fabaceae (aliment secondair 60 wenyale-wenyale -wenyale garis wenyale phaseolus vul vigna unguiculata fabaceae fabaceae aspect semblable 40 reinwardtia [vol.12 no nom vernaculaire nom scientifique famille explications 61 wul wul wul eugenia acuminatissima polyosma elliptica polyosma sp. myrtaceae saxifragaceae saxifragaceae même usage 62 wurikaka wurikaka desmodium schalpe desmodium sp. fabaceae fabaceae aspect semblable 63 yelika yelika piper gibbilimbum pothomorphe sp. piperaceae blable piperaceae aspect sem 64 yibih yibih nothofagus sp. schizomeria ilicifolia f cuno agaceae niaceae aspect sembable et même usage 65 yibiah yibiah polygala sp. stachytarpeta australis polygalaceae verbenaceae aucune explication ce tableau montre que les dani–baliem nomment les plantes en se basant le plus souvent sur leur ressemblances morphologiques (feuilles, tiges, troncs), sur leur architecture quand il s’agit d’arbres, sur la couleur du bois mais on peut voir que l'usage joue aussi un rôle important. ce processus se perpétue jusqu’à aujourd’hui, et explique l’attribution des noms wenyale, kibi, hupak, hite, kilu à plusieurs nouvelles espèces introduites e des feuilles, des fruits, etc.); mécanique (résistance du bois, dureté, souplesse); écologique (lieu où pousse la plante, relation avec les autres êtres vivants); et sensoriel (odeur, goût et couleur). critères morphologiques nous avons vu plus haut dans la deuxième partie du chapitre ii, sur le savoir botanique local, combien les dani–baliem sont attentifs à toutes les caractéristiques morphologiques des differenttes parties des plantes et en particulier des feuilles. nous avons déjà évoqué comment ces caractéristiques sont utilisées dans l'identification et nous n'y reviendrons pas ici. critères mécaniques traditionnellement, les arbres en deux catégories selon la qualité t plusieurs cultivars de patate douce. remarquons cependant que pour certaines espèces aucune explication n’est fournie. le cas le plus étonnant et le plus fréquemment rencontré est celui de pinthe, terme qui désigne à la fois le roseau (phragmites karka) qui est utilisé pour fair des fe lèches, des clôtures et le planches du ugère (cyathea el à ail de la plante, de ses les dani–baliem divisent du eté et sa résistance. les arbres secondaire qui ont un bois de mauvaise qualité. premier étage de honai, et une fo cooperi) dont les feuilles jeunes sont utilisées comme légume et sont placées à l’intérieur du pilamo chaque fois que l’on fait un rituel. cette façon d'attribuer le même nom à des espèces différentes m'a incité à m'intéresser aux critères de reconnaissance et d'identification des plantes utilisées par les dani–baliem. j'exposerai ensuite comment se construisent les termes d'appellation. 1. l’identification des plantes le système d’identification des plantes, selon les dani–baliem, est basé sur l’ensemble des caractéristiques de ces plantes (la couleur du bois, l’odeur, la sève, et les fibres du bois). il n’est pas possible d’identifier les plantes sur la base d’une partie seulement de ces caractéristiques. les plantes ou les cultivars communs sont immédiatement reconnus et nommés par les dani-baliem. mais concernant la majorité des cultivars et des espèces de la forêt primaire, ils font app une observation plus en dét feuilles, du tronc, etc. comme partout dans le monde, les dani– baliem utilisent plusieurs critères de reconnaissance pour distinguer les plantes qui peuvent être d’ordre morphologique (forme, texture du tronc, bois, c’est-à-dire sa dur qui ont un bois dur sont appelés «o hanoh» qui signifie bois de bonne qualité. ces bois sont utilisés pour la construction de sili (pilamo, ebeai, hunila, wamdabu) et des sege. par exemple: o senon (castanopsis acuminatissima), o joli (tristania obovata), o lait (podocarpus pilgeri), o lay (papuocedrus sp.), o ki (nothofagus starkenborgii), o bagah (sloanea archboldiana), etc. en revanche, les bois de mauvaise qualité sont dits «o weak » qui signifie bois de moindre qualité. c’est par exemple o wiki (paraserianthes falcataria), o wib (grevillea papuana), o ka (erythrina cristagalli), o mileh (schefflera sp.), etc. ces bois sont generalement utilisés pour faire les clôtures ou comme bois de chauffage, mais au-jourd’hui, plusieurs membres de la société les utilisent en plus comme bois de construction. c’est le cas de o wiki (paraserianthes falcataria) et de o wileh (casuarina oligodon). critères écologiques les dani–baliem pensent que les arbres qui poussent dans la forêt primaire offrent un bois de bonne qualité, à l’inverse des arbres de la forêt 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 41 les dani–baliem établissent des catégories de plan yago endr typiq save zone flori prox oligo enco (ara mon crit concernant l’odeur, les dani–baliem disting i (amomum sp.), ob l’autre helah milige avec un tronc et des pétioles les dani–baliem rocèdent à la classification des cultivars de pam d’une plante dev s jeunes feui re entre la pourpre et le blanc. ce n'es pas obligatoire. pour nommer les différentes utilise le mot «o» suivi par le nom heleh (clematis alis corniculata), et h ple ou de distinguer é d’un classifycate tes en fonction de leur habitat. par exemple, les plantes de montagne sont appelées «oaiyago tomoba» (oaiyago = plantes; tom = montagne; et oba = aucun sens, mais il s’emploie pour désigner une catégorie vaste, ainsi wen-oba est le terme général désignant le jardin). les plantes de la vallée sont nommées «oaiyago agaroba» (oai = plantes, agat = sol ou terre qui désigne un oit plat ou une vallée). les dani–baliem reconnaissent certaines espèces comme étant ues de certains milieux. par exemple ils nt qu’ils peuvent trouver facilement dans les s de marais les espèces hite (mischanthus bundus) et lokop (phragmites cf. karka), à imité des rivières l’espèce wileh (casuarina don) (reconnues pour y être abondantes) ou re dans les endroits bien drainés l’espèce sin ucaria cunninghamii), et enfin dans les zones tagneuses les wim (bambous). ère sensoriel: odeur, goût, couleur uent des plantes qui ont une odeur particulière. les plantes odorantes sont nommées obasi qui signifie «arbre odorant». selon l’odeur les dani–baliem font deux catégories de plantes: (1). obasi hanoh «sent bon», par exemple wulongka (rutaceae), yiw asiwasi ou obasibasi (euodia elleryana), et inektamuk (rhododendron spp.). (2). obasi weak «sent mauvais», par exemple honabun (melicope novoguinensis), simo (homalanthus novoguinensis), pah (lithocarpus ruffovillosus), wiki (paraserianthes falcataria), liah-liah ou libah-libah (sapindaceae), wayoh (non identifié), yili (piper sp.), kop (diospyros sp.), ka (erythrina cristagalli), monika (pittosporum ramiflorum), hemer (cinnamomum sp.), hok (ficus sp.), asim (pandanus cf. pectianus), hopiye (pandanus sp.), kalolih (steganthera sp.), sitni (drynaria cf. rigidula), vi (castanopsis sp.), et munungkut (saurauia sp.). le mot obasi indique également ce qui possède un mauvais goût. c’est par exemple le cultivar de colocasia esculenta, hom obasiak. non seulement il répand une mauvaise odeur, mais il possède aussi un goût désagréable et provoque des démangeaisons. la couleur constitue pour les dani–baliem une information complémentaire qui permet de différencier les cultivars. ils ajoutent au terme de base avec des déterminants de couleur. par exemple concernant le helah (abelmoschus manihot) on rencontre deux cultivars, l’un helah molage avec un tronc et des pétioles rougeâtres et verts. c’est sur ce critère que p tate douce. dans d’autres cas le no ient le nom d’une couleur. par exemple weayuken désigne la couleur violette ou rougeâtre qui est la couleur des fruits de melastoma malabarica et de medinilla speciosa (melastomataceae) qui sont désignés par ce terme weayuken. ces fruits sont utilisés pour teindre des fibres des noken, yokal et sali. de même un cultivar de patate douce est appelé weayuken en raison de la couleur de sa tige, de se lles et de l’écorce de son tubercule qui sont rouges-violets. le mot «weak» sert aussi comme déterminant de couleur dans l'appellation de certaines plantes mais porte une connotation négative. ainsi hom weakhom désigne un cultivar de colocasia esculenta, et signifie que son tubercule porte une mauvaise couleur. c’est une couleur mixte ou intermédiai 2. les termes d’appellation les classificateurs sémantiques en dani–baliem le terme de base peut être précédé par un classificateur qui indique le type biologique auquel appartient la plante, mais t espèces d’arbres, on de l’arbre. par exemple, o wileh (casuarina oligodon), o sin (araucaria cunninghamii), o sugun (wendlandia paniculata), o duaga ou l’arbre duaga (vaccinium varingiaefolium), etc. le nom des lianes commence par heleh, suivi du nom particulier à cette liane. par exemple, heleh mul (calamus prattianus), heleh mulele (geitonoplesium cymosum), heleh eneit (rauvolfia rostrata), heleh fulu (asclepiadaceae), isibongkah (hoya sp.), helehkakap phanerophlebia), helebeleh (ox elehwayoh. etc. quant aux noms des herbacées, les dani– baliem ajoutent le mot “ oka ” devant le nom de ces plantes. ainsi, par exemple, oka siluk (imperata cylindrica), oka yelika (leersia hexandra), oka lika (fimbristylis sp.), oka weayuken (melastoma malabarica), oka lukaka (paspalum conjugatum), oka ulep (pteridium aquilinum), etc. les termes de base le terme de base peut être sim composé. il n’est pas toujours facile un terme de base simple précéd ur sémantique d’un terme de base composé. 42 reinwardtia [vol.12 d’une façon générale si le terme qui est après le classificateur n’a pas de sens dans la langue on peut le considérer comme un terme de base simple. quand il a un sens on peut considérer l’ensemble comme un terme de base composé. a). les termes de base simples le terme de base simple est généralement utilisé pour désigner uniquement des plantes. il n’a pas d’autre sens dans la langue et est relativement plus facile à reconnaître. dans la langue dani–baliem, j’ai noté qu’environ 80 % des noms de plantes sont des termes de base simple. par oligodon), sin (araucaria cun ela, j’ai présenté tous les termes ayant un s ; wamamoli «graisses (amoli) de porc» (scleria odocarpus neriifolius); wamareh ortent des noms d’animaux, par exemple: waloh «serpents» amare-mareh «oiseau» (pennisetum sp.) bre de plantes portent des noms désignant une partie du corps humain. par ene amboinicus), «niru» signifie soe cateur. certaines plantes portent le terme «oka» qui signifie qu’il s’agit d’une b f f e s exemple: haki (musa spp.), wib (grevillea papuana), wileh (casuarina ninghamii), senon (castanopsis acuminatissima), joli (tristania obovata), hipere (ipomoea batatas), etc. b). les termes de base composés ces termes de base composés sont plus difficiles à reconnaître, car ils se composent de mots ayant un autre sens dans la langue et que l'on peut confondre avec un terme de base + determinant. le déterminant se met toujours après le terme de base, alors que dans les termes de base composés un substantif utilisé comme complément de nom jouant le rôle de déterminant se place avant le terme qu'il qualifie. ces termes sont descriptifs ou métaphoriques. pour mieux comprendre c ens dans la langue, en commençant par les cas les plus faciles à analyser. noms de plantes composées formés à partir de noms d’animaux le plus fréquemment rencontré est «wam "porc"». on trouve par exemple: wamatotok «ornement pour la danse (totok) de porc» (trychomanes sp et porophyllum sp.); wamaga-maga «queue (maga-maga) de porc» (pennisetum sp.) laevis); wamarengke «côte (rengke) de porc» (eurya acuta et p -mareh «nom d'un oiseau» (penisetum cf. conjugatum), wam pilin «pourri (pilin) de porc» (glochidion sp.); wam pelangken «truie âgée et amaigris (pelangken)» (jussiaea angustifolia), etc. ici on peut remarquer que le nom d’animal est utilisé comme complément de nom qui en dani– baliem se place avant le terme dont il est le complément. un certain nombre de plantes p (ardisia sp.), vi «pou» (castanopsis cf. acumina tissima), w , put «chat» (arthrophyllum sp.), puali «un type d’oiseau» (neprolepis lauterbachii, microsorium sp., neprolepis exalta), iyobere «un type d’oiseau» (derris sp.), fuluka «grenouille» (rhododendron hellvigii), mak-mak «insecte» (fimbristylis dichotoma, oleandra archboldii). noms des plantes en référence à une partie du corps humain un certain nom exemple dans amik sabuk «poitrine pelle» (embelia viridiflora); aniok «ma jambe» (embelia sp.); kemusi «les moustaches» (davidsonia beccari); ilak tugun «sein de femme mariée» (rutaceae); mep sengkek «sang couler» (flacourtia rukam); munungkut «genou» (saurauia sp.); inektamuk «dents cassées» (rhododendron sp.). noms de plantes venant de noms de personnes certaines plantes portent un nom d’un ukuloak, par exemple: logon ou logo (ilex cf. cymosa). le terme «logon ou logo» qui signifie «rester» vient du nom de l’ukul-oak logo. les dani-baliem donnent parfois à certaine plantes une appellation ayant un lien avec la parenté comme nirukum (coleus ur et ukum signifie «jeune feuille»; honabut (melicope novoguinensis), «hon = homme âgé et abut = enfant». noms de plantes composés à partir de mots désignant un type végétal ou un organe végétal plusieurs noms de plantes comportent un terme désignant un type végétal. ainsi plusieurs plantes ont dans leur nom le terme heleh qui signifie «liane». ces plantes portant le nom heleh sont utilisées pour faire des liens. d’ailleurs heleh signifie aussi «lien». il existe par exemple: mogat heleh (calopogonium muconoides) avec mogat qui signifie esprit; yok heleh (tetrastigma dichotoma); wolah heleh (rivinus sp.), wuleheleh (non identifié). ici le mot «heleh» se place après le premier terme et non avant comme dans le cas où il sert de classifi herbacée, épiphyte, par exemple: sayoka (riedelia sessilanthera). d’autres plantes sont nommées avec des termes désignant un organe végétal. ainsi les dani– aliem utilisent souvent les termes eken (fruit, leur, tubercule, grain), eka (feuille), ukum (jeune euille) ou oak (arbre ou bois). on trouve par xemple lukaken (polygala sp.), koleken (brasica oleracea var. capitata), weayuken (melas2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 43 toma ciosa). weayuk = v eken ave (com boin n rencontre le m verbascifolium), le pomeka d’autres objets ou ayant une valeur descriptive d m om inemployées pour la fabrication de noken (le e otria dolichocarpa), mototo = me un canot. t de sens. tion perdu serrata), hemere signifie « h us sp.), hilan signifie «hé, partez». h l h hulok désigne un bon yum sp.), hunawerago signifie «faire s dents cassées». dre un objectif». re». signifie «la nuit». langenye (non identifié), like ou lika yane s «une donc «venez». tes es de machette ou de signifie s malabarica, medinilla spe iolet et eken = le fruit. il existe aussi wenyale (glycine max); wesengken (polyscias sp.). c le terme ukum on a comme exemple kum melina nudiflora) ou nirukum (coleus amicus). et avec le mot eka, o kuteleka (solanu (myristica cf. holdingerii), le sebereka (cassia mimosoides), le ulepeka (cyclosorus sp.), le wuleka (pteridium aquilinum), et le yeleka (leersia hexandra). noms de plantes attribués par analogie avec ou métaphorique on peut en effet remarquer que certaines énominations ont un sens descriptif. certains noms indiquent le type d’organe particulier que possède la plante. par exemple: alok-alok (berberis sp.), indique que cette plante a des épines (alok). digit (alstonia sp. et boeh eria malabarica) vient de digi qui signifie «fil». ce n dique que ces plantes comportent des fibres sac que portent les femmes). quelques noms de plantes ont une analogie av c des objets. ce sont par exemple : leget bulah (drymaria sp.), leget "clôture" et bulah qui n’a pas de sens. kem (eleocharis dulchis), kem = jupe. cette plante sert pour la fabrication des jupes de femme appelés kem. mototo (psych pirogue ou canot, car le bois de cet arbre flotte sur l’eau com saliwali (palmeria ferruginea), sali = jupe e walin = faire un trou. cette plante est utilisée comme fibre dans la fabrication de sali. sikepupuk (urena lobata), sike = flèche et pupuk qui n’a pas wol (buddleja asiatica), wol = cendre. t à une accertains noms de plantes se réfèren ou à un état qui se rapporte aux hommes ou à la société. haningkukuh (bidens biternata, emilia nonchifolia, erigeron linifolius), haningkukuh, c’est l’action de faire des incantations, en groupe, pour appeler un esprit. harowaknen (glochidion rubrum), harowaknen signifie «laisse à son travail». helon (sapindaceae), helon signifie « dans la forêt». hemere (schizomeria venez ici». ilan (fic uli (polygonum capathifolium), huli désigne a limite entre deux villages ou deux isaeak. ulok (trema orientalis), morceau de fruit. hunerago ou hunewerago (medinilla sp. et rhyticar une grillade de poissons ou de crevettes». ih (litsea sp.), ih signifie «eau». inektamuk (rhododendron macgregoriae), inektamuk signifie «le min (ilex cf. cymosa et ilex spicata), min signifie «attein nausarik (bidens biternata), nausarik signifie «se défend kubangko (ardisia sp. et rhododendron bayerickianum), kubangko like ignifie «la journée». likuah (fimbristylis sp.), likuah signifie grotte». lukeh (digitaria sp.), lu est le pluriel de lan qui signifie «aller» et keh signifie «ici», lukeh signifie nogolilih (wendlandia sp.), nogolilih désigne un état intermédiaire entre le sommeil et l’éveil. pogot milih (prunus grisea), pogot signifie «le ciel» et mili désigne sa couleur. sak-sak (polygonum sp.), sak-sak signifie «flotter» ou «voler». saralek (schizomeria serrata), saralek signifie «incompris». wah (timonius sp.), wah signifie «remerciement». yolalek (eleusine indica), signifie «tresser» (les fibres). j’ai également trouvé plusieurs noms de plan portant un sens descriptif, par exemple: fak-fak (pittosporum cf. ramiflorum), fak-fak signifie «tenir». le bois de cet arbre sert en effet à faire les manch hache. mepsengkek (flacourtia rukam), mep «le sang» et sengkek «couler», car cette plante possède une résine couleur rouge sang. oai ou owai (crotalaria juncea), o signifie «une plante» et wai = quoi?, cette plante introduite a été dispersée dans la vallée par un hélicoptère, et s’est répandue à grande vitesse. etonnés par ce phénomène, les dani–baliem e sont demandés «quelle est cette plante?» 44 reinwardtia [vol.12 locu-tion qui est devenue le nom de cette plante in-troduite. eken mokah (centella asiatica et erechtites sp.), eken signifie «l’oeuf, le fruit, la fleur, le tubercule, le grain», mais ici eken signifie «l’oeuf» et mokah «ouverture». ceci vient du e plante dans la guérison des bles », dui ind pla pla se deu par w nyale eken désigne le glycine max kacang kedelai; et wenyale ong (solanum melongena); kilu tomar (lycopersicon esculentum), kilu kera (sechium ots «terong et tomar (tomat)» viennent t quelques uns: mili qui désigne les couleurs verte, bleue ou noire; weayuk qui signimin diff pou bas déte don fon our différencier deux types de plantes avec le même terme de base, par exemple: erminalis) se divise en rôle de cett sures dans lesquelles on trouve souvent des oeufs d’insectes qui, quand ils éclosent sont nommés eken mokah. jabi (laportea sp.), jabi signifie «démanger en effet, cette plante est urticante. walimo (rapanea sp.), walimo désigne un objet précieux dont la forme est celle d’un pectoral. les feuilles de cette plante ressemblent à un pectoral (walimo). désignation de plantes introduites à partir des noms d’autres plantes un certain nombre de noms de plantes introtes sont construits à partir des noms de plantes igènes. c’est-à-dire que pour nommer ces ntes, les dani–baliem ont repris des noms de ntes plus anciennes présentes dans la région. il peut ainsi que certains noms soient appliqués à x plantes différentes. exemple: hupak, ce nom est utilisé actuellement pour le maïs (zea mays), et désigne aussi une poaceae ressemblant au maîs (non identifié) connue depuis plus longtemps par les dani–baliem. biye terme utilisé par les dani–baliem pour désigner le scleropyrum leptostachyum, et maintenant aussi employé pour désigner la farine de sagou (metroxylon spp.) vendue au marché et qui avant n'était pas connue des dani–baliem. enyale désigne maintenant le psophocarpus tetragonolobus, alors qu’il était à l’origine le nom d'une phaseolus sp. indigène. le nom wenyale est également utilisé pour la dénomination de vigna unguiculata et phaseolus vulgaris, car ces espèces présentent certaines similitudes avec psophocarpus tetragonolobus. en effet, le mot wenyale est devenu le substitut du mot indonésien «kacang» à l’arrivée des espèces glycine max, phaseolus lunatus, arachis hypogaea dans la région de la vallée. ainsi le wenyale agat désigne l’arachis ypogaea et appelé en indonésien kacang h tanah; we de nom indonésien mili le phaseolus lunatus ou kacang hijau. kilu désigne aujourd’hui lycopersicon esculentum, solanum melongena, sechium edule, ce mot désignait avant l’introduction de ces espèces le cyphomandra amentacea. pour différencier ces quatre espèces, les dani– baliem ajoutent un déterminant, par exemple: kilu ter edule), et kilu telor (cyphomandra amentacea). les m out simplement de leur appellation en indonésien. le mot kera a été ajouté pour désigner sechium edule, mais je n’ai pas trouvé l’explication de ce mot. pour le mot telor, il a été donné à cypomandra amentacea, car ses fruits rappellent des oeufs (telor en indonésien). 3. les déterminants je vais tenter de montrer les types de déterminants existant dans la dénomination des plantes en commençant par les plus courants. ils sont utilisés pour indiquer et différencier les différents types de plantes portant un même terme de base et en pariculier les cultivars des plantes cultivées. a. quelques déterminants sont une allusion à la couleur les noms de couleur sont très peu utilisés comme déterminant pour les plantes sauvages. on peut en citer fie «violet ou rougeâtre». par contre, les dani–baliem utilisent couramment les couleurs comme déterminants pour distinguer les cultivars des plantes cultivées. ainsi parmi les helah (abelmoschus manihot), il existe deux cultivars milige et molage; ces deterants permettent aussi de distinguer les érents cultivars de patate douce. cependant r les déterminants comme pour les termes de es, les termes désignant des cultivars ayant une couleur particulière sont utilisés pour désigner cette couleur pour d’autres objets. ainsi kut rminant d’un cultivar de colocasia esculenta t le tubercule est blanc ou membu (violet cé) et mewa (rougeâtre) utilisés pour désigner les cultivars de wenyale (psophocarpus tetragonolobus) dont les fruits sont violets foncés ou rougeâtres. b. déterminants correspondant au sexe les déterminants ap «homme» et he «femme» sont utilisés p le yabe (cordyline t deux, l’un yabe ap qui désigne la plante 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 45 portant des feuilles vertes et plus larges, l’autre yabe he qui désigne la plante dont les feuilles sont rougeâtres et de taille plus petite. asiatica et e par des feuilles besoins de l ociété dani quotidienne. dans les sociétés traditionnelles comme celle des dani–baliem, les p on ur la our cela, tous les dani–baliem, dés apprennent le savoir lié aux plantes du lieu où ils habitent. un garçon de 7 ans sait par exemple désigner les plantes par leur nom. bien que les dani–baliem connaissent bien les plantes de leur environ-nement, leurs utilisations médicinales ne sont connues que de quelques personnes, par exemple les ap wusa ou ap wesaghun et les he wesaghun (personnes capables de guérir les maladies ou guérisseurs) et ap metek uwaela (le chef gué-risseur des maladies, ayant d'ailleurs une fonction majeure dans la guerre ethnique). ap signifie «l’homme», wesa ou wusa = «secret», hun = «homme âgé» et he = «femme». t u. 15. aut inants n p s dani– bal déterminant l’ekenmokah ap (centella rechtites sp.) est caractérisé plus larges que eken mokah he (limnanthemum sp.). ces déterminants s’emploient également pour différencier des cultivars de hom (colocasia esculenta). par exemple le cultivar de hom winkiaporoh ap est caractérisé par des pétioles plus verts que le cultivar hom winkiaporoh he qui porte un pétiole plus rougeâtre. de même pour les cultivars hom telon ap, hom telon he, hom joli ap et hom joli he. c. autres déterminants ils existent bien d'autres déterminants dont certains n'ont à ma connaissance aucun sens dans la langue. le tableau 15. en donne un certain nombre d'exemple. les usages des plantes aujourd’hui, beaucoup de scientifiques s’intéressent aux savoir indigènes et à la conception traditionnelle de l’environnement. ces connaissances peuvent, en effet, apporter une contribution importante à l’avancement scientifique et technologique. c’est pourquoi j’ai baliem sur les plantes, notamment sur leurs usages. dans la vie quotidienne, les dani–baliem sont étroitement liées à leur environnement et accordent une place particulière aux plantes. ils pratiquent la cueillette d’espèces de la flore spontanée et utilisent les espèces et variétés de plantes cultivées pour les a vie étudié les connaissances de la s lan-tes sont f damentales po survie. p l’enfance ablea res déterm du système de lantes dedé omination des iem. terme de base + nom scientifique explication 1. wi i + wampi gopa maga rchidaceae m sp. hlox . 2. ajus dendrobium sp3. dendrobium macrophyllum e pilai = es ki = nothofagus starkenburgii et abut = porc obasi = l’odeur wi + yele-yele w wi + adoligik wi + wimpilai wi + kiabut wi + kila wi + wa wi + faokalim wi + obasi-basi o agrostophyllu dendrobium p bulbhophyllum sp dendrobium sp1. dendrobium sp dendrobium piesticaulon agrostophyllum m wi = nom général de l’orchidé wam = porc wim = bambou, maison des homm = enfant wam 2. wim wim + magawin wim + saknegali pho wim + kilu u a différentes espèces de bambous que n'ont être identifiés par des spécialistes. wim = nom général de bambou wim + tim wim + sibak wim + yiloha wim + sadiab wim + yiloh 3. le at ea ris wenyale wenya wenyale eken wenyale ag wenyale mili wenyale wenyale phaseolus sp. psophocarpus tetragonolobus glycine max arachis hypoga phaseolus lunatus phaseolus vulga et vigna unguiculata 4. pain p dioscorea spp. pain = nom général de ain kaliye pain sabulake pain yele pain husabe pain munungkut dioscorea esculenta dioscorea sp. dioscorea cf. alata dioscorea alata dioscorea cf. esculenta l’igname le nombre d’espèces employées pour différentes fonctions dans la région étudiée (siba, wosi, jiwika, waga-waga, kurulu et wadlanku) est présenté dans le tableau 16. dans ce tableau j’ai reparti les usages en fonction des indications fournies par les informateurs. pour en faciliter la 46 reinwardtia [vol.12 lecture j’ai séparé les plantes cultivées et les plantes sauvages. les plantes indiquées comme t l’objet les plantes cultivées se repartissent en 14 groupes e pla roupe s 588 espèces de plantes, 57 sont cultivé 1 appartiennent à la flore spontanée. t e utiles no s utiles nom re d’espèces semi-domestiques sont celles qui son d’une culture depuis peu de temps. il apparaît que t les ntes non cultivées en 18 g s. sur le es et 53 abl au 16. les catégories de plantes catégorisation de plante b a les plantes domestiquées: 52 1. aliment de base (staple crop) 1 2. alimentaires secondaires (inclus: les plantes économiques) 51 2.1. légumes et légumineuses 39 2.2. les plantes oléagineuses 1 2.3. les tubercules 7 2.4. les épices 6 2.5. les plantes pour jus ou boisons 3 2.6. les fruits et les graines comestibles 11 3. les plantes fourragères 1 4. latex et les plantes résine 5 les plantes à fibres 6. les plantes stimulantes 2 7. les bois de chauffage 4 8. les plantes ornementales 4 9. les plantes aromatiques et les plantes cosmétiques 10. les plantes colorantes 11. les plantes pour les rituels ou magiques 2 12. les plantes fixant n ou engrais verts 13. les plantes pour les outils 15. xiques les plantes to 16. (fumer) les plantes pour les objets variés 1 17 édicinales 6 les plantes m b. les plantes sauvages 1. les plantes comestibles et non médicinales : 27 1.1. les feuilles, pousses, tiges comestibles 14 1.2. les fleurs, fruits, et graines comestibles 10 1.3. les racines ou rhizomes comestibles 2 1.4. les épices 1 1.5. les plantes pour le jus ou boisons 2. les plantes à latex ou résine 3. la ficelle : 59 3.1. les bambous, les rotins 13 + 2 3.2. les tissages 9 no catégorisation de plantes utiles nombre d’espèces 4. les plantes colorantes 16 5. les plantes ornementales + les parures 12 6. à les fibres (le vêtement, le 14 les plantes panier) 7. les plantes pour les outils et les ustensiles 5+? 8. les plantes pour les instruments musiqu et le jouet es 6 9. les plantes aromatiques et les cosmétiques 3 10. stimulantes 2 les plantes 11. la construction de sili amdabu) les plantes pour (honai, hunila, w 170 11.1. les planches (de mur et de rez-dechaussée) 136 11.2. le poteau 113 11.3. la toiture 95 11.4. le mur 95 11.5. la clôture 254 12. les bois chauffages 290 13. les bois commerciaux locaux 14. ologique les plantes pour une indication éc 15. e rituel les plantes à usag 40 16. les champignons 40 17. les plantes toxiques : 4 17.1. les plantes ichtyotoxiques 17.2. les autres 18. les utilisations variées 17 19 les plantes médicinales 81 c les plantes semi-dosmestiquées 4 . 1. les plantes medicinales dans la société dani–baliem, comme dans tout nt fortem la médicine traditionnelle reposant sur age des plantes est toujours existante et impor autre société traditionnelle, les plantes constituent une ressource médicinale traditionnelle. la connaissance qui s’y rapporte relève d’un processus de socialisation de longue durée. la connaissance que les dani–baliem ont vu de l’usage medicinal des plantes de leur environnement est étroitement liée aux coutumes, aux traditions et aux perceptions que qu’ils ont de la maladie et de l’état de la santé (purwanto, 1995). pour les dani–baliem santé et maladie so ent dépendantes de leurs relations aux ancê tres et de celles qu’ils entretiennent avec leur environnement. leurs connaissances dans ce domaine sont transmises de manière héréditaire. l’us tante, bien que la médecine moderne soit présente dans la région (présence de dispensaires). 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 47 tableau 17. les plantes médicinales dans la vallée de la baliem légende : # = plantes cultivées * = analysées par murningsih & chairul (1995) ; les autres données sur la composition chimique issus de usieurs ouvrages, par exemple quisumbing (1951), heyne (1987), perry (1980); holdsworth (1977), hargono etpl al. (1986). quand il n'y a pas de renseignement c'est que je n'en ai pas trouvé. habitat: fs = forêt secondaire, fp = jd = jardin, ls = lisière, mr = marais et v = village. no famille de la en éléments iques habitat usages forêt primaire, nom vernaculaire nom scientifique partie plante utilisée contenu chim 1 abiken adenostemma macrophyllum ilité des s asteraceae fleurs alcaloïde fs pour la fert femme 2 anekuku erechtites valerianifolia asteraceae feuilles fs,jd contre la parasite de gale 3 anekuku erechtites paniculata asteraceae feuilles fs,jd idem 4 anekuku trachymene umbelliferae feuilles fs,jd arfakensis idem 5 duaga vaccinium varingiaefolium et soins ericaceae feuilles jeunes terpenoide*, tanin * fp soins des blessures, dermatologie des cheveux 6 a cyperus sp. cyperaceae rhizome fs ekendug mal de tête 7 ekenduga cyperus sp. cyperaceae rhizome fs mal de tête 8 engken centella asiatica umbelliferae feuilles oïde et entielle fs soins des blessures et la gale mokah glycocide, ide, triterpeno hydrocotiline, tanin, stér l’huile ess contre 9 engken mokah limnanthemum sp. gentianaceae feuilles fs idem 10 engken mokah erechtites sp. asteraceae feuilles fs idem 11 getik oldenlandia verticillata e * des femmes rubiaceae feuilles terpenoid fs pour la fertilité 12 haningkukuh bidens biternata asteraceae feuilles fs,jd contre la gale 13 haningkukuh fs,jd emilia nonchifolia asteraceae feuilles contre la gale 14 haningkukuh erigeron linifolius asteraceae feuilles fs,jd parasite de gale 15 helebeleh oxalis corniculata oxalidaceae feuilles acide oxalade fs rhumatisme 16 heluk macaranga euphorbiaceae fleurs fs,ls soins de chevaux mappa 17 hetam maesa verrucosa s myrsinaceae feuilles terpenoide *, stéroïde, et tanin * fp problèmes digestif 18 hite, heta# zingiber officinalis zingiberaceae tubercule e, huile flavonoid polyfenole, essentielle jd mal de ventre, et maladie de peau 19 holim-holim papuana e nepenthes nepenthacea feuilles fs infection des oreilles 20 holowasi euodia elleryana rutaceae feuilles fs,fp mal de ventre 21 huagaleh blumeria riparia e*, asteraceae feuilles, écorce de tige terpenoid stéroïde fs médicament pour les yeux et soins des cheuveux 22 huagaleh scaevola oppositifolia goodeniaceae eau de tige fs,fp soins de blessure 23 hulampuah cf. et emilia nonchifolia asteraceae feuilles fs soins des blessures contre la gale 24 huli polygonium capathifolium polygonaceae feuilles tanin, essentielle huile fs les infections suivient d’enflures 25 huliah polygonum nepalensis polygonaceae feuilles tanin fs blessures internes 26 huna werago medinilla sp. melastomataceae graines fs contre la gale 27 inektamuk mili (jaune) rhododendron macgregoriae ericaceae feuilles et fleurs terpenoide,* et tanin* fs contre la gale, poison 47 48 reinwardtia [vol.12 no nom vernaculaire nom scientifique famille partie de la plante utilisée contenu en éléments chimiques habitat usages 28 e) rhododendron culminocolum ericaceae feuilles et fleurs terpenoide*, et tanin* fs contre la gale inektamuk mili (roug 29 inektamuk mola kok (blanchegrande) rhododendron hellvigii ericaceae feuilles et fleurs terpenoide*, et tanin* fs contre la gale 30 inektamuk mola on e*, et tanin* ale (blanchee) petit rhododendr hellvigii ericaceae feuilles et fleurs terpenoid fs contre la g 31 isoak# lagenaria siceraria cucurbitaceae feuilles et fleurs jd stimulant 32 jawi, jewi laportea sp. urticaceae feuilles fs rhumatisme 33 ka erythrina crist galli adu fs,v,etjd é des fabaceae ecorce tronc tanin*, et erifralin ? pour la fertilit femmes 34 kalel piper arborescens piperaceae feuilles piperin, huil essentielle fp pour l’engraissement des porcs 35 kami tielle ? cinnamomum iners lauraceae feuilles huil essen fp rhumatisme 36 kilime scirpus macrantha cyperaceae stifs et pied de tige fs problèmes dige purgatif 37 kul amyema avipes loranthaceae feuilles fp blessures causées par cl une flèche 38 kule-kule gendub feuilles, tige fs ale non identifié contre la g 39 kum commelina commelinaceae resine, sève fs blessures nudiflora 40 leh excelsa (=a. incana) rhamnaceae feuilles terpenoide*, saponin*, et tanin* fs,fp mme alphitonia soins des peau (co un savon) 41 litotok capilliped parvifloru ium m t tige ssure pprovoqée par la poaceae feuilles e fs pour soigner la ble préparation d’un cartilage. 42 magasom clematis ranunculaceae feuilles terpenoid* fs t grippe papuana malaria e 43 maliep rubus flaxinifolius rosaceae fruits, feuilles fs, ls ents, mal de oblème soins des d ventre ou pr digestif 44 mayo-mayo oxalis sp. oxalidaceae toutes parties acide oxalade fs tonifiant 45 milaga glochidion arborescens ericaceae feuilles tanin* fp blessures 46 mileh schefflera ischonoasia araliaceae feuilles fp pour éloigner les moustiques 47 monika pittosporum ramiflorum pittosporaceae s, tronc fs fièvre et malaria feuille 48 musan asclepias curassavica eae et et et caloide) asclepiadac racine, feuilles fleurs feuilles (triperpenoide alcaloide) fleur (al fs blessures et infections 49 naosarik bidens biternata asteraceae fleurs fs blessures (couvertures) 50 nirugum coleus amboinicus labiatae feuilles terpenoide*, kalium fp blessures 51 labiatae feuilles fp pommade contre la nirugum coleus sp. kalium douleur 52 oakpuk eleusine sp. poaceae feuilles fs soins des dents 53 obasiwasi cf. tielle, euodia elleryana rutaceae feuilles huile essen limonens fs maladie de peau 54 obasiwasi a f fagara ovalifoli rutaceae feuilles stéroide s,fp rhumatisme 55 pabi dodonaea viscosa sapindaceae feuilles jeunes anin* fs blessures alcaloide, glycocide, saponine, t 56 pain# dioscoreaceae tubercule alcaloide, sapojd problème digestif et dioscorea spp. nine, flavonoide et polyphenole dysentérie 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 49 no nom vernaculaire nom scientifique famille partie de la plante utilisée contenu en éléments chimiques habitat usages 57 pawi cudrania moraceae feuilles fp,ls blessures conchicinensis 58 pepaya# carica papaya caricaceae toutes parties s papain, alcaloide, jd de plante saponine, flavonoide malaria et stimulant 59 pion non identifiée gendub feuilles fs soins après le percement du cartilage du nez 60 pitel non identifiée gendub feuilles fs grippe 61 potu schefflera macrostachya s ssure araliaceae feuille fp percement de ble 62 pum bischoffia javanica araliaceae feuilles tanin*, poison fp blessures, poison 63 sait# pandanus conoideus pandanaceae de sang fruit jd relève 64 selon decaspermum fruticosum es sapo-myrtaceae feuill steroide*, nine*, et tanin* fp soins des dents et malaria 65 seno castanopsis acuminatissima fabaceae eau du tronc fp fièvre 66 seragan e desmodium sequax fabaceae tige alcaloide fs blessures et maux d dents 67 simo homalanthus novo-guinensis couchement euphorbiaceae feuilles fs soins des brûlures, et aider à l’ ac 68 simo ficus odoardi moraceae eau du racine fs problème digestif 69 siraken desmodium sp. de fabaceae tige tanin* fs blessures et maux dents 70 solage sapotaceae feuilles fp blessures 71 sowa# setaria palmifolia poaceae feuilles, et tiges jd mal de ventre et problème digestif 72 suer echinochloa poaceae pied de tige mr ntre et colona mal de ve problème digestif 73 unik medinilla melastomataceae feuilles et fs,fp sum macrantha fleurs dysenterie, mal de ventre et problèmes digestifs 74 wamatok tok blumea lacera te, r les blessures porcs asteraceae feuilles cineol, citra et fenchone fs pour soigne de peau des 75 wam pelangken ludwigia angustifolia onagraceae feuilles fs,fp infection cutané (la gale) 76 wantagah vaccinium cavendisshioides ericaceae feuilles jeunes e*, fp blessures terpenoid tanin* 77 warompo per , saponine, polyphenole cutané (la gale) sonchus as asteraceae feuilles flavonoide steroide, fs blessures et infection 78 wib grevillea papuana proteaceae feuilles fs blessures, infections 79 wiki paraserianthes fabaceae feuilles fs,v soins de peau (comme falcataria saponine* un savon) 80 wiki-wiki euphorbiaceae feuilles et fs blessures euphorbia serrulata racines terpenoide*, euphorbine, taracserole 81 wileh-wileh baeckea myrtaceae feuilles * fs fièvre, rhum frutescens steroide*, saponin*, tanin 82 witar solanum solanaceae fruits saponine, e, salagraisse fs grippe et mal de ventre nigrum solanin, olamargin nigrine et 83 witara-pani et e*, physal angulata is solanaceae feuilles racines terpenoid tanin* fs malaria 84 yawi, yiwi . cyrtandra sp gesneriaceae feuilles fs rhumatisme 85 yelika pothomorphe sp. piperaceae feuilles fs anti-emitique 86 yelika piper gibbilimbun piperaceae feu fs,fp anti-emitique illes 87 yokose polygonum barbatum polygonaceae feuilles et tige fs infection cutanée (la gale) s 50 reinwardtia [vol.12 ainsi la société dani–baliem a une perception et une conception de la guérison traditionnelle cohérente avec son système de représentation du bienêtre et du malêtre. chaque ethnie entretient une relation particulière avec son nvironnement qui est une véritable source de ne peut pas interpréter par exe santé, les porcs son y a des conflits, tc. ceci traduit, selon les dani–baliem, que les ion avec leur 70 espèces de plantes médicinales (bo égétation secondaire et c cament ontre la syphilis, comme diurétique et ser, 1959 cité par murningsih & ’ont indiqué comment diff que le nombre de plantes méd e connaissances. mais on l’usage des plantes médicinales par rapport à une notion d’efficacité telle qu’elle existe dans la science. ces plantes sont «efficaces» dans le cadre de la culture locale. a. la santé et la malade les dani–baliem donnent une définition de l’état de santé qui se réfère à la condition physique et l’aptitude à travailler. ainsi même si la personne est blessée ou a une plaie localement infectée, ils considèrent qu’en principe elle peut faire des activités normales. ils l’expriment par l’expression an aikleg ou an hanoh ou an ulekaga ou an ulek qui signifie «je ne suis pas malade ou je suis en bonne santé». l’état de bonne santé existe aussi pour les porcs et les plantes, mple pour une production de patate douce il s’agira d’une production satisfaisante c’est-à-dire suffisante. selon la vision des dani–baliem l’état de «bonne santé» indique que les relations entre eux, les relations avec leur environnement, les relations avec leurs ancêtres sont favorables. en revanche, être malade correspond à un état physique qui ne permet pas de faire des activités. selon les dani, la maladie est là quand les hommes ne sont pas en bonne t maigres et malades, les patates douces poussent mal et produisent peu, il e relations entre hommes, leur relat environnement et avec leurs ancêtres sont perturbées. les dani–baliem disent alors an uweak ou an aik qui signifie «je suis malade». b. les plantes médicinales utilisées les dani–baliem utilisent environ 87 espèces de plantes pour guérir des maladies. ces plantes sont présentées dans le tableau 17. ce tableau montre que parmi les 87 espèces de plantes médicinales, 6 sont des espèces cultivées et 81 de plantes sauvages. le nombre d’espèces de plantes médicinales utilisées par les dani–baliem sont relativement élevées par rapport les autres sociétés, wiriadinata (1991) a relevé 47 espèces de plantes médicinales utilisées par la société roté-est; sangat-roemantyo & wiriadi-nata (1991) à kupang ont trouvé 37 plantes médicinales; tahan uji (1989) a noté 71 espèces de plantes médicinales à rejang-lebong, bengkulu; la société tanebar-evav est une exception, elle utilise environ 156 espèces de plantes médicinales (purwanto, 1993), et la société java, 2 orsma, 1936). cependant il faut faire attention dans l’interprétation de ces chiffres. en effet toutes les plantes indiquées par les informateurs comme «pouvant» être utilisées comme plantes médicinales, ne sont pas forcement employées couramment. on peut remarquer que la majorité des plantes médicinales est issue de la v omprend donc une importante proportion de plantes pionnières. les espèces forestières utilisées peuvent être récoltées assez près de la lisière (entre 50 et 500 m). quant aux plantes cultivées il s’agit de plantes qui sont aussi utilisées dans l’alimentation. aux vues de la composition chimique des plantes médicinales (cf. tableau 17), on remarque qu’elles contiennent des éléments du métabolisme secondaire ayant des activités biologiques. ces sont des alcaloïdes, des stéroïdes, des terpénoides, des saponins, des tanins, des huiles essentielles qui peuvent également servir dans la fabrication de médicaments comme des antibiotiques, antigrippaux, analgésiques, antihypotenseurs, anti-leucémiques, anti-tumoraux, etc. la saponine peut être utilisée comme médi c expectorant (fie chaerul, 1993), les terpénoides ont des propriétés antiseptiques, anti-inflammatoires, anti-rhumatique, etc. tandis que les tanins sont utilisés pour faire des médicaments contre la diarrhée. c. les maladies les dani–baliem m érentes maladies pouvaient être soignées par des plantes médicinales j’ai relevé 19 catégories. ces catégories n’englobent pas les maladies venant de la transgression des coutumes ou des interdits. le tableau 18 permet de distinguer ces différentes catégories. ce tableau indique icinales pour guérir les blessures est relativement élevée. en effet les blessures étaient les occasions les plus fréquentes de trouble de la santé chez les dani–baliem, parce que traditionnellement l’état de guerre était permanent chez les dani–baliem. ils connaissent également beaucoup de plantes pour combattre les parasites de la peau (la 50 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 51 gale) et les problèmes digestifs. ceci traduit des problèmes d’hygiène de la vie quotidienne, telle que la cohabitation dans un sili des personnes avec les porcs qui leur transmettent la gale, la sources qui ont pu être polluées par les porcs. en utre il faut remarquer qu’ils se baignent rarement, car la température de l’eau est peu él e: envi t au concer t les les no égories d’usages nombre d’espèces consommation de l’eau des rivières ou venant de o evé ron 12 °c. able 18. les catégories d’usages plantes médicina nan les cat 1 gastro-intestinale: problème digestif, 1 mal de ventre et dysenterie 1 2 anti-emitique 2 3 orthopéd foulure ique: rhumatisme, fracture, 6 4 obstétrique 1 5 infections de la peau 9 6 parasite de la peau (la gale) 20 7 soins de blessures 32 8 malaria 5 9 grippe 2 10 fièvre et refroidissement 4 11 cosmétique : soins des cheveux, soins de la peau 5 12 soins des dents et mal de dent 5 13 aphrodisiaque 3 14 stimulant d’appétit pour les porcs 1 15 tonique 1 16 reproduction 3 17 infection de yeux 1 18 infection des oreilles 1 19 poison 2 les dani–baliem considèrent que les maladies les plus graves sont dues aux mauvais esprits ou à la transgression des coutumes ou d’une mauvaise relation avec l’environnement et avec les ancêtres ou d’un sort jeté par une personne douée de pouvoirs magiques. dans ces cas là, la guérison doit passer par un rituel traditionnel, comme: un rituel erowali pour une transgression de coutumes, un rituel hiperekenla pour l’amélioration des relations avec êtres, etc. ces rituels son est mor ple, pour guérir des bles agiques appropriées. si les l’environnement et les anc t effectués par les chefs de kanekela. la maladie provoquée par la magie est guérie en général par un guérisseur ap wesaghun. chaque guérisseur utilise pour ses cures un objets sacré considéré avoir une efficacité thérapeutique. d. guérison traditionnelle pour la guérison traditionnelle des maladies les dani–baliem n’ont pas toujours recourt aux plantes. certaines maladies sont guéries par une saignée dans la partie de corps malade. par exemple, une personne atteinte d’un mal de tête qui persiste depuis longtemps est guérie par la saignée à la tempe. mais ce type de guérison provoque souvent un accident. ainsi en 1990, un membre de la société du village wesaput en t. quand on lui a saigné la tempe, un vaisseau important a été touché et a provoqué une hémorragie. il peut se passer la même chose dans les autres parties du corps. dans l’esprit des dani–baliem certaines maladies proviennent du sang qui serait sale, aussi doit-il être expulsé. pour la guérison traditionnelle, les dani– baliem utilisent les plantes dans leur état brut et font rarement des mélanges avec d’autres substances. en outre ils emploient généralement une seule plante à la fois. par exem sures à cause d’un accident pendant l’ouverture de nouveau jardin, ils utilisent les feuilles jeunes de pabi (dodonaea viscosa) seules. la méthode de préparation de ce médicament est très simple, les feuilles sont frottées, mâchées puis appliquées sur la blessure. les guérisons ordinaires sont habituellement effectuées par les ap wesaghun (pour les hommes), he wesaghun (pour les femmes) selon le processus suivant. il faut d’abord faire un diagnostic de la maladie. si la maladie est bénin et que l’ap wesaghun ou le he wesaghun considère qu’il est capable de la guérir, il prépare alors son objet sacré et une ou plusieurs plantes. il prononce les formules m maladies sont considérées comme dangereuses elles sont classées comme une intention des mauvais esprits. l’ap wesaghun ou le he wesaghun doit alors consulter les chefs d’uwaela. ces derniers décident ensuite de faire ou non le rituel traditionnel. généralement, la guérison de maladies graves exige une cérémonie thérapeutique. avant de l’effectuer l’ap metek uwaela doit à son tour établir un diagnostic à l’issue d’une conversation avec le malade. il doit aussi recueillir des indications sur les causes de ses troubles qui peuvent être une transgression des coutumes ou des interdits. aucun diagnostic sur le corps du malade n’est fait par l’ap metek uwaela, ni par l’ap wesaghun ou le he wesaghun. pendant la cérémonie thérapeutique, l’ap metek uwaela ou l’ap wesaghun sont considérés comme les médiateurs avec les esprits des ancêtres. ils reçoivent à ce moment là une inspiration et la connaissance qui 52 reinwardtia [vol.12 permettra de guérir le malade et de savoir qu’elles plantes il faudra utiliser. ceci implique donc l’idée que la connaissance théorique et pratique de la médecine de l’ap metek uwaela ou de l’ap wesaghun ou de la he wesaghun ne serait pas le résultat d'un savoir lié à l'observation détaillée des symptômes de la maladie, puisque le diagnostic et la thérapeutique seraient insufflées par les esprits des ancêtres et que l’inspiration passe par l’objet sacr ent pris en compte dans la pratique de la c maine de santé (la construction de puskesmas, l’arrivée cins, etc.), les dani– pratiques de guérison aditionnelles. mais il semble qu’il y ait une cert peuples trop n quotidienne de la société dan consom feuilles vertes (la plupart étant des feui gnement sont présentées dans tableau 24 qui donne des renseignement sur ensemble des plantes alimentaires des dani– iner quellques généralités sur l’organisation des repas et les ns la cuisine. pour les repas prin mo et les femmes et les petits enfants mangent dans l’ebeai. les nt les tubercules cuits et és dans les feuilles de ban em, besoin de 7,25 kg à 9 kg tubercules chaque jour. entation des por é de kaneke. cette connaissance inspirée est ensuite annoncée et discutée avec les membres de la communauté sans que le malade y prenne part. les différentes opinions qui en ressortent sont généralem érémonie thérapeutique. on peut cependant remarquer que les fonctions de guérisseur étant transmises dans la famille, il y a constitution d'un certain savoir thérapeutique en particulier pour l'utilisation des plantes. jadis, une femme accouchait seule dans un endroit non cultivé (la forêt la plus proche par exemple). aujourd’hui, une femme accouche avec l’aide d'une he fafaleh c'est-à-dire une sage femme. celleci peut également être une he wesaghun, mais pas obligatoirement. bien qu’aujourd’hui la vallée de la baliem soit envahie par la modernisation dans tous les aspects de la vie, notamment dans le do la des infirmiers, de méde baliem conservent des tr aine tendance à abandonner la tradition, notamment chez les jeunes générations. 2. mode d’alimentation comme pour la majorité des icaux, l’alimentation principale est constituée d’aliments de base hydrocarbonés, auxquels sont ajoutés des aliments d’accompagnement pouvant être des légumes et de la viande. cependant l’essentiel de l’alimentatio i–baliem provient du monde végétal. les dani–baliem mangent un repas complet deux fois par jours, le matin avant de partir au jardin et le soir, en rentrant. en plus ils peuvent consommer à plusieurs reprise des encas dans le courant de la journée. la nourriture de base des repas complets est l’hipere, « patate douce » (ipomoea batatas). le matin comme le soir, les dani–baliem ment ces tubercules de patate douce cuits sous la cendre dans un trou nommé hakse, celuici étant situé dans le hunila, " cuisine ". ces tubercules sont consommés avec des légumes qui varient selon la saison, et des feuilles de patate douce dont ils disposent tout le long de l’année. les feuilles sont extrêmement importantes pour l’alimentation des populations de la vallée de la baliem. pour la société dani–baliem située dans la région de aikima, chaque habitant consomme annuellement plusieurs centaines de kilos de lles de patate douce) (purwanto, 1995). les diverses espèces dont les feuilles servent de légume d’accompa le l’ baliem. mais tout d’abord nous allons exam modes de cuisson. les repas des dani–baliem a. repas principaux il est rare que les membres d'une famille nucléaire (dans un sili), mangent ensembles, sauf pour les en-cas que les hommes et les femmes mangent ensembles da cipaux habituellement, les hommes et les fils (déjà initié) mangent dans le pila femmes du sili apporte les légumes (envelopp anier) au pilamo. le repas principal de la société dani–baliem se compose de trois éléments : (1). l’aliments de base le seul aliment de base pour la société dani– baliem est hipere «la patate douce» (ipomoea batatas). les dani–baliem ont diverses façons de préparer les repas à base de patate douce. selon mes observations, chez les dani-bali un homme adulte a besoin d’environ 2,5 kg à 3 kg de tubercules de patate douce chaque jour ; la femme adulte consomme entre 1,75 kg à 2,5 kg, et les enfants entre 1,5 kg et 1,75 kg. j’ai estimé qu’une famille avec 2 enfants avaient la patate douce sert aussi à l’alim cs et elle entre dans les échanges lors de certains rituels (voir la troisième partie sur les activités agricoles des dani–baliem, dans le chapitre wen hipere leget, «jardin de patate douce»). 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 53 (2). aliments d’accompagnement les aliments d’accompagnement sont principalement des légumes. ces légumes peuvent être des feuilles, des fruits (y compris les gousses) et des fleurs comme c’est indiqué dans le tableau 24. ils peuvent provenir de plantes sauvages ou de tes cultivées. pour ces dernières des renseignements plus complets seront fournis dans la troisième partie dans laquelle sont décrits les jardins et les pratiques agricoles. ces aliments sont cuits enveloppés dans des feuilles de bananier. ils sont pris directement avec les doigts dans les feuilles dans lesquelles ils ont cuit et on les porte à la bouche en même temps que la patate dou plan ce. les dani–baliem mangent rarement des aliments d’accompagnement d’orivont rarement chasser ou pêcher; quant ban l’ea (pa (allium sativum) et gingembre (zingiber peu s de même que le maïs. cam osus), de nouveaux s ent de ijaya ou par le projet de développement des villageois du lipi. gine animale. ils aux porcs ils sont réserver pour les cérémonies rituelles. (3). condiments actuellement le sel est le plus souvent acheté car la source salée qui traditionnellement en fournissait est située très haut dans la montagne. pour extraire ce sel on mettait des troncs de anier dans cette source qui se présente comme une petite mare, de façon à ce qu’ils absorbent u salée. ces troncs ramenés à la maison étaient brûlés et les cendres servaient de sel. les légumes sont salés, avant d’être cuits, directement dans les feuilles qui les enveloppe. traditionnellement, le seul autre condiment dans la cuisine dani–baliem est le fruit de sait ndanus conoideus). il produit une sauce rouge qui joue le rôle de condiment. selon les dani– baliem, cette sauce procure un meilleur goût à la nourriture. l’aire de distribution de sait (pandanus conoideus) est l’île irian (papouasie nouvelle guinée inclue), les moluques du nord (halmahera), et l’archipel de bismark. cette plante pousse en région côtière, jusqu’à 1700 mètres d’altitude. murningsih (1992) a analysé la composition de fruits d'exemplaires plantés dans le jardin botanique de bogor; ils contiennent 35,93% d’huile composée de 19,58% d’acide palmitique; 0,48% d'acide stérique et 79,92% d’acide oléique. aujourd’hui, on rencontre plusieurs autres plantes utilisées comme condiment dans la vallée de la baliem. ce sont les piments (capsicum annum, c. frustescens), l’ail l’oignon (allium cepa), et le officinale). mais les dani–baliem n’en font qu’un très faible usage. ces plantes sont surtout cultivées pour être vendues. b. aliments pour les en-cas parfois, à la pause de midi lors des travaux au champ, les dani–baliem se nourrissent de tubercules de pain (dioscorea spp.), de hom (colocasia esculenta) et de fruits de haki «bananier» dont ils se servent comme en-cas. les ples vivant à proximité de la forêt mangent les fruits de pandanus (p. brosimos, p. julianettii) comme coupe-faim en dehors des repas. dans certaines régions de la vallée de la baliem du napire abo, «manioc» (manihot esculenta) est maintenant cultivé et ses tubercules sont consommés comme en-ca pour ce dernier, les dani–baliem font bouillir ou griller l'épi entier sans jamais le préparer sous forme de grains séparés. le riz est aussi considéré comme une nourriture occasionnelle. les dani–baliem n’en consomment que durant la saison de récolte. dans certaines familles, notamment celles des fonctionnaires (par exemple les fonctionnaires du keatan et les enseignants de l’école primaire) qui reçoivent du riz du gouvernement, cet aliment est devenu la nourriture essentielle. comme nous le verrons plus en détail dans la troisième partie les dani–baliem cultivent des légumineuses pour leurs graines. par exemple, wenyale agat «l’arachide» (arachis hypogaea), wenyale mili «haricot vert» (phaseolus lunatus) et wenyale eken «soja» (glycine max). ils en consomment très peu, car elles sont principalement destinées à la vente, mais elles sont aussi, à l’occasion, mises à bouillir pour une consommation personnelle. certains cultivars locaux de bananier sont utilisés pour les en-cas. les fruits de ces cultivars nécessitent une cuisson avant d’être consommés, par exemple haki tomali, haki kapok ou haki pisang goreng, haki kulama, haki ilakdagalek, haki toli. d’autres cultivars sont consommés crus comme fruits entre les repas. traditionnellement les dani–baliem n’avaient pas d’autres arbres fruitiers. actuellement de nombreuses espèces fruitières ont être introduites: des orangers (citrus spp.), l'ananas (ananas com cultivars de bananier, la goyave (psidium guajava), des manguiers (mangifera indica), des pommiers (pyrus malus) etc. les espèces fruitières cultivées sont en general plantées dans les jardins du sili ou dans les villages abandonnés. la plupart de ces espèces ne sont que très peu entretenues, excepté les bananiers et les pommiers, les ananas et le orangers, offerts par l’office du départem l’agriculture, le kabupaten jayaw 54 reinwardtia [vol.12 diversité des espèces alimentaires quarante à cinquante. en outre dans les actuellement les dani–baliem cultivent dans lege les espèces animales utilisées dans ce c es en fonction de la partie de la plante utilisée. tab eau 19. les plantes alimentaires de la société dani–baliem a. généralités comme nous l’avons déjà signalé, les espèces animales sont peu utilisées dans l’alimentation des dani–baliem. seuls les porcs jouent un rôle important à l’occasion des rituels. d’une façon générale, la nourriture des dani–baliem est peu diversifiée puisque souvent, pendant plusieurs jours lors des repas principaux une seule espèce est consommée ipomoea batatas: les tubercules constituent la nourriture de base et les feuilles les légumes d’accompagnement. cependant il faut noter une grande variété au niveau des cultivars de patate douce puisqu’un seul jardin peut en contenir entre en-cas une plus grande variété d’espèces est consommée. leurs jardins une variété de plus en plus importante de légumes. le tableau 19. fournit un inventaire exhaustif de ces plantes alimentaires cultivées qui feront objet d’une étude détaillée dans le chapitre réservé au jardin de légume (wen sayur), au jardin de patate douce (wen hipere t) et au jardin du sili (wen ukutlu). ce tableau 19 donne aussi la liste des plantes sauvages qui sont également consommées. comme elles ne sont pas traitées ailleurs, les conditions de collectes de ces plantes seront décrites à la suite des tableaux 24 à 27. qui donnent des informations complémentaires sur ces plantes alimentaires. de la même façon nous examinerons hapitre. le tableau 20. fournit le nombre d’espèces utiles cultivées et sauvag l légende : le statut spécifie si la plante est ou non cultivée : c = cultivée ; nc = non cultivée sd = semi domestique (il s'agit de plantes spontanés que l’on essaye de cultiver dans les jardins ou au tour du lieu d'habitation) ; i = introduite, co = originaire de l’irian jaya et ps = plante spontanée ; habitat : fs = forêt secondaire, fp (forêt primaire), jd = jardin, ls = lisière, v = village ; usage et partie utilisée = on indique ici le statut de la plante dans l'alimentation avec entre parenthèse la partie utilisé ( fe = feuille ; fl = fleur ; fr = fruit ; tg = tige ; tub = tubercule ; bul = bulbe). sont nsidérés comme aliment secondaire ceux qui sont consommés comme en-cas. no nom local nom scientifique famille no de variété origine habitat usages et partie co statut, utilisée 1 apel pyrus malus rosaceae 1 i c fruit (fr) 2 apokat persea americana lauraceae 1 i c fruit (fr) 3 bisiken alpinia sp. zingiberaceae 1 ps ) t secondaire nc (fs alimen (tub) 4 bawang kok allium fistulosum liliaceae 1 i c légume, épice (bul) 5 bawang kut allium sativum liliaceae 1 i c légume, épice (bul) 6 bawang mola allium cepa liliaceae 1 i c légume, épice (bul) 7 el saccharum officinarum oaceae el (tg) p 8 co c boisson, ritu 8 gambas luffa acutangula 1 i c légume (fr) 9 giawas psidium guajava myrtaceae 1 i c fruit (fr) 10 haki musa paradisiaca musaceae 15 i c fruit et les en-cas (fr) 11 hécé capsicum annuum solanaceae 2 i c épice (fr) 12 hélicé capsicum frutescens solanaceae 1 i c épice (fr) 13 helah abelmoschus manihot malvaceae 2 i c légume (fe) 14 helah jatropha multifida euphorbiaceae 1 i c légume (fe) 15 hipere ipomoea batatas convolvulaceae >100 i c b et fe) aliment de base, rituel, légume et fourrage (tu 16 hite zingiber officinalis zingiberaceae 1 i c épice (tub) médicament 17 hobut schata ceae cucurbita mo cucurbita 1 i c légume (fr) 18 hom alocasia sp. araceae 1 i c t secondaire alimen (tub) 19 hom xanthosoma sp. araceae 1 i c t secondaire alimen (tub) 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 55 no nom local nom scientifique famille no de variété origine statut, habitat usages et partie utilisée 20 hom cyrtosperma sp. araceae 1 i c t secondaire alimen (tub) 21 hom colocasia esculenta araceae 22 i c g) aliment secondaire, légume (tub, fe, t 22 huli polygonum nepalensis polygonaceae 1 ps (fs) ux et les en-cas nc aliment pour les oisea (fr) 23 hupak zea mays poaceae 4 i c secondaire aliment (fr) 24 jewi alpinia brevituba zingiberaceae 1 ps (fs) nc épice (tub) 25 kangkung onvolvulaceae g) ipomoea aquatica c 1 i c légume (fe, t 26 kemangi ocimum americanum 1 i c légume (fe) (introduite récemment) 27 kentang solanum tuberosum solanaceae 1 i c légume (tub) 28 kibi amaranthus caudatus amaranthaceae 1 i c légume (fe, tg) 29 kibi a. hybridus amaranthaceae 1 i c légume (fe, tg) 30 kibi a. tricolor amaranthaceae 1 i c légume (fe, tg) 31 kibi a. cf. viridis amaranthaceae 1 ps nc (fs,jd) légume (fe, tg) 32 kibi amaranthus spinosus eae (fs,jd) e, tg) amaranthac 1 ps nc légume (f 33 kikik syzygium aquea myrtaceae 1 i c fruit (fr) 34 kilu telor cypomandra betacea solanaceae 1 i c légume (fr) 35 kilu tomar solanaceae 2 i c légume (fr) lycopersicon esculentum 36 kilu terong ena solanum melong solanaceae 3 i c légume (fr) 37 kilu kera sechium edule cucurbitaceae 1 i c légume (fr) 38 a (mola et oleraceae var. cruciferae 2 i c légume (fe) kol ek mili) brassica botrytis 39 n (mola et oleraceae var. cruciferae 2 i c légume (fl) koleke mili) brassica capitata 40 koloh saurauia sp. actinidiaceae 1 ps ) e nc (fp aliment secondair (fr) 41 kopi coffea arabica rubiaceae 1 i c boisson (fr) 42 lemon (jeruk) (fr) citrus spp. rutaceae i c fruit, boisson 43 liken cyclosorus sp. thelypteridaceae ps ls) légume (fe) nc (fs, 44 liwo piper miniatum piperaceae ps ,fp) légume, épice (fe) nc (fs 45 lobe saccharum edule poaceae 1 co c légume (tg) 46 mai non identifiée gendub ps nc(fs) légume (fe) 47 maliep rubus fraxinifolius rosaceae ps nc (fs,ls) r) fruit, plante médicinale (f 48 mangga a aceae mangifera indic anacardi 1 i c fruit (fr) 49 mayo non identifiée gendub ps ) uivalent du nc (fs épice éq sel (fe) 50 min ilex spicata aquifoliaceae ps (fp) daire (très rare) nc aliment pour les oiseaux et aliment secon (fr) 51 mumun cudrania moraceae ps ) e conchichinensis nc (fs aliment secondair (fr) 52 nanas ananas comosus bromeliaceae 1 i c fruit (fr) 53 napire abo manihot esculenta euphorbiaceae 3 i c re, aliment secondai 56 reinwardtia [vol.12 no nom local nom scientifique famille no de variété origine statut, habitat usages et partie utilisée légume (fe, tub) 54 nasi oryza sativa poaceae 3 i c secondaire aliment (fr) 55 pain dioscorea spp. dioscoreaceae 5 co c médicinale aliment secondaire, plante (tub) 56 papaya carica papaya caricaceae 1 i c t fe, fr) fruit, légume et plan médicinale ( 57 pare momordica chrarantia ae cucurbitace 1 i c légume (fr) 58 pesai-eka stris brassica campe cruciferae 1 i c légume (fe) 59 saralek vaccinium sp. ericaceae 1 ps ) e nc (fp aliment secondair (fr) 60 sawi brassica sinensis cruciferae 3 i c légume (fe) 61 sait pandanus conoideus pandanaceae 4 co c secondaire aliment (fr) 62 saluka pandanus cf. julianettii pandanaceae 1 co e sd (jd,fp) aliment secondair (fr) 63 sampun non identifiée gendub 1 ps (fs) nc légume (fe) 64 salada lectuca sativa cruciferae 1 i c légume (fe) 65 seledri apium graviolens apiaceae 1 i c légume (fe) 66 seluka ficus sp. moraceae ps (fs) e) nc légume (f 67 semangka ceae citrulus vulgaris cucurbita 1 i c fruit (fr) 68 sowa setaria palmifolia poaceae 5 co c ) légume, plante médicinale (fe, tg 69 sukat-sukat rhododendron orietes ericaceae ps ,fp) nc (fs aliment pour les oiseaux (fr) 70 tuke pandanus julianettii pandanaceae 4 co e sd (fp,jd) aliment secoondair (fr) 71 tumi-tumi eae (fp) flacourtia sp. flacourtiac ps nc les en-cas (fr) 72 turi sesbania grandiflora ) fabaceae 1 i c légume (fr, fl 73 ulep cyclosorus sp. thelypteridaceae s) ps nc (fs,l légume (fe) 74 ulijagah planchonella sp. fp) sapotaceae ps nc ( légume (fe) 75 welaluk garcinia sp. clusiaceae ps ) ) nc (fp aliment secondaire et pour les oiseaux (fr 76 weramo pandanus brosimos pandanaceae co ,fp) e sd (jd aliment secondair (fr) 77 wenyale s fabaceae 5 co c légume (fr) psophocarpus tetragonolobu 78 wenyale eken glycine max fabaceae 2 i c secondaire aliment (fr) 79 wenyale agat arachis hypogaea fabaceae 2 i c secondaire aliment (fr) 80 wenyale mili phaseolus lunatus fabaceae 2 i c secondaire aliment (fr) 81 wenyale-wenyale ta vigna unguicula fabaceae 1 i c légume (fr) 82 wortel daucus carota umbeliferae 2 i c légume (tub) 83 wulep pteridium sp. pteridaceae ps nc (fs,ls) légume (fe) 84 wulepeka inum e s) pteridium aquil pteridacea ps nc (fs,l légume (fe) 85 wurika cassia hirsuta fabaceae ps nc(fs) légume (fe) 86 wurikaka scalpe desmodium fabaceae ps nc fs) légume (fe) 87 yipit alpinia sp. zingiberaceae ice (fe, tub) ps nc (fs) légume, ép 88 yirilih rubus sp. rosaceae ps nc (fs,ls) fruit (fr) 2002] purwanto: relations aux plantes et dynamiques vegetales 57 tableau 20. nombre d’espèces selon organes végétaux utilisés. no les parties de plantes cultivée sauvages 1 feuille 18 14 2 tubercule 11 2 3 tige 8 2 4 fruit 33 9 5 fleur 2 0 6 bulbe 3 0 7 toute la plante 1 0 ce tableau montre que les dani–baliem consomment plus souvent le fruit des plantes qu'ils cultivent. en revanche, concernant les plantes alimentaires sauvages, les dani–baliem utilisent plutôt les feuilles. dans le tableau 21 on trouvera le nombre d’espèces sauvages et cultivées utilisées pour chaque type d’usage. tableau 21. le nombre d’espèces correspondant à chaque type d’usage no les usages cultivée sauvage 1 légume 34 13 2 alimentaire de base 1 0 3 aliment secondaire 20 6 4 fruit 10 3 5 epice 8 2 6 boisson 3 0 ce tableau indique que les dani–baliem connaissent beaucoup d'espèces et de cultivars de légumes, mais une grand partie est destinée à la vente. ils n'en consomment qu'une faible diversité. enfin le tableau 22. indique l’origine indigène ou non des espèces. tableau 22. nombre d’espèces selon l’origine et le type de propagation no origine de l’espèce cultivées semidomestiquée sauvages total 1 introduites 53 0 53 2 indigènes 4 3 0 7 3 plantes spontanées 0 0 27 27 il apparaît que les feuilles et les fruits sont les organes les plus utilisés. le tableau 22 montre bien l’introduction intensive de nouvelles espèces de plantes cultivées (53 espèces) avec l’ouverture de la vallée. parallèlement à cela, les dani– baliem procèdent à la domestication de plusieurs plantes telles que pandanus julianettii, p. brosimos, et pandanus sp., en réaction à la disparition progressive de ces espèces dans la nature. b. les plantes de cueillette bien que la société dani–baliem soit connue pour être une société d’agriculteurs, les activités de cueillette des plantes alimentaires occupent une place importante. en période de disette quand la production des jardins est insuffisante, les dani–baliem collectent des plantes alimentaires dans la forêt primaire et secondaire, surtout ceux qui habitent à proximité de la forêt primaire. certaines espèces sont récoltées plus fréquemment que d’autres. par exemple les jeunes pousses de fougères: ulepeka (cyclosorus sp.), pinthe (cyathea cooperi), wulep (pteridium aquilinum), et parmi pour ulepeka (cyclosorus sp.) et pinthe (cyathea cooperi) sont largement consommées comme légumes pendant les rituels traditionnels. les dani–baliem ramassent également des fruits sauvages. les espèces fruitières sauvages sont rubus spp., vaccinium sp., et garcinia sp. et d'autres plantes, par exemple les pandanus: tuke (pandanus julianettii), waromo (pandanus brosimos), et saluka (pandanus cf julianettii). la collecte des fruits a lieu chaque année à des périodes bien déterminées pour chaque espèce; toutes les espèces de pandanus produisent à la même époque. seule les fruits de pandanus conoideus sont toujours ramenés à la maison pour confectionner la sauce. les fruits des autres espèces comme tuke (pandanus julianettii), waromo (pandanus brosimos), et saluka (pandanus cf. julianettii) sont parfois consommés sur place. les fruits de ces pandanus sont grillés et consommés comme en-cas; il arrive souvent qu’on en grignote en bavardant le soir avant de dormir. chez les dani–baliem, la cueillette des produits alimentaires comme les pandanus est l’affaire des hommes (adolescents et adultes), car il faut pour cela aller dans la forêt primaire, dangereuse pour les femmes. mais la cueillette des légumes sauvages est exclusivement réservée aux femmes (adolescents et adultes). seuls les jeunes enfants (<6 ans) ne prennent pas part à la cueillette. la cueillette de légumes est effectuée dans la forêt secondaire ou à la périphérique de la 57 58 reinwardtia [vol.12 forêt primaire, où on peut encore trouver des tubercules et des fruits sauvages. le tableau 19. indique que la plupart des plantes spontanées viennent des formations secondaires, c’est-à-dire de jachères plus ou moins âgées. depuis l’introduction de légumes et d’arbres cultivés dans la société dani–baliem, ces derniers ont de moins en moins recours à la cueillette des pandanus (en déhors de pandanus conoideus) des légumes (sauf pour les rituels) ou d'autres plantes alimentaires, car leur agriculture leur fournit une diversité de plantes alimentaires suffi-sante. de plus les plantes introduites comportent une valeur économique plus intéressante. c. les champignons la diversité des champignons de la vallée de la baliem n’est pas encore bien connue par les biologistes, car peu de recherches ont été effecttuées à ce sujet. les indigènes pour leur part distinguent bien les champignons comestibles et les non comestibles car ils les emploient comme aliments d’accompagnement. j’ai recueilli les noms locaux de ces champignons, subowo et al. (1993) les ont identifiés et plusieurs espèces de ces champignons ont fait l’objet d’essais de mise en culture tels que: pleurotus ostreatus, auricularia auricula, a. auriculayudae. les champignons comestibles sont présentés dans le tableau. les champignons sont désignés par le terme général: suk. les champignons comestibles sont dits suk hanoh «bon» et pour les champignons non comestibles suk weak «mauvais». les champignons sont ramassés périodiquement dans l’année par les dani–baliem (généralement par les femmes), qui distinguent facilement les comestibles des vénéneux. les accidents alimentaires par intoxication due aux champignons toxiques sont extrêmement rares. la cueillette de champignons dans la forêt primaire se fait souvent en groupe. dans ce cas là, les femmes sont accompagnées par les hommes qui profitent de cette occasion pour faire la cueillette d’autres ressources alimentaires et plantes utiles, par exemple: pandanus, rotins (calamus prattianus et calamus sp.), bambous, etc. les espèces plus petites ne présentent qu’un intérêt alimentaire minime et se rencontrent fréquemment dans les jachères (wen kulama), les jardins et à proximité des villages. les champignons comestibles sont très appréciés par la société qui habitent à proximité de la forêt, et sont mangés soit crus soit cuit dans le seni (le four de pierres chaudes), soit ajoutés aux légumes frits dans l’huile. tableau 23. les champignons comestibles présents dans la vallée de la baliem et classification de leur comestibilité selon paccioni (1986). légende: le signe « * » indique que le nom local n’a pu être recueilli, mais ces champignons sont mangés par les dani–baliem ; « ** », indique que le champignon est interdit à la consommation par la coutume. no nom local nom scientifique comestibilité 1 suk huaya boletus edulis très bonne 2 suk guni boletus luridus mauvaise 3 suk nekabir boletus crysenteron moins bonne 4 suk nangka pilik boletus erythropus boletus quelletii mauvaise mauvaise 5 suk an neruaok amanita spp. : amanita caesarea amanita fulva amanita inurata amanita spisa amanita umbrinolutea bonne très bonne moins bonne moyenne bonne 6 suk kubur russula vesca bonne 7 suk kibut russula ocroleuca mauvaise 8 suk kibutweak russula mairei non comestible 9 suk hunerago russula lepida moyenne 10 suk pilinsuk collybia dryophylla c. maculata bonne bonne 11 suk inasuk auricularia auriculata auricularia auriculatayudae moyenne moyenne 12 suk inasuk mogat auricularia sp. ** bonne 13 suk naga polyporus mori polyporus arcularius non comestible idem 14 suk inalpuluduk clitocybe nuda clitocybe clavipes clitocybe flaccida moyenne moyenne bonne 15 suk isakpalpal laccaria amentystina l. laccata bonne moins bonne 16 suk koli macrolepiota procera très bonne 17 suk sisina calocybe carnea très bonne 18 suk anyelok lyophylum decastes bonne 19 suk ubel melanoleuca cnista non comestible 20 suk yalitom morchela elata bonne 21 suk takbir pholiota destruens mauvaise 22 suk likibin pluteus cervinus moyenne 23 suk sughun schizophyllum commune mauvaise 24 suk monika cortinarius alboviolaceus moins bonne 25 suk winkiampi cantharellus cibarius très bonne 26 suk mulok pleurotus ostreatus très bonne 27 suk likuluk albatrellus pescaprae très bonne 29 suk entel 30 crepidotus mollis * moins bonne 31 oudmansiella mucida * moins bonne 32 tricholoma columbetta * bonne 33 verpa bohemica * moins bonne 34 pseudoclitocybe cyanthiformis * moins bonne 35 porphyrellus pseudoscaber * moyenne 36 coltricia perremis * non comestible 37 lycoperdon pyriforme * moyenne 38 chondrostereum purpureum * non comestible 39 gyroporus castaneus * non comestible 40 leccinum scabrum * bonne 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 59 chez les dani–baliem la coutume interdit la consommation de certains champignons comme: (1) suk apwarek, considéré comme un champingnon toxique pour l’homme (apwarek, homme mort); (2) suk inasuk mogat (auricularia sp.) qui est « les oreilles du mauvais esprit ». celui qui mange ces champignons peut tomber gravement malade et trouver la mort. pourtant, suk inasuk mogat (auricularia sp.) est comestible. d’autres champignons sont interdits à cause de leur toxicité «suk yilimpir, suk pogola, et suk nagagun». selon mes observations les dani–baliem ont des préférences pour les champignons qui ont un goût plus relevé comme par exemple suk monika (cortinarius alboviolaceus) crû, ce champignon est légèrement amer. selon paccioni (1986), sa comestibilité est «mauvaise», mais les dani– baliem éliminent ce goût amer en le pressant afin de faire sortir l’eau qu’il contient pendant ou après sa cuisson au four traditionnel. d’après mes relevés, 7 espèces de champignons seraient non comestibles (selon paccioni, 1986), et pourtant consommés par les dani–baliem (voir le tableau 23). ces champignons ne sont en effet pas toxiques (subowo et al., 1993), mais leur texture est un peu massive. d. aliments d’origine animale les dani–baliem ne consomment de la viande qu’au moment des fêtes ou quand ils ont chassé. a de très rares occasions, ils tuent un poulet. ce sera le cas pour la fête nationale le jour anniversaire de l’indépendance ou pour un hôte de passage (quand ils invitent un enseignement de l’école primaire ou un fonctionnaire de puskesmas). a l’occasion de grandes fêtes, par exemple pour le rituel de wamauwe, le rituel de he yokal (mariage), le rituel apwaya (initiation), le rituel hiperegenla (fertilité), les dani–baliem tuent des porcs destinés à nourrir les invités. la viande est consommée sur place et il n’y a pas de dons de viande crue aux alliés ni aux chefs d’ethnique. les dani–baliem tuent rarement des porcs pour leur alimentation quotidienne. aujourd’hui les poulets et les lapins représentent un nouveaux type d’élevage et restent encore peu abondants. ces animaux sont tués à l’occasion de fêtes non traditionnelles: fête nationale ou fête religieuse, pour lesquelles sont conviés des fonctionnaires de l’administration (le camat), de l’armée ou de la police. surtout pour les fêtes religieuses, noël par exemple. en général, cette viande est coupée en petits morceaux puis cuisinée au seni (au four de pierres chaudes). les dani–baliem vont parfois (aujourd’hui, très rarement) en forêt pour chasser certains animaux sauvages. la chasse est exclusivement réservée aux hommes. elle se pratique préférentiellement durant les nuits de pleine lune. les animaux chassés sont les wallabies (protemnodon sp.) les kuskus (phalanger spp.), les marsupiaux arboricoles ou kangourous d’arbre (dendrolagus sp.), les grands rats de forêt (macruromys), les rats d’arbre (melomys), les sangliers, les chauves-souris, etc. quand ils ont capturé les animaux de grande taille (les kuskus, les kangourous, les sangliers), la viande est partagée entre les participants à cette chasse. s’il s’agit de petits animaux sauvages, rats, chauves-souris, certains oiseaux par exemple, ils mangent cette viande sur place. les autres aliments d’origine animale sont le miel, les poissons et les oeufs de poulets et de canards. les deux derniers ont été introduits par les missionnaires, les ong et le gouvernement dans le cadre du programme de développement. les dani–baliem exploitent parfois les ruches que les abeilles sauvages font régulièrement sur certains arbres de la forêt ou sous les rochers situés sur les pentes de montagne. le miel est souvent vendu au marché de wamena et euxmêmes en consomment très peu. les poissons sont peu abondants dans les rivières, les lacs et les fossés des jardins de patates douces. on peut trouver plusieurs espèces de poissons tilapia mossambica, cyprinus carpio, clarias batrachus, trichogaster pectoralis. on trouve également dans la rivière baliem, une espèce endémique d’écrevisses «cerax sp.». ces poissons sont grillés dans le four traditionnel, ou sur le feu. ici, on note également, que la plupart des produits de la pêche sont vendus sur le marché de wamena, notamment les écrevisses qui sont devenues un met prisé dans un des restaurants de la ville. bien que les dani–baliem mangent très peu d’oeufs de poulets et de canards ils y accordent de plus en plus d’importance, et commencent même à les consommer bouillis dans l’eau ou frits dans l’huile. 3. plante pour les construction comme nous l’avons vu, il existe aujourd’hui dans la vallée de la baliem 2 types d’habitat: le «sili» qui se compose du «honai (pilamo, ebeai), wamdabu et hunila», entourés par leget ou la clôture, et les maisons situées à proximité des routes ou qui sont alignées selon un axe parallèle à la route. ce dernier type d’habitations est 60 reinwardtia [vol.12 l’oeuvre du gouvernement (département social), et s’appellent «o harekma» ou «rumah sehat». il existe également un type d’habitation proposé par le lipi, mais qui reste encore en nombre limité. ces maisons sont surtout construites dans les villages où sont exercées des activités agricoles modernes (rizière, nouvelle forme du jardin, etc.). elles sont une sorte de sili modifié, auxquelles on a ajouté des fenêtres au rez-de-chaussée et un étage. le wamdabu (la porcherie) est placé à l’extérieur du sili et on y a installé également un puits. fig. 19. coupe transfersale du pilamo kanekela habitations de type traditionnel et matériaux de construction nous avons examiné plus haut l’organisation générale de l’habitat, dans ce chapitre nous verrons le détail de l’architecture de différentes constructions du pilamo, ebeai, hunila et wamdabu et les espèces végétales employées pour chacune des parties. nous aborderons, dans ce chapitre, les différents usages concernant les bois, les lianes, les bambous, et autres plantes relatives à la construction des maisons traditionnelles (sili) et des clôtures de jardins (leget). fig. 20. coupe du rez-de-chaussée et du premier étage du pilamo kanekela (a). les honai (pilamo et ebeai) fig. 18. coupe transfersale de la moitié du pilamo kela kane iamètre; et le sommet du toit est entre deux et demi à trois mètres de hauteur, au centre, pour les ebeai, et à environ six à huit m diamètre et trois à trois et demi mètres de hau ur, au centre, our les o et ebeai dan v a en général, les honai (pilamo et ebeai) sont tous construits sur le même modèle; leur coupe au ol est un cercle d’environ cinq à six mètres de s d fig. 21. coupe transfersale détaillée du ebeai le tableau 24 montre les différents éléments l e , et li s ans e o o m n q n m qui constituent le pi amo et beai les végétaux uti sé d c tte c nstructi n. les élé e ts pour les uels il ’y a pas de ter e français apparais ètres de te pilamo. les figures 18,19,20 et 21. m construction de pilam ontrent la s le ill ge hagorene (usilimo). 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 61 . tableau 24. différentes parties d’un s c s pl ssant con u i ur); 2 = oak (planches du mu = erani ( ; 4 i r w o poteau); 6 = a r poutr piliwake (parquet); 9 = sawuleka (couche de l’ r ); z a é ; i k 2 yitne 3 (bourrage d’imperata cylindrica); sumpuk v 1 = a a m e couches de lattes) ; 17 = waleke 1 o r ( ; calier) ; fs = forêt sec ire ; f = r mr = rais ; jd = jardin ; x = utilisé ; = non utilisé. e t f e e u honai et le prin ipale antes fourni le matériel de str ct on construction légende : 1 = hebet (m r); 3 barres de bois) = hiseke (p llie ); 5 = an k ( w ma e ( e); 7 = herelelok (solive); 8 = he be 10 = agaroba (re -de-ch uss e) 11 = y tne i; 1 = ; 1 = waleke ekaka/mosopan sokilabet/walineke (deux 14 = ; 1 ( (to che it); ron 9 = ); m 5 ka ai mm entr un/ ée) mm 20 un = ke soup/ke su o (somm t de toit); 16 = (pwaleke elo 8 = orte); 21 = ela (étagère); et 22 = lel pakot (es onda p fo êt primaire ; ma usag s e di fér ntes parti d' n honai nom des plantes habitat 10 19 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 alengkah (eugenia sp1., xanthomyrtus sp.) fp x x x x alimo (engelhardia rigida) fp x x x x x x biye (scleropyrum leptostachyum) fp x x x x hamud (bassia eugenioides) fp x x x x x hite (mischanthus floridulus) fs , mr xx horap (chionanthus ramiflorus) fp x hubuh (microcos sp.) fp x x jagat (mischanthus sp.) fs , mr x joli (tristania obovata) fp x x x jual (glochidion vinkianum fp x x x x x x ka (erythrina cristagalli) fs x kait (adinandra sp. ; gardenia sp.) fp x x x ki (nothofagus starkenburgii) fp x x x kul (arthrophyllum sp1. ; timonius monta fagraea ceylanica; amyema clavipes) na; fp x x x x x leh (alpitonia excelsa) fs, fp x x x x x x x x lokop (phragmites karka) fs, mr x milaga (glochidion rubrum) fp x x x mepsengkek (flacourtia rukam) fp x x monika (pittosporum ramiflorum) fs x x x x x x x x x pabi (dodonaea viscosa) fs x x x x x x x x pum (arthrophyllum macranthum) fp x x x x popoli (pittosporum ferrugineum) fs x x x x x x x x x sagi (nothofagus rubra) fp x x x sageit (podocarpus sp.) fp x x x x x seno(castanopsis acuminatissima) fp x x x x selon (metrosideros pullei) fp x x siluk (imperata cylindrica) fs x x x simo (ficus odoardi; homalanthus novoguinensiss) fs x x x x x x wiki (paraserianthes falcataria) fs, jd x x x wileh (casuarina oligodon) fs, jd x x x x wul (eugenia acuminatissima, polyosma iliccifolia, polyosma sp.) fp x x x wangken (embelia coriacea, rapanea leucantha) fp x x x wantagah (dimorphanthera cf. denticulata, ilex mestegii) fp x x wantagah kok (vaccinium varingiaefolium) fp x x x x wib (grevillea papuana) fs x x x x x x wikagah (sloanea sp.) fp x x yeleka (leersia hexandra) fs x x 62 reinwardtia [vol.12 sent dans la description qui suit le tableau avec le numéro qui lui affecté dans ce dernier. de façon à pouvoir se repérer ce même numéro est indiqué dans la légende des figures. le mur, hebet (1) est fait de planches juxtaposées. a l’intérieur dans les interstices entre deux planches sont disposées des planches plus étroites destinées à empêcher l’air de passer appelées oak «os» (2). ces deux types de planches sont plantées dans le sol sur une profondeur de 5 à 10 cm environ. pour tenir l’ensemble, à mihauteur environ et à 30 cm du sol environ à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur sont placées des barres de bois erani (3) qui permettent de maintenir les planches les unes aux autres avec des liens de rotin (mul) ou de mulele (geitonoplesium cymosum). fig. 22. coupe transfersale du hunila c’est l’ensemble de la structure du mur, formant donc un cylindre, qui est appelé ebe c’est-à-dire «corps». le toit repose tout d’abord sur quatre piliers, hiseke (4) qui se trouvent au centre de la maison et qui sont enfoncées profondément dans le sol. ils mesurent selon les maisons entre 2,5 et 3,5 m et ils se rejoignent presque au sommet. la structure de la charpente est également soutenue par plusieurs poteaux enfoncés dans le sol le long du mur ceux-ci sont d’un seul tenant ou avec un autre tronc rajouté jusqu'à sommet du toit où ils rejoint un autre poteau qui part du mur en vis-à-vis. ces poteaux app ette herbe mai (11) pour empêcher l’air de passer. ce cercle intérieur est renforcé par un cercle ées aux chevrons il y a deux couches de latte its qui sont très em dorment au prem poly elés wanok (5), forment donc des arcs de cercle. les poutres qui soutiennent le premier étage sont appelées wamare (6); au dessus sont placées des solives, herelelok (7) sur lesquels, est posé le parquet, piliwake (8) formé d’un assemblage, parfois d’un tressage, de roseaux ou de bambous. le parquet de l’étage où l’on dort est recouvert d’une couche sawuleka (9) de l’herbe yeleka (leersia hexandra). le sol du rez-de-chaussée, agaroba (10) est également jonché de c s en moins grande quantité. tout autour du parquet des pièces de bois sont mises bout à bout, yetneki extérieur, yitne (12) sur lequel on attache un bourrage fait d’imperata cylindrica, waleke ekaka ou mosopan (13). la charpente du toit est formée des wanok qui partent du sol et de chevrons intercalaires, sumpuk (14), qui partent du parquet et sont attachés ensembles au sommet du toit, ammun ou ammunmo (15). fix s: celle du dessus est appelée sokilabet ou walineke ou kelem (16); celle du dessous se nomme waleke elo (17). le toit, waleke (18), est couvert d’imperata cylindrica posée en vrac et attachée aux lattes avec des liens de rotin (mul) et de mulele (geitonoplesium cymosum). la porte qui sépare l’entrée, mokarai (19), de l’intérieur de la maison s'appelle ke su ou ke soup (20). a l’intérieur de la maison entre les quatre piliers centraux se trouve un foyer, wulikin, qui est continuellement alimenté et ne doit jamais s’éteindre. il est réactivé le soir de façon à chauffer l’habitation pendant les nu fraîches. comme les dani–bali ier étage il arrive que le feu s’emballe et qu’un incendie se propage à l’ensemble de la maison. au-dessus du foyer une étagère (cf. figure 19 et 20), ela (21), sert à mettre la réserve de bois. un escalier, lel pakot (22) sert à monter au premier étage. centre le mur dernier, la structure centrale est suspendue une barre sur laquelle est disposé des feuilles de pinthe (cyathea cooperii) qui ont été cuites lors d’un rituel dans un «four nésien». a chaque rituel des feuilles sont prélevées pour être ainsi disposées à l’intérieur de la maison. de chaque côté de cette barre sont disposés des objets sacrés dans des sacs, noken. c’est aussi à cette barre que dans le pilamo kanekela sont suspendus les kaneke (cf. figure 20) enfermé dans une boite, kakok. 62 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 63 b). la construction du hunila le hunila a une forme carrée avec deux toits le tableau 25 montre les principales diverses espèces végétales utili ou rectangulaire avec un toit à deux pentes (voir quotidiennement les aliments. chacune des femmes mariées habitant le sili a son propre foyer. le hu-nila urs portes ( e soup) (6), en nombre égal à celui de hakse qu’il contient. sées pour la construction 'un hunila dans un village de hagorene lustre la disposition des tière, esin (2). le nombre de piliers dépend de la longueur de hunila. la charpente, esok (3) repose au 4). cette charpente est faite de chevrons, hakelem (5); ces chevrons deux couches de lattes. t huni l illier); 2 = esin (faîtière); 3 ok (ch ente = hobat (mur); 5 = hakelem ( ; 6 = ke soup ( rte); waleke ( ); 9 = sesi eki; 10 wulek étage de rezchausée); 11 = ela (étagère); 12 aw (latte intéri f imaire; jd = jardin; et utilisé iffér es pa es d un la figure no 22). cette construction a 2,5 à 3,5 (usilimo). la figure 22 il mètres de largeur, à 2,5 à 3 mètres de hauteur (au centre) et environ 5,0 à 10 mètres de longueur. c’est là que se trouve le foyer, hakse où l’on cuit différentes parties. la structure du hunila repose sur des piliers, wuruak (1) qui soutiennent une faî possède plusie ke su, k d ssi sur les mur, hobat ( ableau 25. différents ensembles du la et les plantes utilisées pour leur construction. égende : 1 = wuruak (p = es arp ); 4 chevrons) po 7 = toit); 8 = saweke (latte extérieure = sa a ( de = el eure); fs = orêt secondaire; fp = forêt pr x = ; = non utilisé. d ent rti e h ila nom des plantes habitat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 alengkah (eugenia sp., xanthomyrtus sp.) fp x x biye (scleropyrum leptostachyum) fp x x x heit (castanopsis sp.) fp x x x heitem (flacourtia cf.papuana) fp x heluk (macaranga mappa) fs x hentam (maesa verrucosa) fp x x x hubuh (microcos sp.) fp x x joli (tristania obovata) fp x x kait (adinandra sp., gardenia sp.) fp x x x ki nothofagus starkenbor( gii) fp x x x x kobo (lithocarpus ruffovilosus) fp x x kul (arthrophyllum sp1., timonius montana, fagraea ceylanica, amyema clavipe s) fp x leh (alphitonia excelsa) fs, fp x lulaken (polygala sp1.) fp x x monika (pittosporum ramiflorum) fs x x x mepsengkek (flacourtia rukam) fp x mumuli (ficus sp2.) fp x pabi (dodonaea viscosa) fs x x x popoli (pittosporum ferrugineum) fs x x x polet (eugenia sp4.) fp x x pum (arthrophyllum macranthum) fp x sageit (podocarpus sp1.) fp x x seno(castanopsis acuminatissima) fp x x siluk (imperata cylindrica) fs x simo (homalanthus novoguinensis) fs x x sug un (wendlandia paniculata) fs, fp x wib (grevillea papuana) fs x x wileh (casuarina oligodon) fs, jd x x x x x x wiki (paraserianthes falcataria) fs, jd x x yeleka (leersia hexandra) fs x yuragap (podocarpus cf.neriifolius) fp x x c). constr wamdabu, wamai) en général, la e dans la rolongation du hunila, mais il arrive qu’elle soit uction de la pocherie ( porcherie est construit p bâtie séparément. cette construction à la même forme que le hunila, mais l’intérieur est différent, car il est divisé de façon à séparer un par un les porcs pendant la nuit (voir la figure no 23). 64 reinwardtia [vol.12 fig. 23. wandabu a. (porcherie) e tr coup ansversal b. dét w d d). construction des clôtures (leget 1,75 mètres e hauteur, mais différent quand même par cerili est plus solide et plus haute d’environ 25 cm à 50 cm. les matériaux utilisés sont, des bois forts venant de la forêt primaire (mais ce n’est pas obligatoire). uniquement quand ces matériaux résistants manquent, les dani–baliem emploient d’autres bois. tandis que pour la clôture du jardin (wen leget), ils se contentent de tout type de bois venant aussi bien de la forêt secondaire que de la forêt primaire. en région inondée, ils utilisent le bois de ka (erythrina cristagalli), car la plante peut repousser et son bois est plus résistant à l’eau. tableau 26. matériaux de construction de l’intérieur d’une porcherie légende: 1 = ebe (murs de cloison); 2 = eitep esok (soutiens des cloisons); 3 = ke kelok (fermeture); 4 = epe esok (poteaux de portes); 5 = agali (mur intérieur); 6 = hobat (mur extérieur); fs = forêt secondaire; fp = forêt primaire; jd = jardin partie intérieur d'une porcherie ails du amba u ) nom des plantes habitat 1 2 3 4 5 6 heit (castanopsis cf. acuminatissima) fp x x x x joli (tristania obovata) fp x x kul (arthrophyllum sp1, timonius montana, fagraea ceylanica, amyema claripes) fp x x x x x monika (pittosporum ramiflorum) fs x pabi (dodonaea viscosa) fs x x popoli (p ferrugine on trouve 2 types de clôtures: 1. la clôture qui entoure et délimite le sili (sili leget) 2. la clôture du jardin (wen leget). toutes deux font environ 1,50 à d tains aspects. la clôture de s ittosporum fs x um) pum (art macranthum) x x hrophyllum fp x x sageit (podocarpus sp1.) fp x x x x seno (castanopsis acuminatissima) fp x x x simo (homalanthus novoguinensis) fs x wib (grevillea papuana) fs x wiki (paraserianthes falcataria) fs, jd x x x wileh (casuarina oligodon) fs, jd x x x la figure 24 montre une clôture (leget) de sili et une clôture de wen leget (jardin de patate doules qui con sés ce). le tableau 27 présente les différents ensemstituent le leget et les bois utilib pour sa construction, selon mes relevés effectués dans la région de kurulu et de siba. 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 65 fig. 4. details du leget de sili a. – une d’ensembles de la cloture b. – une de profil c. – detail de la colture sans couverture les liens jouent un rôle central dans la construction des sili, leget, et wadloleget mais aussi d’autres constructions, car, c’est le seul moyen que les dani–baliem connaissent pour attacher 2 cym 2 éléments dans la construction. ils n’emploient jamais de clous. les plantes servant à produire des liens pour la construction sont mul (calamus sp. et calamus prattianus), mulele (geitonoplesium osum), les bambous et mogatheleh (calopogonium muconoides). ce dernier uniquement utilisé pour le lien de la construction de wadloleget. tableau 27. matériaux servant pour faire les différentes parties du leget (clôture) légende: 1 = leget esok (poteaux de la clôture); 2 = leget ebe (bois horizontaux ou corps de la clôture); 3 = leget ago et leget wampok (soutiens de la clôture); 4 = leget eki (charpente du toit); 5 = leget aika (toit de la clôture); fs = forêt secondaire; fp = forêt primaire; jd = jardin et x = utilisé; = non utilisé. différentes parties de la clôture nom des plantes habitat 1 2 3 4 5 heit (castanopsis cf acuminatissima) fp x heitem (flacourtia cf. papuana) fp x hule (ficus sp1.) fs, fp x lukaka (paspalum conjugatum) x milaga (glochidion rubrum) fp x mileh (schefflera ischonoasia, s. lucida, symplocos sp.) fs, fp x x min (ilex spicata, ilex cf. cymosa) fs, fp x x x monika (pittosporum ramiflorum) fs x x x mukut (sauraria sp.) fp x x pabi (dodonaea viscosa) fs x x x pah (lithocarpus ruff fp x ovilosus) x palok (sterculia sp.) fp x x popoli (pittosporum ferrugineum) fs x x x pum (arthrophyllum macranthum) fp x x siluk (imperata cylindrica) x sin (araucaria cunninghamii) fs x tikil (dicranopteris liniaris) x wib (grevillea papuana) fs x x wiki (paraserianthes fs, jd x x x x falcataria) wileh (casuarina oligodon) fs, jd x x x x selon les dani–baliem, la construction d’un sili (pilamo, ebeai, hunila, wamdabu, wadloleget) nécessite beaucoup de bois. la collecte des materiaux nécessaires peut se prolonger pendant environ 3 mois ou plus. mais, pour la construction du sili 2 à 3 semaines suffisent, car, c’est l’oeuvre d’un travail collectif (yabo). le premier travail consiste à abattre les arbres nécessaires pour chacun des éléments des habitations. on recherche d’abord les arbres qui vont servir à faire les quatre piliers principaux. 66 reinwardtia [vol.12 dans la préparation des bois servant à la construction, les dani–baliem font plusieurs catéories correspondant aux différents éléments si pour les piliers principaux du honai (pilamo et honai), ils utilisent les bois parfois les chercher dans les forêts ituées sur les pentes ou aux sommets des collines. aujourd’ plus elle des iff s au jardin de maison. on trouve galement 2 fenêtres, l’une devant la maison et l’autre à côté de la salle de réunion familiale (figure 25a). chéma d’ e généralement, les dani–baliem n’apprécient p ’i et qui possèdent une forme architecturale trop éloignée d qui fait partie de leur c en effet, on me du honai on tradi conception de l’harmonie. un d ons modernes est l’absence de sépar mme s, ce que les dani–baliem accepten nt. upart de ces ons sont aujourd’hui o migrants, comme les enseignants de l’école prim venant de java ou de s eun ni–baliem. plusieurs s. trouve également un modèle d’habitat pro g constituant le sili. ain considérés comme les plus solides et résistants ou de bonne qualité appartenant à des arbres de la forêt primaire, comme joli (tristania obovata); lulaken (polygala sp.); kait (adinandra sp., gardenia sp.); jual (glochidion vinkianum); seno (castanopsis sp.); heit (castanopsis cf. accuminatissima); sagit (nothofagus rubra); sageit (podocarpus sp.); etc., pour la partie intérieure du mur (oak), les dani–baliem pré-fèrent les bois issus de bagah (sloanea archboldiana); de kop (diospyros sp.); de kul (timonius montana); de nogolilih (wendlandia sp.); etc., car, les bois de plantes forestières sont loin de la vallée. pourtant même si ces bois se trouvent à distance, les dani– baliem vont s hui, ces catégories ne sont ment vraies, car, les dani–baliem ont t d icultés à trouver les bois couramment utilisés qu’ils préférent et utilisent, à défaut, des bois répandus dans les jachères. on remarque ainsi que l’on utilise plus courament les bois de plantes pionnières, par exemple: wileh (casuarina oligodon), wiki (paraserianthes falcataria), wib (grevillea papuana); simo (homalanthus novoguinensis); monika (pittosporum ramiflorum); popoli (pittosporum ferrugineum); etc.. les dani–baliem de la vallée obtiennent du bois de bonne qualité par un système d’échange pratiqué avec les dani–baliem de la montagne, moyennant des porcs, ou aujourd’hui de l’argent indonésien. les plantes forestières exploitées par la société de la montagne sont seno (castanopsis sp.); kul (arthrophyllum sp., timonius montana, fagraea ceylanica, amyema clavipes); hubuh (microcos sp.); jual (glochidion vinkianum); mepsengkek (flacoutia rukam); bagah (sloanea archboldiana); kimpi (octamyrtus pleiopetala); pah (lithocarpus ruffovillosus); alengkah (memecylon sp.); vi (castanopsis accuminatissima); hamud (bassia eugenioides) etc. les maisons modernes comme nous l’avons vu, il existe aujourd’hui dans la vallée plusieurs maisons considérées comme des maisons modernes. ces habitations sont construites par le département social pour que les dani–baliem y logent. ces maisons sont en bois avec un toit de zinc. l’architecture se rapproche du modèle commun, comportant quatre murs et souvent des sections rectangulaires. elle sert de chambre à coucher ainsi que de lieu de réunion pour la famille. cette maison est munie de deux portes, l’une devant et l’autre derrière, ce qui offre un accè é fig. 25a. s une habititation modern as ces maisons qu ls trouvent froides e ce qu’ils connaissent et outume. a pu voir que la for (la mais tionnelle) correspond à leur autre inconvénient e ces mais ation entre les ho s et les femme t difficileme la pl mais ccupées par des aire ulawesi ou les j es da maisons ont vraisemblablement été démolies par des dani, car elles apparaissent endommagée on posé par les missionnaires qui se rapproches beaucoup par sa forme de la maison moderne (o halekma). cette maison est construite à l’intérieur du sili. un autre modèle encore est proposé par le lipi. il s’agit d’un honai, imitation du honai 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 67 traditionnel, mais reposant sur une architecture et es matériaux plus élaborés, par exemple par cylindrica qui sert d’isolant contre le chaleur du s ajoutées, fenêtres, puits, wc, et cheminée de cime u tr modé par la fum l’une au rez-de-chaussée, et l’ tage. le tableau 28 et la figure 25b suiv les ipi cons re les sili dans le cadre des programmes de e d dessus le toit de zinc on met de l’imperata soleil le jour et contre le froid de la nuit. de structure importantes pour la santé y sont nt po r ne pas ê e incom ée et éviter les incendies. les fenêtres se trouvent autre à l’é ante indiquent éléments que le l a proposé pour trui dév loppement. fig. 25b. schèma du sili propose par lipi tabl éments propos ipi pour no le l eau 28. les él construire és par le l les sili s éléments es matériaux 1 la fondation pierres, briques, et ciment 2 mur planches de es et ciment le bois, briqu 3 la charpente du mur morceaux de bois 4 le premier étage planches de bois 5 les poteaux principaux bois 6 oit zinc et couverture de siluk le t (imperata cylindrica) 7 les fenê ko tres bois et vitre de fenêtre de nak 8 la porte bois 9 l’échelle bois 10 le four (wulikin) ciment et cheminée 11 mur en cimle puits ent 12 w-c ciment 13 les cages à lapins bois 14 les cages à poules bois 15 le réservoir d’eau ciment 4. plantes a fibre et servant a fabriquer l r con on s de antes servant à produire des liens. ces liens sont utilitio s sacs n) u me o la co pour feuilles de ta, te ré es da le ta l 9 te e ntes s nt de légende: jd = in; fs = forêt secondaire et fp = forêt primaire. ages t des iens utilises en deho s de la structi j’ai relevé environ 58 espèce pl sés pour la fabrica n des outils, de (noke et j castrer les porcs, les liens pour les pes de fem sali et y kal, rde bac etc. ces plan s sont p senté ns bleau 29 suivant. tab eau 2 . les plan lien s à fibres t pla erve jard no nom local nom scientifique famille us habita 1 alimo hardia juglandaceae les fibres fp engel rigida pour le selok (une bande) et liens 2 amiksa buk embelia viridiflora myrsinaceae liens fp 3 aniok embelia sp. myrsinaceae liens fs 4 digi astronia sp. ataemelastom ceae fibres pour l noken fs 5 eneit rauvolfia rostrata apocynaceae fp liens 6 fulu asclepiadafs, fp ceae liens 7 i hak musa paradisiaca musaceae liens jd 8 hele ficus sp. moraceae fibres pour la fabrication de noken, sali, yokal jd, fs e fp t 9 helehb oxalis ta oxalidaceae fs eleh cornicula liens 10 heleha yoh non identifiée gendub liens fs 11 k atis heleh akap clem phaneroph ia leb nunculaliens fs, fp ra ceae 12 hili cyperus sp. cyperaceae s de (nicotiana fs liens courts pour lier les feuille hanum tabacum) ou des plantes médicinales jd, 13 hilikua h cyperus monocephala cyperaceae jd, fs idem 14 hok streblus asper moraceae fibres pour le oken, . fp sali, n et yokal 15 hilikua h bidens sp. asteraceae liens p feuilles de our les m, nicotiana fs tabac (hanu tabacum) 16 huagal eh scaevola oppositifolia goodeniaceae fp liens 68 reinwardtia [vol.12 no nom local nom scientifique famille usages habitat 17 ilakalixia stellata apocynaceae our la tion et fp no nom local nom scientifique famille usages habitat 41 wintete jasminum sp. oleaceae liens fs, fp 42 wola tetrastigma dichotoma vitaceae liens fs 43 wolahe leh rivinis sp. phytolaccacea e liens fs 44 wulehe leh non identifiée gendub liens fs 45 yain ficus sp. moraceae fibres pour la fabrication de noken et yokal fs, fp 46 yokhele h tetrastigma cf.dichotoma vitaceae liens fs 47 yowala t cypholophus lutescens urticaceae fibres pour la fabrication de noken fs, fp 48 wim kilu bambou non identifiée poaceae liens, corde de l’arc fp 49 ilak fibres p fabrica de noken de sali 18 ilakilak alixia floribunda apocynaceae fibres pour la fabrication de noken et de sali fp 19 ilalaka alixia sp. apocynaceae fibres pour la fabrication de noken et de sali fp 20 isibong kah embelia ribes myrsinaceae liens fp 21 isibong kah hoya sp. asclepiadace ae liens fs, fp 22 isibong kah randia ixoraeflora rubiaceae liens fs 23 iyobere derris sp. fabaceae liens fp 24 kekant u rhamnus nepalensis rhamnaceae fibres pour le liens fp 25 lata cipadessa baccifera meliaceae liens fp 26 likuah fimbristylis sp. cyperaceae liens fs 27 likuluk cyperus sp. cyperaceae liens fs wim magawi n bambou non identifiée poaceae idem fp 50 wim sakneg ali bambou non identifiée poaceae idem fp 51 wim sibak bambou non identifiée poaceae idem fp 52 wim timpo bambusa cf. multiplex poaceae idem fp 53 wim bugeh bambou non identifiée poaceae liens fp 54 28 sem clematis ranunculacea liens fs, fp ma cf.phanerophl ebia e 29 calamus mul prattianus arecaceae hiba, corde c, etc. fp de l’ar 30 p. arecaceae hiba, corde de l’arc, etc. fp wim yakala schizotachyu m blumei poaceae liens fp 55 wim yiluah schizotachyu m cf. blumei poaceae liens fp 56 wim sandiab u bambou non identifiée poaceae liens fp 57 wim bambou non poaceae liens mul calamus sp 31 mulele geitonoplesiu m cymosum liliaceae corde, sekan fs, fp 32 pipuk eleusine indica poaceae corde pour fs castrer les porcs (wam waliken waganuok) liahliah identifiée fp 33 pompa boehmeria re platyphylla une corde et urticaceae fibres pour la fabrication de noken fs 3 on a ssa m our la de noken, sali, yokal, 58 wim yilula schizotachyum sp. poaceae liens fp 5. plantes utilisees pour leur couleur ou comme colorants et dans la fabrication de vetements, d’ornaments e 2 termes et mola ce t à une coloré. ainsi mili es couleurs qui se noir, le rouge, couleurs moins visibles, comme le blanc et le gris. e. rosch heithese terme are not base dark ans 4 p niet ficus wa oraceae fibres p fabrication fs, fp timpat 35 s acrophyl abuak salacia m la eae hyppocratiac liens fp 36 s e ycopodiu ea liens agaih leh l sp. m lycopodiac e fs 37 s i palmeria aliwal ferruginea fibres pour liens monimiaceae le fp 38 tition w ns illughbeia sp. apocynaceae fibres pour le lie fp 39 w om atis s fp agay clem p. ranunculacea e liens fs, 40 wama scleria laevis cyperaceae m ficelle pour castrer les porcs (wam waliken waganuok) fs oli les dani–baliem ne connaissent qu de base pour désigner les couleurs, mili qui correspond approximativemen opposition entre coloré et non est considéré comme toutes l voient facilement, par exemple le le jaune, le verte, le marron, le bleu, et le violet. tandis que mola désigne des der (1972) constate que « purely on brightness. mili includes both cold colors, mola light and warm color». elle 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 69 ajoute o to mili l fo and unsarurated arrays». oliver er uiv or tr e t» a brightness-based». actuellement ces 2 , les dani– vent à ér le nt le d'appellation de certains plantes, par exem uge ou mewa onoloar hom aune = levé 16 plantes utilisées comme colo sacs ous préu 30. les plantes utilisées pour leur couleur ou comme colorant e «the form f the division in and mola was identica d’après e.r. heider & r saturated (1972) «th e is no eq alent english categ ization of spec um, wher «dark» and «ligh re purely en dehors de termes de base baliem arri désigner diff entes cou urs en utilisa s termes ple: le ro ou le rougeâtre = pimot (un sentées dans le tableau 30 suivant. cultivar de wenyale, psophocarpus tetrag bus), le brun = pima; le blanc = kut (cultiv kut ou put), le violet = weayuken (melastoma malabarica ou medinilla speciosa) et le j poti (cudramia conchichinensis). j’ai re rant, notamment dans la fabrication des (noken), des jupes des femmes (sali, yokal) et des objets d’ornement (sekan, timpat, etani) que n examinerons en 6 et 7. ces plantes sont tablea no nom local nom scientifique partie de la plante utilisé usages a. plantes utilisées pour teindre : 1 hupak-hupak gardenia tubifera fruit pour teindre en jaune ( noken, sali et yokal. 2 teteit ilex spicata résine po etur teindre en brune jaune pour noken, sali et yokal. 3 sapui bixa orellana fruit et graine pour r teindre en couleur ouge pour noken et sali kem. 4 kibi amaranthus sp. graine pour teindre en couleur rouge pour sali kem. 5 weayuken melastoma malabarica fruit pour teindre en couleur violet pour noken. 6 weayuken medinilla speciosa fruit po ur ur teindre en coule violet pour noken 7 powumpak gardenia lamingtonii fruit ur teindre en couleur jaune pour noken et sali. b. plantes utilisées pour leur couleur 1 sel pandanus sp. feuille ur le noken. la couleur blanchâtre po 2 sel freycinetia sp. feuille la couleur blanchâtre pour orner la sike eken (l’ornement de sike eken). 3 wi adoligik bulphophyllum sp. écorce de tige la couleur jaune pour la fabrication de noken, yokal et sekan. 4 wi kiabut dendrobium sp. écorce de tige la couleur jaune pour la fabrication de noken, yokal et sekan. 5 wi kilagopa dendrobium piestocaulon écorce de tige la couleur jaune pour la fabrication de noken, yokal et sekan. 6 wi wamaga agrostophyllum majus écorce de tige la rication de noken, yokal e couleur jaune (podi) et rouge (pimot) pour la fab t sekan. 7 wi wampi dendrobium phlox écorce de tige la couleur jaune pour la fabrication de noken, yokal et sekan. 8 wi wimpilai dendrobium sp. écorce de tige la n, yokal et sekan. couleur jaune pour la fabrication de noke 9 la couleur jaune pour la fabrication de noken, yokal, sali et sekan. wi yele-yele agrostophyllum sp. écorce de tige 6. es sociétés indonés ée ou de plantes cultivées qu’ils tressent ou attachent de faécorce. le vêtement que ortent les dani–baliem souvent ne sert qu’à couvrir les organes sexuels. les vêtements et les ornements des hommes traditionnellement le vêtement des hommes dani–baliem dans la vie quotidienne consiste n un étui pénien appelé koteka, holi les ornaments, les outils et les vetements des dani la tenue vestimentaire des dani–baliem est très succincte comparée aux autr iennes, voire la plus simple. les dani–baliem fabriquent leurs vêtements à partir de matériaux de la flore spontan çon très simple. ils ne connaissent ni le tissage, ni la couture, ni les tissus d’ p sim-plement e m ou segalep. cet étuis pénien peut être attaché plus ou moins haut à taille au sur le torse. koteka désigne le fruit de lagenaria siceraria, cucurbitaceae. les dani–baliem en distinguent 3 types selon la forme du fruit: (1) segalep: forme à col rectiligne et de grand diamètre. cette forme obtenue en mettent une pierre au bout du col à la formation de fruit. 70 reinwardtia [vol.12 (2) hiyok à col courbe naturellement (3) koteka à col rectiligne, de petite diamètre et de couleur mola (blanche). si le col est très long et que sa pointe va jusqu’à l’épaule, ce koteka est nommé « holim mot». le lien avec lequel on attache le bout du col est appelé siniki issues de win (ficus drupacea ; il est composé de fibres tressées ), honabun (melicope nova-guinensis), yilok-yilok (eugenia vestegii), ilak-ilak (alixia floribunda), etc. chez les dani–baliem comme dans la plupart des autres sociétés de l’irian jaya les parures sont principalement masculines (tableau 31). tableau 31. les ornaments des hommes de dani– baliem ornament espèces les bracelets (sekan, segan, sikitale) tikil (dicranopteris liniaris), mul (calamus prattianus), masem (clematis phanerophlebia), mukulele ou mulele (geitonoplesium cimosum), wi (dendrobium piestocaulon). le colier (timpat) hunabun (melicope nova-guinensis, wikstroemia venosa), win (ficus drupacea), ponnieta (ficus wassa), saliwali (palmeria ferruginea) wamaik (wam = porc et aik = dent) un ornement fabriqué avec des canines de porc qui se met dans les narines wal ) tressées, dans lesles ils insèrent des «coris» (walimoken) imo mul (calamus prattianus) et de hunabun (wikstroemia venosa quel sanibusa est feuille attach une ent avec une ficelle au nive kem (eleocharis dulcis), de yabe (cordyline terminalis), de hom (colocasia esculenta), de sisika (christella arida), ou de musan au des fesses (oeranthe javanica). inikahale fibres tressées de tikil (dicranopteris liniaris), ou de yilok-yilok (eugenia vestegii), weragabuak (coix lacrymajobi)). les vêtements et les ornements des femmes traditionnellement, la tenue vestimentaire des femmes dani–baliem a pour fonctions de couvrir le sexe et d’apporter de la beauté. en fonction de l’âge et de leur statut de femme mariée ou non, le vêtement des femmes dani– baliem e deux types : sont d a. la jupe (sali) il s’agit là d’une jupe que portent les petites filles et les jeunes filles qui ne sont pas encore mariées. selon le cas, la jupe est constituée de matériaux différents. il existe trois types de sali: (1). sali kem sali kem est fait de feuilles de kem (eleocha lée plusieurs fois autour des hanches de façon à ce qu’il y ait une humides ou marécageux. en général, les jeunes filles le ramassent et fabriquent elles-mêupe. cette jupe est colorée en violet à l’ai abar , et sel (pandanus sp.), etc. le sel blan méla sont ficel em. là aussi la ficelle mais l’un dess ades plus longues, sali ebe (3) s est d’une combinaison entre sali kem filles. ches de torsades. la partie intérieur est ris dulcis). ces feuilles sont d’abord séchées, puis lissées et enfin accrochées à une ficelle qui sera nouée autour des hanches. cette ficelle sera enrou grosse épaisse de feuilles. le kem pousse dans les endroits mes leur j de des fruits de weayuken (melastoma malabarica ou medinilla speciosa). aujourd’hui, la coloration de la jupe se fait grâce à un colorant chimique qui imite la coloration par weayuken. (2) sali isobat ce sali est confectionné à partir de fibres torsadées de win (ficus drupacea), lisani (acalypha amentacea), yain (ficus sp.), yohewisa (boehmeria nivea), yowalat (cipholopus lutescens), digi (astronia sp.), digit (boehmeria mal ica), ilak-ilak (alixia floribunda), jawi (cyrtandra sp.) (pandanus sp.) est utilisé pour donner une couleur châtre au sali. ces fibres peuvent être ou non ngées. elles sont ensemblées en petites qui accrochées les unes à côté des autres sur une le comme pour le sali k est entourée plusieurs fois autour des hanches, de plus on superpose deux types de jupes e à torsades courtes, sali ampok est mise auous, l’autre à tors est mise au-dessus. ali kuguk sali kuguk et sali isobat. b. yokal yokal est le vêtement par lequel se distinguent les femmes mariés. il se compose de fibres torsadées des mêmes plantes que pour les jupes des jeunes filles (sali isobat) mais en plus on y ajoute l’écorce de tiges d’orchidées qui donnent une couleur jaune. les orchidées sont en effet un ornement spécifique au yokal. les dani–baliem utilisent quatre espèces d’orchidées, wi kiabut (dendrobium sp.), wi kilaboga (dendrobium piestocaulon), wi wampi (dendrobium phlox) donnent la couleur jaune et wi wamaga (agrostophyllum majus) de couleur jaune et rouge. le yokal s’obtient en torsadant les fibres de ces plantes, puis en fixent ces torsades sur une ficelle (yokal yao) mais en les plaçant horizontalement contrairement aux jupes de jeunes cette ficelle est placée en bas des hanches de façon à couvrir le sexe. généralement on met deux cou 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 71 nom mble s’appelpre cér sali ba a. n ba les nok fron e ou de mort. selon la tradition, les à l me amille du défunt. usa n (3). n noken de petite ent à fabriquer ces ), win (ficus drupacea), ponnieta (ficus (st dig et y tes nner la cou cat fru cou ma uleur violette; les fruits de hupak-hupak (gardenia tubifera), découpés, puis frottés dont les fibres servent à fabriquer le noken, donnent une couleur jaune claire. b. la lance (wim sege) et le bâton à fouir (sege akib un p m es dont le ent intercalé dans le terme llation: (1) nom briqué en ses s arbres. cette hache se (2) mée yokal yibin, et la partie apparente est nommée yokal wiyakul. l’ense le yokal ebe. une femme (he) porte le yokal pour la mière fois lors de son mariage. au cours de la émonie appelée he yokal, la mariée laisse son pour se revêtir du yokal. 7. les ustensiles, outils et armes des dani– liem oken le noken est un sac que les femmes dani– liem utilisent pour porter les produits du jardin, bébés, mais c’est aussi un ornement. les en ont une anse que les femmes mettent sur le t pour les porter. ce noken se compose de fibres de plante qui ont été torsadées et ensuite tressées. le noken s’utilise aussi lors de cérémonies de mariag femmes donnent un ou plusieurs noken en cadeau a mariée. lors des rituels funéraires, les fems donnent des noken à la f il y a 3 types de noken, en function de leur ges: (1). noken aga: ce noken est fait de torsades très fines et colorées et il n’est jamais utilisé pour porter. il s’emploie ici comme ornement, il est porté par les femmes seulement quand elles sont en voyage. (2). noken su ebe: ce noken de grande taille s’utilise pour transporter les petits enfants, les patates douces, les légumes, et bie d’autres choses. noken inapotabiye: c’est u taille qui sert à transporter différents produits alimentaires. les plantes dont les fibres serv «noken» sont principalement sikepupuk (sida rhombifolia), wi wampi (dendrobium phlox), wi kiabut (dendrobium sp.), wi wamaga (agrostophyllum majus), wi kilaboga (dendrobium piestocaulon wassa), yain (ficus sp.), hilan (ficus sp.), hok reblus asper), yohewisa (boehmeria nivea), it (boehmeria malabarica), digi (astronia sp.), owalat (cypholophus lutescens). d’autre plan fournissent des fruits utilisés pour do coloration: sapui (bixa orellana) procure une leur rouge pourpre; la sève de teteit (ilex spia), donne une couleur marron et jaune; les its de kibi (amaranthus sp.), donnent une leur rouge; les fruits de weayuken (melastoma labarica), donnent une co ak) dans la langue dani le terme sege est utilisé pour désigner trois types d’objets. (1) sege akibak (akibak n’a pas de sens dans la langue) est le bâton à fouir, morceau de bois dont le bout a été épointé qui est utilisé en agriculture pour retourner la terre. il mesure eu plus que deux mètres de long et a 10 à 15 cm de diamètre. (2) sege hipere sega est un bâton épointé plus court et moins gros que le précédent qui sert à planter et à déterrer les patates douces (hipere, ipomoea batatas). (3) wim sege ou ap sega correspond à la lance de guerre (wim). elle est uniquement utilisée par l’homme (ap). elle peut atteindre trois à quatre ètres de long avec un diamètre d’environ 4 cm. par contre les lances de guerre ne peuvent être fabriquées qu’avec le bois de trois espèc nom est égalem d'appe ap sega joli, est constituée de bois de joli (tristania obovata). la caractéristique de cette lance est sa couleur noire. (2) ap sega dibu, est faite avec du bois de dibu (myrtaceae), la lance est de couleur jaune. (3) ap sega pagali, désigne la lance en bois de pagali (garcinia schraderi), de couleur brun. sege akibak surtout utilisé par les hommes et plus rarement par les femmes qui emploient principalement sege hipere sega. sege akibak se fabrique à partir du bois de différentes espèces. le de cette espèce est intercalé dans le terme d’appellation entre sege et akibak par exemple: (1) sege kul akibak, pour un bâton à fouir fabriqué en kul (fagraea ceylanica) (2) sege mepsengkek akibak, il est fa mepsengkek (flacourtia rukam), etc.. c. la hache de pierre (jagabilik) jagabilik est la hache en pierre polie. elle s’utilise pour abattre des arbres, couper du bois, découper la viande de porc, et briser les os. selon fonctions, la hache de pierre se divise en deux types: (1) jagabilik: c’est une hache de pierre polie utilisée pour abattre le caractérise par la position de la pierre plate fixée à l'extrémité du manche par une ficelle de mul ou rotin (calamus prattianus). jaga: c’est la hache de pierre polie utilisée pour couper le bois. la pierre est fixée de 72 reinwardtia [vol.12 façon inclinée. la connexion entre la pierre et de (g sec couleur: (1) jagabilik ebe: c’est une hache de couleur bleu, vert, tachetée, et claire; (2) re qui se diff des de lin que des gén pos éle hanges lors des mar les ye sont exposés au rega lon le type de ye: est placé au milieu du filet d ou st aussi nommée ye he. il est c e. cette lame est plus petite que les autres. e. l’arc (sike) e eken) les dani–b our la guerre et la chasse, l’arc ( ches (sike eken) (figure 24). ils pour tuer les d’être forts, ment les bois de joli ) et de pagali (garcinia sch de différents éléments: (1) la pointe de sike eken c’est-à-dire la point de est fait dans un bois fort et s le corps ( aleh ukut). hiba désigne un fil fait à partir de mul (calamus prattianus). la taille de la flèche (sike eken) est d’environ 1,5 mètres à 1,75 mètres. cette taille varie en fonction du constructeur. sur la pointe de sike eken (maleh ekat) est gravé un motif spécifique correspondant au type de flèche. la partie pointue de maleh ekat est ornée de l’écorce de tige de le manche ne nécessite pas de ficelle de rotin. sur ce type de hache, le manche est plus grand que sur le jagabilik. les bois utilisés pour le manche sont les bois fak-fak (pittosporum cf ramiflorum), wampisin lochidion sp.), holim-holim (pittosporum pullifolium), etc. ces bois se trouvent dans les forêts ondaires et les forêts primaires. on distingue 2 types de jagabilik selon la jagabilik gu: c’est une hache noi érencie de jagabilik ebe par une pierre moins dure, alors les dani–baliem disent aikleg, qui dérive des mots aik = dents, et leg = vide. jagabilik gu a été analysée par w.valk du bureau de géologie et des mines, nouvelle guinée de netherland en 1962. il rapporte que cette pierre est « une pierre métamorphique » composée de minéraux dont les principaux sont l’epidote et le chlorite. les autres minéraux contenus sont le glaucophane, la titanite, l’albite (?) et la silice libre (calcédoine et quartz), la calcite, et des minéraux opaques (heider, 1970). aujourd’hui, cette hache n’est plus utilisée. elle a été remplacée par une hache de fer. elle est devenue un souvenir pour les touristes. d. ye ye est une lame de pierre polie qui n'est jamais utilisée comme outil mais qui a une valeur dans les échanges cérémonials. ces lames portent décorations d'une tressage de rotin (mul) ou la tige d'une fougère tikil (dicranopteris iaris) ou de l'écorce des différents orchidées l'on a déjà vu utilisées pour décorer les jupes des femmes ou les ornement portés par les hommes. a ce tressage est le plus souvent fixé plumes colorés ou des poils de kuskus ou de rat de forêt. cette décoration est nommée etani. ces lames ont une grande valeur. ce sont éralement les chefs qui en on le plus. leur session correspond donc à un niveau social vé. ces lames sont l'objet d'éc iages et des cérémonies funéraires. pour les ye oak on en distingue deux types selon la couleur: (1) ye sopoleka: ce ye est de couleur vert clair comme la couleur des feuilles de sop (prunus sp.); (2) ye hokeka: c’est un ye de couleur bleu-vert comme la couleur des feuilles de hok (ficus ampelas, ficus sp., streblus asper). lors des cérémonies rd près du mur qui se trouve au fond du pilamo kanekela. ils occupent des positions différents se (1) ye oak: ce ye ’exposition. il est appelé ye oak, parce qu’il est assimilé à un os (oak) par sa position au centre et parce que c'est une lame de grande taille plus de 40 cm. il est considéré comme un ye masculin et se nommé aussi ye ap. (2) ye holi ou ye ogosi, ce ye est placé à côté. c’est un ye de petite taille, d’environ 40 cm moins. ce ye e onsidéré comme un objet féminin. dans la région wosi et siba, ce ye est considérée comme une ye wam he qui signifie ye de truie. (3) ye aie ou ye yok: dans la langue dani–baliem, aie signifie «la jambe». il est placé en position excentré t la flèche (sike aliem utilisent p sike) et les flè les emploient aussi ls traditionnels. porcs lors des ritue l’arc (sike) a une taille relativement petite, environ 1,5 à 2 mètres. il est fait de bois de lulangken (polygala sp.), waben (pseuderanthemum sp.), welangken (polygala sp.), joli (tristania obovata), yomoloh (sapindaceae), pagali (garcinia schraderi), wampisin (glochidion sp.). ces bois ont la caractéristique élastiques, et résistants, notam (tristania obovata raderi) qui ont la préférence des dani–baliem. la corde de l’arc (sike heleh) est fait en heleh mul (calamus prattianus) ou en wim (bambou). sike eken (la flèche) se dit aussi maleh et est constitué flèche (maleh ekat) olide, issu de wio, welangkon (polygala sp.), waben (pseuderanthemum sp.), yomoloh (harpulia ramniflora), polet (eugenia sp.), ou wampisin (glochidion sp.). (2) le corps de la flèche (maleh ukut) vient de la plante pinthe (phragmites karka) ou de hite ou yerona (mischanthus floribundus). (3) hiba est la partie de maleh où sont connectés la pointe de la flèche (maleh ekat) et m 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 73 différents types d’orchidées utilisées habituellement comme ornement. selon le motif gravé sur la pointe des flèches faites en bois, les dani–baliem distinguent cinq types: (1). kanek maleh c’est une flèche au bout arrondi et qui porte sur la partie basale des incisions circulaires de 10 cm à 20 cm. le motif de ces incision s’appellent kanek. l’autre caractéristique est la présence, au dessous de kanek, d’un tressage d’environ 6 cm, et dit sigil (figure 26). (2). maleh ilakapi cette flèche a une forme arrondie et présente, sur sa partie basale, un relief sculpté ovale ou elliptique avec au milieu un dessin de forme carrée. ce motif est nommée «ilakapi» (voir figure 26). fig. 26. sike eken (flèche de guerre) 1. maleh kenek 2. maleh ilakapi 3. maleh sinilak 4. maleh pelemo 5. maleh wilehukum (3). maleh sinilak c’est une flèche (sike eken) portant au milieu de pointe maleh ekat 2 ou 3 paires de crans (figure 26). cette sike eken est très dangereuse. enlever, qui la retiennent. cette flèche s’em portant en son milieu un motif triabre de ces motifs est à 5 griffures. la distance entre deu une fois plantée, elle est assez difficile à à cause des crans ploie seulement pour la guerre. (4). maleh pelemo c’est une flèche portant, sur un côté de maleh ekat des crans d’environ de 3 à 4 ailes (figure 26). cette flèche s’utilise seulement pour la guerre et elle est aussi dangereuse que la flèche de maleh sinilak. (5). maleh wilehukum c’est une pointe de flèche (maleh ekat) de section ronde ngulaire et circulaire. le nom très variables, de 4 x motifs est d’environ 5 cm. ces motifs sont nommés wilehukum qui vient des mots wileh (casuarina oligodon) et ukum (jeune feuille). la forme de cette maleh ekat évoque celle de la feuille de casuarina oligodon (figure no 26). fig. 27. sike eken pour sacrifier les et parfois co e de guerre 1. wim 2. wim 3. wim saknegalik k 5. wim timpo wim utilisè mme arm magawin kilu 4. wim siba 74 reinwardtia [vol.12 mais il existe aussi des flèches fabriquées en bambou qui sont utilisées comme armes de guerre. selon les dani–baliem ces sike sont très dangereuses et font très peur, car celui qui en est atteint est assuré de mourir. on peut d'ailleurs remarquer que les bambous et la guerre sont désignés par un même terme wim sans que l'on puisse savoir s'il y a une relation entre les deux ou s'il s'agit d'homonymes. tuer , à cet effet: (a) im kilu; (d) de guerre et un champ de bataille. tours varie entre 10 et 15 mèt ), et pour coudre la t ikon est un instrument de musique tradi à 1 corde que les dan dani–baliem la disent les sike eken wim sont aussi utilisés pour les porcs. sike wim se compose d’une maleh ekat de bambou et il est porte le nom de l’espèce de bambous dont il est issu. 5 espèces de bambou sont utilisées par les dani–baliem wim saknegali; (b) wim timpho; (c) w wim magawin (signifie la paix ou ne pas tuer); (e)wim sibak (figure no 27) f. tour de guet (kayo) il s'agissait de tour destinées à guetter les ennemis. elles étaient placées normalement à la limite entre un territoire occupé par une confédération la hauteur de ces res. pour construire cette tour, les dani– baliem utilisaient tous les bois, mais ils choisissaient, les bois de meilleure qualité, par exemple joli (tristania obovata), ki (nothofagus starkenborghii), kobo (lithocarpus ruffovillosus), etc. g. disu = aiguille disu est un outil en os de porc (wam oak), ayant la forme d’une aiguille. la partie pointue de ce disu est nommée «ekat disu», la partie basale est nommée «disu ukut», et au milieu d’ukut disu il y a un chas dit «disu eloh». ce disu permet d’extraire une flèche plantée dans le corps d’un homme, mais s’emploie aussi pour castrer le cochon (wam waliken waganuok ruie afin de la castrer. les dani–baliem utilisent, pour la castration, du fil issue de plantes telle que: pipuk (eleusine indica), et yolalek (eleusine sp.). h. tul = couteau c’est un outil composé d’os de porc ou du casoar dont une extrémité a été aiguisée afin de donner une lame tranchante. cet outil est utilisé pour couper les grosses patates douces ou pour couper le petit bois. cet outil s’emploie comme un couteau de cuisine. i. pikon = guimbarde p tionnelle semblable à une harpe i–baliem taillent dans un tige de pinthe (phragmites karka). la forme de cet instrument rappelle les formes animales ou humaines, notamment les hanches et les jambes (voir la figure 28). les diverses parties de cet instrument sont: (1) ficelle de pikon ou enghaleh semblable à une queue; (2) l’extrémité nommée ukul ressemblent à une tête, mais les semblable à des hanches; (3) une partie de la jambe est nommée aeh, qui signifie la jambe, alors le pikon a deux aeh (deux jambes); (4) une dernière partie est nommée ampipom ou inyangkul qui désigne l’organe sexuel de l’homme. fig. 28. pikon (harpe traditionnelle) 1. enghaleh 2. ukul 3. aeh 4. amphipom ou inyangkul j. san = récipient cet ustensile se compose d'écorce d’arbres et sert de récipient pour stocker des restes d’aliments, par exemple les os de porc, les épluchures de patate douce, des fruits, etc. ces restes servent de nourriture pour le porc. san peut être fait d’écorce de o kobo (lithocarpus ruffovillosus), o pah (lithocarpus cf. ruffovilosus). la forme de cet ustensile est très simple. k. fulok = soufflet (mettre après sengkan intok) c’est un entre-noeud de bambou (wim) utilisé pour souffler sur le feu notamment lorsqu'on allume le feu avec sengkan intok. l. kontitugi = piège à chauve souris c’est une latte de bois de 5 mètres à 7 mètres, uris ou konti. uris, et tugi = frap utilisée pour attraper les chauves-so kontitugi signifie konti = chauve-so peur. cette latte de bois se compose d’un tronc de o kobo (lithocarpus ruffovillosus), o pabi (dodonaea viscosa), o senon (castanopsis sp.), et tous les bois qui ont un longueur de plus de 5 mètres. 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 75 m. sengkan intok sengkan intok est un ustensile servant à faire t constitué d’une latte de bois dont un des ents constituants ce sengkan sont une ficelle de bambou hunabun appelée sengkan heleh ; sengkan al est fait de feuilles sèches de siluk (imperata cylindrica), holia (bidens biternata), jagat (saccharum spontaneum), lokop (phragmites karka) et enfin temet, qui correspond à un mélange de feuilles séchées de yelika (pothomorphe sp.), siluk (imperata cylindrica), et d’autres esp ttement ainsi créé heleh produit des sengkal al et temet. l’e (ba rémité qui va en s'élargissant est nommée babuk ebe. cet outil s’utilise pour transporter les charbons du bois issus des brûlis ou ier car il ne s’est jam ent le feu venant d’une autre source, ils socié jardi wuli vena que cette babu joli ( sagit pulle car c q. h c la pe hipe bois accu gus r r. is i ser pend du is séch c de b (mis tane bam a. les lianes de plesi font l feuil princ kuba ficel basa oyer ce du feu. il es bouts est coupé en 2 permettant ainsi d’y insérer une pierre ou une pièce de bois. cette latte de bois est nommée sengkan ebe qui signifie le corps de sengkan, la pierre ou la pièce de bois est nommée sengkan antema kelok. les autres élém èces. l’emploie de cet outil consiste, dans un premier temps, à préparer un sengkal al et un temet, puis de placer le sengkan ebe met audessus du sengkal al ou du temet. ensuite la sengkan ebe est mis dans le trou situé entre les deux séparations. il suffit alors pour faire du feu de tirer vigoureusement cette ficelle à gauche puis à droite plusieurs fois de suite selon une pratique ite «à tour de rôle». le frod entre seng-kan ebe et sengkan étincelles qui mettent le feu à nsemble du processus s’appelle hetu hunin. il est réalisé par les hommes uniquement et ne prend pas plus d’une minute. n. hanum pali = pipe à tabac hanum pali signifie « tabac à pipe », hanum = tabac et pali = pipe. hanum pali est fait d’une partie comprenant un entre-noeud du tronc de lokop (phragmites karka). hanum pali est employé pour allumer une cigarette et ne sert que d’intermédiaire entre la cigarette et la source de feu. o. hilba = pinces en bois hilba est une pince en bois utilisée pour tenir une pierre chaude et la transporter jusqu'au trous se) lors de la préparation d'un "four polynésien". elle est composée d’une latte de bois de pabi (dodonaea viscosa), simo (homalanthus novo-guinensis), etc., dont une des extrémités est coupée en deux parties. cette dernière est nommée hilba ampe, alors que l’autre extrémité non coupée, est nommée hilba ukut. p. babuk c’est un outil constitué d’une pièce de bois qui ressemble par sa forme à une grande cuillère à riz. la partie basale ou pied est nommée babuk ukut. l’autre ext entre le wulikin du honai et jardin de la patate douce ou à la cuisine (hunila) ou encore sur le lieu d'une cérémonie (le jardin de la patate douce, le lieu sacré, etc.). en effet à l’occasion de cérémonies traditionnelles, la source de feu doit venir obligatoirement du wulikin du pilamo kanekela, et non d’autres sources. les dani–baliem considèrent ce feu comme particul ais atteint depuis l’époque de leurs ancêtres. s’ils utilis sont persuadés qu’il arrivera une catastrophe à la té. lorsqu’on fait un brûlis pour préparer un n, le feu utilisé doit également être issu de kin de pilamo kanekela. s’ils utilisent du feu nt d’une autre source, les dani–baliem disent ce feu risque d’échapper à leur maîtrise. tradition persiste jusqu’à aujourd’hui. le k se compose de bois fort tel que le bois de tristania obovata), sageit (podocarpus sp.), (nothofagus rubra), selon (metrosideros i), seno (castanopsis accuminatissima), etc., e sont les bois les plus résistants au feu. ipere sogat = couteau en bois ’est une couteau en bois utilisé pour retirer au de la patate douce déjà cuite. en général, re sogat se compose de bois fort tels que le joli (tristania obovata), senon (castanopsis minatissima), sagi (diospyros sp., nothofaubra), et sageit (podocarpus sp.). ak pel sak pel est un outil qui s’emploie pour presles feuilles de tabac (nicotiana tabacum), ant le séchage. les avantages de l’utilisation ak pel sont qu’il permet d’obtenir des feuilles ées de bonne qualité qui ne s’effritent pas. et outil se compose de la nervure principale ananier ou haki oak (musa spp.), de jagat chantus floribundus) et de saccharum sponum), de pinte (phragmites karka), ou de bou, alors nommée yangkub mul (calamus prattianus), mulele (geitonoum cymosum) et parfois même de bambou office de ficelle. a méthode de pressage consiste à mettre les les de tabac (hanum eka) entre les nervures ipales de bananier, de presser avec yang, puis d’attacher l’ensemble à l’aide de la le. ensuite l’isak pel est accroché à la partie le de l’honai situé ainsi au niveau du f qui permet un séchage plus rapide. l’autre usage 76 reinwardtia [vol.12 du i taba 8. b l quot la cu hona crém dernier cas, les ani–baliem choisissent un bois qui se consume ntement, par exemple: joli (tristania obovata); kubuh ) et pum (arthrophyllum maême un élément important c ffage i (paraserianthes falcataria), wileh rina oligod os sp.); kibid eccarian encore. e les f pent ellesm collecter le bois de chauffage quotid écessaire à la cuisine. les hommes abattent les arbres, et coupent les troncs en m et les fem tent jusqu’au f r. dans la préparation du grand rituel w a le combustible est rassemblé par une m collective environ deux mois avant la date de la célébration de ce rituel. on peut noter i tué par les f t les hom ue pour le quotidien c’est aux fe ’il incombe de r e bois néces 9. plantes utilisees pour les rituels traditionnels l rituel des p nalé au fur e l’enq n détail que des rituels liés aux pratiques agricoles que l dans tie. il est donc difficile d’exposer ici une vue d’ensemble s e s rituels de un quelconque système. n terons de q q ues gén pes d’ (a). des plantes qui figurent obligatoirement lors mplissem s de certai gap (pos neriifol ithocarpus h (alphitonia excelsa), lisani amentac lles de haki sp.), pinthe rii) et des fougères qui sont le wadloleget des rituels de i les ur le rituel douces, a (rituel pour la fertilité du sol), niesok ai (rituel pour la construction du pilamo) et miyo persioko (rituel pour éloigner la pluie). parmi ces plantes qui figurent obligatoiil y a également les patates douces cuites dans le seni pour être consommées lors du repas collectif qui suit toutes les céremonies et parmi celles-ci il faut que figurent trois cultivars et hela de pinthe (cy uelles on disp e l’on doit tou pilamo comme signe qu’ pli. les qui servent à confectionner le seni mais des plantes qui servent la nourriture des pierres chaudes comme nous lukaka (ischaemum cf. rugosum, paspalum conjugatum (leersia hexandra), lisani (acalypha amentacea), wererengke (polyon ka (saurauia sp.) es rnement pour les hom s en lies sacrées. ce sont: nal ), yiwi (amoum (alpinia sp.), likaka (er mak-mak (fimbristyl ristylis sp.), pua n. exaltata), nama-fnikiabut (dipteris conjugata), sagan de 10. utilisations diverses del plantes j’ai relevé plusieurs plantes qui faisaient l jet d tilisations, par exemple, les c rette nements, les jouets des enfants, etc. l’utilisation des plantes pour les ette importante, car la plupart des d i–ba eurs. ces pla tées dans le tableau 32 suivant. sak pel consiste à conserver les feuilles de c pendant la saison sèche. ois de chauffage e bois de feu est essentiel à la vie idienne de la société dani–baliem. il sert à isine (hipere palin ou seni), au chauffage du i (wulikin), et à alimenter le foyer de la ation (warekma). dans ce plantes disposées sur une butte po qui précède la plantation des patates leh (alphitonia excelsa) et pabi (dodonaea viscosa). la cordyline terminalis (indifférement mâle, yabe ap ou femelle, yabe he) doit être aussi amenée dans le pilamo dans le cas de plusieurs rituels comme he yokal (rituel du mariage), ap waya (rituel d’initiation), pelabe (rituel de fin de deuil), agat wes d le heit (castanopsis cf. accuminatissima); (celtis rubrovenea cranthum). ces bois ne sont pas obligatoires, mais rement, qui sont représentent quand m dans la crémation. les autres bois utilisés pour ce hau sont wik (casua on); hubuh (microc tre (leviera b a); et bien d’au n général, emmes s’occu êmes de iennement n orceaux, me les por oye am uwe, ain-d’oeuvre ci qu’à cette occasion le travail est effec emmes e mes, alors q mmes qu ass mbler le saire. ’usage lantes m’a été sig t à mesure de uête mais je n’ai traité e ’on trouvera la troisième par ur l s usage s plantes et d’y déceler ous nous conten uel ues remarq érales. tout d’abord il faut distinguer trois ty usage: de l’acco ent des rituels, comme le branches nes espèces yura docarpu ius), kobo (l ruffovillosus), le (acalypha ea) et les feui (musa (cyathea coope mises dans lors fertilité; il y a auss humpuk, arugulek . il y a aussi les feuilles leke athea cooperii) dans lesq ose un peu de nourriture et qu jours mettre dans le un rituel a été accom (b). plantes . ce ne sont pas des plantes comestibles à isoler l’avons vu plus haut. ce sont: ), yeleka g um sp.) et koloh (c). l plantes qui servent d’o mes et pour envelopper les objets sacré particulier les kaneke et les pierre po yabe (cordyline termianiculatais), yebi (riedelia p m sp.), helte-helte agrotis bengkalise), is dichotoma), likuah (fimb phrolepis lauterbachii, li (ne ( smodium dasypodium). ’ob e diverses u iga s, les poisons, les or cigar s est très an liem (hommes et femmes) sont fum ntes sont présen 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 77 t le es plantes d’ erses. l nd t secondaire; jardin; mr = m = h a. pour les jouets d’enfants local tifique ab au 32. l utilisations div ége e : fs = forê fp = forêt primaire; jd = arais; hb abitat no nom nom scien hb les usages 1 hilikuah cyperus kyllingia fs jouet (le jouet de la fabrication de noken). 2 anekuku trachymene arfakensis fs jouet 3 holim-holim nepenthes papuana ka ou holim). fs jouet (une imitation de kote 4 saluka-saluka viola betonicifolia fp les graines servent de jouet pour enfants. 5 logon ilex cf. cymosa fp jouet (pour faire de bruit) b. po ur fumer no nom local ue nom scientifiq hb les usages 1 yalebet glochidion sp. fp les feuilles sont fumées 2 yarewel glochidion sp. fp les feuilles sont utilisées pour recouvrir le tabac. 3 folok glochidion sp. fp les feuilles sont fumées 4 hanum nicotiana tabacum jd les feuilles sont fumées 5 lisani acalypha amentacea fs,jd les feuilles sont fumées c. plantes utilisées comme ornement par les hommes no nom local nom scientifique hb les usages 1 kalolih eugenia sp. fp les fleurs servent à se parer la tête. 2 puali microsorium sp. fs,fp parures pour la tête. 3 wamporo pennisetum sp. fs la grappe de fleur sert de parure 4 warade rhododendron sp2. fs, fp les fleurs pour la parure 5 fuluka rhododendron hellvigii fs les fleurs pour la parure et comme plante ornementale 6 holisigom rhododendron macgregoriae fs les fleurs pour des parures de fêtes (danse ou etai). 7 holison rhododendron hellvigii fs idem 8 hubika ou huba plechnanthus javanica fs, fp les feuilles pour se parer la tête (sesi). 9 inektamuk rhododendron cf.macgregoriae fs fleurs pour la parure les 10 puali nephrolepis lauterbachii fs, fp les fleurs pour la parure 11 yollu cordyline terminalis jd plante ornementale, sanibusa 12 sin araucaria cunninghamii fs plante ornementale, sanibusa 13 yabe ap cordyline terminalis jd plante ornementale, parure et sanibusa 14 yabe hai cordyline terminalis jd idem. 15 yabe cordyline fructicosa jd idem. 16 weragabuak coix lacryma-jobi fs, jd les graines servent à se parer (timpat) d. plantes pour les poisons no nom local nom scientifique les usages 1 megasom clematis stenanthera fs, s servent de poison. fp les feuille 2 inektamuk rhododendron cf.macgregoriae fs les fleurs servent de poison. 3 pugu-pugu neprolepis bisserata fs pour le poison. 4 warade rhododendron sp2. fs les fleurs servent de poison. e. les autres utilisations no hbnom local nom scientifique les usages 1 asim pandanus pectianus fp feuilles pour se protéger du soleil et de la pluie. 2 si euphorbia sp. fp les sève sert de colle. 3 biye scleropyrum leptostachyum fp les petites branches pour arracher les poils et la sève pour la colle. 4 sisingka christella arida fs, fp les feuilles pour la couverture des graines. 5 turi sesbania grandiflora jd plante de reboisement (plante de nouvelle introduction). 6 caliandra caliandra callothyrsus fs, jd plante de reboisement (plante de nouvelle introduction). 7 wamatatah porophyllum ruderal r les crevettes. fs la tige pour pêche 8 fs wama toktok trychomanes sp. idem. 9 wurikaka desmodium sp. fs engrais verts (nouvelle utilisation). 10 oai chrotalaria juncea fs idem. 11 yukeleno psilotum nudum fs feuilles adoucissent le sege et sike. 12 kem elaeocaris dulcis mr les feuilles pour sanibusa 13 wagum coleus amboinicus fp pour la petite sike 14 pipit mussaenda reinwardtiana fs plante magique, pour exorciser les maladies des plantes 15 hugoleno equisetum dulcis fs les feuilles adoucissent le sege et sike 16 kuliya erigeron linifolius fs les feuilles pour sécher après un bain 17 sulaposu non identifiée fs la résine sert de colle et la tige sert à arracher les poils. 78 reinwardtia [vol.12 discussion gestion des ressources et des mil dont les dan s les lisières sont particulièrement utilisées. c’est-à-dire que ement dépendents des milieux qu’ils ont eux-mêmes con mbien les pratiques agri t chimiquement pauvre. mais grâc (sur chaque butte, un cultivar s se), la teneur en eau (très élevée), la structure du sol (en cube), la durée du u point de vue agro ilieu se fait par l’apport de lim p pendant cela ne va pas san ieux par les dani–baliem ce qui frappe le plus dans la façon i–baliem gèrent et transforment leur milieu c’est le rôle prépondéront des pratiques agricoles et de l’élevage des porcs. la chasse est peu importante et si l’on compare à d’autres populations, les réssources alimentaires de la cueillette sont faibles. il est surtout remarquable de constater en examinant les différents tableaux fournis dans le chapitre sur les usages que la forêt primaires est relativement peu sollicitée alors que les formations secondaires le sont beaucoup plus et que de plus les espèces ubiquistes ou celles qui poussent à peu de profondeur dan les dani–baliem apparaissent particulièr tribué à construire. examinons successivement ces différents aspects de la gestion de l’environnement pas les dani–baliem. 1. les pratiques agricoles nous avons vu co colees concernant la patate douce sont au coeur de l’existence des dani–baliem et en constante relation avec le fonctionnement de l’ensemble de la société. mais il faut convenir que l’agro-ecosystème que constitue le jardin de patate douce dans la vallée est une réussite du point de vue agronomique. le système de culture des jardins de patates douces wen hipere leget est une caractéristique de la technologie traditionnelle de l’ethnie dani de la vallée de la baliem. ce système rend compte de la capacité de l’ethnie dani à maîtriser une technologie agricole adaptée aux conditions environnementales de la vallée de la baliem. avec ce système les dani–baliem sont capables de tirer aux mieux profit des conditions de leur environnement. en effet, la vallée de la baliem comporte les marécages et elle est soumise aux inondations lors des crues de la rivière baliem. la quantité d’eau dans le sol est très élevée. le sol es e à leurs pratiques agricoles traditionnelles, les dani–baliem arrivent à obtenir suffisamment de tubercules de patate douce. selon les dani–baliem pour obtenir une bonne production de patate douce dans leurs jardins, il faut: (1) préparer les herbacées sèches en quantité suffisante dans chaque jardin ou chaque platebande (2) creuser des fossés profonds pour que: le sol des plates-bandes s’assèche, et faire en sorte que l’eau y soit toujours disponible, même quand il y a moins de pluie, avoir une production de limon élevée (3) planter la patate douce sur les buttes ou les tas de plantation, pour qu’il se forme beau-coup de racines eulement) (4) déposer les limons sur les buttes de plantation (5) ameublir le sol des buttes de plantation (6) sarcler (7) respecter toutes les règles traditionnelles. physiquement, les obstacles ou les facteurs limitants principaux sont: la texture du sol (argiloargileu rayonnement solaire (courte), et la température (basse); chimiquement, le sol de la vallée de la baliem est pauvre en macros nutriments, notamment en élément k. pour contrecarrer ces facteurs limitants, les dani–baliem sont capables de modifier le milieu. la connaissance des dani–baliem sur la modification du milieu d nomique s’est averée efficace scientifiquement. la modification du milieu physique se fait par le creusement de fossés profonds, la construction des buttes de plantation. la modification chimique de m ons sur les buttes de plantation, le brûlage des herbacées sèches, et l’enfouissement des restes de plantes dans le sol ou dans les fossés. on peut supposer que les dani–baliem sauront s’adapter aux nouvelles cultures. on peut remarquer que les ratiques agricoles appliquées par les dani–baliem évoluent dans le temps. la pénétration d’une économie de marché dans une économie de subsistance influe sur le système agricole traditionnel. il s’agit, par exemple, de l’application d’une polyculture dans les jardins de patate douce, de l'introduction des plantes cultivées, l'introduction des nouvelles techniques de pratiques agricoles, les cultures de légumes destinées à l’auto-consommées ont remplacé la cueillette. ce s poser de nombreux problèmes. 2. exploitation des ressources naturelles la cause la plus évidente de l’anthropisation de l’environnement est l’exploitation des ressources naturelles. les espaces sont exploités et les ressources sont transférées pour répondre aux 78 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 79 nécessités de la vie quotidienne. il en résulte un changement dans l’espace et dans le temps qui corr ment de la v ne hache à long r les dani– bal eut d’ailleurs remarquer que les forêts d’al réparation de seni: eleka (leersea hexandra), lisani (acalypha ou paspalum conjugatum pour l’autoconsommation sont resso société de ces régions tentent de cultiver ces jardi donn pour unautés, la forêt secondaire men chau es comestibles rudérales collectées dans les jardins ou en els, tel celui des champignons. ces collectes sont donc destinées à l’autoconsommas jardins de p espond à la dynamique du milieu, ou encore à la succession des milieux. dans la partie montagneuse de la région de la vallée de la baliem en raison de l’absence de route vers la mer, l’exploitation de bois n’est pas encore trop importante. celle n’a pas atteint des quantités à l’échelle industrielle. l’abattage des arbres est pratiqué à l’aide d’équipements traditionnels. une petite partie de ce bois est commercialisable, par exemple celui de castanopsis, eugenia, nothofagus, etc. l’exploitation forestière traditionnelle est essentiellement destinée à une consommation locale. il n’y a pas d’entreprise d’exploitation de bois dans cette région. mais, l’arrivée des migrants et les programmes de développe ille de wamena nécessite de grosses quantités de bois notamment pour la construction des habitations. l’exploitation traditionnelle, dans laquelle on abat les arbres à l’aide d’u manche a tendance à changer pour l’utilisation de tronçonneuses qui sont introduites par les migrants. mais pour l’instant c’est encore l’utilisation par les dani–baliem qui consomment le plus de bois. bois de feu pour alimenter non seulement les foyers destinés à cuire les aliments, celui de la cuisine, hakse, mais aussi celui qui permet de chauffer les pierres du «four polynésien» seni et les foyers qui servent à chauffer la maison (wulikin) dont celui du pilamo qui ne doit jamais s’éteindre. mais surtout, c’est la confection des clôtures qui protègent les jardins contre les porcs qui exige le plus de bois. or le raccourcissement du temps de jachère fait que la génération des arbres n’est plus suffisante pour répondre aux besoins. les dani–baliem vont maintenant quellquesfois très loin dans la montagne chercher les arbres nécéssaires, ce qui n’est pas sans danger pour la forêt. on peut aussi considèrer que l’existence de formations à espèces dominantes wilehoma pour le casuarina oligodon et wikioma pour le paraserianthes falcataria dans la vallée est une réponse à la pénurie de bois. il ne s’agit pas là forcément d’arbres plantés, mais d’arbres dont la présence a été suscitée, protégée pa iem. nous avons vu que dans la vallée il n’existe plus de forêt primaire en déhors des forêts sacrés où la coupe est interdite mais on peut constater que les dani–baliem utilisent relativement peu les espèces forestières: certains arbres pour la construction, certaines lianes et rotins pour servir de liens, des orchidées dont les tiges servent dans la confection d’ornement et dans les plantes alimentations, les pandanus. on p titude qui entourent la vallée de la baliem contiennent peu d’espèces à fruits commestibles comme on en trouve dans les autres régions d’indonésie. pour les légumes sauvages les plus utilisés comme cyathea cooperii, cyclosorus, pteridium spp. sont des fougères que l’on trouve souvent dans la forêt secondaire. les plantes utilisées obligatoirement dans la p y amentacea), kolohka (saurauia sp.), lukaka (ischaemum cf. rugosum ) et lukeh (digitaria sp.) poussent aussi dans la forêt secondaire. d’une façon générale les dani–baliem trouvent la plupart des plantes dont ils ont besoin dans leurs anciens jardins abandonnés, par exemple pour les plantes médicinales: pabi (dodonaea viscosa), anekuku (erechtites valerianifolia, erechtites paniculata et trachymene arfakensis), etc. dans certaine région (siba, wosi, wadlanko), les pandanus (pandanus julianettii, pandanus brossimus) dans la forêt primaire deviennent rares, car les exploitations sont très actives et les prélèvements infimes et ne nuisent pas au renouvellement des urces. pour cela, plusieurs membres de la plantes sur le lieu résidentiel ou dans les anciens ns situé à proximité de la forêt primaire. la forêt secondaire (anciens jardins abanés ou jachères) est extrêmement importante. certaines comm est une source de légumes, d’épices et condits bruts, de plantes médicinales et de bois de ffage. mais il existe aussi des plant bordure des chemins, par exemple les rubus spp. et amaranthus sp. d’autres ramassages sont occasionn tion. elles constituent un aliment d’accompagnement très appréciés. a d’autre occasion, les dani– baliem ramassent également le miel qu’ils vendent le plus souvent au marché de wamena. ces collectes sont donc très profitables. aujourd’hui, la plupart des plantes alimentaires sont introduites et cultivées dans le atate douce, les nouveaux types de jardins ou parfois protégées près des habitations. selon les dani–baliem, les plantes et les milieux représentent une source de produits 80 reinwardtia [vol.12 autoconsommables ou une source de revenus. la gestion et l’utilisation des espaces anthropisés et naturels sont présentées dans les figures 28. les dani–baliem modifient le milieu en fonction des besoins vitaux. en effet, les rapports que les dani–baliem entretiennent avec leur environnement dépendent des types d’exploitation des ressources qu’ils effectuent. a ce propos il existe quelques différences sur la forme de dépendance à la nature véçue par les différentes communautés. la société vivant à proximité de la forêt primaire (en zone montagneuse), s’appuie sur les activités agricoles d’une part, et la cueillette d’autre part à des c que la diversité du mil ue les villages de montagne, n dispossent facilement avec la forêt qui les es et à l'évolution du système agricole dan ographiques et intervention des technologies. examinons ues particulières, par exemple les ultivars utilisés pour les bébés ont le goût le plus ceux destin les dani–baliem perçoivent la diversité floristique tra ation de d e noms locaux, ésigner différents cultivars d’une espèce cultivée ou d’une espèce spontanée, dont l ri rnant les diversité s’exprime au ts. parmis les hipere (ipo e 84 cultivars locaux; weny tetragonolobus) comprend 5 cultivars locaux; hom fins d’autoconsommations ou de commercialisation. mais pour les sociétés habitant la vallée, les activités sont donc principalement agricoles et la cueillette ne se fait que de façon occasionnelle, dans la forêt secondaire, à des fins d’autoconsommation. il s’avère don ieu n’est pas mise en valeur pareillement selon les sociétés dani–baliem. la société vivant en zone montagneuse n’exploite que très peu la forêt secondaire. en revanche, la société de la vallée, en fait une exploitation intensive, car la forêt primaire n’existe pas dans la vallée. de plus la diversité floristique présente dans les villages de la vallée est plus élevée que celle qui se rencontre dans les villages situées en montagne. en effet dans les villages de la vallée les efforts de domestification des plantes utiles et de leur cueillette sont plus importants. c’est ainsi que des arbres ont été plantés dans la vallée pour répondre à un besoin en bois d'oeuvre ou de chauffage. tandis q e entoure. vraisemblablement les plantes sauvages représentent des suppléments pour besoins quotidiens. ainsi, l’emploi de plantes sauvages et donc la cueillette diminue de plus en plus, notamment en ce qui concerne les légumes sauvages et les plantes médicinales. ceci est principalement due à l’introduction de plantes alimentair s la vallée de la baliem. modification de la richesse floristique nous avons déjà expliqué comment le processus d'anthropisation était fait par une volonté d'expansion des espaces de la part des dani– baliem. ceux-ci sont motivés par des raisons économiques, les pressions dém l' maintenant plus précisément les impacts de l'homme sur la diversité floristique. avant d’aller plus loin dans la discussion, portons un regard scientifique sur la biodiversité. d’après barbault (1993, 1994), la biodiversité biologique se manifeste à trois niveaux qui sont les suivants: (a). la diversité intraspécifique, d’ordre génétique et phénotypique, appréhendée à l’échelle des populations et des espèces. (b). la diversité spécifique, appréhendée à l’échelle des groupes fonctionnels. elle se caractérise par deux composantes indissociables: le nombre d’espèces et leur abondance relative. (c). la diversité fonctionnelle, appréhendée à l’échelle des écosystèmes avec des groupes fonctionnels pour unités élémentaires. je vais tenter de montrer comment les dani– baliem interviennent à chacun de ces trois niveaux: a). au niveau génétique par la sélection de cultivars adaptés à des conditions de l’environnement. notons ici, la division des cultivars locaux de patate douce qui est effectuée par les dani– baliem pour les jardins situés sur les pentes (zone montagneuse) et des cultivars locaux de patate douce pour la plantation dans la vallée. l’autre action de l’homme liée à la diversité floristique, au niveau génétique, réside dans l’utilisation de dizaines cultivars locaux de pata-te douce dans la vallée de la baliem. ces cultivars proviennent d’une sélection naturelle. les dani– baliem ont en effet toujours cultivé plusieurs cultivars locaux dans un même jardin de patate douce. il y a alors possibilité de croisement naturel entre ces cultivars. ils effectuent également une sélection en fonction des usages. ainsi, ils distinguent des cultivars utilisés pour alimentation des hommes, pour des malades, les bébés, ou encore les porcs. chaque cultivar pos-sede alors des caractéristiq c sucré et sont les moins fibreux contrairement à és à l’alimentation des porcs. au niveau intraspécifique et ceci se duit par l’utilis pour d ifférents d e déterminant est va conce ant. espèces cultivées, cette x niveaux du déterminan moea batatas), il exist ale (psophocarpus 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 81 ( a), 22 cultivars locaux; el ( ar ; h b ltivars; et sowa ( cultivars possèdent des phénotypes différents, et les dani– b r les dis éterm pour a diversité au niveau des cultivars a été vue en détail dans la partie les tivités agricoles). spp.), ou à des fins médicinales (dodonaea viscosa). cette diversité floristique au niveau spécifique est perçue par les dani–baliem et s’exprime par l’utilisation de terme de base différent selon les espèces. cependant, parfois, un même terme de base désigne deux ou trois partie, chapitre iii sur le système de dénomination traditionnelle des plantes). c). au niveau écologique: il niveau est tributaire des deux niveaux précédents; c quantitativem une autre que l’homme inter opulations végétales. par exemple dans la vallée de la baliem, les dani–baliem laissent subsister l’espèce de wileh ( a o w s f qui finissent pa nt quand les champs sont ab à t friedberg (1991) a p t ineuses arborescentes dans les cham arquer que d’une façon générale l’action tit à la construction des paysages caractéristiques de la société qui l’habite. ainsi dans la vallée de la baliem, on retrouve comme s le wikioma, le wilehoma et le nouveau jardin de patate douce. e nous l’avons v e p t de l’évolut ent végétal dans les différents m s et naturels), chaque type de résente une caractéristique floristique. en général, les espaces anthropisés sont loristiquem formations floristiques qui s’y trouvent sont, soit dans un stade de régression, ion, soit dans un état plus ou mo aluation de ces évolutions tient compte de la composition floristique; des , de la richesse floristique (au niveau des espèces, des genres et des familles), e de la végétation (notamment ns floristiques de la forêt second ans le milieu où existe une interdiction (lieux sacrés), cette dernière joue un rôle importa n des exploitations. elle peut être considérée c ég la richesse flo on, l ion posée par la l t odification de la richesse floristique l’hom en ant l'accélération d la forêt primaire. tableau 33. activités des dani êt primaire et leur imp activités des dani– baliem dans la forêt primaire colocasia esculent saccharum officin anum (nicotiana ta setaria palmifolia), 5 cultivars; etc. ces um), 8 cultivars locaux acum), 5 cu aliem pou inant différent tinguer, utilisent un d chaqun. la perception de l 3 (les dani–baliem et ac b). au niveau spécifique: par l’entretien plus ou moins volontaire d’espèces sauvages ou anthropiques situées autour des habitats ou la protection d’un certain nombre de plantes spontanées qui leur sont utiles (par exemple bois d’oeuvre casuarina oligodon, paraserianthes falcataria, ficus sp.), pour l’alimentation (pandanus espèces du même genre ou de genre différent ou de genres de familles différentes (voir deuxième est évident que ce ’est dans la façon dont il favorise ou défavorise ent une espèce ou vient, sur les p casuarin alcataria) imor, ion de légum ps abandonnés. on peut rem ligodon) et iki (paraserianthe r devenir domina andonnés. ainsi u relèver la domina de l’homme abou unités d’espace comm artie traitan u dans la quatrièm ion du peuplem ilieux (anthropisé milieu p ent perturbés. les soit de progress ins stabilisé. l’év espèces dominantes t de la dynamique pour les formatio aire). d nt dans la limitatio omme r ’interdict empère la m dûe à l’action de empêche ulateur de la ristique. de modification de la même faç oi du gouvernement me, notamment e l’exploitation de –baliem dans la for act sur l’environnement les impacts la cueillette de plantes alimentaires et de plantes médicinales la forêt primaire n’est pas sensiblement perturbé, mais l’activité de l’homme interfère sur la régénération de certaines espèces qui s’en trouvent ménacées. la capacité de survie de certaines espèces en est affectée. l’exploitation de certains arbres, rotins (pour la construction) et de plantes diminution ou la disparition de certaines espèces importantes de la forêt prim orne aire. mentales (orchidées) pour le commerce local les forêts sont transformées en aires cult le changement de peuplement végétal fore ivées l’apparition de plantes pionnières et ubiquistes. les zones de pentes sont dominées par la strate herbacée. stier favorise les activités humaines agissent sur la diversité végétale et écologique en modifiant la composition floristique et la structure. des formations végétales se transforment, se créent ou disparaîssent sous l’action de l’homme. on peut résumer les actions des dani–baliem sur la forêt primaire à celles qui sont présentées dans le tableau 33. le processus d’anthropisation du milieu (forêt primaire) implique un lent changement de la composition floristique et provoque notamment une diminution rapide en nombre des espèces qui étaient présentes en quantité. on peut noter la quasi disparition dans la vallée d’espèces comme 82 reinwardtia [vol.12 castanopsis acuminatissima, lithocarpus ruffo milieu forestier té type de milieu forestier principale formation végétale tableau 34. les activités agricoles appliquées au type d’activi agricoles l’agriculture initiale forêt primaire (aujourd’hui on ne ouve que dans m orêt primaire dominée par castanopsis uminatissima, ba genioides, sloane cboldiana, notho arkenburgii. la tr les zones ontagneuse) f ac eu ssia a ar fagus st le système d’agriculture avec des jachères longues (uniquement dans la vallée) forêt secondaire . forêt secondaire inée par les esp orestières comme ficu ., melastomataceae, othofagus sp., ard ia sp. endlandia paniculata, c. . et dans les endroits arécageux envahie par ragmites karka et ) a) dom âgée èces s f sp n is et w et b) m les herbacées (mischanthus floribundus, p imperata cylindrica le systèm d’agriculture avec des e es forêt secondaire de 4 à 8 ans . en zone marécag vahie par les herb miscanthus floribun ragmites karka et bustes (melastom alabarica, medini eciosa). . en zone plate, envahie r imperata cylind schaemum sp., avan l’arrivée d’espèces onnières arbustives et borées. . en zone montagn ination des impe lindrica, des foug es ant l’arrivée d’esp es arbustives et arborées. . en zone dégradé domination des herb des fougères. jachères court (pratique du brûlis des herbacées) a) en euse acées dus, p des ar m a lla sp b) pa i rica et t pi ar c) euse, ta dom cy ra èr av pionnièr èces d) e, acées et le système d’agriculture associé au casuarina oligodo (wilehoma paraserianthes falcataria (wikioma) forêt secondaire (durée de jachère variable) a). domination de wileh (casuarina oligodon), avec une végétation de sous-strate composée de a b). dom wiki (paraserianthes falcataria), la végétation de sous-strate est dominée par imperata cylindrica, leersia hexandra, ischaemum sp. et des petits arbres tels homalanthus novo-guinenesis, acalypha amentacea, pittosporum spp., et n ) et imperat miscant pragmites karka cylindrica, hus floribundus, , etc. ination de c. villosus, nothofagus starkenburgii, timonius montana, etc., qui jadis d’après les analyses polyn ent dans la vallée de la baliem; on peut cependant encore les trouver en région m espèces reviennent avec le processus de régénération associé au système de jachère, m is souvent ce temp de jachère e encore trop ourt pour les èc s arborées for le tableau 34 indique le processus d’anthropisation lié à l’exploitation des milieux forestiers et aux activités agricoles qui y sont pratiquées, et les conséquences de ces activités. le tableau 35 suivant met en évidence le changement du peuplement végétal sous l’action humaine dans la vallée de la baliem. ce tableau perm arer dominantes selon les types de milieux forestiers. si l’on considère que la aire est le milieu initial, ce tableau montre clairement l’évolution de la formation végétale. on y trouve la domination d’espèces différentes dans chaque té ent. cependant ce n’est là qu’un aperçu de ce que cela pourrait être dans la réalité puisque il est difficile de déterminer quel était ce milieu initial. . espèces dominantes dans les différe forêt primaire e dans la vallée sur les pentes lisière la végétation de lieu sacré ation des sili et des villages la végétation de la zone dégradée iques se trouvaient facilem ontagneuse. certaines a s st c esp e estières. et de comp ainsi les espèces forêt prim uni de l’environnem tableau 35 nts milieux dans la montagn forêt secondaire forêt secondaire la végét a. plantes de r diamètre supérieu à 10 cm actinodaphne multiflora anthrophyllum sp. ardisia sp. ardisia sp. ardisia sp. bassia eugenioides des des bassia eugenioi bassia eugenioi castanopsis acuminatissima c acuminatissima astanopsis 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 83 forêt primaire dans la montagne la végétation de lieu sacré la végétation des sili et des villages la végétation de la zone dégradée forêt secondaire dans la vallée forêt secondaire sur les pentes lisière cinnamomum sp. cryptocarya sp. diospyros sp. engelhardia sp. eugenia sp. eugenia sp. ficus sp.1 ficus sp.1 icus sp1. f ficus sp.2 flacourtia rukam lacourtia rukam rukam f flacourtia gardenia lamingtonii gardenia mingtonii la gardenia sp. gardenia sp. garcinia sp. ilex spicata ilex spicata ilex verstegii lithocarpus ruffovillosus l ru ithocarpus ffovillosus ithocarpus ffovillosus ithocarpus ffovillosus l ru l ru litsea sp. memecylon sp. microcos sp. microcos sp. myristica halrungii nothofagus rubra nothofagus rubra nothofagus rubra nothofagus starkenburgii othofagus arkenburgii n st nothofagus sp. nothofagus sp. nothofagus sp. octomyrtus pleiopetala ctomyrtus leiopetala ctomyrtus leiopetala ctomyrtus leiopetala o p o p o p pandanus sp. phyllocladus sp. planchonella sp. prunus grisea prunus grisea sapium sp. schizomeria illicifolia scleropyrum leptostachyum cleropyrum leptostachyum cleropyrum leptostachyum s s terminalia sp. timonius montana timonius nitens timonius sp. tristania obovata vaccinium sp b. plantes de d à iamètre inférieure 10 cm a a calypha mentacea calypha mentacea calypha mentacea acalypha amentacea a a a a alangium pillosum alphinia incana na alphitonia inca 84 reinwardtia [vol.12 forêt primaire dans la montagne forêt secondaire dans la vallée forêt secondaire sur les pentes lisière la végétation de lieu sacré la végétation des sili et des villages la végétation de la zone dégradée cryptocarya sp. engelhardia sp. ficus ampelas garcinia sp. glochidion vinkianum ilex verstegii memecyclon sp. m p ischocarpus entaphyllus ischocarpus entaphyllus m p pandanus sp.1 andanus sp.1 andanus sp.1 p p pandanus sp.2 piper wilhelmina piper wilhelmina planchonella sp prunus cf grisea prunus grisea prunus grisea prunus sp. runus sp. p pseuderanthemum anthropurpureum seuderanthemum anthropurpureum p psichotria chrysantha rhododendron herzogii r. marcgregoriae s il chizomeria licifolia schefflera chnoacra chnoacra chefflera chnoacra schefflera ischnoacra schefflera is s is is sloanea rchboldiana sloanea rchboldiana sloanea rchboldiana a a a timonius sp. vaccinium angulata vaccinium angulata vaccinium angulata vaccinium sp. chionanthus ramiflorus s chionanthu ramiflorus crotalaria juncea cyclosorus sp. yclosorus sp. cyclosorus sp. c d li icranopteris niaris icranopteris niaris icranopteris niaris d li d li dodonaea viscosa odonaea viscosad emilia sonchifolia glochidion brum lochidion rubrum ru g grevillea papuana revillea papuana revillea papuana g g homalanthus ovo-guinensis omalanthus ovo-guinensis n h n im c perata ylindrica perata ylindrica perata ylindrica im c im c ischaemum f.rugosum c leersia hexandra leersia hexandra 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 85 forêt primaire dans la montagne forêt secondaire dans la vallée forêt secondaire sur les pentes lisière la végétation de lieu sacré la végétation des sili et des villages la végétation de la zone dégradée leviera beccariana maesa verrucosa medinilla speciosa melastoma malabarica elastoma malabarica m melastoma sp. elastoma sp. m mussaenda reinwardtiana paspalum onjugatum c pittosporum ramiflorum ittosporum ramiflorum p pittosporum ferrugineum pittosporum ferrugineum porophyllums sp pteridium sp pteridium sp. teridium sp. p s m chefflera acrostachya. sellaginella sp. steganthera sp wendlandia aniculata wendlandia aniculata p p wendlandia sp araucaria cunninghamii raucaria cuninghamii cunninghamii a araucaria glochidion sp. macaranga sp. macaranga sp. cinnamomum sintoc embelia coriacea eugenia verstegii harpulia ramiflora harpulia ramiflora ifo heritiera tr lia myristica halrungii piper sp 2. podocarpus sp. prunus sp. sauraria sp. schefflera actinophylla lithocarpus sp. anthrophyllum macranthum calliandra callothyrsus casuarina oligodon coleus amboinicus cordyline terminalis datura sp. elaeocarpus miegi. erythrina crista 86 reinwardtia [vol.12 forêt primaire dans la montagne forêt secondaire dans la vallée forêt secondaire sur les pentes lisière la végétation de lieu sacré la végétation des sili et des villages la végétation de la zone dégradée galli euodia cf.elleryana ficus adenosperma ficus drupacea ficus sp 2. glochidion vinkianum morus australis pandanus pectianus paraserianthes falcataria steganthera sp. ce tableau montre que les interventions humaines provoquent la disparition d'es une modification de la diversité végétale. la modification au niveau de la composition floristique, au bord de ces lisières (lisière jardinforêt et lisière piste-forêt) montre une valorisation des espèces à croissance rapide ou des espèces héliophiles. mais, l'intervention de l'homme (dans ce cas là, les entretiens qu’il y pratique, empêche sur ces abords de lisières, la croissance des plantes héliophiles. ces lisières présentent également une zone écotone constitué par le mélange d’espèces sciaphiles et d’espèces héliophiles accompagnées d’espèces ubiquistes. concernant la modification de la structure, ces lisières comportent trois zones, chacun étant occupée par des espèces spécifiques. la zone extérieure est dominée par les espèces héliophiles ou espèces pionn pèces scia pop brûlis favorise l’apparition d'he ières, le deuxième zone (zone inte tières. j'ai pu remarquer que dans les lisières où les ctivités de l'homme sont limitées, la composition us variée, c'est-à-dire que le nom re d'espèces présentes est plus élevé. de plus philes et l'apparition d’espèces héliophiles. ces interventions impliquent donc une modification de la composition floristique ainsi que de la structure végétale. les activités agricoles intensives en forêt secondaire ou l'ouverture de la forêt primaire provoquent parfois l'envahissement des aires d'ouverture par les imperata cylindrica, notamment dans la vallée. il est bien connu que l'allopathie de l'imperata cylindrica empêche la régénération de certaines plantes comme les plantes pionnières. mais l'apparition de ulations de l'imperata cylindrica, pour les dani–baliem comporte des aspects avantageux puisque c’est là une plante utilisée pour fabriquer les toits des habitations. en zone montagneuse, les activités agricoles intensives contribuent à un envahissement de la végétation par les fougères, notamment par l’espèce dicranopteris liniaris. l'agriculture sur rbacées colonisatrices qui repoussent après l'abandon du jardin. l'apparition d'une strate herbacée contribue à augmenter momentanement la diversité écologique. cependant cette strate retarde le processus de la régénération d'espèces forestières. l'accélération de l'exploitation du bois d'oeuvre met également en danger certaines espèces. de plus, il n'existe toujours pas d’action de reboisement pour remplacer les arbres coupés. la diminution de la richesse floristique locale contribue à diminuer la diversité floristique au niveau spécifique, et favorise la perturbation de l’ensemble des écosystèmes. dans le phénomène de lisières (lisière jardinforêt primaire; lisière piste-forêt primaire; et lisière forêt secondaire-forêt primaire), il existe rmédiaire) présente des espèces ubiquistes ou un mélange d’espèces forestières et d’espèces pionnières. enfin, le troisième zone (zone intérieure) est dominé par les espèces fores a floristique est pl b , l'apparition de trois rangs (zones) est bien définie par l'apparition d'espèces qui y constituent. les pratiques de conservation comme population dominante de wileh (casuarina oligodon) et de wiki (paraserianthes falcataria) lors de la régénération des anciens jardins contribue au maintien d’espèces arborés mais qui n’ont aucun rapport avec la forêt originelle. la protection de certains espaces comme les lieux sacrés où sont interdits le ramassage et la cueillette, joue un rôle important dans la maintien de la diversité au niveau spécifique et écologique. pour la vallée ce sont les seuls lieux où l’on 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 87 rencontre encore des espèces forestières. notons que l’araucaria est une espèce remarquable du paysage de la vallée que les dani–baliem apprécie pour son bois utilisé pour la construction et comme combustible. cette espèce est donc relativement abondante dans les formations secondaires, mais on la rencontre aussi en forêt. les brûlis fréquents des zones de bataille empêchent la restauration du couvert végétale. ces zones de la vallée de la baliem se trouvent pour cela dominées par les herbacées. mais l'ex dans l'unité d'habitation et dans les villages, ins. la composition floristique dans les lieux d'habitation joue un rôle imp , de plantation sys d’espèces arborées forestières. tation peuvent être considérer comme un endroit de conservation de la d cultures de patate douce. a la f ils favo oécosystème pour ce qui est permis d’id écologiques et la vallée de la baliem est dans une phase de dégradation massive. cette la rotation dans le système d’agriculture sur brûlis et les istence de ce type de zones constitue une diversité écologique comme le sont également les espèces dégradés bien qu’ils soient très pauvre en diversité floristique. la composition floristique est totalement créée par l'homme selon ses beso ortant dans la diversité au niveau spécifique. cette diversité représente et correspond à la richesse floristique de ces lieux, leurs usages, l'ancienneté de cette habitation et les intérêts de chaque habitant. des espèces poussent spontanement dans l’enclos des habitations (sili et ouma) et elles sont considérées comme les plantes utiles, elles sont protégées ce qui contribue à la diversité spécifique. mais il faut remarquer que les dani–baliem laissent au hasard une part importante dans la composition floristique de l’invironnement des habitats et qu’ils pratiquent peu, par rapport à d’autres populations indonésiennes tématique pourtant les lieux d’habi iversité floristique et comme un médiateur pour la domestication des pandanus. cependant un autre type d'espèces spontanées donne la richesse floristique de l'unité d'habitation (sili et ouma). les adventices dans les jardins de patate douce sont arrachées et parfois utilisées comme engrais. concernant les jardins de patate douce, après la récolte, ces jardins sont mis en jachère de courte durée pendant 3-4 mois avant de replanter de nouvelles in de la récolte, les dani–baliem laissent les herbacées qui poussent dans ces jardins dans le but de les utiliser comme engrais pour la culture suivante. d'après les dani–baliem cette pratique favorise la production de patate douce. les dani– baliem mettent ensuite leur élevage de porcs pour qu’ils se nourrissent des restes de tubercules de patate douce. j'ai essayé également d’évaluer les impacts des porcs sur la fertilité du sol, dans les jardins abandonnés pendant 3-4 mois, mais le résultat des analyses chimiques ne permettent pas de conclure sur les conséquences des élevages sur la fertilité de ce sol. les porcs n'y sont mis que la journée et seulement après la récolte et jusqu’à épuisement des résidus de culture. je suppose que ces porcs empêchent la régénération des espèces herbacées, en creusant la terre. mais, risent d’une autre côté l’ameublissement du sol et facilitent ainsi le travail de ce sol pour la culture suivante. les porcs jouent un rôle important dans le fonctionnement de l’agr de la transformation du sol, mais il est difficile de mesurer leur impact sur la biodiversité. conclusion cette étude a contribué à une connaissance de l’environnement de la vallée de la baliem et des rapports qui les sociétés humaines locales entretiennent avec cet environnement. cette région avait jusqu’à présent échappée à des dégradations majeures, mais la vallée est maintenant directement menacée par la construction de la route trans irian jaya, les systèmes agricultures sur brûlis, les exploitations de ressources naturelles et l’ouverture de la région de la vallée aux migrants, aux touristes, etc.). cette recherche interdisciplinaire nous a entifier des connaissances locales des dani– baliem avant que celles-ci ne soient envahies par les nouvelles connaissances venant de l’extérieure de la vallée de la baliem. ainsi il nous a fallu identifier les problèmes qui se posent dans la région de la vallée de la baliem face à l’arrivée de migrants, au système administratif imposé et aux missionnaires. l’approche interdisciplinaire nous semble aller dans le sens de la problématique de développement de la vallée de la baliem : un développement adapté aux condition sociales locales et aux besoins des dani– baliem. finalement, à partir de cette étude, quelques conclusions s’imposent sur les différents aspects des relations entre les dani–baliem et leur environment et sur l’évolution de ces dernières. 1. les conditions actuelles du milieu la région de la vallée de la baliem l’environnement de dégradation est influée par les modifications entrainant une accéleration de 88 reinwardtia [vol.12 exploitations des ressources naturelles. de plus, lére 2. l l’instauration d’un système d’ad dispersion de certains ukul-oak entr sujet des droits d’usage sur le sol m’a con une moitié, qui constituent et isa-eak. l’observation de la position lors des pilamo correspondant, de hacun des individus participant à la structure de cha x pratiques agricoles et à la gestion du t ani–baliem et environnement où cette société habite, ce sont faites sur environnement par les jardins de patate douce et les l’expansion de nouvelles habitations (migrants), de nouvelles technologies, de la population et du niveau économique accélèrent cette dégradation. on peut noter également que les programmes de développement, d’une certaine manière, accént également les exploitations des ressources naturelles, par exemple la construction des routes dans la vallée de la baliem. a société dani–baliem aujourd’hui la culture de la société dani– baliem subit de fortes pressions avec la centralisation de l’administration au niveau régionale (wamena), l’installation de nombreaux migrants, la construction d’infrastructures (marché, rues, aéroport, transports publiques, écoles et collèges, etc.), l’expansion du tourisme, et l’installation d’hôtels. tout ceci a un impact important sur la culture de la société dani–baliem et entraîne de grands changements. en ce qui concerne du système de chefferie traditionnelle, ministration des villages, mis en place par la loi ou uu no 5 année 1974 pose des problèmes notamment sur la dénomination des chefs fonctionnels dans les villages. ces problèmes se traduissent dans la société dani–baliem par l’ambiguïté qui règne à propes de l’autorité des chefs traditionnels et des chefs fonctionnels, dans le cadre du programme de développement ou encore quand il faut trouver une solution des conflits de la vie quotidienne. il était donc important de bien comprendre l’organsation de la société et des chefferies traditionnelles. ceci d’autant plus que les données existantes étaient contradictiores entre ce que les différents chercheurs, ou missionnaires avaient recueilli. a ces contradictions, on peut trouver deux explications: 1) l’affaiblissement des chefferies liées à la guerre au niveau des confédérations et des alliances; 2) la e plusieurs isa-eak. la nécessité dans laquelle je me suis trouvé d’organiser des groupes d’agriculteurs pour mettre en place des rizières et une longue présence sur le terrain m’ont permis de comprendre comment s’organisent les différents types de responsabilité dans le fonctionnement de la société dani– baliem. le fait que nombreux était les hommes qui affirmaient être concernés dans les décisions prises au duit à mettre en évidence l’existence au niveau de chaque isa-eak d’une triple chefferie qui en outre se dédouble au niveau des deux ukul-oak, appartenant chacun à c réunions, dans le c que chefferie, a été pour moi une façon de vérifier les informations que je recueillais. des trois chefferies, ap metek kanekela, associées au erritoire, ap metek wimaela, liée à la guerre et ap metek uwaela qui concerne les techniques thérapeutiques, seule la première conserve toute son importance. cependant on peut imaginer que le temps et l’énergie dépensés à élaborer des stratégies guirrières ou visant à atteindre un statut élevé dans hiérarchie des chefs de guerrepourraient se trouver transférés dans une compétition au niveau économique. dans la société dani–baliem tout s’hérite en ligne patrilinéaire et après leur mariage les femmes entrent définitivement dans la famille de leur mari et à leur mort leurs cendres sont enterrées dans le jardin du sili de leur époux. cependant on constate qu’actuellement certaines tâchess agricoles, anciennement dévolues aux femmes sont exécutées par les hommes en particulier par les semis et plantation des plantes introduites. pour ce biais les hommes participent de plus à la production. 3. les conseptions des dani–baliem sur leurs relations à l’environnement les dani–baliem ont une conscience aiguë de la nécessité de vivre en harmonie (ma) avec l’environnement mais ce concept n’a pas le même sens que dans les sociétés modernes et se traduit essentiellement à travers les rapports entretenus avec les ancêtres au cours des rituels. si les objets sacrés hérités des ancêtres jouent un rôle important dans ces rapports, les patates douces et les porcs, produits de l’agriculture sont également importants. la nature est considérée comme la source de la vie, mais elle engendre aussi des désagréments pour les hommes. la relation entre l’homme dani–baliem et la nature s’exprime par les interactions entre la société d l’ par exemple, les transformations l’ autres types de jardins. ceci inclut les catastrophes naturelles à la suite des quelles les dani–baliem réalisent, tout de suite une introspection sur leur relations au monde et à la façon don’t ils ont respecté les règles lignées par leurs ancêtres. 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 89 les dani–baliem sont traditionnellement dépendantes des ressources naturelles disponibles. cette dépendance se reflète dans les normes définies par leur coutume et leurs traditions. ces normes se traduisent par des divisions très strictes de l’environnement par la société dani–baliem: par r les changements ou les vari 4. l e avare par s autres membres de la société et elle participera e haute qualité, tous les membres vendue sur le mar avons vu l’agriculture trad ives ui se traduisent d’une part par la polyculture monoculture concernant les plantes exemple, la zone d’habitation (sili et ouma); la zone cultivée (le jardin de patate douce, wen hipere leget; le jardin de sili, wen ukutlu); les lieux sacrés (wusanma, wakunmo, wima); la zone protégée (wilehoma et wikioma), la zone non cultivée (les jachères, wen kulama kitma) et la forêt primaire (okama). cette conception et ces normes permettent de distinguer des unités dans l’espace et d’avoir de règles bien définies pour chacune de ces unités. ces normes et ces règles peuvent influence ations spécifiques de chaque unité de l’environnement. l’espace dans lequel se déroule la vie quotidienne des dani–baliem de la vallée est celui des jardins ou des jardins abandonnés, c’està-dire un domain domestiqué que l’on peut opposer à celui de la forêt primaire dans laquelle ils se rendent relativement rarement. ils chassent peu et ne vont en forêt que qu’occasionnellement. la forêt est considérée comme le domain des esprits (mogat) dans lequel il est dangereux de pénétrer. les jeunes donts ils ont besoin pour leurs ornaments sont obtenus par échange avec des groupes ethniques habitant en forêt. leur monnaie d’échange et le porc. a patate douce les patates douces sont considérées par les dani–baliem comme source de vie et la réussite des jardins de patates douces est pour eux essentielle. pour les rituels traditionnels, chaque famille nucléaire donne les meilleures patates douces, car cela reflète la valeur sociale. si une famille donne de mauvaises patates douces pendant un rituel traditionnel, cette famille va être jugé le difficilement au prachain rituel traditionnel. si au contraire un membre de la société donne des patates douces d de la société qui participent au rituel l’interrogent sur la méthode utilisée pour les produire. la présentation d’une patate douce dans un rituel traditionnel peut provoquer une transformation technologique du mode de culture. j’ai employé ce procédé pour introduire une nouvelle technlogie d’exploitation pour d’autres plantes cultivées, par exemple le maïs, les légumes, le manioc, les légumineuses. j’ai d’abord fait appliquer cette nouvelle technique de culture par une famille respectueuse des traditions. si la production est aceptée et est considérée avantageuse par cette famille, tous les membres de cette société viendront s’informer de la façon de faire. aujourd’hui, la patate douce constutue une source de revenu, car s’il y a surplus de production, la patate douce est ché de wamena ou sur le petit marché traditionnel local dans certains régions, par exemple le marché de wosi dans la région siba, wosi, watlanko; le marché kurulu, dans la région jiwika, etc. le prix de la patate douce est d’environ 500 à 600 rpiahs le kilogramme (en 1995). de peetites quantités de patate douce sont vendues sur le marché dans cette région. les résultqts d’analyse concernant les revenus agricoles montrent que le revenu moyen apporté par la patate douce dans la société dani–baliem est d’environ rp 201.540 par an. 5. le système agricole traditionnel comme nous l’ itionnelle est caractérisée par une productivité peu diversifiée, mais surtout aléatoire et vulnérable, de plus les techniques appliquées sont simples. mais, ces techniques employées pour la culture de patate douce sont bien adaptées aux conditions écologiques. ces pratiques assurent une exploitation de milieu valorisant au mieux les conditions de l’environnement de la vallée de la baliem. ces techniques de culture de patate douce se montrent efficaces d’un poin de vu agronomique. l’agriculture traditionnelle est essentiellement vivrière. elle possède deux tendances évolut q (culture associée de patate douce et de céréales et légumes) et d’autre part, par le développement ’une d cultivées introduites. de l’évolution des pratiques agricoles traditionnelles résulte une dynamique interne de la région, nourrit par les capacités économiques de certaines dani–baliem acceptant de se moderniser. l’augmentation des pressions économiques et la croissance démographiques se traduit par une diminution des cycles de jachère et un allongement du temps de culture dans un contexte d’augmentation constatnte de la population qui induit une raréfaction des terres disponibles. dans la vallée de la baliem, aujourd’hui, il apparaît 90 reinwardtia [vol.12 impossible d’évoluer vers une extension spatiale du système, il est donc nécessaire de trouver un autre mode d’intensification. pour cela, l’introduc xtérieur peut stimuler cett de faire un boisement avec l’espèce calliandra callothyrsus e plus brûler la forêt seco vée des lantes introduites. il en est de même pour les ues de guérison traditionnelle, qui peu à pe possèdent de bonnes connaissances sur les espèces des formations secondaires et n de ces plantes basé sur l’ensemble des forte diversité floristique. les espèces gii, cas runus gris maintenant essentiellement à l’exploitation de ces bois. espère ue tion de techniques agricoles plus performantes au niveau des rendements en est la solution que proposent les programmes de développement mis en place dans la région de la vallée de la baliem. l'intervention de gens l’e e dynamique interne dans la vallée de la baliem. la pratique agricole sur les pentes proches de la vallée résulte des conditions culturelles (guerre ethnique) et la limite de la surface de la vallée de la baliem. de cette pratique apparaît des dégradations de l’environnement. pour frainer cette dégradation, il est proposé re combinée à des plantations de caféier, ceci afin d’inciter les dani–baliem à n ndaire pendant la saison sèche (ce qui dans leur tradition, est un appel à la pluie). 6. la connaissance des plantes et de leurs usages la richesse floristique de la vallée de la baliem est largement exploitée dans la vie quotidienne de la société dani–baliem. j'ai pu dénombrer des usages pour 588 espèces dont 57 sont des espèces cultivées et 531 spontanées. cependant ils utilisent peu cette diversité des espèces dans les pratiques quotidiennes réelles. aujourd’hui, les plantes cultivées sont les plus utilisées par les dani–baliem, notamment en ce qui concerne les plantes alimentaires, car la pratique de cueillette dans la forêt primaire et dans la forêt secondaire diminue avec l’arri p plantes médicinales. les dani–baliem possèdent des techniq u disparaissent depuis l’arrivée de puskesmas (dispensaires de santé publique). concernant le bois de construction, la société qui habite dans la vallée a des difficultés l’obtenir pour réparer ou construire le sili et la clôture des jardins. pour obtenir ces bois, elle fait un échange avec la société de la région montagneuse en utilisant les porcs ou elle établit le wikioma ou wilehoma. il faudrait donc introduire une plantation d’arbres fourniseurs de bois de construction aux milieux des habitations dani– baliem. on tente d’orienter les dani–baliem vers l’utilisation de briques pour la construction des sili, en adaptant l’architecture des maisons à celle traditionnelle. ceci pourrait être une solution ou manque de bois car on trouve facilement les terres argiles dans la vallée de la baliem, permettant de fabriquer des briques. concernant la connaissance des végétaux, les dani–baliem primaires. ils emploient également un mode d'identificatio caractéristiques de celles-ci (couleurs du bois, forme de feuille, odeur, sève, etc.). pour la dénomination des différents types de plantes, les dani–baliem les distinguent soit par des termes de base différents soit par des déterminants différents. on peut cependant remarquer qu’un nombre important de termes de base sont attribués à des espèces très différentes sur le plan botanique. 7. diversité floristique de la vallée de la baliem a. la diversité floristique de la forêt primaire de la vallée de la baliem c’est dans la forêt primaire que l’on rencontre la plus dominantes parmis les arbres de diamètre supérieur à 10 cm sont nothofagus starkenbur tanopsis acuminatissima, bassia eugenioides, sloanea archboldiana, schizomeria illicifolia, octomyrtus pleiopetala, lithocarpus rufovillosus, falcourtia rukam et ficus spp. la végétation de sous-bois est dominée par les espèces p ea, schefflera ischnoacra, et les plantules de castanopsis acuminatissima, sloanea archboldiana, bassia eugenioides, etc. les arbres dominants sont pour beaucoup des espèces utiles à la construction, car ils possèdent le meilleur bois de la région. l’exploitation de la forêt se résume l’étude de la composition floristique de la forêt primaire a révèlé une richesse floristique rement étudiée par les chercheurs. on ra q ces résultats servirait plustard à la mise en place de dispositifs de conservation de flore de la forêt primaire de haute altitude de l’irian jaya comme la construction d’un jardin botanique dans la vallée de la baliem par exemple. b. la diversité floristique des forêt secondaires (jachères d’âges différentes) l’analyse floristique d'espaces à différents dégrés d’anthropisation permettent d’envisager une gestion rationnelle du milieu, après avoir reconnu les conditions des écosystèmes et avoir défini les modes de gestion appliqués à ces milieux 2002] purwanto: gestion de la biodiversité par les dani 91 anthropisés afin de limiter leur dégradation. de plus, les études floristiques et les conditions chimiques du sol permettent de mieux comprendre les valeurs indicatrices des espèces au cours de la succession. ces études permettent également d’identifier des possibilités d’améliorer le système de jachère dans le contexte du système agricole des dani–baliem. les résultats d’analyse de ne de tran ù l’action de l’homme est continue, les lisières poursuivent une dynamique de renouvellement également continue empêchant étation climacique. de plus, il ex endroit constitue ainsi un méd conservation, des deux esp richesse floristique bal activités qui sont les pratiques agricoles pratiques agricoles des dani–baliem provoquent plan s’ob d’une diversité génétique chez les plantes dan pata régi com génétique pour diversité écologique, c’est-à-dire que ces activités mes transition, lieux sacrés, lieux renf rech pas server la diversité déjà existante mais rich aus la composition floristique des jachères d’âges différents permettraient aussi de répondre aux questions générales sur la reconstitution de la végétation après des perturbations provoquées par l’accélération de la rotation jachè-res/jardins. c. la diversité floristique dans la zo sition l’étude des lisières a pour but de faire apparaître des questions pertinentes que l’on pourra se poser dans des études ultérieures sur l’impact de l’homme sur la dynamique végétale dans des milieux forestiers anthropisés. comme dans les lisières de la forêt guyanaise, que j’ai déjà étudiée dans le cadre du dea d’ecologie générale et production végétale, on remarque que dans les lisières encore anthropisées, la régénération est bloquée. il y a toujours renouvellement des espèces pionnières, c’est-à-dire que dans les lisières o l’installation d’une vég iste une structuration spatiale des lisières bien définie quand l’intervention humaine est continue (purwanto, 1994), ce qui montre bien l’impact des activités humaines sur la diversité floristique et écologique. d. la diversité floristique dans les unités d'habitation la composition floristique d’une unité d’habitation peut être considérée comme un élément d’indication sur la diversité floristique créée par les dani–baliem. dans l’espace du sili ou du village seules les plantes utiles sont cultivées ou préservées et cet iateur dans le processus de domestication des plantes spontanées utiles. dans cette unité, on tente également de mettre en culture de nouvelles espèces considérées comme peuvant être utiles et ces endroits permettent en quelque sorte de préserver la richesse floristique. cette diversité floristique rencontrée dans les unités d’habitation dépend donc des intérêts de chaque habitant, de l’ancienneté de cette habitation et du rôle de ces plantes. e. la diversité floristique dans les milieux protégés (lieux sacrés, wilehoma et wikioma) les dani–baliem considèrent évidemment que les protections affectées dans milieux sacrés ne sont pas motivées par des raisons écologiques, mais les pratiques qui s’y rapportent permettent, en fait, de préserver la diversité biologique. les wilehoma et wikioma peuvent aussi être assimilées à des sites de èces principales, wileh (casuarina oligodon) et wiki (paraserianthes falcataria) qui protégée par la tradition, afin de répondre à un besoin en bois de construction et de chauffage qui risquerait e faire défaut. d 8. l'impact de l'homme sur la la dégradation des milieux de la vallée de la iem est principalement provoquée par deux traditionnelles et l'exploitation des ressources naturelles. concernant la richesse floristique, les une diminution de la diversité spécifique des tes forestières. mais contrairement à ce qui serve au niveau intraspécifique, la génération cultivées est favorisée par les pratiques agricoles i–baliem. on peut se référer là à l’exemple de la culture de patate douce. la mode de culture employé entraine une sélection naturelle des tes douces et par conséquent l’accroissement de leur variété. cette diversité s’accentue avec l’échange de matériel génétique (cultivars locaux ou introduits) entre agriculteurs de différentes ons. les cultivars introduits sont considérés me une sources de variation améliorer les variétés locales. les activités humaines enrichissent la créent des unités d’écosystèmes comportant cune une flore spécifique. cependacha nt cette dernière peut se révéler très pauvre au fur et à ure de l’intensité des destructions par le feu et l’érosion des couches superficielles du sol. la forêt primaire, forêt secondaire, zone de d’habitation, etc., dans la région de la vallée de la baliem erment une importante biodiversité. les erches en ethnoscience montre qu’il ne suffit de pré que la meilleure stratégie de conservation de cette esse floristique de la vallée de la baliem passe si par une conservation de la diversité 92 reinwardtia [vol.12 culturelle. il est nécessaire de reconnaître la rsité culturelle ethnique de cette région pour nager, exploiter et conserver la diversité ogique. dive amé rem grat prof prof pou cho dem à m trav chal acce outr j’ex qui mon m. jordan surabut del’ plus fait plus ièrement des femmes et des anciens qui ne au es collèques de l’herbarium leid ieuse pour au et aires de forêts e bal . 1976. (eds). new guinea vegebar bem bra con do évidence. quelques principes méthodologiques. j. d’agric. trop. bot. appl. 21:313–343. fri gei 959. the climate near the ground. hargo rehistoric studies in island southeast biol erciements en tout premier lieu, j’exprime mon immese itude à madame claudine berthe-friedberg, esseur au muséum national d’histoire naturel, directeur de l’ura 882 du centre national de la recherche scientifique, et monsieur robert barbault, esseur à l’université pierre et marie curie-paris 6 r me guider constamment dans mon travai, en fiant beaucoup de sesacri s précieux temps. je remercie également mademoiselle elizabeth uvin, mademoiselle sandrine petit, maoisselle marina goloubinoff, monsieur jeanchristophe pintaud, et monsieur manuel boissier qui ont passé de longues heures à corriger le manuscript et e conseiller pour la redaction de cet article avec beaucoup de patience. je desire remercier les acteurs principaux de ce ail que sont les dani–baliem. j’ai été eureusement accuillii et parfois adopté. ils m’ont pté chez eux comme dans leur pensée. ils ont en é fait preuve de patience, curiosité, pertinence et ont offert leur aimable collaboration à cette recherché. sans eux, ce travail n’aurait pas de substance. prime toute ma reconnaissance à m. mulik mabel m’a autorisé à entrer dans leurs lieux sacrés et sieur et madame dam elosak, m. ananias dabi, abek dabi, m. isikale mabel, m. yusuf alua, m. , m. titus alua, etc. qui m’ont accompagné dans les travaux de terrain et qui m’ont jamais manqué d’enthousiasme à prendre conscience intérêt de leur proper culture au course des ieurs années de travail ensemble. toujours pour e travail de terrain, je remercie bien évidement les interprètes de m’avoir fidèlement transmis, mais aussis ressentir et comprendre, le discours des vilageois et particul pratiquent pas l’indonésien. je tien également à exprimer ma reconnais-sance personnel et à m bogoriense et rijksherbarium / hortus botanicus, en, hollande don’t l’aide me fut préc l’identification des specimens botaniques. references bibliographiques meerudy, y. 1993. agroforêts protégées. représentations et pratiques agroforestières paysannes en périphérie du parc national kerinci seblat, sumatra, indonésie. thès de l’université montpellier ii. 438 p. andrin, m. f. 1985. natural plant chemicals: sources of industrial and medicinal materials. science 228:1154–1116. balgooy, m.m.j. van. 1976. phytogeography. in k. paijmans tation. elsevier scientific publishing company. new york. barbault, r. 1993. une approche écologique de la biodiversité. natures-sciences-sociétés 1(4):322– 329 bault, r. 1993. ecologie générabar le, structure et fonctionnement de la biospère. abreges, masson. paris. 269 p. barbault, r. 1994. des baleines, des bactéries et des hommes. edition odile jacob, paris. 327 p. rau, j. 1990. diversité et uniformité: remarques sur l’évolution des flores cultivées tropicales. cah. d’outre-mer. 42(172):333–341 melen, r.w. van. 1970. the geology of indonesia. vol ia, edisi kedua. martinus nijhoff. 714 p. ss, l.j. 1941. stone age agriculture in new guinea. geographic revue 31:555–569 bromley, h.m. 1967. the linguistic relationships of the grand valley dani: a lexico-statistical classification. oceania, 37: 286–308 clin, h.c. 1954. the relation of hanunoo culture to the plant world. thèse de doctorat. yale university; 258 p. cox, g. w. et atkins, m. d. 1979. agriculture ecology. an analysis of world food production systems. w. h. freeman company. san francisco. 721 p. mbois, d.m et ellenberg, h. 1974. aims and methods of vegetation ecology. john wiley & sons. new york, london, sydney, toronto. :114– 119. fransworth, n. 1985. screening plants for new medicines. submitted to the national academy of sciences. symposium on biological diversity. washington, dc., 22-29 september 1985. friedberg, c. 1971. l’agriculture des bunaq de timor et les conditions d’une équilibre avec le milieu. j. d’agric. trop. bot. appl. 18 (12):481– 532. friedberg, c. 1974. les processus classificatpoires appliqués aux objets naturels et leur mise en friedberg, c. 1986. classifications populaires des plantes et modes de connaissance. in: tassy pascal. l’ordre et la diversité du vivant.. fondation diderot fayard. edberg, c. 1990. le savoir botanique des bunaq, percevoir et classer dans le haut lamaknen (timor, indonésie). ed. du muséum, série b: botanique. 32:303 . ger, r. 1 vard university press. cambridge. massachusette. 494 p. lson, j. 1977. no room at the top: agriculture intensification in the new guinea highland. in: j. allen, golson, j. et johns, r. 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(eds.). prosiding seminar dan lokakar etnobotani ii. buku 2. puslitbang biologi-lipi, ipi, fakultas biologi-ugm. :439–500 wanto. y., darmajana, r.d.a. et. waluyo, e.b. 1990. pengembangan pesa di lembah baliem wamena. in savitri, d., w.i.k.r. et al. 1990. prosiding pengembangan 94 reinwardtia [vol.12 wilayah pedesaan wamena. bp-ttg, puslitbang fisika terapan, bandung. :267-281 isumbing, e. 1951. medicinalqu plants of the rei batatas (l.) lam.): teknologi budidaya dan nilai sosial ekonomi bagi masyarakat ekagi di irian jaya. program pasca sarjana. institut pertanian bogor. 43 p. rossenberg, n. j. 1974. microclimate. the biological environment. a wiley-interscience publication. john wiley & sons. new york. 315 p. sangat-roemantyo, h & wiriadinata, h. 1991. pemanfaatan beberapa jenis tumbuhan obat dan cara pengobatan tradisional di kupang, timor. prosiding pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat dari hutan tropis indonesia. balittro. bogor. schmidt, f. r., & ferguson, j. a. 1951. rainfall types based on wet and dry period ratios for indonesia with western new guinea. verhandelingen 42. djawatan meteorologi dan geofisika. jakarta. schneider, j. 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(eds.). sweet potato proceeding. first int. symp. avrdc. tainan. pp. 17–30 yogaswara, h. 1995. beberapa catatan tentang pengelompokan social orang dani lembah baliem. sebuah potret masyarakat transisi. masyarakat indonesia. lipi 22 (1): 29–53 yusuf, r., 1994. analisis vegetasi hutan sekitar desa elelim, kecamatan kurima, kabupaten jayawijaya. prosiding seminar hasil penelitian dan pengembangan sumber daya hayati. puslitbang biologi-lipi, bogor.: 497–502 zoungrana, i. 1993a. les jachères nord-soudaniennes du burkina faso: i. diversité, stabilité et évolution des communautés végétales. in floret, c. & serpentie, g. (eds.). la jachère en afrique de l’ouest. editions orstom. paris.: 351–358 zoungrana, i. 1993b. les jachères nord-soudaniennes du burkina faso : ii. analyse de la reconstitution de la végétation herbacée. in floret, c. & serpentie, g. (eds.). la jachère en afrique de l’ouest. editions orstom. paris.: 359–366. philippines. philippines department of agriculture and nature resources. technical bulletin 16: 1049–1078 nwarin, j. 1992. etnobotani ubi jalar (ipomoea arto. 1987. wen hipere suatu sistem budidaya ubijalar (ipomoe baliem pegunungan jayawijaya, irian jaya. fakultas pasca sarjana. institut pertanian bogor. 125 p. m irian-puslitbang geoteknologilipi. 1991. penelitian untuk trase jalan wosiala-dombomi dan pengembangan wilayah instruction to authors taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles which have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processed further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author(s) attesting to its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation authors should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and a one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for papers in french or german) of not more than 250 words. keywords should be given below each abstract. on a separate paper author(s) should prepare the preferred running title of the article submitted. strict adherence to the international code of botanical nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separate from, the manuscripts. on electronic copy, the illustrations should be saved in jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free of charge. any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 1.2002 contents page y. purwanto. gestion de la biodiversite: relations aux plantes et dynamiques vegetales chez les dani de la vallee de la baliem en irian jaya, indonesie 1 tri mulyaningsih & colin ernest ridsdale. the bornean genus hypobathrum (rubiaceae): an investigation of its characters and taxonomic status 95 bambang sunarno & hiroshi ohashi. a new species of dalbergia (leguminosae) from malay peninsula 117 bambang sunarno. new species of labisia (myrsinaceae) from sumatra 121 sri s. tjitrosoedirdjo. four new taxa of asteraceae in sumatra 125 herbarium bogoriense bidang botani pusat penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia dpn 46-96-2-pb resultat et discussion milieu physique b. milieu biologique 1. impact de l’homme dans la vallée de la ba-liem au cours d organisation sociale et terri-toriale connaissance et usage de l’en-vironnement vegetal a. ouverture d'un nouveau jardin, rythme de rotation des mis b. l’organisation des jardins les jardins de vallée: les fossés et les plates bandes a. wen imah b. wen alobaga d. pratiques culturales 1. la diversité du cultivars 2. la distribution des cultivars dans les jardins et l’évolu 3. la connaissance spécifique des cultivars e. les diférents usages de la patate douce f. techniques de plantation de la patate douce et connaiss h. la production i. la main-d’oeuvre répartition des tâches entre hommes et femmes dans la sociét la possession de ressources naturelles et son contrôle les facteurs de division des tâches entre hommes et femmes j. le rôle à venir de la patate douce la diversité de l’alimentation de base elévation de la valeur économique de la patate douce a. la jachère et l’évolution de la végétation b. la dynamique de reconstitution de la végétation le premier stade de reconstitution (stade herbacé): le deuxième stade (stade herbacéligneux pionnières): le troisième stade (stade pionnier-forestier): le quatrième stade (stade de recouvrement forestier): le cinquième stade (stade forestier): le savoir botanique local b. la feuille (eka) le systeme de denomination tra-ditionelle des plantes critères morphologiques critères mécaniques critères écologiques critère sensoriel: odeur, goût, couleur a). les termes de base simples b\). les termes de base composés a. quelques déterminants sont une allusion à la couleur b. déterminants correspondant au sexe c. autres déterminants les usages des plantes nom scientifique 1. les plantes medicinales a. la santé et la malade b. les plantes médicinales utilisées d. guérison traditionnelle 2. mode d’alimentation a. repas principaux (1). l’aliments de base (2). aliments d’accompagnement (3). condiments b. aliments pour les en-cas diversité des espèces alimentaires a. généralités b. les plantes de cueillette c. les champignons d. aliments d’origine animale 3. plante pour les construction habitations de type traditionnel et matériaux de constructio (a). les honai (pilamo et ebeai) c). construction de la pocherie (wamdabu, wamai) d\). construction des clôtures \(leget� les maisons modernes 4. plantes a fibre et servant a fabriquer des liens utilises 5. plantes utilisees pour leur couleur ou comme colorants et hupak-hupak sel wi wamaga 6. les ornaments, les outils et les vetements des dani les vêtements et les ornements des hommes walimo inikahale les vêtements et les ornements des femmes en fonction de l’âge et de leur statut de fem-me mariée ou n a. la jupe (sali) (1). sali kem (2) sali isobat (3) sali kuguk b. yokal 7. les ustensiles, outils et armes des dani–baliem a. noken b. la lance (wim sege) et le bâton à fouir (sege akibak) c. la hache de pierre (jagabilik) d. ye e. l’arc (sike) et la flèche (sike eken) (1). kanek maleh (2). maleh ilakapi fig. 26. sike eken (flèche de guerre) (3). maleh sinilak (4). maleh pelemo (5). maleh wilehukum g. disu = aiguille h. tul = couteau i. pikon = guimbarde j. san = récipient k. fulok = soufflet (mettre après sengkan intok) l. kontitugi = piège à chauve souris n. hanum pali = pipe à tabac o. hilba = pinces en bois p. babuk r. isak pel 8. bois de chauffage 9. plantes utilisees pour les rituels traditionnels 10. utilisations diverses del plantes a. pour les jouets d’enfants b. pour fumer c. plantes utilisées comme ornement par les hommes wama toktok non identifiée gestion des ressources et des milieux par les dani–baliem modification de la richesse floristique conclusion 1. les conditions actuelles du milieu la région de la vallée 2. la société dani–baliem 3. les conseptions des dani–baliem sur leurs relations à l’e 5. le système agricole traditionnel 6. la connaissance des plantes et de leurs usages 7. diversité floristique de la vallée de la baliem a. la diversité floristique de la forêt primaire de la vallé b. la diversité floristique des forêt secondaires (jachères c. la diversité floristique dans la zone de transition d. la diversité floristique dans les unités d'habitation e. la diversité floristique dans les milieux protégés (lieux 8. l'impact de l'homme sur la richesse floristique bkgn lipi a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology 12(4) reinwardtia a journal on taxonomic botany, plant sociology and ecology vol. 12(4): 261 337, 31 march 2008 editors elizabeth a. widjaja, mien a. rifai, soedarsono riswan, johanis p. mogea correspondece on the reinwardtia journal and subscriptions should be addressed to herbarium bogoriense, bidang botani, pusat penelitian biologi lipi, bogor, indonesia reinwardtia vol 12, part 4, pp: 289 300 thorny problems in the rubiaceae: benkara, fagerlindia and oxyceros received september 26, 2007; accepted november 5, 2007. c.e. ridsdale nationaal herbarium nederland, universiteit leiden branch, p.o. box 9514, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands. e-mail: colin_ridsdale@yahoo.co.uk abstract ridsdale, c.e. 2008. thorny problems in the rubiaceae: benkara, fagerlindia and oxyceros. reinwardtia 12(4): 289 – 298. — the shoot architecture of fagerlindia and oxyceros is discussed. randia miquelii, oxyceros rectispina are transfered to – while fagerlindia is reduced to a synonym of – benkara. o. hoaensis are transferred to the genus benkara. one new combination oxyceros drupacea is made in the genus oxyceros. keyword: benkara, fagerlindia, oxyceros. abstrak ridsdale, c.e. 2008. berbagai masalah pada rubiaceae: benkara, fagerlindia and oxyceros. reinwardtia 12(4): 289 – 298. — arsitektur kuncup pada fagerlindia dan oxyceros didiskusikan. randia miquelii, oxyceros rectispina dipindah ke – sedangkan fagerlindia direduksi menjadi sinonim – benkara. o. hoaensis dipindahkan ke marga benkara. sebuah kombinasi baru oxyceros drupacea dibuat dalam maerga oxyceros. kata kunci: benkara, fagerlindia, oxyceros. introduction the genus fagerlindia was segregated from randia s.l. by tirvengadum (1983) in his studies on the gardenieae of s. e. asia. the philippine taxa were reviewed by ridsdale (1985), in this paper some details of the shoot architecture of f. emanuelssoniana were given. the delimitation of the genera oxyceros, fagerlindia and benkara is at present vague and generic position of many “randia” species of mainland s. e. asia difficult to ascertain. one of the major problems is that the majority of the herbarium collections consist only of small sections of the lateral, probably plagiotropic branches, sterile portions of the apex of the orthotropic shoot, or reiteration shoots are rarely collected. oxyceros is predominantly malesian in distribution . wong (1984) gives a good account of the two types of growth form of branches of the malaysian taxa of oxyceros. architecture of oxyceros the architecture of the group of species with short recurved thorns (modified short shoots ) is illustrated in fig 10a (wong 1984) and fig 1 c (robbrecht & puff (1986) the orthotropic shoot shows sequential development of the plagiotropic shoots bearing the recurved spines. sometimes the orthotropic shoot has a leaf bearing node where no plagiotropic shoot develops. flowering is terminal on the plagiotropic shoot, and sympodial branching follows. the taxa with fang-like thorns (modified short shoots) have a comparable architecture see wong (1984) fig.10b ) and fig 1 d (robbrecht & puff (1986). here the orthotropic branch has nodes which only bear stipules and bract-like leaves situated between the nodes bearing plagiotropic branches. the apical bud of the plagiotropic shoot on some branches becomes vegetatively inactive (it could later abort or produce an inflorescence) and the two axillary buds continue growth by sympodial branching. no collections of an orthotropic apex of any non-armed species have been seen. in all of the climbing species of oxyceros in malesia, where thorns are developed, there is no development of short shoots from a serial bud below the thorns. yamazaki (1970) was the first to attempt to transfer a straight-thorned taxa, randia rectispina, into the genus oxyceros. this is a shrub or tree 289 290 reinwardtia [vol.12 species. the limited collections of oxyceros rectispina that i have examined all show the development of a short shoot from the serial bud below the spine. tirvengadum followed yamazaki in placing this species in the genus and also transferred randia hoaensis pierre ex pitard to oxyceros. these two species clearly deviate from most malesian taxa, except randia miquelii. on herbarium labels tirvengadum considers this to be an oxyceros species related to o. rectispina. architecture of fagerlindia the architecture of f. emanuelssoniana is described and illustrated by ridsdale (1985). one collection of f. microcarpa, isu (ridsdale, dejan & baquiran) 284 includes an orthotropic apex and a reiteration shoot. here, again, the orthotropic axis has two nodes between those bearing the plagiotropic shoots which have two normal leaves. in this collection spines are not developed on the plagiotropic shoots and there is no visible short shoot development. in other collections of this species, e.g. bs (edano) 78226 spines and short shoots are present the situation is comparable to that found in f. emmanuelsonii, although in this species the short shoots are infrequent on the material. plagiotropic shoots on herbarium material of fagerlindia fasciculata, the type species of the genus, generally show spines below which a short shoot develops. it is considered that the collection geesink, hattink & phengklai 6615 represents a portion of the orthotropic shoot, or a reiteration shoot, here a serial bud below rapidly develops into a short shoot, or it may develop into a normal plagiotropic branch, as illustrated by wong (1984) it would appear that levine 473 (gh) may represent an orthotropic shoot of fagerlindia sinensis. here growth is intermittent; two leafbearing nodes occur on the orthotropic shoot, two plagiotropic shoot nodes follow. on other collections of the same species, a serial bud below the spine develops either into a short shoot, or repeats the plagiotropic branching system . all of the examined taxa of fagerlindia have straight spines, below which is a bud, which may develop into a shoot, or an inflorescence. on the upper nodes of the plagiotropic shoot the upper serial bud does not develop directly into a spine but into an inflorescence. the inflorescences are also terminal on the plagiotropic branches – sympodial branching then follows. there is an excellent picture of fagerlindia depauperata, taken by mr.antonie van den bos (see http://www.botanypictures.com) in the xishuanbanna tropical botanical garden, which clearly shows the architecture of a young plant. architecture of “randia” miquelii two specimens of this species have been seen which bear orthotropic shoots, kuswata 254 and kostermans & wirawan 77. the main orthotropic axis has 2(—4) leaf-bearing nodes between each node bearing a pair of plagiotropic shoots. initially there is no development of the serial bud below the spines on the plagiotropic shoots, however these are present on portions of older plagiotropic branches of the collection kuswata 254. flowering is terminal on the plagiotropic shoot, or terminal on the short shoots. the habit of this species has long been unknown but kuswata records it as a small shrub. the habit is comparable to oxyceros rectispinus. architecture of benkara the collection ridsdale 2116 is one of the few specimens seen where the shoot orientation is obvious. the orthotropic axis bears plagiotropic branches in 2’s or 3’s and is devoid of all thorns. between each level of origin of the plagiotropic axis the orthotropic axis has 2 leaf-bearing nodes. the plagiotropic axis bears pairs of leaves with thorns above, pairs of leaves with short shoots, or when the apex ceases growth, a pair of leaves and two lateral branches. there seems to be no development of a short shoot below the pairs of thorns. basically the bud in the leaf axil either develops directly into a thorn, a short shoot or an inflorescence, or a branch shoot. this situation seems to apply to all of the herbarium material of b. malabarica deposited in the national herbarium netherlands, leiden branch. the inflorescence is, therefore never terminal on the plagiotropic shoot. this may always be the case but better collections are required from the apex of the orthotropic shoot and including a range of plagiotropic shoots. at present benkara is very difficult to distinguish and delimit against the species of fagerlindia with a short corolla tube, viz. f. depauperata (drake) tirveng. and f. esculenta (lour.) tirveng. and from some, as yet, unplaced 2008] ridsdale: thorny problems in the rubiaceae. 291 species of randia such as r. forrestii anth. and r. hainenensis merr. at least the latter two species have short straight thorns below which a short shoot develops. tirvengadum, taxon 32 (1983) 441 suggests three species of “randia s. l.” viz. r. elliptica geddes, r. evanosa hutch. and r. ovoidea pierre ex pitard which after further investigation may prove to belong to benkara. the type specimen of r. evanosa hutch. has well-developed short shoots below the thorns comparable to that typical for fagerlindia. discussion as far as can be judged there is no difference in the basic organisation of the orthotropic shoots in the genera and species discussed above. the plagiotropic branches develop from the orthotropic axis and may be separated from each other by 0— 2(—4) nodes which bear bracts or normal leaves. benkara is the odd genus as here there appears to be one bud at each of the leaf axils, which variously develops into thorns, short shoots or inflorescences, or lateral plagiotropic branches. at present it is monotypic. tirvengadum (1983) has noted some other asiatic species of “randia” that, after further study, may belong to benkara. of these randia evanosa hutch. would seem to have more affinity to fagerlindia having the thorns and short shoot structure of this genus. the genera oxyceros and fagerlindia are closely related, the latter genus has the potential to develop a short shoot from a serial bud below the thorn this is often present in herbarium material of older branches when the thorns are well-developed. oxyceros in malesia never develops short shoots from a serial bud below the thorns, nor from any other bud on the plagiotropic axis, where thorns occur in oxyceros they are recurved or fang-like. “fagerlindia” generally has straight thorns sometimes these are slightly curved. this is particularly obvious in some collections of f. sinensis. thus, there are very few characters to separate oxyceros from fagerlindia as currently defined. at present it would appear that two species with straight thorns, o. rectispinus (merr.) yamazaki and o. hoaensis (pierre ex pitard) tirveng. (no material seen) should be transferred to “fagerlindia.” randia miquelii, also a small shrub or tree, belongs to this alliance. the core species at present placed in “fagerlindia” then have long corolla tubes, the exceptions are f. depauperata and f. esculenta. unfortunately tirvengadum has not treated all of the s. e. asian taxa of “randia”, some remaining as insufficiently known taxa. based on the character of a short shoot below the thorns then r. forestii anth., r. hainanensis merr., and oxyceros evanosa (hutch) yamazaki, all with short corolla tubes would appear to belong to the genus “fagerlindia.” however, apparently only the presence of the short shoots below the spines separates these taxa from benkara. clearly the corolla tube length cannot be significant as in oxyceros the type species, o. horridus has a corolla tube shorter than the corolla lobes as is the case in o. rugulosa and o. vidalii, all of the remaining malesian species have long corolla tubes. as noted above the same situation occurs in the taxa presently placed in “fagerlindia.” the character of the connate bracts of the inflorescence is present in all taxa under consideration, only being obvious in benkara where the bract detaches in a circumscissile manner and remains around the fruit peduncle. such a character also occurs in r. miquelii . the degree of development of hairs in the throat of the corolla, is difficult to evaluate as benkara currently is monotypic. compared to larger genera within the gardenieae it is unlikely to be a character that can be used at generic level clearly one can ask the simple question can fagerlindia be retained as distinct from benkara on account of apparently different shoot architecture? further studies on the lesser known asiatic taxa are required to answer this question. for this, more material and better quality collections are required, particularly of some of the rarer species. these taxa have not been treated by tirvengadum, understandably due to the scant material available. the present work was orientated towards solving the taxonomy of some malesian taxa but it is clear that after some 15 years since the publication of fagerlindia there are numerous problems in generic delimitation. it seems logical to include fagerlindia in the synonomy of benkara. the relationships of the thorny species of “randia” from australia to fagerlindia also need to be evaluated. puttock thesis (1992) has proposed a new genus) to accommodate these taxa. in my opinion some of these are more closely related to a group of new guinea taxa which includes “randia” ixoraeflora wernh. and “randia” debruynii val., an isotype of the latter has a pair of spines. this group seems to be different from the malesian species (incl. f. emanuelssoniana) of fagerlindia, particularly as the spines are commonly present only on juvenile material and are rarely seen in the herbarium. oxyceros oxyceros lour. fl. cochinch. 151. 1790. type species: o. horridus lour. scandent climbers. lateral, plagiotropic, branches armed with paired recurved or retrorse thorns or unarmed. stipules broadly triangular to ovate. leaves opposite. inflorescence pseudoaxillary or subterminal appearing unilaterally on alternate nodes. flowers bisexual. calyx infundibular, shortly lobed. corolla salverform, tube longer or shorter than the lobes. anthers exserted. style exserted, stigmatic lobes adherent. ovary 2locular, ovules numerous. fruit globose to ellipsoidal, wall thin. seeds immersed in a pulpy matrix. distribution. s. e. asia and malesia key to the species 1.a. plagiotropic branches devoid of any kinds of hooks……………….......................…………...…2 b. plagiotropic branches with hooks, these paired along the branch, or fang-like……..............….................4 2.a. corolla tubes 10 mm or more long. lamina hairy below. borneo…….......................1. o. kessleriana b. corolla tubes up to 5 mm long. lamina glabrous below. continental s.e. asia…......….....….…..…3 3.a. calyx tube broadly campanulate 2 mm long. sri lanka……...…............................…2. o. rugulosus b. calyx narrowly tubular, 3 mm long. vietnam ..………..............................................3. o. vidalii 4. a. plagiotropic branches with recurved spines arranged in pairs along the axis. ..........................................5 b. plagiotropic branches with a basal pair of recurved, fang like hooks and sometimes with 1—2 pairs of recurved hooks above these..................................11 5.a. corolla tube short, up to 5 mm long, equalling or shorter than the corolla lobes............4. o. horridus b. corolla tube more than 5 mm, longer than the corolla lobes…………............….....................….6 6.a.leaves densely hairy below. sumatra........... ....................................................9. o jasminiflorus b.leaves glabrous to sparsely pubescent below...... 7 7. a. tertiary venation distinct and clearly visable below. malay peninsula…….................5.o. penangianus b.tertiary venation indistinct, sunk in the lamina.......8 8. a.calyx and hypanthium densely yellowish tomentose. secondary veins impressed on the upper surface of the leaf .........................................12. o. pubicalyx 292 reinwardtia [vol.12 b. calyx and hypanthium glabrous or pallidly shortly pubescent. secondary veins flat or slightly raised on the upper surface of the leaf....…...........9 9.a. calyx lobes shortly triangular to obtuse or repand. corolla lobes 4—6 mm wide. leaves generally 9—17 x 4—7 cm. predominantly inland forest of n. e. india and andaman is, myanmar, thailand........................................…6. o. kunstleri b. calyx lobes distincly narrowly triangular. corolla lobes 2—3 (-5) mm wide. leaves generally 3—8(12) x 2.5—4 (-5.5) cm. predominantly mangrove and swamp forest or inland in java, bali, sumba….….....................................................…10 10.a. leaves below with glabrous domatia. cymes 5— 20 flowered , hypanthium and calyx glabrous. common in mangrove and swamp forest….........................................7. o. longiflorus b. leaves below with densely pubescent domatia. cymes 3—10 flowered, hypanthium an.d calyx conspicuously sparsely pubescent. lowland inland forest in java, bali, sumba..................8. o. patulus 11.a.calyx tube 7—12 mm long. corolla lobes 7— 13 mm broad. fruit 20—35 mm diam. malay peninsula, sumatra, java, s. borne......... .........10. o. drupacea b. calyx tube 4—5 mm long. corolla lobes 4—5 mm broad. fruit less than 15 mm diam. throughout malesia..........................................11. o. bispinosa 1. oxyceros kessleriana ridsdale, spec. nov. liana grandis inermis. folia ovata ad elliptica 10— 20 cm longa 4—9 cm lata infra pubescentia. inflorescentia condensata 1—1.5 cm longa. corollae tubus 10—12 mm longus. fructus ad 8 mm diam. typus: van balgooy 6137 (l, holo; wanariset iso) large unarmed climber to 18 m., stem to 4 cm diameter. stipules not seen. leaves ovate to elliptic, (10—)14—18 (—20) x (4—) 6— 8(-9) cm, subcoriaceous, above glabrous, below pubescent over whole lamina, apex acute to acuminate, base acute to cuneate, lateral nerves 6—8 pairs, petiole 1—2 cm long. inflorescence compact, 1—1.5 cm long. flowers mostly still in bud. calyx and hypanthium 5—6 mm, sparsely hairy, calyx tubular 3—4 mm, minutely denticulate, corolla tube 10— 12 mm, lobes oblong 5 mm, very slightly hairy outside at the base. filaments up to 3.5 mm, anthers elliptic-oblong 6—7 mm. style up to 10 mm long, stigma clavate to fusiform 3 mm. fruits globular up to 8 mm diameter. distribution. borneo, kalimantan 2008] ridsdale: thorny problems in the rubiaceae 293 representative material. ambri & arifin w383, van balgooy 6137. 2. oxyceros rugulosus (thw.) tirveng. griffithia rugulosa thw., enum. pl. zeyl. (1859) 159.— randia rugulosa (thw.) bedd., for. man. bot. (1871) 133.; hook. f., fl. brit. ind. 3 (1880) 113; trimen, handb. fl. ceyl. 2 (1894) 331.— aidia rugulosa (thw) tirveng., ceylon journ. sci. 14: 3. 1981.—-oyxceros rugulosus (thw.) tirveng. nordic journ. bot. 3 (1983) 466.; ridsd., rev. handb. fl. ceylon 12 (1998) 184.— type: sri lanka, thwaites c.p. 245. large unarmed climber. stipules triangular 2— 4 mm long. leaves elliptic, 6—12 x 3—5 cm, coriaceous, above and below glabrous, apex acute, base acute, lateral nerves 5—7 pairs, petiole up to 1.5 cm. inflorescence up to 6 cm long. calyx and hypanthium 5 mm, covered with adpressed brown hairs, calyx campanulate 2 mm, minutely denticulate, corolla tube 5 mm, lobes oblong 8 mm, glabrous, reflexed. filaments short 0.5 mm, anthers linear 5 mm, reflexed. style 7 mm, stigma clavate 4 mm. fruit not seen. distribution. endemic to sri lanka 3. oxyceros vidalii tirveng. oxyceros vidalii tirveng., nordic. j. bot 3 (1983) 464, fig 3 nos 6—13. type : poilane 29400 ( p. n.v.) large unarmed climber to 25 m. stipules broadly triangular up to 3 mm long. leaves ovate, elliptic to broadly lanceolate 8—14(—18) x 4— 6.5 (—7.5) cm, subcoriaceous, above and below glabrous, apex acute to acuminate, base acute to cuneate, lateral nerves 5—7 pairs, petiole 1—2 cm long. inflorescence 5—7 cm long. calyx and hypanthium 4—5 mm, sparsely hairy, calyx tubular 3 mm, minutely denticulate, corolla tube 5 mm, lobes oblong 9 mm, glabrous, reflexed. filaments up to 3.5 mm, anthers elliptic-oblong, 6 mm, reflexed. style up to 10 mm long, stigma clavate to fusiform 5 mm. fruits globular up to 1 cm diameter. distribution. endemic to vietnam 4. oxyceros horridus lour. oxyceros horridus lour., fl. cochinch (1790) 151. — randia horrida (lour.) schultes in roem. & schultes, syst 5 (1819) 248.— randia longiflora lam. var. horrida pierre ex pitard, fl. gén. indo-chine 3 (1923) 243. — t y p e: loureiro s.n. (b.m. -n.v.). griffithia siamensis miq., ann. mus. bot. lugd. bat. 4 (1869) 130. —webera siamensis (miq.) kurz, for. fl. burma 2 (1877) 48.—randia siamensis (miq.) craib, kew bull. (1911) 390 –t y p e: teysmann s.n., kanburi (n.v.). randia uncata ridl., journ. str. br. roy. as. soc. 59 (1911) 113. — t y p e: keith 101 (n.v.) climber, with recurved hooks on the plagiotropic shoots. stipules triangular 3—5 mm long. leaves (narrowly-) elliptic, 6—12 x 2 —6 cm, above and below glabrous, apex acute, base rounded to acute, lateral nerves 5—7 pairs, petiole up to 2 cm. inflorescence up to 4.5 cm long. calyx and hypanthium 6 mm, calyx 4 mm, outside glabrous, lobes obovate, minutely toothed from the keel, hypanthium 2 mm, glabrous, corolla tube 4— 5 mm, lobes elliptic 5—6 x 1.5—2 mm. filaments short, anthers linear 4—5 mm style exserted 5—8 mm, stigma clavate 4—5 mm. fruit globose, 5—8 mm diam. distribution. myamar, thailand, laos, cambodia, vietnam. representative material. pierre 3211, 3811, larsen & larsen 34324, niyomatham et al. 1061, phengnaren 32088. 5. oxyceros penangianus (king & gamble) tirveng. randia penangiana king & gamble., j. as. soc. beng. 72 (1903) 213; ridley, fl. malay pen. 2 (1923) 72.— oxyceros penangianus (king & gamble) tirveng., nord. j. bot. 3 (1983) 466; wong, malay nat. j. 38 (1984) 39 — lectotype (wong 1984), curtis 927 (sing,holo barcode sing 0001137, k-iso). large climber, with recurved hooks on the plagiotropic shoots. stipules narrowly triangular, apex acuminate 2.5—3.5 mm long. leaves broadly elliptic (4—) 5—9 (—12) x (2—) 4—6(—7) cm, above glabrous, below glabrous to sparsely pubescent, particularly on the lateral nerves, apex acute, base acute to obtuse, sometimes unequal, lateral nerves 4 — 7 pairs, tertiary venation clearly visable, domatia hairy, petiole up to 1 cm. inflorescence up to 1 cm long. calyx and hypanthium 6—9 mm, glabrous, calyx 3.5—4.5 mm, lobes shortly triangular, 0.7—1 mm long, hypanthium 3—5 mm, corolla tube 20—30 mm, lobes broadly ovate, 10—14 x 8—10 mm, margins ciliate. filaments short, anthers linear 4—6 mm. style exserted 2-4 mm, stigma clavate, bilobed. fruit 10— 15 mm diameter. distribution. malay peninsula representative materials. see wong 1984 + fri 16080 (kochummen); king 10171; scortechini 1538 ; sfn 2528 (achmed , 29333 (corner)(k). 6.oxyceros kunstleri (king & gamble) tirveng. randia kunstleri king & gamble., j. as. soc. beng. 72 (1903) 216; ridley, fl. malay pen. 2 (1923) 74.— oxyceros kunstleri (king & gamble) tirveng., nord. j. bot. 3 (1983) 466; — lectotype (mihi), wallich 8284 c (k.-wall.) posoqueria longiflora roxb., fl. ind. 2 (1824) 568; ed. 2, 1 (1832) 718 [non r. longiflora lam.] randia longiflora lam. var. major king & gamble., j. as. soc. beng. 72 (1903) 213. — randia pauciflora ridl. journ. str. br. roy. as. soc. 59 (1911) 112. — type: curtis s.n., 6/1893 pungah { pang-ngã pûket thailand} , herb sing sheet 061816 (sing-holo.bar coode sing 0001136) randia klossii ridl., j. fed. malay str. mus. 10 (1920) 94.— type: kloss & robinson 6872. (sing –holo, barcode sing 0001135, iso-k). oxyceros ‘horrida’ auct.: wong, malay nat. j. 38 (1984) 39 pro parte climber, with recurved hooks on the plagiotropic shoots. stipules triangular, 4 —5 mm long, keel slightly acicular. leaves elliptic, (6—) 9 —14 (— 18) x (3—) 4 —7(—11) cm, above and below glabrous, apex acute to slightly acuminate, base acute to obtuse, lateral nerves 4 —6 pairs, tertiary nervation indistinct, domatia glabrous, petiole up to 1.5 cm. inflorescence up to 2 cm long. calyx and hypanthium 5—8 mm long, calyx somewhat campanulate, 3—4 mm long, glabrous, lobes shortly triangular, 0.8—1 mm long, hypanthium 2 mm, glabrous, corolla tube (23—)25—32 mm long, lobes 9—12(—15) x 4—6 mm, glabrous. filaments short, anthers linear 4 mm, included. style slightly protruding from corolla tube, stigma clavate, 3—4 mm. fruit globose, (8—)10—15(—20) mm diameter. distribution. india, andaman is; myanmar; thailand; malay peninsula, lankawi is. representative material. andaman is.: balakrishnan, n. p. 393, bhargave, n. 2425, 2442, 4139, 4224, 4388, nair, n .g. 871, 1049, 3671, prain’s collector 21. continental india: bor, n.l. 18543 falconer, h. s.n., griffith kd 2804,hook.f. & thomson s.n., jenkins s.n., koelz, w.n. 24897, simons s.n. thailand: geesink & santisuk 5016, geesink et al 7319, 7598, kerr, a.f.g. 17851, larsen & larsen 30647. 7.oxyceros longiflorus (lam.) yamazaki randia longiflora lam., encycl 3 (1789) 26; king & gamble, j. as. soc. beng. 72 (1903) 212; ridley, fl. mal. pen. 2 (1923) 73. — gardenia multiflora willd., sp. pl. 1 (1798) 1231 nom. illeg. (includes type of r. longiflora lam.) — posoqueria multiflora (willd.) bl., bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1826) 980.— randia multiflora (willd.) koord. & val., bijdr. boom. java 8 (1902) 88 — oxyceros longiflorus (lam.) yamazaki, j. jap. bot. 45 (1970) 339.— type: sonnerat s.n., java (p-la -n.v.). [lectotypification of wong 1984 rejected, irrelevant to lamarck’s protologue and incorrect type]. griffithia palembanica miq., fl. ind. bat. suppl. sum. (1862) 541. — type: junghuhn s.n., palembang, merangat (u, l-fragment). randia longiflora lamk. var. ovoidea pitard fl. gén. indo-chine 3 (1923) 235.—syntypes: 9 cited. large climber, with recurved hooks on the plagiotropic shoots. stipules triangular 2.5—5 mm long. leaves ovate to elliptic (3—) 5—8 (—14) x (2—) 2.5—4 (—6) above and below glabrous, apex acute, base acute to obtuse, sometimes unequal, lateral nerves 4—6 pairs, petiole up to 1 cm. inflorescence up to 1.5 cm long. calyx and hypanthium 5—7 mm, calyx somewhat campanulate, 3—4 mm long,usually glabrous, sometimes with a few scattered hairs, lobes (narrowly—)triangular, 0.5—1 mm long, hypanthium 2—3 mm, glabrous, corolla tube (15—) 20—25 mm, outside glabrous, lobes ovate to elliptic, 6—10 (—12) x 3—5 mm, glabrous. filaments short, anthers linear, 3—4 mm. style exserted 2—5 mm, stigma clavate, 2—3 mm, bifid at the apex. fruit ellipsoidal to globose, 8—12 mm diam. note. there is one unusual collection san 19140 (d.i.nicholson, 11.2.1960) from disturbed forest of the inner fringe of mangroves at cpt 13 near the landing sepilok forest reserve. the loose fruits with the specimen are ellipsoidal, 40 x 20 mm.! (such dimensions only known in o. drupacea), the vegetative characters correspond in all other respects to o. longiflora which is recorded from the area. 294 reinwardtia [vol.12 habitat. nearly all recent collections have come from mangrove or swamp forest, sometimes also riverine forest. distribution. ? vietnam & cambodia (exact distribution unknown due to confusion with o. horridus), peninsular thailand, malay peninsula, sumatra, java, lesser sunda is., borneo. representative material. (malay peninsula see wong 1984). ambri & arifin aa 402; arbainsyah aa 1845; brun 950 (ashton), brun 5148 (ashton); bunnemeijer 1365, 6452; buwalda 6616, 6818; clemens, m.s. 11265; cult. hort. bog x.g.127, xvii.c.87, xvii.c.75, x.g.91; de voogd 138; dransfield, 4340; elmer 20059; gianno 307; hallier 633, 1023; kessler et al 1396;kostermans & anta 373; larsen 33068; lesger 247; lorzing 13166; maxwell 77 386, 78 8; md shah & nur, ms 767; ogara 10698; pbu 382 (ridsdale); polak 716; phyto.survey malaya kl 3569; puff et al 900827 2/2; salleh kms 2423 b; san 19140 (nicholson), san 19175 (meijer), san 31721 (muin chai), san 62885 (zain), san 78670 (mandani), san 84365 (bidin), san 87084 (bsc et al), san 90300 (aban & patrick), san 107876 (amin gambating), san 111358 (madani & ismail),san 130299 (meijer & good); san nbfd 3354 (melegrito), san nbfd 3716 (balajadia), san nbfd 7344 (enggoh), san nbfd 10208 (enggoh), san nbfd a 2174 (kadir), san nbfd a 2729 (kadir); s.(arawak) 24539 (sibat ak luang), s. 26738 (chai et al), s. 40095 (jugah ak kudi), s. 42282 (yii puan ching); schmutz1884; simpson 2014, 2581; sugau jbs 172; van niel 3977, 4261; verheijen 11768, 3094,3322,3334. 8. oxyceros patulus (horsf. ex r. & s) ridsdale, comb. nov. gardenia patula horsf. ex roemer & schultes, syst. veg. 5 (1819) 244—randia patula (horsf.ex r. & s.) miq., ann. mus. lugd. bat. 4 (1869) 235— type: horsfield s.n. (k). large climber, with recurved hooks on the plagiotropic shoots. stipules triangular, 2—4 mm long. leaves ovate to elliptic, (2—)3—6.5 (—9) x (—1.5) 2.5—3.5(—5) cm, above glabrous, below sparsely to pubescent, particularly on the nerves, apex acute to acuminate, base acute to obtuse, sometimes unequal, lateral nerves 4—5 pairs, tertiary venation visable, domatia hairy, petiole 0.5—1 cm. inflorescence up to 1.5 cm long. calyx and hypanthium 6 mm, conspicuously pubescent, calyx somewhat campanulate, 4 mm, sparsely to densely pallidly pubescent, hypanthium 2 mm densely pubescent, corolla tube 20—30 mm, lobes narrowly elliptic, 10—14(—20) x 2—3(—5) mm, glabrous. filaments short, anthers linear 3—4 mm. style exserted 2—4 mm, stigma clavate, bifid at apex.. fruit ellipsoidal to globose, 6—10 (—12) x 6—8 (— 14) mm. note. very closely related to o. longiflorus, differing particularly in the vegetative characters. apparently growing at inland localities, once recorded on calcareous rocks. distribution. java, bali, sumba. representative materials. ake 200; altmans 581; backer 17344; backh.v.d.brink 5734,7535; cult.hort.bog. x.g.124, xvii.c.75; de voogd 2239; hallier 360, 463, 713, 1039; hochreutiner 1869; lütjeharms 5022; van steenis 10491; widjaja 103. 9. oxyceros jasminiflorus (s.moore) ridsdale, comb. nov. randia jasminiflora s. moore, j. bot. (suppl.) 63:50. —type: forbes, sumatra 1371. (bm). climber, with recurved hooks on the plagiotropic shoots. stipules triangular 2— 3 mm long, outside densely pubescent, slightly keeled. leaves elliptic to ovate-oblong, (6—) 8 —10 x (2.5—) 4.5 — 5 cm, above glabrous, below densely pubescent, apex acute to shortly acuminate, base obtuse, lateral nerves 5 —6 pairs, domatia absent, petiole up to 7 mm. inflorescence axis up to 1 cm long. calyx and hypanthium 6 mm, narrowly tubular, calyx 4.5—5 mm, outside densely pubescent, lobes narrowly triangular, 0.7—1 mm, hypanthium 2 mm, densely pubescent, corolla tube 27—30 mm long, outside sparsely to mediumly pubescent, particularly in upper 2/3, lobes 10 x 2 mm, glabrous. filaments short, anthers linear 5 mm. style slightly exserted from throat, 32 mm, stigma clavate, bilobed 4 mm long. fruit not seen. distribution. sumatra (only known from the type). 2008] ridsdale: thorny problems in the rubiaceae 295 representative materials. forbes, sumatra 1371. (bm). 10. oxyceros drupacea (gaertn.) ridsdale comb. nov. posoqueria drupacea gaertn.f. fruct. sem. pl. 3 (1791) 77 tab.195 fig.1. – randia drupacea dc., prodr. 4 (1830) 389. t y p e : unknown collector (l) barcode l 0001756 tocoyena scandens blume, bijdr. fl. ned. ind. (1826) 980. — randia scandens (bl.) dc. prod. 4 (1830) 387. non (thunb.) lam.—oxyceros scandens (bl.) tirveng., nord. j. bot. 3 (1983) 466; wong, malay nat. j. 38 (1984) 42. — type: blume, s.n. (l). gardenia curvata teijsm. & binn., kruidk. arch. 3 (1855) 403.—griffithia curvata (teijsm. & binn.) kurz, j. bot. 4 (1875) 326—randia curvata (teism. & binn.) val., icon. bogor. 2 (1904) t.146; backer & bakh.f., fl. java 2 (1965) 311. — type: not indicated randia clarkei king & gamble, j. as. soc. beng. 72 (1903)1 213; ridley fl. malay pen. 2 (1923) 72. — lectotype (wong 1984) wallich cat 8284d, parte “1849” -viz sheet 2. (k-wall). large climber, with 1—2(—3) fang-like hooks on the plagiotropic shoots. stipules triangular (2— ) 3—5 mm long. leaves ovate to elliptic, (8—) 10— 15 (—18) x (4—) 6—8.5 (—10) cm, above and below glabrous, apex acute, base obtuse, rarely acute, sometimes u nequal, lateral nerves 4 —6 pairs, tertiary nerves indistinct, domatia glabrous, petiole up to 2 cm. inflorescence up to 1.5 cm long. calyx and hypanthium 8—10(—12) mm, glabrous, calyx tubular 6—12 mm, undulate to minutely denticulate, margins hairy, hypanthium 4—6 mm, corolla tube (30—) 35—35 (—50) mm, glabrous, lobes ellipic (12—) 15—25 (—30) x (4—) 8—10 (—12) mm, glabrous. filaments short, anthers linear 4—6 mm. style exserted 5 mm, stigma clavate, bilobed. fruit ellipsoidal to ovoidal, 25—40 x 20— 35 mm. distribution. andaman is.,nicobar is. malay peninsula, sumatra, java, s. borneo. representative material. ( malay peninsula see wong 1984). ambri & arifin w258a; amdjah 889; backer 10596; bhangara, n. 1928; chakraborty, p. 2187, 2221, cult. hort. bog. x.g.65, xvii.c.93; endert 2655; hochreutiner 2559; jacobs 8473; koorders 33417b; kostermans 4124, 9780; kostermans & anta 866; leeuwenberg 13150; mochtar 114a; sangkhachand 1966; schiffner 2703; soegandiredja 300. 11. oxyceros bispinosa (griff.) tirveng. stylocoryne bispinosa griff., not. 4 (1854) 260.— randia bispinosa (griff.) craib, fl. siam enum. 2 (1932) 99. —oxyceros bispinosa (griff.) tirveng., nord. j. bot. 3 (1983) 466.—type: griffith 869 (not traced. note: there seems to be no type specimen of griffith 869 at at kew, only griffith 856.). stylocoryne junghuhniana miq., ann. mus. lugd. bat. 4 (1869) 237.— randia junghuhniana (miq.) bakh.f., fl. java 2 (1965)311.— type junghuhn s..n. (l. – barcodel 0057617). randia longiflora var. harmandiana pierre ex pitard, fl. gén. indo-chine 3 (1923) 235. syntypes: balansa, batbac, tonkin; chevalier, phu-tho prov., tonkin; chevalier, nghé-an, annam; pierre, bien-ho, cochin (all p. n.v.). randia curtisii king & gamble, j. as. soc. beng. 72 (1903) 208; ridley, fl. malay pen. 2 (1923) 74; wong, malay nat. j. 38 (1984) 43. — lectotype (wong 1984) curtis 3590 (sing-holo barcode sing 0001132). randia uncaria elm., leafl. philip. bot. 1 (1906) 30; merr. enum. philip. pl. 2 (1923) 529; merr. & perry, j. arn. arb. 25 (1944) 202.— type: elmer 7001 (n.v.). randia fragrantissima ridl., j. str. br. as. soc. 50 (1908) 115, ridley fl. malay pen. 2 (1923) 75.— oxyceros fragrantissima (ridl.) wong, malay nat. j. 38 (1984) 43. — lectotype (wong 1984) ridley 5664 (sing-holo barcode sing 0001133.). randia williamsii elm., leafl. philip. bot. 3 (1911) 1004. —type elmer 12474 (n.v.) randia incurva ridl., j. str. br. as. soc. 79 (1918) 79; ridley, fl. malay pen. 2 (1923) 76.— type: curtis 818 (sing-holo barcode sing 0001134). large climber, with 1—2(—3) fang-like hooks on the plagiotropic shoots. stipules broadly triangular 2—3 mm long, usually with a 1—2 mm long acumen. leaves ovate to elliptic, (6—) 9—14 (—24) x (3—) 4—7 (—15) cm, above and below glabrous, apex acute to acuminate, base obtuse to acute, sometimes unequal, lateral nerves (4 —) 5— 8 pairs, tertiary nerves usually distinct, domatia glabrous, petiole up to 2 cm. inflorescence up to 3 cm long. calyx and hypanthium 5—8 mm, usually with sparse distinct hairs, calyx somewhat campanulate 3—4 mm, lobes shortly triangular up to 0.3 mm, rarely lanceolate up to 3 mm long, hypanthium 1.5—2.5 mm, corolla tube variable (4— ) 15—32 mm, glabrous, lobes ellipic (4—) 9—12 (—17) x (2—) 3—6 ) mm, glabrous. filaments short, anthers linear 4—6 mm. style exserted c. 5 mm, stigma clavate, bilobed. fruit ellipsoidal to ovoidal, (8—)10—15 (—20) mm diam. 296 reinwardtia [vol.12 note. in this treatment the taxon is treated as being vary variable in terms of the length of the corolla tube and lobes. in some geographical areas there are limited flowering collections. wong (1984) notes that in specimens of “r. curtisii” cited by king & gamble the length of the corolla tubes varies from 4—11 mm. similarly the philippine specimens of “r. uncarii” have corolla tubes which vary from 10— 32 mm. throughout the range of the taxon there are plant collections with short compacted inflorescence axis. in some javanese collections e.g. unesco (kostermans)198 and hallier s.n. 1.11.1896 the calyx lobes are conspicuously elongate-lanceolate. in my opinion these collections only represent extremes of variation of one taxon. distribution. india, myamar, vietnam, cambodia, laos, thailand, malay peninsular, sumatra, java, borneo, philippines, celebes, new guinea & aru islands specimens examined. thailand: beusekom & phengkhlai 433, 1006; chanthamuk, a. 140; kerr, a.f.g., 16534; maxwell, j.f. 74-557, 75-703; 76-127; phengaren, s. 473; malay peninsular: see wong 1984 sub. o. curtisii & o. fragrantissima + fri 7134 (cockburn), 28925 (wong), maxwell, j.f. 82-219, phytochemical survey of malaya 3496, 3556; sfn (henderson)29638. sumatra: de vogel 2923; de wilde & de wilde-duyfjes 20413, 20440, 20796. java: backer, c.j. 23957; bakhuizen v.d.brink 7694. bueck, j.j. & de monchy s.n.; de voogd s.n., de wilde & de wildeduyfjes 21812, hallier s.n., 198, 382, junghuhn s.n., kostermans 21871, unesco(kostermans) 198; borneo: ambri & arbainsyah aa 1725; beaman, j.h. 7085, 10117, clemens j. & j.s. 30494,coode, m.j.e. 6735, forman, l.l. 1049, 1133, kessler et al 1396; kostermans 4211, 5769, niga nanghat nn 203, san a 3951 (wood); san (singh,j)24224, (aban,f.g.)31198, (aham talip) 53062, (tangkilip,l.) 80960, (krispinus,f.) 86684, (madani,l.) 90128,(madani,l.) 90860, (lassan,p.) 93555, (mantor,a.) 122007, s[arawak](anderson, j.a.r. 13278, (paie, i) 31526, (chai, p.) 39659, (awa & paie)47415, (mohtar, a),58907 (rena, runi rantai et al) 63010 (runi, yii et al) philippines: avellano, j. 18, bs [bureau of science] (ramos, m.) 1123,(mcgregor) 12410, (ramos, m.) 20550, (ramos,m.) 24561, (ramos & edano) 33581, (ramos & passasio) 34795, (ramos, m.) 41069, (ramos & edano) 44219, ebalo, l.e. 565, elmer, a.d.e. 7051, 12661, 17365, 17885, fb [forestry bureau] (alvarez) 23719, (mabesa) 26835, pnh [philippines national herbarium] ( fox) 9229, (abiguela) 9590, (sulit) 14453, (sulit) 21671, (madulid) 117965. foxworthy, f. w. s.n., hallier, h. 4259, 4567, merrill, e.d. 3943, 9301, soejarto et al 8587, smhi (swedish match hilleshög incorporated] (podzorski a.c.) 792, 823, (ridsdale, c. e.) 177, 189, 320, 381, 1653, wenzel, c.a. 2920, williams r.s. 732. celebes: amir, m. 102, elbert,j. 3407, lam, h.j. 2698, prawiroatmodjo & maskuri s.n., 1358. moluccas: atje 312, rutten 1713, de vogel, e.f. 3780, 3922.new guinea: brass, l.j. 7988, carr, c.e. 12631, van royen & sleumer 7034. aru is.: van balgooy 6665,6784, nooteboom, 5951,5961, 6050, 6665. 12. oxyceros pubicalyx wong oxyceros pubicalyx wong, malay nat j. 38 (1984) 40 —type: alvins, s.n., 3/1885 [herb. hort. bot. sing. sheet no 061829/ barcode sing 0001138] (sing) climber, with recurved hooks on the plagiotropic shoots. stipules triangular 3—4 mm long. leaves elliptic to slightly obovate (6—) 8—12 x (3—) 4— 4 .5 above glabrous, below glabrous to very sparsely hairy on the midrib, apex acute, base acute to obtuse, sometimes unequal, lateral nerves 8—10 pairs, looped at the margin, prominent below, tertiary venation indistinct, petiole 6—9 mm. inflorescence short, up to 3 cm long. calyx and hypanthium 9 mm, outside densely yellowish tomentose, hypanthium 2 mm, calyx tube 5—6 mm, lobes subulate 2.5—3 mm long, corolla tube 8—9.5 mm, outside glabrous, inside densely hairy in the upper half, lobes elliptic, 7—8.5 x 1.2—1.8 mm, glabrous. filaments short, anthers linear, 2—2.5 mm. style exserted 4—6 mm, stigma clavate, 3 mm, coherent at the apex. fruit unknown. distribution. malay peninsula (only known from the type). excluded species 1. oxyceros rectispinus (merr.) yamazaki = benkara rectispina 2. oxyceros hoaensis (pierre ex pitard) tirveng. = benkara hoaensis 3. oxyceros evanosa (hutch.) yamazaki = benkara evanosa 4. oxyceros parvula (ridl.) yamazaki = benkara armigera 2008] ridsdale: thorny problems in the rubiaceae 297 benkara benkara adans. fam 2: 85. 1763. fagerlindia tirveng., nordic j. bot. 3 (1983) 58 — type species: f. fasciculata (roxb.) tirveng. griffithia wight & arn., prodr. pl. ind. or. 399— 400. 1834; tirveng. & sastra, bull. mauritius inst. 8: 86. 1979. type species: g. fragrans (roxb.) wight & arn. shrubs or small trees. lateral, plagiotropic, branches usually armed with straight spines, when developed the older branches develop a short shoot below. stipules broadly triangular to ovate. leaves opposite. inflorescence borne terminally on the lateral shoots or terminally on the short shoots. flowers bisexual. calyx infundibular, shortly lobed. corolla salverform, tube longer or shorter than the lobes. anthers partially exserted. style exserted, stigmatic lobes clavate. ovary 2-locular, ovules numerous. fruit globose to ellipsoidal, wall thin. seeds immersed in a pulpy matrix. a genus of 19 species in s.e.asia and malesia extending to the philippines (palawan) conspectus of benkara 1. benkara armigera (k.schum) ridsdale, comb.nov. randia armigera k. schum. in schmidt, fl. koh chang (1902) 182.— fagerlindia armigera (k.schum.) tirveng., nord. j. bot. 3 (1983) 456. — type: schmidt 616 (c, n.v.) randia parvula ridl., journ. f.m.s. mus.10 (1920) 94;—oxyceros parvula (ridl.) yamazaki, j. jap. bot. 45 (1970) 339.— type: kloss 6608 (k). randia hirsuta ridl., journ. f. m. s. mus. 10 (1920) 140; fl. malay pen. 2 (1923) 73. type: ridley s.n., 2/1917, channing woods, kelantan (holo singn.v., iso k) randia fasciculata var. velutina pierre ex pitard, fl. gén.indo-chine 3 (1923) 226.— syntypes: geoffray, kep, cambodia; harmand, condor, cochinchine; hayata, tin-hoa, ninh-hoa,annam; pierre, mt. chuingdiung, prov tran, cambodia; pierre, song-bé, cochinchine; robinson, nha-trang,annam; spire, kengtrap, lao; thorel, cai-cong, cochinchine. (all p-n.v.). distribution. thailand, cambodia, lao, vietnam, malay peninsula. 2. benkara canthioides (champ. ex benth) ridsdale, comb. nov randia canthioides champ ex benth. in kew j. 4 (1852) 94.—aidia canthioides (champ. ex benth.) masam., trans. nat. hist. formosa 28 (1938) 118.— fagerlindia anthioides (champ. ex benth.) tirveng. ex ridsd., blumea 41 (1996) 176. — type: champion s.n. (k), hong kong. aidia canthioides var. lanceolata masam., trans. nat. hist. formosa 29 (1939) 218. — type: masamune s.n. (n.v.), taiwan. 3. benkara depauperata (drake) ridsdale, comb. nov. randia depauperata drake, journ. de bot.(morot) 9 (1895) 217. tirveng., nord. j. bot. 3 (1983) 458— syntypes: balansa 2667, 2668 (k, p-nv); balansa 4685; eberhardt 2618, 2832 (all p.-n.v.). 4. benkara emmanuelsoniana (ridsdale) ridsdale, comb. nov. fagerlindia emmanuelsoniana ridsd., blumea 31 (1985) 243, fig.2. — type: smhi 1238 (l.). 5. benkara esculenta (lour.) ridsdale, comb. nov. genipa esculenta lour., fl. cochin. (1790) 149.— randia esculenta (lour.) merr., trans. amer. phil. soc. n.s. 24 (1935) 336—fagerlindia esculenta (lour.) tirveng., nord. j. bot. 3 (1983) 458. —type: loureiro s.n. (not traced) 6. benkara evanosa (hutch.)ridsdale, comb. nov. randia evanosa hutch. in sargent, fl. wilson. 3 (1917) 400.—oxyceros evanosa (hutch.) yamazaki, j. jap. bot. 45 (1970) 339. — type: henry 10363 (a). 7. benkara fasciculata (roxb) ridsdale, comb. nov. posoqueria fasciculata roxb., fl. ind. 2 (1824) 568 — randia fasciculata (roxb.)dc., prod. syst. nat. veg. 4 (1830) 386.—fagerlindia fasciculata (roxb.) tirveng., nord. j. bot. 3 (1983) 458. – type wallich 8283 (tirveng. 1982). 298 reinwardtia [vol.12 8. benkara forrestii (anth.)ridsdale, comb. nov. randia forrestii anth., notes bot. gard. edinb. 18 (1934) 204.— type: g. forrest 19367 (iso a) randia plumbea craib, fl. siam. enum. 2 (1932) 111, kew bull. (1932) 287. —type: kerr 3141 (k). randia hainanensis merr., lignan sci. journ. 2 (1932) 58.— type: tsang & fung 45 (iso-a) 9. benkara griffithii (hook.f.) ridsdale, comb. nov. randia griffithii hook.f., fl. brit. ind. 3 (1880) 112.— lectotype: griffith in kew.distr.2800 (holo-k, l.). tarenna borii c.e.c. fischer, kew bull. (1940) 34. —type: bor 2653 (k). 10. benkara hoaensis (pierre ex pitard) ridsdale, comb. nov. randia hoaensis pierre ex pitard, fl. gén. indo-chine 3 (1923) 235.— oxyceros hoaensis (pierre ex pitard) tirveng., nord. j. bot. 3 (1983) 466. —syntypes: harmand s.n., mekong (p); thorel s.n., ile de khon; pierre s.n., bien-hoa (all p. -n.v.). 11. benkara malabarica (lam.) tirveng. taxon 32: 440. 1983 randia malabarica lam., encycl. meth. 3: 25. 1789.— stylocoryne pandaki vahl ex dc., prodr. 4: 377. 1830, nom. superfl. (incl. type r. malabarica lam.). benkara galia raf., sylva tellur. 98. 1838 nom superfl. (incl. type r. malabarica lam.).— xeromphis malabarica (lam.) raju, excurs. fl. simachalam hills, 13. 1966.— griffithia malabarica (lam.) tirveng. & sastra, bull. mauritius inst. 8: 86. 1979, comb. illeg. —oxyceros malabarica ( lam.) tirveng., ceylon j. sci. 14: 4. 1981. —type: benkara, rheede, hort. malabar. 5: 69, t. 35. 1685. gardenia fragrans roxb., pl. corom. 2: t. 137. 1800. —posoqueria fragrans (roxb.) roxb., fl. ind. 2: 567. 1824.— stylocoryna malabarica dc., prodr. 4: 377. 1830 nom. superlf. (incl. type g. fragrans roxb.). griffithia fragrans (roxb.) wight & arn., prodr. pl. ind. or. 399. 1834; wight, icon. 1: pl. 310. 1840; thwaites, enum. pl. zeyl. 158. 1864. — randia fragrans (roxb.) bedd., for. man. bot. s. ind. 132. 1871. —type: based on roxb., pl. corom. 2: t. 137 . 12. benkara microcarpa (bartl. ex dc) ridsdale, comb. nov gardenia microcarpa bartl. ex dc., prodr. 4 (1830) 384. – randia microcarpa. merr., en. philip. flow. pl. 3 (1923) 527, comb illeg., non r. microcarpa sessé & mociòo 1888. – fagerlindia microcarpa (bartl. ex dc) ridsd. blumea 31 (1985) 243.—type : haenke s.n. (gdc). randia cumingiana vidal, phan. cuming. philip. (1885) 179. –lectotype (ridsdale 1985) :cuming 1366 (l.) ; syntypes : vidal 388 (l) herb propr. 39 (n.v.). 13. benkara miquelii (koord. & val.) ridsdale, comb. nov. randia miquelii koord. & val., bijd. boomsorten java 8 (1902)88, 89 in clavis; koord., exk. fl. java 3 (1912) 256; koord.-schum., syst. verz. (1913) fam. 270, 85; backer & backh.f., fl. java 2 (1965) 162. — type: not indicated.. 14. benkara ovoidea (pierre ex pitard) ridsdale randia ovoidea pierre ex pitard, fl. gén. indochine 3 (1923) 236.— syntypes: thorel, [264] compong-luong, oudon, cambodia (p. n.v.).cambodia (p n.v., k); harmand [177], khong, ( p. n.v.). randia ovoidea var. parvifolia pitard, fl. gén. indochine 3 (1923) 237. type: thorel, akhóne,utheu, lao. randia elliptica geddes, fl. siam. enum. 2 (1932) 100, craib, kew bull. (1932) 283. —type: kerr 8422 (abdholo, n.v., k) randia ligustrifolia geddes, fl. siam. enum. 2 (1932) 102, craib, kew bull. (1932) 284.— type: kerr 5986 (abdholo, n.v., k) 15. benkara parviflora (king & gamble) ridsdale, comb. nov. randia fasciculata var. parviflora king & gamble, j. as. soc. beng. 72 (1903) 212.—fagerlindia fasciculata var. parviflora (k. & g.) wong, malay nat. j 38 (1984) 31.—type: curtis 3383 (sing-holo, k). 16. benkara pierrei (pitard) ridsdale, comb. nov. randia pierrei pitard, fl. gén. indo-chine 3 (1923) 237.— syntypes: pierre, s.n., bao-chiang, prov. bienhoa; pierre s.n., mt dinh, prov. baria (both p-n.v.). randia celastroidea craib, fl. siam. enum. 2 (1932) 99, kew bull. (1932) 282. —type: kerr 6051 (k). 17. benkara rectispina (merr.) ridsdale, comb. nov. randia rectispina merr., lignan j. sci. 14 (1935) 60. 2008] ridsdale: thorny problems in the rubiaceae 299 — oxyceros rectispina (merr.) yamazaki, j. jap. bot. 45 (1970) 340. — type: s.k. lau 289 (a). 18. benkara scandens (thunb.) ridsdale, comb. nov. gardenia scandens thunb., diss. bot. gard (1780) 17, pl.2 f.5.— fagerlindia scandens (thunb.)tirveng., nord. j. bot. 3 (1983) 458.— type: bladh 20 (ld-n.v., iso bm) randia accedens hance advers. in stirp. crit. in ann. soc. bot. 5 (1886) 218 non lam. plectronia levinei merr., philip. j. sci. 15 (1919) 257. — type: levine 3487 (n.v.) 19. benkara sinensis (lour.) ridsdale oxyceros sinensis lour., fl. cochinch. (1790) 187.— randia sinensis (lour.) reom. & schult., syst. veg. 5 (1819) 248.—fagerlindia sinensis (lour.) tirveng., nord. j. bot. 3 (1983) 458. — type loureiro s.n. (not traced). randia stenantha drake in morot, joorn. de bot. 9 (1895) 219.— type: balansa 2660, haiphong, vietnam. (? p. n.v.) randia stenantha drake var. tomentosa pitard, fl. gén. indo-chine 3 (1923) 238.— syntypes: balansa cut, than-moi, tonkin; bon, ninh-binh, tonkin; chevalier, nghia-hung, nghé-an, annam; d.alleizette, quang-yen, tonkin; massie, lao; poilane, lang-khoai, prov. quangtri, annam; thorel, lakhone, penam, lao. randia fasciculata (roxb.)dc. var. multiflora pitard, fl. gén. indo-chine 3 (1923) 226.— type:harmand, between mékong & hue, lao (p. n.v.). randia crassispina geddes, fl. siam. enum. 2 (1932) 100, craib, kew bull. (1932) 283. —type: kerr 8537 (abd holo n.v,k) randia parvula ridl. var. mollis craib, fl. siam. enum. 2 (1932) 109. — type: syntypes: kiah 24331, marchan 1566, put 1078, put s.n. hin dat, kanburi, winit 665, ( all k). shrub 0—3(—6) m, usually armed with short 300 reinwardtia [vol.12 spines. stipules narrowly triangular, 2—4 mm long. leaves elliptic to obovate or oblanceolate, (2— )4—8 x (1.5—)2—4 cm, coriaceous, above and below glabrous, apex obtuse, usually slightly apiculate, base cuneate, lateral nerves 5—7 pairs, petiole up to 0.8 mm. flowers 5-merous, calyx short, 0.8—1.5 mm, glabrous, lobes shortly triangular, 0.5 mm long. corolla white, hypocrateriform, tube 4— 5 mm, outside glabrous, inside with a ring of hairs in the throat, lobes oblong, 6—8 mm long, glabrous, recurved, stamens exserted, recurved, anthers linear 4—7 mm long. style 4—5 mm, stigma 5—7 mm, fusiform. fruits globose, 0.7—1 cm diam. ripening red. distribution. sri lanka and peninsular india acknowledgements i would like to thank dr. j.f.veldkamp for help with the latin description. references. puttock, c.f. 1992. systematics of the australian gardenieae (rubiaceae) thesis (unpublished). school of biological science, university of new south wales ridsdale, c.e. 1985. the genus fagerlindia (rubiaceae) in the philippines. blumea 31:239-244. tirvengadum, d.d. 1983. new taxa and name changes in tropical asiatic rubiaceae. nord. j. bot.3:455-469. tirvengadum, d.d. 1983b. re-establishment of the genus benkara adanson (rubiaceae). taxon 32:436441 wong, k.m. 1984. the genera of peninsular malaysian rubiaceae formerly confused with randia. malay nat. j. 38:1-56 yamazaki, t. 1970. a revision of the genus randia in eastern asia. j. jap.bot. 45: 337-341. instruction to authors manuscripts intended for publication in reinwardtia should be written either in english, french or german, and represent articles wich have not been published in any other journal or proceedings. each manuscript received will be considered and processes further if it is accompanied by signed statements given independently by two reviewers chosen by the author (s) attestingto its merits as well as its scientific suitability for publication in reinwardtia. two printed copies (on a4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages should be sent to editors, together with an electronic copy prepared on word processor computer programme using times new romance letter type and saved as rich text file must be submitted. for the style of presentation autohrs should follow the latest issue of reinwardtia very closely. title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address and one-paragraphed abstract in english (with french or german abstract for paper in french or german) of not more than 250 words.keywords should be given below each abstract, on a peparated paper author(s) sholud the preferred running title of the article submitted. taxonomic keys should be prepared using the aligned-couplet type. strict adherence to the international code of botanica monenclatural is observed, so that taxonamix and nomenclatural novelties sholud be clearly shown, latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided, and the herbaria where type specimens are deposited should be indicated. synonyms should be presented in the long form [name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume (number): [page]. maps, line drawing illustrations or photographs preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. illustrations must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. on electronic copy, the illistration sholud be saved in .jpg or .gif format. legends for illustrations must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the harvard system. for each paper published author(s) will receive 25 copies of reprints free og charge, any additional copies should be ordered in advance and the author(s) will be charged accordingly. issn 0034 365 x reinwardtia vol. 12. no. 4. 2008 contents page j.f. veldkamp. the correct name for the tetrastigma (vitaceae) host of rafflesia (rqfflesiaeeae) in malesia and a (not so) new species ... 261 wj.j.ode wilde &b.e.e. duyfes. miscellaneous south east asian cucurbit news 267 m.a. rifai. endophragmiella bogoriensis rifai,spec. nov (hyphomycetes) 275 m.a. rifai. another note on podoconismegaspemiaboedijn(hyphomycetes) 277 topik hid a w ; m. ito; t. yukawa. the phylogenetic position of the papuasian genus sarcochilus r.br. (orchidaceae: aeridinae): evidence frommolecular data 281 c.e. ridsdale. notes on maiesiznneonaucleea 285 c.e. ridsdale. thorny problems in the rubiaceae: benkara, fagerlindia andoxyceros 289 kuswatakartawinaia, purwaningsih, t. partomihardjo, r. yusuf, r. abdulhadi, s. riswan. floristics and structure of a lowland dipterocarp forest at wanariset samboja, east kalimantan, indonesia 301 rugaiah & s. sunarti. two new wild species of averrhoa (oxalidaceae) from indonesia 325 atikretnowati. anew javanese species of marasmius (trichlomataceae ) 334 reinwardtia is a lepi acredited journal (80/akred-lipi/p2mbi/5/2007) herbarium bogoriense bidang botani , pus at penelitian biologi lipi bogor, indonesia depannnn 58-120-1-sm blkngg reinwardtia published by herbarium bogoriense, bogor, indonesia vol. 8, part 2, pp. 323 — 327 (1972) a new species oif mangifera (anacardiaceae) ding hou rijksherbarium, leyden, netherlands there are only two species of mangifera, m. duperreana pierre from indochina and m. lagenifera griff, from malay peninsula and sumatra, which were described to have flowers with 10 (—12) stamens, of which 5 (or 6) are fertile. in the latest monograph of the genus by mukherji (in lloydia 12,1949: 73 — 136), they were placed in two different sections (without naming the sections). according to him, the floral morphology of these two species shows that they "possess the most primitive feature in the genus (pentacyclic flowers)" (cf. j. linn. soc. bot. 55, 1953: 75). in the course of revising this genus for the flora malesiana, a new species having flowers with also ten stamens was discovered, which has been named and described here as mangifera decandra (= ten-stamened; in gk: deca-, ten; andro-, male) ; its epithet alludes to the significant number of stamens. the closest alliance of this new species is with m. lagenifera and both of them can be placed unquestionably in the same section. i shall discuss their similarities and differences later. they can be readily distinguished from m. duperreana of another section by the flowers without a papillate, cupular, lobed disc and petals without glandular ridges on the inner surface. dr. a. j. g. h. kostermans' interest in mangifera and his ample collections of it with detailed field notes have facilitated my work on this group. he has collected representative specimens for many malesian species of this genus including one for the present new species. it is appropriate to describe this new species in a publication dedicated to him. i am very grateful to the directors and curators of the following institutions for putting the material at my disposal: herbarium bogoriense, bogor (bo), rijksherbarium, leyden (l), and botanic gardens, singapore (sing). mangifera decandra ding hou, sp. nov. — fig. 1 arbor magna. folia coriacea; lamina ellipticovel obovato-oblonga, apice mucronata, basi cuneata vel attenuata, 29 — 38 1/2 cm longa, — 323 — 324 re in wardtia [vol. ! fig. 1. mangifera decandra ding hou:—a. habit, x 3/8; b. small piece of leaf with fibres appeared on the broken part; c. bract; d. young1 flower; e. petals; f. young male flower, with calyx and petals removed; g. young bisexual flower, with calyx and petals removed; h. abnormal stamen; i. calyx lobe; j. petal; k. bisexual flower, with calyx and petals removed; 1. ditto, longitudinal section, (b—1, al x 5; a--h, san 60874; i—1 29.532). . 1972] ding hou: new mangifera 325 —15 cm lata, nervis 24— 27-paribus, patentibus, utrique prominentibus, venis parum conspicuis; petiolus (1 1/2—)3— 4 cm longus. paniculae puberulae, 28 cm longae; pedicelli 1 1/2— 2 mm longi. flores juveniles, roseoli. calyx carnosus, 5-partitus, lobis late ovatis vel ellipticis, dorso puberulis, 21/2 mm longis. petala 5, carnosula, elliptica vel obovatooblonga, laevia, 4 mm longa, 2 mm lata. discus obscurus. stamina 5 fertilia, inaequilonga, 1 1/2— 41/2 mm longa; staminodia 5, subulata, 1 —1 1/2 mm longa. ovarium subglobosum, 1 mm diam.; stylus 3 — 5 mm longus. typus: /. singh san 60874 (l). tree up to 30 m high and 90 cm in diam. bark cracky, reddish brown, exudation reddish. leaves coriaceous; lamina ellipticor obovate-oblong, or oblanceolate, (17—)27 — 381/2 by (7—)12 — 15 cm; base cuneate or attenuate; apex mucronate; nerves (14—)21 — 36, patent, prominent on both surfaces, veins hardly visible; petiole stout, plane above, convex beneath, (1 1/2—)3 1/2 — 6 cm. panicles 16 — 57 cm long, puberulous, side branches up to 20 cm long, main peduncle 4 — 8 cm; bracts ovate, 3 — 6 mm long, puberulous outside; pedicels 1 1/2 — 21/2 mm. flower-buds ± oblong, obtuse. flowers reddish or pink. calyx fleshy, 5-lobed; lobes broad-ovate or elliptic, 1 1/2 — 21/2 nim long, puberulous outside, ciliate on the margin. petals 5, slightly fleshy, elliptic, ellipticor obovate-oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate, 41/2 — 6 by 1 1/2— 2 mm, basal part united with the obscure disk or short gynandrophore, apex obtuse, sometimes notched, smooth or without thickened ridges on the inner surface, veins pinnately branched, sometimes obscure. stamens 10: 5 fertile and 5 sterile (staminodes), inserted at the base of ovary, unequal; fertile stamens alternate with staminodes, always with a long one (3 — 6 mm) and 4 short ones (1 1/2 — 3 1/2 mm); anthers broad-ovoid or -ellipsoid, 1/2 — 3/4 mm; staminodes subulate, 1 — 2 mm. ovary subglobose, 1 — 1 1/2 mm in diam.; style 3 — 5 mm. sterile pistil in male small, ca 1 mm. fruits (dried) ellipsoid, 9 — 91/2 by 41/2 cm; mesocarp transversed with fibres; stone ca 1 mm thick, round in cross-section, ca 4 cm in diam.; cotyledons broad-ellipsoid, 5 1/2 by 31/2 cm, smooth on outer surface. distribution: sumatra, brunei, sabah and indonesian borneo. habitat : in lowland primary forest, sometimes in freshwater swamp forest, occasionally in secondary forest, alt. up to 100 m, once found at ca 340 m. vernacular names: sumatra: biendjai (malay) and komang bakad (palembang). sabah: beluno (dusum) and binjay (tidong). indonesian borneo: bindjai (kutei & bandjar) and konjot (benua-dajak). the collections of m. decandra cited below are rather homogeneous and most of them are in flower. there are three collections with good, detached, dried fruits. from the field notes, it appears to be found growing wild in sabah, brunei, indonesian borneo and sumatra. hoping before long, fresh or spirit preserved, ripe fruits will be available for describing their detailed characters. 3 2 6 r e i n w a r d t i a [vol. s m. decandra is closely allied to m. lagenifera. in the leaves they both possess the characteristic, elongated sclerenchyma cells (see further explanation below), but can be easily separated from each other at even first glance; the former has rather big leaves (usually 27 — 381/2 by 12 — 15 cm) with mucronate apex and prominent nerves, while the latter has small ones (8 — 16 by 3 — 41/2 cm) with obtuse or round apex and faint or obscure nerves. they have flowers with smooth petals and ten stamens—five fertile and five sterile; however, the former can be distinguished from the latter by the petals usually with distinct and pinnate venation (not usually obscure or longitudinal), one of the fertile stamens being always much longer than the others (not ± equal), and the subulate staminodes (not filamentous). in addition to the differences between these two species as pointed out above, the fruits of m. decandra are ellipsoid (in dried state, ca 91/2 by 41/2 cm) and those of m. lagenifera are lageniform (10 — 12 by 5 — 6 cm). in breaking (dried) leaves of m. decandra, there appear numerous, white, short, hair-like filaments, which can be easily observed with a hand lens. these, filaments are actually the elongated sclerenchymatous cells and the pericycle fibres surrounding the. vascular bundles of veins and nerves. on a cross-section of the leaf, one can observe that there are sclerenchymatous cells forming a layer of usually one-cell thick situated just beneath chiefly the. upper epidermis, and such cells are less in number and less regular beneath the lower epidermis. some of those cells are more or less parallel to the surface and the others traverse either more or less perpendicularly, obliquely, or irregularly through the. mesophyll to the opposite epidermis. this phenomenon has been found in m. caesia jack, m. lagenifera, and in the genus bouea meisn. (anacardiaceae) by goris (cf. ann. sci. nat. bot. ix, 11, 1910: pp. 15 — 16, 24 — 25, fig. 16 & 30). in addition, i can add two more species, m. superba hook. f. and the present one. the leaves of m. decandra and m. pajang kosterm. (in reinwardtia 7, 1965: 20, fig. la & b) are much alike in shape, size and texture, with the exception of hair-like filaments appeared on breaking in the former but not in the latter. in flowering and fruiting specimens, these two species can be separated from each other by some easily observed characters; for example, m. decandra has puberulous inflorescences, 10-stamened and reddish or pink flowers, and ellipsoid fruits (only known in dried state, ca 91/2 by 41/2 cm), while m. pajang has glabrous inflorescences, 5-stamened and purple flowers, and globose fruits (ca 15 cm or often more in diam.). 1972] ding hou: new mangifera 327 sumatra: karimun, fr. in bo not seen, 66 17339 (bo, l); upper riouw, pakanbaru, tenajam r., young fr., soepadmo 50 (l); palembang, fl. & young fr., endert 15e. ip. 842 (l), sterile, w. gra&hoff 905 (l). sabah (north borneo): sandakan, garinon, w. c. r. labak rd, fl., j. singh san 60874 (holotype, l), lungmanis r. f., fl., j. ahwing san 29532 (l), kebun china, sibuga f. r., young fr., jaswir san 30714 (l) ; tawau, mile 181/2, quoin hill rd, fl., aban gibot san 35977 (l), elphinstone prov., fr., elmer 21602 (bo, l, sing); kuala belait, andalau f. r., fl., wood, smythies & ashton san 17527 (l); trusan sapi r,, beluran, fl. & pieces of fr., clements 4594 (l, sing). brunai: andulau f. r., fr., p. s. ashton 270 (bo, l); kuala belalong, fr., p. s. ashton 411 (bo, l). indonesian borneo: near mahakam r., fr., kostermans 7101 (bo, l). hal 319-328_page_4 hal 319-328_page_5 hal 319-328_page_6 hal 319-328_page_7 hal 319-328_page_8